[[["Lagu \"Tom's Diner\" oleh Suzanne Vega adalah lagu pertama yang digunakan oleh Karlheinz Brandenburg untuk membangunkan MP3. Brandenburg mengadopsi lagu untuk tujuan ujian, mendengarnya sekali lagi dan setiap kali menyempurnakan skema, memastikan ia tidak menjejaskan kehalusan suara Vega. <> Apakah nama lagu pertama digunakan untuk membangunkan MP3? || Tom's Diner <> Siapa artis lagu pertama yang digunakan? || Suzanne Vega <> Siapa yang menyesuaikan lagu itu? || Karlheinz Brandenburg <> Lagu ini telah didengarkan beberapa kali untuk mencuba dan memperbaiki apa? || skema <> Apa aspek tertentu suara artis yang dia cuba untuk memelihara? || kehalusan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?", "id": "5706202975f01819005e79ca", "answers": [{"text": "Tom's Diner", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the artist of the first song used?", "id": "5706202975f01819005e79cb", "answers": [{"text": "Suzanne Vega", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who adjusted the song?", "id": "5706202975f01819005e79cc", "answers": [{"text": "Karlheinz Brandenburg", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?", "id": "5706202975f01819005e79cd", "answers": [{"text": "scheme", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?", "id": "5706202975f01819005e79ce", "answers": [{"text": "subtlety", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The song \"Tom's Diner\" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice."}], ["Mampatan berfungsi dengan mengurangkan ketepatan bahagian-bahagian tertentu bunyi yang dianggap berada di luar kemampuan resolusi auditori kebanyakan orang. Kaedah ini biasanya dirujuk sebagai pengekodan persepsi. Ia menggunakan model psikoakustik untuk membuang atau mengurangkan ketepatan komponen kurang terdengar untuk pendengaran manusia, dan kemudian merekodkan maklumat yang tersisa dengan cara yang cekap. <> Apakah sasaran mampatan dalam lagu itu? || ketepatan <> Penargetan memfokuskan pada aspek apa yang melebihi kebolehan kebanyakan orang? || resolusi pendengaran <> Apakah kaedah ini biasanya dirujuk sebagai? || pengekod persepsi <> Model jenis apa yang digunakan dalam pemampatan semacam ini? || psychoacoustic <> Model-model ini memastikan ketepatan dikurangkan untuk komponen yang menjadi pendengaran manusia? || kurang boleh didengar", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the compression target in the song?", "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e798e", "answers": [{"text": "accuracy", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?", "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e798f", "answers": [{"text": "auditory resolution", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is this method commonly referred to as?", "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e7990", "answers": [{"text": "perceptual coding", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?", "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e7991", "answers": [{"text": "psychoacoustic", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?", "id": "57061b0f75f01819005e7992", "answers": [{"text": "less audible", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, and then records the remaining information in an efficient manner."}], ["Algoritma mampatan data audio lossy MP3 mengambil kesempatan dari batasan persepsi pendengaran manusia yang disebut masker auditori. Pada tahun 1894, ahli fizik Amerika, Alfred M. Mayer melaporkan bahawa nada boleh diberikan oleh nada frekuensi yang rendah. Pada tahun 1959, Richard Ehmer menyifatkan satu set lengkap lengkung pendengaran mengenai fenomena ini. Ernst Terhardt et al. mencipta algoritma yang menerangkan masker auditori dengan ketepatan yang tinggi. Kerja-kerja ini ditambah kepada pelbagai laporan daripada penulis yang berasal dari Fletcher, dan kepada kerja yang pada awalnya menentukan nisbah kritikal dan jalur lebar kritikal. <> Apakah pemampatan MP3 memanfaatkan? || had persepsi <> Apakah batasan dalam pendengaran manusia disebut sebagai? || Penutupan auditori <> Siapa ahli fizik melaporkan bahawa nada boleh diberikan tidak dapat didengar. || Alfred M. Mayer <> Bilakah lengkung audio yang diterangkan oleh Richard Ehmer? || 1959 <> Kerja awal bertujuan menentukan nisbah kritikal dan apa lagi? || lebar jalur kritikal", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?", "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a2", "answers": [{"text": "perceptual limitation", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?", "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a3", "answers": [{"text": "auditory masking", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.", "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a4", "answers": [{"text": "Alfred M. Mayer", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?", "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a5", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?", "id": "57061d0c75f01819005e79a6", "answers": [{"text": "critical bandwidths", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy. This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths."}], ["MPEG-1 atau MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, yang lebih sering dirujuk sebagai MP3, adalah format pengekodan audio untuk audio digital yang menggunakan bentuk pemampatan data lossy. Ia adalah format audio biasa untuk streaming audio pengguna atau storan, serta standard de facto pemampatan audio digital untuk pemindahan dan main semula muzik pada kebanyakan pemain audio digital. <> Apakah nama umum untuk Audio Layer III MPEG-2? || MP3 <> Audio jenis apakah yang dimaksudkan untuk format pengekodan? || digital <> Selain penyimpanan, apakah format audio yang biasa digunakan? || aliran audio pengguna <> Apakah penggunaan MP3 untuk memformat data itu? || compression data lossy <> Di manakah file MP3 yang paling biasa dijumpai? || pemain audio digital", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?", "id": "570616a075f01819005e7970", "answers": [{"text": "MP3", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of audio is the coding format for?", "id": "570616a075f01819005e7971", "answers": [{"text": "digital", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?", "id": "570616a075f01819005e7972", "answers": [{"text": "consumer audio streaming", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MP3 use to format it's data?", "id": "570616a075f01819005e7973", "answers": [{"text": "lossy data compression", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?", "id": "570616a075f01819005e7974", "answers": [{"text": "digital audio players", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players."}], ["Penggunaan pemampatan lossy direka untuk mengurangkan jumlah data yang diperlukan untuk mewakili rakaman audio dan masih terdengar seperti pembiakan yang setia audio asli yang tidak dikompresi untuk kebanyakan pendengar. Fail MP3 yang dibuat menggunakan tetapan 128 kbit / s akan menghasilkan fail yang kira-kira 1/11 saiz fail CD yang dihasilkan dari sumber audio asal (44,100 sampel setiap saat \u00d7 16 bit setiap sampel \u00d7 2 saluran = 1,411,200 bit / s; MP3 dikompresi pada 128 kbit / s: 128,000 bit / s [1 k = 1,000, tidak 1024, kerana kadarnya sedikit]. Ratio: 1,411,200 / 128,000 = 11.025). Fail MP3 juga boleh dibina pada kadar bit lebih tinggi atau rendah, dengan kualiti yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah. <> Apakah matlamat utama selain daripada mengurangkan jumlah data yang diperlukan untuk menyimpan audio? || bunyi seperti pembiakan yang setia <> Apakah jenis pemampatan yang digunakan? || dicipta <> Jika fail dicipta menggunakan 128 kbit / s, saiz apa saiz fail yang akan dibandingkan dengan CD? || 1/11 <> Berapakah bilangan bit / s yang mempunyai CD? || 1,411,200 <> Berapa banyak jumlah bit / s akan dimampatkan MP3 pada 128 kbit / s? || 128,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?", "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7984", "answers": [{"text": "sound like a faithful reproduction", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of compression is used?", "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7985", "answers": [{"text": "created", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?", "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7986", "answers": [{"text": "1/11", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total bit/s would a CD have?", "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7987", "answers": [{"text": "1,411,200", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?", "id": "57061a1e75f01819005e7988", "answers": [{"text": "128,000", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source (44,100 samples per second \u00d7 16 bits per sample\u202f\u00d7 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s: 128,000 bit/s [1 k = 1,000, not 1024, because it is a bit rate]. Ratio: 1,411,200/128,000 = 11.025). An MP3 file can also be constructed at higher or lower bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality."}], ["Sebagai seorang pelajar kedoktoran di Universiti Erlangen-Nuremberg di Jerman, Karlheinz Brandenburg mula bekerja pada pemampatan muzik digital pada awal 1980-an, dengan memberi tumpuan kepada bagaimana orang melihat muzik. Beliau menamatkan kerja doktoralnya pada tahun 1989. MP3 secara langsung diturunkan daripada OCF dan PXFM, yang mewakili hasil kerjasama kerja Brandenburg sebagai postdoc di AT & T-Bell Labs dengan James D. Johnston (\"JJ\") AT & T-Bell Labs - dengan Institut Fraunhofer untuk Litar Bersepadu, Erlangen, dengan sumbangan yang agak kecil dari cawangan sub-band psychoacoustic MP2. Pada tahun 1990, Brandenburg menjadi penolong profesor di Erlangen-Nuremberg. Semasa di sana, beliau terus bekerja pada pemampatan muzik dengan saintis di Persatuan Fraunhofer (pada tahun 1993 ia menyertai kakitangan Institut Fraunhofer). <> Apa jenis pelajar Karlheinz Brandenburg? || Doktor <> Bilakah Karlheinz mula bekerja pada mampatan muzik digitmal? || Awal 1980-an <> Di mana Bradenburg menjadi penolong profesor di? || Erlangen-Nuremberg <> Siapa yang Brandenburg bekerja dengan dalam pemampatan muzik? || Fraunhofer Society <> Bilakah Brandenburg menyertai Institut Fraunhofen? || 1993", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?", "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b6", "answers": [{"text": "doctoral", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?", "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b7", "answers": [{"text": "early 1980s", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?", "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b8", "answers": [{"text": "Erlangen-Nuremberg", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?", "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79b9", "answers": [{"text": "Fraunhofer Society", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?", "id": "57061f8275f01819005e79ba", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg\u2014working as a postdoc at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston (\"JJ\") of AT&T-Bell Labs\u2014with the Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society (in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute)."}], ["Pendahulunya segera MP3 adalah \"Pengekodan Optimum dalam Domain Kekerapan\" (OCF), dan Pengubah Transformasi Perceptual (PXFM). Kedua-dua codec, bersama-sama dengan sumbangan penghalang blok dari Thomson-Brandt, telah digabungkan menjadi codec yang dipanggil ASPEC, yang dikemukakan kepada MPEG, dan yang memenangi persaingan yang berkualiti, tetapi itu disalah tafsir sebagai terlalu kompleks untuk dilaksanakan. Pelaksanaan praktikal pertama pengekodan audio (OCF) dalam perkakasan (perkakasan Krasner terlalu rumit dan lambat untuk penggunaan praktikal), adalah pelaksanaan coder transform psychoacoustic berdasarkan pada Motorola 56000 DSP chip. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh OCF? || Pengekodan Optimum dalam Domain Kekerapan <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh PXFM? || Perceptual Transform Coding <> Apakah nama codec yang OCF, PFXM dan lain-lain menyumbang bergabung? || ASPEC <> Persaingan mana yang ASPEC menang? || kualiti <> Apakah pelaksanaan praktikal yang pertama berdasarkan? || Motorola 56000 DSP cip", {"qas": [{"question": "What does OCF stand for?", "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79ac", "answers": [{"text": "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does PXFM stand for?", "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79ad", "answers": [{"text": "Perceptual Transform Coding", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?", "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79ae", "answers": [{"text": "ASPEC", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which competition did ASPEC win?", "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79af", "answers": [{"text": "quality", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first practical implementation based on?", "id": "57061edc75f01819005e79b0", "answers": [{"text": "Motorola 56000 DSP chips", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The immediate predecessors of MP3 were \"Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain\" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips."}], ["MP3 direka oleh Kumpulan Pakar Pergerakan Gambar (MPEG) sebagai sebahagian daripada standard MPEG-1 dan kemudian dilanjutkan dalam standard MPEG-2. Subkumpulan pertama untuk audio dibentuk oleh beberapa pasukan jurutera di Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT & T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, dan lain-lain. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Bahagian 3), yang termasuk Lapisan Audio MPEG-1 I, II dan III diluluskan sebagai draf jawatankuasa standard ISO / IEC pada tahun 1991, dimuktamadkan pada tahun 1992 dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1993 (ISO / IEC 11172 -3: 1993). Audio MPEG-2 yang serasi ke belakang (MPEG-2 Bahagian 3) dengan kadar bit tambahan dan kadar sampel diterbitkan pada tahun 1995 (ISO / IEC 13818-3: 1995). <> Siapa yang merancang MP3? || Menggerakkan Kumpulan Pakar Gambar <> Apakah standard pertama yang dimiliki oleh kumpulan ini? || MPEG-1 <> Standard pertama kemudian berkembang menjadi standard? || MPEG-2 <> Bilakah draf diluluskan untuk mempunyai MPEG-1 Audio yang diluluskan sebagai standard? || 1991 <> Bilakah MPEG-2 Audio akhirnya diterbitkan? || 1995", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed MP3?", "id": "57061bc675f01819005e7998", "answers": [{"text": "Moving Picture Experts Group", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first standard that this group had?", "id": "57061bc675f01819005e7999", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-1", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first standard later developed into which standard?", "id": "57061bc675f01819005e799a", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-2", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?", "id": "57061bc675f01819005e799b", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?", "id": "57061bc675f01819005e799c", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992 and published in 1993 (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993). Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995)."}], ["Pada tahun 1991, terdapat hanya dua cadangan yang boleh dinilai sepenuhnya untuk standard audio MPEG: Musicam (Corak penjahit menyesuaikan Universal Subband Coding dan Multiplexing Bersepadu) dan ASPEC (Pengekodan Perceptual Entropy Perceptual Spectral Adaptive). Teknik Musicam, seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Philips (Belanda), CCETT (Perancis) dan Institut f\u00fcr Rundfunktechnik (Jerman) telah dipilih kerana kesederhanaan dan kesilapan kesilapannya, serta kuasa pengiraan yang rendah yang berkaitan dengan pengekodan audio termampat berkualiti tinggi . Format Musicam, berdasarkan pengekodan sub-band, adalah asas format mampatan MPEG Audio (kadar persampelan, struktur bingkai, tajuk, bilangan sampel bagi satu bingkai). <> Berapa banyak cadangan yang boleh didapati pada tahun 1991? || dua <> Selain daripada ASPEC apakah cadangan lain? || Musicam <> Format Musicam dicadangkan oleh Philips, berdasarkan negara mana? || Belanda <> Yang mana satu dengan kualiti lain yang mudah disederhanakan adalah kunci dalam memilih cadangan ini? || kekurangan kesilapan <> Apakah format Musican berdasarkan? || pengekodan sub-band", {"qas": [{"question": "How many proposals were available in 1991?", "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898d8", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?", "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898d9", "answers": [{"text": "Musicam", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?", "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898da", "answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?", "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898db", "answers": [{"text": "error robustness", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Musican format based on?", "id": "5706219a52bb8914006898dc", "answers": [{"text": "sub-band coding", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), CCETT (France) and Institut f\u00fcr Rundfunktechnik (Germany) was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness, as well as its low computational power associated with the encoding of high quality compressed audio. The Musicam format, based on sub-band coding, was the basis of the MPEG Audio compression format (sampling rates, structure of frames, headers, number of samples per frame)."}], ["Codec masok psychoacoustic pertama kali dicadangkan pada tahun 1979, nampaknya secara bebas, oleh Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. dari Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. di Murray Hill, NJ, dan M. A. Krasner di Amerika Syarikat. Krasner adalah yang pertama menerbitkan dan menghasilkan perkakasan untuk ucapan (tidak dapat digunakan sebagai pemampatan sedikit muzik), tetapi penerbitan hasilnya sebagai Laporan Teknikal Laboratorium Lincoln yang tidak jelas tidak langsung mempengaruhi arus utama pengembangan codec psikoakustik. Manfred Schroeder telah menjadi tokoh yang terkenal dan dihormati dalam komuniti jurutera akustik dan elektrik di seluruh dunia, tetapi makalahnya tidak banyak diperhatikan, kerana ia menyifatkan keputusan negatif disebabkan sifat ucapan tertentu dan pengkodan ramalan linier (LPC) hadir dalam ucapan. Kedua-dua Krasner dan Schroeder dibina atas kerja yang dilakukan oleh Eberhard F. Zwicker dalam bidang penalaan dan pemotongan band kritikal, yang pada gilirannya dibina atas penyelidikan asas di kawasan itu dari Bell Labs dari Harvey Fletcher dan kolaboratornya. Algoritma pemampatan audio yang pelbagai (kebanyakannya persepsi) telah dilaporkan dalam jurnal pengadilan IEEE mengenai Bidang Terpilih dalam Komunikasi. Jurnal tersebut dilaporkan pada bulan Februari 1988 mengenai pelbagai teknologi pemampatan bit audio yang ditubuhkan dan berfungsi, beberapa dari mereka menggunakan masker auditori sebagai sebahagian daripada reka bentuk asas mereka, dan beberapa menunjukkan pelaksanaan perkakasan masa nyata. <> Apa yang pertama kali dicadangkan pada tahun 1979? || Codec masking psychoacoustic <> Negara manakah yang ditemui penyelidik? || Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang pertama menghasilkan perkakasan untuk ucapan? || Krasner <> Apa itu LPC? || pengekodan ramalan linier <> Apa yang dilaporkan dalam Jurnal IEEE mengenai Bidang Terpilih dalam Komunikasi? || algoritma pemampatan audio", {"qas": [{"question": "What was first proposed in 1979?", "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c0", "answers": [{"text": "The psychoacoustic masking codec", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country were the researchers located in?", "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c1", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?", "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c2", "answers": [{"text": "Krasner", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does LPC stand for?", "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c3", "answers": [{"text": "linear predictive coding", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?", "id": "57061e0f52bb8914006898c4", "answers": [{"text": "audio compression algorithms", "answer_start": 1098}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit compression), but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech. Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations."}], ["ASPEC adalah cadangan bersama AT & T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society dan CNET. Ia menyediakan kecekapan pengekodan tertinggi. <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada cadangan itu? || ASPEC <> Apakah cadangan bersama itu? || kecekapan pengekodan tertinggi <> Selain dari Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society dan CNET, siapa lagi yang menjadi sebahagian daripada cadangan bersama? || AT & T Bell Laboratories", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name given to the proposal?", "id": "570623ba75f01819005e79e6", "answers": [{"text": "ASPEC", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the joint proposal provide?", "id": "570623ba75f01819005e79e7", "answers": [{"text": "the highest coding efficiency", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?", "id": "570623ba75f01819005e79e8", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T Bell Laboratories", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency."}], ["Semua algoritma untuk Layer Audio MPEG-1 I, II dan III telah diluluskan pada tahun 1991 dan dimuktamadkan pada tahun 1992 sebagai sebahagian daripada MPEG-1, suite standard pertama oleh MPEG, yang menghasilkan ISO / IEC 11172-3 (aka MPEG -1 Audio atau MPEG-1 Bahagian 3), yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1993. <> Bilakah algoritma telah diluluskan? || 1991 <> Bilakah algoritma yang diluluskan dimuktamadkan? || 1992 <> Apa yang pertama dimulakan oleh MPEG? || MPEG-1 <> Apakah nama rasmi piawaian antarabangsa? || ISO / IEC 11172-3 <> Bilakah piawaian antarabangsa diterbitkan? || 1993", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the algorithms approved?", "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ec", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the approved algorithms finalized?", "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ed", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first started suite by MPEG?", "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ee", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-1", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the official name of the internation standard?", "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79ef", "answers": [{"text": "ISO/IEC 11172-3", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the international standard published?", "id": "5706254b75f01819005e79f0", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993."}], ["Kecekapan mampatan pengekod biasanya ditentukan oleh kadar bit, kerana nisbah mampatan bergantung pada kedalaman bit dan kadar sampel dari isyarat masukan. Walau bagaimanapun, nisbah mampatan sering diterbitkan. Mereka boleh menggunakan parameter cakera padat (CD) sebagai rujukan (44.1 kHz, 2 saluran pada 16 bit setiap saluran atau 2 \u00d7 16 bit), atau kadang-kadang parameter SP Digital Audio (DAT) SP (48 kHz, 2 \u00d7 16 bit) . Nisbah mampatan dengan rujukan terakhir ini lebih tinggi, yang menunjukkan masalah dengan menggunakan nisbah mampatan istilah untuk encoder lossy. <> Apa yang mentakrifkan kecekapan mampatan pengekod? || kadar bit <> Nisbah mampatan bergantung kepada kadar sampel dan kedalaman bit isyarat mana? || input <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh CD? || Cakera Padat <> Apakah parameter CD boleh digunakan sebagai rujukan? || nisbah mampatan <> Selain parameter CD, apa lagi yang boleh digunakan sebagai rujukan parameter? || Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP", {"qas": [{"question": "What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?", "id": "570629ba52bb891400689914", "answers": [{"text": "bit rate", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?", "id": "570629ba52bb891400689915", "answers": [{"text": "input", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CD stand for?", "id": "570629ba52bb891400689916", "answers": [{"text": "Compact Disc", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can CD parameters be used as references for?", "id": "570629ba52bb891400689917", "answers": [{"text": "compression ratios", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?", "id": "570629ba52bb891400689918", "answers": [{"text": "Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2\u00d716 bit), or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2\u00d716 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with use of the term compression ratio for lossy encoders."}], ["Kebanyakan teknologi dan ideanya dimasukkan ke dalam definisi ISO MPEG Audio Layer I dan Layer II dan bank penapis sahaja ke dalam format Layer III (MP3) sebagai sebahagian daripada bank penapis hibrid tanpa pengiraan. Di bawah pengerusi Profesor Musmann (University of Hannover) penyuntingan standard itu dibuat di bawah tanggungjawab Leon van de Kerkhof (Lapisan I) dan Gerhard Stoll (Lapisan II). <> Apa yang hanya dimasukkan ke dalam Layer III dan bukan Layer I atau II? || bank penapis <> Siapa pengerusi yang mengawasi pengeditan standard? || Profesor Musmann <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab adakah ia untuk menyunting standard untuk Layer I? || Leon van de Kerkhof <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengedit standard untuk Layer II? || Gerhard Stoll", {"qas": [{"question": "What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?", "id": "5706233475f01819005e79de", "answers": [{"text": "filter bank", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?", "id": "5706233475f01819005e79df", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Musmann", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?", "id": "5706233475f01819005e79e0", "answers": [{"text": "Leon van de Kerkhof", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?", "id": "5706233475f01819005e79e1", "answers": [{"text": "Gerhard Stoll", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing of the standard was made under the responsibilities of Leon van de Kerkhof (Layer I) and Gerhard Stoll (Layer II)."}], ["Kumpulan kerja yang terdiri daripada Leon van de Kerkhof (Belanda), Gerhard Stoll (Jerman), Leonardo Chiariglione (Itali), Yves-Fran\u00e7ois Dehery (Perancis), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Jerman) dan James D. Johnston ASPEC, menggabungkan bank penapis dari Layer 2, menambah beberapa idea mereka sendiri dan mencipta MP3, yang direka untuk mencapai kualiti yang sama pada 128 kbit / s sebagai MP2 pada 192 kbit / s. <> Apakah kumpulan kerja mengambil idea? || ASPEC <> Apakah kumpulan kerja mengintegrasikan idea mereka? || bank penapis <> Di manakah bank penapis diambil? || Lapisan 2 <> Apa yang akhirnya buat kumpulan kerja? || MP3 <> Kualiti apa yang mereka harapkan untuk dipadankan pada 128 kbit / s? || MP2 pada 192 kbit / s", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the working group take ideas from?", "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f6", "answers": [{"text": "ASPEC", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the working group integrate their ideas with?", "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f7", "answers": [{"text": "filter bank", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the filter bank taken from?", "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f8", "answers": [{"text": "Layer 2", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the working group eventually create?", "id": "570624f252bb8914006898f9", "answers": [{"text": "MP3", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?", "id": "570624f252bb8914006898fa", "answers": [{"text": "MP2 at 192 kbit/s", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-Fran\u00e7ois Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own ideas and created MP3, which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s."}], ["Pada 7 Julai 1994, Persatuan Fraunhofer mengeluarkan perisian pengekod MP3 yang pertama yang dipanggil l3enc. Pelanjutan nama fail .mp3 telah dipilih oleh pasukan Fraunhofer pada 14 Julai 1995 (sebelum ini, fail itu telah dinamakan .bit). Dengan perisian masa nyata perisian MP3 pertama WinPlay3 (yang dikeluarkan 9 September 1995) ramai orang dapat mengkodekan dan memainkan semula fail MP3 di PC mereka. Kerana pemacu keras yang agak kecil pada masa itu (~ 500-1000 MB) mampatan lossy adalah penting untuk menyimpan muzik bukan berasaskan instrumen (lihat tracker dan MIDI) untuk main balik pada komputer. <> Bilakah encoder perisian MP3 pertama dikeluarkan? || 7 Julai 1994 <> Apakah nama pengekod perisian MP3 pertama? || l3enc <> Apakah sambungan nama fail? || .mp3 <> Apa nama pemain MP3 perisian masa nyata pertama? || WinPlay3 <> Apakah saiz cakera keras akhir tinggi tinggi? || 1000 MB", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first software MP3 encoder released?", "id": "57062c2552bb891400689928", "answers": [{"text": "7 July 1994", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?", "id": "57062c2552bb891400689929", "answers": [{"text": "l3enc", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the filename extension?", "id": "57062c2552bb89140068992a", "answers": [{"text": ".mp3", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?", "id": "57062c2552bb89140068992b", "answers": [{"text": "WinPlay3", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average high end hard drive size?", "id": "57062c2552bb89140068992c", "answers": [{"text": "1000 MB", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many people were able to encode and play back MP3 files on their PCs. Because of the relatively small hard drives back in that time (~ 500\u20131000 MB) lossy compression was essential to store non-instrument based (see tracker and MIDI) music for playback on computer."}], ["Pelanjutan tambahan kepada MPEG-2 dinamakan audio MPEG-2.5, kerana MPEG-3 sudah mempunyai makna yang berbeza. Pelanjutan ini dibangunkan di Fraunhofer IIS, pemegang paten MP3 terdaftar. Seperti MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 menambah kadar persampelan baru dengan separuh daripada yang dimungkinkan sebelum ini dengan MPEG-2. Dengan itu meluaskan skop MP3 untuk memasukkan ucapan manusia dan aplikasi lain yang memerlukan hanya 25% daripada pembiakan frekuensi yang mungkin dengan MPEG-1. Walaupun bukan piawaian yang diiktiraf ISO, MPEG-2.5 disokong secara meluas oleh kedua-dua pemain audio digital yang tidak mahal dan jenama serta perisian pengekod dan dekoder MP3 yang berasaskan komputer. Perbandingan kadar sampel antara MPEG-1, 2 dan 2.5 diberikan lebih jauh. MPEG-2.5 tidak dibangunkan oleh MPEG dan tidak pernah diluluskan sebagai piawaian antarabangsa. Oleh itu MPEG-2.5 adalah lanjutan yang tidak rasmi atau proprietari kepada format MP3. <> Oleh kerana MPEG-3 mempunyai makna yang berbeza, apakah nama yang diberikan kepada perpanjangan MPEG-2? || Audio MPEG-2.5 <> Di mana sambungan ini dibangunkan? || Fraunhofer IIS <> Kadar pensampelan baru meluaskan skop MP3 untuk dapat memasukkan apa? || ucapan manusia <> Apa yang tidak standard ISO yang diiktiraf? || MPEG-2.5 <> Oleh kerana MPEG-2.5 tidak rasmi, ia dianggap jenis pelanjutan untuk format MP3? || proprietari", {"qas": [{"question": "As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?", "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990a", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-2.5 audio", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was this extension developed?", "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990b", "answers": [{"text": "Fraunhofer IIS", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?", "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990c", "answers": [{"text": "human speech", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is not an ISO recognized standard?", "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990d", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-2.5", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?", "id": "5706282e52bb89140068990e", "answers": [{"text": "proprietary", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications requiring only 25% of the frequency reproduction possible with MPEG-1. While not an ISO recognized standard, MPEG-2.5 is widely supported by both inexpensive and brand name digital audio players as well as computer software based MP3 encoders and decoders. A sample rate comparison between MPEG-1, 2 and 2.5 is given further down. MPEG-2.5 was not developed by MPEG and was never approved as an international standard. MPEG-2.5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format."}], ["Kerja lebih lanjut mengenai audio MPEG telah dimuktamadkan pada tahun 1994 sebagai sebahagian daripada piawaian MPEG kedua, MPEG-2, yang lebih dikenali secara rasmi sebagai piawaian antarabangsa ISO / IEC 13818-3 (aka MPEG-2 Bahagian 3 atau MPEG-2 Audio yang serasi ke belakang atau MPEG-2 Audio BC), yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1995. MPEG-2 Bahagian 3 (ISO / IEC 13818-3) menetapkan kadar bit dan kadar sampel tambahan untuk Layer Audio MPEG-1 I, II dan III. Kadar pensampelan baru adalah separuh daripada yang asalnya ditakrifkan dalam MPEG-1 Audio. Pengurangan kadar pensampelan ini dapat mengurangkan kesetiaan frekuensi yang ada pada separuh sementara juga memotong kadar bit sebanyak 50%. MPEG-2 Bahagian 3 juga meningkatkan audio MPEG-1 dengan membenarkan pengekodan program audio dengan lebih daripada dua saluran, sehingga 5.1 berbilang saluran. <> Kerja lebih lanjut mengenai MPEG telah dimuktamadkan sebagai sebahagian daripada standard MPEG? || second suite <> Apakah nama rasmi ISO / IEC 13818-3 lebih dikenali sebagai? || MPEG-2 <> Pada kadar apakah kadar pensampelan baru yang ditakrifkan berbanding dengan MPEG-1 Audio? || separuh <> Selain memotong kesetiaan kekerapan pada separuh, apa lagi yang dipotong separuh? || bitrate <> Membenarkan pengekodan program audio dengan lebih daripada dua saluran adalah aspek utama dari apa? || MPEG-2 Bahagian 3", {"qas": [{"question": "Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?", "id": "5706262d52bb891400689900", "answers": [{"text": "second suite", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?", "id": "5706262d52bb891400689901", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-2", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?", "id": "5706262d52bb891400689902", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?", "id": "5706262d52bb891400689903", "answers": [{"text": "bitrate", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?", "id": "5706262d52bb891400689904", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-2 Part 3", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel."}], ["Pelaksanaan perisian simulasi rujukan, yang ditulis dalam bahasa C dan kemudian dikenali sebagai ISO 11172-5, telah dibangunkan (pada 1991-1996) oleh ahli-ahli ISO MPEG Audio committee untuk menghasilkan fail audio MPEG Audio yang sedikit (Lapisan 1, Lapisan 2, Lapisan 3). Ia diluluskan sebagai draf jawatankuasa laporan teknikal ISO / IEC pada bulan Mac 1994 dan dicetak sebagai dokumen CD 11172-5 pada bulan April 1994. Ia diluluskan sebagai draf laporan teknikal (DTR / DIS) pada November 1994, yang dimuktamadkan pada tahun 1996 dan diterbitkan sebagai piawaian antarabangsa ISO / IEC TR 11172-5: 1998 pada tahun 1998. Perisian rujukan dalam bahasa C kemudiannya diterbitkan sebagai piawaian ISO yang tersedia secara bebas. Bekerja dalam masa nyata bukan pada beberapa sistem operasi, ia dapat menunjukkan penyahkodan perkakasan masa sebenar pertama (audio berasaskan DSP) dari audio termampat. Beberapa pelaksanaan masa nyata lain bagi pengekod MPEG Audio tersedia untuk tujuan penyiaran digital (radio DAB, DVB televisyen) ke arah penerima pengguna dan menetapkan kotak teratas. <> Bahasa yang manakah perisian simulasi rujukan ditulis dalam? || C <> Siapa yang membangunkan perisian simulasi rujukan? || Jawatankuasa MPEG Audio ISO <> Bilakah perisian rujukan diluluskan? || Mac 1994 <> Bilakah perisian rujukan menjadi standard antarabangsa? || 1998 <> Apa yang boleh menunjukkan perisian rujukan? || penyahkod perkakasan masa nyata", {"qas": [{"question": "Which language was the reference simulation software written in?", "id": "57062b6152bb89140068991e", "answers": [{"text": "C", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the reference simulation software?", "id": "57062b6152bb89140068991f", "answers": [{"text": "the ISO MPEG Audio committee", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the reference software approved?", "id": "57062b6152bb891400689920", "answers": [{"text": "March 1994", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the reference software become an international standard?", "id": "57062b6152bb891400689921", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could the reference software demonstrate?", "id": "57062b6152bb891400689922", "answers": [{"text": "real time hardware decoding", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991\u20131996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes."}], ["Karlheinz Brandenburg menggunakan rakaman CD lagu Suzanne Vega \"Tom's Diner\" untuk menilai dan memperbaiki algoritma pemampatan MP3. Lagu ini dipilih kerana sifatnya yang hampir monofonik dan kandungan spektrum yang luas, menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk mendengar ketidaksempurnaan dalam format pemampatan semasa main balik. Sesetengah merujuk kepada Suzanne Vega sebagai \"Ibu kepada MP3\". Trek tertentu ini mempunyai harta yang menarik kerana kedua-dua saluran itu hampir, tetapi tidak sama sekali, yang sama, yang membawa kepada kes di mana Kemunculan Tahap Binaural Masking menyebabkan penyingkiran artifak bunyi spatial melainkan pengekod dengan betul mengiktiraf keadaan dan menggunakan pembetulan yang serupa dengan mereka terperinci dalam model psikoakustik MPEG-2 AAC. Beberapa petikan audio yang lebih penting (glockenspiel, segitiga, akordion, dan lain-lain) telah diambil dari cakera padat rujukan EBU V3 / SQAM dan telah digunakan oleh jurutera bunyi profesional untuk menilai kualiti subjektif format MPEG Audio. <> Jenis rakaman apa yang digunakan oleh Brandenburg? || CD <> Apa yang Brandenburg menggunakan rakaman untuk disempurnakan? || algoritma pemampatan MP3 <> Kata apa yang menggambarkan sifat lagu yang digunakan? || monophonic <> Sebagai hasil daripada lagu yang digunakan, Suzanne Vega kadang-kadang disebut sebagai apa? || Ibu MP3 <> Kutipan telah diambil dari cakera padat rujukan untuk menilai kualiti subjektif format audio MPEG? || EBU V3 / SQAM", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of recording did Brandenburg use?", "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a14", "answers": [{"text": "CD", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?", "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a15", "answers": [{"text": "the MP3 compression algorithm", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word describes the nature of the song used?", "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a16", "answers": [{"text": "monophonic", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?", "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a17", "answers": [{"text": "The mother of MP3", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?", "id": "57062a3a75f01819005e7a18", "answers": [{"text": "EBU V3/SQAM", "answer_start": 811}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song \"Tom's Diner\" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some refer to Suzanne Vega as \"The mother of MP3\". This particular track has an interesting property in that the two channels are almost, but not completely, the same, leading to a case where Binaural Masking Level Depression causes spatial unmasking of noise artifacts unless the encoder properly recognizes the situation and applies corrections similar to those detailed in the MPEG-2 AAC psychoacoustic model. Some more critical audio excerpts (glockenspiel, triangle, accordion, etc.) were taken from the EBU V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats."}], ["Kemudahan membuat dan berkongsi MP3 menghasilkan pelanggaran hak cipta yang meluas. Syarikat rekod utama berhujah bahawa perkongsian muzik percuma ini dapat dikurangkan, dan menyebutnya sebagai \"cetak rompak muzik\". Mereka bertindak balas dengan mengejar tindakan undang-undang terhadap Napster (yang akhirnya ditutup dan kemudian dijual) dan menentang pengguna individu yang terlibat dalam perkongsian fail. <> Apa jenis pelanggaran yang dihasilkan daripada perkongsian MP3? || hak cipta <> Nama apa syarikat rekod bersekutu dengan perkongsian fail MP3? || cetak rompak muzik <> Siapakah yang menjadi sasaran syarikat rekod? || Napster <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Napster? || ditutup dan kemudian dijual", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?", "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a46", "answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?", "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a47", "answers": [{"text": "music piracy", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the target of the record companies?", "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a48", "answers": [{"text": "Napster", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Napster?", "id": "57062ef375f01819005e7a49", "answers": [{"text": "shut down and later sold", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it \"music piracy\". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users who engaged in file sharing."}], ["Perkongsian fail MP3 tidak dibenarkan terus pada rangkaian peer-to-peer generasi seterusnya. Beberapa perkhidmatan yang diberi kuasa, seperti Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, industri rakaman diluluskan reinkarnasi Napster, dan Amazon.com menjual muzik tanpa had dalam format MP3. <> Apakah jenis perkongsian fail MP3 berterusan? || Rekod yang tidak dibenarkan <> Beatport, Bleep dan Juno adalah contoh perkhidmatan jenis apa? || dibenarkan <> Apa jenis muzik yang dijual oleh syarikat-syarikat ini? || tanpa batasan <> Format mana yang digunakan oleh syarikat yang menjual muzik secara sah? || MP3", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?", "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a58", "answers": [{"text": "Unauthorized", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?", "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a59", "answers": [{"text": "authorized", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of music is sold by these companies?", "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a5a", "answers": [{"text": "unrestricted", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?", "id": "57062f6975f01819005e7a5b", "answers": [{"text": "MP3", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format."}], ["Pada bulan November 1997, laman web mp3.com menawarkan ribuan MP3 yang dibuat oleh artis bebas secara percuma. Saiz fail MP3 yang kecil membolehkan perkongsian fail peer-to-peer yang meluas dari muzik merobek dari CD, yang sebelum ini hampir mustahil. Jaringan filesharing peer-to-peer besar pertama, Napster, dilancarkan pada tahun 1999. <> Laman web mana yang menawarkan MP3 secara percuma? || mp3.com <> Berapa banyak MP3 yang ditawarkan secara percuma oleh laman web? || beribu-ribu <> Apakah jenis perkongsian fail yang menjadi popular kerana saiz fail MP3? || peer-to-peer <> Bagaimana orang dapat memiliki MP3? || Rip dari CD <> Rangkaian mana yang merupakan rakan sebaya besar pertama untuk mengongsi rangkaian perkongsian fail? || Napster", {"qas": [{"question": "Which website offered MP3s for free?", "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993c", "answers": [{"text": "mp3.com", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?", "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993d", "answers": [{"text": "thousands", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?", "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993e", "answers": [{"text": "peer-to-peer", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did people come into possession of MP3s?", "id": "57062e7e52bb89140068993f", "answers": [{"text": "ripped from CDs", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?", "id": "57062e7e52bb891400689940", "answers": [{"text": "Napster", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, was launched in 1999."}], ["Pada separuh kedua 90-an, fail MP3 mula merebak di Internet. Populariti MP3 mula meningkat pesat dengan munculnya pemain audio Nullsoft, Winamp, yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1997. Pada tahun 1998, pemain audio digital negeri pepejal mudah alih pertama MPMan, yang dibangunkan oleh SaeHan Information Systems yang beribu pejabat di Seoul, Korea Selatan, telah dikeluarkan dan Rio PMP300 dijual selepas itu pada tahun 1998, walaupun usaha penindasan undang-undang oleh RIAA. <> Dimana MP3 mula menyebar? || Internet <> Pemain audio mana yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1997? || Winamp <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan pemain audio? || Nullsoft <> Apakah nama pemain audio digital negeri padat mudah alih pertama? || MPMan <> Di mana negara adalah pemain audio mudah alih pertama yang dibangunkan? || Korea Selatan", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did MP3s begin to spread?", "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a32", "answers": [{"text": "the Internet", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which audio player was released in 1997?", "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a33", "answers": [{"text": "Winamp", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who released the audio player?", "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a34", "answers": [{"text": "Nullsoft", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?", "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a35", "answers": [{"text": "MPMan", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which country was the first portable audio player developed?", "id": "57062dd675f01819005e7a36", "answers": [{"text": "South Korea", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998, despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA."}], ["Sebagai seorang ulama yang bijak, Jonathan Sterne mencatat, \"Seorang hacker Australia memperoleh l3enc menggunakan kad kredit yang dicuri. Peretas kemudian membangkitkan semula perisian itu, menulis antara muka pengguna baru, dan diedarkan secara percuma, menamakannya\" terima kasih Fraunhofer \"\". <> Apakah profesi Jonathan Sterne? || sarjana bunyi <> Kewarganegaraan mana yang mana penggodam yang memperoleh I3enc? || Australia <> Apa yang digunakan penggodam untuk memperolehi perisian ini? || kad kredit yang dicuri <> Penggodam semula menulis elemen elemen program ini? || antara muka pengguna <> Berapakah program baru yang dikeluarkan oleh kos penggodam? || percuma", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?", "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689932", "answers": [{"text": "sound scholar", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?", "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689933", "answers": [{"text": "Australian", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the hacker use to acquire the software?", "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689934", "answers": [{"text": "stolen credit card", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?", "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689935", "answers": [{"text": "user interface", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?", "id": "57062c9b52bb891400689936", "answers": [{"text": "free", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, \"An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it \"thank you Fraunhofer\"\"."}], ["Semasa pengekodan, 576 sampel domain masa diambil dan diubah menjadi 576 sampel domain kekerapan. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Sekiranya terdapat sementara, 192 sampel diambil bukannya 576. Ini dilakukan untuk mengehadkan penyebaran bunyi kuantisasi sementara yang disertakan yang sementara. (Lihat psychoacoustics.) <> Berapa banyak sampel domain yang diambil semasa pengekodan? || 576 <> Sampel domain berubah menjadi apa? || contoh domain frekuensi <> Bilakah 192 sampel diambil bukannya 576? || ada transien <> Apabila 192 sampel diambil daripada 576, itu dilakukan dalam usaha untuk membatasi apa? || penyebaran temporal <> Apa yang mengiringi suatu sementara? || kuantisasi bunyi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many domain samples are taken during encoding?", "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6a", "answers": [{"text": "576", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Domain samples are transformed into what?", "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6b", "answers": [{"text": "frequency-domain samples", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?", "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6c", "answers": [{"text": "there is a transient", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?", "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6d", "answers": [{"text": "temporal spread", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What accompanies a transient?", "id": "5706324275f01819005e7a6e", "answers": [{"text": "quantization noise", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.)"}], ["Fail MP3 terdiri daripada bingkai MP3, yang terdiri daripada tajuk dan blok data. Urutan bingkai ini dipanggil aliran elementer. Oleh sebab \"takungan bait\", bingkai bukan item bebas dan biasanya tidak boleh diekstrak pada sempadan bingkai sewenang-wenangnya. Blok Data MP3 mengandungi maklumat audio (dimampatkan) dari segi frekuensi dan amplitud. Rajah menunjukkan bahawa Header MP3 terdiri daripada perkataan penyegerakan, yang digunakan untuk mengenal pasti permulaan rangka yang sah. Ini diikuti dengan sedikit menunjukkan bahawa ini adalah standard MPEG dan dua bit yang menunjukkan bahawa lapisan 3 digunakan; jadi Layer Audio MPEG-1 3 atau MP3. Selepas ini, nilai akan berbeza, bergantung pada fail MP3. ISO / IEC 11172-3 mentakrifkan pelbagai nilai bagi setiap bahagian tajuk bersama dengan spesifikasi tajuk. Kebanyakan fail MP3 hari ini mengandungi metadata ID3, yang mendahului atau mengikuti bingkai MP3, seperti yang dinyatakan dalam gambarajah. <> Suatu header dan blok data bersama membuat apa? || Bingkai MP3 <> Apakah rentetan bingkai MP3 dipanggil? || aliran asas <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengenal pasti permulaan bingkai sah pengepala MP3? || dard <> Berapa banyak bit diperlukan untuk menunjukkan bahawa lapisan 3 digunakan? || dua <> fail MP3 hari ini mengandungi apa jenis metadeta? || ID3", {"qas": [{"question": "A header and data block together make up what?", "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a60", "answers": [{"text": "MP3 frames", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?", "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a61", "answers": [{"text": "elementary stream", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?", "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a62", "answers": [{"text": "dard", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?", "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a63", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?", "id": "5706300775f01819005e7a64", "answers": [{"text": "ID3", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the \"byte reservoir\", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio information in terms of frequencies and amplitudes. The diagram shows that the MP3 Header consists of a sync word, which is used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. This is followed by a bit indicating that this is the MPEG standard and two bits that indicate that layer 3 is used; hence MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MP3. After this, the values will differ, depending on the MP3 file. ISO/IEC 11172-3 defines the range of values for each section of the header along with the specification of the header. Most MP3 files today contain ID3 metadata, which precedes or follows the MP3 frames, as noted in the diagram."}], ["Piawaian MPEG-1 tidak termasuk spesifikasi yang tepat untuk pengekod MP3, tetapi memberikan contoh model psychoacoustic, gelung kadar, dan sebagainya dalam bahagian bukan normatif standard asal. Pada masa ini, pelaksanaan yang dicadangkan ini agak bertarikh. Pelaksanaan standard sepatutnya merangka algoritma mereka sendiri yang sesuai untuk mengeluarkan sebahagian daripada maklumat dari input audio. Akibatnya, terdapat banyak encoder MP3 yang berbeza, setiap menghasilkan fail yang berbeza. Perbandingan tersedia secara meluas, jadi mudah bagi calon pengguna enkoder untuk menyelidik pilihan terbaik. Pengekod yang mahir dalam pengekodan pada kadar bit yang lebih tinggi (seperti LAME) tidak semestinya sebegitu baik pada kadar bit yang lebih rendah. <> Standard yang mana tidak termasuk spesifikasi untuk pengekod MP3? || MPEG-1 <> Contoh model psikoakustik dan gelung kadar boleh ditemui yang sebahagian daripada piawaian asal? || bukan normatif <> Apakah pelaksana standard yang sepatutnya merancang? || Algoritma mereka sendiri <> Adalah mudah untuk calon pengguna enkoder untuk menyelidik pilihan terbaik kerana faktor apa? || Perbandingan tersedia secara meluas <> Pengekod yang mahir dalam pengekodan pada kadar bit yang lebih tinggi mungkin lebih buruk daripada apa? || kadar bit yang lebih rendah", {"qas": [{"question": "Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?", "id": "5706315b52bb891400689950", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-1", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?", "id": "5706315b52bb891400689951", "answers": [{"text": "non-normative", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?", "id": "5706315b52bb891400689952", "answers": [{"text": "their own algorithms", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?", "id": "5706315b52bb891400689953", "answers": [{"text": "Comparisons are widely available", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?", "id": "5706315b52bb891400689954", "answers": [{"text": "lower bit rates", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise their own algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input. As a result, there are many different MP3 encoders available, each producing files of differing quality. Comparisons are widely available, so it is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice. An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates (such as LAME) is not necessarily as good at lower bit rates."}], ["Oleh kerana struktur pokok bank penapis, masalah pra echo menjadi lebih teruk, kerana tindak balas impuls gabungan kedua-dua bank penapis tidak, dan tidak boleh, memberikan penyelesaian optimum dalam resolusi masa / kekerapan. Di samping itu, penggabungan kedua-dua output bank penapis menghasilkan masalah alias yang perlu dikendalikan sebahagiannya oleh peringkat \"pampasan aliasing\"; bagaimanapun, yang mewujudkan tenaga yang berlebihan untuk dikodkan dalam domain kekerapan, dengan itu mengurangkan kecekapan pengekodan. [rujukan?] <> Apakah jenis struktur yang ada di bank penapis? || pokok <> Oleh kerana jenis struktur tertentu, apakah masalah yang menjadi lebih teruk? || masalah pra-echo <> Apakah resolusi macam mana bank penapis tidak dapat memberikan penyelesaian yang optimum? || masa / kekerapan <> Menggabungkan dua output bank penapis 'mencipta jenis masalah? || aliasing <> Keperluan untuk kodkan tenaga berlebihan dalam domain kekerapan menurunkan kecekapan jenis apa? || pengekodan", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of structure does a filter bank have?", "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a86", "answers": [{"text": "tree", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?", "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a87", "answers": [{"text": "pre-echo problems", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?", "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a88", "answers": [{"text": "time/frequency", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem?", "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a89", "answers": [{"text": "aliasing", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency?", "id": "5706336875f01819005e7a8a", "answers": [{"text": "coding", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the \"aliasing compensation\" stage; however, that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain, thereby decreasing coding efficiency.[citation needed]"}], ["Pengekodan, di sisi lain, ditakrif dengan teliti dalam piawai. Kebanyakan penyahkod adalah \"mematuhi arus perit\", yang bermaksud bahawa output yang dikompresi yang dihasilkan daripada fail MP3 yang diberikan akan sama, dalam tahap toleransi pembulatan tertentu, kerana output yang dinyatakan secara matematik dalam dokumen standard ISO / IEC yang tinggi (ISO / IEC 11172-3). Oleh itu, perbandingan dekoder biasanya berdasarkan kepada bagaimana cara mengira mereka (iaitu, berapa banyak memori atau masa CPU yang mereka gunakan dalam proses penyahkodan). <> Apa yang ditetapkan dengan teliti dalam piawai? || Decoding <> Apa yang paling decoder? || compliant arus perdana <> Dokumen standard ISO / IEC yang tinggi menyatakan bahawa output decompressed dihasilkan daripada fail MP3 yang diberikan akan sama dalam standard apa? || ijazah tertentu toleransi pembulatan <> Decoders biasanya dibandingkan dengan memeriksa faktor mana? || kecekapan pengkomputeran <> Kecekapan dekoder diperiksa dengan melihat berapa banyak memori dan apa proses lain yang mereka gunakan dalam proses penyahkodan? || Masa CPU", {"qas": [{"question": "What is carefully defined in the standard?", "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a90", "answers": [{"text": "Decoding", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are most decoders?", "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a91", "answers": [{"text": "bitstream compliant", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?", "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a92", "answers": [{"text": "specified degree of rounding tolerance", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?", "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a93", "answers": [{"text": "computationally efficient", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?", "id": "5706347875f01819005e7a94", "answers": [{"text": "CPU time", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are \"bitstream compliant\", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Therefore, comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process)."}], ["Kualiti yang dirasakan boleh dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran mendengar (bising ambien), perhatian pendengar, dan latihan pendengar dan dalam kebanyakan kes oleh alat audio pendengar (seperti kad suara, penceramah dan fon kepala). <> Persekitaran mendengar juga tahu dengan istilah mana? || bunyi ambien <selain daripada penceramah dan fon kepala, apa peralatan lain yang mempengaruhi kualiti yang diingati para pendengar? || kad bunyi <> Persekitaran mendengar, perhatian pendengar, latihan pendengar dan peralatan audio pendengar boleh menjejaskan apa jenis kualiti? || Kualiti dirasakan", {"qas": [{"question": "A listening environment is also know by which term?", "id": "57063c3e75f01819005e7aac", "answers": [{"text": "ambient noise", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?", "id": "57063c3e75f01819005e7aad", "answers": [{"text": "sound cards", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?", "id": "57063c3e75f01819005e7aae", "answers": [{"text": "Perceived quality", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones)."}], ["Ujian yang diberikan kepada pelajar baru oleh Profesor Muzik Universiti Stanford Jonathan Berger menunjukkan bahawa keutamaan pelajar untuk muzik berkualiti MP3 telah meningkat setiap tahun. Berger berkata pelajar seolah-olah lebih suka bunyi 'sizzle' yang membawa MP3 ke muzik. <> Siapa yang memberikan ujian kepada pelajar untuk menentukan keutamaan mereka? || Professor Muzik Jonathan Berger <> Di mana ujian dilakukan untuk mengumpul data keutamaan pelajar untuk kualiti MP3? || Universiti Stanford <> Data menunjukkan bahawa keutamaan pelajar untuk muzik berkualiti MP3 mengikuti trend yang mana? || meningkat setiap tahun <> Bunyi apa jenis pelajar yang lebih suka? || sizzle", {"qas": [{"question": "Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?", "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a0", "answers": [{"text": "Music Professor Jonathan Berger", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?", "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a1", "answers": [{"text": "Stanford University", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?", "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a2", "answers": [{"text": "risen each year", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?", "id": "57063cb452bb8914006899a3", "answers": [{"text": "sizzle", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music."}], ["Kelewatan keseluruhan penyahkod / penyahkod tidak ditakrifkan, yang bermaksud tidak ada peruntukan rasmi untuk main balik tanpa had. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah pengekod seperti LAME boleh melampirkan metadata tambahan yang akan membolehkan pemain yang boleh mengendalikannya untuk menyampaikan main balik lancar. <> Apa ada peruntukan rasmi untuk? || main balik <b> Apa contoh encoder yang boleh melampirkan metadeta tambahan? || LAME <> Menambah metadata tambahan membolehkan pemain untuk mengendalikan main balik gapless dan menyampaikan apa? || main balik lancar <> Untuk pengekod dan penyahkod, apa yang tidak ditakrifkan? || kelewatan keseluruhan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is there no official provision for?", "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9a", "answers": [{"text": "gapless playback", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?", "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9b", "answers": [{"text": "LAME", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?", "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9c", "answers": [{"text": "seamless playback", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?", "id": "570634ea75f01819005e7a9d", "answers": [{"text": "overall delay", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback."}], ["Dengan kadar yang terlalu rendah, artifak mampatan (iaitu bunyi yang tidak hadir dalam rakaman asal) boleh didengar dalam pembiakan. Sesetengah audio sukar untuk dimampatkan kerana rawaknya dan serangan yang tajam. Apabila jenis audio ini dimampatkan, artifak seperti bunyi atau pra-echo biasanya didengar. Sampel tepukan yang dimampatkan dengan kadar bit yang agak rendah memberikan contoh artifak mampatan yang baik. <> Jika kadar bit terlalu rendah, apa yang boleh didengar dalam pembiakan? || artifak mampatan <> Bunyi yang tidak dalam rakaman asal dirujuk sebagai apa? || artifak mampatan <> Rawak dan serangan tajam adalah dua sebab yang boleh membuat lebih sukar untuk melakukan apa ke fail audio? || kompres <> Selain pre-echo, apakah contoh lain dari apa yang dapat terjadi ketika audio dimampatkan? || berdering <> jenis sampel apa yang boleh memaparkan contoh artifak mampatan yang baik? || Contoh tepukan", {"qas": [{"question": "If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?", "id": "570637be52bb891400689978", "answers": [{"text": "compression artifacts", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?", "id": "570637be52bb891400689979", "answers": [{"text": "compression artifacts", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?", "id": "570637be52bb89140068997a", "answers": [{"text": "compress", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?", "id": "570637be52bb89140068997b", "answers": [{"text": "ringing", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?", "id": "570637be52bb89140068997c", "answers": [{"text": "A sample of applause", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts."}], ["Satu kajian mendalam mengenai kualiti audio MP3, artis dan komposer suara projek Ryan Maguire \"The Ghost in the MP3\" mengasingkan bunyi yang hilang semasa pemampatan MP3. Pada tahun 2015, beliau melancarkan trek \"moDernisT\" (sebuah anagram \"Tom's Diner\"), yang terdiri secara eksklusif daripada bunyi yang dipadamkan semasa pemampatan MP3 lagu \"Tom's Diner\", trek yang pada asalnya digunakan dalam perumusan standard MP3. Satu rekaan terperinci tentang teknik yang digunakan untuk mengasingkan bunyi yang dipadamkan semasa pemampatan MP3, bersama dengan motivasi konseptual untuk projek itu, telah diterbitkan dalam Prosiding Persidangan Muzik Komputer Antarabangsa 2014. <> Apakah nama kajian yang dilakukan oleh komposer Ryan Maguire? || Hantu dalam MP3 <> Apa tujuan kajian untuk mengasingkan? || bunyi yang hilang semasa pemampatan MP3 <> Apakah trek \"moDernisT\" anagram? || Tom's Diner <> Di mana ada laporan kajian yang diterbitkan? || Persidangan Muzik Komputer Antarabangsa <> Tahun manakah kajian yang diterbitkan? || 2014", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?", "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899a8", "answers": [{"text": "The Ghost in the MP3", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the study aim to isolate?", "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899a9", "answers": [{"text": "sounds lost during MP3 compression", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the track \"moDernisT\" an anagram of?", "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899aa", "answers": [{"text": "Tom's Diner", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was an account of the study published?", "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899ab", "answers": [{"text": "International Computer Music Conference", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was the study published?", "id": "57063d8652bb8914006899ac", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project \"The Ghost in the MP3\" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track \"moDernisT\" (an anagram of \"Tom's Diner\"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song \"Tom's Diner\", the track originally used in the formulation of the MP3 standard. A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression, along with the conceptual motivation for the project, was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference."}], ["Selain daripada bit rate sekeping audio yang dikodkan, kualiti fail MP3 juga bergantung pada kualiti pengekod itu sendiri, dan kesukaran isyarat yang dikodkan. Oleh kerana standard MP3 membolehkan sedikit kebebasan dengan algoritma pengekodan, pengekod yang berbeza mungkin mempunyai kualiti yang agak berbeza, walaupun dengan kadar bit yang sama. Sebagai contoh, dalam ujian pendengaran awam yang menampilkan dua encoder MP3 yang berbeza pada kira-kira 128 kbit / s, satu mencatat 3.66 pada skala 1-5, sementara yang lain hanya mencecah 2.22. <> Selain bit rate dan kesukaran isyarat, apa juga yang boleh mempengaruhi kualiti fail MP3? || kualiti pengekod <> Standard MP3 membolehkan enkoder mempunyai banyak kebebasan dengan aspek pengekodan? || algoritma pengekodan <> Sebagai hasil daripada kebebasan, pengekod yang berbeza boleh menghasilkan kualiti yang berbeza walaupun aspek fail yang sama? || kadar bit <> Contoh yang ditunjukkan mempunyai skor kualiti jarak rendah daripada nilai apa? || 2.22 <> Untuk membandingkan kualiti, fail bunyi dinilai pada skala yang berkisar dari 1 hingga ke apa? || 5", {"qas": [{"question": "Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?", "id": "570638d652bb891400689982", "answers": [{"text": "quality of the encoder", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?", "id": "570638d652bb891400689983", "answers": [{"text": "encoding algorithms", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?", "id": "570638d652bb891400689984", "answers": [{"text": "bit rates", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?", "id": "570638d652bb891400689985", "answers": [{"text": "2.22", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?", "id": "570638d652bb891400689986", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s, one scored 3.66 on a 1\u20135 scale, while the other scored only 2.22."}], ["Kadar sampel 44.1 kHz hampir selalu digunakan, kerana ini juga digunakan untuk audio CD, sumber utama yang digunakan untuk membuat fail MP3. Pelbagai kadar bit lebih banyak digunakan di Internet. Kadar 128 kbit / s biasanya digunakan, pada nisbah mampatan 11: 1, yang menawarkan kualiti audio yang mencukupi dalam ruang yang agak kecil. Oleh kerana ketersediaan jalur lebar Internet dan saiz cakera keras telah meningkat, kadar bit yang lebih tinggi sehingga 320 kbit / s telah meluas. <> Kadar sampling apa yang digunakan untuk audio CD? || 44.1 kHz <> Apakah sumber utama yang digunakan untuk membuat fail MP3? || CD audio <> Di manakah seseorang boleh menemui pelbagai jenis bit yang lebih besar? || Internet <> Kadar bit biasa di internet adalah 128 kbit / s menggunakan nisbah mampatan? || 11: 1 <> Sebagai kemajuan teknologi, apakah kadar bit lain yang lebih tinggi yang mula menyebar? || 320 kbit / s", {"qas": [{"question": "What sampling rate is used for CD audio?", "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac6", "answers": [{"text": "44.1 kHz", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?", "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac7", "answers": [{"text": "CD audio", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?", "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac8", "answers": [{"text": "the Internet", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?", "id": "570640a275f01819005e7ac9", "answers": [{"text": "11:1", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?", "id": "570640a275f01819005e7aca", "answers": [{"text": "320 kbit/s", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread."}], ["Apabila melakukan pengekodan audio lossy, seperti mencipta fail MP3, terdapat pertukaran antara jumlah ruang yang digunakan dan kualiti bunyi hasil. Biasanya, pencipta dibenarkan untuk menetapkan kadar bit, yang menyatakan berapa kilobit yang boleh digunakan oleh fail setiap saat audio. Kadar bit yang lebih tinggi, semakin besar fail dimampatkan, dan, secara amnya, lebih dekat ia akan kedengaran kepada fail asal. <> Perdagangan tipikal semasa membuat fail MP3 adalah antara jumlah ruang yang digunakan dan apa faktor lain? || kualiti bunyi hasil <> Apa yang akan menjadi contoh pengekodan audio lossy? || mewujudkan fail MP3 <> Siapa yang dapat menetapkan kadar bit untuk fail MP3? || pencipta <> Apakah kadar bit fail sebenarnya? || berapa kilobit yang boleh digunakan oleh fail sesaat audio <> Jika kadar bit lebih tinggi, saiz fail terkompresi akan menjadi apa? || lebih besar", {"qas": [{"question": "A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?", "id": "5706371452bb89140068996e", "answers": [{"text": "sound quality of the result", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?", "id": "5706371452bb89140068996f", "answers": [{"text": "creating an MP3 file", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?", "id": "5706371452bb891400689970", "answers": [{"text": "the creator", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?", "id": "5706371452bb891400689971", "answers": [{"text": "how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?", "id": "5706371452bb891400689972", "answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger the compressed file will be, and, generally, the closer it will sound to the original file."}], ["Beberapa kadar bit ditentukan dalam standard MPEG-1 Audio Layer III: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 dan 320 kbit / s, dengan kekerapan sampel yang tersedia daripada 32, 44.1 dan 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III membolehkan bit rate 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit / s dengan frekuensi persampelan 16, 22.05 dan 24 kHz . MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III adalah terhad kepada 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 dan 64 kbit / s dengan frekuensi persampelan 8, 11.025 dan 12 kHz. [Rujukan?] Oleh kerana Nyquist -Shannon pensampelan teorem, pembiakan frekuensi selalu ketat kurang daripada separuh daripada frekuensi persampelan, dan penapis yang tidak sempurna memerlukan margin yang lebih besar untuk kesilapan (paras hingar berbanding ketajaman penapis), jadi 8 kHz sampling rate mengehadkan frekuensi maksimum kepada 4 kHz, sementara Kadar pensampelan maksimum 48 kHz menghadkan MP3 ke 24 kHz pembiakan bunyi. <> Apakah nama teorem pensampelan? || Nyquist-Shannon <> Sehubungan dengan kekerapan persampelan, pembiakan kekerapan adalah berapa kurang? || kurang daripada separuh <> Apa jenis penapis memerlukan margin yang lebih besar untuk kesilapan? || penapis tidak sempurna <> Mempunyai kadar pengambilan 8 kHz akan mengehadkan frekuensi maksimum kepada berapa banyak? || 4 kHz <> Pembiakan bunyi 24 kHz akan mewakili nilai maksimum sampel sampling? || 48", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the sampling theorem?", "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b2", "answers": [{"text": "Nyquist\u2013Shannon", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?", "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b3", "answers": [{"text": "less than half", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?", "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b4", "answers": [{"text": "imperfect filters", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?", "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b5", "answers": [{"text": "4 kHz", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?", "id": "57063fcb52bb8914006899b6", "answers": [{"text": "48", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz. MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III is restricted to bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.[citation needed] Because of the Nyquist\u2013Shannon sampling theorem, frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency, and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction."}], ["Jenis fail MP3 yang paling mudah menggunakan satu bit untuk keseluruhan fail: ini dikenali sebagai pengekodan Kadar Bit Constant (CBR). Menggunakan kadar bit malar menjadikan pengekodan lebih mudah dan lebih cepat. Walau bagaimanapun, ia juga mungkin untuk membuat fail di mana kadar bit berubah sepanjang fail. Ini dikenali sebagai fail Variabel Bit Rate (VBR). Idea di sebalik ini adalah, dalam mana-mana bahagian audio, beberapa bahagian akan menjadi lebih mudah untuk dimampatkan, seperti kesunyian atau muzik yang mengandungi hanya beberapa instrumen, sementara yang lain akan menjadi lebih sukar untuk dimampatkan. Oleh itu, kualiti keseluruhan fail boleh ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan kadar bit yang lebih rendah untuk petikan yang kurang kompleks dan yang lebih tinggi untuk bahagian yang lebih kompleks. Dengan beberapa pengekod, ada kemungkinan untuk menentukan kualiti yang diberikan, dan pengekod akan mengubah kadar bit dengan sewajarnya. Pengguna yang mengetahui \"penetapan mutu\" tertentu yang telus di telinga mereka boleh menggunakan nilai ini semasa mengodkan semua muzik mereka, dan secara amnya tidak perlu risau tentang melakukan ujian mendengar peribadi pada setiap sekeping muzik untuk menentukan kadar bit yang betul. <> Berapa banyak kadar bit yang paling mudah menggunakan jenis fail MP3? || satu <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh CBR? || Kadar Bit Konstan <> Apa yang berlaku untuk VBR? || Kadar Bit Boleh Tukar <> Selain daripada diam, bahagian mana bahagian sorot muzik yang lebih mudah untuk dimampatkan? || muzik yang mengandungi hanya beberapa instrumen <> Nilai apa yang perlu diketahui oleh pengguna apabila mengodkan muzik mereka untuk membantu mengelakkan mereka melakukan ujian pada setiap sekeping muzik? || tetapan kualiti", {"qas": [{"question": "How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?", "id": "57063bc552bb891400689996", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CBR stand for?", "id": "57063bc552bb891400689997", "answers": [{"text": "Constant Bit Rate", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does VBR stand for?", "id": "57063bc552bb891400689998", "answers": [{"text": "Variable Bit Rate", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?", "id": "57063bc552bb891400689999", "answers": [{"text": "music containing only a few instruments", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?", "id": "57063bc552bb89140068999a", "answers": [{"text": "quality setting", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) files. The idea behind this is that, in any piece of audio, some parts will be much easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few instruments, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will vary the bit rate accordingly. Users who know a particular \"quality setting\" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate."}], ["\"Teg\" dalam fail audio adalah seksyen fail yang mengandungi metadata seperti tajuk, artis, album, nombor trek atau maklumat lain mengenai kandungan fail itu. Piawaian MP3 tidak menentukan format tag untuk fail MP3, dan tidak ada format kontena standard yang akan menyokong metadata dan menghilangkan keperluan untuk tag. <> Apakah seksyen fail yang mengandungi metadeta dirujuk sebagai? || tag <> Apa lagi yang boleh metadeta mengandungi selain tajuk, artis atau nombor trek? || album <> Apakah standard MP3 tidak ditentukan? || format tag untuk fail MP3 <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk menyokong metadata dan menghilangkan keperluan untuk tag? || format kontena standard", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?", "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b12", "answers": [{"text": "tag", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?", "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b13", "answers": [{"text": "album", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do MP3 standards not define?", "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b14", "answers": [{"text": "tag formats for MP3 files", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?", "id": "57064bd375f01819005e7b15", "answers": [{"text": "a standard container format", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A \"tag\" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags."}], ["Teknologi pengekodan dan pengekodan MP3 asas bebas paten di Kesatuan Eropah, semua paten yang telah tamat tempoh di sana. Di Amerika Syarikat, teknologi ini akan secara bebas paten pada 31 Disember 2017 (lihat di bawah). Majoriti paten MP3 tamat tempoh di Amerika Syarikat antara tahun 2007 dan 2015. <> Di mana pengekodan MP3 dasar dan paten teknologi percuma? || Kesatuan Eropah <> Apa yang berlaku kepada paten yang menyebabkan mereka paten-bebas? || kadaluarsa <> Kapan teknologi itu akan paten - gratis di Amerika Serikat? || 31 Disember 2017 <> Antara tahun yang manakah kebanyakan paten MP3 di AS tamat? || 2007 dan 2015", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?", "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b3e", "answers": [{"text": "European Union", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?", "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b3f", "answers": [{"text": "expired", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?", "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b40", "answers": [{"text": "31 December 2017", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?", "id": "5706520375f01819005e7b41", "answers": [{"text": "2007 and 2015", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015."}], ["Audio terkompresi seperti yang disimpan pada audio-CD mempunyai kadar bit 1,411.2 kbit / s, (16 bit / sample \u00d7 44100 sampel / kedua \u00d7 2 saluran / 1000 bit / kilobit), jadi bitrate 128, 160 dan 192 kbit / s mewakili nisbah mampatan kira-kira 11: 1, 9: 1 dan 7: 1 masing-masing. <> Apa yang disimpan pada audio-CD yang mempunyai kadar bit 1,411.2 kbit / s? || Audio yang tidak dikompresi <> Apa pula kadar 128 mewakili dari segi nisbah mampatan? || 11: 1 <> Apa yang akan kadar sedikit 160 sesuai dengan nisbah mampatan? || 9: 1 <> Berapakah kadar bit 192 kbit / s untuk nisbah mampatan? || 7: 1", {"qas": [{"question": "What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?", "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad0", "answers": [{"text": "Uncompressed audio", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?", "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad1", "answers": [{"text": "11:1", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?", "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad2", "answers": [{"text": "9:1", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?", "id": "5706414c75f01819005e7ad3", "answers": [{"text": "7:1", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample \u00d7 44100 samples/second \u00d7 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively."}], ["Pengekod MPEG Layer III yang awal menggunakan apa yang kini dikenali sebagai Bit Bit Constant (CBR). Perisian ini hanya dapat menggunakan bitrate seragam pada semua bingkai dalam fail MP3. Kemudian pengekod MP3 yang lebih canggih dapat menggunakan takungan bit untuk menargetkan kadar bit rata-rata untuk memilih kadar pengekodan bagi setiap bingkai berdasarkan kerumitan bunyi di bahagian rakaman tersebut. <> Apa maksud istilah CBR? || Kadar Bit Terus <> Yang lapisan MPEG awal yang digunakan CBR? || Lapisan III <> Perisian awal terhad kepada jenis bitrate mana? || seragam <> Apa yang digunakan oleh pengekod MP3 lebih canggih untuk menargetkan kadar bit rata-rata? || reservoir bit <> Apakah encoders berdasarkan kadar pengekodan untuk setiap bingkai? || kerumitan bunyi", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the term CBR mean?", "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae0", "answers": [{"text": "Constant Bit Rate", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which early MPEG layer used CBR?", "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae1", "answers": [{"text": "Layer III", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?", "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae2", "answers": [{"text": "uniform", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?", "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae3", "answers": [{"text": "bit reservoir", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?", "id": "5706443e75f01819005e7ae4", "answers": [{"text": "the complexity of the sound", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording."}], ["Audio Layer III juga boleh menggunakan \"bit reservoir\", keupayaan bingkai sebahagian penuh untuk memegang sebahagian daripada data audio bingkai seterusnya, yang membolehkan perubahan sementara dalam bitrate berkesan, walaupun dalam aliran bitrate malar. Pengendalian dalaman takungan bit meningkatkan kelewatan pengekodan. [Rujukan?] <> Keupayaan bingkai sebahagian penuh untuk mempunyai sebahagian daripada data audio bingkai yang seterusnya dirujuk sebagai apa? || reserbor bit <> Apakah jenis audio diperlukan untuk menggunakan takungan sedikit? || Lapisan III <> Takungan sedikit membolehkan apa jenis perubahan dalam kadar bit berkesan? || sementara <> Apa hasil yang mungkin untuk mengendalikan reserbor bit? || pengekodan kelewatan <> Manfaat yang besar dari takungan sedikit adalah bahawa anda boleh menggunakannya walaupun ketika menoden jenis aliran apa? || bitrate malar", {"qas": [{"question": "A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?", "id": "570646b852bb8914006899bc", "answers": [{"text": "bit reservoir", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?", "id": "570646b852bb8914006899bd", "answers": [{"text": "Layer III", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?", "id": "570646b852bb8914006899be", "answers": [{"text": "temporary", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?", "id": "570646b852bb8914006899bf", "answers": [{"text": "encoding delay", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?", "id": "570646b852bb8914006899c0", "answers": [{"text": "constant bitrate", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Layer III audio can also use a \"bit reservoir\", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]"}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa piawaian de facto untuk format tag wujud. Pada tahun 2010, yang paling meluas adalah ID3v1 dan ID3v2, dan APEv2 yang lebih baru diperkenalkan. Tag ini biasanya tertanam pada awal atau akhir fail MP3, berasingan dari data bingkai MP3 sebenar. Decoder MP3 sama ada mengekstrak maklumat dari tag, atau hanya memperlakukannya sebagai data sampah yang tidak dapat diabaikan, MP3. <> Selain ID3v1, yang mana format standard yang serupa untuk penanda wujud? || ID3v2 <> Apakah standard yang paling baru diperkenalkan untuk pemformatan tag? || APEv2 <> Apakah tempat kedua dalam fail yang biasanya disimpan tag, dengan yang pertama pada awalnya? || akhir <> Apa yang penting untuk diperhatikan di mana tag disimpan? || berasingan daripada data bingkai MP3 sebenar <> Jika dekoder MP3 tidak mengekstrak maklumat dari tag, apa yang mereka lakukan kepada mereka? || memperlakukan mereka sebagai data sampah yang tidak dapat diabaikan, MP3", {"qas": [{"question": "Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?", "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2a", "answers": [{"text": "ID3v2", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?", "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2b", "answers": [{"text": "APEv2", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?", "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2c", "answers": [{"text": "end", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is important to note about where the tags are stored?", "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2d", "answers": [{"text": "separate from the actual MP3 frame data", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?", "id": "57064d5075f01819005e7b2e", "answers": [{"text": "treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, or just treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data."}], ["Kadar bit bukan standard sehingga 640 kbit / s boleh dicapai dengan pengekod LAME dan pilihan percuma, walaupun beberapa pemain MP3 boleh memainkan fail tersebut. Menurut piawaian ISO, dekoder hanya diperlukan untuk dapat menyahkod aliran sehingga 320 kbit / s. <> Apakah kadar bit tertinggi yang membolehkan pengekod LAME? || 640 kbit / s <> Pengekod LAME membenarkan kadar bit yang mana? || Tidak standard <> Walaupun beberapa pemain MP3 boleh memainkannya, LAME juga menawarkan pilihan mana? || freeformat <> Standard ISO menentukan bahawa penyahkod hanya perlu dapat menyahkod aliran yang mempunyai kadar bit yang tinggi? || 320", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?", "id": "570641f775f01819005e7ad8", "answers": [{"text": "640 kbit/s", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?", "id": "570641f775f01819005e7ad9", "answers": [{"text": "Non-standard", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?", "id": "570641f775f01819005e7ada", "answers": [{"text": "freeformat", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?", "id": "570641f775f01819005e7adb", "answers": [{"text": "320", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s."}], ["Tidak ada band skala faktor 21 (sfb21) untuk frekuensi di atas kira-kira 16 kHz, memaksa enkoder untuk memilih antara kurang tepat representasi dalam band 21 atau kurang penyimpanan yang cekap di semua band di bawah band 21, yang menyebabkan bitrate terbuang dalam pengekodan VBR. <> Apa yang boleh dipertingkatkan dengan faktor band 21 dipendekkan? || sfb21 <> Apakah kekerapan maksimum yang band skala faktor 21 boleh pergi ke? || 16 kHz <> Pengekod harus memilih antara kurang perwakilan acurate dalam band 21 atau faktor mana di semua band di bawah band 21? || kurang efisien penyimpanan <> Apa hasil simpanan kurang berkesan untuk pengekodan VBR? || bitrate yang terbuang", {"qas": [{"question": "What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?", "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c6", "answers": [{"text": "sfb21", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?", "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c7", "answers": [{"text": "16 kHz", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?", "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c8", "answers": [{"text": "less efficient storage", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?", "id": "5706493c52bb8914006899c9", "answers": [{"text": "wasted bitrate", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding."}], ["ReplayGain adalah satu standard untuk mengukur dan menyimpan kekerapan fail MP3 (normalisasi audio) dalam tag metadatanya, membolehkan pemain yang mematuhi ReplayGain untuk secara automatik melaraskan jumlah main balik keseluruhan bagi setiap fail. MP3Gain boleh digunakan untuk mengubah suai fail berdasarkan pengukuran ReplayGain supaya main semula diselaraskan boleh dicapai pada pemain tanpa keupayaan ReplayGain. <> Apakah nama yang diberi kepada standard untuk mengukur dan menyimpan kekerapan fail MP3? || ReplayGain <> Apa yang mengukur dan menyimpan kekerasan fail MP3 yang juga dikenali sebagai? || penjanaan audio <> Apakah standard ReplayGain membenarkan pemain untuk menyesuaikan secara automatik? || jumlah main balik keseluruhan <> Program apa yang boleh digunakan untuk mengubah suai fail berdasarkan ukuran ReplayGain? || MP3Gain <> MP3Gain adalah penting kerana ia membolehkan pemain tanpa apa-apa keupayaan untuk main balik diselaraskan? || Keupayaan ReplayGain", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?", "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b34", "answers": [{"text": "ReplayGain", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?", "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b35", "answers": [{"text": "audio normalization", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?", "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b36", "answers": [{"text": "the overall playback volume", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?", "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b37", "answers": [{"text": "MP3Gain", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?", "id": "57064fcc75f01819005e7b38", "answers": [{"text": "ReplayGain capability", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability."}], ["Pengekod MP3 yang lebih canggih boleh menghasilkan audio bitrate yang berubah-ubah. Audio MPEG boleh menggunakan pensuisan bitrate pada asas per-frame, tetapi hanya penyahkod lapisan III mesti menyokongnya. VBR digunakan apabila matlamatnya adalah untuk mencapai tahap kualiti yang tetap. Saiz fail terakhir pengekodan VBR kurang diramalkan daripada bitrate tetap. Bitrate purata adalah VBR yang dilaksanakan sebagai kompromi antara kedua: bitrate dibenarkan untuk berubah-ubah untuk kualiti yang lebih konsisten, tetapi dikawal untuk kekal berhampiran nilai purata yang dipilih oleh pengguna, untuk saiz fail boleh diramal. Walaupun penyahkod MP3 mesti menyokong VBR untuk mematuhi piawaian, sejarah beberapa dekoder mempunyai pepijat dengan penyahkodan VBR, terutamanya sebelum pengekod VBR menjadi meluas. <> Jenis audio apa yang boleh menghasilkan pengekod MP3 yang canggih? || variasi bitrate audio <> Jenis penyahkodan mana yang mesti menyokong peralihan bitrate pada dasar per-frame? || lapisan III <> Apa yang digunakan oleh encoder apabila matlamatnya adalah untuk mencapai tahap kualiti yang tetap? || VBR <> Menggunakan VBR dan bukan pengekodan kadar bit malar menjadikan bahagian pengekodan kurang diramalkan? || saiz fail akhir <> Kadar bit rata-rata digunakan apabila yang menggunakan nilai purata untuk pengekod untuk digunakan? || pengguna", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?", "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aea", "answers": [{"text": "variable bitrate audio", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?", "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aeb", "answers": [{"text": "layer III", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?", "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aec", "answers": [{"text": "VBR", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?", "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aed", "answers": [{"text": "final file size", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?", "id": "5706457d75f01819005e7aee", "answers": [{"text": "the user", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate. Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread."}], ["Technicolor (dahulunya dikenali sebagai Thomson Consumer Electronics) mendakwa mengawal pelesenan MP3 paten Layer 3 di banyak negara, termasuk Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, Kanada dan negara-negara EU. Technicolor telah menguatkuasakan paten ini secara aktif. <> Apakah nama sebelumnya Technicolor? || Thomson Consumer Electronics <> Apa paten yang menuntut Technicolor untuk mengawal? || Lapisan 3 <> Apakah Technicolor sentiasa dalam proses melakukan? || secara aktif menguatkuasakan paten ini", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Technicolor's previous name?", "id": "5706587852bb8914006899ea", "answers": [{"text": "Thomson Consumer Electronics", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What patent does Technicolor claim to control?", "id": "5706587852bb8914006899eb", "answers": [{"text": "Layer 3", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?", "id": "5706587852bb8914006899ec", "answers": [{"text": "actively enforcing these patents", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents."}], ["Pada bulan Februari 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies menyaman Apple, Samsung Electronics dan Sandisk di mahkamah persekutuan timur Texas, mendakwa pelanggaran paten pemain MP3 mudah alih yang Texas MP3 mengatakan ia telah ditugaskan. Apple, Samsung, dan Sandisk semuanya menepati tuntutan terhadap mereka pada Januari 2009. <> Yang menyaman Apple, Samsung Electronics dan Sandisk pada tahun 2007? || Texas MP3 Technologies <> Pengadilan mana yang dilakukan oleh mahkamah? || timur Texas persekutuan <> Apa tuntutan bahawa tuntutan itu berdasarkan? || pelanggaran paten pemain MP3 mudah alih <> Tindakan apakah yang dilakukan oleh tiga syarikat yang diambil? || semua menyelesaikan tuntutan terhadap mereka <> Tahun berapa tuntutan undang-undang berakhir? || 2009", {"qas": [{"question": "Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?", "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f0", "answers": [{"text": "Texas MP3 Technologies", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which court did the lawsuit take place in?", "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f1", "answers": [{"text": "eastern Texas federal court", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?", "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f2", "answers": [{"text": "infringement of a portable MP3 player patent", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What action did the three companies being sued take?", "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f3", "answers": [{"text": "all settled the claims against them", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the lawsuits end?", "id": "57065e2352bb8914006899f4", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009."}], ["Di masa lalu, banyak organisasi telah mendakwa pemilikan paten yang berkaitan dengan penyahkodan MP3 atau pengekodan. Tuntutan ini membawa kepada beberapa ancaman dan tindakan undang-undang dari pelbagai sumber. Akibatnya, ketidakpastian mengenai paten yang mesti dilesenkan untuk menghasilkan produk MP3 tanpa melakukan pelanggaran hak paten di negara-negara yang membolehkan paten perisian merupakan ciri umum tahap awal penerapan teknologi. <> Apa yang mempunyai banyak organisasi menuntut pemilikan paten yang berkaitan dengan aspek MP3 yang membawa kepada? || ancaman undang-undang <> Ancaman undang-undang dan kekeliruan menjadikan sukar untuk memastikan bagaimana paten mengenai produk MP3? || paten yang mesti dilesenkan <> Apakah bahaya tidak mematikan produk dengan betul? || pelanggaran hak paten <> Pada peringkat apa teknologi ini masalahnya tersebar luas? || peringkat awal", {"qas": [{"question": "What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?", "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b50", "answers": [{"text": "legal threats", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?", "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b51", "answers": [{"text": "which patents must be licensed", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?", "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b52", "answers": [{"text": "patent infringement", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?", "id": "5706534d75f01819005e7b53", "answers": [{"text": "early stages", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology."}], ["Pada bulan September 1998, Institut Fraunhofer menghantar surat kepada beberapa pemaju perisian MP3 yang menyatakan bahawa lesen diperlukan untuk \"mengedarkan dan / atau menjual penyahkod dan / atau pengekod\". Surat itu mendakwa bahawa produk tidak berlesen \"melanggar hak paten Fraunhofer dan Thomson Untuk membuat, menjual dan / atau mengedarkan produk menggunakan standard [MPEG Layer-3] dan dengan itu paten kami, anda perlu mendapatkan lesen di bawah paten-paten ini daripada kami . \" <> Bilakah institut Fraunhofer menghantar surat? || September 1998 <> Apa tuntutan surat yang diperlukan untuk mengedarkan dan / atau menjual penyahkod dan / atau pengekod? || lesen <> Apa yang menjual produk tanpa izin bermakna penjual lakukan? || melanggar hak paten Fraunhofer dan Thomson <> Apa produk yang tidak boleh digunakan jika mereka mahu mengelakkan melanggar hak paten? || piawaian [MPEG Layer-3]", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?", "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6c", "answers": [{"text": "September 1998", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?", "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6d", "answers": [{"text": "a license", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing?", "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6e", "answers": [{"text": "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?", "id": "570659e875f01819005e7b6f", "answers": [{"text": "the [MPEG Layer-3] standard", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to \"distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders\". The letter claimed that unlicensed products \"infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute products using the [MPEG Layer-3] standard and thus our patents, you need to obtain a license under these patents from us.\""}], ["Format lossy lain wujud. Di antara ini, mp3PRO, AAC, dan MP2 adalah semua ahli keluarga teknologi yang sama seperti MP3 dan bergantung pada model psychoacoustic yang serupa. Fraunhofer Gesellschaft memiliki banyak paten asas yang mendasari format ini juga, dengan yang lain yang dipegang oleh Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, dan AT & T. <> AAC, mp3PRO dan MP2 adalah semua ahli keluarga teknologi yang sama dengan format lossy lain? || MP3 <> Jenis model apa yang semua format lossy kira-kira bergantung? || psychoacoustic <> Syarikat manakah yang memiliki banyak paten yang meliputi format lain? || Fraunhofer Gesellschaft", {"qas": [{"question": "AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?", "id": "5706635252bb891400689a0c", "answers": [{"text": "MP3", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?", "id": "5706635252bb891400689a0d", "answers": [{"text": "psychoacoustic", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats?", "id": "5706635252bb891400689a0e", "answers": [{"text": "Fraunhofer Gesellschaft", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, and AT&T."}], ["Sisvel S.p.A. dan anak syarikatnya, Audio MPEG, Inc. sebelum ini menyaman Thomson untuk pelanggaran paten pada teknologi MP3, tetapi pertikaian tersebut telah diselesaikan pada bulan November 2005 dengan Sisvel memberikan Thomson sebagai lesen kepada paten mereka. Motorola diikuti tidak lama kemudian, dan menandatangani dengan Sisvel untuk melesenkan paten yang berkaitan dengan MP3 pada bulan Disember 2005. Kecuali untuk tiga paten, paten AS yang dikendalikan oleh Sisvel semuanya tamat pada tahun 2015, namun (pengecualian adalah: US Patent 5,878,080, tamat Februari 2017, Paten AS 5,850,456, tamat tempoh Februari 2017 dan US Patent 5,960,037, tamat 9. April 2017. <Siapakah yang didakwa atas pelanggaran paten pada teknologi MP3? || Thomson <> yang pada mulanya didakwa untuk melindungi hak paten mereka? || Sisvel SpA <> Apakah Sisvel memberikan Thomson untuk menamatkan tuntutan undang-undang? || suatu lesen kepada paten mereka <> Bilakah majoriti paten yang dipegang oleh Sisvel berakhir? || 2015 <> Bilakah paten terakhir yang dipegang oleh Sisvel tamat? || 9. April 2017", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?", "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b74", "answers": [{"text": "Thomson", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?", "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b75", "answers": [{"text": "Sisvel S.p.A.", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?", "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b76", "answers": [{"text": "a license to their patents", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?", "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b77", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?", "id": "57065a7c75f01819005e7b78", "answers": [{"text": "9. April 2017", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in December 2005. Except for three patents, the US patents administered by Sisvel had all expired in 2015, however (the exceptions are: U.S. Patent 5,878,080, expires February 2017, U.S. Patent 5,850,456, expires February 2017 and U.S. Patent 5,960,037, expires 9. April 2017."}], ["Pada bulan September 2006, pegawai Jerman merampas pemain MP3 dari gerai SanDisk di pameran IFA di Berlin selepas firma paten Itali memenangi injunksi bagi pihak Sisvel terhadap SanDisk dalam pertikaian mengenai hak pelesenan. Perintah itu kemudiannya dibatalkan oleh seorang hakim Berlin, tetapi pembalikan itu juga disekat pada hari yang sama oleh hakim lain dari mahkamah yang sama, \"membawa Paten Wild West ke Jerman\" dalam kata-kata seorang pengulas. <> Apakah pegawai Jerman merampas dari SanDisk pada September 2006? || Pemain MP3 <> Di manakah menunjukkan SanDisk mempunyai aset mereka? || IFA <> Syarikat manakah syarikat paten Itali yang mewakili? || Sisvel <> Apa yang berlaku selepas injunksi berjaya? || Perintah tersebut kemudiannya diterbalikkan <> Berulang-ulang mengenai keputusan mengenai paten yang disebut sebagai apa? || membawa Paten Wild West ke Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?", "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b7e", "answers": [{"text": "MP3 players", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?", "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b7f", "answers": [{"text": "IFA", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?", "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b80", "answers": [{"text": "Sisvel", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened after the injunction was successful?", "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b81", "answers": [{"text": "The injunction was later reversed", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?", "id": "57065bea75f01819005e7b82", "answers": [{"text": "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court, \"bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany\" in the words of one commentator."}], ["Standard MPEG-1 awal yang lengkap (bahagian 1, 2 dan 3) boleh didapati secara terbuka pada 6 Disember 1991 sebagai ISO CD 11172. Di kebanyakan negara, paten tidak boleh difailkan setelah seni sebelumnya telah dipublikasikan dan paten berakhir selama 20 tahun selepas tarikh pemfailan awal, yang boleh sampai 12 bulan kemudian untuk pemfailan di negara lain. Akibatnya, paten yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan MP3 tamat tempoh di kebanyakan negara menjelang Disember 2012, 21 tahun selepas penerbitan CD ISO 11172. <> Apa yang menjadi tersedia pada 6 Disember 1991? || Standard MPEG-1 <> Bilakah paten tidak boleh difailkan di kebanyakan negara? || selepas seni sebelumnya telah dijadikan awam <> Berapa lamakah masa berlakunya paten yang akan tamat selepas difailkan? || 20 tahun <> Berapa lamakah masa berlakunya paten yang akan diluluskan selepas mula difailkan? || 12 bulan <> Bilakah paten yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan MP3 tamat tempoh di kebanyakan negara? || Disember 2012", {"qas": [{"question": "What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?", "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b58", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-1 standard", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When can patents not be filed in most countries?", "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b59", "answers": [{"text": "after prior art has been made public", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?", "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b5a", "answers": [{"text": "20 years", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?", "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b5b", "answers": [{"text": "12 months", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?", "id": "570654ef75f01819005e7b5c", "answers": [{"text": "December 2012", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172."}], ["Alcatel-Lucent telah menegaskan beberapa paten pengekodan MP3 dan mampatan, yang dikatakan diwarisi dari AT & T-Bell Labs, dalam litigasi sendiri. Pada bulan November 2006, sebelum penggabungan syarikat, Alcatel menggugat Microsoft kerana didakwa melanggar tujuh paten. Pada 23 Februari 2007, juri San Diego menganugerahkan Alcatel-Lucent US $ 1.52 bilion ganti rugi kerana pelanggaran dua daripadanya. Mahkamah kemudiannya melepaskan anugerah tersebut, bagaimanapun, mendapati bahawa satu paten tidak dilanggar dan yang lain tidak dimiliki oleh Alcatel-Lucent; ia dimiliki bersama oleh AT & T dan Fraunhofer, yang telah melesenkannya kepada Microsoft, hakim memutuskan. Penghakiman pertahanan itu ditegaskan atas rayuan pada tahun 2008. Lihat Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft untuk maklumat lebih lanjut. <> Syarikat mana yang dikatakan mewarisi paten MP3 dari AT & T-Bell LAbs? || Alcatel-Lucent <> Apa jenis paten yang dikatakan diwarisi? || Pengekodan dan pengekodan MP3 <> Berapa banyak paten yang dibuat oleh Alcatel yang dilanggar oleh Microsoft? || tujuh <> Berapa banyak wang yang diberikan kepada Alcatel oleh juri San Diego? || US $ 1.52 bilion <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Alcatel mendapat ganti rugi? || Mahkamah kemudiannya melemparkan anugerah tersebut", {"qas": [{"question": "Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?", "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fa", "answers": [{"text": "Alcatel-Lucent", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?", "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fb", "answers": [{"text": "MP3 coding and compression", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on?", "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fc", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury?", "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fd", "answers": [{"text": "US $1.52 billion", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages?", "id": "5706605352bb8914006899fe", "answers": [{"text": "The court subsequently tossed the award", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 billion in damages for infringement of two of them. The court subsequently tossed the award, however, finding that one patent had not been infringed and that the other was not even owned by Alcatel-Lucent; it was co-owned by AT&T and Fraunhofer, who had licensed it to Microsoft, the judge ruled. That defense judgment was upheld on appeal in 2008. See Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft for more information."}], ["Pengecualian adalah Amerika Syarikat, di mana paten yang difailkan sebelum 8 Jun 1995 tamat tempoh 17 tahun selepas tarikh penerbitan paten, tetapi pelanjutan aplikasi membolehkan paten dikeluarkan lebih lewat daripada biasanya yang diharapkan (lihat paten kapal selam). Pelbagai paten yang berkaitan dengan MP3 akan berakhir pada tarikh dari 2007 hingga 2017 dalam Paten ATA yang memfailkan apa-apa yang dinyatakan dalam ISO CD 11172 setahun atau lebih selepas penerbitannya dipersoalkan. Jika hanya paten MP3 yang diketahui yang difailkan pada Disember 1992 dipertimbangkan, maka penyahkodan MP3 telah bebas paten di Amerika Syarikat sejak 22 September 2015 apabila Paten Amerika Syarikat 5,812,672 tamat tempoh yang telah memfailkan PCT pada bulan Oktober 1992. Jika paten paling lama yang disebut dalam rujukan di atas diambil sebagai ukuran, maka teknologi MP3 akan bebas paten di Amerika Syarikat pada 30 Disember 2017 apabila US Patent 5,703,999, yang dipegang oleh Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft dan ditadbir oleh Technicolor, tamat tempoh. <> Berapa lamakah masa berlakunya paten untuk tamat tempoh di Amerika Syarikat? || 17 tahun selepas tarikh penerbitan <> Isu paten yang lebih lewat dari biasanya dijangka boleh dirujuk sebagai apa? || paten kapal selam <> Tahun berapa yang terbaru paten berkaitan MP3 akan tamat tempoh di Amerika Syarikat? || 2017 <> Siapa yang memegang paten MP3 yang paling lama di Amerika Syarikat? || Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft <> Siapa yang mentadbir paten MP3 yang paling lama berlari di Amerika Syarikat? || Technicolor", {"qas": [{"question": "How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?", "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b62", "answers": [{"text": "17 years after the publication date", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?", "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b63", "answers": [{"text": "submarine patents", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?", "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b64", "answers": [{"text": "2017", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?", "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b65", "answers": [{"text": "Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?", "id": "5706565675f01819005e7b66", "answers": [{"text": "Technicolor", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired which had a PCT filing in October 1992. If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires."}], ["Selain daripada kaedah mampatan lossy, format lossless merupakan alternatif yang signifikan kepada MP3 kerana mereka menyediakan kandungan audio yang tidak berubah, walaupun dengan peningkatan saiz fail berbanding kompresi lossy. Format Lossless termasuk FLAC (Free Codec Audio Lossless), Apple Lossless dan banyak lagi. <> Apa alternatif yang penting untuk MP3? || format lossless <> Apa yang boleh memberi format lossless? || kandungan audio yang tidak berubah <> Apakah kelemahan menggunakan format lossless? || saiz fail meningkat <> Apakah satu lagi contoh format lossless selain Apple Lossless? || FLAC <> Apakah FLAC berdiri? || Codec Audio Lossless percuma", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a significant alternative to MP3?", "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9a", "answers": [{"text": "lossless formats", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can lossless formats provide?", "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9b", "answers": [{"text": "unaltered audio content", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the downside of using a lossless format?", "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9c", "answers": [{"text": "increased file size", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?", "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9d", "answers": [{"text": "FLAC", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does FLAC stand for?", "id": "5706653e75f01819005e7b9e", "answers": [{"text": "Free Lossless Audio Codec", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others."}], ["Terdapat juga format mampatan terbuka seperti Opus dan Vorbis yang boleh didapati secara percuma dan tanpa sebarang sekatan paten yang diketahui. Beberapa format mampatan audio yang lebih baru, seperti AAC, WMA Pro dan Vorbis, bebas daripada beberapa batasan yang wujud pada format MP3 yang tidak dapat diatasi oleh sebarang pengekod MP3. <> Opus dan Vorbis adalah dua jenis format mampatan? || buka <> Sebagai format terbuka bermakna Opus dan Vorbis boleh digunakan tanpa apa? || apa-apa sekatan paten yang dikenali <> Apa faedah beberapa format mampatan audio yang lebih baru jika dibandingkan dengan MP3? || bebas daripada beberapa had yang wujud dalam format MP3 <> Bagaimana seseorang boleh mendapatkan format mampatan terbuka seperti Opus atau Vorbis? || tersedia secara percuma", {"qas": [{"question": "Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?", "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b92", "answers": [{"text": "open", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?", "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b93", "answers": [{"text": "any known patent restrictions", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?", "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b94", "answers": [{"text": "free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?", "id": "5706649675f01819005e7b95", "answers": [{"text": "available free of charge", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder."}]], [["Jiwa dan disko mempengaruhi muzik rumah, termasuk teknik percampuran dan penyuntingan yang lebih awal diterokai oleh disko, muzik garasi dan DJ pasca-disko, pengeluar, dan jurutera audio seperti Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M , dan lain-lain yang menghasilkan perkiraan yang lebih lama, lebih berulang, dan percussive rakaman disko yang sedia ada. Pengeluar rumah awal seperti Frankie Knuckles mencipta komposisi yang sama dari awal, dengan menggunakan pembuat sampler, pensintesis, urutan, dan mesin dram. <> Apa yang mempengaruhi muzik House? || Jiwa dan disko <> Jenis pengeluar apa Frankie Knuckles? || Pengeluar rumah awal <> apa yang digunakan oleh Frankie Knuckles untuk membuat komposisinya? || sampler, pensintesis, urutan, dan mesin dram <> Apa yang mempengaruhi muzik Drum? || <> Apa jenis pengeluar Larry Levan? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Larry Levan untuk mencipta komposisinya? || <> Siapa yang membuat rakaman dram lagi? || <> Apa jurutera audio yang mencipta mesin drum? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What influenced House music?", "id": "5706962d52bb891400689aae", "answers": [{"text": "Soul and disco", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles?", "id": "5706962d52bb891400689aaf", "answers": [{"text": "Early house producers", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions?", "id": "5706962d52bb891400689ab0", "answers": [{"text": "samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soul and disco", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What influenced Drum music?", "id": "5ad264a8d7d075001a42916a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Early house producers", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What type of producer was Larry Levan?", "id": "5ad264a8d7d075001a42916b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What did Larry Levan use to create his composition?", "id": "5ad264a8d7d075001a42916c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "audio engineers", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "Who produced longer arrangements of drum recordings?", "id": "5ad264a8d7d075001a42916d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M, and others", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What audio engineers created drum machines?", "id": "5ad264a8d7d075001a42916e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Soul and disco influenced house music, plus mixing and editing techniques earlier explored by disco, garage music and post-disco DJs, producers, and audio engineers such as Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M, and others who produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings. Early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines."}], ["Lagu tarian elektronik hypnotic \"On and On\", yang dihasilkan pada tahun 1984 oleh Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders dan ditulis bersama oleh Vince Lawrence, mempunyai unsur-unsur yang menjadi staples dari bunyi awal rumah, seperti Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer dan vokal minimal serta mesin drum Roland (khususnya TR-808) dan Korg (khususnya Poli-61) sintetik. Ia juga menggunakan bassline dari rekod disko Player One \"Space Invaders\" (1979). \"On and On\" kadang-kadang disebut sebagai 'rekod rumah pertama', walaupun contoh-contoh lain dari sekitar masa itu, seperti J.M. Silk \"Muzik adalah Kunci\" (1985), juga telah dinamakan. <> yang menghasilkan lagu \"on and on\" pada tahun 1984? || Jesse Saunders <> di mana jesse saunders dari? || Chicago <> yang mencipta lagu hit \"on and on\" pada tahun 1984? || Vince Lawrence <> apa jenis synthesizer bass adalah ruji bunyi rumah awal? || Roland TB-303 <> ketika pemain \"penceroboh ruang\" dilepaskan? || 1979 <> Siapa yang menghasilkan lagu \"Roland\" pada tahun 1984? || <> Di manakah Jesse Roland dari? || <> Siapa yang menulis lagu hit \"Roland\" pada tahun 1984? || <> Jenis jenis synthesizer bass adalah ruji bunyi Sanders awal? || <> Bilakah \"Space Key\" pemain dikeluarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who produced the song \"on and on\" in 1984?", "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac6", "answers": [{"text": "Jesse Saunders", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was jesse saunders from?", "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac7", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who co-wrote the hit song \"on and on\" in 1984?", "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac8", "answers": [{"text": "Vince Lawrence", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?", "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689ac9", "answers": [{"text": "Roland TB-303", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was player one's \"space invaders\" released?", "id": "57069b7b52bb891400689aca", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesse Saunders", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "Who produced the song \"Roland\" in 1984?", "id": "5ad271c1d7d075001a429468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Where was Jesse Roland from?", "id": "5ad271c1d7d075001a429469", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vince Lawrence", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who co-wrote the hit song \"Roland\" in 1984?", "id": "5ad271c1d7d075001a42946a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roland TB-303", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early Sanders sound?", "id": "5ad271c1d7d075001a42946b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "When was player one's \"Space Key\" released?", "id": "5ad271c1d7d075001a42946c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The hypnotic electronic dance song \"On and On\", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer. It also utilized the bassline from Player One's disco record \"Space Invaders\" (1979). \"On and On\" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record', though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's \"Music is the Key\" (1985), have also been cited."}], ["Pelbagai lagu disko diperbadankan bunyi yang dihasilkan dengan mesin pensintesis dan mesin dram, dan beberapa komposisi sepenuhnya elektronik; Contoh-contohnya termasuk produksi Giorgio Moroder pada tahun 1970-an seperti \"I Feel Love\" dari Donna Summer dari 1977, \"Supernature\" Cerrone (1977), produksi Magic synest-disco-pop Yellow Magic Orchestra dari Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), Solid State Survivor 1979), dan beberapa pengeluaran awal disko-pop oleh kumpulan Hi-NRG Lime. <> Apa instrumen lagu disko menggabungkan dari muzik rumah? || pensintesis dan mesin dram <> yang menghasilkan single hit \"I Feel Love\" oleh Donna Summer? || Giorgio Moroder <> apa jenis muzik yang dihasilkan Hi-NRG kumpulan Lime? || 1980-an disko-pop <> Berapa tahunkah \"Supernature\" Cerrone dikeluarkan? || 1977 <> Apa tahun yang dilepaskan mangsa pepejal? || 1979 <> Apa instrumen lagu disko menggabungkan dari muzik Kuning? || <> Siapa yang menghasilkan \"Magic Yellow\" yang pernah dilanda Donna Summer? || <> Apa jenis muzik yang dihasilkan Hi-NRG kumpulan Yellow? || <> Tahun berapa Cerrone \"Yellow\" dilepaskan? || <> Tahun apakah \"Yellow State Survivor\" dibebaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music?", "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa4", "answers": [{"text": "synthesizers and drum machines", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who produced Donna Summer's hit single \"I Feel Love\"?", "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa5", "answers": [{"text": "Giorgio Moroder", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce?", "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa6", "answers": [{"text": "1980s disco-pop", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Cerrone's \"Supernature\" get released?", "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa7", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was solid state survivor released?", "id": "570695a652bb891400689aa8", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "synthesizers and drum machines", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What instruments did disco songs incorporate from Yellow music?", "id": "5ad2637fd7d075001a429110", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Giorgio Moroder", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "Who produced Donna Summer's hit single \"Yellow Magic\"?", "id": "5ad2637fd7d075001a429111", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s disco-pop", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "What sort of music did Hi-NRG group Yellow produce?", "id": "5ad2637fd7d075001a429112", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What year did Cerrone's \"Yellow\" get released?", "id": "5ad2637fd7d075001a429113", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "What year was \"Yellow State Survivor\" released?", "id": "5ad2637fd7d075001a429114", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines, and some compositions were entirely electronic; examples include Giorgio Moroder's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer's hit single \"I Feel Love\" from 1977, Cerrone's \"Supernature\" (1977), Yellow Magic Orchestra's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), Solid State Survivor (1979), and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1984, beberapa DJ ini, yang diilhami oleh kejayaan Jesse Saunders dengan \"On and On\", mencuba tangan mereka untuk menghasilkan dan melepaskan komposisi asal. Komposisi-komposisi ini menggunakan instrumen-instrumen elektronik baru yang mampu dimanfaatkan untuk mencontohkan bukan hanya lagu Saunders, tetapi gaya disko dan muzik tarian yang disunting, yang telah disukai. Produk-produk homegrown ini dimainkan di radio kawasan Chicago dan dalam diskotik tempatan yang lazimnya menyuguhkan khalayak Afrika-Amerika dan gay. Menjelang tahun 1985, walaupun asal usul istilah itu dibahaskan, \"muzik rumah\" merangkumi rekod yang dihasilkan secara tempatan. Subgenres rumah, termasuk rumah dalam dan rumah asid, dengan cepat muncul dan mendapat daya tarikan. <> ketika jesse saunders '\"pada dan pada\" hit? || 1984 <> jenis penonton yang disko awal dan tarian yang dipenuhi? || Afrika-Amerika dan penonton gay <> tahun apa muzik rumah pertama digunakan sebagai genre? || 1985 <> apa dua subgenres besar rumah muzik? || rumah dalam dan rumah asid <> apa radio kawasan muzik rumah yang biasanya dimainkan? || Radio kawasan Chicago <> Ketika \"Muzik House\" Jesse Saunders 'hit? || <> Apakah jenis penonton muzik awal di rumah? || <> Tahun apakah muzik disko mula-mula digunakan sebagai genre? || <> Apa dua subgenres besar muzik disko? || <> Apa radio kawasan muzik disko yang dimainkan pada umumnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "when was jesse saunders' \"on and on\" a hit?", "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad0", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to?", "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad1", "answers": [{"text": "African-American and gay audiences", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year was house music first used as a genre?", "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad2", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what were two big subgenres of house music?", "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad3", "answers": [{"text": "deep house and acid house", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what area radio was house music generally played on?", "id": "57069bdd52bb891400689ad4", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago-area radio", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When was Jesse Saunders' \"House Music\" a hit?", "id": "5ad27260d7d075001a429490", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African-American and gay audiences", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "What type of audience was early house music catered to?", "id": "5ad27260d7d075001a429491", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "What year was disco music first used as a genre?", "id": "5ad27260d7d075001a429492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deep house and acid house", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What were two big subgenres of disco music?", "id": "5ad27260d7d075001a429493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago-area radio", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What area radio was disco music generally played on?", "id": "5ad27260d7d075001a429494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting in 1984, some of these DJs, inspired by Jesse Saunders' success with \"On and On\", tried their hand at producing and releasing original compositions. These compositions used newly affordable electronic instruments to emulate not just Saunders' song, but the edited, enhanced styles of disco and other dance music they already favored. These homegrown productions were played on Chicago-area radio and in local discoth\u00e8ques catering mainly to African-American and gay audiences. By 1985, although the exact origins of the term are debated, \"house music\" encompassed these locally produced recordings. Subgenres of house, including deep house and acid house, quickly emerged and gained traction."}], ["Instrumen elektronik dan susunan minimum Synthesizing Charanjit: Sepuluh Ragas kepada Disco Beat (1982), sebuah album ragas India yang dilakukan dalam gaya disko, menjangka bunyi muzik rumah asid, tetapi tidak diketahui mempunyai pengaruh apapun pada genre sebelum penemuan semula album itu pada abad ke-21. <> Apakah nama album 1982 Charanjit Singh? || Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat <> What did album Singh contain? || Ragas India dilakukan dalam gaya disko <> Tahun berapa telah mensintesis: sepuluh ragas ke pukulan disko dikeluarkan? || 1982 <> Susunan apa yang digunakan oleh Charanjit Singh pada album 1982nya? || perkiraan minimal <> Apa nama album 1981 Charanjit Singh? || <> Apakah album Beat yang mengandungi? || <> Tahun apakah Rediscovery di Abad 21? || <> Susunan apa yang digunakan oleh Charanjit Singh pada album 1981nya? || <> Apa yang diketahui mempunyai pengaruh pada ragas India sebelum penemuan semula itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1982 album?", "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab4", "answers": [{"text": "Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Singh's album contain?", "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab5", "answers": [{"text": "Indian ragas performed in a disco style", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was synthesizing: ten ragas to a disco beat released?", "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab6", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1982 album?", "id": "5706969952bb891400689ab7", "answers": [{"text": "minimal arrangement", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1981 album?", "id": "5ad269fad7d075001a4292fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian ragas performed in a disco style", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What did Beat's album contains?", "id": "5ad269fad7d075001a4292fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What year was Rediscovery in the 21st Century released?", "id": "5ad269fad7d075001a4292fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "minimal arrangement", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1981 album?", "id": "5ad269fad7d075001a4292ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982)", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What is known to have influence on the Indian ragas prior to its rediscovery?", "id": "5ad269fad7d075001a429300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the 21st century."}], ["Rachel Cain, pengasas bersama Rekaan Trax yang berpengaruh, sebelum ini terlibat dalam adegan punk yang berkembang dan memetik rekod kedai perindustrian dan pasca-punk Wax Trax! Rekod sebagai sambungan penting antara bunyi bawah tanah Chicago yang sentiasa berubah. Oleh kerana kebanyakan DJ proto-rumah terutamanya terperangkap untuk memainkan rekod tarian konvensional mereka, Frankie Knuckles dan Ron Hardy, dua pelopor berpengaruh dalam muzik rumah, dikenali kerana tingkah laku mereka yang luar biasa. Yang pertama, dikreditkan sebagai \"Godfather of House,\" bekerja terutamanya dengan muzik disko awal dengan tanda-tanda muzik yang baru dan berbeza (sama ada post-punk atau post-disco) tetapi masih menikmati pelbagai muzik, sementara yang dihasilkan bukan campuran konvensional DIY yang kemudiannya dimainkan terus di kelab muzik Muzic Box, mendidih dengan tenaga mentah. Marshall Jefferson, yang kemudiannya muncul dengan rumah klasik Chicago \"Move Your Body\" (The House-Music Anthem), \"(asalnya dikeluarkan di Trax Records yang berpangkalan di Chicago) terlibat dalam muzik rumah setelah mendengar muzik Ron Hardy di Muzic Box. <> Siapa Rachel Cain? || pengasas bersama Trax Records yang berpengaruh <> Siapa Frankie Knuckles dan ron yang kuat? || dua pelopor berpengaruh dalam muzik rumah <> apakah nama gelaran frankie buku jari? || \"The Godfather of House,\" <> Marshall jefferson terlibat dalam muzik rumah setelah mendengar muziknya? || Ron Hardy's <> apa muzik ron hardy yang dikeluarkan? || Muzic Box <> Siapa Rachel Chicago? || <> Siapa yang Frankie Hardy dan Ron Knuckles? || <> Apa nama panggilan Ron Knuckles? || <> Ron Knuckles terlibat dalam muzik rumah setelah mendengar muziknya? || <> Apa muzik Ron Knuckles dibebaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is Rachel Cain?", "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c36", "answers": [{"text": "co-founder of an influential Trax Records", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were Frankie Knuckles and ron hardy?", "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c37", "answers": [{"text": "two influential pioneers of house music", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the nickname of frankie knuckles?", "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c38", "answers": [{"text": "\"the Godfather of House,\"", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "marshall jefferson got involved in house music after hearing whose music?", "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c39", "answers": [{"text": "Ron Hardy's", "answer_start": 1041}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was ron hardy's music released in?", "id": "57069abf75f01819005e7c3a", "answers": [{"text": "Muzic Box", "answer_start": 1062}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "co-founder of an influential Trax Records", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who is Rachel Chicago?", "id": "5ad26c00d7d075001a42936a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two influential pioneers of house music", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "Who were Frankie Hardy and Ron Knuckles?", "id": "5ad26c00d7d075001a42936b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"the Godfather of House,\"", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What was the nickname of Ron Knuckles?", "id": "5ad26c00d7d075001a42936c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ron Hardy", "answer_start": 1041}], "question": "Ron Knuckles got involved in house music after hearing whose music?", "id": "5ad26c00d7d075001a42936d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muzic Box", "answer_start": 794}], "question": "What was Ron Knuckles's music released in?", "id": "5ad26c00d7d075001a42936e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was previously involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial and post-punk record store Wax Trax! Records as an important connection between the ever-changing underground sounds of Chicago. As most proto-house DJs were primarily stuck to playing their conventional ensemble of dance records, Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy, two influential pioneers of house music, were known for their out-of-bounds behavior. The former, credited as \"the Godfather of House,\" worked primarily with early disco music with a hint of new and different music (whether it was post-punk or post-disco) but still enjoying a variety of music, while the latter produced unconventional DIY mixtapes which he later played straight-on in the music club Muzic Box, boiling with raw energy. Marshall Jefferson, who would later appear with the Chicago house classic \"Move Your Body (The House-Music Anthem),\" (originally released on Chicago-based Trax Records) got involved in house music after hearing Ron Hardy's music in Muzic Box."}], ["Muzik rumah awalnya biasanya muzik berasaskan tarian yang dicirikan oleh berulang 4/4 yang berulang, irama yang terutama disediakan oleh mesin dram, pukulan hi-hat yang dimatikan, dan bassline yang disintesis. Walaupun rumah menampilkan beberapa ciri yang serupa dengan muzik disko, ia lebih elektronik dan minimalis, dan irama berulang rumah lebih penting daripada lagu itu sendiri. Muzik rumah pada tahun 2010, sambil mengekalkan beberapa unsur teras ini, terutamanya drum kick menonjol pada setiap pukulan, bervariasi dalam gaya dan pengaruh, dari rumah dalam jiwa dan atmosfera ke rumah mikro yang lebih minimalis. Muzik rumah juga menyatu dengan beberapa genre lain yang mewujudkan subgenre perpaduan, seperti rumah euro, rumah teknologi, rumah elektro dan rumah lompat. <> Muzik rumah dicirikan oleh jenis rentetan mana? || 4/4 beats <> Apakah beberapa subgenres muzik House? || rumah euro, rumah teknologi, rumah elektro dan rumah lompat <> Apakah irama yang disediakan oleh muzik House? || mesin drum <> Apakah beberapa perbezaan antara muzik House dan Disco? || ia lebih elektronik dan minimalis <> Apa jenis muzik House berdasarkan? || Muzik berasaskan tarian <> Muzik Cymbals disifatkan oleh jenis rentak? || <> Apakah beberapa subgenres muzik Cymbals? || <> Apakah irama yang disediakan oleh muzik Cymbals? || <> Apa perbezaan antara muzik Cymbal dan Disco? || <> Jenis muzik apa muzik Cymbal berdasarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "House music is characterized by what type of beats?", "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c18", "answers": [{"text": "4/4 beats", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some subgenres of House music?", "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c19", "answers": [{"text": "euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are rhythms provided by in House music?", "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c1a", "answers": [{"text": "drum machines", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some differences between House and Disco music?", "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c1b", "answers": [{"text": "it was more electronic and minimalistic", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of music is House based on?", "id": "570692ee75f01819005e7c1c", "answers": [{"text": "dance-based music", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4/4 beats", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "Cymbals music is characterized by what type of beats?", "id": "5ad26161d7d075001a429022", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "What are some subgenres of Cymbals music?", "id": "5ad26161d7d075001a429023", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drum machines", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What are rhythms provided by in Cymbals music?", "id": "5ad26161d7d075001a429024", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it was more electronic and minimalistic", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What are some differences between Cymbal and Disco music?", "id": "5ad26161d7d075001a429025", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dance-based music", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What type of music is Cymbal music based on?", "id": "5ad26161d7d075001a429026", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house."}], ["Pada awal 1980-an, jubin radio Chicago The Hot Mix 5, dan DJ kelab, Ron Hardy dan Frankie Knuckles memainkan pelbagai gaya muzik tarian, termasuk rekod disko yang lebih tua (kebanyakannya disko Philly dan lagu Salsoul), trek elektro trek oleh artis seperti Afrika Bambaataa , yang lebih baru Italo disco, muzik hip-hop B-Boy oleh Man Parrish, Jellybean Benitez, Arthur Baker, dan John Robie, dan muzik pop elektronik oleh Kraftwerk dan Orchestra Magic Magic. Sesetengah membuat dan memainkan edisi sendiri lagu-lagu kegemaran mereka pada pita gelendong, dan kadang-kadang bercampur dengan kesan, mesin dram, dan alat elektronik berirama yang lain. Dalam era ini, <> yang merupakan jok radio radio yang memainkan muzik tarian pada awal tahun 1980-an? || The Hot Mix 5 <> gaya muzik apa yang bermain orang parrish? || B-Boy hip hop music <> gaya muzik apa yang bermain afrika bambaataa? || electro funk <> gaya muzik apa yang bermain kraftwerk? || muzik pop elektronik <> bagaimana pengeluar kadangkala membuat editan muzik rumah? || pita reel-to-reel <> Siapa si joke radio chicago yang memainkan muzik tarian pada awal 1970-an? || <> Apa gaya muzik yang bermain drum parrish? || <> Apa gaya muzik yang dimainkan dram bambaataa? || <> Bagaimana pengeluar kadangkala membuat penyuntingan muzik gendang? || <> Apa gaya muzik yang dimainkan Drum Kraftwerk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?", "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abc", "answers": [{"text": "The Hot Mix 5", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what style of music did man parrish play?", "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abd", "answers": [{"text": "B-Boy hip hop music", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what style of music did afrika bambaataa play?", "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abe", "answers": [{"text": "electro funk", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what style of music did kraftwerk play?", "id": "57069b2452bb891400689abf", "answers": [{"text": "electronic pop music", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how did producers sometimes make edits of house music?", "id": "57069b2452bb891400689ac0", "answers": [{"text": "reel-to-reel tape", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Hot Mix 5", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1970s?", "id": "5ad26cdcd7d075001a4293ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "B-Boy hip hop music", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What style of music did drum parrish play?", "id": "5ad26cdcd7d075001a4293ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electro funk", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What style of music did drum bambaataa play?", "id": "5ad26cdcd7d075001a4293ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reel-to-reel tape", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "How did producers sometimes make edits of drum music?", "id": "5ad26cdcd7d075001a4293af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic pop music", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What style of music did Drum Kraftwerk play?", "id": "5ad26cdcd7d075001a4293b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 1980s, Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5, and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music, including older disco records (mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks), electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, newer Italo disco, B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish, Jellybean Benitez, Arthur Baker, and John Robie, and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape, and sometimes mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation. In this era,"}], ["Muzik rumah adalah genre muzik tarian elektronik yang berasal dari Chicago pada awal tahun 1980-an. Ia pada mulanya dipopulerkan di Chicago, sekitar tahun 1984. Muzik rumah dengan cepat merebak ke bandar-bandar Amerika lain seperti Detroit, New York City, dan Newark - semuanya membangunkan adegan serantau mereka sendiri. Pada pertengahan tahun 1980-an, muzik rumah menjadi popular di Eropah serta bandar-bandar utama di Amerika Selatan, dan Australia. Kejayaan komersil rumah awal di Eropah menyaksikan lagu seperti \"Pump Up The Volume\" oleh MARRS (1987), \"House House\" oleh House Master Boyz dan Boy Rude House (1987), \"Theme from S'Express\" oleh S 'Express (1988) dan \"Doctorin' the House\" oleh Coldcut (1988) dalam carta pop. Sejak awal hingga pertengahan tahun 1990-an, muzik rumah telah disemai dalam muzik arus perdana dan tarian di seluruh dunia. <> Apa bandar yang dibuat oleh muzik House? || Chicago <> Apa dekad apa muzik House pertama mula berkembang? || 1980-an <> Berapa tahun muzik House pertama dipopularkan? || 1984 <> Genre apa muzik House jatuh ke dalam? || muzik tarian elektronik <> Apa lagu oleh MARRS yang diletakkan pada awal tahun 1987? || \"Pump Up The Volume\" <> Apa bandar Boyz muzik berasal? || <> Apa dekad pertama muzik Boyz mula berkembang? || <> Tahun apa muzik Boyz dipopularkan terlebih dahulu? || <> Genre apa muzik Boyz jatuh ke dalam? || <> Apa lagu oleh MARRS adalah Boyz awal pada tahun 1987? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What city did House music originate from?", "id": "5706924752bb891400689a76", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade did House music first develop?", "id": "5706924752bb891400689a77", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was House music first popularized?", "id": "5706924752bb891400689a78", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre does House music fall into?", "id": "5706924752bb891400689a79", "answers": [{"text": "electronic dance music", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987?", "id": "5706924752bb891400689a7a", "answers": [{"text": "\"Pump Up The Volume\"", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What city did Boyz music originate from?", "id": "5ad23ff1d7d075001a428906", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What decade did Boyz music first develop?", "id": "5ad23ff1d7d075001a428907", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What year was Boyz music first popularized?", "id": "5ad23ff1d7d075001a428908", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic dance music", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What genre does Boyz music fall into?", "id": "5ad23ff1d7d075001a428909", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Pump Up The Volume\"", "answer_start": 481}], "question": "What song by MARRS was an early Boyz hit in 1987?", "id": "5ad23ff1d7d075001a42890a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark \u2013 all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Early house music commercial success in Europe saw songs such as \"Pump Up The Volume\" by MARRS (1987), \"House Nation\" by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House (1987), \"Theme from S'Express\" by S'Express (1988) and \"Doctorin' the House\" by Coldcut (1988) in the pop charts. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop and dance music worldwide."}], ["Pada akhir 1980-an, ramai artis muzik tempatan Chicago tiba-tiba mendapati diri mereka dibentangkan dengan tawaran label utama. Muzik rumah terbukti menjadi genre yang berjaya secara komersial dan variasi pop berasaskan pop yang lebih popular semakin meningkat. Artis dan kumpulan seperti Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, dan C + C Music Factoryhave semuanya menggabungkan genre itu ke dalam beberapa karya mereka. Selepas menikmati kejayaan besar pada awal pertengahan hingga 90-an, muzik rumah semakin besar semasa gelombang kedua rumah progresif (1999-2001). Genre ini terus popular dan menyatu menjadi subgenres popular lain, contohnya, G-house, Deep House, Tech House dan Bass House. Pada tahun 2015, muzik rumah masih sangat popular di kedua-dua kelab dan di adegan pop arus perdana sambil mengekalkan pijakan di adegan bawah tanah di seluruh dunia. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah gelombang kedua rumah progresif? || 1999-2001 <> Apakah beberapa subgenres popular House? || G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House <> di mana muzik rumah sangat popular? || kedua-dua kelab dan dalam adegan pop arus perdana <> Apa variasi muzik rumah dihasilkan oleh artis seperti Madonna dan Kylie Minogue? || variasi berasaskan pop yang lebih utama <> Bilakah gelombang ketiga rumah progresif? || <> Apakah beberapa subgenre popular Ross? || <> Di mana muzik Ross sangat popular? || <> Apa variasi muzik Ross dihasilkan oleh artis seperti Madonna dan Kylie Minogue? || <> Siapa yang memasukkan muzik Chicago ke dalam beberapa karya mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the second wave of progressive house?", "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9c", "answers": [{"text": "1999\u20132001", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some popular subgenres of House?", "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9d", "answers": [{"text": "G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where is house music extremely popular?", "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9e", "answers": [{"text": "both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?", "id": "5706950a52bb891400689a9f", "answers": [{"text": "a more mainstream pop-based variation", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1999\u20132001", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "When was the third wave of progressive house?", "id": "5ad262a3d7d075001a4290b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House", "answer_start": 716}], "question": "What are some popular subgenres of Ross?", "id": "5ad262a3d7d075001a4290b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene", "answer_start": 817}], "question": "Where is Ross music extremely popular?", "id": "5ad262a3d7d075001a4290b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a more mainstream pop-based variation", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "What variation of Ross music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?", "id": "5ad262a3d7d075001a4290b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "Who incorporated Chicago music into some of their work?", "id": "5ad262a3d7d075001a4290ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999\u20132001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]"}], ["Asal mula rumah dapat dikesan oleh produser Chicago Encik Fingers yang agak jazzy, rakaman jiwa \"Misteri Cinta\" (1985) dan \"Bolehkah Anda Merasakannya?\" (1986). Menurut pengarang Richie Unterberger, ia memindahkan muzik rumah jauh dari \"kecenderungan posthuman kembali ke arah subur\" bunyi bisu awal musik disko. <> apa pengeluar yang pertama menghasilkan rumah dalam? || Mr Fingers <> di mana produser mr. jari dari? || Chicago <> ketika itu mr. jari \"misteri cinta\" dilepaskan? || 1985 <> ketika itu mr. jari '\"bolehkah anda merasakannya?\" dibebaskan? || 1986 <> Apa pengeluar yang pertama menghasilkan bunyi yang mendalam? || <> Di mana pengeluar Encik Unterberger dari? || <> Bilakah \"Mystery of Lover\" Encik Unterberger dibebaskan? || <> Bilakah Encik Unterberger \"Bolehkah Anda Merasakannya?\" dibebaskan? || <> Apa yang boleh dikesan dengan muzik disko awal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what producer was the first to produce deep house? ", "id": "57069c2652bb891400689ada", "answers": [{"text": "Mr Fingers", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was producer mr. fingers' from?", "id": "57069c2652bb891400689adb", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was mr. fingers' \"mystery of love\" released? ", "id": "57069c2652bb891400689adc", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was mr. fingers' \"can you feel it?\" released?", "id": "57069c2652bb891400689add", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mr Fingers", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What producer was the first to produce deep sound?", "id": "5ad273e4d7d075001a4294c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "Where was producer Mr. Unterberger from?", "id": "5ad273e4d7d075001a4294c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "When was Mr. Unterberger's \"Mystery of Lover\" released?", "id": "5ad273e4d7d075001a4294c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "When was Mr. Unterberger's \"Can You Feel It?\" released?", "id": "5ad273e4d7d075001a4294c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deep house's origins", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can be traced to early disco music?", "id": "5ad273e4d7d075001a4294c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Deep house's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers's relatively jazzy, soulful recordings \"Mystery of Love\" (1985) and \"Can You Feel It?\" (1986). According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its \"posthuman tendencies back towards the lush\" soulful sound of early disco music."}], ["Juan Atkins, pemula muzik tekno Detroit, mendakwa istilah \"rumah\" mencerminkan persatuan eksklusif trek tertentu dengan kelab dan DJ tertentu; rekod tersebut membantu membezakan kelab dan DJ, dan dengan itu dianggap sebagai rekod \"rumah\" mereka. Dalam usaha mengekalkan eksklusif tersebut, DJ telah diilhamkan untuk mencipta rekod \"rumah\" mereka sendiri. <> Apakah pencipta Juan Atkins? || Muzik tekno Detroit <> Apa yang Atkins mendakwa rumah terma dicerminkan? || persatuan eksklusif trek tertentu dengan kelab tertentu dan DJ <> Mengapa DJ terinspirasi untuk mencipta rekod rumah mereka sendiri? || membezakan kelab dan DJ <> Apakah Juan House adalah pencetus? || <> Apa yang dikatakan House istilah rumah Atkins dicerminkan? || <> Mengapa DJ terinspirasi untuk mencipta rekod Atkins mereka sendiri? || <> Siapa pemula muzik DJ? || <> Apa yang diilhamkan oleh Juan Atkins? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Juan Atkins an originator of?", "id": "5706aab252bb891400689b3a", "answers": [{"text": "Detroit techno music", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?", "id": "5706aab252bb891400689b3b", "answers": [{"text": "the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?", "id": "5706aab252bb891400689b3c", "answers": [{"text": "differentiate the clubs and DJs", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Detroit techno music", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is Juan House an originator of?", "id": "5ad27e04d7d075001a4296f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What did House claim the term house Atkins reflected?", "id": "5ad27e04d7d075001a4296f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "differentiate the clubs and DJs", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "Why were DJs inspired to create their own Atkins records?", "id": "5ad27e04d7d075001a4296f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Juan Atkins", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the originator of DJ music?", "id": "5ad27e04d7d075001a4296f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"house\" records", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "What was Juan Atkins inspired to create?", "id": "5ad27e04d7d075001a4296fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Juan Atkins, an originator of Detroit techno music, claims the term \"house\" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs, and thus were considered to be their \"house\" records. In an effort to maintain such exclusives, the DJs were inspired to create their own \"house\" records."}], ["Rakaman tahun 1985 Chip E. \"It's House\" juga dapat membantu untuk menentukan bentuk baru muzik elektronik ini. Walau bagaimanapun, Chip E. sendiri memberi kepercayaan kepada persatuan Knuckles, mendakwa nama itu berasal dari kaedah rekod pelabelan di kedai Import Import Etc, di mana beliau bekerja pada awal 1980-an: tong-tong muzik yang dimainkan oleh DJ Knuckles di kelab Night Warehouse dilabelkan di kedai \"Seperti Heard At The Warehouse\", yang dipendekkan menjadi hanya \"Rumah\". Para pengunjung kemudian meminta muzik baru untuk tong, yang disifatkan oleh Chip E. adalah permintaan yang cuba ditemui oleh kedai dengan menampung hits kelab tempatan yang lebih baru. <> apa nama hit rumah Chip E tahun 1985? || \"It's House\" <> ketika Chip E hit \"It's House\" dilepaskan? || 1985 <> istilah 'muzik rumah' datang dari pelabelan rekod di kedai apa? || Import Etc <> Apakah nama rumah Chip E pada tahun 1980? || <> Bilakah Warehouse's hit \"It's House\" dibebaskan? || <> Istilah \"tong sampah\" berasal dari rekod pelabelan di kedai apa? || <> Di mana kerja Gudang pada awal 1980-an? || <> Rekod apa yang membantu menentukan muzik rock? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the name of Chip E's 1985 house hit?", "id": "5706a69352bb891400689b24", "answers": [{"text": "\"It's House\"", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was Chip E's hit \"It's House\" released?", "id": "5706a69352bb891400689b25", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what store?", "id": "5706a69352bb891400689b26", "answers": [{"text": "Importes Etc", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"It's House\"", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What is the name of Chip E's 1980 house hit?", "id": "5ad27ab2d7d075001a429616", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "When was Warehouse's hit \"It's House\" released?", "id": "5ad27ab2d7d075001a429617", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Importes Etc", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "The term \"house bins\" came from the labeling records at what store?", "id": "5ad27ab2d7d075001a429618", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Importes Etc.", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "Where did Warehouse work in the early 1980s?", "id": "5ad27ab2d7d075001a429619", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"It's House\"", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What recording helped to define rock music?", "id": "5ad27ab2d7d075001a42961a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chip E.'s 1985 recording \"It's House\" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music. However, Chip E. himself lends credence to the Knuckles association, claiming the name came from methods of labeling records at the Importes Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s: bins of music that DJ Knuckles played at the Warehouse nightclub were labelled in the store \"As Heard At The Warehouse\", which was shortened to simply \"House\". Patrons later asked for new music for the bins, which Chip E. implies was a demand the shop tried to meet by stocking newer local club hits."}], ["Dalam temu bual 1986, Rocky Jones, bekas DJ kelab yang berlari D.J. Label rekod antarabangsa, tidak menyebut Import Etc, Frankie Knuckles, atau Gudang dengan nama, tetapi bersetuju bahawa \"rumah\" adalah istilah penangkapan serantau untuk muzik tarian, dan ia sama sekali sinonim dengan muzik disko yang lebih tua. <> yang berlari D.J. Label rekod antarabangsa? || Rocky Jones <> House adalah istilah catch-all serantau untuk jenis muzik apa? || muzik tarian, <> apakah 'muzik rumah' pernah sinonim? || Muzik disko yang lebih tua <> Siapa yang melancarkan label rekod Jones International? || <> Untuk apa jenis muzik adalah Jones istilah catch-all serantau? || <> Apakah \"muzik Jones\" yang pernah sinonim dengan? || <> Siapa yang melancarkan label rekod Rocky International? || <> Apa istilah istilah catch-all untuk muzik rap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who ran the D.J. International record label?", "id": "5706a6d852bb891400689b2a", "answers": [{"text": "Rocky Jones", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?", "id": "5706a6d852bb891400689b2b", "answers": [{"text": "dance music,", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was 'house music' once synonymous with?", "id": "5706a6d852bb891400689b2c", "answers": [{"text": "older disco music", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rocky Jones", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who ran the Jones International record label?", "id": "5ad27b5bd7d075001a429648", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dance music", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "For what kind of music was Jones a regional catch-all term?", "id": "5ad27b5bd7d075001a429649", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "older disco music", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What was \"Jones music\" once synonymous with?", "id": "5ad27b5bd7d075001a42964a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rocky Jones", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who ran the Rocky International record label?", "id": "5ad27b5bd7d075001a42964b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"house\"", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What was a regional catch-all term for rap music?", "id": "5ad27b5bd7d075001a42964c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a 1986 interview, Rocky Jones, the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label, doesn't mention Importes Etc., Frankie Knuckles, or the Warehouse by name, but agrees that \"house\" was a regional catch-all term for dance music, and that it was once synonymous with older disco music."}], ["Rumah asid timbul dari percubaan artis-artis Chicago dengan sintetik bass Roland TB-303, dan asal-usul gaya pada vinil secara umumnya dinamakan sebagai \"Acid Tracks\" (1987). Phuture, kumpulan yang diasaskan oleh Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., dan Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson, dikreditkan sebagai yang pertama menggunakan TB-303 dalam konteks muzik rumah. Kumpulan 12 \"Titik Acid\" kumpulan itu direkodkan untuk pita dan dimainkan oleh DJ Ron Hardy di Music Box, di mana Hardy adalah DJ pemastautin. Hardy pernah memainkannya empat kali sepanjang malam sehingga orang ramai membalas dengan baik. Trek ini juga menggunakan mesin drum Roland TR-707. <> Bilakah \"Gelombang Acid\" Masa Depan dikeluarkan? || 1987 <> Siapa yang mengasaskan kumpulan Masa Depan? || Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr, dan Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson <> apa instrumen yang Phuture yang pertama digunakan dalam muzik rumah? || TB-303 <> berapa lama \"trek asid\" di masa hadapan? || 12-minit <> apa jenis mesin drum menggunakan \"asid trek\" yang digunakan? || Roland TR-707 <> Bilakah Masa Depan \"Acid Hardy\" dibebaskan? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan kumpulan Hardy? || <> Apa instrumen yang Hardy yang pertama digunakan dalam muzik rumah? || <> Berapa lamakah \"trek asid\" Hardy? || <> Jenis mesin drum apa yang digunakan oleh Hardy? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Phuture's \"Acid Tracks\" released?", "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c98", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded the group Phuture?", "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c99", "answers": [{"text": "Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music?", "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c9a", "answers": [{"text": "TB-303", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how long was phuture's \"acid tracks\"?", "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c9b", "answers": [{"text": "12-minute", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of drum machine did \"acid tracks\" use?", "id": "5706a32275f01819005e7c9c", "answers": [{"text": "Roland TR-707", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "When was Phuture's \"Acid Hardy\" released?", "id": "5ad2755fd7d075001a4294fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Who founded the group Hardy?", "id": "5ad2755fd7d075001a4294fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TB-303", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "What instrument was Hardy the first to use in house music?", "id": "5ad2755fd7d075001a4294fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12-minute", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "How long was Hardy's \"acid tracks\"?", "id": "5ad2755fd7d075001a4294fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roland TR-707", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "What type of drum machine did Hardy use?", "id": "5ad2755fd7d075001a4294fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Acid house arose from Chicago artists' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the style's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture's \"Acid Tracks\" (1987). Phuture, a group founded by Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson, is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context. The group's 12-minute \"Acid Tracks\" was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably. The track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine."}], ["Larry Heard, aka \"Mr Fingers\", mendakwa bahawa istilah \"rumah\" menjadi popular kerana banyak DJ awal yang membuat muzik di rumah mereka sendiri menggunakan mesin peniru dan drum seperti Roland TR-808, TR-909, dan TB 303. [rujukan?] Penyusun ini digunakan untuk menghasilkan subgenre rumah yang dipanggil rumah asid. <> Apakah nama panggung Larry Heard? || Encik Fingers <> Mengapa istilah istilah menjadi popular? || DJ awal mencipta muzik di rumah mereka sendiri <> apakah jenis Roland TR-808, TR-909, dan TB 303? || pensintesis dan mesin drum <> pensintesis digunakan untuk menghasilkan subgenre rumah? || rumah asid <> apakah nama sebenar Mr. Fingers? || Larry Heard <> Apakah nama panggung Larry House? || <> Mengapa istilah jari menjadi popular? || <> Apakah yang dimaksud dengan Fingers TR-808, TR-909, dan TB 303? || <> Synthesizer digunakan untuk membuat subgenre Fingers? || <> Apakah nama sebenar Encik Roland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the stage name of Larry Heard?", "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b30", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Fingers", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the term house become popular? ", "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b31", "answers": [{"text": "early DJs creating music in their own homes", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?", "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b32", "answers": [{"text": "synthesizers and drum machines", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre?", "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b33", "answers": [{"text": "acid house", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?", "id": "5706a92752bb891400689b34", "answers": [{"text": "Larry Heard", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mr. Fingers", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What was the stage name of Larry House?", "id": "5ad27d08d7d075001a4296aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early DJs creating music in their own homes", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Why did the term fingers become popular?", "id": "5ad27d08d7d075001a4296ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "synthesizers and drum machines", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What are the Fingers TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?", "id": "5ad27d08d7d075001a4296ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "acid house", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "Synthesizers were used to create what Fingers subgenre?", "id": "5ad27d08d7d075001a4296ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Larry Heard", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the real name of Mr. Roland?", "id": "5ad27d08d7d075001a4296ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Larry Heard, a.k.a. \"Mr. Fingers\", claims that the term \"house\" became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and the TB 303.[citation needed] These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house."}], ["Techno Detroit adalah cabang dari rumah muzik Chicago. Ia telah dibangunkan bermula pada akhir 80-an, salah satu daripada hits terawal yang menjadi \"Big Fun\" oleh Inner City. Techno Detroit dibangunkan sebagai joki cakera legenda Mojo yang Electrifying yang menjalankan program radionya sendiri pada masa ini, mempengaruhi gabungan bunyi eklektik ke dalam tanda tekno Detroit. Bunyi ini juga dipengaruhi oleh elektronika Eropah (Kraftwerk, Art of Noise), synthpop Jepun (Orchestra Magic Magic), awal B-boy Hip-Hop (Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force) dan Italo disco (Dokter Cat, Ris, Klein MBO ), dipelopori lagi oleh Juan Atkins, Derrick May, dan Kevin Saunderson, \"godfathers\" dari Detroit Techno. [rujukan?] <> apa salah satu teknik Detroit paling awal? || \"Keseronokan Besar\" oleh Inner City <> yang memulakan pembangunan tekno Detroit? || The Electrifying Mojo <> apa julukan juan atkins, derrick may, dan devin saunderson? || \"godfathers\" Detroit Techno <> yang merupakan artis hip-hop b-boy awal yang mengilhami technro detroit? || Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force <> yang merupakan artis elektronika Eropah yang mengilhami techno detroit? || Kraftwerk, Art of Noise <> Apa salah satu hits techno Parrish terawal? || <> Siapa yang memulakan perkembangan tekno Parrish? || <> Apa nama panggilan Juan Kraftwerk, Derrick Saunderson, dan Devin May? || <> Siapakah artis hip-hop b-boy awal yang mengilhamkan techno kuning? || <> Siapa artis-artis electronica Eropah yang mengilhamkan Yellow Techno? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what was one of the earliest Detroit techno hits?", "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d00", "answers": [{"text": "\"Big Fun\" by Inner City", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who started the Detroit techno development?", "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d01", "answers": [{"text": "The Electrifying Mojo", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the nickname of juan atkins, derrick may, and devin saunderson?", "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d02", "answers": [{"text": "the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who were the early b-boy hip-hop artists that inspired detroit techno?", "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d03", "answers": [{"text": "Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who were the european electronica artists that inspired detroit techno?", "id": "5706abba75f01819005e7d04", "answers": [{"text": "Kraftwerk, Art of Noise", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Big Fun\" by Inner City", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What was one of the earliest Parrish techno hits?", "id": "5ad28119d7d075001a4297de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Electrifying Mojo", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "Who started the Parrish techno development?", "id": "5ad28119d7d075001a4297df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What was the nickname of Juan Kraftwerk, Derrick Saunderson, and Devin May?", "id": "5ad28119d7d075001a4297e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "Who were the early b-boy hip-hop artists that inspired Yellow techno?", "id": "5ad28119d7d075001a4297e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kraftwerk, Art of Noise", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "Who were the European electronica artists that inspired Yellow Techno?", "id": "5ad28119d7d075001a4297e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Detroit techno is an offshoot of Chicago house music. It was developed starting in the late 80s, one of the earliest hits being \"Big Fun\" by Inner City. Detroit techno developed as the legendary disc jockey The Electrifying Mojo conducted his own radio program at this time, influencing the fusion of eclectic sounds into the signature Detroit techno sound. This sound, also influenced by European electronica (Kraftwerk, Art of Noise), Japanese synthpop (Yellow Magic Orchestra), early B-boy Hip-Hop (Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force) and Italo disco (Doctor's Cat, Ris, Klein M.B.O.), was further pioneered by Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson, the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno.[citation needed]"}], ["Rumah juga mempunyai pengaruh menyampaikan mesej politik kepada orang-orang yang dianggap sebagai orang buangan masyarakat. Muzik merayu kepada mereka yang tidak sesuai dengan masyarakat arus perdana Amerika dan terutama disambut oleh banyak lelaki hitam. Frankie Knuckles pernah berkata bahawa kelab Warehouse di Chicago adalah seperti \"gereja untuk orang-orang yang telah jatuh dari rahmat\" Penghasil rumah Marshall Jefferson membandingkannya dengan \"agama zaman dahulu dengan cara orang hanya mendapat bahagia dan bersuara\". Rumah dalam adalah sama dengan banyak mesej kebebasan untuk komuniti hitam. <> Siapa yang menghantar mesej politik Relay ke? || orang yang tidak bersalah <> Siapa yang pernah Frankie Knuckles pernah mengatakan kelab Warehouse itu? || gereja untuk orang-orang yang telah jatuh dari rahmat <> Siapa yang menjadi penghasil rumah yang terkenal? || Marshall Jefferson <> mana kelab gudang terletak? || Chicago <> komuniti apa yang popular di dalam rumah? || komuniti hitam <> Siapa yang Jefferson memainkan semula mesej politik? || <> Siapa yang Jefferson pernah mengatakan kelab Warehouse itu? || <> Siapa pengeluar kebebasan terkenal? || <> Dimana kelab Jefferson terletak? || <> Komuniti mana yang paling popular dengan Jefferson? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did House relay political messages to? ", "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cec", "answers": [{"text": "outcasts of society", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for? ", "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7ced", "answers": [{"text": "church for people who have fallen from grace", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a famous house producer?", "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cee", "answers": [{"text": "Marshall Jefferson", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was the warehouse club located?", "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cef", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what community was deep house popular with?", "id": "5706ab2075f01819005e7cf0", "answers": [{"text": "the black community", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "outcasts of society", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Who did Jefferson replay political messages to?", "id": "5ad27edad7d075001a42972e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "church for people who have fallen from grace", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "Who did Jefferson once say the Warehouse club was for?", "id": "5ad27edad7d075001a42972f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marshall Jefferson", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "Who was a famous freedom producer?", "id": "5ad27edad7d075001a429730", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "Where was the Jefferson club located?", "id": "5ad27edad7d075001a429731", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the black community", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What community was deep Jefferson popular with?", "id": "5ad27edad7d075001a429732", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like \"church for people who have fallen from grace\" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to \"old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'\". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community."}], ["Kelab bermain dari DJ yang merintis Chicago seperti Hardy dan Lil Louis, kedai-kedai rekod muzik tarian tempatan seperti Import, Rekod State Street, Rekod Loop, Rekod Gramaphone dan popular Mix Hot 5 di stesen radio WBMX-FM membantu mempopulerkan muzik rumah di Chicago . Kemudian, melawat DJ & pengeluar dari Detroit jatuh ke dalam genre. Rekod Trax dan Rekod Antarabangsa DJ, label Chicago dengan pengedaran yang lebih luas, membantu mempopularkan muzik rumah di dalam dan di luar Chicago. Satu lagu rumah tahun 1986 yang dipanggil \"Pindah Tubuh Anda\" oleh Marshall Jefferson, yang diambil dari tajuk \"The House Music Anthem\" EP, menjadi hit besar di Chicago dan akhirnya di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 1986, label UK telah melepaskan muzik rumah oleh aksi-aksi Chicago, dan oleh 1987 lagu-lagu rumah oleh DJ dan pengeluar Chicago muncul dan menduduki tangga lagu muzik UK. Pada masa ini, muzik rumah yang dikeluarkan oleh label berasaskan Chicago dianggap mesti bermain di kelab. <> apa stesen radio menyiarkan pameran Hot Mix 5? || WBMX-FM <> apa label rekod membantu mempopulerkan muzik rumah? || Rekod Trax dan Rekod Antarabangsa DJ <> lagu apa dengan marshall jefferson menjadi hit besar? || \"Pindah Tubuh Anda\" <> negara mana negara european yang menjadi hits rumah besar yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1987? || UK <> di mana muzik rumah dari label berasaskan chicago dianggap perlu bermain? || kelab <> Stesen radio apa yang disiarkan oleh pameran Chicago Mix 5? || <> Label rekod apakah yang membantu mempopularkan muzik Chicago? || <> Apa lagu oleh Marshall Chicago menjadi hit besar? || <> Apa negara Eropah adalah muzik rumah besar yang dilepaskan, pada tahun 1985? || <> Di mana muzik rumah dari label berasaskan UK dianggap perlu bermain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show?", "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca2", "answers": [{"text": "WBMX-FM", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what record labels helped popularize house music?", "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca3", "answers": [{"text": "Trax Records and DJ International Records", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?", "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca4", "answers": [{"text": "\"Move Your Body\"", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what european country were big house music hits being released in, in 1987?", "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca5", "answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was house music from chicago-based labels considered a must-play?", "id": "5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca6", "answers": [{"text": "clubs", "answer_start": 922}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "WBMX-FM", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What radio station aired the Chicago Mix 5 show?", "id": "5ad2769ad7d075001a429520", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trax Records and DJ International Records", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What record labels helped popularize Chicago music?", "id": "5ad2769ad7d075001a429521", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Move Your Body\"", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What song by Marshall Chicago became a big house hit?", "id": "5ad2769ad7d075001a429522", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 817}], "question": "What European country were big house music hit being released in, in 1985?", "id": "5ad2769ad7d075001a429523", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clubs", "answer_start": 922}], "question": "Where was house music from UK-based labels considered a must-play?", "id": "5ad2769ad7d075001a429524", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis, local dance music record shops such as Importes, State Street Records, Loop Records, Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago. Later, visiting DJs & producers from Detroit fell into the genre. Trax Records and DJ International Records, Chicago labels with wider distribution, helped popularize house music inside and outside of Chicago. One 1986 house tune called \"Move Your Body\" by Marshall Jefferson, taken from the appropriately titled \"The House Music Anthem\" EP, became a big hit in Chicago and eventually worldwide. By 1986, UK labels were releasing house music by Chicago acts, and by 1987 house tracks by Chicago DJs and producers were appearing on and topping the UK music chart. By this time, house music released by Chicago-based labels was considered a must-play in clubs."}], ["Istilah \"muzik rumah\" dikatakan berasal dari sebuah kelab Chicago yang dikenali sebagai The Warehouse, yang wujud dari tahun 1977 hingga 1983. Clubbers ke The Warehouse terutama hitam dan gay, yang menari dengan muzik yang dimainkan oleh DJ Frankie Knuckles , yang peminat merujuk sebagai \"godfather of house\". Selepas Gudang ditutup pada tahun 1983, orang ramai pergi ke kelab baru Knuckles, The Power Plant. Dalam dokumentari Channel 4 Pump Up The Volume, Knuckles menyatakan bahawa kali pertama dia mendengar istilah \"muzik rumah\" adalah melihat \"kita memainkan muzik rumah\" pada tanda di tingkap bar di South Side Chicago. Salah seorang di dalam kereta dengan dia bercanda, \"anda tahu, itulah jenis muzik yang anda mainkan di Gudang!\", Dan kemudian semua orang ketawa. South-Side Chicago, DJ Leonard \"Remix\" Roy, dalam kenyataan yang diterbitkan sendiri, mendakwa dia meletakkan tanda seperti itu di sebuah tingkap kedai kerana di mana dia memainkan muzik yang mungkin ditemui di rumah; dalam kesnya, ia merujuk kepada rekod jiwa & disko ibunya, yang dia bekerja di dalam set. Farley Jackmaster Funk dipetik sebagai berkata \"Pada tahun 1982, saya bermain di sebuah kelab yang dipanggil The Playground dan ada anak lelaki ini bernama Leonard 'Remix' Roy yang merupakan seorang DJ di sebuah kelab saingan bernama The Rink. malam, dan masuk ke gerai DJ dan berkata kepada saya, 'Saya mempunyai gimik yang akan membawa semua orang keluar dari kelab anda dan ke saya - ia dipanggil muzik House.' Sekarang, di mana dia mendapat nama itu atau apa yang membuatnya memikirkannya, saya tidak tahu, jadi jawapannya terletak pada dia. \" <> apakah kelab yang mana istilah 'muzik rumah' berasal? || Gudang <> bandar mana yang menjadi kelab The Warehouse terletak? || Chicago <> tahun berapa kelab Gudang dibuka? || 1977 hingga 1983 <> jenis orang apakah kelab The Gudang menarik? || terutamanya hitam dan gay <> yang merupakan DJ pemastautin di The Warehouse di Chicago? || Frankie Knuckles <> Apakah kelab apa istilah \"muzik gudang\" berasal dari? || <> Apa bandar kelab The Remix yang terletak di? || <> Berapa tahun apakah kelab The Remix terletak di? || <> Apakah jenis orang yang membuat kelab The Remix menarik? || <> Siapa DJ pemastautin di The Remix di Chicago? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what club did the term 'house music' originate from?", "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7cc8", "answers": [{"text": "The Warehouse", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what city was the club The Warehouse located in?", "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7cc9", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what years was the club The warehouse open?", "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7cca", "answers": [{"text": "1977 to 1983", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract?", "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7ccb", "answers": [{"text": "primarily black and gay", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago?", "id": "5706a62375f01819005e7ccc", "answers": [{"text": "Frankie Knuckles", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Warehouse", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "What club did the term \"Warehouse music\" originate from?", "id": "5ad2783ed7d075001a429560", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What city was the club The Remix located in?", "id": "5ad2783ed7d075001a429561", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977 to 1983", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What years was the club The Remix located in?", "id": "5ad2783ed7d075001a429562", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "primarily black and gay", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What types of people did the club The Remix attract?", "id": "5ad2783ed7d075001a429563", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frankie Knuckles", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "Who was the resident DJ at The Remix in Chicago?", "id": "5ad2783ed7d075001a429564", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term \"house music\" is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse, which existed from 1977 to 1983. Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay, who came to dance to music played by the club's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles, whom fans refer to as the \"godfather of house\". After the Warehouse closed in 1983, the crowds went to Knuckles' new club, The Power Plant. In the Channel 4 documentary Pump Up The Volume, Knuckles remarks that the first time he heard the term \"house music\" was upon seeing \"we play house music\" on a sign in the window of a bar on Chicago's South Side. One of the people in the car with him joked, \"you know, that's the kind of music you play down at the Warehouse!\", and then everybody laughed. South-Side Chicago DJ Leonard \"Remix\" Roy, in self-published statements, claims he put such a sign in a tavern window because it was where he played music that one might find in one's home; in his case, it referred to his mother's soul & disco records, which he worked into his sets. Farley Jackmaster Funk was quoted as saying \"In 1982, I was DJing at a club called The Playground and there was this kid named Leonard 'Remix' Roy who was a DJ at a rival club called The Rink. He came over to my club one night, and into the DJ booth and said to me, 'I've got the gimmick that's gonna take all the people out of your club and into mine \u2013 it's called House music.' Now, where he got that name from or what made him think of it I don't know, so the answer lies with him.\""}], ["Salah satu lagu anthem awal, \"Tanah Dijanjikan\" oleh Joe Smooth, telah dilindungi dan dicatatkan dalam seminggu oleh Majlis Gaya. Eropah memeluk rumah, dan mula membuat DJ rumah legenda untuk bermain di kelab-kelab besar, seperti Kementerian Bunyi, yang penduduknya, Justin Berkmann membawa Larry Levan. <> yang melepaskan \"tanah yang dijanjikan\" tunggal melanda? || Joe Smooth <> yang merangkumi dan mencatatkan \"tanah yang dijanjikan\" tunggal? || Majlis Gaya <> yang merupakan penduduk Kementerian Bunyi? || Justin Berkmann <> yang membawa Justin Berkmann ke dalam kelab untuk bermain? || Larry Levan <> Siapa yang melepaskan lagu \"American Land\"? || <> Yang dilindungi dan memetakan tunggal \"Tanah Amerika\"? || <> Siapa penduduk kediaman Kementerian? || <> Siapa Joe Smooth membawa ke kelab untuk bermain? || <> Yang dilindungi dan menyewa \"Kementerian Bunyi\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who released the hit single \"promised land\"?", "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d23", "answers": [{"text": "Joe Smooth", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who covered and charted the single \"promised land\"?", "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d24", "answers": [{"text": "Style Council", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who was the resident of the Ministry of Sound?", "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d25", "answers": [{"text": "Justin Berkmann", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who did Justin Berkmann bring into the club to play?", "id": "5706b03f0eeca41400aa0d26", "answers": [{"text": "Larry Levan", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joe Smooth", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Who released the hit single \"American Land\"?", "id": "5ad28874d7d075001a429952", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Style Council", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who covered and charted the single \"American Land\"?", "id": "5ad28874d7d075001a429953", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Justin Berkmann", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "Who was the resident of the Ministry of House?", "id": "5ad28874d7d075001a429954", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Larry Levan", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "Who did Joe Smooth bring into the club to play?", "id": "5ad28874d7d075001a429955", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Larry Levan", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "Who covered and chartered \"Ministry of Sound\"?", "id": "5ad28874d7d075001a429956", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the early anthemic tunes, \"Promised Land\" by Joe Smooth, was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council. Europeans embraced house, and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs, such as Ministry of Sound, whose resident, Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan."}], ["Pemandangan rumah di bandar-bandar seperti Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield dan London juga disediakan dengan stesen-stesen Radio Pirate bawah tanah dan DJ yang sama-sama membantu menular yang sudah menular, tetapi tidak diendahkan oleh arus perdana, genre muzik. Rekod rumah UK dan rekod techno terawal dan berpengaruh seperti Warp Records dan Rekod Rangkaian (yang dikenali sebagai rekod Kool Kat) membantu memperkenalkan muzik tarian Amerika dan kemudian Itali ke Britain serta mempromosikan pilih muzik muzik tarian UK. <> apa bandar di UK mempunyai pemandangan rumah utama? || Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield dan London <> apa yang membantu meningkatkan muzik rumah di uk? || stesen radio Pirate bawah tanah dan DJ <> apakah label rekod yang terawal dan paling berpengaruh dalam muzik rumah UK? || Rekod Warp dan Rekod Rangkaian <> apakah rekod rangkaian yang dikenali sebagai? || Kool Kat mencatatkan <> jenis muzik tarian yang kemudian diperkenalkan bersama dengan muzik rumah Amerika? || Muzik tarian Itali <> Apakah bandar-bandar di UK mempunyai pemandangan utama? || <> Apa yang membantu meningkatkan muzik rumah di Sheffield? || <> Apakah label rekod paling awal dan paling berpengaruh dalam muzik rumah Sheffield? || <> Apakah Rekod Itali juga dikenali sebagai? || <> Apa jenis muzik tarian kemudian diperkenalkan bersama dengan muzik rumah UK? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what cities in the UK had major house scenes?", "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3a", "answers": [{"text": "Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what helped to bolster house music in the uk?", "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3b", "answers": [{"text": "underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?", "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3c", "answers": [{"text": "Warp Records and Network Records", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was network records also known as?", "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3d", "answers": [{"text": "Kool Kat records", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music?", "id": "5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3e", "answers": [{"text": "Italian dance music", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What cities in the UK had major Warp scenes?", "id": "5ad289c1d7d075001a429994", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What helped to bolster house music in Sheffield?", "id": "5ad289c1d7d075001a429995", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warp Records and Network Records", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What were the earliest and most influential record labels in Sheffield house music?", "id": "5ad289c1d7d075001a429996", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kool Kat records", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What was Italian Records also known as?", "id": "5ad289c1d7d075001a429997", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italian dance music", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What type of dance music was later introduced alongside UK house music?", "id": "5ad289c1d7d075001a429998", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records (otherwise known as Kool Kat records) helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts."}], ["Dengan muzik rumah yang sudah besar di tarian '80-an, hanya masa yang diperlukan sebelum ia akan menembusi carta pop UK. [Rujukan?] Rekod itu secara amnya dikreditkan sebagai rumah pertama melanda di UK adalah Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Cinta Tidak Boleh Berputar Sekitar\" yang mencapai # 10 dalam carta perseorangan Inggeris pada bulan September 1986. <> apa yang dikreditkan sebagai rumah pertama di UK? || Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk \"Cinta Tidak Boleh Dipusingkan Sekitar\" <> apa yang \"puncak Cinta Tidak Boleh Dipusingkan\" di carta UK? || # 10 <> tahun apakah Farley Funk telah memukul UK pertamanya? || 1986 <> Apa yang dicipta sebagai rumah kedua di UK? || <> Apa yang berlaku di puncak Farley? || <> Tahun apa Cinta Funk telah memukul UK pertamanya? || <> Lagu mana yang mencapai # 6 dalam carta perseorangan UK? || <> Bilakah \"Jackmaster\" mencapai # 10 dalam carta perseorangan Inggeris? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?", "id": "5706aecd75f01819005e7d2e", "answers": [{"text": "Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\"", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did \"Love Can't Turn Around\" peak at in the UK charts?", "id": "5706aecd75f01819005e7d2f", "answers": [{"text": "#10", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?", "id": "5706aecd75f01819005e7d30", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\"", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What is created as the second house hit in the UK?", "id": "5ad2855cd7d075001a42989a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "#10", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What did \"Love Can't Turn Around\" peak at in the Farley charts?", "id": "5ad2855cd7d075001a42989b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What year did Love Funk have his first UK hit?", "id": "5ad2855cd7d075001a42989c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Love Can't Turn Around\"", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Which song reached #6 in the UK singles chart?", "id": "5ad2855cd7d075001a42989d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 1986", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "When did \"Jackmaster\" reach #10 in the UK singles chart?", "id": "5ad2855cd7d075001a42989e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With house music already massive on the '80s dance-scene it was only a matter of time before it would penetrate the UK pop charts.[citation needed] The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\" which reached #10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986."}], ["Atkins, bekas anggota Cybotron, mengeluarkan Model 500 \"Tiada UFO\" pada tahun 1985, yang menjadi hit serantau, diikuti dengan puluhan trek di Transmat, Metroplex dan Fragile. Salah satu yang paling luar biasa ialah \"Strings of Life\" oleh Derrick May, sebuah rumah yang lebih gelap dan lebih bijak. \"Techno-Scratch\" dikeluarkan oleh Knights Of The Turntable pada tahun 1984 yang mempunyai bunyi tekno serupa dengan Cybotron. Pengurus klub kelab Kilang dan pemilik bersama Ha\u00e7ienda, Tony Wilson, juga mempromosikan budaya rumah asid pada rancangan TV mingguannya. Midlands juga memeluk adegan rumah akhir 1980-an dengan pihak-pihak yang menyalahi undang-undang dan lebih banyak kelab-kelab tarian yang sah seperti The Hummingbird. <> Atkins adalah bekas ahli kumpulan muzik apa? || Cybotron <> apa yang melanda tunggal melakukan pelepasan atkins pada tahun 1985? || \"Tidak ada UFO\" <> apa yang ada yang tidak biasa yang boleh dibebaskan, yang memaparkan ketegangan rumah yang lebih gelap? || \"Strings of Life\" <> apa yang kesatria pelepasan turntable pada tahun 1984? || Techno-Scratch <> yang merupakan pengurus kelab malam kilang dan pemilik bersama hacienda itu? || Tony Wilson <> May adalah bekas ahli kumpulan muzik apa? || <> Apa yang dilanda tunggal yang dilepaskan pada tahun 1985? || <> Apa yang tidak biasa yang dilakukan Derrick Atkins melepaskan, memaparkan ketegangan rumah yang lebih gelap? || <> Apa yang Ksatria pelepasan putar tahun 1980? || <> Siapa pengurus kelab malam kilang dan pemilik bersama The Hummingbird? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "atkins was a former member of what music group?", "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5b", "answers": [{"text": "Cybotron", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what hit single did atkins release in 1985?", "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5c", "answers": [{"text": "\"No UFOs\"", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what unusual single did derrick may release, featuring a darker strain of house?", "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5d", "answers": [{"text": "\"Strings of Life\"", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did knights of the turntable release in 1984?", "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5e", "answers": [{"text": "Techno-Scratch", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who was the manager of the factory nightclub and co-owner of the hacienda?", "id": "5706b4af0eeca41400aa0d5f", "answers": [{"text": "Tony Wilson", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cybotron", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "May was a former member of what music group?", "id": "5ad28d6fd7d075001a429a2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"No UFOs\"", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What hit single did May release in 1985?", "id": "5ad28d6fd7d075001a429a2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Strings of Life\"", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What unusual single did Derrick Atkins release, featuring a darker strain of house?", "id": "5ad28d6fd7d075001a429a2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Techno-Scratch", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What did Knights of the turntable release in 1980?", "id": "5ad28d6fd7d075001a429a2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tony Wilson", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "Who was the manager of the factory nightclub and co-owner of The Hummingbird?", "id": "5ad28d6fd7d075001a429a2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Atkins, a former member of Cybotron, released Model 500 \"No UFOs\" in 1985, which became a regional hit, followed by dozens of tracks on Transmat, Metroplex and Fragile. One of the most unusual was \"Strings of Life\" by Derrick May, a darker, more intellectual strain of house. \"Techno-Scratch\" was released by the Knights Of The Turntable in 1984 which had a similar techno sound to Cybotron. The manager of the Factory nightclub and co-owner of the Ha\u00e7ienda, Tony Wilson, also promoted acid house culture on his weekly TV show. The Midlands also embraced the late 1980s house scene with illegal parties and more legal dance clubs such as The Hummingbird."}], ["Lawatan pada bulan Mac 1987 [rujukan?] Dari Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) dan Adonis sebagai DJ International Tour meningkatkan rumah di UK. Berikutan kejayaan jumlah nombor MARRS '\"Pump Up The Volume\" pada bulan Oktober, tahun 1987 hingga 1989 juga menyaksikan aksi-aksi UK seperti The Beatmasters, Krush, Coldcut, Yazz, Bom Bass, S-Express, dan Black Box Itali membuka pintu ke serangan muzik rumah di carta UK. Muzik rumah awal Britain dengan cepat membezakan dirinya daripada bunyi rumah asal Chicago; [rujukan?] Banyak hits awal didasarkan pada montaj sampel, rap sering digunakan untuk vokal (jauh lebih daripada di Amerika Syarikat), [rujukan?] Dan humor sering menjadi unsur penting. <> apa pelancongan yang didorong oleh rumah di UK pada lewat 80-an? || Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) dan Adonis sebagai DJ International Tour <> ketika Tour DJ Antarabangsa berlangsung? || Mac 1987 <> apakah nama nombor satu tunggal MARRS pada bulan Oktober 1987? || \"Pump Up The Volume\" <> apa yang sering menjadi unsur penting dalam muzik rumah UK? || humor <> Contoh montaj adalah perbezaan utama antara muzik rumah british dan apa? || rumah asal Chicago <> Apa pelancongan yang mendorong rumah di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 80-an? || <> Bilakah lawatan Chicago berlaku? || <> Apakah nama nombor satu tunggal MARRS pada bulan Oktober 1989? || <> Apa yang sering menjadi unsur penting rumah muzik AS? || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan untuk vokal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what tour boosted house in the UK in the late 80s?", "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac26", "answers": [{"text": "Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did the DJ International Tour take place?", "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac27", "answers": [{"text": "March 1987", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987?", "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac28", "answers": [{"text": "\"Pump Up The Volume\"", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was frequently an important element of UK house music?", "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac29", "answers": [{"text": "humor", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sample montages were a key difference between british house music and what?", "id": "5706afdf2eaba6190074ac2a", "answers": [{"text": "the original Chicago house sound", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What tour boosted house in the US in the late 80s?", "id": "5ad2878bd7d075001a42991a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 1987", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did the Chicago Tour take place?", "id": "5ad2878bd7d075001a42991b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Pump Up The Volume\"", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What was the name of MARRS's number-one single in October 1989?", "id": "5ad2878bd7d075001a42991c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "humor", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "What was frequently an important element of US house music?", "id": "5ad2878bd7d075001a42991d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rap", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "What was not used for vocals?", "id": "5ad2878bd7d075001a42991e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The tour in March 1987[citation needed] of Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK. Following the number-one success of MARRS' \"Pump Up The Volume\" in October, the years 1987 to 1989 also saw UK acts such as The Beatmasters, Krush, Coldcut, Yazz, Bomb The Bass, S-Express, and Italy's Black Box opening the doors to a house music onslaught on the UK charts. Early British house music quickly set itself apart from the original Chicago house sound;[citation needed] many of the early hits were based on sample montage, rap was often used for vocals (far more than in the US),[citation needed] and humor was frequently an important element."}], ["Tetapi rumah juga sedang dibangunkan di Ibiza, [rujukan?] Walaupun tiada seniman atau label rumah datang dari pulau kecil ini pada masa itu. Pada pertengahan 1980-an campuran rumah Balearic yang berbeza dapat dilihat. Beberapa kelab seperti Amnesia dengan DJ Alfredo bermain campuran rock, pop, disco dan rumah. Kelab-kelab ini, yang didorong oleh bunyi tersendiri mereka dan Ecstasy, mula mempunyai pengaruh pada adegan British. Menjelang akhir tahun 1987, DJ seperti Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold dan Danny Rampling membawa suara Ibiza ke kelab UK seperti Ha\u00e7ienda di Manchester, dan di kelab London seperti Shoom di Southwark, Syurga, Masa Depan dan Spektrum. <> apakah pulau kecil itu muzik rumah yang sedang dimusnahkan? || Ibiza <> apa kelab popular di ibiza yang mula bermain muzik tarian dan rumah? || Amnesia <> yang merupakan DJ di Amnesia pada pertengahan tahun 80-an? || DJ Alfredo <> yang merupakan beberapa DJ yang membawa bunyi ibiza ke uk kelab pada akhir 1987? || Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold dan Danny Rampling <> apakah nama kelab tarian besar di Manchester UK pada tahun 80-an? || Ha\u00e7ienda <> Pulau kecil apa pun muzik Rampling yang sedang dibangunkan? || <> Apa kelab popular di Southwark yang mula bermain muzik tarian dan rumah? || <> Siapa DJ di Southwark pada pertengahan tahun 80-an? || <> Siapa beberapa DJ yang membawa bunyi Southwark ke kelab UK pada akhir 1987? || <> Apa nama kelab tarian besar di Southwark UK pada tahun 80-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what tiny island was house music also being devloped on?", "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d35", "answers": [{"text": "Ibiza", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music?", "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d36", "answers": [{"text": "Amnesia", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who was the DJ at Amnesia in the mid 80s?", "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d37", "answers": [{"text": "DJ Alfredo", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who were some of the DJs that brought the ibiza sound to uk clubs in late 1987?", "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d38", "answers": [{"text": "Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of the big dance club in Manchester UK in the late 80s?", "id": "5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d39", "answers": [{"text": "Ha\u00e7ienda", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ibiza", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What tiny island was Rampling music also being developed on?", "id": "5ad28af9d7d075001a4299d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amnesia", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What was a popular club in Southwark that started playing dance and house music?", "id": "5ad28af9d7d075001a4299d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DJ Alfredo", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "Who was the DJ at Southwark in the mid 80s?", "id": "5ad28af9d7d075001a4299d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Who were some of the DJs that brought the Southwark sound to UK clubs in late 1987?", "id": "5ad28af9d7d075001a4299d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ha\u00e7ienda", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "What was the name of the big dance club in Southwark UK in the late 80s?", "id": "5ad28af9d7d075001a4299d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "But house was also being developed on Ibiza,[citation needed] although no house artists or labels were coming from this tiny island at the time. By the mid-1980s a distinct Balearic mix of house was discernible.[citation needed] Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock, pop, disco and house. These clubs, fueled by their distinctive sound and Ecstasy, began to have an influence on the British scene. By late 1987, DJs such as Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling were bringing the Ibiza sound to UK clubs such as the Ha\u00e7ienda in Manchester, and in London clubs such as Shoom in Southwark, Heaven, Future and Spectrum."}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1987, artis Chicago, \"Silk\" Hurley \"Jack Your Body\" mencapai nombor satu di UK, menunjukkan kemungkinan muzik rumah dapat menyeberang. Bulan yang sama juga menyaksikan Raze memasuki 20 teratas dengan \"Jack the Groove\", dan beberapa lagi hits rumah mencapai sepuluh teratas tahun itu. Produktiviti saham Aitken Waterman untuk Mel dan Kim, termasuk nombor satu yang melanda \"Respectable\", menambahkan unsur rumah kepada bunyi Europop terdahulu mereka, dan kumpulan sesi Mirage menjaringkan sepuluh hits dengan \"Jack Mix II\" dan \"Jack Mix IV\" , medali elektro sebelumnya dan Europop menyusun semula gaya rumah. Label utama dalam kebangkitan muzik rumah di UK termasuk: <> Apakah single pertama yang melanda # 1 di UK? || Steve \"Silk\" Hurley \"Jack Your Body\" <> Tahun berapa \"Jack Your Body\" melanda # 1 di UK? || 1987 <> Siapa yang mempunyai hit single dengan \"jack the groove\"? || Raze <> apa produksi kumpulan untuk Mel dan Kim menambahkan elemen rumah ke bunyi europop? || Stok Aitken Waterman <> apakah nama mel dan nombor satu-Kim melanda tunggal di UK? || Yang dihormati <> Apa yang menjadi rumah pertama untuk memukul # 2 di UK? || <> Tahun apa \"Jack Your Body\" melanda # 2 di UK? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai single hit dengan Mel dan Kim? || <> Apakah kumpulan pengeluaran untuk Mel dan Kim menambahkan elemen rumah kepada bunyi Hurley? || <> Apakah nama nombor satu dan satu nombor di Mel dan Kim di Chicago? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?", "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b78", "answers": [{"text": "Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\"", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did \"Jack Your Body\" hit #1 in the UK?", "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b79", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a hit single with \"jack the groove\"?", "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b7a", "answers": [{"text": "Raze", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what group's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound?", "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b7b", "answers": [{"text": "Stock Aitken Waterman", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of mel and kim's number-one hit single in the UK?", "id": "5706af4352bb891400689b7c", "answers": [{"text": "Respectable", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\"", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What was the first house single to hit #2 in the UK?", "id": "5ad2864dd7d075001a4298d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What year did \"Jack Your Body\" hit #2 in the UK?", "id": "5ad2864dd7d075001a4298d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Raze", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "Who had a hit single with Mel and Kim?", "id": "5ad2864dd7d075001a4298d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stock Aitken Waterman", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What groups productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the Hurley sound?", "id": "5ad2864dd7d075001a4298d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Respectable", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "What was the name of Mel and Kim's number-one hit single in Chicago?", "id": "5ad2864dd7d075001a4298d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In January 1987, Chicago artist Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\" reached number one in the UK, showing it was possible for house music to cross over. The same month also saw Raze enter the top 20 with \"Jack the Groove\", and several further house hits reached the top ten that year. Stock Aitken Waterman's productions for Mel and Kim, including the number-one hit \"Respectable\", added elements of house to their previous Europop sound, and session group Mirage scored top-ten hits with \"Jack Mix II\" and \"Jack Mix IV\", medleys of previous electro and Europop hits rearranged in a house style. Key labels in the rise of house music in the UK included:"}], ["Di A.S., muzik sedang dibangunkan untuk mencipta bunyi yang lebih canggih, [rujukan?] Yang bergerak di luar hanya gelung gendang dan sampel pendek. Di Chicago, Marshall Jefferson telah membentuk kumpulan rumah Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson (dari \"keamatan\"). Penghibur yang berpangkalan di New York seperti Mateo & Matos dan Blaze telah menghasilkan trek rumah disko dengan perlahan. Di Detroit bunyi muzik proto-techno mula muncul dengan rakaman Juan Atkins, Derrick May dan Kevin Saunderson. <> kumpulan apa yang Marshall Jefferson terbentuk? || Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson (dari \"intensiti\") <> apa bunyi yang muncul di Detroit dengan rakaman juan atkins dan derrick? || bunyi muzik proto-techno <> di mana mateo & matos berdasarkan? || New York <> di mana marshall jefferson berdasarkan? || Chicago <> apa bunyi muzik rumah AS bergerak di luar pada akhir tahun 80-an? || gelung gendang dan sampel pendek <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan oleh Devin Saunderson? || <> Apa bunyi muncul di Detroit dengan rakaman Juan May dan Derrick Atkins? || <> Di manakah berdasarkan Mateo & Saunderson? || <> Dimana berasaskan Marshall Saunderson? || <> Apa bunyi rumah muzik AS bergerak di luar pada lewat 70-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what group did Marshall Jefferson form?", "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d3f", "answers": [{"text": "Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\")", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?", "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d40", "answers": [{"text": "proto-techno music sound", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where were mateo & matos based?", "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d41", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was marshall jefferson based?", "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d42", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s?", "id": "5706b1910eeca41400aa0d43", "answers": [{"text": "drum loops and short samples", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\")", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What group did Devin Saunderson form?", "id": "5ad28c61d7d075001a429a04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "proto-techno music sound", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of Juan May and Derrick Atkins?", "id": "5ad28c61d7d075001a429a05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Where were Mateo & Saunderson based?", "id": "5ad28c61d7d075001a429a06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Where was Marshall Saunderson based?", "id": "5ad28c61d7d075001a429a07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drum loops and short samples", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What sound did US house music move beyond in the late 70s?", "id": "5ad28c61d7d075001a429a08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the U.S., the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound,[citation needed] moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\"). New York\u2013based performers such as Mateo & Matos and Blaze had slickly produced disco house tracks. In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson."}], ["Derrick May aka \"MAYDAY\" dan Thomas Barnett mengeluarkan \"Photo Nude\" pada tahun 1987 pada label \"Transmat Records\" yang dilancarkan Mei lalu, yang membantu memainkan pertunjukan muzik techno Detroit dan diputar pada giliran berat di pameran campuran Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ Chicago dan banyak Kelab Chicago. [Rujukan?] Setahun kemudian, Transmat mengeluarkan apa yang menjadi salah satu lagu klasik techno dan rumah - lagu seminal \"Strings of Life\". Rekod Transmat terus melancarkan banyak lagi [rujukan?] Seperti \"Wiggin\" pada tahun 1988. Selain itu, Derrick May telah berjaya melancarkan rilis pada Kool Kat Records dan banyak remixes untuk pelbagai artis rakaman bawah tanah dan arus perdana. <> Apakah nama sebenarnya artis Mayday? || Derrick May <> Mayday dan Thomas Barnett melepaskan apa yang dilanda pada tahun 1987? || \"Foto Bogel\" <> apakah nama label rekod Mayday? || Transmat Records <> tahun berapa lagu hit \"wiggin\" dibebaskan? || 1988 <> apa label yang Derrick May berjaya melepaskan selepas dia sendiri? || Kool Kat Records <> Apakah nama sebenar artis Wiggin? || <> Mayday dan Thomas Strings mengeluarkan apa yang dilanda pada tahun 1987? || <> Apakah nama label rekod Wiggin? || <> Tahun apa lagu hit \"Mayday\" dibebaskan? || <> Label apa yang dilakukan Wiggin telah berjaya dilepaskan selepasnya sendiri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the real name of the artist Mayday?", "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1a", "answers": [{"text": "Derrick May", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mayday and Thomas Barnett released what hit in 1987?", "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1b", "answers": [{"text": "\"Nude Photo\"", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of Mayday's record label?", "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1c", "answers": [{"text": "Transmat Records", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year was the hit song \"wiggin\" released?", "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1d", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what label did Derrick May have successful releases on after his own?", "id": "5706adf975f01819005e7d1e", "answers": [{"text": "Kool Kat Records", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Derrick May", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the real name of the artist Wiggin?", "id": "5ad2822fd7d075001a429816", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Nude Photo\"", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Mayday and Thomas Strings released what hit in 1987?", "id": "5ad2822fd7d075001a429817", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Transmat Records", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What was the name of Wiggin's record label?", "id": "5ad2822fd7d075001a429818", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What year was the hit song \"Mayday\" released?", "id": "5ad2822fd7d075001a429819", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kool Kat Records", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "What label did Wiggin have successful releases on after his own?", "id": "5ad2822fd7d075001a42981a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Derrick May a.k.a. \"MAYDAY\" and Thomas Barnett released \"Nude Photo\" in 1987 on May's label \"Transmat Records\", which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs.[citation needed] A year later, Transmat released what was to become one of techno and house music's classic anthems \u2013 the seminal track \"Strings of Life\". Transmat Records went on to have many more successful releases[citation needed] such as 1988's \"Wiggin\". As well, Derrick May had successful[citation needed] releases on Kool Kat Records and many remixes for a host of underground and mainstream recording artist."}], ["KMS Records syarikat Kevin Saunderson menyumbang banyak siaran yang banyak seperti muzik rumah kerana mereka adalah techno. Lagu-lagu ini diterima dengan baik di Chicago dan dimainkan di radio Chicago dan di kelab-kelab. [Rujukan?] Rekod Blake Baxter 1986, \"Apabila Kami Digunakan untuk Main / Bekerja Tubuh Anda\", 1987 \"Bounce Your Body to the Box\" \",\" Bunyi / Cara Main Muzik kami \"dan\" Groove yang Tidak Berhenti \"dan remix dari\" Grooving Without Doubt \". Pada tahun 1988, sebagai muzik rumah menjadi lebih popular di kalangan khalayak umum, kumpulan Inner City Kevin Saunderson dengan Paris Grey melancarkan 1988 \"Big Fun\" dan \"Good Life\", yang kemudiannya dijemput oleh Virgin Records. Setiap EP / 12 inci remix yang dimainkan oleh Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson dan Steve \"Sutera\" Hurley dari Chicago dan Derrick \"Mayday\" Mei dan Juan Atkins dari Detroit. Pada tahun 1989, KMS telah melepaskan lagi \"Rock to the Beat\" yang merupakan tema di kelab tarian Chicago. [Rujukan?] Yang mengasaskan KMS Records? || Kevin Saunderson <> apa nama rakaman hit Blake Baxter 1986? || \"Apabila Kami Digunakan untuk Main / Bekerja Tubuh Anda\" <> apakah nama rakaman hit Blake Baxter 1987? || \"Bounce Your Body to the Box\" <> apa kumpulan yang mengeluarkan \"Big Fun\" dan \"Good Life\" pada tahun 1988? || Inner City <> apakah tema hit 1989 yang dikeluarkan oleh KMS? || \"Rock to the Beat\" <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Rekod Groove? || <> Apakah nama rakaman hit Steve Hurley pada tahun 1986? || <> Apakah nama rakaman hit Blake Hurley pada tahun 1987? || <> Apa kumpulan yang mengeluarkan \"Big Fun\" dan \"Good Life\" pada tahun 1987? || <> Apakah tema hit 1988 yang dikeluarkan oleh KMS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who founded KMS Records?", "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d24", "answers": [{"text": "Kevin Saunderson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1986 hit recording?", "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d25", "answers": [{"text": "\"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\"", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1987 hit recording?", "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d26", "answers": [{"text": "\"Bounce Your Body to the Box\"", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what group released \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\" in 1988?", "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d27", "answers": [{"text": "Inner City", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the 1989 hit theme released by KMS?", "id": "5706ae9775f01819005e7d28", "answers": [{"text": "\"Rock to the Beat\"", "answer_start": 873}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kevin Saunderson", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who founded Groove Records?", "id": "5ad283add7d075001a429850", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\"", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "What was the name of Steve Hurley's 1986 hit recording?", "id": "5ad283add7d075001a429851", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Bounce Your Body to the Box\"", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What was the name of Blake Hurley's 1987 hit recording?", "id": "5ad283add7d075001a429852", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Inner City", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What group released \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\" in 1987?", "id": "5ad283add7d075001a429853", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rock to the Beat", "answer_start": 874}], "question": "What was the 1988 hit theme released by KMS?", "id": "5ad283add7d075001a429854", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Kevin Saunderson's company KMS Records contributed many releases that were as much house music as they were techno. These tracks were well received in Chicago and played on Chicago radio and in clubs.[citation needed] Blake Baxter's 1986 recording, \"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\", 1987's \"Bounce Your Body to the Box\" and \"Force Field\", \"The Sound / How to Play our Music\" and \"the Groove that Won't Stop\" and a remix of \"Grooving Without a Doubt\". In 1988, as house music became more popular among general audiences, Kevin Saunderson's group Inner City with Paris Gray released the 1988 hits \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\", which eventually were picked up by Virgin Records. Each EP / 12 inch single sported remixes by Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson and Steve \"Silk\" Hurley of Chicago and Derrick \"Mayday\" May and Juan Atkins of Detroit. In 1989, KMS had another hit release of \"Rock to the Beat\" which was a theme in Chicago dance clubs.[citation needed]"}], ["Awal tahun 1990-an juga menyaksikan peningkatan populariti AS utama untuk muzik rumah. Artis rakaman pop Madonna's 1990 single \"Vogue\" menjadi single hit antarabangsa dan mendahului carta Amerika Syarikat. Single ini dikreditkan sebagai membantu membawa muzik rumah ke arus utama AS. <> apa madonna tunggal dikreditkan sebagai membantu membawa muzik rumah ke arus perdana? || Vogue <> ketika melancarkan madonna \"vogue\" yang dibebaskan? || 1990 <> apa dekadkah muzik rumah melanda arus perdana dalam kita? || 1990-an <> yang menyanyikan lagu \"popular\"? || Madonna <> Seberapa baik yang dilakukan oleh \"madu\" madonna dalam diri kita? || mendahului carta AS <> Apa yang Madonna tunggal dikreditkan sebagai membantu membawa muzik AS ke arus perdana? || <> Bilakah dilancarkan \"Rumah\" yang dilancarkan oleh Madonna? || <> Apa dekad muzik Madonna memukul arus perdana di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Siapa yang menyanyikan lagu \"Pop\"? || <> Seberapa baik dilakukan \"Pop\" Madonna di AS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?", "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d79", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was madonna's hit single \"vogue\" released?", "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7a", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?", "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7b", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who sang the hit single \"vogue\"?", "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7c", "answers": [{"text": "Madonna", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how well did madonna's single \"vogue\" do in the us? ", "id": "5706b68e0eeca41400aa0d7d", "answers": [{"text": "topped the US charts", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vogue", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What Madonna single is credited as helping bring US music to the mainstream?", "id": "5ad29458d7d075001a429af0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "When was Madonna's hit single \"House\" released?", "id": "5ad29458d7d075001a429af1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What decade did Madonna's music hit the mainstream in the US?", "id": "5ad29458d7d075001a429af2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Madonna", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "Who sang the hit single \"Pop\"?", "id": "5ad29458d7d075001a429af3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "topped the US charts", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "How well did Madonna's single \"Pop\" do in the US?", "id": "5ad29458d7d075001a429af4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single \"Vogue\" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream."}], ["Menjelang penghujung tahun 1990an dan ke tahun 2000an, pengeluar-pengeluar seperti Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain dan DJ Falcon mula menghasilkan bunyi baru dari tempat rumah Paris. Bersama-sama, mereka meletakkan asas untuk apa yang akan dikenali sebagai pergerakan rumah Perancis. Dengan menggabungkan falsafah rumah Chicago yang keras-beraliran-dengan-melodi yang melambangkan kecacatan yang tidak jelas, teknik produksi terkini dan bunyi peniru analog, mereka mula mewujudkan piawaian yang akan membentuk semua muzik rumah. <> Daft Punk mula menghasilkan bunyi baru dari apa yang di Eropah? || Paris <> Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, dan DJ Falcon semuanya datang dari tempat kejadian? || Adegan rumah Paris <> Bilakah Daft Punk mula menghasilkan bunyi baru? || akhir tahun 1990-an dan ke 2000-an <> Daft Chicago mula menghasilkan bunyi baru dari apa kota Eropah? || <> Daft Stardust dan Germain Chicago datang dari tempat kejadian? || <> Bilakah Germain Chicago mula menghasilkan bunyi baru? || <> Bilakah Daft Punk mula menghasilkan bunyi baru dari tempat kejadian Chicago? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan tempat rumah Chicago? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?", "id": "5706b9072eaba6190074ac7e", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, and DJ Falcon all came from what scene?", "id": "5706b9072eaba6190074ac7f", "answers": [{"text": "Paris's house scene", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?", "id": "5706b9072eaba6190074ac80", "answers": [{"text": "end of the 1990s and into the 2000s", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Daft Chicago began producing a new sound out of what European city?", "id": "5ad2a0efd7d075001a429cb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paris's house scene", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Daft Stardust and Germain Chicago came from what scene?", "id": "5ad2a0efd7d075001a429cb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "end of the 1990s and into the 2000s", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did Germain Chicago begin producing a new sound?", "id": "5ad2a0efd7d075001a429cb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "end of the 1990s and into the 2000s", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did Daft Punk begin producing the a new sound out of Chicago's house scene?", "id": "5ad2a0efd7d075001a429cb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French house movement", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What did Chicago's house scene lead to?", "id": "5ad2a0efd7d075001a429cb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s, producers such as Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris's house scene. Together, they laid the groundwork for what would be known as the French house movement. By combining the harder-edged-yet-soulful philosophy of Chicago house with the melodies of obscure funk, state-of-the-art production techniques and the sound of analog synthesizers, they began to create the standards that would shape all house music."}], ["Pada akhir 1980-an, Rekod Nu Groove berpanjangan, jika tidak melancarkan kerjaya Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, secara kolektif dikenali sebagai Burrell (selepas tinggal singkat di Virgin America melalui Timmy Regisford dan Frank Mendez), dan pada dasarnya setiap DJ dan Produser yang berkaitan di tempat kejadian bawah tanah NY. Burrell bertanggungjawab untuk bunyi \"New York Underground\" dan merupakan juara yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan dari gaya rumah ini. Keluaran 30+ mereka pada label ini sendiri seolah-olah menyokong fakta itu. Dalam pasaran hari ini, rekod Nu Groove Record dibebaskan seperti Burrells 'menikmati cemo seperti berikut dan pudina vinil boleh mengambil $ 100 A.S. atau lebih di pasaran terbuka. <> apa label melancarkan kerjaya burrell? || Rekod Nu Groove <> apa bunyi yang bertanggungjawab untuk burrell? || \"New York Underground\" <> berapa banyak boleh mengeluarkan siaran vinil lama menjual burrells untuk hari ini? || $ 100 <> apa label yang ringkasnya dengan burrell sebelum kejayaan mereka? || Virgin America <> Label apa yang melancarkan kerjaya DJ? || <> Apa bunyi yang Mendezes bertanggungjawab? || <> Berapakah jumlah pengeluaran vinil lama yang dijual oleh Mendezes untuk hari ini? || <> Apakah label yang ringkas dengan Mendez sebelum kejayaan mereka? || <> Bilakah DJ Records memanjangkan kerjaya Burells? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what label launched the careers of burrell?", "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac58", "answers": [{"text": "Nu Groove Records", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what sound are the burrell's responsible for? ", "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac59", "answers": [{"text": "\"New York Underground\"", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?", "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac5a", "answers": [{"text": "$100", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?", "id": "5706b5912eaba6190074ac5b", "answers": [{"text": "Virgin America", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nu Groove Record", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What label launched the careers of DJ?", "id": "5ad29173d7d075001a429aa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"New York Underground\"", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What sounds are the Mendezes responsible for?", "id": "5ad29173d7d075001a429aa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "How much can old vinyl releases of the Mendezes sell for today?", "id": "5ad29173d7d075001a429aa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Virgin America", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What label were the Mendez's briefly with before their success?", "id": "5ad29173d7d075001a429aa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 1980s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "When did DJ Records prolong the Burells's careers?", "id": "5ad29173d7d075001a429aaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the \"New York Underground\" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market."}], ["Datuk Bandar Chicago Richard M. Daley mengumumkan 10 Ogos 2005 sebagai \"Hari Perpaduan Rumah\" di Chicago, dalam perayaan \"ulang tahun ke 21 rumah muzik\" (sebenarnya ulang tahun ke-21 penubuhan Trax Records, sebuah rumah yang berpusat di Chicago label). Pengisytiharan itu mengiktiraf Chicago sebagai rumah muzik rumah yang asli dan pencipta asal muzik itu \"diilhamkan oleh cinta bandar mereka, dengan impian bahawa suatu hari nanti muzik mereka akan menyebarkan mesej kedamaian dan perpaduan di seluruh dunia\". DJ seperti Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson dan Mickey Oliver meraikan pengisytiharan di Summer Dance Series, sebuah acara yang dianjurkan oleh Jabatan Hal Ehwal Kebudayaan Chicago. <> Bilakah Hari Perpaduan Rumah di Chicago? || 10 Ogos 2005 <> Siapa yang mengumumkan Hari Perpaduan Rumah di Chicago? || Datuk Bandar Chicago Richard M. Daley <> Pada tahun 2005, apa ulang tahun muzik meraikan rumah? || \"Ulang tahun ke 21 muzik rumah\" <> apa yang diiktiraf sebagai rumah asal rumah muzik pada tahun 2005? || Chicago <> Acara apa yang dianjurkan oleh Jabatan Hal Ehwal Kebudayaan Chicago untuk meraikan muzik rumah? || Summer Dance Series <> Kapan Hari Perpaduan Rumah di Jefferson? || <> Siapa yang mengumumkan Hari Perpaduan Rumah di Jefferson? || <> Pada tahun 2005, apa ulang tahun muzik Oliver yang dirayakan? || <> Apa yang diiktiraf sebagai rumah asal muzik Oliver pada tahun 2005? || <> Acara apa yang dianjurkan oleh Jabatan Hal Ehwal Kebudayaan Chicago untuk meraikan muzik Oliver? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was House Unity Day in Chicago?", "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac84", "answers": [{"text": "August 10, 2005", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?", "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac85", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?", "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac86", "answers": [{"text": "\"21st anniversary of house music\"", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005?", "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac87", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?", "id": "5706b9942eaba6190074ac88", "answers": [{"text": "Summer Dance Series", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 10, 2005", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "When was House Unity Day in Jefferson?", "id": "5ad2a0e8d7d075001a429ca4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Jefferson?", "id": "5ad2a0e8d7d075001a429ca5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21st anniversary of house music", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "In 2005, what anniversary was Oliver music celebrating?", "id": "5ad2a0e8d7d075001a429ca6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What was recognized as the original home of Oliver music in 2005?", "id": "5ad2a0e8d7d075001a429ca7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Summer Dance Series", "answer_start": 631}], "question": "What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate Oliver music?", "id": "5ad2a0e8d7d075001a429ca8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be \"House Unity Day\" in Chicago, in celebration of the \"21st anniversary of house music\" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators \"were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world\". DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs."}], ["Di Britain, eksperimen lanjut dalam genre itu meningkatkan rayuannya. Kelab rumah dan roma seperti Lakota dan Cream muncul di seluruh Britain, menganjurkan acara adegan rumah dan tarian. Konsep 'menyebarkan' dibangunkan di Britain dengan album rumah di sekeliling seperti The Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath KLF oleh Aphex Twin. Jenama superclub Godskitchen juga bermula di tengah-tengah adegan rave awal 90an. Selepas pada mulanya menjadi tuan rumah malam kecil di Cambridge dan Northampton, acara berkaitan diperkuat di Milton Keynes, Birmingham dan Leeds. Adegan tarian indie baru juga muncul pada tahun 90-an. Di New York, kumpulan-kumpulan seperti Deee-Lite memajukan pengaruh antarabangsa rumah. Dua jejak tersendiri dari era ini ialah \"A Little Fluffy Clouds\" Orb (dengan sampel vokal yang tersendiri dari Rickie Lee Jones) dan Happy Monday 'Wrote for Luck' (\"WFL\") yang telah diubah menjadi tarian yang dilanda Vince Clarke . <> di mana konsep \"penyejukan\" berkembang? || Britain <> yang mengeluarkan bubblebath analog album? || Aphex Twin <> di mana band deee-lite berdasarkan? || New York <> yang melancarkan trek \"awan kecil yang berbulu\"? || Orb <> yang mengubah suasana gembira '\"menulis untuk nasib\" menjadi hit tarian? || Vince Clarke <> Di mana konsep \"tarian indie\" berkembang? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan album \"Fluffy Orb\"? || <> Dimana band Orb Fluffy berasaskan? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan lagu \"Little Indie Dance\"? || <> Siapa yang mengubah suasana gembira dengan 'A Little Little Fluffy' menjadi hit tarian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "where did the \"chilling out\" concept develop?", "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6a", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who released the album analogue bubblebath?", "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6b", "answers": [{"text": "Aphex Twin", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where was the band deee-lite based?", "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6c", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who released the track \"little fluffy clouds\"?", "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6d", "answers": [{"text": "Orb", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who transformed happy mondays' \"wrote for luck\" into a dance hit?", "id": "5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6e", "answers": [{"text": "Vince Clarke", "answer_start": 890}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Where did the \"indie dance\" concept develop?", "id": "5ad29983d7d075001a429b70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aphex Twin", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Who released the album \"Fluffy Orb\"?", "id": "5ad29983d7d075001a429b71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 592}], "question": "Where was the band Fluffy Orb based?", "id": "5ad29983d7d075001a429b72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orb", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "Who released the track \"Little Indie Dance\"?", "id": "5ad29983d7d075001a429b73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vince Clarke", "answer_start": 890}], "question": "Who transformed happy mondays' \"Little Fluffy Clouds\" into a dance hit?", "id": "5ad29983d7d075001a429b74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Godskitchen superclub brand also began in the midst of the early 90's rave scene. After initially hosting small nights in Cambridge and Northampton, the associated events scaled up in Milton Keynes, Birmingham and Leeds. A new indie dance scene also emerged in the 90's. In New York, bands such as Deee-Lite furthered house's international influence. Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb's \"Little Fluffy Clouds\" (with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones) and the Happy Mondays' \"Wrote for Luck\" (\"WFL\") which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke."}], ["Injil berpengaruh / R & B yang dipengaruhi Aly-us mengeluarkan \"Time Passes On\" pada tahun 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), kemudian kemudian, \"Follow Me\" yang menerima radio airplay serta dimainkan di kelab. Satu lagi sambutan A.S. yang menerima mainan radio adalah \"Masa untuk Percepatan\" tunggal oleh Cajmere, yang menjadi prototaip subgenre rumah ghetto. Cajmere memulakan label Cajual dan Relief (antara lain). Pada awal tahun 1990-an artis seperti Cajmere sendiri (di bawah nama itu dan juga Green Velvet dan sebagai pengeluar untuk Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground dan lain-lain melakukan banyak rakaman. 1990-an menyaksikan artis rumah baru Chicago muncul seperti DJ Funk, yang mengendalikan label rekod rumah Chicago yang dikenali sebagai Dance Mania. Rumah ghetto dan rumah asid adalah gaya muzik rumah yang lain yang juga dimulakan di Chicago. <> Apa Injil / kumpulan terpengaruh R & B yang dikeluarkan \"Masa Berlaku Pada\" pada tahun 1993? || Aly-us <> yang melepaskan masa \"tunggal untuk perculator\" di dalam kita? || Cajmere <> apa nama gantian cajmere itu? || Velvet Hijau <> apakah nama label yang dikendalikan oleh funk dj di chicago? || Dance Mania <> apakah prototaip rumah ghetto? || \"Masa untuk Percaktor\" oleh Cajmere <> Apa Injil / kumpulan yang dipengaruhi R & B yang dikeluarkan \"DJ Sneak\" pada tahun 1993? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan single hit \"DJ Sneak\" di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apakah nama alternatif Cajual itu? || <> Apakah nama label yang dikendalikan oleh Cajmere di Chicago? || <> Apakah prototaip rumah Chicago? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What gospel/R&B-influenced group released \"Time Passes On\" in 1993?", "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d83", "answers": [{"text": "Aly-us", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who released the hit single \"time for the perculator\" in the us?", "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d84", "answers": [{"text": "Cajmere", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was cajmere's alternate name?", "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d85", "answers": [{"text": "Green Velvet", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?", "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d86", "answers": [{"text": "Dance Mania", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the prototype of ghetto house?", "id": "5706b74a0eeca41400aa0d87", "answers": [{"text": "\"Time for the Perculator\" by Cajmere", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aly-us", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What gospel/R&B-influenced group released \"DJ Sneak\" in 1993?", "id": "5ad29865d7d075001a429b42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cajmere", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Who released the hit single \"DJ Sneak\" in the US?", "id": "5ad29865d7d075001a429b43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Green Velvet", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What was Cajual's alternative name?", "id": "5ad29865d7d075001a429b44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dance Mania", "answer_start": 686}], "question": "What was the name of the label operated by Cajmere in Chicago?", "id": "5ad29865d7d075001a429b45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Time for the Perculator\" by Cajmere", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What was the prototype of Chicago house?", "id": "5ad29865d7d075001a429b46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released \"Time Passes On\" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, \"Follow Me\" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single \"Time for the Perculator\" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre. Cajmere started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself (under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground and others did many recordings. The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk, who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania. Ghetto house and acid house were other house music styles that were also started in Chicago."}], ["Kembali ke Amerika, tempat kejadian masih belum berkembang melebihi sebilangan kecil kelab di Chicago, Detroit, Newark dan New York City. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak label rekod yang berpangkalan di Chicago telah membuat penampilan di Carta Tari dengan siaran mereka. Di UK, mana-mana lagu rumah yang dikeluarkan oleh label yang berpangkalan di Chicago secara rutin dianggap perlu bermain di banyak kelab bermain muzik rumah. Paradise Garage di New York City masih menjadi kelab utama. Kemunculan Todd Terry, perintis genre, adalah penting di Amerika. Cover of Class Action's Larry Levan bercampur \"Weekend\" menunjukkan kontinum dari disko bawah tanah untuk bunyi rumah baru dengan pengaruh hip-hop yang jelas dalam pensampelan yang lebih cepat dan bass yang lebih lasak. <> apakah kelab utama untuk muzik rumah di bandar new york? || Paradise Garage <> yang merupakan pelopor genre di Amerika? || Todd Terry <> apa lagu hit rumah buat todd terry cover? || Hujung Minggu <> apa pengaruh baru yang membawa kepada bunyi rumah baru? || pengaruh hip-hop <> apa yang berbeza mengenai barisan bass di hip-hop yang dipengaruhi lagu-lagu rumah? || lebih lasak <> Apa kelab utama untuk muzik rumah di Detroit? || <> Siapa yang menjadi perintis genre di UK? || <> Apa lagu melanda yang dimainkan Larry Levan? || <> Apakah pengaruh baru yang membawa kepada bunyi bass baru? || <> Apa yang berbeza mengenai barisan bass di hip-hop mempengaruhi lagu-lagu Chicago? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what was a top club for house music in new york city?", "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d65", "answers": [{"text": "Paradise Garage", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who was a pioneer of the genre in america?", "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d66", "answers": [{"text": "Todd Terry", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what hit house song did todd terry cover? ", "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d67", "answers": [{"text": "Weekend", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what new influences led to a new house sound?", "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d68", "answers": [{"text": "hip-hop influences", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?", "id": "5706b5100eeca41400aa0d69", "answers": [{"text": "more rugged", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paradise Garage", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What was a top club for house music in Detroit?", "id": "5ad28fb0d7d075001a429a78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Todd Terry", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "Who was a pioneer of the genre in the UK?", "id": "5ad28fb0d7d075001a429a79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Weekend", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "What hit house song did Larry Levan cover?", "id": "5ad28fb0d7d075001a429a7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hip-hop influences", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "What new influences led to a new bass sound?", "id": "5ad28fb0d7d075001a429a7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more rugged", "answer_start": 708}], "question": "What was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced Chicago songs?", "id": "5ad28fb0d7d075001a429a7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City. However, many independent Chicago-based record labels were making appearances on the Dance Chart with their releases. In the UK, any house song released by a Chicago-based label was routinely considered a must play at many clubs playing house music. Paradise Garage in New York City was still a top club. The emergence of Todd Terry, a pioneer of the genre, was important in America. His cover of Class Action's Larry Levan mixed \"Weekend\" demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line."}], ["Di England, salah satu daripada beberapa tempat berlesen The Eclipse menarik orang dari atas ke bawah negara kerana ia dibuka sehingga waktu awal. Akta Keadilan Jenayah dan Undang-undang Awam 1994 adalah percubaan kerajaan untuk mengharamkan acara tarian besar riang yang memaparkan muzik dengan \"rentetan berulang\". Terdapat beberapa demonstrasi \"Membunuh Rang Undang-Undang\" yang abortif. The Spiral Tribe di Castle Morten mungkin adalah kuku di keranda untuk rig ilegal, dan dipaksa melalui rang undang-undang, yang menjadi undang-undang, pada bulan November 1994. Muzik terus berkembang dan berubah, seperti yang dinamakan oleh Leftfield dengan \"Melepaskan Tekanan\" yang memperkenalkan dub dan reggae ke dalam bunyi rumah, walaupun Leftfield mempunyai keluaran terdahulu, seperti \"Not Forgotten\" yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1990 di rekod Rhythm Luar Sheffield. <> apakah akta yang diluluskan di england dalam usaha untuk mengharamkan acara tarian besar rave? || Akta Kehakiman dan Ketenteraman Awam 1994 <> apa paku di dalam peti mati untuk roma tidak sah? || The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten <> Bilakah rang undang-undang menjadi undang-undang? || November 1994 <> apa yang diperkenalkan tunggal dan reggae ke dalam bunyi rumah? || \"Lepaskan Tekanan\" <> yang mencatatkan satu hit \"melepaskan tekanan\"? || Leftfield <> Tindakan apa yang telah diluluskan di England dalam usaha untuk mengharamkan rekod besar? || <> Apakah paku di keranda untuk rekod haram? || <> Bilakah bil tersebut dimansuhkan? || <> Apa yang diperkenalkan tunggal dan reggae ke bunyi Castle? || <> Siapa yang mencatat lagu \"Tidak Dikeluarkan\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?", "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d97", "answers": [{"text": "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?", "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d98", "answers": [{"text": "The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did the bill become a law? ", "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d99", "answers": [{"text": "November 1994", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?", "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d9a", "answers": [{"text": "\"Release the Pressure\"", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who recorded the hit single \"release the pressure\"?", "id": "5706b81c0eeca41400aa0d9b", "answers": [{"text": "Leftfield", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What act was passed in England in attempt to ban large records?", "id": "5ad29c02d7d075001a429be2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "What was the nail in the coffin for illegal records?", "id": "5ad29c02d7d075001a429be3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 1994", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "When did the bill get repealed?", "id": "5ad29c02d7d075001a429be4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Release the Pressure\"", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "What single introduced dub and reggae into the Castle sound?", "id": "5ad29c02d7d075001a429be5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leftfield", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "Who recorded the hit single \"Not Released\"?", "id": "5ad29c02d7d075001a429be6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with \"repetitive beats\". There were a number of abortive \"Kill the Bill\" demonstrations. The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves, and forced through the bill, which became law, in November 1994. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by Leftfield with \"Release the Pressure\", which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound, although Leftfield had prior releases, such as \"Not Forgotten\" released in 1990 on Sheffield's Outer Rhythm records."}], ["Generasi baru kelab seperti Krim Liverpool dan Kementerian Bunyi dibuka untuk menyediakan tempat untuk bunyi yang lebih komersial. Syarikat rekod utama mula membuka \"superclubs\" yang mempromosikan perbuatan mereka sendiri. Superclubs ini memasuki tawaran tajaan pada mulanya dengan makanan segera, minuman ringan, dan syarikat pakaian. Flyers di kelab di Ibiza sering memaparkan banyak logo korporat. Subgenre baru, rumah keras Chicago, dibangunkan oleh DJ seperti Bad Boy Bill, DJ Lynnwood, DJ Irene, Richard \"Humpty\" Vission dan DJ Enrie, mencampurkan unsur rumah Chicago, rumah funky dan rumah keras bersama-sama. Selain itu, Pengeluar seperti George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, dan Martin O. Cairo akan membangunkan Los Angeles Hard House bunyi. Sama seperti gabbie atau tekno tegar dari Belanda, bunyi ini sering dikaitkan dengan budaya \"pemberontak\" pada masa itu. 3 pengeluar ini sering dianggap \"menjelang masa mereka\" kerana banyak bunyi yang mereka kejuruteraan pada akhir abad ke-20 menjadi lebih menonjol pada abad ke-21. <> Di mana jenis kelab baru yang dipanggil Cream terletak? || Liverpool <> apa subgenre rumah baru di chicago, yang dibangunkan oleh rang undang-undang budak jahat dan yang lain, dipanggil? || Chicago hard house <> george centeno, darren ramirez, dan martin o. cairo membangunkan bunyi rumah keras di bandar apa? || Los Angeles <> apa nama lain untuk tekno tegar dari Belanda? || gabber <> yang mula membuka \"superclubs\"? || Syarikat rekod utama <> Dimana jenis kelab baru yang dipanggil Darren Terletak? || <> Apakah subgenre rumah baru di Los Angeles, yang dibangunkan oleh tagihan budak jahat dan yang lain, dipanggil? || <> George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, dan Martin O. Kairo membangunkan bunyi superclub di bandar apa? || <> Apa nama lain untuk tekno tegar dari Chicago? || <> Siapa yang mula membuka gabung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "where was a new type of club called Cream located?", "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac74", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?", "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac75", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago hard house", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?", "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac76", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?", "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac77", "answers": [{"text": "gabber", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who began opening \"superclubs\"?", "id": "5706b8b42eaba6190074ac78", "answers": [{"text": "Major record companies", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Where was a new type of club called Darren Located?", "id": "5ad29df8d7d075001a429c38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago hard house", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What was a new subgenre of house in Los Angeles, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?", "id": "5ad29df8d7d075001a429c39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo developed a superclub sound in what city?", "id": "5ad29df8d7d075001a429c3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gabber", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "What was another name for hardcore techno from Chicago?", "id": "5ad29df8d7d075001a429c3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Major record companies", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "Who began opening gabbers?", "id": "5ad29df8d7d075001a429c3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open \"superclubs\" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing companies. Flyers in clubs in Ibiza often sported many corporate logos. A new subgenre, Chicago hard house, was developed by DJs such as Bad Boy Bill, DJ Lynnwood, DJ Irene, Richard \"Humpty\" Vission and DJ Enrie, mixing elements of Chicago house, funky house and hard house together. Additionally, Producers such as George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo would develop the Los Angeles Hard House sound. Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands, this sound was often associated with the \"rebel\" culture of the time. These 3 producers are often considered \"ahead of their time\" since many of the sounds they engineered during the late 20th century became more prominent during the 21st century."}], ["Menjelang akhir tahun 80-an, House telah memindahkan Barat, terutamanya ke San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego dan Seattle. Los Angeles melihat letupan besar di bawah tanah dan DJ, terutamanya DJ Marques Wyatt dan Billy Long, yang berputar di Jewel's Catch One, kelab tarian tertua di Amerika. Pada tahun 1989, bekas penyanyi / rapper EBN-OZN yang berasal dari LA, Robert Ozn memulakan label indie rumah One Voice Records, membebaskan remix Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson dari \"Haunted House\" Dada Nada, yang meraih kelab segera dan menggabungkan pertunjukan radio dalam Chicago, Detroit dan New York serta di UK dan Perancis. Rekod itu melonjak ke Nombor Lima di Carta Kelab Billboard, menandakan ia sebagai rekod rumah pertama oleh artis putih untuk mencatat di US Dada Nada, moniker untuk aksi solo Ozn, yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1990, yang menjadi contoh klasik Deep House yang berasaskan jazz, Frankie Knuckles dan David Morales remix dari \"Deep Love\" (Satu Suara Rekod / US, Polydor / UK), yang menampilkan Ozn yang subur, memainkan vokal dan meretas sangkakala improvisasi, menggariskan perkembangan Deep House menjadi genre yang menggabungkan struktur lagu jazz dan lagu - ciri yang terus membezakannya daripada Acid House and Techno. <> di mana DJ marques wyatt dan billy lama berjaya? || Los Angeles <> apa kelab tarian tertua di Amerika? || Jewel's Catch One <> apa label yang robert ozn bermula pada tahun 1989? || Satu Rekod Suara <> satu rekod suara mengeluarkan remix lagu lagu dada nada pada tahun 1989? || Haunted House <> dada nada adalah moniker untuk perbuatan solo artis? || Ozn <> Di mana DJ Marques, Wyatt, dan Mike Wilson berjaya? || <> Apakah kelab tarian tertua di San Deigo? || <> Label apakah Mike Wilson bermula pada tahun 1989? || <> Satu Rekod Suara mengeluarkan remix lagu lagu dada nada pada tahun 1988? || <> David Morales adalah moniker untuk perbuatan solo artis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful?", "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d6f", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the oldest dance club in america?", "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d70", "answers": [{"text": "Jewel's Catch One", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what label did robert ozn start in 1989?", "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d71", "answers": [{"text": "One Voice Records", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?", "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d72", "answers": [{"text": "Haunted House", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "dada nada was the moniker for what artist's solo act?", "id": "5706b5fa0eeca41400aa0d73", "answers": [{"text": "Ozn", "answer_start": 762}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "Where did DJs Marques, Wyatt, and Mike Wilson become successful?", "id": "5ad2932ad7d075001a429adc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jewel's Catch One", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What is the oldest dance club in San Deigo?", "id": "5ad2932ad7d075001a429add", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One Voice Records", "answer_start": 929}], "question": "What label did Mike Wilson start in 1989?", "id": "5ad2932ad7d075001a429ade", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Haunted House", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "One Voice Records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1988?", "id": "5ad2932ad7d075001a429adf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ozn", "answer_start": 974}], "question": "David Morales was the moniker for what artist's solo act?", "id": "5ad2932ad7d075001a429ae0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the late 80s, House had moved West, particularly to San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego and Seattle. Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs, notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long, who spun at Jewel's Catch One, the oldest dance club in America. In 1989, the L.A. based, former EBN-OZN singer/rapper Robert Ozn started indie house label One Voice Records, releasing the Mike \"Hitman\" Wilson remix of Dada Nada's \"Haunted House,\" which garnered instant club and mix show radio play in Chicago, Detroit and New York as well as in the U.K. and France. The record shot up to Number Five on the Billboard Club Chart, marking it as the first House record by a white artist to chart in the U.S. Dada Nada, the moniker for Ozn's solo act, released in 1990, what has become a classic example of jazz-based Deep House, the Frankie Knuckles and David Morales remix of Dada Nada's \"Deep Love\" (One Voice Records/US, Polydor/UK), featuring Ozn's lush, crooning vocals and muted trumpet improvisational solos, underscoring Deep House's progression into a genre that integrated jazz and pop songwriting structures \u2013 a feature which continued to set it apart from Acid House and Techno."}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada contoh-contoh rumah yang popular ini, terdapat juga penyatuan semula rumah kontemporari dan akarnya. Banyak hip hop dan artis R & B juga berpaling kepada muzik rumah untuk menambah daya tarikan massa terhadap muzik yang mereka hasilkan. <> Telah ada penyatuan semula rumah kontemporari dengan apa? || akarnya <> Apakah genre artis baru-baru ini telah beralih ke rumah muzik untuk menambah rayuan massa? || hip hop dan R & B <> Mengapa banyak hip hop dan artis R & B bertukar kepada muzik rumah? || untuk menambah rayuan massa kepada muzik yang mereka hasilkan <> Apa yang telah ada penyatuan semula jisim kontemporari dengan? || <> Apakah genre artis yang baru-baru ini bertukar kepada muzik rumah untuk menambah akar muzik? || <> Mengapa ramai artis hip hop dan R & B bertukar menjadi akar? || <> Apa yang telah berlaku pemisahan? || <> Siapa yang beralih kepada muzik negara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?", "id": "5706bc630eeca41400aa0dc5", "answers": [{"text": "its roots", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?", "id": "5706bc630eeca41400aa0dc6", "answers": [{"text": "hip hop and R&B", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?", "id": "5706bc630eeca41400aa0dc7", "answers": [{"text": "to add a mass appeal to the music they produce", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its roots", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What has there been a reunification of contemporary mass with?", "id": "5ad2a599d7d075001a429dd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hip hop and R&B", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add music roots?", "id": "5ad2a599d7d075001a429dd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to add a mass appeal to the music they produce", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to roots?", "id": "5ad2a599d7d075001a429dd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contemporary house and its roots", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What has there been a separation of?", "id": "5ad2a599d7d075001a429dd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Many hip hop and R&B artists", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Who turns to country music?", "id": "5ad2a599d7d075001a429dd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce."}], ["Banyak acara persembahan langsung yang didedikasikan untuk muzik rumah telah ditubuhkan pada sepanjang dekad ini, termasuk Festival Muzik Shambhala dan acara-acara utama yang ditaja oleh industri seperti Persidangan Muzik Musim Sejuk Miami. Genre itu juga mendapat popularitas di Timur Tengah di bandar-bandar seperti Dubai & Abu Dhabi [rujukan?] Dan pada acara-acara seperti Creamfields. <> Di manakah persidangan Muzik Musim Sejuk berlaku? || Miami <> Festival Muzik Shambhala didedikasikan untuk apa? || muzik rumah <> di mana populariti rumah mendapat populariti di timur tengah? || Dubai & Abu Dhabi <> apakah peristiwa yang menyebabkan peningkatan populariti untuk muzik rumah di timur tengah? || Creamfields <> apa acara besar di Miami yang ditaja oleh industri? || Festival Muzik Shambhala <> Di mana Konferensi Timur Tengah berlaku? || <> Apa persidangan yang dibaktikan untuk? || <> Di mana muzik Miami mendapat populariti di Timur Tengah? || <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan populariti untuk Shambhala di Timur Tengah? || <> Apakah peristiwa besar di Timur Tengah yang ditaja oleh industri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? ", "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbb", "answers": [{"text": "Miami", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? ", "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbc", "answers": [{"text": "house music", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?", "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbd", "answers": [{"text": "Dubai & Abu Dhabi", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?", "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbe", "answers": [{"text": "Creamfields", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?", "id": "5706bb610eeca41400aa0dbf", "answers": [{"text": "Shambhala Music Festival", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Miami", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "Where did the Middle East Conference take place?", "id": "5ad2a391d7d075001a429d50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "house music", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What was the Numerous Conference dedicated to?", "id": "5ad2a391d7d075001a429d51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dubai & Abu Dhabi", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "Where did Miami music gain popularity in the Middle East?", "id": "5ad2a391d7d075001a429d52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Creamfields", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What event led to an increase in popularity for Shambhala in the Middle East?", "id": "5ad2a391d7d075001a429d53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shambhala Music Festival", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What large event in the Middle East was industry sponsored?", "id": "5ad2a391d7d075001a429d54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] and at events like Creamfields."}], ["Dalam dekad ini, rumah vokal menjadi mantap, baik di bawah tanah dan sebagai sebahagian daripada pasaran pop, dan label seperti Rekod Defected, Roule dan Om berada di barisan hadapan untuk memperjuangkan bunyi yang muncul. Pada pertengahan tahun 2000an, genre fusion seperti rumah elektro dan rumah girang muncul. [Rujukan?] Peleburan ini jelas dalam crossover gaya muzik oleh artis-artis seperti Dennis Ferrer dan Booka Shade, dengan gaya pengeluaran bekas yang telah berkembang dari New York rumah adegan jiwa dan akarnya yang terakhir dalam tekno. <> Rekod yang Dikurangkan berada di barisan depan apa jenis muzik rumah? || rumah vokal <> Roule dan Om berada di barisan hadapan apa jenis muzik rumah? || rumah vokal <> Dennis Ferrer menghasilkan apa jenis gabungan rumah? || rumah elektro dan rumah girang <> dalam apa tempoh masa genre fusion rumah muncul? || pertengahan 2000-an <> Rekod yang Ditipu adalah di barisan hadapan apa jenis muzik Roule? || <> Roule dan Om berada di barisan hadapan apa jenis muzik Shade? || <> Apa jenis gabungan Shade yang dihasilkan oleh Dennis Ferrer? || <> Dalam apa tempoh masa genre Shade rumah muncul? || <> Apa yang jelas dalam crossover gaya pasaran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?", "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db3", "answers": [{"text": "vocal house", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?", "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db4", "answers": [{"text": "vocal house", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?", "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db5", "answers": [{"text": "electro house and fidget house", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?", "id": "5706bad60eeca41400aa0db6", "answers": [{"text": "mid-2000s", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vocal house", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of Roule music?", "id": "5ad2a231d7d075001a429cec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vocal house", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of Shade music?", "id": "5ad2a231d7d075001a429ced", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electro house and fidget house", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What type of Shade fusion did Dennis Ferrer produce?", "id": "5ad2a231d7d075001a429cee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-2000s", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "In what time period did Shade genres of house emerge?", "id": "5ad2a231d7d075001a429cef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fusion", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "What is apparent in the crossover of market styles?", "id": "5ad2a231d7d075001a429cf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno."}], ["Tahun 2010 menyaksikan pelbagai bunyi baru dalam muzik rumah yang dibangunkan oleh banyak DJ. Sweden tahu ketiadaan \"rumah progresif Sweden\" dengan kemunculan Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello (ketiga-tiga ini membentuk trio yang dipanggil Swedish House Mafia), Avicii, Alesso, dan sebagainya. Belanda membawa bersama konsep \"Kotor Belanda \", subgenre rumah elektro dicirikan oleh petunjuk yang sangat kasar dan arpeggios yang lebih gelap, dengan DJ terkemuka Chuckie, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Afrojack, R3hab, Pemain Bingo, Quintino, Alvaro, Cedric Gervais, 2G, dan lain-lain. rumah progresif kembali menjadi terkenal, terutamanya dengan bantuan DJ Calvin Harris, Eric Prydz, Mat Zo, Above & Beyond dan Fonzerelli di Eropah, Deadmau5, Kaskade, Steve Aoki, Porter Robinson dan Wolfgang Gartner di AS dan Kanada. Populariti yang semakin meningkat bagi artis sedemikian membawa kepada kemunculan rumah elektro dan rumah progresif yang dicampur dengan muzik popular, seperti perseorangan \"Marry the Night\", The Black Eyed Peas \"The One One Yet (The Boy)\" dan will.i.am dan Britney Spears \"Scream & Shout\". Rumah bilik besar menemui populariti yang semakin meningkat sejak 2010, terutamanya melalui perayaan muzik tarian antarabangsa seperti Tomorrowland, Festival Muzik Ultra, dan Karnival Daisy Elektrik. <> Apa yang berbeza dengan muzik rumah progresif Sweden? || Sebaliknya, Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, dan Steve Angello membentuk trio yang berjaya? || Swedish House Mafia <> Konsep apa yang dicirikan oleh petunjuk kasar dan arpeggios yang lebih gelap? || Belanda yang kotor <> Progresif rumah yang dicampur bunyi yang terkenal dalam lagu \"Berkahwin Malam\" oleh artis yang popular? || Lady Gaga <> Rumah bilik besar telah menemui populariti yang semakin meningkat sejak tahun berapa? || 2010 <> Apa yang berbeza tentang muzik rumah progresif AS? || <> Sebastian Ingrosso, Aswell, dan Steve Spears membentuk trio yang berjaya? || <> Konsep apa yang dicirikan oleh petunjuk kasar dan rumah yang lebih gelap? || <> Bunyi campuran rumah yang progresif menonjol dalam lagu \"House of Sweden\" oleh artis yang popular? || <> Rumah bilik besar telah menemui arpeggios yang semakin meningkat sejak tahun berapa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was different about swedish progressive house music?", "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074acc8", "answers": [{"text": "snare-less", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?", "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074acc9", "answers": [{"text": "Swedish House Mafia", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?", "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074acca", "answers": [{"text": "Dirty Dutch", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song \"Marry the Night\" by what popular artist?", "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074accb", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 980}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?", "id": "5706bbe32eaba6190074accc", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 1165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "snare-less", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What was different about US progressive house music?", "id": "5ad2a48ad7d075001a429d82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Swedish House Mafia", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Sebastian Ingrosso, Aswell, and Steve Spears formed what successful trio?", "id": "5ad2a48ad7d075001a429d83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dirty Dutch", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker houses?", "id": "5ad2a48ad7d075001a429d84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lady Gaga", "answer_start": 980}], "question": "Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song \"Swedish House\" by what popular artist?", "id": "5ad2a48ad7d075001a429d85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 1165}], "question": "Big room house has found increasing arpeggios since what year?", "id": "5ad2a48ad7d075001a429d86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "2010s saw multiple new sounds in house music developed by numerous DJs. Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less \"Swedish progressive house\" with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello (These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia), Avicii, Alesso, etc. Netherlands brought together a concept of \"Dirty Dutch\", electro house subgenre characterized by very abrasive leads and darker arpeggios, with prominent DJs Chuckie, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Afrojack, R3hab, Bingo Players, Quintino, Alvaro, Cedric Gervais, 2G, etc. Elsewhere, fusion genres derivative of 2000s progressive house returned to prominence, especially with the help of DJs Calvin Harris, Eric Prydz, Mat Zo, Above & Beyond and Fonzerelli in Europe, Deadmau5, Kaskade, Steve Aoki, Porter Robinson and Wolfgang Gartner in the US and Canada. The growing popularity of such artists led to the emergence of electro house and progressive house blended sounds in popular music, such as singles Lady Gaga's \"Marry the Night\", The Black Eyed Peas' \"The Best One Yet (The Boy)\" and the will.i.am and Britney Spears \"Scream & Shout\". Big room house found increasing popularity since 2010, particularly through international dance music festivals such as Tomorrowland, Ultra Music Festival, and Electric Daisy Carnival."}]], [["Perkembangan serupa telah berlaku dalam huruf lain. Skrip huruf kecil untuk abjad Yunani mempunyai asal-usulnya pada abad ke-7 dan memperoleh bentuk quadrilinearnya pada abad ke-8. Dari masa ke masa, bentuk surat uncial semakin bercampur-campur ke dalam skrip. Teks huruf kecil yang paling awal bertajuk Yunani adalah Injil Uspenski (MS 461) pada tahun 835. [rujukan?] Amalan moden untuk mengambil huruf pertama setiap ayat tampaknya diimport (dan jarang digunakan ketika mencetak bahan-bahan Yunani Kuno walaupun hari ini). <> Abad yang manakah skrip huruf kecil untuk abjad Yunani berasal? || Abad ke-7 yang abjad Yunani memperoleh bentuk kuadrilinearnya? || Ke-8 <> Lebih banyak jenis huruf yang bercampur-campur ke dalam skrip bahasa Yunani? || uncial <> Tahun manakah teks teks yang paling awal bertajuk Greek? || 835 <> Di mana kesusasteraan adalah teks huruf kecil yang paling awal bertajuk Yunani? || Injil Uspenski", {"qas": [{"question": "Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?", "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9225", "answers": [{"text": "7th", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?", "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9226", "answers": [{"text": "8th", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?", "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9227", "answers": [{"text": "uncial", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?", "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9228", "answers": [{"text": "835", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?", "id": "5706ef6c9e06ca38007e9229", "answers": [{"text": "Uspenski Gospels", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today)."}], ["Asal-usul huruf ditulis sepenuhnya dalam huruf majuscule, jarak antara batas atas dan bawah yang jelas. Apabila ditulis dengan cepat dengan pen, ini cenderung bertukar menjadi bentuk bulat dan lebih mudah. Daripada ini, tangan minuskula yang pertama berkembang, setengah uncial dan minuscule kursif, yang tidak lagi terikat di antara sepasang garis. Ini seterusnya membentuk asas bagi skrip minuscule Carolingian, yang dibangunkan oleh Alcuin untuk kegunaan di mahkamah Charlemagne, yang cepat merebak di seluruh Eropah. Kelebihan minuskule ke atas majuscule diperbaiki, mudah dibaca lebih cepat. [Rujukan?] <> Asal huruf ditulis sepenuhnya di mana jenis huruf? || bentuk majuscule <> Bulat dan bentuk huruf yang lebih mudah datang dari menulis dengan cepat dengan instrumen mana? || pen <> Siapa yang mengembangkan skrip minuscule Carolingian untuk tulisan tangan? || Alcuin <> Skrip minuscule Carolingian cepat merebak di mana benua? || Eropah <> Apa kelebihan umum mengenai tulisan tangan majuscule? || pembacaan lebih cepat", {"qas": [{"question": "Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?", "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc777", "answers": [{"text": "majuscule", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?", "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc778", "answers": [{"text": "pen", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?", "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc779", "answers": [{"text": "Alcuin", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?", "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc77a", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?", "id": "5706f6a790286e26004fc77b", "answers": [{"text": "faster readability", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]"}], ["Kes huruf sering ditetapkan oleh tatabahasa bahasa atau oleh konvensyen disiplin tertentu. Dalam ortografi, huruf besar itu terutamanya dikhaskan untuk tujuan khusus, seperti huruf pertama kalimat atau kata nama yang betul, yang menjadikan huruf kecil varian yang lebih biasa dalam teks. Dalam matematik, huruf boleh menunjukkan hubungan antara objek dengan huruf besar yang sering mewakili objek \"unggul\" (mis. X boleh menjadi satu set yang mengandungi ahli generik x). Lukisan reka bentuk kejuruteraan biasanya dilabelkan sepenuhnya dalam huruf besar, yang lebih mudah dibezakan daripada huruf kecil, terutamanya apabila sekatan ruang memerlukan huruf kecil. <> Apa yang sering ditetapkan oleh tatabahasa bahasa atau oleh konvensyen disiplin tertentu? || Huruf huruf <> Jenis tujuan mana yang disediakan dalam ortografi? || khusus <> Yang mana varian kes yang paling biasa dalam teks? || lukisan kecil <> Kejuruteraan reka bentuk biasanya memakai huruf kecil dalam label? || huruf besar <> Mengapa aksara huruf besar lebih sering dipilih ketika ruang dibatasi? || lebih mudah dibezakan daripada huruf kecil", {"qas": [{"question": "What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?", "id": "570700329e06ca38007e9297", "answers": [{"text": "Letter case", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?", "id": "570700329e06ca38007e9298", "answers": [{"text": "special", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is the most common variant of case in text?", "id": "570700329e06ca38007e9299", "answers": [{"text": "lowercase", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?", "id": "570700329e06ca38007e929a", "answers": [{"text": "upper-case", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?", "id": "570700329e06ca38007e929b", "answers": [{"text": "easier to distinguish than lowercase", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing \"superior\" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small."}], ["Secara tipografi, perbezaan dasar antara majuskules dan minuscules bukanlah bahawa majuskules besar dan minuscules kecil, tetapi bahawa majuskules umumnya mempunyai ketinggian yang sama. Ketinggian minuscules berbeza-beza, kerana sebahagian daripadanya mempunyai bahagian yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada rata-rata, iaitu ascenders dan descenders. Dalam Times New Roman, contohnya, b, d, f, h, k, l, t adalah huruf dengan ascenders, dan g, j, p, q, y adalah orang yang mempunyai desc. Tambahan pula, dengan angka-angka gaya lama masih digunakan oleh beberapa fon tradisional atau klasik-walaupun kebanyakan mempunyai satu set Alternatif Larutan Angka-6 dan 8 membentuk set ascender, dan 3, 4, 5, 7 dan 9 yang menurun ditetapkan. <> Siapa yang mempunyai majuscules yang membezakan diri dari minuscules? || umumnya mempunyai ketinggian yang sama <> Dalam Masa Baru Rom huruf \"b\" akan mempertimbangkan jenis surat berdasarkan apakah itu di atas atau di bawah ketinggian rata-rata? || ascenders <> huruf menurun cenderung mempunyai bahagian yang jatuh di mana relatif kepada ketinggian purata huruf? || lebih rendah daripada rata-rata <> Selain nombor 6, nombor yang menjadikan ascender ditetapkan dalam beberapa fon tradisional atau klasik? || 8", {"qas": [{"question": "Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?", "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92a9", "answers": [{"text": "generally have the same height", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Time New Roman the letter \"b\" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?", "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92aa", "answers": [{"text": "ascenders", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?", "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92ab", "answers": [{"text": "lower than the average", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?", "id": "570702a89e06ca38007e92ac", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts\u2014although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures\u2014 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set."}], ["Konvensyen yang diikuti oleh banyak penerbit British (termasuk penerbit saintifik, seperti Nature, majalah, seperti The Economist dan New Scientist, dan surat khabar, seperti The Guardian and The Times) dan akhbar AS menggunakan huruf besar gaya huruf dalam tajuk utama, di mana permodalan berikut peraturan yang sama yang digunakan untuk ayat. Konvensyen ini biasanya dipanggil kes hukuman. Ia juga boleh digunakan untuk tajuk penerbitan, terutamanya dalam rujukan bibliografi dan katalog perpustakaan. Contoh penerbit global yang gaya rumah bahasa Inggeris menetapkan tajuk dan tajuk-tajuk kes tajuk termasuk Organisasi Antarabangsa untuk Standardisasi. <> Apakah asas permodalan untuk permodalan gaya ayat? || ayat <> Apakah struktur permodalan popular dan standard yang digunakan oleh penerbit British dan akhbar A.S.? || gaya-kalimat <> Apakah nama alternatif untuk permodalan gaya-kalimat? || kes hukuman <> Yang penerbit global yang popular menggunakan kes hukuman untuk tajuk dan tajuk? || Pertubuhan Antarabangsa untuk Standardisasi <> Selain tajuk utama, apakah permodalan gaya-kalimah sering digunakan? || tajuk penerbitan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?", "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921b", "answers": [{"text": "sentences", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?", "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921c", "answers": [{"text": "sentence-style", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?", "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921d", "answers": [{"text": "sentence case", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?", "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921e", "answers": [{"text": "International Organization for Standardization", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?", "id": "5706ee379e06ca38007e921f", "answers": [{"text": "publication titles", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization."}], ["Istilah huruf besar dan huruf kecil dapat ditulis sebagai dua kata berturut-turut, dihubungkan dengan tanda hubung (huruf besar dan huruf kecil), atau sebagai kata tunggal (huruf besar dan huruf kecil). Istilah ini berasal dari susunan biasa laci cetek yang disebut kes jenis yang digunakan untuk memegang jenis alih untuk percetakan huruf. Secara tradisional, huruf besar disimpan dalam kes berasingan yang terletak di atas kes yang memegang huruf-huruf kecil, dan nama terbukti mudah diingat kerana huruf kapital lebih tinggi. <> Istilah huruf besar dan huruf kecil berasal dari susun atur biasa yang jenis laci? || cetek <> Selain menjadi satu kata atau dua kata yang berasingan, bagaimanakah kata-kata huruf besar dan huruf kecil dinyatakan? || sempadan <> Sehubungan dengan rak huruf-huruf kecil terletak, di manakah huruf besar? || terletak di atas <> Ciri karakter huruf besar yang mudah diingat. || lebih tinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?", "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc73f", "answers": [{"text": "shallow", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?", "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc740", "answers": [{"text": "hyphen", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?", "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc741", "answers": [{"text": "located above", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.", "id": "5706ec1e90286e26004fc742", "answers": [{"text": "taller", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller."}], ["Dalam ortografi dan tipografi, huruf huruf (atau hanya kes) adalah perbezaan di antara huruf-huruf yang terdapat dalam huruf besar (huruf besar, huruf kapital, huruf besar, huruf besar, atau lebih banyak majuskulus secara formal, lihat terminologi) dan huruf kecil huruf kecil, atau lebih kecil secara rasmi, lihat Terminologi) dalam perwakilan bertulis dari bahasa tertentu. Berikut adalah perbandingan versi huruf besar dan huruf kecil setiap huruf yang termasuk dalam abjad Inggeris (perwakilan yang tepat akan berubah mengikut fon yang digunakan): <> Dalam ortografi dan tipografi, apakah perbezaan antara huruf yang lebih besar huruf besar dan huruf besar bawah | | huruf huruf <> Minuscule adalah kegunaan istilah untuk menggambarkan huruf yang mana? || huruf lebih rendah <> huruf modal merujuk kepada huruf yang mana? || huruf besar <> Huruf Huruf digunakan untuk membezakan huruf kecil dan huruf besar di mana perwakilan umum bahasa-bahasa tertentu? || bertulis", {"qas": [{"question": "In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case", "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e9239", "answers": [{"text": "letter case", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?", "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e923a", "answers": [{"text": "smaller lower", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Capital letters refer to which case of letter?", "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e923b", "answers": [{"text": "larger upper", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?", "id": "5706f38e9e06ca38007e923c", "answers": [{"text": "written", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):"}], ["Kebanyakan bahasa Barat (terutama mereka yang menulis sistem berdasarkan huruf Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, dan huruf Armenia) menggunakan huruf huruf dalam bentuk tulisan mereka sebagai bantuan untuk kejelasan. Skrip menggunakan dua kes berasingan juga dipanggil skrip bicameral. Banyak sistem penulisan lain tidak membezakan antara majuskules dan minuscules - sebuah sistem yang disebut skrip unicameral atau unicase. Ini termasuk kebanyakan skrip bukan syllabik dan lain-lain. Abjad Georgia adalah istimewa kerana ia digunakan sebagai bicameral, tetapi hari ini kebanyakannya digunakan secara unicameral. <> Apa yang digunakan kebanyakan bahasa Barat dalam bentuk bertulisnya untuk menambah kejelasan? || huruf huruf <> Apakah sistem penulisan yang tidak membezakan antara majuscales dan minuscules yang sering disebut sebagai? || abjad unicameral <> abjad mana yang merupakan kes khas kerana ia beralih dari bicameral ke unicameral? || Georgian <> Apa skrip yang digunakan dua kes berasingan dipanggil? || bicameral", {"qas": [{"question": "What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?", "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f3", "answers": [{"text": "letter cases", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?", "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f4", "answers": [{"text": "unicameral script", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?", "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f5", "answers": [{"text": "Georgian", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?", "id": "5707044d90286e26004fc7f6", "answers": [{"text": "bicameral", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules \u2013 a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way."}], ["Permodalan dalam bahasa Inggeris, dari segi peraturan orthografi umum yang bebas daripada konteks (mis. Tajuk vs tajuk vs teks), secara universal diselaraskan untuk penulisan formal. (Komunikasi tidak rasmi seperti menghantar mesej, mesej segera atau nota melekit tulisan tangan mungkin tidak mengganggu, tetapi itu kerana para penggunanya biasanya tidak mengharapkan ia menjadi formal.) Dalam bahasa Inggeris, huruf besar digunakan sebagai huruf pertama ayat , kata nama yang betul, atau kata sifat yang betul. Terdapat beberapa pasang kata-kata makna yang berbeza yang satu-satunya perbezaan adalah permodalan huruf pertama. Nama-nama hari dalam seminggu dan nama-nama bulan juga dipermodalkan, seperti kata ganti orang pertama \"I\" dan kata \"O\" (walaupun istilahnya tidak biasa dalam penggunaan moden, dengan \"oh\" dipilih ). Kata-kata lain biasanya bermula dengan huruf kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat situasi di mana permodalan lebih lanjut boleh digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan tambahan, misalnya dalam tajuk dan tajuk (lihat di bawah). Dalam beberapa bentuk tradisional puisi, permodalan secara konvensional telah digunakan sebagai penanda untuk menunjukkan permulaan garis ayat yang bebas dari sebarang ciri tatabahasa. <> Permodalan dalam bahasa Inggeris adalah bersandar secara universal untuk jenis tulisan? || formal <> Dalam Bahasa Inggeris huruf pertama kalimat adalah jenis huruf? || modal <> Apa gunaan yang biasa digunakan untuk menunjukkan dalam puisi yang bebas dari sebarang ciri tatabahasa? || permulaan garis ayat <> Bagaimana huruf pertama kata ganti orang pertama menangani kalimat pertengahan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || huruf besar <> Sambung \"O\" telah digantikan dengan kata yang lebih biasa dan disukai dalam bahasa Inggeris? || oh", {"qas": [{"question": "Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?", "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e9249", "answers": [{"text": "formal", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?", "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924a", "answers": [{"text": "capital", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?", "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924b", "answers": [{"text": "beginning of a line of verse", "answer_start": 1105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?", "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924c", "answers": [{"text": "capitalised", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The interjection \"O\" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?", "id": "5706f5309e06ca38007e924d", "answers": [{"text": "oh", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun \"I\" and the interjection \"O\" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with \"oh\" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature."}], ["Dalam bahasa Latin, papirus dari Herculaneum bertarikh sebelum 79 AD (apabila ia dimusnahkan) telah dijumpai yang telah ditulis dalam kursif Roman lama, di mana bentuk awal huruf minuskule \"d\", \"h\" dan \"r\" sudah boleh diiktiraf. Menurut ahli psikologi, Knut Kleve, \"Teorinya, maka surat-surat huruf kecil telah dibangunkan dari pengakuan abad kelima dan minuskules Carolingian abad ke-9 nampaknya salah.\" Kedua-dua huruf majuskule dan minuscule wujud, tetapi perbezaan antara kedua-dua varian pada mulanya adalah gaya dan bukan ortografi dan sistem penulisan masih pada dasarnya tidak bersifat unik: satu dokumen tangan yang ditulis boleh menggunakan salah satu gaya atau yang lain tetapi ini tidak bercampur-campur. Bahasa Eropah, kecuali Yunani Kuno dan Latin, tidak membuat perbezaan kes sebelum kira-kira 1300. [rujukan?] <> Papyri dari Herculaneum bertarikh sebelum 79 AD telah ditulis di mana tulisan tangan? || Romawi kursif lama <> Papirologi bersuara huruf kecil bertajuk sebenarnya terbentuk dari uncial abad kelima? || Knut Kleve <> Bahasa benua yang mana dengan beberapa pengecualian umumnya tidak menggunakan perbezaan kes sehingga kira-kira tahun 1300? || Eropah <> Apakah perbezaan awal antara huruf majuscule dan minuscule? || stylistic <> Jenis dokumen mana yang bersifat unicameral umum kerana penulis menggunakan satu jenis tulisan tetapi bukan yang lain? || tulisan tangan", {"qas": [{"question": "Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?", "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b1", "answers": [{"text": "old Roman cursive", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?", "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b2", "answers": [{"text": "Knut Kleve", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?", "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b3", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? ", "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b4", "answers": [{"text": "stylistic", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?", "id": "5707066b9e06ca38007e92b5", "answers": [{"text": "handwritten", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters \"d\", \"h\" and \"r\", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, \"The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong.\" Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]"}], ["Berhubung dengan tajuk penerbitan, bagaimanapun, amalan tipografi umum di kalangan penerbit Britain dan A.S. untuk memanfaatkan kata-kata penting (dan di Amerika Syarikat, ini sering digunakan untuk tajuk). Keluarga konvensyen percetakan ini biasanya dipanggil kes tajuk. Sebagai contoh, Manual Manual Gaya R. R. Ritter (2002) mencadangkan \"kata pertama dan semua kata nama, kata ganti, adjektif, kata kerja dan kata kata, tetapi secara amnya bukan artikel, konjungsi dan preposisi pendek\". Ini adalah satu bentuk penekanan lama, mirip dengan amalan yang lebih moden menggunakan font yang lebih besar atau tebal untuk tajuk. Peraturan yang digunakan untuk kata kapitalis tidak berasaskan apa-apa pembezaan yang betul / tidak betul secara tatabahasa dan tidak diselaraskan secara universal; mereka sewenang-wenang dan berbeza antara panduan gaya, walaupun dalam kebanyakan gaya mereka cenderung mengikuti beberapa konvensyen yang kuat, seperti berikut: <> Apakah huruf besar kata-kata penting yang diterapkan di Amerika Syarikat selain tajuk? || tajuk <> Permodalan perkataan penting merujuk kepada keluarga konvensyen percetakan? || kes tajuk <> Buku bacaan kesusastraan mana yang membayangkan menggunakan kata pertama dan semua kata nama, kata ganti, kata sifat, kata kerja, dan kata keterangan? || Manual Penggunaan Gaya Oxford R. M. Ritter <> Penggunaan huruf tebal dan capilization dalam tajuk jatuh di bawah perbezaan tatabahasa yang luar biasa? || tidak sejajar dengan standard", {"qas": [{"question": "What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?", "id": "5707093790286e26004fc835", "answers": [{"text": "headings", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?", "id": "5707093790286e26004fc836", "answers": [{"text": "title case", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?", "id": "5707093790286e26004fc837", "answers": [{"text": "R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?", "id": "5707093790286e26004fc838", "answers": [{"text": "not universally standardized", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising \"the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions\". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:"}], ["Seperti yang dibincangkan secara ringkas dalam Unicode Technical Note # 26, \"Dari segi isu-isu pelaksanaan, sebarang usaha untuk menyatukan bahasa Latin, Greek, dan Cyrillic akan melumpuhkan keruntuhan [dan] membuat operasi selongsong kekacauan tidak suci, [...] \". Dalam erti kata lain, manakala bentuk huruf seperti A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y dan sebagainya dibahagikan antara huruf Latin, Yunani, dan Cyrillic (dan perbezaan kecil bentuk kanonik mereka mungkin dianggap sebagai sifat tipografi), ia masih akan bermasalah untuk menetapkan watak berbilang bahasa atau fon untuk menyediakan hanya kodod tunggal untuk, katakan, huruf besar huruf B, kerana ini akan menjadikannya agak sukar untuk seorang wordprocessor untuk menukar huruf besar tunggal itu kepada salah satu daripada tiga pilihan yang berbeza untuk huruf kecil, b (Latin), \u03b2 (Greek), atau c (Cyrillic). Tanpa surat huruf, \"abjad Eropah bersatu\" - seperti ABBCGD\u0394\u0395Z\u0423\u0417F\u03a6GHIIJ ... Z, dengan subset yang sesuai untuk setiap bahasa - boleh dilaksanakan; tetapi mengingat kes surat, ia menjadi sangat jelas bahawa huruf-huruf ini adalah simbol-simbol yang agak berbeza. <> Percubaan untuk menyatukan bahasa Latin, Yunani, dan Cyrillic akan mencipta masalah macam mana? || membuat operasi selongsong kekacauan tidak suci <> Apa antara huruf biasa yang dikongsi antara Latin, Yunani, dan Cyrillic? || bentuk <> Apa yang akan menjadi masalah untuk set aksara multibahasa atau fon untuk menyediakan? || codepoint tunggal <> Apa yang membezakan bahasa Latin, Yunani, dan Cyrillic antara satu sama lain? || set simbol <> Walaupun terdapat cabaran abjad Eropah bersatu yang dapat dilaksanakan walaupun tanpa peraturan bahasa yang biasa? || kes surat", {"qas": [{"question": "Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?", "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e9309", "answers": [{"text": "make casing operations an unholy mess", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?", "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930a", "answers": [{"text": "shapes", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?", "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930b", "answers": [{"text": "single codepoint", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?", "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930c", "answers": [{"text": "sets of symbols", "answer_start": 1105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?", "id": "57070ba69e06ca38007e930d", "answers": [{"text": "letter case", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, \"In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive [\u2026]\". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), \u03b2 (Greek), or \u0432 (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a \"unified European alphabet\" \u2013 such as AB\u0411C\u0413D\u0394\u0395Z\u0404\u0417F\u03a6GHI\u0418J\u2026Z, with an appropriate subset for each language \u2013 is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols."}]], [["Pada bulan Mac 1912, di Chihuahua, Jenderal Pascual Orozco memberontak. Segera Presiden Francisco Madero memerintahkan Jeneral Victoriano Huerta dari Tentera Persekutuan, untuk menegur pemberontakan Orozco. Gabenor Chihuahua menggerakkan milisi negeri yang diketuai oleh Kolonel Pancho Villa untuk menambah Jeneral Huerta. Menjelang Jun, Villa memberitahu Huerta bahawa pemberontakan Orozco telah ditumpaskan dan bahawa militia akan menganggap diri mereka tidak lagi di bawah arahan Huerta dan akan berlepas. Huerta menjadi marah dan memerintahkan supaya Villa dilaksanakan. Ra\u00fal Madero, abang Madero, campur tangan untuk menyelamatkan nyawa Villa. Dipenjara di Mexico City, Villa melarikan diri ke Amerika Syarikat. Masa Madero sebagai pemimpin tidak lama, berakhir dengan rampasan kuasa pada tahun 1913 yang diketuai oleh Jeneral Victoriano Huerta; Orozco berpihak kepada Huerta, dan Huerta menjadikannya seorang jeneral. <> Tahun manakah pemberontakan Orozco? || 1912 <> Siapa yang memberitahu Huerta bahawa pemberontakan itu telah diturunkan? || Villa <> Siapa yang menyelamatkan nyawa Villa? || Ra\u00fal Madero <> Dengan siapa pihak Orozco? || Huerta", {"qas": [{"question": "Which year did Orozco revolt?", "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934b", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?", "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934c", "answers": [{"text": "Villa", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who saved Villa's life?", "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934d", "answers": [{"text": "Ra\u00fal Madero", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Orozco side?", "id": "57070e6c9e06ca38007e934e", "answers": [{"text": "Huerta", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Ra\u00fal Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals."}], ["Pada konvensyen rakyat yang dipanggil untuk memilih pemerintah sementara yang baru, Gutierrez memperoleh suara, dengan P. J. Escalante untuk timbalannya, dan dewan untuk membimbing pentadbiran. Santa Anna mengarahkan pengembalian semula Mendarozqueta sebagai jeneral comandante. Guti\u00e9rrez menghasilkan, tetapi Escalante enggan menyerahkan jawatan, demonstrasi sokongan berlaku, tetapi Escalante menghasilkan ketika pasukan dipanggil dari Zacatecas. Pilihan raya baru membawa badan perundangan baru, dan gabenor yang sesuai. Pada bulan September 1835 Jos\u00e9 Urrea seorang pegawai tentera federal telah berkuasa. <> Siapa yang Santa Anna mengarahkan pengembalian semula sebagai jeneral comandante? || Mendarozqueta <> Apa nama pegawai tentera federal yang akhirnya berkuasa semasa pilihan raya baru? || Jos\u00e9 Urrea <> Siapa yang sebenarnya telah memenangi undi asal? || Gutierrez <> Siapa yang timbalannya? || P. J. Escalante <> Siapa yang enggan memberi sehingga pasukan dipanggil? || Escalante", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?", "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e3", "answers": [{"text": "Mendarozqueta", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?", "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e4", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Urrea", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had actually won the original vote?", "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e5", "answers": [{"text": "Gutierrez", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was his deputy?", "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e6", "answers": [{"text": "P. J. Escalante", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?", "id": "57070a329e06ca38007e92e7", "answers": [{"text": "Escalante", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Guti\u00e9rrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 Jos\u00e9 Urrea a federalist army officer came into power."}], ["Pendapat awam menekankan kerajaan A.S. untuk membawa Villa ke pengadilan untuk serbuan di Columbus, New Mexico; Presiden A.S. Wilson menghantar Jeneral John J. Pershing dan kira-kira 5,000 askar ke Mexico dalam percubaan yang gagal untuk menawan Villa. Ia dikenali sebagai Ekspedisi Punitif. Selepas hampir setahun mengejar Villa, pasukan Amerika kembali ke Amerika Syarikat. Campur tangan Amerika Serikat telah dibatasi oleh sierras Barat Chihuahua. Villa mempunyai kelebihan mengetahuinya di padang gurun Sonoran dan gunung-gunung Sierra Madre yang hampir tidak dapat dilalui dan sentiasa berjaya berada di hadapan pendahulu. Pada 1923 Villa dibunuh oleh sekumpulan tujuh lelaki bersenjata yang menyerangnya semasa dia duduk di kerusi belakang kereta di Parral. <> Bandar manakah yang membuat serbuan Villa? || Columbus, New Mexico <> Yang mana presiden Amerika yang mengejar Villa? || Presiden Wilson <> Berapa lama pasukan Amerika mengejar Villa? || hampir setahun <> Di mana tahun itu Villa dibunuh? || 1923 <> Di bandar mana Villa dibunuh? || Parral", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city did Villa raid?", "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc86d", "answers": [{"text": "Columbus, New Mexico", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which American president pursued Villa?", "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc86e", "answers": [{"text": "President Wilson", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the American troops pursue Villa?", "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc86f", "answers": [{"text": "nearly a year", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was Villa assassinated?", "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc870", "answers": [{"text": "1923", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city was Villa killed?", "id": "57070f6d90286e26004fc871", "answers": [{"text": "Parral", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral."}], ["Maximilian sangat tidak puas hati dengan keputusan Ketua Bazaine untuk meninggalkan ibukota negeri Chihuahua dan segera mengarahkan Agust\u00edn B. Billaut untuk menawan semula bandar. Pada 11 Disember 1865, Billaut dengan kuasa 500 orang menguasai bandar. Pada 31 Januari 1866, Billaut diperintahkan untuk meninggalkan Chihuahua, tetapi dia meninggalkan 500 orang untuk mengekalkan kawalan. Di puncak kuasa mereka, kuasa imperialis menguasai semua tetapi empat negeri di Mexico; satu-satunya negeri untuk mengekalkan pembangkang yang kuat kepada Perancis adalah: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, dan Baja California. <> Siapa yang sangat tidak berpuas hati dengan keputusan Bazaine untuk meninggalkan Chihuahua? || Maximilian <> Berapa ramai lelaki yang telah Billaut apabila dia menawan semula bandar? || 500 <> Pada kemuncaknya, pasukan imperialis menguasai semua tetapi berapa banyak negeri di Mexico? || empat <> Yang empat negara menentang Perancis? || Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, dan Baja California <> Di mana tahun Billain menangkap Chihuahua? || 1865", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?", "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc84f", "answers": [{"text": "Maximilian", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?", "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc850", "answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?", "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc851", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which four states opposed the French?", "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc852", "answers": [{"text": "Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?", "id": "57070c1d90286e26004fc853", "answers": [{"text": "1865", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agust\u00edn B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California."}], ["Semasa abad ke-14 di bahagian timur laut suku nomad negeri dengan nama Jornado diburu bison di sepanjang Rio Grande; mereka meninggalkan pelbagai lukisan batu di seluruh bahagian timur laut negeri ini. Apabila penjelajah Sepanyol mencapai kawasan ini, mereka mendapati keturunan mereka, suku Suma dan Manso. Di bahagian selatan negeri ini, di wilayah yang dikenali sebagai Aridoamerica, orang Chichimeca terselamat dengan memburu, berkumpul, dan menanam antara AD 300 dan 1300. Chichimeca adalah nenek moyang orang Tepehuan. <> Apa nama suku kaum nomad yang memburu bison? || Jornado <> Di sepanjang sungai mana yang mereka memburu bison? || Rio Grande <> Bagaimana Chichimeca dapat hidup? || memburu, berkumpul, dan bertani <> Chichimeca adalah nenek moyang orang? || Tepehuan <> Jornado dicat ke permukaan apa? || batu", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?", "id": "5707070890286e26004fc805", "answers": [{"text": "Jornado", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along which river did they hunt bison?", "id": "5707070890286e26004fc806", "answers": [{"text": "Rio Grande", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Chichimeca survive?", "id": "5707070890286e26004fc807", "answers": [{"text": "hunting, gathering, and farming", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?", "id": "5707070890286e26004fc808", "answers": [{"text": "Tepehuan", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Jornado painted onto what surface?", "id": "5707070890286e26004fc809", "answers": [{"text": "rock", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people."}], ["Walaupun Chihuahua terutamanya dikenal pasti dengan Gurun Chihuahuan untuk menyerang, ia mempunyai lebih banyak hutan daripada negeri lain di Mexico, kecuali Durango. Oleh kerana iklimnya yang berbeza, negara ini mempunyai pelbagai jenis fauna dan flora. Negeri ini kebanyakannya dicirikan oleh medan pergunungan yang berceranggah dan lembah sungai yang luas. Selat gunung Sierra Madre Occidental, lanjutan dari Pegunungan Rocky, menguasai kawasan negara dan merupakan tempat tarikan utama negara, Las Barrancas del Cobre, atau Copper Canyon, sistem canyon yang lebih besar dan lebih mendalam daripada Grand Canyon. Di cerun pergunungan Sierra Madre Occidental (di sekitar kawasan Casas Grandes, Cuauht\u00e9moc dan Parral), terdapat padang rumput kuning yang luas, sumber sebahagian besar pengeluaran pertanian negara. Kebanyakan penduduk tinggal di sepanjang Rio Grande Valley dan Lembah Sungai Conchos. <> Negara mana yang mempunyai lebih banyak hutan berbanding Chihuahua? || Durango <> Keadaan Chihuahua terutamanya dikenalpasti dengan apa jenis landskap? || Gurun <> Tembaga Canyon lebih mendalam daripada apa yang menarik di Amerika? || Grand Canyon <> Di mana dua lembah tinggal kebanyakan penduduk Chihuahua? || Lembah Rio Grande dan Lembah Sungai Conchos <> Sierra Madre Occidentals adalah lanjutan yang mana gunung Amerika? || Gunung batu", {"qas": [{"question": "Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?", "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9353", "answers": [{"text": "Durango", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?", "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9354", "answers": [{"text": "Desert", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?", "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9355", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Canyon", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?", "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9356", "answers": [{"text": "Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley", "answer_start": 857}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?", "id": "57070f0c9e06ca38007e9357", "answers": [{"text": "Rocky Mountains", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauht\u00e9moc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley."}], ["Akibat Perang Reformasi, kerajaan persekutuan telah bankrap dan tidak dapat membayar hutang asing ke Sepanyol, England, dan Perancis. Pada 17 Julai 1861, Presiden Ju\u00e1rez telah menetapkan satu larangan atas pembayaran kepada penghutang asing selama dua tahun. Sepanyol, England, dan Perancis tidak menerima moratorium oleh Mexico; mereka bersatu pada Konvensyen Perikatan Triple pada 31 Oktober 1861 di mana mereka bersetuju untuk mengambil alih beberapa stesen adat di Mexico sebagai pembayaran. Satu delegasi Perikatan Triple tiba di Veracruz pada bulan Disember 1861. Presiden Ju\u00e1rez segera menghantar Menteri Luar Negerinya, Manuel Doblado, yang mampu menurunkan hutang melalui Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). Jeneral Juan Prim dari Sepanyol memujuk delegasi Inggeris untuk menerima syarat-syarat Pacto de Soledad, tetapi delegasi Perancis menolak. <> Negara mana yang dimiliki hutang Mexico? || Sepanyol, England, dan Perancis <> Siapa presiden Mexico pada masa itu? || Presiden Ju\u00e1rez <> Siapa Menteri Luar Negeri? || Manuel Doblado <> Siapa yang meyakinkan orang Inggeris untuk menerima syarat-syarat perjanjian? || Jeneral Juan Prim dari Sepanyol <> Negara mana yang enggan terima? || Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Which countries owned Mexican debt?", "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc845", "answers": [{"text": "Spain, England, and France", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the President of Mexico at the time?", "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc846", "answers": [{"text": "President Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?", "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc847", "answers": [{"text": "Manuel Doblado", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?", "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc848", "answers": [{"text": "General Juan Prim of Spain", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country refused to accept?", "id": "57070b9290286e26004fc849", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Ju\u00e1rez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Ju\u00e1rez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused."}], ["Selepas kematian presiden Benito Ju\u00e1rez pada tahun 1872, magistrasi pertama negara itu diduduki oleh naib presiden Sebasti\u00e1n Lerdo de Tejada, yang menyerukan pemilihan baru. Dua calon didaftarkan; Lerdo de Tejada dan Jeneral Porfirio D\u00edaz, salah seorang pahlawan Pertempuran Puebla yang telah berlaku pada 5 Mei 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada memenangi pemilihan, tetapi kehilangan populariti selepas dia mengumumkan niatnya untuk dilantik semula. Pada 21 Mac 1876, Don Porfirio D\u00edaz memberontak terhadap Presiden Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. Rancangan Tuxtepec mempertahankan prinsip \"Tiada Pilihan Raya\". Pada 2 Jun 1876, garrison di negeri Chihuahua menyerah kepada pihak berkuasa Jeneral Porfirio D\u00edaz; Gubernur Antonio Ochoa telah ditangkap sehingga semua pasukan Lerdista ditindas di seluruh negeri. Porfirio D\u00edaz kemudian membantu T\u00edras mendapatkan kembali gabenor negeri Chihuahua yang membolehkan Pelan Tuxtepec dilaksanakan. Kemenangan Rancangan Tuxtepec, memberi jabatan presiden sementara kepada Jose Maria Iglesias dan kemudian, sebagai satu-satunya calon, Jenderal Porfirio D\u00edaz mengambil alih jabatan presiden pada 5 Mei 1877. Pada tahun-tahun pertama Porfiriato (Porfirio D\u00edaz Era) pentadbiran D\u00edaz terpaksa memerangi beberapa serangan dari pasukan Lerdista dan Apache. Pemberontakan baru yang diketuai oleh parti Lerdista telah dirancang dari pengasingan di Amerika Syarikat. Angkatan Lerdista dapat menduduki kota El Paso del Norte untuk sementara waktu sehingga pertengahan tahun 1877. Pada tahun 1877, bahagian utara negeri ini mengalami kesulitan dalam kemarau yang melampau yang bertanggungjawab terhadap banyak kematian di El Paso del Norte. <> Di mana tahun Benito Juarez mati? || 1872 <> Kedua-dua calon itu adalah pahlawan pertempuran apa? || Pertempuran Puebla <> Pelan manakah yang mempertahankan prinsip \"Tiada Pilihan Raya?\"? || Rancangan Tuxtepec <> Parti mana yang memberontak terhadap pentadbiran? || Parti Lerdista <> Bandar mana yang diduduki pasukan Lerdista? || El Paso del Norte", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Benito Juarez die?", "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9323", "answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The two candidates were heroes of what battle?", "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9324", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Puebla", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which plan defended the \"No Re-election\" principle?", "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9325", "answers": [{"text": "The Plan of Tuxtepec", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party rebelled against the administration?", "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9326", "answers": [{"text": "Lerdista party", "answer_start": 1322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?", "id": "57070c9b9e06ca38007e9327", "answers": [{"text": "El Paso del Norte", "answer_start": 1451}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the death of the president Benito Ju\u00e1rez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebasti\u00e1n Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio D\u00edaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio D\u00edaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the \"No Re-election\" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio D\u00edaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio D\u00edaz then helped T\u00edras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio D\u00edaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio D\u00edaz Era), the D\u00edaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte."}], ["Semasa Pendudukan Napoleonik di Spanyol, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, seorang imam Katolik idea-idea progresif, mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan Mexico di bandar kecil Dolores, Guanajuato pada 16 September 1810 dengan pengisytiharan yang dikenali sebagai \"Grito de Dolores\". Hidalgo membina sokongan besar di kalangan intelektual, imam liberal dan banyak orang miskin. Hidalgo berjuang untuk melindungi hak-hak penduduk miskin dan penduduk asli. Beliau memulakan perarakan ke ibukota, Bandar Raya Mexico, tetapi berundur ke utara ketika menghadapi golongan elit pasukan kerajaan di pinggiran ibukota. Dia menubuhkan kerajaan liberal dari Guadalajara, Jalisco tetapi tidak lama kemudian terpaksa melarikan diri ke utara oleh pasukan kerajaan yang menawan kota itu. Hidalgo cuba untuk mencapai Amerika Syarikat dan mendapat sokongan Amerika untuk kemerdekaan Mexico. HIdalgo tiba di Saltillo, Coahuila di mana dia secara terbuka meletak jawatan tentera dan menolak pengampunan yang ditawarkan oleh Viceroy Francisco Venegas sebagai balasan untuk penyerahan Hidalgo. Tidak lama kemudian, dia dan penyokongnya ditangkap oleh ketua kerajaan Ignacio Elizondo di Wells of Baj\u00e1n (Norias de Baj\u00e1n) pada 21 Mac 1811 dan dibawa ke bandar Chihuahua. Hidalgo memaksa Uskup Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, untuk membatalkan perintah pengingkaran yang telah dia beredar terhadapnya pada 24 September 1810. Kemudian, Inisiat mengeluarkan edisi ekskomunikasi pada 13 Oktober 1810 yang mengutuk Miguel Hidalgo sebagai pengkhianat, murtad, dan bidaah. <> Apa nama bandar di mana Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || Dolores <> Apakah nama Proklamasi? || Grito de Dolores <> Apa pekerjaan Hidalgo? || imam <> Apa nama raja yang menawan Hidalgo? || Ignacio Elizondo <> Negara manakah yang Hidalgo cuba untuk mencapai untuk mendapat sokongan? || Amerika Syarikat", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?", "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc821", "answers": [{"text": "Dolores", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Proclamation?", "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc822", "answers": [{"text": "Grito de Dolores", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Hidalgo's occupation?", "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc823", "answers": [{"text": "priest", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?", "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc824", "answers": [{"text": "Ignacio Elizondo", "answer_start": 1057}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?", "id": "5707083f90286e26004fc825", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the \"Grito de Dolores\". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baj\u00e1n (Norias de Baj\u00e1n) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic."}], ["Perjanjian Guadalupe Hidalgo, yang ditandatangani pada 2 Februari 1848, oleh diplomat Amerika Nicholas Trist dan wakil-wakil diplomatik Mexico, Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, dan Miguel Atristain, mengakhiri perang itu, memberikan kawalan Amerika Serikat yang tidak dipertikaikan di Texas, dan mendirikan AS -Mexican sempadan Rio Grande. Ketika berita rundingan damai sampai ke negeri itu, panggilan baru ke tangan mulai meletus di kalangan rakyat negeri ini. Tetapi ketika para pegawai Mexico di Chihuahua mendengar bahawa Harga Umum kembali ke Mexico dengan pasukan besar yang terdiri daripada beberapa syarikat infantri dan tiga syarikat kavaleri dan satu bahagian artileri ringan dari Santa Fe pada 8 Februari 1848, \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas menghantar mesej ke Sacramento Pass untuk meminta penggantian kawasan tersebut kerana mereka memahami perang telah selesai. Harga Umum, salah faham ini sebagai penipuan oleh pasukan Mexico, terus maju ke arah ibu negeri. Pada 16 Mac, 1848 Harga memulakan rundingan dengan \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas, tetapi pemimpin Mexico bertindak balas dengan ultimatum kepada General Price. Tentera Amerika terlibat dengan pasukan Mexico di dekat Santa Cruz de los Rosales pada 16 Mac 1848. Pertempuran Santa Cruz de los Rosales adalah pertempuran terakhir Perang Meksiko-Amerika dan terjadi setelah perjanjian damai ditandatangani. Tentera Amerika mengekalkan kawalan ke atas ibu negeri selama tiga bulan selepas pengesahan perjanjian damai. Kehadiran Amerika berkhidmat untuk menangguhkan kemungkinan penggantian negara yang telah dibincangkan pada akhir tahun 1847, dan negara itu tetap berada di bawah pendudukan Amerika Syarikat hingga 22 Mei 1848. <> Apa nama perjanjian yang mengakhiri perang? || Perjanjian Guadalupe Hidalgo <> Di mana tahun perjanjian ditandatangani? || 1848 <> Kawalan di mana negara A.S. semasa telah diberikan kepada A.S. di bawah perjanjian ini? || Texas <> Berapa lama AS terus mengekalkan kawalan ke atas ibu negeri selepas perjanjian? || tiga bulan <> Yang mana amal Amerika yang salah memahami mesej Mexico yang dihantar ke Sacramento Pass? || Harga Am", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?", "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f5", "answers": [{"text": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was the treaty signed?", "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f6", "answers": [{"text": "1848", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?", "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f7", "answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?", "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f8", "answers": [{"text": "three months", "answer_start": 1362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?", "id": "57070af49e06ca38007e92f9", "answers": [{"text": "General Price", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.\u2013Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican\u2013American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848."}], ["Antara AD 300 dan 1300 di bahagian utara negeri di sepanjang lembah yang luas dan subur di Sungai San Miguel, budaya Casas Grandes (Big Houses) berkembang menjadi tamadun maju. Tamadun Casas Grandes adalah sebahagian daripada budaya arkeologi prasejarah utama yang dikenali sebagai Mogollon yang berkaitan dengan budaya Pueblo Ancestral. Paquime adalah pusat tamadun Casas Grandes. Bukti arkeologi yang meluas menunjukkan perdagangan, pertanian, dan memburu di Paquime dan Cuarenta Casas (Empat puluh Rumah). <> Di mana rantau di negara ini berkembang budaya? || utara <> Kepada apa yang diterjemahkan Casas Grandes dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Big Houses <> Budaya prasejarah mana yang dilakukan oleh Casas Grandes? || Mogollon <> Apa bandar adalah pusat tamadun Casas Grandes? || Paquime <> Kepada apa yang diterjemahkan Cuarenta Casas dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Empat Puluh Rumah", {"qas": [{"question": "In which region of the state did culture develop?", "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93af", "answers": [{"text": "northern", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?", "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b0", "answers": [{"text": "Big Houses", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?", "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b1", "answers": [{"text": "Mogollon", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?", "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b2", "answers": [{"text": "Paquime", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?", "id": "570714249e06ca38007e93b3", "answers": [{"text": "Forty Houses", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses)."}], ["Menurut Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica, Geograf\u00eda e Inform\u00e1tica (INEGI), 95.6% penduduk berumur 15 tahun dapat membaca dan menulis bahasa Sepanyol, dan 97.3% kanak-kanak berumur 8-14 dapat membaca dan menulis bahasa Sepanyol. Dianggarkan 93.5% daripada penduduk umur 6-14 menghadiri institusi pendidikan. Anggaran 12.8% penduduk negeri ini telah mendapat ijazah kolej. Purata persekolahan adalah 8.5 tahun, yang bermaksud bahawa pada amnya purata warganegara berusia lebih 15 tahun telah mencapai sejauh tahun kedua dalam pendidikan menengah. <> Berapa peratus daripada populasi lebih daripada 15 boleh membaca dan menulis bahasa Sepanyol? || 95.6% <> Berapa peratus umur kanak-kanak berusia 8-14 dapat membaca dan menulis bahasa Sepanyol? || 97.3% <> Berapa peratus umur kanak-kanak berumur 6-14 menghadiri institusi pendidikan? || 93.5% <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk telah memperoleh ijazah kolej? || 12.8%", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?", "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9393", "answers": [{"text": "95.6%", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?", "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9394", "answers": [{"text": "97.3%", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?", "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9395", "answers": [{"text": "93.5%", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?", "id": "570712839e06ca38007e9396", "answers": [{"text": "12.8%", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica, Geograf\u00eda e Inform\u00e1tica (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8\u201314 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6\u201314 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education."}], ["Bukti terdahulu penduduk manusia zaman moden Chihuahua ditemui di kawasan Samalayuca dan Rancho Colorado. Titik Clovis telah ditemui di Chihuahua timur laut yang telah bertarikh dari 12.000 SM hingga 7000 SM. Adalah difikirkan penduduknya adalah pengumpul pemburu. Penduduk negeri kemudiannya mengembangkan ladang dengan penjagaan jagung. Tapak arkeologi di utara Chihuahua yang dikenali sebagai Cerro Juanaque\u00f1a menunjukkan penanaman skuasy, teknik pengairan, dan artifak seramik yang bertarikh sekitar 2000 SM. <> Di mana kawasan-kawasan tersebut adalah penduduk manusia terawal yang ditemui? || Samalayuca dan Rancho Colorado <> Berapa tahun lamanya runtuhan tertua? || 12,000 SM hingga 7000 SM <> Sayur-sayuran mana yang mereka temukan telah bertani? || jagung <> Sekitar tahun berapa artifak seramik yang didapati berasal dari? || 2000 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?", "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc893", "answers": [{"text": "Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What range of years are the oldest ruins from?", "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc894", "answers": [{"text": "12,000 BC to 7000 BC", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?", "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc895", "answers": [{"text": "corn", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?", "id": "570710cb90286e26004fc896", "answers": [{"text": "2000 BC", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaque\u00f1a revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC."}], ["Sepanjang tempoh 2000-2005 dianggarkan 49,722 orang meninggalkan negara itu untuk Amerika Syarikat. Sekitar 82,000 orang dikatakan telah berhijrah ke negeri itu dari 2000-2005 yang kebanyakannya berasal dari Veracruz (17.6%), Amerika Syarikat (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) dan Chiapas (4.5%). Adalah dipercayai bahawa terdapat sejumlah besar pendatang yang tidak berdokumen dalam negeri itu yang berasal dari Amerika Tengah dan Selatan yang terutama menetap di Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Mengikut banci tahun 2005, populasi meningkat 1.06% dari tahun 2000 hingga 2005. Negeri ini mempunyai penyelesaian yang tidak rata penduduk dan kepadatan populasi terendah di mana-mana negeri Mexico; menurut banci 2005 terdapat 12 orang setiap km2. Dari keseluruhan 3,241,444 orang di negeri ini, dua pertiga (2,072,129) tinggal di bandar-bandar Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez dan Chihuahua. Hanya tiga bandar lain yang mempunyai populasi lebih daripada 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauht\u00e9moc 105,725, dan Delicias 108,187. <> Berapa ramai yang meninggalkan negara untuk A.S. antara 2000-2005? || 49,722 <> Di mana bandar terdapat sejumlah besar pendatang tanpa izin? || Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez <> Adakah kepadatan penduduk tertinggi atau paling rendah dari mana-mana negara Mexico? || terendah <> Yang mana dua bandar terbesar di negeri ini? || Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez dan Chihuahua", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?", "id": "570711569e06ca38007e9377", "answers": [{"text": "49,722", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?", "id": "570711569e06ca38007e9378", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?", "id": "570711569e06ca38007e9379", "answers": [{"text": "lowest", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which are the largest two cities in the state?", "id": "570711569e06ca38007e937a", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez and Chihuahua", "answer_start": 782}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the period from 2000\u20132005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000\u20132005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauht\u00e9moc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187."}], ["Negara ini mempunyai ekonomi negara ke-12 terbesar di Mexico, menyumbang 2.7% daripada KDNK negara. Chihuahua mempunyai keluaran tertinggi KDNK kelima di Mexico dan menduduki tempat kedua bagi kebanyakan kilang yang dibiayai oleh pelaburan asing di negara ini. Sehingga 2011 [kemas kini], negeri itu mempunyai anggaran KDNK tahunan sebanyak 396 bilion peso (31.1 bilion dolar). Menurut kajian statistik persekutuan rasmi, sektor perkhidmatan menyumbang sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi negara pada 59.28%; sektor perkilangan dan industri dianggarkan menyumbang 34.36% daripada KDNK negeri, dengan sektor pertanian menyumbang 6.36% daripada KDNK negeri. Sektor perkilangan adalah pelaburan asing utama di negeri ini diikuti oleh sektor perlombongan. Pada tahun 2011, negara menerima kira-kira 884 juta dolar dalam kiriman wang dari Amerika Syarikat, yang merupakan 4.5% daripada semua kiriman wang dari Amerika Syarikat ke Mexico. <> Ekonomi negara berada di tempat di negara Mexico || Ke-12 terbesar <> Apakah KDNK negara pada 2011? || 396 bilion peso <> Sektor mana bahagian terbesar dalam ekonomi? || sektor perkhidmatan <> sektor mana yang terbesar kedua? || sektor pembuatan dan perindustrian <> Kerajaan menerima berapa banyak kiriman wang dari A.S. pada tahun 2011? || 884 juta dolar", {"qas": [{"question": "The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico", "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b5", "answers": [{"text": "12th-largest", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?", "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b6", "answers": [{"text": "396 billion pesos", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?", "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b7", "answers": [{"text": "service sector", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sector was the second largest?", "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b8", "answers": [{"text": "the manufacturing and industrial sector", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?", "id": "5707130190286e26004fc8b9", "answers": [{"text": "884 million dollars", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country\u2019s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico."}], ["Dalam perundangan atau konvensi konstituen, unsur-unsur konservatif dan liberal terbentuk menggunakan nama samaran Chirrines dan Cuchas. Tentera masuk sebagai pihak ketiga. Pilihanraya untuk perundangan biasa pertama telah dipertikaikan, dan tidak sampai 1 Mei 1826, bahawa badan itu dipasang. Liberal menguasai dan pembangkang bertindak balas dengan menimbulkan konspirasi. Ini dihentikan segera dengan bantuan pemberi maklumat, dan langkah-langkah yang lebih berat diambil terhadap konservatif. Kuasa tambahan telah diberikan kepada gabenor Durango, Santiago Baca Ortiz, timbalan kepada kongres nasional pertama, dan pemimpin partai liberal. <> Yang nama samaran digunakan untuk membentuk unsur-unsur konservatif dan liberal? || Chirrines and Cuchas <> Yang mana pihak ketiga? || Tentera <> Di mana tahun itu dipasang badan? || 1826 <> Pihak mana yang telah mendapat kawalan? || liberal <> Siapa gabenor Durango? || Santiago Baca Ortiz", {"qas": [{"question": "Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?", "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e937f", "answers": [{"text": "Chirrines and Cuchas", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the third party?", "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9380", "answers": [{"text": "The military", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was the body installed?", "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9381", "answers": [{"text": "1826", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party had gained control?", "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9382", "answers": [{"text": "liberals", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Durango governor?", "id": "570711b19e06ca38007e9383", "answers": [{"text": "Santiago Baca Ortiz", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party."}], ["Ciri-ciri umum kejadian terdahulu juga digunakan untuk Chihuahua, walaupun dalam bentuk yang diubahsuai. Orang pertama yang dipilih di bawah perlembagaan baru tahun 1825 ialah Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez, yang berada di Sonora, diarahkan untuk kekal di sana. Jos\u00e9 Antonio Arc\u00e9 mengambil tempatnya sebagai penguasa di Chihuahua. Pada tahun 1829, Gonz\u00e1lez menjadi komandan umum Chihuahua, ketika tempoh jawatannya di pantai barat tamat. Arc\u00e9 adalah kurang daripada yorkino berbanding dengan Durango. Walaupun tidak dapat menahan permintaan popular untuk pengusiran orang Sepanyol, dia tidak lama lagi bertengkar dengan badan perundangan, yang menyatakan dengan tegas untuk Guerrero, dan mengumumkan sokongannya terhadap revolusi Bustamante, ia digantung, pada bulan Maret 1830, lapan anggota badan itu, naib gabenor, dan beberapa pegawai lain, dan mengusir mereka dari negeri. Kursus itu digariskan diikuti oleh Gabenor Jos\u00e9 Isidro Madero, yang berjaya pada tahun 1830, yang dikaitkan dengan J. J. Calvo sebagai komandan umum, undang-undang yang ketat dikeluarkan daripada masyarakat rahsia, yang sepatutnya menjadi mata utama kepada perasaan anti-clerical di antara kaum liberal. <> Siapa orang yang pertama dipilih di bawah perlembagaan baru? || Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez <> Di manakah Gonzalez terletak ketika dia dipilih? || Sonora <> Di mana tahun itu Gonzalez menjadi komandan Chihuahua? || 1829 <> Kepada siapa nama revolusi itu? || Bustamante <> Undang-undang tertulis dikeluarkan terhadap kumpulan apa? || persatuan rahsia", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?", "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a5", "answers": [{"text": "Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?", "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a6", "answers": [{"text": "Sonora", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?", "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a7", "answers": [{"text": "1829", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was the revolution named?", "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a8", "answers": [{"text": "Bustamante", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Stringed laws were issued against what group?", "id": "570713ba9e06ca38007e93a9", "answers": [{"text": "secret societies", "answer_start": 999}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. Jos\u00e9 Antonio Arc\u00e9 took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, Gonz\u00e1lez became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arc\u00e9 was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor Jos\u00e9 Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals."}], ["La Cueva De Las Ventanas (Gua Windows), satu siri tempat tinggal di tebing sepanjang laluan perdagangan yang penting, dan Gua Las Jarillas bergegas di sepanjang tebing Sierra Madre di barat laut Chihuahua antara AD 1205 dan 1260 dan tergolong dalam budaya Paquim\u00e9 . Cuarenta Casas dianggap sebagai penyelesaian cawangan dari Paquime untuk melindungi laluan perdagangan daripada serangan. Ahli arkeologi percaya bahawa tamadun mula menurun pada abad ke-13 dan pada abad ke-15, penduduk Paquime mencari perlindungan di Sierra Madre Occidental sementara yang lain dianggap telah berhijrah ke utara dan menyertai masyarakat Pueblo Ancestral. Menurut kaum antropolog suku asli (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, dan Tarahumara) adalah keturunan budaya Casas Grandes. <> Sepanjang hinggap gunung apakah Gua Windows berbohong? || Sierra Madre <> Cuarenta Casas dianggap sebagai cabang penyelesaiannya? || Paquime <> Di mana Paquime berlindung? || Sierra Madre Occidental <> Yang suku kaum yang sekarang dianggap sebagai keturunan Casas Grandes? || Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, dan Tarahumara", {"qas": [{"question": "Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?", "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9365", "answers": [{"text": "Sierra Madre", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?", "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9366", "answers": [{"text": "Paquime", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Paquime seek refuge?", "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9367", "answers": [{"text": "Sierra Madre Occidental", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?", "id": "57070fe09e06ca38007e9368", "answers": [{"text": "Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquim\u00e9 culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture."}], ["Pada 1562 Francisco de Ibarra mengetuai ekspedisi peribadi untuk mencari bandar-bandar mitos Cibola dan Quivira; dia mengembara ke Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra dianggap sebagai orang Eropah pertama yang melihat runtuhan Paquime. Pada 1564 Rodrigo de R\u00edo de Loza, letnan di bawah Francisco de Ibarra, tinggal di belakang selepas ekspedisi itu dan mendapati emas di kaki gunung Sierra Madre Occidental; dia mengasaskan bandar Sepanyol pertama di rantau ini, Santa Barbara pada tahun 1567 dengan membawa 400 keluarga Eropah ke penempatan itu. Beberapa tahun kemudian di 1569 mubaligh Franciscan yang diketuai oleh Fray Agust\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez dari pantai Sinaloa dan negeri Durango mengasaskan misi pertama di negeri ini di Valle de San Bartolom\u00e9 (sekarang Valle de Allende). Fray Agust\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez menginjili penduduk asli sehingga 1581. Antara 1586 dan 1588 wabak menyebabkan penghijrahan sementara penduduk kecil di wilayah Nueva Vizcaya. <> Kota mana yang dicari oleh Ibarra? || Cibola dan Quivira <> Melalui mana keadaan masa kini dia pergi? || Chihuahua <> Ibarra dianggap sebagai orang Eropah pertama yang melihat runtuhan kota mana? || Paquime <> Yang mana bandar pertama di Sepanyol yang diasaskan di rantau ini? || Santa Barbara <> Apa yang menyebabkan penghijrahan sementara dari Nueva Vizcaya? || wabak", {"qas": [{"question": "Which cities was Ibarra looking for?", "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a3", "answers": [{"text": "Cibola and Quivira", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through which present-day state did he travel?", "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a4", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?", "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a5", "answers": [{"text": "Paquime", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?", "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a6", "answers": [{"text": "Santa Barbara", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?", "id": "5707121890286e26004fc8a7", "answers": [{"text": "epidemic", "answer_start": 889}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de R\u00edo de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agust\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolom\u00e9 (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agust\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya."}], ["dan Camargo. Pada tahun 1631, Juan Rangel de Biezma menemui sebilangan besar perak, dan kemudiannya menubuhkan San Jose del Parral berhampiran tapak tersebut. Parral kekal sebagai pusat ekonomi dan budaya penting untuk 300 tahun akan datang. Pada 8 Disember 1659 Fray Garc\u00eda de San Francisco mengasaskan misi Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del R\u00edo del Norte dan mengasaskan bandar El Paso Del Norte (hari ini Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez) pada tahun 1667. Masyarakat Sepanyol yang maju di rantau ini menggantikan populasi penduduk pribumi yang jarang berlaku. Ketiadaan hamba dan pekerja memupuk semangat orang utara sebagai orang yang bergantung kepada diri sendiri dan kreatif yang mempertahankan warisan Eropah mereka. Pada tahun 1680 peneroka dari Santa Fe, New Mexico mencari perlindungan di El Paso Del Norte selama dua belas tahun selepas melarikan diri dari serangan puak-puak Pueblo, tetapi kembali ke Santa Fe pada tahun 1692 selepas Diego de Vargas menawan semula bandar dan sekitarnya. Pada tahun 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa mengasaskan ibu negeri Chihuahua City; sejurus selepas itu, bandar itu menjadi ibu pejabat bagi pejabat perlombongan serantau mahkota Sepanyol yang dikenali sebagai Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cu\u00e9llar sebagai penghormatan kepada Viceroy Sepanyol Baru, Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cueva Enr\u00edquez, Duke of Alburquerque dan Marquee of Cu\u00e9llar .. <> Apa logam berharga yang Biezma menemui? || perak <> Berapa tahun Parral merupakan pusat ekonomi dan budaya penting? || 300 tahun <> Di mana tahun penduduk Sante Fe pulang dari mencari perlindungan? || 1692 <> Modal negeri mana yang baru ditubuhkan pada tahun 1709? || Bandar Chihuahua <> Di mana bandar mempunyai penduduk Sante Fe mencari perlindungan? || El Paso Del Norte", {"qas": [{"question": "Which precious metal did Biezma discover?", "id": "5707107390286e26004fc889", "answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?", "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88a", "answers": [{"text": "300 years", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?", "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88b", "answers": [{"text": "1692", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which new state capital was founded in 1709?", "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88c", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua City", "answer_start": 975}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?", "id": "5707107390286e26004fc88d", "answers": [{"text": "El Paso Del Norte", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray Garc\u00eda de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del R\u00edo del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cu\u00e9llar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cueva Enr\u00edquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cu\u00e9llar.."}], ["Perasaan anti-clerical telah meluas, dan Durango menyokong reaksi awal terhadap pemerintah di Mexico. Pada bulan Mei 1832, Jos\u00e9 Urrea, pegawai yang meningkat, menyokong pemulihan Presiden Pedraza. Pada 20 Julai, Gabenor Elorriaga telah dikembalikan semula, dan Baca bersama dengan minoriti perundangan telah dibawa kembali untuk membentuk badan perundangan baru, yang ditemui pada 1 September. Chihuahua tidak menunjukkan hasrat untuk meniru gerakan revolusioner dan Urrea bersedia untuk menyerang negeri itu. Jeneral Comandante J.J.Calvo mengancam untuk membalas, dan konflik seolah-olah akan berlaku. Kemasukan General Santa Anna ke Mexico menjadi tenang, kerana para pemimpin menunggu kejelasan. <> Siapa yang menyokong reaksi terhadap kerajaan? || Durango <> Yang menyokong pemulihan Presiden Pedraza? || Jos\u00e9 Urrea <> Negeri mana Urrea bersedia untuk menyerang? || Chihuahua <> Yang mengancam untuk membalas? || J.J.Calvo", {"qas": [{"question": "Who supported the reaction against the government?", "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93df", "answers": [{"text": "Durango", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?", "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93e0", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Urrea", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?", "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93e1", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who threatened to retaliate?", "id": "570716129e06ca38007e93e2", "answers": [{"text": "J.J.Calvo", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, Jos\u00e9 Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity."}], ["Santa B\u00e1rbara menjadi tempat pelancaran untuk ekspedisi ke New Mexico oleh penakluk Sepanyol seperti: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Casta\u00f1o, Antonio Guti\u00e9rrez de Uma\u00f1a, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, dan Vicente de Zald\u00edvar. Beberapa ekspedisi telah dibawa untuk mencari laluan yang lebih pendek dari Santa Barbara ke New Mexico. Pada April 1598, Juan de O\u00f1ate akhirnya menemui laluan singkat dari Santa Barbara ke New Mexico yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). Penemuan El Paso Del Norte adalah penting untuk pengembangan El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (Jalan Diraja Tanah Diraja) untuk menghubungkan penempatan Sepanyol di New Mexico ke Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro memudahkan pengangkutan peneroka dan bekalan ke New Mexico. <> Kota manakah yang menjadi tempat pelancaran untuk ekspedisi ke New Mexico? || Santa B\u00e1rbara <> Di mana tahun El Paso del Norte dijumpai? || 1598 <> Jalan itu penting untuk pengembangan jalan mana? || El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro <> Yang mana negara A.S. mendapat manfaat dari jalan ini? || Mexico baru", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?", "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c3", "answers": [{"text": "Santa B\u00e1rbara", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was El Paso del Norte found?", "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c4", "answers": [{"text": "1598", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The path was important for the expansion of which road?", "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c5", "answers": [{"text": "El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. state benefited from this road?", "id": "570714f39e06ca38007e93c6", "answers": [{"text": "New Mexico", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Santa B\u00e1rbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Casta\u00f1o, Antonio Guti\u00e9rrez de Uma\u00f1a, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zald\u00edvar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de O\u00f1ate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico."}], ["Di bawah ancaman dari pasukan konservatif, Gabenor Terrazas digulingkan, dan badan legislatif negeri menyatakan undang-undang tentera di negeri itu pada April 1864 dan menubuhkan Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes sebagai gabenor baru. Sebagai tindak balas, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni memutuskan untuk berarak ke Chihuahua dengan sokongan presiden. Sementara itu, Maximilian von Habsburg, adik lelaki Maharaja Austria, telah diisytiharkan Maharaja Maximilian I dari Mexico pada 10 April 1864 dengan sokongan Napoleon III dan sekumpulan konservatif Mexico. Sebelum Presiden Benito Ju\u00e1rez dipaksa melarikan diri, Kongres memberi kepadanya pelanjutan kecemasan jawatan presidennya, yang akan berkuatkuasa pada tahun 1865 apabila tempohnya tamat, dan terakhir hingga 1867. Pada masa yang sama, liberal dan konservatif negeri berkompromi untuk membenarkan popular \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas mengambil gubernur; pada masa ini pasukan Perancis telah mengambil alih kawalan ke bahagian tengah negara dan membuat persiapan untuk menyerang negeri utara. <> Siapa yang ditahan di bawah ancaman daripada angkatan konservatif? || Gabenor Terrazas <> Siapa yang ditubuhkan sebagai gabenor baru? || Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes <> Siapa yang membuat keputusan untuk berbaris di Chihuahua sebagai respons? || Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni <> Yang presiden terpaksa melarikan diri? || Presiden Benito Ju\u00e1rez <> Sehingga tahun apakah tempohnya yang terakhir? || 1867", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?", "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e3", "answers": [{"text": "Governor Terrazas", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was established as the new governor?", "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e4", "answers": [{"text": "Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?", "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e5", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president was forced to flee?", "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e6", "answers": [{"text": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until which year did his extended term last?", "id": "570716b490286e26004fc8e7", "answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes as the new governor. In response, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states."}], ["Pada 8 Februari 1847, Doniphan meneruskan perarakannya dengan 924 orang kebanyakannya dari Missouri; dia mengiringi kereta api 315 gerabak kafilah komersil besar yang menuju ke ibu negeri. Sementara itu, pasukan Mexico di negeri ini mempunyai masa untuk menyediakan pertahanan terhadap Amerika. Sekitar 20 batu (32 km) di utara ibu negara di mana dua kawasan gunung bergabung dari timur ke barat adalah satu-satunya jalan ke ibu kota; yang dikenali sebagai Sacramento Pass, titik ini kini menjadi sebahagian daripada Bandar Chihuahua sekarang ini. Pertempuran Sacramento adalah pertempuran paling penting yang berjuang di negeri Chihuahua kerana ia merupakan pertahanan tunggal untuk ibu negeri. Pertempuran berakhir dengan cepat kerana beberapa kesilapan pertahanan yang dahsyat dari pasukan Mexico dan gerakan strategik yang bijak oleh pasukan Amerika. Selepas kehilangan mereka di Pertempuran Sacramento, askar-askar Mexico yang tersisa mundur ke selatan, meninggalkan bandar itu ke pendudukan Amerika. Hampir 300 orang Mexico terbunuh dalam pertempuran, dan hampir 300 orang cedera. Orang Amerika turut merampas sejumlah besar bekalan Mexico dan mengambil 400 tahanan tentera Mexico. Tentera Amerika mengekalkan pendudukan ibukota negara untuk Perang Amerika-Amerika yang lain. <> Di mana tahun Doniphan berjalan dengan lelaki dari Missouri? || 1847 <> Berapa banyak lelaki yang dia ada? || 924 <> Apa pas masuk ke ibu negara yang dikenali sebagai? || Sacramento Pass <> Yang mana pertempuran paling penting yang pernah berlaku di Chihuahua? || Pertempuran Sacramento <> Berapa banyak orang Mexico terbunuh dalam pertempuran Sacramento? || Hampir 300", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?", "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d5", "answers": [{"text": "1847", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men did he have?", "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d6", "answers": [{"text": "924", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the pass into the capital known as?", "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d7", "answers": [{"text": "Sacramento Pass", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?", "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d8", "answers": [{"text": "The Battle of Sacramento", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?", "id": "570715c09e06ca38007e93d9", "answers": [{"text": "Almost 300", "answer_start": 916}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City. The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican\u2013American War."}], ["Kongres Amerika Syarikat mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Mexico pada 13 Mei 1846 selepas hanya beberapa jam untuk diperdebatkan. Walaupun penerbitan manifesto Presiden Jos\u00e9 Mariano Paredes pada manifesto pada 23 Mei kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai pengisytiharan perang, Mexico secara rasmi mengisytiharkan perang oleh Kongres pada 7 Julai. Selepas pencerobohan Amerika New Mexico, Chihuahua menghantar 12,000 orang yang diketuai oleh Kolonel Vidal ke sempadan hentikan pendahuluan ketenteraan Amerika ke negeri ini. Pasukan Mexico yang tidak sabar untuk menghadapi tentera Amerika melepasi El Paso del Norte kira-kira 20 batu (32 km) di utara Rio Grande. Pertempuran pertama yang dilakukan Chihuahua adalah pertempuran El Bracito; tentera Mexico yang terdiri daripada 500 orang kavaleri dan 70 infantri yang dihadapkan kepada pasukan 1,100-1,200 orang Amerika pada 25 Disember 1846. Pertempuran berakhir dengan buruk oleh pasukan Mexico yang kemudiannya terpaksa berundur kembali ke negeri Chihuahua. Menjelang 27 Disember 1846, tentera Amerika menduduki El Paso Del Norte. Ketua Doniphan mengekalkan kem di El Paso Del Norte menunggu bekalan dan artileri yang diterima pada Februari 1847. <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan perang ke Mexico pada tahun 1846? || Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak lelaki yang menghantar Chihuahua untuk mempertahankan New Mexico? || 12,000 <> Yang mana pertempuran pertama yang dilancarkan oleh Chihuahua? || pertempuran El Bracito <> Siapa yang memenangi pertempuran? || Amerika Syarikat <> Yang dikendalikan umum di kem El Paso Del Norte selepas pertempuran? || Ketua Doniphan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?", "id": "570718919e06ca38007e9419", "answers": [{"text": "The United States", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?", "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941a", "answers": [{"text": "12,000", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?", "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941b", "answers": [{"text": "battle of El Bracito", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the battle?", "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941c", "answers": [{"text": "The United States", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?", "id": "570718919e06ca38007e941d", "answers": [{"text": "General Doniphan", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate. Although President Jos\u00e9 Mariano Paredes's issuance of a manifesto on May 23 is sometimes considered the declaration of war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7. After the American invasion of New Mexico, Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to the border to stop the American military advance into the state. The Mexican forces being impatient to confront the American forces passed beyond El Paso del Norte about 20 miles (32 km) north along the Rio Grande. The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100\u20131,200 Americans on December 25, 1846. The battle ended badly by the Mexican forces that were then forced to retreat back into the state of Chihuahua. By December 27, 1846, the American forces occupied El Paso Del Norte. General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847."}], ["Ketua Aguirre berpindah ke padang pasir di bahagian tenggara negeri itu dan mengalahkan pasukan Perancis di Parral, yang diketuai oleh Kolonel Cottret. Pada pertengahan tahun 1866, keadaan Chihuahua diisytiharkan bebas kawalan musuh; Parral adalah kubu kuat Perancis yang terakhir di negeri ini. Pada 17 Jun 1866, Presiden Ju\u00e1rez tiba di Chihuahua City dan kekal di ibu negara sehingga 10 Disember 1866. Selama dua tahun di negeri Chihuahua, Presiden Ju\u00e1rez meluluskan ordinan mengenai hak penghukuman harta dan menasionalisasi harta milik pendeta. Jarak angkatan Perancis dan sekutu mereka membenarkan Kementerian Perang, yang diketuai oleh Jeneral Negrete, untuk menyusun semula pengawal kebangsaan negara ke Batalion Patriotik Chihuahua, yang ditugaskan untuk bertempur dalam pertempuran Matamoros, Tamaulipas melawan Perancis. Selepas beberapa kekalahan utama dan ancaman yang semakin meningkat dari Prussia, Perancis mula menarik tentera keluar dari Mexico pada akhir 1866. Dengan kecemasan dengan pandangan politik Maximilian, konservatif-konsilat Mexico itu meninggalkannya, dan pada tahun 1867, pasukan terakhir Kaisar dikalahkan . Maximilian dijatuhi hukuman mati oleh mahkamah tentera; walaupun pengakuan nasional dan antarabangsa untuk pengampunan, Ju\u00e1rez enggan berulang. Maximilian disempurnakan oleh skuad menembak pada 19 Jun 1867. <> Di mana Aguirre mengalahkan pasukan Perancis? || Parral <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan Perancis? || Kolonel Cottret <> Selama tahun mana Chihuahua mengisytiharkan bebas kawalan musuh? || 1866 <> Siapa yang meluluskan undang-undang mengenai hak penghukuman harta? || Presiden Ju\u00e1rez <> Siapa yang disempurnakan oleh skuad menembak pada 19 Jun 1867? || Maximilian", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?", "id": "570718049e06ca38007e940f", "answers": [{"text": "Parral", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had been leading the French forces?", "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9410", "answers": [{"text": "Colonel Cottret", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?", "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9411", "answers": [{"text": "1866", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?", "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9412", "answers": [{"text": "President Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?", "id": "570718049e06ca38007e9413", "answers": [{"text": "Maximilian", "answer_start": 1287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Ju\u00e1rez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Ju\u00e1rez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Ju\u00e1rez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867."}], ["Hidalgo dipuji sebagai Bapa Bangsa walaupun Agustin de Iturbide dan bukan Hidalgo yang mencapai Kemerdekaan Mexico pada tahun 1821. Tidak lama selepas mendapat kemerdekaan, hari untuk merayakannya berubah-ubah antara 16 September, hari Hidalgo's Grito, dan 27 September , hari Iturbide menunggang ke Mexico City untuk menamatkan perang. Kemudian, gerakan politik akan memihak Hidalgo yang lebih liberal ke atas Iturbide konservatif, sehingga pada 16 September 1810 menjadi hari kebebasan Mexico yang diiktiraf secara rasmi. Sebabnya ialah Hidalgo dianggap sebagai \"pendahulu dan pencipta sisa pahlawan Perang Kemerdekaan (Perang Mexico).\" Hidalgo telah menjadi ikon bagi orang Mexico yang menentang kezaliman di negara ini. Diego Rivera melukis imej Hidalgo dalam setengah doa mural. Jos\u00e9 Clemente Orozco menggambarkan dia dengan obor kebebasan yang menyala dan menganggap lukisan di antara karya terbaiknya. David Alfaro Siqueiros telah ditugaskan oleh Universiti San Nicolas di Morelia untuk melukis mural untuk perayaan yang memperingati ulang tahun ke-200 kelahiran Hidalgo. Bandar parokinya itu dinamakan semula sebagai Dolores Hidalgo dalam penghormatannya dan keadaan Hidalgo diciptakan pada tahun 1869. Setiap tahun pada malam 15-16 September, presiden Mexico membuat semula Grito dari balkoni Istana Negara. Pemandangan ini diulangi oleh ketua-ketua kota dan bandar-bandar di seluruh Mexico. Sisa-sisa Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla terletak di ruang Malaikat Kemerdekaan di Mexico City. Di sebelahnya adalah lampu menyala untuk mewakili pengorbanan mereka yang memberikan nyawa mereka untuk Kemerdekaan Mexico. <> Siapa yang dipuji sebagai Bapa Negara? || Hidalgo <> Siapa yang sebenarnya mencapai kemerdekaan untuk bangsa? || Agustin de Iturbide <> Hari mana akhirnya menjadi hari rasmi Kemerdekaan Mexico? || 16 September 1810 <> Siapa yang melukis imej Hidalgo pada setengah doa mural? || Diego Rivera <> Di mana bandar Hidalgo tetap berdusta? || Bandar Mexico.", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?", "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cb", "answers": [{"text": "Hidalgo", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who actually achieved independence for the nation?", "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cc", "answers": [{"text": "Agustin de Iturbide", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?", "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cd", "answers": [{"text": "September 16, 1810", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?", "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93ce", "answers": [{"text": "Diego Rivera", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?", "id": "570715649e06ca38007e93cf", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico City.", "answer_start": 1496}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be \"precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence.\" Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. Jos\u00e9 Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15\u201316 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence."}], ["Negara ini agak tenang dibandingkan dengan negara lain akibat hubungan rapatnya dengan Amerika Syarikat hingga tahun 1841. Pada tahun 1843 kemungkinan perang diantisipasi oleh kerajaan negeri dan ia mula memperkuat garis pertahanan di sepanjang batas politik dengan Texas. Bekalan senjata dihantar untuk melengkapkan sepenuhnya tentera dan mengambil langkah-langkah untuk meningkatkan kecekapan di presidios. Kemudian, Regimen untuk Pertahanan Sempadan dianjurkan oleh negara yang terdiri daripada: pasukan berkuda ringan, empat pasukan dari dua briged, dan pasukan kecil 14 orang dan 42 pegawai pada harga 160,603 peso setahun. Semasa permulaan tahun 1840-an, penduduk swasta mengambilnya untuk menghentikan karavan komersial bekalan dari Amerika Syarikat, tetapi jauh dari pembekal besar di pusat Mexico karavan itu dibenarkan diteruskan pada bulan Mac 1844. Meneruskan untuk menjangka peperangan, badan perundangan negeri pada 11 Julai 1846 oleh dekri mendaftarkan 6000 orang untuk berkhidmat di sepanjang sempadan; Pada masa itu \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas dengan cepat meningkat dengan memaparkan retorik anti-Amerika yang bersemangat. Tr\u00edas mengambil peluang untuk mendedikasikan sumber-sumber negara penting untuk mendapatkan konsesi ekonomi dari rakyat dan pinjaman dari banyak majlis perbandaran sebagai persediaan untuk mempertahankan negara; dia menggunakan semua wang yang dia terima untuk melengkapkan dan menyusun sebuah sukarelawan sukarelawan besar. \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas mengambil langkah-langkah untuk pergantungan diri negeri berkenaan dengan militia negeri akibat sokongan kewangan berkurangan daripada kerajaan persekutuan. <> Hingga tahun apa negeri itu kekal tenang? || 1841 <> Di mana tahun apakah negeri mula mengukuhkan pertahanan? || 1843 <> Apakah harga pasukan kecil di sepanjang sempadan? || 160,603 peso setahun <> Kerajaan menyatakan berapa banyak lelaki yang berkhidmat sepanjang sempadan pada tahun 1846? || 6,000 <> Siapa yang mengambil langkah ke peringkat negeri untuk bergantung diri kerana mengurangkan sokongan kewangan daripada kerajaan persekutuan? || \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", {"qas": [{"question": "Until what year did the state remain calm?", "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93b9", "answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?", "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93ba", "answers": [{"text": "1843", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the price of the small force along the border?", "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93bb", "answers": [{"text": "160,603 pesos per year", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?", "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93bc", "answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 975}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?", "id": "570714959e06ca38007e93bd", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", "answer_start": 1373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Tr\u00edas took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government."}], ["Negara bersatu di sebalik Pelan Ayutla dan meratifikasi perlembagaan baru pada tahun 1855. Negara itu mampu bertahan melalui Perang Reform dengan kerusakan yang sedikit disebabkan oleh banyaknya tokoh politik liberal. Pergerakan konservatif pada tahun 1858 tidak berjaya di negeri itu walaupun selepas kempen tentera Zuloaga yang konservatif berjaya dengan 1,000 orang menduduki bandar Chihuahua dan Parral. Pada bulan Ogos 1859, Zuloaga dan pasukannya dikalahkan oleh Orozco liberal dan pasukannya; Orozco tidak lama selepas menggulingkan gabenor negeri, tetapi terpaksa melarikan diri ke Durango dua bulan kemudian. Pada akhir 1860-an, Jeneral Cajen yang konservatif memasuki negara ini selepas kempennya melalui negeri Jalisco dan membantu menubuhkan ahli politik konservatif dan melarikan diri pemimpin-pemimpin liberal Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega dan Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni. Cajen mengambil alih modal negeri dan menubuhkan dirinya sebagai gabenor; dia tidak membuang masa untuk menyatukan pasukan yang besar untuk memerangi pasukan liberal yang dikalahkannya di La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen memperoleh beberapa kelebihan terhadap liberal di dalam negeri, tetapi tidak lama lagi kehilangan pendiriannya kerana kebangkitan kuat pasukan liberal di dalam negeri. Para pemimpin liberal yang berjaya Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni dari Durango dan J.E Mu\u00f1oz dari Chihuahua dengan cepat menguatkan kedudukan mereka dengan membatasi hak-hak politik para ulama yang melaksanakan keputusan presiden. Negara terpilih sebagai Ketua Umum Luis Terrazas, pemimpin liberal, sebagai gubernur; dia akan terus berjuang melawan pertempuran-pertempuran kecil di negeri ini untuk menindas kebangkitan konservatif pada tahun 1861. <> Di mana tahun perlembagaan baru telah disahkan? || 1855 <> Kerajaan mampu bertahan melalui peperangan mana? || Perang Reformasi <> Pergerakan konservatif berlaku pada tahun mana? || 1858 <> 1000 orang menduduki bandar mana? || Chihuahua dan Parral <> Siapa yang menubuhkan dirinya sebagai gabenor? || Cajen", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was the new constitution ratified?", "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fb", "answers": [{"text": "1855", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state was able to survive through which war?", "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fc", "answers": [{"text": "Reform War", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The conservative movement occurred during which year?", "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fd", "answers": [{"text": "1858", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "1000 men occupied which cities?", "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93fe", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua and Parral", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established himself as governor?", "id": "5707171c9e06ca38007e93ff", "answers": [{"text": "Cajen", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni of Durango and J.E. Mu\u00f1oz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861."}], ["Setelah menjalankan urusan tentera imperial di wilayah Coahuila dan Durango, Jeneral Agust\u00edn Enrique Brincourt membuat persiapan untuk menyerang negeri Chihuahua. Pada 8 Julai 1865 Brincourt melintasi Sungai Nazas di utara Durango, menuju ke Chihuahua. Pada 22 Julai Brincourt melintasi tebing R\u00edo Florido ke Ciudad Jim\u00e9nez; suatu hari kemudian dia tiba di Valle de Allende di mana dia menghantar Kolonel Pyot dengan pasukan pengawal untuk mengawal Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt diteruskan melalui Santa Rosalia de Camargo dan Santa Cruz de Rosales. Presiden Ju\u00e1rez kekal di ibu negara hingga 5 Ogos 1865 ketika dia pergi ke El Paso del Norte (Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez sekarang) kerana bukti bahawa Perancis akan menyerang kota. Pada hari yang sama, Presiden menamakan Jeneral Manuel Ojinaga sebagai gabenor baru dan meletakkannya bertanggungjawab atas semua kuasa republikan. Sementara itu, Jeneral Villagran mengejutkan pasukan imperialis yang menguasai Hidalgo de Parral; selepas pertempuran dua jam yang singkat, Kolonel Pyot dikalahkan dan terpaksa berundur. Di Pertempuran Parral, Perancis kehilangan 55 orang kepada pasukan Republikan. Pada 13 Ogos 1865, pasukan Perancis dengan kira-kira 2,500 orang tiba di pinggir bandar Chihuahua, dan pada 15 Ogos 1865, Ketua Brincourt mengalahkan pasukan republikan, menguasai ibu negeri. Brincourt yang ditunjuk Tom\u00e1s Zuloaga sebagai Pengawas Chihuahua. Takut akan Perancis akan meneruskan kempen mereka ke El Paso del Norte, Presiden Ju\u00e1rez berpindah ke El Carrizal, tempat terpencil di pergunungan dekat El Paso del Norte, pada bulan Ogos 1865,. Adalah mudah bagi pasukan Perancis untuk meneruskan usaha mengejar Presiden Ju\u00e1rez melintasi sempadan, tetapi mereka takut dengan perbalahan dengan pasukan Amerika. Jeneral Fran\u00e7ois Achille Bazaine memerintahkan tentera Perancis untuk berundur kembali ke negeri Durango setelah hanya sampai satu hari perjalanan ke utara Bandar Chihuahua. Ketua Brincourt meminta 1,000 orang ditinggalkan untuk membantu mengekalkan kawalan ke atas negeri itu, tetapi permintaannya ditolak. Selepas kematian Jenderal Ojinaga, kerajaan Republikan mengisytiharkan Jeneral Villagran yang bertanggungjawab memerangi pasukan Imperial. Perancis meninggalkan negara itu pada 29 Oktober 1865. Presiden Ju\u00e1rez kembali ke Chihuahua City pada 20 November 1865 dan kekal di kota itu hingga 9 Disember 1865 ketika ia kembali ke El Paso del Norte. Tidak lama selepas presiden meninggalkan Chihuahua City, Terrazas telah dipulihkan sebagai gabenor negeri pada 11 Disember 1865. <br> Brincourt membuat persiapan untuk menyerang negeri mana? || Chihuahua <> Di mana negeri-negeri telah Brincourt menjalankan hal ehwal ketenteraan dahulu? || Coahuila dan Durango <> Siapa yang tinggal di ibu negara sehingga 5 Ogos 1865? || Presiden Ju\u00e1rez <> Yang mengejutkan pasukan imperialis yang menguasai Hidalgo? || Ketua Villagran <> Kerajaan Republik mengisytiharkan siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap perjuangan menentang imperialis? || Ketua Villagran", {"qas": [{"question": "Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?", "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9405", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?", "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9406", "answers": [{"text": "Coahuila and Durango", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?", "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9407", "answers": [{"text": "President Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?", "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9408", "answers": [{"text": "General Villagran", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?", "id": "570717a99e06ca38007e9409", "answers": [{"text": "General Villagran", "answer_start": 2104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agust\u00edn Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed the Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of R\u00edo Florido into Ciudad Jim\u00e9nez; one day later he arrived at Valle de Allende where he sent Colonel Pyot with a garrison to take control of Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt continued through Santa Rosalia de Camargo and Santa Cruz de Rosales. President Ju\u00e1rez remained in the state capital until August 5, 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez) due to evidence that the French were to attack the city. On the same day, the President named General Manuel Ojinaga the new governor and placed him in charge of all the republican forces. Meanwhile, General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral; after a short two-hour battle, Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat. At the Battle of Parral, the French lost 55 men to the Republican forces. On August 13, 1865, the French forces with an estimated 2,500 men arrived at the outskirts of Chihuahua City, and on August 15, 1865, General Brincourt defeated the republican forces, taking control of the state capital. Brincourt designated Tom\u00e1s Zuloaga as Prefect of Chihuahua. Fearing the French would continue their campaign to El Paso del Norte, President Ju\u00e1rez relocated to El Carrizal, a secluded place in the mountains near El Paso del Norte, in August 1865, . It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Ju\u00e1rez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces. General Fran\u00e7ois Achille Bazaine ordered the French troops to retreat back to the state of Durango after only reaching a point one days travel north of Chihuahua City. General Brincourt asked for 1,000 men to be left behind to help maintain control over the state, but his request was denied. After the death of General Ojinaga, the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces. The French left the state on October 29, 1865. President Ju\u00e1rez returned to Chihuahua City on November 20, 1865 and remained in the city until December 9, 1865 when he returned to El Paso del Norte. Shortly after the president left Chihuahua City, Terrazas was restored as governor of the state on December 11, 1865."}], ["Negeri Chihuahua adalah negara terbesar di negara ini dan dikenali sebagai El Estado Grande (The Big State); ia menyumbang 12.6% dari tanah Mexico. Kawasan ini dikawinkan oleh negara-negara Sonora di barat, Sinaloa di selatan-barat, Durango di selatan, dan Coahuila di timur, dan di negara-negara Texas di timur laut dan New Mexico di utara. Negeri ini terdiri daripada tiga wilayah geologi: Pegunungan, Plains-Valleys, dan Gurun, yang terjadi di band besar dari barat ke timur. Kerana kawasan geologi yang berbeza terdapat iklim dan ekosistem yang berbeza. <> Negara mana yang terbesar di negara ini? || Chihuahua <> Berapa peratus daripada negara yang ia buat? || 12.6% <> Yang mana negeri bersempadan dengan Chihuahua ke arah barat? || Sonora <> Yang mana negeri A.S. bersempadan dengan timur laut? || Texas", {"qas": [{"question": "Which state is the largest in the country by land?", "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc90f", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the country does it make up?", "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc910", "answers": [{"text": "12.6%", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?", "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc911", "answers": [{"text": "Sonora", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?", "id": "57071ad490286e26004fc912", "answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems."}], ["Gurun Chihuahuan adalah rumah kepada ekosistem yang pelbagai yang merupakan rumah kepada pelbagai jenis mamalia. Mamalia yang paling biasa di padang pasir termasuk: Gottontail Desert Sylvilagus audubonii, jackrabbit ekor hitam Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, kaktus tetikus Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, putih-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, dan coyote Canis latrans. Reptilia yang paling diperhatikan di padang pasir termasuk: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, rattlesnake berkembar berkepala Crotalus pricei, rattlesnake prairie Crotalus viridis, rattlesnake ridge-nosed Crotalus willardi, ular cambuk Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, dan red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus. <> Gurun Chihuahuan adalah rumah bagi kebanyakan jenis binatang? || mamalia <> Jenis reptilia yang paling biasa di padang pasir? || rattlesnake <> Mephitis macroura adalah jenis mamalia? || skunk", {"qas": [{"question": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?", "id": "57071b959e06ca38007e942d", "answers": [{"text": "mammals", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?", "id": "57071b959e06ca38007e942e", "answers": [{"text": "rattlesnake", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?", "id": "57071b959e06ca38007e942f", "answers": [{"text": "skunk", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus."}], ["Tetapi keamanan di negeri ini tidak bertahan lama, pemilihan tahun 1875 menyebabkan permusuhan baru. \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas mengetuai pergerakan baru terhadap kerajaan pada bulan Jun 1875 dan mengekalkan kawalan ke atas kerajaan sehingga 18 September 1875 apabila Donato Guerra yang menjadi orkestrator Revolusi Utara ditangkap. Donato Guerra dibunuh di pinggir bandar Chihuahua City di mana dia dipenjarakan kerana bersekongkol dengan \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas. Pada bulan Oktober 1875 beberapa lokasi dikawal oleh pasukan pemberontak, namun kerajaan akhirnya berjaya menguasai pada 25 November 1875. <> Pilihanraya tahun mana menyebabkan permusuhan baru? || 1875 <> Siapa yang mengetuai pergerakan terhadap kerajaan pada bulan Jun 1875? || \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas <> Konsultasi mana yang mana Revolusi Utara ditangkap? || Donato Guerra <> Guerra dibunuh di pinggir bandar di mana bandar itu? || Chihuahua City <> Dengan siapa dia dikatakan telah berkomplot? || \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", {"qas": [{"question": "The elections of which year caused new hostilities?", "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9423", "answers": [{"text": "1875", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?", "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9424", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?", "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9425", "answers": [{"text": "Donato Guerra", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?", "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9426", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua City", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom was he said to have conspired?", "id": "570718ed9e06ca38007e9427", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas. During October 1875 several locations were controlled by rebel forces, but the government finally regained control on November 25, 1875."}], ["Situasi menjadi begitu tegang sehingga perang dengan Amerika Syarikat kelihatannya sudah dekat. Pada 22 April 1914, atas inisiatif Felix A. Sommerfeld dan Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa mengembara ke Ju\u00e1rez untuk menenangkan ketakutan di sepanjang sempadan dan meminta utusan Presiden Wilson George Carothers untuk memberitahu \"Se\u00f1or Wilson\" bahawa dia tidak mempunyai masalah dengan Amerika pendudukan Veracruz. Carothers menulis kepada Setiausaha William Jennings Bryan: \"Setakat yang beliau bimbang, kami dapat memastikan Vera Cruz [sic] dan memegangnya dengan ketat sehingga tidak dapat masuk ke Huerta dan ... dia tidak dapat merasakan kemarahan\". Sama ada cuba menyenangkan kerajaan A.S. atau melalui usaha diplomatik Sommerfeld dan Carothers, atau mungkin akibat kedua-duanya, Villa keluar dari bawah dasar luar negeri Carranza. <> Perang dengan negara apa yang kelihatan seperti ini? || Amerika Syarikat <> Pancho Villa mencari perbualan dengan Presiden Amerika? || Presiden Wilson <> Villa keluar dari dasar asingnya? || Carranza's <> Kepada yang Setiausaha Carothers menulis? || Setiausaha William Jennings Bryan", {"qas": [{"question": "War with what country seemed imminent?", "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc907", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?", "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc908", "answers": [{"text": "President Wilson", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?", "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc909", "answers": [{"text": "Carranza\u2019s", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which Secretary did Carothers write?", "id": "57071a7190286e26004fc90a", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary William Jennings Bryan", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Ju\u00e1rez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell \"Se\u00f1or Wilson\" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: \"As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment\". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza\u2019s stated foreign policy."}], ["Iklim di negeri ini bergantung terutamanya kepada ketinggian rupa bumi. Mengikut klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen, negara mempunyai lima zon iklim utama. Sierra Madre Occidental menguasai bahagian barat negeri ini; terdapat dua iklim utama di kawasan ini: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) dan Humid Subtropical (Cwa). Terdapat beberapa mikroklimat di negeri ini kerana topologi yang berbeza-beza kebanyakannya terdapat di bahagian barat negara. Dua mikroklimat yang paling terkenal ialah: Iklim savanna tropika (Aw) di tebing dalam yang terletak di bahagian selatan negara yang melampau; Iklim Mediterania Mediterranean (Dsb) di ketinggian tinggi Sierra Madre Occidental. Imej satelit ke kanan menunjukkan tumbuh-tumbuhan jauh lebih hijau di barat kerana suhu yang lebih sejuk dan jumlah hujan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara lain. <> Iklim dalam keadaan bergantung terutamanya pada apa? || ketinggian rupa bumi <> Rentang gunung mana yang mendominasi bahagian barat negara? || Sierra Madre Occidental <> Vegetasi jauh lebih hijau di sebelah mana negeri, timur atau barat? || barat <> sebelah tenggara negara mempunyai lebih banyak hujan? || barat <> Bahagian mana yang paling mempunyai padang pasir; utara, selatan, timur, atau barat? || selatan", {"qas": [{"question": "Climate in the state depends mainly on what?", "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc917", "answers": [{"text": "elevation of the terrain", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?", "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc918", "answers": [{"text": "The Sierra Madre Occidental", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?", "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc919", "answers": [{"text": "west", "answer_start": 753}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which side of the state has more precipitation?", "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc91a", "answers": [{"text": "west", "answer_start": 753}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?", "id": "57071b4090286e26004fc91b", "answers": [{"text": "southern", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to K\u00f6ppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state."}], ["Villa dan Carranza mempunyai matlamat politik yang berbeza menyebabkan Villa menjadi musuh Carranza. Selepas Carranza menguasai pada tahun 1914, Villa dan para revolusioner lain yang menentangnya bertemu dengan apa yang disebut Konvensi Aguascalientes. Konvensyen ini melenyapkan Carranza memihak kepada Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez. Pada musim sejuk 1914 pasukan Villa dan Zapata masuk dan menduduki Bandar Raya Mexico. Villa dipaksa dari bandar pada awal tahun 1915 dan menyerang pasukan-pasukan dari Gen Obreg\u00f3n di Pertempuran Celaya dan telah kalah hebat dalam pertempuran revolusi berdarah, dengan ribuan orang mati. Dengan kekalahan Villa, Carranza merampas kuasa. Tidak lama kemudian Amerika Syarikat mengiktiraf Carranza sebagai presiden Mexico. Walaupun pasukan Villa telah habis dengan kehilangannya di Celaya, dia terus berjuang melawan kerajaan Carranza. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1920, Obreg\u00f3n yang telah mengalahkannya di Celaya akhirnya mencapai persetujuan dengan Villa menamatkan pemberontakannya. <> Villa menjadi musuh di mana? || Carranza <> Who took control in 1914? || Carranza <> Carranza bertemu dengan pembangkang di mesyuarat yang dipanggil apa? || Konvensyen Aguascalientes <> Konvensyen itu melenyapkan Carranza yang memihak kepada siapa? || Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez <> Di mana pertempuran itu Obregon teruk dikalahkan? || Pertempuran Celaya", {"qas": [{"question": "Villa became an enemy of whom?", "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9433", "answers": [{"text": "Carranza", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took control in 1914?", "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9434", "answers": [{"text": "Carranza", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?", "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9435", "answers": [{"text": "Convention of Aguascalientes", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?", "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9436", "answers": [{"text": "Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?", "id": "57071bec9e06ca38007e9437", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Celaya", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obreg\u00f3n at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obreg\u00f3n\u2014who had defeated him at Celaya\u2014finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion."}], ["Dataran di kaki Sierra Madre Occidental adalah sebuah mesa panjang yang dikenali sebagai Altiplanicie Mexicana yang memperlihatkan iklim padang rumput dan berfungsi sebagai zon peralihan dari iklim gunung di bahagian barat negara itu ke iklim gurun di sebelah timur negeri. Zon padang rumput menyumbang satu pertiga kawasan negara, dan ia mengalami musim kering dan basah yang diucapkan. Musim hujan yang ketara di padang rumput biasanya diperhatikan pada bulan Julai, Ogos, dan September. Pinggiran juga mengalami suhu yang melampau yang sering mencapai lebih dari 100 \u00b0 F pada musim panas dan turun di bawah 32 \u00b0 F pada musim sejuk. Zon padang rumput adalah zon pertanian yang penting kerana pembangunan terusan yang luas yang mengeksploitasi beberapa sungai yang mengalir dari gunung. Zon padang rumput adalah kawasan paling banyak penduduk di negeri ini. <> Bulan manakah yang membentuk musim hujan di padang rumput? || Julai, Ogos, dan September <> Periuk mencapai suhu melebihi apa yang di musim sejuk? || 100 \u00b0 F <> Ladang padang pasir adalah penting pertanian kerana ciri apa? || kanal <> Iklim gunung ditemui di mana bahagian negara itu? || barat", {"qas": [{"question": "Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?", "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e943d", "answers": [{"text": "July, August, and September", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?", "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e943e", "answers": [{"text": "100 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?", "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e943f", "answers": [{"text": "canals", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?", "id": "57071c5c9e06ca38007e9440", "answers": [{"text": "western", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 \u00b0F in the summer and drop below 32 \u00b0F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state."}], ["Walaupun kestabilan dalaman (dikenali sebagai paz porfiriana), pemodenan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Mexico semasa Porfiriato dari 1876 hingga 1910, ramai di seluruh negeri menjadi sangat tidak berpuas hati dengan sistem politik. Ketika D\u00edaz pertama kali berlari untuk berkhidmat, dia berkomitmen untuk melakukan ketetapan \"Tiada Pilihan Raya\" yang ketat di mana beliau telah mendiskualifikasi dirinya untuk berkhidmat secara berturut-turut. Akhirnya memulangkan banyak kedudukan politik awalnya, D\u00edaz menjadi diktator de facto. D\u00edaz menjadi semakin tidak popular kerana penindasan kejam terhadap penentang politik dengan menggunakan Rurales dan memanipulasi pemilihan untuk memperkuat mesin politiknya. Kelas pekerja kecewa dengan rejim D\u00edaz akibat rasuah sistem politik yang telah meningkatkan ketidaksamaan antara orang kaya dan miskin. Para petani merasakan tidak disengajakan oleh dasar-dasar yang menggalakkan pembahagian tanah yang tidak adil di mana 95% tanah itu dimiliki oleh 5% teratas. <> Kestabilan dalaman dikenali sebagai apa? || paz porfiriana <> Selama tahun apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi terjadi? || 1876 hingga 1910 <<Siapakah yang berkomitmen untuk \"Tidak Memilih Pilihan Raya\" yang ketat ketika menjalankan tugas? || D\u00edaz <> Kelas mana yang frustrasi dengan Diaz kerana rasuah? || kelas pekerja", {"qas": [{"question": "The internal stability was known as what?", "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f5", "answers": [{"text": "paz porfiriana", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years did the economic growth occur?", "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f6", "answers": [{"text": "1876 to 1910", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who committed to a strict \"No Re-election\" policy when running for office?", "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f7", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00edaz", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?", "id": "5707199590286e26004fc8f8", "answers": [{"text": "working class", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When D\u00edaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict \u201cNo Re-election\u201d policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions D\u00edaz became a de facto dictator. D\u00edaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the D\u00edaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%."}], ["Di bawah Gubernur Miguel Ahumada, sistem pendidikan di negeri ini bersatu dan di bawah kawalan yang lebih ketat oleh kerajaan negeri, dan sistem metrik diselaraskan di seluruh negeri untuk menggantikan sistem penjajaran dan penjajaran penjajah. Pada 16 September 1897, Hospital Awam Chihuahua telah dirasmikan di Chihuahua City dan menjadi terkenal antara yang terbaik di negara ini. Pada tahun 1901, Panggung Heroes (Teatro de los H\u00e9roes) dibuka di Chihuahua City. Pada 18 Ogos 1904, Gabenor Terrazas digantikan oleh Gabenor Enrique C. Creel. Dari 1907 hingga 1911, pentadbiran Creel berjaya memajukan sistem undang-undang negeri, memodenkan industri perlombongan, dan menaikkan taraf pendidikan awam. Pada tahun 1908, Penjara Negeri Chihuahuan dibina, dan pembinaan projek empangan skala besar pertama dimulakan di Sungai Chuviscar. Pada masa yang sama, jalan-jalan di Bandar Chihuahua telah dibumbui dan banyak monumen dibina di Chihuahua City dan Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. <> Di mana gubernur adalah sistem pendidikan yang bersatu? || Miguel Ahumada <> Sistem pengukuran mana yang diseragamkan? || sistem metrik <> Apa yang dirasmikan di Chihuahua City pada 16 September 1897? || Hospital Awam <> Projek empangan besar pertama telah dimulakan di mana sungai itu? || Sungai Chuviscar", {"qas": [{"question": "Under which governor was the education system unified?", "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8ed", "answers": [{"text": "Miguel Ahumada", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which system of measurement was standardized?", "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8ee", "answers": [{"text": "metric system", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?", "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8ef", "answers": [{"text": "Civilian Hospital", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?", "id": "5707194190286e26004fc8f0", "answers": [{"text": "Chuviscar River", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los H\u00e9roes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada surat Madero untuk bertindak, Pascual Orozco (seorang baron perlombongan kaya) dan Gubernur Chihuahua Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez membentuk kesatuan tentera yang kuat di utara, mengambil kawalan ketenteraan beberapa bandar Mexico utara dengan pemimpin revolusioner lain, termasuk Pancho Villa. Terhadap keinginan Madero, Orozco dan Villa berjuang untuk dan memenangi Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Selepas militia setia kepada Madero mengalahkan tentera persekutuan Mexico, pada 21 Mei 1911, Madero menandatangani Perjanjian Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez dengan D\u00edaz. Ia menghendaki D\u00edaz membatalkan pemerintahannya dan digantikan oleh Madero. Dengan bersungguh-sungguh dalam pilihan raya baru, Madero menang banyak pada akhir 1911, dan dia menubuhkan demokrasi liberal dan mendapat sokongan dari Amerika Syarikat dan pemimpin popular seperti Orozco dan Villa. Orozco akhirnya menjadi kecewa dengan kerajaan Madero dan memimpin pemberontakan terhadapnya. Dia menganjurkan tenteranya sendiri, yang disebut \"Orozquistas\" - juga dipanggil Colorados (\"Red Flaggers\") - setelah Madero menolak untuk bersetuju dengan pembaharuan sosial yang menyeru untuk waktu kerja, membayar dan syarat yang lebih baik. Kelas pekerja luar bandar, yang telah menyokong Madero, kini mengambil senjata melawannya dalam menyokong Orozco. <> Orozco menjawab surat yang bertindak? || Madero <> Gabenor mana yang bekerjasama dengan Orozco? || Gubernur Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez <> Orozco dan Villa berjuang dan menang bandar mana? || Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez <> Madero mendapat sokongan dari negara mana? || Amerika Syarikat <> Tentera Orozco dipanggil dengan apa nama? || Orozquistas", {"qas": [{"question": "Orozco responded to whose letter to action?", "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc8fd", "answers": [{"text": "Madero", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which governor teamed up with Orozco?", "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc8fe", "answers": [{"text": "Governor Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?", "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc8ff", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Madero received support from which country?", "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc900", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Orozco's army was called by what name?", "id": "57071a0c90286e26004fc901", "answers": [{"text": "Orozquistas", "answer_start": 898}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. After militias loyal to Madero defeated the Mexican federal army, on May 21, 1911, Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez with D\u00edaz. It required that D\u00edaz abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911, and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa. Orozco eventually became disappointed with the Madero's government and led a rebellion against him. He organized his own army, called \"Orozquistas\"\u2014also called the Colorados (\"Red Flaggers\")\u2014after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay and conditions. The rural working class, which had supported Madero, now took up arms against him in support of Orozco."}], ["Perikatan yang tidak selesa Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, dan Zapata akhirnya membawa para pemberontak kemenangan. Perjuangan menentang Huerta secara rasmi berakhir pada 15 Ogos 1914, ketika \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n menandatangani beberapa perjanjian di Teoloyucan di mana pasukan Huerta yang terakhir menyerahkannya dan mengakui pemerintahan konstitusional. Pada 20 Ogos 1914, Carranza membuat kemasukan ke Mexico City. Carranza (disokong oleh Obreg\u00f3n) kini menjadi calon terkuat untuk mengisi kekosongan kuasa dan menetapkan dirinya sebagai ketua kerajaan baru. Kerajaan ini berjaya mencetak wang, meluluskan undang-undang, dan lain-lain. <> Perselisihan yang tidak selesa antara yang akhirnya memenangi pemberontak kemenangan? || Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, dan Zapata <> Perjuangan menentang Huerta secara rasmi berakhir pada tarikh itu? || 15 Ogos 1914 <> Di mana bandar Obregon menandatangani beberapa perjanjian? || Teoloyucan <> Siapa yang membuat kemasukan ke Mexico City pada 20 Ogos 1914? || Carranza", {"qas": [{"question": "The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?", "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc921", "answers": [{"text": "Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?", "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc922", "answers": [{"text": "August 15, 1914", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?", "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc923", "answers": [{"text": "Teoloyucan", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?", "id": "57071f5290286e26004fc924", "answers": [{"text": "Carranza", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obreg\u00f3n) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc."}], ["Negeri ini mempunyai kepelbagaian yang besar kerana terdapat banyak mikroklimat yang ditemui dan rupa rupa yang dramatik. Flora di sepanjang pergunungan Sierra Madre Occidental berbeza dengan ketinggian. Spesies Pine (Pinus) dan oak (Quercus) biasanya ditemui pada ketinggian 2,000 m (6,560 kaki) di atas paras laut. Spesies flora yang paling biasa terdapat di pergunungan adalah: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. Negeri ini merupakan salah satu daripada spesies variasi terbesar dari genus Pinus di dunia. Ketinggian yang lebih rendah mempunyai tumbuh-tumbuhan padang rumput dengan pelbagai rumput dan semak kecil. Beberapa spesies Juniperus terletak di padang rumput dan zon peralihan. <> Negeri ini mempunyai kepelbagaian yang besar terima kasih kepada jumlah besarnya? || mikroklimat <> Apakah jenis kehidupan yang sangat berbeza dengan ketinggian di pergunungan? || flora <> Negeri ini merupakan salah satu daripada spesies variasi terbesar genusnya? || Pinus <> Beberapa spesies di mana jenis titik di padang rumput dan zon peralihan? || Juniperus", {"qas": [{"question": "The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?", "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9445", "answers": [{"text": "microclimates", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?", "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9446", "answers": [{"text": "flora", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?", "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9447", "answers": [{"text": "Pinus", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?", "id": "57071cb49e06ca38007e9448", "answers": [{"text": "Juniperus", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most common species of flora found in the mountains are: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world. The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone."}], ["Di bahagian timur negara ini Gurun Chihuahuan menguasai kerana hujan yang rendah dan suhu yang sangat tinggi; sesetengah kawasan di bahagian timur negara itu kering sehingga tidak ada tumbuh-tumbuhan seperti Pasir Sandakan Samalayuca. Terdapat dua zon iklim tersendiri yang terdapat di bahagian timur negara ini: Gurun Panas (BWh) dan Gurun Cool (BWk) yang dibezakan dengan purata suhu tahunan disebabkan perbezaan ketinggian. Terdapat zon peralihan di tengah-tengah negeri antara dua iklim yang sangat berbeza dari timur dan barat; zon ini adalah Steppe yang dicirikan oleh suatu kompromi antara zon iklim juxtaposed. <> Jenis tanah apa yang dikuasai di bahagian timur negeri ini? || Gurun <> Kota manakah yang terkenal dengan bukit pasirnya? || Samalayuca <> Kedua-dua jenis zon iklim di bahagian timur negeri ini adalah apa? || Gurun <> Zon peralihan antara timur dan barat dipanggil apa? || Steppe", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?", "id": "570720969e06ca38007e9489", "answers": [{"text": "Desert", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is known for its sand dunes?", "id": "570720969e06ca38007e948a", "answers": [{"text": "Samalayuca", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?", "id": "570720969e06ca38007e948b", "answers": [{"text": "Desert", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The transition zone between east and west is called what?", "id": "570720969e06ca38007e948c", "answers": [{"text": "the Steppe", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones."}], ["Tentera Perancis cuba menundukkan dan menawan kerajaan liberal yang berpusat di Saltillo. Pada 21 September 1864, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni dan Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega kalah terhadap pasukan Perancis di Pertempuran Estanzuelas; kerajaan tertinggi yang dipimpin oleh Presiden Ju\u00e1rez dipaksa untuk mengosongkan kota Saltillo dan berpindah ke Chihuahua. Ju\u00e1rez berhenti di Ciudad Jim\u00e9nez, Valle de Allende, dan Hidalgo de Parral, sebaliknya. Dia mengesahkan Parral ibukota Mexico dari 2-5 Oktober 1864. Melihat ancaman dari pasukan Perancis yang maju, presiden meneruskan pemindahannya melalui Santa Rosal\u00eda de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, dan akhirnya Chihuahua, Chihuahua. Pada 12 Oktober 1864, rakyat negeri itu memberikan Presiden Ju\u00e1rez penerimaan yang sangat menyokong, diketuai oleh Gabenor \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas. Pada 15 Oktober 1864 bandar Chihuahua diisytiharkan sebagai ibu kota sementara Mexico. <> Pasukan Perancis cuba menangkap kerajaan liberal yang berdasarkan mana? || Saltillo <Yang dua jenderal kalah melawan Perancis pada 21 September 1864? || Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni dan Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez <> Kerajaan yang dipimpin oleh mereka terpaksa berpindah ke Saltillo? || Presiden Ju\u00e1rez <> Yang mana bandar terakhir yang mana Juarez dipindahkan? || Chihuahua, Chihuahua <> Gabenor mana yang mengetuai penerimaan Presiden Juarez yang menyokongnya? || \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", {"qas": [{"question": "French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?", "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e9457", "answers": [{"text": "Saltillo", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?", "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e9458", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni and Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?", "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e9459", "answers": [{"text": "President Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?", "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e945a", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua, Chihuahua", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?", "id": "57071da79e06ca38007e945b", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni and Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Ju\u00e1rez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Ju\u00e1rez stopped in Ciudad Jim\u00e9nez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2\u20135, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosal\u00eda de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Ju\u00e1rez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor \u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico."}], ["Akhir Porfiriato datang pada tahun 1910 dengan permulaan Revolusi Mexico. D\u00edaz menyatakan bahawa Mexico bersedia untuk demokrasi dan dia akan meletak jawatan untuk membenarkan calon lain bersaing untuk jawatan presiden, tetapi D\u00edaz memutuskan untuk berlari kembali pada 1910 untuk kali terakhir menentang Francisco I. Madero. Semasa kempen D\u00edaz dipenjarakan Madero pada hari pemilihan pada tahun 1910. D\u00edaz diumumkan pemenang pemilihan oleh tanah runtuh, memicu revolusi. Penyokong Madero Toribio Ortega mengambil senjata dengan sekumpulan pengikut di Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua pada 10 November 1910. <> Porfiriato berakhir pada tahun mana? || 1910 <> Permulaan apa yang berakhir dengan Porfiriato? || Revolusi Mexico <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Mexico bersedia untuk Demokrasi dan bahawa dia akan turun? || D\u00edaz <> Siapa yang dipenjarakan semasa berlari melawan Diaz? || Madero <> Siapa yang mengambil senjata untuk menyokong Madero? || Toribio Ortega", {"qas": [{"question": "The Porfiriato ended in which year?", "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9475", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?", "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9476", "answers": [{"text": "Mexican Revolution", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?", "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9477", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00edaz", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?", "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9478", "answers": [{"text": "Madero", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took up arms in support of Madero?", "id": "57071f039e06ca38007e9479", "answers": [{"text": "Toribio Ortega", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. D\u00edaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but D\u00edaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign D\u00edaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. D\u00edaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910."}], ["Negara ini juga merupakan tuan rumah kepada populasi burung yang besar yang termasuk spesies endemik dan spesies migrasi: lebih besar daripada jalanrunner Geococcyx californianus, kaktus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexico jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, merpati berkabung Zenaida macroura, hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris yang dibebankan luas, puyuh Montezuma Cyrtonyx montezumae, trogon gunung Trogon mexicanus, burung galaksi kalkun Cathartes aura, dan elang emas Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus adalah spesies endemik yang terdapat di pergunungan di Mexico; ia dianggap spesies terancam [rujukan?] dan mempunyai makna simbolik bagi orang-orang Mexico. <> Negara ini memelihara populasi burung dari kedua-dua spesies endemik dan apa? || spesies migrasi <> Cynanthus latirostris adalah jenis burung apa? || hummingbird <> Aquila chrysaetos adalah jenis burung apa? || burung elang emas <> Spesies endemik manakah yang mempunyai makna simbolik bagi orang-orang Mexico? || Trogon mexicanus", {"qas": [{"question": "The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?", "id": "570720f290286e26004fc929", "answers": [{"text": "migratory species", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?", "id": "570720f290286e26004fc92a", "answers": [{"text": "hummingbird", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?", "id": "570720f290286e26004fc92b", "answers": [{"text": "golden eagle", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?", "id": "570720f290286e26004fc92c", "answers": [{"text": "Trogon mexicanus", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans."}], ["Negeri ini mempunyai satu bandar raya dengan penduduk melebihi satu juta: Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez menduduki tempat kelapan bandar paling kerap di negara ini dan Chihuahua City menduduki tempat ke-16 yang paling ramai penduduk di Mexico. Chihuahua (bersama-sama dengan Baja California) adalah satu-satunya negeri di Mexico yang mempunyai dua bandar raya menduduki ranking paling tinggi di 20 negara. El Paso dan Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez terdiri daripada salah satu kawasan metropolitan binasik terbesar di dunia dengan populasi gabungan 2.4 juta. Sebenarnya, Ciudad Juarez adalah salah satu bandar yang paling pesat berkembang di dunia, walaupun ia adalah \"zon paling kejam di dunia di luar zon perang yang diisytiharkan\". Sebagai contoh, beberapa tahun lalu Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas menerbitkan bahawa di Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez \"pertumbuhan tahunan purata sepanjang tempoh 10 tahun 1990-2000 adalah 5.3 peratus. Ju\u00e1rez mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada keadaan Chihuahua dan daripada Mexico secara keseluruhan\". Bandar Chihuahua mempunyai salah satu kadar celik huruf tertinggi di negara ini pada 98%; 35% daripada penduduk berumur 14 atau ke bawah, 60% 15-65, dan 5% lebih 65. Kadar pertumbuhan adalah 2.4%. 76.5% penduduk Chihuahua tinggal di bandar-bandar yang menjadikan negeri ini salah satu yang paling urbanized di Mexico. <> Kota mana di negeri ini melebihi satu juta? || Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez <> Juarez adalah tempat di mana di antara bandar-bandar di negara ini? || kelapan <> El Paso dan Ciudad Juarez bergabung untuk penduduk berapa banyak orang? || 2.4 juta <> Apakah kadar celik huruf di Bandar Chihuahua? || 98% <> Berapa peratuskah penduduk di Chihuahua tinggal di bandar? || 76.5%", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city in the state exceeds one million?", "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e944d", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?", "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e944e", "answers": [{"text": "eighth", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?", "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e944f", "answers": [{"text": "2.4 million", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?", "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e9450", "answers": [{"text": "98%", "answer_start": 992}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?", "id": "57071d329e06ca38007e9451", "answers": [{"text": "76.5%", "answer_start": 1096}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is \"the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones\". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez \"the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990\u20132000 was 5.3 percent. Ju\u00e1rez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole\". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico."}], ["Presiden Benito Ju\u00e1rez telah dipilih semula dalam pemilihan umum 1867 di mana beliau mendapat sokongan liberal yang kuat, terutama di Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas disahkan oleh orang-orang Chihuahua untuk menjadi gabenor negeri. Tetapi tidak lama selepas pilihan raya, Presiden Ju\u00e1rez mengalami krisis lain di tangannya; pentadbiran Ju\u00e1rez disyaki terlibat dalam pembunuhan ketua tentera Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni yang dieksekusi oleh General Canto pada bulan Ogos 1868. General Canto menyerahkan dirinya kepada Donato Guerra. Canto dihukum mati, tetapi kemudian hukumannya berubah menjadi 10 tahun penjara. Pengertian ketidakadilan menimbulkan pemberontakan baru pada tahun 1869 yang mengancam kerajaan persekutuan. Sebagai tindak balas, pentadbiran Ju\u00e1rez mengambil langkah drastik dengan menggantung hak perlembagaan sementara, tetapi gabenor Chihuahua tidak menyokong tindakan ini. Permusuhan terus meningkat terutamanya selepas pemilihan 1871 yang dilihat sebagai penipuan. Pemimpin popular yang baru muncul di kalangan pemberontak, Porfirio D\u00edaz. Kerajaan persekutuan berjaya membantah pemberontakan di Durango dan Chihuahua. Pada 18 Julai 1872, Presiden Ju\u00e1rez meninggal dunia akibat serangan jantung; Tidak lama selepas itu, ramai penyokongnya berhenti pertempuran. Keamanan kembali ke Chihuahua dan kerajaan baru diketuai oleh Gubernur Antonio Ochoa (bekas pemilik bersama lombong perak Batopilas) pada tahun 1873 selepas Luis Terrazas menamatkan penggalinya pada 1872. <> Benito Juarez dipilih semula pada tahun mana? || 1867 <> Negara manakah yang memberikan Juarez sokongan yang amat ketara? || Chihuahua <> Siapa yang disahkan sebagai presiden negeri Chihuahua? || Luis Terrazas <> Yang mana jenderal menyerahkan dirinya kepada Donato Guerra? || General Canto <> Pemilihan tahun mana yang dianggap sebagai penipuan? || 1871", {"qas": [{"question": "Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?", "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9461", "answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?", "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9462", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?", "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9463", "answers": [{"text": "Luis Terrazas", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?", "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9464", "answers": [{"text": "General Canto", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?", "id": "57071e049e06ca38007e9465", "answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 937}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Ju\u00e1rez had another crisis on his hands; the Ju\u00e1rez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Ju\u00e1rez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio D\u00edaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Ju\u00e1rez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872."}], ["Julat gunung utama di negeri ini ialah Sierra Madre Occidental yang mencapai ketinggian maksimum 10,826 kaki (3,300 m) yang dikenali sebagai Cerro Mohinora. Gunung menyumbang satu pertiga daripada kawasan permukaan negara yang termasuk hutan konifer yang besar. Iklim di kawasan pergunungan bervariasi Chihuahua mempunyai lebih banyak hutan daripada negeri lain di Mexico yang menjadikan kawasan ini sebagai sumber kayu yang berlimpah; kawasan pergunungan kaya dengan mineral yang penting untuk industri perlombongan Mexico. Pemendakan dan suhu di kawasan pergunungan bergantung kepada ketinggian. Antara bulan ribut salji bulan November dan Mac adalah mungkin di ketinggian yang lebih rendah dan sering di ketinggian yang lebih tinggi. Terdapat beberapa aliran air yang terletak di Sierra Madre Occidental semua air yang mengalir melalui negeri itu; kebanyakan sungai akhirnya kosong ke dalam R\u00edo Grande. Suhu di beberapa lembah di negeri ini mencapai lebih dari 100 \u00b0 F pada musim panas manakala kawasan yang sama jarang jatuh di bawah 32 \u00b0 F pada musim sejuk. Mikrofilat yang terdapat di tengah-tengah Sierra Madre Occidental di negeri ini boleh dianggap tropika, dan tumbuhan liar liar telah ditemui di beberapa lembah. La Barranca del Cobre, atau Copper Canyon, sistem canyon hebat yang lebih besar dan lebih mendalam daripada Grand Canyon; canyon itu juga mengandungi dua air terjun tertinggi di Mexico: Basaseachic Falls dan Piedra Volada. Terdapat dua taman negara yang terdapat di kawasan pergunungan negeri ini: Taman Negara Cumbres de Majalca dan Taman Negara Basaseachic Falls. <> Yang mana julat gunung utama di negeri ini? || Sierra Madre Occidental <> Apakah ketinggiannya mencapai maksimum gunung? || 10,826 kaki (3,300 m) <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai lebih banyak hutan daripada yang lain? || Chihuahua <> Pemendakan dan suhu di kawasan pergunungan bergantung kepada apa? || ketinggian <> Apakah jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan yang terdapat dalam beberapa jurang? || tropika", {"qas": [{"question": "Which is the main mountain range in the state?", "id": "570720299e06ca38007e947f", "answers": [{"text": "Sierra Madre Occidental", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?", "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9480", "answers": [{"text": "10,826 ft (3,300 m)", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state has more forests than any other?", "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9481", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?", "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9482", "answers": [{"text": "elevation", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of plants can be found in some canyons?", "id": "570720299e06ca38007e9483", "answers": [{"text": "tropical", "answer_start": 1107}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the R\u00edo Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 \u00b0F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 \u00b0F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park."}], ["Pentadbiran D\u00edaz membuat keputusan politik dan mengambil tindakan undang-undang yang membolehkan golongan elit di seluruh Mexico menumpukan perhatian kepada kekayaan negara dengan memihak kepada monopoli. Pada masa ini, dua perlima dari wilayah negara itu dibahagi di antara 17 keluarga kaya yang memiliki hampir semua tanah pertanian di Chihuahua. Ekonomi negara berkembang dengan pesat semasa Porfiriato; ekonomi di Chihuahua didominasi oleh pertanian dan perlombongan. Pentadbiran D\u00edaz membantu Gabenor Luis Terrazas dengan membiayai Perpustakaan Awam Perbandaran di Chihuahua City dan meluluskan inisiatif persekutuan untuk pembinaan kereta api dari Chihuahua City ke Ciudad J\u00faarez. Menjelang tahun 1881, Central Mexico Railroad telah siap yang menghubungkan Mexico City ke Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. Pada tahun 1883 talian telefon dipasang di seluruh negeri, yang membolehkan komunikasi antara Chihuahua City dan Aldama. Menjelang 1888 perkhidmatan telefon telah dilanjutkan dari ibu negara ke kutub Julimes, Meoqui, dan Hidalgo del Parral; rangkaian telekomunikasi di negeri ini meliputi kira-kira 3,500 kilometer. Keperluan buruh untuk membina projek-projek infrastruktur yang banyak mengakibatkan imigrasi Asia yang signifikan, kebanyakannya dari China. Pendatang Asia tidak lama lagi menjadi penting kepada ekonomi negara dengan membuka restoran, kedai runcit kecil, dan hotel. Menjelang akhir istilah Terrazas, negeri mengalami peningkatan perdagangan, perlombongan, dan perbankan. Ketika bank-bank itu dinasionalisasi, Chihuahua menjadi negara perbankan terpenting di Mexico. <> Pentadbiran Diaz membenarkan golongan elit menumpukan kekayaan dengan memihak kepada apa? || monopoli <> Dua perlima di wilayah negara dibahagikan antara berapa banyak keluarga? || 17 <> Keadaan ini berkembang pesat semasa Porfiriato. || Chihuahua <> Apa yang dipasang di seluruh negeri pada tahun 1883? || talian telefon <> Pendatang Asia menjadi integral kepada ekonomi negeri dengan membuka perniagaan apa? || restoran, kedai runcit kecil dan hotel.", {"qas": [{"question": "The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?", "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946b", "answers": [{"text": "monopolies", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?", "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946c", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.", "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946d", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were installed throughout the state in 1883?", "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946e", "answers": [{"text": "telephone lines", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?", "id": "57071e999e06ca38007e946f", "answers": [{"text": "restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.", "answer_start": 1295}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The D\u00edaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The D\u00edaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad J\u00faarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico."}], ["Nueva Vizcaya (Biscay Baru) merupakan wilayah pertama di utara Sepanyol yang baru dieksplorasi dan diselesaikan oleh Sepanyol. Sekitar tahun 1528, sekumpulan penjelajah Sepanyol, yang diketuai oleh \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, mula-mula memasuki wilayah sebenar yang sekarang Chihuahua. Penaklukan wilayah ini berlangsung hampir satu abad, dan menghadapi rintangan sengit dari suku Conchos, tetapi keinginan Mahkota Sepanyol untuk mengubah rantau itu menjadi pusat perlombongan yang sibuk membawa kepada strategi yang kuat untuk mengawal kawasan itu. <> Apakah wilayah pertama di utara Sepanyol yang baru diterokai? || Nueva Vizcaya <> Sekitar tahun 1528, sekumpulan orang Sepanyol memasuki wilayah yang kini membentuk keadaan apa? || Chihuahua <> Penaklukan wilayah yang berlangsung hampir berapa lama? || satu abad <> Mana puak mana yang menentang penaklukan ini? || Perkampungan Conchos <> Mahkota Sepanyol mahu mengubah rantau ini ke dalam apa jenis industri? || pusat perlombongan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?", "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc945", "answers": [{"text": "Nueva Vizcaya", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?", "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc946", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?", "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc947", "answers": [{"text": "one century", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?", "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc948", "answers": [{"text": "Conchos tribe", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?", "id": "5707229c90286e26004fc949", "answers": [{"text": "mining center", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area."}], ["Kerana ketidakstabilan umum kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1828, pemasangan perundangan baru tidak berlaku sehingga pertengahan tahun berikutnya. Ia dibubarkan dengan cepat oleh Gabenor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, yang menggantikannya dengan jenis Yorkino yang lebih jelas. Apabila pentadbiran liberal Guerrero digulingkan pada bulan Disember, Gaspar de Ochoa sejajar dengan Anastasio Bustamante, dan pada bulan Februari 1830, menganjurkan satu kumpulan pembangkang yang menangkap gabenor baru, F. Elorriaga, bersama dengan tokoh-tokoh lain yang terkenal di York. Dia kemudian memanggil badan perundangan, yang telah dibubarkan oleh Baca. Pihak berkuasa sivil dan tentera kini diketuai oleh J. A. Pescador dan Sim\u00f3n Ochoa. <> Selama tahun mana kerajaan persekutuan tidak stabil? || 1828 <> Siapa yang membubarkan kerajaan pada akhirnya? || Gabenor Santiago de Baca Ortiz <> Dengan jenis pemerintahan yang mana Ortiz menggantikan yang lama? || Yorkino <> Gabenor baru mana yang ditangkap oleh Ochoa dan Bustamente? || F. Elorriaga <> Siapa sekarang yang mengetuai pihak berkuasa sivil dan ketenteraan? || J. A. Pescador dan Sim\u00f3n Ochoa", {"qas": [{"question": "During which year was the federal government unstable?", "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9491", "answers": [{"text": "1828", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dissolved the government eventually?", "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9492", "answers": [{"text": "Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?", "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9493", "answers": [{"text": "Yorkino", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?", "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9494", "answers": [{"text": "F. Elorriaga", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who now headed the civil and military authorities?", "id": "570725049e06ca38007e9495", "answers": [{"text": "J. A. Pescador and Sim\u00f3n Ochoa", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Sim\u00f3n Ochoa."}], ["Semasa Revolusi Mexico, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n telah menjemput sekumpulan Mennonite berbahasa Jerman untuk berpindah ke Mexico. Menjelang akhir tahun 1920-an, kira-kira 7,000 telah berhijrah ke Negeri Chihuahua dan Durango, hampir semua dari Kanada, hanya beberapa dari A.S. dan Rusia. Hari ini, Mexico menyumbang kira-kira 42% daripada semua Mennonit di Amerika Latin. Mennonite di negara ini menonjol kerana kulit, rambut, dan mata mereka cahaya. Mereka adalah komuniti yang sebahagian besarnya bersifat insular yang bercakap dalam bentuk Jerman dan memakai pakaian tradisional. Mereka memiliki perniagaan sendiri di pelbagai komuniti di Chihuahua, dan menyumbang kira-kira separuh daripada ekonomi ladang negara, yang unggul dalam pengeluaran keju. <> Siapa yang menjemput Canadians untuk tinggal di Mexico semasa Revolusi Mexico? || \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n <> Hari ini, Mexico menyumbang kepada berapa peratus Mennonit di Amerika Latin? || 42% <> Mennonites bercakap dengan bentuk mana bahasa kebanyakannya? || Bahasa Jerman <> Makanan manakah yang Mennonites excel dalam menghasilkan? || keju <> Mennonite menyumbang mengenai berapa banyak ekonomi ladang negara itu? || separuh", {"qas": [{"question": "Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?", "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc931", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?", "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc932", "answers": [{"text": "42%", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? ", "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc933", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?", "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc934", "answers": [{"text": "cheese", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?", "id": "5707217c90286e26004fc935", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Mexican Revolution, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production."}], ["Semasa pendudukan Amerika negeri ini, jumlah serangan India secara drastik dikurangkan, tetapi pada tahun 1848 serangan itu kembali ke tahap sedemikian sehingga pegawai-pegawai Mexico tidak mempunyai pilihan tetapi untuk meneruskan projek ketenteraan untuk melindungi penempatan Mexico di negeri ini. Melalui tiga dekad yang akan datang, negara menghadapi serangan yang berterusan dari penduduk pribumi di penempatan Mexico. Selepas pendudukan, rakyat negeri ini bimbang tentang kemungkinan serangan dari puak-puak pribumi yang menentang utara Rio Grande; Akibatnya sebuah dekrit pada 19 Julai 1848, negara itu membentuk 18 jajahan tentera di sepanjang Rio Grande. Koloni ketenteraan baru adalah untuk menggantikan presidios sebagai pusat penduduk untuk mencegah pencerobohan masa depan oleh puak-puak pribumi; dasar-dasar ini tetap menonjol di negeri ini sehingga tahun 1883. Akhirnya negara menggantikan keselamatan negeri lama dengan dasar negara untuk membentuk milisi yang dianjurkan dengan setiap orang Mexico di negara yang mampu berkhidmat di antara berumur 18 dan 55 untuk memenuhi mandat mempunyai enam orang mempertahankan setiap 1000 penduduk. <> Kumpulan apa yang terus menyerang penempatan Mexico? || puak asli <> Berapa banyak jajahan tentera ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan? || 18 <> Koloni tentera menggantikan apa yang menjadi pusat penduduk? || presidios <> Berapa ramai lelaki bagi setiap 1000 penduduk yang diberi mandat untuk mempertahankan? || enam lelaki", {"qas": [{"question": "What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?", "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc961", "answers": [{"text": "indigenous tribes", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many military colonies were established by the state?", "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc962", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The military colonies replaced what as population centers?", "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc963", "answers": [{"text": "presidios", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?", "id": "5707261a90286e26004fc964", "answers": [{"text": "six men", "answer_start": 1018}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents."}], ["Ketua Comandante, Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez, telah dilantik sebagai gabenor dan perintah ketenteraan diberikan kepada Kolonel J.J. Calvo, yang ketegasannya telah mendapat pujian yang baik. Negara sedang berada di tengah-tengah peperangan dengan Apache, yang menjadi tumpuan semua tenaga dan sumber mereka. Selepas mengkaji semula keadaan, Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez mengisytiharkan bahawa kepentingan wilayah akan disampaikan dengan sebaiknya dengan menyatukan kuasa sivil dan tentera, sekurang-kurangnya semasa kempen berlangsung. Dia meletak jawatan di bawah pembangkang, tetapi ditukar nama pada tahun 1837. <> Perintah tentera telah diberikan kepada siapa berdasarkan ketegasannya? || Kolonel J.J. Calvo <> Kerajaan sedang berperang dengan kumpulan apa? || Apaches <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan pasukan sivil dan tentera negara harus digabungkan semasa kempen? || Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez <> Di mana tahun Gonzalez menerima renung? || 1837", {"qas": [{"question": "Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?", "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc959", "answers": [{"text": "Colonel J.J. Calvo", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state was in a war with what group?", "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc95a", "answers": [{"text": "Apaches", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?", "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc95b", "answers": [{"text": "Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?", "id": "5707258d90286e26004fc95c", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Comandante general Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837."}], ["Pertanian adalah komponen yang agak kecil dalam ekonomi negeri dan berbeza-beza disebabkan oleh iklim yang berlainan di seluruh negeri. Negara berada di peringkat pertama di Meksiko untuk menghasilkan tanaman berikut: oat, chili verde, kapas, epal, pecan, dan membrillo. Negeri ini mempunyai industri tenusu penting dengan pemproses susu besar di seluruh negeri. Delicias adalah rumah kepada Alpura, syarikat tenusu terbesar di Mexico. Negeri ini mempunyai industri pembalakan besar yang kedua di oak dan ketiga di pain di Mexico. Industri perlombongan adalah kecil tetapi terus menghasilkan sejumlah besar mineral. Negeri itu menduduki tempat pertama di negara ini untuk pengeluaran plumbum dengan 53,169 tan metrik. Chihuahua menduduki tempat kedua di Mexico untuk zink pada 150,211 tan metrik, perak pada 580,271 kg, dan emas pada 15,221.8 kg. <> Pertanian berbeza-beza di seluruh negeri kerana variasi dalam apa? || iklim <> Buah-buahan yang manakah pangkat negara pertama dalam pengeluaran? || epal <> Negeri menghasilkan banyak tenusu yang mana pemproses besar produk tenusu apa? || susu <> Kerajaan berada di peringkat kedua dalam pengeluaran jenis kayu apa? || oak <> Negeri menduduki tempat kedua dengan lebih dari 150,000 metrik tan logam apa? || zink", {"qas": [{"question": "Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?", "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93b", "answers": [{"text": "climate", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which fruit does the state rank first in production?", "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93c", "answers": [{"text": "apples", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?", "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93d", "answers": [{"text": "milk", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?", "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93e", "answers": [{"text": "oak", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?", "id": "5707220e90286e26004fc93f", "answers": [{"text": "zinc", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg."}], ["Presiden Ju\u00e1rez sekali lagi mendasarkan pemerintahannya di negeri Chihuahua dan ia menjadi pusat perlawanan terhadap pencerobohan Perancis di seluruh Mexico. Pada 25 Mac, 1866, pertempuran berlaku di Plaza de Armas di pusat Kota Chihuahua di antara pasukan imperialis Perancis yang mengawal plaza dan pasukan Republikan yang diketuai oleh Ketua Terrazas. Dengan sepenuhnya ditangkap, pasukan imperialis Perancis mencari perlindungan dengan membakar diri mereka di Katedral Salib Suci, Our Lady of Regla, dan St Fancis of Assisi dan menjadikannya hampir mustahil untuk menembusi pertahanan mereka. Ketua Terrazas kemudian memutuskan untuk melepaskan tembakan artileri berat dengan bola cannon 8 kg. Meriam pertama melepaskan tembakan di menara gereja, seketika memecahkannya; tidak lama kemudian, seramai 200 orang pasukan tentera kerajaan menyerah diri. Pasukan republikan telah memperoleh kawalan ke atas modal negeri. Bell di gereja itu diisytiharkan sebagai monumen bersejarah dan boleh dilihat hari ini di Katedral. Menjelang April 1866, kerajaan negeri telah menubuhkan laluan perdagangan penting dari Chihuahua City ke San Antonio, Texas; kerajaan mula mengisi bekalan mereka dan memperkuatkan perjuangan mereka terhadap tentera Imperial. <> Juarez sekali lagi berasaskan kerajaannya di mana keadaannya? || Chihuahua <> Bas itu berfungsi sebagai pusat perlawanan terhadap serangan yang mana? || pencerobohan Perancis <> Pada 25 Mac 1866, pertempuran berlaku di mana di Chihuahua City? || Plaza de Armas <> Siapa yang memutuskan untuk menyerang perisai artileri berat dengan cannonballs 8 kg? || General Terrazas <> Struktur mana di gereja menjadi monumen bersejarah? || Loceng itu", {"qas": [{"question": "Juarez again based his government in which state?", "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a5", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?", "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a6", "answers": [{"text": "the French invasion", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?", "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a7", "answers": [{"text": "Plaza de Armas", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?", "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a8", "answers": [{"text": "General Terrazas", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which structure in the church became a historical monument?", "id": "570727889e06ca38007e94a9", "answers": [{"text": "The bell", "answer_start": 920}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "President Ju\u00e1rez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Fancis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established a vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces."}], ["Pasukan politik liberal mengekalkan kawalan kuat ke atas kerajaan negeri sehingga tidak lama selepas Intervensi Perancis yang mengubah jadual untuk memihak kepada pasukan konservatif sekali lagi. Campurtangan itu mempunyai kesan serius terhadap keadaan Chihuahua. Presiden Ju\u00e1rez, dalam usaha untuk menganjurkan pertahanan yang kuat terhadap Perancis, menetapkan senarai unit pengawal kebangsaan yang setiap negara harus menyumbang kepada Kementerian Perang dan Tentera Laut; Chihuahua bertanggungjawab untuk memasuki 2,000 orang. Kekuatan semula, Gubernur Luis Terrazas menugaskan Batalion Pertama Chihuahua untuk menyatukan tentera kebangsaan yang diketuai oleh Jeneral Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega; batalion itu dihantar ke Puebla. Selepas kekalahan tentera di Puebla, pentadbiran Ju\u00e1rez terpaksa meninggalkan Mexico City; presiden berundur jauh ke utara mencari perlindungan di negeri Chihuahua. <> Yang kuasa politik mana yang dikawal kuat ke negeri itu sehingga tidak lama selepas campur tangan Perancis? || liberal <> Intervensi mempunyai akibat yang serius untuk keadaan mana? || Chihuahua <> Siapa yang berusaha untuk menganjurkan pertahanan yang kuat terhadap Perancis? || Presiden Ju\u00e1rez <> Siapa yang memberi Batalion Pertama Chihuahua untuk menyatukan tentera? || Gabenor Luis Terrazas <> Di manakah batalion yang pertama digunakan? || Puebla", {"qas": [{"question": "Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?", "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949b", "answers": [{"text": "liberal", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The intervention had serious consequences for which state?", "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949c", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?", "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949d", "answers": [{"text": "President Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?", "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949e", "answers": [{"text": "Governor Luis Terrazas", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To where was the battalion first deployed?", "id": "5707268f9e06ca38007e949f", "answers": [{"text": "Puebla", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Ju\u00e1rez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Ju\u00e1rez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua."}], ["Para pejabat di Mexico City mengurangkan harga jagung dari enam sen menjadi dua sen satu paun. Bahagian utara negara terus menurun secara ekonomi yang membawa kepada pemberontakan lain yang dipimpin oleh G. Casavantes pada bulan Ogos 1879; Gabenor Tr\u00edas dituduh menyalahgunakan dana dan pentadbiran negeri yang tidak cekap. Casavantes mengambil ibu negeri dan mendudukinya secara ringkas; beliau juga berjaya memaksa Gabenor Tr\u00edas ke pengasingan. Tidak lama selepas itu, kerajaan persekutuan menghantar rombongan yang diketuai oleh Trevi\u00f1o; Casavantes segera diarahkan untuk meletakkan jawatannya. Casavantes mengisytiharkan kemenangan politik kerana dia dapat menuduh dan menuduh Gabenor Tr\u00edas secara terbuka. Pada masa yang sama, negeri Durango dan Coahuila mempunyai konfrontasi ketenteraan terhadap tuntutan wilayah dan hak air; perbalahan antara negeri ini memerlukan pasukan tentera tambahan untuk menstabilkan kawasan tersebut. Kemudian pertikaian terjadi lagi di antara negeri-negeri Coahuila, Durango, dan Chihuahua di kawasan kawasan gunung yang dikenali sebagai Sierra Mojada, apabila bijih emas bijih besar ditemui. Keadaan Chihuahua secara rasmi menyerahkan pernyataan protes pada Mei 1880 yang kemudiannya diselesaikan dengan baik. Walaupun kesukaran pada permulaannya, D\u00edaz dapat menjamin dan menstabilkan negeri itu, yang mendapat keyakinan dan sokongan rakyat. <> Para pejabat di Mexico mengurangkan harga makanan dari enam sen menjadi dua sen per paun? || jagung <> Yang mengetuai pemberontakan untuk bahagian utara negeri ini? || G. Casavantes <> Casavantes berjaya mendapatkan Gabenor untuk buangan? || Gubernur Tr\u00edas <> Durango dan Coahuila mempunyai konfrontasi ketenteraan atas apa sumber semula jadi? || air <> Siapa yang dapat menjamin dan menstabilkan negara akhirnya dan mendapat sokongan rakyat? || D\u00edaz", {"qas": [{"question": "The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?", "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94af", "answers": [{"text": "corn", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?", "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b0", "answers": [{"text": "G. Casavantes", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?", "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b1", "answers": [{"text": "Governor Tr\u00edas", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?", "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b2", "answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 788}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?", "id": "570728019e06ca38007e94b3", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00edaz", "answer_start": 1243}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Tr\u00edas was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Tr\u00edas to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Trevi\u00f1o; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Tr\u00edas. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, D\u00edaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people."}], ["Hidalgo diserahkan kepada Uskup Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, untuk menegur dan mengusir pejabat pada 27 Julai 1811. Dia kemudian didapati bersalah pengkhianatan oleh mahkamah tentera dan dibunuh oleh skuad menembak pada 30 Julai pada 7 di pagi. Sebelum pelaksanaannya, beliau mengucapkan terima kasih kepada penjaga rumahnya, Askar Persendirian Ortega dan Melchor, dalam surat-surat untuk rawatan manusiya. Semasa pelaksanaannya, Hidalgo meletakkan tangan kanannya di atas hatinya untuk menunjukkan riflemen di mana mereka sepatutnya bertujuan. Dia juga enggan menggunakan penutup mata. Tubuhnya, bersama dengan mayat Allende, Aldama dan Jos\u00e9 Mariano Jim\u00e9nez dipenggal, dan kepala dipamerkan di empat sudut Alh\u00f3ndiga de Granaditas di Guanajuato. Kepala tetap di sana selama sepuluh tahun sampai akhir Perang Kemerdekaan Meksiko untuk berfungsi sebagai peringatan kepada pemberontak lain. Badan tanpa kepala Hidalgo pertama kali dipaparkan di luar penjara tetapi kemudian dikebumikan di Gereja St Francis di Chihuahua. Mereka yang tinggal kemudian akan dipindahkan pada tahun 1824 ke Mexico City. <> Hidalgo diserahkan oleh siapa? || Uskup Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares <> Pada tahun mana Hidalgo diserahkan? || 1811 <> Bagaimana Hidalgo dilaksanakan setelah didapati bersalah? || skuad menembak <> Hidalgo menolak penggunaan apa semasa pelaksanaannya? || blindfold <> Di mana keadaan badan Hidalgo tidak dikebumikan? || Chihuahua", {"qas": [{"question": "Hidalgo was turned over by whom?", "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc94f", "answers": [{"text": "Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was Hidalgo turned over?", "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc950", "answers": [{"text": "1811", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?", "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc951", "answers": [{"text": "firing squad", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?", "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc952", "answers": [{"text": "blindfold", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?", "id": "5707233f90286e26004fc953", "answers": [{"text": "Chihuahua", "answer_start": 967}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and Jos\u00e9 Mariano Jim\u00e9nez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alh\u00f3ndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City."}], ["Banci terakhir di Mexico yang meminta perlumbaan individu, yang diambil pada tahun 1921, menunjukkan bahawa 50.09% populasi yang dikenal pasti sebagai Mestizo (bercampur Amerindian dan keturunan Eropah). Kumpulan kedua terbesar adalah putih pada 36.33% penduduk. Kumpulan ketiga terbesar adalah penduduk asli \"murni asli\", yang membentuk 12.76% penduduk. Baki 0.82% daripada penduduk Chihuahua dianggap \"lain\", iaitu, bukan Mestizo, asli, atau putih. Suku pribumi yang paling penting di negeri Chihuahua adalah: <> Banci terakhir di Mexico yang meminta perlumbaan dijalankan pada tahun mana? || 1921 <> Menurut banci tahun 1921, berapa peratus penduduk Mestizo? || 50.09% <> Kelompok terbesar kedua ialah siapa? || putih", {"qas": [{"question": "The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?", "id": "57072b269e06ca38007e94c9", "answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?", "id": "57072b269e06ca38007e94ca", "answers": [{"text": "50.09%", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The second largest group of people were whom?", "id": "57072b269e06ca38007e94cb", "answers": [{"text": "whites", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the \"pure indigenous\" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered \"other\", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:"}], ["Sebilangan kecil keluarga yang memiliki ladang besar (dikenali sebagai haciendas) dan menguasai sebahagian besar tanah di seluruh negeri manakala sebahagian besar Chihuahua tidak mempunyai tanah. Ekonomi negara sebahagian besarnya ditentukan oleh penternakan dan perlombongan. Dengan mengorbankan kelas pekerja, pentadbiran D\u00edaz mempromosikan pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan menggalakkan pelaburan dari syarikat asing dari United Kingdom, Perancis, Imperial Jerman dan Amerika Syarikat. Proletariat sering dieksploitasi, dan tidak mendapat perlindungan undang-undang atau bantuan politik untuk membetulkan ketidakadilan. <> Ekonomi negara sebahagian besarnya ditakrifkan oleh dua industri ini. || penternakan dan perlombongan <> Diaz mempromosikan pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan menggalakkan pelaburan dari syarikat asing dengan mengorbankan kumpulan apa? || kelas pekerja <> Apakah nama ladang besar yang dimiliki oleh keluarga kaya? || haciendas <> Kumpulan ini sering dieksploitasi dan tidak mempunyai perlindungan atau bantuan hukum. || proletariat", {"qas": [{"question": "The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.", "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94b9", "answers": [{"text": "ranching and mining", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?", "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94ba", "answers": [{"text": "working class", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?", "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94bb", "answers": [{"text": "haciendas", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.", "id": "570728b99e06ca38007e94bc", "answers": [{"text": "proletariat", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the D\u00edaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices."}], ["Zon padang pasir juga menyumbang kira-kira sepertiga kawasan permukaan negara. Gurun Chihuahuan adalah biome antarabangsa yang juga meluas ke negeri Coahuila, Mexico dan ke negeri-negeri A.S. Texas dan New Mexico. Zon padang pasir adalah puncak topografi yang rata dengan beberapa gunung kecil yang bergerak ke utara ke selatan. Gurun di negeri ini berbeza dengan sedikit variasi iklim. Ketinggian zona padang pasir yang lebih rendah ditemukan di utara sepanjang Rio Grande yang mengalami suhu panas di musim panas dan musim sejuk sementara bagian selatan zona padang pasir mengalami suhu yang lebih sejuk karena ketinggian yang lebih tinggi. Bukit-bukit Samalayuca meliputi kawasan seluas kira-kira 150 km2; ia adalah tapak Gurun Chihuahuan yang mengagumkan dan merupakan kawasan yang dilindungi oleh negeri ini kerana spesies tumbuhan dan haiwan unik. <> Zon gurun menyumbang berapa banyak kawasan permukaan negeri itu? || kira-kira satu pertiga <> Gurun Chihuahuan juga meluas ke negara jiran Mexico? || Coahuila <> Topografi zon padang pasir kebanyakannya bentuknya? || rata <> Ketinggian yang lebih rendah dan suhu yang lebih tinggi dijumpai di mana wilayah negara itu; utara, selatan, timur, atau barat? || utara <> Sungai yang paling terkenal di bahagian utara negeri ini? || Rio Grande", {"qas": [{"question": "The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?", "id": "570729f090286e26004fc973", "answers": [{"text": "about a third", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?", "id": "570729f090286e26004fc974", "answers": [{"text": "Coahuila", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?", "id": "570729f090286e26004fc975", "answers": [{"text": "flat", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?", "id": "570729f090286e26004fc976", "answers": [{"text": "north", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?", "id": "570729f090286e26004fc977", "answers": [{"text": "Rio Grande", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals."}], ["Semasa tahun 1990-an selepas NAFTA ditandatangani, pembangunan perindustrian berkembang pesat dengan pelaburan asing. Kilang-kilang besar yang dikenali sebagai maquiladoras dibina untuk mengeksport barangan perkilangan ke Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Hari ini, kebanyakan maquiladoras menghasilkan komponen elektronik, kereta, dan aeroangkasa. Terdapat lebih daripada 406 syarikat yang beroperasi di bawah program IMMEX atau Prosec persekutuan di Chihuahua. Sebahagian besar sektor perkilangan negeri ini adalah 425 kilang dibahagikan kepada 25 taman perindustrian yang menyumbang 12.47% daripada maquiladoras di Mexico, yang mempekerjakan 294,026 orang di negeri ini. Walaupun perkilangan yang didorong oleh eksport merupakan salah satu komponen terpenting dalam ekonomi negara, sektor perindustrian agak pelbagai dan boleh dipecahkan kepada beberapa sektor, iaitu: elektronik, agro-perindustrian, pembuatan asas kayu, mineral dan bioteknologi. Sama seperti seluruh negara, perniagaan kecil terus menjadi asas ekonomi negara. Perniagaan kecil menggunakan bahagian terbesar penduduk. [Rujukan?] <> Persetujuan apa yang mencetuskan perkembangan perindustrian pada tahun 1990-an? || NAFTA <> Kilang-kilang besar memanggil apa yang dibina untuk mengeksport barangan pembuatan ke AS dan Kanada? || maquiladoras <> Berapa banyak di negeri yang dipekerjakan oleh maquiladoras? || 294,026 <> Apa jenis perniagaan yang menggunakan bahagian terbesar penduduk? || Perniagaan kecil <> Kebanyakan maquiladoras hari ini menghasilkan apa? || komponen elektronik, kereta, dan aeroangkasa", {"qas": [{"question": "What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?", "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94cf", "answers": [{"text": "NAFTA", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?", "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d0", "answers": [{"text": "maquiladoras", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?", "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d1", "answers": [{"text": "294,026", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?", "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d2", "answers": [{"text": "Small business", "answer_start": 985}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most maquiladoras today produce what?", "id": "57072c019e06ca38007e94d3", "answers": [{"text": "electronics, automobile, and aerospace components", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state\u2019s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]"}], ["Pada 26 Mac 1913, Venustiano Carranza mengeluarkan Plan de Guadalupe, yang enggan mengakui Huerta sebagai presiden dan menyeru perang antara kedua-dua puak. Tidak lama selepas pembunuhan Presiden Madero, Carranza kembali ke Mexico untuk melawan Huerta, tetapi dengan segelintir rakan sebaya. Walau bagaimanapun, menjelang tahun 1913 pasukannya telah berkembang menjadi tentera beribu-ribu, yang dipanggil Divisi\u00f3n del Norte (Bahagian Utara). Villa dan tenteranya, bersama dengan Emiliano Zapata dan \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, bersatu dengan Carranza untuk memerangi Huerta. Pada bulan Mac 1914 Carranza mengembara ke Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, yang menjadi modal pemberontakan untuk sisa perjuangan dengan Huerta. Pada bulan April 1914 pembangkang A.S. untuk Huerta telah mencapai kemuncaknya, menyekat keupayaan rejim untuk membekalkan bekalan dari luar negara. Carranza cuba mengekalkan kepercayaan nasionalisnya mengancam perang dengan Amerika Syarikat. Dalam sambutan spontannya kepada Presiden AS, Woodrow Wilson Carranza meminta \"bahawa presiden menarik diri tentera Amerika dari Mexico.\" <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan Rancangan de Guadalupe? || Venustiano Carranza <> Rencana de Guadalupe enggan mengakui siapa sebagai presiden? | Huerta <> Siapa kembali ke Mexico untuk memerangi Huerta? || Carranza <> Bandar mana yang menjadi modal pemberontakan untuk kebanyakan perjuangan? || Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez <> Carranza mengancam perang dengan negara apa guna mengekalkan kredibiliti secara nasional? Amerika Syarikat", {"qas": [{"question": "Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?", "id": "5707294790286e26004fc969", "answers": [{"text": "Venustiano Carranza", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?", "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96a", "answers": [{"text": "Huerta", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?", "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96b", "answers": [{"text": "Carranza", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?", "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96c", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?", "id": "5707294790286e26004fc96d", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the Divisi\u00f3n del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked \"that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.\u201d"}], ["Fauna di negeri ini sama seperti flora dan berbeza-beza disebabkan oleh kontras yang besar di dalam iklim. Di zon gunung negara mamalia yang paling diperhatikan adalah: Tupai rubah Mexico (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelop jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), tudung bertelur (Mephitis macroura), babi liar (Sus scrofa) (Pecari tajacu), rusa ekor putih (Odocoileus virginianus), rusa keldai Odocoileus hemionus, bison bison bison Amerika, cougar (Puma concolor), cottontail timur Sylvilagus floridanus, tebu Amerika Utara Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, serigala Mexico Canis lupus baileyi , dan coyote Canis latrans. Beruang hitam Amerika Ursus americanus juga didapati tetapi dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil. Serigala Mexico, sekali lagi banyak, telah dihancurkan. Penyebab utama degradasi telah meragut. Walaupun terdapat banyak spesies reptilia di pergunungan, spesies yang paling banyak diperhatikan termasuk: Ular pinus Mexico Utara, Pituophis deppei jani, kadal kutu Texas (Phrynosoma cornutum), rattlesnake rock (Crotalus lepidus), rattlesnake hitam-ekor (Crotalus molossus), dan dataran tinggi harimau salamander Ambystoma velasci, salah satu daripada amfibia boleh didapati di pergunungan. <> Canis latrans adalah haiwan apa? || coyote <> Ursus Americanus adalah haiwan apa yang terdapat dalam jumlah yang agak kecil? || Beruang hitam Amerika <> Sebab utama degradasi adalah apa? || merumput <> Apa jenis ular yang paling popular di rantau ini dengan banyak spesies yang berbeza? || rattlesnake", {"qas": [{"question": "Canis latrans is what animal?", "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c1", "answers": [{"text": "coyote", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?", "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c2", "answers": [{"text": "American black bear", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The main cause of degradation has been what?", "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c3", "answers": [{"text": "grazing", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?", "id": "57072adb9e06ca38007e94c4", "answers": [{"text": "rattlesnake", "answer_start": 1088}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains."}]], [["Semasa Gempa Minor (Ghaybat al-Sughr\u00e1), dipercayai bahawa al-Mahdi mengekalkan hubungan dengan para pengikutnya melalui timbalan (Arab, an-nuw\u0101b al-arba'a atau \"Empat Pemimpin\"). Mereka mewakili beliau dan bertindak sebagai ejen antara beliau dan pengikutnya. Apabila setiap orang yang beriman menghadapi masalah, mereka akan menulis kebimbangan mereka dan menghantarnya kepada timbalannya. Timbalannya akan menentukan keputusannya, mengesahkannya dengan meterai dan tandatangannya dan mengembalikannya kepada pihak yang berkenaan. Timbalan menteri juga mengumpulkan zakat dan khums bagi pihaknya. <> Bagaimana al-Mahdi mengekalkan hubungan semasa Occultasinya? || melalui deputi <> Bagaimana timbalan mewakili al-Mahdi? || bertindak sebagai ejen antara dia dan pengikutnya <> Apa yang akan dilakukan orang percaya ketika mereka mengalami masalah? || tulis keprihatinan mereka dan hantar mereka ke timbalannya <> Apa yang akan timbalan mengesahkan kebimbangan dengan? || meterai dan tanda tangan <> Apa yang dipungut oleh timbalan para Imam? || zakat dan khums", {"qas": [{"question": "How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?", "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951b", "answers": [{"text": "via deputies", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?", "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951c", "answers": [{"text": "acted as agents between him and his followers", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would believers do when they had a problem?", "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951d", "answers": [{"text": "write their concerns and send them to his deputy", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?", "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951e", "answers": [{"text": "seal and signature", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?", "id": "5708085c9e06ca38007e951f", "answers": [{"text": "zakat and khums", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughr\u00e1), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuw\u0101b al-arba\u02bba or \"the Four Leaders\"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf."}], ["Menurut Ism\u0101'\u012bl\u012bsm, Allah telah menghantar \"tujuh\" nabi besar yang dikenal sebagai \"N\u0101t\u0131q\" (Lisan) untuk menyebarkan dan memperbaiki D\u012bn Islam. Semua nabi besar ini juga mempunyai seorang pembantu yang dikenali sebagai \"S\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m\". Pada akhir setiap tujuh \"S\u0101mad\" silsila, satu \"N\u0101t\u0131q\" (Spoken) yang hebat telah dihantar untuk memperbaiki semula Islam. Selepas Adam dan anaknya Seth, dan selepas enam \"N\u0101t\u0131q\" (Perkataan) - \"S\u0101mad\" (Silent) silsila (Noah-Shem), (Abraham-Ishmael) bin'Abd All\u0101h-Ali ibn Abu T\u0101lib); silsilah \"N\u0101t\u0131qs dan S\u0101mad telah selesai dengan (Muhammad bin Ism\u0101'\u012bl as-Sagh\u012br (Maym\u00fbn'\u00fbl-Qadd\u0101h) -Abd All\u0101h Ibn-i Maym\u00fbn dan anak-anaknya). <> Berapa ramai nabi yang hebat yang telah diutus oleh Allah? || tujuh <> Apakah tujuh nabi besar yang dikenali sebagai? || N\u0101t\u0131q <> Apakah tujuh nabi besar yang patut dilakukan? || menyebarkan dan memperbaiki Dinya Islam <> Apa yang disebut pembantu nabi besar? || S\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m", {"qas": [{"question": "How many great prophets has Allah sent?", "id": "570806c390286e26004fc97d", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the seven great prophets known as?", "id": "570806c390286e26004fc97e", "answers": [{"text": "N\u0101t\u0131q", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?", "id": "570806c390286e26004fc97f", "answers": [{"text": "disseminate and improve his D\u012bn of Islam", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the great prophets assistant called?", "id": "570806c390286e26004fc980", "answers": [{"text": "S\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl\u012bsm, Allah has sent \"seven\" great prophets known as \u201cN\u0101t\u0131q\u201d (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his D\u012bn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as \u201cS\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m\u201d. At the end of each seven \u201cS\u0101mad\u201d silsila, one great \u201cN\u0101t\u0131q\u201d (Spoken) has ben sent in order to reimprove the D\u012bn of Islam. After Adam and his son Seth, and after six \u201cN\u0101t\u0131q\u201d (Spoken) \u2013 \u201cS\u0101mad\u201d (Silent) silsila (Noah\u2013Shem), (Abraham\u2013Ishmael), (Moses\u2013Aaron), (Jesus\u2013Simeon), (Muhammad bin \u02bfAbd All\u0101h\u2013Ali ibn Abu T\u0101lib); the silsila of \u201cN\u0101t\u0131qs and S\u0101mads have been completed with (Muhammad bin Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl as-\u1e63agh\u012br (Maym\u00fbn\u2019\u00fbl-Qadd\u0101h)\u2013\u02bfAbd All\u0101h Ibn-i Maym\u00fbn and his sons)."}], ["Tari Syiah dengan majoriti penganut adalah Twelvers yang biasa dikenali sebagai \"Shia\". Selepas itu datang Nizari Ismailis yang dikenali sebagai Ismailis; dan kemudian datang Mustalian Ismailis yang biasa dikenali sebagai \"Bohras\" dengan perpecahan lanjut dalam tariqah Bohri mereka. Tariqah Druze (yang sangat kecil pada hari ini) pada awalnya adalah Fatimid Ismailis dan berpisah daripada mereka (Fatimid Ismailis) selepas kematian Imam Fatimiyah dan Khalifah Hakim Bi Amrillah. Tariqah Saman Semula tidak lagi wujud. Satu lagi tariqah kecil ialah Zaidi Shias, yang juga dikenali sebagai Fivers dan yang tidak mempercayai The Occultation Imam terakhir mereka. <> Dalam Syiah tariqah, apakah Twelvers yang biasa dikenali sebagai? || \"Shia\" <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Nizari Ismailis? || Ismailis <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Mustafa Ismailis? || Bohras <> Yang tariqah tidak lagi wujud? || The Shia Sevener <> Yang tariah yang dikenali sebagai Fivers? || Zaidi Shias", {"qas": [{"question": "In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?", "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9511", "answers": [{"text": "the \"Shia\"", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?", "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9512", "answers": [{"text": "Ismailis", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?", "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9513", "answers": [{"text": "Bohras", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tariqah no longer exists?", "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9514", "answers": [{"text": "The Shia Sevener", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tariah is known as the Fivers?", "id": "5708077a9e06ca38007e9515", "answers": [{"text": "Zaidi Shias", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the \"Shia\". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the \"Bohras\" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam."}], ["Di dalam Syiah Islam (Shiism), pelbagai mazhab telah wujud kerana mereka berbeza dengan kejayaan Imams mereka, sama seperti pemisahan Shia - Sunni dalam Islam sendiri telah wujud dari perselisihan yang telah timbul atas penggantian kepada Muhammad. Pertikaian masing-masing berturut-turut membawa tariqah yang berbeza (maksudnya 'jalan'; arti panjang 'mazhab') dalam Syiah Islam. Setiap shia tariqah mengikuti dinasti Imam yang khusus, sehingga menghasilkan sejumlah Imam untuk setiap shia tariqah tertentu. Apabila garis dinasti pemisahan pengganti Imam berakhir dengan tidak menjadi ahli waris untuk menggantikannya, maka dia (Imam terakhir) atau penggantinya yang belum lahir itu dipercayai telah menjadi penyembunyian, yaitu, The Occultation. <> Mengapa sekte berbeza datang dalam Syiah? || mereka berbeza daripada pengganti Imams mereka <> Apa pemisahan yang hebat datang dari pertikaian mengenai penggantian kepada Muhammad? || Shia - Sunni <> Apa harfiah harfiah tariqah? || jalan <> Apa yang setiap mengikuti tariqah Syiah? || Dinasti Imam yang tersendiri <> Apa yang dipanggil ketika Imam terakhir atau penggantinya yang belum lahir menjadi penyembunyian? || The Occultation", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did different sects come about within Shiism?", "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94eb", "answers": [{"text": "they differed over their Imams' successions", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?", "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ec", "answers": [{"text": "Shia - Sunni", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of tariqah?", "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ed", "answers": [{"text": "path", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does each Shia tariqah follow?", "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ee", "answers": [{"text": "its own particular Imam's dynasty", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?", "id": "570800b19e06ca38007e94ef", "answers": [{"text": "The Occultation", "answer_start": 724}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation."}], ["Ismaili berbeza dari Twelvers kerana mereka mempunyai imam hidup selama berabad-abad selepas Imam Twelver yang terakhir menjadi penyembunyian. Mereka mengikuti Isma'il ibn Jafar, abang Musa al-Kadhim, sebagai Imam yang sah selepas bapanya Ja'far al-Sadiq. Ismaili percaya bahawa sama ada Imam Ismail melakukan atau tidak mati sebelum Imam Ja'far, beliau telah melepaskan jubah imam kepada anaknya Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Ismail sebagai imam yang akan datang. Oleh itu, barisan imam mereka adalah seperti berikut (tahun imamat individu mereka semasa Era Biasa diberikan dalam kurungan): <> Bagaimana Ismailis berbeza daripada Twelvers? || imam yang hidup <> Siapakah abang Musa al-Kadhim? || Isma'il ibn Jafar <> Siapa Isma'il ibn Jafar? || Ja'far al-Sadiq <> Apakah Imam Ismail menyampaikan kepada anaknya? || jubah imamate", {"qas": [{"question": "How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?", "id": "57080a949928a814004714b4", "answers": [{"text": "living imams", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?", "id": "57080a949928a814004714b5", "answers": [{"text": "Isma'il ibn Jafar", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?", "id": "57080a949928a814004714b6", "answers": [{"text": "Ja'far al-Sadiq", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?", "id": "57080a949928a814004714b7", "answers": [{"text": "mantle of the imamate", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):"}], ["Shia percaya bahawa Imamah adalah Prinsip-prinsip Kepercayaan (Usul al-Din). Seperti ayat 4: 165 quran menyatakan perlunya pelantikan para nabi; jadi selepas kematian nabi yang akan memainkan peranan nabi; sehingga orang-orang tidak mempunyai sebarang tuntutan terhadap Allah. Jadi, logika yang sama yang memerlukan penugasan para nabi juga dipakai untuk Imamah. Itulah Allah Harus menetapkan orang yang serupa dengan nabi dalam sifat-sifatnya dan Ismah sebagai penggantinya untuk membimbing orang tanpa penyimpangan dalam agama. Mereka merujuk kepada ayat (... Pada hari ini saya telah menyempurnakan agama kamu dan menyempurnakan nikmat-Ku kepadamu dan telah meluluskan anda Islam sebagai agama ...) 5: 3 Al Quran yang diwahyukan kepada nabi ketika dia ditunjuk Ali sebagai penggantinya pada hari Ghadir Khumm. <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa Imamah adalah Prinsip-prinsip Kepercayaan? || Shias <> Pada hari apakah Ali telah dilantik sebagai pengganti Nabi? || Ghadir Khumm <> Apakah ayat-ayat dalam kitab itu menyatakan perlunya pelantikan para nabi? || 4: 165 <> Siapa yang harus menetapkan pengganti setelah kematian nabi? || Allah <> Apa yang mesti dilakukan seorang nabi? || membimbing rakyat", {"qas": [{"question": "Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?", "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94d9", "answers": [{"text": "Shias", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?", "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94da", "answers": [{"text": "Ghadir Khumm", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?", "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94db", "answers": [{"text": "4:165", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?", "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94dc", "answers": [{"text": "Allah", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must a prophet do?", "id": "5707feb09e06ca38007e94dd", "answers": [{"text": "guide the people", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din).As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse (...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...) 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm."}], ["Perkataan \"Im\u0101m\" menunjukkan seseorang yang berdiri atau berjalan \"di depan\". Untuk Sunni Islam, perkataan ini biasanya digunakan untuk bermaksud seseorang yang mengetuai perjalanan solat di masjid. Ia juga bermaksud ketua madhhab (\"sekolah pemikiran\"). Walau bagaimanapun, dari pandangan Syiah ini hanya pemahaman asas perkataan dalam bahasa Arab dan, untuk penggunaan agama yang sewajarnya, perkataan \"Imam\" hanya berlaku untuk ahli-ahli rumah Muhammad yang ditetapkan sebagai tidak sempurna oleh sebelum Imam. <> Apa perkataan literal bermaksud seseorang yang berdiri atau berjalan di depan? || Im\u0101m <> Untuk Sunni Islam, apakah maksud perkataan Imam yang biasa? || seseorang yang mengarahkan solat di masjid <> Apa maksud madhhab perkataan? || sekolah pemikiran <> Apa maksud Imam dalam konteks keagamaan yang betul? || ahli rumah Muhammad ditetapkan sebagai tidak sempurna", {"qas": [{"question": "What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?", "id": "570804549e06ca38007e94ff", "answers": [{"text": "Im\u0101m", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?", "id": "570804549e06ca38007e9500", "answers": [{"text": "a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the word madhhab mean?", "id": "570804549e06ca38007e9501", "answers": [{"text": "school of thought", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?", "id": "570804549e06ca38007e9502", "answers": [{"text": "members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The word \"Im\u0101m\" denotes a person who stands or walks \"in front\". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab (\"school of thought\"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word \"Imam\" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam."}], ["Imamah (bahasa Arab: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629) adalah doktrin Islam Syiah (kepercayaan) kepimpinan agama, rohani dan politik Ummah. Syiah percaya bahawa para Imam adalah khalifah yang benar atau pengganti Muhammad yang sah, dan seterusnya bahawa Imam memiliki ilmu pengetahuan dan kekuasaan ilahi (Ismah) serta menjadi sebahagian daripada Ahl al-Bayt, keluarga Muhammad. Imam-imam ini mempunyai peranan untuk memberikan tafsiran dan tafsiran al-Quran serta bimbingan kepada para pengikut tariqa mereka sebagaimana halnya imam-imam yang hidup dari tari Nizari Ismaili tariqah. <> Apakah doktrin Syiah Islam dipanggil? || Imamah <> Siapa yang percaya Syiah adalah pengganti sebenar Muhammad? || Imam <> Apakah peranan imam? || menyediakan tafsiran dan tafsiran Al-Quran <> Siapa yang percaya Syiah mempunyai pengetahuan dan kuasa ilahi? || Imam", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?", "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e3", "answers": [{"text": "Imamah", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?", "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e4", "answers": [{"text": "Imams", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the role of Imams?", "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e5", "answers": [{"text": "providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?", "id": "5707ff5f9e06ca38007e94e6", "answers": [{"text": "Imams", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Imamah (Arabic: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629\u200e) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah."}], ["Walaupun semua tariqah Shia yang berbeza ini tergolong dalam kumpulan Syiah (yang bertentangan dengan kumpulan Sunni) dalam Islam, terdapat perbezaan doktrin utama antara tariqah Syiah utama. Setelah itu terdapat perjumpaan doktrin yang lengkap di antara semua tariqah Syiah yang mana Imam terakhir telah pergi ke Occultation dan Shia Nizari Ismailis yang menafikan konsep yang sangat Occult. Oleh itu, Syiah Nizari Ismailis mempunyai Imam yang ada sekarang dan hidup sehingga akhir zaman. Oleh itu, sekiranya ada Imam Nizari Ismaili yang hidup gagal meninggalkan seorang pengganti selepas itu maka prinsip kardinal Nizari Ismailism akan dipecahkan dan ia sangat raison d'\u00eatre akan berakhir. <> Kumpulan apa yang dimiliki oleh Syiah tariqah? || Shia <> Apa yang telah berlaku kepada beberapa Syiah tariqahs Imam terakhir? || Gempa bumi <> Yang menafikan konsep Peristiwa? || Shia Nizari Ismailis <> Apakah imam Imam Shia Nizari Ismailis? || hadir dan hidup <> Apa yang akan berlaku kepada Nizari Ismaili jika Imam gagal meninggalkan pengganti? || berakhir", {"qas": [{"question": "What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?", "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e9507", "answers": [{"text": "Shia", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?", "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e9508", "answers": [{"text": "Occultation", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who deny the concept of Occulation?", "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e9509", "answers": [{"text": "Shia Nizari Ismailis", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?", "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e950a", "answers": [{"text": "present and living", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?", "id": "570805e39e06ca38007e950b", "answers": [{"text": "come to an end", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism\u2019s cardinal principle would be broken and it\u2019s very raison d'\u00eatre would come to an end."}], ["Dilarang untuk Pemimpin Ilahi tidak berasal dari keluarga Muhammad. [Rujukan?] Menurut Ali al-Ridha, kerana wajib mematuhinya, harus ada tanda untuk menunjukkan dengan jelas Pemimpin Ilahi. Tanda itu adalah ikatan kekeluargaannya yang terkenal dengan Muhammad dan pelantikannya yang jelas supaya orang dapat membezakannya dari orang lain, dan jelas dibimbing kepadanya. Jika tidak, orang lain lebih mulia daripada keturunan Muhammad dan mereka harus diikuti dan dipatuhi; dan keturunan Muhammad adalah taat dan tertakluk kepada keturunan musuh Muhammad seperti Abi Jahl atau Ibn Abi Ma'eet. [Risalah asli?] Namun, Muhammad lebih mulia daripada yang lain yang bertanggungjawab dan dipatuhi. Lebih-lebih lagi, apabila nabi Muhammad bersaksi bahawa mereka akan taat kepadanya, tiada siapa yang akan teragak-agak untuk mengikuti keturunannya dan ini tidak akan menjadi sukar bagi sesiapa pun. Sedangkan untuk mengikuti keturunan keluarga yang rusak adalah sukar. [Risalah asal?] Dan itu mungkin mengapa ciri asas Muhammad dan nabi-nabi lain adalah bangsawan mereka. [Risalah asal?] Sebab tidak seorangpun dari mereka dikatakan berasal dari keluarga yang memalukan. [rujukan?] Dipercayai bahawa semua nenek moyang Muhammad sampai kepada Adam adalah orang Islam sejati. [a] [rujukan?] Yesus juga dari keluarga yang saleh, sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Al-Quran bahawa selepas kelahirannya, orang berkata kepada Mary: Saudara perempuan Harun, ayahmu bukanlah orang yang jahat, \"[b] [sintesis tidak wajar?] <> Apakah ciri-ciri dasar Muhammad dan para nabi?> | golongan bangsawan mereka <> Agama apa yang semua nenek moyang Muhammad? keluarga yang saleh? || Yesus <> Apa yang dilarang untuk Pemimpin Ilahi? || tidak berasal dari keluarga Muhammad <> Apakah tanda yang menunjukkan Pemimpin Ilahi? || hubungan kekeluargaannya yang terkenal dengan Muhammad", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?", "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f5", "answers": [{"text": "their nobility", "answer_start": 1048}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?", "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f6", "answers": [{"text": "Muslims", "answer_start": 1238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?", "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f7", "answers": [{"text": "Jesus", "answer_start": 1268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?", "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f8", "answers": [{"text": "not to be from the family of Muhammad", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?", "id": "570802f39e06ca38007e94f9", "answers": [{"text": "his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad.[citation needed] According to Ali al-Ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad\u2019s enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma\u2019eet.[original research?] However, Muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult.[original research?] And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility.[original research?] For none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family.[citation needed] It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. [a][citation needed] Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary: O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste.\"[b][improper synthesis?]"}], ["Menurut majoriti Sh\u012b'a, yaitu Twelvers (Ithn\u0101'ashariyya), berikut adalah penyenaraian pengganti yang sah kepada Muhammad. Setiap Imam adalah anak lelaki Imam sebelumnya kecuali Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b, yang merupakan saudara Hassan ibn' Al\u012b. Kepercayaan dalam penggantian ini kepada Muhammad berasal dari berbagai ayat Al-Quran yang meliputi: 75:36, 13: 7, 35 : 24, 2:30, 2: 124, 36:26, 7: 142, 42:23 Mereka menyokong perbincangan mereka dengan memetik Kejadian 17: 19-20 dan hadith Sunni: Sahih Muslim, Hadis 4478, Terjemahan bahasa Inggeris oleh Abdul Hamid Siddiqui. [Penyelidikan asal?] <> Siapa saudara Hassan ibn 'Ali? || Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b <> Biasanya, bagaimana setiap Imam berkaitan dengan Imam sebelumnya? || anak <> Apakah ayat Alkitab yang digunakan Shia untuk menyokong kepercayaan mereka? || Kejadian 17: 19-20", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?", "id": "57080f77efce8f15003a7d9a", "answers": [{"text": "Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?", "id": "57080f77efce8f15003a7d9b", "answers": [{"text": "son", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?", "id": "57080f77efce8f15003a7d9c", "answers": [{"text": "Genesis 17:19\u201320", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the majority of Sh\u012b'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithn\u0101'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Mu\u1e25ammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Al\u012b.The belief in this succession to Mu\u1e25ammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19\u201320 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]"}], ["Dengan ayat Al Quran, 2: 124, Syiah percaya bahawa Imamah adalah kedudukan ilahi selalu Imamah disertai dengan bimbingan kata, tentunya petunjuk oleh Perintah Tuhan. Tuntutan yang membawa kemanusiaan kepada matlamat. Mengenai 17:71, tiada usia boleh tanpa Imam. Oleh itu, mengikut ayat atas 1.Imamah adalah kedudukan yang dilantik oleh Allah dan harus ditentukan oleh Dia 2.Imam dilindungi oleh perlindungan ilahi dan tidak ada yang mengalahkannya dalam golongan bangsawan 3. Tidak ada usia tanpa Imam dan akhirnya Imam mengetahui segala yang diperlukan untuk manusia untuk mencapai kebenaran dan tujuan. <> Dengan apa ayat Al-Quran kepada Syiah percaya bahawa Imamah adalah kedudukan ilahi? || 2: 124 <> Apa ayat Al-Quran 17:71? || tiada umur boleh tanpa Imam <> Imamah adalah kedudukan yang dilantik oleh siapa? || Tuhan <> Apakah Imam yang dilindungi? || perlindungan ilahi <> Siapa tahu segala yang diperlukan untuk mencapai matlamat dan matlamat? || Imam", {"qas": [{"question": "By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?", "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d90", "answers": [{"text": "2:124", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?", "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d91", "answers": [{"text": "no age can be without an Imam", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Imamah is a position appointed by who?", "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d92", "answers": [{"text": "God", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an Imam protected by?", "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d93", "answers": [{"text": "divine protection", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?", "id": "57080ed1efce8f15003a7d94", "answers": [{"text": "Imam", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal."}], ["Barisan imam Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslim (juga dikenali sebagai Bohras / Dawoodi Bohra) terus berlanjut hingga Aamir ibn Mustali. Selepas kematiannya, mereka percaya Imam Taiyab ke-21 abi al-Qasim masuk ke Dawr-e-Satr (tempoh penyembunyian) yang berterusan sehingga hari ini. Dalam ketiadaan seorang imam, mereka dipimpin oleh Dai-al-Mutlaq (mubaligh mutlak) yang menguruskan urusan Imam-in-Concealment sehingga muncul semula Imam dari penyembunyian. Dawoodi Bohra yang ke-53 adalah Da'i al-Mutlaq adalah Kesuciannya Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) yang menggantikan predator beliau ke-52 Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Selain itu, telah berlaku perpecahan dalam mazhab Dawoodi Bohra yang telah menyebabkan pembentukan mazhab Qutbi Bohra yang dibentuk dan diketuai oleh Khuzaima Qutbuddin. <> Apakah Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslim juga dikenali sebagai? || Bohras / Dawoodi Bohra <> Apa yang Bohras percaya berlaku kepada Taiyab abi al-qasim? || masuk ke Dawr-e-Satr <> Siapa Bohras yang dipimpin oleh ketiadaan imam? || Dai-al-Mutlaq <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Dai-al-Mutlaq? || menguruskan hal-hal Imam <> Siapa Dawoodi Bohra yang kini 53 Da'i al-Butlaq? || Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?", "id": "57080bf29928a814004714bc", "answers": [{"text": "Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?", "id": "57080bf29928a814004714bd", "answers": [{"text": "went into a Dawr-e-Satr", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?", "id": "57080bf29928a814004714be", "answers": [{"text": "Dai-al-Mutlaq", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?", "id": "57080bf29928a814004714bf", "answers": [{"text": "manages the affairs of the Imam", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?", "id": "57080bf29928a814004714c0", "answers": [{"text": "Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin."}], ["Semua umat Islam percaya bahawa Muhammad telah berkata: \"Kepada siapa pun saya Mawla, Ali adalah Mawla-Nya.\" Hadith ini telah diriwayatkan dengan cara yang berbeza oleh banyak sumber yang berbeza-beza dengan tidak kurang daripada 45 buku hadith [kutipan yang diperlukan] dari koleksi Sunni dan Syiah. Hadis ini juga telah diriwayatkan oleh pengumpul hadith, al-Tirmidhi, 3713; [rujukan?] Serta Ibn Maajah, 121; [rujukan?] Dan sebagainya. Titik utama konflik antara Sunni dan Syiah adalah tafsiran perkataan 'Mawla'. Bagi Shia perkataan itu bermaksud 'Tuhan dan Guru' dan mempunyai makna yang sama seperti ketika istilah itu digunakan untuk mengatasi Muhammad sendiri sepanjang hayatnya. Oleh itu, apabila Muhammad sebenarnya (dengan ucapan) dan secara fizikal (dengan mempunyai sahabat terdekatnya termasuk Abu Bakr, Umar dan Uthman [tiga khalifah yang sebelum ini yang mendahului Ali sebagai Khalifah] secara terbuka menerima Ali sebagai Tuhan dan Guru mereka dengan mengambil tangan Ali dalam kedua-duanya sebagai tanda kesetiaan mereka kepada Ali) memindahkan tajuk dan cara ini untuk mengatasi Ali sebagai Mawla untuk semua umat Islam di Ghadiri Khum Oasis hanya beberapa bulan sebelum kematiannya, orang-orang yang melihat Ali sebagai pengganti Muhammad segera bahkan sebelum kematian Muhamamd dikenal sebagai Syiah. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi Sunni perkataan itu hanya bermaksud 'tercinta' atau 'dihormati' dan tidak mempunyai maksud lain sama sekali. <> Siapa yang percaya kaum muslimin berkata \"Kepada sesiapa yang saya Mawla, Ali adalah Mawla nya? || Muhammad <> Berapa banyak buku boleh kutipan ini dijumpai? || 45 <> Apakah titik konflik antara Sunni dan Syiah? | perkataan 'Mawla' <> Apa makna karya Mawla kepada Sunnies? || tercinta <> Apa maksud Mawla perkataan kepada Syiah? || Tuhan dan Guru", {"qas": [{"question": "Who do Muslims believe said \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?", "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c6", "answers": [{"text": "Muhammad", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many books can this quote be found?", "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c7", "answers": [{"text": "45", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?", "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c8", "answers": [{"text": "the word 'Mawla'", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?", "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714c9", "answers": [{"text": "beloved", "answer_start": 1302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?", "id": "57080cbb9928a814004714ca", "answers": [{"text": "Lord and Master", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla.\" This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all."}]], [["Pitch adalah sensasi pendengaran di mana seorang pendengar menyerahkan nada muzik ke kedudukan relatif pada skala muzik berdasarkan terutamanya pada persepsi mereka mengenai frekuensi getaran. Pitch berkait rapat dengan frekuensi, tetapi kedua-duanya tidak bersamaan. Kekerapan adalah objektif, sifat saintifik yang boleh diukur. Pitch adalah persepsi subjektif setiap orang tentang bunyi, yang tidak boleh diukur secara langsung. Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak bermakna bahawa kebanyakan orang tidak akan bersetuju dengan nota mana yang lebih tinggi dan lebih rendah. <> Apa jenis sensasi yang timbul? || auditori <> Apa yang berkaitan dengan pitch? || frekuensi <> Setiap orang persepsi bunyi dipanggil? || Pitch", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of sensation is pitch?", "id": "57085206efce8f15003a7da0", "answers": [{"text": "auditory", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is pitch closely related to?", "id": "57085206efce8f15003a7da1", "answers": [{"text": "frequency", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Each persons perception of sound is called?", "id": "57085206efce8f15003a7da2", "answers": [{"text": "Pitch", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower."}], ["Suara yang dihasilkan pada mana-mana instrumen menghasilkan banyak mod getaran yang berlaku secara serentak. Seorang pendengar mendengar banyak frekuensi sekaligus. Getaran dengan frekuensi terendah dipanggil frekuensi asas; frekuensi lain adalah nada dering. Harmonik adalah kelas penting bagi nada dering dengan frekuensi yang merupakan bilangan gandaan integer yang asas. Sama ada frekuensi yang lebih tinggi adalah gandaan integer, mereka secara kolektif dipanggil separa, merujuk kepada bahagian-bahagian yang berlainan yang membentuk spektrum keseluruhan. <> Ini menghasilkan banyak mod getaran yang berlaku pada masa yang sama? || bunyi yang dijana <> Seorang pendengar dapat mendengar berapa banyak frekuensi sekaligus? || Banyak <> Harmonik adalah kelas penting dalam apa? || overtones <> Gandaan integer secara kolektif dipanggil? || yang parsial", {"qas": [{"question": "This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?", "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416c", "answers": [{"text": "sound generated", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?", "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416d", "answers": [{"text": "numerous", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Harmonics are an important class of what?", "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416e", "answers": [{"text": "overtones", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Integer multiples are collectively called? ", "id": "570972d0ed30961900e8416f", "answers": [{"text": "the partials", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum."}], ["Ini mewujudkan ruang padang linear di mana oktaf mempunyai saiz 12, semiton (jarak antara kunci bersebelahan pada papan kekunci piano) mempunyai saiz 1, dan A440 diberikan nombor 69. (Lihat Frekuensi nota.) Jarak di ruang ini sepadan dengan selang muzik seperti yang difahami oleh pemuzik. Semiton yang sama-panas terbahagi kepada 100 sen. Sistem ini cukup fleksibel untuk memasukkan \"microtones\" tidak terdapat pada papan kekunci piano standard. Sebagai contoh, padang separuh antara C (60) dan C\u266f (61) boleh dilabelkan 60.5. <> Octaves dalam bidang linear adalah saiz apa? || 12 <> Semiton dalam bidang linear adalah saiz apa? || 1 <> A440 dalam bidang linear adalah saiz apa? || 69 <> Semiton sama rata-terbahagi dibahagi kepada berapa sen? || 100 <> Padang di antara C (60) dan C\u266f (61) dilabelkan apa? || 60.5", {"qas": [{"question": "Octaves in linear pitch are what size?", "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d0", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Semitones in linear pitch are what size?", "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d1", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A440 in linear pitch are what size?", "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d2", "answers": [{"text": "69", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?", "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d3", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The pitch halfway between C (60) and C\u266f (61) is labeled what?", "id": "5708545e9928a814004714d4", "answers": [{"text": "60.5", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include \"microtones\" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C\u266f (61) can be labeled 60.5."}], ["Perbezaan yang hanya ketara (jnd) (ambang di mana perubahan dirasakan) bergantung pada kandungan kekerapan nada. Di bawah 500 Hz, jnd adalah kira-kira 3 Hz untuk gelombang sinus, dan 1 Hz untuk nada kompleks; di atas 1000 Hz, jnd bagi gelombang sinus kira-kira 0.6% (kira-kira 10 sen). Jnd biasanya diuji dengan memainkan dua nada secara berturut-turut dengan pendengar bertanya apakah ada perbezaan di padang mereka. Jnd menjadi lebih kecil jika kedua-dua nada dimainkan secara serentak kerana pendengar kemudian dapat membezakan frekuensi beat. Jumlah langkah-langkah pitch yang terperinci dalam julat pendengaran manusia adalah kira-kira 1,400; jumlah nota dalam skala yang sama rata, dari 16 hingga 16,000 Hz, adalah 120. <> Perbezaan yang hanya dapat dilihat, di mana perubahan dirasakan bergantung kepada apa? || kandungan kekerapan nada <> Jnd biasanya diuji oleh? || bermain dua nada secara berturut-turut <> Apa pelbagai langkah pitch yang dapat dilihat untuk pendengaran manusia? || 1,400", {"qas": [{"question": "The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?", "id": "57097da1ed30961900e84206", "answers": [{"text": "the tone's frequency content", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The jnd is typically tested by?", "id": "57097da1ed30961900e84207", "answers": [{"text": "playing two tones in quick succession", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?", "id": "57097da1ed30961900e84208", "answers": [{"text": "1,400", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120."}], ["Ia masih mungkin untuk dua bunyi padang yang tidak terbatas untuk jelas menjadi lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada satu sama lain. Sebagai contoh, drum snare berbunyi lebih tinggi daripada drum bass walaupun kedua-duanya mempunyai padang tanpa had, kerana bunyi itu mengandungi frekuensi yang lebih tinggi. Dalam erti kata lain, ia mungkin dan selalunya mudah untuk membezakan kira-kira padang relatif dua bunyi padang tanpa had, tetapi bunyi padang yang tidak terbatas tidak sesuai dengan mana-mana padang tertentu. Jenis padang khas sering berlaku dalam sifat bebas apabila bunyi mencapai telinga pengamat terus dari sumber, dan juga selepas mencerminkan permukaan yang mencerminkan bunyi. Fenomena ini dipanggil padang pengulangan, kerana penambahan pengulangan sebenar bunyi asal itu sendiri adalah prasyarat asas. <> Drum mana yang mempunyai pitch dianggap lebih tinggi walaupun kedua-duanya mempunyai pitch tidak terbatas? || drum snare <> Ulang pengulangan disebabkan oleh fenomena apa? || penambahan pengulangan sebenar bunyi asal <> Bolehkah dan sering mudah untuk membezakan lebih kurang sepasang relatif dua bunyi dari apa? || padang tanpa had", {"qas": [{"question": "Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?", "id": "57097e99ed30961900e84212", "answers": [{"text": "snare drum", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?", "id": "57097e99ed30961900e84213", "answers": [{"text": "the addition of a true repetition of the original sound", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?", "id": "57097e99ed30961900e84214", "answers": [{"text": "indefinite pitch", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite."}], ["Sebagai contoh, seseorang mungkin merujuk kepada A di atas tengah C sebagai ', A4, atau 440 Hz. Dalam perangai Barat yang sama rata, tanggapan lapangan tidak sensitif kepada \"ejaan\": uraian \"G4 dua tajam\" merujuk kepada padang yang sama seperti A4; dalam temperamen lain, ini mungkin menjadi padang yang berbeza. Persepsi manusia terhadap interval musik adalah kira-kira logaritma sehubungan dengan frekuensi asas: selang yang dianggap antara lapangan \"A220\" dan \"A440\" adalah sama dengan selang yang dirasakan antara padang A440 dan A880. Motivasi oleh persepsi logaritma ini, ahli teori muzik kadang-kadang mewakili padang menggunakan skala berangka berdasarkan logaritma frekuensi asas. Sebagai contoh, seseorang boleh mengguna pakai piawaian MIDI yang digunakan secara meluas untuk memetakan frekuensi asas, f, kepada nombor sebenar, p, seperti berikut <> Konsep padang adalah tidak sensitif kepada apa? || ejaan <> Penerangan \"G4 dua tajam\" merujuk kepada padang yang sama seperti apa? || A4 <> Persepsi manusia tentang selang muzik adalah kira-kira apa? || logaritma <> Teorema Muzik mewakili padang menggunakan skala apa? || berangka", {"qas": [{"question": "The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?", "id": "5709809d200fba14003680af", "answers": [{"text": "spelling", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The description \"G4 double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as what?", "id": "5709809d200fba14003680b0", "answers": [{"text": "A4", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?", "id": "5709809d200fba14003680b1", "answers": [{"text": "logarithmic", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?", "id": "5709809d200fba14003680b2", "answers": [{"text": "numerical", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to \"spelling\": the description \"G4 double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency: the perceived interval between the pitches \"A220\" and \"A440\" is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880. Motivated by this logarithmic perception, music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency. For example, one can adopt the widely used MIDI standard to map fundamental frequency, f, to a real number, p, as follows"}], ["Pitches relatif nota individu dalam skala boleh ditentukan oleh salah satu daripada beberapa sistem penalaan. Di sebelah barat, skala kromatik dua belas-catatan adalah kaedah organisasi yang paling biasa, dengan suasana yang sama kini merupakan kaedah yang paling banyak digunakan untuk menala skala itu. Di dalamnya, nisbah padang antara mana-mana dua nota berturut-turut skala adalah betul-betul akar kedua belas (atau kira-kira 1.05946). Dalam sistem yang sangat marah (seperti yang digunakan pada zaman Johann Sebastian Bach, sebagai contoh), kaedah penalaan muzik yang berbeza telah digunakan. Hampir semua sistem ini mempunyai selang satu sama, oktaf, di mana padang satu nota berganda kekerapan yang lain. Sebagai contoh, jika A di atas tengah C ialah 440 Hz, A oktaf diatas ialah 880 Hz (info). <> Apakah kaedah organisasi yang paling biasa? || Nisbah kromatik dua belas nota <> Nisbah padang antara mana-mana dua nota berturut-turut adalah? || kedua akar dua belas <> Semua kaedah yang berbeza ini mempunyai kesamaan? || oktaf itu", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common method of organization?", "id": "57096b77ed30961900e840d8", "answers": [{"text": "twelve-note chromatic scale", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?", "id": "57096b77ed30961900e840d9", "answers": [{"text": "the twelfth root of two", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All these different methods have what in common?", "id": "57096b77ed30961900e840da", "answers": [{"text": "the octave", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info)."}], ["Menurut Institut Piawaian Kebangsaan Amerika, pitch adalah atribut pendengaran bunyi yang sesuai dengan bunyi yang boleh dipesan pada skala dari rendah ke tinggi. Oleh kerana padang adalah proksi yang dekat untuk frekuensi, ia hampir sepenuhnya ditentukan oleh seberapa cepat gelombang bunyi membuat udara bergetar dan hampir tidak ada kaitan dengan intensiti, atau amplitud, gelombang. Itulah, \"tinggi\" padang bermakna ayunan sangat cepat, dan \"rendah\" padang sepadan dengan lebih perlahan ayunan. Walaupun demikian, idiom yang berkaitan tinggi menegak ke padang bunyi dikongsi oleh kebanyakan bahasa. Sekurang-kurangnya dalam bahasa Inggeris, ia hanya salah satu daripada banyak metafora konsep mendalam yang melibatkan naik / turun. Sejarah etimologi yang tepat tentang rasa muzik tinggi dan rendah masih belum jelas. Terdapat bukti bahawa manusia benar-benar menyadari bahawa sumber bunyi sedikit lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah di ruang menegak apabila frekuensi bunyi meningkat atau berkurang. <> Pitch adalah atribut pendengaran kepada apa? || bunyi <> Pitch adalah proksi dekat untuk apa? || frekuensi <> Gelombang tinggi ialah jenis ayunan? || cepat <> Padang rendah adalah jenis jenis ayunan? || lebih perlahan", {"qas": [{"question": "Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?", "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fdd", "answers": [{"text": "sound", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pitch is a close proxy for what?", "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fde", "answers": [{"text": "frequency", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "High pitch is what type of oscillation?", "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fdf", "answers": [{"text": "rapid", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Low pitch is what type of oscillation?", "id": "57096efd200fba1400367fe0", "answers": [{"text": "slower", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, \"high\" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and \"low\" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased."}], ["Pitch nada kompleks boleh menjadi samar-samar, bermakna dua atau lebih pitches yang berbeza dapat dilihat, bergantung kepada pemerhati. Apabila kekerapan asas sebenar dapat ditentukan secara tepat melalui pengukuran fizikal, ia mungkin berbeza dari segi yang dirasakan kerana nada-nada, yang juga dikenali sebagai bahagian atas, harmonik atau sebaliknya. Nada kompleks yang terdiri daripada dua gelombang sinus 1000 dan 1200 Hz kadang-kadang boleh didengar sehingga tiga padang: dua padang spektrum pada 1000 dan 1200 Hz, berasal dari frekuensi fizikal nada tulen, dan nada gabungan pada 200 Hz, sepadan dengan kadar pengulangan bentuk gelombang. Dalam keadaan seperti ini, persepsi pada 200 Hz biasanya dirujuk sebagai asas yang hilang, yang sering merupakan pembahagi lazim yang paling banyak dalam frekuensi yang ada. <> Padang nada kompleks boleh? || samar-samar <> Nada kompleks terdiri daripada berapa gelombang? || dua <> Percept pada 200 Hz biasanya dirujuk sebagai? || asas yang hilang <> yang diakui pada 200 Hz biasanya dirujuk sebagai asas yang hilang, yang kerap? || pembahagi frekuensi yang ada", {"qas": [{"question": "The pitch of complex tones can be?", "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368075", "answers": [{"text": "ambiguous", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A complex tone is composed of how many waves?", "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368076", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?", "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368077", "answers": [{"text": "the missing fundamental", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?", "id": "57097cb6200fba1400368078", "answers": [{"text": "divisor of the frequencies present", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present."}], ["Teori temporal menawarkan alternatif yang menarik kepada struktur temporal potensi tindakan, kebanyakannya penguncian fasa dan penguncian mod tindakan yang berpotensi kepada frekuensi dalam rangsangan. Cara yang tepat struktur temporal ini membantu kod untuk padang pada tahap yang lebih tinggi masih diperdebatkan, tetapi pemprosesan itu seolah-olah didasarkan pada autokorelasi potensi tindakan dalam saraf pendengaran. Walau bagaimanapun, telah lama diperhatikan bahawa mekanisme saraf yang mungkin dapat menangguhkan kelewatan-operasi yang diperlukan bagi autokorelasi yang benar-tidak dijumpai. Sekurang-kurangnya satu model menunjukkan bahawa kelewatan temporal adalah tidak perlu untuk menghasilkan model autokorelasi persepsi padang, menarik kepada perubahan fasa antara penapis koktel; Walau bagaimanapun, kerja awal telah menunjukkan bahawa bunyi tertentu dengan puncak yang menonjol dalam fungsi autokorelasi mereka tidak mendapat persepsi padang yang sepadan, dan bunyi tertentu tanpa puncak dalam fungsi autokorelasi mereka bagaimanapun mendapat padang. Untuk menjadi model yang lebih lengkap, autokorelasi mesti terpakai kepada isyarat yang mewakili keluaran koklea, seperti histogram interval-saraf interspike-interval. Sesetengah teori persepsi padang berpendapat bahawa padang mempunyai kekaburan oktaf yang melekat, dan dengan itu lebih baik diuraikan ke dalam kroma padang, nilai berkala di sekitar oktaf, seperti nama nota dalam muzik barat dan ketinggian padang, yang mungkin samar-samar, yang menunjukkan oktaf padang itu berada. <> Cara yang tepat struktur temporal ini membantu kod untuk padang pada tahap yang lebih tinggi berdasarkan apa? || autokorelasi potensi tindakan dalam saraf pendengaran <> Adakah kelewatan sementara diperlukan untuk menghasilkan model autokorelasi persepsi padang? || tidak perlu <> Pandangan persepsi mempunyai oktaf yang melekat? || kekaburan", {"qas": [{"question": "The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?", "id": "57098332ed30961900e84258", "answers": [{"text": "autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?", "id": "57098332ed30961900e84259", "answers": [{"text": "unnecessary", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?", "id": "57098332ed30961900e8425a", "answers": [{"text": "ambiguities", "answer_start": 1213}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus. The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated, but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve. However, it has long been noted that a neural mechanism that may accomplish a delay\u2014a necessary operation of a true autocorrelation\u2014has not been found. At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception, appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters; however, earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept, and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch. To be a more complete model, autocorrelation must therefore apply to signals that represent the output of the cochlea, as via auditory-nerve interspike-interval histograms. Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma, a periodic value around the octave, like the note names in western music\u2014and a pitch height, which may be ambiguous, that indicates the octave the pitch is in."}]], [["Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan England mewakili England dan Pertahanan Crown di Jersey, Guernsey dan Isle of Man untuk perlawanan bola sepak sebagai sebahagian daripada acara yang diberi kuasa FIFA, dan dikawal oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak, badan pentadbir untuk bola sepak di England. England adalah salah satu daripada dua pasukan kebangsaan tertua dalam bola sepak; bersama Scotland, yang mereka bermain dalam perlawanan bola sepak antarabangsa pertama di dunia pada 1872. Tempat di England adalah Wembley Stadium, London, dan pengurus pasukan semasa adalah Roy Hodgson. <> Badan kawalan mana yang mengawal pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan England? || Persatuan Bola Sepak <> Yang pasukan lain, selain England, adalah salah satu daripada dua pasukan kebangsaan tertua dalam bola sepak? || Scotland <> Pada tahun apakah England dan Scotland bermain perlawanan bola sepak antarabangsa pertama di dunia? || 1872 <> Apakah nama lapangan rumah England di London? || Wembley Stadium <> Siapa pengurus pasukan semasa pasukan bola sepak England? || Roy Hodgson <> Bilakah FIFA ditubuhkan? || <> Di manakah pasukan bola sepak Isle of Man bermain permainan di rumah? || <> Siapa pengurus pasukan bola sepak Isle of Man? || <> Di mana Roy Hodgson dari? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Roy Hodgson menjadi pengurus pasukan pasukan bola sepak England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which governing body controls the England national football team?", "id": "570985de200fba140036812f", "answers": [{"text": "The Football Association", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?", "id": "570985de200fba1400368130", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?", "id": "570985de200fba1400368131", "answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of England's home field in London?", "id": "570985de200fba1400368132", "answers": [{"text": "Wembley Stadium", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the current team manager of England's football team?", "id": "570985de200fba1400368133", "answers": [{"text": "Roy Hodgson", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "When was FIFA founded?", "id": "59fb1bb6ee36d60018400d03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wembley Stadium", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "Where does the Isle of Man football team play home games?", "id": "59fb1bb6ee36d60018400d04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roy Hodgson", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "Who is the Isle of Man football team manager?", "id": "59fb1bb6ee36d60018400d05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jersey", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Where is Roy Hodgson from?", "id": "59fb1bb6ee36d60018400d06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "In what year did Roy Hodgson become the team manager of England's football team?", "id": "59fb1bb6ee36d60018400d07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson."}], ["England layak ke Piala Dunia FIFA 1970 di Mexico sebagai juara bertahan, dan mencapai suku akhir, di mana mereka ditewaskan oleh Jerman Barat. England sudah 2-0, tetapi akhirnya kalah 3-2 selepas masa tambahan. Mereka gagal dalam kualifikasi untuk tahun 1974, yang membawa kepada pemecatan Ramsey, dan 1978 Piala Dunia FIFA. Di bawah Ron Greenwood, mereka berjaya melayakkan diri untuk Piala Dunia FIFA 1982 di Sepanyol (yang pertama kali bertanding sejak tahun 1962); walaupun tidak kalah permainan, mereka telah dihapuskan dalam peringkat kumpulan kedua. <> Kekalahan oleh pasukan mana yang menghilangkan England dari Piala Dunia FIFA 1970? || Jerman Barat <> Apa skor akhir pertandingan terakhir England dari Piala Dunia FIFA 1970? || 3-2 <> Di mana tahun England gagal memenuhi syarat untuk Piala Dunia FIFA yang menyebabkan pemecatan Ramsey? || 1974 <> Di mana Piala Dunia 1970 FIFA berlangsung? || Mexico <> Dimana Piala Dunia FIFA 1982 berlaku? || Sepanyol <> Dalam apa tahun yang dilahirkan Ron Greenwood? || <> Di negara apakah Piala Dunia yang dimainkan pada tahun 1974? || <> Di mana Piala Dunia dimainkan pada tahun 1974? || <> Apa salah satu pasukan pasukan bola sepak England yang bermain dalam perlawanan Piala Dunia 1982? || <> Pada tahun apakah Ron Greenwood mengambil alih kepimpinan pasukan bola sepak England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "570987d5200fba140036814d", "answers": [{"text": "West Germany", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "570987d5200fba140036814e", "answers": [{"text": "3\u20132", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?", "id": "570987d5200fba140036814f", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?", "id": "570987d5200fba1400368150", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?", "id": "570987d5200fba1400368151", "answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "In what year was Ron Greenwood born?", "id": "59fb1ee2ee36d60018400d1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "In what country was the World Cup played in 1974?", "id": "59fb1ee2ee36d60018400d20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "Where was the World Cup played in 1974?", "id": "59fb1ee2ee36d60018400d21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Germany", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What was one of the teams England's football team played in the 1982 World Cup games?", "id": "59fb1ee2ee36d60018400d22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "In what year did Ron Greenwood take over leadership of England's football team?", "id": "59fb1ee2ee36d60018400d23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2\u20130 up, but were eventually beaten 3\u20132 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage."}], ["Walaupun alat lari pertama England berwarna biru, warna tradisional England adalah baju merah, seluar pendek putih dan kaus kaki merah. Pada tahun 1996, kit jauh di England telah diubah menjadi baju kelabu, seluar pendek dan kaus kaki. Kit ini hanya dipakai tiga kali, termasuk menentang Jerman pada separuh akhir Euro 96 tetapi penyimpangan dari warna merah tradisional tidak popular dengan penyokong dan kit pergi jauh England kekal merah sehingga 2011, apabila kit biru laut dibawa masuk. Kit jauh juga kadang-kadang dipakai semasa perlawanan rumah, apabila edisi baru telah dikeluarkan untuk mempromosikannya. <> Apa warna adalah kit pergi pertama di England? || biru <> Warna apa stok yang dipakai tradisional dalam kit jauh di England? || merah <> Tiga kali pada tahun 1996, England memakai stoking warna apa pun di dalam kit jauh mereka daripada stoking merah tradisional? || kelabu <> Pada tahun 2011, England memperkenalkan kit jauh baru dalam warna apa? || navy blue <> Apabila kit edisi baru England telah diperkenalkan, kit kadang-kadang dipakai semasa jenis perlawanan? || Perlawanan rumah <> Dalam tahun apakah England berhenti menggunakan kit biru? || <> Apa penyokong Jerman memikirkan kit mereka semasa perlawanan Euro 96? || <> Apa warna biru digunakan dalam kit pergi pertama England? || <> Apa warna kit yang dipakai Jerman semasa Euro 96? || <> Apa warna merah adalah kemeja berwarna tradisional England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What color were England's first away kits?", "id": "570888bf9928a814004714da", "answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?", "id": "570888bf9928a814004714db", "answers": [{"text": "red", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?", "id": "570888bf9928a814004714dc", "answers": [{"text": "grey", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?", "id": "570888bf9928a814004714dd", "answers": [{"text": "navy blue", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?", "id": "570888bf9928a814004714de", "answers": [{"text": "home matches", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "In what year did England stop using blue away kits?", "id": "59fb256bee36d60018400d47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unpopular", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What did Germany's supporters think of their kits during the Euro 96 matches?", "id": "59fb256bee36d60018400d48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "navy", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What shade of blue was used in England's first away kits?", "id": "59fb256bee36d60018400d49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red shirts, white shorts and red socks", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What color kits was Germany wearing during the Euro 96?", "id": "59fb256bee36d60018400d4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "navy", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What shade of red is England's traditional away colour shirts?", "id": "59fb256bee36d60018400d4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it."}], ["Kemenangan pertama mereka di tanah air kepada pasukan asing adalah kerugian 0-2 ke Republik Ireland, pada 21 September 1949 di Goodison Park. Kemalangan 6-3 pada 1953 ke Hungary, merupakan kekalahan kedua mereka oleh pasukan asing di Wembley. Dalam perlawanan pulang ke Budapest, Hungary menang 7-1. Ini masih kekal sebagai kekalahan England yang paling teruk. Selepas perlawanan, Syd Owen yang bingung berkata, \"ia seperti bermain lelaki dari luar angkasa\". Pada Piala Dunia FIFA 1954, England mencapai peringkat suku akhir buat kali pertama, dan kalah 4-2 untuk juara bertahan Uruguay. <> Dalam tahun apakah England menderita kekalahan pertama mereka di kandang kepada pasukan asing? || 1949 <> Apakah skor akhir yang paling buruk pernah terkalahkan di England? || 7-1 <> Pada tahun apakah England menjangkau suku akhir Piala Dunia FIFA buat kali pertama? || 1954 <> Kepada siapa petikan \"ia seperti bermain lelaki dari luar angkasa\" dikaitkan? || Syd Owen <Selepas mencapai suku akhir Piala Dunia FIFA untuk kali pertama, kepada siapa England kalah dengan skor akhir 4-2? || Uruguay <> Pada tahun apakah bangunan Goodison Park dibina? || <> Pada tahun apakah Syd Owen mula bermain untuk pasukan bola sepak England? || <> Pada tarikh berapa tahun 1953 pasukan bola sepak England kalah ke Hungary? || <> Apakah skor pasukan bola sepak England paling besar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?", "id": "57098452ed30961900e84268", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?", "id": "57098452ed30961900e84269", "answers": [{"text": "7\u20131", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?", "id": "57098452ed30961900e8426a", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom is the quote \"it was like playing men from outer space\" attributed?", "id": "57098452ed30961900e8426b", "answers": [{"text": "Syd Owen", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?", "id": "57098452ed30961900e8426c", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguay", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "In what year was Goodison Park built?", "id": "59fb1d95ee36d60018400d17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "In what year did Syd Owen start playing for England's football team?", "id": "59fb1d95ee36d60018400d18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21 September", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "On what date in 1953 did England's football team lose to Hungary?", "id": "59fb1d95ee36d60018400d19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7\u20131", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What was the score of England's football teams biggest win?", "id": "59fb1d95ee36d60018400d1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0\u20132 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6\u20133 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7\u20131. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, \"it was like playing men from outer space\". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4\u20132 to reigning champions Uruguay."}], ["England adalah negara yang berjaya di Kejuaraan Bola Sepak Eropah UEFA, setelah menduduki tangga ketiga pada 1968 dan mencapai separuh akhir pada tahun 1996. England menjadi tuan rumah Euro 96 dan telah muncul dalam lapan kejohanan UEFA European Championship Finals, terikat untuk kesembilan terbaik. Pasukan ini juga telah mencapai suku akhir dalam dua kali terakhir pada 2004 dan 2012. Keputusan terburuk dalam pertandingan ini adalah penghapusan pertama pada 1980, 1988, 1992 dan 2000. Pasukan itu tidak masuk pada tahun 1960, dan mereka gagal melayakkan diri pada 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984 dan 2008. <> Di tempat mana penamat England di Kejohanan Bola Sepak Eropah UEFA pada tahun 1968? || tempat ketiga <> Dalam berapa banyak UEFA European Championship Finals telah bersaing di England? || lapan <> Di manakah pangkat England dari segi jumlah penampilan UEFA European Football Championship? || Terikat untuk kesembilan terbaik <> Dalam apa empat tahun England dihapuskan dari UEFA Kejohanan Eropah pada pusingan pertama? || 1980, 1988, 1992 dan 2000 <> Di mana lima tahun England gagal memenuhi syarat untuk Kejuaraan Eropah UEFA? || 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, dan 2008 <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah Kejuaraan Bola Sepak Eropah UEFA pada tahun 1968? || <> Siapa yang berakhir di tempat pertama pada Kejohanan Bola Sepak Eropah 1968 UEFA? || <> Pada tahun apakah kejohanan bola sepak Eropah UEFA yang pertama diadakan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah England memainkan pertandingan Kejohanan Bola Sepak Eropah UEFA yang pertama? || <> Di negara apa yang diadakan pada 1980 Kejuaraan Bola Sepak Eropah UEFA? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?", "id": "57098741ed30961900e84290", "answers": [{"text": "third place", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?", "id": "57098741ed30961900e84291", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?", "id": "57098741ed30961900e84292", "answers": [{"text": "tied for ninth-best", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?", "id": "57098741ed30961900e84293", "answers": [{"text": "1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?", "id": "57098741ed30961900e84294", "answers": [{"text": "1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Who hosted the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?", "id": "59fb3669ee36d60018400d6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who finished in first place at the 1968 UEFA European Football Championship?", "id": "59fb3669ee36d60018400d70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "In what year was the first UEFA European Football Championship held?", "id": "59fb3669ee36d60018400d71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "In what year did England play its first UEFA European Football Championship match?", "id": "59fb3669ee36d60018400d72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "In what country was the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship held?", "id": "59fb3669ee36d60018400d73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008."}], ["England gagal melayakkan diri ke Piala Dunia pada tahun 1974, 1978 dan 1994. Terbuka awal dalam pertandingan itu sendiri adalah penghapusannya pada pusingan pertama pada tahun 1950, 1958 dan yang terbaru dalam Piala Dunia FIFA 2014, selepas kalah dalam kedua-duanya membuka dua perlawanan untuk kali pertama, berbanding Itali dan Uruguay dalam Kumpulan D. Pada tahun 1950, empat pasukan kekal selepas pusingan pertama, pada tahun 1958, lapan pasukan tetap dan pada tahun 2014 enam belas pasukan tetap. Pada tahun 2010, England menderita kekalahan Piala Dunia (4-1 ke Jerman) dalam Pusingan 16, selepas melangkah ke Amerika Syarikat dan Algeria dan menewaskan Slovenia 1-0 di peringkat kumpulan. <> Pada tahun apakah England paling baru dihapuskan daripada perbalahan Piala Dunia FIFA? || 2014 <> Di mana tiga tahun England gagal untuk layak ke Piala Dunia? || 1974, 1978 dan 1994 <> Pada tahun 2014, England telah dihapuskan dari Piala Dunia selepas dikalahkan oleh Itali dan pasukan lain? || Uruguay <> Selepas pusingan pertama Piala Dunia FIFA 2014, berapa ramai pasukan yang bertanding dalam perlawanan? || enam belas <> Apa skor terakhir ketika, pada tahun 2010, England kalah kepada Jerman di Pusingan 16 Piala Dunia FIFA? || 4-1 <> Di mana Piala Dunia 1974 diadakan? || <> Apakah salah satu daripada empat pasukan yang kekal selepas pusingan pertama pada tahun 1950? || <> Dimana tempat Slovenia dalam pertandingan Piala Dunia 2010? || <> Apa skor ketika England bermain Itali pada Piala Dunia FIFA 2014? || <> Pada tahun apakah kekalahan terburuk pasukan bola sepak Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?", "id": "57098392ed30961900e8425e", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?", "id": "57098392ed30961900e8425f", "answers": [{"text": "1974, 1978 and 1994", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?", "id": "57098392ed30961900e84260", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguay", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?", "id": "57098392ed30961900e84261", "answers": [{"text": "sixteen", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?", "id": "57098392ed30961900e84262", "answers": [{"text": "4\u20131", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uruguay", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "Where was the 1974 World Cup held?", "id": "59fb34d4ee36d60018400d65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What was one of the four teams that remained after the first round in 1950?", "id": "59fb34d4ee36d60018400d66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "Where did Slovenia place in the 2010 World Cup games?", "id": "59fb34d4ee36d60018400d67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4\u20131", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What was the score when England played Italy in the 2014 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "59fb34d4ee36d60018400d68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "In what year was Germany's football team's worst defeat?", "id": "59fb34d4ee36d60018400d69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4\u20131 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1\u20130 in the group stage."}], ["Pada bulan Februari 2012, Capello meletak jawatan sebagai pengurus England, berikutan percanggahan dengan FA atas permintaan mereka untuk membuang John Terry dari kapten pasukan selepas tuduhan penyalahgunaan kaum terhadap pemain. Berikutan itu, terdapat spekulasi media bahawa Harry Redknapp akan mengambil kerja. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 1 Mei 2012, Roy Hodgson diumumkan sebagai pengurus baru, hanya enam minggu sebelum UEFA Euro 2012. England berjaya mendahului kumpulan mereka, memenangi dua dan melukis satu perlawanan mereka, tetapi keluar dari Kejuaraan pada suku ke- final melalui penalti, kali ini ke Itali. <> Pada tahun apakah Capello meletakkan jawatan sebagai pengurus bola sepak England? || 2012 <> Capello meletak jawatan sebagai pengurus bola sepak England selepas pertikaian membuang mana pemain dari kapten pasukan? || John Terry <> Siapa yang menjadi pengurus baru pasukan bola sepak England pada bulan Mei 2012? || Roy Hodgson <> Di mana pusingan UEFA Euro 2012 adalah England dihapuskan? || perempat final <> A kekalahan oleh mana pasukan akhirnya menghapuskan England dari UEFA Euro 2012? || Itali <> Pada tahun apakah Capello membuat pengurus England? || <> negara apa yang menjadi tuan rumah UEFA Euro 2012? || <> Siapa yang menjadi pengurus pasukan Itali pada tahun 2012? || <> Pada tahun apakah John Terry menjadi kapten pasukan England? || <> Siapa yang memenangi UEFA Euro 2012? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?", "id": "57098554200fba1400368125", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?", "id": "57098554200fba1400368126", "answers": [{"text": "John Terry", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the new manager of England's football team in May of 2012?", "id": "57098554200fba1400368127", "answers": [{"text": "Roy Hodgson", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated?", "id": "57098554200fba1400368128", "answers": [{"text": "the quarter-finals", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012?", "id": "57098554200fba1400368129", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what year was Capello made England's manager?", "id": "59fb2121ee36d60018400d33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "what country hosted the UEFA Euro 2012?", "id": "59fb2121ee36d60018400d34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Terry", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "Who was the manager of Italy's team in 2012?", "id": "59fb2121ee36d60018400d35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what year did John Terry become captain of England's team?", "id": "59fb2121ee36d60018400d36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "Who won the UEFA Euro 2012?", "id": "59fb2121ee36d60018400d37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player. Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1 May 2012, Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager, just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012. England managed to finish top of their group, winning two and drawing one of their fixtures, but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out, this time to Italy."}], ["Bermula dengan, England tidak mempunyai stadium rumah kekal. Mereka menyertai FIFA pada tahun 1906 dan bermain pertandingan pertama mereka melawan negara-negara selain Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa di dalam lawatan ke Eropah Tengah pada tahun 1908. Stadium Wembley dibuka pada tahun 1923 dan menjadi tempat kediaman mereka. Hubungan antara England dan FIFA menjadi tegang, dan ini mengakibatkan keberangkatan mereka dari FIFA pada tahun 1928, sebelum mereka bergabung semula pada tahun 1946. Akibatnya, mereka tidak bersaing dalam Piala Dunia hingga tahun 1950, di mana mereka dipukuli dalam 1- 0 kekalahan oleh Amerika Syarikat, gagal melewati pusingan pertama dalam salah satu kekalahan yang paling memalukan dalam sejarah pasukan. <> Di mana tahun Inggeris menyertai FIFA? || 1906 <> England bermain melawan negara selain Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk pertama kalinya dalam tahun berapa? || 1908 <> Pada tahun apakah Stadium Wembley dibuka? || 1923 <> England meninggalkan FIFA pada tahun 1928 dan akhirnya bergabung semula pada tahun berapa? || 1946 <> Apa tahun pertama selepas meninggalkan England dan menyertai semula FIFA di mana mereka bermain di Piala Dunia? || 1950 <> Pada tahun apakah FIFA wujud? || <> Pada tahun apakah Piala Dunia yang pertama dimainkan? || <> Apakah skor pertama kali Amerika Syarikat bersaing untuk Piala Dunia? || <> Apakah nama salah satu stadium rumah England dimainkan sebelum tahun 1923? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Amerika Syarikat menyertai FIFA? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did England join FIFA?", "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427c", "answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?", "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427d", "answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Wembley Stadium open?", "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427e", "answers": [{"text": "1923", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?", "id": "5709867ced30961900e8427f", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?", "id": "5709867ced30961900e84280", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "In what year did FIFA come into existence?", "id": "59fb1ceeee36d60018400d0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "In what year was the first World Cup played?", "id": "59fb1ceeee36d60018400d0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1\u20130", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "What was the score the first time the United States competed for a World Cup?", "id": "59fb1ceeee36d60018400d0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wembley Stadium", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What was the name of one of the home stadiums England played in prior to 1923?", "id": "59fb1ceeee36d60018400d10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "In what year did the United States join FIFA?", "id": "59fb1ceeee36d60018400d11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1\u20130 defeat by the United States, failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history."}], ["Motif pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan England mempunyai tiga pengawal penumpang singa, lambang Raja Richard I, yang memerintah dari tahun 1189 hingga 1199. Singa, sering berwarna biru, mempunyai perubahan kecil pada warna dan rupa. Pada mulanya dipimpin oleh mahkota, ini telah dikeluarkan pada tahun 1949 apabila FA diberikan jabatan rasmi oleh College of Arms; ini memperkenalkan sepuluh mawar Tudor, satu untuk setiap cawangan serantau FA. Sejak tahun 2003, England mendahului logo mereka dengan bintang untuk mengiktiraf kemenangan Piala Dunia mereka pada tahun 1966; ini pertama kali bersulam pada lengan kiri kit rumah, dan setahun kemudian dipindahkan ke kedudukan sekarang, pertama pada baju lari. <> Bilakah Raja Richard saya memulakan pemerintahannya? || 1189 <> Haiwan manakah motif utama pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan England? || singa <> Apa jenis kepala yang mula-mula muncul pada kepala singa di motif pasukan bola sepak nasional England? || sebuah mahkota <> Di mana tahun itu FA diberikan sebuah lengan rasmi oleh College of Arms? || 1949 <> Sejak tahun 2003, England telah mendahului logo mereka dengan bintang untuk mengenali kemenangan Piala Dunia pada tahun mana? || 1966 <> Pada tahun apakah Raja Richard saya lahir? || <> Di manakah logo Inggeris saat ini bersulam pada baju mereka? || <> Apa warna sepuluh gelas Tudor di baju England? || <> Pada tahun berapa sekolah College of Arms ditubuhkan? || <> Siapa yang menubuhkan College of Arms? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did King Richard I begin his reign?", "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da6", "answers": [{"text": "1189", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?", "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da7", "answers": [{"text": "lions", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?", "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da8", "answers": [{"text": "a crown", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?", "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7da9", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?", "id": "570887a4efce8f15003a7daa", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1189", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "In what year was King Richard I born?", "id": "59fb2731ee36d60018400d51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "left sleeve", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "Where is the English logo currently embroidered on their shirts?", "id": "59fb2731ee36d60018400d52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What colour are the ten Tudor roses on England's shirts?", "id": "59fb2731ee36d60018400d53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1189", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "In what year was the College of Arms established?", "id": "59fb2731ee36d60018400d54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King Richard I", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "Who established the College of Arms?", "id": "59fb2731ee36d60018400d55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt."}], ["Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson mengetuai pasukan antara 2001 dan 2006, dan merupakan pengurus bukan Inggeris pertama di England. Walaupun liputan media kontroversi mengenai kehidupan pribadinya, Eriksson secara konsisten popular dengan majoriti peminat. [Rujukan?] Dia membimbing England ke suku akhir Piala Dunia FIFA 2002, UEFA Euro 2004, dan Piala Dunia FIFA 2006. Dia kehilangan hanya lima perlawanan yang kompetitif semasa masa jabatannya, dan England menaikkan ranking dunia No.4 di bawah bimbingannya. Kontraknya telah dilanjutkan oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak oleh dua tahun, untuk memasukkan UEFA Euro 2008. Namun, ia ditamatkan oleh mereka pada kesimpulan Piala Dunia FIFA 2006. <> Siapa yang bukan orang Inggeris pertama yang menguruskan pasukan bola sepak England? || Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson <> Berapa banyak perlawanan persaingan yang hilang di bawah tempoh pengurus Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson? || lima <> Apa kedudukan tertinggi dunia yang dicapai oleh England di bawah pengurusan oleh Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson? || No.4 <> Pada tahun berapa kontrak kontrak Sven-Goran Eriksson ditamatkan? || 2006 <> Dalam tahun apakah Sven-Goran Eriksson menjadi pengurus pasukan bola sepak England? || 2001 <> Siapa pengurus Inggeris pertama pasukan bola sepak England? || <> Apakah ranking dunia pasukan England sebelum Sven-Goran Eriksson mengambil alih? || <> Siapa memenangi Piala Dunia FIFA 2006? || <> Di negara apakah Piala Dunia FIFA 2006? || <> Pada tahun apakah Persatuan Bola Sepak telah ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?", "id": "5709885bed30961900e842ae", "answers": [{"text": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson?", "id": "5709885bed30961900e842af", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson?", "id": "5709885bed30961900e842b0", "answers": [{"text": "No.4", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the contract of Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson terminated?", "id": "5709885bed30961900e842b1", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?", "id": "5709885bed30961900e842b2", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the first English manager of England's football team?", "id": "59fb200cee36d60018400d29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No.4", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What was the world ranking of England's team prior to Sven-Goran Eriksson taking over?", "id": "59fb200cee36d60018400d2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "Who won the 2006 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "59fb200cee36d60018400d2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "In what country was the 2006 FIFA World Cup played?", "id": "59fb200cee36d60018400d2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 623}], "question": "In what year was the Football Association established?", "id": "59fb200cee36d60018400d2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non\u2013English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion."}], ["England pertama kali muncul di Piala Dunia 1950 FIFA dan telah muncul dalam 14 Piala Dunia FIFA, mereka terikat untuk keenam terbaik dari segi jumlah kemenangan bersama Perancis dan Sepanyol. Pasukan kebangsaan adalah salah satu daripada lapan pasukan kebangsaan yang telah memenangi sekurang-kurangnya satu gelaran Piala Dunia FIFA. Pasukan England memenangi gelaran Piala Dunia pertama dan hanya pada tahun 1966. Kejohanan ini dimainkan di tanah air dan England mengalahkan Jerman 4-2 di final. Pada tahun 1990, England menduduki tempat keempat, kalah 2-1 untuk menjadi tuan rumah negara Itali di tempat ketiga selepas kalah dengan penalti kepada juara Jerman di separuh akhir. Pasukan ini juga telah mencapai suku akhir dalam dua kali terakhir pada 2002 dan 2006. Sebelum ini, mereka mencapai tahap ini pada tahun 1954, 1962, 1970 dan 1986. <> Berapa banyak cawan dunia FIFA telah muncul di England? || 14 <> Selain Perancis, yang pasukan lain dikaitkan dengan England untuk penampilan di Piala Dunia FIFA? || Sepanyol <> Di mana tahun England memenangi Piala Dunia FIFA untuk kali pertama dan hanya? || 1966 <> Di manakah tempat England menamatkan Piala Dunia FIFA 1990? || keempat <> Negara mana yang menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia FIFA 1990? || Itali <> Berapa banyak Piala Dunia FIFA mempunyai Perancis? || <> Pada tahun apakah penampilan Piala Dunia pertama Sepanyol? || <> Siapa yang memenangi Piala Dunia 1990? || <> Di mana Piala Dunia 2002 diadakan? || <> Di mana Piala Dunia FIFA 1950 diadakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?", "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c2", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?", "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c3", "answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?", "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c4", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c5", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "57098a07ed30961900e842c6", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "How many FIFA World Cups has France been in?", "id": "59fb3401ee36d60018400d5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "In what year was Spain's first World Cup appearance?", "id": "59fb3401ee36d60018400d5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "Who won the 1990 World Cup?", "id": "59fb3401ee36d60018400d5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "Where was the 2002 World Cup held?", "id": "59fb3401ee36d60018400d5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 433}], "question": "Where was the 1950 FIFA World Cup held?", "id": "59fb3401ee36d60018400d5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4\u20132 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2\u20131 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986."}], ["Semua perlawanan England disiarkan dengan ulasan lengkap mengenai BBC Radio 5 Live. Dari musim 2008-09 hingga musim 2017-18, kualifikasi rumah dan jauh dari England, dan persahabatan di rumah dan di luar disiarkan secara langsung di ITV (selalunya dengan pengecualian STV, sekutu ITV di Scotland tengah dan utara). Kualifikasi England untuk Piala Dunia 2010 ditunjukkan di Setanta Sports sehingga kejatuhan syarikat itu. Akibat kebuntuan Setanta Sports, kualifikasi Piala Dunia England di Ukraine pada 10 Oktober 2009 ditunjukkan di United Kingdom berdasarkan dasar bayar-per-view melalui internet. Acara satu kali ini adalah kali pertama permainan England telah ditayangkan sedemikian rupa. Jumlah pelanggan, yang membayar antara \u00a3 4.99 dan \u00a3 11,99 setiap satu, dianggarkan antara 250,000 dan 300,000 dan jumlah penonton di sekitar 500,000. <> Siaran ulasan semua perlawanan England menyiarkan di rangkaian apa? || BBC Radio 5 Live <> Apa musim pertama di mana kualifikasi dan persahabatan England disiarkan di ITV? || 2008-09 <> Rangkaian apa yang bersekutu ITV di utara dan tengah Scotland? || STV <> Pada tahun berapa pertandingan sepak bola Inggris disiarkan hanya melalui internet untuk pertama kalinya? || 2009 <> Berapa banyak penonton menyaksikan kelayakan Piala Dunia England di internet pada 10 Oktober 2009? || 500,000 <> Pada tahun berapa BBC Radio 5 Live mula menyiarkan perlawanan England? || <> Siapa yang memenangi Piala Dunia 2010? || <> Berapa ramai orang mendengar siaran BBC Radio 5 Live perlawanan England pada musim 2008-09? || <> Pada tahun apakah Setanta Sports ditubuhkan? || <> Siapa yang bermain England pada 10 Oktober 2009? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?", "id": "5709896b200fba1400368161", "answers": [{"text": "BBC Radio 5 Live", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?", "id": "5709896b200fba1400368162", "answers": [{"text": "2008\u201309", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?", "id": "5709896b200fba1400368163", "answers": [{"text": "STV", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?", "id": "5709896b200fba1400368164", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?", "id": "5709896b200fba1400368165", "answers": [{"text": "500,000", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "In what year did BBC Radio 5 Live start broadcasting England's matches?", "id": "59fb2338ee36d60018400d3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who won the 2010 World Cup?", "id": "59fb2338ee36d60018400d3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "250,000", "answer_start": 774}], "question": "How many people listen to BBC Radio 5 Live broadcasts of England's matches during the 2008-09 season?", "id": "59fb2338ee36d60018400d3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "In what year was Setanta Sports founded?", "id": "59fb2338ee36d60018400d40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ukraine", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "Who did England play against on 10 October 2009?", "id": "59fb2338ee36d60018400d41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008\u201309 season until the 2017\u201318 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between \u00a34.99 and \u00a311.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000."}]], [["Pada tahun 2006, kawasan metropolitan Houston menduduki tempat pertama di Texas dan ketiga di A.S. dalam kategori \"Tempat Terbaik untuk Perniagaan dan Kerjaya\" oleh majalah Forbes. Kerajaan asing telah menubuhkan 92 pejabat konsular di kawasan metropolitan Houston, yang ketiga tertinggi di negara ini. Empat puluh kerajaan asing mengekalkan pejabat perdagangan dan perdagangan di sini dan 23 dewan aktif perdagangan dan persatuan perdagangan asing. Dua puluh lima bank asing yang mewakili 13 negara beroperasi di Houston, memberikan bantuan kewangan kepada masyarakat antarabangsa. <> Houston menduduki tempat ke-3 di mana kategori oleh majalah Forbes pada tahun 2006? || Tempat Terbaik untuk Perniagaan dan Kerjaya <> Berapa banyak pejabat telah ditubuhkan di Houston oleh kerajaan asing? || 92 <> Berapa banyak kerajaan asing mengekalkan pejabat perdagangan dan komersil di Houston? || Empat puluh <> Berapa banyak bank asing beroperasi di Houston? || Dua puluh lima <> Berapa banyak negara yang melakukan 25 bank asing yang beroperasi di Houston? || 13 <> Bilakah kawasan Houston bertaraf pertama di Texas untuk perniagaan? || 2006 <> Bagaimana pangkat Houston di A.S. untuk perniagaan? || ketiga di U.S <> Berapa banyak pejabat konsular yang ada di Houston? || 92 <> Berapa banyak negara asing mempunyai pejabat perdagangan di Houston? || Empat puluh <> Berapa banyak negara yang mewakili 25 bank asing? || 13 <> Houston menduduki tangga ke-23 dalam kategori oleh majalah Forbes pada tahun 2006? || <> Berapa banyak pejabat telah ditubuhkan di Texas oleh kerajaan asing? || <> Berapa banyak kerajaan asing memelihara pejabat perdagangan dan komersial di Texas? || <> Berapa banyak bank asing beroperasi di Texas? || <> Berapa banyak negara yang mengendalikan 25 bank asing yang beroperasi di Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Houston ranked 3rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006?", "id": "57094dde9928a81400471514", "answers": [{"text": "Best Places for Business and Careers", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many offices have been established in Houston by foreign governments?", "id": "57094dde9928a81400471515", "answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices in Houston?", "id": "57094dde9928a81400471516", "answers": [{"text": "Forty", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many foreign banks operate in Houston?", "id": "57094dde9928a81400471517", "answers": [{"text": "Twenty-five", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nations do the 25 foreign banks operating in Houston represent?", "id": "57094dde9928a81400471518", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Houston area rank first in Texas for business?", "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b1", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Houston rank in the U.S. for business?", "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b2", "answers": [{"text": "third in the U.S", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many consular offices does Houston have?", "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b3", "answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston?", "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b4", "answers": [{"text": "Forty", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nations do the twenty-five foreign banks represent?", "id": "5709c252200fba14003682b5", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Best Places for Business and Careers\"", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "Houston ranked 23rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006?", "id": "5ad420c6604f3c001a400715", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "How many offices have been established in Texas by foreign governments?", "id": "5ad420c6604f3c001a400716", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forty", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "How many foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices in Texas?", "id": "5ad420c6604f3c001a400717", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twenty-five", "answer_start": 423}], "question": " How many foreign banks operate in Texas?", "id": "5ad420c6604f3c001a400718", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "How many nations do the 25 foreign banks operating in Texas represent?", "id": "5ad420c6604f3c001a400719", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of \"Best Places for Business and Careers\" by Forbes magazine. Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third highest in the nation. Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here and 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations. Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community."}], ["Banyak acara tahunan meraikan budaya pelbagai Houston. Yang paling besar dan paling lama adalah tahunan Houston Livestock Show dan Rodeo, yang diadakan lebih dari 20 hari dari awal hingga akhir bulan Mac, merupakan pameran ternakan tahunan terbesar dan rodeo di dunia. Satu lagi sambutan besar ialah Houston Pride Parade setiap malam, yang diadakan pada akhir bulan Jun. Acara tahunan lain termasuk Festival Greek, Art Car Parade, Houston Auto Show, Festival Antarabangsa Houston, dan Festival Seni Bayou City, yang dianggap sebagai salah satu daripada lima festival seni teratas di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah acara tahunan terbesar yang diadakan di Houston? || Houston Ternakan Show dan Rodeo <> Berapa lama Ternakan Houston Show dan Rodeo terakhir? || 20 hari <> Bilakah diadakan Parade Houston Pride tahunan? || akhir bulan Jun <> Apakah beberapa acara tahunan lain yang diadakan di Houston? || Festival Greek Houston, Art Car Parade, Houston Auto Show, Festival Antarabangsa Houston, dan Festival Seni Bayou City <> Apa festival seni yang diadakan di Houston adalah salah satu daripada 5 teratas di Amerika Syarikat? || Festival Seni Bayou City <> Acara apakah yang paling lama berlari di Houston? || Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo <> Bilakah rancangan Houston Livestock dan Rodeo diadakan? || Mac <> Bilakah Parade Houston Pride diadakan? || akhir bulan Jun <> Apa bentuk perarakan kereta diadakan di Houston? || Perbarisan Seni Seni <> Di manakah Pesta Art Festival Kota Bayou di pesta seni A.S.? || salah satu daripada lima teratas <Apa acara tahunan terbesar yang diadakan di Texas? || <> Berapa lamakah Texas Livestock Show dan Rodeo terakhir? || <> Bilakah Parade Texas Pride tahunan diadakan? || <> Apakah beberapa acara tahunan yang diadakan di Texas? || <> Apa festival seni yang diadakan di Houston adalah salah satu daripada 3 teratas di AS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest annual event held in Houston?", "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de0", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?", "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de1", "answers": [{"text": "20 days", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?", "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de2", "answers": [{"text": "the end of June", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is some other annual events held in Houston?", "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de3", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?", "id": "57094edcefce8f15003a7de4", "answers": [{"text": "the Bayou City Art Festival", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event is the longest running in Houston?", "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c3", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?", "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c4", "answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the Houston Pride Parade held?", "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c5", "answers": [{"text": "end of June", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form of car parade is held in Houston?", "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c6", "answers": [{"text": "Art Car Parade", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?", "id": "5709c39b200fba14003682c7", "answers": [{"text": "one of the top five", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is the largest annual event held in Texas?", "id": "5ad4216d604f3c001a400759", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 days", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "How long does the Texas Livestock Show and Rodeo last?", "id": "5ad4216d604f3c001a40075a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "end of June", "answer_start": 332}], "question": " When is the annual Texas Pride Parade held?", "id": "5ad4216d604f3c001a40075b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival", "answer_start": 377}], "question": " What is some other annual events held in Texas?", "id": "5ad4216d604f3c001a40075c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo", "answer_start": 108}], "question": " What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 3 in the US?", "id": "5ad4216d604f3c001a40075d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States."}], ["Daripada 10 bandaraya A.S. yang paling ramai, Houston mempunyai kawasan taman dan ruang hijau yang paling luas, 56,405 ekar (228 km2). Bandar ini juga mempunyai lebih daripada 200 ruang hijau tambahan-berjumlah lebih daripada 19,600 ekar (79 km2) yang dikendalikan oleh bandar raya-termasuk Houston Arboretum and Nature Centre. The Lee dan Joe Jamail Skatepark adalah skatepark awam yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh bandar Houston, dan merupakan salah satu skatepark terbesar di Texas yang terdiri daripada kemudahan seluas kira-kira 30,000 (2,800 m2) kaki persegi. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park-terletak di Daerah Uptown di bandar-berfungsi sebagai tarikan pelancong yang popular, majlis perkahwinan, dan pelbagai perayaan. Satu kajian 2011 oleh Walk Score menduduki tempat ke-23 Houston paling boleh dilayari dari 50 bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Wet'n'Wild SplashTown adalah taman air yang terletak di utara Houston. <> Apa yang Houston paling banyak dibandingkan dengan bandar-bandar AS yang lain? || taman dan ruang hijau <> Berapa banyak kawasan ekar yang dilindungi oleh ruang hijau Houston? || 19,600 <> Siapa yang menguruskan ruang hijau Houston? || kota <> Apa salah satu taman skate terbesar di Texas? || The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark <> Yang menduduki tempat ke-23 Houston paling boleh dilayari dari 50 bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Berjalan Skor <> Berapa banyak ekar taman yang ada di Houston? || 56,405 ekar <> Selepas siapa taman skate Houston dinamakan? || Joe Jamail <> Siapa yang memiliki dan menjalankan taman skate di Houston? || bandar Houston <> Kepada siapa kawasan taman air Daerah Uptown di Houston dinamakan? || Gerald D. Hines <> Bagaimana pangkat Houston sebagai bandar yang mudah dilalui? || 23 <Apa yang Houston paling banyak dibandingkan dengan bandar-bandar besar UK lain? || <> Berapa banyak ekar tanah yang dilindungi oleh ruang hijau Texas? || <> Siapa yang menguruskan ruang hijau Texas? || <> Apa salah satu taman skate terbesar di Houston? || <> Siapa yang menduduki tempat ke-23 Texas paling boleh dilayari dari 50 bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities?", "id": "57094fef9928a8140047151e", "answers": [{"text": "parks and green space", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres of land does Houston's green spaces cover?", "id": "57094fef9928a8140047151f", "answers": [{"text": "19,600", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who manages Houston's green spaces?", "id": "57094fef9928a81400471520", "answers": [{"text": "the city", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the largest skate parks in Texas?", "id": "57094fef9928a81400471521", "answers": [{"text": "The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US?", "id": "57094fef9928a81400471522", "answers": [{"text": "Walk Score", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres of parks does Houston have?", "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682d7", "answers": [{"text": "56,405 acres", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After whom is the Houston skate park named?", "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682d8", "answers": [{"text": "Joe Jamail", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns and runs the skate park in Houston?", "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682d9", "answers": [{"text": "city of Houston", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was the Uptown District water park in Houston named?", "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682da", "answers": [{"text": "Gerald D. Hines", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Houston rank as a walkable city?", "id": "5709c4ed200fba14003682db", "answers": [{"text": "23rd", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parks and green space", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What does Houston have the most of compared to other large UK cities?", "id": "5ad4220a604f3c001a40079b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19,600", "answer_start": 184}], "question": " How many acres of land does Texas's green spaces cover?", "id": "5ad4220a604f3c001a40079c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the city", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Who manages Texas's green spaces?", "id": "5ad4220a604f3c001a40079d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lee and Joe Jamail", "answer_start": 290}], "question": " What is one of the largest skate parks in Houston?", "id": "5ad4220a604f3c001a40079e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Walk Score", "answer_start": 664}], "question": "Who ranked Texas the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US?", "id": "5ad4220a604f3c001a40079f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km2). The city also has over 200 additional green spaces\u2014totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km2) that are managed by the city\u2014including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of 30,000 (2,800 m2) square foot in-ground facility. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park\u2014located in the Uptown District of the city\u2014serves as a popular tourist attraction, weddings, and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States. Wet'n'Wild SplashTown is a water park located north of Houston."}], ["Satu gelombang ledakan penduduk berakhir dengan tiba-tiba pada pertengahan 1980-an, ketika harga minyak jatuh mendadak. Industri ruang juga menderita pada tahun 1986 selepas Challenger Shuttle Space disintegrasi sejurus selepas pelancaran. Terdapat penurunan dalam beberapa aktiviti untuk tempoh tertentu. Pada akhir 1980-an, ekonomi bandar mengalami kemelesetan di seluruh negara. Selepas kemelesetan awal 1990-an, Houston telah berusaha untuk mempelbagaikan ekonomi dengan memfokuskan kepada aeroangkasa dan penjagaan kesihatan / bioteknologi, dan mengurangkan pergantungannya terhadap industri petroleum. Sejak kenaikan harga minyak pada tahun 2000-an, industri petroleum sekali lagi meningkatkan bahagian ekonominya. <> Dalam tahun berapakah pesawat ulang-alik Challenger meletup selepas pelancaran? || 1986 <> Mengapa ekonomi Houston mempunyai masalah pada akhir 1980-an? || kemelesetan nasional <> Pada tahun 1990-an, apakah yang dilakukan oleh Houston untuk cuba mempelbagaikan ekonomi itu? || mengurangkan pergantungannya terhadap industri petroleum <> Industri petroleum telah menjadi sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi Houston sekali lagi untuk sebab apa? || kenaikan harga minyak pada tahun 2000-an <> Apa yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan penduduk menurun pada tahun 1980-an? || harga minyak jatuh <> Pengangkutan ulang-alik mana yang hancur pada tahun 1986 menyebabkan penurunan dalam industri ruang? || Space Shuttle Challenger <> Bilakah Houston mengalami penurunan ekonomi? || akhir 1980-an <> Apa yang difokuskan oleh Houston selepas kemelesetan tahun 1990-an untuk memperbaiki ekonomi? || aeroangkasa dan penjagaan kesihatan <> Bilakah Houston mula mendapat kebergantungannya terhadap industri minyak? || 2000-an <> Pada tahun apakah shuttle pesawat Challenger berjaya selepas pelancaran? || <> Mengapa ekonomi Houston tidak mempunyai masalah pada akhir 1980-an? || <> Pada tahun 1990-an, apakah yang dilakukan oleh Houston untuk tidak mempelbagaikan ekonomi itu? || <> Industri petroleum tidak menjadi sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi Houston lagi untuk sebab apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch?", "id": "570942b39928a814004714ee", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?", "id": "570942b39928a814004714ef", "answers": [{"text": "the nationwide recession", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1990's, what is something Houston did to try to diversify it's economy?", "id": "570942b39928a814004714f0", "answers": [{"text": "reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The petroleum industry has become a larger part of Houston's economy again for what reason?", "id": "570942b39928a814004714f1", "answers": [{"text": "the increase of oil prices in the 2000s", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused population growth to decline  in the 1980s?", "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368275", "answers": [{"text": "oil prices fell", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which shuttle disintegrated in 1986 to cause a decline in the space industry?", "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368276", "answers": [{"text": "Space Shuttle Challenger", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Houston suffer an economic decline?", "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368277", "answers": [{"text": "late 1980s", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Houston focus on after the 1990s recession to improve its economy?", "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368278", "answers": [{"text": "aerospace and health care", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?", "id": "5709b2a2200fba1400368279", "answers": [{"text": "2000s", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "In what year did the space shuttle Challenger succeed after launch?", "id": "5ad41d62604f3c001a4005d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nationwide recession", "answer_start": 320}], "question": " Why didn't Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?", "id": "5ad41d62604f3c001a4005da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry", "answer_start": 481}], "question": "In the 1990's, what is something Houston did to try not to diversify it's economy?", "id": "5ad41d62604f3c001a4005db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil prices in the 2000s", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "The petroleum industry did not become a larger part of Houston's economy again for what reason?", "id": "5ad41d62604f3c001a4005dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch. There was a cutback in some activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the nationwide recession. After the early 1990s recession, Houston made efforts to diversify its economy by focusing on aerospace and health care/biotechnology, and reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry. Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s, the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy."}], ["Kota Houston mempunyai bentuk kerajaan mayoral yang kuat. Houston adalah sebuah bandar raya peraturan bandar dan semua pemilihan perbandaran di negeri Texas adalah bukan parti. Pegawai yang dipilih oleh City adalah Datuk Bandar, pengawal bandar dan 16 anggota Majlis Bandaraya Houston. Datuk Bandar semasa Houston ialah Sylvester Turner, seorang Demokrat yang dipilih pada undi bukan parti. Datuk Bandar Houston berfungsi sebagai ketua pentadbir, pegawai eksekutif dan wakil rasmi di bandar, dan bertanggungjawab terhadap pengurusan umum bandaraya dan untuk melihat bahawa semua undang-undang dan tata cara dikuatkuasakan. <> Siapa Datuk Bandar semasa Houston? || Sylvester Turner <> Apakah bentuk kerajaan yang ada di Houston? || bentuk mayoral kuat kerajaan perbandaran <> Siapa pejabat pilihan Houston? || Datuk Bandar, pengawal bandar dan 16 anggota Majlis Bandaraya Houston <> Apa yang Datuk Bandar Houston juga berfungsi sebagai? || ketua pentadbir bandar, pegawai eksekutif, dan wakil rasmi <> Selain pengurusan umum bandar, Datuk Bandar Houston juga bertanggungjawab untuk apa? || kerana semua undang-undang dan tata cara dikuatkuasakan <> Apa bentuk pemerintahan bandar di Houston? || mayoral kuat <> Apakah jenis pemilihan perbandaran yang diadakan di Texas? || Bukan partisan <> Selain daripada Datuk Bandar dan Pengawal, berapa ahli yang ada di majlis bandar? || 16 <> Siapa Datuk Bandar Houston sejak pilihan raya lalu? || Sylvester Turner <> Kepada apa parti politik yang diselaraskan oleh Mayor Turner? || Demokrat <> Siapa Senator Houston sekarang? || <> Apakah bentuk kerajaan yang dimiliki oleh Texas? || <> Siapa pegawai yang dipilih oleh Texas? || <> Apakah senator Houston juga berfungsi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the current mayor of Houston?", "id": "5709517c9928a81400471528", "answers": [{"text": "Sylvester Turner", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What form of government does Houston have?", "id": "5709517c9928a81400471529", "answers": [{"text": "strong mayoral form of municipal government", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are Houston's elected officials?", "id": "5709517c9928a8140047152a", "answers": [{"text": "the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Houston's mayor also serve as?", "id": "5709517c9928a8140047152b", "answers": [{"text": "the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the general management of the city, Houston's mayor is also responsible for what?", "id": "5709517c9928a8140047152c", "answers": [{"text": "seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the form of city  government in Houston?", "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e1", "answers": [{"text": "strong mayoral", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of municipal elections are held in Texas?", "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e2", "answers": [{"text": "nonpartisan", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the mayor and controller, how many members are there on the city council?", "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e3", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the mayor of Houston since the last election?", "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e4", "answers": [{"text": "Sylvester Turner", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what political party is Mayor Turner aligned? ", "id": "5709c638200fba14003682e5", "answers": [{"text": "Democrat", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sylvester Turner", "answer_start": 302}], "question": " Who is the current senator of Houston?", "id": "5ad422ad604f3c001a4007d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strong mayoral form of municipal", "answer_start": 26}], "question": " What form of government does Texas have?", "id": "5ad422ad604f3c001a4007d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council", "answer_start": 203}], "question": " Who are Texas's elected officials?", "id": "5ad422ad604f3c001a4007d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "city's chief administrator", "answer_start": 394}], "question": " What does Houston's senator also serve as?", "id": "5ad422ad604f3c001a4007da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government. Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan. The City's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council. The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's mayor serves as the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced."}], ["Mengandungi permukaan tanah Houston adalah tanah liat yang tidak dikonsolidasikan, tanah liat, dan pasir yang kurang diserap sehingga beberapa batu dalam. Geologi rantau ini berkembang dari deposit sungai yang terbentuk daripada hakisan Gunung Rocky. Sedimen ini terdiri daripada siri pasir dan tanah liat yang didepositkan pada pembusukan bahan laut organik, yang dari waktu ke waktu, berubah menjadi minyak dan gas asli. Di bawah lapisan sedimen adalah lapisan halite air yang disimpan, garam batu. Lapisan berliang dimampatkan dari masa ke masa dan dipaksakan ke atas. Kerana ia menolak ke atas, garam menyeret sedimen di sekitarnya ke dalam formasi kubah garam, sering menjejakkan minyak dan gas yang meresap dari pasir berpori sekitarnya. Tanah tebal, kaya, kadang-kadang hitam, sesuai untuk penanaman padi di pinggir pinggir bandar di mana bandar terus berkembang. <> Bahan apa yang menjadi asas permukaan tanah Houston? || tanah liat yang tidak dikonsolidasikan, tanah liat, dan pasir yang tidak disepuh <> Geologi Houston dibentuk dari deposit sungai dari hakisan gunung yang mana? || Rocky Mountains <> Pasir dan tanah liat yang didepositkan ke dalam bahan membusuk marin berubah menjadi apa? || minyak dan gas asli <> Apakah halite? || garam batu <> Apa jenis pertanian yang baik untuk tanah permukaan Houston? || penanaman padi <> Apakah peristiwa geologi yang menyebabkan asas-asas tanah di bawah Houston? || hakisan Gunung Rocky <> Selain pasir, apakah dasar tanah Houston? || tanah liat <> Bagaimana mendalam adalah asas tanah liat dan pasir di Houston? || beberapa batu <> Apakah organik yang mereput di bawah tanah dan tanah pasir kemudian membentuk? || minyak dan gas asli <> Apa tanaman pertanian ditanam di tanah kaya di kawasan terpencil di Houston? || beras <> Bahan apa yang menyokong air Houston? || <> Geologi Houston dibentuk dari deposit sungai dari hakisan laut apa? || <> Kaca yang didepositkan ke dalam bahan pembusukan marin berubah menjadi apa? || <> Apa itu palsu? || <> Jenis perikanan apakah yang baik untuk perairan Houston? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?", "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dcc", "answers": [{"text": "unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?", "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dcd", "answers": [{"text": "Rocky Mountains", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?", "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dce", "answers": [{"text": "oil and natural gas", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is halite?", "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dcf", "answers": [{"text": "a rock salt", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of farming is Houston's surface soil good for?", "id": "57094ba9efce8f15003a7dd0", "answers": [{"text": "rice farming", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston?", "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443a", "answers": [{"text": "erosion of the Rocky Mountains", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides sands, what are the foundations of Houston's land?", "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443b", "answers": [{"text": "clays", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston?", "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443c", "answers": [{"text": "several miles", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form?", "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443d", "answers": [{"text": "oil and natural gas", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston?", "id": "5709b50eed30961900e8443e", "answers": [{"text": "rice", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What materials are underpinning the water of Houston?", "id": "5ad41e23604f3c001a400623", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rocky Mountains", "answer_start": 209}], "question": " Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what ocean?", "id": "5ad41e23604f3c001a400624", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil and natural gas", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "The glass deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?", "id": "5ad41e23604f3c001a400625", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rock salt", "answer_start": 451}], "question": " What is falsalite?", "id": "5ad41e23604f3c001a400626", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rice farming", "answer_start": 749}], "question": " What type of fishing is Houston's waters good for?", "id": "5ad41e23604f3c001a400627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow."}], ["Kawasan metropolitan Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land dihidangkan oleh satu stesen televisyen awam dan dua stesen radio awam. KUHT (HoustonPBS) adalah stesen anggota PBS dan merupakan stesen televisyen awam pertama di Amerika Syarikat. Radio Awam Houston adalah pendengar yang dibiayai dan terdiri daripada dua stesen anggota NPR: KUHF (KUHF News) dan KUHA (Klasik 91.7). KUHF adalah berita / rundingan radio dan KUHA adalah sebuah stesen muzik klasik. University of Houston System memiliki dan memegang lesen penyiaran untuk KUHT, KUHF, dan KUHA. Stesen-stesen ini disiarkan dari Melcher Centre for Broadcasting Public, yang terletak di kampus Universiti Houston. <> Apakah stesen televisyen awam pertama di Amerika Syarikat? || KUHT (HoustonPBS) <> Bagaimana dana Public Radio Houston? || pendengar yang dibiayai <> Houston Public Radio kami terdiri daripada berapa stesen? || dua stesen anggota NPR <> Stesen apa yang mengandungi Houston Public Radio? || KUHF (KUHF News) dan KUHA (Klasik 91.7) <> Siapa yang memiliki stesen KUHT, KUHF, dan KUHA? || The University of Houston <> Yang mana di antara stesen televisyen Houston adalah stesen televisyen awam yang pertama di A.S.? || KUHT <> Apa jenis stesen radio yang KUHF? || berita / radio perbualan <> Jenis stesen radio apakah KUHA? || muzik klasik <> Dari bangunan apa yang disiarkan oleh dua stesen radio awam? || Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting <> Di mana terletak Melcher Centre? || University of Houston <> Apakah stesen televisyen swasta pertama di AS? || <> Bagaimana dana Radio Private Houston dibiayai? || <> Texas Private Radio kami terdiri daripada berapa stesen? || <> Siapa yang menjual stesen KUHT, KUHF, dan KUHA? || <> Yang mana di stesen televisyen Houston adalah stesen televisyen swasta pertama di A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first public television station in the US?", "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df4", "answers": [{"text": "KUHT (HoustonPBS)", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Houston Public Radio funded?", "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df5", "answers": [{"text": "listener-funded", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Houston Public Radio us comprised of how many stations?", "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df6", "answers": [{"text": "two NPR member stations", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stations comprise Houston Public Radio?", "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df7", "answers": [{"text": "KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7)", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA stations?", "id": "5709535eefce8f15003a7df8", "answers": [{"text": "The University of Houston", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Houston's television stations was the first public television station in the U.S.?", "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84494", "answers": [{"text": "KUHT", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of radio station is KUHF?", "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84495", "answers": [{"text": "news/talk radio", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of radio station is KUHA?", "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84496", "answers": [{"text": "classical music", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what building do the two public radio stations broadcast?", "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84497", "answers": [{"text": "Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Melcher Center located?", "id": "5709c7d4ed30961900e84498", "answers": [{"text": "University of Houston", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "KUHT", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What was the first private television station in the US?", "id": "5ad423a0604f3c001a400841", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "listener-funded", "answer_start": 260}], "question": " How is Houston Private Radio funded?", "id": "5ad423a0604f3c001a400842", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two NPR member", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "Texas Private Radio us comprised of how many stations?", "id": "5ad423a0604f3c001a400843", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "University of Houston", "answer_start": 618}], "question": " Who sold the KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA stations?", "id": "5ad423a0604f3c001a400844", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "KUHT", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "Which of Houston's television stations was the first private television station in the U.S.?", "id": "5ad423a0604f3c001a400845", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. KUHT (HoustonPBS) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations: KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7). KUHF is news/talk radio and KUHA is a classical music station. The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA. The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting, located on the campus of the University of Houston."}], ["Pada tahun 1960-an, Downtown Houston terdiri daripada koleksi struktur pejabat pertengahan. Pusat bandar berada di ambang ledakan ledakan industri tenaga pada tahun 1970. Satu penggantian bangunan pencakar langit telah dibina sepanjang tahun 1970-banyak oleh pemaju hartanah Gerald D. Hines-berpuncak dengan pencakar langit tertinggi di Houston, lantai 75, 1,002 kaki ( 305 m) - Menara JPMorgan Chase (dahulu Texas Commerce Tower), siap pada tahun 1982. Ia adalah struktur paling tinggi di Texas, bangunan tertinggi ke-15 di Amerika Syarikat, dan pencakar langit paling tinggi ke-85 di dunia, berdasarkan ciri seni bina tertinggi . Pada tahun 1983, Wells Fargo Plaza (sebelumnya Allied Bank Plaza) 71 tingkat, 992 kaki (302 m) telah siap, menjadi bangunan tertinggi kedua di Houston dan Texas. Berdasarkan ciri seni bina tertinggi, ia adalah tertinggi ke-17 di Amerika Syarikat dan tertinggi ke-95 di dunia. Pada tahun 2007, pusat bandar Houston mempunyai lebih daripada 43 juta kaki persegi (4,000,000 m\u00b2) ruang pejabat. <> Downtown Houston terdiri daripada jenis bangunan pada tahun 1960-an? || bangunan pertengahan bangunan <> Apabila bangunan pencakar langit yang pertama dibina di Houston? || sepanjang 1970an <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di Texas? || Menara JPMorgan Chase <> Berapa tinggi ialah JP Morgan Chase Tower? || 1,002 kaki <> Apa bangunan tertinggi kedua di Houston? || Wells Fargo Plaza <> Pada tahun 1970, apa pemaju yang membina peningkatan tinggi di pusat bandar Houston? || Gerald D. Hines <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di Houston selesai pada tahun 1982? || Menara JPMorgan Chase <> Apakah nama asal JP Morgan Chase Tower? || Tower Commerce Texas <> Apakah Tower Chase dinilai sebagai ketinggian di Texas? || struktur paling tinggi di Texas <> Menjelang tahun 2007 berapa banyak kaki persegi ruang pejabat yang ada di Houston? || 43 juta kaki persegi <> Texas terdiri dari apa jenis bangunan pada tahun 1960-an? || <> Bilakah bangunan pencakar langit yang pertama dibina di Texas? || <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di luar Houston? || <> Berapa tinggi ialah Menara Bank PNC? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Downtown Houston consisted of what type of building in the 1960's?", "id": "57094c819928a81400471500", "answers": [{"text": "mid-rise office structures", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were skyscrapers first built in Houston?", "id": "57094c819928a81400471501", "answers": [{"text": "throughout the 1970s", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the tallest building in Texas?", "id": "57094c819928a81400471502", "answers": [{"text": "JPMorgan Chase Tower", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall is the JP Morgan Chase Tower?", "id": "57094c819928a81400471503", "answers": [{"text": "1,002-foot", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second tallest building in Houston?", "id": "57094c819928a81400471504", "answers": [{"text": "Wells Fargo Plaza", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1970 s what developer built high rises in downtown Houston?", "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e8444e", "answers": [{"text": "Gerald D. Hines", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the highest building in Houston completed in 1982?", "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e8444f", "answers": [{"text": "JPMorgan Chase Tower", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original name of the JP Morgan Chase Tower?", "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e84450", "answers": [{"text": "Texas Commerce Tower", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Chase Tower rated as in height in Texas?", "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e84451", "answers": [{"text": "tallest structure in Texas", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2007 how many square feet of office space did Houston have?", "id": "5709b6d7ed30961900e84452", "answers": [{"text": "43 million square feet", "answer_start": 914}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-rise office structures", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Texas consisted of what type of building in the 1960's?", "id": "5ad41f4e604f3c001a400697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 152}], "question": " When were skyscrapers first built in Texas?", "id": "5ad41f4e604f3c001a400698", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "JPMorgan Chase Tower", "answer_start": 349}], "question": " What is the tallest building outside of Houston?", "id": "5ad41f4e604f3c001a400699", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,002-foot", "answer_start": 325}], "question": " How tall is the PNC Bank Tower?", "id": "5ad41f4e604f3c001a40069a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry\u2013led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s\u2014many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines\u2014culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 15th tallest building in the United States, and the 85th tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 17th tallest in the United States and the 95th tallest in the world. In 2007, downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m\u00b2) of office space."}], ["Ketika Perang Dunia II bermula, tahap tonase di pelabuhan menurun dan kegiatan perkapalan digantung; Walau bagaimanapun, peperangan itu memberi manfaat ekonomi bagi bandar. Kilang penapisan petrokimia dan kilang pembuatan telah dibina di sepanjang saluran kapal kerana permintaan untuk produk getah petroleum dan sintetik oleh industri pertahanan semasa perang. Ellington Field, yang pada mulanya dibina semasa Perang Dunia I, telah direvitalisasi sebagai pusat latihan maju untuk pengebom dan pelayaran. The Brown Shipbuilding Company ditubuhkan pada 1942 untuk membina kapal-kapal untuk Tentera Laut A.S. semasa Perang Dunia II. Kerana ledakan pekerjaan pertahanan, ribuan pekerja baru berhijrah ke bandar, kedua-dua orang kulit hitam dan putih bersaing untuk pekerjaan yang lebih tinggi. Presiden Roosevelt telah menubuhkan dasar tidak diskriminasi untuk kontraktor pertahanan, dan orang kulit hitam mendapat beberapa peluang, terutama dalam pembinaan kapal, walaupun tidak tanpa perlawanan dari orang kulit putih dan meningkatkan ketegangan sosial yang meletus ke keganasan sesekali. Keuntungan ekonomi orang kulit hitam yang memasuki industri pertahanan terus menerus pada tahun-tahun selepas perang. <> Apakah acara yang menyebabkan aktiviti perkapalan digantung? || Perang Dunia II <> Petrokimia kilang dan kilang pembuatan dibina disebabkan oleh permintaan barang-barang semasa peperangan? || produk getah petroleum dan sintetik <> Bilakah bidang Ellington dibina? || semasa Perang Dunia I <> Bilakah Syarikat Pembinaan Kapal Brown ditubuhkan? || 1942 <> Apakah dasar yang dibuat oleh Presiden Roosevelt disebabkan ledakan pekerjaan pertahanan? || tidak diskriminasi untuk kontraktor pertahanan <> Apakah jenis kilang penapisan yang dibina di sepanjang saluran kapal Houston? || Petrokimia <> Untuk mengisi apa jenis permintaan yang dibina oleh kilang-kilang? || petroleum dan getah tiruan <> Apa peristiwa dunia menyebabkan peningkatan keperluan petrokimia ini? || Perang Dunia II <> Mengapa ribuan pekerja baru berduyun-duyun ke Houston? || pekerjaan pertahanan <> Yang mana presiden mencipta dasar tanpa diskriminasi untuk kontraktor pertahanan? || Presiden Roosevelt <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan aktiviti perkapalan bermula? || <> Ladang-ladang dibina kerana permintaan barang-barang semasa perang? || <> Bilakah Bidang Ellington dimusnahkan? || <> Bilakah Syarikat Pembinaan Kapal Brown dimusnahkan? || <> hat adalah dasar yang diwujudkan oleh Naib Presiden kerana ledakan pekerjaan pertahanan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?", "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e4", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war?", "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e5", "answers": [{"text": "petroleum and synthetic rubber products", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Ellington Field built?", "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e6", "answers": [{"text": "during World War I", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded?", "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e7", "answers": [{"text": "1942", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs?", "id": "57093dae9928a814004714e8", "answers": [{"text": "non-discrimination for defense contractors", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of refineries were built along the Houston ship channel?", "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441c", "answers": [{"text": "Petrochemical", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To fill what type of demand were refineries built?", "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441d", "answers": [{"text": "petroleum and synthetic rubber", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What world event caused this increased need for petrochemicals?", "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441e", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did thousands of new workers flock to Houston?", "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e8441f", "answers": [{"text": "defense jobs", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president created a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors?", "id": "5709b0aaed30961900e84420", "answers": [{"text": "President Roosevelt", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What event cause shipping activities to begin?", "id": "5ad41d34604f3c001a4005bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "petroleum and synthetic rubber", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "Farms were built due to the demand for what items during the war?", "id": "5ad41d34604f3c001a4005be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "during World War I", "answer_start": 394}], "question": " When was Ellington Field destroyed?", "id": "5ad41d34604f3c001a4005bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1942", "answer_start": 539}], "question": " When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company destroyed?", "id": "5ad41d34604f3c001a4005c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-discrimination for defense contractors", "answer_start": 787}], "question": "hat was the policy created by the Vice-President due to the boom in defense jobs?", "id": "5ad41d34604f3c001a4005c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war. Ellington Field, initially built during World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators. The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both blacks and whites competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors, and blacks gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of blacks who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years."}], ["Pada Ogos 1836, dua usahawan hartanah-Augustus Chapman Allen dan John Kirby Allen-dari New York, membeli tanah seluas 6,642 ekar (26.88 km2) di sepanjang Buffalo Bayou dengan niat mendirikan sebuah bandar. Saudara-saudara Allen memutuskan untuk menamakan kota itu selepas Sam Houston, jeneral popular di Pertempuran San Jacinto, yang dipilih sebagai Presiden Texas pada September 1836. Kebanyakan hamba di Texas datang dengan pemiliknya dari negara-negara hamba yang lebih tua. Walau bagaimanapun, jumlah yang cukup besar diperoleh melalui perdagangan hamba dalam negeri. New Orleans adalah pusat perdagangan ini di Deep South, tetapi terdapat peniaga hamba di Houston. Beribu-ribu orang Afrika Afrika yang hidup di dekat bandar sebelum Perang Saudara. Kebanyakan mereka berhampiran dengan bandar yang bekerja di ladang gula dan kapas, sementara kebanyakan di kawasan bandar mempunyai pekerjaan domestik dan tukang. Pada tahun 1860 empat puluh sembilan peratus daripada penduduk bandar ini telah diperhambakan. Beberapa hamba, mungkin sebanyak 2,000 antara 1835 dan 1865, datang melalui perdagangan Afrika yang tidak sah. Pasca perang Texas berkembang pesat ketika migran dituangkan ke tanah kapas negeri. Mereka juga membawa atau membeli orang Afrika Afrika yang diperbudak, yang jumlahnya hampir tiga kali ganda di negeri ini dari 1850 hingga 1860, dari 58,000 hingga 182,566. <> Dimana Augustus Chapman Allen dan John Kirby Allen dari? || New York <> Berapa banyak ekar tanah melakukan pembelian Augustus Chapman Allen dan John Kirby Allen pada tahun 1836? || 6,642 <> Apa sebabnya saudara-saudara Allen membeli tanah pada tahun 1836? || mendirikan sebuah kota <> Siapa yang Allen bersaudara menamakan kota yang mereka hasilkan selepas itu? || Sam Houston <> Pada tahun apakah Sam Houston dipilih Presiden Texas? || 1836 <> Siapa yang membeli tanah di sepanjang Buffalo Bayou untuk membina sebuah bandar? || Allen brothers <> Berapa banyak tanah yang dibeli oleh saudara Allen? || 6,642 hektar <> Selepas yang terkenal jeneral adalah bandar bernama? || Sam Houston <> Pada tahun 1860 berapa peratus penduduk bandar adalah budak? || empat puluh sembilan peratus <> Berapakah populasi hamba Houston meningkat dari 1850 hingga 1860? || tiga kali ganda <> Yang berasal dari Houston dan berpindah ke New York? || <> Berapa banyak ekar tanah yang dibeli oleh Augustus Chapman Allen dan John Kirby Allen pada tahun 1936? || <> Apa sebabnya saudara-saudara Allen menjual tanah pada tahun 1836? || <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh saudara lelaki Allen itu bandar yang mereka hasilkan? || <> Pada tahun 1830 berapa peratus penduduk bandar adalah budak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where were Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen from?", "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dba", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1836?", "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbb", "answers": [{"text": "6,642", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836?", "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbc", "answers": [{"text": "founding a city", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after?", "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbd", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Houston", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Sam Houston elected President of Texas?", "id": "57093943efce8f15003a7dbe", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who bought land along Buffalo Bayou to build a city?", "id": "5709aeceed30961900e84408", "answers": [{"text": "Allen brothers", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much land did the Allen brothers buy?", "id": "5709aeceed30961900e84409", "answers": [{"text": "6,642 acres", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After which famous general was the city named?", "id": "5709aeceed30961900e8440a", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Houston", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1860 what percentage of the city's population was slaves?", "id": "5709aeceed30961900e8440b", "answers": [{"text": "forty-nine percent", "answer_start": 853}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the slave population of Houston increase from 1850 to 1860?", "id": "5709aeceed30961900e8440c", "answers": [{"text": "tripled", "answer_start": 1176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen\u2014", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who originally came from Houston and moved to New York?", "id": "5ad41c80604f3c001a40057d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,642 acres", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1936?", "id": "5ad41c80604f3c001a40057e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "founding a city", "answer_start": 186}], "question": " What was the reason the Allen brothers sold land in 1836?", "id": "5ad41c80604f3c001a40057f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "slave states", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after?", "id": "5ad41c80604f3c001a400580", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,000", "answer_start": 944}], "question": " In 1830 what percentage of the city's population was slaves?", "id": "5ad41c80604f3c001a400581", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs\u2014Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen\u2014from New York, purchased 6,642 acres (26.88 km2) of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Houston. Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's population was enslaved. A few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566."}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 2005, Houston menjadi tempat perlindungan kepada lebih daripada 150,000 orang dari New Orleans yang berpindah dari Badai Katrina. Satu bulan kemudian, kira-kira 2.5 juta penduduk kawasan Houston berpindah ketika Hurricane Rita menghampiri Gulf Coast, meninggalkan sedikit kerosakan ke kawasan Houston. Ini adalah pemindahan bandar terbesar dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat. Pada bulan September 2008, Houston telah dilanda taufan Ike. Sebanyak empat puluh peratus enggan meninggalkan Pulau Galveston kerana mereka takut masalah lalu lintas yang berlaku selepas Badai Rita. <> Berapa ramai orang yang dipindahkan ke Houston selepas Badai Katrina? || 150,000 <> Apa acara yang menyebabkan 2.5 juta orang berpindah melalui Houston? || Badai Rita <> Pemindahan pantai Teluk sebelum Hurricane Rita adalah jenis pemindahan? || pemindahan bandar terbesar <> Bilakah Tau Ike memukul kawasan Houston? || September 2008 <> Takut kepada masalah lalu lintas, berapa ramai orang yang enggan meninggalkan Galveston sebelum Badai Ike? || empat puluh peratus <> Berapa ramai orang tinggal di Houston selepas Badai Katrina? || <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan 5 juta orang berpindah melalui Houston? || <> Pemindahan pantai barat sebelum Hurricane Rita adalah apa jenis pemindahan? || <> Bilakah Tau Ike mengelakkan kawasan Houston? || <> Takut kepada masalah lalu lintas, berapa orang yang terbang dari Galveston sebelum Badai Ike? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people evacuated to Houston after Hurricane Katrina?", "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c68", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused 2.5 million people to evacuate through Houston?", "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c69", "answers": [{"text": "Hurricane Rita", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The evacuation of the Gulf coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation?", "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c6a", "answers": [{"text": "largest urban evacuation", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hurricane Ike hit the Houston area?", "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c6b", "answers": [{"text": "September 2008", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fearing traffic problems, how many people refused to leave Galveston before Hurricane Ike?", "id": "570a03776d058f1900182c6c", "answers": [{"text": "forty percent", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "How many people stayed in Houston after Hurricane Katrina?", "id": "5ad41d94604f3c001a4005e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hurricane Rita", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What event caused 5 million people to evacuate through Houston?", "id": "5ad41d94604f3c001a4005e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "largest urban evacuation", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "The evacuation of the West coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation?", "id": "5ad41d94604f3c001a4005e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 2008", "answer_start": 368}], "question": " When did Hurricane Ike avoid the Houston area?", "id": "5ad41d94604f3c001a4005e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forty percent", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "Fearing traffic problems, how many people flew out of Galveston before Hurricane Ike?", "id": "5ad41d94604f3c001a4005e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina. One month later, approximately 2.5 million Houston area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States. In September 2008, Houston was hit by Hurricane Ike. As many as forty percent refused to leave Galveston Island because they feared the traffic problems that happened after Hurricane Rita."}], ["Kawasan Houston merupakan pusat utama untuk membina peralatan medan minyak. Kebanyakan kejayaannya sebagai kompleks petrokimia adalah kerana saluran kapal yang sibuk, Pelabuhan Houston. Di Amerika Syarikat, pelabuhan berada di peringkat pertama dalam perdagangan antarabangsa dan sepuluh di antara pelabuhan terbesar di dunia. Tidak seperti kebanyakan tempat, harga minyak dan petrol yang tinggi bermanfaat bagi ekonomi Houston, kerana kebanyakan penduduknya bekerja dalam industri tenaga. Houston adalah titik permulaan atau akhir pelbagai saluran minyak, gas, dan produk: <> Daripada apa yang Houston menjadi pusat? || peralatan ladang minyak <> Apakah saluran kapal Houston berfungsi untuk menggalakkan kejayaan? || kompleks petrokimia <> Di mana Pelabuhan Houston berada dalam perdagangan antarabangsa? || pertama <> Di manakah kadar Houston dalam kedudukan saiz pelabuhan dunia? || kesepuluh <> Baris apa yang bermula atau berakhir di Houston? || saluran paip <> Daripada apa pusat Texas? || <> Apakah saluran kapal Texas berfungsi untuk berjaya? || <> Di mana Port of Texas berada dalam perdagangan antarabangsa? || <> Di mana kadar Texas dalam kedudukan saiz pelabuhan dunia? || <> Baris apa yang bermula atau berakhir di Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Of what is Houston a center?", "id": "570a07104103511400d5950a", "answers": [{"text": "oilfield equipment", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the Houston ship channel served to promote into success?", "id": "570a07104103511400d5950b", "answers": [{"text": "petrochemical complex", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the Port of Houston rank in international commerce?", "id": "570a07104103511400d5950c", "answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Houston rate in the size ranking of world ports?", "id": "570a07104103511400d5950d", "answers": [{"text": "tenth", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lines begin or end in Houston?", "id": "570a07104103511400d5950e", "answers": [{"text": "pipelines", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oilfield equipment", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Of what is Texas a center?", "id": "5ad4203a604f3c001a4006e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "petrochemical complex", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What has the Texas ship channel served to promote into success?", "id": "5ad4203a604f3c001a4006e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 208}], "question": " Where does the Port of Texas rank in international commerce?", "id": "5ad4203a604f3c001a4006e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tenth", "answer_start": 244}], "question": " Where does Texas rate in the size ranking of world ports?", "id": "5ad4203a604f3c001a4006e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pipelines", "answer_start": 510}], "question": " What lines begin or end in Texas?", "id": "5ad4203a604f3c001a4006e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment. Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston. In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world. Unlike most places, high oil and gasoline prices are beneficial for Houston's economy, as many of its residents are employed in the energy industry. Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil, gas, and products pipelines:"}], ["Walaupun Houston adalah bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat tanpa peraturan pengezonan rasmi, ia telah berkembang sama dengan bandar-bandar Sun Belt yang lain kerana peraturan kegunaan tanah bandar dan perjanjian sah telah memainkan peranan yang sama. Peraturan termasuk saiz lot mandatori untuk rumah keluarga tunggal dan keperluan tempat letak kereta disediakan untuk penyewa dan pelanggan. Sekatan tersebut mempunyai hasil yang bercampur-campur. Walaupun sesetengahnya telah menyalahkan kepadatan rendah bandar, kekurangan bandar, dan kurang keramahan pejalan kaki terhadap dasar-dasar ini, penggunaan tanah di bandar ini juga telah dikreditkan dengan mempunyai perumahan yang mampu dimiliki, membiarkan Houston kesan terburuk krisis hartanah 2008. Bandar ini mengeluarkan 42,697 permit bangunan pada tahun 2008 dan menduduki tempat pertama dalam senarai pasaran perumahan paling sihat untuk tahun 2009. <> Apa bandar terbesar di A.S. tanpa zon formal? || Houston <> Selain keperluan letak kereta, apa peraturan penggunaan tanah yang dimiliki oleh Houston? || saiz lot mandatori <> Apakah polisi penggunaan tanah Houston yang dikreditkan dengan menghasilkan? || perumahan yang berpatutan <> Keadaan yang serius tahun 2008 adalah Houston yang terselamat? || krisis hartanah <> Berapa banyak permit bangunan dikeluarkan pada tahun 2008 di Houston? || 42,697 <> Apa bandar terbesar di A.S. dengan zon rasmi? || <> Selain keperluan letak kereta, apa peraturan penggunaan tanah yang dimiliki Texas? || <> Apakah dasar penggunaan laut Houston dikreditkan dengan menghasilkan? || <> Apakah keadaan yang serius pada tahun 2009 adalah Houston selamat? || <> Berapa banyak permit bangunan dikeluarkan pada tahun 2019 di Houston? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest city in the U.S. without formal zoning?", "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c72", "answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides parking requirements, what land use regulations does Houston have?", "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c73", "answers": [{"text": "mandatory lot size", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Houston's land use policies credited with producing?", "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c74", "answers": [{"text": "affordable housing", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What serious situation of 2008 was Houston spared?", "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c75", "answers": [{"text": "real estate crisis", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many building permits were issued in 2008 in Houston?", "id": "570a059c6d058f1900182c76", "answers": [{"text": "42,697", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What is the largest city in the U.S. with formal zoning?", "id": "5ad41f18604f3c001a40067b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mandatory lot size", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "Besides parking requirements, what land use regulations does Texas have?", "id": "5ad41f18604f3c001a40067c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "affordable housing", "answer_start": 590}], "question": " What is Houston's ocean use policies credited with producing?", "id": "5ad41f18604f3c001a40067d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "real estate crisis", "answer_start": 656}], "question": " What serious situation of 2009 was Houston spared?", "id": "5ad41f18604f3c001a40067e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "42,697", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "How many building permits were issued in 2019 in Houston?", "id": "5ad41f18604f3c001a40067f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role. Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city's low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, the city's land use has also been credited with having significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009."}], ["The Theater District adalah kawasan 17-blok di pusat pusat bandar Houston yang merupakan rumah kepada kompleks hiburan, restoran, filem, plaza dan taman Bayou Place. Bayou Place adalah sebuah bangunan bertingkat besar yang mengandungi restoran, bar, muzik langsung, biliard dan Sundance Cinema. Pusat Muzik Bayou peringkat konsert live, bermain pentas, dan komedi berdiri. Space Center Houston adalah pusat pelawat rasmi Pusat Angkasa Lyndon B. Johnson NASA. Pusat Angkasa mempunyai banyak pameran interaktif termasuk batu bulan, simulator ulang-alik, dan persembahan mengenai sejarah program penerbangan ruang angkasa yang dikendalikan NASA. Tempat-tempat tarikan lain termasuk Galleria (pusat membeli-belah terbesar di Texas, terletak di Daerah Uptown), Old Market Square, Downtown Aquarium dan Sam Houston Race Park. <> Berapa banyak kawasan di pusat bandar Houston menutup kawasan Teater? || Kawasan 17-blok <> Tempat mana yang menghasilkan konsert, drama dan komedi secara langsung? || Pusat Muzik Bayou <> Di mana Space Center Houston? || Pusat Angkasa Lyndon B. Johnson <> Apa persembahan pelancong yang ada di Pusat Angkasa? || pameran interaktif <> Apakah Galleria yang terbesar di Texas? || pusat membeli-belah <> Berapa banyak kawasan di pusat bandar Texas menutup kawasan Theater? || <> Tempat mana yang mengharamkan konsert, drama dan komedi secara langsung? || <> Di mana Space Center Texas? || <> Apa tawaran pelancong tidak mempunyai Pusat Angkasa? || <> Apakah Galleria yang terbesar di Houston? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much area of downtown Houston does the Theater District cover?", "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c86", "answers": [{"text": "17-block area", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place produces live concerts, plays and comedy?", "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c87", "answers": [{"text": "Bayou Music Center", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Space Center Houston?", "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c88", "answers": [{"text": "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tourist offerings does the Space Center have?", "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c89", "answers": [{"text": "interactive exhibits", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Galleria the largest of in Texas?", "id": "570a0ae36d058f1900182c8a", "answers": [{"text": "shopping mall", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17-block area", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "How much area of downtown Texas does the Theater District cover?", "id": "5ad421d9604f3c001a40077f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bayou Music Center", "answer_start": 303}], "question": " What place banned live concerts, plays and comedy?", "id": "5ad421d9604f3c001a400780", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center", "answer_start": 442}], "question": " Where is Space Center Texas?", "id": "5ad421d9604f3c001a400781", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "interactive exhibits", "answer_start": 500}], "question": " What tourist offerings does the Space Center not have?", "id": "5ad421d9604f3c001a400782", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shopping mall", "answer_start": 703}], "question": " What is the Galleria the largest of in Houston?", "id": "5ad421d9604f3c001a400783", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Center stages live concerts, stage plays, and stand-up comedy. Space Center Houston is the official visitors' center of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including moon rocks, a shuttle simulator, and presentations about the history of NASA's manned space flight program. Other tourist attractions include the Galleria (Texas's largest shopping mall, located in the Uptown District), Old Market Square, the Downtown Aquarium, and Sam Houston Race Park."}], ["Beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi swasta yang terdiri daripada kolej seni liberal, seperti Universiti St. Thomas, universiti Katolik hanya di Houston, ke Universiti Rice, universiti penyelidikan yang diiktiraf secara nasional-terletak di dalam bandar. Beras, dengan jumlah pendaftaran sedikit lebih daripada 6,000 pelajar, mempunyai beberapa program siswazah dan institut penyelidikan yang cemerlang, seperti Institut Dasar Awam James A. Baker. Universiti Baptis Houston, yang bersekutu dengan Konvensyen Umum Baptis Texas, menawarkan sarjana dan ijazah sarjana. Ia ditubuhkan pada tahun 1960 dan terletak di kawasan Sharpstown di Southwest Houston. <> Apakah universiti Katolik Houston? || Universiti St. Thomas <> Universiti penyelidikan yang terkenal terletak di Houston? || Beras Universiti <> Apakah pendaftaran pelajar Universiti Rice? || 6,000 <> Bilakah universiti Houston Baptist diasaskan? || 1960 <> Kawasan apa di Houston adalah rumah Universiti Houston Baptist? || Sharpstown <> Apakah universiti Katolik Texas satu? || <> Apa universiti penyelidikan yang terkenal terletak di Texas? || <> Apakah pendaftaran pelajar Universiti Rice? || <> Bilakah Universiti Texas Baptis diasaskan? || <> Kawasan apa di Texas adalah rumah Universiti Houston Baptist? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Houston's one Catholic university?", "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a0", "answers": [{"text": "The University of St. Thomas", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous research university is located in Houston?", "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a1", "answers": [{"text": "Rice University", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the student enrollment of Rice University?", "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a2", "answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Houston Baptist University founded?", "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a3", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area in Houston is the home of the Houston Baptist University?", "id": "570a811e4103511400d597a4", "answers": [{"text": "Sharpstown", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The University of St. Thomas", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What is Texas's one Catholic university?", "id": "5ad4233f604f3c001a400819", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rice University", "answer_start": 161}], "question": " What famous research university is located in Texas?", "id": "5ad4233f604f3c001a40081a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 305}], "question": " What is the teacher enrollment of Rice University?", "id": "5ad4233f604f3c001a40081b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 593}], "question": " When was Texas Baptist University founded?", "id": "5ad4233f604f3c001a40081c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sharpstown", "answer_start": 620}], "question": " What area in Texas is the home of the Houston Baptist University?", "id": "5ad4233f604f3c001a40081d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Several private institutions of higher learning\u2014ranging from liberal arts colleges, such as The University of St. Thomas, Houston's only Catholic university, to Rice University, the nationally recognized research university\u2014are located within the city. Rice, with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students, has a number of distinguished graduate programs and research institutes, such as the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy. Houston Baptist University, affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas, offers bachelor's and graduate degrees. It was founded in 1960 and is located in the Sharpstown area in Southwest Houston."}], ["Houston adalah tempat perlindungan Pusat Perubatan Texas yang terkenal di dunia, yang mengandungi kepelbagaian penyelidikan dan institusi penjagaan kesihatan terbesar di dunia. Semua 49 institusi anggota Pusat Perubatan Texas adalah organisasi bukan keuntungan. Mereka menyediakan rawatan pesakit dan pencegahan, penyelidikan, pendidikan, dan kesejahteraan komuniti tempatan, kebangsaan, dan antarabangsa. Mempunyai lebih daripada 73,600 orang, institusi di pusat perubatan termasuk 13 hospital dan dua institusi khusus, dua sekolah perubatan, empat sekolah kejururawatan, dan sekolah pergigian, kesihatan awam, farmasi, dan hampir semua kerjaya yang berkaitan dengan kesihatan. Di sinilah salah satu yang pertama-dan masih perkhidmatan kecemasan udara terbesar, Penerbangan Penerbangan, telah dicipta, dan program transplantasi antara institusi yang sangat berjaya telah dibangunkan. Lebih banyak pembedahan jantung dilakukan di Texas Medical Center daripada di mana sahaja di dunia. <> Di mana di Houston adalah kumpulan terbesar di dunia penjagaan kesihatan institusi? || Pusat Perubatan Texas <> Berapa banyak organisasi bukan keuntungan yang menjadi ahli Pusat Perubatan? || 49 <> Berapa ramai orang yang bekerja di Pusat Perubatan Texas? || 73,600 <> Berapa banyak hospital tergolong dalam kumpulan organisasi Perubatan Pusat? || 13 <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan kecemasan udara pertama? || Penerbangan Hayat <> Di mana di Texas adalah kumpulan terbesar di dunia penjagaan kesihatan institusi? || <> Berapa banyak organisasi keuntungan yang menjadi ahli Pusat Perubatan? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang bekerja di Pusat Perubatan Houston? || <> Berapa banyak hospital di luar kumpulan organisasi Perubatan Pusat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where in Houston is the world's largest grouping of healthcare institutions?", "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eea", "answers": [{"text": "Texas Medical Center", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many non profit organizations are members of the Medical Center?", "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eeb", "answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people are employed in the Texas Medical Center?", "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eec", "answers": [{"text": "73,600", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hospitals belong to the Medical Center group of organizations?", "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eed", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the first air emergency service?", "id": "570a826e6d058f1900182eee", "answers": [{"text": "Life Flight", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas Medical Center", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where in Texas is the world's largest grouping of healthcare institutions?", "id": "5ad423f3604f3c001a400871", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 168}], "question": " How many for-profit organizations are members of the Medical Center?", "id": "5ad423f3604f3c001a400872", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "73,600", "answer_start": 393}], "question": " How many people are employed in the Houston Medical Center?", "id": "5ad423f3604f3c001a400873", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "How many hospitals are outside of the Medical Center group of organizations?", "id": "5ad423f3604f3c001a400874", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first\u2014and still the largest\u2014air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world."}], ["Menjelang 1860, Houston muncul sebagai hab komersil dan kereta api bagi eksport kapas. Keretapi melonjak dari Texas ke pedalaman di Houston, di mana mereka bertemu dengan laluan kereta api ke pelabuhan Galveston dan Beaumont. Semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, Houston berkhidmat sebagai ibu pejabat bagi Ketua John Bankhead Magruder, yang menggunakan bandar sebagai titik organisasi untuk Pertempuran Galveston. Selepas Perang Saudara, pengusaha Houston memulakan usaha untuk memperluas sistem yang luas di kota itu sehingga bandar dapat menerima lebih banyak perdagangan di antara pusat bandar dan pelabuhan Galveston yang berdekatan. Menjelang 1890, Houston adalah pusat kereta api Texas. <> Apa komoditi yang diketahui Houston pada tahun 1860? || kapas <> Apa jenis jalan raya di Houston? || garis rel <> Yang mana umum menggunakan Perang Saudara Houston sebagai ibu pejabat? || General John Bankhead Magruder <> Untuk apa pertempuran yang digunakan Houston sebagai titik organisasi? || Pertempuran Galveston <> Apakah Houston dikenali pada tahun 1890? || pusat kereta api Texas <> Apa komoditi yang tidak diketahui oleh Houston pada tahun 1860? || <> Jenis jalan apa yang tidak disatukan di Houston? || <> Yang mana umum WWII menggunakan Houston sebagai ibu pejabat? || <> Untuk apa perang yang digunakan oleh Houston sebagai titik organisasi? || <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Houston pada tahun 1810? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What commodity was Houston known for in 1860? ", "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ec", "answers": [{"text": "cotton", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of roads converged in Houston?", "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ed", "answers": [{"text": "rail lines", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?", "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ee", "answers": [{"text": "General John Bankhead Magruder", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?", "id": "570a01b44103511400d594ef", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Galveston", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Houston known for by 1890?", "id": "570a01b44103511400d594f0", "answers": [{"text": "railroad center of Texas", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cotton", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What commodity was Houston not known for in 1860?", "id": "5ad41ccd604f3c001a400599", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rail lines", "answer_start": 162}], "question": " What type of roads didn't converge in Houston?", "id": "5ad41ccd604f3c001a40059a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General John Bankhead Magruder", "answer_start": 281}], "question": " Which WWII general used Houston as a headquarters?", "id": "5ad41ccd604f3c001a40059b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 395}], "question": " For what war was Houston used as an organization point ?", "id": "5ad41ccd604f3c001a40059c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "railroad hub", "answer_start": 49}], "question": " What was Houston known for by 1810?", "id": "5ad41ccd604f3c001a40059d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas."}], ["Daerah Teater Houston, terletak di pusat bandar, adalah rumah kepada sembilan pertunjukan seni pertunjukan utama dan enam dewan persembahan. Ia adalah kepekatan terbesar teater kedua di kawasan pusat bandar di Amerika Syarikat. Houston adalah salah satu daripada beberapa bandar raya Amerika Syarikat yang mempunyai syarikat tetap, profesional dan bermastautin dalam semua bidang seni berprestasi utama: opera (Houston Grand Opera), balet (Houston Ballet), muzik (Orchestra Symphony Orchestra), dan teater (The Alley Theatre). Houston juga merupakan rumah kepada artis rakyat, kumpulan seni dan pelbagai organisasi seni progresif kecil. Houston menarik banyak rancangan Broadway, konsert, pertunjukan, dan pameran Broadway untuk pelbagai minat. Kemudahan di Teater Daerah termasuk Jones Hall-rumah dari Orkestra Simfoni Houston dan Persembahan Seni Persembahan-dan Pusat Hobi untuk Seni Persembahan. <> Kawasan Houston yang menjadi tuan rumah seni persembahan? || Houston Theatre District <> Daripada apa yang Houston kedua dalam seni persembahan? || kerusi teater <> Kepada jenis seni yang ada di Houston? || seni persembahan utama <> Untuk kumpulan apa yang Jones Hall rumah? || Orkestra Symphony Houston <> Selain Jones Hall, apa lagi organisasi lain yang bertempat di Daerah Teater? || Pusat Hobi untuk Seni Persembahan <> Kawasan Houston yang menjadi tuan rumah seni visual? || <> Daripada apa yang Houston keempat dalam seni persembahan? || <> Untuk apa jenis seni Texas rumah? || <> Syarikat apa yang dimiliki oleh Jones Hall? || <> Selain Jones Hall, organisasi lain yang ditempatkan di Daerah Filem? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What area of Houston hosts performing arts?", "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7c", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Theater District", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what is Houston second in performing arts?", "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7d", "answers": [{"text": "theater seats", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what type of arts is Houston home?", "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7e", "answers": [{"text": "major performing arts", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what group is Jones Hall home?", "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c7f", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Symphony Orchestra", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Theater District?", "id": "570a09306d058f1900182c80", "answers": [{"text": "Hobby Center for the Performing Arts", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Theater District", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What area of Houston hosts visual arts?", "id": "5ad421a7604f3c001a400775", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theater seats", "answer_start": 169}], "question": " Of what is Houston fourth in performing arts?", "id": "5ad421a7604f3c001a400776", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all major performing", "answer_start": 319}], "question": " To what type of arts is Texas home?", "id": "5ad421a7604f3c001a400777", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Symphony Orchestra", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "What company is Jones Hall owned by?", "id": "5ad421a7604f3c001a400778", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hobby Center for the Performing Arts", "answer_start": 827}], "question": "Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Movie District?", "id": "5ad421a7604f3c001a400779", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (Houston Grand Opera), ballet (Houston Ballet), music (Houston Symphony Orchestra), and theater (The Alley Theatre). Houston is also home to folk artists, art groups and various small progressive arts organizations. Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests. Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall\u2014home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts\u2014and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts."}], ["Minute Maid Park (rumah Astros) dan Toyota Center (rumah Rockets), terletak di pusat bandar Houston. Houston mempunyai stadium bumbung yang pertama ditarik balik NFL dengan rumput semulajadi, Stadium NRG (rumah Texans). Minute Maid Park juga merupakan stadium bumbung yang boleh ditarik balik. Toyota Center juga mempunyai skrin terbesar untuk arena dalaman di Amerika Syarikat yang dibina untuk bertepatan dengan hosting arena NBA All-Star Game 2013. Stadium Kompleks BBVA ialah stadium khusus bola sepak untuk Dynamo, pasukan bola sepak Texas Southern University, dan Dash, yang terletak di Downtown Timur. Di samping itu, NRG Astrodome adalah stadium tertutup pertama di dunia, yang dibina pada tahun 1965. Kemudahan sukan lain termasuk Hofheinz Pavilion (bola keranjang Houston Cougars), Stadium Rice (Rice Owls football), dan Reliant Arena. Stadium TDECU adalah tempat pasukan bola sepak University Houston Houston Cougars bermain. Houston telah menjadi tuan rumah beberapa acara sukan utama: Sukan All-Star Baseball League 1968, 1986 dan 2004; Sukan Olimpik NBA 1989, 2006 dan 2013; Super Bowl VIII dan Super Bowl XXXVIII, serta menganjurkan World Series 2005 dan 1981, 1986, 1994 dan 1995 Final NBA, memenangi dua yang terakhir. Super Bowl LI kini dijangka akan dihoskan di Stadium NRG pada 2017. <> Apa nama stadium yang menjadi tuan rumah Houston Astros? || Minute Maid Park <> Di mana di Houston adalah Toyota Center yang terletak? || pusat bandar <> Apa rumah orang Texans dinamakan? || Stadium NRG <> Stadion mana yang terletak di pusat bandar timur di Houston? || Stadium Kompleks BBVA <> Apakah stadium tertutup pertama di dunia? || NRG Astrodome <> Apakah nama stadium yang menjadi tuan rumah Texas Astros? || <> Di mana di Texas adalah Toyota Center yang terletak? || <> Apa rumah bernama Houstons? || <> Stadium mana yang terletak di pusat bandar timur di Texas? || <> Apa stadium luaran yang pertama di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros?", "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978c", "answers": [{"text": "Minute Maid Park", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located?", "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978d", "answers": [{"text": "downtown", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the home of the Texans named?", "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978e", "answers": [{"text": "NRG Stadium", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston?", "id": "570a7fd14103511400d5978f", "answers": [{"text": "BBVA Compass Stadium", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first indoor stadium in the world?", "id": "570a7fd14103511400d59790", "answers": [{"text": "NRG Astrodome", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Minute Maid Park", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Texas Astros?", "id": "5ad42278604f3c001a4007c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "downtown", "answer_start": 94}], "question": " Where in Texas is the Toyota Center located?", "id": "5ad42278604f3c001a4007c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NRG Stadium", "answer_start": 185}], "question": " What is the home of the Houstons named?", "id": "5ad42278604f3c001a4007c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBVA Compass Stadium", "answer_start": 429}], "question": " Which stadium is located in east downtown in Texas?", "id": "5ad42278604f3c001a4007c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NRG Astrodome", "answer_start": 589}], "question": " What was the first outdoor stadium in the world?", "id": "5ad42278604f3c001a4007c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are located in downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans). Minute Maid Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena's hosting of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game. BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Dynamo, the Texas Southern University football team, and Dash, located in East Downtown. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965. Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and Reliant Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston Houston Cougars football team plays. Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games; Super Bowl VIII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, as well as hosting the 2005 World Series and 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two. Super Bowl LI is currently slated to be hosted in NRG Stadium in 2017."}], ["Houston (i / hju\u02d0st\u0259n / HYOO-st\u0259n) adalah bandar terpadat di Texas dan bandar paling padat keempat di Amerika Syarikat, yang terletak di tenggara Texas berhampiran Teluk Mexico. Dengan jumlah penduduk 2014 yang dianggarkan kira-kira 2.239 juta orang, dalam kawasan tanah seluas 599.6 batu persegi (1,553 km2), ia juga merupakan bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat Selatan, serta kerusi Harris County. Ia adalah bandar utama Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, yang merupakan wilayah metropolitan yang paling banyak kelima di Amerika Syarikat. <> Di mana terletak Houston? || di tenggara Texas berhampiran Teluk Mexico <> Di mana Houston berada di antara bandar paling ramai di Amerika Syarikat? || keempat <> Apakah populasi Houston pada tahun 2014? || 2.239 juta orang <> Apa itu bandar utama Houston? || Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land <> Apakah kawasan metropolitan yang paling banyak kelima di Amerika Syarikat? || Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land <> Apa bandar paling padat di Texas? || Houston <> Bagaimana pangkat Houston tentang penduduk di A.S.? || keempat <> Menurut bancian 2014, berapa orang yang tinggal di Houston? || 2.239 juta <> Apakah tanah itu adalah City of Houston? || 599.6 batu persegi <> Houston terletak di mana daerah Texas? || Harris County <> Di mana Texas terletak? || <> Di mana Houston berada di antara bandar-bandar yang paling ramai penduduknya di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apakah populasi Houston pada tahun 2012? || <> Apa bandar Houston yang tidak berprinsip? || <> Apakah kawasan metropolitan yang paling penduduk keenam di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Houston located?", "id": "570955309928a8140047153c", "answers": [{"text": "in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?", "id": "570955309928a8140047153d", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the population of Houston in 2014?", "id": "570955309928a8140047153e", "answers": [{"text": "2.239 million people", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Houston the principle city of?", "id": "570955309928a8140047153f", "answers": [{"text": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US?", "id": "570955309928a81400471540", "answers": [{"text": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most populous city in Texas?", "id": "5709c934ed30961900e8449e", "answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S.?", "id": "5709c934ed30961900e8449f", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the 2014 census, how many people live in Houston?", "id": "5709c934ed30961900e844a0", "answers": [{"text": "2.239 million", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the land are of the City of Houston?", "id": "5709c934ed30961900e844a1", "answers": [{"text": "599.6 square miles", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Houston is located in which Texas county?", "id": "5709c934ed30961900e844a2", "answers": [{"text": "Harris County", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gulf of Mexico", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Where is Texas located?", "id": "5ad41bc5604f3c001a400547", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Where is Houston ranked among the least populous cities in the US?", "id": "5ad41bc5604f3c001a400548", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.239 million", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What was the population of Houston in 2012?", "id": "5ad41bc5604f3c001a400549", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What is Houston the non-principle city of?", "id": "5ad41bc5604f3c001a40054a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land", "answer_start": 420}], "question": " What is the sixth most populated metropolitan area in the US?", "id": "5ad41bc5604f3c001a40054b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston (i/\u02c8hju\u02d0st\u0259n/ HYOO-st\u0259n) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County. It is the principal city of Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land, which is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the United States."}], ["Houston dianggap sebagai bandar yang dibahagi secara politik yang keseimbangan kuasa sering bergoyang antara Republikan dan Demokrat. Kebanyakan kawasan yang kaya di bandar mengundi Republikan manakala kelas pekerja dan daerah minoriti mengundi Demokratik. Mengikut Survei Kawasan Houston 2005, 68 peratus putih bukan orang Hispanik di Harris County diisytiharkan atau menyokong Republikan sementara 89 peratus orang kulit hitam bukan Hispanik di kawasan itu diisytiharkan atau menyokong Demokrat. Kira-kira 62 peratus Hispanik (mana-mana kaum) di kawasan itu diisytiharkan atau memihak kepada Demokrat. Bandar ini sering dikenali sebagai bandar paling berpolitik di Texas, sebuah negeri yang dikenali sebagai konservatif. Akibatnya, bandar ini sering menjadi kawasan yang dipertandingkan dalam pilihan raya seluruh negara. Pada tahun 2009, Houston menjadi bandar pertama di Amerika Syarikat dengan populasi lebih daripada 1 juta rakyat untuk memilih seorang datuk gay, dengan memilih Annise Parker. <> Apakah iklim politik Houston? || terbahagi <> Siapa di Houston cenderung mengundi Republikan? || kawasan kaya <> Bagaimana kawasan bekerja dan minoriti mengundi di Houston? || Demokratik <> Sebanyak peratus kaum Hispanik mengundi Demokrat? || 62 peratus <> Berapakah peratus putih bukan pemilih mengundi Republikan? || 68 peratus <> Apakah iklim politik Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the political climate of Houston?", "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd6", "answers": [{"text": "divided", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who in Houston tends to vote Republican?", "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd7", "answers": [{"text": "wealthier areas", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston?", "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd8", "answers": [{"text": "Democratic", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of Hispanics vote Democrat?", "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fd9", "answers": [{"text": "62 percent", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of non-Hispanic whites vote Republican?", "id": "570a986c6d058f1900182fda", "answers": [{"text": "68 percent", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "divided", "answer_start": 42}], "question": " What is the political climate of Texas?", "id": "5ad422e4604f3c001a400803", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. Much of the city's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city's working class and minority areas vote Democratic. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent Hispanics (of any race) in the area are declared or favor Democrats. The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative. As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections. In 2009, Houston became the first US city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker."}], ["Houston diasaskan pada tahun 1836 di tanah berhampiran tebing Buffalo Bayou (kini dikenali sebagai Allen's Landing) dan diperbadankan sebagai sebuah kota pada 5 Jun 1837. Bandar ini dinamakan sempena bekas jeneral Sam Houston, yang merupakan presiden Republik Texas dan telah memerintahkan dan memenangi Pertempuran San Jacinto 25 mil (40 km) timur di mana bandar itu ditubuhkan. Industri pelabuhan dan kereta api yang berkembang, digabungkan dengan penemuan minyak pada tahun 1901, telah mendorong lonjakan berterusan penduduk bandar. Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, Houston menjadi pusat Pusat Perubatan Texas-lembaga konservasi dan penyelidikan terbesar di dunia-dan Johnson Space Center NASA, di mana Pusat Kawalan Misi terletak. <> Bilakah Houston diasaskan? || 1836 <> Di mana Allen's Landing? || Buffalo Bayou <> Bilakah Kota Houston dimasukkan? || 5 Jun 1837 <> Bagi yang bernama Houston? || Sam Houston <> Untuk apa pertempuran Sam Houston dikenali sebagai komander? || Pertempuran San Jacinto <> Di mana Pendaratan Fallan? || <> Apa yang biasa dikenali sebagai Allan's Landing || <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1837? || <> Bilakah Kota Houston tidak diperbadankan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Houston founded?", "id": "570a898d4103511400d59834", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Allen's Landing?", "id": "570a898d4103511400d59835", "answers": [{"text": "Buffalo Bayou", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the City of Houston incorporated?", "id": "570a898d4103511400d59836", "answers": [{"text": "June 5, 1837", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was Houston named?", "id": "570a898d4103511400d59837", "answers": [{"text": "Sam Houston", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what battle was Sam Houston known as commander?", "id": "570a898d4103511400d59838", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of San Jacinto", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buffalo Bayou", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Where is Fallan's Landing?", "id": "5ad41bf5604f3c001a400551", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buffalo Bayou", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What used to be known as Allan's Landing", "id": "5ad41bf5604f3c001a400552", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston was founded", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happened in 1837?", "id": "5ad41bf5604f3c001a400553", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 5, 1837", "answer_start": 129}], "question": " When was the City of Houston unincorporated?", "id": "5ad41bf5604f3c001a400554", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou (now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center\u2014the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions\u2014and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located."}], ["Houston adalah ibu pejabat Continental Airlines sehingga penggabungannya 2010 dengan United Airlines dengan ibu pejabat di Chicago; kelulusan kawal selia bagi penggabungan telah diberikan pada bulan Oktober tahun itu. Bush Intercontinental menjadi hub syarikat penerbangan terbesar United Airlines. Syarikat penerbangan itu mengekalkan kehadiran operasi yang signifikan di Houston sambil menawarkan lebih daripada 700 pelepasan harian dari bandar. Pada awal tahun 2007, Lapangan Terbang Intercontinental Bush dinamakan \"pelabuhan masuk\" model untuk pelancong antarabangsa oleh Kastam A.S. dan Perlindungan Sempadan. <> Sehingga 2010, syarikat penerbangan yang menjadikan Houston sebagai ibu pejabatnya? || Continental Airlines <> Di mana hab udara terbesar United Airlines? || Bush Intercontinental <> Dengan syarikat penerbangan yang menggabungkan Continental Airlines? || United Airlines <> Berapa banyak penerbangan harian yang ditawarkan United Airlines dari Houston? || 700 <> Pada tahun apakah Bush Intercontinental menamakan model oleh Kastam A.S.? || 2007 <> Sehingga 2010, syarikat penerbangan itu menjadikan markasnya Texas? || <> Di mana hab udara terkecil United Airlines? || <> Dengan syarikat penerbangan yang mana Continental Airlines memisahkan? || <> Berapa banyak penerbangan harian yang ditawarkan United Airlines dari Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Until 2010, which airline made Houston its headquarters?", "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e4", "answers": [{"text": "Continental Airlines", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is United Airlines' largest air hub?", "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e5", "answers": [{"text": "Bush Intercontinental", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With which airline did Continental Airlines merge?", "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e6", "answers": [{"text": "United Airlines", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many daily flights did United Airlines offer from Houston?", "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e7", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs?", "id": "570a83e04103511400d597e8", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Continental Airlines", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "Until 2010, which airline made Texas its headquarters?", "id": "5ad424a5604f3c001a4008b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bush", "answer_start": 198}], "question": " Where is United Airlines' smallest air hub?", "id": "5ad424a5604f3c001a4008ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Airlines", "answer_start": 227}], "question": " With which airline did Continental Airlines separate?", "id": "5ad424a5604f3c001a4008bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 357}], "question": " How many daily flights did United Airlines offer from Texas?", "id": "5ad424a5604f3c001a4008bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence in Houston while offering more than 700 daily departures from the city. In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model \"port of entry\" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection."}], ["Pada tahun 1900, selepas Galveston terkena taufan yang dahsyat, usaha untuk menjadikan Houston menjadi pelabuhan dalam yang berdaya maju telah dipercepat. Pada tahun berikutnya, minyak yang ditemui di medan minyak Spindletop berhampiran Beaumont mendorong pembangunan industri petroleum Texas. Pada tahun 1902, Presiden Theodore Roosevelt meluluskan projek peningkatan $ 1 juta untuk Houston Ship Channel. Menjelang tahun 1910 penduduk bandar telah mencapai 78,800, hampir dua kali ganda dari satu dekad sebelum ini. Afrika-Amerika membentuk sebahagian besar penduduk bandar, berjumlah 23.929 orang, atau hampir sepertiga penduduknya. <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan dalam usaha mempromosikan pelabuhan Houston? || taufan <> Di mana terdapat minyak yang mempromosikan pembangunan industri minyak di Houston? || Spindletop <> Berhampiran dengan apa bandar Texas adalah medan minyak Spindletop yang terletak? || Beaumont <> Siapa yang meluluskan projek penambahbaikan untuk saluran kapal Houston? || Presiden Theodore Roosevelt <> Dalam tahun berapa penduduk Houston mencapai 78,000? || 1910 <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan penurunan dalam usaha mempromosikan pelabuhan Houston? || <> Di mana terdapat minyak yang mempromosikan pembangunan industri kapas di Houston? || <> Berhampiran dengan apa bandar raya Oklahoma adalah medan minyak Spindletop yang terletak? || <> Siapa yang menolak projek penambahbaikan untuk saluran kapal Houston? || <> Dalam tahun berapa penduduk Houston mencapai 98,000? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?", "id": "570a8c674103511400d59848", "answers": [{"text": "hurricane", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?", "id": "570a8c674103511400d59849", "answers": [{"text": "Spindletop", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?", "id": "570a8c674103511400d5984a", "answers": [{"text": "Beaumont", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?", "id": "570a8c674103511400d5984b", "answers": [{"text": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?", "id": "570a8c674103511400d5984c", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hurricane", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What event caused an decrease in effort to promote the Houston port?", "id": "5ad41cfa604f3c001a4005a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spindletop", "answer_start": 178}], "question": " Where was oil found that promoted the development of the cotton industry in Houston?", "id": "5ad41cfa604f3c001a4005a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beaumont", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Near what Oklahoma city is the Spindletop oil field located?", "id": "5ad41cfa604f3c001a4005a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "Who rejected the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?", "id": "5ad41cfa604f3c001a4005a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 384}], "question": " In what year did Houston's population reach 98,000?", "id": "5ad41cfa604f3c001a4005a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated. The following year, oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African-Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, or nearly one-third of the residents."}], ["Kesan tahunan University of Houston System terhadap ekonomi Houston adalah sama dengan perbadanan utama: $ 1.1 bilion dana baru yang menarik setiap tahun ke kawasan Houston, $ 3.13 bilion dalam jumlah manfaat ekonomi dan 24,000 pekerjaan tempatan yang dihasilkan. Ini adalah tambahan kepada 12,500 graduan baru U.H. Sistem menghasilkan setiap tahun yang memasuki tenaga kerja di Houston dan seluruh negeri Texas. Pemegang ijazah ini cenderung tinggal di Houston. Selepas lima tahun, 80.5% graduan masih tinggal dan bekerja di rantau ini. <> Berapa banyak wang yang menarik di Universiti Houston ke Houston setahun? || $ 1.1 bilion <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan tempatan yang dihasilkan oleh University of Houston? || 24,000 <> Berapa banyak pelajar lulusan dari Universiti Houston setahun? || 12,500 <> Di mana kebanyakan graduan universiti tinggal selepas mendapat ijazah? || di Houston <> Bahkan selepas lima tahun, berapakah jumlah siswazah yang tinggal di Houston? || 80.5% <> Berapa banyak wang yang menarik Universiti Texas ke Texas setahun? || <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan tempatan yang dihasilkan oleh Universiti Texas? || <> Berapa banyak pelajar lulusan dari Universiti Texas setahun? || <> Di manakah kebanyakan graduan universiti pergi selepas mendapat ijazah? || <> Walaupun selepas lima tahun, berapa ramai graduan tinggal di Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much money does the University of Houston attract to Houston a year?", "id": "570a88724103511400d59818", "answers": [{"text": "$1.1 billion", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many local jobs are produced by the University of Houston?", "id": "570a88724103511400d59819", "answers": [{"text": "24,000", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many student graduate from the University of Houston per year?", "id": "570a88724103511400d5981a", "answers": [{"text": "12,500", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do most university graduates stay after acquiring a degree?", "id": "570a88724103511400d5981b", "answers": [{"text": "in Houston", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even after five years, how many graduates remain in Houston?", "id": "570a88724103511400d5981c", "answers": [{"text": "80.5%", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1.1 billion", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "How much money does the University of Texas attract to Texas a year?", "id": "5ad42096604f3c001a400701", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24,000 local jobs", "answer_start": 229}], "question": " How many local jobs are produced by the University of Texas?", "id": "5ad42096604f3c001a400702", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12,500", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "How many student graduate from the University of Texas per year?", "id": "5ad42096604f3c001a400703", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 18}], "question": " Where do most university graduates go to after acquiring a degree?", "id": "5ad42096604f3c001a400704", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "80.5%", "answer_start": 476}], "question": " Even after five years, how many graduates remain in Texas?", "id": "5ad42096604f3c001a400705", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout the state of Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region."}], ["Semasa bulan-bulan musim panas, adalah perkara biasa untuk suhu mencapai lebih dari 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C), dengan purata 106.5 hari setahun, termasuk majoriti dari bulan Jun hingga September, dengan tinggi 90 \u00b0 F atau lebih tinggi dan 4.6 hari pada atau lebih dari 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C). Walau bagaimanapun, kelembapan biasanya menghasilkan indeks haba yang lebih tinggi. Morning pagi musim panas purata lebih dari 90 peratus kelembapan relatif. Angin sering ringan pada musim panas dan menawarkan sedikit bantuan, kecuali di pinggir tenggara tenggara berhampiran pantai Teluk dan Galveston. Untuk mengatasi kelembapan dan haba yang kuat, orang menggunakan penghawa dingin di hampir setiap kenderaan dan bangunan. Pada tahun 1980, Houston digambarkan sebagai \"tempat paling berhawa dingin di bumi\". Secara rasmi, suhu terpanas yang pernah direkodkan di Houston adalah 109 \u00b0 F (43 \u00b0 C), yang telah dicapai pada 4 September 2000 dan 28 Ogos 2011. <> Berapa banyak hari dalam setahun suhu Houston melebihi 90 darjah? || 106.5 <> Berapa banyak hari dalam setahun suhu Houston purata di atas 100 darjah? || 4.6 <> Apakah faktor cuaca menghasilkan indeks haba yang lebih tinggi? || kelembapan <> Apa faktor cuaca menyediakan sedikit kelegaan haba di Houston? || Angin <> Apakah suhu tertinggi yang dicatatkan di Houston? || 109 \u00b0 F <> Berapa hari setiap tahun suhu Houston melebihi 10 darjah? || <> Berapa hari dalam setahun suhu Houston purata di atas 50 darjah? || <> Apakah faktor cuaca menghasilkan indeks haba yang lebih rendah? || <> Apa faktor cuaca yang memberikan banyak kelegaan haba di Houston? || <> Apakah suhu terendah yang dicatatkan di Houston? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?", "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fcc", "answers": [{"text": "106.5", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?", "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fcd", "answers": [{"text": "4.6", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather factor produces a higher heat index?", "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fce", "answers": [{"text": "humidity", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston?", "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fcf", "answers": [{"text": "Winds", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston?", "id": "570a95c96d058f1900182fd0", "answers": [{"text": "109 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "106.5", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 10 degrees?", "id": "5ad41e87604f3c001a400641", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.6", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 50 degrees?", "id": "5ad41e87604f3c001a400642", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "humidity", "answer_start": 343}], "question": " What weather factor produces a lower heat index?", "id": "5ad41e87604f3c001a400643", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winds", "answer_start": 353}], "question": " What weather factor provides a lot of in heat relief in Houston?", "id": "5ad41e87604f3c001a400644", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "109 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 740}], "question": " What was the lowest temperature recorded in Houston?", "id": "5ad41e87604f3c001a400645", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the summer months, it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 \u00b0F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average over 90 percent relative humidity. Winds are often light in the summer and offer little relief, except in the far southeastern outskirts near the Gulf coast and Galveston. To cope with the strong humidity and heat, people use air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was described as the \"most air-conditioned place on earth\". Officially, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 \u00b0F (43 \u00b0C), which was reached both on September 4, 2000 and August 28, 2011."}], ["Terletak di Amerika Selatan, Houston adalah sebuah bandar yang pelbagai dengan komuniti antarabangsa yang besar dan berkembang. Kawasan metropolitan adalah rumah kepada kira-kira 1.1 juta (21.4 peratus) penduduk yang dilahirkan di luar Amerika Syarikat, dengan hampir dua pertiga penduduk kelahiran kawasan itu dari selatan sempadan Amerika Syarikat-Mexico. Di samping itu, lebih daripada satu daripada lima penduduk asing berasal dari Asia. Bandar ini menjadi rumah kepada kepekatan ketiga-tiga pejabat konsular negara yang mewakili 86 negara. <> Di bahagian Amerika Syarikat terletak Houston? || Selatan <> Apa bahagian penduduk Houston semakin berkembang? || komuniti antarabangsa <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Houston dilahirkan asing? || 1.1 juta <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk asing yang berasal dari Houston dari selatan sempadan A.S.-Mexico? || dua pertiga <> Berapa banyak orang asing yang lahir dari Houston dari Asia? || satu dalam lima <> Dalam apa bahagian Amerika Syarikat terletak Texas? || <> Apa bahagian penduduk Texas berkembang? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Texas dilahirkan asing? || <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk asing yang dilahirkan di Houston dari utara sempadan A.S.-Mexico? || <> Berapa banyak warga asing yang lahir dari Houston dari Afrika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what part of the United States is Houston located?", "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f7e", "answers": [{"text": "South", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the Houston population is growing?", "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f7f", "answers": [{"text": "international community", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born?", "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f80", "answers": [{"text": "1.1 million", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border?", "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f81", "answers": [{"text": "two-thirds", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia?", "id": "570a8adb6d058f1900182f82", "answers": [{"text": "one in five", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American South", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "In what part of the United States is Texas located?", "id": "5ad42142604f3c001a40074f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "international", "answer_start": 82}], "question": " What part of the Texas population is growing?", "id": "5ad42142604f3c001a400750", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.1 million", "answer_start": 153}], "question": " How many of the people who live in Texas were foreign born?", "id": "5ad42142604f3c001a400751", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two-thirds", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from north of the U.S.-Mexican border?", "id": "5ad42142604f3c001a400752", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one in five", "answer_start": 363}], "question": " How many foreign born Houstonites are from Africa?", "id": "5ad42142604f3c001a400753", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States\u2013Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia. The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries."}], ["Ekonomi Houston mempunyai asas industri yang luas dalam tenaga, pembuatan, aeronautik, dan pengangkutan. Ia juga mengetuai sektor penjagaan kesihatan dan membina peralatan medan minyak; hanya bandaraya New York yang menempatkan lebih banyak ibu pejabat Fortune 500 dalam lingkungan bandar. Pelabuhan Houston menduduki tempat pertama di Amerika Syarikat dalam pengawetan waterborne antarabangsa dan kedua dalam jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan. Diambil dari Space City, Houston adalah sebuah bandar global, dengan kekuatan dalam perniagaan, perdagangan antarabangsa, hiburan, budaya, media, fesyen, sains, sukan, teknologi, pendidikan, perubatan dan penyelidikan. Bandar ini mempunyai penduduk dari pelbagai latar belakang etnik dan agama dan masyarakat antarabangsa yang besar dan berkembang. Houston adalah bandar yang paling pelbagai di Texas dan telah digambarkan sebagai yang paling pelbagai di Amerika Syarikat. Ia adalah rumah kepada banyak institusi budaya dan pameran, yang menarik lebih dari 7 juta pelawat setahun ke Daerah Muzium. Houston mempunyai pemandangan seni visual dan persembahan yang aktif di Daerah Teater dan menawarkan syarikat pemastautin sepanjang tahun di semua seni persembahan utama. <> Berapa bandar mempunyai lebih banyak ibu pejabat Fortune 500 daripada Houston? || New York City <> Apa bahagian Houston berada di peringkat pertama di A.S. dalam peningkatan antarabangsa? || Pelabuhan Houston <> Apakah nama samaran Houston? || Space City <> Apa yang berbeza-beza mengenai penduduk Houston? || latar belakang etnik dan agama <> Kota mana yang paling pelbagai di Texas? || Houston <> Apa bandar yang tidak mempunyai lebih banyak ibu pejabat Fortune 500 daripada Houston? || <> Apakah bahagian Houston yang terakhir berada di A.S. dalam peningkatan antarabangsa? || <> Apakah nama samaran Texas? || <> Apa yang tidak berbeza dengan penduduk Houston? || <> Kota mana yang paling tidak pelbagai di Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?", "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2c", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage?", "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2d", "answers": [{"text": "Port of Houston", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Houston's nickname? ", "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2e", "answers": [{"text": "Space City", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is varied about Houston's population?", "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f2f", "answers": [{"text": "ethnic and religious backgrounds", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is the most diverse in Texas?", "id": "570a85a06d058f1900182f30", "answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What city doesn't have more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?", "id": "5ad41c31604f3c001a400569", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Port of Houston", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What part of Houston ranks last in the U.S. in international tonnage?", "id": "5ad41c31604f3c001a40056a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Space City", "answer_start": 418}], "question": " What is Texas's nickname?", "id": "5ad41c31604f3c001a40056b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ethnic and religious backgrounds", "answer_start": 647}], "question": " What isn't varied about Houston's population?", "id": "5ad41c31604f3c001a40056c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 965}], "question": " What city is the least diverse in Texas?", "id": "5ad41c31604f3c001a40056d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment; only New York City is home to more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled. Nicknamed the Space City, Houston is a global city, with strengths in business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts."}], ["Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, bandar ini mempunyai keluasan 656.3 batu persegi (1,700 km2); ini terdiri daripada tanah seluas 634.0 batu persegi (1,642 km2) dan 22.3 batu persegi (58 km2) air. The Piney Woods terletak di utara Houston. Kebanyakan Houston terletak di dataran pinggir pantai, dan tumbuh-tumbuhannya dikelaskan sebagai padang rumput sederhana dan hutan. Kebanyakan bandar itu dibina di atas tanah hutan, rawa, rawa, atau padang rumput yang menyerupai Deep South, dan semuanya masih kelihatan di kawasan sekitarnya. Kehebatan kawasan setempat, apabila digabungkan dengan kawasan bandar, telah membanjiri masalah berulang bagi bandar. Downtown terletak kira-kira 50 kaki (15 m) di atas paras laut, dan titik tertinggi di barat laut Houston adalah kira-kira 125 kaki (38 m) di ketinggian. Bandar ini sekali bergantung kepada air bawah tanah untuk keperluannya, tetapi penenggelaman tanah memaksa bandar tersebut beralih ke sumber air tanah seperti Lake Houston, Lake Conroe dan Lake Livingston. Bandar ini memiliki hak air permukaan untuk 1.20 bilion gelen air sehari selain 150 juta gelen sehari air bawah tanah bernilai. <> Apa kawasan persegi persegi di Houston? || 656.3 batu persegi <> Berapa banyak kawasan Houston yang air? || 22.3 batu persegi <> Dalam apa topografi terletak Houston? || <p> <p> Bagaimana vegetasi kawasan diklasifikasikan? || rumput sederhana dan hutan <> Apakah jenis peristiwa cuaca adalah masalah berulang untuk Houston? || banjir <> Apa kawasan persegi persegi di Texas? || <> Berapa luas kawasan Houston adalah ladang? || <> Dalam apa topografi terletak di Texas? || <> Bagaimana minyak kawasan dikelaskan? || <> Apakah jenis acara cuaca yang tidak berulang untuk Houston? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the square mile area of Houston?", "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc2", "answers": [{"text": "656.3 square miles", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Houston's total area is water?", "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc3", "answers": [{"text": "22.3 square miles", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what topography is Houston located?", "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc4", "answers": [{"text": "gulf coastal plain", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the vegetation of the area classified?", "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc5", "answers": [{"text": "temperate grassland and forest", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of weather event is a recurring problem for Houston?", "id": "570a946c6d058f1900182fc6", "answers": [{"text": "flooding", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "656.3 square miles", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What is the square mile area of Texas?", "id": "5ad41de2604f3c001a4005f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22.3 square miles", "answer_start": 165}], "question": " How much of Houston's total area is farm?", "id": "5ad41de2604f3c001a4005f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gulf coastal plain", "answer_start": 273}], "question": " In what topography is Texas located?", "id": "5ad41de2604f3c001a4005f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperate grassland and forest", "answer_start": 329}], "question": " How is the oil of the area classified?", "id": "5ad41de2604f3c001a4005f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flooding", "answer_start": 586}], "question": " What kind of weather event is a not recurring problem for Houston?", "id": "5ad41de2604f3c001a4005f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2); this comprises 634.0 square miles (1,642 km2) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km2) of water. The Piney Woods is north of Houston. Most of Houston is located on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and forest. Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, swamp, or prairie which resembles the Deep South, and are all still visible in surrounding areas. Flatness of the local terrain, when combined with urban sprawl, has made flooding a recurring problem for the city. Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level, and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 125 feet (38 m) in elevation. The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as Lake Houston, Lake Conroe and Lake Livingston. The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion gallons of water a day in addition to 150 million gallons a day worth of groundwater."}], ["Houston mempunyai musim sejuk yang ringan berbanding kebanyakan kawasan di Amerika Syarikat. Pada bulan Januari, suhu purata normal di Lapangan Terbang Intercontinental adalah 53.1 \u00b0 F (11.7 \u00b0 C), manakala stesen ini mempunyai purata 13 hari dengan rendah di bawah atau beku. Salji adalah jarang berlaku. Peristiwa salji terkini di Houston termasuk ribut pada 24 Disember 2004 apabila satu inci (2.5 cm) salji terkumpul di bahagian kawasan metro. Terjun sekurang-kurangnya satu inci pada 10 Disember 2008 dan 4 Disember 2009 menandakan salji salji yang pertama kali terukur telah berlaku dalam dua tahun berturut-turut dalam sejarah rekod bandar. Suhu yang paling sejuk secara rasmi direkodkan di Houston adalah 5 \u00b0 F (-15 \u00b0 C) pada 18 Januari 1940. Houston secara historis menerima jumlah hujan yang mencukupi, iaitu purata kira-kira 49.8 dalam (1,260 mm) setiap tahun bagi setiap tahun 1981-2010. Banjir setempat sering berlaku, disebabkan oleh topografi yang sangat rata dan tanah liat tanah liat biasa yang meluas, yang tidak mengalir dengan cepat. <> Apa jenis cuaca musim sejuk yang ada di Houston? || musim sejuk yang sederhana <> Apakah suhu purata biasa di Houston? || 53.1 \u00b0 F <> Apa jenis cuaca yang jarang berlaku di Houston? || Salji <> Bilakah suhu yang paling sejuk dilaporkan di Houston? || 18 Januari 1940 <> Berapa banyak hujan yang biasanya diperoleh oleh Houston setiap tahun? || 49.8 dalam <> Apa jenis cuaca musim panas yang ada di Houston? || <> Apakah suhu purata biasa di Texas? || <> Jenis cuaca apa yang biasa di Houston? || <> Bilakah suhu yang paling panas dilaporkan di Houston? || <> Berapa banyak tornado yang Houston biasanya mendapat setahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of winter weather does Houston have?", "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f48", "answers": [{"text": "mild winters", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the usual mean temperature in Houston?", "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f49", "answers": [{"text": "53.1 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of weather is a rarity in Houston?", "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f4a", "answers": [{"text": "Snowfall", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston?", "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f4b", "answers": [{"text": "January 18, 1940", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much rain does Houston usually get per year?", "id": "570a86fe6d058f1900182f4c", "answers": [{"text": "49.8 in", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mild", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What kind of summer weather does Houston have?", "id": "5ad41eaf604f3c001a40065d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "53.1 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 144}], "question": " What is the usual mean temperature in Texas?", "id": "5ad41eaf604f3c001a40065e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "snow", "answer_start": 266}], "question": " What type of weather is common in Houston?", "id": "5ad41eaf604f3c001a40065f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 642}], "question": " When was the warmest reported temperature in Houston?", "id": "5ad41eaf604f3c001a400660", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "49.", "answer_start": 756}], "question": " How many tornadoes does Houston usually get per year?", "id": "5ad41eaf604f3c001a400661", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 \u00b0F (11.7 \u00b0C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004 when one inch (2.5 cm) of snow accumulated in parts of the metro area. Falls of at least one inch on both December 10, 2008 and December 4, 2009 marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 \u00b0F (\u221215 \u00b0C) on January 18, 1940. Houston has historically received an ample amount of rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually per 1981\u20132010 normals. Localized flooding often occurs, owing to the extremely flat topography and widespread typical clay-silt prairie soils, which do not drain quickly."}], ["Houston telah diperbadankan pada tahun 1837 di bawah sistem perwakilan wad. Penamaan wadah adalah leluhur sebelas daerah yang kini berorientasikan geografi di distrik Majlis Bandaraya Houston. Lokasi di Houston biasanya diklasifikasikan sama ada berada di dalam atau di luar Interstate 610 Loop. Bahagian dalam merangkumi daerah perniagaan pusat dan banyak kawasan kediaman yang mendahului Perang Dunia II. Baru-baru ini, kawasan perumahan berkepadatan tinggi telah dibangunkan di dalam gelung. Kawasan terpencil, pinggir bandar dan enclave terletak di luar gelung. Beltway 8 mengelilingi bandar raya lain sejauh 5 batu (8.0 km) jauh lebih jauh. <> Sistem penggabungan apa yang digunakan pada tahun 1837 oleh Houston? || sistem wad <> Apakah sistem hari ini yang digunakan oleh Houston untuk perwakilan? || Daerah Majlis Bandaraya Houston <> Jalan raya apa yang digunakan untuk menentusahkan lokasi di Houston? || Interstate 610 Loop <> Selain kediaman pra-Perang Dunia II, apa yang terdapat dalam Loop? || kawasan perniagaan pusat <> Jalan raya apa kawasan luar Houston? || Beltway 8 <> Apakah sistem penggabungan yang digunakan pada tahun 1937 oleh Houston? || <> Apakah sistem hari ini digunakan oleh Texas untuk perwakilan? || <> Jalan raya apa yang digunakan untuk menentukan lokasi di Texas? || <> Selain kediaman perang pra-saudara yang lebih tua, apa yang terdapat dalam Loop? || <> Apa lebuh raya melintasi kawasan luar Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?", "id": "570aaa384103511400d59900", "answers": [{"text": "ward system", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?", "id": "570aaa384103511400d59901", "answers": [{"text": "Houston City Council districts", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What highway is used to designate locations in Houston?", "id": "570aaa384103511400d59902", "answers": [{"text": "Interstate 610 Loop", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beside older pre-World War II residences, what is found inside the Loop? ", "id": "570aaa384103511400d59903", "answers": [{"text": "central business district", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What highway circles the outer areas of Houston?", "id": "570aaa384103511400d59904", "answers": [{"text": "Beltway 8", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ward system", "answer_start": 43}], "question": " What system of incorporation was used in 1937 by Houston?", "id": "5ad41ed9604f3c001a400667", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston City Council districts", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What is the present day system being used by Texas for representation?", "id": "5ad41ed9604f3c001a400668", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Interstate 610 Loop", "answer_start": 279}], "question": " What highway is used to designate locations in Texas?", "id": "5ad41ed9604f3c001a400669", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "central business district", "answer_start": 327}], "question": "Beside older pre-Civil war residences, what is found inside the Loop?", "id": "5ad41ed9604f3c001a40066a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beltway 8", "answer_start": 579}], "question": " What highway circles the outer areas of Texas?", "id": "5ad41ed9604f3c001a40066b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the eleven current-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompasses the central business district and many residential neighborhoods that predate World War II. More recently, high-density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city's outlying areas, suburbs and enclaves are located outside of the loop. Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles (8.0 km) farther out."}], ["METRO memulakan perkhidmatan rel ringan pada 1 Januari 2004, dengan landasan sulung (\"Red Line\") berjalan kira-kira 8 batu (13 km) dari Universiti Houston-Downtown (UHD), yang melintasi Pusat Perubatan Texas dan tamat di Taman NRG. METRO kini berada dalam fasa reka bentuk pelan pengembangan 10 tahun yang akan menambah lima baris lagi. dan mengembangkan Red Line semasa. Amtrak, sistem kereta api penumpang negara, menyediakan perkhidmatan tiga kali seminggu ke Houston melalui Sunset Limited (Los Angeles-New Orleans), yang berhenti di stesen kereta api di bahagian utara kawasan pusat bandar. Stesen ini menyaksikan 14,891 pendaratan dan penglihatan pada tahun fiskal 2008. Pada tahun 2012, terdapat kenaikan 25 peratus penumpang kepada 20,327 penumpang yang memulakan dari stesen Houston Amtrak. <> Bilakah Houston mula menggunakan jalur rel ringan? || 1 Januari 2004 <> Berapa lama kereta api cahaya pertama di Houston? || kira-kira 8 batu <> Di manakah tren kereta Red Line ditamatkan? || NRG Park <> Berapa banyak kereta api baru dirancang untuk masa depan di Houston light rail? || lima <> Berapa banyak penumpang menggunakan Amtrak untuk memulakan di Houston? || 20,327 <> Bilakah Texas mula menggunakan jalur rel ringan? || <> Berapa lebar jalur kereta api pertama di Houston? || <> Di manakah tren kereta Blue Line ditamatkan? || <> Berapa banyak kereta api baru yang dirancang untuk masa depan di Texas light rail? || <> Berapa banyak penumpang menggunakan Amtrak untuk memulakan di Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Houston start using light rail lines?", "id": "570aa3634103511400d598ac", "answers": [{"text": "January 1, 2004", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the first light rail line in Houston?", "id": "570aa3634103511400d598ad", "answers": [{"text": "about 8 miles", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?", "id": "570aa3634103511400d598ae", "answers": [{"text": "NRG Park", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?", "id": "570aa3634103511400d598af", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston?", "id": "570aa3634103511400d598b0", "answers": [{"text": "20,327", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 1, 2004", "answer_start": 34}], "question": " When did Texas start using light rail lines?", "id": "5ad42466604f3c001a400893", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 miles", "answer_start": 103}], "question": " How wide was the first light rail line in Houston?", "id": "5ad42466604f3c001a400894", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NRG Park.", "answer_start": 233}], "question": " Where did the Blue Line rail track terminate?", "id": "5ad42466604f3c001a400895", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Texas light rail?", "id": "5ad42466604f3c001a400896", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20,327 passengers", "answer_start": 712}], "question": " How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Texas?", "id": "5ad42466604f3c001a400897", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track (\"Red Line\") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston\u2013Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines. and expand the current Red Line. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service three times a week to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles\u2013New Orleans), which stops at a train station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008. In 2012, there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak station."}], ["Kolej Perubatan Baylor setiap tahun telah dipertimbangkan dalam sepuluh sekolah perubatan utama di negara ini; Begitu juga, Pusat Kanser MD Anderson secara konsisten telah disenaraikan sebagai salah satu daripada dua hospital AS yang pakar dalam penjagaan kanser oleh US News & World Report sejak tahun 1990. Klinik Menninger, sebuah pusat rawatan psikiatri yang terkenal, bergabung dengan Baylor College of Medicine dan The Sistem Hospital Methodist. Dengan lokasi hospital di seluruh negara dan ibu pejabat di Houston, sistem hospital Triumph Healthcare adalah penyedia penjagaan akut jangka panjang ketiga terbesar di peringkat kebangsaan. <> Apa sekolah perubatan Houston berada di sepuluh sekolah perubatan A.S. teratas? || Baylor College of Medicine <> Bagaimana MD Anderson Cancer Centre berada di hospital AS yang berurusan dengan rawatan kanser? || satu daripada dua teratas <> Apakah jenis rawatan yang ditawarkan oleh Menninger Clinic? || psikiatri <> Apakah pusat penjagaan akut ketiga terbesar di A.S.? || Kesihatan Triumph <> Di manakah hospital Triumph Healthcare beribu pejabat? || Houston <> Apakah sekolah perubatan Houston berada dalam sepuluh sekolah perubatan di UK? || <> Bagaimanakah Pusat Kanser MD Anderson berada di hospital UK yang berurusan dengan rawatan kanser? || <> Apakah jenis rawatan yang tidak ditawarkan oleh Menninger Clinic? || <> Apakah pusat penjagaan akut keempat terbesar di A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten U.S. medical schools?", "id": "570a9e836d058f1900183008", "answers": [{"text": "Baylor College of Medicine", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in US hospitals dealing with cancer care?", "id": "570a9e836d058f1900183009", "answers": [{"text": "one of the top two", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic offer?", "id": "570a9e836d058f190018300a", "answers": [{"text": "psychiatric", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third largest acute care center in the U.S.?", "id": "570a9e836d058f190018300b", "answers": [{"text": "Triumph Healthcare", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Triumph Healthcare hospital headquartered?", "id": "570a9e836d058f190018300c", "answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Baylor College of Medicine", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten UK medical schools?", "id": "5ad42417604f3c001a400879", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of the top two", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in UK hospitals dealing with cancer care?", "id": "5ad42417604f3c001a40087a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychiatric", "answer_start": 312}], "question": " What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic never offer?", "id": "5ad42417604f3c001a40087b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Triumph Healthcare", "answer_start": 491}], "question": " What is the fourth largest acute care center in the U.S.?", "id": "5ad42417604f3c001a40087c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System. With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally."}], ["Pada tahun 2013, Houston telah dikenalpasti sebagai bandar raya AS # 1 untuk penciptaan pekerjaan oleh Biro Perangkaan Amerika Syarikat selepas ia bukan sahaja bandar utama pertama untuk mendapatkan kembali semua pekerjaan yang hilang dalam kemelesetan ekonomi sebelum ini, tetapi selepas kemalangan itu, lebih daripada dua Pekerjaan ditambah untuk setiap orang yang hilang. Ahli ekonomi dan naib presiden penyelidikan di Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski menyifatkan kejayaan Houston terhadap keupayaan industri hartanah dan tenaga di rantau ini untuk belajar daripada kesilapan sejarah. Selain itu, Jankowski menyatakan bahawa \"lebih daripada 100 syarikat milik asing memindahkan, memperluas atau memulakan perniagaan baru di Houston\" antara tahun 2008 dan 2010, dan keterbukaan ini kepada perniagaan luar mendorong penciptaan pekerjaan dalam tempoh ketika permintaan domestik berkurang. Juga pada tahun 2013, Houston sekali lagi muncul di senarai Tempat Perniagaan dan Kerjaya Terbaik Forbes. <> Di mana pangkat Houston untuk penciptaan pekerjaan pada tahun 2013? || # 1 <> Apakah Houston bandar pertama yang dapat dikembalikan selepas kemelesetan menyebabkan kehilangan kerja? || pekerjaan hilang <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan yang dilakukan Houston untuk setiap orang hilang? || dua <> Berapa banyak syarikat asing berpindah ke Houston? || lebih daripada 100 <> Pada apa senarai Forbes yang dilakukan Houston pada 2013? || Tempat Terbaik untuk Perniagaan dan Kerjaya <> Di mana kedudukan Houston untuk penciptaan pekerjaan pada tahun 2003? || <> Apakah Houston bandar pertama yang dapat dikembalikan selepas kemelesetan menyebabkan ledakan pekerjaan? || <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan yang dilakukan Texas untuk setiap orang hilang? || <> Berapa banyak syarikat asing berpindah ke Texas? || <> Pada apa senarai Forbes yang Houston muncul pada tahun 2003? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013?", "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183012", "answers": [{"text": "#1", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Houston the first city to do regain after the recession caused job loss?", "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183013", "answers": [{"text": "jobs lost", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many jobs did Houston add for every one lost?", "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183014", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many foreign companies relocated to Houston?", "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183015", "answers": [{"text": "more than 100", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what Forbes list did Houston appear in 2013?", "id": "570aa0106d058f1900183016", "answers": [{"text": "Best Places for Business and Careers", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "#1", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2003?", "id": "5ad42116604f3c001a40073b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "jobs lost", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What was Houston the first city to do regain after the recession caused job boom?", "id": "5ad42116604f3c001a40073c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 240}], "question": " How many jobs did Texas add for every one lost?", "id": "5ad42116604f3c001a40073d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 100", "answer_start": 539}], "question": " How many foreign companies relocated to Texas?", "id": "5ad42116604f3c001a40073e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Best Places for Business and Careers", "answer_start": 836}], "question": " On what Forbes list did Houston appear in 2003?", "id": "5ad42116604f3c001a40073f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2013, Houston was identified as the #1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston's success to the ability of the region's real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that \"more than 100 foreign-owned companies relocated, expanded or started new businesses in Houston\" between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low. Also in 2013, Houston again appeared on Forbes' list of Best Places for Business and Careers."}], ["Lapangan terbang komersil kedua terbesar ialah Lapangan Terbang William P. Hobby (menamakan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Houston hingga tahun 1967) yang beroperasi terutamanya penerbangan jangka pendek jarak sederhana. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2015 Southwest Airlines melancarkan perkhidmatan dari terminal antarabangsa baru di lapangan terbang Hobby ke beberapa destinasi di Mexico, Amerika Tengah, dan Caribbean. Ini adalah penerbangan antarabangsa pertama yang diterbangkan dari Hobby sejak tahun 1969. Sejarah penerbangan Houston dipamerkan di Muzium Terminal Udara 1940 yang terletak di bangunan terminal lama di sebelah barat lapangan terbang. Lapangan Terbang Hobby telah diiktiraf dengan dua anugerah untuk menjadi salah satu daripada lima lapangan terbang yang terbaik di dunia dan untuk perkhidmatan pelanggan oleh Airports Airports International. <> Apakah lapangan terbang kedua yang menghidangkan Houston? || Lapangan Terbang William P. Hobby <> Apakah nama Lapangan Terbang Hobby yang lebih awal? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Houston <> Bilakah Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Houston dinamakan semula kepada Lapangan Terbang Hobby? || 1967 <> Penerbangan mana sekarang menawarkan penerbangan antarabangsa dari Lapangan Terbang Hobby? || Southwest Airlines <> Untuk apa Lapangan Terbang Hobby berada di lima lapangan terbang yang terbaik? || perkhidmatan pelanggan <> Apakah lapangan terbang kedua yang berfungsi di Texas? || <> Apa nama terakhir Lapangan Terbang Hobby? || <> Bilakah Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Texas ditukar nama kepada Lapangan Terbang Hobby? || <> Penerbangan mana yang tidak pernah ditawarkan penerbangan antarabangsa dari Lapangan Terbang Hobby? || <> Untuk apa yang terdapat di Lapangan Terbang Hobby di enam lapangan terbang berprestasi tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the second airport that serves Houston?", "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b6", "answers": [{"text": "William P. Hobby Airport", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport?", "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b7", "answers": [{"text": "Houston International Airport", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Houston International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport?", "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b8", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airline now offers international flights from Hobby Airport?", "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598b9", "answers": [{"text": "Southwest Airlines", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top five performing airports?", "id": "570aa4a44103511400d598ba", "answers": [{"text": "customer service", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William P. Hobby", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What is the second airport that serves Texas?", "id": "5ad424d3604f3c001a4008cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston International Airport", "answer_start": 73}], "question": " What was the last name of Hobby Airport?", "id": "5ad424d3604f3c001a4008cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "When was Texas International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport?", "id": "5ad424d3604f3c001a4008cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southwest Airlines", "answer_start": 197}], "question": " Which airline never offered international flights from Hobby Airport?", "id": "5ad424d3604f3c001a4008ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "customer service", "answer_start": 690}], "question": "For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top six performing airports?", "id": "5ad424d3604f3c001a4008cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967) which operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic flights. However, in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby airport to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since 1969. Houston's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. Hobby Airport has been recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports in the world and for customer service by Airports Council International."}], ["Menurut Banci 2010, kulit putih membentuk 51% penduduk Houston; 26% daripada jumlah penduduk adalah putih bukan-Hispanik. Hitam atau Afrika Amerika terdiri daripada 25% penduduk Houston. Orang India Amerika membentuk 0.7% daripada penduduk. Asia terdiri daripada 6% (1.7% Vietnam, 1.3% Cina, 1.3% India, 0.9% Pakistan, 0.4% Filipina, 0.3% Korea, 0.1% Jepun), manakala Pulau Pasifik membentuk 0.1%. Individu dari beberapa bangsa lain terdiri daripada 15.2% daripada penduduk bandaraya, di mana 0.2% adalah bukan Hispanik. Individu dari dua atau lebih kaum terdiri daripada 3.3% daripada bandar. Pada Banci tahun 2000, terdapat 1,953,631 orang dan kepadatan penduduk adalah 3,371.7 orang per mil persegi (1,301.8 / km\u00b2). Ucapan perkauman bandar adalah 49.3% Putih, 25.3% Afrika Amerika, 5.3% Asia, 0.7% Amerika India, 0.1% Pulau Pasifik, 16.5% daripada beberapa bangsa lain, dan 3.1% daripada dua atau lebih kaum. Di samping itu, Hispanik terdiri 37.4% daripada penduduk Houston manakala putih bukan-Hispanik membentuk 30.8%, turun dari 62.4% pada tahun 1970. <> Berapa banyak penduduk Houston berwarna putih? || 51% <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Houston adalah orang Afrika-Amerika? || 25% <> Kumpulan apa yang membentuk 6% penduduk Houston? || Asia <> Menurut banci tahun 2000, apakah populasi Houston? || 1,953,631 <> Apakah peratusan putih pada tahun 1970? || 62.4% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Texas berwarna putih? || <> Berapa peratus penduduk Texas adalah orang Afrika-Amerika? || <> Kumpulan apa yang membentuk 6% penduduk Texas? || <> Menurut banci tahun 2000, apakah populasi Texas? || <> Apakah peratusan putih pada tahun 1900? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much of Houston's population is white?", "id": "570a9a214103511400d59866", "answers": [{"text": "51%", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Houston's population is African-American?", "id": "570a9a214103511400d59867", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group makes up 6 % of Houston's population?", "id": "570a9a214103511400d59868", "answers": [{"text": "Asians", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the 2000 census, what is the population of Houston?", "id": "570a9a214103511400d59869", "answers": [{"text": "1,953,631", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the percentage of whites in 1970?", "id": "570a9a214103511400d5986a", "answers": [{"text": "62.4%", "answer_start": 996}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "51%", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "How much of Texas's population is white?", "id": "5ad41fbf604f3c001a4006bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 164}], "question": " What percentage of Texas's population is African-American?", "id": "5ad41fbf604f3c001a4006bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asians", "answer_start": 242}], "question": " What group makes up 6 % of Texas's population?", "id": "5ad41fbf604f3c001a4006bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,953,631", "answer_start": 601}], "question": " According to the 2000 census, what is the population of Texas?", "id": "5ad41fbf604f3c001a4006be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "62.4%", "answer_start": 996}], "question": " What was the percentage of whites in 1900?", "id": "5ad41fbf604f3c001a4006bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the 2010 Census, whites made up 51% of Houston's population; 26% of the total population were non-Hispanic whites. Blacks or African Americans made up 25% of Houston's population. American Indians made up 0.7% of the population. Asians made up 6% (1.7% Vietnamese, 1.3% Chinese, 1.3% Indian, 0.9% Pakistani, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Japanese), while Pacific Islanders made up 0.1%. Individuals from some other race made up 15.2% of the city's population, of which 0.2% were non-Hispanic. Individuals from two or more races made up 3.3% of the city. At the 2000 Census, there were 1,953,631 people and the population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile (1,301.8/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics made up 37.4% of Houston's population while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%, down from 62.4% in 1970."}], ["Tiga daerah kolej komuniti wujud dengan kampus di dalam dan sekitar Houston. Sistem Kolej Komuniti Houston menghidangkan kebanyakan Houston. Wilayah barat laut melalui bahagian timur laut bandar ini dihidangkan oleh pelbagai kampus Sistem Lone Star College, manakala bahagian tenggara Houston dilayani oleh San Jacinto College, dan bahagian timur laut dihidangkan oleh Lee College. Kolej Komuniti Houston dan sistem Kolej Lone Star berada dalam 10 institusi pengajian tinggi terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak kolej komuniti berkhidmat di Houston? || Tiga <> Bagaimana Kolej Komuniti Houston dan sistem Kolej Lone Star disenaraikan di antara kemudahan pendidikan? || dalam 10 terbesar <> Apa sistem kolej paling berfungsi di Houston? || Sistem Kolej Komuniti Houston <> Sistem kolej komuniti mana yang berfungsi di kawasan barat laut dan timur laut? || Sistem Kolej Lone Star <> Apa bahagian Houston yang berkhidmat di San Jacinto College? || tenggara <> Berapa banyak kolej komuniti berkhidmat di Texas? || <> Bagaimanakah Kolej Komuniti Texas dan sistem Kolej Lone Star di peringkat di antara kemudahan pendidikan? || <> Apakah sistem kuliah yang paling berfungsi di Texas? || <> Sistem kolej komuniti mana yang berfungsi di kawasan barat daya dan tenggara? || <> Apa bahagian Texas yang dikendalikan oleh San Jacinto College? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many community colleges serve Houston?", "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a2", "answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?", "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a3", "answers": [{"text": "within the 10 largest", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What college system serves most of Houston?", "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a4", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Community College System", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which community college system serves the northwestern and northeastern areas?", "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a5", "answers": [{"text": "Lone Star College System", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve?", "id": "570aa1e34103511400d598a6", "answers": [{"text": "southeastern", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How many community colleges serve Texas?", "id": "5ad42371604f3c001a40082d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within the 10 largest", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "How are the Texas Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?", "id": "5ad42371604f3c001a40082e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Community College System", "answer_start": 81}], "question": " What college system serves most of Texas?", "id": "5ad42371604f3c001a40082f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lone Star College", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "Which community college system serves the southwestern and southeastern areas?", "id": "5ad42371604f3c001a400830", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southeastern", "answer_start": 268}], "question": " What part of Texas does San Jacinto College serve?", "id": "5ad42371604f3c001a400831", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College. The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are within the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States."}], ["Kawasan Houston mempunyai lebih 150 kesalahan aktif (dianggarkan 300 kesalahan aktif) dengan panjang agregat sehingga 310 mil (500 km), termasuk sistem kesalahan Long Point-Eureka Heights yang berjalan melalui pusat bandaraya. Tidak terdapat sebarang gempa bumi yang mencatatkan sejarah yang signifikan di Houston, tetapi para penyelidik tidak menolak kemungkinan gempa seperti ini telah berlaku di masa lalu yang lebih mendalam, dan tidak berlaku di masa depan. Tanah di beberapa kawasan tenggara Houston tenggelam kerana air telah dipam keluar dari tanah selama bertahun-tahun. Ia mungkin dikaitkan dengan slip di sepanjang kesalahan; Walau bagaimanapun, gelinciran itu perlahan dan tidak dianggap sebagai gempa bumi, di mana kesalahan pegun mesti tergelincir dengan tiba-tiba untuk mencipta gelombang seismik. Kesalahan ini juga cenderung bergerak pada kadar yang lancar dalam apa yang disebut \"kesilapan\", yang selanjutnya akan mengurangkan risiko gempa bumi. <> Berapa banyak anggaran kerosakan aktif yang dilakukan oleh Houston? || 300 <> Berapa panjang jumlah kesalahan Houston? || 310 batu <> Antara kesilapan geologi yang manakah melalui pusat Houston? || Long Point-Eureka Heights <> Apakah ciri geologi telah dikeluarkan di bawah tanah untuk menyebabkan tenggelam di kawasan tenggara Houston? || air <> Apakah kadar pergerakan kelemahan yang perlahan dipanggil? || kesalahan kilat <> Berapa banyak anggaran kegagalan tidak aktif yang dilakukan oleh Houston? || <> Apakah kelebihan kesalahan Houston? || <> Antara kesilapan geologi yang manakah melalui pusat Texas? || <> Apakah ciri geologi yang diletakkan di bawah tanah untuk menyebabkan tenggelam di kawasan tenggara Houston? || <> Apakah kadar pergerakan kesilapan yang pantas dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many estimated active faults does Houston have?", "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301c", "answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total length of the Houston faults?", "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301d", "answers": [{"text": "310 miles", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Houston?", "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301e", "answers": [{"text": "Long Point\u2013Eureka Heights", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston?", "id": "570aa83c6d058f190018301f", "answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a slow smooth rate of movement of faults called?", "id": "570aa83c6d058f1900183020", "answers": [{"text": "fault creep", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 61}], "question": " How many estimated unactive faults does Houston have?", "id": "5ad41e54604f3c001a400637", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "310 miles", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What is the total width of the Houston faults?", "id": "5ad41e54604f3c001a400638", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Long Point\u2013Eureka", "answer_start": 148}], "question": " Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Texas?", "id": "5ad41e54604f3c001a400639", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What geological feature has been placed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston?", "id": "5ad41e54604f3c001a40063a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fault creep", "answer_start": 805}], "question": " What is a fast smooth rate of movement of faults called?", "id": "5ad41e54604f3c001a40063b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point\u2013Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. There have been no significant historically recorded earthquakes in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed \"fault creep\", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake."}], ["Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) MSA di Woodlands-Sugar Land pada tahun 2012 adalah $ 489 bilion, menjadikannya keempat terbesar di mana-mana kawasan metropolitan di Amerika Syarikat dan lebih besar daripada GDP Austria, Venezuela, atau Afrika Selatan. Hanya 26 negara selain Amerika Syarikat yang mempunyai keluaran dalam negara kasar melebihi produk keluaran kasar wilayah Houston (GAP). Pada tahun 2010, perlombongan (yang sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada penerokaan dan pengeluaran minyak dan gas di Houston) menyumbang 26.3% daripada GAP Houston secara mendadak sebagai tindak balas terhadap harga tenaga yang tinggi dan penurunan lebihan di seluruh dunia keupayaan pengeluaran minyak, diikuti oleh perkhidmatan kejuruteraan, perkhidmatan kesihatan dan perkilangan. <> Apakah produk domestik kasar Houston pada tahun 2012? || $ 489 bilion <> Di manakah ranking produk domestik kasar Houston berbanding dengan kawasan domestik A.S. lain? || keempat terbesar <> Berapa banyak negara lain mempunyai keluaran dalam negeri kasar melebihi Houston? || 26 <> Berapa banyak penerokaan dan pengeluaran minyak dan gas yang membentuk produk kasar Houston? || 26.3% <> Di bawah kategori apa kejatuhan penerokaan minyak dan gas? || perlombongan <> Apakah produk domestik kasar Houston pada tahun 2001? || <> Di mana kedudukannya menjadikan produk domestik kasar Texas berbanding dengan kawasan domestik A.S. lain? || <> adakah banyak negara lain mempunyai keluaran dalam negara kasar melebihi Texas? || <> Berapa banyak penerokaan dan pengeluaran minyak dan gas yang membentuk produk kasar Texas? || <> Di bawah kategori apa kejatuhan penerokaan lautan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2012?", "id": "570a9c204103511400d5988e", "answers": [{"text": "$489 billion", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the rankings does Houston's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?", "id": "570a9c204103511400d5988f", "answers": [{"text": "fourth-largest", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's?", "id": "570a9c204103511400d59890", "answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Houston's gross product?", "id": "570a9c204103511400d59891", "answers": [{"text": "26.3%", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under what category does oil and gas exploration fall?", "id": "570a9c204103511400d59892", "answers": [{"text": "mining", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$489 billion", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2001?", "id": "5ad4206d604f3c001a4006f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth-largest", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Where in the rankings does Texas's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?", "id": "5ad4206d604f3c001a4006f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "ow many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Texas's?", "id": "5ad4206d604f3c001a4006f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "26.3%", "answer_start": 487}], "question": " How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Texas's gross product?", "id": "5ad4206d604f3c001a4006fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mining", "answer_start": 377}], "question": " Under what category does ocean exploration fall?", "id": "5ad4206d604f3c001a4006fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land MSA's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012 was $489 billion, making it the fourth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria's, Venezuela's, or South Africa's GDP. Only 26 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's regional gross area product (GAP). In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3% of Houston's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing."}], ["Berpusat di Post Oak Boulevard dan Westheimer Road, Daerah Uptown meletus pada tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980-an ketika koleksi bangunan pejabat, hotel, dan perkembangan runcit pertengahan muncul di Interstate 610 barat. Uptown menjadi salah satu contoh yang paling menonjol di bandar pinggir. Bangunan tertinggi di Uptown adalah lantai 64, 901 kaki (275 m), dan Philip Johnson dan John Burgee merancang menara Williams Tower (dikenali sebagai Menara Transco sehingga tahun 1999). Pada masa pembinaan, ia dipercayai sebagai pencakar langit tertinggi di dunia di luar sebuah daerah perniagaan pusat. Bangunan 20 tingkat Skanska baru dan BBVA Compass Plaza adalah bangunan pejabat terbaru yang dibina di Uptown selepas 30 tahun. The Uptown District juga rumah kepada bangunan yang direka oleh arkitek terkenal I. M. Pei, C\u00e9sar Pelli, dan Philip Johnson. Pada dekad akhir 1990-an dan dekad awal 2000, terdapat pembinaan menara kediaman bertingkat tinggi dan bertingkat tinggi, dengan lebih daripada 30 tingkat. Sejak tahun 2000 lebih daripada 30 bangunan tinggi telah naik di Houston; semua mengatakan, 72 menara bertingkat tinggi di atas kota, yang menambah hingga 8.300 unit. Pada tahun 2002, Uptown mempunyai lebih daripada 23 juta kaki persegi (2,100,000 m\u00b2) ruang pejabat dengan ruang pejabat kelas A 16 juta kaki persegi (1,500,000 m\u00b2). <> Kawasan apa yang terletak di Post Oak Boulevard dan Westheimer Road? || Daerah Uptown <> Bilakah daerah Uptown berkembang? || 1970an dan awal 1980an <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di Uptown Houston? || Menara Williams <> Berapa kaki persegi ruang pejabat telah dilakukan Houston di Uptown pada tahun 2002? || 23 juta <> Sehingga tahun 1999 apa yang dikenali sebagai Menara Williams? || Menara Transco <> Kawasan apa yang terletak di Post Oak Street dan Westheimer Avenue? || <> Bilakah Texas berkembang? || <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di Texas? || <> Berapa kaki persegi ruang pejabat yang pernah dilakukan Texas pada tahun 2003? || <> Sehingga tahun 1909 apa yang dikenali sebagai Menara Williams? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?", "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990a", "answers": [{"text": "Uptown District", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Uptown district expand?", "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990b", "answers": [{"text": "1970s and early 1980s", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?", "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990c", "answers": [{"text": "Williams Tower", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?", "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990d", "answers": [{"text": "23 million", "answer_start": 1170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?", "id": "570aabda4103511400d5990e", "answers": [{"text": "Transco Tower", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uptown District", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What area is located at Post Oak Street and Westheimer Avenue?", "id": "5ad41f8f604f3c001a40069f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s and early 1980s", "answer_start": 90}], "question": " When did the Texas expand?", "id": "5ad41f8f604f3c001a4006a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Williams Tower", "answer_start": 415}], "question": " What is the tallest building in Texas?", "id": "5ad41f8f604f3c001a4006a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23 million square feet", "answer_start": 1170}], "question": "How many square feet of office space did Texas have in 2003?", "id": "5ad41f8f604f3c001a4006a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Transco Tower", "answer_start": 444}], "question": " Until 1909 what was the Williams Tower known as?", "id": "5ad41f8f604f3c001a4006a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, C\u00e9sar Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s decade, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall. Since 2000 more than 30 high-rise buildings have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units. In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m\u00b2) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m\u00b2) of Class A office space."}], ["Houston dihidangkan oleh Houston Chronicle, satu-satunya akhbar harian utama dengan pengedaran yang luas. Perbadanan Hearst, yang memiliki dan mengendalikan Houston Chronicle, membeli aset Houston Post-saingan lama dan pertandingan utamanya-ketika Houston Post berhenti beroperasi pada tahun 1995. The Houston Post dimiliki oleh keluarga bekas Gubernur Gubernur Leftenan Hobi Houston. Satu-satunya penerbitan utama lain untuk berkhidmat di bandar adalah Houston Press - alternatif percuma mingguan dengan pembaca mingguan lebih daripada 300,000. <> Apakah akhbar utama Houston? || Houston Chronicle <> Siapa yang memiliki Houston Chronicle? || Hearst Corporation <> Bilakah akhbar bertanding Chronicle, Houston Post, berhenti beroperasi? || 1995 <> Yang keluarga milik Houston Post? || Bill Hobby <> Apakah akhbar lain yang melayani Houston? || Houston Press <> Apakah akhbar utama Texas? || <> Siapa yang memiliki Chronicle Texas? || <> Bilakah akhbar saingan Chronicle, Houston Post, mula beroperasi? || <> Keluarga yang dimiliki oleh Texas Post? || <> Apakah akhbar lain yang melayani Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Houston's major newspaper?", "id": "570ab4204103511400d59946", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Chronicle", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the Houston Chronicle?", "id": "570ab4204103511400d59947", "answers": [{"text": "Hearst Corporation", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations?", "id": "570ab4204103511400d59948", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose family owned the Houston Post?", "id": "570ab4204103511400d59949", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Hobby", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the other newspaper that serves Houston?", "id": "570ab4204103511400d5994a", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Press", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Chronicle", "answer_start": 25}], "question": " What is Texas's major newspaper?", "id": "5ad423c4604f3c001a400853", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Hearst Corporation", "answer_start": 99}], "question": " Who owns the Texas Chronicle?", "id": "5ad423c4604f3c001a400854", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, begin operations?", "id": "5ad423c4604f3c001a400855", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bill Hobby", "answer_start": 365}], "question": " Whose family owned the Texas Post?", "id": "5ad423c4604f3c001a400856", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Houston Press", "answer_start": 446}], "question": " What is the other newspaper that serves Texas?", "id": "5ad423c4604f3c001a400857", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post\u2014its long-time rival and main competition\u2014when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press\u2014a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000."}], ["Majlis perbandaran asal yang terdiri daripada 14 ahli (sembilan daerah berasaskan dan lima kedudukan yang besar) didasarkan pada mandat Jabatan Hakim A.S. yang berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1979. Ahli majlis yang besar mewakili seluruh bandar. Di bawah piagam bandar, apabila penduduk di sempadan bandar melebihi 2.1 juta penduduk, dua daerah tambahan akan ditambah. Kira-kira bancian rasmi kota Houston adalah 600 pemalu dari jumlah yang diperlukan; Walau bagaimanapun, apabila bandaraya itu dijangka berkembang melebihi 2.1 juta tidak lama kemudian, kedua-dua daerah tambahan ditambah, dan kedudukan yang dipenuhi semasa pemilihan Ogos 2011. <> Berapa ramai ahli yang mempunyai majlis bandar Houston yang asal? || 14 <> Berapa banyak kedudukan yang besar di tempat asalnya? || lima <> kawasan apa yang mewakili anggota majlis yang besar? || seluruh bandar <> Apa angka penduduk perlu diluluskan untuk ditambah kepada ahli majlis yang besar? || 2.1 juta <> Berapa banyak ahli majlis yang telah ditambah pada pemilihan 2011? || dua <> Berapa ramai ahli yang mempunyai majlis bandar asal Texas? || <> Berapa banyak kedudukan kecil di sana pada asalnya? || <> Kawasan apa yang mewakili anggota dewan kecil? || <> Apakah angka penduduk perlu diluluskan untuk ditambah kepada ahli majlis kecil? || <> Berapa banyak ahli majlis yang besar yang telah ditambah dalam pilihan raya 2001? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many members did the original Houston city council have?", "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183086", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many at-large positions were there originally?", "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183087", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas do at-large council members represent?", "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183088", "answers": [{"text": "entire city", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?", "id": "570ab1ba6d058f1900183089", "answers": [{"text": "2.1 million", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?", "id": "570ab1ba6d058f190018308a", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "How many members did the original Texas city council have?", "id": "5ad422d9604f3c001a4007f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 73}], "question": " How many at-small positions were there originally?", "id": "5ad422d9604f3c001a4007fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "entire city", "answer_start": 211}], "question": " What areas do at-small council members represent?", "id": "5ad422d9604f3c001a4007fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.1 million residents", "answer_start": 296}], "question": " What population figure needs to be passed to add at small council members?", "id": "5ad422d9604f3c001a4007fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "How many at-large council members were added in the 2001 elections?", "id": "5ad422d9604f3c001a4007fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections."}], ["Lapangan terbang utama adalah Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa George Bush (IAH), yang kesepuluh paling sibuk di Amerika Syarikat untuk jumlah penumpang, dan dua puluh kedelapan-tersibuk di seluruh dunia. Bush Intercontinental kini menduduki tempat keempat di Amerika Syarikat untuk perkhidmatan tanpa henti domestik dan antarabangsa dengan 182 destinasi. Pada tahun 2006, Jabatan Pengangkutan Amerika Syarikat menamakan IAH yang paling cepat berkembang di 10 lapangan terbang teratas di Amerika Syarikat. Pusat Kawalan Lalu Lintas Laluan Udara Houston terletak di kawasan Lapangan Terbang George Bush Intercontinental. <> Bagaimana kedudukan Lapangan Terbang Intercontinental George Bush untuk bilangan penumpang? || sepuluh-tersibuk <> Berapa banyak destinasi yang disediakan oleh Lapangan Terbang George Bush Intercontinental? || 182 <> Bilakah nama Jabatan Pengangkutan A.S. IAH sebagai lapangan terbang yang paling cepat berkembang di A.S.? || 2006 <> Di mana Pusat Kawalan Lalu Lintas Laluan Udara Houston terletak? || Lapangan Terbang George Bush Intercontinental <> Apakah lapangan terbang utama Houston? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa George Bush <> Bagaimana kedudukan Lapangan Terbang Intercontinental George Bush di Texas untuk bilangan penumpang? || <> Berapa banyak destinasi yang dikendalikan oleh Lapangan Terbang Bill Clinton Intercontinental? || <> Bilakah nama Jabatan Pengangkutan A.S. nama IAH sebagai lapangan terbang UK yang paling pesat berkembang? || <> Di mana terletak Pusat Kawalan Lalu Lintas Texas Air Route? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?", "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830ac", "answers": [{"text": "tenth-busiest", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?", "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830ad", "answers": [{"text": "182", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?", "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830ae", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?", "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830af", "answers": [{"text": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Houston's primary airport?", "id": "570ab7096d058f19001830b0", "answers": [{"text": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tenth-busiest", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "How does Texas's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?", "id": "5ad42487604f3c001a4008a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "182", "answer_start": 289}], "question": " How many destinations does Bill Clinton Intercontinental Airport serve?", "id": "5ad42487604f3c001a4008a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of UK airports?", "id": "5ad42487604f3c001a4008a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George Bush Intercontinental", "answer_start": 498}], "question": " Where is the Texas Air Route Traffic Control Center located?", "id": "5ad42487604f3c001a4008aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds."}], ["Empat universiti negeri yang berasingan dan berbeza terletak di Houston. University of Houston adalah sebuah universiti penyelidikan Tier One yang diiktiraf secara nasional, dan merupakan institusi utama University of Houston System. Universiti ketiga terbesar di Texas, University of Houston mempunyai hampir 40,000 pelajar di kampus 667-hektar di tenggara Houston. Universiti Houston-Clear Lake dan Universiti Houston-Downtown adalah universiti yang berdiri sendiri; mereka bukanlah kampus cawangan di University of Houston. Terletak di komuniti Ward Ketiga yang bersejarah ialah Texas Southern University, salah satu kolej hitam dan universiti hitam terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak universiti berasingan yang ada di Houston? || Empat <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang ada di University of Houston? || 40,000 <> Di mana di Houston adalah kampus Universiti Houston? || tenggara <> Universiti apa yang terletak di wad ketiga di Houston? || Texas Southern University <> Apa jenis kolej adalah Texas Southern University? || terbesar dalam sejarah hitam <> Berapa banyak universiti berasingan yang ada di Texas? || <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang mempunyai Universiti Texas? || <> Di mana di Texas adalah kampus Universiti Houston? || <> Universiti apa yang terletak di wad keempat Houston? || <> Apa jenis kolejnya adalah Universiti Texas Utara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many separate universities does Houston have?", "id": "570ab31c6d058f1900183098", "answers": [{"text": "Four", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students does the University of Houston have?", "id": "570ab31c6d058f1900183099", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?", "id": "570ab31c6d058f190018309a", "answers": [{"text": "southeast", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What university is located in Houston'd third ward?", "id": "570ab31c6d058f190018309b", "answers": [{"text": "Texas Southern University", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of college is Texas Southern University?", "id": "570ab31c6d058f190018309c", "answers": [{"text": "largest historically black", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Four", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How many separate universities does Texas have?", "id": "5ad4230e604f3c001a400805", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 298}], "question": " How many students does the University of Texas have?", "id": "5ad4230e604f3c001a400806", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southeast", "answer_start": 340}], "question": " Where in Texas is the University of Houston campus located?", "id": "5ad4230e604f3c001a400807", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas Southern University", "answer_start": 575}], "question": " What university is located in Houston'd fourth ward?", "id": "5ad4230e604f3c001a400808", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 634}], "question": " What kind of college is Texas Northern University?", "id": "5ad4230e604f3c001a400809", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston\u2013Clear Lake and the University of Houston\u2013Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States."}], ["Pada tahun 2008, Houston menerima kedudukan teratas dalam senarai Senarai Kewangan Terbaik 2008, Kewangan Kota Peribadi Kiplinger, yang menempatkan bandaraya pada ekonomi tempatan mereka, peluang pekerjaan, kos hidup yang munasabah, dan kualiti hidup. Bandar itu menduduki tempat keempat untuk peningkatan tertinggi dalam inovasi teknologi tempatan dalam tempoh 15 tahun yang lalu, menurut majalah Forbes. Pada tahun yang sama, bandar itu menduduki tempat kedua dalam senarai tahunan syarikat Fortune 500, yang pertama untuk majalah Best Cities for Lulusan Kolej Forbes, dan pertama dalam senarai Best Cities untuk Membeli Rumah. Pada tahun 2010, bandar itu dinilai bandar terbaik untuk membeli-belah, menurut Forbes. <> Bagaimana Kewangan Peribadi Kiplinger Bandar Terkemuka Houston? || Kedudukan teratas <> Bilakah Houston menerima kedudukan di bahagian atas senarai bandar terbaik Kiplinger? || 2008 <> Di mana majalah Forbes menempatkan Houston untuk inovasi teknologi? || Keempat <> Di mana tempat Houston untuk Fortune 500 syarikat? || kedua <> Bilakah Houston menduduki bandar terbaik untuk membeli-belah? || 2010 <> Bagaimana Kewangan Peribadi Kiplinger Bandar Terkemuka Texas? || <> Bilakah Texas menerima kedudukan di bahagian atas senarai bandar Kiplinger Terbaik? || <> Di mana majalah Forbes menempatkan Texas untuk inovasi teknologi? || <> Di mana tempat Texas untuk Fortune 500 syarikat? || <> Bilakah Texas menduduki bandar terbaik untuk membeli-belah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?", "id": "570aaf434103511400d59928", "answers": [{"text": "top ranking", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?", "id": "570aaf434103511400d59929", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation?", "id": "570aaf434103511400d5992a", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies?", "id": "570aaf434103511400d5992b", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping?", "id": "570aaf434103511400d5992c", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "top ranking", "answer_start": 26}], "question": " How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Texas?", "id": "5ad420ea604f3c001a400729", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "When did Texas receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?", "id": "5ad420ea604f3c001a40072a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "Where did Forbes magazine place Texas for technological innovation?", "id": "5ad420ea604f3c001a40072b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 386}], "question": " Where did Texas place for Fortune 500 companies?", "id": "5ad420ea604f3c001a40072c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "When was Texas ranked the best city for shopping?", "id": "5ad420ea604f3c001a40072d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes."}], ["Houston mempunyai pasukan sukan untuk setiap liga profesional utama kecuali Liga Hoki Kebangsaan (NHL). The Astros Houston adalah pasukan pengembangan Major League Baseball (MLB) yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1962 (dikenali sebagai \"Colt .45s\" hingga 1965) yang menjadikan satu penampilan World Series pada tahun 2005. Houston Rockets adalah francais Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan (NBA) di bandar sejak 1971. Mereka telah memenangi dua Kejohanan NBA: pada 1994 dan 1995 di bawah pemain bintang Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, dan Kenny Smith. Houston Texans adalah pasukan pengembangan Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan (NFL) yang dibentuk pada tahun 2002. Houston Dynamo adalah francais Major League Soccer (MLS) yang telah berpangkalan di Houston sejak tahun 2006 selepas mereka memenangi dua gelaran Piala MLS pada tahun 2006 dan 2007. Houston Dash bermain di Liga Bola Sepak Wanita Kebangsaan (NWSL). Scrap Yard Dawgs, pasukan pro softball wanita, dijangka akan bermain di National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) dari 2016. <> Untuk kategori pasukan sukan yang tidak ada pasukan Houston? || Liga Hoki Kebangsaan <> Bilakah terbentuknya Astros Houston? || 1962 <> Sehingga tahun 1965 apa yang disebut Houston Astros? || Colt .45s <> Bilakah Houston Astros dalam Siri Dunia? || 2005 <> Sejak tahun berapa Houston Rockets menjadi pasukan Houston? || 1971 <> Untuk kategori pasukan sukan apakah Texas tidak mempunyai pasukan? || <> Bilakah Houston Astros dibubarkan? || <> Sehingga 1935 apa yang dipanggil Houston Astros? || <> Bilakah Houston Astros terlepas ke Siri Dunia? || <> Sejak tahun apa Texas Rockets menjadi pasukan Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?", "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993c", "answers": [{"text": "National Hockey League", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Houston Astros formed?", "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993d", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called?", "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993e", "answers": [{"text": "Colt .45s", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Houston Astros in the World Series?", "id": "570ab07c4103511400d5993f", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team?", "id": "570ab07c4103511400d59940", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Hockey League", "answer_start": 72}], "question": " For which sports team category does Texas not have a team?", "id": "5ad42248604f3c001a4007b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "When were the Houston Astros dissolved?", "id": "5ad42248604f3c001a4007ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Colt .45s", "answer_start": 200}], "question": " Until 1935 what were the Houston Astros called?", "id": "5ad42248604f3c001a4007bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 264}], "question": " When did the the Houston Astros miss going to the World Series?", "id": "5ad42248604f3c001a4007bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "Since what year have the Texas Rockets been a Texas team?", "id": "5ad42248604f3c001a4007bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League (NHL). The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the \"Colt .45s\" until 1965) that made one World Series appearance in 2005. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships: in 1994 and 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League (NFL) expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo are a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006 after they won two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash play in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). The Scrap Yard Dawgs, a women's pro softball team, is expected to play in the National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) from 2016."}], ["Sistem lebuh raya Houston mempunyai struktur jalan bebas hambatan yang dibina oleh banyak gelung. Gelung paling dalam adalah Interstate 610, yang mengelilingi pusat bandar, pusat perubatan, dan banyak kejiranan teras dengan sekitar diameter 8 batu (13 km). Beltway 8 dan teras freewaynya, Sam Houston Tollway, membentuk gelung tengah dengan garis pusat kira-kira 23 km (37 km). Projek lebuh raya yang dicadangkan, Lebuhraya Negeri 99 (Grand Parkway), akan membentuk gelung ketiga di luar Houston, berjumlah 180 batu panjang dan membuat lilitan hampir lengkap, kecuali menyeberangi saluran kapal. Sehingga Jun 2014, dua daripada sebelas segmen Lebuhraya Negeri 99 telah selesai di barat Houston, dan tiga segmen utara, berjumlah 38 batu, sedang aktif dalam pembinaan dan dijadualkan dibuka untuk lalu lintas pada akhir 2015. Selain Sam Gelung Houston Tollway yang disebutkan di atas, Lembaga Pengarah Jalan Tol Harris County kini beroperasi empat jalan tol: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, Jalan Tol Hardy, Westpark Tollway, dan Extension Parkway Fort Bend. Jalan bercakap lain sama ada dirancang atau dalam pembinaan termasuk Crosby Freeway, dan Freeway Alvin masa depan. <> Apakah jenis sistem jalan tol yang menghidangkan Houston? || hub-and-spoke <> Apa yang mengelilingi kawasan pusat bandar Houston? || Interstate 610 <> Apakah diameter kawasan pusat bandar? || 8-batu <> Apa bahagian sistem lebuh raya ialah Beltway 8? || gelung tengah <> Apakah diameter pusat Beltway 8? || 23 batu <> Apakah jenis sistem lebuh raya yang berfungsi di Texas? || <> Apa yang mengelilingi kawasan pusat bandar Texas? || <> Apakah diameter kawasan bandar? || <> Apa bahagian sistem lebuh raya ialah Beltway 1? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston?", "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a2", "answers": [{"text": "hub-and-spoke", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What encircles the downtown area of Houston?", "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a3", "answers": [{"text": "Interstate 610", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the diameter of the downtown area?", "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a4", "answers": [{"text": "8-mile", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8?", "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a5", "answers": [{"text": "middle loop", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8?", "id": "570ab5396d058f19001830a6", "answers": [{"text": "23 miles", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hub-and-spoke", "answer_start": 31}], "question": " What is the type of freeway system that serves Texas?", "id": "5ad4243b604f3c001a40088b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Interstate 610", "answer_start": 113}], "question": " What encircles the downtown area of Texas?", "id": "5ad4243b604f3c001a40088c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8-mile (13 km)", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What is the diameter of the uptown area?", "id": "5ad4243b604f3c001a40088d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "middle loop", "answer_start": 308}], "question": " What part of the freeway system is Beltway 1?", "id": "5ad4243b604f3c001a40088e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston's highway system has a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile (13 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles (37 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (Grand Parkway), will form a third loop outside of Houston, totaling 180 miles in length and making an almost-complete circumference, with the exception of crossing the ship channel. As of June 2014, two of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed to the west of Houston, and three northern segments, totaling 38 miles, are actively under construction and scheduled to open to traffic late in 2015. In addition to the Sam Houston Tollway loop mentioned above, the Harris County Toll Road Authority currently operates four spoke tollways: The Katy Managed Lanes of Interstate 10, the Hardy Toll Road, the Westpark Tollway, and the Fort Bend Parkway Extension. Other spoke roads either planned or under construction include Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway."}], ["Houston diiktiraf di seluruh dunia untuk industri tenaganya-terutamanya untuk minyak dan gas asli-serta untuk penyelidikan bioperubatan dan aeronautik. Sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui-angin dan suria-juga berkembang di pangkalan ekonomi di bandar. Houston Ship Channel juga merupakan sebahagian besar daripada pangkalan ekonomi Houston. Kerana kekuatan ini, Houston telah ditetapkan sebagai bandar global oleh Globalisasi dan Kumpulan Kajian Bandar dan Rangkaian Dunia dan syarikat konsultasi pengurusan global A.T. Kearney. Kawasan Houston merupakan pasaran A.S. teratas untuk eksport, melampaui New York City pada 2013, menurut data yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Perdagangan Perdagangan A.S. Jabatan Perdagangan Antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2012, kawasan Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land mencatatkan $ 110.3 bilion dalam eksport barangan. Produk petroleum, bahan kimia, dan peralatan pengeluaran minyak dan gas menyumbang kira-kira dua pertiga daripada eksport kawasan metropolitan tahun lepas. Destinasi Top 3 untuk eksport ialah Mexico, Kanada, dan Brazil. <> Selain minyak dan gas, apa yang dikenali Houston? || penyelidikan biomedikal dan aeronautika <> Industri lain apa yang sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi Houston? || Saluran Kapal Houston <> Apakah peranan yang diberikan Globalisasi dan Kumpulan Kajian Bandar Sedunia memberi Houston? || bandar global <> Dalam apa yang berlaku di Houston, New York City pada tahun 2013? || pasaran untuk eksport <> Berapa dolar dalam eksport kawasan Houston pada tahun 2012? || $ 110.3 bilion <> Selain minyak dan gas, apa yang dikenali oleh Texas? || <> Apa industri lain adalah sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi Texas? || <> Apakah penamaan Globalisasi dan Kumpulan Kajian Bandar Sedunia memberikan Texas? || <> Dalam apa yang dilalui oleh Houston di New York City pada tahun 2003? || <> Berapa dolar dalam eksport kawasan Texas pada tahun 2012? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Besides oil and gas, what is Houston known for?", "id": "570aada54103511400d59914", "answers": [{"text": "biomedical research and aeronautics", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other industry is a large part of Houston's economy?", "id": "570aada54103511400d59915", "answers": [{"text": "Houston Ship Channel", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston?", "id": "570aada54103511400d59916", "answers": [{"text": "global city", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013?", "id": "570aada54103511400d59917", "answers": [{"text": "market for exports", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much in dollars did the Houston area export in 2012?", "id": "570aada54103511400d59918", "answers": [{"text": "$110.3 billion", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biomedical research and aeronautics", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "Besides oil and gas, what is Texas known for?", "id": "5ad4200d604f3c001a4006d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Houston Ship Channel", "answer_start": 230}], "question": " What other industry is a large part of Texas economy?", "id": "5ad4200d604f3c001a4006da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "global city", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Texas?", "id": "5ad4200d604f3c001a4006db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "market for exports", "answer_start": 518}], "question": " In what did Houston pass New York City in 2003?", "id": "5ad4200d604f3c001a4006dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$110.3 billion", "answer_start": 732}], "question": "How much in dollars did the Texas area export in 2012?", "id": "5ad4200d604f3c001a4006dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry\u2014particularly for oil and natural gas\u2014as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources\u2014wind and solar\u2014are also growing economic bases in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney. The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports. Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for approximately two-thirds of the metropolitan area's exports last year. The Top 3 destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil."}]], [["Tembaga disintesis dalam bintang besar dan terdapat di kerak bumi pada kepekatan kira-kira 50 bahagian per juta (ppm), di mana ia berlaku sebagai tembaga asli atau dalam mineral seperti tembaga sulfida kalkopirit dan chalcocite, tembaga karbonat azurit dan malachite , dan kuprum mineral tembaga (I) oksit. Jisim terbesar tembaga unsur ditemui beratnya 420 tan dan dijumpai pada tahun 1857 di Semenanjung Keweenaw di Michigan, AS. Tembaga asli adalah polycrystal, dengan kristal tunggal yang digambarkan terbesar yang berukuran 4.4 \u00d7 3.2 \u00d7 3.2 cm. <> Apakah kepekatan tembaga di kerak bumi? || 50 bahagian per juta <> Seberapa besar penemuan tembaga terbesar? || 420 tan <> Tahun berapa adalah penemuan tembaga terbesar? || 1857 <> Di mana jisim terbesar tembaga dijumpai? || Michigan, AS <> Seberapa besar kristal tembaga terbesar yang telah dijumpai? || 4.4 \u00d7 3.2 \u00d7 3.2 cm <> Apakah kepekatan tembaga di atmosfer bumi? || <> Seberapa besar terdapat tembaga terkecil? || <> Tahun berapa adalah penemuan terkecil tembaga? || <> Di manakah terdapat tembaga terkecil tembaga? || <> Seberapa besar kristal asing terbesar yang telah dijumpai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.", "id": "570962e2ed30961900e8404e", "answers": [{"text": "50 parts per million", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the biggest find of copper?", "id": "570962e2ed30961900e8404f", "answers": [{"text": "420 tonnes", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the largest find of copper discovered?", "id": "570962e2ed30961900e84050", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the largest mass of copper found?", "id": "570962e2ed30961900e84051", "answers": [{"text": "Michigan, US", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?", "id": "570962e2ed30961900e84052", "answers": [{"text": "4.4\u00d73.2\u00d73.2 cm", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50 parts per million", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What is the concentration of copper in the earths atmosphere?", "id": "5a8353c7e60761001a2eb58d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "420 tonnes", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "How large was the smallest find of copper?", "id": "5a8353c7e60761001a2eb58e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "What year was the smallest find of copper discovered?", "id": "5a8353c7e60761001a2eb58f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michigan, US", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "Where was the smallest mass of copper found?", "id": "5a8353c7e60761001a2eb590", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.4\u00d73.2\u00d73.2 cm", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "How big is the largest alien crystal that has been found?", "id": "5a8353c7e60761001a2eb591", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4\u00d73.2\u00d73.2 cm."}], ["Tembaga adalah biostatik, bermakna bakteria tidak akan tumbuh di atasnya. Atas sebab ini, ia telah lama digunakan untuk melancarkan bahagian-bahagian kapal untuk melindungi terhadap rintangan dan kupang. Ia pada mulanya digunakan tulen, tetapi telah digantikan oleh logam Muntz. Begitu juga, seperti yang dibincangkan dalam aloi tembaga dalam akuakultur, aloi tembaga telah menjadi bahan penghasil penting dalam industri akuakultur kerana ia adalah antimikrobial dan mencegah biofouling, walaupun dalam keadaan yang melampau dan mempunyai sifat struktur dan kakisan yang kuat dalam persekitaran marin. <> Apa kata bermakna bahawa bakteria tidak akan tumbuh pada substrat? || biostatic <> Kerana sifat biostatik tembaga di mana penggunaan umum untuk tembaga? || kapal <> Apakah tembaga tulen telah digantikan dengan pembinaan kapal? || Muntz metal <> Dalam industri akuakultur apa jenis aloi tembaga yang biasa digunakan? || bahan natal <> Namakan harta yang membuat tembaga sebagai bahan yang baik untuk digunakan dalam persekitaran laut? || tahan karat <> Apakah perkataan yang bermaksud bahawa bakteria sentiasa tumbuh di atas substrat? || <> Di mana tembaga yang biasa digunakan kerana tidak mempunyai harta biostatik? || <> Apakah tembaga palsu telah diganti dengan pembinaan kapal? || <> Apakah aloi tembaga yang jarang digunakan dalam industri pertanian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?", "id": "57095defed30961900e84004", "answers": [{"text": "biostatic", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?", "id": "57095defed30961900e84005", "answers": [{"text": "ships", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?", "id": "57095defed30961900e84006", "answers": [{"text": "Muntz metal", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?", "id": "57095defed30961900e84007", "answers": [{"text": "netting materials", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?", "id": "57095defed30961900e84008", "answers": [{"text": "corrosion-resistant", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biostatic", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What word means that bacteria constantly grows on a substrate?", "id": "5a836f64e60761001a2eb6e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ships", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Where is copper commonly used due to not having a biostatic property?", "id": "5a836f64e60761001a2eb6e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muntz metal", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "What has fake copper been replaced with in the building of ships?", "id": "5a836f64e60761001a2eb6e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "netting materials", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What is copper alloys rarely used to make in the agriculture industry?", "id": "5a836f64e60761001a2eb6e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments."}], ["Sebatian yang mengandungi ikatan karbon-tembaga dikenali sebagai sebatian organokopper. Mereka sangat reaktif terhadap oksigen untuk membentuk tembaga (I) oksida dan mempunyai banyak kegunaan dalam kimia. Mereka disintesis dengan merawat sebatian tembaga (I) dengan reagen Grignard, alkena terminal atau reagen organolithium; khususnya, tindak balas yang terakhir yang dijelaskan menghasilkan reaksi Gilman. Ini boleh menjalani penggantian dengan alkil halida untuk membentuk produk gandingan; Oleh itu, ia penting dalam bidang sintesis organik. Tembaga (I) acetylide sangat sensitif dan sensitif tetapi adalah pertengahan dalam tindak balas seperti gandingan Cadiot-Chodkiewicz dan gandingan Sonogashira. Tambahan konjugate untuk enones dan karbokuprasi alkena juga boleh dicapai dengan sebatian organokopper. Tembaga (I) membentuk pelbagai kompleks yang lemah dengan alkena dan karbon monoksida, terutama di hadapan ligan amina. <> Apakah sebatian yang dipanggil bon karbon-tembaga? || sebatian organokopel <> Apakah reaksi sebatian organokopel terhadap bentuk oksigen? || tembaga (I) oksida <> Apa yang dihasilkan apabila sebatian tembaga dirawat dengan reagen organolithium? || Gilman reagent <> Produk gandingan boleh dibuat dengan menggantikan reaksi Gilman dengan apa? || alkil halida <> Apakah bentuk tembaga yang sensitif terhadap kejutan? || Tembaga (I) asetilida <> Apakah sebatian yang dipanggil bon hitam-tembaga? || <> Apakah reaksi sebatian organokopper ke arah air? || <> Apa yang musnah apabila sebatian tembaga dirawat dengan reagen organolithium? || <> Manakah bentuk tembaga yang sensitif pada masa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?", "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f63", "answers": [{"text": "organocopper compounds", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?", "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f64", "answers": [{"text": "copper(I) oxide", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?", "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f65", "answers": [{"text": "Gilman reagent", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?", "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f66", "answers": [{"text": "alkyl halides", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which form of copper is shock sensitive?", "id": "570967d5200fba1400367f67", "answers": [{"text": "Copper(I) acetylide", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "organocopper compounds", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What are compounds that have a black-copper bond called?", "id": "5a836556e60761001a2eb661", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper(I) oxide", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What does organocopper compounds reactions toward water form?", "id": "5a836556e60761001a2eb662", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gilman reagent", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What is destroyed when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?", "id": "5a836556e60761001a2eb663", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Copper(I) acetylide", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "Which form of copper is time sensitive?", "id": "5a836556e60761001a2eb664", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands."}], ["Dalam era Rom, tembaga pada dasarnya ditambang di Cyprus, asal nama logam dari aes sodium (logam Cyprus), kemudiannya rusak untuk supercar, yang kata tembaga (bahasa Inggeris), cuivre (Perancis), Koper ( Belanda) dan Kupfer (Jerman) semuanya berasal. Sebatiannya biasanya ditemui sebagai garam tembaga (II), yang sering menyebarkan warna biru atau hijau kepada mineral seperti azurit, malachite dan turquoise dan telah digunakan secara meluas sebagai pigmen. Struktur seni bina yang dibina dengan korosi tembaga untuk memberi verdigris hijau (atau patina). Seni hiasan menonjolkan tembaga, baik dengan sendirinya dan dalam bentuk pigmen. <> Di manakah tembaga kebanyakannya ditambang di zaman Rom? || Cyprus <> Istilah apa yang berasal dari tembaga? || supir <> Apa yang terkandung dalam tembaga? || tembaga (II) garam <> Apakah satu warna biasa dalam garam tembaga? || biru <> Apakah nama pigmen warna pada struktur bangunan yang dibuat menggunakan tembaga. || verdigris hijau <> Di manakah tembaga bersinar di zaman Rom? || <> Sebatian apa radioaktif dalam tembaga? || <> Apakah nama pigmen warna pada air yang dibuat menggunakan tembaga? || <> Apa istilah bermaksud tembaga adalah bahan imajiner? || <> Warna apa yang paling jarang berlaku dalam garam tembaga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?", "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7dea", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term does the name copper originate from?", "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7deb", "answers": [{"text": "\u0441uprum", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What componds are common in copper?", "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7dec", "answers": [{"text": "copper(II) salts", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one color common in copper salts?", "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7ded", "answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.", "id": "57095096efce8f15003a7dee", "answers": [{"text": "green verdigris", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Where was copper glowing at in the Roman era?", "id": "5a833e61e60761001a2eb4a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper(II) salts", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What compounds are radioactive in copper?", "id": "5a833e61e60761001a2eb4aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green verdigris", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What is the name of the color pigment on water that is made using copper?", "id": "5a833e61e60761001a2eb4ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u0441uprum", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What term means that copper is an imaginary substance?", "id": "5a833e61e60761001a2eb4ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue or green", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What color is most rare in copper salts?", "id": "5a833e61e60761001a2eb4ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes \u0441yprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to \u0441uprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments."}], ["Di Yunani, tembaga dikenali dengan nama chalkos (\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2). Ia merupakan sumber penting bagi orang Rom, Yunani dan orang purba lain. Di zaman Rom, ia dikenali sebagai aes Cyprium, iaitu istilah Latin generik untuk aloi tembaga dan Cyprium dari Cyprus, di mana tembaga banyak dilombong. Frasa ini dipermudahkan kepada cuprum, oleh itu tembaga bahasa Inggeris. Aphrodite dan Venus mewakili tembaga dalam mitologi dan alkimia, kerana keindahannya yang berkilauan, kegunaan purba dalam menghasilkan cermin, dan hubungannya dengan Cyprus, yang suci kepada dewi. Empat badan syurga yang diketahui dahulu kala dikaitkan dengan tujuh logam yang diketahui sejak dahulu kala, dan Venus ditugaskan untuk tembaga. <> Apa tembaga dipanggil di Greece? || chalkos <> Di mana kawasan tembaga pertama ditambang? || Cyprus <> Apakah dewi Yunani yang melambangkan tembaga? || Aphrodite <> Apakah dewi Rom yang melambangkan tembaga? || Venus <> Apa harta yang tembaga yang menghubungkannya dengan Aphrodite dan Venus? || kecantikan berkilau <> Apa tembaga yang dilarang dipanggil di Greece? || <> Kawasan apa yang menjadi lombong tembaga? || <> Apakah dewi Mesir yang melambangkan tembaga? || <> Apakah dewi Jerman yang melambangkan tembaga? || <> Apa harta yang ada di perak yang menghubungkannya dengan Aphrodite dan Venus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was copper called in Greece?", "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408c", "answers": [{"text": "chalkos", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area was copper first mined?", "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408d", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?", "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408e", "answers": [{"text": "Aphrodite", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?", "id": "57096523ed30961900e8408f", "answers": [{"text": "Venus", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?", "id": "57096523ed30961900e84090", "answers": [{"text": "lustrous beauty", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chalkos", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What was copper forbidden to be called in Greece?", "id": "5a836a91e60761001a2eb681", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What area was the only copper mine?", "id": "5a836a91e60761001a2eb682", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aphrodite", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What is the Egyptian goddess that symbolizes copper?", "id": "5a836a91e60761001a2eb683", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Venus", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What is the German goddess that symbolizes copper?", "id": "5a836a91e60761001a2eb684", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lustrous beauty", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What property does silver have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?", "id": "5a836a91e60761001a2eb685", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper."}], ["Pintu-pintu Bait Bait Suci menggunakan gangsa Korintus yang dibuat oleh penumpuan. Ia adalah yang paling lazim di Alexandria, di mana alkimia dianggap telah bermula. Di India purba, tembaga digunakan dalam sains perubatan holistik Ayurveda untuk instrumen pembedahan dan peralatan perubatan lain. Orang Mesir kuno (~ 2400 SM) menggunakan tembaga untuk mensterilkan luka dan air minuman, dan kemudiannya untuk sakit kepala, terbakar, dan gatal-gatal. Bateri Baghdad, dengan silinder tembaga yang dipimpin untuk memimpin, bermula dari 248 SM hingga 226 SM dan menyerupai sel galvanik, yang mengetuai orang untuk percaya ini adalah bateri pertama; tuntutan itu belum disahkan. <> Apa bahan yang menjadi pintu Bait Bait Yerusalem dibuat? || Gangsa Corinth <> Bagaimana tembaga Korintus dibuat? || penipuan kekurangan <> Di mana ahli arkeologi percaya bahawa alkimia mula-mula diamalkan? || Alexandria <> Apa logam digunakan untuk membuat peralatan pembedahan di India purba? || tembaga <> Apakah nama bateri yang dibangunkan menggunakan tembaga pada tahun 248 SM? || Bateri Baghdad <> Apa bahan yang menjadi pintu bait Kuil Jermaine? || <> Bagaimana tembaga perunggu dihancurkan? || <> Di mana ahli arkeologi percaya bahawa alkimia terakhir diamalkan? || <> Apakah logam yang digunakan untuk membuat peralatan pembedahan di Atlantis purba? || <> Apakah nama bateri yang dibangunkan dengan menggunakan tembaga pada tahun 168 SM? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?", "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e10", "answers": [{"text": "Corinthian bronze", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Corinthian bronze made?", "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e11", "answers": [{"text": "depletion gilding", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? ", "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e12", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?", "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e13", "answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?", "id": "5709595eefce8f15003a7e14", "answers": [{"text": "Baghdad Battery", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Corinthian bronze", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What material were the gates of the Temple of Jermaine made from?", "id": "5a836bd7e60761001a2eb69d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "depletion gilding", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "How is Corinthian bronze destroyed?", "id": "5a836bd7e60761001a2eb69e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Where do archaeologists believe that alchemy was last practiced?", "id": "5a836bd7e60761001a2eb69f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient Atlantis?", "id": "5a836bd7e60761001a2eb6a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Baghdad Battery", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 168 BC?", "id": "5a836bd7e60761001a2eb6a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified."}], ["Tembaga, perak dan emas berada dalam kumpulan 11 jadual berkala, dan mereka berkongsi sifat-sifat tertentu: mereka mempunyai satu s-orbital elektron di atas shell d-elektron yang diisi dan dicirikan oleh kemuluran tinggi dan kekonduksian elektrik. D-shell yang diisi dalam unsur-unsur ini tidak banyak menyumbang kepada interaksi interaksi, yang dikuasai oleh elektron-s melalui ikatan logam. Tidak seperti logam yang mempunyai cengkaman tidak sempurna, ikatan logam dalam tembaga tidak mempunyai watak kovalen dan agak lemah. Ini menerangkan kekerasan yang rendah dan kemuluran tinggi satu kristal tunggal tembaga. Pada skala makroskopik, pengenalan kecacatan yang dilanjutkan kepada kekisi kristal, seperti sempadan bijian, menghalang aliran bahan di bawah tegasan yang dikenakan, dengan itu meningkatkan kekerasannya. Atas sebab ini, tembaga biasanya dibekalkan dalam bentuk polikristalin halus, yang mempunyai kekuatan yang lebih besar daripada bentuk monokristalin. <> Apakah kumpulan jadual berkala adalah tembaga? || kumpulan 11 <> Nama harta yang tembaga, perak dan emas mempunyai kesamaan. || satu s-orbital elektron <> Apa yang membuat ikatan tembaga lebih lemah daripada logam lain? || shell d-elektron terisi <> Bagaimana tembaga biasanya dibekalkan? || bentuk polikristalin halus-halus <> Apakah bentuk tembaga yang lemah daripada polikristalin halus? || bentuk monokristalin <> Apa kumpulan jadual berkala tidak lagi dalam tembaga? || <> Apakah satu-satunya harta yang tembaga, perak dan emas mempunyai persamaan? || <> Apa yang membuat ikatan tembaga lebih kuat daripada logam lain? || <> Apa tembaga biasanya hilang? || <> Apakah bentuk tembaga yang lebih baik daripada polycrystalline halus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group of the periodic table is copper in?", "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0b", "answers": [{"text": "group 11", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.", "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0c", "answers": [{"text": "one s-orbital electron", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?", "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0d", "answers": [{"text": "filled d-electron shell", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is copper normally supplied?", "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0e", "answers": [{"text": "fine-grained polycrystalline form", "answer_start": 838}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?", "id": "5709614c200fba1400367f0f", "answers": [{"text": "monocrystalline forms", "answer_start": 905}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "group 11", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What group of the periodic table is copper no longer in?", "id": "5a833f39e60761001a2eb4b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one s-orbital electron", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is the only property that copper, silver and gold have in common?", "id": "5a833f39e60761001a2eb4b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filled d-electron shell", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What makes copper bondings stronger than other metals?", "id": "5a833f39e60761001a2eb4b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fine-grained polycrystalline form", "answer_start": 838}], "question": "What is copper normally missing?", "id": "5a833f39e60761001a2eb4b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monocrystalline forms", "answer_start": 905}], "question": "What is a better form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?", "id": "5a833f39e60761001a2eb4b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms."}], ["Penggunaan tembaga dalam seni tidak terhad kepada mata wang: ia digunakan oleh pemahat Renaissance, dalam teknologi fotografi yang dikenali sebagai daguerreotype, dan Patung Liberty. Penyaduran tembaga dan pelapis tembaga untuk badan kapal telah meluas; kapal-kapal Christopher Columbus adalah antara yang paling awal untuk mempunyai ciri ini. Norddeutsche Affinerie di Hamburg adalah kilang elektroplating moden pertama yang memulakan pengeluarannya pada tahun 1876. Ahli sains Jerman Gottfried Osann mencipta metalurgi serbuk pada 1830 sambil menentukan jisim atom logam; Di sekelilingnya, didapati bahawa jumlah dan jenis unsur pengaloaan (contohnya, tin) kepada tembaga akan mempengaruhi nada bel. Peleburan kilat telah dibangunkan oleh Outokumpu di Finland dan mula-mula digunakan di Harjavalta pada tahun 1949; proses cekap tenaga menyumbang 50% daripada pengeluaran tembaga utama dunia. <> Siapa yang menggunakan tembaga untuk menghasilkan seni? || Patung Renaissance <> Apakah teknologi fotografi yang menggunakan tembaga? || daguerreotype <> Apa yang terkenal di NY bandar merangkumi tembaga? || Patung Liberty <> Apa kapal penjelajah yang terkenal adalah salah satu yang pertama memilikinya yang diperbuat daripada tembaga? || Christopher Columbus <> Bilakah kilang elektroplating Norddeutsche Affinerie memulakan pengeluaran? || 1830 <> Siapa yang menggunakan tembaga untuk menghasilkan sampah? || <> Apakah teknologi ajaib yang menggunakan tembaga? || <> Apa yang terkenal di bandar Arizona yang diperbuat daripada tembaga? || <> Apa kapal penjelajahan yang tidak diketahui adalah salah satu daripada yang pertama memilikinya yang diperbuat daripada tembaga? || <> Bilakah kilang nuklear Norddeutsche Affinerie memulakan pengeluaran pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who used copper to produce art?", "id": "57096959200fba1400367f89", "answers": [{"text": "Renaissance sculptors", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?", "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8a", "answers": [{"text": "daguerreotype", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?", "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8b", "answers": [{"text": "Statue of Liberty", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?", "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8c", "answers": [{"text": "Christopher Columbus", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?", "id": "57096959200fba1400367f8d", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Renaissance sculptors", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "Who used copper to produce garbage?", "id": "5a836c85e60761001a2eb6a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "daguerreotype", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What is the magical technology that uses copper called?", "id": "5a836c85e60761001a2eb6a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Statue of Liberty", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What famous Arizona city landmark is made from copper?", "id": "5a836c85e60761001a2eb6a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christopher Columbus", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What unknown explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?", "id": "5a836c85e60761001a2eb6aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie nuclear plant first begin production?", "id": "5a836c85e60761001a2eb6ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production."}], ["Walaupun persaingan dari bahan lain, tembaga tetap menjadi konduktor elektrik pilihan di hampir semua kategori pendawaian elektrik dengan pengecualian utama yang menjadi penghantaran kuasa elektrik overhed di mana aluminium sering disukai. Kawat tembaga digunakan dalam penjanaan kuasa, penghantaran kuasa, pengagihan kuasa, telekomunikasi, litar elektronik, dan banyak jenis peralatan elektrik. Pendawaian elektrik adalah pasaran terpenting bagi industri tembaga. Ini termasuk wayar bangunan, kabel komunikasi, kabel pengagihan kuasa, wayar perkakas, wayar dan kabel automotif, dan dawai magnet. Kira-kira separuh dari semua tembaga yang ditambang digunakan untuk menghasilkan kabel elektrik dan konduktor kabel. Banyak alat elektrik bergantung kepada pendawaian tembaga kerana banyaknya sifat bermanfaatnya yang wujud, seperti kekonduksian elektrik yang tinggi, kekuatan tegangan, kemuluran, rintangan (ubah bentuk), rintangan kakisan, pengembangan haba yang rendah, kekonduksian terma yang tinggi, kelebihan solder, dan kemudahan pemasangan. <> Apa logam paling kerap digunakan dalam pendawaian elektrik? || tembaga <> Apa pasaran yang paling penting untuk tembaga hari ini? || Pendawaian elektrik <> Berapa banyak tembaga ditambang digunakan untuk kabel dan pendawaian elektrik? || Kira-kira setengah <> Apa logam yang paling overhead wayar elektrik terbuat dari? || aluminium <> Apa salah satu harta tembaga yang menjadikannya sangat berguna dalam pendawaian elektrik? || kekonduksian elektrik yang tinggi <> Apa logam paling kerap digunakan dalam pendawaian elektrik? || <> Apa pasaran paling korup untuk tembaga hari ini? || <> Berapa banyak tembaga ditambang digunakan untuk eksperimen sains? || <> Apakah cecair yang paling banyak wayar elektrik overhead yang terbuat dari? || <> Apa salah satu harta tembaga yang menjadikannya begitu tidak membantu dalam pendawaian elektrik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?", "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e20", "answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most important market for copper today?", "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e21", "answers": [{"text": "Electrical wiring", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?", "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e22", "answers": [{"text": "Roughly half", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?", "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e23", "answers": [{"text": "aluminium", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?", "id": "57095c13efce8f15003a7e24", "answers": [{"text": "high electrical conductivity", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What metal is used least often in electrical wiring?", "id": "5a836d7de60761001a2eb6bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electrical wiring", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "What is the most corrupt market for copper today?", "id": "5a836d7de60761001a2eb6bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roughly half", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "How much of mined copper is used for science experiments?", "id": "5a836d7de60761001a2eb6bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aluminium", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What liquid are most overhead electrical wires made out of?", "id": "5a836d7de60761001a2eb6be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high electrical conductivity", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "What is one property of copper that makes it so unhelpful in electrical wiring?", "id": "5a836d7de60761001a2eb6bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation."}], ["Tembaga berlaku secara semulajadi sebagai tembaga asli dan dikenali kepada beberapa tamadun tertua dalam rekod. Ia mempunyai sejarah kegunaan yang sekurang-kurangnya 10,000 tahun, dan anggaran penemuannya di 9000 SM di Timur Tengah; loket tembaga ditemui di utara Iraq yang bermula pada tahun 8700 SM. Terdapat bukti bahawa emas dan meteoric iron (tetapi bukan peleburan besi) adalah satu-satunya logam yang digunakan oleh manusia sebelum tembaga. Sejarah metalurgi tembaga dianggap mengikuti urutan berikut: 1) kerja sejuk tembaga asli, 2) penyepuhlindapan, 3) peleburan, dan 4) kaedah wax yang hilang. Di tenggara Anatolia, semua empat teknik metalurgi ini muncul lebih kurang serentak pada awal Neolitik c. 7500 SM. Bagaimanapun, sama seperti pertanian secara bebas dicipta di beberapa bahagian dunia, peleburan tembaga dicipta secara tempatan di beberapa tempat yang berlainan. Ia mungkin ditemui secara bebas di China sebelum 2800 SM, di Amerika Tengah mungkin sekitar 600 AD, dan di Afrika Barat kira-kira abad ke-9 atau ke-10 AD. Pemutus pelaburan dicipta pada 4500-4000 SM di Asia Tenggara dan karbon dating telah menubuhkan perlombongan di Alderley Edge di Cheshire, UK pada 2280 hingga 1890 SM. \u00d6tzi the Iceman, seorang lelaki bertarikh 3300-3200 SM, ditemui dengan kapak dengan kepala tembaga 99.7% murni; Arsenik yang tinggi di rambutnya mencadangkan penglibatannya dalam peleburan tembaga. Pengalaman dengan tembaga telah membantu pembangunan logam lain; khususnya peleburan tembaga membawa kepada penemuan peleburan besi. Pengeluaran di Kompleks Tembaga Lama di Michigan dan Wisconsin bertarikh antara 6000 dan 3000 SM. Gangsa semulajadi, sejenis tembaga yang diperbuat daripada bijih yang kaya dengan silikon, arsenik, dan (jarang) bijih timah, digunakan secara umum di Balkan sekitar 5500 SM. [Rujukan?] Bila tembaga dahulu dikenali telah digunakan? || 9000 SM <> Dalam apa bidang penggunaan tembaga pertama yang direkodkan? || Timur Tengah <> Bilakah pemikiran tembaga telah ditemui di China? || 2800 SM <> Tembaga peleburan mengakibatkan pembangunan apa peleburan logam lain? || peleburan besi <> Bilakah permulaan gangsa semulajadi digunakan oleh orang awam? || 5500 SM <> Bilakah tembaga diketahui diketahui telah digunakan? || <> Kawasan apa sahaja yang digunakan untuk tembaga? || <> Bilakah pemikiran tembaga telah ditemui di Jepun? || <> Bilakah berhenti gangsa semulajadi digunakan oleh orang awam? || <> Jenis bahan apa yang tidak boleh dihasilkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was copper first known to have been used?", "id": "570955119928a81400471532", "answers": [{"text": "9000 BC", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area is the first recorded use of copper?", "id": "570955119928a81400471533", "answers": [{"text": "Middle East", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?", "id": "570955119928a81400471534", "answers": [{"text": "2800 BC", "answer_start": 955}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?", "id": "570955119928a81400471535", "answers": [{"text": "iron smelting", "answer_start": 1524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?", "id": "570955119928a81400471536", "answers": [{"text": "5500 BC", "answer_start": 1773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9000 BC", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "When was copper last known to have been used?", "id": "5a8366bbe60761001a2eb66d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle East", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What area is the only recorded use of copper?", "id": "5a8366bbe60761001a2eb66e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2800 BC", "answer_start": 955}], "question": "When was copper thought to have been discovered in Japan?", "id": "5a8366bbe60761001a2eb66f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5500 BC", "answer_start": 1773}], "question": "When did natural bronze stop being used by the general public?", "id": "5a8366bbe60761001a2eb670", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 1663}], "question": "What type of material can't be produced?", "id": "5a8366bbe60761001a2eb671", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500\u20134000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. \u00d6tzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300\u20133200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]"}], ["Sebatian tembaga dalam bentuk cair digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet kayu, terutama dalam merawat bahagian asal struktur semasa pemulihan kerosakan akibat reput kering. Bersama-sama dengan seng, wayar tembaga boleh diletakkan di atas bahan bumbung bukan konduktif untuk menghalang pertumbuhan lumut. [Rujukan?] Serat tekstil menggunakan tembaga untuk menghasilkan fabrik pelindung antimikrob, seperti glazes seramik, kaca berwarna dan alat muzik. Electroplating biasanya menggunakan tembaga sebagai asas untuk logam lain seperti nikel. <> Apakah sebatian tembaga dalam bentuk cecair yang digunakan? || pengawet kayu <> Apakah wayar tembaga berserta zink pada bumbung membantu mencegah? || moss <> Fungsi apa tembaga berfungsi apabila digunakan dalam gentian tekstil? || kain pelindung antimikrob <> Bagaimana tembaga digunakan dengan nikel? || sebagai asas <> Apa yang digunakan untuk merawat struktur untuk reput kering? || Sebatian tembaga <> Apakah sebatian tembaga dalam bentuk naga yang digunakan? || <> Apakah wayar tembaga bersama lumpur di bumbung membantu untuk menghalang? || <> Fungsi apa tembaga menghilangkan apabila digunakan dalam gentian tekstil? || <> Bagaimana tembaga digunakan dengan vodka? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk meletupkan struktur untuk reput kering? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?", "id": "570970afed30961900e8413c", "answers": [{"text": "wood preservative", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?", "id": "570970afed30961900e8413d", "answers": [{"text": "moss", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?", "id": "570970afed30961900e8413e", "answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial protective fabrics", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is copper used with nickel?", "id": "570970afed30961900e8413f", "answers": [{"text": "as a base", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to treat structures for dry rot?", "id": "570970afed30961900e84140", "answers": [{"text": "Copper compounds", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wood preservative", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What are copper compounds in dragon form used for?", "id": "5a83705de60761001a2eb6fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "moss", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What does copper wires along with mud on roofs help to prevent?", "id": "5a83705de60761001a2eb6fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial protective fabrics", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What function does copper eliminate when used in textile fibers?", "id": "5a83705de60761001a2eb6ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as a base", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "How is copper used with vodka?", "id": "5a83705de60761001a2eb700", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Copper compounds", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is used to implode structures for dry rot?", "id": "5a83705de60761001a2eb701", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel."}], ["Peranan budaya tembaga amat penting, terutamanya dalam mata wang. Roma pada abad ke-6 hingga abad ke-3 BC menggunakan ketulan tembaga sebagai wang. Pada mulanya, tembaga itu sendiri dinilai, tetapi secara beransur-ansur bentuk dan rupa tembaga menjadi lebih penting. Julius Caesar mempunyai duit syiling sendiri yang diperbuat daripada tembaga, manakala duit syiling Octavianus Augustus Caesar dibuat dari aloi Cu-Pb-Sn. Dengan pengeluaran tahunan kira-kira 15,000 tan, kegiatan perlombongan tembaga Rom dan peleburan mencapai skala yang tidak dapat dilalui sehingga masa Revolusi Perindustrian; wilayah-wilayah yang paling ditambang adalah orang-orang Hispania, Cyprus dan di Eropah Tengah. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Roma sebagai wang pada abad ke-6 hingga abad ke-3BC? || tembaga ketulan <> yang mempunyai syiling sendiri yang dihasilkan dari tembaga? || Julius Caesar <> Pada abad ke-6 hingga ke-3 SM berapa tembaga telah ditambang di Rom? || 15,000 t <> Cctavianus Augustus Caesar mempunyai duit syiling yang diperbuat daripada aloi apa? || Aloi Cu-Pb-Sn <> Apa yang menjadi lebih penting daripada nilai tembaga untuk koin Rom? || bentuk dan melihat <> Apa yang digunakan orang asing sebagai wang pada abad ke-6 hingga abad ke-3 SM? || <> Siapa yang memiliki pohonnya sendiri yang dihasilkan dari tembaga? || <> Berapa banyak tembaga dicuri di Rom selama abad ke 6 hingga abad ke-3 SM? || <> Apa yang menjadi kurang penting daripada nilai tembaga untuk duit syiling Rom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?", "id": "57097382ed30961900e8417e", "answers": [{"text": "copper lumps", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had his own coins produced out of brass?", "id": "57097382ed30961900e8417f", "answers": [{"text": "Julius Caesar", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?", "id": "57097382ed30961900e84180", "answers": [{"text": "15,000 t", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?", "id": "57097382ed30961900e84181", "answers": [{"text": "Cu-Pb-Sn alloys", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?", "id": "57097382ed30961900e84182", "answers": [{"text": "the shape and look", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper lumps", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What did aliens use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC?", "id": "5a836b58e60761001a2eb695", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julius Caesar", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Who had his own trees produced out of brass?", "id": "5a836b58e60761001a2eb696", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15,000 t", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "How much copper was stolen in Rome during the 6th through 3rd centuries BC?", "id": "5a836b58e60761001a2eb697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the shape and look", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What became less important than the copper value for Roman coins?", "id": "5a836b58e60761001a2eb698", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe."}], ["Seperti aluminium, tembaga adalah 100% boleh dikitar semula tanpa kehilangan kualiti, tanpa mengira sama ada ia berada dalam keadaan mentah atau terkandung dalam produk yang dihasilkan. Dalam isipadu, tembaga adalah logam yang paling dikitar semula ketiga selepas besi dan aluminium. Dianggarkan 80% tembaga yang pernah dilombong masih digunakan hari ini. Menurut Stok Logam Panel Sumber Antarabangsa dalam laporan Persatuan, stok tembaga per kapita global yang digunakan dalam masyarakat adalah 35-55 kg. Kebanyakannya adalah di negara-negara yang lebih maju (140-300 kg per kapita) daripada negara kurang maju (30-40 kg per kapita). <> Sebanyak peratus tembaga boleh dikitar semula? || 100% <> Apakah peratusan tembaga yang telah dilombong masih digunakan hari ini? || 80% <> Apa logam lain selain tembaga 100% boleh dikitar semula? || aluminium <> Nama logam yang dikitar semula lebih kerap daripada tembaga? || aluminium <> Berapakah jumlah tembaga yang digunakan, per kapita, di seluruh dunia? || 35-55 kg <> Sebanyak peratus tembaga tidak boleh terbakar? || <> Berapa peratus tembaga yang telah dilombong masih di udara hari ini? || <> Apa kayu lain selain tembaga 100% boleh dikitar semula? || <> Apa logam tidak pernah dikitar semula? || <> Berapakah jumlah tembaga yang dicuri, per kapita, di seluruh dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percent of copper is recyclable?", "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841ca", "answers": [{"text": "100%", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?", "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841cb", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?", "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841cc", "answers": [{"text": "aluminium", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?", "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841cd", "answers": [{"text": "aluminium", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?", "id": "57097a0bed30961900e841ce", "answers": [{"text": "35\u201355 kg", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100%", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What percent of copper is indestructible?", "id": "5a836015e60761001a2eb61d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What percentage of copper that has been mined is still in the air today?", "id": "5a836015e60761001a2eb61e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aluminium", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What other wood besides copper is 100% recyclable?", "id": "5a836015e60761001a2eb61f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aluminium", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What metal is never recycled?", "id": "5a836015e60761001a2eb620", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "35\u201355 kg", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What is the amount of copper stolen, per capita, globally?", "id": "5a836015e60761001a2eb621", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35\u201355 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140\u2013300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30\u201340 kg per capita)."}], ["Kelembutan tembaga sebahagiannya menerangkan kekonduksian elektrik yang tinggi (59.6 \u00d7 106 S / m) dan oleh itu juga kekonduksian terma yang tinggi, yang kedua tertinggi (ke perak) di antara logam tulen pada suhu bilik. Ini adalah kerana resistiviti untuk pengangkutan elektron dalam logam pada suhu bilik kebanyakannya berasal dari penyebaran elektron pada getaran haba kisi, yang agak lemah untuk logam lembut. Ketumpatan arus kuprum maksimum di udara terbuka adalah kira-kira 3.1 \u00d7 106 A / m2 luas keratan rentas, di atasnya ia mula memanaskan secara berlebihan. Seperti halnya logam lain, jika tembaga diletakkan terhadap logam lain, kakisan galvanik akan berlaku. <> Apakah penjelasan mengenai keupayaan tembaga untuk kekonduksian elektrik? || Kelembutan <> Apa logam mempunyai kekonduksian haba yang lebih tinggi daripada tembaga? || perak <> Berapakah ketumpatan arus maksimum dalam udara terbuka tembaga? || 3.1 \u00d7 106 A / m2 <> Apa yang berlaku apabila tembaga diletakkan menyentuh logam lain? || kakisan <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tembaga jika arus elektrik terlalu tinggi? || ia mula panas berlebihan <> Apakah penjelasan mengenai keupayaan tembaga untuk kekonduksian nuklear? || <> Apakah logam mempunyai kekonduksian termal yang sama dengan tembaga? || <> Apakah satu-satunya ketumpatan semasa yang dibenarkan dalam udara terbuka tembaga? || <> Apa yang berlaku apabila tembaga diletakkan selain logam lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?", "id": "57097747200fba1400368029", "answers": [{"text": "The softness", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?", "id": "57097747200fba140036802a", "answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?", "id": "57097747200fba140036802b", "answers": [{"text": "3.1\u00d7106 A/m2", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?", "id": "57097747200fba140036802c", "answers": [{"text": "corrosion", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?", "id": "57097747200fba140036802d", "answers": [{"text": "it begins to heat excessively", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The softness", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the explanation for copper's capacity for nuclear conductivity?", "id": "5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "What metal has an equal thermal conductivity to copper?", "id": "5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3.1\u00d7106 A/m2", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "What is the only permissible current density in open air of copper?", "id": "5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "corrosion", "answer_start": 655}], "question": "What occurs when copper is placed apart from another metal?", "id": "5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6\u00d7106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1\u00d7106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur."}], ["Tembaga telah digunakan sekurang-kurangnya 10,000 tahun, tetapi lebih daripada 95% daripada semua tembaga yang pernah ditambang dan dicelup telah diekstrak sejak tahun 1900, dan lebih daripada separuh telah diekstrak hanya dalam 24 tahun terakhir. Seperti banyak sumber semula jadi, jumlah tembaga di Bumi adalah luas (sekitar 1014 tan hanya di atas kerak Bumi atas, atau kira-kira 5 juta tahun pada kadar pengekstrakan semasa). Walau bagaimanapun, hanya sebahagian kecil daripada rizab ini bersifat ekonomi, berdasarkan harga dan teknologi masa kini. Pelbagai anggaran rizab tembaga sedia ada yang tersedia untuk perlombongan berbeza dari 25 tahun hingga 60 tahun, bergantung kepada andaian teras seperti kadar pertumbuhan. Kitar semula adalah sumber utama tembaga di dunia moden. Kerana faktor-faktor ini dan lain-lain, masa depan pengeluaran tembaga dan bekalan adalah subjek perdebatan banyak, termasuk konsep puncak tembaga, sama dengan minyak puncak. <> Berapa lamakah tembaga telah digunakan? || sekurang-kurangnya 10,000 tahun <> Sebanyak peratus tembaga telah diekstrak sejak tahun 1900? || 95% <> Berapa banyak mined mined telah diekstrak dalam 24 tahun yang lalu? || lebih daripada separuh <> Berapakah jumlah tembaga yang dianggarkan di bumi? || 1014 tan <> Apa sumber utama kerjasama pada zaman moden? || Kitar semula <> Berapa lama tembaga telah dilarang? || <> Sebanyak peratus tembaga telah dicuri sejak tahun 1900? || <> Berapa banyak koin ditambang telah diekstrak dalam 24 jam terakhir? || <> Berapa banyak tembaga dianggarkan hilang di bumi? || <> Apakah sumber kerjasama kecil di zaman moden? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long has copper been in use?", "id": "570971cb200fba1400368003", "answers": [{"text": "at least 10,000 years", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?", "id": "570971cb200fba1400368004", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?", "id": "570971cb200fba1400368005", "answers": [{"text": "more than half", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?", "id": "570971cb200fba1400368006", "answers": [{"text": "1014 tons", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a major source of cooper in modern times?", "id": "570971cb200fba1400368007", "answers": [{"text": "Recycling", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at least 10,000 years", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "How long has copper been forbidden?", "id": "5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What percentage of copper has been stolen since 1900?", "id": "5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than half", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 hours?", "id": "5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1014 tons", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth?", "id": "5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Recycling", "answer_start": 667}], "question": " What is a minor source of cooper in modern times?", "id": "5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil."}], ["Aplikasi utama tembaga adalah wayar elektrik (60%), bumbung dan paip (20%) dan jentera perindustrian (15%). Tembaga kebanyakannya digunakan sebagai logam tulen, tetapi apabila kekerasan yang lebih tinggi diperlukan ia digabungkan dengan unsur-unsur lain untuk membuat aloi (5% daripada jumlah penggunaan) seperti tembaga dan gangsa. Sebilangan kecil bekalan tembaga digunakan dalam pengeluaran sebatian untuk pemakanan tambahan dan racun kulat dalam pertanian. Pemesinan tembaga adalah mungkin, walaupun biasanya diperlukan untuk menggunakan aloi untuk bahagian rumit untuk mendapatkan ciri-ciri mesin yang baik. <> Apakah peratusan tembaga digunakan dalam wayar elektrik? || 60% <> Berapa peratus tembaga digunakan dalam bumbung dan paip? || 20% <> Apakah peratusan tembaga digunakan dalam jentera perindustrian? || 15% <> Apa harta yang menggabungkan tembaga dengan tembaga atau membuat tembaga? || kekerasan <> Apakah logam yang tembaga digabungkan dengan untuk mewujudkan kekerasan yang lebih besar? || tembaga <> Berapa peratus tembaga digunakan dalam wayar kertas? || <> Berapa peratus tembaga dilarang di bumbung dan paip? || <> Sebanyak peratus tembaga dimusnahkan oleh jentera perindustrian? || <> Apa harta yang menggabungkan tembaga dengan tembaga atau gangsa menghapuskan? || <> Apakah tumbuhan yang tembaga digabungkan dengan untuk mencipta tekstur yang lebih halus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?", "id": "570974d8200fba140036801f", "answers": [{"text": "60%", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?", "id": "570974d8200fba1400368020", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?", "id": "570974d8200fba1400368021", "answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?", "id": "570974d8200fba1400368022", "answers": [{"text": "hardness", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?", "id": "570974d8200fba1400368023", "answers": [{"text": "brass", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60%", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What percentage of copper is used in paper wires?", "id": "5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing?", "id": "5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What percentage of copper is destroyed by industrial machinery?", "id": "5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hardness", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What property does combining copper with brass or bronze eliminate?", "id": "5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brass", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What is a plant that copper is combined with to create a smoother texture?", "id": "5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics."}], ["Chromobacterium violaceum dan fluorescens Pseudomonas boleh menggerakkan tembaga pepejal, sebagai sebatian sianida. Kulat mycorrhizal ericoid yang berkaitan dengan Calluna, Erica dan Vaccinium boleh tumbuh di tanah metalikifer tembaga. Kulat ectomycorrhizal Suillus luteus melindungi pokok pain muda dari ketoksikan tembaga. Sampel kulat Aspergillus niger didapati berkembang daripada penyelesaian perlombongan emas; dan didapati mengandungi kompleks logam siano; seperti emas, perak, besi tembaga dan zink. Kulat juga berperanan dalam proses solubilisasi sulfida logam berat. <> Berikan kompil yang dapat memobilisasi tembaga yang dijual? || Chromobacterium violaceum <> Apa kulat yang boleh tumbuh di tanah metalikifer tembaga? || ericoid mycorrhizal fungi <> Apa cendawan melindungi pokok pain daripada ketoksikan tembaga? || Suillus luteus <> Apakah kulat yang tumbuh dari penyelesaian perlombongan emas? || Aspergillus niger <> Apakah kulat yang membantu melembutkan sulfida logam berat? || kulat Aspergillus <> Apa satu-satunya sebatian yang dapat memobilisasi tembaga padat? || <> Apakah kulat boleh bercakap dalam tanah tembaga metalliferous? || <> Apakah jamur yang membuat pokok pain cenderung kepada ketoksikan tembaga? || <> Apakah kulat yang tumbuh dari penyelesaian perlombongan berlian? || <> Apakah kulat yang membantu untuk menghilangkan sulfida logam berat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?", "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840e8", "answers": [{"text": "Chromobacterium violaceum", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?", "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840e9", "answers": [{"text": "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? ", "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840ea", "answers": [{"text": "Suillus luteus", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fungus grows from gold mining solution?", "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840eb", "answers": [{"text": "Aspergillus niger", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?", "id": "57096cd6ed30961900e840ec", "answers": [{"text": "fungus Aspergillus", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pseudomonas fluorescens", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is the only compound that can mobilize solid copper?", "id": "5a8370d7e60761001a2eb707", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What fungi can speak in copper metalliferous soils?", "id": "5a8370d7e60761001a2eb708", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Suillus luteus", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What fungus makes pine trees vulnerable to copper toxicity?", "id": "5a8370d7e60761001a2eb709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aspergillus niger", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What fungus grows from diamond mining solution?", "id": "5a8370d7e60761001a2eb70a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fungus Aspergillus niger", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What fungus helps to toxify heavy metal sulfides?", "id": "5a8370d7e60761001a2eb70b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides."}], ["Kebanyakan tembaga ditambang atau diekstrak sebagai sulfida tembaga dari lombong terbuka besar di dalam deposit tembaga porfiri yang mengandungi tembaga 0.4 hingga 1.0%. Contohnya termasuk Chuquicamata di Chile, Lombong Bingham Canyon di Utah, Amerika Syarikat dan El Chino Mine di New Mexico, Amerika Syarikat. Menurut Kajian Geologi British, pada tahun 2005, Chile merupakan pengeluar tembaga utama dengan sekurang-kurangnya satu pertiga bahagian dunia yang diikuti oleh Amerika Syarikat, Indonesia dan Peru. Tembaga juga boleh dipulihkan melalui proses peleburan dalam-situ. Beberapa laman web di Arizona dianggap calon utama untuk kaedah ini. Jumlah penggunaan tembaga meningkat dan kuantiti yang tersedia hampir tidak mencukupi untuk membolehkan semua negara mencapai tahap penggunaan dunia yang maju. <> Dalam apa bentuk tembaga diekstrak? || tembaga sulfida <> Dari apa jenis lombong yang diekstrak tembaga? || lombong pit terbuka <> Apakah peratusan tembaga yang ada di dalam simpanan yang diekstrak? || 0.4 hingga 1.0% tembaga <> Apa negara pengeluar utama tembaga pada tahun 2005? || Chile <> Apakah nama proses yang dipertimbangkan di Arizona yang membolehkan tembaga dipulihkan? || proses pelupusan dalam-situ <> Apakah bentuk tembaga tersembunyi? || <> Apakah jenis lombong yang tidak kelihatan tembaga? || <> Apakah peratusan merkuri yang ada di dalam simpanan yang diekstrak? || <> Apa kampung yang merupakan pengeluar utama tembaga pada tahun 2005? || <> Apakah nama proses yang sedang dipertimbangkan di Australia yang membolehkan tembaga dipulihkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what form is copper extracted?", "id": "570978be200fba1400368039", "answers": [{"text": "copper sulfides", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what types of mines is copper extracted?", "id": "570978be200fba140036803a", "answers": [{"text": "open pit mines", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?", "id": "570978be200fba140036803b", "answers": [{"text": "0.4 to 1.0% copper", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?", "id": "570978be200fba140036803c", "answers": [{"text": "Chile", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?", "id": "570978be200fba140036803d", "answers": [{"text": "in-situ leach process", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper sulfides", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What form is copper hidden?", "id": "5a8356aae60761001a2eb5c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "open pit mines", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What types of mines is copper invisible?", "id": "5a8356aae60761001a2eb5ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.4 to 1.0%", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What percentage of mercury do the deposits have that are extracted?", "id": "5a8356aae60761001a2eb5cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chile", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What village was the top producer of copper in 2005?", "id": "5a8356aae60761001a2eb5cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in-situ leach process", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What is the name of the process being considered in Australia that allows copper to be recovered?", "id": "5a8356aae60761001a2eb5cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage."}], ["Kekonduksian tembaga yang lebih besar berbanding logam lain meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga elektrik motor. Ini penting kerana motor dan sistem yang didorong oleh motor menyumbang 43% -46% daripada semua penggunaan elektrik global dan 69% daripada semua elektrik yang digunakan oleh industri. Meningkatkan jisim dan keratan rentas tembaga dalam gegelung meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga elektrik motor. Rotor motor tembaga, teknologi baru yang direka untuk aplikasi motor di mana penjimatan tenaga adalah objektif reka bentuk utama, membolehkan motor induksi tujuan umum memenuhi dan melangkaui piawaian kecekapan premium Persatuan Pengilang Elektrik Kebangsaan (NEMA). <> Apa harta tembaga meningkatkan kecekapan motor elektrik? || kekonduksian <> Berapakah peratusan penggunaan elektrik yang menggunakan sistem motor secara global? || 43% -46% <> Berapa peratus penggunaan elektrik yang digunakan oleh sistem motor dalam industri? || 69% <> Apa maksud NEMA singkatan? || Persatuan Pengilang Elektrik Kebangsaan <> Dengan menggunakan teknologi pemutar motor tembaga ia membenarkan industri melebihi standard apa? || standard kecekapan <> Apa harta tembaga runtuh kecekapan motor elektrik? || <> Sebanyak peratus penggunaan air menggunakan sistem motor secara global? || <> Sebanyak peratus penggunaan elektrik yang digunakan oleh sistem motor dalam kerahsiaan? || <> Apa maksud NEMA singkatan terhadap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?", "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb1", "answers": [{"text": "conductivity", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?", "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb2", "answers": [{"text": "43%-46%", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?", "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb3", "answers": [{"text": "69%", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym NEMA stand for?", "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb4", "answers": [{"text": "National Electrical Manufacturers Association", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?", "id": "57096ba1200fba1400367fb5", "answers": [{"text": "efficiency standards", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conductivity", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What property of copper ruins the efficiency of electrical motors?", "id": "5a836de2e60761001a2eb6c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "43%-46%", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What percentage of water consumption does motor systems use globally?", "id": "5a836de2e60761001a2eb6c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "69%", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in secrecy?", "id": "5a836de2e60761001a2eb6c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Electrical Manufacturers Association", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What does the acronym NEMA stand against?", "id": "5a836de2e60761001a2eb6c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards."}], ["Permukaan sentuhan tembaga-aloi mempunyai ciri-ciri intrinsik semulajadi untuk memusnahkan pelbagai mikroorganisma (contohnya, E. coli O157: H7, Staphylococcus aureus tahan methicillin (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, virus influenza A, adenovirus, dan kulat). Sekitar 355 aloi tembaga terbukti membunuh lebih daripada 99.9% bakteria penyebab penyakit dalam masa dua jam apabila dibersihkan secara berkala. Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat (EPA) telah meluluskan pendaftaran aloi tembaga sebagai \"bahan antimikroba dengan manfaat kesihatan awam,\" yang membolehkan pengeluar secara undang-undang membuat tuntutan mengenai faedah kesihatan awam yang positif terhadap produk yang dibuat dengan aloi tembaga antimikroba berdaftar. Di samping itu, EPA telah meluluskan senarai panjang produk tembaga antimikrob yang diperbuat daripada aloi ini, seperti bedrails, handrails, meja atas katil, sink, faucets, tombol pintu, perkakasan tandas, papan kekunci komputer, peralatan kelab kesihatan, pemegang troli membeli-belah , dsb. (untuk senarai produk yang komprehensif, lihat: Permukaan sentuhan tembaga-aloi antimikrobik # Produk yang diluluskan). Pintu gantung tembaga digunakan oleh hospital untuk mengurangkan pemindahan penyakit, dan penyakit Legionnaires ditindas oleh tiub tembaga dalam sistem paip. Produk aloi tembaga antimikrob kini dipasang di kemudahan penjagaan kesihatan di UK, Ireland, Jepun, Korea, Perancis, Denmark, dan Brazil [rujukan?] Dan sistem transit kereta bawah tanah di Santiago, Chile, di mana pegangan aloi tembaga-zink akan dipasang di sekitar 30 stesen antara 2011-2014. <> Apakah sifat intrinsik permukaan sentuhan tembaga-aloi? || antimikrobial <> 355 aloi tembaga telah terbukti membunuh berapa peratus bakteria? || 99.9% <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan EPA akronim? || Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar <> Berapa banyak aloi tembaga yang diluluskan oleh EPA sebagai bahan antimikroba? || 355 <> Apakah penyakit yang perlu dijangkiti oleh hospital dengan memasang doornobs tembaga? || Penyakit legionnaires <> Apakah sifat intrinsik permukaan sentuhan emas-aloi? || <> Apa yang ditentang EPA akronim? || <> Berapa banyak aloi tembaga yang EPA diharamkan sebagai bahan antimikroba? || <> Apakah penyakit yang perlu dijangkiti oleh hospital dengan memasang gerbang emas? || <> Apa yang tidak ada keupayaan untuk membunuh bakteria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?", "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410c", "answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?", "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410d", "answers": [{"text": "99.9%", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym EPA stand for?", "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410e", "answers": [{"text": "Environmental Protection Agency", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?", "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e8410f", "answers": [{"text": "355", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?", "id": "57096ee9ed30961900e84110", "answers": [{"text": "Legionnaires' disease", "answer_start": 1166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial", "answer_start": 688}], "question": "What is an intrinsic property of gold-alloy touch surfaces?", "id": "5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Environmental Protection Agency", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What does the acronym EPA oppose?", "id": "5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "355", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "How many copper alloys has the EPA banned as antimicrobial materials?", "id": "5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Legionnaires' disease", "answer_start": 1166}], "question": "What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing golden doorknobs?", "id": "5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper alloys", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "What has no ability to kill bacteria?", "id": "5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as \"antimicrobial materials with public health benefits,\" which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011\u20132014."}], ["Bersama dengan sesium dan emas (kedua-dua kuning), dan osmium (kebiruan), tembaga merupakan satu daripada empat logam asas dengan warna semulajadi selain daripada kelabu atau perak. Tembaga tulen adalah oren-merah dan memperoleh kemusnahan kemerahan apabila terkena udara. Warna ciri tembaga yang dihasilkan dari peralihan elektronik antara cangkang atom 3d dan setengah kosong yang dipenuhi - perbezaan tenaga antara cengkerang ini adalah seperti yang sepadan dengan cahaya oren. Mekanisme yang sama menyumbang kepada warna kuning emas dan sesium. <> Berapa banyak logam mempunyai warna semula jadi yang tidak berwarna kelabu? || empat <> warna apa tembaga murni? || oren-merah <> Apa gunanya tembaga apabila terkena udara? || kemerahan kemerahan <> Perbezaan tenaga di antara kerang atom 3d dan setengah kosong 4s yang sepadan sepadan dengan warna cahaya apa? || cahaya oren <> Warna apa warna cesium logam? || kuning <> Berapa banyak biji pasir mempunyai warna semulajadi yang tidak berwarna kelabu? || <> Apa warna tembaga palsu? || <> Apakah tembaga cahaya apabila terkena udara? || <> Apa warna cesium planet? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?", "id": "57098edded30961900e8430e", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color is pure copper?", "id": "57098edded30961900e8430f", "answers": [{"text": "orange-red", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does copper aquire when exposed to air?", "id": "57098edded30961900e84310", "answers": [{"text": "reddish tarnish", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?", "id": "57098edded30961900e84311", "answers": [{"text": "orange light", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color is the metal caesium?", "id": "57098edded30961900e84312", "answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "How many grains of sand have a natural color that isn't gray?", "id": "5a835042e60761001a2eb565", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "orange-red", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What color is fake copper?", "id": "5a835042e60761001a2eb566", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reddish tarnish", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What does copper glow when exposed to air?", "id": "5a835042e60761001a2eb567", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What color is the planet caesium?", "id": "5a835042e60761001a2eb568", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells \u2013 the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light. The same mechanism accounts for the yellow color of gold and caesium."}], ["Aloi tembaga dan nikel, yang dipanggil cupronickel, digunakan dalam duit syiling denominasi rendah, selalunya untuk pelapisan luar. Koin 5 sen AS yang dipanggil nikel terdiri daripada 75% tembaga dan 25% nikel dan mempunyai komposisi homogen. Aloi yang terdiri daripada 90% tembaga dan nikel 10% adalah luar biasa kerana ketahanannya terhadap kakisan dan digunakan di pelbagai bahagian yang terdedah kepada air laut. Paduan tembaga dengan aluminium (kira-kira 7%) mempunyai warna emas yang menyenangkan dan digunakan dalam hiasan. Sesetengah solder bebas timbalan terdiri daripada bijih timah dengan sebilangan kecil tembaga dan logam lain. <> Apakah aloi tembaga dan nikel dipanggil? || cupronickel <> apakah aloi tembaga dan nikel yang digunakan? || koin denominasi rendah <> Apakah komposisi logam nikel AS? || 75% tembaga dan 25% nikel <> Apa harta luar biasa yang diperbuat daripada aloi 90% tembaga dan nikel 10%? || rintangan kepada kakisan <> Warna apa yang dicipta apabila aloi tembaga dan aluminium digabungkan? || emas <> Apakah cecair tembaga dan nikel dipanggil? || <> Apakah cecair tembaga dan nikel tidak digunakan? || <> Apakah komposisi kayu nikel AS? || <> Apa harta tanah biasa yang diperbuat daripada aloi yang mengandungi 90% tembaga dan 10% nikel? || <> Warna apa yang dicipta apabila aloi tembaga dan aluminium terpisah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?", "id": "5709867b200fba1400368143", "answers": [{"text": "cupronickel", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?", "id": "5709867b200fba1400368144", "answers": [{"text": "low-denomination coins", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the metal composition of a US nickel?", "id": "5709867b200fba1400368145", "answers": [{"text": "75% copper and 25% nickel", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?", "id": "5709867b200fba1400368146", "answers": [{"text": "resistance to corrosion", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?", "id": "5709867b200fba1400368147", "answers": [{"text": "golden", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cupronickel", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What is the liquid of copper and nickel called?", "id": "5a836094e60761001a2eb62f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "low-denomination coins", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is the liquid of copper and nickel never used for?", "id": "5a836094e60761001a2eb630", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "75% copper and 25% nickel", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What is the wood composition of a US nickel?", "id": "5a836094e60761001a2eb631", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "resistance to corrosion", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What mundane property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?", "id": "5a836094e60761001a2eb632", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "golden", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are apart?", "id": "5a836094e60761001a2eb633", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals."}], ["Penggunaan tembaga pertama Britain berlaku sekitar abad ke-3 SM. Di Amerika Utara, perlombongan tembaga bermula dengan kerja-kerja kecil oleh Orang Asli Amerika. Tembaga asli diketahui telah diekstrak dari tapak di Isle Royale dengan alat-alat batu primitif antara 800 dan 1600. Metalurgi tembaga berkembang di Amerika Selatan, terutamanya di Peru sekitar 1000 AD; ia berjalan pada kadar yang lebih perlahan di benua lain. Perhiasan pengebumian tembaga dari abad ke-15 telah ditemui, tetapi pengeluaran komersial logam tidak bermula sehingga awal abad ke-20. <> Bilakah Inggeris mula menggunakan tembaga dahulu? || 3-ke-2 SM <> Siapa pelombong tembaga pertama di Amerika Utara? || Orang Asli Amerika <> Di mana tembaga asli diekstrak dengan alat primitif antara 800 dan 1600? || Isle Royale <> Negara mana yang mempunyai pengeluaran tembaga yang kuat pada 1000 AD || Peru <> Kapan pengeluaran komersil tembaga bermula? || awal abad ke-20 <> Bilakah Britain mengharamkan penggunaan tembaga? || <> Siapa satu-satunya penambang tembaga di Amerika Utara? || <> Di manakah tembaga asli tersembunyi dengan alat primitif antara 800 dan 1600? || <> Negara apa yang menghentikan pengeluaran tembaga yang kukuh pada 1000 AD? || <> Bilakah pengeluaran komersil tembaga berakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Britain first use brass?", "id": "5709828fed30961900e84244", "answers": [{"text": "3rd\u20132nd century BC", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the first copper miners in North America?", "id": "5709828fed30961900e84245", "answers": [{"text": "Native Americans", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?", "id": "5709828fed30961900e84246", "answers": [{"text": "Isle Royale", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD", "id": "5709828fed30961900e84247", "answers": [{"text": "Peru", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did commercial production of copper begin?", "id": "5709828fed30961900e84248", "answers": [{"text": "early 20th century", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3rd\u20132nd century BC", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "When did Britain ban use of brass?", "id": "5a836aeee60761001a2eb68b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Native Americans", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "Who were the only copper miners in North America?", "id": "5a836aeee60761001a2eb68c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isle Royale", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Where was native copper hidden with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?", "id": "5a836aeee60761001a2eb68d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peru", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "What country stopped a strong copper production in 1000 AD?", "id": "5a836aeee60761001a2eb68e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 20th century", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "When did commercial production of copper end?", "id": "5a836aeee60761001a2eb68f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd\u20132nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century."}], ["Patina hijau semula jadi tersendiri logam telah lama diimbas oleh arkitek dan pereka. Patina akhir adalah lapisan yang sangat tahan lama yang sangat tahan terhadap kakisan atmosfera, dengan demikian melindungi logam yang mendasari daripada berlakunya cuaca. Ia boleh menjadi campuran sebatian karbonat dan sulfat dalam pelbagai jumlah, bergantung kepada keadaan persekitaran seperti hujan asid yang mengandungi sulfur. Tembaga seni bina dan aloinya juga boleh 'selesai' untuk memulakan rupa, rasa, dan warna tertentu. Kemasan termasuk rawatan permukaan mekanikal, pewarna kimia, dan pelapis. <> Apa warna pigmen yang semula jadi dengan tembaga? || hijau <> Apa harta patina akhir pada koperasi? || sangat tahan terhadap kakisan atmosfera <> Apakah campuran sebatian adalah patina akhir? || karbonat dan sulfat <> Apakah keadaan yang mempengaruhi campuran karbonat dan sulfat dalam tembaga? || alam sekitar <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk tembaga untuk melihatnya? || selesai <> Warna pigmen apa yang tembaga palsu? || <> Apa harta yang patina akhir pada tembaga dihindari? || <> Apakah pemisahan sebatian adalah patina akhir? || <> Keadaan apa yang tidak mempengaruhi campuran karbonat dan sulfat dalam tembaga? || <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk gula untuk memberikan rupa tertentu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What pigment color is natural to copper?", "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368091", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What property does the final patina on cooper have?", "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368092", "answers": [{"text": "highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mixture of compounds is the final patina?", "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368093", "answers": [{"text": "carbonate and sulfate", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?", "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368094", "answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?", "id": "57097f5e200fba1400368095", "answers": [{"text": "finished", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What pigment color is fake copper?", "id": "5a836eeee60761001a2eb6d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What property does the final patina on copper avoid?", "id": "5a836eeee60761001a2eb6d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate and sulfate", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "What separation of compounds is the final patina?", "id": "5a836eeee60761001a2eb6d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What conditions have no influence on the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?", "id": "5a836eeee60761001a2eb6da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "finished", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "What can be done to sugar to give it a certain look?", "id": "5a836eeee60761001a2eb6db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings."}], ["Kuantiti gram pelbagai garam tembaga telah diambil dalam cubaan bunuh diri dan menghasilkan ketoksikan tembaga akut pada manusia, mungkin disebabkan oleh berbasikal redoks dan penjanaan spesies oksigen reaktif yang merosakkan DNA. Jumlah garam tembaga (30 mg / kg) adalah toksik pada haiwan. Nilai pemakanan minimum untuk pertumbuhan yang sihat dalam arnab telah dilaporkan adalah sekurang-kurangnya 3 ppm dalam diet. Walau bagaimanapun, kepekatan tembaga yang lebih tinggi (100 ppm, 200 ppm, atau 500 ppm) dalam diet arnab boleh mempengaruhi kecekapan penukaran makanan, kadar pertumbuhan, dan persilangan berpakaian karkas. <> Apakah garam tembaga kadangkala digunakan? || cubaan bunuh diri <> Apabila tertelan dalam jumlah yang besar apa garam tembaga menghasilkan pada manusia? || ketoksikan tembaga <> Berapakah jumlah minimum kelinci tembaga dalam diet mereka? || 3 ppm <> Apakah faedah utama kepada arnab mempunyai kepekatan tembaga yang lebih tinggi dalam diet mereka? || kadar pertumbuhan <> Berapa garam tembaga beracun pada haiwan? || 30 mg / kg <> Apakah lada tembaga kadangkala digunakan? || <> Apabila ditelan dalam jumlah kecil apa garam tembaga menghasilkan pada manusia? || <> Berapakah jumlah minimum naga kuprum dalam diet mereka? || <> Apakah manfaat utama kepada naga yang mempunyai konsentrasi tembaga lebih tinggi dalam diet mereka? || <> Jumlah garam tembaga beracun dalam robot? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are copper salts sometimes used for?", "id": "57098140200fba14003680cb", "answers": [{"text": "suicide attempts", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?", "id": "57098140200fba14003680cc", "answers": [{"text": "copper toxicity", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?", "id": "57098140200fba14003680cd", "answers": [{"text": "3 ppm", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?", "id": "57098140200fba14003680ce", "answers": [{"text": "growth rates", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?", "id": "57098140200fba14003680cf", "answers": [{"text": "30 mg/kg", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "suicide attempts", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What are copper peppers sometimes used for?", "id": "5a8371c6e60761001a2eb71b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper toxicity", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "When ingested in small amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?", "id": "5a8371c6e60761001a2eb71c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3 ppm", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What is the minimum amount of copper dragons should have in their diet?", "id": "5a8371c6e60761001a2eb71d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "growth rates", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What is a major benefit to dragons having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?", "id": "5a8371c6e60761001a2eb71e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30 mg/kg", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What amount of copper salt is toxic in robots?", "id": "5a8371c6e60761001a2eb71f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages."}], ["Tembaga merupakan elemen penting dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan, tetapi tidak beberapa mikroorganisma. Tubuh manusia mengandungi tembaga pada tahap kira-kira 1.4 hingga 2.1 mg per kg jisim badan. Nyatakan berbeza, RDA untuk tembaga dalam orang dewasa yang sihat biasa dipetik sebagai 0.97 mg / hari dan sebagai 3.0 mg / hari. Tembaga diserap dalam usus, kemudian diangkut ke hati yang terikat pada albumin. Selepas pemprosesan di hati, tembaga diagihkan ke tisu lain dalam fasa kedua. Pengangkutan tembaga di sini melibatkan ceruloplasmin protein, yang membawa sebahagian besar tembaga dalam darah. Ceruloplasmin juga membawa tembaga yang diekskresikan dalam susu, dan diserap dengan baik sebagai sumber tembaga. Tembaga dalam badan biasanya mengalami peredaran enterohepatic (kira-kira 5 mg sehari, berbanding kira-kira 1 mg sehari diserap dalam pemakanan dan dikeluarkan daripada badan), dan tubuh dapat mengeluarkan beberapa tembaga berlebihan, jika diperlukan, melalui hempedu, yang membawa beberapa tembaga keluar dari hati yang tidak kemudian diserap semula oleh usus. <> Apakah tahap tembaga dalam tubuh manusia? || 1.4 hingga 2.1 mg per kg jisim badan <> Bagaimana tembaga diserap pada manusia? || di dalam usus <> Apa tembaga terikat dengan apabila ia dihantar ke hati? || albumin <> Apa protein yang membawa sebahagian besar tembaga dalam darah? || Ceruloplasmin <> Bagaimana tubuh dapat menghilangkan kelebihan tembaga? || melalui empedu <> Apakah tahap tembaga dalam emas? || <> Bagaimana tembaga digambarkan pada manusia? || <> Apakah tembaga terikat apabila ia dihantar ke otak? || <> Apa pahlawan yang membawa sebahagian besar tembaga dalam darah? || <> Bagaimana pasir menghilangkan tembaga berlebihan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the level of copper in the human body?", "id": "57098b07200fba1400368175", "answers": [{"text": "1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is copper absorbed in humans?", "id": "57098b07200fba1400368176", "answers": [{"text": "in the gut", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?", "id": "57098b07200fba1400368177", "answers": [{"text": "albumin", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?", "id": "57098b07200fba1400368178", "answers": [{"text": "Ceruloplasmin", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can the body get rid of excess copper?", "id": "57098b07200fba1400368179", "answers": [{"text": "via bile", "answer_start": 889}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What is the level of copper in gold?", "id": "5a837151e60761001a2eb711", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the gut", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "How is copper reflected in humans?", "id": "5a837151e60761001a2eb712", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "albumin", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What is copper bound with when it is sent to the brain?", "id": "5a837151e60761001a2eb713", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ceruloplasmin", "answer_start": 556}], "question": "What hero carries the majority of copper in blood?", "id": "5a837151e60761001a2eb714", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "via bile", "answer_start": 889}], "question": "How can the sand get rid of excess copper?", "id": "5a837151e60761001a2eb715", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine."}], ["Terdapat 29 isotop tembaga. 63Cu dan 65Cu stabil, dengan 63Cu yang terdiri daripada kira-kira 69% daripada tembaga semulajadi; mereka berdua mempunyai putaran 3/2. Isotop lain adalah radioaktif, dengan yang paling stabil ialah 67Cu dengan separuh hayat 61.83 jam. Tujuh isotop metastabil telah dicirikan, dengan 68mCu yang paling lama hidup dengan separuh hayat 3.8 minit. Isotop dengan nombor massa di atas 64 pereputan oleh \u03b2-, sedangkan mereka yang mempunyai nombor massa di bawah 64 pereputan oleh \u03b2 +. 64Cu, yang mempunyai separuh hayat 12.7 jam, mereput kedua-dua cara. <> Berapa banyak isotop yang terdapat di tembaga? || 29 <> Apakah dua isotop stabil koperasi? || 63Cu dan 65Cu <> Isotop mana yang membentuk kira-kira 69% tembaga semulajadi? || 63Cu <> Apakah separuh hayat isotop tembaga 68mCu? || 3.8 minit <> Apakah separuh hayat isotop tembaga 67Cu? || 61.83 jam <> Berapa banyak isotop yang hilang dalam tembaga? || <> Apakah dua isotop tembaga berbahaya? || <> Isotop mana yang membentuk kira-kira 74% tembaga semulajadi? || <> Apakah separuh hayat isotop 68mCu ghaib? || <> Apakah tempoh orbital isotop tembaga 67Cu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many isotopes are there of copper?", "id": "5709844f200fba1400368107", "answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?", "id": "5709844f200fba1400368108", "answers": [{"text": "63Cu and 65Cu", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?", "id": "5709844f200fba1400368109", "answers": [{"text": "63Cu", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?", "id": "5709844f200fba140036810a", "answers": [{"text": "3.8 minutes", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?", "id": "5709844f200fba140036810b", "answers": [{"text": "61.83 hours", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "How many isotopes are missing in copper?", "id": "5a83518ce60761001a2eb56d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "63Cu and 65Cu", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What are the two dangerous isotopes of copper?", "id": "5a83518ce60761001a2eb56e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "63Cu", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Which isotope makes up about 74% of natural copper?", "id": "5a83518ce60761001a2eb56f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3.8 minutes", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What is the half life of the supernatural isotope 68mCu?", "id": "5a83518ce60761001a2eb570", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "61.83 hours", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What is the orbital period of the copper isotope 67Cu?", "id": "5a83518ce60761001a2eb571", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3\u20442. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by \u03b2\u2212, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by \u03b2+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways."}], ["Poliol, sebatian yang mengandungi lebih daripada satu kumpulan berfungsi alkohol, secara amnya berinteraksi dengan garam cuprik. Sebagai contoh, garam tembaga digunakan untuk menguji untuk mengurangkan gula. Secara khusus, dengan menggunakan reagen Benedict dan penyelesaian Fehling kehadiran gula itu ditandakan oleh perubahan warna dari Cu (II) biru kepada kemerahan tembaga (I) oksida. Reagen dan kompleks berkaitan Schweizer dengan etilenediamine dan amina lain membubarkan selulosa. Asid amino membentuk kompleks chelate yang sangat stabil dengan tembaga (II). Banyak ujian basah kimia untuk ion-ion tembaga wujud, satu yang melibatkan kalium ferrocyanide, yang memberikan endapan coklat dengan garam tembaga (II). <> Apakah nama componds yang mempunyai lebih daripada satu kumpulan berfungsi alkohol? || Polyols <> Apakah garam tembaga digunakan untuk menguji? || Mengurangkan gula <> Bagaimana kehadiran gula yang ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan reagen Benedict dan Fehling? || Perubahan warna <> Apa warna garam tembaga bertukar menggunakan reagen Benedict dan penyelesaian Fehling jika gula hadir? || merah <> Apa reagen Schweizer dibubarkan? || selulosa <> Apakah nama sebatian yang tidak mempunyai kumpulan berfungsi alkohol? || <> Apakah garam tembaga digunakan untuk membakar? || <> Bagaimana kehadiran gula tersembunyi dengan menggunakan reagen Benedict dan penyelesaian Fehling? || <> Apakah warna garam tembaga bertukar menggunakan reagen Benedict dan penyelesaian Fehling jika terdapat habuk? || <> Apa reagen Schweizer? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?", "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a4", "answers": [{"text": "Polyols", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are copper salts used to test?", "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a5", "answers": [{"text": "reducing sugars", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?", "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a6", "answers": [{"text": "color change", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?", "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a7", "answers": [{"text": "reddish", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?", "id": "5709880eed30961900e842a8", "answers": [{"text": "cellulose", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Polyols", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of the compounds that have no alcohol functional group?", "id": "5a836387e60761001a2eb64d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reducing sugars", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What are copper salts used to burn?", "id": "5a836387e60761001a2eb64e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "color change", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "How is the presence of sugar hidden by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?", "id": "5a836387e60761001a2eb64f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reddish", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if dust is present?", "id": "5a836387e60761001a2eb650", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cellulose", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What does Schweizer's reagent grow?", "id": "5a836387e60761001a2eb651", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts."}], ["Kepekatan tembaga dalam bijih purata hanya 0.6%, dan kebanyakan bijih komersial adalah sulfida, terutamanya kalkopirit (CuFeS2) dan lebih rendah daripada chalcocite (Cu2S). Galian-galian ini tertumpu dari bijih dihancurkan ke tahap 10-15% tembaga oleh pengapuran bau atau bioleaching. Pemanasan bahan ini dengan silika dalam peleburan kilat menghilangkan banyak besi sebagai sanga. Proses ini mengeksploitasi kemudahan yang lebih besar untuk menukar sulfida besi ke dalam oksidanya, yang kemudian bereaksi dengan silika untuk membentuk sanga silikat, yang mengapung di atas massa yang dipanaskan. Matte tembaga yang dihasilkan yang terdiri daripada Cu2S kemudian dipanggang untuk menukar semua sulfida ke dalam oksida: <> Apakah kepekatan purata tembaga dalam bijih? || 0.6% <> Apa itu bijih komersial? || sulfida <> Apa pemanasan bahan bijih tembaga dengan silika keluarkan? || besi <> Apa yang berlaku kepada sanga silikat semasa proses peleburan kilat? || mengapung di atas <> Apa yang diubah suai oleh sulfida selepas matte tembaga dipanggang? || oksida <> Apakah kepekatan purata tembaga dalam lubang? || <> Apa yang paling bijih palsu? || <> Apakah pembekuan bahan bijih tembaga dengan silika keluarkan? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada sanga silikat semasa proses pembekuan flash? || <> Apa yang diubah suai oleh sulfida selepas matte tembaga dibekukan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the average concentration of copper in ores?", "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e0", "answers": [{"text": "0.6%", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are most commercial ores?", "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e1", "answers": [{"text": "sulfides", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?", "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e2", "answers": [{"text": "iron", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?", "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e3", "answers": [{"text": "floats on top", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?", "id": "57098d1bed30961900e842e4", "answers": [{"text": "oxides", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.6%", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What is the average concentration of copper in holes?", "id": "5a8359d6e60761001a2eb5fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sulfides", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "What are most fake ores?", "id": "5a8359d6e60761001a2eb5fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iron", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What does freezing copper ore materials with silica remove?", "id": "5a8359d6e60761001a2eb5ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "floats on top", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "What happens to the silicate slag during the flash freezing process?", "id": "5a8359d6e60761001a2eb600", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oxides", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is frozen?", "id": "5a8359d6e60761001a2eb601", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10\u201315% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:"}], ["Menggabungkan tembaga dengan timah untuk membuat gangsa mula diamalkan kira-kira 4000 tahun selepas penemuan peleburan tembaga, dan kira-kira 2000 tahun selepas \"gangsa semulajadi\" telah digunakan secara umum [rujukan?]. Artefak tembaga dari zaman budaya Vin\u010da hingga 4500 SM. Artifak Sumeria dan Mesir tembaga dan aloi tembaga tarikh 3000 SM. Zaman Gangsa bermula di Eropah Tenggara sekitar 3700-3300 SM, di Eropah Barat Laut kira-kira 2500 SM. Ia berakhir dengan permulaan Zaman Besi, 2000-1000 SM di Timur Dekat, 600 SM di Eropah Utara. Peralihan antara zaman Neolitik dan Zaman Gangsa dahulu disebut zaman Chalcolithic (tembaga-batu), dengan alat tembaga yang digunakan dengan alat batu. Istilah ini secara beransur-ansur tidak dapat dielakkan kerana di beberapa bahagian dunia, Chalcolithic dan Neolithic berada di kedua-dua hujungnya. Tembaga, aloi tembaga dan zink, adalah asal yang lebih baru. Ia dikenali kepada orang Yunani, tetapi menjadi tambahan penting kepada gangsa semasa Empayar Rom. <> Apa yang bermula kira-kira 4000 tahun selepas peleburan tembaga ditemui? || Alloy tembaga dengan bijih timah untuk membuat gangsa <> Apakah data pertama artifak Bronze dari budaya Vinca? || 4500 SM <> Kapan Zaman Gangsa bermula di Eropah Tenggara? || 3700-3300 SM <> Apakah peralihan antara tempoh Neolitik dan zaman perunggu dipanggil? || Chalcolithic <> Apakah aloi tembaga dan zink? || Brass <> Apa yang bermula kira-kira 3000 tahun selepas peleburan tembaga ditemui? || <> Apakah data pertama artifak Platinum dari budaya Vinca? || <> Bilakah Zaman Perak bermula di Eropah Tenggara? || <> Apakah peralihan antara tempoh Neolitik dan zaman perak dipanggil? || <> Apakah aloi tembaga dan tembaga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?", "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816b", "answers": [{"text": "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?", "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816c", "answers": [{"text": "4500 BC", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?", "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816d", "answers": [{"text": "3700\u20133300 BC", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?", "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816e", "answers": [{"text": "Chalcolithic", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an alloy of copper and zinc?", "id": "57098a0b200fba140036816f", "answers": [{"text": "Brass", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What started about 3000 years after copper smelting was discovered?", "id": "5a836761e60761001a2eb677", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4500 BC", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What are the first datings of Platinum artifacts from the Vinca culture?", "id": "5a836761e60761001a2eb678", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3700\u20133300 BC", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "When did the Silver Age begin in Southeastern Europe?", "id": "5a836761e60761001a2eb679", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chalcolithic", "answer_start": 798}], "question": "What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the silver age called?", "id": "5a836761e60761001a2eb67a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zinc", "answer_start": 885}], "question": "What is an alloy of copper and brass?", "id": "5a836761e60761001a2eb67b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vin\u010da culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700\u20133300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000\u20131000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire."}], ["Tembaga telah digunakan sejak zaman purba sebagai bahan seni bina tahan tahan, tahan karat, dan cuaca. Atap, kilasan, lintasan hujan, kawasan bawah tanah, kubah, spiers, peti besi dan pintu telah dibuat dari tembaga untuk beratus-ratus atau ribuan tahun. Penggunaan seni bina tembaga telah diperluaskan pada zaman moden untuk memasukkan pelapisan dinding dalaman dan luaran, bangunan sendi pengembangan, pelindung frekuensi radio, dan produk dalaman antimikrobial, seperti lekapan menarik, lekapan bilik mandi, dan kaunter lawan. Beberapa manfaat penting lain tembaga sebagai bahan seni bina termasuk pergerakan termal yang rendah, berat ringan, perlindungan kilat, dan kitar semulanya. <> Apa yang telah digunakan tembaga sejak zaman dahulu? || bahan seni bina <> Pada kebelakangan ini, apakah satu tembaga penggunaan dalaman telah diperluaskan untuk dimasukkan? || produk dalaman antimikrobial <> Apakah manfaat penting untuk menggunakan tembaga sebagai bahan seni bina? || pergerakan terma rendah <> Berapa lamakah tembaga telah digunakan dalam pembinaan bangunan? || beratus-ratus atau beribu-ribu tahun <> Apakah faedah menggunakan tembaga untuk perkara-perkara seperti top counter dan rel tangan? || antimikrobial <> Apa yang telah dielakkan tembaga sejak zaman dahulu? || <> Apakah satu tembaga penggunaan dalaman telah dilarang untuk dimasukkan? || <> Apakah bahaya penting untuk menggunakan tembaga sebagai bahan seni bina? || <> Berapa lamakah tembaga telah diharamkan dalam pembinaan bangunan? || <> Apakah bahaya menggunakan tembaga untuk perkara-perkara seperti top counter dan rel tangan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has copper been used for since ancient times?", "id": "570990baed30961900e84338", "answers": [{"text": "architectural material", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?", "id": "570990baed30961900e84339", "answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial indoor products", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?", "id": "570990baed30961900e8433a", "answers": [{"text": "low thermal movement", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long has copper been used in building construction?", "id": "570990baed30961900e8433b", "answers": [{"text": "hundreds or thousands of years", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?", "id": "570990baed30961900e8433c", "answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "architectural material", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What has copper been avoided as since ancient times?", "id": "5a836e5fe60761001a2eb6cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial indoor products", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What is one interior use copper has been forbidden to include?", "id": "5a836e5fe60761001a2eb6ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "low thermal movement", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "What is an important danger to using copper as an architectural material?", "id": "5a836e5fe60761001a2eb6cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hundreds or thousands of years", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "How long has copper been banned in building construction?", "id": "5a836e5fe60761001a2eb6d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antimicrobial", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What is the danger to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?", "id": "5a836e5fe60761001a2eb6d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability."}]], [["Di peringkat umum, psikologi diri terpaksa menyiasat persoalan bagaimana diri diri itu berkaitan dengan persekitaran sosial. Setakat teori-teori ini menempatkan diri mereka dalam tradisi \"psikologi\" psikologi sosial, mereka menumpukan pada menerangkan tindakan individu dalam kumpulan dari segi peristiwa mental dan negara. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa teori psikologi sosial \"sosiologi\" pergi lebih jauh dengan cuba menangani isu identiti di kedua-dua tahap kognisi individu dan tingkah laku kolektif. <> Psikologi diri terpaksa menyiasat bagaimana diri peribadi berkaitan dengan apa? || persekitaran sosial <> Apa dua faktor yang difokuskan apabila menerangkan tindakan individu dalam kumpulan? || peristiwa mental dan menyatakan <> Apakah kognisi individu dan tingkah laku kolektif adalah tahap? || identiti <> Apa yang dipaksa untuk menyiasat bagaimana diri sosial berkaitan dengan persekitaran sosial? || <> Apa dua faktor yang difokuskan untuk menerangkan tindakan individu terhadap kumpulan? || <> Apakah kognisi kolektif dan tahap kelakuan individu? || <> Apa yang menumpukan pada menerangkan tindakan kumpulan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?", "id": "570964d4ed30961900e8407c", "answers": [{"text": "the social environment", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?", "id": "570964d4ed30961900e8407d", "answers": [{"text": "mental events and states", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?", "id": "570964d4ed30961900e8407e", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self-psychology", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is compelled to investigate how social self relates to the social environment?", "id": "5a1492c8a54d420018529259", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mental events and states", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What two factors are focused on explaining an individual's actions towards a group?", "id": "5a1492c8a54d42001852925a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 452}], "question": "What are collective cognition and individual behavior levels of?", "id": "5a1492c8a54d42001852925b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What focuses on explaining the group's actions? ", "id": "5a1492c8a54d42001852925c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of \"psychological\" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some \"sociological\" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior."}], ["Paradigma status identiti \"Neo-Eriksonian\" muncul pada tahun-tahun kemudian [ketika?], Didorong sebahagian besarnya oleh karya James Marcia. Paradigma ini memberi tumpuan kepada konsep eksplorasi dan komitmen berkembar. Idea utama ialah rasa identiti setiap individu ditentukan secara besar-besaran oleh penjelajahan dan komitmen yang dibuatnya mengenai sifat peribadi dan sosial tertentu. Ini bererti bahawa teras penyelidikan dalam paradigma ini menyiasat darjah yang mana seseorang telah membuat penerokaan tertentu, dan sejauh mana dia memperlihatkan komitmen terhadap penerokaan tersebut. <> Apa paradigma status identiti muncul akibat karya James Marcia? || Neo-Eriksonian <> Paradigma status identiti Neo-Eriksonian menumpukan pada konsep kembar apa? || penerokaan dan komitmen <> Dalam paradigma status identiti Neo-Eriksonian, penerokaan dan komitmen menentukan apa yang sebahagian besarnya? || identiti identiti mana-mana individu <> Apakah status identiti muncul awal? || <> Status identiti neo-Eriksonian berdasarkan konsep yang menentang? || <> Apa yang ditentukan terutamanya oleh penerokaan dan komitmen yang dibuat oleh seseorang terhadap kumpulan tertentu? || <> Eksplorasi dan komitmen terhadap apa yang menentukan identiti sosial seseorang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?", "id": "57096d4bed30961900e840f2", "answers": [{"text": "Neo-Eriksonian", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?", "id": "57096d4bed30961900e840f3", "answers": [{"text": "exploration and commitment", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?", "id": "57096d4bed30961900e840f4", "answers": [{"text": "any individual's sense of identity", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Neo-Eriksonian", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What identity status emerged very early on?", "id": "5a1476c4c8eab200188dca47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exploration and commitment", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "The neo-Eriksonian identity status is based on what opposing concepts?", "id": "5a1476c4c8eab200188dca48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "any individual's sense of identity", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What is determined largely by the exploration and commitments that one makes regarding certain groups?", "id": "5a1476c4c8eab200188dca49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "certain personal and social traits", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Exploration and commitment of what determine a person's social identity?", "id": "5a1476c4c8eab200188dca4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The \"Neo-Eriksonian\" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?], driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment. The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the explorations and commitments that he or she makes regarding certain personal and social traits. It follows that the core of the research in this paradigm investigates the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations, and the degree to which he or she displays a commitment to those explorations."}], ["Ahli antropologi paling kerap menggunakan istilah 'identiti' untuk merujuk kepada gagasan tentang diri sendiri dengan cara Eriksonian yang longgar (Erikson 1972) berdasarkan keunikan dan keperibadian yang membuat seseorang berbeza dari orang lain. Identiti menjadi lebih menarik kepada ahli antropologi dengan kemunculan kebimbangan moden dengan etnik dan pergerakan sosial pada tahun 1970-an. Ini diperkuat dengan penghargaan, mengikuti trend pemikiran sosiologi, cara individu dipengaruhi dan menyumbang kepada konteks sosial keseluruhan. Pada masa yang sama, pendekatan Eriksonian terhadap identiti masih berkuatkuasa, dengan hasilnya identiti telah diteruskan sehingga baru-baru ini digunakan dalam cara sosio-sejarah yang bersejarah untuk merujuk kepada sifat-sifat kesamaan berkaitan dengan hubungan seseorang dengan orang lain dan kumpulan orang tertentu. <> Apa istilah yang digunakan oleh antropologi untuk merujuk kepada gagasan Eriksonian tentang keagungan? || identiti <> Keprihatinan moden dengan etnik dan pergerakan sosial pada tahun 1970 mengetuai kumpulan apa yang lebih berminat dengan identiti? || antropologi <> Sehingga baru-baru ini, pendekatan apa yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada sifat-sifat yang bersamaan berkaitan dengan hubungan seseorang dengan orang lain? || pendekatan Eriksonian", {"qas": [{"question": "What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?", "id": "570966c3ed30961900e840aa", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?", "id": "570966c3ed30961900e840ab", "answers": [{"text": "anthropologists", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?", "id": "570966c3ed30961900e840ac", "answers": [{"text": "the Eriksonian approach", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall social context. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people."}], ["Walaupun diri itu berbeza dari identiti, sastera psikologi diri dapat memberikan gambaran tentang bagaimana identitasnya dikekalkan (Cote & Levin 2002, halaman 24). Dari sudut psikologi diri, terdapat dua bidang yang menarik: proses-proses yang membentuk diri (\"I\"), dan kandungan sebenar skema yang membentuk konsep diri (\"Saya\") . Dalam bidang yang kedua, para ahli teori telah menunjukkan minat dalam menghubungkan konsep diri dengan harga diri, perbezaan antara cara yang kompleks dan mudah untuk mengurus pengetahuan diri, dan hubungan antara prinsip-prinsip penganjuran dan pemprosesan maklumat (Cote & Levin 2002 ). <> Apa yang berbeza daripada diri sendiri? || identiti <> Apa yang bolehkah kesusasteraan psikologi diri menawarkan? || bagaimana identiti dikekalkan <> Apa yang ahli teori menunjukkan kepentingan dalam berkaitan dengan konsep diri? || harga diri <> The I dan the Me adalah dua bidang kepentingan dalam apa? || psikologi diri <> Apa sinonim dengan soalan identiti || <> Apa yang menawarkan sedikit pandangan tentang bagaimana identiti dikekalkan? || <> Apakah sudut psikologi kumpulan? || <> Siapa yang menunjukkan konsep diri dan harga diri ini sama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is distinct from the self?", "id": "5709633fed30961900e84062", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?", "id": "5709633fed30961900e84063", "answers": [{"text": "how identity is maintained", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?", "id": "5709633fed30961900e84064", "answers": [{"text": "self-esteem", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?", "id": "5709633fed30961900e84065", "answers": [{"text": "self-psychology", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What is synonymous with identity question", "id": "5a147584c8eab200188dca3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the literature of self-psychology", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What offers little insight into how identity is maintained?", "id": "5a147584c8eab200188dca40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I\"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the \"Me\").", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What are the vantage point of group psychology?", "id": "5a147584c8eab200188dca41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theorists", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "Who has shown this self-concept and self-esteem are the same?", "id": "5a147584c8eab200188dca42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the \"I\"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the \"Me\"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information (Cote & Levin 2002)."}], ["Keterangkuman definisi Weinreich (di atas) mengarahkan perhatian kepada keseluruhan identiti seseorang pada fasa tertentu dalam masa, dan membantu dalam menjelaskan aspek komponen identiti seseorang, seperti identiti jantina seseorang, identiti etnik, identiti pekerjaan dan sebagainya. Definisi ini mudah diguna pakai untuk anak muda, kepada remaja, kepada orang dewasa muda, dan kepada orang dewasa yang lebih tua dalam pelbagai fasa kitaran hidup. Bergantung kepada sama ada seseorang itu adalah seorang anak muda atau orang dewasa pada ketinggian kuasa seseorang, bagaimana seseorang membayangkan diri sebagai orang pada masa lalu akan merujuk kepada penanda pengalaman yang sangat berbeza. Begitu juga, bagaimana seseorang membiasakan diri sebagai satu yang bercita-cita untuk berada di masa depan akan berbeza jauh berbeza dengan usia seseorang dan pengalaman terkumpul. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, ms 26-34). <> Apakah identiti jantina, identiti etnik, dan aspek identiti pekerjaan? || identiti seseorang <> Bagaimana seseorang membanting diri sekarang dan pada masa depan berbeza jauh kerana apa 2 perkara? || umur dan pengalaman terkumpul <> Anak muda, remaja, dewasa muda dan dewasa yang lebih tua adalah fasa apa? || kitar hayat <> Tanda-tanda pengalaman penting yang digunakan oleh seseorang untuk menentukan perbezaan masa lalu berdasarkan umur yang ada pada apa? || ketinggian kuasa seseorang <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian identiti keluarga seseorang? || <> Apa yang diarahkan pada keseluruhan identiti seseorang semasa semua fasa dan sepanjang masa? || <> Apa yang membuatkan seseorang membataskan diri sekarang dan pada masa yang sama? || <> Fase tentang identiti jantina, identiti etnik dan identiti pekerjaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?", "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84036", "answers": [{"text": "one's total identity", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?", "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84037", "answers": [{"text": "age and accumulated experiences", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?", "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84038", "answers": [{"text": "the life cycle", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?", "id": "570961b2ed30961900e84039", "answers": [{"text": "the height of one's powers", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What are the parts of one's family identity?", "id": "5a146b51c8eab200188dca2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is directed at the totality of one's identity during all phases and all times?", "id": "5a146b51c8eab200188dca30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accumulated experiences", "answer_start": 747}], "question": "What makes how one construes oneself now and in the future similar?", "id": "5a146b51c8eab200188dca31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "life cycle", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "The phases of what our gender identity, ethnic identity and occupational identity?", "id": "5a146b51c8eab200188dca32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The definition readily applies to the young child, to the adolescent, to the young adult, and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle. Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one's powers, how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers. Likewise, how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one's age and accumulated experiences. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, pp 26\u201334)."}], ["Identiti psikologi berkaitan dengan imej diri (model mental seseorang sendiri), harga diri, dan individualiti. Akibatnya, Weinreich memberikan definisi \"Identiti seseorang ditakrifkan sebagai kesempurnaan diri sendiri, di mana bagaimana seseorang membayangkan diri pada masa ini menyatakan kesinambungan antara bagaimana seseorang membatasi dirinya sebagai seorang yang dahulu dan bagaimana seseorang membataskan diri sebagai seseorang bercita-cita menjadi di masa depan \"; ini membolehkan definisi aspek identiti, seperti: \"Identiti etnik seseorang didefinisikan sebagai sebahagian daripada keseluruhan diri sendiri yang terdiri daripada dimensi-dimensi itu yang menyatakan kesinambungan antara keturunan yang terdahulu dan aspirasi masa depannya yang berkaitan kepada etnik \"(Weinreich, 1986a). <> Self-image, harga diri, dan individualiti berkaitan dengan apa? || Identiti psikologi <> Aspek atau jenis identiti apakah yang kita lakukan? || identiti etnik <> Apa konsep psikologi yang kita nyatakan sebagai antara masa lalu dan masa depan? || identiti <> Identiti seseorang ditakrifkan sebagai keseluruhannya? || diri sendiri <> Apa yang berkaitan dengan identiti fizikal? || <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai sebahagian daripada keseluruhan diri sendiri yang menyatakan perselisihan antara keturunan dahulu? || <> Apa yang berkaitan dengan sekali imej orang lain? || <> Apa yang didefinisikan sebagai bagaimana seseorang bercita-cita untuk membuktikan diri sendiri pada masa lalu dan bagaimana seseorang membataskan diri pada masa akan datang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?", "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e08", "answers": [{"text": "A psychological identity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?", "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e09", "answers": [{"text": "ethnic identity", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?", "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e0a", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?", "id": "5709547eefce8f15003a7e0b", "answers": [{"text": "one's self-construal", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What does the physical identity relate to?", "id": "5a145367c8eab200188dca1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One's ethnic identity", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What is defined as part of the totality of one's self construal that expresses discord between once construal of past ancestry?", "id": "5a145367c8eab200188dca20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A psychological identity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What relates to once image of others?", "id": "5a145367c8eab200188dca21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A person's identity", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What is defined as how one aspires to construe oneself in the past and how one construes oneself in the future?", "id": "5a145367c8eab200188dca22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition \"A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future\"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: \"One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity\" (Weinreich, 1986a)."}], ["Penerangan atau perwakilan identiti individu dan kumpulan adalah tugas utama ahli psikologi, ahli sosiologi dan ahli antropologi dan disiplin lain di mana \"identiti\" perlu dipetakan dan ditakrifkan. Bagaimanakah seseorang harus menggambarkan identiti orang lain, dengan cara yang merangkumi kedua-dua sifat idiosinkratik mereka dan keanggotaan atau pengenalan kumpulan mereka, yang mana kedua-duanya dapat beralih mengikut keadaan? Berikutan dari kerja-kerja Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel dan lain-lain Analisis Struktur Identiti Weinreich (ISA), adalah \"perwakilan struktur pengalaman eksistensi individu, di mana hubungan antara diri dan ejen lain dianjurkan dalam struktur yang stabil ... dengan penekanan pada lingkungan sosio-budaya di mana diri berkaitan dengan agen dan institusi lain \"(Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Menggunakan constructs yang diambil dari wacana penting individu, kumpulan dan norma budaya, pengoperasian praktis ISA menyediakan metodologi yang memaparkan bagaimana ini digunakan oleh individu, yang digunakan sepanjang masa dan milieus oleh \"diri yang terletak\" untuk menilai diri dan ejen dan institusi lain (sebagai contoh, menyebabkan penilaian seseorang individu dan institusi lain yang penting dan penting). [rujukan?] Tugas utama ahli psikologi, sosiologi dan antropologi adalah untuk menerangkan topik-topik apa? || identiti individu dan kumpulan <> ISA bermaksud apa? || Analisis Struktur Identiti <> Siapa yang membangunkan ISA? || Weinreich <> Tugas utama beliau adalah untuk menggambarkan identiti sosial? || <> Apa yang menyediakan kaedah yang memaparkan bagaimana norma budaya digunakan oleh kumpulan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan individu menilai komuniti mereka? || <> Apa yang tidak berubah mengikut keadaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?", "id": "5709598aefce8f15003a7e1a", "answers": [{"text": "individual and group identity", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ISA stands for what?", "id": "5709598aefce8f15003a7e1b", "answers": [{"text": "Identity Structure Analysis", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the ISA?", "id": "5709598aefce8f15003a7e1c", "answers": [{"text": "Weinreich", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychologists", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "His central task is to describe social identity?", "id": "5a147267c8eab200188dca37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISA", "answer_start": 1009}], "question": "What provides a method that maps how cultural norms are used by the group?", "id": "5a147267c8eab200188dca38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISA", "answer_start": 1009}], "question": "What results in the individual evaluating their community?", "id": "5a147267c8eab200188dca39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What don't shift according to circumstances?", "id": "5a147267c8eab200188dca3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where \"identity\" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is \"a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time \u2026 with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions\" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the \"situated self\" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]"}], ["Varian identiti Weinreich juga termasuk kategori penyebaran identiti, perampasan dan krisis, tetapi dengan penekanan yang agak berbeza. Di sini, berkenaan dengan penyebaran identiti misalnya, tahap optimum ditafsirkan sebagai norma, kerana tidak realistik untuk mengharapkan seseorang untuk menyelesaikan semua identifikasi mereka yang bercanggah dengan orang lain; oleh itu kita perlu berjaga-jaga kepada individu yang mempunyai tahap yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada norma - individu yang sangat tersebar diklasifikasikan sebagai diffused, dan mereka yang mempunyai tahap yang rendah seperti yang diagungkan atau bertahan. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, ms 65-67; 105-106). Weinreich menerapkan varian identiti dalam rangka kerja yang juga membolehkan peralihan dari satu sama lain melalui pengalaman biografi dan resolusi pengenal pasti konflik yang terletak dalam pelbagai konteks - misalnya, remaja yang mengalami perpecahan keluarga mungkin berada dalam satu keadaan, sedangkan kemudian dalam perkahwinan yang stabil dengan peranan profesional yang aman mungkin ada di lain. Oleh itu, walaupun terdapat kesinambungan, terdapat juga perkembangan dan perubahan. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, ms 22-23). <> Penyebaran identiti, perampasan, dan krisis adalah kategori apa? || Varian identiti Weinreich <> Mereka yang mempunyai penyebaran identiti yang tinggi dikelaskan sebagai apa? || diffused <> Mereka yang mempunyai tingkat penyebaran identiti yang rendah diklasifikasikan sebagai apa? || dirampas atau bertahan <> Remaja yang mengalami pecah-pecah keluarga berubah menjadi orang dewasa dalam perkawinan yang stabil diberikan sebagai contoh perubahan dalam apa? || varian identiti <> Apakah tahap penyebaran identiti ditafsirkan sebagai norma? || tahap optimum <> Tahap optimum dari apa yang dianggap tidak normal? || <> Apakah seseorang yang diambil alih mempunyai tahap yang tinggi? || <> Remaja dalam keluarga yang stabil berubah menjadi perkahwinan yang stabil dewasa diberikan sebagai contoh perubahan dalam apa || <> Apakah identiti berbeza selain daripada kesinambungan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?", "id": "57095ba39928a81400471546", "answers": [{"text": "Weinreich's identity variant", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?", "id": "57095ba39928a81400471547", "answers": [{"text": "diffused", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?", "id": "57095ba39928a81400471548", "answers": [{"text": "foreclosed or defensive", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?", "id": "57095ba39928a81400471549", "answers": [{"text": "the identity variant", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?", "id": "57095ba39928a8140047154a", "answers": [{"text": "an optimal level", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diffusion", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "The optimal level of what is considered abnormal?", "id": "5a148b74a54d42001852923d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diffusion", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What does a person who is foreclosed have high levels of?", "id": "5a148b74a54d42001852923e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity variant", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "An adolescent in a stable family turning into an adult stable marriage is given as an example of a change in what", "id": "5a148b74a54d42001852923f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "development and change", "answer_start": 1054}], "question": "What does identity vary have besides in continuity?", "id": "5a148b74a54d420018529240", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm \u2013 highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 65\u201367; 105-106). Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts \u2013 for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 22\u201323)."}], ["Ahli antropologi telah menyumbang kepada perdebatan dengan memindahkan fokus penyelidikan: Salah satu cabaran pertama bagi penyelidik yang ingin menjalankan penyelidikan empirikal dalam bidang ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti alat analisis yang sesuai. Konsep sempadan berguna di sini untuk menunjukkan bagaimana identiti berfungsi. Dengan cara yang sama seperti Barth, dalam pendekatannya terhadap etnik, menganjurkan fokus kritikal untuk penyiasatan sebagai \"sempadan etnik yang mentakrifkan kumpulan dan bukannya benda kebudayaan yang dikelilingi\" (1969: 15), antropologi sosial seperti Cohen dan Bray telah beralih tumpuan kajian analitik dari identiti ke sempadan yang digunakan untuk tujuan pengenalan. Jika identiti adalah sejenis tapak maya di mana proses dan penanda dinamik yang digunakan untuk pengenalpastian dibuat jelas, sempadan menyediakan rangka kerja di mana tapak maya ini dibina. Mereka tertumpu pada bagaimana idea kepunyaan komuniti berbeza dibina oleh anggota individu dan bagaimana individu dalam kumpulan hamil sempadan etnik. <> Kumpulan apa yang telah memindahkan fokus penyelidikan dalam identiti? || Ahli antropologi <> Apakah penyelidik harus mengenal pasti untuk menjalankan kajian empirikal? || alat analitik yang sesuai <> Apa penyelidik menganjurkan untuk memberi tumpuan kepada sempadan kumpulan etnik daripada aspek budaya kumpulan etnik? || Barth <> Jika identiti adalah tapak maya, apa yang membekal batasan ke tapak maya? || rangka kerja <> Batasan sering digunakan oleh penyelidik untuk membantu menentukan apa? || identiti <> Siapa yang telah menyumbang kepada perdebatan dengan membuat penyelidikan lebih terfokus? || <> Apa yang menyangkut penyelidikan yang dianjurkan untuk memberi tumpuan kepada aspek-aspek budaya etnik daripada pada sempadan kumpulan etnik? Pt tidak berguna untuk menunjukkan bagaimana identiti berfungsi? || <> Apakah batasan tidak digunakan untuk menentukan? || <> Apa yang Barth memindahkan fokus? || <> Cohan dan Bray menganjurkan apa yang penting untuk siasatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?", "id": "57095eaaed30961900e8400e", "answers": [{"text": "Anthropologists", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?", "id": "57095eaaed30961900e8400f", "answers": [{"text": "an appropriate analytical tool", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?", "id": "57095eaaed30961900e84010", "answers": [{"text": "Barth", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?", "id": "57095eaaed30961900e84011", "answers": [{"text": "the framework", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?", "id": "57095eaaed30961900e84012", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anthropologists", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who has contributed to the debate by making the research more focused?", "id": "5a14a2b9a54d4200185292c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Barth", "answer_start": 327}], "question": "What conce what research advocated for focusing on cultural aspects of ethnic groups rather than on boundaries of ethnic groups? Pt is useless for demonstrating how identity works?", "id": "5a14a2b9a54d4200185292c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What are boundaries not used to define?", "id": "5a14a2b9a54d4200185292c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "analytical study", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "What did Barth shift the focus of?", "id": "5a14a2b9a54d4200185292c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "Cohan and Bray advocated what is the critical focus for investigation?", "id": "5a14a2b9a54d4200185292c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being \"the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses\" (1969:15), social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries."}], ["Sempadan boleh termasuk atau eksklusif bergantung kepada bagaimana mereka dilihat oleh orang lain. Satu batas eksklusif timbul, sebagai contoh, apabila seseorang mengamalkan penanda yang mengenakan sekatan ke atas tingkah laku orang lain. Sebaliknya, diwujudkan, sebaliknya, dengan menggunakan penanda yang orang lain siap dan mampu bersekutu. Walau bagaimanapun, pada masa yang sama, sempadan inklusif juga akan mengenakan sekatan ke atas rakyat yang telah dimasukkannya dengan mengehadkan kemasukan mereka dalam batas-batas lain. Contohnya ialah penggunaan bahasa tertentu oleh pendatang baru dalam bilik penuh dengan orang yang bercakap pelbagai bahasa. Sesetengah orang mungkin memahami bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang ini sementara yang lain tidak boleh. Mereka yang tidak faham ia mungkin mengambil penggunaan bahasa baru ini sebagai tanda identiti neutral. Tetapi mereka mungkin juga melihatnya sebagai mengenakan sempadan eksklusif yang bertujuan untuk menandakan mereka dari dia. Sebaliknya, orang-orang yang memahami bahasa pendatang baru boleh mengambilnya sebagai sempadan inklusif, di mana pendatang baru mengaitkan dirinya dengan mereka untuk mengecualikan orang lain yang hadir. Walau bagaimanapun, sama ada orang yang memahami pendatang baru tetapi yang juga bercakap bahasa lain mungkin tidak mahu bercakap bahasa pendatang baru dan jadi melihat penanda sebagai pengenaan dan batas negatif. Adalah mungkin bahawa pendatang baru sama ada mengetahui atau tidak menyedari ini, bergantung kepada sama ada dia sendiri mengetahui bahasa-bahasa lain atau menyedari kualiti plural bahasa di sana dan menghormati atau tidak. <> Apakah dua jenis sempadan kelompok? || inklusif atau eksklusif <> Penanda yang mengenakan sekatan ke atas tingkah laku orang lain adalah jenis sempadan? || eksklusif <> Penanda bahawa orang yang bersedia dan bersedia untuk bersekutu adalah jenis sempadan? || termasuk <> Batasan apa yang diberikan sebagai contoh yang boleh termasuk atau eksklusif? || bahasa <> Apakah dua jenis sempadan individu? || <> Apakah batas sempadan mengenakan sekatan ke atas? || <> Apakah orang-orang yang tidak bersedia dan sanggup lakukan dalam sempadan inklusif? || <> Apa faedah tidak termasuk atau eksklusif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two types of group boundaries?", "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f81", "answers": [{"text": "inclusive or exclusive", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?", "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f82", "answers": [{"text": "exclusive", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?", "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f83", "answers": [{"text": "inclusive", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?", "id": "5709690e200fba1400367f84", "answers": [{"text": "language", "answer_start": 794}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inclusive or exclusive", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What are two types of individual boundaries?", "id": "5a14a50fa54d4200185292e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the behaviour of others", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What does an inclusive boundary impose restrictions on?", "id": "5a14a50fa54d4200185292e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "associate", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What are people not ready and willing to do within inclusive boundary?", "id": "5a14a50fa54d4200185292e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "language", "answer_start": 794}], "question": "What foundry is neither inclusive or exclusive?", "id": "5a14a50fa54d4200185292e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not."}], ["Identiti jantina membentuk bahagian penting dalam identiti dalam psikologi, kerana ia menentukan tahap yang signifikan bagaimana seseorang memandang diri sebagai orang dan berhubung dengan orang lain, idea dan sifat. Aspek lain identiti, seperti kaum, agama, etnik, pekerjaan ... dan sebagainya mungkin juga kurang penting - atau signifikan dalam beberapa situasi tetapi tidak di lain (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26-34). Dalam psikologi kognitif, istilah \"identiti\" merujuk kepada keupayaan refleksi diri dan kesedaran diri. (Leary & Tangney 2003, ms 3) <> Apa yang dikenal pasti sebagai menentukan bagaimana seseorang memandangnya dengan signifikan ijazah? || Identiti jantina <> Apakah aspek aspek kaum, agama, etnik, dan pekerjaan? || identiti <> Identiti merujuk kepada kapasiti untuk refleksi diri dan kesedaran dalam kajian saintifik? || psikologi kognitif <> Apakah jenis identiti yang kurang penting dalam psikologi? || <> Apa yang tidak mendedahkan kepada tahap yang signifikan bagaimana seseorang memandang diri sendiri? || <> Apakah aspek identiti lain yang lebih penting daripada jantina? || <> Apa merujuk kepada kapasiti untuk refleksi diri dan kesadaran orang lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?", "id": "57097db3ed30961900e8420c", "answers": [{"text": "Gender identity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?", "id": "57097db3ed30961900e8420d", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?", "id": "57097db3ed30961900e8420e", "answers": [{"text": "cognitive psychology", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gender identity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of identity is less important in psychology?", "id": "5a14558cc8eab200188dca27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gender identity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What what does not dictate to a significant degree how one views oneself?", "id": "5a14558cc8eab200188dca28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "racial, religious, ethnic, occupational", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What other aspects of identity are more important than gender?", "id": "5a14558cc8eab200188dca29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What refers to capacity for self reflection and awareness of others?", "id": "5a14558cc8eab200188dca2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational\u2026 etc. may also be more or less significant \u2013 or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26\u201334). In cognitive psychology, the term \"identity\" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)"}], ["Ramai orang mendapat rasa harga diri yang positif dari kumpulan identiti mereka, yang membangkitkan rasa masyarakat dan kepunyaan mereka. Satu lagi isu yang cuba ditangani oleh penyelidik ialah persoalan mengapa orang terlibat dalam diskriminasi, iaitu, mengapa mereka cenderung untuk memihak kepada mereka yang dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada \"kumpulan mereka\" yang dianggap sebagai orang luar. Kedua-dua soalan telah diberikan perhatian luas oleh para penyelidik yang bekerja dalam tradisi identiti sosial. Sebagai contoh, dalam kerja yang berkaitan dengan teori identiti sosial, ia telah menunjukkan bahawa hanya membezakan perbezaan kognitif di antara kumpulan-kumpulan di luar dan boleh menyebabkan kesan halus pada penilaian orang lain (Cote & Levine 2002). <> Apa yang ramai mendapat dari kumpulan identiti mereka? || rasa harga diri yang positif <> Orang yang memihak kepada mereka dalam kumpulan mereka lebih daripada orang luar, adalah contoh apa? || diskriminasi <> Kepuasan dan diskriminasi adalah penting untuk penyelidik yang bekerja dalam tradisi apa? || tradisi identiti sosial <> Perbezaan antara kumpulan masuk dan keluar telah ditunjukkan untuk mempengaruhi penilaian orang lain dalam kerja yang berkaitan dengan apa? || teori identiti sosial <> Terlalu banyak orang mendapat keuntungan dari kumpulan sosial mereka? || <> Apa masalah mengenai diskriminasi yang telah diterangkan penyelidik? || <> Ini istilah untuk memilih orang luar? || <> Apa penyelidik yang bekerja pada siapa yang fokus pada diskriminasi dan pengasingan masyarakat? || <> Perbezaan kognitif antara kumpulan keluar boleh membawa kepada apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do many people gain from their identity groups?", "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412a", "answers": [{"text": "a sense of positive self-esteem", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?", "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412b", "answers": [{"text": "discrimination", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?", "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412c", "answers": [{"text": "the social identity tradition", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?", "id": "57097006ed30961900e8412d", "answers": [{"text": "social identity theory", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "positive self-esteem", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "Too many people gain from their social groups?", "id": "5a149412a54d420018529261", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "why people engage in discrimination", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What issue regarding discrimination have researchers explained?", "id": "5a149412a54d420018529262", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discrimination", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "It is the term for favoring outsiders?", "id": "5a149412a54d420018529263", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social identity tradition", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What are researchers working on who focus on discrimination and community alienation?", "id": "5a149412a54d420018529264", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "subtle effects on people's evaluations of others", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "Cognitive distinctions between out groups can lead to what?", "id": "5a149412a54d420018529265", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their \"in-group\" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others (Cote & Levine 2002)."}], ["Yang pertama nikmat pendekatan primordialis yang mengambil rasa diri dan kepunyaan kumpulan kolektif sebagai sesuatu yang tetap, yang ditentukan oleh kriteria objektif seperti keturunan biasa dan ciri-ciri biologi biasa. Yang kedua, berakar dalam teori konstruktor sosial, mengambil pandangan bahawa identiti dibentuk oleh pilihan utama dari segi ciri-ciri tertentu. Dengan berbuat demikian, ia mempersoalkan gagasan bahawa identiti adalah semulajadi yang diberikan, dicirikan oleh kriteria yang tetap, kononnya objektif. Kedua-dua pendekatan ini perlu difahami dalam konteks politik dan sejarah masing-masing, yang dicirikan oleh perbahasan mengenai isu-isu kelas, kaum dan etnik. Walaupun mereka telah dikritik, mereka terus memberi pengaruh kepada pendekatan untuk konsep identiti hari ini. <> Pendekatan apa yang mengambil rasa diri dan kepunyaan sesuatu yang tetap? || pendekatan primordialist <> Pandangan bahawa identiti didasarkan pada pilihan ciri-ciri politik yang berakar pada teori apa? || teori pembinaan sosial <> pandangan primordialis dan sosial pembinaan perlu difahami dalam konteks apa? || konteks politik dan sejarah <> Pendekatan apa yang mengambil rasa diri dan sebagai perubahan? || <> Teori apa yang mengatakan bahawa pilihan politik didasarkan pada ciri identiti? || <> Apa pengaruh pandangan primordalist dan sosial pembinaan || <> pandangan primordalist dan sosial pembinaan perlu dilihat di luar apa? || <> Apa yang mempunyai pandangan konstruktural primordalist dan sosial berhenti memberi pengaruh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?", "id": "57097200200fba140036800d", "answers": [{"text": "a primordialist approach", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?", "id": "57097200200fba140036800e", "answers": [{"text": "social constructionist theory", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?", "id": "57097200200fba1400368010", "answers": [{"text": "political and historical contexts", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "primordialist approach", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What approach takes the sense of self and as a changing thing?", "id": "5a149ddea54d4200185292a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social constructionist theory", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What theory says that political choice is based on identity characteristics?", "id": "5a149ddea54d4200185292a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What influences primordalist and social constructionist views", "id": "5a149ddea54d4200185292a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political and historical contexts", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "primordalist and social constructionist views need to be viewed outside of what?", "id": "5a149ddea54d4200185292aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "approaches to the conceptualisation of identity", "answer_start": 729}], "question": "What have primordalist and social constructionist views stopped exerting influence on?", "id": "5a149ddea54d4200185292ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today."}], ["Seseorang boleh memaparkan sama ada kelemahan relatif atau kekuatan relatif dari segi kedua penerokaan dan komitmen. Apabila ditugaskan kategori, empat keputusan permutasi yang mungkin: penyebaran identiti, penyitaan identiti, moratorium identiti, dan pencapaian identiti. Penyebaran ialah apabila seseorang tidak mempunyai penjelajahan dalam kehidupan dan minat dalam melakukan tugas-tugas yang tidak dipegang olehnya. Penyitaan adalah apabila seseorang tidak memilih secara meluas pada masa lalu, tetapi nampaknya bersedia untuk melakukan beberapa nilai, tujuan, atau peranan yang relevan pada masa akan datang. Moratorium adalah apabila seseorang memaparkan semacam penerbangan, bersedia untuk membuat pilihan tetapi tidak dapat berkomitmen kepada mereka. Akhirnya, pencapaian adalah apabila seseorang membuat pilihan identiti dan berkomitmen kepada mereka. <> Apa yang boleh dipaparkan oleh seseorang dari segi penerokaan dan komitmen? || kelemahan relatif atau kekuatan relatif <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang tidak mempunyai penerokaan dan komitmen? || penyebaran identiti <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang tidak memilih matlamat pada masa lalu tetapi bersedia pada masa depan? || penyitaan identiti <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang bersedia membuat komitmen tetapi tidak dapat melakukan? || moratorium identiti <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang melakukan pilihan identiti? || pencapaian identiti <> Apakah kedua-duanya agak lemah atau agak kuat? || <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang merangkumi penerokaan dan komitmen? || <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang tidak bersedia membuat komitmen? || <> Apakah permutasi apabila seseorang tidak boleh membuat pilihan identiti ingin melakukan kepada mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?", "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c0", "answers": [{"text": "relative weakness or relative strength", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?", "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c1", "answers": [{"text": "identity diffusion", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?", "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c2", "answers": [{"text": "identity foreclosure", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?", "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c3", "answers": [{"text": "identity moratorium", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?", "id": "570979bfed30961900e841c4", "answers": [{"text": "identity achievement", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exploration and commitments.", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What is both relatively weak or relatively strong?", "id": "5a148907a54d420018529235", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity diffusion", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What is the permutation when a person embraces exploration and commitment?", "id": "5a148907a54d420018529236", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Moratorium", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "What is a permutation when a person is not ready to make a commitment?", "id": "5a148907a54d420018529237", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "achievement", "answer_start": 676}], "question": "What is a permutation when a person cannot make an identity choice wants to commit to them?", "id": "5a148907a54d420018529238", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, pembentukan identiti seseorang berlaku melalui identifikasi seseorang dengan orang lain yang penting (terutamanya dengan ibu bapa dan individu lain semasa pengalaman biografi seseorang, dan juga dengan \"kumpulan\" sebagaimana yang mereka anggap). Lain-lain ini mungkin jinak - oleh itu seseorang bercita-cita untuk ciri, nilai dan kepercayaan mereka (proses identifikasi idealis), atau jahat - apabila seseorang ingin memisahkan diri dari ciri-ciri mereka (proses pertahanan identiti pertahanan) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Bab 1, ms 54-61). <> Pembentukan identiti berlaku melalui identifikasi dengan siapa? || lain yang penting <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang bercita-cita untuk ciri-ciri yang penting? || jinak <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang mahu memisahkan diri dari ciri-ciri yang penting? || malign <> Dissociating dari ciri-ciri penting yang lain adalah proses apa? || pertahanan identiti pertahanan <> Apakah pembentukan identiti keluarga seseorang berlaku melalui? || <> Disassociating dari orang lain apa yang tidak baik? || <> Menggalakkan orang lain apa yang jahat? || <> Bilakah keluarga pembentukan berlaku identiti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?", "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a6", "answers": [{"text": "significant others", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?", "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a7", "answers": [{"text": "benign", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?", "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a8", "answers": [{"text": "malign", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?", "id": "5709783fed30961900e841a9", "answers": [{"text": "defensive contra-identification", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one's identifications with significant others", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What does the formation of one's family identity occurs through?", "id": "5a144db1c8eab200188dca17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "characteristics, values and beliefs", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "Disassociating from others what is benign?", "id": "5a144db2c8eab200188dca18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their characteristics", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "Aspiring to others what is malign?", "id": "5a144db2c8eab200188dca19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "during one's biographical experiences", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "When does formation family occur identity?", "id": "5a144db2c8eab200188dca1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with \"groups\" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54\u201361)."}], ["Erik Erikson (1902-1994) menjadi salah satu psikologi paling awal untuk mengambil minat yang jelas dalam identiti. Rangka kerja Eriksonian terletak pada perbezaan di antara rasa kesinambungan psikologis, yang dikenal sebagai identitas ego (kadangkala dikenal pasti sebagai \"diri\"); idiosyncrasi peribadi yang memisahkan satu orang dari seterusnya, yang dikenali sebagai identiti peribadi; dan pengumpulan peranan sosial yang dimainkan seseorang, yang dikenali sebagai identiti sosial atau identiti budaya. Kerja Erikson, dalam tradisi psikodinamik, bertujuan untuk menyiasat proses pembentukan identiti sepanjang hayat. Kekuatan progresif dalam identiti ego, sebagai contoh, dapat dicontohkan dari segi peringkat tahapan di mana identitas dibentuk sebagai tindak balas terhadap cabaran-cabaran yang semakin canggih. Proses membentuk identiti identiti yang berdaya maju untuk budaya dikonseptualisasikan sebagai tugas remaja, dan mereka yang tidak mengurus resynthesis pengenalan masa kanak-kanak dilihat berada dalam keadaan 'penyebaran identiti' sedangkan mereka yang mengekalkan identiti mereka pada mulanya diberikan yang tidak dipertikaikan mempunyai identiti 'dirampas' (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). Pada beberapa bacaan Erikson, perkembangan identiti ego yang kuat, bersama dengan integrasi yang betul ke dalam masyarakat dan budaya yang stabil, membawa kepada rasa identiti yang lebih kuat pada umumnya. Oleh itu, kekurangan dalam salah satu daripada faktor ini boleh meningkatkan kemungkinan krisis identiti atau kekeliruan (Cote & Levine 2002, halaman 22). <> Siapakah salah seorang ahli psikologi yang paling awal untuk mengambil minat yang jelas mengenai identiti? || Erik Erikson <> Apa perbezaannya kadangkala dirujuk sebagai diri? || identiti ego <> Keperibadian peribadi yang individu yang berasingan dipanggil apa? || identiti peribadi <> Apakah 3 nama untuk pengumpulan peranan sosial seseorang? || identiti sosial atau identiti budaya <> Dalam tradisi apakah karya Erikson untuk mengesan pembentukan identiti sepanjang hayat? || tradisi psikodinamik", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?", "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809b", "answers": [{"text": "Erik Erikson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?", "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809c", "answers": [{"text": "ego identity", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?", "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809d", "answers": [{"text": "the personal identity", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?", "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809e", "answers": [{"text": "the social identity or the cultural identity", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?", "id": "57097fbb200fba140036809f", "answers": [{"text": "the psychodynamic tradition", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Erik Erikson (1902-1994) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as \"the self\"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. The process of forming a viable sense of identity for the culture is conceptualized as an adolescent task, and those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their initially given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion (Cote & Levine 2002, p. 22)."}], ["Takrif identiti Laing rapat dengan Erikson, dalam menekankan komponen masa lalu, sekarang dan masa depan diri yang berpengalaman. Beliau juga membangunkan konsep \"kecenderungan diri\", iaitu persepsi diri terhadap pandangan diri sendiri, yang telah didapati sangat penting dalam konteks klinikal seperti anoreksia nervosa. (Saunderson dan O'Kane, 2005). Harr\u00e9 juga mengkonseptualisasikan komponen diri / identiti - \"orang\" (keunikan saya kepada diri sendiri dan orang lain) bersama-sama dengan aspek diri (termasuk keseluruhan sifat termasuk keyakinan tentang ciri seseorang termasuk sejarah hidup), dan ciri-ciri peribadi dipaparkan kepada orang lain. <> Yang definisi identiti siapa yang rapat dengan Erikson? || Laing's <> Persepsi seseorang terhadap persepsi orang lain adalah contoh konsep apa? || metaperspektif diri <> Orang, aspek diri, dan ciri peribadi yang dipaparkan kepada orang lain adalah komponen dari apa? || diri / identiti <> Yang definisi pengenalan yang dekat dengan Liang's || <> Konsep apa adalah persepsi seseorang tentang persepsi dan contoh mereka sendiri? || <> Terma apa yang merangkumi ciri yang dipaparkan kepada orang lain? || <> Apakah komponen pengalaman itu sendiri yang ditekankan oleh Erickson? || <> Apa yang membantu orang lain memandang anda bahagian penting? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?", "id": "570980c1ed30961900e8423e", "answers": [{"text": "Laing's", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?", "id": "570980c1ed30961900e8423f", "answers": [{"text": "metaperspective of self", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?", "id": "570980c1ed30961900e84240", "answers": [{"text": "self/identity", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Erikson's", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "Whose definition of identity closely follows Liang's", "id": "5a148cf3a54d420018529245", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "metaperspective of self", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What concept is one person's perception of their own perception and example?", "id": "5a148cf3a54d420018529246", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self/identity", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "What term includes characteristics displayed towards others?", "id": "5a148cf3a54d420018529247", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the past, present and future components of the experienced self", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What components of the experience itself did Erickson emphasize?", "id": "5a148cf3a54d420018529248", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "metaperspective of self", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What is help others view you an important part of?", "id": "5a148cf3a54d420018529249", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the \"metaperspective of self\", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. (Saunderson and O'Kane, 2005). Harr\u00e9 also conceptualises components of self/identity \u2013 the \"person\" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others."}], ["Kenneth Gergen merumuskan klasifikasi tambahan, termasuk manipulator strategik, personaliti pastiche, dan diri relasional. Manipulator strategik adalah orang yang mula menganggap semua deria identitas semata-mata sebagai latihan berperanan, dan yang secara beransur-ansur menjadi terasing dari \"diri\" sosialnya. Keperibadian pastiche meninggalkan semua aspirasi ke arah identiti yang benar atau \"penting\", bukannya melihat interaksi sosial sebagai peluang untuk bermain, dan karenanya menjadi peranan yang mereka mainkan. Akhirnya, diri relasional adalah perspektif yang mana orang meninggalkan semua rasa eksklusif diri, dan melihat semua rasa identiti dari segi penglibatan sosial dengan orang lain. Bagi Gergen, strategi ini mengikut satu sama lain dalam fasa, dan ia dikaitkan dengan peningkatan populariti budaya postmodern dan kebangkitan teknologi telekomunikasi. <> Siapa yang merumuskan klasifikasi manipulator strategik, kepribadian pastiche dan diri sendiri? || Kenneth Gergen <> Dalam pengklasifikasian apakah seseorang yang menganggap semua pengalaman adalah berperan dan menjadi terasing dari diri sosialnya? || Manipulator strategik <> Dalam pengklasifikasian apakah seseorang yang memberikan kesempatan kepada diri yang benar dan mengadopsi persepsi sosial tentang dirinya? || Kepribadian pastiche <> Dalam klasifikasi apa itu seseorang yang melepaskan diri mereka secara eksklusif dan mendefinisikan dirinya hanya dari segi penglibatan sosial? || diri relasional <> Manipulator strategik, kepribadian pastiche, dan diri relasi dikaitkan dengan kebangkitan budaya apa? || budaya postmodern <> Siapa yang merumuskan semua klasifikasi baru? || <> Apakah klasifikasi yang dilakukan oleh Kenneth Gregen? || <> Jenis jenis orang yang melihat semua kehidupan adalah latihan peranan? || <> Jenis orang yang merangkumi semua aspirasi ke arah identiti yang benar atau penting? || <> Perspektif apa yang merangkumi penglibatan sosial diri dan terbengkalai individu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?", "id": "57098302ed30961900e8424e", "answers": [{"text": "Kenneth Gergen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?", "id": "57098302ed30961900e8424f", "answers": [{"text": "The strategic manipulator", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?", "id": "57098302ed30961900e84250", "answers": [{"text": "The pastiche personality", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?", "id": "57098302ed30961900e84251", "answers": [{"text": "the relational self", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?", "id": "57098302ed30961900e84252", "answers": [{"text": "postmodern culture", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kenneth Gergen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who formulated all new classifications?", "id": "5a149516a54d420018529275", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What classifications did Kenneth Gregen eliminate?", "id": "5a149516a54d420018529276", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strategic manipulator", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What type of person sees all of life is a role-playing exercise?", "id": "5a149516a54d420018529277", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The pastiche personality", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What type of person embraces all aspirations towards a true or essential identity?", "id": "5a149516a54d420018529278", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "relational self", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "What perspective embraces individual self and abandoned social engagements?", "id": "5a149516a54d420018529279", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social \"self\". The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or \"essential\" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology."}], ["Pelbagai penerokaan 'identiti' ini menunjukkan betapa sukarnya konsepnya untuk diketepikan. Oleh kerana identiti adalah sesuatu yang maya, adalah mustahil untuk menentukannya secara empirik. Perbincangan identiti menggunakan istilah dengan makna yang berbeza, dari kesamaan asas dan kepatuhan, kepada ketidakstabilan, kontingensi, dirundingkan dan sebagainya. Brubaker dan Cooper mencatat kecenderungan ramai ulama untuk mengelirukan identiti sebagai kategori amalan dan sebagai kategori analisis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, ms 5). Sesungguhnya, banyak cendekiawan menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk mengikuti prasangka identiti mereka sendiri, mengikuti lebih kurang kerangka kerja yang disenaraikan di atas, dan bukannya mengambil kira mekanisme yang mana konsepnya menjadi kristal sebagai realiti. Dalam persekitaran ini, sesetengah penganalisis, seperti Brubaker dan Cooper, telah mencadangkan untuk menghapus konsep sepenuhnya (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, ms 1). Sebaliknya, pihak lain berusaha untuk memperkenalkan konsep alternatif dalam usaha untuk menangkap sifat-sifat dinamik dan cair dari ekspresi diri sosial manusia. Hall (1992, 1996), misalnya, mencadangkan merawat identiti sebagai proses, untuk mengambil kira realiti pengalaman sosial yang pelbagai dan sentiasa berubah. Sesetengah ulama telah memperkenalkan idea pengenalan, di mana identiti dianggap sebagai terdiri daripada komponen yang berbeza yang 'dikenal pasti' dan ditafsirkan oleh individu. Pembinaan rasa diri sendiri dicapai melalui pilihan peribadi mengenai siapa dan apa yang harus dikaitkan dengannya. Pendekatan sedemikian membebaskan pengiktirafan mereka terhadap peranan individu dalam interaksi sosial dan pembinaan identiti. <> Apa yang mustahil untuk dilakukan dengan identiti? || mendefinisikannya secara empiris <> Banyak ulama membingungkan identitas sebagai kategori amalan dan apa kategori lain? || kategori analisis <> Apa banyak ulama menunjukkan kecenderungan ke arah? || prasangka identiti mereka sendiri <> Beberapa ulama cuba memperkenalkan konsep baru untuk menangkap sifat bendalir dari apa? || ekspresi diri sosial manusia <> Idea bahawa identiti dibuat dari komponen yang dikenalpasti oleh individu adalah idea apa? || idea pengenalan <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan dengan identiti? || <> Perbincangan apa yang mempunyai kesamaan yang mematuhi || <> Bagaimana Cooper menyarankan merawat identiti? || <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh beberapa ulama yang terdiri daripada komponen yang berbeza yang dikenalpasti diinterpretasikan oleh kumpulan? || <> Arah apa yang dicapai oleh pilihan kumpulan mengenai siapa dan apa yang harus dikaitkan dengannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is it impossible to do with identity?", "id": "57097c64200fba140036806b", "answers": [{"text": "define it empirically", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?", "id": "57097c64200fba140036806c", "answers": [{"text": "category of analysis", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?", "id": "57097c64200fba140036806d", "answers": [{"text": "their own preconceptions of identity", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?", "id": "57097c64200fba140036806e", "answers": [{"text": "human social self-expression", "answer_start": 1005}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? ", "id": "57097c64200fba140036806f", "answers": [{"text": "the idea of identification", "answer_start": 1219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "define it empirically", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What is it possible to do with identity?", "id": "5a149fa3a54d4200185292bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Discussions of identity", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What discussion has an abiding sameness", "id": "5a149fa3a54d4200185292bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience", "answer_start": 1108}], "question": "How does Cooper suggest treating identity?", "id": "5a149fa3a54d4200185292bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 1255}], "question": "What do some scholars say is made up of different components that are identified in interpreted by groups?", "id": "5a149fa3a54d4200185292be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "individual sense of self", "answer_start": 1389}], "question": "The direction of what is achieved by group choice regarding who and what to associate with?", "id": "5a149fa3a54d4200185292bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity."}], ["Implikasi adalah pelbagai kerana pelbagai tradisi penyelidikan kini [apabila?] Menggunakan lensa identiti untuk memeriksa fenomena. [Rujukan?] Satu implikasi identiti dan pembinaan identiti dapat dilihat dalam pengaturan pekerjaan. Ini menjadi semakin mencabar dalam kerja-kerja yang stigmatized atau \"kerja kotor\" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy dan Trethewey (2005) menyatakan bahawa \"individu merendahkan diri dan berpaling dari pekerjaan tertentu bergantung sebahagian, sejauh mana mereka mengesahkan\" organisasi organisasi pilihan \"(Tracy & Tretheway 2005, halaman 169). Dalam analisisnya, Tracy menggunakan contoh pegawai pembetulan yang cuba menggoncang stigma \"pembantu rumah yang mulia\" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). \"Proses di mana orang tiba di pengadilan dan nilai untuk pelbagai pilihan pekerjaan.\" ini adalah kepuasan kerja di tempat kerja dan kualiti hidup keseluruhan (Tracy & Scott 2006, ms 33). Orang dalam jenis pekerjaan terpaksa mencari cara untuk mewujudkan identiti yang mereka boleh hidup. Kerja-kerja lebih mencabar apabila kerja seseorang dianggap \"kotor\" oleh piawaian masyarakat \"(Tracy & Scott 2006, ms 7).\" Dengan kata lain, menguruskan pengurusan tidak hanya membenarkan pekerja berasa baik dalam pekerjaan itu. \"Jika pekerja mesti menavigasi cakrawala yang mempersoalkan kelayakan kerja mereka, dan / atau mengalami halangan dalam menguruskan kecacatan melalui mengubah kerja kotor menjadi lencana kehormatan, kemungkinan besar mereka akan menyalahkan klien untuk menjadi jalan yang efektif dalam menegaskan identitas mereka \"(Tracy & Scott 2006, ms 33). <> Pelbagai tradisi penyelidikan menggunakan lensa untuk memeriksa fenomena? || lensa identiti <> Apa stigma yang perlu dilakukan oleh pegawai pembetulan? || pembantu rumah yang mulia <> Implikasi identiti dan pembinaan identiti dibincangkan dalam apa yang ditetapkan? || tetapan pekerjaan <> Apakah pekerjaan orang yang dicabik untuk diciptakan? || identiti mereka boleh hidup dengan <> Apakah dua contoh yang diberikan untuk justifikasi dan nilai untuk pilihan pekerjaan? || kepuasan di tempat kerja dan kualiti hidup keseluruhan <> Di manakah implikasi identiti dan pembinaan identiti paling tidak jelas? || <> Apa yang menjadi semakin mencabar dalam pekerjaan berprestij? || <> Apa yang terpaksa dilakukan oleh orang berkuasa tinggi? pekerjaan || <> Apa alternatif yang diperlukan untuk membuat identiti pekerjaan yang boleh hidup dengan ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?", "id": "57097697ed30961900e84192", "answers": [{"text": "the lens of identity", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?", "id": "57097697ed30961900e84193", "answers": [{"text": "glorified maids", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?", "id": "57097697ed30961900e84194", "answers": [{"text": "occupational settings", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?", "id": "57097697ed30961900e84195", "answers": [{"text": "an identity they can live with", "answer_start": 1021}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?", "id": "57097697ed30961900e84196", "answers": [{"text": "workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life", "answer_start": 868}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "occupational settings", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Where is the implication of identity and identity construction least obvious?", "id": "5a14a61aa54d4200185292f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identity construction", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What becomes increasingly challenging in prestigious jobs?", "id": "5a14a61aa54d4200185292f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "find ways in order to create an identity they can live with", "answer_start": 992}], "question": "What are people in high-powered forced to do? jobs", "id": "5a14a61aa54d4200185292f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blaming the client", "answer_start": 1523}], "question": "What is a desirable alternative to crafting an occupational identity one can live with", "id": "5a14a61aa54d4200185292f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or \"dirty work\" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy and Trethewey (2005) state that \"individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a \"preferred organizational self\" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of \"glorified maids\" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). \"The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices.\" Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33). People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. \"Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one's work is considered \"dirty\" by societal standards\" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 7). \"In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. \"If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity\" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33)."}], ["Sebagai alat analitik yang tidak direktif dan fleksibel, konsep sempadan membantu kedua-dua peta dan untuk menentukan perubahan dan mutabiliti yang menjadi ciri pengalaman orang dalam masyarakat. Walaupun identiti adalah 'hal' yang tidak menentu, fleksibel dan abstrak, manifesinya dan cara-cara di mana ia dilaksanakan sering dibuka untuk dilihat. Identiti dibuat dengan jelas melalui penggunaan penanda seperti bahasa, pakaian, tingkah laku dan pilihan ruang, yang kesannya bergantung kepada pengakuan mereka oleh makhluk sosial yang lain. Penanda membantu untuk mewujudkan sempadan yang menentukan persamaan atau perbezaan di antara pemakai penanda dan penanda marker, keberkesanannya bergantung kepada pemahaman bersama tentang makna mereka. Dalam konteks sosial, salah faham boleh timbul akibat salah tafsiran penting penanda spesifik. Sama juga, individu boleh menggunakan penanda identiti untuk memberi pengaruh kepada orang lain tanpa perlu memenuhi semua kriteria yang pemerhati luaran mungkin biasanya bersekutu dengan identiti abstrak seperti itu. <> Konsep apa yang membantu peta dan menentukan pengalaman orang sendiri dalam masyarakat? || konsep sempadan <> Apakah perkara yang tidak menentu, fleksibel dan abstrak? || identiti <> Bahasa, pakaian, tingkah laku, dan pilihan ruang terjejas oleh pengiktirafan oleh kumpulan apa? || makhluk sosial yang lain <> Apa penanda membantu? || sempadan <> Penanda boleh digunakan untuk menguji apa yang ada pada orang lain? || pengaruh <> Konsep apa yang membantu orang menentukan batas-batas pengalaman orang? || <> Apa perkara yang membuat identiti kurang jelas? || <> Pengakuan siapa identiti bergantung pada || <> Apakah batas-batas yang membantu membuat? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan salah tafsiran mengenai kepentingan penanda spesifik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?", "id": "5709847a200fba1400368111", "answers": [{"text": "the concept of boundaries", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?", "id": "5709847a200fba1400368112", "answers": [{"text": "identity", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?", "id": "5709847a200fba1400368113", "answers": [{"text": "other social beings", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do markers help create?", "id": "5709847a200fba1400368114", "answers": [{"text": "boundaries", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Markers can be used to exert what on other people?", "id": "5709847a200fba1400368115", "answers": [{"text": "influence", "answer_start": 908}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self in society", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What concept helps people define boundaries of people's experiences?", "id": "5a14a3c2a54d4200185292cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space,", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What things make identity less evident?", "id": "5a14a3c2a54d4200185292d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "other social beings", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "Whose recognition is identity depended on", "id": "5a14a3c2a54d4200185292d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Markers", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What do boundaries help create?", "id": "5a14a3c2a54d4200185292d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "misunderstandings", "answer_start": 752}], "question": "What can cause misinterpretations of the significance of specific markers?", "id": "5a14a3c2a54d4200185292d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity."}]], [["Era perancangan di Himachal Pradesh bermula tahun 1948 bersama dengan India yang lain. Pelan lima tahun pertama memperuntukkan \u20b9 52.7 juta kepada Himachal. Lebih daripada 50% perbelanjaan ini ditanggung dalam pembinaan jalan raya kerana ia dirasakan tanpa kemudahan pengangkutan yang sewajarnya, proses perancangan dan pembangunan tidak dapat dibawa kepada rakyat, yang sebahagian besarnya hidup di kawasan yang jauh. Himachal kini berada di tangga keempat berkenaan dengan pendapatan per kapita di antara negeri-negeri Kesatuan India. <> Bilakah era perancangan bermula di Himachal Pradesh? || 1948 <> Berapa banyak yang diperuntukkan? || \u20b9 52.7 juta <> Apa jenis pelannya? || rancangan lima tahun <> Di manakah kedudukan Himachal Pradesh di per kapita? || keempat <> Apa yang lebih daripada 50% digunakan? || pembinaan jalan <> Bilakah era pembinaan jalan bermula di India? || <> Berapakah peruntukan untuk pembangunan kawasan yang jauh? || <> Berapa banyak perbelanjaan untuk proses perancangan? || <> Di manakah pangkat India mengenai pendapatan per kapita? || <> Apa yang akan berlaku tanpa pelan lima tahun yang sepatutnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "57096337ed30961900e84058", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was allocated?", "id": "57096337ed30961900e84059", "answers": [{"text": "\u20b9 52.7 million", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of plan was it?", "id": "57096337ed30961900e8405a", "answers": [{"text": "five-year plan", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?", "id": "57096337ed30961900e8405b", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was more than 50% used on?", "id": "57096337ed30961900e8405c", "answers": [{"text": "road construction", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "When did the era of road construction start in India?", "id": "5a361ff0788daf001a5f8732", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u20b9 52.7 million", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "How much was allocated for developing far away areas?", "id": "5a361ff0788daf001a5f8733", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50% of this expenditure", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "How much of the expense was for the planning process?", "id": "5a361ff0788daf001a5f8734", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "Where does India rank regarding per capita income?", "id": "5a361ff0788daf001a5f8735", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What would happen without a proper five-year plan?", "id": "5a361ff0788daf001a5f8736", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated \u20b9 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union."}], ["Banci-bijak, negeri itu ditempatkan pada 21 pada carta penduduk, diikuti oleh Tripura di tempat ke-22. Daerah Kangra berada pada kedudukan tertinggi dengan kekuatan penduduk 1,507,223 (21,98%), Distrik Mandi 999.518 (14,58%), Distrik Shimla 813.384 (11,86%), Distrik Solan 576.670 (8.41%), Distrik Sirmaur 530.164 (7.73% 521,057 (7.60%), daerah Chamba 518.844 (7.57%), daerah Hamirpur 454.293 (6.63%), daerah Kullu 437.474 (6.38%), daerah bilaspur 382.056 (5.57% 0.46%). <> Di manakah kedudukan negeri pada carta penduduk? || 21st <> Siapa yang ke-22 carta? || Tripura <> Siapa kedudukan tertinggi dalam kekuatan penduduk? || Daerah Kangra <> Siapakah yang terakhir dalam kekuatan penduduk? || Lahaul Spiti <> Di mana pada carta penduduk adalah banci daerah Shimla bijak, selepas diikuti oleh Tripura? || <> Apa tempatnya daerah Sirmaur, yang mengikut negeri? || <> Adakah tempat ini adalah Lahaul Spiti pada carta penduduk, walaupun ia datang dahulu? || <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk di daerah Kullu yang berada di kedudukan tertinggi? || <> Jika daerah Hamirpur adalah kedudukan teratas, apakah populasinya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the state place on population chart?", "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406a", "answers": [{"text": "21st", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was 22nd of chart?", "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406b", "answers": [{"text": "Tripura", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was top ranked in population strength?", "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406c", "answers": [{"text": "Kangra district", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was last in population strength?", "id": "57096446ed30961900e8406d", "answers": [{"text": "Lahaul Spiti", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21st", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Where on the population chart is the Shimla district census wise, after being followed by Tripura?", "id": "5a3625b0788daf001a5f875a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22nd place", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What place was Sirmaur district, that followed the state?", "id": "5a3625b0788daf001a5f875b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21st", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Was place is Lahaul Spiti on the population chart, even though it came first?", "id": "5a3625b0788daf001a5f875c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21.98%", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What percentage of the population does Kullu district have, being top ranked?", "id": "5a3625b0788daf001a5f875d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,507,223", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "If Hamirpur district is top ranked, what is its population?", "id": "5a3625b0788daf001a5f875e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%)."}], ["Himachal mempunyai warisan kerajinan yang kaya. Ini termasuk selendang bulu dan pashmina, permaidani, perak dan logam, kumbang bordir, kasut rumput, lukisan gaya Kangra dan Gompa, kerja kayu, gelang rambut kuda, peralatan kayu dan logam dan lain-lain barang tahan rumah. Kraftangan estetika dan menarik ini merosot di bawah persaingan dari barangan buatan mesin dan juga kerana kurangnya kemudahan pemasaran. Tetapi kini permintaan kraftangan telah meningkat di dalam dan di luar negara. <> Apakah Himachal mempunyai warisan yang kaya? || kraftangan <> Apa kerajinan tangan yang mereka sertakan? || selendang bulu dan pashmina <> Adakah permintaan meningkat atau berkurangan untuk barangan tangan? || meningkat <> Apa yang merosot di bawah persaingan? || kraf estetika dan menarik <> Adakah permintaan meningkat di dalam atau di luar negara? || di dalam dan di luar negara <> Apa warisan Kangra mempunyai warisan yang kaya? || <> Apakah tiga contoh kraftangan dari Gompa? || <> Mengapa pengeluaran selendang bulu dan pashmina berkurangan? || <> Apa yang telah terjadi pada penjualan kasut rumput di Kangra? || <> Adakah permintaan untuk gelang rambut horus meningkat atau menurun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?", "id": "57096228ed30961900e8403e", "answers": [{"text": "handicrafts", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What handcrafts do they include?", "id": "57096228ed30961900e8403f", "answers": [{"text": "woolen and pashmina shawls", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?", "id": "57096228ed30961900e84040", "answers": [{"text": "increased", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What declined under competition?", "id": "57096228ed30961900e84041", "answers": [{"text": "aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?", "id": "57096228ed30961900e84042", "answers": [{"text": "within and outside the country", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "handicrafts", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What does Kangra have a rich heritage of?", "id": "5a362317788daf001a5f8746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What are three examples of handicrafts from Gompa?", "id": "5a362317788daf001a5f8747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Why did the production of woolen and pashmina shawls decline?", "id": "5a362317788daf001a5f8748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased within and outside the country", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What has happened to the sale of grass shoes in Kangra?", "id": "5a362317788daf001a5f8749", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "Has the demand for horese-hair bangles increased or decreased?", "id": "5a362317788daf001a5f874a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country."}], ["Ekonomi Himachal Pradesh kini merupakan ekonomi ketiga yang paling pesat berkembang di India. [Rujukan?] Himachal Pradesh telah menduduki tempat keempat dalam senarai pendapatan per kapita tertinggi di negeri-negeri India. Ini menjadikannya salah satu tempat paling kaya di seluruh Asia Selatan. Kelimpahan sungai saka membolehkan Himachal untuk menjual hidroelektrik ke negara-negara lain seperti Delhi, Punjab, dan Rajasthan. Ekonomi negara sangat bergantung kepada tiga sumber: tenaga hidroelektrik, pelancongan, dan pertanian. [Rujukan?] <> Apa ekonomi ketiga yang paling pesat berkembang di India? || Himachal Pradesh <> Apakah Himachal Pradesh berada dalam per kapita tertinggi di India? || Keempat <> Apa yang membolehkan Himachal menjual kuasa hidroelektrik ke negeri-negeri lain? || Kelimpahan sungai abadi <> Apa tiga perkara yang bergantung kepada ekonomi negara? || kuasa hidroelektrik, pelancongan, dan pertanian <> Apakah negeri-negeri India yang lain menjualnya untuk hidroelektrik? || Delhi, Punjab, dan Rajasthan <> Apa ekonomi ketiga yang paling pesat berkembang di Delhi? || <> Apakah Rajasthan berada dalam per kapita tertinggi di Negeri-negeri India? || <> Apa yang mati Punjab menjual ke negeri-negeri lain? || <> Apakah tiga perkara yang didorong oleh ekonomi Delhi? || <> Apakah ekonomi seperti di Rajasthan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the third fastest growing economy in India?", "id": "57095c97200fba1400367ed9", "answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?", "id": "57095c97200fba1400367eda", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?", "id": "57095c97200fba1400367edb", "answers": [{"text": "Abundance of perennial rivers", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?", "id": "57095c97200fba1400367edc", "answers": [{"text": "hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?", "id": "57095c97200fba1400367edd", "answers": [{"text": "Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What is the third fastest growing economy in Delhi?", "id": "5a360ab6788daf001a5f86c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What is Rajasthan ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?", "id": "5a360ab6788daf001a5f86c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hydroelectricity", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What dies Punjab sell to other states?", "id": "5a360ab6788daf001a5f86c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What are three things that Delhi's economy is dependent on?", "id": "5a360ab6788daf001a5f86c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of the wealthiest", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What is the economy like in Rajasthan?", "id": "5a360ab6788daf001a5f86c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]"}], ["Negeri ini terkenal dengan kerajinannya. Permaidani, kerja kulit, selendang, barangan logam, kayu dan lukisan bernilai menghargai. Selendang Pashmina adalah produk yang sangat memerlukan di Himachal dan di seluruh negara. Topi Himachali adalah karya seni rakyat yang terkenal. Musim sejuk yang melampau di Himachal memerlukan tenunan bulu. Hampir setiap rumah di Himachal memiliki alat tenun. Wool dianggap sebagai murni dan digunakan sebagai kain upacara. Objek tenunan terkenal adalah selendang, mulai dari pashmina halus hingga desar kasar. Kullu terkenal dengan selendangnya dengan corak yang menarik dan warna-warna cerah. Kangra dan Dharamshala terkenal dengan lukisan mini Kangra. <> Apakah negeri ini terkenal? || Kraftangan <> Majoriti semua isi rumah di Himachal memiliki apa? || pit-tenun <> Apa yang dianggap murni dan digunakan sebagai kain upacara? || Wool <> Apakah Kullu terkenal? || selendang dengan corak yang menarik dan warna-warna cerah <> Apa itu Kangra dan Dharamshala yang terkenal? || Lukisan miniatur Kangra <> Apakah Pashmina terkenal? || <> Apa produk dalam permintaan di Kangra serta di seluruh negara? || <> Apa itu kain ritual di Himchali? || <> Apakah setiap rumah di Dharamshala sendiri? || <> Apakah desar dianggap sebagai ketika digunakan sebagai kain upacara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the state well known for?", "id": "5709608ded30961900e84022", "answers": [{"text": "handicrafts", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?", "id": "5709608ded30961900e84023", "answers": [{"text": "pit-loom", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?", "id": "5709608ded30961900e84024", "answers": [{"text": "Wool", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Kullu famous for?", "id": "5709608ded30961900e84025", "answers": [{"text": "shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?", "id": "5709608ded30961900e84026", "answers": [{"text": "Kangra miniature paintings", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "handicrafts", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What is Pashmina well known for?", "id": "5a363306788daf001a5f8778", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pashmina shawls", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What product is in demand in Kangra as well as all over the country?", "id": "5a363306788daf001a5f8779", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "necessitated wool weaving", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What did ritual cloth in Himchali cause?", "id": "5a363306788daf001a5f877a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a pit-loom", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What does every household in Dharamshala own?", "id": "5a363306788daf001a5f877b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pure", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What is desar considered as when used as ritual cloth?", "id": "5a363306788daf001a5f877c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings."}], ["Dalam pilihan raya perhimpunan yang diadakan pada bulan November 2012, Kongres memperoleh majoriti mutlak. Kongres memenangi 36 daripada 68 kerusi manakala BJP memenangi hanya 26 daripada 68 kerusi. Virbhadra Singh telah menjadi sumpah sebagai Ketua Menteri Himachal Pradesh untuk meraih rekod keenam di Shimla pada 25 Disember 2012. Virbhadra Singh yang telah memegang jawatan tertinggi di Himachal lima kali pada masa lalu, telah ditadbir sumpah jawatan dan rahsia oleh Gabenor Urmila Singh pada majlis terbuka di Ridge Maidan bersejarah di Shimla. <> Bilakah Kongres selamat majoriti mutlak? || Dalam pilihan raya perhimpunan yang diadakan pada bulan November 2012 <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang menang Kongres? || 36 daripada 68 kerusi <> Siapakah yang diangkat sebagai Ketua Menteri HImachal Pradesh untuk rekod keenam? || Virbhadra Singh <> Siapa yang mentadbirkan sumpah jawatan dan rahsia? || Gabenor Urmila Singh <> Di mana sumpah jawatan dan kerahsiaan diambil? || Ridge Maidan bersejarah di Shimla <> Apa yang BJP selamat pada November 2012? || <> Apakah Shimla bersumpah untuk tempoh 6? || <> Di mana lokasi kongres selamat mendapat majlis mutlak dalam pilihan raya? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Virbhadra Singh dalam upacara terbuka? || <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang dimenangkan Himachal Pradesh untuk memperoleh majoriti mutlak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Congress secure an absolute majority?", "id": "57095e77200fba1400367eed", "answers": [{"text": "In the assembly elections held in November 2012", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seats did Congress win?", "id": "57095e77200fba1400367eee", "answers": [{"text": "36 of the 68 seats", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?", "id": "57095e77200fba1400367eef", "answers": [{"text": "Virbhadra Singh", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?", "id": "57095e77200fba1400367ef0", "answers": [{"text": "Governor Urmila Singh", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?", "id": "57095e77200fba1400367ef1", "answers": [{"text": "historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an absolute majority", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What did the BJP secure in November 2012?", "id": "5a361ca8788daf001a5f871e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What was Shimla sworn in as for a 6th term?", "id": "5a361ca8788daf001a5f871f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the historic Ridge Maidan", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "At what location did congress secure an absolute majorty in the election?", "id": "5a361ca8788daf001a5f8720", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the oath of office and secrecy", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What did Virbhadra Singh administer at an open ceremony?", "id": "5a361ca8788daf001a5f8721", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "36 of the 68 seats", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "How many seats did Himachal Pradesh win to gain an absolute majority?", "id": "5a361ca8788daf001a5f8722", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla."}], ["Sejarah kawasan yang sekarang menjadi Himachal Pradesh bermula pada zaman ketika peradaban lembah Indus berkembang antara 2250 dan 1750 SM. Suku-suku seperti Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, dan Kirats mendiami rantau ini dari zaman prasejarah. Semasa tempoh Vedic, beberapa republik kecil yang dikenali sebagai \"Janapada\" wujud yang kemudiannya ditawan oleh Empayar Gupta. Selepas tempoh kekuasaan yang singkat oleh Raja Harshavardhana, rantau ini sekali lagi dibahagikan kepada beberapa kuasa tempatan yang diketuai oleh ketua-ketua, termasuk beberapa ketua Rajput. Kerajaan-kerajaan ini menikmati tahap kemerdekaan yang besar dan diserang oleh Kesultanan Delhi beberapa kali. Mahmud Ghaznavi menakluk Kangra pada permulaan abad ke-10. Timur dan Sikander Lodi juga berarak melalui bukit-bukit yang lebih rendah di negeri itu dan menawan beberapa kubu dan berjuang banyak pertempuran. Beberapa bukit menyatakan pengiktirafan Mughal dan memberi penghormatan tetap kepada Mughals. <> Apa puak yang menghalang kawasan yang sekarang menjadi Himachal Pradesh? || Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, dan Kirats <> Berapa tempoh masa peradaban Lembah Indus berkembang? || antara 2250 dan 1750 SM <> Siapa yang menakluki Kangara? || Mahmud Ghaznavi <> Bilakah Mahmud Ghanznavi menakluk Kangara? || Abad ke-10 <> Siapa yang melintasi negeri-negeri yang lebih rendah dan ditangkap dan kubu-kubu dan bertempur banyak pertempuran? || Timur dan Sikander Lodi <> Selama apa masa Dagis wujud, dan kemudian menjadi ditaklukkan oleh Empayar Gupta? || <> Apa puak-puak yang tinggal di kawasan yang sekarang adalah Janapada? || <> Dalam apa tempoh masa Raja Harshavardhana memerintah? || <> Siapa yang mengawal lembah Indus pada tahun 1750 SM? || <> Siapa yang memberi penghormatan kepada Kesultanan Dhali? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402c", "answers": [{"text": "Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?", "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402d", "answers": [{"text": "between 2250 and 1750 BCE", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who conquered Kangara?", "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402e", "answers": [{"text": "Mahmud Ghaznavi", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?", "id": "57096178ed30961900e8402f", "answers": [{"text": "10th century", "answer_start": 759}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?", "id": "57096178ed30961900e84030", "answers": [{"text": "Timur and Sikander Lodi", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During the Vedic period", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "During what period did Dagis exist, and then become conquered by the Gupta Empire?", "id": "5a360d7c788daf001a5f86d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What tribes lived in the area that is now Janapada?", "id": "5a360d7c788daf001a5f86d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 2250 and 1750 BCE", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "During what time period did King Harshavardhana rule?", "id": "5a360d7c788daf001a5f86da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mahmud Ghaznavi", "answer_start": 702}], "question": "Who conqurered the Indus valley in 1750 BCE?", "id": "5a360d7c788daf001a5f86db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Mughals", "answer_start": 982}], "question": "Who did the Dhali Sultanate pay tribute to?", "id": "5a360d7c788daf001a5f86dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as \"Janapada\" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals."}], ["Sebuah distrik Himachal Pradesh adalah unit geografi pentadbiran, yang diketuai oleh seorang Timbalan Pesuruhjaya atau Majistret Daerah, seorang pegawai yang dipunyai oleh Perkhidmatan Pentadbiran India. Majistret daerah atau timbalan pesuruhjaya dibantu oleh beberapa pegawai yang dipunyai oleh Perkhidmatan Pentadbiran Himachal dan perkhidmatan kerajaan Himachal yang lain. Setiap daerah dibahagikan kepada Sub-Bahagian, yang dipimpin oleh seorang hakim sub-bahagian, dan sekali lagi menjadi Blok. Blok terdiri daripada panchayats (majlis kampung) dan majlis perbandaran bandar. Seorang Penguasa Polis, seorang pegawai kepunyaan Perkhidmatan Polis India diamanahkan dengan tanggungjawab menjaga undang-undang dan ketenteraman dan isu-isu berkaitan daerah. Dia dibantu oleh pegawai-pegawai Perkhidmatan Polis Himachal dan pegawai Polis Himachal yang lain. <> Siapa yang mengetuai Himachal Pradesh? || Timbalan Pesuruhjaya atau Majistret Daerah <> Siapa yang menjaga undang-undang dan ketenteraman? || Penguasa Polis <> Siapa yang membantu Penguasa Polis? || para pegawai dari Perkhidmatan Polis Himachal dan pegawai Polis Himachal yang lain. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Perkhidmatan Pentadbiran India? || <> Siapa yang mengurus perbandaran bandar di daerah itu? || <> Apakah Perkhidmatan Pentadbiran India yang terdiri daripada? || <> Kumpulan apa yang dimiliki pegawai panchayat? || <> Apakah setiap unit geografi dibahagikan dan dikawal oleh sebuah daerah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "570962a6ed30961900e84048", "answers": [{"text": "Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who maintains law and order?", "id": "570962a6ed30961900e84049", "answers": [{"text": "Superintendent of Police", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assists the Superintendent of Police?", "id": "570962a6ed30961900e8404a", "answers": [{"text": "the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Who is in charge of the Indian Administrative Service?", "id": "5a361403788daf001a5f8700", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A Superintendent of Police", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "Who maintains town municipalities of the district?", "id": "5a361403788daf001a5f8701", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an administrative geographical unit", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What is the Indian Administrative Service comprised of?", "id": "5a361403788daf001a5f8702", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Indian Administrative Service", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What group does a panchayat officer belong to?", "id": "5a361403788daf001a5f8703", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sub-Divisions", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What is each geographical unit divided into and governed by a district?", "id": "5a361403788daf001a5f8704", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials."}], ["Himachal sangat kaya dengan sumber tenaga hidro. Negeri ini mempunyai kira-kira 25% potensi negara dalam hal ini. Telah dianggarkan bahawa kira-kira 20,300 MW kuasa elektrik hidro dapat dijana di Negeri dengan membina pelbagai projek utama, sederhana, kecil dan mini / mikro di lima lembangan sungai. Negara ini juga merupakan negara pertama di India untuk mencapai matlamat untuk memiliki akaun bank untuk setiap keluarga. [Rujukan?] Seperti harga semasa, jumlah KDNK dianggarkan pada \u00a5 254 bilion berbanding \u20b9 230 bilion pada tahun 2004 -05, menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 10.5%. Tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini menyaksikan penubuhan cepat Keusahawanan Antarabangsa. Hotel mewah, makanan dan francais jenama yang diiktiraf contohnya. Mc Donalds, KFC dan pondok Pizza telah tersebar dengan pantas. <> Himachal sangat kaya? || sumber hidro elektrik <> Siapakah negara pertama di India yang mempunyai setiap keluarga mempunyai akaun bank? || Himachal <> Berapa kuasa hidroelektrik boleh dihasilkan? || 20,300MW <> Apa yang telah merebak dengan cepat disebabkan peningkatan ekonomi? || Hotel mewah, makanan dan francais jenama yang diiktiraf contohnya. Mc Donalds, KFC dan pondok Pizza <> Apakah anggaran KDNK semasa? || \u20b9 254 bilion <> Apa hotel mewah yang kaya? || <> Apa yang Keusahawanan Antarabangsa dengan cepat membolehkan setiap keluarga mencapai? || <> Apakah peningkatan francaisi jenama yang diiktiraf dianggarkan berbilion? || <> Dengan apa peratusan perniagaan telah meningkat di negeri ini? || <> Berapa peratus daripada francaisi jenama yang diiktiraf telah dibuka baru-baru ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Himachal is extremely rich in?", "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367ef7", "answers": [{"text": "hydro electric resources", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?", "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367ef8", "answers": [{"text": "Himachal", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much hydroelectric power can be generated?", "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367ef9", "answers": [{"text": "20,300MW", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?", "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367efa", "answers": [{"text": "Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is current GDP estimated at?", "id": "57095fd8200fba1400367efb", "answers": [{"text": "\u20b9 254 billion", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hydro electric resources", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What are luxury hotels extremely rich in?", "id": "5a3621ca788daf001a5f873c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a bank account", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What has International Entrepreneurship rapidly allowed every family to achieve?", "id": "5a3621ca788daf001a5f873d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u20b9 254 billion as against \u20b9 230 billion in the year 2004\u201305", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What is the increase of franchisees of recognised brands estimated to be in billions?", "id": "5a3621ca788daf001a5f873e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10.5%", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "By what percentage has business increased in the state?", "id": "5a3621ca788daf001a5f873f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 25%", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What percentage of franchisees of recognised brands have been opened recently?", "id": "5a3621ca788daf001a5f8740", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at \u20b9 254 billion as against \u20b9 230 billion in the year 2004\u201305, showing an increase of 10.5%. The recent years witnessed quick establishment of International Entrepreneurship. Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut have rapidly spread."}], ["Selepas kemerdekaan, Provinsi Ketua H.P. telah berlaku pada 15 April 1948 sebagai hasil integrasi 28 buah negara prince (termasuk putera feodal dan zaildar) di promontories Himalaya barat, yang dikenali sepenuhnya sebagai Negara Simla Hills dan empat negeri selatan Punjab oleh isu Perintah Himachal Pradesh (Pentadbiran), 1948 di bawah Seksyen 3 dan 4 Akta Bidang Kuasa Wilayah, 1947 (kemudiannya dinamakan semula sebagai Bidang Kuasa Luar Negara, 1947 dengan AO tahun 1950). Negara Bilaspur digabungkan di Himachal Pradesh pada 1 April 1954 oleh Akta Himachal Pradesh dan Bilaspur (New State), 1954. Himachal menjadi bagian C negara pada 26 Januari 1950 dengan pelaksanaan Perlembagaan India dan Lt. Gabenor telah dilantik. Dewan Undangan dipilih pada tahun 1952. Himachal Pradesh menjadi wilayah kesatuan pada 1 November 1956. Berikutan kawasan Punjab State iaitu Daerah Simla, Kangra, Kulu dan Lahul dan Spiti, Nalagarh tehsil Daerah Ambala, Lohara, Amb dan Una kanungo, beberapa kawasan lingkaran Santokhgarh kanungo dan sebilangan kawasan yang lain dari Una tehsil Daerah Hoshiarpur selain beberapa bahagian Dhar Kalan Kanungo lingkaran Pathankot tehsil Daerah Gurdaspur; telah digabungkan dengan Himachal Pradesh pada 1 November 1966 mengenai penguatkuasaan Akta Penyusunan semula Punjab, 1966 oleh Parlimen. Pada 18 Disember 1970, Akta Himachal Pradesh telah diluluskan oleh Parlimen dan negeri baru itu bermula pada 25 Januari 1971. Oleh itu, Himachal muncul sebagai negara ke-18 Kesatuan India. <> Bilakah Ketua Komisioner Daerah HP wujud? || 15 April 1948 <> Bilakah Akta Himchal Pradesh diluluskan? || 18 Disember 1970 <> Bilakah Himachal muncul sebagai negara ke-18 Kesatuan India? || 25 Januari 1971 <> Bilakah Himachal Pradesh menjadi wilayah kesatuan? || 1 November 1956 <> Mengapa Ketua Komisioner Ketua HP menjadi? || sebagai hasil penyepaduan 28 negara-negara prasekali kecil <> Pada tarikh apa Himalaya barat menjadi wilayah kesatuan? || <> Bilakah Akta Ketua Pesuruhjaya diluluskan? || <> Bilakah keadaan terbentuknya Nalagarh tehsil? || <> Apakah pangkat Simla dalam kesatuan India? || <> Mengapa Lohara wujud pada 15 April 1948? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?", "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee3", "answers": [{"text": "15 April 1948", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?", "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee4", "answers": [{"text": "18 December 1970", "answer_start": 1376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?", "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee5", "answers": [{"text": "25 January 1971", "answer_start": 1490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?", "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee6", "answers": [{"text": "1 November 1956", "answer_start": 876}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?", "id": "57095dca200fba1400367ee7", "answers": [{"text": "as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 November 1956", "answer_start": 876}], "question": "On what date did western Himalaya become a union territory?", "id": "5a3610d6788daf001a5f86ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "On 18 December 1970", "answer_start": 1373}], "question": "When was the Chief Commissioner's Act passed?", "id": "5a3610d6788daf001a5f86ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 January 1971", "answer_start": 1490}], "question": "When was the state of Nalagarh tehsil formed?", "id": "5a3610d6788daf001a5f86ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 18th state", "answer_start": 1532}], "question": "What is the rank of Simla in the state of India's union?", "id": "5a3610d6788daf001a5f86ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Why did Lohara come into being in 15 April 1948?", "id": "5a3610d6788daf001a5f86f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Indian Union."}], ["Walaupun terletak di bahagian terpencil di negara ini, Himachal Pradesh mempunyai komuniti aktif wartawan dan penerbit. Beberapa akhbar dan majalah diterbitkan dalam lebih dari satu bahasa, dan jangkauan mereka meliputi hampir semua negara berbahasa Hindi. Radio dan TV telah meresap dengan ketara. Berdasarkan bilangan orang yang menulis kepada media ini, terdapat penduduk yang menyedari media yang sangat besar di negeri ini. Semua surat khabar harian utama Inggeris boleh didapati di Shimla dan ibu pejabat daerah. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal adalah akhbar harian Hindi dengan edisi tempatan dibaca secara meluas. <> Siapa yang mempunyai komuniti aktif wartawan dan penerbit? || Himachal Pradesh <> Apakah surat khabar yang terkenal? || diterbitkan dalam lebih dari satu bahasa, dan jangkauan mereka meliputi hampir semua negara berbahasa Hindi <> Apa yang terdapat di Shimla dan ibu pejabat daerah? || Semua surat khabar harian utama Bahasa Inggeris <> Apakah akhbar-akhbar yang berbahasa Hindi dan baca secara meluas? || Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal <> Apa yang telah berkembang dengan ketara? || Radio dan TV <> Apa yang mempunyai komuniti aktif yang membaca akhbar harian di Ujala? || <> Apakah prestasi Divya? || <> Apa yang terdapat di Faisla dan Aapka? || <> Apa yang telah berkembang di bahagian terpencil di negara ini? || <> Apakah nama-nama surat khabar membaca secara meluas dalam Bahasa Inggeris? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?", "id": "570969eaed30961900e840ce", "answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the newspapers famous for?", "id": "570969eaed30961900e840cf", "answers": [{"text": "published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?", "id": "570969eaed30961900e840d0", "answers": [{"text": "All major English daily newspapers", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?", "id": "570969eaed30961900e840d1", "answers": [{"text": "Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has grown significantly?", "id": "570969eaed30961900e840d2", "answers": [{"text": "Radio and TV", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What has an active community that reads the Ujala daily newspaper?", "id": "5a3636d5788daf001a5f878c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What are Divya's accomplishments?", "id": "5a3636d5788daf001a5f878d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "All major English daily newspapers", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What is available in Faisla and Aapka?", "id": "5a3636d5788daf001a5f878e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Radio and TV", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What has grown in a remote part of the country?", "id": "5a3636d5788daf001a5f878f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal", "answer_start": 504}], "question": "What are the names of newspapers read widely in English?", "id": "5a3636d5788daf001a5f8790", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely."}], ["Agama lain yang membentuk peratusan kecil ialah Buddhisme dan Sikhisme. Wilayah Lahaulis rantau Lahaul dan Spiti kebanyakannya Buddha. Sikh kebanyakannya tinggal di bandar-bandar dan kota-kota dan merupakan 1.16% daripada penduduk negeri. Sebagai contoh, mereka membentuk 10% penduduk di Daerah Una bersebelahan dengan negeri Punjab dan 17% di Shimla, ibukota negara. Orang-orang Buddha terdiri 1.15% terutamanya penduduk pribumi dan suku dari Lahaul dan Spiti, di mana mereka membentuk majoriti 60% dan Kinnaur di mana mereka membentuk 40%, namun sebahagian besar adalah pelarian dari Tibet. Umat Islam membentuk sedikit 2.18% daripada penduduk Himachal Pradesh. <> Apa agama lain membentuk peratusan kecil? || Buddhisme dan Sikhisme <> Siapakah orang Buddha? || Lahaulis dari Lahaul dan Spiti <> Apakah penduduk Islam di Himachal Pradesh? || sedikit 2.18% <> Di manakah kebanyakan Sikh tinggal? || pekan dan kota <> Banyak penduduk yang membuat Sikh? || 1.16% <> Berapa peratus daripada Daerah Una adalah Buddha? || <> Apakah penduduk Sikh Himachal Pradesh? || <> Di manakah kebanyakan pelarian Sikh? || <> Di manakah umat Islam terutamanya tinggal? || <> Berapa peratus umat Islam di Shimla, ibu negeri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What other religions form a small percentage?", "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f45", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism and Sikhism", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are mainly Buddhists?", "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f46", "answers": [{"text": "Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f47", "answers": [{"text": "slightly 2.18%", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do Sikhs mostly live?", "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f48", "answers": [{"text": "towns and cities", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?", "id": "570964e1200fba1400367f49", "answers": [{"text": "1.16%", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What percentage of the Una District is Buddhist?", "id": "5a362701788daf001a5f8764", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.18%", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What is the Sikh population of Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "5a362701788daf001a5f8765", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tibet", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "Where are most Sikh refugees from?", "id": "5a362701788daf001a5f8766", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "towns and cities", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "Where do Muslims mainly live in?", "id": "5a362701788daf001a5f8767", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17%", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "What percentage of Muslims are in Shimla, the state capital?", "id": "5a362701788daf001a5f8768", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh."}], ["Himachal Pradesh terkenal dengan keindahannya yang melimpah. Selepas perang antara Nepal dan Britain, yang juga dikenali sebagai Perang Anglo-Gorkha (1814-1816), kerajaan penjajah British berkuasa dan tanah sekarang yang terdiri daripada Himachal Pradesh menjadi sebahagian dari Wilayah Punjab India India. Pada tahun 1950, Himachal diisytiharkan sebagai wilayah kesatuan, tetapi selepas Akta Himachal Pradesh 1971, Himachal muncul sebagai negara ke-18 Republik India. Hima bermaksud salji di Sanskrit, dan arti harfiah nama negara itu adalah \"Di pangkuan Himalaya\". Ia dinamakan oleh Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, salah seorang ulama Sanskrit yang terkenal di Himachal Pradesh. <> Siapa yang terkenal dengan kecantikan semula jadi? || Himachal Pradesh <> Berapa tahunkah Perang Anglo-Gorkha? || 1814-1816 <> Apa maksud HIma di Sanskirt? || salji <> Apakah makna literal Himachal Pradesh? || Di pangkuan Himalaya <> Siapakah salah seorang sarjana sanskirt besar Himachal Pradesh? || Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma <> Apa yang diumumkan Pradesh pada tahun 1950? || <> Apa yang terkenal di Britain? || <> Apa yang berlaku selepas perang antara Himachal dan Sanskrit? || <> Bilakah Himalaya menjadi sebahagian daripada Wilayah Punjab British India? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab menamakan Provinsi Punjab di British India? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is famous for natural beauty?", "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c4", "answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?", "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c5", "answers": [{"text": "1814\u20131816", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?", "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c6", "answers": [{"text": "snow", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c7", "answers": [{"text": "In the lap of Himalayas", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "57096955ed30961900e840c8", "answers": [{"text": "Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a union territory", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What was Pradesh declared in 1950?", "id": "5a360940788daf001a5f86ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its abundant natural beauty", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What is  one thing Britain is famous for?", "id": "5a360940788daf001a5f86bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the British colonial government", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What came into power after the war between Himachal and Sanskrit?", "id": "5a360940788daf001a5f86bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814\u20131816)", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "When did the Himalayas become part of the Punjab Province of British India?", "id": "5a360940788daf001a5f86bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "Who was responsible for naming the Punjab Province of British India?", "id": "5a360940788daf001a5f86be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814\u20131816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is \"In the lap of Himalayas\". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh."}], ["Kerajaan telah melihat penggantian antara Partai Bharatiya Janata (BJP) dan Kongres Kebangsaan India (INC), tidak ada pihak ketiga yang pernah menjadi penting. Pada tahun 2003, dewan perundangan negeri dimenangi oleh Kongres Kebangsaan India dan Virbhadra Singh dipilih sebagai ketua menteri negeri. Dalam pilihan raya perhimpunan yang diadakan pada bulan Disember 2007, BJP memperoleh kemenangan besar. BJP memenangi 41 daripada 68 kerusi manakala Kongres memenangi hanya 23 daripada 68 kerusi. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal diangkat sebagai Ketua Menteri Himachal Pradesh pada 30 Disember 2007. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai ketua menteri negara India? || Virbhadra Singh <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang menang BJP? || 41 daripada 68 kerusi <> Siapa Ketua MJK Himachal Pradesh? || Prem Kumar Dhumal <> Kapan dia bersumpah? || 30 Disember 2007 <> Bilakah BJP selamatkan kemenangan? || Disember 2007 <> Pada tahun 2003, apakah kemenangan Parti Bharatiya? || <> Apakah Prem Kumar Dhumal dipilih seperti pada tahun 2003? || <> Bilakah pemilihan Kongres Kebangsaan India diadakan? || <> Bilakah Kongres Kebangsaan India menang dengan tanah runtuh? || <> Bilakah Virbhadra Singh bersumpah sebagai Ketua Menteri Himachal Pradesh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?", "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f93", "answers": [{"text": "Virbhadra Singh", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seats did the BJP win?", "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f94", "answers": [{"text": "41 of the 68 seats", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f95", "answers": [{"text": "Prem Kumar Dhumal", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was he sworn in?", "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f96", "answers": [{"text": "30 December 2007", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?", "id": "57096a98200fba1400367f97", "answers": [{"text": "December 2007", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the state legislative assembly", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win?", "id": "5a361a4c788daf001a5f8714", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the chief minister of the state", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "What was Prem Kumar Dhumal elected as in 2003?", "id": "5a361a4c788daf001a5f8715", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in December 2007", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "When were the Indian National Congress elections held?", "id": "5a361a4c788daf001a5f8716", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in December 2007", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "When did the Indian National Congress win by a landslide?", "id": "5a361a4c788daf001a5f8717", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on 30 December 2007", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "When was Virbhadra Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "5a361a4c788daf001a5f8718", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007."}], ["Himachal adalah salah satu daripada beberapa negeri yang masih tidak disentuh oleh adat luar, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh medan yang sukar. Dengan kemajuan teknologi negara telah berubah dengan sangat pesat. Ia adalah multicultural, multicultural dan pelbagai bahasa seperti negara-negara India yang lain. Antara bahasa yang paling biasa digunakan ialah Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri dan Kinnauri. Masyarakat kasta yang tinggal di Himachal termasuk Khatri, Brahmana Iman Hindu dan Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis dan Kolis, Sood Terdapat populasi suku di negara yang terutama terdiri Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, dan Lahaulis. Orang-orang Himachal Pradesh sangat mudah dan menjalani gaya hidup'Pahari 'tradisional. <> Siapakah yang tidak disentuh oleh kastam luar? || Himachal <> Apa yang membuat negeri berubah dengan cepat? || kemajuan teknologi <> Himachal adalah? || pelbagai bahasa multibahasa, multikultural serta bahasa berbilang bahasa seperti negara-negara India yang lain <> Apakah bahasa-bahasa umum yang digunakan? || Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri dan Kinnauri <> Siapa yang membentuk penduduk suku? || Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, dan Lahaulis <> Mengapa Dogri tidak disentuh oleh kastam luar? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan perubahan pantas dalam Gojri? || <> Apakah aspek Mandeali seperti negara-negara India yang lain? || <> Apakah beberapa bahasa yang digunakan dalam Gaddis? || <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang terdiri daripada populasi puak di Dogri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was largely untouched by external customs?", "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840de", "answers": [{"text": "Himachal", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has made the state change very rapidly?", "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840df", "answers": [{"text": "technological advancements", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Himachal is?", "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840e0", "answers": [{"text": "multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the common languages spoken?", "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840e1", "answers": [{"text": "Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who makes up the tribal populations?", "id": "57096ba1ed30961900e840e2", "answers": [{"text": "Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "largely due to its difficult terrain", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Why was Dogri untouched by external customs?", "id": "5a3631dc788daf001a5f876e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "technological advancements", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What has caused rapid changes in Gojri?", "id": "5a3631dc788daf001a5f876f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "What aspects does Mandeali have like other Indian states?", "id": "5a3631dc788daf001a5f8770", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "What are some languages spoken in Gaddis?", "id": "5a3631dc788daf001a5f8771", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis", "answer_start": 686}], "question": "What groups comprise the tribal populations in Dogri?", "id": "5a3631dc788daf001a5f8772", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional \u00b4Pahari' lifestyle."}], ["Walaupun negeri ini kekurangan biji-bijian makanan, ia banyak mendapat pendapatan dalam bidang pertanian lain seperti kentang benih, halia, sayur-sayuran, biji sayuran, cendawan, biji chicory, hop, buah zaitun dan ara. Kentang benih kebanyakannya ditanam di kawasan Shimla, Kullu dan Lahaul. Usaha khas dibuat untuk menggalakkan penanaman tanaman seperti buah zaitun, buah ara, hop, cendawan, bunga, kacang pistachio, sarda melon dan kunyit. Solan adalah daerah pengeluar sayuran terbesar di negeri ini. Daerah Sirmaur juga terkenal dengan bunga yang tumbuh, dan merupakan pengeluar bunga terbesar di negeri ini. <> Apa jenis pertanian di negeri ini? || benih kentang, halia, sayur-sayuran, biji sayuran, cendawan, biji chicory, hop, buah zaitun dan ara <> Di mana kentang benih kebanyakannya ditanam? || Kawasan Shimla, Kullu dan Lahaul <> Siapakah daerah penghasil sayuran terbesar di negeri ini? || Solan <> Apakah daerah Sirmaur terkenal? || bunga yang semakin berkembang, dan merupakan pengeluar bunga terbesar di negeri ini <> Apakah kekurangan negeri ini? || makanan bijirin <> Apakah kekurangan Shimla? || <> Dalam bidang apa yang paling banyak ditanam halia? || <> Apakah daerah penghasil ara yang terbesar di negeri ini? || <> Apakah daerah Kullu yang terkenal untuk menghasilkan? || <> Apakah Solan membuat usaha khas untuk menghasilkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of agriculture is in the state?", "id": "57096b25200fba1400367f9d", "answers": [{"text": "seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is seed potato mostly grown?", "id": "57096b25200fba1400367f9e", "answers": [{"text": "Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?", "id": "57096b25200fba1400367f9f", "answers": [{"text": "Solan", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?", "id": "57096b25200fba1400367fa0", "answers": [{"text": "growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the state deficient in?", "id": "57096b25200fba1400367fa1", "answers": [{"text": "food grains", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "food grains", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What is Shimla deficient in?", "id": "5a361e42788daf001a5f8728", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "In what areas is ginger mostly grown?", "id": "5a361e42788daf001a5f8729", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Solan", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "What is the largest fig producing district in the state?", "id": "5a361e42788daf001a5f872a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flowers", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "What is the Kullu district also famous for producing?", "id": "5a361e42788daf001a5f872b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What is Solan making a special effort to produce?", "id": "5a361e42788daf001a5f872c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state."}], ["Keretapi Himachal terkenal dengan jalur kereta api sempit yang sempit, salah satunya adalah Kereta Api Dunia UNESCO Kalka-Shimla Railway dan satu lagi adalah Pathankot-Jogindernagar. Jumlah panjang kedua trek ialah 259 kilometer (161 mi). Landasan Kereta Api Kalka-Shimla melewati banyak terowong, sementara Pathankot-Jogindernagar perlahan-lahan melayang melalui bukit-bukit dan lembah. Ia juga mempunyai landasan keretapi standard yang menghubungkan Amb (Una district) ke Delhi. Satu kaji selidik sedang dijalankan untuk memanjangkan laluan kereta api ke Kangra (melalui Nadaun). Kereta api lain yang dicadangkan di negeri ini ialah Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur dan Bilaspur-Manali-Leh. <> Apa itu Kereta Api Himachal yang terkenal? || alat ukur sempit yang melacak kereta api <> Apa 2 kereta api tolok sempit di Himachal Keretapi? || Kereta Api UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla dan satu lagi adalah Pathankot-Jogindernagar <> Apakah kereta api lain yang dicadangkan di negeri ini? || Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur dan Bilaspur-Manali-Leh. <> Apa yang sedang dijalankan untuk melanjutkan keretapi? || kaji selidik <> Apakah jumlah panjang kereta api? || 259 kilometer (161 mi) <> Apa itu kereta api Bilaspur-Manali-Leh yang terkenal? || <> Apakah dua terowong di Keretapi Himachal? || <> Apa lagi kereta api lain yang dicadangkan oleh UNESCO? || <> Berapa lama jumlah kereta api daerah Una? || <> Apa yang sedang dilakukan untuk memanjangkan laluan kereta api ke Delhi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Railway Himachal famous for?", "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f6d", "answers": [{"text": "its narrow gauge tracks railways", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?", "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f6e", "answers": [{"text": "UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the other railways being proposed in the state?", "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f6f", "answers": [{"text": "Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is being conducted to extend the railway?", "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f70", "answers": [{"text": "survey", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total length of the railways?", "id": "5709680e200fba1400367f71", "answers": [{"text": "259 kilometres (161 mi)", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its narrow gauge tracks railways", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What is Bilaspur-Manali-Leh railway famous for?", "id": "5a36242d788daf001a5f8750", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What are the two tunnels in Railway Himachal?", "id": "5a36242d788daf001a5f8751", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What other railways are being proposed by UNESCO?", "id": "5a36242d788daf001a5f8752", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "259 kilometres (161 mi)", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What is the total length of the Una district railway?", "id": "5a36242d788daf001a5f8753", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A survey", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What is being done to extend the railway line to Delhi?", "id": "5a36242d788daf001a5f8754", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh."}], ["Oleh kerana variasi ketinggian dalam ketinggian, variasi yang hebat berlaku dalam keadaan iklim Himachal. Iklimnya berbeza dari tropika panas dan subhumid di bahagian selatan ke selatan, dengan lebih tinggi ketinggian, sejuk, alpine, dan glasial di pergunungan utara dan timur. Negeri ini mempunyai kawasan seperti Dharamsala yang menerima hujan lebat yang sangat berat, serta orang-orang seperti Lahaul dan Spiti yang sejuk dan hampir tanpa hujan. Secara umum, Himachal mengalami tiga musim: musim panas, musim sejuk, dan musim hujan. Musim panas berlangsung dari pertengahan April hingga akhir bulan Jun dan kebanyakan bahagian menjadi sangat panas (kecuali di zon alpine yang mengalami musim panas yang sederhana) dengan suhu purata antara 28 hingga 32 \u00b0 C (82 hingga 90 \u00b0 F). Musim sejuk berlangsung dari akhir November hingga pertengahan Mac. Salji adalah perkara biasa di kawasan alpine (secara amnya di atas 2,200 meter (7,218 kaki) iaitu di wilayah yang lebih tinggi dan trans-Himalaya). <> Apa yang berlaku dalam keadaan iklim Himachal? || variasi hebat <> Apa iklim seperti? || berbeza dari tropika panas dan subhumid <> Apa tiga musim yang dilakukan oleh Himachal? || musim panas, musim sejuk, dan musim hujan <> Berapa lama musim panas lalu? || pertengahan bulan April hingga akhir bulan Jun <> Berapa lamakah musim sejuk yang terakhir? || lewat November hingga pertengahan Mac. <> Mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam keadaan iklim di Lahaul? || <> Apa tiga musim di Spiti? || <> Berapa lama musim panas terakhir di Dharamsala? || <> Bagaimana iklim berbeza di rantau trans-Himalaya? || <> Bagaimana bahagian kebanyakan Lahaul kecuali di Spiti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?", "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a0", "answers": [{"text": "great variation", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the climate like?", "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a1", "answers": [{"text": "varies from hot and subhumid tropical", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three seasons does Himachal experience?", "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a2", "answers": [{"text": "summer, winter, and rainy season", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does summer last?", "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a3", "answers": [{"text": "mid-April till the end of June", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does winter last?", "id": "5709667eed30961900e840a4", "answers": [{"text": "late November till mid March.", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Due to extreme variation in elevation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why is there variation in the climate conditions of Lahaul?", "id": "5a361229788daf001a5f86f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "summer, winter, and rainy season", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "What three seasons are in Spiti?", "id": "5a361229788daf001a5f86f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from mid-April till the end of June", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "How long does summer last in Dharamsala?", "id": "5a361229788daf001a5f86f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "How does the climate vary in the trans-Himalayan region?", "id": "5a361229788daf001a5f86f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "very hot", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "How are most parts of Lahaul except in Spiti?", "id": "5a361229788daf001a5f86fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 \u00b0C (82 to 90 \u00b0F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region)."}], ["Gurkhas, suku bela diri, berkuasa di Nepal pada tahun 1768. Mereka menggabungkan kekuatan ketenteraan mereka dan mula mengembangkan wilayah mereka. Secara beransur-ansur, Gorkhas menggabungkan Sirmour dan Shimla. Dengan kepimpinan Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas mengepung Kangra. Mereka berjaya mengalahkan Sansar Chand Katoch, penguasa Kangra, pada tahun 1806 dengan bantuan banyak ketua provinsi. Walau bagaimanapun, Gurkhas tidak dapat menangkap benteng Kangra yang berada di bawah Maharaja Ranjeet Singh pada tahun 1809. Selepas kekalahan itu, Gurkhas mula berkembang ke arah selatan negara itu. Walau bagaimanapun, Raja Ram Singh, Raja Siba Negeri berjaya menawan benteng Siba dari sisa-sisa Lahore Darbar di Samvat 1846, semasa Perang Anglo-Sikh Pertama. Mereka menjadi konflik langsung dengan British di sepanjang tali pinggang tarai yang kemudiannya mengusir mereka dari wilayah-wilayah wilayah Satluj. British secara beransur-ansur muncul sebagai kuasa utama. Dalam pemberontakan 1857, atau perang kemerdekaan pertama India, yang timbul daripada beberapa keluhan terhadap British, rakyat negeri bukit tidak aktif seperti politik di negara lain. Mereka dan raja-raja mereka, kecuali Bushahr, kekal kurang aktif. Sesetengah orang, termasuk penguasa Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal dan Dhami, memberikan bantuan kepada kerajaan British semasa pemberontakan itu. <> Bilakah Gurkhas berkuasa? || 1768 <> Di manakah Gurkhas berkuasa? || Nepal <> yang memimpin Gorkas untuk mengepung Kangra? || Amar Singh Thapa <> Pada tahun 1806 yang membuat Gorkas kalah dengan bantuan ketua provinsi? || Sansar Chand Katoch, penguasa Kangra, <> Siapakah yang memberikan bantuan kepada kerajaan Britania semasa pemberontakan itu? || penguasa Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal dan Dhami <> Pada tahun apakah Kangra berkuasa di Nepal? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Chamba dengan wilayah di Nepal? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai Dhami ketika mereka mengepung Kangra? || <> Siapa yang mengawal Lahore Darbar pada tahun 1809? || <> Bilakah peperangan Bilaspur yang pertama untuk kemerdekaan terhadap British? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Gurkhas come into power?", "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84096", "answers": [{"text": "1768", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Gurkhas come into power?", "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84097", "answers": [{"text": "Nepal", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?", "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84098", "answers": [{"text": "Amar Singh Thapa", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?", "id": "570965c4ed30961900e84099", "answers": [{"text": "Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?", "id": "570965c4ed30961900e8409a", "answers": [{"text": "rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami", "answer_start": 1245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the year 1768", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "In what year did Kangra come to power in Nepal?", "id": "5a360f18788daf001a5f86e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What were the Chamba doing with territory in Nepal?", "id": "5a360f18788daf001a5f86e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amar Singh Thapa", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "Who led the Dhami when they laid siege to Kangra?", "id": "5a360f18788daf001a5f86e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maharaja Ranjeet Singh", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "Who was in control of Lahore Darbar in 1809?", "id": "5a360f18788daf001a5f86e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 933}], "question": "When was the first Bilaspur war for independence against the British?", "id": "5a360f18788daf001a5f86e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt."}], ["Himachal Pradesh dikendalikan melalui sistem parlimen demokrasi yang mewakili, satu ciri saham negeri dengan negara-negara India yang lain. Pengundi umum diberikan kepada penduduk. Badan perundangan terdiri daripada ahli-ahli yang dipilih dan pemegang jawatan khas seperti Speaker dan Timbalan Speaker yang dipilih oleh ahli-ahli. Mesyuarat perhimpunan diketuai oleh Speaker atau Timbalan Speaker dalam ketiadaan Speaker. Badan kehakiman terdiri daripada Mahkamah Tinggi Himachal Pradesh dan sistem pengadilan rendah. Kuasa eksekutif terletak pada Majlis Menteri yang dipimpin oleh Ketua Menteri, walaupun ketua pemerintahan titular adalah Gubernur. Gabenor adalah ketua negara yang dilantik oleh Presiden India. Pemimpin partai atau gabungan dengan mayoritas di Dewan Perwakilan dilantik sebagai Ketua Menteri oleh Gubernur, dan Dewan Menteri dilantik oleh Gubernur atas nasihat Ketua Menteri. Majlis Menteri melaporkan kepada Dewan Undangan. Perhimpunan ini bersifat unicameral dengan 68 Ahli Dewan Undangan (MLA). Syarat jawatan berjalan selama 5 tahun, melainkan Perhimpunan dibubarkan sebelum penyelesaian istilah tersebut. Pihak berkuasa bantu yang dikenali sebagai panchayat, yang mana pemilihan badan tempatan diadakan secara tetap, mengawal hal ehwal tempatan. <> Apa perundangan Himachal terdiri daripada? || ahli yang dipilih dan pemegang jawatan khas seperti Speaker dan Timbalan Speaker yang dipilih oleh ahli-ahli <> Siapa yang mengetuai mesyuarat? || Speaker atau Timbalan Speaker di ketiadaan Speaker <> Siapa sistem Kehakiman yang terdiri daripada? || Mahkamah Tinggi Himachal Pradesh dan sistem mahkamah rendah. <> Siapa ketua negara yang dilantik oleh Presiden India? || Gabenor <> Berapa lamakah tempoh jawatan? || 5 tahun, melainkan jika Perhimpunan dibubarkan sebelum penyempurnaan term <> Berapa banyak ahli yang ada di Majlis Menteri-Menteri? || <> Berapa tahun ahli anggota kehakiman berkhidmat? || <> Siapa ketua negara yang dilantik oleh mahkamah rendah? || <> Siapa yang dilantik sebagai Ketua Menteri oleh Presiden India? || <> Siapa yang dilantik oleh MLA dengan nasihat dari Presiden India? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Himachal legislature consist of?", "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f59", "answers": [{"text": "elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who presides over meetings?", "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5a", "answers": [{"text": "the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Judiciary system made up of?", "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5b", "answers": [{"text": "Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?", "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5c", "answers": [{"text": "The Governor", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long are the terms of office?", "id": "5709672f200fba1400367f5d", "answers": [{"text": "5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term", "answer_start": 1131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "68", "answer_start": 1061}], "question": "How many members are there in the Council of Ministers?", "id": "5a36159d788daf001a5f870a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 years", "answer_start": 1131}], "question": "For how many years does a judiciary member serve?", "id": "5a36159d788daf001a5f870b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Governor", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "Who is the head of state appointed by the lower courts?", "id": "5a36159d788daf001a5f870c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly", "answer_start": 738}], "question": "Who is appointed as the Chief Minister by the President of India?", "id": "5a36159d788daf001a5f870d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Council of Ministers", "answer_start": 875}], "question": "Who are appointed by the MLA with advice from the President of India?", "id": "5a36159d788daf001a5f870e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs."}], ["Doordarshan adalah penyiar televisyen milik negara. Doordarshan Shimla juga menyediakan program dalam bahasa Pahari. Pengendali sistem bahasa Multi menyediakan gabungan bahasa Nepal, Hindi, Bahasa Inggeris, dan saluran antarabangsa melalui kabel. Semua India Radio adalah stesen radio awam. Stesen FM swasta juga boleh didapati di beberapa bandar seperti Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Selular dan Airtel adalah pengendali telefon selular. Internet jalur lebar boleh didapati di beberapa bandar dan bandar terpilih dan disediakan oleh BSNL yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan dan oleh syarikat swasta yang lain. Akses dail disediakan di seluruh negeri oleh BSNL dan pembekal lain. <> Apakah Doordarshan? || penyiar televisyen milik negara <> Apa yang disediakan oleh BSNL dan lain-lain di seluruh negeri? || Akses dail <> Apa yang terdapat di beberapa bandar? || Stesen FM Persendirian <> Siapa operator telefon selular yang ada? || BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Selular dan Airtel <> Apakah Semua Radio India? || stesen radio awam <> Apakah nama stesen radio milik negara? || <> Bahasa apa yang BSNL menyediakan program? || <> Apakah beberapa penyedia dial-up yang tersedia? || <> Apa yang terdapat di beberapa bandar seperti Nepal? || <> Apakah Reliance Infocomm dan Tata Indicom hanya menyediakan bandar dan bandar tertentu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Doordarshan?", "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840f8", "answers": [{"text": "state-owned television broadcaster", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?", "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840f9", "answers": [{"text": "Dial-up access", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is available in few cities?", "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840fa", "answers": [{"text": "Private FM stations", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are the cellular phone operators available?", "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840fb", "answers": [{"text": "BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is All India Radio?", "id": "57096d7eed30961900e840fc", "answers": [{"text": "public radio station", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Doordarshan", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of the state-owned radio station?", "id": "5a363a5c788daf001a5f8796", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pahari", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What language does BSNL provide programs in?", "id": "5a363a5c788daf001a5f8797", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What are some of the available dial-up providers?", "id": "5a363a5c788daf001a5f8798", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Private FM stations", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "What is available in a few cities like Nepal?", "id": "5a363a5c788daf001a5f8799", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Broadband internet", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What do Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom provide only to certain cities and towns?", "id": "5a363a5c788daf001a5f879a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers."}], ["Himachal Pradesh tersebar di lembah, dan 90% penduduk tinggal di kampung-kampung dan bandar-bandar. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan telah mencapai kebersihan 100% dan praktikalnya tiada rumah tunggal tanpa tandas. Kampung-kampung ini dihubungkan dengan baik ke jalan raya, pusat kesihatan awam, dan sekarang dengan Lokmitra kendra menggunakan jalur lebar berkelajuan tinggi. Daerah Shimla mempunyai penduduk bandar maksimum 25%. Mengikut kaji selidik Transparency International 2005, Himachal Pradesh menduduki peringkat kedua negara paling tidak korup di negara itu selepas Kerala. Stesen bukit di negeri ini adalah antara tempat yang paling kerap dilawati di negara ini. Kerajaan telah berjaya mengenakan perlindungan alam sekitar dan pembangunan pelancongan, memenuhi piawaian Eropah, dan merupakan satu-satunya negeri yang melarang penggunaan produk polietilen dan tembakau. [90] Di mana 90% penduduk tinggal di Himachal Pradesh? || kampung dan bandar <> Tiada rumah tunggal tiada? || tandas <> Apa kampung-kampung yang berkaitan dengannya? || jalan raya, pusat kesihatan awam, dan sekarang dengan Lokmitra kendra menggunakan jalur lebar berkelajuan tinggi <> Apakah kedudukan Himachal Pradesh menurut kajian antarabangsa Transparency 2005? || negeri terkorup sekurang-kurangnya di negara ini selepas Kerala <> Apakah tempat yang paling banyak dikunjungi di negara ini? || Stesen bukit <> Bagaimana Lokmitra kendra berada di peringkat setelah pemerintah mengenai korupsi? || <> Apa tempat yang paling kerap dilawati di Shimla? || <> Apa yang telah dilakukan kerajaan untuk memenuhi piawaian penduduk bandar maksimum? || <> Produk apa yang Shimla melarang penggunaan? || <> Apa yang tiada pusat kesihatan tanpa di Himachal Pradesh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd3", "answers": [{"text": "villages and towns", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "No single house is without?", "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd4", "answers": [{"text": "a toilet", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the villages well connected to?", "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd5", "answers": [{"text": "roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?", "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd6", "answers": [{"text": "second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the most visited places in the country?", "id": "57096e1c200fba1400367fd7", "answers": [{"text": "The hill stations", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "How is Lokmitra kendra ranked after the government regarding corruption?", "id": "5a360c2e788daf001a5f86ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The hill stations of the state", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What are the most visited places in Shimla?", "id": "5a360c2e788daf001a5f86cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "What has the government done to meet maximum urban population standards?", "id": "5a360c2e788daf001a5f86d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polyethylene and tobacco products", "answer_start": 762}], "question": "What products does Shimla forbid the use of?", "id": "5a360c2e788daf001a5f86d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a toilet", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What is no health center without in Himachal Pradesh?", "id": "5a360c2e788daf001a5f86d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]"}], ["Institut Teknologi Mandi India, Universiti Himachal Pradesh Shimla, Institut Teknologi Bioresource Himalaya (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, Institut Teknologi Negara, Hamirpur, Institut Teknologi Maklumat India, Una Universiti Pusat Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Universiti Shimla, Universiti Bahra (Waknaghat, Solan), Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, Universiti IEC, Universiti Teknologi Bioteknologi dan Pengurusan Shoolini, Solan, Universiti Manav Bharti Solan, Universiti Teknologi Maklumat Jaypee Waknaghat, Universiti Eternal, Sirmaur & Universiti Chitkara Solan adalah beberapa universiti perintis di negeri ini. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur adalah salah satu institut pertanian bukit yang paling terkenal di dunia. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Universiti Hortikultur dan Perhutanan telah memperolehi perbezaan yang unik di India kerana memberikan pengajaran, penyelidikan dan pendidikan lanjutan dalam hortikultur, perhutanan dan disiplin bersekutu. Selanjutnya, Kolej Kejuruteraan Jawaharlal Nehru yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan bermula pada tahun 2006 di Sundernagar. <> Bilakah negeri menjalankan Nehru Kerajaan Kejuruteraan Kolej bermula? || 2006 di Sundernagar <> Apa beberapa universiti perintis di negeri ini? || Institut Teknologi Mandi India, Universiti Himachal Pradesh Shimla, Institut Teknologi Bioresource Himalaya (IHBT, CSIR Lab) <> Apa institusi pertanian yang paling terkenal? || CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur <> Apakah Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University memperoleh? || perbezaan yang unik di India untuk memberikan pengajaran, penyelidikan dan pendidikan lanjutan dalam hortikultur, perhutanan dan disiplin bersekutu <> Apa Institut Teknologi India Mandi terkenal di dunia? || <> Pengiktirafan apa yang telah diperoleh oleh Universiti IEC? || <> Mengapa Universiti IEC mendapat perbezaan? || <> Bilakah Universiti IEC bermula di Sundernagar? || <> Apa salah satu institut IT yang paling terkenal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?", "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc5", "answers": [{"text": "2006 at Sundernagar", "answer_start": 1132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are a few pioneer universities in the state?", "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc6", "answers": [{"text": "The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most renowned argricultural institues?", "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc7", "answers": [{"text": "CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?", "id": "57096cd5200fba1400367fc8", "answers": [{"text": "unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines", "answer_start": 919}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes", "answer_start": 777}], "question": "What is the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi known for in the world?", "id": "5a363446788daf001a5f8782", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a unique distinction in India", "answer_start": 917}], "question": "What recognition has IEC University earned?", "id": "5a363446788daf001a5f8783", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines", "answer_start": 947}], "question": "Why has IEC University earned distinction?", "id": "5a363446788daf001a5f8784", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 2006", "answer_start": 1129}], "question": "When did IEC University start in Sundernagar?", "id": "5a363446788daf001a5f8785", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur", "answer_start": 722}], "question": "What is one of the most renowned IT institutes?", "id": "5a363446788daf001a5f8786", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar."}]], [["Kajian komunikasi keluarga melihat topik-topik seperti peraturan keluarga, peranan keluarga atau dialektik keluarga dan bagaimana faktor-faktor tersebut boleh menjejaskan komunikasi antara ahli keluarga. Penyelidik membangun teori untuk memahami tingkah laku komunikasi. Kajian komunikasi keluarga juga menggali jauh ke dalam tempoh masa tertentu dalam kehidupan keluarga seperti perkahwinan, ibu bapa atau perceraian dan bagaimana komunikasi berada dalam situasi tersebut. Adalah penting bagi ahli keluarga untuk memahami komunikasi sebagai cara yang dipercayai yang membawa kepada keluarga yang dibina dengan baik. <> Apakah beberapa faktor dalam komunikasi keluarga yang boleh menjejaskan komunikasi antara ahli keluarga? || peraturan keluarga, peranan keluarga atau dialektik keluarga <> Apakah tempoh masa kajian komunikasi keluarga? || perkahwinan, ibu bapa atau perceraian <> Apakah komunikasi yang dipercayai dalam keluarga membawa kepada? || keluarga yang dibina dengan baik <> Peranan keluarga didapati tidak menjejaskan komunikasi antara siapa? || <> Kematian seorang ahli keluarga dipandang dalam apa? || <> Ahli keluarga mengembangkan teori untuk memahami apa? || <> Adalah penting bagi penyelidik untuk memahami komunikasi sebagai cara yang dipercayai yang membawa kepada apa? || <> Peraturan keluarga bukan topik yang dilindungi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?", "id": "57096d77200fba1400367fcd", "answers": [{"text": "family rules, family roles or family dialectics", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?", "id": "57096d77200fba1400367fce", "answers": [{"text": "marriage, parenthood or divorce", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does trusted communication in a family lead to?", "id": "57096d77200fba1400367fcf", "answers": [{"text": "a well constructed family", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "family members", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Family roles were found to have no affect on communication between whom?", "id": "59fc2023a9fb160018f10d99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Family communication study", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "The death of a family member was looked at in what?", "id": "59fc2023a9fb160018f10d9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communication behaviors", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "Family members developed theories to understand what? ", "id": "59fc2023a9fb160018f10d9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "well constructed family", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "It is important for researchers to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a what?", "id": "59fc2023a9fb160018f10d9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Family communication study", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Family rules was not a topic that was covered in what?", "id": "59fc2023a9fb160018f10d9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family."}], ["Komunikasi nonverbal menerangkan proses penyampaian makna dalam bentuk mesej bukan perkataan. Contoh-contoh komunikasi nonverbal termasuk komunikasi haptik, komunikasi kronik, gerak isyarat, bahasa tubuh, ekspresi wajah, hubungan mata, dan bagaimana satu pakaian. Komunikasi nonverbal juga berkaitan dengan niat mesej. Contoh niat adalah sukarela, pergerakan yang sengaja seperti menggoncang tangan atau mengenyit, serta tidak sengaja, seperti berpeluh. Ucapan juga mengandungi elemen nonverbal yang dikenali sebagai bahasa paralang, mis. irama, intonasi, tempo, dan tekanan. Mungkin ada juga komponen pheromone. Penyelidikan telah menunjukkan bahawa sehingga 55% komunikasi manusia mungkin berlaku melalui ekspresi muka bukan verbal, dan 38% lagi melalui bahasa. Ia memberi kesan kepada komunikasi yang paling di peringkat bawah sedar dan mewujudkan kepercayaan. Begitu juga, teks bertulis termasuk elemen nonverbal seperti gaya tulisan tangan, susunan ruang perkataan dan penggunaan emotikon untuk menyampaikan emosi. <> Apakah komunikasi nonverbal? || menyampaikan makna dalam bentuk mesej bukan perkataan <> Apa salah satu contoh komunikasi nonverbal? || bahasa badan <> Apakah satu contoh niat sukarela mesej yang berkaitan dengan komunikasi nonverbal? || berjabat tangan <> Apakah satu contoh niat sukarela mesej yang berkaitan dengan komunikasi nonverbal? || berpeluh <> Berapakah peratusan komunikasi manusia berlaku melalui ekspresi wajah nonverbal? || 55% <> Apakah contoh kata sifat? || <> Tingkat dopamin boleh menunjukkan jenis komunikasi apa? || <> Komunikasi tidak tepat menetapkan apa? || <> Apakah peratusan komunikasi manusia berlaku melalui penorehan kaki? || <> Apakah komunikasi verbal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is nonverbal communication?", "id": "57096026ed30961900e84018", "answers": [{"text": "conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one example of nonverbal communication?", "id": "57096026ed30961900e84019", "answers": [{"text": "body language", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?", "id": "57096026ed30961900e8401a", "answers": [{"text": "shaking a hand", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?", "id": "57096026ed30961900e8401b", "answers": [{"text": "sweating", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?", "id": "57096026ed30961900e8401c", "answers": [{"text": "55%", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-verbal facial expressions", "answer_start": 684}], "question": "What is an example of paralanguage?", "id": "59fc0c6da9fb160018f10d7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nonverbal communication", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Dopamine levels can show what type of communication?", "id": "59fc0c6da9fb160018f10d7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trust", "answer_start": 827}], "question": "Improper communication establishes what?", "id": "59fc0c6da9fb160018f10d7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55%", "answer_start": 639}], "question": "What percentage of human communication occurs through foot tapping?", "id": "59fc0c6da9fb160018f10d7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What is verbal communication?", "id": "59fc0c6da9fb160018f10d7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion."}], ["Komunikasi biasanya diterangkan bersama beberapa dimensi utama: Mesej (apa jenis perkara yang disampaikan), sumber / emisor / pengirim / pengekod (oleh siapa), bentuk (dalam bentuk mana), saluran (melalui medium), destinasi / sasaran / penyahkod (kepada siapa), dan Penerima. Wilbur Schram (1954) juga menunjukkan bahawa kita juga harus meneliti kesan bahawa mesej telah (kedua-dua dikehendaki dan tidak diingini) pada sasaran mesej. Antara pihak, komunikasi termasuk perbuatan yang memberikan pengetahuan dan pengalaman, memberikan nasihat dan perintah, dan mengajukan pertanyaan. Tindakan-tindakan ini mungkin mengambil banyak bentuk, dalam salah satu daripada pelbagai cara komunikasi. Bentuknya bergantung kepada kebolehan kumpulan berkomunikasi. Bersama-sama, kandungan dan bentuk komunikasi membuat mesej yang dihantar ke destinasi. Sasaran itu boleh menjadi diri sendiri, orang lain atau yang lain, entiti lain (seperti perbadanan atau kumpulan makhluk). <> Apakah satu dimensi yang biasanya dijelaskan komunikasi bersama? || saluran (melalui yang sederhana) <> Siapa yang mengatakan bahawa kita harus meneliti impak mesej yang ada pada penerima mesej? || Wilbur Schram <> Apa tindakan yang termasuk dalam komunikasi antara pihak? || memberi pengetahuan dan pengalaman, memberikan nasihat dan perintah, dan bertanya soalan-soalan <> Bentuk-bentuk perbuatan yang termasuk dalam komunikasi bergantung pada apa? || kebolehan kumpulan berkomunikasi <> Apakah satu sasaran komunikasi? || orang lain atau yang <> Apa yang digambarkan mempunyai banyak dimensi utama? || <> Destinasi atau sasaran dianggap sebagai medium dari apa? || <> Siapa yang tidak fikir mesej akan memberi kesan kepada penerima? || <> Bersama-sama, kandungan komunikasi, niat dan bentuk membuat mesej yang dihantar di mana? || <> Memindahkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman adalah satu-satunya jenis apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?", "id": "57096466ed30961900e84072", "answers": [{"text": "channel (through which medium)", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?", "id": "57096466ed30961900e84073", "answers": [{"text": "Wilbur Schram", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What acts are included in communication between parties?", "id": "57096466ed30961900e84074", "answers": [{"text": "confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?", "id": "57096466ed30961900e84075", "answers": [{"text": "abilities of the group communicating", "answer_start": 666}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one target of communication?", "id": "57096466ed30961900e84076", "answers": [{"text": "another person or being", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Communication", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is described as having many major dimensions?", "id": "59fc3ab7a9fb160018f10dd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Communication", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "The destination or target is thought to be the medium of what?", "id": "59fc3ab7a9fb160018f10dd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wilbur Schram", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "Who didn't think a message would have any impact on the receiver?", "id": "59fc3ab7a9fb160018f10dd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "towards a destination", "answer_start": 773}], "question": "Together, communication content, intent and form make messages that are sent where?", "id": "59fc3ab7a9fb160018f10dd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communication", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "Transferring knowledge and experiences are the only types of what?", "id": "59fc3ab7a9fb160018f10dd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings)."}], ["Bidang komunikasi haiwan yang luas merangkumi kebanyakan masalah dalam etologi. Komunikasi haiwan boleh ditakrifkan sebagai tingkah laku mana-mana satu haiwan yang mempengaruhi tingkah laku semasa atau masa depan binatang lain. Kajian komunikasi haiwan, yang disebut semiotik zoo (dibezakan daripada antroposemiotik, kajian komunikasi manusia) telah memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan etologi, sosiobiologi, dan kajian kognisi haiwan. Komunikasi haiwan, dan sememangnya pemahaman tentang dunia haiwan pada umumnya, adalah bidang yang pesat berkembang, dan bahkan pada abad ke-21 setakat ini, bahagian yang lebih besar daripada pemahaman terdahulu yang berkaitan dengan pelbagai bidang seperti penggunaan nama simbol peribadi, emosi haiwan, haiwan budaya dan pembelajaran, dan juga tingkah laku seksual, lama berfikir yang difahami dengan baik, telah merevolusikan. Bidang komunikasi haiwan yang khusus telah diselidiki dengan lebih terperinci seperti komunikasi getaran. <> Bagaimana komunikasi haiwan ditakrifkan? || apa-apa tingkah laku satu haiwan yang menjejaskan tingkah laku semasa atau masa depan haiwan lain <> Apakah kajian tentang komunikasi haiwan yang dipanggil? || semiotik zoo <> Apakah kajian komunikasi manusia? || antroposemiotics <> Apa beberapa bidang pengetahuan tentang dunia binatang yang telah merevolusi pada abad ke-21? || emosi haiwan, budaya haiwan dan pembelajaran <> Bidang komunikasi apa yang telah diselidiki dengan lebih teliti? || komunikasi getaran <> Anthroposemiotik adalah kajian haiwan apa? || <> Zoo semiotika adalah kajian manusia apa? || <> Satu bidang komunikasi haiwan yang tidak disiasat adalah apa? || <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai satu tingkah laku semua haiwan yang mempengaruhi perilaku semasa atau masa depan binatang lain? || <> Komunikasi manusia dan haiwan adalah bidang kajian yang berkembang pesat dalam abad yang lalu. ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How is animal communication defined?", "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84120", "answers": [{"text": "any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the study of animal communication called?", "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84121", "answers": [{"text": "zoo semiotics", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the study of human communication called?", "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84122", "answers": [{"text": "anthroposemiotics", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?", "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84123", "answers": [{"text": "animal emotions, animal culture and learning", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?", "id": "57096fa9ed30961900e84124", "answers": [{"text": "vibrational communication", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communication", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "Anthroposemiotics is the study of animal what?", "id": "59fc23cca9fb160018f10da3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communication", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Zoo semiotics is the study of human what?", "id": "59fc23cca9fb160018f10da4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vibrational communication", "answer_start": 918}], "question": "A special field of animal communication that has not been investigated is what?", "id": "59fc23cca9fb160018f10da5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Animal communication", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What is defined as any one behavior of all animals that affects the current or future behavior of another animal?", "id": "59fc23cca9fb160018f10da6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21st", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "Human and animal communication is a rapidly growing field of study in what century.", "id": "59fc23cca9fb160018f10da7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication."}], ["Model utama pertama untuk komunikasi diperkenalkan oleh Claude Shannon dan Warren Weaver untuk Laboratorium Bell pada tahun 1949 Model asal direka untuk mencerminkan fungsi teknologi radio dan telefon. Model awal mereka terdiri daripada tiga bahagian utama: penghantar, saluran, dan penerima. Pengirim adalah sebahagian dari telefon yang seseorang bercakap, saluran itu adalah telefon itu sendiri, dan penerima adalah sebahagian dari telefon yang mana seseorang dapat mendengar orang lain. Shannon dan Weaver juga menyedari bahawa sering terdapat statik yang mengganggu seseorang yang mendengar perbualan telefon, yang mereka anggap bunyi bising. <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan model utama pertama untuk komunikasi pada tahun 1949? || Claude Shannon dan Warren Weaver <> Apakah model pertama untuk komunikasi terdiri daripada? || pengirim, saluran, dan penerima <> Apakah penghantar dalam model awal? || bahagian telefon seseorang bercakap ke dalam <> Apakah saluran dalam model awal? || telefon itu sendiri <> Apakah penerima dalam model awal? || bahagian telefon di mana seseorang boleh mendengar orang lain <> Pada tahun 1945 model komunikasi pertama diperkenalkan untuk apa syarikat? || <> Apa yang mempunyai dua bahagian utama penghantar dan penerima? || <> Saluran di mana seseorang boleh mendengar apa? || <> Shannon dan Bell mengakui bahawa apa yang mengganggu mendengar perbualan telefon? || <> Warren Shannon dan Claude Weaver bekerja untuk siapa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?", "id": "570971d6ed30961900e8414e", "answers": [{"text": "Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the first model for communication consist of?", "id": "570971d6ed30961900e8414f", "answers": [{"text": "sender, channel, and receiver", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the sender in the initial model?", "id": "570971d6ed30961900e84150", "answers": [{"text": "the part of a telephone a person spoke into", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the channel in the initial model?", "id": "570971d6ed30961900e84151", "answers": [{"text": "the telephone itself", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the receiver in the initial model?", "id": "570971d6ed30961900e84152", "answers": [{"text": "the part of the phone where one could hear the other person", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bell Laboratories", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "In 1945 the first communication model was introduced for what company?", "id": "59fc2ce3a9fb160018f10dc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "initial model", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What had two primary parts of a sender and a receiver?", "id": "59fc2ce3a9fb160018f10dc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the other person", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "The channel was where one could hear what?", "id": "59fc2ce3a9fb160018f10dc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "static", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "Shannon and Bell recognized that what interfered with listening to a telephone conversation?", "id": "59fc2ce3a9fb160018f10dc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bell Laboratories", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Warren Shannon and Claude Weaver worked for whom?", "id": "59fc2ce3a9fb160018f10dc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise."}], ["Dalam model mudah, sering disebut sebagai model transmisi atau pandangan standard mengenai komunikasi, maklumat atau kandungan (misalnya mesej dalam bahasa semula jadi) dihantar dalam bentuk tertentu (seperti bahasa lisan) dari emisor / penghantar / pengekod ke destinasi / penerima / penyahkod. Konsep komunikasi yang biasa ini hanya melihat komunikasi sebagai cara untuk menghantar dan menerima maklumat. Kekuatan model ini adalah kesederhanaan, keluasan, dan kuantiti. Claude Shannon dan Warren Weaver menyusun model ini berdasarkan unsur-unsur berikut: <> Model mudah juga dirujuk sebagai apa? || model penghantaran <> Apakah jenis mesej yang dihantar dalam model mudah? || mesej dalam bahasa semulajadi <> Dalam bentuk apakah maklumat atau kandungan yang dihantar dalam model mudah? || bahasa lisan <> Bagaimana maklumat dihantar melalui model mudah? || dari emisor / pengirim / encoder <> Apa kekuatan model mudah? || kesederhanaan, keluasan, dan kuantifibiliti <> Apakah kelemahan model ini? || <> Claude Weaver melakukan apa yang berdasarkan unsur-unsur itu? || <> Model kompleks adalah mesej yang dihantar dari emisor / pengirim / pengekod untuk apa? || <> Jenis mesej apa yang dihantar dalam model rumit? || <> Siapa yang mencipta model ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "A simple model is also referred to as what?", "id": "57097302ed30961900e84174", "answers": [{"text": "transmission model", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of message is sent in a simple model?", "id": "57097302ed30961900e84175", "answers": [{"text": "a message in natural language", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?", "id": "57097302ed30961900e84176", "answers": [{"text": "spoken language", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is information sent through a simple model?", "id": "57097302ed30961900e84177", "answers": [{"text": "from an emisor/ sender/ encoder", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the strengths of the simple model?", "id": "57097302ed30961900e84178", "answers": [{"text": "simplicity, generality, and quantifiability", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "simplicity, generality, and quantifiability", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "What are the weaknesses of this model?", "id": "59fc36eaa9fb160018f10dcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "structured this model", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "Claude Weaver did what based on those elements?", "id": "59fc36eaa9fb160018f10dcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "destination/ receiver/ decoder", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "A complex model is a message sent from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a what?", "id": "59fc36eaa9fb160018f10dcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "natural language", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What type of message is sent in a complex model?", "id": "59fc36eaa9fb160018f10dce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "Who invented this model?", "id": "59fc36eaa9fb160018f10dcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:"}], ["Komunikasi diperhatikan dalam organisma tumbuhan, iaitu dalam sel tumbuhan dan antara sel tumbuhan, antara tumbuhan spesies yang sama atau yang berkaitan, dan antara organisma tumbuhan dan bukan tumbuhan, terutama di zon akar. Akar tumbuhan berkomunikasi dengan bakteria rhizome, kulat, dan serangga di dalam tanah. Interaksi ini dikawal oleh peraturan sintaksis, pragmatik, dan semantik, [rujukan?] Dan mungkin disebabkan oleh \"sistem saraf\" yang terdesentralisasi tanaman. Makna asal kata \"neuron\" dalam bahasa Yunani adalah \"serat sayuran\" dan penyelidikan baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan proses komunikasi tumbuhan mikro adalah seperti neuron. Tumbuh-tumbuhan juga berkomunikasi melalui volatil apabila terdedah kepada tingkah laku serangan tumbuhan, dengan ini memberi amaran tumbuhan tetangga. Secara selari mereka menghasilkan volatil lain untuk menarik parasit yang menyerang herbivora ini. Dalam keadaan tekanan, tumbuh-tumbuhan boleh menimpa genom yang diwarisi dari ibu bapa mereka dan kembali kepada datuk atau kakek mereka yang besar. Apa bentuk komunikasi yang diamati dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan? || antara sel tumbuhan <> Apa bahagian kilang berkomunikasi dengan bakteria, kulat dan serangga rizom di dalam tanah? || Akar <> Bagaimana akar tumbuhan dapat berkomunikasi dengan bakteria riang, kulat, dan serangga di dalam tanah? || \"sistem saraf\" yang terdesentralisasi tumbuh-tumbuhan <> Apakah makna perkataan neuron dalam bahasa Yunani? || serat sayuran <> Bagaimana tumbuhan berkomunikasi untuk memberi amaran tumbuhan bahaya yang berdekatan? || melalui volatil <> Tanaman daun berkomunikasi dengan apa yang ada di dalam tanah? || <> Sistem terpusat ini menjadikan interaksi tumbuhan mungkin? || <> Kata Ibrani untuk 'neuron' adalah apa? || <> Semasa tingkah laku serangan tumbuhan apa yang tidak membenarkan tanaman untuk berkomunikasi? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh menimpa tumbuhan apabila mereka ditekankan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a form of communication observed within plants?", "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368061", "answers": [{"text": "between plant cells", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?", "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368062", "answers": [{"text": "roots", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?", "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368063", "answers": [{"text": "the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?", "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368064", "answers": [{"text": "vegetable fiber", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?", "id": "57097c1c200fba1400368065", "answers": [{"text": "via volatiles", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "The plants leaves communicates with what in the soil?", "id": "59fc2657a9fb160018f10dad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nervous", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "This centralized system makes plant interactions possible?", "id": "59fc2657a9fb160018f10dae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vegetable fiber", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "The Hebrew word for 'neuron' is what?", "id": "59fc2657a9fb160018f10daf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "volatiles", "answer_start": 681}], "question": "During herbivory attack behavior what doesn't allow plants to communicate?", "id": "59fc2657a9fb160018f10db0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genomes", "answer_start": 906}], "question": "What can't plants overwrite when they are stressed?", "id": "59fc2657a9fb160018f10db1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants. The original meaning of the word \"neuron\" in Greek is \"vegetable fiber\" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]"}], ["Dalam bentuk yang lebih rumit, penghantar dan penerima dihubungkan secara timbal balik. Sikap komunikasi kedua ini, yang disebut sebagai model konstitutif atau pandangan pembinaan, menumpukan pada bagaimana seseorang berkomunikasi sebagai faktor penentu cara mesej itu akan ditafsirkan. Komunikasi dilihat sebagai saluran; satu laluan di mana maklumat bergerak dari satu individu ke satu sama lain dan maklumat ini menjadi berasingan daripada komunikasi itu sendiri. Contoh komunikasi tertentu dipanggil tindakan pertuturan. Penapis peribadi penghantar dan penapis peribadi penerima mungkin berbeza bergantung pada tradisi, budaya, atau jantina serantau yang berlainan; yang boleh mengubah makna yang dimaksudkan untuk kandungan mesej. Dengan kehadiran \"kebisingan komunikasi\" pada saluran penghantaran (udara, dalam kes ini), penerimaan dan penyahkodan kandungan mungkin rosak, dan dengan itu perbincangan ucapan tidak dapat mencapai kesan yang diinginkan. Satu masalah dengan model penyahkodan-penerimaan-decode ini adalah bahawa proses pengkodan dan penyahkodan menyiratkan bahawa penghantar dan penerima masing-masing mempunyai sesuatu yang berfungsi sebagai buku cod, dan kedua-dua buku kod itu sekurang-kurangnya sama, jika tidak sama. Walaupun sesuatu seperti buku kod tersirat oleh model, mereka tidak diwakili dalam model, yang menimbulkan banyak kesulitan konseptual. <> Bagaimana pengirim dan penerima disambungkan dalam bentuk model komunikasi yang agak kompleks? || Secara reciprocally <> Apakah model komunikasi di mana penghantar dan penerima dihubungkan secara reciprocally? || model konstitutif atau pandangan pembinaanis <> Apa komunikasi dilihat sebagai? || sebuah saluran <> Apa sesuatu yang boleh mengubah makna yang dimaksudkan untuk mesej? || tradisi serantau yang berlainan <> Apakah sesuatu yang boleh menyebabkan penerimaan dan penyahkodan kandungan mesej menjadi rosak? || bunyi komunikasi <> Buku-buku kod diwakili dalam apa? || <> Sikap komunikasi pertama dirujuk sebagai apa? || <> Kadang-kadang contoh komunikasi dipanggil apa? || <> Pengirim atau penerima apa yang tidak pernah berubah tanpa mengira budaya atau jantina? || <> Umur seseorang boleh menukar pengirim atau penerima apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?", "id": "570979ba200fba1400368043", "answers": [{"text": "reciprocally", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?", "id": "570979ba200fba1400368044", "answers": [{"text": "constitutive model or constructionist view", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is communication viewed as?", "id": "570979ba200fba1400368045", "answers": [{"text": "a conduit", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?", "id": "570979ba200fba1400368046", "answers": [{"text": "different regional traditions", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?", "id": "570979ba200fba1400368047", "answers": [{"text": "communication noise", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the model", "answer_start": 1300}], "question": "Code books are represented in what?", "id": "59fc3e7ba9fb160018f10ddf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the constitutive model or constructionist view", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "The first attitude of communication is referred to as what?", "id": "59fc3e7ba9fb160018f10de0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a speech act", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "Occasionally instances of communication are called what?", "id": "59fc3e7ba9fb160018f10de1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal filters", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "A sender or receiver's what never varies regardless of culture or gender?", "id": "59fc3e7ba9fb160018f10de2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal filters", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "A person's age may change a sender or receiver's what?", "id": "59fc3e7ba9fb160018f10de3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of \"communication noise\" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties."}], ["Komunikasi lisan atau lisan yang berkesan bergantung kepada beberapa faktor dan tidak dapat diasingkan sepenuhnya dari kemahiran interpersonal yang penting seperti komunikasi tanpa lisan, kemahiran mendengar dan penjelasan. Bahasa manusia boleh ditakrifkan sebagai sistem simbol (kadangkala dikenali sebagai lexemes) dan tatabahasa (peraturan) di mana simbol dimanipulasi. Perkataan \"bahasa\" juga merujuk kepada sifat-sifat umum bahasa. Pembelajaran bahasa biasanya berlaku paling intensif semasa zaman kanak-kanak. Kebanyakan beribu-ribu bahasa manusia menggunakan corak suara atau isyarat untuk simbol yang membolehkan komunikasi dengan orang lain di sekeliling mereka. Bahasa cenderung untuk berkongsi sifat-sifat tertentu, walaupun terdapat pengecualian. Tiada garis yang jelas antara bahasa dan dialek. Bahasa yang dibina seperti Esperanto, bahasa pengaturcaraan, dan pelbagai formalisme matematik tidak semestinya terhad kepada sifat yang dikongsi oleh bahasa manusia. Komunikasi adalah proses dua hala bukan hanya satu arah. <> Apakah komunikasi manusia ditakrifkan sebagai? || sistem simbol <> Bilakah pembelajaran bahasa terutamanya berlaku paling intensif? || semasa zaman kanak-kanak <> Berapa banyak bahasa manusia di sana? || beribu-ribu <> Apa gunanya menggunakan bahasa manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang lain? || corak bunyi atau isyarat untuk simbol <> Apakah contoh bahasa yang tidak terhad kepada sifat bahasa manusia? || bahasa pengaturcaraan <> Bilakah pembelajaran bahasa tidak berlaku paling intensif? || <> Kombinasi dan corak surat dan gerak isyarat adalah asas untuk beribu-ribu apa? || <> Contoh bahasa yang terhad kepada sifat bahasa manusia adalah apa? || <> Kemahiran mendengarkan bukan faktor kemahiran interpersonal yang penting dalam jenis komunikasi apa? || <> Tatabahasa tidak digunakan dalam memanipulasi simbol-simbol apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is human communication defined as?", "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b0", "answers": [{"text": "a system of symbols", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?", "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b1", "answers": [{"text": "during human childhood", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many human languages are there?", "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b2", "answers": [{"text": "thousands", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do human languages use to communicate with others?", "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b3", "answers": [{"text": "patterns of sound or gesture for symbols", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?", "id": "57096733ed30961900e840b4", "answers": [{"text": "programming languages", "answer_start": 818}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human childhood", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "When does language learning not occur most intensively?", "id": "59fc14d7a9fb160018f10d85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human languages", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "The combination and patterns of letters and gestures are the basis for thousands of what?", "id": "59fc14d7a9fb160018f10d86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "programming languages", "answer_start": 818}], "question": "An example of a language that is restricted to properties of human language is what?", "id": "59fc14d7a9fb160018f10d87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Effective verbal or spoken communication", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication?", "id": "59fc14d7a9fb160018f10d88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Human language", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Grammars are not used in manipulating the symbols of what? ", "id": "59fc14d7a9fb160018f10d89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word \"language\" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way."}], ["Kulat berkomunikasi untuk menyelaraskan dan menyusun pertumbuhan dan perkembangan mereka seperti pembentukan Marcelia dan badan berbuah. Kangkung berkomunikasi dengan spesies mereka sendiri dan yang berkaitan serta dengan organisma bukan kulat dalam pelbagai interaksi simbiotik, terutama dengan bakteria, eukaryote unisel, tumbuhan dan serangga melalui biokimia asal biotik. Biokimia mencetuskan organisma kulat untuk bertindak secara spesifik, sementara jika molekul kimia yang sama bukan sebahagian daripada mesej biotik, mereka tidak mencetuskan organisma kulat untuk bertindak balas. Ini menunjukkan bahawa organisma kulat boleh membezakan antara molekul yang mengambil bahagian dalam mesej biotik dan molekul serupa yang tidak relevan dalam keadaan. Setakat ini, lima molekul isyarat utama yang berbeza dikenali untuk menyelaraskan corak tingkah laku yang berbeza seperti filamen, kawin, pertumbuhan, dan patogenisiti. Koordinasi perilaku dan pengeluaran bahan isyarat dicapai melalui proses penafsiran yang membolehkan organisma berbeza antara diri atau bukan diri, penunjuk biotik, mesej biotik dari spesies sejenis yang berkaitan, berkaitan atau yang tidak berkaitan, dan juga menyaring \"bunyi bising\" iaitu molekul yang sama tanpa kandungan biotik. <> Mengapa kulat berkomunikasi? || untuk menyelaras dan menyusun pertumbuhan dan pembangunan mereka <> Bagaimana kulat berkomunikasi dengan serangga? || melalui biokimia asal biotik <> Berapa banyak molekul isyarat utama dikenali untuk menyusun corak tingkah laku yang berbeza? || lima <> Apa yang membolehkan organisme membezakan antara diri dan yang lain? || proses penafsiran <> Apakah contoh \"bising\" yang ditapis melalui proses tafsiran? || molekul yang sama tanpa kandungan biotik <> Terdapat empat molekul isyarat utama yang diketahui menganjurkan apa? || <> Apa yang tidak dapat membezakan antara molekul yang mengambil bahagian dalam mesej biotik atau mesej tidak relevan? || <> Berapa banyak molekul isyarat sekunder dikenali untuk menyelaras? || <> Apakah bahan yang selalu mencetuskan organisma kulat untuk bertindak balas dengan cara yang sama setiap kali? || <> Apa 'bising' tidak dapat disaring? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why do fungi communicate?", "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f29", "answers": [{"text": "to coordinate and organize their growth and development", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do fungi communicate with insects?", "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2a", "answers": [{"text": "through biochemicals of biotic origin", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?", "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2b", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?", "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2c", "answers": [{"text": "interpretation processes", "answer_start": 973}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of \"noise\" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?", "id": "5709630f200fba1400367f2d", "answers": [{"text": "similar molecules without biotic content", "answer_start": 1176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different behavioral patterns", "answer_start": 802}], "question": "There are four primary signalling molecules that are known to organize what?", "id": "59fc2a67a9fb160018f10db7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fungal organisms", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What can't differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages or irrelevant messages?", "id": "59fc2a67a9fb160018f10db8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "How many secondary signalling molecules are known to coordinate?", "id": "59fc2a67a9fb160018f10db9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biochemicals", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What substance always triggers the fungal organism to react the same way every time?", "id": "59fc2a67a9fb160018f10dba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "similar molecules without biotic content", "answer_start": 1176}], "question": "What 'noise' can't be filtered out?", "id": "59fc2a67a9fb160018f10dbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out \"noise\", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content."}], ["Syarikat dengan sumber yang terhad boleh memilih untuk melibatkan diri dalam beberapa aktiviti ini, sementara organisasi yang lebih besar boleh menggunakan spektrum komunikasi penuh. Oleh kerana sukar untuk membangunkan kemahiran yang luas, para profesional komunikasi sering mengkhususkan diri dalam satu atau dua bidang ini tetapi biasanya mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya pengetahuan tentang kebanyakan dari mereka. Setakat ini, profesional komunikasi kelayakan yang paling penting boleh memiliki kemampuan menulis yang baik, kemahiran 'orang' yang baik, dan kemampuan untuk berfikir secara kritis dan strategik. <> Mengapa profesional komunikasi biasanya pakar dalam hanya satu atau dua bidang komunikasi? || sukar untuk membangunkan kemahiran yang luas <> Apa salah satu kelayakan yang paling penting bagi seorang profesional komunikasi? || keupayaan menulis yang cemerlang <> Apa jenis syarikat yang boleh melibatkan hanya beberapa jenis komunikasi? || Syarikat dengan sumber terhad <> Kemahiran orang yang baik adalah kelayakan yang penting untuk profesion apa? || komunikasi <> Tidak perlu mempunyai kebolehan berfikir kritis dan strategik untuk melakukan kerja apa? || <> Semua syarikat atau organisasi menggunakan spektrum penuh apa? || <> Salah satu kelayakan yang paling penting untuk menjadi seorang profesional komunikasi adalah apa? || <> Siapa yang sentiasa dapat menguasai pelbagai kemahiran? || <> Selain daripada kemampuan menulis yang baik dan kemahiran 'orang' yang baik, semua pekerja syarikat perlu mempunyai kemahiran lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?", "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422c", "answers": [{"text": "it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?", "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422d", "answers": [{"text": "excellent writing ability", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?", "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422e", "answers": [{"text": "Companies with limited resources", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?", "id": "57097f61ed30961900e8422f", "answers": [{"text": "communications", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communications professionals", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "It is not necessary to have critical and strategical thinking abilities to do what job?", "id": "59fc1bffa9fb160018f10d8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communications", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "All companies or organizations employ a full spectrum of what?", "id": "59fc1bffa9fb160018f10d90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "excellent writing ability", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "One of the least important qualifications to be a communications professional is what?", "id": "59fc1bffa9fb160018f10d91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communications professionals", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who is always able to master a broad range of skills?", "id": "59fc1bffa9fb160018f10d92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the capacity to think critically and strategically", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Besides excellent writing abilities and good 'people' skills, all company employees should  have what other skill?", "id": "59fc1bffa9fb160018f10d93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically."}], ["Teori-teori kewarganegaraan menggambarkan komunikasi sebagai proses berterusan yang kreatif dan dinamik, dan bukan pertukaran maklumat diskret. Para sarjana media Kanada Harold Innis mempunyai teori bahawa orang menggunakan pelbagai jenis media untuk berkomunikasi dan yang mana mereka memilih untuk menggunakan akan menawarkan kemungkinan yang berbeza untuk bentuk dan ketahanan masyarakat (Wark, McKenzie 1997). Contohnya yang terkenal ini adalah menggunakan Mesir kuno dan melihat cara mereka membina diri mereka keluar dari media dengan batu dan papirus yang sangat berbeza. Papirus adalah apa yang dipanggilnya 'Space Binding'. ia membolehkan penghantaran pesanan tertulis di ruang angkasa, empayar dan membolehkan melancarkan kempen ketenteraan jauh dan pentadbiran penjajah. Yang lain adalah batu dan 'Mengikat Masa', melalui pembinaan kuil dan piramid dapat menopang generasi peninggalan mereka, melalui media ini mereka dapat mengubah dan membentuk komunikasi dalam masyarakat mereka (Wark, McKenzie 1997). <> Apa yang menggambarkan komunikasi sebagai kreatif dan dinamik daripada diskret? || Teori penyiasatan <> Siapa berteori bahawa jenis media yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi akan menawarkan kemungkinan yang berbeza bagi bentuk masyarakat? || Harold Innis <> Apa peradaban purba yang Harold Innis menggunakan sebagai contoh teorinya? || Mesir <> Apa yang dipanggil Harold Innis papirus? || Ruang Mengikat <> Apa yang Mengikat Ruang menjadikan mungkin tamadun Mesir kuno? || penghantaran pesanan bertulis merentas ruang, empayar <> Wark dan McKenzie mempunyai teori bahawa orang menggunakan jenis yang berbeza untuk berkomunikasi? || <> Rom Purba adalah contoh teori yang terkenal? || <> Menggunakan media untuk air, orang boleh mengubah dan membentuk komunikasi di mana? || <> Menggambarkan komunikasi sebagai kreatif tetapi bukan proses berterusan dinamik adalah definisi apa? || <> Menggunakan media yang sama untuk komunikasi akan menawarkan kemungkinan untuk apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?", "id": "57097de3200fba1400368087", "answers": [{"text": "Theories of coregulation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?", "id": "57097de3200fba1400368088", "answers": [{"text": "Harold Innis", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?", "id": "57097de3200fba1400368089", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Harold Innis call papyrus?", "id": "57097de3200fba140036808a", "answers": [{"text": "Space Binding", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?", "id": "57097de3200fba140036808b", "answers": [{"text": "transmission of written orders across space, empires", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "media", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "Wark and McKenzie had a theory that people use different types of what to communicate?", "id": "59fc4121a9fb160018f10de9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harold Innis", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Ancient Rome was the famous example of the theory of whom?", "id": "59fc4121a9fb160018f10dea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in their society", "answer_start": 943}], "question": "Using the media to water, people can change and shape communication where?", "id": "59fc4121a9fb160018f10deb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Theories of coregulation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Describing communication as a creative but not a dynamic continuous process is the definition of what?", "id": "59fc4121a9fb160018f10dec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the shape and durability of society", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Using the same media for communication will offer possibilities for what?", "id": "59fc4121a9fb160018f10ded", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997)."}]], [["Anggur adalah jenis buah yang tumbuh dalam kelompok 15 hingga 300, dan boleh menjadi merah, hitam, biru tua, kuning, hijau, oren, dan merah jambu. Anggur \"Putih\" sebenarnya berwarna hijau, dan secara evolusi berasal dari anggur ungu. Mutasi dalam dua gen pengawalan anggur putih mematikan pengeluaran antosianin, yang bertanggungjawab untuk warna anggur ungu. Anthocyanins dan bahan kimia pigmen lain dari keluarga polifenol yang lebih besar dalam anggur ungu bertanggungjawab untuk warna yang berlainan warna ungu dalam wain merah. Anggur biasanya bentuk ellipsoid menyerupai spheroid prolate. <> Apa warna anggur putih? || hijau <> Apakah gen yang membuat anggur berwarna ungu? || antosianin <> Apa bentuk anggur yang biasa menyerupai? || prolate spheroid <> Apa jenis makanan anggur? || buah <> Berapa banyak anggur pada umumnya dalam kumpulan? || 15 hingga 300", {"qas": [{"question": "What color are white grapes?", "id": "57096282200fba1400367f1f", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gene makes grapes purple?", "id": "57096282200fba1400367f20", "answers": [{"text": "anthocyanins", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shape do grapes usually resemble?", "id": "57096282200fba1400367f21", "answers": [{"text": "prolate spheroid", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of food are grapes?", "id": "57096282200fba1400367f22", "answers": [{"text": "fruit", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grapes are generally in a cluster?", "id": "57096282200fba1400367f23", "answers": [{"text": "15 to 300", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. \"White\" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid."}], ["Wain merah boleh menawarkan manfaat kesihatan lebih daripada putih kerana sebatian berpotensi bermanfaat terdapat dalam kulit anggur, dan hanya wain merah yang ditapai dengan kulit. Jumlah masa penapaian wain yang dihabiskan dalam hubungan dengan kulit anggur adalah penentu penting kandungan resveratrolnya. Wain merah bukan muscad biasa mengandungi antara 0.2 dan 5.8 mg / L, bergantung kepada pelbagai anggur, kerana ia ditapai dengan kulit, membolehkan wain menyerap resveratrol. Sebaliknya, wain putih mengandungi kandungan fenolik yang lebih rendah kerana ia ditapai selepas menyingkirkan kulit. <> Apa jenis wain yang ditapai dengan kulit anggur? || anggur merah <> Apa jenis wain yang ditapai selepas kulit anggur telah dikeluarkan? || wain putih <> Apakah bahan yang diserap oleh wain ketika anggur ditapai dengan kulit mereka? || resveratrol <> Apa jenis wain yang dipercayai mempunyai lebih banyak manfaat kesihatan? || Wain merah", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?", "id": "57097981ed30961900e841b8", "answers": [{"text": "red wine", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?", "id": "57097981ed30961900e841b9", "answers": [{"text": "white wine", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?", "id": "57097981ed30961900e841ba", "answers": [{"text": "resveratrol", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?", "id": "57097981ed30961900e841bb", "answers": [{"text": "Red wine", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins."}], ["Membandingkan diet di kalangan negara-negara Barat, para penyelidik mendapati bahawa walaupun Perancis cenderung untuk makan lebih tinggi lemak haiwan, insiden penyakit jantung masih rendah di Perancis. Fenomena ini telah dipanggil paradoks Perancis, dan dianggap berlaku dari manfaat pelindung wain merah yang kerap digunakan. Selain manfaat alkohol sendiri, termasuk pengurangan platelet dan vasodilasi, polifenol (contohnya, resveratrol) terutamanya dalam kulit anggur memberikan faedah kesihatan yang disyaki, seperti: <> Apa yang orang makan di Perancis makan lebih banyak di negara-negara barat ? || lemak haiwan <> Apa jenis wain yang sering digunakan oleh Perancis? || wain merah <> Apakah fenomena yang menunjukkan bahawa Perancis mempunyai penyakit jantung yang kurang, walaupun mereka makan lebih banyak lemak haiwan? || paradoks Perancis <> Apakah faedah kesihatan berpotensi untuk minum alkohol? || vasodilation", {"qas": [{"question": "What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?", "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84146", "answers": [{"text": "animal fat", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?", "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84147", "answers": [{"text": "red wine", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?", "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84148", "answers": [{"text": "the French paradox", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?", "id": "570970f4ed30961900e84149", "answers": [{"text": "vasodilation", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:"}], ["Jus anggur diperoleh daripada menghancurkan dan mengisar anggur menjadi cecair. Jus ini sering dijual di kedai-kedai atau ditapai dan dijadikan wain, brendi, atau cuka. Jus anggur yang telah dipasteurisasi, mengeluarkan mana-mana yis semulajadi, tidak akan ditapai jika disimpan steril, dan dengan itu tidak mengandungi alkohol. Dalam industri wain, jus anggur yang mengandungi 7-23% pulpa, kulit, batang dan biji sering dirujuk sebagai \"mesti\". Di Amerika Utara, jus anggur yang paling biasa adalah ungu dan dibuat dari anggur Concord, sementara jus anggur putih biasanya dibuat dari anggur Niagara, yang keduanya adalah jenis anggur Amerika asli, spesies yang berbeza dari anggur anggur Eropah. Di California, anggur Sultana (yang dikenali sebagai Thompson Seedless) kadang-kadang dialihkan dari pasar kismis atau meja untuk menghasilkan jus putih. <> Apa jus dibuat apabila anggur dihancurkan dan dicampur? || Jus anggur <> Apa jenis anggur dibuat ke dalam cuka? || ditanam <> Apakah anggur yang paling biasa digunakan untuk membuat jus di Amerika Utara? || Anggur Concord <> Apakah anggur Sultana yang dikenali di California? || Thompson Seedless <> Apakah jenis anggur yang biasa digunakan untuk membuat jus anggur putih? || Niagara anggur", {"qas": [{"question": "What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?", "id": "5709720ded30961900e84162", "answers": [{"text": "Grape juice", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?", "id": "5709720ded30961900e84163", "answers": [{"text": "fermented", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?", "id": "5709720ded30961900e84164", "answers": [{"text": "Concord grapes", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Sultana grapes known as in California?", "id": "5709720ded30961900e84165", "answers": [{"text": "Thompson Seedless", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?", "id": "5709720ded30961900e84166", "answers": [{"text": "Niagara grapes", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7\u201323% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as \"must\". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice."}], ["Terdapat beberapa sumber sifat tidak berdaya, dan pada asasnya semua penggemar komersil mendapatkannya dari salah satu daripada tiga sumber: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, dan Monukka Hitam, semuanya menjadi kultivar Vitis vinifera. Kini terdapat lebih daripada sedozen jenis anggur tanpa biji. Beberapa, seperti Einset Seedless, buah anggur Seedless Benjamin Gunnels, Reliance, dan Venus, telah ditanam khusus untuk ketahanan dan kualiti di iklim yang agak sejuk di timur laut Amerika Syarikat dan selatan Ontario. <> Berapa banyak sumber anggur tanpa biji yang ada untuk penggemar komersil? || tiga <> Berapa banyak jenis anggur tidak berbiji di sana? || lebih daripada selusin <> Apa jenis anggur yang ditanam oleh Thompson Seedless? || Vitis vinifera <> Apa jenis iklim Benjamin Gunnels Perdana anggur tanpa biji khusus ditanam untuk? || sejuk <> Apa jenis anggur yang ditanam oleh Black Monukka? || Vitis vinifera", {"qas": [{"question": "How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? ", "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f3", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? ", "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f4", "answers": [{"text": "more than a dozen", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? ", "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f5", "answers": [{"text": "Vitis vinifera", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? ", "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f6", "answers": [{"text": "cold", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?", "id": "570983a2200fba14003680f7", "answers": [{"text": "Vitis vinifera", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario."}], ["Gereja Katolik menggunakan wain dalam perayaan Ekaristi kerana ia adalah sebahagian daripada tradisi yang diturunkan melalui zaman bermula dengan Yesus Kristus pada Perjamuan Terakhir, di mana umat Katolik percaya bahawa roti yang disucikan dan wain secara literal menjadi tubuh dan darah Yesus Kristus, dogma yang dikenali sebagai transubstantiation. Wain digunakan (bukan jus anggur) kedua-duanya kerana akar Kitab yang kuat, dan juga mengikuti tradisi yang ditetapkan oleh Gereja Kristian awal. Kod Undang-undang Kanonik Katolik (1983), Canon 924 mengatakan bahawa wain yang digunakan mestilah asli, diperbuat daripada anggur anggur, dan tidak rosak. Dalam sesetengah keadaan, seorang imam boleh mendapatkan kebenaran khas untuk menggunakan jus anggur untuk penyucian, namun ini sangat jarang dan biasanya memerlukan dorongan yang mencukupi untuk menjamin dispensasi sedemikian, seperti kesihatan diri imam. <> Apa gereja menggunakan wain untuk meraikan Ekaristi? || Gereja Katolik <> Bilakah Yesus Kristus diketahui telah menggunakan wain dalam perayaan? || Perjamuan Terakhir <> Di mana dalam Kanun Hukum Kanun adakah ia mengatakan bahawa wain mestilah semula jadi dan tidak rasuah? || Canon 924 <> Apa yang boleh digunakan oleh seorang imam sebagai ganti wain untuk penyucian atas sebab-sebab kesihatan? || jus anggur <> Apakah dogma Katolik yang dikenali sebagai percaya bahawa roti dan wain yang disucikan dari Perjamuan Terakhir secara harfiah menjadi tubuh dan darah Yesus Kristus? || transubstantiation", {"qas": [{"question": "What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?", "id": "57098884ed30961900e842b8", "answers": [{"text": "The Catholic Church", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? ", "id": "57098884ed30961900e842b9", "answers": [{"text": "the Last Supper", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?", "id": "57098884ed30961900e842ba", "answers": [{"text": "Canon 924", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?", "id": "57098884ed30961900e842bb", "answers": [{"text": "grape juice", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?", "id": "57098884ed30961900e842bc", "answers": [{"text": "transubstantiation", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest."}], ["Anthocyanins cenderung menjadi polifenolik utama dalam anggur ungu manakala flavan-3-ols (iaitu catechin) adalah fenolik yang lebih banyak dalam jenis putih. Jumlah kandungan fenolik, indeks makmal kekuatan antioksidan, lebih tinggi dalam varieti ungu kerana hampir keseluruhannya dengan ketumpatan antosianin dalam kulit anggur ungu berbanding dengan tidak adanya antosianin dalam kulit anggur putih. Ia adalah anthocyanin yang menarik usaha saintis untuk menentukan sifat mereka untuk kesihatan manusia. Kandungan fenolik kulit anggur bervariasi dengan kultivar, komposisi tanah, iklim, asal geografi, dan amalan penanaman atau pendedahan kepada penyakit, seperti jangkitan kulat. <> Apakah polyphenolics paling banyak dalam anggur ungu? || Anthocyanins <> Apakah fenolik utama dalam anggur putih? || flavan-3-ols <> Apakah indeks laboratorium kekuatan antioksidan dalam anggur yang dikenali sebagai? || Kandungan fenolik total <> Apakah kandungan kulit anggur boleh dipengaruhi oleh komposisi tanah, iklim, dan amalan penanaman? || Kandungan fenolik <> Mengapa menyebabkan kekuatan antioksidan lebih tinggi pada anggur ungu? || antosianin", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?", "id": "570985f3200fba1400368139", "answers": [{"text": "Anthocyanins", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main phenolic in white grapes?", "id": "570985f3200fba140036813a", "answers": [{"text": "flavan-3-ols", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? ", "id": "570985f3200fba140036813b", "answers": [{"text": "Total phenolic content", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? ", "id": "570985f3200fba140036813c", "answers": [{"text": "Phenolic content", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?", "id": "570985f3200fba140036813d", "answers": [{"text": "anthocyanins", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections."}], ["Penanaman anggur yang dijinakkan bermula 6,000-8,000 tahun yang lalu di Timur Dekat. Ragi, salah satu daripada mikroorganisma terawal, berlaku secara semula jadi pada kulit anggur, yang membawa kepada inovasi minuman beralkohol seperti wain. Bukti arkeologi terawal untuk kedudukan dominan pembuatan wain dalam budaya manusia bermula dari 8,000 tahun yang lalu di Georgia. Kilang wain yang tertua ditemui di Armenia, berkisar pada kira-kira 4000 SM. [Rujukan?] Menjelang abad ke-9 Masihi, kota Shiraz diketahui menghasilkan beberapa wain terbaik di Timur Tengah. Oleh itu, telah dicadangkan bahawa wain merah Syrah dinamakan selepas Shiraz, sebuah bandar di Persia di mana anggur digunakan untuk membuat wain Shirazi. [Rujukan?] Huruf purba Mesir kuno merekodkan penanaman anggur ungu, [rujukan?] Dan sejarah membuktikan Yunani kuno, Phoenicia, dan Rom yang tumbuh anggur ungu untuk pengeluaran makanan dan wain [rujukan?]. Penanaman anggur kemudiannya akan menyebar ke kawasan lain di Eropah, serta Afrika Utara, dan akhirnya di Amerika Utara. <> Berapa lama dulu anggur ditanam dahulu? || 6,000-8,000 tahun lalu <> Apa mikroorganisme yang secara semula jadi dijumpai pada kulit anggur? || Ragi <> Di mana kilang anggur tertua terletak? || Armenia <> Apa bandar raya anggur merah Syrah yang dipercayai telah dinamakan? || Shiraz <> Bagaimana kita tahu bahawa wain dibuat di Mesir kuno? || hieroglyphics", {"qas": [{"question": "How long ago were grapes first cultivated?", "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3b", "answers": [{"text": "6,000\u20138,000 years ago", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?", "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3c", "answers": [{"text": "Yeast", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the oldest know winery located?", "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3d", "answers": [{"text": "Armenia", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?", "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3e", "answers": [{"text": "Shiraz", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?", "id": "5709644d200fba1400367f3f", "answers": [{"text": "hieroglyphics", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000\u20138,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America."}], ["Di dalam Alkitab, anggur pertama kali disebutkan ketika Nuh tumbuh di ladangnya (Kejadian 9: 20-21). Arahan mengenai wain diberikan dalam kitab Amsal dan dalam kitab Yesaya, seperti dalam Amsal 20: 1 dan Yesaya 5: 20-25. Ulangan 18: 3-5,14: 22-27,16: 13-15 menceritakan penggunaan wain semasa perayaan Yahudi. Anggur juga penting kepada kedua-dua orang Yunani dan Rom, dan dewa pertanian mereka, Dionysus, dikaitkan dengan anggur dan wain, sering digambarkan dengan daun anggur di kepalanya. Anggur sangat penting bagi orang Kristian, yang sejak awal Gereja telah menggunakan wain dalam perayaan Ekaristi mereka. Pandangan tentang kepentingan wain berbeza antara denominasi. Dalam seni Kristian, anggur sering mewakili darah Kristus, seperti daun anggur di John the Baptist Caravaggio. <> Bilakah anggur yang pertama disebutkan dalam Alkitab? || Kejadian 9: 20-21 <> Siapakah tuhan pertanian Yunani dan Rom? || Dionysus <> Darah yang manakah anggur yang biasanya mewakili seni Kristian? || Kristus <> Buku manakah Alkitab yang membincangkan penggunaan wain semasa perjamuan Yahudi? || Ulangan <> Siapakah dalam Alkitab yang pertama menanam anggur di ladang mereka? || Nuh", {"qas": [{"question": "When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?", "id": "57097d78200fba140036807d", "answers": [{"text": "Genesis 9:20\u201321", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?", "id": "57097d78200fba140036807e", "answers": [{"text": "Dionysus", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?", "id": "57097d78200fba140036807f", "answers": [{"text": "Christ", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?", "id": "57097d78200fba1400368080", "answers": [{"text": "Deuteronomy", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?", "id": "57097d78200fba1400368081", "answers": [{"text": "Noah", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20\u201321). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20\u201325. Deuteronomy 18:3\u20135,14:22\u201327,16:13\u201315 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio\u2019s John the Baptist."}], ["Anggur yang diusahakan secara komersial biasanya boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai anggur meja atau arak, berdasarkan kaedah penggunaannya: dimakan mentah (anggur meja) atau digunakan untuk membuat wain (wain anggur). Walaupun hampir semua daripada mereka tergolong dalam spesies yang sama, Vitis vinifera, meja dan wain anggur mempunyai perbezaan yang signifikan, yang dibawa melalui pembiakan selektif. Kultivar anggur meja cenderung mempunyai buah yang besar dan tidak berbiji (lihat di bawah) dengan kulit yang agak nipis. Anggur wain lebih kecil, biasanya biji, dan mempunyai kulit yang agak tebal (ciri-ciri yang diinginkan dalam winemaking, kerana kebanyakan aroma dalam wain berasal dari kulit). Anggur wain juga cenderung sangat manis: mereka dituai pada masa jus mereka kira-kira 24% gula mengikut berat. Sebagai perbandingan, menghasilkan \"100% jus anggur\" secara komersil, diperbuat daripada anggur meja, biasanya sekitar 15% gula mengikut berat. <> Apakah anggur yang dimakan mentah dikelaskan sebagai? || anggur anggur <> Apakah anggur yang digunakan untuk membuat wain dikelaskan sebagai? || Anggur anggur <> Apa jenis anggur anggur dan wain anggur? || Vitis vinifera <> Apa Klasifikasi anggur biasanya besar dan tidak berbiji? || Anggur meja <> Berapa peratus daripada anggur anggur adalah gula apabila dituai? || kira-kira 24%", {"qas": [{"question": "What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?", "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841e8", "answers": [{"text": "table grapes", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?", "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841e9", "answers": [{"text": "wine grapes", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?", "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841ea", "answers": [{"text": "Vitis vinifera", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?", "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841eb", "answers": [{"text": "Table grape", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?", "id": "57097b59ed30961900e841ec", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 24%", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced \"100% grape juice\", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight."}]], [["Pasukan kepimpinan rangkaian keselamatan dan teknologi China ditubuhkan 27 Februari 2014. Pasukan kepimpinan ditugaskan untuk keselamatan negara dan pembangunan jangka panjang dan penyelarasan mengenai isu utama yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan rangkaian dan teknologi maklumat. Bidang ekonomi, politik, kebudayaan, sosial dan ketenteraan yang berkaitan dengan strategi rangkaian keselamatan dan teknologi maklumat, perancangan dan dasar makroekonomi utama sedang dikaji. Promosi keselamatan rangkaian negara dan undang-undang teknologi maklumat sentiasa dipelajari untuk keupayaan keselamatan nasional yang dipertingkatkan. <> Bilakah pasukan kepimpinan rangkaian keselamatan dan teknologi maklumat Chine ditubuhkan? || 27 Februari 2014 <> Apakah sebabnya untuk mengkaji promosi undang-undang teknologi maklumat iklan keselamatan rangkaian nasional? || keupayaan keselamatan nasional yang dipertingkatkan. <> Negara mana yang mempunyai pasukan keselamatan dan teknologi kepimpinan teknologi maklumat ?? || China <> Mengapa pasukan keselamatan rangkaian China ditubuhkan? || <> Apa perkembangan jangka panjang yang mereka harap dapat dicapai? || <> Mengapa keselamatan rangkaian di bawah kajian? || <> Siapa pasukan kepimpinan? || <> Siapa yang mempromosikan pasukan kepimpinan dan perkembangannya? || <> Siapa yang meneliti dasar mikroekonomi? || <> Bidang mana yang tidak berkaitan dengan keselamatan rangkaian adalah penyelidikan pasukan kepimpinan China? || <> Siapa yang ditugaskan untuk pembangunan jangka pendek keselamatan rangkaian? || <> Bilakah keupayaan keselamatan negara China dipertingkatkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?", "id": "57097780200fba1400368033", "answers": [{"text": "February 27, 2014", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?", "id": "57097780200fba1400368034", "answers": [{"text": "enhanced national security capabilities.", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??", "id": "57097780200fba1400368035", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "major issues related to network security and information technology", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "Why was China's network security team established? ", "id": "5a5579bf134fea001a0e1ad2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What long term developments do they hope to achieve? ", "id": "5a5579bf134fea001a0e1ad3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enhanced national security capabilities", "answer_start": 565}], "question": "Why is network security under study? ", "id": "5a5579bf134fea001a0e1ad4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China's network security and information technology", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is the leadership team? ", "id": "5a5579bf134fea001a0e1ad5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is promoting the leadership team and its developments? ", "id": "5a5579bf134fea001a0e1ad6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China's network security and information technology leadership team", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is researching microeconomic policy?", "id": "5a5d023b5e8782001a9d5e54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Which fields unrelated to network security does China's leadership team research?", "id": "5a5d023b5e8782001a9d5e55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The leadership team", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "Who is tasked with the short term development of network security?", "id": "5a5d023b5e8782001a9d5e56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "When were China's enhanced national security capabilities established?", "id": "5a5d023b5e8782001a9d5e57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities."}], ["Pada tahun 1994, lebih daripada seratus pencerobohan dibuat oleh keropok yang tidak dikenali ke Makmal Rom, kemudahan utama dan kemudahan penyelidikan Angkatan Udara AS. Menggunakan kuda trojan, penggodam dapat memperoleh akses tanpa batas ke sistem rangkaian Rom dan membuang jejak aktiviti mereka. Penceroboh dapat memperoleh data yang diklasifikasikan, seperti data sistem pesanan tugas udara dan seterusnya dapat menembus rangkaian Pusat Penerbangan Angkasa Goddard Angkasa Aeronautik dan Pentadbiran Angkasa, Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Wright-Patterson, beberapa kontraktor Pertahanan, dan organisasi sektor swasta yang lain , dengan menyamar sebagai pengguna pusat Rom yang dipercayai. <> Pada tahun apakah lebih daripada seratus pencerobohan dibuat ke Laborarot Rome? || 1994 <> Bagaimana penggodam boleh mendapatkan akses tanpa batasan ke sistem rangkaian Rom? || Menggunakan trojan horses <> Bagaimana penggodam boleh menembusi rangkaian yang berkaitan? || dengan menyamar sebagai pengguna pusat Rom yang dipercayai <> Apakah Makmal Rom? || perintah utama dan kemudahan penyelidikan Angkatan Udara AS <> Siapa yang berada di Goddard Space Flight Center miliknya? || Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Negara <> Apa yang telah diperoleh oleh penggodam? || <> Mengapa penggodam tidak boleh dipercayai? || <> Menyamar sebagai pengguna pusat Rom yang dipercayai apa yang digunakan penggodam? || <> Pengganggu penceroboh dianggap sebagai siapa? || <> Bagaimana penggodam dapat tidak dapat dikesan? || <> Siapa keropok yang dikenalpasti sebagai? || <> Bilakah Laboratorium Rom dicipta? || <> Apa yang tidak dapat diakses oleh penyusup? || <> Apa pelanggaran 1994 Penerbangan Goddard Space Flight Centre Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Negara juga memberi akses kepada keropok? || <> Jenis pencerobohan apa yang digunakan keropok untuk mendapatkan akses ke Makmal Rom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?", "id": "57099043200fba1400368199", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?", "id": "57099043200fba140036819a", "answers": [{"text": "Using trojan horses", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?", "id": "57099043200fba140036819b", "answers": [{"text": "by posing as a trusted Rome center user", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Rome Laboratory?", "id": "57099043200fba140036819c", "answers": [{"text": "the US Air Force's main command and research facility", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?", "id": "57099043200fba140036819d", "answers": [{"text": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classified files, such as air tasking order systems data", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What did the hackers obtain?", "id": "5a557333134fea001a0e1a8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "and remove traces of their activities", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "Why were the hackers untraceable?", "id": "5a557333134fea001a0e1a8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trojan horses", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Posing as a trusted Rome Center user what did hackers use?", "id": "5a557333134fea001a0e1a8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a trusted Rome center user", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "Intrusion hackers were thought to be who?", "id": "5a557333134fea001a0e1a8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remove traces of their activities", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "How were hackers able to go undetected? ", "id": "5a557333134fea001a0e1a90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the US Air Force", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "Who were the crackers identified as?", "id": "5a5ce5af5e8782001a9d5e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Rome Laboratory created?", "id": "5a5ce5af5e8782001a9d5e05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classified files", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What were the intruders unable to access?", "id": "5a5ce5af5e8782001a9d5e06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rome Laboratory", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What did the 1994 breach of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center also give the crackers access to?", "id": "5a5ce5af5e8782001a9d5e07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "posing as a trusted Rome center user", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "What type of intrusion did the crackers use to gain access to Rome Laboratory?", "id": "5a5ce5af5e8782001a9d5e08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user."}], ["Dalam sistem komputer, dua model keselamatan yang mampu menguatkuasakan hak istimewa pemisahan adalah senarai kawalan akses (ACL) dan keselamatan berdasarkan keupayaan. Menggunakan ACL untuk menghadkan program telah terbukti tidak selamat dalam banyak situasi, seperti jika komputer tuan rumah dapat ditipu secara tidak langsung membenarkan akses fail terhad, masalah yang dikenal sebagai masalah timbal balik keliru. Ia juga telah menunjukkan bahawa janji ACL memberikan akses kepada objek kepada hanya satu orang tidak boleh dijamin dalam amalan. Kedua-dua masalah ini diselesaikan dengan keupayaan. Ini tidak bermakna kekurangan praktikal wujud dalam semua sistem berasaskan ACL, tetapi hanya pereka utiliti tertentu mesti mengambil tanggungjawab untuk memastikan bahawa mereka tidak memperkenalkan kelemahan. [Rujukan?] <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh ACL? || senarai kawalan akses <> ACL dan keselamatan berasaskan keupayaan adalah dua model keselamatan yang mampu? || menguatkuasakan perpisahan hak istimewa <> Komputer tuan rumah ditipu secara tidak langsung membenarkan akses kepada fail yang terhad dikenali sebagai apa? || masalah timbal balik yang keliru <> Masalah timbal balik yang keliru dan masalah tidak menjamin hanya satu orang yang mempunyai akses diselesaikan oleh apa? || keupayaan <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh pereka sistem yang berdasarkan ACL? || mengambil tanggungjawab untuk memastikan bahawa mereka tidak memperkenalkan kekurangan <> Apa yang telah menggunakan ACL untuk membatasi program terbukti? || <> Bagaimana komputer dengan ACL ditipu? || <> Yang dua model dalam sistem komputer menguatkuasakan pengasingan hak istimewa? || <> Bolehkah ACLs menghadkan akses kepada satu orang? || <> Berapakah bilangan model keselamatan dalam sistem komputer? || <> Bilakah ACL paling selamat? || <> Apa yang menghalang ACL daripada memberi akses kepada hanya satu orang? || <> Apa janji ACL? || <> Siapa yang tidak bertanggungjawab untuk kelemahan dalam sistem ACL? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does ACL stand for?", "id": "5709828a200fba14003680df", "answers": [{"text": "access control lists", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?", "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e0", "answers": [{"text": "enforcing privilege separation", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?", "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e1", "answers": [{"text": "the confused deputy problem", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?", "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e2", "answers": [{"text": "capabilities", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?", "id": "5709828a200fba14003680e3", "answers": [{"text": "take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to be insecure in many situations", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What has using ACLs to confine programs proven?", "id": "5a556f78134fea001a0e1a7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indirectly allowing restricted file access", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "How can a computer with ACL be tricked?", "id": "5a556f78134fea001a0e1a7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(ACLs) and capability-based security", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Which two models in computer systems enforce privilege separation?", "id": "5a556f78134fea001a0e1a7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "can never be guaranteed in practice", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "Can an ACLs limit access to one person?", "id": "5a556f78134fea001a0e1a7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What is the total number of security models in a computer system?", "id": "5a5cdafc5e8782001a9d5df0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "When is an ACL most secure?", "id": "5a5cdafc5e8782001a9d5df1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "capabilities", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "What prevents ACLs from giving access to only one person?", "id": "5a5cdafc5e8782001a9d5df2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "access to an object to only one person", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What do ACLs promise?", "id": "5a5cdafc5e8782001a9d5df3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the designers", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "Who is not responsible for the flaws in an ACL system?", "id": "5a5cdafc5e8782001a9d5df4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]"}], ["Satu penggunaan istilah \"keselamatan komputer\" merujuk kepada teknologi yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan sistem operasi yang selamat. Pada tahun 1980-an Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat (DoD) telah menggunakan piawaian \"Buku Akar\", tetapi piawaian antarabangsa semasa ISO / IEC 15408, \"Kriteria Biasa\" mentakrifkan beberapa Tahap Jaminan Penilaian yang semakin ketat. Banyak sistem operasi lazim memenuhi piawaian EAL4 sebagai \"Metafisik Secara Metafiri, Diuji dan Ditinjau\", tetapi pengesahan formal yang diperlukan untuk tahap tertinggi bermakna bahawa ia tidak biasa. Satu contoh sistem EAL6 (\"Reka Bentuk Bersertifikat Semula dan Diuji\") ialah Integriti-178B, yang digunakan dalam Airbus A380 dan beberapa jet tentera. <> Teknologi yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan sistem pengendalian yang selamat adalah satu penggunaan istilah apa? || keselamatan komputer <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh EAL? || Tahap Jaminan Penilaian <> Apakah standard EAL4? || Metafigurasi Secara Metafiri, Diuji dan Ditinjau <> Apakah standard untuk EAL6? || Reka Bentuk Disahkan Bersiri dan Diuji <> Apakah satu contoh sistem yang memenuhi EAL6? || Integriti-178B <> Sistem mana yang digunakan oleh Airbus A380 dan jet tentera? || <> Berapa kerapkah pengesahan rasmi untuk tahap tertinggi? || <> Pada 1980-an Jabatan Pertahanan menggunakan piawaian yang mana? || <> Apa maksud Kriteria Biasa? || <> Tahap mana yang terdapat banyak sistem operasi biasa? || <> Bilakah Kriteria Biasa ditakrifkan? || <> Siapa yang membuat Kriteria Biasa? || <> Apakah nama sistem yang memenuhi standard EAL4? || <> Apa yang menjadikan sistem sukar untuk menggunakan standard EAL4? || <> Apakah satu contoh sistem yang menggunakan Standard Buku Jeruk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?", "id": "5709750fed30961900e84188", "answers": [{"text": "computer security", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does EAL stand for?", "id": "5709750fed30961900e84189", "answers": [{"text": "Evaluation Assurance Levels", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the standard of EAL4?", "id": "5709750fed30961900e8418a", "answers": [{"text": "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the standard for EAL6?", "id": "5709750fed30961900e8418b", "answers": [{"text": "Semiformally Verified Design and Tested", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?", "id": "5709750fed30961900e8418c", "answers": [{"text": "Integrity-178B", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Integrity-178B", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "Which system is used by the Airbus A380 and military jets?", "id": "5a55621f134fea001a0e1a70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uncommon", "answer_start": 544}], "question": "How common are the formal verification for the highest levels?", "id": "5a55621f134fea001a0e1a71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Orange Book\"", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "In the 1980s the Department of Defense used which standards?", "id": "5a55621f134fea001a0e1a72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What does Common Criteria refer to?", "id": "5a55621f134fea001a0e1a73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EAL4", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Which level do many common operating systems meet?", "id": "5a55621f134fea001a0e1a74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "When was the Common Criteria defined?", "id": "5a5cd95a5e8782001a9d5de6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United States Department of Defense", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "Who created the Common Criteria?", "id": "5a5cd95a5e8782001a9d5de7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Integrity-178B", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "What is the name of a system that meets the EAL4 standard?", "id": "5a5cd95a5e8782001a9d5de8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the formal verification required", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "What makes it difficult for systems to use the EAL4 standard?", "id": "5a5cd95a5e8782001a9d5de9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Airbus A380", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "What is an example of a system that uses the Orange Book Standards?", "id": "5a5cd95a5e8782001a9d5dea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One use of the term \"computer security\" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the \"Orange Book\" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, \"Common Criteria\" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being \"Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed\", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 (\"Semiformally Verified Design and Tested\") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets."}], ["Keselamatan komputer, juga dikenali sebagai keselamatan siber atau IT, adalah perlindungan sistem maklumat daripada kecurian atau kerosakan kepada perkakasan, perisian, dan maklumat mengenai mereka, serta dari gangguan atau salah arah perkhidmatan yang mereka berikan. Ia termasuk mengawal akses fizikal ke perkakasan, serta melindungi terhadap bahaya yang mungkin datang melalui akses rangkaian, suntikan data dan kod, dan disebabkan oleh penyelewengan oleh pengendali, sama ada disengajakan, tidak disengajakan, atau kerana mereka ditipu menyimpang dari prosedur yang selamat . <> Apa yang mesti operator menyimpang untuk membahayakan komputer? || prosedur selamat <> Apakah keselamatan komputer yang diketahui? || keselamatan cybersecurity atau IT <> Apakah perlindungan sistem maklumat? || Keselamatan komputer <> Apakah cara pengendali boleh melakukan penyelewengan? || sengaja, tidak sengaja, atau kerana mereka ditipu <> Apakah amalan yang termasuk mengawal akses fizikal kepada perkakasan? || Keselamatan komputer <> Apakah keperluan untuk memiliki IT? || <> Apa yang boleh disebabkan oleh mengabaikan sistem keselamatan komputer? || <> Apa perlindungan keselamatan IT? || <> Bagaimana komputer boleh diserang? || <> Bagaimana keselamatan IT berfungsi? || <> Apakah kecurian atau kerosakan pada perkakasan atau perisian? || <> Melindungi peranti daripada bahaya memerlukan penyimpangan dari prosedur apa? || <> Apa salah faham keselamatan komputer? || <> Apakah jenis bahaya yang boleh melalui akses rangkaian? || <> Mengapa keselamatan IT mengambil bahagian dalam penyelewengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?", "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84116", "answers": [{"text": "secure procedures", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is computer security also known as?", "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84117", "answers": [{"text": "cybersecurity or IT security", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the protection of information systems?", "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84118", "answers": [{"text": "Computer security", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the ways an operator can malpractice?", "id": "57096f48ed30961900e84119", "answers": [{"text": "intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?", "id": "57096f48ed30961900e8411a", "answers": [{"text": "Computer security", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the protection of information systems from theft or damage", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What is the necessity of having an IT?", "id": "5a5540ac134fea001a0e19f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "protecting against harm", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What can be caused by neglecting a computer security system?", "id": "5a5540ac134fea001a0e19f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the software, and to the information on them,", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What does the IT security protect?", "id": "5a5540ac134fea001a0e19fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "How can a computer be attacked?", "id": "5a5540ac134fea001a0e19fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "How does IT security work?", "id": "5a5540ac134fea001a0e19fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Computer security", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the theft or damage to hardware or software?", "id": "5a5cb75b5e8782001a9d5d6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "secure", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "Protecting a device from harm requires deviating from what procedures?", "id": "5a5cb75b5e8782001a9d5d6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "services", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What does computer security misdirect?", "id": "5a5cb75b5e8782001a9d5d70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "data and code injection", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What types of harm can come through network access?", "id": "5a5cb75b5e8782001a9d5d71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "Why would IT security partake in malpractice?", "id": "5a5cb75b5e8782001a9d5d72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures."}], ["Eavesdropping adalah perbuatan secara mendengarkan mendengar perbualan peribadi, biasanya antara tuan rumah di rangkaian. Sebagai contoh, program-program seperti Carnivore dan NarusInsight telah digunakan oleh FBI dan NSA untuk mendaptkan sistem penyedia perkhidmatan internet. Malah mesin yang beroperasi sebagai sistem tertutup (iaitu, tanpa hubungan dengan dunia luar) boleh didengarkan melalui melalui pemantauan penghantaran elektro-magnet yang lemah dari perkakasan; TEMPEST adalah spesifikasi oleh NSA yang merujuk kepada serangan ini. <> Apa tindakan mendengarkan perbualan peribadi secara rahsia? || Memungut <> Perbualan yang orang ramai mendengarnya biasanya antara siapa? || tuan rumah di rangkaian <> Siapa yang telah menggunakan program seperti Carnivore dan NarusInsight untuk mendengarkan pada sistem penyedia perkhidmatan internet? || FBI dan NSA <> Eavesdropping pada sistem yang tertutup melalui pengurangan permasalahan elektro-magnet yang lemah yang dihasilkan oleh perkakasan telah dirujuk sebagai oleh NSA? || TEMPEST <> Apakah mesin yang beroperasi tanpa hubungan dengan dunia luar dipanggil? || sistem tertutup <> Bagaimana sistem tertutup boleh dikesan? || <> Siapa yang bersalah menguping perbualan peribadi? || <> Siapa yang menggunakan FBI dan NSA menggunakan Carnivore dan Naruslnight untuk mendaptkan? || <> Siapa yang menggunakan program Carnivore dan Naruslnsight? || <> Apa penyemakan? || <> Apa program yang digunakan oleh ISP untuk mendaptik pada FBI? || <> Apakah perbualan antara hos di rangkaian yang dipanggil? || <> Apa yang istimewa mengenai hos di rangkaian? || <> Apakah penghantaran yang NarusInsight mendengar? || <> Program apa yang digunakan oleh FBI untuk menguping sistem tertutup? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?", "id": "570978aaed30961900e841ae", "answers": [{"text": "Eavesdropping", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?", "id": "570978aaed30961900e841af", "answers": [{"text": "hosts on a network", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?", "id": "570978aaed30961900e841b0", "answers": [{"text": "the FBI and NSA", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?", "id": "570978aaed30961900e841b1", "answers": [{"text": "TEMPEST", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?", "id": "570978aaed30961900e841b2", "answers": [{"text": "a closed system", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "How can closed systems be eavesdropped upon?", "id": "5a554ade134fea001a0e1a16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the FBI and NSA", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who is guilty of eavesdropping on private conversations?", "id": "5a554ade134fea001a0e1a17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "systems of internet service providers", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "Who does the FBI and NSA use Carnivore and Naruslnight to eavesdrop on?", "id": "5a554ade134fea001a0e1a18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the FBI and NSA", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who uses the programs Carnivore and Naruslnsight?", "id": "5a554ade134fea001a0e1a19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "listening to a private conversation", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What is eavesdropping?", "id": "5a554ade134fea001a0e1a1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carnivore and NarusInsight", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What programs do ISPs use to eavesdrop on the FBI?", "id": "5a5cba215e8782001a9d5d8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eavesdropping", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a conversation between hosts on a network called?", "id": "5a5cba215e8782001a9d5d8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no contact to the outside world", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What is special about hosts on a network?", "id": "5a5cba215e8782001a9d5d8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "faint electro-magnetic transmissions", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What transmissions does NarusInsight listen to?", "id": "5a5cba215e8782001a9d5d8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TEMPEST", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What program does the FBI use to eavesdrop on closed systems?", "id": "5a5cba215e8782001a9d5d90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks."}], ["Sekiranya akses diperolehi ke rangkaian kawasan pengawal dalaman kereta, adalah mungkin untuk melumpuhkan brek dan menghidupkan stereng. Masa enjin berkomputer, kawalan pelayaran, brek anti-kunci, penyokong tali pinggang keledar, kunci pintu, beg udara dan sistem bantuan pemandu lanjutan membolehkan gangguan ini mungkin berlaku, dan kereta memandu sendiri lebih jauh. Kereta yang disambungkan boleh menggunakan wifi dan bluetooth untuk berkomunikasi dengan peranti pengguna di atas kapal, dan rangkaian telefon bimbit untuk menghubungi penjaga dan perkhidmatan bantuan kecemasan atau mendapatkan maklumat navigasi atau hiburan; setiap rangkaian ini adalah titik masuk yang berpotensi untuk perisian hasad atau penyerang. Penyelidik pada tahun 2011 juga dapat menggunakan cakera padat jahat dalam sistem stereo kereta sebagai vektor serangan yang berjaya, dan kereta dengan pengiktirafan suara terbina dalam atau ciri bantuan jauh mempunyai mikrofon di atas kapal yang boleh digunakan untuk menguping. <> Apa penyelidik pada tahun 2011 dapat digunakan sebagai vektor serangan yang berjaya? || cakera padat berniat jahat dalam sistem stereo kereta <> Dalam kereta dengan ciri pengenalan suara terbina dalam, apa yang boleh digunakan pada mikrofon di atas kapal? || mengingatkan <> Wifi, bluetooth, dan rangkaian telefon bimbit adalah contoh dari apa? || titik masuk yang berpotensi untuk perisian hasad atau penyerang <> Dengan asumsi akses telah diperoleh ke rangkaian kawasan pengawal dalaman kereta, apakah yang mungkin dilakukan? || lumpuhkan brek dan putar roda stereng <> Rangkaian apa yang digunakan untuk menghubungi perkhidmatan concierge dan kecemasan kecemasan serta mendapatkan maklumat navigasi dan penyambungan? || rangkaian telefon bimbit <> Apa yang membuat kereta menjadi risiko serangan komputerisasi? || <> Bagaimana penyelidik boleh menguping di dalam kereta? || <> Mengapa kereta dengan teknologi lebih tinggi pada risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk menyerang? || <> Apa yang meningkatkan kemungkinan kereta diserang? || <> Mata masuk apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk perisian hasad dan penyerang? || <> Apakah kawalan rangkaian kawasan pengawal luaran? || <> Bilakah kereta sendiri memandu dibina? || <> Rangkaian apa yang menghalang perisian jahat dalam kereta yang disambungkan? || <> Apa yang digunakan penyelidik untuk mencegah serangan pada tahun 2011? || <> Apakah pengiktirafan suara yang tidak boleh digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?", "id": "570971e6ed30961900e84158", "answers": [{"text": "a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?", "id": "570971e6ed30961900e84159", "answers": [{"text": "eavesdropping", "answer_start": 887}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?", "id": "570971e6ed30961900e8415a", "answers": [{"text": "a potential entry point for malware or an attacker", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?", "id": "570971e6ed30961900e8415b", "answers": [{"text": "disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?", "id": "570971e6ed30961900e8415c", "answers": [{"text": "the cell phone network", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Computerized engine", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What makes cars a risk for computerized attacks?", "id": "5a555888134fea001a0e1a3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compact disc in a car's stereo system", "answer_start": 698}], "question": "How were researchers able to eavesdrop in a car?", "id": "5a555888134fea001a0e1a3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "Why are cars with more technology at a higher risk for attack?", "id": "5a555888134fea001a0e1a40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wifi and bluetooth", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "What increases the likelihood of a car being attacked?", "id": "5a555888134fea001a0e1a41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "networks", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "What entry points are viable for malware and attackers?", "id": "5a555888134fea001a0e1a42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the brakes and turn the steering wheel", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What does an external controller area network control?", "id": "5a5cd2285e8782001a9d5db4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "When were self-driving cars built?", "id": "5a5cd2285e8782001a9d5db5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wifi and bluetooth", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "What networks prevent malware in connected cars?", "id": "5a5cd2285e8782001a9d5db6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compact disc", "answer_start": 698}], "question": "What did researchers use to prevent attacks in 2011?", "id": "5a5cd2285e8782001a9d5db7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eavesdropping", "answer_start": 887}], "question": "What can voice recognition not be used for?", "id": "5a5cd2285e8782001a9d5db8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, organisasi yang agak kecil mengekalkan sistem komputer dengan sistem pengesanan yang berkesan, dan masih terdapat mekanisme tindak balas yang teratur. Akibatnya, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Reuters: \"Syarikat untuk laporan kali pertama mereka kehilangan lebih banyak melalui kecurian data elektronik daripada mencuri harta benda fizikal\". Halangan utama untuk menghapuskan jenayah siber secara berkesan dapat dikesan dengan pergantungan yang berlebihan terhadap firewall dan sistem pengesanan automatik yang lain. Walau bagaimanapun ia adalah pengumpulan bukti asas dengan menggunakan peralatan menangkap paket yang meletakkan penjenayah di belakang bar. <> Berapa banyak organisasi dianggarkan untuk mengekalkan sistem komputer dengan sistem pengesanan yang berkesan? || agak sedikit <> Apakah bukti asas yang dikumpulkan oleh yang meletakkan penjenayah di belakang bar? || peralatan menangkap paket <> Halang utama untuk menghapuskan jenayah siber adalah pergantungan yang berlebihan terhadap apa? || firewall dan sistem pengesanan automatik lain <> Apa sumber petikan? || Reuters <> Kecurian data elektronik menyebabkan lebih banyak kerugian daripada apa? || pencurian fizikal aset <> Apa syarikat bergantung terlalu banyak untuk memastikan maklumat mereka selamat? || <> Apa yang lebih sedikit syarikat telah menetapkan untuk membela mereka? || <> Apa yang perlu dibimbangkan syarikat? || <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk menangkap data ini mencuri penjenayah? || <> Apakah bentuk pencurian biasa dalam syarikat? || <> Kebanyakan organisasi mempunyai apa jenis sistem pengesanan? || <> Apakah nama syarikat yang telah kehilangan lebih banyak lagi melalui kecurian elektronik? || <> Apa yang kebanyakan syarikat tidak lagi bergantung? || <> Pencurian aset secara fizikal adalah masalah yang lebih besar daripada apa? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh penjenayah untuk tidak ditangkap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?", "id": "5709744f200fba1400368015", "answers": [{"text": "relatively few", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?", "id": "5709744f200fba1400368016", "answers": [{"text": "packet capture appliances", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?", "id": "5709744f200fba1400368017", "answers": [{"text": "firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the source of the quote?", "id": "5709744f200fba1400368018", "answers": [{"text": "Reuters", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? ", "id": "5709744f200fba1400368019", "answers": [{"text": "physical stealing of assets", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What do companies rely on too much in order to keep their information safe?", "id": "5a555e72134fea001a0e1a5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "organised response mechanisms", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "What do even fewer companies have set in place for their defense?", "id": "5a555e72134fea001a0e1a5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physical stealing of assets", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What do companies have to worry about least?", "id": "5a555e72134fea001a0e1a5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "packet capture appliances", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "What is needed to catch these data stealing criminals?", "id": "5a555e72134fea001a0e1a5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic theft of data", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What is a common form of theft in companies?", "id": "5a555e72134fea001a0e1a60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "effective", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "Most organizations have what kind of detection system?", "id": "5a5cd4d65e8782001a9d5dd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reuters", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What is the name of the company that has lost more through electronic theft?", "id": "5a5cd4d65e8782001a9d5dd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What do most companies no longer rely on?", "id": "5a5cd4d65e8782001a9d5dd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic theft of data", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Physical stealing of assets is a bigger problem than what?", "id": "5a5cd4d65e8782001a9d5dd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "packet capture appliances", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "What do criminals use to avoid being captured?", "id": "5a5cd4d65e8782001a9d5dd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: \"Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets\". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars."}], ["Komputer meja dan komputer riba biasanya dijangkiti dengan perisian hasad sama ada untuk mengumpul kata laluan atau maklumat akaun kewangan, atau untuk membina botnet untuk menyerang sasaran lain. Telefon pintar, komputer tablet, jam tangan pintar, dan peranti mudah alih lain seperti peranti Berkuasa Kuantiti seperti pelacak aktiviti juga menjadi sasaran dan kebanyakannya mempunyai sensor seperti kamera, mikrofon, penerima GPS, kompas, dan pecutan yang boleh dieksploitasi, dan boleh mengumpul maklumat peribadi, termasuk maklumat kesihatan sensitif. Wifi, Bluetooth, dan rangkaian telefon bimbit pada mana-mana peranti ini boleh digunakan sebagai vektor serangan, dan sensor mungkin jauh diaktifkan selepas pelanggaran yang berjaya. <> Apakah komputer desktop dan komputer riba yang biasa dijangkiti? || malware <> Membina botnet untuk menyerang sasaran lain adalah contoh aktiviti apa? || malware <> Pelacak aktiviti adalah contoh apa? || Alat Berkuasa Kuantiti <> Apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai wifi, bluetooth, dan telefon bimbit pada peranti? || vektor serangan <> Apa yang boleh diaktifkan dari jauh selepas pelanggaran yang berjaya? || sensor <> Apa program malware yang berhasrat untuk mengutip dari komputer riba dan komputer? || <> Apakah kepentingan menengah penyerang yang menggunakan perisian hasad? || <> Mengapa alat yang mempunyai GPS atau mengumpul data tentang tabiat anda menyebabkan anda berisiko untuk serangan? || <> Apa yang boleh dikutip dari peranti anda oleh penyerang? || <> Apakah kamera, mikrofon, penerima GPS, kompas dan pecutan dianggap? || <> Apakah nama malware yang mempengaruhi pengesan aktiviti? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk perisian hasad? || <> Bagaimana Peranti Diri Berkuasa dilanggar? || <> Apakah maklumat sensitif yang dilakukan oleh rangkaian wifi? || <> Jenis maklumat apa yang jarang dikutip dari komputer riba? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?", "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84234", "answers": [{"text": "malware", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?", "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84235", "answers": [{"text": "malware", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Activity trackers are an example of what?", "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84236", "answers": [{"text": "Quantified Self devices", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?", "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84237", "answers": [{"text": "attack vectors", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?", "id": "57097fd9ed30961900e84238", "answers": [{"text": "sensors", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passwords or financial account information", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What do malware programs intend to collect from laptops and computers?", "id": "5a555504134fea001a0e1a34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "construct a botnet to attack another target", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What is the secondary interest of an attacker using malware?", "id": "5a555504134fea001a0e1a35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "could be exploited", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "Why do gadgets that have GPS or collect data about your habits put you at risk for an attack?", "id": "5a555504134fea001a0e1a36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal information, including sensitive health information.", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What could be collected from your devices by an attacker?", "id": "5a555504134fea001a0e1a37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sensors", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "What are cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses and accelerometers considered?", "id": "5a555504134fea001a0e1a38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Quantified Self", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What is the name of the malware that affects activity trackers?", "id": "5a5cca8f5e8782001a9d5daa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "botnet", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What is another name for malware?", "id": "5a5cca8f5e8782001a9d5dab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "How are Quantified Self Devices breached?", "id": "5a5cca8f5e8782001a9d5dac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal information, including sensitive health information", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What sensitive information do wifi networks carry?", "id": "5a5cca8f5e8782001a9d5dad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passwords or financial account information", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What type of information is rarely collected from a laptop?", "id": "5a5cca8f5e8782001a9d5dae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target. Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. Wifi, Bluetooth, and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach."}], ["Penafian serangan perkhidmatan direka untuk membuat mesin atau sumber rangkaian tidak tersedia kepada pengguna yang dimaksudkan. Penyerang boleh menafikan perkhidmatan kepada mangsa individu, seperti dengan sengaja memasuki kata laluan yang salah cukup kali berturut-turut untuk menyebabkan akaun mangsa terkunci, atau mereka boleh memuatkan keupayaan mesin atau rangkaian dan menyekat semua pengguna sekaligus. Walaupun serangan rangkaian dari satu alamat IP boleh disekat dengan menambah peraturan firewall baru, pelbagai bentuk serangan Pengantarkan Penyampaian Perkhidmatan (DDoS) adalah mungkin, di mana serangan itu datang dari sejumlah besar titik - dan mempertahankan adalah jauh lebih sukar . Serangan seperti itu boleh berasal dari komputer zombie botnet, tetapi pelbagai teknik lain mungkin termasuk serangan refleksi dan penguatan, di mana sistem yang tidak bersalah tertipu untuk menghantar lalu lintas kepada mangsa. <> Apakah serangan yang dirancang untuk membuat mesin atau rangkaian tidak tersedia kepada pengguna yang dimaksudkan? || Penafian serangan perkhidmatan <> Apa yang sengaja memasuki kata laluan yang salah cukup menyebabkan kali berturut-turut? || akaun mangsa akan dikunci <> Apakah serangan di mana sistem yang tidak bersalah tertipu untuk menghantar trafik kepada pemenang yang dipanggil? || serangan refleksi dan penguatan <> Apa yang DDoS tahan? || Penyangkalan perkhidmatan yang diagihkan <> Bagaimana serangan rangkaian dari satu alamat IP boleh disekat? || dengan menambah peraturan firewall baru <> Apa yang berlaku jika penyerang memasuki kata laluan yang salah ke dalam akaun cukup waktu? || <> Apa gunanya membuat sumber rangkaian tidak tersedia kepada pengguna? || <> Mengapa sukar untuk mempertahankan DDos? || <> Selain mengunci apa kaedah lain digunakan dalam DDos? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan pelbagai serangan? || <> Apa yang membolehkan mesin diakses oleh penggunanya? || <> Apa yang dilakukan pada kata laluan untuk mengunci semua pengguna sekaligus? || <> Bagaimanakah DDoS dari beberapa lokasi bertahan? || <> Apakah alamat IP? || <> Apakah komputer zombie pada botnet? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?", "id": "57097050200fba1400367fef", "answers": [{"text": "Denial of service attacks", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?", "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff0", "answers": [{"text": "the victim account to be locked", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?", "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff1", "answers": [{"text": "reflection and amplification attacks", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does DDoS stand for?", "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff2", "answers": [{"text": "Distributed denial of service", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?", "id": "57097050200fba1400367ff3", "answers": [{"text": "by adding a new firewall rule", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cause the victim account to be locked", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What happens if an attacker enters the wrong password into an account enough times?", "id": "5a554385134fea001a0e1a02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deny service to individual victims", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What is the point of making network resources unavailable to users?", "id": "5a554385134fea001a0e1a03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the attack comes from a large number of points", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "Why is it difficult to defend against DDos?", "id": "5a554385134fea001a0e1a04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "Other than being locked out what other methods are used in DDos?", "id": "5a554385134fea001a0e1a05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from the zombie computers of a botnet", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What causes multiple attacks?", "id": "5a554385134fea001a0e1a06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Denial of service", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What allows a machine to be accessed by its user?", "id": "5a5cb8315e8782001a9d5d78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What is done to a password to lock out all users at once?", "id": "5a5cb8315e8782001a9d5d79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adding a new firewall rule", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "How is a DDoS from multiple locations defended?", "id": "5a5cb8315e8782001a9d5d7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Distributed denial of service", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "What is an IP address?", "id": "5a5cb8315e8782001a9d5d7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "innocent systems", "answer_start": 795}], "question": "What are zombie computers on a botnet?", "id": "5a5cb8315e8782001a9d5d7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points \u2013 and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim."}], ["Ini telah membawa kepada terma baru seperti cyberwarfare dan cyberterrorism. Semakin banyak infrastruktur kritikal dikendalikan melalui program komputer yang, sambil meningkatkan kecekapan, memperlihatkan kelemahan baru. Ujiannya adalah untuk melihat sama ada kerajaan dan syarikat yang mengawal sistem kritikal seperti tenaga, komunikasi dan maklumat lain akan dapat mencegah serangan sebelum ia berlaku. Sebagai Jay Cross, ketua saintis Kumpulan Waktu Internet, berkata, \"Kesalinghubungan memuncak kelemahan.\" <> Siapa kata \"Keterhubungan membawa kelemahan?\" || Jay Cross <> Organisasi apa yang dimiliki Jay Cross? || Kumpulan Masa Internet <> Apakah kelebihan infrastruktur yang lebih kritikal dikendalikan melalui program komputer? || meningkatkan kecekapan <> Apakah kelemahan infrastruktur yang lebih kritikal dikawal melalui program komputer? || mendedahkan kelemahan baru <> Apa yang telah menyebabkan cyberwarfare? || <> Apa itu cyberterrorism? || <> Dengan cara apa \"keterkaitan mempunyai kelemahan?\" || <> Apakah jenis ujian yang akan dijalankan? || <> Adakah cyberterrorism berevolusi dengan teknologi baru? || <> Siapa yang mencipta perkataan \"cyberwarfare\"? || <> Apa program komputer mengawal infrastruktur kritikal? || <> Infrastruktur mana yang paling lemah untuk menyerang? || <> Apa itu cyberterrorism? || <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju dengan perkataan \"Connectedness begets vulnerability\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who said \"Connectedness begets vulnerability?\"", "id": "5709a509200fba1400368211", "answers": [{"text": "Jay Cross", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization does Jay Cross belong to?", "id": "5709a509200fba1400368212", "answers": [{"text": "the Internet Time Group", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?", "id": "5709a509200fba1400368213", "answers": [{"text": "increasing efficiency", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?", "id": "5709a509200fba1400368214", "answers": [{"text": "exposes new vulnerabilities", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What has led to cyberwarfare? ", "id": "5a557b55134fea001a0e1ae6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "attacks", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What is cyberterrorism? ", "id": "5a557b55134fea001a0e1ae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "In what way does \"connectedness begets vulnerability?\" ", "id": "5a557b55134fea001a0e1ae8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "able to prevent attacks before they occur.", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "What types of test will be run? ", "id": "5a557b55134fea001a0e1ae9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Connectedness begets vulnerability", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Will cyberterrorism evolve with new technology? ", "id": "5a557b55134fea001a0e1aea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jay Cross", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Who coined the word \"cyberwarfare\"?", "id": "5a5d04505e8782001a9d5e66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Time Group", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What computer program controls critical infrastructure?", "id": "5a5d04505e8782001a9d5e67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "critical systems such as energy, communications and other information", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "Which infrastructures are the least vulnerable to attack?", "id": "5a5d04505e8782001a9d5e68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What is cyberterrorism?", "id": "5a5d04505e8782001a9d5e69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jay Cross", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Who disagreed with the saying \"Connectedness begets vulnerability\"?", "id": "5a5d04505e8782001a9d5e6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, \"Connectedness begets vulnerability.\""}], ["Walaupun perkakasan mungkin menjadi sumber ketidakamanan, seperti kerentanan microchip yang diperkenalkan secara berniat jahat semasa proses pembuatan, keselamatan berasaskan perkakasan atau dibantu komputer juga menawarkan alternatif kepada keselamatan komputer sahaja. Menggunakan peranti dan kaedah seperti dongle, modul platform yang dipercayai, kes-kes menyerang pencerobohan, kunci pemacu, melumpuhkan port USB, dan akses yang didayakan mudah alih mungkin dianggap lebih selamat kerana akses fizikal (atau akses backdoor canggih) diperlukan untuk dikompromikan. Setiap satu ini dibincangkan dengan lebih terperinci di bawah. <> Kerentanan mikrochips diperkenalkan apabila? || semasa proses pembuatan <> Apa yang menawarkan alternatif untuk keselamatan komputer hanya keselamatan? || perkakasan komputer berasaskan perkakasan atau dibantu <> Apa perkakasan boleh menjadi sumber? || ketidakamanan <> Apa yang diperlukan agar perkakasan dapat dikompromikan? || akses fizikal (atau akses backdoor canggih) <> Langkah apa yang boleh meningkatkan keselamatan komputer? || <> Apa yang digunakan dalam akses fizikal komputer? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan hardware menjadi tidak selamat? || <> Bagaimana telefon bimbit dapat meningkatkan keselamatan komputer? || <> Apakah peranti fizikal yang digunakan sebagai kunci laluan untuk komputer anda? || <> Bilakah kerentanan microchip dikeluarkan? || <> Dongles kurang selamat kerana apa? || <> Apakah satu contoh keselamatan komputer sahaja? || <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk mengompromi komputer hanya perisian? || <> Jenis kelemahan apa yang dikatakan keselamatan komputer berasaskan perkakasan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?", "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368201", "answers": [{"text": "during the manufacturing process", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?", "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368202", "answers": [{"text": "hardware-based or assisted computer security", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can hardware be a source of?", "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368203", "answers": [{"text": "insecurity", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?", "id": "5709a2e5200fba1400368204", "answers": [{"text": "physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physical access", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What step can increase computer security?", "id": "5a55606b134fea001a0e1a66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "devices", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What is used in physical access of a computer?", "id": "5a55606b134fea001a0e1a67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microchip vulnerabilities", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What causes hardware to be insecure?", "id": "5a55606b134fea001a0e1a68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mobile-enabled access", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "How can a cell phone increase computer security?", "id": "5a55606b134fea001a0e1a69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dongles", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "What physical device is used as a passkey for your computer?", "id": "5a55606b134fea001a0e1a6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "during the manufacturing process", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "When are microchip vulnerabilities removed?", "id": "5a5cd75a5e8782001a9d5ddc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "Dongles less secure because of what?", "id": "5a5cd75a5e8782001a9d5ddd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "What is an example of software-only computer security?", "id": "5a5cd75a5e8782001a9d5dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What is required to compromise a software-only computer?", "id": "5a5cd75a5e8782001a9d5ddf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microchip", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What type of vulnerability is hardware-based computer security impervious to?", "id": "5a5cd75a5e8782001a9d5de0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below."}], ["Hari ini, keselamatan komputer terdiri daripada langkah-langkah \"pencegahan\", seperti firewall atau prosedur keluar. Firewall boleh ditakrifkan sebagai cara penapisan data rangkaian antara hos atau rangkaian dan rangkaian lain, seperti Internet, dan boleh dilaksanakan sebagai perisian yang berjalan pada mesin, menyambung ke timbunan rangkaian (atau, dalam hal kebanyakan sistem operasi berasaskan UNIX seperti Linux, dibina ke dalam kernel sistem operasi) untuk menyediakan penapisan dan penyekatan masa nyata. Pelaksanaan lain adalah firewall fizikal yang dipanggil trafik rangkaian penapisan mesin berasingan. Firewall adalah perkara biasa di antara mesin yang disambung secara kekal ke Internet. <> Firewall dan prosedur keluar dipertimbangkan apa? || \"langkah pencegahan\" <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai cara penapisan data rangkaian antara hos atau rangkaian dan rangkaian lain? || Firewall <> Apa firewall fizikal terdiri daripada? || mesin rangkaian penapisan mesin yang berasingan <> Jenis jenis mesin normall mempunyai firewall? || disambung secara kekal ke Internet <> Apa yang berkompromi terutamanya langkah pencegahan? || keselamatan komputer <> Keselamatan komputer kebanyakannya terdiri daripada apa? || <> Bagaimana firewall dilaksanakan? || <> Sistem manakah yang mempunyai firewall dibina? || <> Apakah bentuk lain yang mempunyai sambungan firewall? || <> Mana bahagian komputer Linux yang dibina? || <> Apakah jenis langkah yang dilakukan firma keselamatan komputer yang jarang digunakan hari ini? || <> Mesin jenis apa yang jarang menggunakan firewall? || <> Apakah prosedur keluar? || <> Bagaimana prosedur keluar dilaksanakan? || <> Jenis OS apa yang tidak menggunakan kernel sistem operasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?", "id": "57099f7bed30961900e84388", "answers": [{"text": "\"preventive\" measures", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?", "id": "57099f7bed30961900e84389", "answers": [{"text": "A firewall", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a physical firewall consist of?", "id": "57099f7bed30961900e8438a", "answers": [{"text": "a separate machine filtering network traffic", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of machines normall have a firewall?", "id": "57099f7bed30961900e8438b", "answers": [{"text": "permanently connected to the Internet", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What compromises mainly preventative measures?", "id": "57099f7bed30961900e8438c", "answers": [{"text": "computer security", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"preventive\" measures", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Computer security is mostly comprised of what?", "id": "5a555ca9134fea001a0e1a52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "software running on the machine", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "How are firewalls implemented?", "id": "5a555ca9134fea001a0e1a53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Linux", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Which system has a built in firewall?", "id": "5a555ca9134fea001a0e1a54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hooking into the network stack", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What is another form of having a firewall connected?", "id": "5a555ca9134fea001a0e1a55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "operating system kernel", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "Which part of a Linux computer is the firewall built into?", "id": "5a555ca9134fea001a0e1a56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "preventive", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What types of measures do computer security firms rarely use today?", "id": "5a5cd39b5e8782001a9d5dc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "machines that are permanently connected to the Internet", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "What type of machine rarely uses firewalls?", "id": "5a5cd39b5e8782001a9d5dc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What is an exit procedure?", "id": "5a5cd39b5e8782001a9d5dca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "software running on the machine", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "How are exit procedures implemented?", "id": "5a5cd39b5e8782001a9d5dcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Linux", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What type of OS does not use the operating system kernel?", "id": "5a5cd39b5e8782001a9d5dcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Today, computer security comprises mainly \"preventive\" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet."}], ["Keselamatan Awam Pusat Maklum Balas Insiden Siber Kanada (CCIRC) bertanggungjawab untuk mengurangkan dan bertindak balas kepada ancaman terhadap infrastruktur dan sistem siber kritis Kanada. CCIRC menyediakan sokongan untuk mengurangkan ancaman siber, sokongan teknikal untuk bertindak balas dan pulih daripada serangan siber yang ditargetkan, dan menyediakan alat dalam talian untuk ahli sektor infrastruktur kritikal Kanada. CCIRC menyiarkan buletin keselamatan siber secara tetap di laman web Keselamatan Awam Kanada. CCIRC juga mengendalikan alat pelaporan dalam talian di mana individu dan organisasi boleh melaporkan kejadian siber. Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada adalah sebahagian daripada pendekatan bersepadu yang lebih besar untuk perlindungan infrastruktur kritikal, dan berfungsi sebagai dokumen sejagat kepada Strategi Nasional dan Pelan Tindakan untuk Infrastruktur Kritikal. <> Apakah CCIRC berdiri? || Pusat Tindak Balas Insiden Siber Kanada <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk meringankan dan bertindak balas kepada ancaman terhadap infrastruktur kritikal Kanada? || CCIRC <> Di mana CCIRC menyiarkan buletin keselamatan siber biasa? || di laman web Keselamatan Awam Kanada <> Apa fungsi sebagai dokumen rakan sejawatan kepada Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan Negara untuk Infrastruktur Kritikal? || Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada <> Apakah jenis respons yang CCIRC bertanggungjawab? || <> Apa yang akan dilakukan CCIRC sekiranya berlaku pelanggaran? || <> Apakah CCIRC beroperasi? || <> CCIRC adalah sebahagian daripada apa yang lebih besar? || <> Alat dalam talian adalah untuk apa yang dilakukan oleh CCIRC? || <> Organisasi apa yang menyerang infrastruktur Kanada? || <> Siapa yang menjalankan Keselamatan Awam Kanada? || <> Dokumen apa yang bercanggah dengan Strategi Keselamatan Siber? || <> Siapa yang mengawal infrastruktur Kanada? || <> Apa yang digunakan individu untuk membuat kejadian siber? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does CCIRC stand for?", "id": "5709a391200fba1400368209", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?", "id": "5709a391200fba140036820a", "answers": [{"text": "CCIRC", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?", "id": "5709a391200fba140036820b", "answers": [{"text": "on the Public Safety Canada website", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?", "id": "5709a391200fba140036820c", "answers": [{"text": "Canada's Cyber Security Strategy", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mitigating and responding to threats to Canada\u2019s critical infrastructure and cyber systems", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What sort of responses are CCIRC responsible for? ", "id": "5a557830134fea001a0e1abe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What would CCIRC do in an event of a breach? ", "id": "5a557830134fea001a0e1abf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident", "answer_start": 499}], "question": "What does the CCIRC operate? ", "id": "5a557830134fea001a0e1ac0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "CCIRC is part of what that is much larger? ", "id": "5a557830134fea001a0e1ac1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "technical support", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "Online tools are meant for what by CCIRC?", "id": "5a557830134fea001a0e1ac2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CCIRC", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What organization is attacking Canada's infrastructure?", "id": "5a5cfd075e8782001a9d5e40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CCIRC", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who runs Public Safety Canada?", "id": "5a5cfd075e8782001a9d5e41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "What document contradicts the Cyber Security Strategy?", "id": "5a5cfd075e8782001a9d5e42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CCIRC", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who controls Canada's infrastructure?", "id": "5a5cfd075e8782001a9d5e43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an online reporting tool", "answer_start": 499}], "question": "What do individuals use to create a cyber incident?", "id": "5a5cfd075e8782001a9d5e44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Public Safety Canada\u2019s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada\u2019s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada\u2019s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure."}], ["Pada 27 September 2010, Public Safety Canada bekerjasama dengan STOP.THINK.CONNECT, gabungan sektor bukan keuntungan, swasta, dan kerajaan yang didedikasikan untuk memaklumkan kepada orang ramai tentang bagaimana melindungi diri mereka dalam talian. Pada 4 Februari 2014, Kerajaan Kanada melancarkan Program Kerjasama Keselamatan Cyber. Program ini adalah inisiatif $ 1.5 juta lima tahun yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki sistem siber Kanada melalui pemberian dan sumbangan kepada projek-projek yang menyokong objektif ini. Keselamatan Awam Kanada bertujuan untuk memulakan penilaian Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada pada awal tahun 2015. Keselamatan Awam Kanada mentadbir dan secara rutin mengemas kini portal GetCyberSafe untuk warga Kanada, dan melaksanakan Bulan Kesedaran Keselamatan Cyber pada bulan Oktober. <> Bilakah rakan kongsi Keselamatan Awam Kanada bersama Stop.Think. Sambung? || 27 September 2010 <> Bilakah Program Kerjasama Keselamatan Cyber yang dilancarkan oleh Kerajaan Kanada? || 4 Februari 2014 <> Siapa yang rutin memperbaharui portal GetCyberSafe untuk warga Kanada? || Keselamatan Awam Kanada <> Bulan berapa bulan Kesedaran Keselamatan Siber? || Oktober <> Berapa kos Program Kerjasama Keselamatan Cyber? || $ 1.5 juta <> STOP.THINK.CONNECT adalah jenis organisasi apa? || <> Jenis pemberian apa yang diberikan oleh Kerajaan Kanada? || <> Apa yang dimainkan oleh Kerjasama Keselamatan Siber? || <> Kenapa ada bulan keselamatan siber? || <> Bagaimana orang dilindungi dalam talian? || <> Bilakah STOP.THINK.CONNECT dibuat? || <> Seberapa mahal portal GetCyberSafe? || <> Bilakah Program Kerjasama Keselamatan Cyber ditutup? || <> Bilakah portal GetCyberSafe dibuat? || <> Bilakah bulan Kesedaran Keselamatan Siber antarabangsa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?", "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843bc", "answers": [{"text": "September 27, 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?", "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843bd", "answers": [{"text": "February 4, 2014", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?", "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843be", "answers": [{"text": "Public Safety Canada", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?", "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843bf", "answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?", "id": "5709a5d5ed30961900e843c0", "answers": [{"text": "$1.5 million", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a coalition", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "STOP.THINK.CONNECT is what kind of organization? ", "id": "5a5578ee134fea001a0e1ac8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cyber Security", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What type of grants were given out by the Canadian Government? ", "id": "5a5578ee134fea001a0e1ac9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "What does the Cyber Security Cooperation monitor? ", "id": "5a5578ee134fea001a0e1aca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Awareness", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "Why is there a cyber security month? ", "id": "5a5578ee134fea001a0e1acb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "How are people protected online? ", "id": "5a5578ee134fea001a0e1acc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 27, 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was STOP.THINK.CONNECT created?", "id": "5a5cff985e8782001a9d5e4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1.5 million", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "How expensive is the GetCyberSafe portal?", "id": "5a5cff985e8782001a9d5e4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 2015", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program shut down?", "id": "5a5cff985e8782001a9d5e4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "When was the GetCyberSafe portal created?", "id": "5a5cff985e8782001a9d5e4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "When is the international Cyber Security Awareness month?", "id": "5a5cff985e8782001a9d5e4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On September 27, 2010, Public Safety Canada partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online. On February 4, 2014, the Government of Canada launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. The program is a $1.5 million five-year initiative aimed at improving Canada\u2019s cyber systems through grants and contributions to projects in support of this objective. Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's Cyber Security Strategy in early 2015. Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens, and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October."}], ["Fungsi kawalan komputer di banyak utiliti, termasuk penyelarasan telekomunikasi, grid kuasa, loji tenaga nuklear, dan pembukaan injap dan penutupan rangkaian air dan gas. Internet adalah vektor serangan berpotensi untuk mesin tersebut jika disambungkan, tetapi cacing Stuxnet menunjukkan bahawa walaupun peralatan yang dikendalikan oleh komputer yang tidak disambungkan ke Internet boleh terdedah kepada kerosakan fizikal yang disebabkan oleh perintah jahat yang dihantar ke peralatan industri (dalam hal sentrifugasi pengayaan uranium ) yang dijangkiti melalui media boleh tanggal. Pada tahun 2014, Pasukan Kesediaan Kecemasan Komputer, sebuah bahagian Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri, menyiasat 79 kejadian penggodaman di syarikat tenaga. <> Apakah potensi serangan vektor untuk utiliti seperti grid kuasa? || Internet <> Apa kelengkapan yang dikendalikan oleh komputer yang tidak disambungkan ke internet juga boleh terdedah? || cacing Stuxnet <> Bilakah Tim Kesediaan Kecemasan Komputer menyiasat 79 insiden peretasan di syarikat tenaga? || 2014 <> Jabatan apa yang dimiliki oleh Pasukan Kesediaan Kecemasan Komputer? || Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri <> Bagaimana cacing Stuxnet menjangkiti peralatan industri? || melalui media boleh tanggal <> Bahagian pembahagian adalah sebahagian daripada Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri? || <> Dapatkah komputer tidak dilampirkan ke internet menjadi serangan oleh virus? || <> Peralatan industri apa yang berlaku setelah menerima arahan berniat jahat? || <> Apakah jenis kerosakan yang ditangani oleh peralatan perindustrian? || <> Apa yang mengawal fungsi utiliti kami seperti telekomunikasi, grid kuasa, loji tenaga nuklear, dan lain-lain? || <> Apa yang mengawal fungsi komputer? || <> Siapa yang mencipta cacing Stuxnet? || <> Bilakah cacing Stuxnet dicipta? || <> Apa yang dijangkiti dalam insiden pencerobohan 79 di syarikat tenaga? || <> Berapa ramai orang dalam Pasukan Kesediaan Kecemasan Komputer? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?", "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681dd", "answers": [{"text": "The Internet", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?", "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681de", "answers": [{"text": "the Stuxnet worm", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?", "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681df", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?", "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681e0", "answers": [{"text": "the Department of Homeland Security", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?", "id": "57099ea3200fba14003681e1", "answers": [{"text": "via removable media", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Computer Emergency Readiness Team", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "What division was part of the Department of Homeland Security?", "id": "5a55538e134fea001a0e1a2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "Can computers not attached to the internet be attack by a virus?", "id": "5a55538e134fea001a0e1a2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium enrichment centrifuges", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What industrial equipment effected after receiving malicious commands?", "id": "5a55538e134fea001a0e1a2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physical damage", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What type of damage was dealt to the industrial equipment?", "id": "5a55538e134fea001a0e1a2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Computers", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What controls the functions of our utilities such as telecommunications, power grid, nuclear power plants, etc?", "id": "5a55538e134fea001a0e1a2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What controls computer functions?", "id": "5a5cc7fa5e8782001a9d5da0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Computer Emergency Readiness Team", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "Who created the Stuxnet worm?", "id": "5a5cc7fa5e8782001a9d5da1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "When was the Stuxnet worm created?", "id": "5a5cc7fa5e8782001a9d5da2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium enrichment centrifuges", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What was infected in the 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?", "id": "5a5cc7fa5e8782001a9d5da3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "79", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "How many people were on the Computer Emergency Readiness Team?", "id": "5a5cc7fa5e8782001a9d5da4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies."}], ["Kerosakan kewangan serius telah disebabkan oleh pelanggaran keselamatan, tetapi kerana tidak ada model standard untuk menganggarkan kos kejadian, satu-satunya data yang ada adalah yang dibuat oleh orang awam yang terlibat. \"Beberapa firma perundingan keselamatan komputer menghasilkan anggaran kerugian seluruh dunia yang dikaitkan dengan serangan virus dan cacing dan tindakan digital yang bermusuhan secara umum. Anggaran kehilangan 2003 oleh firma ini berkisar antara $ 13 bilion (cacing dan virus sahaja) hingga $ 226 bilion (untuk semua bentuk daripada serangan rahsia). Keandalan anggaran-anggaran ini sering dicabar; metodologi asas pada dasarnya adalah anekdot. \" <> Apa yang menyebabkan kerosakan kewangan yang serius? || pelanggaran keselamatan <> Data yang dibuat awam yang tersedia untuk menganggarkan kos kejadian? || organisasi yang terlibat <> Apakah jumlah kerugian yang dianggarkan dari cacing dan virus pada tahun 2003? || $ 13 bilion <> Siapa yang menghasilkan perkiraan kerugian di seluruh dunia yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran keamanan? || Beberapa firma perundingan keselamatan komputer <> Apakah kaedah mendasar untuk mencari anggaran di seluruh dunia untuk kehilangan bulu kepada pelanggaran keselamatan? || pada dasarnya anekdot <> Apakah kerugian yang dianggarkan untuk serangan rahsia pada tahun 2003? || <> Apakah bentuk serangan yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kerugian itu? || <> Apakah maklumat yang digunakan untuk menganggarkan kos insiden itu? || <> Berapa luasnya kerugian itu? || <> Mengapa sukar untuk menganggarkan kerugian dalam keadaan ini? || <> Berapa banyak syarikat menyelamatkan pada tahun 2003 daripada mencegah serangan? || <> Bilakah model standard untuk menganggar kos pelanggaran yang ditetapkan? || <> Data apa yang tidak di umumkan apabila organisasi dilanggar? || <> Apakah anggaran minimum kerugian akibat pelanggaran keselamatan di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2003? || <> Mengapa anggaran kerugian jarang dicabar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has caused serious financial damage?", "id": "5709a208200fba14003681f7", "answers": [{"text": "security breaches", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?", "id": "5709a208200fba14003681f8", "answers": [{"text": "the organizations involved", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?", "id": "5709a208200fba14003681f9", "answers": [{"text": "$13 billion", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?", "id": "5709a208200fba14003681fa", "answers": [{"text": "Several computer security consulting firms", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?", "id": "5709a208200fba14003681fb", "answers": [{"text": "basically anecdotal", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$226 billion", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What was the loss estimated for covert attacks in 2003?", "id": "5a555aad134fea001a0e1a48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What forms of attack were responsible for the loss?", "id": "5a555aad134fea001a0e1a49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that which is made public", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What information is used to estimate the cost of the incident?", "id": "5a555aad134fea001a0e1a4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "worldwide losses", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "How wide-scale were the losses?", "id": "5a555aad134fea001a0e1a4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "there is no standard model for estimating the cost", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Why is difficult to estimate loss in this situation?", "id": "5a555aad134fea001a0e1a4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "How much did firms save in 2003 from preventing attacks?", "id": "5a5cd2f25e8782001a9d5dbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "When was the standard model for estimating the cost of a breach established?", "id": "5a5cd2f25e8782001a9d5dbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the cost of an incident", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What data is not made public when an organization is breached?", "id": "5a5cd2f25e8782001a9d5dc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$13 billion", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What was the minimum estimate of losses due to security breaches in the US in 2003?", "id": "5a5cd2f25e8782001a9d5dc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "Why are loss estimates rarely challenged?", "id": "5a5cd2f25e8782001a9d5dc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. \"Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal.\""}], ["Pada 3 Oktober 2010, Keselamatan Awam Kanada melancarkan Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada, mengikuti Ucapan Komitmen Throne untuk meningkatkan keselamatan ruang siber Kanada. Matlamat strategi ini adalah untuk mengukuhkan sistem \"cyber dan sektor infrastruktur kritikal di Kanada, menyokong pertumbuhan ekonomi dan melindungi Kanada ketika mereka sambungkan antara satu sama lain dan ke dunia.\" Tiga tiang utama menentukan strategi: mengamankan sistem kerajaan, berkemampuan untuk mendapatkan sistem siber penting di luar kerajaan persekutuan, dan membantu Kanada untuk selamat dalam talian. Strategi itu melibatkan pelbagai jabatan dan agensi di seluruh Kerajaan Kanada. Rangka Kerja Pengurusan Insiden Siber untuk Kanada menggariskan tanggungjawab ini, dan menyediakan pelan untuk tindak balas yang diselaraskan antara kerajaan dan rakan kongsi yang lain sekiranya berlaku kejadian siber. Rancangan Tindakan 2010-2015 untuk Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada menggariskan pelaksanaan strategi yang berterusan. <> Bilakah Keselamatan Awam Kanada memperkenalkan Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada? || 3 Oktober 2010 <> Apa yang menggariskan pelaksanaan Strategi Keselamatan Cyber yang berterusan? || Pelan Tindakan 2010-2015 untuk Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada <> Apa yang menggariskan tanggungjawab dan menyediakan rancangan untuk koordinasi semasa kejadian siber? || Rangka Kerja Pengurusan Insiden Siber untuk Kanada <> Ruang siber Kanada telah dirangsang oleh siapa? || <> Pelbagai jabatan terlibat dalam apa? || <> Jenis rancangan apa yang disediakan? || <> Mengapa rancangan keselamatan siber dilancarkan pada Oktober 2010? || <> Siapa langkah keselamatan yang dimaksudkan untuk membantu yang paling? || <> Bilakah diasaskan oleh Keselamatan Awam Kanada? || <> Berapa banyak jabatan yang melibatkan strategi baru? || <> Siapa yang membuat Rancangan Tindakan? || <> Apa yang terdahulu untuk Strategi Keselamatan Siber Kanada? || <> Bilakah Ucapan dari Arasy? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?", "id": "57099d82ed30961900e84382", "answers": [{"text": "October 3, 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?", "id": "57099d82ed30961900e84383", "answers": [{"text": "The Action Plan 2010\u20132015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?", "id": "57099d82ed30961900e84384", "answers": [{"text": "The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Speech from the Throne", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "Canadian cyberspace was boosted by who? ", "id": "5a557754134fea001a0e1ab4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strengthen Canada\u2019s \"cyber systems", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "Multiple departments were involved in what? ", "id": "5a557754134fea001a0e1ab5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident.", "answer_start": 755}], "question": "What type of plan is provided? ", "id": "5a557754134fea001a0e1ab6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Why was a cyber security plan unveiled in October of 2010? ", "id": "5a557754134fea001a0e1ab7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "Who is the security measure meant to help the most? ", "id": "5a557754134fea001a0e1ab8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "When was Public Safety Canada founded?", "id": "5a5cfad65e8782001a9d5e36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "How many departments does the new strategy involve?", "id": "5a5cfad65e8782001a9d5e37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Public Safety Canada", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who created the Action Plan?", "id": "5a5cfad65e8782001a9d5e38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Action Plan 2010\u20132015", "answer_start": 848}], "question": "What was the predecessor to Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?", "id": "5a5cfad65e8782001a9d5e39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 3, 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Speech from the Throne?", "id": "5a5cfad65e8782001a9d5e3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada\u2019s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada\u2019s \"cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world.\" Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010\u20132015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy."}], ["Persoalan sama ada kerajaan harus campur tangan atau tidak dalam peraturan ruang siber adalah sangat polemik. Sesungguhnya, selama wujud dan secara definisi, ruang siber adalah ruang maya yang bebas dari campur tangan kerajaan. Sekiranya semua orang bersetuju bahawa penambahbaikan terhadap keselamatan siber adalah lebih penting, adakah kerajaan merupakan pelakon terbaik untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini? Banyak pegawai dan pakar kerajaan berfikir bahawa kerajaan harus melangkah dan ada keperluan penting untuk pengawalseliaan, terutamanya disebabkan oleh kegagalan sektor swasta untuk menyelesaikan masalah keselamatan siber dengan cekap. R. Clarke berkata semasa perbincangan panel di Persidangan Keselamatan RSA di San Francisco, beliau percaya bahawa \"industri hanya bertindak balas apabila anda mengancam peraturan. Jika industri tidak bertindak balas (terhadap ancaman), anda perlu mengikuti.\" Sebaliknya, eksekutif dari sektor swasta bersetuju bahawa penambahbaikan perlu, tetapi fikir bahawa campur tangan kerajaan akan mempengaruhi keupayaan mereka untuk berinovasi dengan cekap. <> Menurut pegawai kerajaan, apa kegagalan sektor swasta untuk menyelesaikan masalah keselamatan siber secara efisien? || keperluan penting untuk peraturan <> Dimana Persidangan Keselamatan RSA diadakan? || San Francisco <> Siapa percaya bahawa campur tangan kerajaan akan menjejaskan inovasi? || eksekutif dari sektor swasta <> Siapa kata \"industri hanya bertindak balas apabila anda mengancam peraturan\"? || R. Clarke <> Apakah ruang maya yang bebas daripada campur tangan kerajaan? || cyberspace <> Apakah masalah polemik yang dibentangkan? || <> Apa yang dianggap penting dari internet? || <> Siapa yang kini menjalankan ruang siber? || <> Adakah industri cyberspace diserang atau diancam oleh peraturan? || <> Siapa percaya bahawa mereka lebih baik meningkatkan ruang siber? || <> Apa yang kebanyakan orang bersetuju mengenai keselamatan internet? || <> Mengapa R. Clarke ingin mengelakkan campur tangan kerajaan? || <> Di manakah campur tangan kerajaan yang paling biasa? || <> Mengapa mengancam industri yang tidak membantu menurut Clarke? || <> Di mana Clarke dari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?", "id": "57099c47ed30961900e84378", "answers": [{"text": "a crucial need for regulation", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the RSA Security Conference held?", "id": "57099c47ed30961900e84379", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?", "id": "57099c47ed30961900e8437a", "answers": [{"text": "executives from the private sector", "answer_start": 866}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation\"?", "id": "57099c47ed30961900e8437b", "answers": [{"text": "R. Clarke", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?", "id": "57099c47ed30961900e8437c", "answers": [{"text": "cyberspace", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What is the polemical problem presented? ", "id": "5a55762f134fea001a0e1aaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention.", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What is considered vital of the internet? ", "id": "5a55762f134fea001a0e1aab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the private sector", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "Who currently runs cyberspace? ", "id": "5a55762f134fea001a0e1aac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "industry only responds when you threaten regulation", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "Is the cyberspace industry under attack or threatened by regulation? ", "id": "5a55762f134fea001a0e1aad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.", "answer_start": 882}], "question": "Who believes they are better at improving cyberspace? ", "id": "5a55762f134fea001a0e1aae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whether the government should intervene or not", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What do most people agree on in regards to internet security?", "id": "5a5cf3d75e8782001a9d5e2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "industry only responds when you threaten regulation", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "Why did R. Clarke want to avoid government intervention?", "id": "5a5cf3d75e8782001a9d5e2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cyberspace", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "Where is government intervention most common?", "id": "5a5cf3d75e8782001a9d5e2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "industry doesn't respond (to the threat)", "answer_start": 776}], "question": "Why is threatening an industry unhelpful according to Clarke?", "id": "5a5cf3d75e8782001a9d5e2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "Where is Clarke from?", "id": "5a5cf3d75e8782001a9d5e30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through.\" On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently."}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2015, kumpulan penggodam yang dikenali sebagai \"The Impact Team\" berjaya melanggar laman web hubungan luar nikah Ashley Madison. Kumpulan itu mendakwa bahawa mereka bukan sahaja mengambil data syarikat tetapi juga data pengguna. Selepas pelanggaran, Pasukan Impak membuang e-mel daripada Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif syarikat, untuk membuktikan titik mereka, dan mengancam untuk membuang data pelanggan melainkan laman web itu diturunkan secara kekal. Dengan pembebasan data awal ini, kumpulan itu menyatakan \"Avid Life Media telah diarahkan untuk mengambil Ashley Madison dan Menubuhkan Lelaki secara luar talian secara kekal dalam semua bentuk, atau kami akan melepaskan semua rekod pelanggan, termasuk profil dengan semua fantasi seks rahsia pelanggan dan kredit yang sepadan urus niaga kad, nama dan alamat sebenar, dan dokumen pekerja dan e-mel. Laman web lain mungkin kekal dalam talian. \"Apabila Avid Life Media, syarikat induk yang mencipta laman web Ashley Madison, tidak mengambil laman web ini di luar talian, The Impact Group mengeluarkan dua lagi fail termampat, satu 9.7GB dan 20GB kedua. Selepas pembuangan data kedua, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Avid Life Media Noel Biderman meletak jawatan, tetapi laman web itu kekal berfungsi. <> Bilakah Pasukan Impak berjaya melanggar Ashley Madison? || Julai 2015 <> Apakah nama syarikat induk yang mencipta Ashley Madison? || Avid Life Media <> Bilakah Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Avid Life Media mengundurkan diri? || Selepas dump data kedua <> Apakah dalam dump data pertama? || e-mel daripada CEO syarikat <> Apa laman web, sebagai tambahan kepada Ashley Madison, adalah Avid Media yang diarahkan untuk di luar talian? || Menubuhkan Orang <> Mengapa laman web itu akan dikeluarkan? || <> Bagaimana laman web ini berfungsi selepas pelanggaran data? || <> Apakah respons daripada orang yang menggunakan perkhidmatan ini? || <> Adakah Matlamat Pasukan Impak dijalankan? || <> Adakah tapak lain dikompromi sebagai tambahan kepada Ashley Madison? || <> Siapa yang Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Ashley Madison? || <> Bilakah Ashley Madison diturunkan? || <> Bilakah Man Ditubuhkan diambil di luar talian? || <> Seberapa besar adalah dump data e-mel CEO? || <> Mengapa data pelanggan dibuang dahulu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?", "id": "5709986aed30961900e84366", "answers": [{"text": "July of 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?", "id": "5709986aed30961900e84367", "answers": [{"text": "Avid Life Media", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?", "id": "5709986aed30961900e84368", "answers": [{"text": "After the second data dump", "answer_start": 1002}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was in the first data dump?", "id": "5709986aed30961900e84369", "answers": [{"text": "emails from the company's CEO", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?", "id": "5709986aed30961900e8436a", "answers": [{"text": "Established Men", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they had taken not only company data but user data as well.", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Why was the website to be removed? ", "id": "5a557564134fea001a0e1aa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CEO Noel Biderman resigned", "answer_start": 1046}], "question": "How did the site remain functional after the data breach? ", "id": "5a557564134fea001a0e1aa1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What was the response from people using the service? ", "id": "5a557564134fea001a0e1aa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the website remained functional", "answer_start": 1078}], "question": "Was the Goal of the Impact Team carried out? ", "id": "5a557564134fea001a0e1aa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "Were other sites compromised in addition to Ashley Madison? ", "id": "5a557564134fea001a0e1aa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Noel Biderman", "answer_start": 1050}], "question": "Who was the CEO of Ashley Madison?", "id": "5a5ce7425e8782001a9d5e18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July of 2015", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was Ashley Madison taken down?", "id": "5a5ce7425e8782001a9d5e19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "After the second data dump", "answer_start": 1002}], "question": "When was Established Man taken offline?", "id": "5a5ce7425e8782001a9d5e1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9.7GB", "answer_start": 975}], "question": "How large was the data dump of the CEO's emails?", "id": "5a5ce7425e8782001a9d5e1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to prove their point", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "Why was the customer data dumped first?", "id": "5a5ce7425e8782001a9d5e1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In July of 2015, a hacker group known as \"The Impact Team\" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated \u201cAvid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.\u201d  When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional."}], ["Pada tahun 1988, hanya 60,000 komputer disambungkan ke Internet, dan kebanyakannya adalah mainframe, minicomputer dan stesen kerja profesional. Pada 2 November 1988, ramai yang mula perlahan, kerana mereka menjalankan kod berniat jahat yang menuntut masa prosesor dan menyebar ke komputer lain - internet pertama \"cacing komputer\". Perisian ini dikesan semula kepada mahasiswa siswazah Cornell University, 23 tahun Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. yang mengatakan bahawa dia mahu mengira jumlah mesin yang disambungkan ke Internet. <> Berapa banyak komputer yang disambungkan ke internet pada tahun 1988? || 60,000 <> Bilakah cacing komputer pertama dikeluarkan? || 2 November 1988 <> Siapakah cacing komputer pertama yang dikesan semula? || Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. <> Apakah kod berniat jahat yang menuntut masa prosesor dan menyebar ke komputer lain? || cacing komputer <> Mengapa Morris Jr membuat cacing komputer? || dia mahu mengira berapa banyak mesin yang disambungkan ke Internet <> Apa jenis komputer yang disambungkan ke internet pada tahun 1988? || <> Pada 2 Nov 1988 apa yang menyebabkan banyak komputer perlahan? || <> Bilakah cacing komputer pertama? || <> Siapa yang mencipta cacing komputer pertama? || <> Berapa lama pelajar Grad Cornell University yang mencipta cacing itu? || <> Berapa banyak komputer mula perlahan pada 2 November 1988? || <> Siapa yang menjejaki cacing komputer pertama? || <> Bilakah cacing komputer ditangkap? || <> Di manakah cacing komputer dicipta? || <> Komputer yang berkaitan dengan internet melambatkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?", "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843da", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first computer worm released?", "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843db", "answers": [{"text": "November 2, 1988", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first computer worm traced back to?", "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843dc", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?", "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843dd", "answers": [{"text": "computer worm", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?", "id": "5709a976ed30961900e843de", "answers": [{"text": "he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What types of computers were connected to the internet in 1988?", "id": "5a557057134fea001a0e1a82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a malicious code", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "On Nov 2, 1988 what caused many computers to slow down?", "id": "5a557057134fea001a0e1a83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2, 1988", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "When was the first computer worm?", "id": "5a557057134fea001a0e1a84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "Who created the first computer worm?", "id": "5a557057134fea001a0e1a85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23-year-old", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "How old was the Cornell University Grad Student who created the worm?", "id": "5a557057134fea001a0e1a86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "How many computers began to slow down on Nov. 2, 1988?", "id": "5a5ce0995e8782001a9d5dfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Tappan Morris, Jr", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "Who tracked down the first computer worm?", "id": "5a5ce0995e8782001a9d5dfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2, 1988", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "When was the computer worm caught?", "id": "5a5ce0995e8782001a9d5dfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cornell University", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "Where was the computer worm created?", "id": "5a5ce0995e8782001a9d5dfd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Which internet connected computers slowed down?", "id": "5a5ce0995e8782001a9d5dfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1988, only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On November 2, 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers \u2013 the first internet \"computer worm\". The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. who said 'he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet'."}], ["Pengguna yang tidak dibenarkan mendapatkan akses fizikal ke komputer kemungkinan besar dapat memuat turun data secara langsung. Mereka juga boleh menjejaskan keselamatan dengan membuat pengubahsuaian sistem operasi, memasang cacing perisian, keyloggers, atau alat mendengar tersembunyi. Walaupun sistem dilindungi oleh langkah-langkah keselamatan standard, ini mungkin boleh dilakukan dengan melancarkan sistem operasi atau alat lain dari CD-ROM atau media bootable lain. Penyulitan cakera dan Modul Platform Dipercayai direka untuk mencegah serangan ini. <> Memasang keyloggers dan membuat pengubahsuaian sistem operasi adalah contoh cara pengguna yang tidak dibenarkan untuk apa? || kompromi keselamatan <> Memasang alat atau sistem operasi lain dari CD Rom boleh memintas apa? || langkah keselamatan standard <> Penyulitan cakera dan Modul Platform Dipercayai direka untuk mencegah apa? || serangan <> Pengguna yang tidak dibenarkan dengan akses fizikal ke komputer mungkin melakukan apa? || terus memuat turun data dari itu <> Apa yang meningkatkan keselamatan komputer? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan langkah keselamatan standard menjadi usang? || <> Apakah sebab nombor kecurian data? || <> Apa yang boleh dipasang penyerang ke komputer anda untuk mengumpul data peribadi? || <> Apa yang boleh menjangkiti komputer lain daripada anda sendiri? || <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh pengguna yang dibenarkan dengan akses ke komputer? || <> Bagaimana komputer dibuat selamat? || <> Apa yang berdiri untuk CD-ROM? || <> Apakah nama program yang direka untuk menyerang komputer? || <> Bagaimana pengguna memintas keselamatan terjejas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?", "id": "5709a7c7200fba1400368219", "answers": [{"text": "compromise security", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?", "id": "5709a7c7200fba140036821a", "answers": [{"text": "standard security measures", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?", "id": "5709a7c7200fba140036821b", "answers": [{"text": "attacks", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?", "id": "5709a7c7200fba140036821c", "answers": [{"text": "directly download data from it", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What increases the safety of a computer?", "id": "5a5546d5134fea001a0e1a0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What can cause standard security measures to become obsolete?", "id": "5a5546d5134fea001a0e1a0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An unauthorized user", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the number one cause of data theft?", "id": "5a5546d5134fea001a0e1a0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "keyloggers, or covert listening devices", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What can an attacker install to your computer in order to collect personal data?", "id": "5a5546d5134fea001a0e1a0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "software worms", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What can infect other computers from your own?", "id": "5a5546d5134fea001a0e1a10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "directly download data", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What can an authorized user with access to a computer do?", "id": "5a5cb9315e8782001a9d5d82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "How are computers made secure?", "id": "5a5cb9315e8782001a9d5d83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Disk encryption", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What does CD-ROM stand for?", "id": "5a5cb9315e8782001a9d5d84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trusted Platform Module", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "What is the name of a program designed to attack a computer?", "id": "5a5cb9315e8782001a9d5d85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "booting another operating system", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "How does a user bypass a compromised security?", "id": "5a5cb9315e8782001a9d5d86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks."}], ["Berlin memulakan Inisiatif Pertahanan Siber Kebangsaan: Pada 16 Jun 2011, Menteri Hal Ehwal Jerman, secara rasmi membuka NCAZ Jerman (National Center for Siber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum yang terletak di Bonn. Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Perkhidmatan Perisikan Persekutuan) Bundesamt, dan organisasi kebangsaan lain di Jerman yang menjaga aspek keselamatan negara. Menurut Menteri tugas utama organisasi baru yang didirikan pada 23 Februari 2011, adalah untuk mengesan dan mencegah serangan terhadap infrastruktur nasional dan insiden yang disebutkan seperti Stuxnet. <> Apa yang dimaksud NCAZ? || Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum <> Apa yang NCAZ menjaga? || aspek keselamatan kebangsaan <> Bilakah NCAZ dibuka? || 16 Jun 2011 <> Whan adalah NCAZ diasaskan? || 23 Februari 2011 <> Apakah tujuan NCAZ? || untuk mengesan dan mencegah serangan terhadap infrastruktur negara <> Mengapa Berlin memulakan Inisiatif Pertahanan Siber Kebangsaan? || <> Mengapa NCAZ bekerja rapat dengan BSI? || <> Siapa yang menjaga keselamatan negara? || <> Apakah insiden ini untuk mengelakkan? || <> Apakah insiden Stuxnet? || <> Di manakah Menteri Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri Jerman terletak? || <> Bilakah kejadian di Stuxnet berlaku? || <> Di manakah BSI terletak? || <> Siapa yang membuka BDN? || <> Apakah tugas utama Menteri Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does NCAZ stand for?", "id": "5709aacc200fba140036823f", "answers": [{"text": "Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NCAZ take care of?", "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368240", "answers": [{"text": "national security aspects", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was NCAZ opened?", "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368241", "answers": [{"text": "June 16, 2011", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whan was NCAZ founded?", "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368242", "answers": [{"text": "February 23, 2011", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of NCAZ?", "id": "5709aacc200fba1400368243", "answers": [{"text": "to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "national security aspects.", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "Why does Berlin start a National Cyber Defense Initiative? ", "id": "5a557a6e134fea001a0e1adc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "Why does NCAZ work closely with BSI? ", "id": "5a557a6e134fea001a0e1add", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MAD", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "Who takes care of national security?", "id": "5a557a6e134fea001a0e1ade", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stuxnet", "answer_start": 844}], "question": "What incidents are it to prevent? ", "id": "5a557a6e134fea001a0e1adf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "attacks against the national infrastructure", "answer_start": 771}], "question": "What was the Stuxnet incident? ", "id": "5a557a6e134fea001a0e1ae0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where is the German Minister for Home Affairs located?", "id": "5a5d037f5e8782001a9d5e5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 23, 2011", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "When did the incident in Stuxnet happen?", "id": "5a5d037f5e8782001a9d5e5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bonn", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "Where is the BSI located?", "id": "5a5d037f5e8782001a9d5e5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the German Minister for Home Affairs", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Who opened the BDN?", "id": "5a5d037f5e8782001a9d5e5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "What is the primary task of the Minister for Home Affairs?", "id": "5a5d037f5e8782001a9d5e60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt f\u00fcr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt f\u00fcr den Milit\u00e4rischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet."}], ["Pada tahun 2013 dan 2014, cincin penggodam Rusia / Ukraine yang dikenali sebagai \"Rescator\" telah memecah masuk ke komputer Perbadanan Sasaran pada tahun 2013, mencuri kira-kira 40 juta kad kredit, dan kemudian komputer Home Depot pada tahun 2014, mencuri antara 53 dan 56 juta nombor kad kredit. Amaran diberikan kepada kedua-dua syarikat, tetapi tidak diendahkan; Pelanggaran keselamatan fizikal menggunakan mesin checkout diri dipercayai telah memainkan peranan yang besar. \"Alat perosak yang digunakan sememangnya tidak canggih dan tidak menarik,\" kata Jim Walter, pengarah operasi perisikan ancaman pada syarikat teknologi keselamatan McAfee - yang bermaksud bahawa heists dapat dengan mudah dihentikan oleh perisian antivirus sedia ada yang pentadbir memberi respons kepada amaran tersebut. Saiz pencurian telah menyebabkan perhatian utama dari pihak berkuasa negeri dan Federal Amerika Syarikat dan siasatan sedang dijalankan. <> Siapa yang Rescator? || cincin penggera Rusia / Ukraine <> Apa yang telah dicuri dari komputer Perbadanan Sasaran pada tahun 2013? || 40 juta kad kredit <> Berapa banyak nombor kad kredit yang dicuri dari Home Depot pada tahun 2014? || antara 53 dan 56 juta <> Mesin apa yang terlibat dalam pelanggaran keselamatan fizikal yang memainkan peranan yang besar dalam kejadian itu? || mesin checkout diri <> Siapa Jim Walter? || pengarah operasi perisikan ancaman pada syarikat teknologi keselamatan McAfee <> Apa yang dilakukan ketika kad kredit dicuri? || <> Apa pelanggaran utama? || <> Siapa yang boleh dengan mudah menghentikan penggodaman? || <> Alat perware canggih yang digunakan pada apa? || <> Mengapa malware tidak menarik? || <> Siapa yang menjadi pemimpin Rescator? || <> Apa yang dicuri dari McAfee? || <> Bilakah siasatan selesai? || <> Mengapa tidak syarikat memberi amaran tentang ancaman itu? || <> Bilakah terbentuknya Rescator? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who are Rescator?", "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368235", "answers": [{"text": "a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?", "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368236", "answers": [{"text": "40 million credit cards", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?", "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368237", "answers": [{"text": "between 53 and 56 million", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?", "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368238", "answers": [{"text": "self checkout machines", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Jim Walter?", "id": "5709aa1f200fba1400368239", "answers": [{"text": "director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What was done when credit cards were stolen? ", "id": "5a55742a134fea001a0e1a96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self checkout machines", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "What was the main breach? ", "id": "5a55742a134fea001a0e1a97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "Who could have easily stopped the hacking?", "id": "5a55742a134fea001a0e1a98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self checkout machines", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "Unsophisticated malware was used on what? ", "id": "5a55742a134fea001a0e1a99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "could have easily been stopped", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "Why was the malware uninteresting? ", "id": "5a55742a134fea001a0e1a9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jim Walter", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "Who was the leader of Rescator?", "id": "5a5ce6645e8782001a9d5e0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "credit card numbers", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What was stolen from McAfee?", "id": "5a5ce6645e8782001a9d5e0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "When was the investigation concluded?", "id": "5a5ce6645e8782001a9d5e10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "Why weren't the companies warned about the threat?", "id": "5a5ce6645e8782001a9d5e11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was Rescator formed?", "id": "5a5ce6645e8782001a9d5e12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as \"Rescator\" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. \"The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting,\" says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee \u2013 meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing."}], ["Clickjacking, juga dikenali sebagai \"serangan ganti rugi UI atau serangan penghalang antara muka Pengguna\", adalah teknik yang berniat jahat di mana seorang penyerang menipu pengguna untuk mengklik butang atau pautan pada laman web lain sementara pengguna bertujuan untuk mengklik pada halaman peringkat teratas. Ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa lapisan telus atau legap. Penyerang pada dasarnya adalah \"merampas\" klik yang dimaksudkan untuk halaman tingkat teratas dan mengarahkannya ke laman lain yang tidak relevan, kemungkinan besar dimiliki oleh orang lain. Teknik yang sama boleh digunakan untuk merampas ketukan kekunci. Berhati-hati merangka kombinasi stylesheets, iframes, butang dan kotak teks, pengguna boleh diketuai dengan mempercayai bahawa mereka menaip kata laluan atau maklumat lain pada beberapa laman web yang sah sementara ia disalurkan ke dalam bingkai yang tidak kelihatan yang dikawal oleh penyerang. <> Ubah serangan balik UI atau serangan penghapusan Antara Muka Pengguna juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Clickjacking <> Apakah teknik berniat jahat di mana penyerang menipu pengguna ke klik pada butang atau pautan? || Clickjacking <> Di mana klik dimaksudkan untuk halaman tingkat atas yang dialihkan? || beberapa halaman lain yang tidak relevan <> Di manakah kata laluan yang diketik pada laman web yang kelihatan autetik diarahkan? || ke dalam bingkai yang tidak dapat dilihat yang dikawal oleh penyerang <> Bagaimana kecederaan pengguna dicapai dalam klik janggal? || menggunakan beberapa lapisan telus atau legam <> Apa yang dimaksudkan untuk dirampas melalui overlay halaman? || <> Apa lagi yang boleh dirampas melalui redress UI? || <> Apa bahagian laman web yang dimaksudkan untuk mengumpulkan ketukan kekunci? || <> Mengapa pengguna tidak dapat melihat halaman lain yang digunakan oleh penyerang? || <> Di manakah kata laluan dan maklumat yang disimpan oleh penyerang? || <> Apakah mengelakkan serangan redress UI yang dipanggil? || <> Bagaimanakah klik dialih kembali ke halaman peringkat teratas? || <> Bagaimana laman web yang sah dibuat? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk meretas ketukan kekunci? || <> Di mana pengguna diarahkan semula selepas memasukkan kata laluan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?", "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822b", "answers": [{"text": "Clickjacking", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?", "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822c", "answers": [{"text": "Clickjacking", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?", "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822d", "answers": [{"text": "some other irrelevant page", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?", "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822e", "answers": [{"text": "into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?", "id": "5709a8dd200fba140036822f", "answers": [{"text": "using multiple transparent or opaque layers", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the password or other information", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "What is intended to be hijacked through a page overlay?", "id": "5a5551b9134fea001a0e1a20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "keystrokes", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What else can be hijacked through UI redress?", "id": "5a5551b9134fea001a0e1a21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "text boxes", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "What part of a webpage is meant to collect keystrokes?", "id": "5a5551b9134fea001a0e1a22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "Why can the user not see the other page used by the attacker?", "id": "5a5551b9134fea001a0e1a23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an invisible frame", "answer_start": 753}], "question": "Where is are the passwords and information stored by the attacker?", "id": "5a5551b9134fea001a0e1a24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clickjacking", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is avoiding a UI redress attack called?", "id": "5a5cbc6f5e8782001a9d5d96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple transparent or opaque layers", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "How are clicks routed back to the top level page?", "id": "5a5cbc6f5e8782001a9d5d97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "How is an legitimate webpage created?", "id": "5a5cbc6f5e8782001a9d5d98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UI redress attack", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What is another name for hijacking keystrokes?", "id": "5a5cbc6f5e8782001a9d5d99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some other irrelevant page", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Where is a user redirected to after putting in their password?", "id": "5a5cbc6f5e8782001a9d5d9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Clickjacking, also known as \"UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack\", is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page. This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers. The attacker is basically \"hijacking\" the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else. A similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker."}]], [["Secara luaran, Yahudi Ortodoks dapat dikenal pasti dengan gaya hidup berpakaian dan gaya hidup mereka. Wanita ortodoks berpakaian sederhana dengan memelihara sebahagian besar kulit mereka. Tambahan pula, wanita berkahwin menutupi rambut mereka, yang paling biasa dalam bentuk syal, juga dalam bentuk topi, bandana, beret, snoods atau, kadang-kadang, rambut palsu. Lelaki ortodoks memakai skullcap yang dikenali sebagai kipa dan sering pinggiran yang dipanggil \"tzitzit\". Lelaki Haredi sering tumbuh janggut dan sentiasa memakai topi hitam dan pakaian, di dalam dan di luar rumah. Walau bagaimanapun, Yahudi Ortodoks Moden biasanya tidak dapat dibezakan dalam pakaian mereka dari orang-orang di sekitar mereka. <> Bagaimana wanita ortodoks berpakaian mosly? || dilindungi <> bahagian mana badan mereka yang berkahwin dengan perempuan menutupi selendang? || rambut <> Apakah Skullcap yang memakai lelaki ortodoks dikenali? || kipa <> Apa yang dipakai oleh orang-orang pinggir Ortodoks? || tzitzit <> Apa jenis lelaki ortoks kerap tumbuh janggut dan selalu memakai hitam? || Haredi <> Apakah orang-orang Yahudi Ortodoks sama dengan masyarakat yang mereka tinggal? || <> Siapa yang cenderung memakai pakaian yang memperlihatkan banyak kulit? || <> Apa yang kebanyakan wanita Yahudi enggan memakai kepala mereka? || <> Apa yang kaum lelaki Ortodoks enggan memakai kepala mereka? || <> Apa yang kaum lelaki Ortodoks mengelakkan apabila mereka berada di dalam rumah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How do orthodox women dress mosly?", "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c1", "answers": [{"text": "covered", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?", "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c2", "answers": [{"text": "hair", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?", "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c3", "answers": [{"text": "kipa", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?", "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c4", "answers": [{"text": "tzitzit", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?", "id": "570980f2200fba14003680c5", "answers": [{"text": "Haredi", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manner of dress", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What do Orthodox Jews keep in common with the society's they live in?", "id": "5a57d66f770dc0001aeefdf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox women", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin?", "id": "5a57d66f770dc0001aeefdf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scarf", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What do most Jewish women refuse to wear to cover their head?", "id": "5a57d66f770dc0001aeefdf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "skullcap", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What do Orthodox men refuse to wear on their heads?", "id": "5a57d66f770dc0001aeefdf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hats and suits", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What do Orthodox men avoid wearing when they are indoors?", "id": "5a57d66f770dc0001aeefdf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called \"tzitzit\". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them."}], ["Yudaisme Ortodoks berpendapat bahawa di Gunung Sinai, Undang-undang Ditulis telah disebarkan bersama dengan Hukum Lisan. Perkataan Taurat (Pentateuch) telah diucapkan kepada Musa oleh Tuhan; undang-undang yang terkandung dalam Taurat Ditulis ini, \"Mitzvot\", telah diberikan bersama dengan penjelasan terperinci dalam tradisi lisan tentang cara menerapkan dan menafsirkannya. Tambahan pula, undang-undang Oral termasuk prinsip-prinsip yang direka untuk membuat peraturan baru. Undang-undang Oral diadakan untuk dihantar dengan ketepatan yang sangat tinggi. Ahli-ahli teologi Yahudi, yang memilih untuk menekankan lebih banyak sifat evolusi titik Halacha kepada cerita terkenal di Talmud, di mana Musa secara ajaib diangkut ke Dewan Pengajian Rabbi Akiva dan jelas tidak dapat mengikuti perbincangan yang berikutnya. <> Di manakah undang-undang bertulis dan undang-undang lisan dipancarkan? || Gunung Sinai <> Siapa yang mengatakan perkataan Taurat kepada Musa? || Tuhan <> Apakah undang-undang yang terkandung di dalam Torah tertulis yang dikenali sebagai? || Mitzvot <> Di manakah Musa diangkut dengan ajaib? || House of Study Rabbi Akiva <> Undang-undang apa yang dipegang untuk dihantar dengan ketepatan yang sangat tinggi? || Undang-undang Oral <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa Undang-undang Oral tidak dihantar pada Gunung. Sinai? || <> Apa yang diberikan sedikit penjelasan mengenai cara menggunakannya? || <> Undang-undang mana yang ditetapkan supaya tiada peraturan baru diwujudkan daripadanya? || <> Dimana Nuh diangkut mengikut kisah dalam Talmud? || <> Apa undang-undang tidak dianggap mempunyai ketepatan yang tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?", "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84272", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Sinai", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?", "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84273", "answers": [{"text": "God", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?", "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84274", "answers": [{"text": "Mitzvot", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Moses miraculously transported to?", "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84275", "answers": [{"text": "House of Study of Rabbi Akiva", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?", "id": "570985f3ed30961900e84276", "answers": [{"text": "Oral law", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who holds that the Oral Law was not transmitted on Mt. Sinai?", "id": "5a57df4d770dc0001aeefe4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mitzvot", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What was given very few explanations on how to use it?", "id": "5a57df4d770dc0001aeefe4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oral law", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Which law is set so that no new rules are created from it?", "id": "5a57df4d770dc0001aeefe4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "House of Study of Rabbi Akiva", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "Where was Noah transported according to a story in the Talmud?", "id": "5a57df4d770dc0001aeefe4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Oral law", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What law is not considered to have a high degree of accuracy?", "id": "5a57df4d770dc0001aeefe4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the \"Mitzvot\", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion."}], ["Sebagai reaksi kepada kemunculan Reform Judaism, sekumpulan orang Yahudi tradisionalis Jerman muncul untuk menyokong beberapa nilai Haskalah, tetapi juga mahu mempertahankan interpretasi tradisional klasik dan tradisi Yahudi dan tradisi. Kumpulan ini dipimpin oleh orang-orang yang menentang penubuhan sebuah kuil baru di Hamburg, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam buku \"Ele Divrei HaBerit\". Sebagai kumpulan Rabbis Reform yang diadakan di Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger dari Altona menerbitkan sebuah manifesto bertajuk \"Shlomei Emunei Yisrael\" dalam bahasa Jerman dan Ibrani, yang mempunyai 177 Rabbis menandatangani. Pada masa ini, majalah Ortodoks pertama Yahudi, \"Der Treue Zions Waechter\", dilancarkan dengan tambahan Ibrani \"Shomer Zion HaNe'eman\" [1845 - 1855]. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian ia adalah pelajar Rav Ettlinger Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch dan Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer dari Berlin yang memperdalam kesedaran dan kekuatan Yahudi Ortodoks. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch berkomentar pada 1854: <> Di manakah Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer? || Berlin <> apa nama Rabbi Altona? || Jacob Ettlinger <> Apakah nama manifesto yang dihasilkan oleh Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger? || Shlomei Emunei Yisrael <> Berapa banyak rabi yang ditandatangani dengan manifesto Jacob Ettlinger diterbitkan? || 177 <> Di manakah Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch dari? || Berlin <> Apa sokongan Romawi Yahudi? || <> Kumpulan apa yang menyokong kuil baru di Hamburg? || <> Di mana sekumpulan Yahudi ortodoks bersidang? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai majalah Reformed pertama yang pertama? || <> Siapa yang berperang melawan kekuatan dan kesedaran tentang Yahudi Ortodoks? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?", "id": "57098329200fba14003680e9", "answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?", "id": "57098329200fba14003680ea", "answers": [{"text": "Jacob Ettlinger", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?", "id": "57098329200fba14003680eb", "answers": [{"text": "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?", "id": "57098329200fba14003680ec", "answers": [{"text": "177", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?", "id": "57098329200fba14003680ed", "answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "values of the Haskalah", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What did Roman Jews support?", "id": "5a578ac4770dc0001aeefc80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a group of traditionalist German Jews", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What group supported a new temple in Hamburg?", "id": "5a578ac4770dc0001aeefc81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Braunschweig", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "Where did a group of orthodox Jews convene? ", "id": "5a578ac4770dc0001aeefc82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Der Treue Zions Waechter", "answer_start": 619}], "question": "What was considered the first Reformed Jewish periodical?", "id": "5a578ac4770dc0001aeefc83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rabbi Samson", "answer_start": 772}], "question": "Who fought against the strength and awareness of the Orthodox Jewry?", "id": "5a578ac4770dc0001aeefc84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet \"Ele Divrei HaBerit\". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled \"Shlomei Emunei Yisrael\" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, \"Der Treue Zions Waechter\", was launched with the Hebrew supplement \"Shomer Zion HaNe'eman\" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:"}], ["Judaisme Ortodoks mempertahankan pemahaman sejarah identiti Yahudi. Seorang Yahudi adalah seseorang yang lahir kepada seorang ibu Yahudi, atau yang menukar agama Yahudi menurut hukum dan tradisi Yahudi. Oleh itu, Orthodoksi menolak keturunan patrilineal sebagai cara untuk mewujudkan identiti Yahudi. Begitu juga, Orthodoxy mengecam perkahwinan secara beramai-ramai. Perkahwinan itu dilihat sebagai penolakan Yahudi yang sengaja, dan orang yang berkahwin dengan berkesan dipotong dari kebanyakan komuniti Ortodoks. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah organisasi Yahudi Ortodoks menjangkau orang Yahudi berkahwin. <> Apa yang mempertahankan pemahaman sejarah tentang identiti Yahudi? || Orthodox Judaism <> Apa yang menolak ortodoksi sebagai cara untuk menentukan identiti Yahudi? || keturunan patrilineal <> Apa Orthodoxy mengutuk kuat? || Perkahwinan campur <> Apa perkahwinan yang biasanya dilihat sebagai? || penolakan Judaisme <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kebanyakan orang berkahwin dalam komuniti ortodoks? || memotong <> Yang mengekalkan pemahaman moden mengenai identiti Yahudi? || <> Apakah seseorang yang dilahirkan oleh seorang bapa Yahudi dianggap? || <> Apakah keturunan oleh bapa yang menerima Orthodoksi? || <> Apa bentuk perkahwinan yang diterima oleh Judaisme? || <> Apakah komuniti Ortodoks mengelakkan diri daripada pasangan berkahwin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?", "id": "570987baed30961900e8429a", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?", "id": "570987baed30961900e8429b", "answers": [{"text": "patrilineal descent", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?", "id": "570987baed30961900e8429c", "answers": [{"text": "intermarriage", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is intermarriage typically seen as?", "id": "570987baed30961900e8429d", "answers": [{"text": "rejection of Judaism", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?", "id": "570987baed30961900e8429e", "answers": [{"text": "cut off", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who maintains the modern understanding of Jewish identity?", "id": "5a57da44770dc0001aeefe18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jew", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What is a person who is born to a Jewish father considered?", "id": "5a57da44770dc0001aeefe19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patrilineal", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What descent by the father does Orthodoxy accept?", "id": "5a57da44770dc0001aeefe1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intermarriage", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What form of marriage is an acceptance of Judaism?", "id": "5a57da44770dc0001aeefe1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cut off", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What does the Orthodox Community avoid doing to intermarried couples?", "id": "5a57da44770dc0001aeefe1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews."}], ["Orthodoksi moden terdiri daripada spektrum pergerakan yang agak luas, setiap lukisan pada beberapa falsafah yang berbeza walaupun berkaitan, yang dalam beberapa kombinasi telah menyediakan asas untuk semua variasi pergerakan hari ini. Pada umumnya Orthodox moden berpendapat bahawa undang-undang Yahudi adalah normatif dan mengikat, sementara pada masa yang sama menyertakan nilai positif untuk berinteraksi dengan masyarakat kontemporari. Dalam pandangan ini, Ortodoks Judaisme boleh \"diperkaya\" dengan persimpangannya dengan kemodenan; lagi, \"masyarakat moden mewujudkan peluang untuk menjadi warga produktif yang terlibat dalam kerja Ilahi mengubah dunia untuk memberi manfaat kepada manusia\". Pada masa yang sama, untuk memelihara integriti halakha, mana-mana bidang \"tidak konsisten dan konflik yang kuat\" antara Taurat dan budaya moden harus dielakkan. Orthodoksi moden, selain itu, memberikan peranan penting kepada \"Orang Israel\". <> Apakah nama pergerakan yang merangkumi spektrum yang agak luas dalam falsafah yang berbeza tetapi berkaitan? || Orthodokim moden <> Keutuhan apakah judaisme orthodox yang cuba memelihara? || halakha <> Siapa Ortodoks moden memainkan peranan penting? || Orang-orang Israel <> Pekerjaan macam apa yang dilakukan oleh Judiasm orthodox untuk mengubah dunia? || Kerja ilahi <> Apakah potongan moden dalam konflik? || Torah <> Apa yang merangkumi spektrum pergerakan yang sempit? || <> Apa yang berbeza dan tidak berkaitan dalam Orthodoki Moden? || <> Apa itu Orthodox Klasik yang berlaku? || <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh Yudaisme Ortodoks oleh interaksi dengannya? || <> Siapa yang Ortodoks moden memaklumkan peranan tidak penting? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? ", "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a5", "answers": [{"text": "Modern Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?", "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a6", "answers": [{"text": "halakha", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?", "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a7", "answers": [{"text": "People of Israel", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?", "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a8", "answers": [{"text": "Divine work", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is modern cutlture in conflict with?", "id": "5709806e200fba14003680a9", "answers": [{"text": "Torah", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modern Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What comprises a fairly narrow spectrum of movements?", "id": "5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "philosophies", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What are distinct and non-related in Modern Orthodoxy?", "id": "5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jewish law is normative and binding", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true?", "id": "5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modernity", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "What can Orthodox Judaism be harmed by it's interaction with?", "id": "5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "People of Israel", "answer_start": 847}], "question": "Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to?", "id": "5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can \"be enriched\" by its intersection with modernity; further, \"modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity\". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of \"powerful inconsistency and conflict\" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the \"People of Israel\"."}], ["Judaisme Ortodoks adalah pendekatan kepada agama Yahudi yang mengikuti tradisi wahyu massa dan mematuhi tafsiran dan penerapan undang-undang dan etika Taurat seperti yang diperuntukkan dalam teks Talmud oleh Tanaim dan Amoraim. Teks-teks ini kemudiannya dikembangkan dan diterapkan oleh pihak berkuasa kemudian, yang dikenali sebagai Gaonim, Rishonim, dan Acharonim. Judaisme Ortodoks secara amnya merangkumi Judaisme Ortodoks Moden (Oseanografi Kebangsaan) dan Ultra-Ortodoks atau Haredi Judaism (Kebenaran Baru), tetapi lengkap dalamnya adalah pelbagai falsafah. Walaupun Judaisme Ortodoks mungkin dianggap sebagai ungkapan arus perdana Judaisme sebelum abad ke-19, bagi sesetengah Judaisme Ortodoks adalah pengenalan diri moden yang membezakannya dari zaman Judaisme pra-moden. <> Apakah pendekatan kepada Judiasm yang mengikuti tradisi wahyu massa? || Ortodoks <> Apakah nama buku yang mempunyai undang-undang dan etika untuk agama Yahudi Ortodoks? || Torah <> apa teks yang digubal oleh Tanarim dan Amoraim? || Talmudic <> Apa selain Yudaisme Ortodoks moden apakah Yudaisme Ortodoks terdiri daripada? || Haredi Judaism <> Orthodox Judaism adalah identifikasi diri yang membezakannya dari apa? || agama Yahudi pra-moden <> Apakah agama Kristian Ortodoks adalah agama yang berleluasa? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Kristian Ortodoks? || <> Siapa yang ditegaskan oleh Alkitab? || <> Di mana anda tidak akan mendapati Judaisme moden? || <> Apakah agama dengan falsafah tunggal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?", "id": "57097eaced30961900e84218", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?", "id": "57097eaced30961900e84219", "answers": [{"text": "Torah", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?", "id": "57097eaced30961900e8421a", "answers": [{"text": "Talmudic", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?", "id": "57097eaced30961900e8421b", "answers": [{"text": "Haredi Judaism", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?", "id": "57097eaced30961900e8421c", "answers": [{"text": "pre-modern Judaism", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a tradition of mass revelation", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What is Orthodox Christianity a religion that subscribes to?", "id": "5a578a88770dc0001aeefc62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "interpretation and application of the laws and ethics", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What does Orthodox Christianity adhere to?", "id": "5a578a88770dc0001aeefc63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Tanaim and Amoraim", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "Who is the Bible legislated by?", "id": "5a578a88770dc0001aeefc64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "Where will you not find Modern Judaism?", "id": "5a578a88770dc0001aeefc65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "What is a religion with a single philosophy?", "id": "5a578a88770dc0001aeefc66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (\u05d9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism."}], ["Haredi Judaisme menganjurkan pemisahan dari budaya bukan Yahudi, walaupun bukan dari masyarakat bukan Yahudi sepenuhnya. Ia dicirikan oleh tumpuannya kepada kajian Torah seluruh masyarakat. Perbezaan Haredi Orthodoxy dengan Orthodoksi Moden biasanya terletak pada tafsiran sifat konsep halakhik tradisional dan dalam penerapan konsep ini yang dapat diterima. Oleh itu, terlibat dalam dunia komersial adalah cara yang sah untuk mencapai mata pencarian, tetapi individu harus berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat moden sesedikit mungkin. Prospek yang sama digunakan untuk mendapatkan ijazah yang diperlukan untuk memasuki profesion yang dimaksudkan: jika diterima di masyarakat Haredi, menghadiri institusi pendidikan tinggi sekular dilihat sebagai kegiatan yang perlu tetapi rendah. Faedah akademik sebaliknya ditujukan kepada pendidikan agama yang terdapat di yeshiva. Kedua-dua lelaki dan perempuan menghadiri sekolah dan boleh melanjutkan pelajaran ke Torah yang lebih tinggi, bermula dari mana-mana di antara umur 13 dan 18 tahun. Sebahagian besar pelajar, terutamanya lelaki, tetap berada di yeshiva sehingga perkahwinan (yang sering disusun menerusi dating - lihat shiduch) , dan banyak kajian di kollel (institut kajian Torah untuk lelaki berkahwin) selama bertahun-tahun selepas perkahwinan. Kebanyakan orang Ortodoks (termasuk banyak Ortodoks Moden), walaupun mereka yang tidak di Kollel, akan mempelajari Torah setiap hari. <> Apa jenis Judaisme menganjurkan pemisahan daripada budaya bukan Yahudi? || Haredi Judaism <> Apa yang sepatutnya melibatkan orang-orang sebegini? || masyarakat moden <> Menghadapi institusi pendidikan tinggi sekular dilihat seperti yang diperlukan tetapi lebih rendah daripada masyarakat apa? || Haredi <> Apa yang sebahagian besar lelaki masih dalam sehingga perkahwinan? || yeshiva <> Apakah sebuah institut kajian Torah untuk lelaki berkahwin dipanggil? || kollel <> Apa Haredi Judaisme menolak untuk menyokong? || <> Dalam tafsiran apa yang Haredi dan Ortodoks Moden sama? || <> Apa yang tidak cara penghidupan yang sah dalam masyarakat Haredi? || <> Di mana perlu untuk seorang Haredi Jew untuk menghadiri kolej? || <> Siapa yang tidak dibenarkan meneruskan pengajian Torah yang lebih tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?", "id": "57098503200fba140036811b", "answers": [{"text": "Haredi Judaism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What should individuals participate as little as possible in?", "id": "57098503200fba140036811c", "answers": [{"text": "modern society", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?", "id": "57098503200fba140036811d", "answers": [{"text": "Haredi", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?", "id": "57098503200fba140036811e", "answers": [{"text": "yeshiva", "answer_start": 1045}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a Torah study institute for married men called?", "id": "57098503200fba140036811f", "answers": [{"text": "kollel", "answer_start": 1156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "segregation from non-Jewish culture", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What does Haredi Judaism refuse to advocate?", "id": "5a57bf28770dc0001aeefd3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traditional halakhic concepts", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "In what interpretation are Haredi and Modern Orthodoxy the same?", "id": "5a57bf28770dc0001aeefd3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "engaging in the commercial world", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "What is not a legitimate means of livelihood in Haredi society?", "id": "5a57bf28770dc0001aeefd40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "secular institutions", "answer_start": 672}], "question": "Where is it necessary for a Haredi Jew to attend college?", "id": "5a57bf28770dc0001aeefd41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "girls", "answer_start": 872}], "question": "Who is not allowed to proceed to higher Torah studies?", "id": "5a57bf28770dc0001aeefd42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture, although not from non-Jewish society entirely. It is characterised by its focus on community-wide Torah study. Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halakhic concepts and in acceptable application of these concepts. Thus, engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood, but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible. The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one's intended profession: where tolerated in the Haredi society, attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity. Academic interest is instead to be directed toward the religious education found in the yeshiva. Both boys and girls attend school and may proceed to higher Torah study, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating \u2013 see shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) for many years after marriage. Most Orthodox men (including many Modern Orthodox), even those not in Kollel, will study Torah daily."}], ["Ahli sejarah Yahudi juga menyedari bahawa beberapa adat Orthodox hari ini bukanlah penerusan amalan yang lalu, melainkan mewakili inovasi yang tidak diketahui oleh generasi terdahulu. Sebagai contoh, tradisi haredi yang kini meluas untuk memotong rambut lelaki untuk pertama kali pada hari ulang tahunnya yang ketiga (upshirin atau upsheerin, orang Yiddish untuk \"potongan rambut\") \"berasal sebagai adat Arab yang ibu bapa memotong rambut anak lelaki yang baru lahir dan membakarnya api sebagai korban, \"dan\" orang Yahudi di Palestin mempelajari adat ini dari orang Arab dan menyesuaikannya dengan konteks Yahudi khusus. \" Larangan Ashkenazi terhadap makan kitniyot (biji-bijian dan kacang-kacangan seperti beras, jagung, kacang, dan kacang tanah) semasa Paskah ditolak secara eksplisit dalam Talmud, tidak mendahului sebelum abad ke-12 dan mewakili kedudukan minoriti selama beratus-ratus tahun kemudian, tetapi namun tetap menjadi larangan wajib di kalangan Yahudi Ortodoks Ashkenazi kerana kepatuhan bersejarah mereka terhadap keputusan ReMA di Shulchan Aruch. <> Bilakah potongan rambut anak lelaki baru yang baru lahir? || hari jadi ketiga <> Apa yang dilakukan dengan rambut anak lelaki yang baru lahir setelah dipotong? || dibakar <> Apakah bijirin dan kekacang dikenali sebagai? || kitniyot <> Apakah nama larangan terhadap makan bijirin dan kekacang semasa Paskah? || Ashkenazi <> Teks apa yang menolak larangan Ashkenazi terhadap kitniyot? || Talmud <> Apa yang diperhatikan ahli sejarah adalah kesinambungan daripada amalan lalu? || <> Apa yang dikatakan ahli sejarah adalah amalan generasi terdahulu? || <> Siapa yang tradisi adalah untuk memotong rambut seorang lelaki pada hari ulang tahunnya yang kedua? || <> Apakah perkataan Arab untuk potongan rambut? || <> Siapa yang membenarkan makan kitniyot? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?", "id": "5709840c200fba14003680fd", "answers": [{"text": "third birthday", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?", "id": "5709840c200fba14003680fe", "answers": [{"text": "burned", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are grains and legumes known as?", "id": "5709840c200fba14003680ff", "answers": [{"text": "kitniyot", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?", "id": "5709840c200fba1400368100", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazi", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?", "id": "5709840c200fba1400368101", "answers": [{"text": "Talmud", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "certain customs", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What do historians note are continuations of past practices?", "id": "5a57ab82770dc0001aeefcc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "certain customs", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What do historians claim are practices of prior generations?", "id": "5a57ab82770dc0001aeefcc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "haredi", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Who's tradition is it to cut a boy's hair on his second birthday?", "id": "5a57ab82770dc0001aeefcc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "upshirin or upsheerin", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What is the Arabic word for haircut?", "id": "5a57ab82770dc0001aeefcc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazi", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "Who allows the eating of kitniyot?", "id": "5a57ab82770dc0001aeefcc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for \"haircut\") \"originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice,\" and \"Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context.\" The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch."}], ["Menurut Persatuan Media New Jersey, beberapa entiti media tidak menggunakan istilah \"ultra-Ortodoks\", termasuk Persatuan Pembaca Agama; JTA, perkhidmatan berita global global; dan Star-Ledger, akhbar harian terbesar di New Jersey. The Star-Ledger adalah akhbar utama yang pertama untuk menggugurkan istilah itu. Beberapa kertas Yahudi tempatan, termasuk Minggu Yahudi New York dan Eksponen Yahudi Philadelphia juga telah menggunakan istilah ini. Menurut Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, ketua spiritual Temple Community Centre Israel di Cliffside Park dan bekas editor eksekutif Minggu Yahudi, ini meninggalkan \"Orthodox\" sebagai \"istilah payung yang menonjolkan kumpulan yang sangat luas orang yang sangat lemah diikat bersama oleh beberapa teras kepercayaan. \" <> Apakah perkhidmatan berita global global yang dikenali sebagai? || JTA <> Apakah kertas harian terbesar di New Jersey? || The Star-Ledger <> Apa istilah entiti media menahan diri daripada menggunakan? || \"ultra-Orthodox <> Siapa pemimpin rohani Kuil Komuniti Israel Israel? || Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer <> Di mana Pusat Komuniti Candi Israel terletak? || Cliffside Park <> Apa tuntutan persatuan New England? || <> Seberapa besar perkhidmatan berita Yahudi global? || <> Persatuan Newswriters Agama adalah sumber berita pertama untuk menggugurkan nama apa? || <> Apa itu kertas New York yang masih menggunakan istilah ultra ortodoks? || < > Siapa editor eksekutif Star-Lejar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the global Jewish news service known as?", "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84222", "answers": [{"text": "JTA", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?", "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84223", "answers": [{"text": "the Star-Ledger", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term do media entities refrain from using?", "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84224", "answers": [{"text": "\"ultra-Orthodox", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?", "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84225", "answers": [{"text": "Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?", "id": "57097f32ed30961900e84226", "answers": [{"text": "Cliffside Park", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several media entities refrain from using the term \"ultra-Orthodox\"", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What did the New England press association claim?", "id": "5a578a9d770dc0001aeefc6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Jersey\u2019s largest daily newspaper", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "How large is the global Jewish news service?", "id": "5a578a9d770dc0001aeefc6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ultra-Orthodox", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "The Religion Newswriters Association was the first news source to drop what name?", "id": "5a578a9d770dc0001aeefc6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York's Jewish Week", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox?", "id": "5a578a9d770dc0001aeefc6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Who was the executive editor of the Star-Ledger?", "id": "5a578a9d770dc0001aeefc70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term \"ultra-Orthodox\", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey\u2019s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term. Several local Jewish papers, including New York's Jewish Week and Philadelphia's Jewish Exponent have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week, this leaves \"Orthodox\" as \"an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs.\""}], ["Yudaisme Ortodoks berpendapat bahawa kata-kata Taurat, termasuk Undang-undang Ditulis (Pentateuch) dan bahagian-bahagian Undang-Undang Oral yang \"halacha leMoshe m'Sinai\", telah ditentukan oleh Tuhan kepada Musa pada dasarnya seperti yang ada sekarang. Undang-undang yang terkandung di dalam Tata Tertulis telah diberikan bersama dengan penjelasan terperinci bagaimana cara menerapkan dan mentafsir mereka, Hukum Lisan. Walaupun Yahudi Ortodoks percaya bahawa banyak elemen undang-undang agama semasa telah ditetapkan atau ditambah sebagai \"pagar\" di sekitar undang-undang oleh para rabbi, semua Yahudi Ortodoks percaya bahawa terdapat teras dasar undang-undang Sinaitik dan bahawa inti dari undang-undang agama Yahudi Ortodoks tahu hari ini secara langsung berasal dari Sinai dan secara langsung mencerminkan kehendak Ilahi. Oleh itu, orang Yahudi Ortodoks percaya bahawa seseorang itu harus sangat berhati-hati dalam menafsirkan hukum Yahudi. Yudaisme Ortodoks memegang bahawa, memandangkan asal-usul Ilahi undang-undang Yahudi, tidak ada prinsip dasar yang boleh dikompromi dalam perakaunan untuk mengubah keadaan politik, sosial atau ekonomi; dalam pengertian ini, \"kreativiti\" dan pembangunan dalam undang-undang Yahudi adalah terhad. <> Apa hukum tertulis Taurat yang dikenali sebagai? || Pentateuch <> Siapa yang menentukan undang-undang lisan kepada Musa? || Tuhan <> Apakah penjelasan terperinci tentang cara menerapkan dan mentafsirkan undang-undang tertulis Taurat? || Undang-undang Oral <> Apakah undang-undang yang dianggap teras agama agama Yahudi Ortodoks tahu hari ini? || Undang-undang Sinaitic <> Apakah asal-usul Hukum Yahudi? || Ilahi <> Yang satu bahagian Hukum yang melakukan orang-orang Yahudi Ortodoks terus ditentukan oleh Tuhan? || <> Apa bahagian undang-undang lisan yang berbeza daripada yang dikte yang asal? || <> Apa yang tidak diberikan penjelasan yang jelas tentang cara menggunakannya? || <> Siapa yang menambah pagar kepada undang-undang sejarah yang bukan sebahagian daripada hari moden? || <> Apa yang dianggap suci dan tidak memerlukan penafsiran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the written law of the Torah known as?", "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d5", "answers": [{"text": "Pentateuch", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dictated the oral law to Moses?", "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d6", "answers": [{"text": "God", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?", "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d7", "answers": [{"text": "Oral Law", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?", "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d8", "answers": [{"text": "Sinaitic law", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the origin of Jewish Law?", "id": "570981cd200fba14003680d9", "answers": [{"text": "Divine", "answer_start": 859}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Written Law", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "Which single part of the Law do Orthodox Jews hold to be dictated by God?", "id": "5a57dc1c770dc0001aeefe2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What parts of the oral law are different than the original dictation?", "id": "5a57dc1c770dc0001aeefe2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Torah", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "What was not given a clear explanations on how to apply it?", "id": "5a57dc1c770dc0001aeefe2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rabbis", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "Who added fences to historical law that are not a part of modern day?", "id": "5a57dc1c770dc0001aeefe2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jewish law's", "answer_start": 846}], "question": "What is considered divine and in no need of interpretation? ", "id": "5a57dc1c770dc0001aeefe30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are \"halacha leMoshe m'Sinai\", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as \"fences\" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, \"creativity\" and development in Jewish law is limited."}], ["Asal-usul Judaisme Ortodoks dapat dikesan pada akhir abad ke-18 atau awal abad ke-19, ketika unsur-unsur dalam Jewry Jerman berusaha memperbaharui kepercayaan dan praktik Yahudi pada awal abad ke-19 sebagai respons terhadap Zaman Pencerahan, Emansipasi Yahudi, dan Haskalah. Mereka berusaha untuk memodenkan pendidikan berdasarkan biasiswa kontemporari. Mereka menolak dakwaan pengisytiharan ilahi mutlak Taurat, mengisytiharkan hanya undang-undang alkitabiah mengenai etika untuk mengikat, dan menyatakan bahawa halakha yang lain (hukum Yahudi) tidak perlu dilihat sebagai normatif bagi orang Yahudi dalam masyarakat yang lebih luas. (lihat Reformasi Judaisme). <> Bila boleh akar judaisme ortodoks dikesan? || Abad ke-19 <> Bilakah Yahudi Jerman cuba untuk memperbaharui kepercayaan Yahudi? || awal abad ke-19 <> apa jesus ortodoks berusaha untuk memodenkan? || pendidikan <> apa yang orang Yahudi Yahudi menolak tentang Taurat? || pengarang ilahi mutlak <> Abad yang manakah akar umbi Yudaisme Ortodoks kembali ke? || <> Bilakah percubaan Yahudi Romry untuk memperbaharui kepercayaan Yahudi? || <> Apakah percubaan Yahudi Jerman sebagai tindak balas kepada zaman pertengahan? || <> Siapa yang membuat tuntutan bahawa Taurat mempunyai pengarang ilahi? || <> Apa bahagian Taurat dianggap tidak mengikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?", "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842fc", "answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?", "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842fd", "answers": [{"text": "early 19th century", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?", "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842fe", "answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?", "id": "57098dc3ed30961900e842ff", "answers": [{"text": "absolute divine authorship", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Which century can the roots of Orthodox Judaism trace back to?", "id": "5a578ab5770dc0001aeefc76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "When did the Roman Jewry attempt to reform Jewish beliefs?", "id": "5a578ab5770dc0001aeefc77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modernize education", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What did the German Jewry attempt in response to the middle ages?", "id": "5a578ab5770dc0001aeefc78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German Jewry", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Who made the claim that the Torah had divine authorship?", "id": "5a578ab5770dc0001aeefc79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biblical laws", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What part of the Torah was considered non-binding?", "id": "5a578ab5770dc0001aeefc7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism)."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, tuntutan Orthodok untuk kesetiaan mutlak kepada tradisi yang lalu telah dicabar oleh para ulama yang berpendapat bahawa Judaisme Zaman Pertengahan mempunyai persamaan yang sedikit dengan yang diamalkan oleh Ortodoks hari ini. Sebaliknya, komuniti Ortodoks, sebagai kontra untuk liberalisme pergerakan Haskalah, mula mengamalkan amalan halachik jauh lebih ketat daripada pendahulunya, terutama dalam perkara-perkara Kashrut dan undang-undang diet Paskah, di mana tafsiran yang paling ketat mungkin menjadi keperluan keagamaan, walaupun Talmud secara eksplisit lebih memilih posisi yang lebih lembut, dan bahkan di mana posisi yang lebih lembut diamalkan oleh generasi sebelumnya. <> apakah nama pergerakan liberalisme? || Haskalah <> yang kadang-kadang lebih suka kedudukan yang lebih lembut pada undang-undang Dietray? || Talmud <> generasi sebelumnya biasanya mempersiapkan kedudukan yang lebih lembut berkenaan dengan apa? || undang-undang diet <> Apakah undang-undang diet yang dikenali sebagai? || amalan halachic <> Apa yang tidak dicabar oleh ulama? || <> Apa yang mempunyai banyak kemiripan seperti yang berlaku pada zaman pertengahan? || <> Apa yang berlaku sebagai reaksi terhadap pergerakan konservatisme? || <> Apa yang bukan keperluan agama mengenai undang-undang diet? || <> Apa yang lebih jelas memilih kedudukan yang lebih tegas mengenai undang-undang diet Paskah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the name of the movement of liberalism?", "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f4", "answers": [{"text": "Haskalah", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?", "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f5", "answers": [{"text": "Talmud", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?", "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f6", "answers": [{"text": "dietary laws", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are dietary laws known as?", "id": "57098dbded30961900e842f7", "answers": [{"text": "halachic practices", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "absolute fidelity", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What has not been challenged by scholars?", "id": "5a57a531770dc0001aeefcb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What has a lot of resemblance today as it did in the middle ages? ", "id": "5a57a531770dc0001aeefcb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What happened as a reaction to the conservatism movement?", "id": "5a57a531770dc0001aeefcb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strictest possible interpretation", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "What is not a religious requirement regarding dietary laws?", "id": "5a57a531770dc0001aeefcb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Talmud", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "What explicitly prefers a more stricter position regarding Passover dietary laws?", "id": "5a57a531770dc0001aeefcb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations."}], ["Menurut Judaisme Ortodoks, hukum Yahudi hari ini adalah berdasarkan perintah-perintah dalam Taurat, sebagaimana dilihat melalui perbincangan dan perdebatan yang terkandung dalam kesusasteraan rabinik klasik, khususnya Mishnah dan Talmud. Yudaisme Ortodoks memegang bahawa halakha mewakili \"kehendak Tuhan\", sama ada secara langsung, atau secara dekat dengan yang mungkin. Undang-undang itu berasal dari firman Allah dalam Taurat, dengan menggunakan satu set peraturan yang juga diturunkan oleh Allah kepada Musa di Gunung Sinai, dan telah diturunkan dengan ketepatan dan penjagaan yang sepenuhnya, dan oleh itu Undang-undang Oral dianggap tidak kurang perkataan Tuhan. Jika beberapa butiran undang-undang Yahudi mungkin telah hilang selama beribu tahun, mereka telah dibentuk semula mengikut peraturan yang konsisten secara dalaman; lihat Peraturan 13 yang mana hukum Yahudi diperoleh. <> Apakah undang-undang jewish hari ini berdasarkan? || Torah <> apa halakha mewakili judiasm ortodoks? || kehendak Allah <> Di manakah peraturan tentang Taurat yang diwahyukan kepada Musa oleh Tuhan? || Gunung Sinai <> Berapa banyak peraturan yang berasal dari hukum Yahudi? || 13 <> Apa undang-undang yang dianggap sebagai tidak kurang perkataan tuhan? || Undang-undang Oral <> Apakah perintah-perintah dalam Taurat berdasarkan kepada zaman moden Judaisme? || <> Sastera mana yang membahaskan ketepatan perintah dalam Taurat? || <> Apa yang berlaku terhadap Judaisme moden mengenai halakha? || <> Apa yang diberikan kepada Nuh di Mt. Sinai? || <> Jenis undang-undang yang mana yang kurang pertimbangan kerana tidak ada akaun tertulis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is jewish law today based on?", "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842cc", "answers": [{"text": "Torah", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?", "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842cd", "answers": [{"text": "will of God", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?", "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842ce", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Sinai", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rules are jewish law derived from?", "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842cf", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law is considered to be no less the word of god?", "id": "57098af9ed30961900e842d0", "answers": [{"text": "Oral Law", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jewish law", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What is the commandments in the Torah based on according to Modern day Judaism?", "id": "5a57e0c4770dc0001aeefe54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rabbinic literature", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Which literature debated the accuracy of the commandments in the Torah?", "id": "5a57e0c4770dc0001aeefe55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "represents the \"will of God\"", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "What does modern Judaism hold about the halakha?", "id": "5a57e0c4770dc0001aeefe56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The laws", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What was given to Noah on Mt. Sinai?", "id": "5a57e0c4770dc0001aeefe57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oral Law", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "Which kind of law is consider less because there is no written account?", "id": "5a57e0c4770dc0001aeefe58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the \"will of God\", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived."}], ["Secara politik, orang-orang Yahudi Ortodoks, memandangkan pelbagai pergerakan dan gabungan mereka, cenderung untuk tidak sesuai dengan spektrum politik kanan kiri yang standard, dengan salah satu perbezaan utama antara pergerakan yang berpunca dari sikap kumpulan-kumpulan kepada Zionisme. Secara umumnya, tiga helai utama Judaisme Ortodoks, Ordodon Haredi Orthodox dan Hasidic Orthodox adalah yang paling baik untuk ideologi Zionisme dan penciptaan Negara Israel, dan terdapat banyak kumpulan dan organisasi yang secara terang-terangan anti-Zionis, melihat ideologi Zionisme sebagai bertentangan dengan pengajaran Taurat, dan pentadbiran Zionis Negara Israel, dengan penekanannya terhadap militerisme dan nasionalisme, sebagai cara merosakkan cara hidup orang Yahudi. <> Apa yang orang Yahudi ortodoks menyatakan ambivalen ke arah? || Zionisme <> Apakah pentadbiran negeri Isreal dilihat sebagai? || Zionis <> Apakah Negara Isreal memberi penekanan di samping Kekerasan? || nasionalisme <> Apakah Negara Isreal memberi penekanan di samping Nationalism? || ketenteraan <> apakah pemerintahan zionis negara Israel dilihat sebagai mengikut cara hidup judaik? || merosakkan <> Siapa yang tidak bersemangat terhadap Zionisme? || <> Kumpulan-kumpulan orang-orang Yahudi Ortodoks mana yang pro-Zionist secara terang-terangan? || <> Apa ideologi yang dilakukan oleh banyak orang Yahudi Ortodoks sebagai menyokong Taurat? || <> Apa yang dilihat oleh orang-orang Yahudi Ortodoks sebagai cara hidup Yahudi? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pentadbiran Zionis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?", "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84304", "answers": [{"text": "Zionism", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?", "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84305", "answers": [{"text": "Zionist", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?", "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84306", "answers": [{"text": "nationalism", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?", "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84307", "answers": [{"text": "militarism", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?", "id": "57098e54ed30961900e84308", "answers": [{"text": "destructive", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who is not ambivalent toward Zionism?", "id": "5a57e635770dc0001aeefe96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "Which groups of Orthodox Jews are outspokenly pro-Zionistic? ", "id": "5a57e635770dc0001aeefe97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zionism", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "What ideology do many Orthodox Jews see as in support of the Torah?", "id": "5a57e635770dc0001aeefe98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "militarism and nationalism", "answer_start": 701}], "question": "What do Orthodox Jews see as a benefit to the Judaic way of life?", "id": "5a57e635770dc0001aeefe99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "State of Israel", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "Who is in charge of the Zionist administration? ", "id": "5a57e635770dc0001aeefe9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life."}], ["Berbeza dengan komuniti Yahudi am Amerika, yang semakin berkurang disebabkan kesuburan yang rendah dan perkahwinan dan kadar asimilasi yang tinggi, komuniti Yahudi Ortodoks Amerika Syarikat berkembang dengan pesat. Antara Yahudi Ortodoks, kadar kesuburan adalah kira-kira 4.1 kanak-kanak setiap keluarga, berbanding 1.9 kanak-kanak setiap keluarga di kalangan orang-orang bukan Yahudi Ortodoks, dan perkahwinan antara Yahudi Ortodoks hampir tidak wujud, berdiri kira-kira 2% % kadar perkahwinan antara orang bukan Yahudi Ortodoks. Tambahan pula, Yudaisme Ortodoks mempunyai kadar pengekalan yang semakin meningkat; sementara kira-kira separuh daripada mereka yang dibesarkan di rumah Ortodoks sebelum ini meninggalkan Judaisme Ortodoks, jumlah itu menurun. Menurut The New York Times, kadar pertumbuhan tinggi orang Yahudi Ortodoks akhirnya akan menjadikan mereka kekuatan demografik dominan di New York Jewry. <> Apakah kadar kesuburan di kalangan keluarga Yahudi bukan ortodoks ?? || 1.9 kanak-kanak <> Apakah kadar kesuburan di kalangan keluarga Yahudi ortodoks? || 4.1 kanak-kanak <> Berapa kadar perkahwinan antara Yahudi ortodoks? || 2% <> Berapakah kadar perkahwinan di kalangan orang-orang bukan ortodoks? || 71% <> berapa ramai yang dibangkitkan di rumah Yahudi ortodoks meninggalkan Yehuda ortodoks biasa? || separuh <> Apa yang berlaku kepada komuniti Yahudi Ortodoks kerana berkahwin? || <> Apakah kadar kesuburan masyarakat Yahudi Amerika? || <> Siapa yang bukan Yahudi Ortodoks dibenarkan berkahwin untuk meningkatkan kadar kesuburan? || <> Apa yang berkurangan di kalangan jutawan Ortodoks, menurut NY Times? || <> Apa yang NY Times mendakwa bahawa kadar pertumbuhan bagi orang-orang bukan-Ortodoks akhirnya akan bermakna? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??", "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d6", "answers": [{"text": "1.9 children", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?", "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d7", "answers": [{"text": "4.1 children", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?", "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d8", "answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?", "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842d9", "answers": [{"text": "71%", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?", "id": "57098ca3ed30961900e842da", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dwindling", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is happening to Orthodox Jewish communities because of intermarriage?", "id": "5a57e4aa770dc0001aeefe82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.1 children per family", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What is the fertility rate of American Jewish communities?", "id": "5a57e4aa770dc0001aeefe83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Who are non-Orthodox Jews allowed to marry in order to increase fertility rates?", "id": "5a57e4aa770dc0001aeefe84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retention rate", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "What is decreasing among Orthodox jews, according to the NY Times?", "id": "5a57e4aa770dc0001aeefe85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry", "answer_start": 774}], "question": "What does the NY Times claim that the rate of growth for non-Orthodox Jews will eventually mean?", "id": "5a57e4aa770dc0001aeefe86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry."}], ["Dalam praktiknya, penekanan terhadap ketat telah mengakibatkan kebangkitan \"serentak homogen\" dengan orang Yahudi haredi yang kurang berkemungkinan mengancam oleh asimilasi dan perkahwinan, atau bahkan berinteraksi dengan orang Yahudi lain yang tidak berkongsi doktrin mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, strategi ini telah terbukti berjaya dan bilangan penganut agama Yahudi Ortodoks, terutamanya masyarakat Haredi dan Chassidic, berkembang dengan pesat. Sesetengah ulama menganggarkan lebih ramai lelaki Yahudi yang belajar di yeshivot (sekolah Talmud) dan Kollelim (kolej Talmud menengah untuk pelajar yang sudah berkahwin) daripada pada masa lain dalam sejarah. || yeshivot <> apakah kolej-kolej perkahwinan lelaki belajar di dipanggil? || Kolej Talmud <> Haredi dan Chassidic diancam oleh asimilasi dan perkahwinan sehingga mereka tidak melakukan apa dengan populasi bukan ortodoks? || berinteraksi <> Haredi Yahudi tidak membagikan apa dengan sekte jewish lain? || doktrin <> Apa yang mengakibatkan timbulnya helikon helikopter? || <> Siapa yang enggan mempraktikkan asimilasi dan perkahwinan dalam lingkungan? || <> Amalan apa yang terbukti tidak berjaya kepada penganut agama Yahudi Ortodoks? || <> Komuniti mana yang tumbuh dengan perlahan? || <> Siapa yang menganggarkan bahawa kurang lelaki Yahudi sedang belajar di sekolah Talmud? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Tamudic schools are known as what?", "id": "57098f5ced30961900e84318", "answers": [{"text": "yeshivot", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what are the colleges married men study in called?", "id": "57098f5ced30961900e84319", "answers": [{"text": "Talmudical colleges", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?", "id": "57098f5ced30961900e8431a", "answers": [{"text": "interact", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?", "id": "57098f5ced30961900e8431b", "answers": [{"text": "doctrines", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the emphasis on strictness", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What resulted in the rise of heterogeneous enclaves? ", "id": "5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefcde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "haredi Jews", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "Who refused to practice assimilation and intermarriage in enclaves?", "id": "5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefcdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emphasis on strictness", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism?", "id": "5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefce0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chassidic communities", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "Which communities have grown slowly?", "id": "5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefce1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scholars", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools?", "id": "5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefce2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of \"homogeneous enclaves\" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]"}], ["Ortodoks moden, sebagai aliran Judaisme Ortodoks yang diwakili oleh institusi-institusi seperti Majlis Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat untuk Israel Muda, adalah pro-Zionis dan dengan demikian meletakkan kepentingan kebangsaan, serta agama yang tinggi di Negeri Israel, dan sekutu-sekutunya, biasanya, Zionis dalam orientasi. Ia juga mengamalkan penglibatan dengan Yahudi bukan Ortodoks yang melangkaui \"jangkauan (Kiruv)\" untuk hubungan dan kerjasama institusi yang berterusan; lihat lebih jauh di bawah Torah Umadda. \"Kepercayaan inti\" yang lain adalah pengiktirafan terhadap nilai dan kepentingan kajian sekular, komitmen untuk kesamarataan pendidikan bagi lelaki dan wanita, dan penerimaan sepenuhnya tentang pentingnya dapat menyokong diri sendiri dan keluarga seseorang secara finansial. <> Apakah majlis kebangsaan AS untuk Young Isreal mewakili? || Orthodokim moden <> Apakah penglibatan dengan orang-orang bukan ortodoks yang dikenali sebagai? || \"outreach (Kiruv)\" <> Apakah kepercayaan utama yang diakui sebagai penting oleh Yahudi ortodoks? || Kajian sekular <> apakah penting bagi lelaki dan wanita jantan ortodoks untuk dapat lakukan? || sokongan diri <> Apa majelis yang dianggap anti-Zionis? || <> Apakah afiliasi Negara Israel biasanya tidak? || <> Siapa yang mengelakkan sebarang amalan dengan orang bukan Yahudi Ortodoks? || <> Apa yang tidak dianggap sebagai kepercayaan teras Zionis? || <> Siapa yang dianggap oleh orang Yahudi lebih layak mendapat pendidikan tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?", "id": "57098db1200fba1400368189", "answers": [{"text": "Modern Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?", "id": "57098db1200fba140036818a", "answers": [{"text": "\"outreach (Kiruv)\"", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?", "id": "57098db1200fba140036818b", "answers": [{"text": "secular studies", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?", "id": "57098db1200fba140036818c", "answers": [{"text": "support oneself", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. National Council for Young Israel", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What council is considered to be anti-Zionist?", "id": "5a57ba54770dc0001aeefd04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zionist in orientation", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What are affiliates of the State of Israel typically not?", "id": "5a57ba54770dc0001aeefd05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zionist", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Who avoids any practices with non-Orthodox Jews?", "id": "5a57ba54770dc0001aeefd06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "secular studies", "answer_start": 544}], "question": "What is not considered to be a core belief of Zionists?", "id": "5a57ba54770dc0001aeefd07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "men", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "Who do the Jews consider to be more worthy of a higher education?", "id": "5a57ba54770dc0001aeefd08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond \"outreach (Kiruv)\" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other \"core beliefs\" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family."}], ["Sebaliknya, orang Yahudi Ortodoks yang melanggan Ortodoks Moden dalam inkarnasi Amerika dan Inggeris, cenderung menjadi lebih sayap kanan daripada kedua orang Yahudi bukan ortodoks dan ortodoks yang lain. Walaupun majoriti orang-orang Yahudi Amerika yang bukan-Ortodoks secara purata sangat liberal dan penyokong Parti Demokratik, subkumpulan Orthodoks Moden Orthodoks Judaisme cenderung jauh lebih konservatif, dengan kira-kira setengah menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai konservatif politik, dan kebanyakannya Parti Republik penyokong. Yahudi Ortodoks Moden, berbanding dengan Yahudi bukan Ortodoks Amerika dan Haredi dan Yahudi Hasidic, juga cenderung mempunyai sambungan yang lebih kuat kepada Israel kerana keterlambatan mereka terhadap Zionisme. <> Ortodoks Yahudi yang subsciribing kepada ortodoksi moden cenderung menjadi penjajaran politik biasanya? || sayap kanan <> separuh daripada judiasmir ortodoks cenderung bersandar pada ideologi politik apa? || konservatif <> Apa parti politik yang kebanyakannya disokong oleh jewish ortodoks? || Republikan <> Haredi dan Hasidic Jewry mempunyai hubungan yang lebih kuat ke negara apa? || Israel <> Haredi dan Hasidic Jewry mempunyai lampiran pergerakan apa? || Zionisme <> Kumpulan mana yang mengikuti ortodoksi moden dilihat jauh lebih sayap kiri daripada Yahudi bukan ortodoks? || <> Kumpulan mana kumpulan Yahudi yang tidak konservatif atau liberal? || <> Kumpulan mana kumpulan Yahudi yang tidak menunjukkan penyokong sama ada parti politik? || <> Negara mana yang mempunyai Haredi dan Hasidic Jewry ditolak? || <> Pergerakan mana yang Haredi dan Hasidic Jewry terputus hubungan dengannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?", "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ea", "answers": [{"text": "right-wing", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?", "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842eb", "answers": [{"text": "conservative", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?", "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ec", "answers": [{"text": "Republican", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?", "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ed", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?", "id": "57098d60ed30961900e842ee", "answers": [{"text": "Zionism", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Which group that subscribes to modern orthodoxy are seen to be far more left-wing than non-orthodox Jews?", "id": "5a57e876770dc0001aeefea8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Orthodox American Jews", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Which group of Jews are neither conservative or liberal?", "id": "5a57e876770dc0001aeefea9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Orthodox American Jews", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Which group of Jews show no supporter of either political party?", "id": "5a57e876770dc0001aeefeaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "Which country have the Haredi and the Hasidic Jewry disowned? ", "id": "5a57e876770dc0001aeefeab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zionism", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "Which movement have the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry severed ties with?", "id": "5a57e876770dc0001aeefeac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perbezaan pendapat yang signifikan dalam Judaisme Ortodoks, terutamanya antara Judaisme Haredi dan Judaisme Ortodoks Moden, mengenai sejauh mana keadaan di mana pemakaian Halakha yang sepatutnya perlu diperiksa semula sebagai akibat perubahan realiti. Sebagai peraturan umum, orang-orang Yahudi Haredi percaya bahawa apabila mungkin undang-undang perlu dikekalkan kerana difahami oleh pihak berkuasa mereka di haskalah, mempercayai bahawa ia tidak pernah berubah. Pihak berkuasa Ortodoks moden lebih bersedia untuk menganggap bahwa di bawah pemeriksaan yang teliti, prinsip yang sama dapat menyebabkan aplikasi yang berbeda dalam konteks kehidupan modern. Kepada Yahudi Ortodoks, halakha adalah panduan, Hukum Tuhan, yang mengatur struktur kehidupan sehari-hari dari saat ia bangun hingga saat ia tidur. Ia termasuk kod tingkah laku yang digunakan untuk pelbagai keadaan (dan banyak hipotesis). Terdapat beberapa prinsip meta halakhik yang membimbing proses halakhik dan dalam contoh pembangkang antara halakha tertentu dan meta-prinsip, meta-prinsip sering menang. Contoh Prinsip-prinsip Meta Halakhic adalah: \"Deracheha Darchei Noam\" - cara Torah menyenangkan, \"Kavod Habriyot\" - penghormatan asas bagi manusia, \"Pikuach Nefesh\" - kesucian kehidupan manusia. <> Apa haredi Judaisme dan Judaisme ortodoks moden tidak bersetuju dengan permohonan? || Halakha <> undang-undang apa halakha kepada Yahudi Ortodoks? || Hukum Tuhan, <> Kehormatan asas bagi manusia dikenali sebagai apa? || \"Kavod Habriyot\" <> Kehidupan manusia dikenali sebagai apa? || \"Pikuach Nefesh\" <> Apakah panduan halakha? || struktur kehidupan seharian <> Kumpulan mana yang mengekalkan persetujuan yang ketara dalam Judaisme Ortodoks mengenai Halakha? || <> Mengapa mesti Halakha tidak pernah diperiksa semula? || <> Apa Orthodox Sejarah lebih bersedia untuk menganggap perubahan realiti? || <> Apakah panduan untuk Yahudi moden? || <> Prinsip apa yang tidak pernah bertentangan dengan satu sama lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?", "id": "57098875200fba1400368157", "answers": [{"text": "Halakha", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?", "id": "57098875200fba1400368158", "answers": [{"text": "God's Law,", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Basic respect for human beings is known as what?", "id": "57098875200fba1400368159", "answers": [{"text": "\"Kavod Habriyot\"", "answer_start": 1206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The sanctiy of human life is known as what?", "id": "57098875200fba140036815a", "answers": [{"text": "\"Pikuach Nefesh\"", "answer_start": 1257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does halakha guide?", "id": "57098875200fba140036815b", "answers": [{"text": "structure of daily life", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "Which groups maintain significant agreement within Orthodox Judaism about Halakha?", "id": "5a57de0e770dc0001aeefe40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the law should be maintained", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "Why must the Halakha never be re-examined?", "id": "5a57de0e770dc0001aeefe41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What are Historical Orthodox more willing to assume about changing realities?", "id": "5a57de0e770dc0001aeefe42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "halakha", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "What is a guide to the modern day Jew?", "id": "5a57de0e770dc0001aeefe43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "halakha and a meta-principle", "answer_start": 1039}], "question": "What principles are never in opposition with each other?", "id": "5a57de0e770dc0001aeefe44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: \"Deracheha Darchei Noam\" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, \"Kavod Habriyot\" - basic respect for human beings, \"Pikuach Nefesh\" - the sanctity of human life."}], ["Hasidic atau Chasidic Judaism bertindih dengan ketara dengan Haredi Judaism dalam pertunangannya dengan dunia sekular dan komersil, dan mengenai isu-isu sosial. Ia mendahului kemudian dan berbeza dalam genesisnya dan muncul fokus. Pergerakan ini berasal dari Eropah Timur (sekarang Belarus dan Ukraine) pada abad ke-18. Diasaskan oleh Israel ben Eliezer, yang dikenali sebagai Baal Shem Tov (1698-1760), ia muncul dalam zaman penganiayaan terhadap orang Yahudi, ketika perpecahan ada antara Yahudi ulama dan ulama Eropah. Selain merapatkan jurang kelas ini, ajaran Hasidik berusaha untuk memperkenalkan kembali kegembiraan dalam melaksanakan perintah dan doa melalui popularisme mistik Yahudi (kegembiraan ini telah ditindas dalam kajian intelektual Talmud yang sengit). The Ba'al Shem Tov berusaha untuk menggabungkan beasiswa yang ketat dengan pemeliharaan mitzvah lebih emosional. Dalam erti kata yang praktikal, apa yang membezakan Judaisme Hasidic dari bentuk-bentuk lain Haredi Judaism adalah organisasi yang rapat dengan masyarakat Hasidic yang berpusat pada Rebbe (kadang kala diterjemahkan sebagai \"Rabbi Besar\"), dan pelbagai adat dan mode pakaian khusus untuk setiap komuniti. Dalam beberapa kes, ada perbezaan ideologi agama antara kumpulan Hasidic, juga. Fenomena lain yang membezakan Yahudi Hasidic selain daripada umum Yahudi Haredi adalah penekanan kuat yang diberikan kepada orang-orang berbahasa Yiddish; dalam (banyak) isi rumah Hasidic dan masyarakat, bahasa Yiddish diperkatakan secara eksklusif. <> Apa yang bertentangan dengan Hasidic Judiasm? || Haredi Judaism <> Apa yang bertentangan dengan Haredi Judiasm? || Yasmin Chasidic <> Siapa yang mengasaskan apa yang dikenali sebagai Baal Shem Tov? || Israel ben Eliezer <> Apa yang ingin menggabungkan biasiswa rigourous dengan pemeliharaan mitzvah lebih emosional? || Ba'al Shem Tov <> Apakah perkataan yang diucapkan seperti dalam Hasidic Judiasm? || Bahasa Yiddish <> Apa dua bentuk yahudi mempunyai terlalu banyak kepercayaan? || <> Yang mana bentuk Judaisme datang sebelum Haredi Judaism? || <> Apa yang cuba memisahkan beasiswa dengan mitzvah emosi? || <> Apa perkataan yang dituturkan dari Judiasm Chasidic? || <> Siapa yang bimbang bahawa terdapat terlalu banyak kegembiraan dalam pelaksanaan perintah-perintah itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?", "id": "57098bc7200fba140036817f", "answers": [{"text": "Haredi Judaism", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?", "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368180", "answers": [{"text": "Chasidic Judaism", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?", "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368181", "answers": [{"text": "Israel ben Eliezer", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?", "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368182", "answers": [{"text": "Ba'al Shem Tov", "answer_start": 788}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?", "id": "57098bc7200fba1400368183", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddish", "answer_start": 1427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hasidic or Chasidic", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What two forms of Judaism have very little overlaps of beliefs? ", "id": "5a57c133770dc0001aeefd52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hasidic", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which form of Judaism came before Haredi Judaism?", "id": "5a57c133770dc0001aeefd53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ba'al Shem Tov", "answer_start": 788}], "question": "What tried to separate scholarship with emotional mitzvah? ", "id": "5a57c133770dc0001aeefd54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yiddish", "answer_start": 1372}], "question": "What is the spoken word of Chasidic Judiasm?", "id": "5a57c133770dc0001aeefd55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hasidic teachings", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "Who was concerned that there was too much joy in the performance of the commandments?", "id": "5a57c133770dc0001aeefd56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698\u20131760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as \"Grand Rabbi\"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively."}], ["Sesetengah sarjana percaya bahawa Orthodoki Moden timbul dari realiti agama dan sosial Yahudi Eropah Barat. Walaupun kebanyakan orang Yahudi menganggap tradisi Ortodoks Modern sekarang ini, beberapa (kumpulan hareidi dan hasidik) dalam komuniti Ortodoks menganggap beberapa unsur menjadi kebiasaan yang dipersoalkan. Pergerakan neo-Orthodox berpendapat bahawa pandangan Hirsch tidak diikuti secara tepat oleh Ortodoks Modern. [Lihat Torah im Derech Eretz dan Torah Umadda \"Hubungan dengan Torah im Derech Eretz\" untuk penyenaraian yang lebih luas.] <> Siapa yang ortodoksi moden muncul dari? || Eropah Barat Yahudi <> Apa yang paling orang Yahudi menganggap ortodoks moden sekarang? || tradisional <> pergerakan neo-ortodoks memegang bahawa pandangan yang tidak diikuti secara tepat oleh ortodoksi mordern? || Hirsch's <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa Orthodoky Moden timbul dari Jewry Eropah Timur? || <> Apa yang tidak dipertimbangkan hari ini oleh kebanyakan orang Yahudi? || <> Siapa yang menganggap ortodoks moden mempunyai elemen yang benar-benar sah? || <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa pandangan Hirsch adalah tepat? || <> Apa Orthodoksi klasik yang dianggap oleh Jewry Eropah Barat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?", "id": "5709909ded30961900e84332", "answers": [{"text": "Western European Jewry", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?", "id": "5709909ded30961900e84333", "answers": [{"text": "traditional", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?", "id": "5709909ded30961900e84334", "answers": [{"text": "Hirsch's", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scholars", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry?", "id": "5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modern Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What is not considered traditional today by most Jews?", "id": "5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(the hareidi and hasidic", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements?", "id": "5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neo-Orthodox movement", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate?", "id": "5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traditional", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry?", "id": "5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda \"Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz\" for a more extensive listing.]"}], ["Judaisme Ortodoks secara kolektif menganggap dirinya sebagai pewaris sejati kepada tradisi Yahudi. Pergerakan Yahudi Ortodoks menganggap semua pergerakan Yahudi bukan Ortodoks menjadi penyimpangan yang tidak dapat diterima daripada Judaisme yang sahih; kedua-duanya kerana keraguan denominasi lain mengenai wahyu lisan Torah Bertulis dan Oral, dan kerana penolakan mereka terhadap halakhic precedent sebagai mengikat. Oleh itu, kumpulan Yahudi Ortodoks mencirikan bentuk-bentuk bukan Yahudi Ortodoks sebagai sesat; lihat artikel mengenai Hubungan antara pergerakan agama Yahudi. <> Apa yang menganggap dirinya sebagai pewaris sejati kepada tradisi Yahudi? || Ortodoks Judaisme <> Apa pergerakan Yahudi Ortodoks menganggap semua momen bukan ortodoks yang lain? || tidak boleh diterima <> Apa kumpulan Yahudi Ortodoks mencirikan bentuk bukan ortodoks Judiasm? || kumpulan Yahudi <> Ortodoks Yahudi menolak apa yang berlaku? || Halakhic <> Apa agama Judaisme Ortodoks menganggap dirinya sendiri bersama beberapa kumpulan lain dalam tradisi Yahudi? || <> Siapa yang Yahudi Yahudi Ortodoks dianggap sebagai penyimpangan Judaisme? || <> Apa yang Yahudi bukan Ortodoks menganggap pergerakan Yahudi Ortodoks menjadi? || <> Apakah penerimaan Witten dan Oral Torah dianggap? || <> Apa kaum Yahudi Ortodoks mempunyai ciri-ciri kumpulan Yahudi Ortodoks? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?", "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84320", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Judaism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?", "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84321", "answers": [{"text": "unacceptable", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?", "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84322", "answers": [{"text": "heretical", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?", "id": "57098fc7ed30961900e84323", "answers": [{"text": "Halakhic", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "true heir", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition?", "id": "5a57d821770dc0001aeefe04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Orthodox Jewish", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism?", "id": "5a57d821770dc0001aeefe05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unacceptable deviations", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be?", "id": "5a57d821770dc0001aeefe06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "authentic Judaism", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be?", "id": "5a57d821770dc0001aeefe07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heretical", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be?", "id": "5a57d821770dc0001aeefe08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements."}], ["Hirsch berpendapat bahawa Judaisme menuntut penerapan Taurat yang difikirkan oleh seluruh dunia tentang pengalaman manusia, termasuk disiplin sekular. Pendekatannya dipanggil pendekatan Torah im Derech Eretz, atau \"neo-Orthodoxy\". Semasa bersungguh-sungguh mematuhi kepercayaan dan amalan Yahudi, beliau berpendapat bahawa orang Yahudi harus berusaha untuk melibatkan diri dan mempengaruhi dunia moden, dan menggalakkan kajian-kajian sekular yang serasi dengan pemikiran Torah. Corak penglibatan agama dan sekular ini telah terbukti berkali-kali dalam sejarah Yahudi. Ulama [yang? Percaya bahawa ia adalah ciri-ciri orang Yahudi di Babel semasa zaman Amoraic dan Geonic, dan juga pada zaman pertengahan abad pertengahan Sepanyol, ditunjukkan oleh penglibatan mereka dengan masyarakat Muslim dan Kristian. Ia muncul sebagai tindak balas tradisional terhadap inovasi kebudayaan dan saintifik. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa judiasm tuntutan dan penerapan torah berfikir ke seluruh alam pengalaman manusia? || Hirsch <> Apa pendekatan Hirsch? || Torah im Derech Eretz <> Apakah Torah im Dereche Eretz dikenal sebagai? || neo-Orthodoxy <> The Torah im Derech Eretz menegaskan bahawa orang Yahudi harus berusaha untuk terlibat dan mempengaruhi apa? || dunia moden <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa Judaisme menuntut penerapan Alkitab melalui pengalaman manusia? || <> Apakah disiplin apa yang tidak termasuk dalam pendapat Hirsch? || <> Di manakah Hirsch percaya bahawa kepercayaan Yahudi tidak mempunyai pengaruh? || <> Apa kajian yang tidak digalakkan oleh Hirsch? || <> Apa dua pertubuhan yang ditolak oleh orang-orang Yahudi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?", "id": "57099130ed30961900e84342", "answers": [{"text": "Hirsch", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Hirsch's approach called?", "id": "57099130ed30961900e84343", "answers": [{"text": "Torah im Derech Eretz", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?", "id": "57099130ed30961900e84344", "answers": [{"text": "neo-Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?", "id": "57099130ed30961900e84345", "answers": [{"text": "modern world", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hirsch", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience?", "id": "5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "secular", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion?", "id": "5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the modern world", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence? ", "id": "5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "secular studies", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch?", "id": "5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muslim and Christian", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with?", "id": "5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or \"neo-Orthodoxy\". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation."}], ["Untuk panduan dalam praktikal undang-undang Yahudi, majoriti orang Yahudi Ortodoks merayu kepada Arul Shulchan (\"Kod Undang-undang Yahudi\" yang dibentuk pada abad ke-16 oleh Rabbi Joseph Caro) bersama-sama dengan ulasannya. Oleh itu, pada tahap umum, terdapat satu keseragaman besar di kalangan semua orang Yahudi Ortodoks. Walau bagaimanapun, mengenai butiran, terdapat banyak variasi: keputusan mungkin berdasarkan pelbagai kod hukum Yahudi yang telah disusun sejak berabad-abad, serta pelbagai respons. Kod dan respons ini mungkin berbeza antara satu sama lain berkenaan dengan perincian (dan mencerminkan perbezaan falsafah di atas, berkenaan dengan berat yang diberikan kepada mereka). Secara keseluruhannya, perbezaannya berpunca daripada pembubaran Yahudi bersejarah dan perkembangan perbezaan antara wilayah di dalam amalannya (lihat minhag). <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang Ortodoks untuk panduan dan aplikasi praktikal hukum Yahudi? || Shulchan Aruch <> ada satu tahap yang besar di antara semua jewish ortodoks? || keseragaman <> Apakah perbezaan antara kawasan dalam amalan yang dikenali sebagai? || minhag <> Mengapa kod dan respons berbeza dalam hal butiran? || perbezaan falsafah <> Siapa orang Yahudi Ortodoks mengelakkan untuk panduan dalam praktikal undang-undang Yahudi? || <> Siapa yang membuat kod hukum Yahudi pada abad ke-12? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan perbezaan besar mengenai semua orang Yahudi Ortodoks? || <> Apakah yang bertanggungjawab untuk falsafah biasa semua orang Yahudi Ortodoks? || <> Apa yang telah dibangunkan baru-baru ini untuk menyeragamkan kod? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?", "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a3", "answers": [{"text": "Shulchan Aruch", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?", "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a4", "answers": [{"text": "uniformity", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the differences among regions in practices known as?", "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a5", "answers": [{"text": "minhag", "answer_start": 868}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?", "id": "570990a2200fba14003681a6", "answers": [{"text": "philosophical differences", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shulchan Aruch", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law?", "id": "5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rabbi Joseph Caro", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century?", "id": "5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jewish Law", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews?", "id": "5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "historic dispersal of the Jews", "answer_start": 753}], "question": "What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews?", "id": "5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jewish Law", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What was developed recently to standardize codes? ", "id": "5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch (\"Code of Jewish Law\" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag)."}], ["Walaupun komuniti Yahudi Ortodoks yang besar terletak di seluruh Amerika Syarikat, ramai orang Yahudi Ortodoks Amerika tinggal di New York State, khususnya di Kawasan Metropolitan New York City. Dua komuniti Ortodoks utama di Amerika Syarikat terletak di New York City dan Rockland County. Di New York City, kejiranan Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, dan Crown Heights, yang terletak di daerah Brooklyn, mempunyai komuniti Ortodoks yang sangat besar. Masyarakat Yahudi Ortodoks yang paling pesat berkembang terletak di Rockland County dan Lembah Hudson di New York, termasuk masyarakat Monsey, Monroe, New Square, dan Kiryas Joel. Terdapat juga komunitas Ortodoks yang cukup besar dan pesat di seluruh New Jersey, terutamanya di Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, dan Fair Lawn. <> Di mana banyak Yahudi Ortodoks Amerika tinggal? || Negeri New York <> Taman Borough, Midwood, Williamsburg dan Crown mempunyai komuniti yang sangat besar apa? || Ortodoks Amerika Yahudi <> Dimana komuniti Ortodoks yang sedang berkembang pesat yang kini terletak di samping Negeri New York? || New Jersey <> Di mana komuniti ortodoks Amerika yang paling pesat berkembang? || Rockland County <> Negara mana yang mengandungi hanya beberapa komuniti Yahudi kecil? || <> Kawasan apa yang telah banyak ditinggalkan oleh orang-orang Yahudi Ortodoks Amerika? || <> Yang NY borough mempunyai komuniti Yahudi yang sangat kecil? || <> Di mana semakin ramai masyarakat Yahudi Ortodoks Amerika yang berleluasa? || <> Kawasan apa pun selain New York adalah komuniti Ortodoks dalam penurunan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?", "id": "57099000200fba1400368191", "answers": [{"text": "New York State", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?", "id": "57099000200fba1400368192", "answers": [{"text": "American Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?", "id": "57099000200fba1400368193", "answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?", "id": "57099000200fba1400368194", "answers": [{"text": "Rockland County", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities?", "id": "5a57e213770dc0001aeefe66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York State", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What area have many American Orthodox Jews left?", "id": "5a57e213770dc0001aeefe67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brooklyn", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? ", "id": "5a57e213770dc0001aeefe68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rockland County", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located?", "id": "5a57e213770dc0001aeefe69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Jersey", "answer_start": 752}], "question": "What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline?", "id": "5a57e213770dc0001aeefe6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn."}]], [["Analisis firologenetik morfologi dan moden yang tradisional telah mengiktiraf peralihan evolusi utama dari haiwan \"bukan bilateral\", iaitu mereka yang tidak mempunyai rancangan badan simetri bilateral (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria dan Placozoa), kepada \"bilaterian\" haiwan (Bilateria) yang Rancangan badan memaparkan simetri dua hala. Yang terakhir diklasifikasikan lagi berdasarkan bahagian utama antara Deuterostomes dan Protostomes. Hubungan antara haiwan non-bilateral dipertikaikan, tetapi semua binatang bilaterian dianggap membentuk kumpulan monophyletik. Pemahaman semasa tentang hubungan antara kumpulan utama haiwan disimpulkan oleh cladogram berikut: <> Apakah beberapa contoh haiwan bukan bilateral? || Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria dan Placozoa <> Apakah haiwan yang rancangannya memaparkan simetri dua hala? || bilaterian <> Haiwan dalam kumpulan apa yang dikatakan membentuk kumpulan monophyletik? || bilaterian", {"qas": [{"question": "What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?", "id": "5709a2feed30961900e843a2", "answers": [{"text": "Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?", "id": "5709a2feed30961900e843a3", "answers": [{"text": "bilaterian", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?", "id": "5709a2feed30961900e843a4", "answers": [{"text": "bilaterian", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from \"non-bilaterian\" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to \"bilaterian\" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display bilateral symmetry. The latter are further classified based on a major division between Deuterostomes and Protostomes. The relationships among non-bilaterian animals are disputed, but all bilaterian animals are thought to form a monophyletic group. Current understanding of the relationships among the major groups of animals is summarized by the following cladogram:"}], ["Haiwan mempunyai beberapa ciri yang membezakannya daripada benda hidup yang lain. Haiwan adalah eukariotik dan multiselular, yang memisahkan mereka daripada bakteria dan kebanyakan protista. Mereka adalah heterotrophik, secara amnya mencerna makanan di dalam bilik dalaman, yang memisahkan mereka dari tumbuh-tumbuhan dan alga. Mereka juga dibezakan daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan, alga, dan kulat dengan kekurangan dinding sel tegar. Semua haiwan adalah motil, jika hanya pada peringkat kehidupan tertentu. Dalam kebanyakan haiwan, embrio melalui peringkat blastula, yang merupakan ciri khas untuk haiwan. <> Apa yang membezakan haiwan selain daripada bakteria dan kebanyakan protista? || Haiwan adalah eukariotik dan multiselular <> Apakah organisma memanggil makanan pencernaan dalam ruang dalaman? || heterotrophic <> Apa cara lain di mana haiwan dibezakan daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan alga? || kekurangan dinding sel tegar <> Tahap blastula adalah ciri eksklusif untuk organisma apa? || haiwan", {"qas": [{"question": "What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?", "id": "57099526ed30961900e8435e", "answers": [{"text": "Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?", "id": "57099526ed30961900e8435f", "answers": [{"text": "heterotrophic", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?", "id": "57099526ed30961900e84360", "answers": [{"text": "lacking rigid cell walls", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?", "id": "57099526ed30961900e84361", "answers": [{"text": "animals", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals."}], ["Perkataan \"haiwan\" berasal dari haiwan Latin, yang bermaksud mempunyai nafas, mempunyai jiwa atau makhluk hidup. Dalam penggunaan bukan saintifik setiap hari perkataan tidak termasuk manusia - iaitu, \"haiwan\" sering digunakan untuk merujuk hanya kepada ahli bukan manusia dari kerajaan Animalia; Selalunya, hanya saudara-mara manusia yang lebih dekat seperti mamalia, atau mamalia dan vertebrata lain yang dimaksudkan. Takrif biologi perkataan merujuk kepada semua anggota kerajaan Animalia, yang merangkumi makhluk-makhluk yang pelbagai seperti span, ubur-ubur, serangga, dan manusia. <> Di manakah perkataan haiwan berasal? || Haiwan Latin <> Apakah arti perkataan Latin haiwan? || mempunyai nafas, mempunyai jiwa atau makhluk hidup <> Kata haiwan biasanya hanya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada apa? || anggota bukan manusia kerajaan Animalia <> Takrif biologi perkataan haiwan merujuk kepada semua ahli kerajaan apa? || Animalia <> Apakah beberapa makhluk yang termasuk dalam kerajaan Animalia? || spons, ubur-ubur, serangga, dan manusia", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the word animal come from?", "id": "570980be200fba14003680b7", "answers": [{"text": "Latin animalis", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Latin word animalis mean?", "id": "570980be200fba14003680b8", "answers": [{"text": "having breath, having soul or living being", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?", "id": "570980be200fba14003680b9", "answers": [{"text": "non-human members of the kingdom Animalia", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?", "id": "570980be200fba14003680ba", "answers": [{"text": "Animalia", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?", "id": "570980be200fba14003680bb", "answers": [{"text": "sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The word \"animal\" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans \u2013 that is, \"animal\" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans."}], ["Haiwan yang tersisa membentuk kumpulan monophyletic yang dipanggil Bilateria. Untuk sebahagian besar, mereka bersifat simetris, dan sering mempunyai kepala khusus dengan makanan dan organ deria. Tubuh adalah triploblastik, iaitu tiga lapisan kuman berkembang dengan baik, dan tisu membentuk organ yang berbeza. Ruang pencernaan mempunyai dua bukaan, mulut dan dubur, dan terdapat juga rongga badan dalaman yang disebut coelom atau pseudocoelom. Namun demikian, terdapat pengecualian untuk setiap ciri-ciri ini - misalnya echinoderm dewasa yang bersifat simetris, dan cacing parasit tertentu mempunyai struktur tubuh yang sangat mudah. <> Apakah kumpulan haiwan yang sering mempunyai kepala khusus dengan makanan dan organ deria dipanggil? || Bilateria <> Berapa banyak bukaan dalam ruang penghadaman yang dilakukan haiwan dalam kumpulan Bilateria? || dua <> Apakah bukaan di dalam bilik pencernaan untuk haiwan di kumpulan Bilateria dipanggil? || mulut dan anus <> Apakah rongga badan dalaman haiwan dalam kumpulan Bilateria dipanggil? || coelom atau pseudocoelom", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?", "id": "57099f78200fba14003681ef", "answers": [{"text": "Bilateria", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?", "id": "57099f78200fba14003681f0", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?", "id": "57099f78200fba14003681f1", "answers": [{"text": "mouth and an anus", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?", "id": "57099f78200fba14003681f2", "answers": [{"text": "coelom or pseudocoelom", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however \u2014 for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures."}], ["Zigot awalnya berkembang menjadi sfera kosong, yang dikenali sebagai blastula, yang mengalami penyusunan semula dan pembezaan. Dalam span, larva blastula berenang ke lokasi baru dan berkembang menjadi span baru. Dalam kebanyakan kumpulan lain, blastula mengalami penyusunan semula yang lebih rumit. Ia pertama kali menyerupai membentuk gastrula dengan ruang pencernaan, dan dua lapisan germa berasingan - ectoderm luaran dan endoderm dalaman. Dalam kebanyakan kes, mesoderm juga berkembang di antara mereka. Lapisan kuman ini kemudian membezakan untuk membentuk tisu dan organ. <> Apakah sfera berongga yang zigot pada mulanya berkembang menjadi dipanggil? || blastula <> Dalam span, bagaimanakah blastula berkembang menjadi span baru? || berenang ke lokasi baru <> Apakah lapisan 2 germ yang terbentuk oleh kebanyakan blastula? || ectoderm luaran dan endoderm dalaman <> Apa yang boleh dibentuk antara ektoderm luaran dan lapisan endoderm dalaman? || mesoderm <> Apakah ectoderm luar dan lapisan endoderm dalaman berkembang? || tisu dan organ", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?", "id": "57099732200fba14003681b5", "answers": [{"text": "blastula", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?", "id": "57099732200fba14003681b6", "answers": [{"text": "swim to a new location", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?", "id": "57099732200fba14003681b7", "answers": [{"text": "an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?", "id": "57099732200fba14003681b8", "answers": [{"text": "mesoderm", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?", "id": "57099732200fba14003681b9", "answers": [{"text": "tissues and organs", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers \u2014 an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs."}], ["Semua haiwan mempunyai sel eukariotik, dikelilingi oleh matriks ekstraselular yang terdiri daripada kolagen dan glikoprotein elastik. Ini boleh dikalsin untuk membentuk struktur seperti cangkang, tulang, dan spikula. Semasa pembangunan, ia membentuk rangka kerja yang agak fleksibel di mana sel-sel boleh bergerak dan disusun semula, menjadikan struktur kompleks mungkin. Sebaliknya, organisma multiselular lain, seperti tumbuh-tumbuhan dan kulat, mempunyai sel yang dipegang oleh dinding sel, dan oleh itu berkembang dengan pertumbuhan progresif. Juga, sel-sel haiwan yang unik adalah persimpangan antara selsel berikut: persimpangan yang ketat, persimpangan jurang, dan desmosomes. <> Apakah jenis sel yang ada pada semua haiwan? || eukariotik <> Apakah matriks ekstraselular yang mengelilingi sel-sel eukariotik? || kolagen dan glikoprotein elastik <> Apa yang terbentuk apabila kolagen dan elastik glycoprotein mengelilingi sel-sel eukariotik? || cengkerang, tulang, dan spicules <> Bagaimana sel-sel berada dalam tumbuhan dan kulat? || dinding sel <> Apakah persimpangan antara sel yang unik untuk sel haiwan? || persimpangan yang ketat, persimpangan jurang, dan desmosomes", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of cells do all animals have?", "id": "57098721ed30961900e84286", "answers": [{"text": "eukaryotic", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?", "id": "57098721ed30961900e84287", "answers": [{"text": "collagen and elastic glycoproteins", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? ", "id": "57098721ed30961900e84288", "answers": [{"text": "shells, bones, and spicules", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?", "id": "57098721ed30961900e84289", "answers": [{"text": "cell walls", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?", "id": "57098721ed30961900e8428a", "answers": [{"text": "tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes."}], ["Haiwan umumnya dianggap telah berkembang dari eukaryote yang terbantut. Saudara-mara hidup terdekat mereka yang paling terkenal adalah choanoflagellates, yang dilepaskan dengan bendera yang mempunyai morfologi yang mirip dengan choanocytes dari span tertentu. Kajian molekul meletakkan haiwan dalam supergroup yang dipanggil opisthokonts, yang juga termasuk choanoflagellates, kulat dan beberapa prototaip parasit kecil. Nama ini berasal dari lokasi posterior flagellum dalam sel motil, seperti kebanyakan spermatozoa haiwan, sedangkan eukariota lain cenderung mempunyai flagela anterior. <> Adalah dipercayai bahawa haiwan berkembang dari apa? || eukaryote yang terbantah <> Apakah saudara-mara hidup yang paling dekat dengan haiwan? || choanoflagellates <> Apakah nama supergroup yang haiwan telah diletakkan oleh kajian molekul? || opisthokonts <> opisthokonts juga termasuk organisme lain apa? || choanoflagellates, kulat dan beberapa prototaip parasit kecil <> Di manakah nama opisthokonts berasal? || lokasi pos dari flagellum dalam sel motil", {"qas": [{"question": "It is believed that animals evolved from what?", "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d3", "answers": [{"text": "a flagellated eukaryote", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the closest known living relatives of animals?", "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d4", "answers": [{"text": "choanoflagellates", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?", "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d5", "answers": [{"text": "opisthokonts", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?", "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d6", "answers": [{"text": "choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the name opisthokonts come from?", "id": "57099b92200fba14003681d7", "answers": [{"text": "the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella."}], ["Antara phyla yang lain, Ctenophora dan Cnidaria, yang merangkumi anemoni laut, batu karang, dan ubur-ubur, adalah radiasi simetri dan mempunyai ruang pencernaan dengan pembukaan tunggal, yang berfungsi sebagai mulut dan dubur. Kedua-duanya mempunyai tisu yang berbeza, tetapi mereka tidak teratur ke dalam organ. Hanya terdapat dua lapisan kuman utama, ektoderm dan endoderm, dengan hanya sel-sel bertaburan di antara mereka. Oleh itu, haiwan ini kadang-kadang diploblastic. Placozoans kecil adalah sama, tetapi mereka tidak mempunyai ruang pencernaan yang kekal. <> Ctenophora dan Cnidaria termasuk apa makhluk laut? || anemoni, batu karang, dan ubur-ubur <> Bilik pencernaan Ctenophora dan Cnidaria berfungsi sebagai apa? || kedua-dua mulut dan anus <> Apakah 2 sistem kuman utama dalam Ctenophora dan Cnidaria dipanggil? || ectoderm dan endoderm <> Apa yang kadang-kadang dipanggil Ctenophora dan haiwan Cnidaria? || diploblastic <> Apa yang membezakan placozoans daripada ctenophora dan cnidaria? || mereka tidak mempunyai ruang pencernaan yang kekal", {"qas": [{"question": "Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?", "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84354", "answers": [{"text": "anemones, corals, and jellyfish", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?", "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84355", "answers": [{"text": "both the mouth and the anus", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?", "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84356", "answers": [{"text": "ectoderm and endoderm", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?", "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84357", "answers": [{"text": "diploblastic", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?", "id": "570993c9ed30961900e84358", "answers": [{"text": "they do not have a permanent digestive chamber", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber."}], ["Predation adalah interaksi biologi di mana pemangsa (heterotroph yang memburu) memakan mangsa (organisme yang diserang). Pemangsa boleh atau tidak boleh membunuh mangsa sebelum memberi makan kepada mereka, tetapi tindakan pemusnahan hampir selalu mengakibatkan kematian mangsa. Kategori penggunaan utama lain adalah detritivori, penggunaan bahan organik mati. Ia kadang-kadang sukar untuk memisahkan kedua-dua tingkah laku makan, contohnya, di mana spesies parasit memakan organisme tuan rumah dan kemudian meletakkan telur mereka untuk anak-anak mereka untuk memakan mayatnya yang mereput. Tekanan terpilih yang dikenakan ke atas satu sama lain telah membawa kepada perlumbaan senjata evolusi antara mangsa dan pemangsa, mengakibatkan pelbagai penyesuaian antipredator. <> Apakah interaksi biologi di mana pemangsa memakan mangsa yang dipanggil? || Predation <> Tindakan predasi biasanya menghasilkan apa yang menjadi mangsa? || kematian <> Apakah pengunaan bahan organik mati? || detritivory <> Mengapa spesis parasit meletakkan telur mereka pada mangsa mereka? || anak mereka untuk memakan mayatnya yang merosot <> Perlumbaan senjata evolusi antara mangsa dan pemangsa telah menyebabkan apa? || pelbagai penyesuaian antipredator", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?", "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ab", "answers": [{"text": "Predation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?", "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ac", "answers": [{"text": "death", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?", "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ad", "answers": [{"text": "detritivory", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?", "id": "5709917b200fba14003681ae", "answers": [{"text": "their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?", "id": "5709917b200fba14003681af", "answers": [{"text": "various antipredator adaptations", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations."}], ["Sesetengah paleontologi menunjukkan bahawa haiwan muncul jauh lebih awal daripada letupan Kambrium, mungkin seawal 1 bilion tahun yang lalu. Jejak fosil seperti trek dan burrows yang terdapat dalam tempoh Tonian menunjukkan kehadiran cacing triploblastic, seperti metazoans, kira-kira besar (kira-kira 5 mm lebar) dan kompleks seperti cacing tanah. Semasa permulaan tempoh Tonian sekitar 1 bilion tahun yang lalu, terdapat kepelbagaian dalam kepelbagaian Stromatolite, yang mungkin menunjukkan kemunculan haiwan ragut, memandangkan kepelbagaian stromatolit meningkat apabila haiwan meragut telah pupus pada peristiwa-peristiwa kepupusan End Permian dan End Ordovician, dan menurun sejurus selepas populasi grazer pulih. Bagaimanapun, penemuan yang menyerupai hampir sama dengan fosil jejak awal yang dihasilkan hari ini oleh protrusis gergasi tunggal gromer Gromia sphaerica meragui penafsiran mereka sebagai bukti evolusi haiwan awal. <> Berapa lama paleontologi percaya bahawa haiwan pertama kali muncul? || 1 bilion tahun <> Fosil yang terdapat dalam tempoh Tonian menunjukkan kehadiran makhluk apa? || Cacing Triploblastic <> Cacing Triploblastic adalah setanding dengan saiz makhluk lain? || cacing tanah <> Bilakah permulaan tempoh Tonian? || sekitar 1 bilion tahun lalu <> Apa yang menghasilkan trek yang serupa dengan trek fosil yang ditemui oleh ahli paleontologi? || Gromia sphaerica", {"qas": [{"question": "How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?", "id": "57099a75200fba14003681c9", "answers": [{"text": "1 billion years", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?", "id": "57099a75200fba14003681ca", "answers": [{"text": "triploblastic worms", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?", "id": "57099a75200fba14003681cb", "answers": [{"text": "earthworms", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the beginning of the Tonian period?", "id": "57099a75200fba14003681cc", "answers": [{"text": "around 1 billion years ago", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?", "id": "57099a75200fba14003681cd", "answers": [{"text": "Gromia sphaerica", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago, there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity, which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals, since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events, and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered. However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution."}], ["The Platyzoa termasuk Platyhelminthes phylum, flatworms. Ini pada asalnya dianggap sebagai Bilateria yang paling primitif, tetapi sekarang nampaknya mereka berkembang dari nenek moyang yang lebih kompleks. Sejumlah parasit dimasukkan ke dalam kumpulan ini, seperti flukes dan cacing pita. Flatworms adalah acoelomates, kekurangan rongga badan, seperti saudara terdekat mereka, Gastrotricha mikroskopik. Phyla platyzoan lain kebanyakannya mikroskopik dan pseudocoelomate. Yang paling menonjol ialah Rotifera atau rotifers, yang biasa dalam persekitaran berair. Mereka juga termasuk cacing Acanthocephala atau cacing berkepala, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, dan mungkin Cycliophora. Kumpulan ini berkongsi kehadiran rahang kompleks, yang mana mereka dipanggil Gnathifera. <> Apakah nama lain untuk flatworm? || Platyhelminthes <> Apakah beberapa parasit termasuk dalam kumpulan Platyhelminthes? || flukes dan cacing pita <> Apa maksud acoelomates? || kurang rongga badan <> Apakah flatworm terdekat? || Gastrotricha <> Di manakah rotifera yang paling menonjol? || dalam persekitaran berair", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for flatworm?", "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59464", "answers": [{"text": "Platyhelminthes", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?", "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59465", "answers": [{"text": "flukes and tapeworms", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does acoelomates mean?", "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59466", "answers": [{"text": "lacking a body cavity", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the flatworms closest relative?", "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59467", "answers": [{"text": "Gastrotricha", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the rotifera most prominent?", "id": "5709d15f4103511400d59468", "answers": [{"text": "in aqueous environments", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms are acoelomates, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha. The other platyzoan phyla are mostly microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora. These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera."}], ["The Ecdysozoa adalah protostom, yang dinamakan sempena sifat pertumbuhan yang biasa oleh moulting atau ecdysis. Filum haiwan terbesar di sini, Arthropoda, termasuk serangga, laba-laba, ketam, dan warganya. Semua organisma ini mempunyai tubuh yang dibahagikan kepada segmen yang berulang, biasanya dengan lampiran yang dipasangkan. Dua phyla yang lebih kecil, Onychophora dan Tardigrada, adalah saudara-saudara dekat arthropoda dan berkongsi ciri-ciri ini. Edysozoans juga termasuk Nematoda atau bulu bulu, mungkin fylum haiwan terbesar kedua. Cacing bulatan biasanya mikroskopik, dan berlaku di hampir setiap persekitaran di mana terdapat air. Sejumlah parasit penting. Phyla yang lebih kecil yang berkaitan dengannya ialah cacing Nematomorpha atau cacing kuda, dan Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, dan Loricifera. Kumpulan ini mempunyai kompaun yang dikurangkan, dipanggil pseudocoelom. <> Apakah kumpulan yang diberi nama selepas sifat pertumbuhan oleh moulting atau ecdisis? || Ecdysozoa <> Apakah beberapa haiwan dalam kumpulan Arthropoda? || serangga, labah-labah, ketam <> Organisme dalam kumpulan Arthropoda mempunyai badan yang dibahagikan kepada apa? || mengulangi segmen <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan saudara-saudara arthropoda tersebut? || Onychophora dan Tardigrada <> Apakah nama lain untuk roundworms? || Nematoda", {"qas": [{"question": "What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?", "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b2", "answers": [{"text": "Ecdysozoa", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?", "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b3", "answers": [{"text": "insects, spiders, crabs", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?", "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b4", "answers": [{"text": "repeating segments", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups are relatives of the arthropods?", "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b5", "answers": [{"text": "Onychophora and Tardigrada", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for roundworms?", "id": "5709a434ed30961900e843b6", "answers": [{"text": "Nematoda", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom."}], ["Deuterostomes berbeza daripada protostom dalam beberapa cara. Haiwan dari kedua-dua kumpulan mempunyai saluran pencernaan yang lengkap. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam protostom, pembukaan pertama usus untuk muncul dalam perkembangan embriologi (archenteron) berkembang ke dalam mulut, dengan anus membentuk kedua. Dalam deuterostomes dubur membentuk pertama, dengan mulut berkembang kedua. Di kebanyakan protostom, sel-sel hanya mengisi bahagian dalam gastrula untuk membentuk mesoderm, yang dipanggil pembangunan schizocoelous, tetapi dalam deuterostomes, ia membentuk melalui invobinasi endoderm, yang disebut pocong enterocoelic. Embryos Deuterostome menjalani pembelahan radial semasa pembahagian sel, manakala protostos menjalani pembelahan spiral. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan deuterostomes dan protostomes? || kedua-dua kumpulan mempunyai saluran pencernaan yang lengkap <> Di mana kumpulan itu membentuk bentuk anus terlebih dahulu, dengan mulut berkembang kedua? || deuterostomes <> Apakah proses di mana sel-sel mengisi di bahagian dalam gastrula untuk membentuk mesoderm yang dipanggil? || perkembangan schizocoelous <> Apa proses di mana mesoderm terbentuk melalui invasi endoderm yang dipanggil? || pembedahan enterokoelik <> Apakah embrio deuterostome menjalani pembahagian sel? || belahan radial", {"qas": [{"question": "What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?", "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59450", "answers": [{"text": "both groups possess a complete digestive tract", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?", "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59451", "answers": [{"text": "deuterostomes", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?", "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59452", "answers": [{"text": "schizocoelous development", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?", "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59453", "answers": [{"text": "enterocoelic pouching", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?", "id": "5709cfcc4103511400d59454", "answers": [{"text": "radial cleavage", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms first, with the mouth developing secondarily. In most protostomes, cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes, it forms through invagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching. Deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while protostomes undergo spiral cleavage."}], ["Beberapa phyla haiwan diiktiraf kerana kekurangan simetri dua hala mereka, dan dianggap telah tersebar dari haiwan lain awal evolusi. Antaranya, span (Porifera) telah lama difikirkan telah menyimpang pertama, mewakili filum haiwan tertua. Mereka tidak mempunyai organisasi yang kompleks yang terdapat dalam kebanyakan phyla lain. Sel-sel mereka dibezakan, tetapi dalam kebanyakan kes tidak teratur menjadi tisu yang berbeza. Sponges biasanya memakan dengan melukis di dalam air melalui liang-liang. Walau bagaimanapun, satu siri kajian phylogenomic dari 2008-2015 telah menemui sokongan untuk Ctenophora, atau sikat jeli, sebagai garis keturunan haiwan. Hasilnya telah menjadi kontroversi, kerana ia akan menyiratkan bahawa span tidak mungkin begitu primitif, tetapi mungkin lebih cepat dipermudahkan. Penyelidik lain berpendapat bahawa penempatan Ctenophora sebagai filum haiwan terawal yang paling teruk adalah anomali statistik yang disebabkan oleh kadar evolusi yang tinggi dalam genom ctenophore. <> Haiwan phyla yang diiktiraf kerana kekurangan simetri dua hala mereka yang berasal dari mana? || haiwan lain pada awal evolusi <> Haiwan mana yang mewakili phyla haiwan tertua? || sponges <> Bagaimana sponges biasanya makan? || melukis di dalam air melalui liang <> Pada masa yang mana adalah satu siri kajian phylogenomik yang dijalankan yang mendapat sokongan untuk jeli-jilbab sebagai garis keturunan binatang? || 2008-2015", {"qas": [{"question": "Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?", "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844a8", "answers": [{"text": "other animals early in evolution", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?", "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844a9", "answers": [{"text": "sponges", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do sponges typically feed?", "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844aa", "answers": [{"text": "drawing in water through pores", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?", "id": "5709c9c4ed30961900e844ab", "answers": [{"text": "2008-2015", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores. However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals. This result has been controversial, since it would imply that that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes."}], ["Kebanyakan haiwan secara tidak langsung menggunakan tenaga cahaya matahari dengan memakan tumbuhan atau haiwan pemakan tumbuhan. Kebanyakan tumbuhan menggunakan cahaya untuk menukar molekul anorganik dalam persekitarannya ke dalam karbohidrat, lemak, protein dan biomolekul lain, yang mengandungi kekurangan karbon dalam bentuk ikatan karbon-hidrogen. Bermula dengan karbon dioksida (CO2) dan air (H2O), fotosintesis menukarkan tenaga cahaya matahari ke dalam tenaga kimia dalam bentuk gula mudah (mis., Glukosa), dengan pembebasan oksigen molekul. Gula ini kemudian digunakan sebagai blok bangunan untuk pertumbuhan tumbuhan, termasuk pengeluaran biomolekul lain. Apabila haiwan memakan tumbuh-tumbuhan (atau memakan binatang lain yang memakan tumbuhan), sebatian karbon yang berkurangan dalam makanan menjadi sumber tenaga dan bahan binaan untuk haiwan itu. Mereka sama ada digunakan secara langsung untuk membantu haiwan itu tumbuh, atau dipecahkan, melepaskan tenaga suria tersimpan, dan memberi haiwan tenaga yang diperlukan untuk gerakan. <> Bagaimana kebanyakan haiwan menggunakan tenaga cahaya matahari? || memakan tumbuhan atau haiwan yang memakan tumbuhan <> Apakah tumbuhan digunakan untuk menukar molekul anorganik ke dalam karbohidrat, lemak, protein dan biomolekul lain? || cahaya <> Apakah fotosintesis menukar tenaga cahaya matahari ke? || Tenaga kimia <> Apabila haiwan memakan tumbuh-tumbuhan atau haiwan lain yang telah memakan tumbuhan, apa yang berlaku kepada sebatian karbon yang berkurangan dalam makanan? || menjadi sumber tenaga dan bahan binaan untuk binatang <> Apa yang berlaku dengan sebatian karbon yang berkurang dalam makanan yang dipecahkan melepaskan tenaga suria tersimpan? || memberi haiwan tenaga yang diperlukan untuk bergerak", {"qas": [{"question": "How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?", "id": "5709d4004103511400d59476", "answers": [{"text": "eating plants or plant-eating animals", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?", "id": "5709d4004103511400d59477", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?", "id": "5709d4004103511400d59478", "answers": [{"text": "chemical energy", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?", "id": "5709d4004103511400d59479", "answers": [{"text": "become a source of energy and building materials for the animal", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?", "id": "5709d4004103511400d5947a", "answers": [{"text": "giving the animal the energy required for motion", "answer_start": 917}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules. When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion."}], ["Kerana kepelbagaian yang hebat yang terdapat pada haiwan, lebih baik bagi saintis untuk mempelajari sebilangan kecil spesies terpilih supaya sambungan dapat diambil dari kerja mereka dan kesimpulannya diekstrapolasi tentang bagaimana fungsi haiwan secara umum. Kerana mereka mudah untuk menjaga dan membiak, buah melancarkan buah Drosophila melanogaster dan elegen Caenorhabditis nematoda telah lama menjadi organisma model metazoan yang paling intensif dikaji, dan merupakan antara bentuk kehidupan pertama yang dijujukan secara genetik. Ini difasilitasi oleh keadaan genom yang sangat dikurangkan, tetapi begitu banyak gen, intron, dan keterkaitannya hilang, ecdysozoans ini dapat mengajar kita sedikit tentang asal-usul haiwan pada umumnya. Tahap evolusi jenis dalam superphylum ini akan didedahkan oleh projek genom crustacean, annelid, dan moluscan yang sedang dijalankan. Analisis genom anemone laut starlet telah menekankan pentingnya spons, placozoans, dan choanoflagellates, juga dijujukan, untuk menerangkan kedatangan 1500 nenek moyang yang unik kepada Eumetazoa. <> Mengapa lebih ekonomik untuk saintis mempelajari sebilangan kecil spesies? || kepelbagaian hebat yang terdapat dalam haiwan <> Organisme mana yang termasuk dalam bentuk kehidupan pertama yang dijangkiti secara genetik? || buah terbang Drosophila melanogaster dan nematoda Caenorhabditis elegans <> Mengapa buahnya terbang dan nematod yang paling intensif dikaji organisma model metazoan? || mereka mudah menyimpan dan membiak <> Analisis genom apa yang telah menekankan pentingnya span, placozoans, dan choanoflagellates dalam menerangkan kedatangan 1500 nenek moyang yang unik kepada Eumetazoa? || anemon laut bintang", {"qas": [{"question": "Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?", "id": "5709b099200fba140036826d", "answers": [{"text": "the great diversity found in animals", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?", "id": "5709b099200fba140036826e", "answers": [{"text": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?", "id": "5709b099200fba140036826f", "answers": [{"text": "they are easy to keep and breed", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?", "id": "5709b099200fba1400368270", "answers": [{"text": "starlet sea anemone", "answer_start": 868}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their genomes, but as many genes, introns, and linkages lost, these ecdysozoans can teach us little about the origins of animals in general. The extent of this type of evolution within the superphylum will be revealed by the crustacean, annelid, and molluscan genome projects currently in progress. Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa."}], ["The Lophotrochozoa, yang berkembang dalam Protostomia, termasuk dua phyla haiwan yang paling berjaya, Mollusca dan Annelida. Yang pertama, yang merupakan filum haiwan terbesar kedua dengan jumlah spesies yang dijelaskan, termasuk haiwan seperti siput, kerang, dan cumi-cumi, dan yang terakhir terdiri daripada cacing tersegra, seperti cacing tanah dan lintah. Kedua-dua kumpulan ini telah lama dianggap saudara dekat kerana kehadiran umum larva trochophore, tetapi anelid itu dianggap lebih dekat dengan arthropoda kerana kedua-duanya dibahagikan. Kini, ini umumnya dianggap evolusi yang konvergen, kerana banyak perbezaan morfologi dan genetik antara kedua phyla. Lophotrochozoa juga termasuk Nemertea atau cacing pita, Sipuncula, dan beberapa phyla yang mempunyai cincin tengkorak bersisik di sekitar mulut, yang dipanggil lophophore. Ini secara tradisional dikumpulkan bersama sebagai lophophorates. tetapi sekarang kelihatan bahawa kumpulan lophophorate mungkin paraphyletic, dengan beberapa lebih dekat dengan orang-orang penjaga gol dan beberapa ke moluska dan annelids. Mereka termasuk Brachiopoda atau peluru lampu, yang terkenal dalam rekod fosil, Entoprocta, Phoronida, dan mungkin haiwan Bryozoa atau lumut. <> Apakah dua phyla haiwan yang paling berjaya? || Mollusca dan Annelida <> Apakah beberapa haiwan di Mollusca? || siput, kerang, dan sisa <> Apakah beberapa haiwan di Annelida? || cacing tanah dan lintah <> Mengapa Mollusca dan Annelida dianggap sebagai saudara dekat? || kehadiran biasa larva trochophore <> Apakah phyla yang mempunyai cincin tengkorak bersisik di sekitar mulut dipanggil? || lophophore", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two of the most successful animal phyla?", "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448a", "answers": [{"text": "Mollusca and Annelida", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the animals in Mollusca?", "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448b", "answers": [{"text": "snails, clams, and squids", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the animals in Annelida?", "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448c", "answers": [{"text": "earthworms and leeches", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?", "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448d", "answers": [{"text": "common presence of trochophore larvae", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?", "id": "5709c643ed30961900e8448e", "answers": [{"text": "lophophore", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals."}]], [["Selepas mendidih, wort melayari kini disejukkan, siap untuk yis. Di dalam beberapa kilang bir, wortah yang melompat mungkin melalui harapan, yang merupakan tong kecil yang dipenuhi dengan hop, untuk menambah perasa hop aromatik dan bertindak sebagai penapis; tetapi biasanya wort melompat hanya disejukkan untuk fermenter, di mana ragi ditambah. Semasa penapaian, wort menjadi bir dalam proses yang memerlukan seminggu ke bulan bergantung pada jenis ragi dan kekuatan bir. Di samping menghasilkan etanol, perkara zarahan halus yang digantung dalam wort menetap semasa penapaian. Sebaik sahaja penapaian selesai, yis itu juga menetap, meninggalkan bir jelas. <> Dalam kilang bir, apa yang anda sebut tong kecil yang dipenuhi dengan hop? || satu harapan <> Dalam fasa apa yang membangkitkan wort menjadi bir? || penapaian <> Apakah bahan menyelesaikan dan membuat bir jelas selepas ia ditapai? || ragi <> Berapa lama proses penapaian diambil dalam bir pembuatan? || seminggu ke bulan <> Apakah bahan tambah ke wortel melompat setelah ia mendidih setelah mendidih? || ragi <> Selepas apa proses ragi yang disejukkan didinginkan? || <> Apa itu backhop? || <> Apakah ragi yang dilonggarkan biasanya disejukkan? || <> Apa yang menghasilkan yis partikulat halus? || <> Apa warna bir selepas wort diselesaikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?", "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434a", "answers": [{"text": "a hopback", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? ", "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434b", "answers": [{"text": "fermentation", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments? ", "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434c", "answers": [{"text": "yeast", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer? ", "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434d", "answers": [{"text": "a week to months", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? ", "id": "57099360ed30961900e8434e", "answers": [{"text": "yeast", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "boiling", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "After what process is the hopped yeast cooled?", "id": "5acd68ab07355d001abf40f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter;", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What is a backhop?", "id": "5acd68ab07355d001abf40f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the fermenter", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What is the hopped yeast usually cooled for?", "id": "5acd68ab07355d001abf40f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ethanol", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What does fine particulate yeast produce?", "id": "5acd68ab07355d001abf40f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clear", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "What color is the beer after the wort settles?", "id": "5acd68ab07355d001abf40f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear."}], ["Hampir semua bir termasuk malt barley sebagai sebahagian besar kanji. Ini kerana badannya yang berserabut masih melekat pada bijirin semasa penguncupan. Selepas malting, barley digilap, yang akhirnya menghilangkan badan, memecahnya menjadi kepingan besar. Potongan-potongan ini tetap dengan bijirin selama mash, dan bertindak sebagai tempat penyaring semasa lautering, ketika wort manis dipisahkan dari bahan butir tidak larut. Biji-bijian lain yang malted dan unmalted (termasuk gandum, beras, gandum, dan rai, dan kurang kerap, jagung dan sorgum) boleh digunakan. Sesetengah bir telah menghasilkan bir tanpa gluten, dibuat dengan sorgum tanpa malt barley, bagi mereka yang tidak boleh memakan bijirin yang mengandungi gluten seperti gandum, barli, dan rai. <> Apakah sumber utama kanji dan kebanyakan bir? || barley malt <> Pada tahap apa barley telah kapal itu pecah menjadi kepingan? || Selepas malting <> Apa yang mengambil tempat barley malt dalam bir bebas gluten? || sorgum <> Bilakah wort manis dipisahkan semasa proses pembuatan bir? || semasa memasak <> Selain daripada barli, apakah produk lain yang diasaskan bir yang mungkin mengandungi gluten? || gandum <> Apakah semua bir termasuk sebagai majoriti malt? || <> Apa yang dilakukan kepada barli selepas ia dikisar? || <> Apa biji-bijian yang tersisa bertindak semasa lautering? || <> Apakah bir yang mengandungi gandum, barli, dan rai dipanggil ketika dibuat dengan sorgum juga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main source of starch and most beer?", "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd0", "answers": [{"text": "barley malt", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?", "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd1", "answers": [{"text": "After malting", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?", "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd2", "answers": [{"text": "sorghum", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?", "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd3", "answers": [{"text": "during lautering", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?", "id": "570a2cda6d058f1900182cd4", "answers": [{"text": "wheat", "answer_start": 666}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "starch", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What does all beer include as the majority of malt?", "id": "5acd6eb307355d001abf41e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malting", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What is done to the barley after it is milled?", "id": "5acd6eb307355d001abf41e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filter bed", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What do the remaining grain pieces act as during lautering?", "id": "5acd6eb307355d001abf41ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gluten-free beer", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "What is the beer containing wheat, barley, and rye called when made with sorghum as well?", "id": "5acd6eb307355d001abf41eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed during lautering, when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material. Other malted and unmalted grains (including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, corn and sorghum) may be used. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye."}], ["Alkohol dalam bir datang terutamanya dari metabolisme gula yang dihasilkan semasa penapaian. Kuantiti gula fermentasi dalam wort dan pelbagai ragi yang digunakan untuk menuai wort adalah faktor utama yang menentukan jumlah alkohol dalam bir terakhir. Tambahan gula tambahan kadang-kadang ditambah untuk meningkatkan kandungan alkohol, dan enzim sering ditambah kepada wort untuk gaya bir tertentu (terutamanya \"cahaya\" bir) untuk menukar karbohidrat yang lebih kompleks (starch) kepada gula fermentable. Alkohol adalah hasil daripada metabolisme yis dan toksik kepada yis; yis bru yang biasa tidak dapat bertahan pada kepekatan alkohol melebihi 12% mengikut jumlah. Suhu yang rendah dan masa penapaian yang terlalu sedikit mengurangkan keberkesanan ragi dan seterusnya menurunkan kandungan alkohol. <> Apakah sumber utama alkohol dalam bir? || gula <> Apa proses semasa pembuatan gula di mana gula dimetabolismekan menjadi alkohol? || penapaian <> Pada kepekatan apa boleh ragi tidak lagi hidup dalam alkohol? || di atas 12% <> Apa yang boleh mengurangkan kandungan alkohol semasa proses pembuatan bir? || Suhu yang rendah <> Kenapakah gula lebih banyak boleh ditambah sebagai bir semasa proses pembuatan bir? || untuk meningkatkan kandungan alkohol <> Di manakah gula dalam bir berasal? || <> Apakah faktor utama yang menentukan jumlah gula dalam bir terakhir? || <> Apakah ragi yang beracun? || <> Apa yang mengurangkan kandungan wort? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?", "id": "570a329c4103511400d595bc", "answers": [{"text": "sugars", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?", "id": "570a329c4103511400d595bd", "answers": [{"text": "fermentation", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?", "id": "570a329c4103511400d595be", "answers": [{"text": "above 12%", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?", "id": "570a329c4103511400d595bf", "answers": [{"text": "Low temperatures", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?", "id": "570a329c4103511400d595c0", "answers": [{"text": "to increase alcohol content", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The alcohol", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where do the sugars in beer come from?", "id": "5acd7aff07355d001abf440a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What are primary factors that determine the amount of sugars in the final beer?", "id": "5acd7aff07355d001abf440b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alcohol", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What is yeast toxic to?", "id": "5acd7aff07355d001abf440c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Low temperatures and too little fermentation time", "answer_start": 681}], "question": "What decreases wort content?", "id": "5acd7aff07355d001abf440d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily \"light\" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content."}], ["Bir kebanyakannya terdiri daripada air. Kawasan mempunyai air dengan komponen mineral yang berbeza; Hasilnya, rantau yang berbeza pada asalnya lebih sesuai untuk membuat jenis bir tertentu, sehingga memberi mereka karakter serantau. Sebagai contoh, Dublin mempunyai air keras yang sesuai untuk membuat gempal, seperti Guinness; manakala Wilayah Plze\u0148 mempunyai air lembut yang sesuai untuk membuat Pilsner (pale lager), seperti Pilsner Urquell. Perairan Burton di England mengandung gipsum, yang memberi manfaat kepada pewarna ales sehingga arak bir yang akan menghasilkan gypsum ke dalam air tempatan dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai Burtonisation. <> Apakah bahan utama dalam bir? || air <> Apa jenis air yang baik untuk membuat bir stout, seperti Guinness? || air keras <> Air jenis apa yang terbaik untuk membuat lager pucat? || air lembut <> Apa proses yang dipanggil apabila gipsum ditambah ke air? || Burtonisation <> Apa jenis bir yang paling banyak memanfaatkan air yang mengandungi gipsum? || pale ale <> Apa yang terdiri daripada kebanyakan bir? || <> Apa jenis bir air lembut Dublin yang sesuai untuk dibuat? || <> Jenis bir apa jenis air keras Plzen yang sangat sesuai untuk dijadikan? || <> Jenis bir apakah perairan Urquell di England yang ideal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main ingredient in beer?", "id": "570a38604103511400d595d0", "answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?", "id": "570a38604103511400d595d1", "answers": [{"text": "hard water", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of water is best for making pale lager?", "id": "570a38604103511400d595d2", "answers": [{"text": "soft water", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?", "id": "570a38604103511400d595d3", "answers": [{"text": "Burtonisation", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?", "id": "570a38604103511400d595d4", "answers": [{"text": "pale ale", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What is composed of mostly beer?", "id": "5acd6c1707355d001abf417a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stout", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What kind of beer is Dublin's soft water well-suited to make?", "id": "5acd6c1707355d001abf417b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pilsner", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What kind of beer is the Plzen Region's hard water well-suited to make?", "id": "5acd6c1707355d001abf417c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pale ales", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "What kind of beer is the Urquell waters in England ideal for?", "id": "5acd6c1707355d001abf417d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plze\u0148 Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation."}], ["Bir dijual dalam botol dan tin; ia juga boleh didapati di draf, terutamanya di pub dan bar. Industri pembuatan bir adalah perniagaan global, yang terdiri daripada beberapa syarikat multinasional yang dominan dan beribu-ribu pengeluar yang lebih kecil dari brewpubs ke kilang bir serantau. Kekuatan bir biasanya sekitar 4% hingga 6% alkohol dengan volum (abv), walaupun ia mungkin berbeza antara 0.5% dan 20%, dengan beberapa pembuat bir membuat contoh 40% abv dan ke atas. Bir merupakan sebahagian daripada budaya negara-negara peminum bir dan dikaitkan dengan tradisi sosial seperti perayaan bir, serta budaya pub kaya yang melibatkan aktiviti seperti pub merangkak, dan permainan pub seperti bar biliard. <> Jenis-jenis bekas yang biasanya dibeli bir? || botol dan kaleng <> Selain botol dan tin, Bagaimana bir sering dijual di bar? || draf <> Secara umum, apa yang biasanya kandungan alkohol dalam kebanyakan bir? || sekitar 4% hingga 6% <> Perayaan apa yang menjadi tradisi sosial di banyak negara minum bir? || bir festival, <> Apa permainan pub yang popular di banyak negara minum bir? || bar biliard <> Apakah kandungan alkohol dalam semua bir? || <> Berapakah peratusan tertinggi alkohol dalam bir yang ada? || <> Apakah permainan pub yang paling popular? || <> Berapa banyak syarikat pembuatan bir di sana? || <> Apakah kekuatan bir di pub? || <> Di manakah bir dalam botol dan kaleng yang paling biasa dijual? || <> Kekuatan yang berbeza antara 0.4% dan 50% || <> Aktiviti apa yang biasa dengan perayaan bir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What types of containers is beer generally sold in?", "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cf8", "answers": [{"text": "bottles and cans", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?", "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cf9", "answers": [{"text": "draught", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?", "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cfa", "answers": [{"text": "around 4% to 6%", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?", "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cfb", "answers": [{"text": "beer festivals,", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?", "id": "570a37326d058f1900182cfc", "answers": [{"text": "bar billiards", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4% to 6%", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What is the alcohol content in all beer?", "id": "5acd177707355d001abf3452", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What is the highest percentage of alcohol in beer available?", "id": "5acd177707355d001abf3453", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bar billiards", "answer_start": 674}], "question": "What is the most popular pub game?", "id": "5acd177707355d001abf3454", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "How many brewing companies are there?", "id": "5acd177707355d001abf3455", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4% to 6%", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What is the strength of beer in pubs?", "id": "5acd177707355d001abf3456", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pubs and bars", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Where is beer in bottles and cans most commonly sold?", "id": "5acd5ea807355d001abf3f4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "The strength of what varies between 0.4% and 50%", "id": "5acd5ea807355d001abf3f4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What activities are common with beer festivals?", "id": "5acd5ea807355d001abf3f4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards."}], ["Pada tahun 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, mengadopsi Reinheitsgebot (undang-undang kesucian), mungkin peraturan mutu makanan tertua yang masih digunakan pada abad ke-21, menurut mana satu-satunya bahan bir yang dibenarkan adalah air, hop dan barley-malt . Bir yang dihasilkan sebelum Revolusi Perindustrian terus dibuat dan dijual pada skala domestik, walaupun pada abad ke-7 AD, bir juga dihasilkan dan dijual oleh biara-biara Eropah. Semasa Revolusi Perindustrian, pengeluaran bir bergerak dari pembuatan artisanal ke pembuatan industri, dan pengeluaran domestik tidak lagi penting menjelang akhir abad ke-19. Perkembangan hydrometers dan thermometers berubah menjadi bir dengan membenarkan pembuat bir lebih banyak mengawal proses dan pengetahuan yang lebih tinggi tentang hasilnya. <> Dalam tahun berapa William IV mengamalkan undang-undang kemurnian berkaitan dengan bir? || 1516 <> Apakah gelaran William IV pada tahun 1516? || Duke of Bavaria <> Apa nama undang-undang kemurnian yang mengatur bir pada tahun 1516, dan masih digunakan hari ini? || Reinheitsgebot <> Selain daripada air dan hop, apakah satu-satunya bahan lain yang dibenarkan dalam bir? || barley-malt <> Siapa Adipati Bavaria pada tahun 1516? || William IV <> Pada 1517 William IV mengadopsi undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan bir? || <> Apa undang-undang menyatakan bahawa hanya bahan dalam bir adalah air, hop dan jagung? || <> Perkembangan termometer adalah faktor utama yang mengubah suapan dengan membenarkan apa? || <> Apakah nama undang-undang kesucian yang menghidupkan bir pada tahun 1500? || <> Apa yang diguna pakai pada tahun 1615? || <> Apa yang diguna pakai oleh William VI? || <> Apakah undang-undang makanan tertua yang digunakan pada abad ke-19? || <> Apa perkembangan hyrdrothermometers? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?", "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d02", "answers": [{"text": "1516", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of William IV in 1516?", "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d03", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Bavaria", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?", "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d04", "answers": [{"text": "Reinheitsgebot", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?", "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d05", "answers": [{"text": "barley-malt", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?", "id": "570a3a0e6d058f1900182d06", "answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reinheitsgebot (purity law)", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "In 1517 William IV adopted which law pertaining to beer?", "id": "5acd410907355d001abf3a82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reinheitsgebot", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What law stated that only ingredients in beer were to be water, hops and corn?", "id": "5acd410907355d001abf3a83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.", "answer_start": 724}], "question": "The development of thermometers was the main factor that changed brewing by allowing what?", "id": "5acd410907355d001abf3a84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reinheitsgebot", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What was the name of the purity law that reulated beer in 1500?", "id": "5acd410907355d001abf3a85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Reinheitsgebot", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What was adopted in 1615?", "id": "5acd612907355d001abf3fe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Reinheitsgebot", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What did William VI adopt?", "id": "5acd612907355d001abf3fe9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Reinheitsgebot (purity law)", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What is the oldest food-quality law in use in the 19th century?", "id": "5acd612907355d001abf3fea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "What did the development of hyrdrothermometers change?", "id": "5acd612907355d001abf3feb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results."}], ["Proses pembuatan bir dikenali sebagai pembuatan bir. Bangunan yang khusus untuk pembuatan bir dipanggil pembuatan bir, walaupun bir boleh dibuat di rumah dan telah banyak sejarahnya. Sebuah syarikat yang membuat bir dipanggil sama ada sebuah kilang bir atau sebuah syarikat pembuatan bir. Beer yang dibuat pada skala domestik untuk sebab-sebab bukan komersil diklasifikasikan sebagai homebrewing tanpa mengira di mana ia dibuat, walaupun kebanyakan bir buatan rumah dibuat di rumah. Bir bir adalah tertakluk kepada undang-undang dan cukai di negara-negara maju, yang dari akhir abad ke-19 sebahagian besarnya hanya terhad kepada operasi komersial sahaja. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan UK melonggarkan undang-undang pada tahun 1963, diikuti oleh Australia pada tahun 1972 dan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1978, membenarkan homebrewing menjadi hobi yang popular. <> Apakah proses membuat bir dipanggil? || bru <> Apa bangunan yang dipanggil yang digunakan untuk membuat bir? || sebuah kilang bir <> Apa syarikat yang membuat bir biasanya dikenali sebagai? || sebuah syarikat pembuatan bir <> Apakah bir diklasifikasikan sebagai apabila ia dibuat untuk penggunaan bukan komersil? || homebrewing <> Pada tahun apakah bru rumah pertama dibenarkan di UK? || 1963 <> Pada tahun 1973 apakah yang diperbolehkan Australia? || <> Amerika Syarikat merupakan kontroversi yang terakhir untuk membenarkan homebrewing di mana tahun itu? || <> Sebuah bangunan komersial untuk bir pembuatan dipanggil apa? || <> Brewing bir tertakluk kepada apa yang berlaku di semua negara? || <> Apa negara melegakan undang-undang pembuatan bir pada tahun 1936? || <> Apa undang-undang membuat undang-undang santai pada tahun 1927? || <> Negara apa undang-undang pembuatan bir santai pada tahun 1987? || <> Apa yang menjadi hobi di Amerika Syarikat disebabkan undang-undang yang santai pada tahun 1987? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the process of making beer called?", "id": "57099056ed30961900e84328", "answers": [{"text": "brewing", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a building called that is used for making beer?", "id": "57099056ed30961900e84329", "answers": [{"text": "a brewery", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is company that makes beer typically known as? ", "id": "57099056ed30961900e8432a", "answers": [{"text": "a brewing company", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? ", "id": "57099056ed30961900e8432b", "answers": [{"text": "homebrewing", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?", "id": "57099056ed30961900e8432c", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "homebrewing to become a popular hobby", "answer_start": 712}], "question": "In 1973 what did Australia allow?", "id": "5acd474507355d001abf3be0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 697}], "question": "The US was the last contry to allow homebrewing in which year?", "id": "5acd474507355d001abf3be1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brewery", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "A commercial building for brewing beer is called what?", "id": "5acd474507355d001abf3be2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legislation and taxation", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "Brewing beer is subject to what in all countries?", "id": "5acd474507355d001abf3be3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the UK", "answer_start": 606}], "question": "What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1936?", "id": "5acd61bb07355d001abf4012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 665}], "question": "What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1927?", "id": "5acd61bb07355d001abf4013", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1987?", "id": "5acd61bb07355d001abf4014", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "homebrewing", "answer_start": 712}], "question": "What became a hobby in the US due to relaxed laws in 1987?", "id": "5acd61bb07355d001abf4015", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby."}], ["Sebuah kilang bir, atau kilang pembuatan kraf, menghasilkan sejumlah bir yang terhad. Jumlah maksimum bir kilang bir boleh dihasilkan dan masih boleh dikategorikan sebagai kilang mikro yang berbeza mengikut rantau dan kuasa, walaupun biasanya sekitar 15,000 tong (1.8 megalitres, 396 ribu gelen empi atau 475,000 gelen US) setahun. Brewpub adalah sejenis pembuatan mikro yang menggabungkan pub atau tempat makan lain. Ketumpatan tertinggi dalam pembuatan bir di dunia, kebanyakannya adalah pembuatan mikro, terdapat di Wilayah Jerman Franconia, terutama di daerah Upper Franconia, yang mempunyai lebih kurang 200 buah kilang bir. Brewery Benedictine Weihenstephan di Bavaria, Jerman, dapat mengesan akarnya hingga tahun 768, sebagai dokumen dari tahun itu merujuk kepada taman hop di kawasan yang membayar persepuluhan ke biara. Pembuatan bir itu telah dilesenkan oleh City of Freising pada 1040, dan oleh itu adalah tempat pembuatan bir tertua di dunia. <> Apa yang dipanggil pembuatan bir yang membuat sedikit bir? || Pembuatan mikrob bir <> Secara umum, berapa bir yang boleh dibuat oleh kilang bir dan masih diklasifikasikan sebagai kilang bir? || sekitar 15,000 tong <> Apa yang anda panggil mikrobrewery yang juga mempunyai restoran atau pub? || brewpub <> Apa bandar adalah rumah kilang bir tertua di dunia yang masih aktif? || Freising <> Tahun apa yang Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery pertama berlesen sebagai kilang bir? || 1040 <> Berapa kerapkah microbrewery menghasilkan 396.000 gelen AS? || <> Apa yang terdapat dalam Wilayah Franconia Jerman? || <> Berapa banyak kilang bir yang mempunyai Wilayah Upper German? || <> Apa yang dapat menelusuri akarnya hingga tahun 786? || <> Apa pembuatan bir dilesenkan pada 1004? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?", "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b2", "answers": [{"text": "microbrewery", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?", "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b3", "answers": [{"text": "around 15,000 barrels", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?", "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b4", "answers": [{"text": "brewpub", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?", "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b5", "answers": [{"text": "Freising", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?", "id": "570a30f74103511400d595b6", "answers": [{"text": "1040", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a year", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "How often can a microbrewery produce 396 thousand US gallons?", "id": "5acd75f907355d001abf4354", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The highest density of breweries in the world", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "What exists in the Franconia Region of German?", "id": "5acd75f907355d001abf4355", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 200", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "How many breweries does the Upper German Region have?", "id": "5acd75f907355d001abf4356", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "What can trace its roots to the year 786?", "id": "5acd75f907355d001abf4357", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "What brewery was licensed in 1004?", "id": "5acd75f907355d001abf4358", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A microbrewery, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority, though is usually around 15,000 barrels (1.8 megalitres, 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons) a year. A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other eating establishment. The highest density of breweries in the world, most of them microbreweries, exists in the German Region of Franconia, especially in the district of Upper Franconia, which has about 200 breweries. The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery in Bavaria, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world."}], ["Ales yang dikilangkan lemak (atau cask ales) adalah bir yang tidak dirosakkan dan tidak dipasteurisasi. Bir ini disebut \"real ale\" oleh organisasi CAMRA. Biasanya, apabila tong tiba di sebuah pub, ia diletakkan secara mendatar di atas bingkai yang dipanggil \"stillage\" yang direka untuk memegangnya dengan mantap dan pada sudut yang betul, dan kemudian dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik bawah tanah (biasanya antara 11-13 \u00b0 C atau 52-55 \u00b0 F), sebelum ditoreh dan dilepaskan-paip digerakkan melalui lubang (biasanya getah) di bahagian bawah satu hujung, dan kekejangan keras atau pelaksanaan lain digunakan untuk membuka lubang di sisi tong, yang kini paling penting. Tindakan menanam dan kemudian membuang bir dengan cara ini biasanya mengganggu semua sedimen, jadi ia mesti ditinggalkan untuk tempoh yang sesuai untuk \"melepaskan\" (jelas) lagi, serta keadaan sepenuhnya - tempoh ini boleh mengambil mana-mana dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari. Pada ketika ini bir siap untuk menjual, sama ada ditarik melalui garis bir dengan pam tangan, atau hanya menjadi \"graviti-makan\" terus ke dalam kaca. <> Apa yang anda panggil bir yang belum ditapis atau pasteur? || Ales yang dikongkong petak <> Apa yang anda panggil bingkai yang memegang cask bir secara mendatar ketika tiba di pub? || stillage <> Suhu apa yang disimpan dalam tong sebelum disimpan? || 52-55 \u00b0 F <> Berapa lamakah yang diperlukan untuk sedimen untuk menyelesaikan dan membersihkan selepas tong cask telah ditoreh? || dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari <> Alat apa yang digunakan untuk menarik bir dari tong untuk berkhidmat? || pam tangan <> Apakah cas ales yang dinamakan oleh organisasi CARMA? || <> Apa yang sejuk pada suhu 11-13 darjah F? || <> Apa yang sejuk pada suhu 52-55 darjah C? || <> Apa yang diperlukan bir beberapa jam selepas diketuk dan dibuang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?", "id": "570a34484103511400d595c6", "answers": [{"text": "Cask-conditioned ales", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?", "id": "570a34484103511400d595c7", "answers": [{"text": "stillage", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?", "id": "570a34484103511400d595c8", "answers": [{"text": "52\u201355 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?", "id": "570a34484103511400d595c9", "answers": [{"text": "from several hours to several days", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?", "id": "570a34484103511400d595ca", "answers": [{"text": "a hand pump", "answer_start": 944}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "real ale", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What are cask ales termed by the CARMA organisation? ", "id": "5acd831a07355d001abf44fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a cask", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What cools at a temperature of 11-13 degrees F?", "id": "5acd831a07355d001abf44fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cask", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What cools at a temperature of 52-55 degrees C?", "id": "5acd831a07355d001abf44fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"drop\"", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "What takes beer several hours to do after being tapped and vented?", "id": "5acd831a07355d001abf44fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed \"real ale\" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a \"stillage\" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11\u201313 \u00b0C or 52\u201355 \u00b0F), before being tapped and vented\u2014a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to \"drop\" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition\u2014this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being \"gravity-fed\" directly into the glass."}], ["Bir mengandungi etil alkohol, bahan kimia yang sama ada dalam wain dan roh suling dan oleh itu, penggunaan bir mempunyai kesan psikologi dan fisiologi jangka pendek pada pengguna. Kepekatan alkohol yang berbeza di dalam tubuh manusia mempunyai kesan yang berbeza terhadap seseorang. Kesan alkohol bergantung kepada jumlah yang diminum oleh individu, peratusan alkohol dalam bir dan masa penggunaan yang berlaku, jumlah makanan yang dimakan dan sama ada individu telah mengambil preskripsi, over-the-counter atau jalan lain ubat, antara faktor lain. Minum cukup untuk menyebabkan kepekatan alkohol darah (BAC) sebanyak 0.03% -0.12% biasanya menyebabkan peningkatan mood dan kemungkinan euforia, meningkatkan rasa percaya diri dan keramahtamahan, mengurangkan kebimbangan, penampilan merah dan merah di muka dan keputusan yang merosot dan koordinasi otot yang baik. BAC sebanyak 0.09% hingga 0.25% menyebabkan keletihan, sedasi, masalah baki dan penglihatan kabur. BAC dari 0.18% hingga 0.30% menyebabkan kekeliruan yang mendalam, ucapan yang merosakkan (mis., Ucapan slurred), mengejutkan, pening dan muntah. A BAC dari 0.25% hingga 0.40% menyebabkan kegusaran, ketidaksadaran, amnesia anterograde, muntah (kematian mungkin berlaku akibat penyedutan muntah (aspirasi pulmonari) manakala kemurungan tidak sedarkan diri dan pernafasan (berpotensi mengancam nyawa) BAC dari 0.35% hingga 0.80% menyebabkan koma (tidak sedarkan diri), kemurungan pernafasan yang mengancam nyawa dan keracunan alkohol yang boleh membawa maut. Seperti semua minuman beralkohol, minum semasa memandu, mengendalikan pesawat atau jentera berat meningkatkan risiko kemalangan, banyak negara mempunyai penalti terhadap memandu mabuk. > Apa jenis alkohol yang terdapat dalam bir? || etil alkohol <> Bagaimana alkohol diukur dalam tubuh manusia? || kepekatan alkohol darah <> Apa jenis alkohol yang terdapat dalam wain dan sulingan? || etil alkohol <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang mati akibat menghirup muntah? || aspirasi paru <> Apa yang boleh disebabkan oleh 0.80% Kandungan alkohol darah dalam manusia? || keracunan alkohol yang teruk <> Apa yang mengandungi etil alkohol? doe s ABC berdiri untuk? || <> Apa yang BAC 0.3% - 1.2% biasanya menyebabkan apa? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan ABC 0,09% hingga 0.25% menyebabkan? || <> Apakah ABC dari .35% hingga 0.80% menyebabkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of alcohol is found in beer?", "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cee", "answers": [{"text": "ethyl alcohol", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is alcohol measured in the human body?", "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cef", "answers": [{"text": "blood alcohol concentration", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?", "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cf0", "answers": [{"text": "ethyl alcohol", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?", "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cf1", "answers": [{"text": "pulmonary aspiration", "answer_start": 1223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?", "id": "570a35f06d058f1900182cf2", "answers": [{"text": "fatal alcohol poisoning", "answer_start": 1434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What does ethyl alcohol contain?", "id": "5acd906c07355d001abf4730", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blood alcohol concentration", "answer_start": 601}], "question": "What does ABC stand for?", "id": "5acd906c07355d001abf4731", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability,", "answer_start": 670}], "question": "What does a BAC of 0.3% - 1.2% typically causes what?", "id": "5acd906c07355d001abf4732", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision.", "answer_start": 904}], "question": "What does an ABC of 0.09% to 0.25% cause?", "id": "5acd906c07355d001abf4733", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning", "answer_start": 1357}], "question": "What does an ABC of .35% to 0.80% cause?", "id": "5acd906c07355d001abf4734", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving."}], ["Adalah dianggap bahawa makan berlebihan dan kekurangan otot adalah penyebab utama perut bir, bukannya penggunaan bir. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian tahun 2004 mendapati hubungan antara pesta minum dan perut bir. Tetapi dengan kebanyakan kebiasaan, lebih banyak masalah senaman yang tidak wajar dan lebih banyak pengambilan karbohidrat daripada produk itu sendiri. Beberapa buku diet memetik bir sebagai mempunyai indeks glisemik yang tidak diingini 110, sama dengan maltosa; Walau bagaimanapun, maltosa dalam bir menjalani metabolisme oleh yis semasa penapaian sehingga bir sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada air, minyak hop dan jumlah jejak sahaja gula, termasuk maltosa. <> Selain kekurangan nada otot, apa yang dipercayai menjadi penyebab utama perut bir? || Berlebihan <> Keadaan apa yang disebabkan oleh pesta minum-minum dalam kajian tahun 2004? || bir perut <> Apa yang dipercayai sebagai indeks glisemik dalam bir? || 110 <> Apakah indeks glisemik dalam maltosa? || 110 <> Apakah yang disebabkan oleh makan berlebihan dan minum bir? || <> Apa kajian 2400 mencari hubungan antara? || <> Beberapa buku memetik indeks glisemik sebanyak 114 untuk apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?", "id": "570a5da64103511400d5967e", "answers": [{"text": "overeating", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?", "id": "570a5da64103511400d5967f", "answers": [{"text": "beer belly", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?", "id": "570a5da64103511400d59680", "answers": [{"text": "110", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the glycemic index in maltose?", "id": "570a5da64103511400d59681", "answers": [{"text": "110", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer belly", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What is caused by overeating and drinking beer?", "id": "5acd922e07355d001abf476a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "binge drinking and a beer belly", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What did a 2400 study find a link between?", "id": "5acd922e07355d001abf476b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Some books quote a glycemic index of 114 for what?", "id": "5acd922e07355d001abf476c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose."}], ["Hops mengandungi beberapa ciri yang birnya inginkan dalam bir. Hops menyumbang kepahitan yang mengimbangi kemanisan malt; kepahitan bir diukur pada skala International Bitterness Units. Hops menyumbang bunga, jeruk, dan aroma herba dan perisa kepada bir. Hops mempunyai kesan antibiotik yang memihak kepada aktiviti ragi bir daripada mikroorganisma yang kurang sesuai dan membantu dalam \"pengekalan kepala\", panjang masa bahawa kepala berbulu yang dihasilkan oleh karbonasi akan berlangsung. Keaslian hop adalah pengawet. <> Apa sebab utama kepahitan dalam bir? || Hops <> Apakah matlamat utama untuk kemanisan bir? || malt <> Bagaimana kepahitan di kebanyakan bir umumnya diukur? || skala International Bitterness Units <> Keasaman bahan apa yang bertindak sebagai pengawet dalam bir? || hops <> Apa yang anda panggil panjang masa busa buih di atas bir kerana pengkarbonan? || pengekalan kepala <> Apa bir mengandungi keinginan bir di hop? || <> Apa yang diukur oleh skala International Bitterness Unit? || <> Apakah ketahanan pengepala? || <> Apakah jenis kesan yang ada bunga hop? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?", "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595da", "answers": [{"text": "Hops", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?", "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595db", "answers": [{"text": "malt", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?", "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595dc", "answers": [{"text": "the International Bitterness Units scale", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?", "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595dd", "answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?", "id": "570a3bf74103511400d595de", "answers": [{"text": "head retention", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several characteristics", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What does beer contain that brewers desire in hops?", "id": "5acd703107355d001abf422c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitterness of beers", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What is measured by the Bitterness International Units scale?", "id": "5acd703107355d001abf422d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last.", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What is retention head?", "id": "5acd703107355d001abf422e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antibiotic effect", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What type of effect do floral hops have?", "id": "5acd703107355d001abf422f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in \"head retention\", the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative."}], ["Kebanyakan bir dibersihkan daripada ragi dengan menapis apabila dibungkus dalam botol dan tin. Walau bagaimanapun, botol bir berkekalan mengekalkan beberapa yis-sama ada dengan tidak diisi, atau dengan ditapis dan kemudian dipulihkan dengan yis segar. Ia biasanya disyorkan bahawa bir dibuang perlahan-lahan, meninggalkan apa-apa endapan yis di bahagian bawah botol. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah peminum lebih suka menuangkan ragi; amalan ini adalah adat dengan gandum. Biasanya, apabila menghidangkan bir gandum hefeweizen, 90% kandungan dicurahkan, dan selebihnya ditiup untuk menggantung sedimen sebelum menuangkannya ke dalam gelas. Secara alternatif, botol boleh terbalik sebelum pembukaan. Botol kaca selalu digunakan untuk bir berkabut botol. <> Apa jenis bekas yang digunakan untuk botol bir berkondibusi? || Botol kaca <> Apakah botol bir berharga mengandung bahawa kebanyakan kebimbangan tidak? || ragi <> Bahan apa yang disaring daripada kebanyakan bir apabila ia dibungkus dalam botol dan tin? || ragi <> Apakah cadangan untuk menuangkan botol bir? || perlahan-lahan <> Apa jenis botol bir yang dikondisikan biasanya dituangkan dengan ragi di dalamnya? || gandum bir <> Penapisan membersihkan semua bir apa? || <> Di mana yis ditinggalkan ketika melayani bir wheat hefeweizen? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada 9% kandungan seorang hefeweizen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?", "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db0", "answers": [{"text": "Glass bottles", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?", "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db1", "answers": [{"text": "yeast", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?", "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db2", "answers": [{"text": "yeast", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?", "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db3", "answers": [{"text": "slowly", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?", "id": "570a5cad6d058f1900182db4", "answers": [{"text": "wheat beers", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yeast", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Filtering clears all beers of what?", "id": "5acd89ca07355d001abf4652", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bottom of the bottle", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "Where is yeast left when serving a hefeweizen wheet beer?", "id": "5acd89ca07355d001abf4653", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contents are poured", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What happens to 9% of the contents of a hefeweizen?", "id": "5acd89ca07355d001abf4654", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast\u2014either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers."}], ["Banyak bir dijual dalam tin, walaupun ada banyak variasi dalam perkadaran di antara negara-negara yang berbeza. Di Sweden pada tahun 2001, 63.9% bir dijual dalam tin. Orang sama ada minum dari tin atau tuangkan bir ke dalam gelas. Teknologi yang dibangunkan oleh Crown Holdings untuk Piala Dunia FIFA 2010 adalah 'apertur penuh' boleh, dinamakan demikian kerana penutup seluruhnya dibuang semasa proses pembukaan, mengubahkan boleh ke dalam cawan minuman. Kaleng melindungi bir daripada cahaya (dengan itu menghalang bir \"dibuang\") dan mempunyai meterai yang kurang terdedah kepada kebocoran dari masa ke semasa daripada botol. Kans pada mulanya dipandang sebagai terobosan teknologi untuk mengekalkan kualiti bir, kemudian menjadi lazimnya dikaitkan dengan bir yang kurang mahal, yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran, walaupun kualiti penyimpanan dalam tin adalah seperti botol. Botol plastik (PET) digunakan oleh beberapa kilang bir. <> Sebanyakkah bir dijual dalam tin di Sweden pada tahun 2001? || 63.9% <> Apa syarikat pertama kali membuka apertur penuh untuk bir? || Crown Holdings <> Dalam tahun berapakah kapten Crown mencipta kaleng dengan penutup yang boleh ditanggalkan untuk bir? || 2010 <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila kerosakan cahaya bir yang tidak dalam tin? || \"skunked\" beer <> Apa tin yang pada asalnya dipercayai mengekalkan bir? || kualiti <> Berapa banyak bir yang dijual dalam tin di Sweden pada tahun 2010? || <> Teknologi apa yang dibangunkan oleh Crown Holdings pada tahun 2001? || <> Apa yang PET berdiri? || <> Apa acara sukan utama yang diadakan pada tahun 2001? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?", "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2a", "answers": [{"text": "63.9%", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company first created the full aperture can for beer?", "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2b", "answers": [{"text": "Crown Holdings", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?", "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2c", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?", "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2d", "answers": [{"text": "\"skunked\" beer", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?", "id": "570a430c6d058f1900182d2e", "answers": [{"text": "quality", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "63.9% of beer", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "How much beer was sold in cans in Sweden during the year 2010?", "id": "5acd8af107355d001abf4694", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "'full aperture' can", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What technology was developed by Crown Holdings in 2001?", "id": "5acd8af107355d001abf4695", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Plastic", "answer_start": 803}], "question": "What does PET stand for?", "id": "5acd8af107355d001abf4696", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FIFA World Cup", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "What major sporting event was held in 2001?", "id": "5acd8af107355d001abf4697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing \"skunked\" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries."}], ["Stout dan porter adalah bir gelap yang dibuat menggunakan jagung panggang atau barli panggang, dan biasanya diseduh dengan yis fermentasi perlahan. Terdapat beberapa variasi termasuk porter Baltic, stout kering, dan ketat Imperial. Nama Porter pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1721 untuk menggambarkan bir coklat gelap yang popular dengan penumpang jalan dan sungai London. Ini bir yang sama kemudiannya juga dikenali sebagai stout, walaupun perkataan stout telah digunakan seawal tahun 1677. Sejarah dan perkembangan stout dan porter terjalin. <> Dalam tahun apakah nama Porter digunakan dahulu untuk bir gelap? || 1721 <> Pada tahun apakah nama gelandangan dulu digunakan untuk menggambarkan bir gelap? || 1677 <> Apa yang anda panggil bir gelap yang diseduh dengan jagung atau barli panggang? || Stout and porter <> Jenis ragi jenis apa yang digunakan untuk membuat stout dan porter beers? || ragi fermentasi yang perlahan <> Di negara manakah bir Porter popular di 1721? || London <> Nama apa yang pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1712? || <> Nama apa yang digunakan seawal tahun 1767? || <> Apa yang dibuat dengan mulsa penapaian yang perlahan? || <> Apa jenis porter Imperial? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?", "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d20", "answers": [{"text": "1721", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?", "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d21", "answers": [{"text": "1677", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?", "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d22", "answers": [{"text": "Stout and porter", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?", "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d23", "answers": [{"text": "slow fermenting yeast", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?", "id": "570a41686d058f1900182d24", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Porter", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What name was first used in 1712?", "id": "5acd78c507355d001abf43b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stout", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "What name was used as early as 1767?", "id": "5acd78c507355d001abf43b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stout and porter", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are made with slow fermenting malts?", "id": "5acd78c507355d001abf43b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dark beers", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What is Imperial porter a type of?", "id": "5acd78c507355d001abf43b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined."}], ["Penyebutan sejarah pertama mengenai penggunaan hop dalam bir adalah dari 822 AD dalam peraturan biara yang ditulis oleh Adalhard the Elder, yang juga dikenali sebagai Adalard of Corbie, walaupun tarikh yang biasanya diberikan untuk penanaman meluas untuk hop dalam penggunaan bir adalah abad ketiga belas. Sebelum abad ketiga belas, dan sehingga abad keenam belas, di mana hop berkembang sebagai perasa yang dominan, birnya dibumbui dengan tumbuhan lain; misalnya, butir-butir syurga atau alehoof. Kombinasi pelbagai herba aromatik, buah beri, dan juga bahan-bahan seperti wormwood akan digabungkan menjadi campuran yang dikenali sebagai gruit dan digunakan sebagai hop yang kini digunakan. Sesetengah bir hari ini, seperti Fraoch 'oleh syarikat Heather Ales Scotland dan Cervoise Lancelot oleh syarikat Brasserie-Lancelot Perancis, menggunakan tanaman selain hop untuk perasa. <> Pada tahun apakah hop yang pertama dikenali digunakan dalam bir? || 822 AD <> Apakah nama Adalhard the Elder yang diketahui pada 822 AD? || Adalard of Corbie <> Dalam abad yang mana ia melompat pertama ditanam secara meluas untuk membuat bir? || abad ke tiga belas <> Di abad mana apakah hop menjadi perasa yang paling popular untuk bir? || abad keenam belas <> Apa yang anda panggil campuran ramuan yang digunakan untuk membuat bir sebelum abad ke-16? || gruit <> Apa yang pertama disebutkan dalam 282 AD? || <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Penatua Adalhard? || <> Apa lagi yang dikenali sebagai Elder the Adalhard? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Heather Scottish Ales di tempat hop? || <> Apakah Lancelot Cervoise mempunyai tempat hop? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?", "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d16", "answers": [{"text": "822 AD", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?", "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d17", "answers": [{"text": "Adalard of Corbie", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?", "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d18", "answers": [{"text": "the thirteenth century", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?", "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d19", "answers": [{"text": "the sixteenth century", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?", "id": "570a40346d058f1900182d1a", "answers": [{"text": "gruit", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "use of hops in beer", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What was first mentioned in 282 AD?", "id": "5acd6f8707355d001abf4218", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monastery rules", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What did Elder the Adalhard write?", "id": "5acd6f8707355d001abf4219", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adalard of Corbie", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What else was Elder the Adalhard known as?", "id": "5acd6f8707355d001abf421a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plants other than hops", "answer_start": 769}], "question": "What does Heather Scottish Ales use in place of hops?", "id": "5acd6f8707355d001abf421b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plants", "answer_start": 769}], "question": "What does Lancelot Cervoise have in place of hops?", "id": "5acd6f8707355d001abf421c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring."}], ["Di seluruh dunia, terdapat banyak minuman berasaskan kanji tradisional dan kuno yang dikategorikan sebagai bir. Di Afrika, terdapat pelbagai bir etnik yang diperbuat daripada sorgum atau madu, seperti Oshikundu di Namibia dan Tella di Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan juga mempunyai bir yang diperbuat daripada bijirin; ia adalah alkohol yang rendah, sejenis minuman seperti bubur yang dipanggil \"Bozo\". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet dan Sikkim juga menggunakan bijirin di Chhaang, sejenis minuman beras / bijirin popular di Himalaya timur. Lebih jauh di timur China terdapat Huangjiu dan Choujiu-beras berasaskan beras tradisional yang berkaitan dengan bir. <> Jenis kanji apa yang digunakan untuk membuat Oshikundu bir? || sorghum atau millet <> Di negara manakah Oshikundu bir dihasilkan? || Namibia <> Di negara manakah Tella bir dihasilkan? || Ethiopia <> Apa nama bubur berasaskan bijirin seperti bir yang dibuat di Kyrgyzstan? || Bozo <> Apa minuman seperti bir di China yang dibuat dengan beras? || Choujiu <> Apakah pelbagai bir terbuat dari di Ethiopia? || <> Apa minuman popular di Himalaya jauh di timur? || <> Di manakah beras berasaskan Oshikundu dijumpai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?", "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dce", "answers": [{"text": "sorghum or millet", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?", "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dcf", "answers": [{"text": "Namibia", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country is the beer Tella produced? ", "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dd0", "answers": [{"text": "Ethiopia", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?", "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dd1", "answers": [{"text": "Bozo", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?", "id": "570a5ec86d058f1900182dd2", "answers": [{"text": "Choujiu", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sorghum or millet", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "What are various beers made from in Ethiopia?", "id": "5acd955807355d001abf4796", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chhaang", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What is a popular beverage in the far eastern Himalayas? ", "id": "5acd955807355d001abf4797", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "Where is the rice based Oshikundu found?", "id": "5acd955807355d001abf4798", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called \"Bozo\". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu\u2014traditional rice-based beverages related to beer."}], ["Langkah pertama, di mana wort disediakan dengan mencampurkan sumber kanji (biasanya barah malted) dengan air panas, dikenali sebagai \"mashing\". Air panas (dikenali sebagai \"minuman keras\" dalam istilah bru) dicampurkan dengan malt atau malts yang dihancurkan (dikenali sebagai \"grist\") dalam tunas mash. Proses mashing memakan waktu sekitar 1 hingga 2 jam, di mana kanji ditukar kepada gula, dan kemudian wort manis disalirkan dari biji-bijian. Biji-bijian kini dibasuh dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai \"sparging\". Basuh ini membolehkan pembuat bir untuk mengumpul banyak cecair yang boleh ditapai dari biji-bijian yang mungkin. Proses penapisan bijirin yang dibelanjakan dari air wort dan sparge dipanggil pemisahan wort. Proses tradisional untuk pemisahan wort adalah lautering, di mana bed gandum sendiri berfungsi sebagai media penyaring. Beberapa kilang bir moden lebih suka menggunakan bingkai penuras yang membolehkan grist lebih halus. <> Apakah langkah pertama pembuatan bir apabila barah malted dicampur dengan air panas? || Meringan <> Bagaimana air panas dirujuk oleh bir? || minuman keras <> Berapa lamakah langkah lebur dalam proses pembuatan bir terakhir? || 1 hingga 2 jam <> Dalam bru, apa yang menjadi kanji semasa proses mashing? || gula <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila bijirin digunakan dipisahkan dalam proses pembuatan bir? || pemisahan wort <> Langkah 2 di mana barli maltd bercampur dengan air panas dikenali sebagai apa? || <> Berapa lamakah proses mashing di mana wort manis dikeringkan dari bijirin yang terakhir? || <> Semasa proses sparging apa yang menjadi permulaan? || <> Proses pemisahan wort moden yang dipanggil lautering menggunakan apa yang digunakan sebagai medium penapis? || <> Proses apa yang mengambil masa 12 jam? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memercikkan kanji? || <> Apakah barisan penapis wort dari? || <> Apakah proses moden untuk pemisahan wort dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?", "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0c", "answers": [{"text": "mashing", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is hot water referred to by brewers?", "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0d", "answers": [{"text": "liquor", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?", "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0e", "answers": [{"text": "1 to 2 hours", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?", "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0f", "answers": [{"text": "sugars", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?", "id": "570a3d1f6d058f1900182d10", "answers": [{"text": "wort separation", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mashing", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "The 2nd step where maltd barley is mixed with hot water is known as what?", "id": "5acd578a07355d001abf3de4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 to 2 hours", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "How long does the mashing process where the sweet wort is drained off the grains last?", "id": "5acd578a07355d001abf3de5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sugars", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "During the sparging process what do startches turn into?", "id": "5acd578a07355d001abf3de6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the grain bed", "answer_start": 731}], "question": "The modern process of wort separation called lautering uses what as the filter medium?", "id": "5acd578a07355d001abf3de7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The mashing process", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What process takes 12 hours?", "id": "5acd645f07355d001abf4074", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sugars", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What does sparging convert starches into?", "id": "5acd645f07355d001abf4075", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the wort and sparge water", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "What does wort separation filters barley from?", "id": "5acd645f07355d001abf4076", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lautering", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "What is the modern process for wort separation called?", "id": "5acd645f07355d001abf4077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as \"mashing\". Hot water (known as \"liquor\" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as \"grist\") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as \"sparging\". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist."}], ["Bahan asas bir ialah air; sumber kanji, seperti barbar malted, dapat dicairkan (ditukar kepada gula) kemudian ditapai (diubah menjadi etanol dan karbon dioksida); ragi buih untuk menghasilkan penapaian; dan perasa seperti hop. Campuran sumber kanji boleh digunakan, dengan sumber kanji sekunder, seperti jagung (jagung), beras atau gula, sering dipanggil tambahan, terutamanya apabila digunakan sebagai pengganti harganya yang lebih murah untuk jelai jelai. Sumber-sumber kanji yang tidak digunakan secara meluas termasuk bijirin, sorghum dan akar ubi kayu di Afrika, dan kentang di Brazil, dan agave di Mexico, antara lain. Jumlah setiap sumber kanji dalam resipi bir secara kolektif dipanggil bil bijirin. <> Apa yang menyebabkan penapaian semasa proses pembuatan bir semasa membuat bir? || ragi <> Bahan manakah yang memberi bir rasa? || hops <> Apa sayuran kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai sumber bijirin untuk bir di Brazil? || kentang <> Apakah sumber bijirin yang popular untuk bir bir di Mexico? || agave <> Dalam resipi, apa yang akan anda panggil senarai setiap sumber kanji dalam bir? || bil bijirin <> Apakah beberapa sumber kanji yang digunakan secara meluas yang terdapat di pelbagai negara? || <> Apakah bil gandum? || <> Apakah ramuan asas air? || <> Apakah kan kan berubah apabila ditanam sebagai tambahan kepada karbon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?", "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e4", "answers": [{"text": "yeast", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?", "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e5", "answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?", "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e6", "answers": [{"text": "potato", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?", "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e7", "answers": [{"text": "agave", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?", "id": "570a3e5b4103511400d595e8", "answers": [{"text": "the grain bill", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What are several widely used starch sources that are used and found in various countries?", "id": "5acd6b1707355d001abf414e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "What is the bill grain?", "id": "5acd6b1707355d001abf414f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What are the basic ingredients of water?", "id": "5acd6b1707355d001abf4150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ethanol", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What does starch turn into when fermented in addition to carbon?", "id": "5acd6b1707355d001abf4151", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill."}], ["Produk yang dikatakan bir paling kuat yang dibuat ialah Schorschbr\u00e4u 2011 Schorschbock 57 dengan 57,5%. Ia didahului oleh The End of History, 55% Belgian ale, yang dibuat oleh BrewDog pada tahun 2010. Syarikat yang sama sebelum ini telah membuat Sink The Bismarck !, 41% abv IPA, dan Penguin Nuklear Taktikal, 32% abv Imperial. Setiap bir ini dibuat menggunakan kaedah eisbock pembekuan pecahan, di mana ale yang kukuh sebahagian beku dan ais berulang kali dihapuskan, sehingga kekuatan yang dikehendaki dicapai, suatu proses yang boleh mengelas produk sebagai semangat dan bukan bir. Schorschbr\u00e4u Schorschbr\u00e4u, Schorschb\u00e4u's Schorschb\u00e4ck, 31% abv eisbock, dan Dave Hair of the Dog, 29% abv barley wain yang dibuat pada tahun 1994, menggunakan kaedah pembekuan fraksional yang sama. Satu campuran bir sebanyak 60% dengan wiski telah secara jujurnya dituntut sebagai bir paling kuat oleh kilang bir Belanda pada bulan Julai 2010. <> Berapa banyak alkohol di Schorschbock 57? || 57,5% <> Berapa banyak alkohol dalam bir The End of History? || 55% <> Syarikat apa yang membuat The End of History beer pada tahun 2010? || BrewDog <> Apakah ale yang kuat dipanggil apabila ia dibekukan sebahagiannya, dan kemudian ais dikeluarkan lagi dan lagi? || pembekuan pecahan <> Berapa banyak alkohol yang terkandung dalam bir Sink The Bismarck? || 41% <> Apa bir dengan 57.5% abv dibuat pada tahun 2010? || <> Apa bir dengan 55% abv dibuat pada tahun 2011? || <> Bilakah 31% Rambut Dave Anjing dibuat? || <> Apa kombinasi 60% abv dibuat di kilang bir Belanda pada tahun 2011? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?", "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9c", "answers": [{"text": "57,5%", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?", "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9d", "answers": [{"text": "55%", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company made The End of History beer in 2010?", "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9e", "answers": [{"text": "BrewDog", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?", "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182d9f", "answers": [{"text": "fractional freezing", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?", "id": "570a5b7e6d058f1900182da0", "answers": [{"text": "41%", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Schorschbock 57", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What beer with a 57.5% abv was made in 2010?", "id": "5acd803d07355d001abf4492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The End of History", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What beer with a 55% abv was made in 2011?", "id": "5acd803d07355d001abf4493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 697}], "question": "When was the 31% Hair of the Dog's Dave made?", "id": "5acd803d07355d001abf4494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blend of beer with whiskey", "answer_start": 755}], "question": "What 60% abv combination was made in a Dutch brewery in 2011?", "id": "5acd803d07355d001abf4495", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbr\u00e4u's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbr\u00e4u's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010."}], ["Perkataan ale berasal dari bahasa Inggeris Old ealu (kata majmuk ealo\u00fe), sebaliknya dari Proto-Germanic * alu (jamak * alu\u00fe), akhirnya dari pangkalan Proto-Indo-Eropah * h\u2082elut-, yang mengandung konotasi \"sihir, sihir, , mabuk \". Perkataan bir berasal dari bahasa Inggeris Lama, dari Proto-Germanic * beuz\u0105, mungkin dari Proto-Indo-European * b\u02b0eus\u00f3m, asalnya \"yis bir, serbuk bir\", walaupun teori-teori lain telah disediakan menyambung perkataan dengan Old English b\u0113ow, barli \", atau bibik Latin,\" untuk minum \". Mengenai mata wang dua kata untuk perkara yang sama dalam bahasa Jerman, puisi Old Icelandic abad ke-12 Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l berkata, \"Ale itu dipanggil antara manusia, tetapi di kalangan para dewa, bir.\" <> Apakah asal perkataan ale? || Bahasa Inggeris Lama <> Apa asal perkataan bir? || Bahasa Inggeris Lama <> Apa perkataan bermaksud minum dalam bahasa Latin? || bibere <> Apa penyair abad ke-12 pernah menulis \"Ale itu dipanggil antara manusia, tetapi di antara para dewa, bir.\"? || Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l <> Apa perkataan jamak ale? || <> Apakah perkataan alu mempunyai konotasi? || <> Apa sajak Alvissmal abad ke-12 Aliansi Lama? || <> Apakah perkataan Latin untuk barli? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the origin of the word ale?", "id": "570a701a4103511400d59702", "answers": [{"text": "Old English ealu", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the origin of the word beer?", "id": "570a701a4103511400d59703", "answers": [{"text": "Old English b\u0113or", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word means to drink in Latin?", "id": "570a701a4103511400d59704", "answers": [{"text": "bibere", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 12th century poet once wrote \"Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.\"?", "id": "570a701a4103511400d59705", "answers": [{"text": "Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ealo\u00fe", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What is the plural of the word ale?", "id": "5acd76e807355d001abf4372", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sorcery, magic, possession, intoxication", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What does the word alu hold connotations of?", "id": "5acd76e807355d001abf4373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.\"", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "What does the 12th-Century Old Germanic poem Alvissmal say?", "id": "5acd76e807355d001abf4374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bibere", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What is the Latin word for barley?", "id": "5acd76e807355d001abf4375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The word ale comes from Old English ealu (plural ealo\u00fe), in turn from Proto-Germanic *alu (plural *alu\u00fe), ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base *h\u2082elut-, which holds connotations of \"sorcery, magic, possession, intoxication\". The word beer comes from Old English b\u0113or, from Proto-Germanic *beuz\u0105, probably from Proto-Indo-European *b\u02b0eus\u00f3m, originally \"brewer's yeast, beer dregs\", although other theories have been provided connecting the word with Old English b\u0113ow, \"barley\", or Latin bibere, \"to drink\". On the currency of two words for the same thing in the Germanic languages, the 12th-century Old Icelandic poem Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l says, \"Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.\""}], ["Dalam banyak masyarakat, bir adalah minuman beralkohol yang paling popular. Pelbagai tradisi dan aktiviti sosial dikaitkan dengan minum bir, seperti bermain kad, dart, atau permainan pub lain; menghadiri pesta bir; terlibat dalam zythology (kajian bir); melawat siri pub dalam satu petang; melawat kilang bir; pelancongan berorientasikan bir; atau bir penarafan. Minum permainan, seperti bir pong, juga popular. Profesi yang agak baru ialah sommelier bir, yang memberitahu pelanggan restoran tentang bir dan pasangan makanan. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk mengkaji bir? || zythology <> Apa yang profesional dipanggil di sebuah restoran yang menasihati pelanggan tentang bir dan makanan? || sommelier bir <> Apakah minuman minum yang popular di mana bir sering dipertimbangkan? || bir pong <> Apakah minuman beralkohol yang paling popular di kebanyakan masyarakat? || bir <> Apakah minuman yang paling popular dalam masyarakat? || <> Apa profesi baru berkaitan dengan makanan? || <> Apakah kajian bir dan makanan yang dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term used for the study of beer?", "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3a", "answers": [{"text": "zythology", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?", "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3b", "answers": [{"text": "beer sommelier", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?", "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3c", "answers": [{"text": "beer pong", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?", "id": "570a6a056d058f1900182e3d", "answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What is the most popular drink in society?", "id": "5acd935407355d001abf4778", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer sommelier", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "What new profession deals with food?", "id": "5acd935407355d001abf4779", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zythology", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What is the study of beer and food called?", "id": "5acd935407355d001abf477a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings."}], ["Wort manis yang dikumpulkan dari sparging dimasukkan ke dalam cerek, atau \"tembaga\" (yang dipanggil kerana kapal-kapal ini secara tradisional dibuat dari tembaga), dan rebus, biasanya selama kira-kira satu jam. Semasa mendidih, air di wort menyejat, tetapi gula dan komponen lain wort kekal; ini membolehkan lebih banyak penggunaan sumber kanji dalam bir. Mendidih juga memusnahkan apa-apa enzim selebihnya yang tersisa dari peringkat mashing. Hidangan ditambah semasa mendidih sebagai sumber kepahitan, rasa dan aroma. Hop boleh ditambah pada lebih daripada satu titik semasa mendidih. Semakin lama hop itu direbus, kepahitan yang lebih besar mereka menyumbang, tetapi rasa kurang dan aroma kurang kekal dalam bir. <> Apakah cerek yang dipanggil yang digunakan untuk mendidihkan wort manis selepas berselang-seling? || tembaga <> Berapa lama wort manis yang direbus selepas berselang-seling? || kira-kira sejam <> Apa sajian merebus wort manis? || enzim <> Apa yang menjejaskan kebiasaannya dalam membancuh ketika mereka mencipta masa yang lama? || kepahitan <> Di manakah sparge yang dikumpul dari wort dimasukkan? || <> Bilakah air di dalam gula menguap? || <> Semasa proses gula apa yang musnah? || <> Semasa apa peringkat bolehkah sumber kanji ditambah pada lebih dari satu titik? || <> Apa yang semakin bertambah yang direbus kan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?", "id": "570a65964103511400d596ca", "answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?", "id": "570a65964103511400d596cb", "answers": [{"text": "about one hour", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does boiling sweet wort destroy?", "id": "570a65964103511400d596cc", "answers": [{"text": "enzymes", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?", "id": "570a65964103511400d596cd", "answers": [{"text": "bitterness", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a kettle, or \"copper\"", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Where is the sparge collected from wort put into?", "id": "5acd67db07355d001abf40e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During boiling", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "When does water in the sugar evaporate?", "id": "5acd67db07355d001abf40e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Boiling", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "During what process is the remaining sugar destroyed?", "id": "5acd67db07355d001abf40e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the boil", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "During what stage can starch sources be added at more than one point?", "id": "5acd67db07355d001abf40e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitterness", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "What increases the longer the starches are boiled?", "id": "5acd67db07355d001abf40e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or \"copper\" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer."}], ["Bir telah tersebar ke seluruh Eropah oleh suku Jerman dan Celtic setakat 3000 SM, dan ia terutama diseduh pada skala domestik. Produk yang diminum oleh orang Eropah awal mungkin tidak diiktiraf sebagai bir oleh kebanyakan orang hari ini. Di samping sumber kanji asas, bir Eropah awal mungkin mengandungi buah-buahan, madu, pelbagai jenis tumbuhan, rempah-rempah dan bahan-bahan lain seperti herba narkotik. Apa yang tidak mereka sampaikan adalah hop, kerana itu adalah penambahan kemudian, pertama kali disebutkan di Eropah sekitar 822 oleh seorang Abing Carolingian dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1067 oleh Abbess Hildegard dari Bingen. <> Tahun apa yang membelok pertama dipercayai ditambah kepada bir? || 822 <> Pada apa benua yang melompat terlebih dahulu ditambah kepada bir? || Eropah <> Apakah Abbot Carolingian dikreditkan untuk menambah bir dalam 822? || hops <> Siapa dipercayai telah menambah hop untuk bir pada tahun 1067? || Abbess Hildegard <> Di mana Abbess Hildegard hidup? || Bingen <> Apakah Abbot Carolingian dikreditkan untuk menambah bir pada tahun 1067? || <> Di mana tahun suku Jerman dan Celtic menambah hop ke bir? || <> Apa bandar pertama yang dihantarkan kepada bir? || <> Sebagai tambahan kepada hop, apa yang mengandungi bir awal Eropah? || <> Dalam 822 apa yang Abbess Hilegard menambah kepada bir? || <> Apa yang tersebar di Eropah sejauh 1067 SM? || <> Apa yang pertama kali ditambahkan sekitar 282? || <> Siapa yang pertama menyebut hop di 282? || <> Siapa yang kedua menyebutkan hop di 1076? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?", "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e6", "answers": [{"text": "822", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what continent were hops first added to beer?", "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e7", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?", "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e8", "answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?", "id": "570a6d794103511400d596e9", "answers": [{"text": "Abbess Hildegard", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Abbess Hildegard live?", "id": "570a6d794103511400d596ea", "answers": [{"text": "Bingen", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 1067?", "id": "5acd201807355d001abf35e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "822", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "In which year did the Germanic and Celtic tribes add hops to beer?", "id": "5acd201807355d001abf35e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bingen", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "What town first added hops to beer?", "id": "5acd201807355d001abf35e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "In addition to hops, what did the early European beers contain?", "id": "5acd201807355d001abf35e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "In 822 what did Abbess Hilegard add to beer?", "id": "5acd201807355d001abf35e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was spread through Europe as far back as 1067 BC?", "id": "5acd607807355d001abf3fac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "What was first added around 282?", "id": "5acd607807355d001abf3fad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carolingian Abbot", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Who first mentioned hops in 282?", "id": "5acd607807355d001abf3fae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abbess Hildegard of Bingen", "answer_start": 542}], "question": "Who was the second to mention hops in 1076?", "id": "5acd607807355d001abf3faf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen."}], ["Beras bir dari kurang daripada 3% alkohol dengan jumlah (abv) hingga sekitar 14% abv, walaupun kekuatan ini boleh ditingkatkan menjadi sekitar 20% dengan re-pitching dengan yis champagne, dan 55% abv oleh proses pembekuan beku. Kandungan alkohol bir berbeza mengikut amalan tempatan atau gaya bir. Lagers yang pucat yang paling ramai pengguna biasa dengan jatuh dalam julat 4-6%, dengan abv tipikal 5%. Kekuatan adat British ales agak rendah, dengan banyak bir sesi berada sekitar 4% abv. Sesetengah bir, seperti bir meja mempunyai kandungan alkohol yang rendah (1% -4%) yang dihidangkan dan bukan minuman ringan di sesetengah sekolah. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh abv? || alkohol mengikut jumlah <> Proses apa yang boleh menyebabkan bir mempunyai 55% abv? || pembekuan beku <> Apakah kandungan alkohol yang biasa dari tukang kayu pucat? || 5% <> Apa jenis bir alkohol yang rendah kadang-kadang berkhidmat di sekolah? || bir meja <> Berapa peratuskah alkohol mengikut volum bir mencapai apabila ia ditimbulkan semula dengan yis champagne? || sekitar 20% <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan untuk berdiri? || <> Apa antara 3% hingga 6%? || <> Apa minuman berkisar antara 3% hingga 5% abv? || <> Di mana British ales berkhidmat bukan minuman ringan? || <> Proses apa yang mencapai 14% abv? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does abv stand for?", "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e30", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol by volume", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?", "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e31", "answers": [{"text": "freeze-distilling", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?", "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e32", "answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?", "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e33", "answers": [{"text": "table beer", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?", "id": "570a69376d058f1900182e34", "answers": [{"text": "around 20%", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alcohol by volume", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What does avb stand for?", "id": "5acd79f607355d001abf43ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alcohol by volume", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What ranges from 3% to 6%?", "id": "5acd79f607355d001abf43ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What drink ranges from 3% to 5% abv?", "id": "5acd79f607355d001abf43ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some schools", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "Where are British ales served instead of soft drinks?", "id": "5acd79f607355d001abf43ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "re-pitching with champagne yeast,", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What process achieves a 14% abv?", "id": "5acd79f607355d001abf43f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4\u20136%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%\u20134%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools."}], ["Kekuatan bir telah naik pada tahun-tahun terakhir abad ke-20. Vetter 33, sebuah 10.5% abv (33 darjah Plato, dengan demikian Vetter \"33\") doppelbock, telah disenaraikan dalam Guinness Book of World Records pada tahun 1994 sebagai bir terkuat pada masa itu, walaupun Samichlaus, oleh pembuat bir Switzerland H\u00fcrlimann, disenaraikan oleh Guinness Book of World Records sebagai terkuat pada 14% abv. Sejak itu, sesetengah pembuat bir telah menggunakan yeast champagne untuk meningkatkan kandungan alkohol mereka. Samuel Adams mencapai 20% abv dengan Millennium, dan kemudian mengatasi jumlah itu kepada 25.6% abv dengan Utopias. Bir terkuat di Britain ialah Brew's Super Brew oleh Parish Brewery, sebuah bir abv 23%. Pada bulan September 2011, BrewDog kilang bir Scotland menghasilkan Ghost Deer, yang, pada 28%, mereka mendakwa sebagai bir terkuat di dunia yang dihasilkan oleh penapaian sahaja. <> Berapa banyak alkohol yang terkandung dalam bir Vetter 33? || 10.5% <> Apa bir paling kuat pada tahun 1994 menurut Rekod Dunia Guinness? || Vetter 33 <> Apa syarikat pembuatan bir menghasilkan Millennium bir? || Samuel Adams <> Tahun berapa syarikat pembuatan bir BrewDog mula menghasilkan bir bernama Ghost Deer? || 2011 <> Apa yang kadang-kadang digunakan oleh syarikat pembuatan bir untuk memberi lebih banyak kandungan alkohol kepada bir mereka? || serbuk champagne <> Apa bir mempunyai jumlah 10.5% oleh alkohol? || <> Apa bir paling kuat dalam Rekod Dunia Guinness 1949? || <> Berapakah peratusan yang dilakukan oleh Adams Samuel dahulu dengan menggunakan ragi champagne? || <> Apakah abu Utopias yang dibancuh di Britain? || <> Apa yang dihasilkan pada bulan September 2001? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?", "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971c", "answers": [{"text": "10.5%", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?", "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971d", "answers": [{"text": "Vetter 33", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?", "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971e", "answers": [{"text": "Samuel Adams", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?", "id": "570a718e4103511400d5971f", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?", "id": "570a718e4103511400d59720", "answers": [{"text": "champagne yeasts", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vetter 33", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What beer has a 10.5% volume by alcohol? ", "id": "5acd7ecf07355d001abf446c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vetter 33", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What was the strongest beer in the 1949 Guinness Book of World Records?", "id": "5acd7ecf07355d001abf446d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What percentage abv did Adams Samuel first reach by using champagne yeasts?", "id": "5acd7ecf07355d001abf446e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25.6%", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "What was the abv of Utopias that was brewed in Britain? ", "id": "5acd7ecf07355d001abf446f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ghost Deer", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "What was produced in September of 2001?", "id": "5acd7ecf07355d001abf4470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": " The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter \"33\") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer H\u00fcrlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached 20% abv with Millennium, and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer. In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone."}], ["Sumber kanji dalam bir menyediakan bahan yang boleh ditapai dan merupakan penentu utama kekuatan dan rasa bir. Sumber kanji yang paling biasa digunakan dalam bir adalah bijirin malted. Bijian dilancarkan dengan merendamnya di dalam air, membolehkannya untuk memulakan percambahan, dan kemudian mengeringkan bijirin sebahagiannya bercambah dalam satu tanur. Gandum malting menghasilkan enzim yang menukarkan kanji dalam bijirin menjadi gula fermentable. Masa pemanasan dan suhu yang berbeza digunakan untuk menghasilkan warna malt yang berbeza dari bijirin yang sama. Mulut gelap akan menghasilkan bir yang lebih gelap. <> Apa yang biasanya digunakan sebagai kanji dalam kebanyakan bir? || <<Bagaimana gandum menjadi malted? || dengan merendamnya di dalam air <> Sebarang bekas apa yang dikandung sebahagian bijirin kering? || tanur <> Apa yang berlaku kepada bijirin apabila ia direndam di dalam air? || percambahan <> Apa yang menjadi kanji bijirin selepas menjadi malted? || gula fermentable <> Apakah bahan rasa yang disediakan dalam bir? || <> Apakah sumber enzim yang paling biasa digunakan dalam bir? || <> Apa yang dilancarkan dengan merendamnya dalam tanur? || <> Apa yang menghasilkan gula pemanggang berbeza? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is generally used as starch in most beer?", "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e14", "answers": [{"text": "malted grain", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does grain become malted?", "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e15", "answers": [{"text": "by soaking it in water", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?", "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e16", "answers": [{"text": "a kiln", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?", "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e17", "answers": [{"text": "germination", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a grains starch become after an is malted?", "id": "570a66e66d058f1900182e18", "answers": [{"text": "fermentable sugars", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fermentable material", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What material does the flavour source in beer provide?", "id": "5acd6d7607355d001abf41a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malted grain", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What is the most common enzyme source used in beer?", "id": "5acd6d7607355d001abf41a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grain", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What is malted by soaking it in a kiln?", "id": "5acd6d7607355d001abf41aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different colours of malt from the same grain", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "What do different roasting sugars produce?", "id": "5acd6d7607355d001abf41ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts will produce darker beers."}], ["Beer adalah yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia dan kemungkinan minuman beralkohol tertua; ia adalah minuman ketiga yang paling popular secara keseluruhan, selepas air dan teh. Pengeluaran bir dipanggil bru, yang melibatkan penapaian kanji, terutamanya berasal dari biji-bijian bijirin-barah malted yang paling biasa, walaupun gandum, jagung (jagung), dan beras digunakan secara meluas. Kebanyakan bir berperisa dengan hop, yang menambah kepahitan dan bertindak sebagai pengawet semulajadi, walaupun perasa lain seperti herba atau buah kadang-kadang boleh dimasukkan. Proses penapaian menyebabkan kesan karbonasi semulajadi yang sering dikeluarkan semasa pemprosesan, dan digantikan dengan pengkarbonan paksa. Sebahagian daripada tulisan-tulisan yang paling awal di dunia merujuk kepada pengeluaran dan pengedaran bir: Kod Hammurabi termasuk undang-undang yang mengawal selia bir dan bir, dan \"Lagu untuk Ninkasi\", doa kepada dewi bir Mesopotamia, berfungsi sebagai doa dan sebagai kaedah mengingati resipi bir dalam budaya dengan beberapa orang yang celik. <> Apa minuman beralkohol yang paling popular di dunia? || Beer <> Apa yang dipercayai sebagai minuman beralkohol tertua di dunia? || Beer <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan pembuatan bir? || bru <> Apa proses pembuatan bir secara semula jadi karbonat? || penapaian <> Doa apa yang digunakan orang di Mesopotamia untuk mengingati resipi bir? || Lagu untuk Ninkasi <> Apa minuman tertua di dunia? || <> Apa jenis bir yang dibekalkan? || <> Apa kan kan kan selalu digunakan dalam proses penapaian? || <> Apakah doa dalam Kod Hammurabi? || <> Siapa dewi bir dunia? || <> Apa dua minuman mengikut beer sebagai yang paling popular? || <> Apa yang melibatkan penapaian hop? || <> Apakah jenis bijirin bijirin yang dibekalkan dengan bir? || <> Apakah Kod Ninkasi termasuk? || <> Apa itu Hymn ke Haammurabi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?", "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e42", "answers": [{"text": "Beer", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?", "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e43", "answers": [{"text": "Beer", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the making beer?", "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e44", "answers": [{"text": "brewing", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?", "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e45", "answers": [{"text": "fermentation", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?", "id": "570a6bdc6d058f1900182e46", "answers": [{"text": "The Hymn to Ninkasi", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the oldest drink in the world?", "id": "5acd147407355d001abf33ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hops", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What is all beer flavoured with?", "id": "5acd147407355d001abf33af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malted barley", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "What starch is always used in the fermentation process?", "id": "5acd147407355d001abf33b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Hymn to Ninkasi", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "What is the prayer in the Code of Hammurabi?", "id": "5acd147407355d001abf33b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ninkasi", "answer_start": 844}], "question": "Who is the world's goddess of beer?", "id": "5acd147407355d001abf33b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water and tea", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What two drinks follow beer as the most popular?", "id": "5acd5daa07355d001abf3f0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brewing", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What involves the fermentation of hops?", "id": "5acd5daa07355d001abf3f0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "What types of cereal grains is beer flavored with?", "id": "5acd5daa07355d001abf3f0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "laws regulating beer and beer parlours", "answer_start": 787}], "question": "What did the Code of Ninkasi include?", "id": "5acd5daa07355d001abf3f10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer", "answer_start": 854}], "question": "What is The Hymn to Haammurabi?", "id": "5acd5daa07355d001abf3f11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains\u2014most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and \"The Hymn to Ninkasi\", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people."}], ["Industri pembuatan bir adalah perniagaan global, yang terdiri daripada beberapa syarikat multinasional yang dominan dan beribu-ribu pengeluar yang lebih kecil dari brewpubs ke kilang bir serantau. Lebih daripada 133 bilion liter (35 bilion gelen) dijual setiap tahun yang menghasilkan pendapatan global sebanyak $ 294.5 bilion (\u00a3 147.7 bilion) pada tahun 2006. Sejarah pembuatan bir adalah salah satu penyerap pembuatan bir yang lebih kecil untuk memastikan ekonomi skala. Pada tahun 2002, South Breweries membeli Amerika Syarikat Miller Brewing Company untuk mencari SABMiller, menjadi kilang bir kedua terbesar, selepas Anheuser-Bush Amerika Utara. Pada tahun 2004, Interbrew Belgium adalah pembuatan bir ketiga terbesar dengan jumlah dan Brazil AmBev adalah kelima terbesar. Mereka bergabung dengan InBev, menjadi kilang bir terbesar. Pada tahun 2007, SABMiller melepasi InBev dan Anheuser-Bush apabila ia memperoleh Royal Grolsch, bir bir premium Belanda Grolsch pada 2007. Pada tahun 2008, InBev (yang terbesar kedua) membeli Anheuser-Busch (yang ketiga terbesar), Anheuser- Syarikat Busch InBev menjadi pembuat bir terbesar di dunia. Setakat 2015 [kemas kini] AB InBev adalah kilang bir terbesar, dengan SABMiller kedua, dan Heineken International ketiga. <> Berapa banyak liter bir yang dibeli dan dijual setiap tahun? || Lebih daripada 133 bilion <> Berapa pendapatan yang dibawa oleh bir pada tahun 2006? || $ 294.5 bilion <> Tahun berapa adalah syarikat pembuatan SABMiller yang diasaskan? || 2002 <> Syarikat apa yang membeli syarikat pembuatan Anheuser-Busch pada tahun 2008? || InBev <> Apa syarikat pembuatan bir terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2015? || AB InBev <> Apa yang dijual dalam jumlah 53000000 gelen per tahun? || <> Tahun apakah pendapatan global $ 147.7 berlaku? || <> Pembuatan bir apa yang membeli Amerika Syarikat Miller Brewing Company pada tahun 2002? || <> Brewery apa yang mengikuti SABMiller sebagai yang kedua terbesar pada tahun 2002? || <> Kilang bir mana yang mengikuti Heineken International sebagai yang kedua terbesar pada tahun 2015? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?", "id": "570a681e4103511400d596dc", "answers": [{"text": "More than 133 billion", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?", "id": "570a681e4103511400d596dd", "answers": [{"text": "$294.5 billion", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?", "id": "570a681e4103511400d596de", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?", "id": "570a681e4103511400d596df", "answers": [{"text": "InBev", "answer_start": 924}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?", "id": "570a681e4103511400d596e0", "answers": [{"text": "AB InBev", "answer_start": 1096}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 887}], "question": "What is sold in the amount of 53 billion gallons per year?", "id": "5acd729107355d001abf42ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006.", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "What year did global revenues of $147.7 occur?", "id": "5acd729107355d001abf42ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South African Breweries", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What brewery did the North American Miller Brewing Company buy in 2002?", "id": "5acd729107355d001abf42ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North American Anheuser-Bush", "answer_start": 577}], "question": "What brewery followed SABMiller as the second largest in 2002?", "id": "5acd729107355d001abf42af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SABMiller", "answer_start": 1134}], "question": "Which brewery followed Heineken International as the second largest in 2015?", "id": "5acd729107355d001abf42b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year\u2014producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (\u00a3147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third."}], ["Bukti kimia paling awal yang diketahui mengenai bir barley bermula pada sekitar 3500-3100 SM dari tapak Godin Tepe di Zagros Mountains di Iran barat. Beberapa tulisan Sumeria terawal mengandungi rujukan kepada bir; Contoh-contohnya termasuk doa kepada dewi Ninkasi, yang dikenali sebagai \"The Hymn to Ninkasi\", yang berfungsi sebagai doa serta cara mengingat resipi bir dalam budaya dengan beberapa orang yang melek huruf, dan nasihat kuno (Isikan Perut dan siang meriah) kepada Gilgamesh, yang direkodkan dalam Epic of Gilgamesh, oleh isteri-isteri Siduri, sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian, telah merujuk kepada penggunaan bir. Tablet Ebla, yang ditemui pada tahun 1974 di Ebla, Syria, menunjukkan bahawa bir dihasilkan di bandar pada tahun 2500 SM. Minuman fermentasi menggunakan beras dan buah buatan dibuat di China sekitar 7000 SM. Tidak seperti mentega, acuan tidak digunakan untuk menyegarkan nasi (penapaian amilolitik); nasi itu mungkin disediakan untuk penapaian oleh pengunyahan atau malting. <> Bilakah bukti menunjukkan bir barli yang paling awal dihasilkan? || kira 3500-3100 SM <> Di negara manakah bukti kimia barli bir yang paling awal dijumpai? || Iran <> Negara mana yang terletak di Gunung Zargos? || Iran <> Tahun berapakah tablet siku yang pertama ditemui? || 1974 <> Bahan apa yang digunakan untuk penapaian amilotitik? || acuan <> Bilakah bukti menunjukkan bir yang paling awal dihasilkan? || <> Pergunungan apa yang terletak di timur Iran? || <> Apa tablet yang ditemui di Syria pada tahun 1970? || <> Sake, dibuat dengan beras dan buah, dihasilkan di China sekitar tahun itu? || <> Yang jenis bir yang digunakan dalam proses acuan? || <> Apa tarikh hingga sekitar 3500-1300 SM? || <> Laman web apakah yang paling terkenal bukti kimia barli bir yang terdapat di Pergunungan Iran? || <> Apa yang dipanggil Hymn kepada Gilgamesh? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Epik Ninkasi? || <> Apa yang ditemui pada tahun 1947? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?", "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b6", "answers": [{"text": "circa 3500\u20133100 BC", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?", "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b7", "answers": [{"text": "Iran", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?", "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b8", "answers": [{"text": "Iran", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?", "id": "570a63f04103511400d596b9", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?", "id": "570a63f04103511400d596ba", "answers": [{"text": "mould", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3500\u20133100 BC", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "When does evidence show the earliest known beer was produced?", "id": "5acd19a107355d001abf34d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zagros Mountains", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What mountains are located in eastern Iran?", "id": "5acd19a107355d001abf34d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ebla tablets", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "What tablets were discovered in Syria in 1970?", "id": "5acd19a107355d001abf34d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7000 BC", "answer_start": 798}], "question": "Sake, made with rice and fruit, was produced in China around which year?", "id": "5acd19a107355d001abf34d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sake", "answer_start": 814}], "question": "Which kind of beer used mould in the process?", "id": "5acd19a107355d001abf34d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chemical evidence of barley beer", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What dates to circa 3500-1300 BC?", "id": "5acd5f9b07355d001abf3f84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Godin Tepe", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What site was the earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer found on in the Iran Mountains? ", "id": "5acd5f9b07355d001abf3f85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What did The Hymn to Gilgamesh serve as?", "id": "5acd5f9b07355d001abf3f86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the consumption of beer.", "answer_start": 601}], "question": "What may the Epic of Ninkasi have referred to?", "id": "5acd5f9b07355d001abf3f87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ebla tablets", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "What was discovered in 1947?", "id": "5acd5f9b07355d001abf3f88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500\u20133100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as \"The Hymn to Ninkasi\", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting."}], ["Satu kajian yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal Neuropsychopharmacology pada tahun 2013 mendedahkan penemuan bahawa rasa bir sahaja boleh mencetuskan aktiviti dopamin di otak peserta lelaki, yang ingin minum lebih banyak akibatnya. 49 lelaki dalam kajian tersebut adalah tertakluk kepada imbasan tomografi pelepasan positron, manakala peranti dikawal komputer menyembur sejumlah kecil bir, air dan minuman sukan ke lidah mereka. Berbanding dengan rasa minuman sukan, rasa bir secara signifikan meningkatkan minat para peserta untuk minum. Hasil ujian menunjukkan bahawa rasa bir itu mencetuskan pelepasan dopamin, walaupun kandungan alkohol dalam semburan tidak mencukupi untuk tujuan mabuk. <> Apa hormon yang boleh dicetuskan oleh rasa bir sahaja pada lelaki? || dopamine <> tahun berapa publisiti jurnal neuropsychopharmacology kajian tentang kesan pada otak rasa bir? || 2013 <> Rasa apa boleh memberi kesan keinginan seorang lelaki untuk minum? || bir <> Berapa ramai lelaki yang dikaji untuk ujian terhadap rasa bir dalam jurnal Neuropsychopharmacology pada tahun 2013? || 49 <> Apa yang diterbitkan oleh kajian 2031? || <> Jurnal apa yang menerbitkan kajian tentang 94 lelaki? || <> Apa rasa peserta yang semakin meningkat ingin minum berbanding dengan bir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?", "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e98", "answers": [{"text": "dopamine", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?", "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e99", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?", "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e9a", "answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?", "id": "570a7c686d058f1900182e9b", "answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result.", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What did a 2031 study reveal?", "id": "5acd945207355d001abf4786", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What journal published the study about the 94 men?", "id": "5acd945207355d001abf4787", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sports drink", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "What taste increased participants desire to drink compared with beer?", "id": "5acd945207355d001abf4788", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated."}], ["Minuman bir yang diminum bermula dengan pembangunan penyejukan buatan dan oleh tahun 1870-an, telah tersebar di negara-negara yang menumpukan perhatian pada pembuatan birai pucat. Beer menyejukkan menjadikannya lebih menyegarkan, walaupun di bawah 15.5 \u00b0 C, kerengsaan mula mengurangkan kesedaran rasa dan mengurangkannya dengan ketara di bawah 10 \u00b0 C (50 \u00b0 F). Beer berkhidmat tidak digaru-baik sejuk atau pada suhu bilik, mendedahkan lebih banyak rasa mereka. Cask Marque, organisasi bir bukan keuntungan UK, telah menetapkan suhu standard suhu 12 \u00b0 -14 \u00b0 C (53 \u00b0 -57 \u00b0 F) untuk cas ales untuk dihidangkan. <> Teknologi apa yang menyokong minum bir dingin? || penyejukan buatan <> Pada suhu sejuk apakah rasa birai dikurangkan? || di bawah 15.5 \u00b0 C <> Bilakah bir yang paling beraroma? || unchilled <> Negara apakah organisasi Cask Marque terletak? || UK <> Dalam sedekad apa minum popok pucat sejuk menjadi popular? || tahun 1870-an Apa yang bermula pada 1780-an? || <> Negara apa yang mula minum bir sejuk pada 1780-an? || <> Apakah Marque Cask? || <> Apakah standard suhu yang ditetapkan oleh Marque Cask? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada bir sejuk di bawah 15.5 darjah F? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?", "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e84", "answers": [{"text": "artificial refrigeration", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?", "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e85", "answers": [{"text": "below 15.5 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is a beer at its most flavorful?", "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e86", "answers": [{"text": "unchilled", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country is the organisation Cask Marque located?", "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e87", "answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular?", "id": "570a77f96d058f1900182e88", "answers": [{"text": "the 1870s", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Drinking chilled beer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What began in the 1780s?", "id": "5acd8c5107355d001abf46c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What countries began drinking chilled beer in the 1780s?", "id": "5acd8c5107355d001abf46c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a non-profit UK beer organisation", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "What is Marque Cask?", "id": "5acd8c5107355d001abf46c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "range of 12\u00b0\u201314 \u00b0C (53\u00b0\u201357 \u00b0F) for cask ales to be served.", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What temperature standard has Marque Cask set?", "id": "5acd8c5107355d001abf46c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduce taste awareness", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What happens to beer chilled below 15.5 degrees F?", "id": "5acd8c5107355d001abf46c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s, was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager. Chilling beer makes it more refreshing, though below 15.5 \u00b0C the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F). Beer served unchilled\u2014either cool or at room temperature, reveal more of their flavours. Cask Marque, a non-profit UK beer organisation, has set a temperature standard range of 12\u00b0\u201314 \u00b0C (53\u00b0\u201357 \u00b0F) for cask ales to be served."}], ["Bahan utama utama bir adalah alkohol, dan dengan itu, kesan alkohol kesihatan berlaku untuk bir. Penggunaan sedikit alkohol (kurang daripada satu minuman pada wanita dan dua lelaki) dikaitkan dengan risiko menurunkan penyakit jantung, strok dan diabetes mellitus. Kesan kesihatan jangka panjang penggunaan alkohol yang berterusan, sederhana atau berat termasuk risiko membangkitkan alkohol dan penyakit hati alkohol. Sejumlah 3.3 juta kematian (5.9% daripada semua kematian) dipercayai disebabkan oleh alkohol. Alkoholisme sering mengurangkan jangka hayat seseorang sekitar sepuluh tahun. Penggunaan alkohol adalah punca utama kematian awal di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah bahan aktif utama bir? || alkohol <> Apakah penyakit yang boleh disebabkan oleh penggunaan alkohol yang berat? || Penyakit hati alkohol <> Berapa banyak kematian yang dipercayai disebabkan oleh alkohol? || 3.3 juta <> Apakah punca utama ketiga yang mati di Amerika Syarikat? || Alkohol <> Berapa tahun yang dikeluarkan dari jangka hayat alkohol? || sekitar sepuluh <> Apakah bahan aktif utama alkohol? || <> Apakah 3.3% daripada semua kematian yang dipercayai disebabkan? || <> Apakah 5.9 juta kematian yang dipercayai disebabkan? || <> Apa yang mengurangkan jangka hayat seseorang sekitar tiga tahun? || <> Apakah penyebab kematian sepuluh utama di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is beers primary active ingredient?", "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974c", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?", "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974d", "answers": [{"text": "alcoholic liver disease", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol?", "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974e", "answers": [{"text": "3.3 million", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US?", "id": "570a78f94103511400d5974f", "answers": [{"text": "Alcohol", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life expectancy?", "id": "570a78f94103511400d59750", "answers": [{"text": "around ten", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beer", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is the main active ingredient of alcohol? ", "id": "5acd913607355d001abf4744", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What are 3.3% of all deaths believed to be due to?", "id": "5acd913607355d001abf4745", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What are 5.9 million deaths believed to be due to?", "id": "5acd913607355d001abf4746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alcoholism", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What reduces a person's life expectancy by around three years?", "id": "5acd913607355d001abf4747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alcoholism", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What is the tenth leading cause of early death in the United States?", "id": "5acd913607355d001abf4748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to beer. Consumption of small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and diabetes mellitus. The long term health effects of continuous, moderate or heavy alcohol consumption include the risk of developing alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease. A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol. Alcoholism often reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years. Alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States."}], ["Draf kesan alam sekitar bir boleh 68% lebih rendah daripada bir botol kerana perbezaan pembungkusan. Kajian kitar hayat satu jenama bir, termasuk pengeluaran bijirin, pembuatan bir, pembotolan, pengedaran dan pengurusan sisa, menunjukkan bahawa pelepasan CO2 dari 6 pek pek bir mikro adalah kira-kira 3 kilogram (6.6 paun). Kehilangan potensi habitat semulajadi dari 6 pek pek bir mikro dianggarkan 2.5 meter persegi (26 kaki persegi). Pelepasan hiliran dari pengedaran, runcit, penyimpanan dan pelupusan sisa boleh melebihi 45% dari pelepasan CO2 bir biji botol botol. Di mana undang-undang, penggunaan kendi yang boleh diguna semula, botol yang boleh diguna semula atau bekas yang boleh digunakan semula untuk mengangkut draf bir dari kedai atau bar, daripada membeli bir pra-botol, boleh mengurangkan kesan alam sekitar penggunaan bir. <> Apa bir lebih baik untuk persekitaran daripada bir botol? || Draf bir <> Berapa banyak pukal pelepasan CO2 disebabkan oleh hanya enam pek mikroba? || 6.6 <> Apa jenis bekas yang boleh digunakan untuk mengangkut draf bir, dan lebih baik untuk persekitaran yang botol? || kendi yang boleh ditapis <> Berapa banyak habitat yang rosak daripada hanya enam pekik mikroba? || 2.5 meter persegi <> Berapa kaki persegi ialah 2.5 meter persegi? || 26 <> Apa bir lebih baik untuk alam sekitar berbanding dengan bir? || <> Apa yang menghasilkan kira-kira 6.6 kilogram pelepasan CO2? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kehilangan habitat semula jadi 2.5 kaki persegi? || <> Apa yang boleh dibeli oleh bir botol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?", "id": "570a76684103511400d59738", "answers": [{"text": "Draught beer's", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?", "id": "570a76684103511400d59739", "answers": [{"text": "6.6", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of container can be used to transport draft beer, and is better for the environment that a bottle?", "id": "570a76684103511400d5973a", "answers": [{"text": "a refillable jug", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew?", "id": "570a76684103511400d5973b", "answers": [{"text": "2.5 square meters", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many square feet is 2.5 square meters?", "id": "570a76684103511400d5973c", "answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bottled beer", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What beer is better for the environment than draught beer?", "id": "5acd869707355d001abf45a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 6-pack of micro-brew beer", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What produces about 6.6 kilograms of CO2 emissions? ", "id": "5acd869707355d001abf45a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6-pack of micro-brew beer", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "What can cause a loss of 2.5 square feet of natural habitat?", "id": "5acd869707355d001abf45a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the environmental impact of beer consumption.", "answer_start": 770}], "question": "What can buying bottled beer reduce?", "id": "5acd869707355d001abf45a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Draught beer's environmental impact can be 68% lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences. A life cycle study of one beer brand, including grain production, brewing, bottling, distribution and waste management, shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds). The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square meters (26 square feet). Downstream emissions from distribution, retail, storage and disposal of waste can be over 45% of a bottled micro-brew beer's CO2 emissions. Where legal, the use of a refillable jug, reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar, rather than buying pre-bottled beer, can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption."}]], [["Kategori perkauman mewakili pembinaan sosial-politik untuk perlumbaan atau kaum yang dianggap sebagai responden dan \"secara amnya mencerminkan definisi sosial kaum yang diiktiraf di negara ini.\" OMB mentakrifkan konsep bangsa seperti yang digariskan untuk Banci Amerika Syarikat sebagai tidak \"saintifik atau antropologi\" dan mengambil kira \"ciri-ciri sosial dan budaya serta keturunan\", menggunakan \"metodologi saintifik yang sesuai\" yang tidak \"terutamanya biologi atau genetik dalam sebutan . \" Kategori perlumbaan termasuk kumpulan perkauman dan kebangsaan. <> Siapa yang mentakrifkan konsep bangsa di Banci Amerika Syarikat? || OMB <> Apakah kategori perlumbaan di Banci AS termasuk sebagai tambahan kepada bangsa? || asal-usul negara <> Sebagai tambahan kepada ciri-ciri sosial dan budaya, apa lagi yang diambil kira untuk klasifikasi bangsa dalam banci Amerika Syarikat? || keturunan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?", "id": "5709a0c3ed30961900e84392", "answers": [{"text": "OMB", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?", "id": "5709a0c3ed30961900e84393", "answers": [{"text": "national-origin", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?", "id": "5709a0c3ed30961900e84394", "answers": [{"text": "ancestry", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and \"generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country.\" OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not \"scientific or anthropological\" and takes into account \"social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry\", using \"appropriate scientific methodologies\" that are not \"primarily biological or genetic in reference.\" The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups."}], ["Perlumbaan telah ditanya secara berbeza dalam Banci 2000 dalam beberapa cara lain berbanding sebelum ini. Kebanyakan responden diberi pilihan untuk memilih satu atau lebih kategori kaum untuk menunjukkan identiti kaum. Data menunjukkan bahawa hampir tujuh juta rakyat Amerika yang dikenal pasti sebagai ahli dua atau lebih kaum. Oleh sebab perubahan ini, data Banci 2000 mengenai perlumbaan tidak dapat dibandingkan dengan data dari banci tahun 1990 atau banci terdahulu. Oleh itu, penggunaan hati-hati adalah disyorkan apabila menafsirkan perubahan dalam komposisi kaum penduduk AS dari masa ke masa. <> Pada tahun apakah responden banci pertama dapat memilih lebih dari satu kaum? || 2000 <> Berapa ramai orang Amerika yang melaporkan lebih daripada satu kaum dalam Banci 2000? || hampir tujuh juta <> Tahun apakah banci terakhir sebelum Banci 2000? || 1990 <> Berapa banyak kategori kaum yang boleh dipilih dalam Banci 2000? || satu atau lebih", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? ", "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84370", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?", "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84371", "answers": [{"text": "nearly seven million", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the last census before the Census 2000?", "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84372", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?", "id": "57099bc1ed30961900e84373", "answers": [{"text": "one or more", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time."}], ["Walaupun digunakan dalam Banci dan Suruhanjaya Masyarakat Amerika, \"Beberapa bangsa lain\" bukanlah ras rasmi, dan Biro dianggap menghapusnya sebelum Banci 2000. Oleh kerana borang banci 2010 tidak mengandungi soalan yang berjudul \"Ancestry\" yang terdapat dalam banci terdahulu, terdapat kempen untuk mendapatkan orang Amerika India Barat Amerika, Amerika, Armenia, Amerika Arab dan Amerika Iran untuk menunjukkan latar belakang etnik atau nasional mereka melalui soalan perlumbaan, khususnya kategori \"Beberapa kaum lain\". <> Apakah pemilihan perlumbaan yang dibuat oleh biro banci untuk menghilangkan sebelum banci tahun 2000? || Beberapa bangsa lain <> Dalam tahun apa apakah soalan leluhur berhenti di banci Amerika Syarikat? || 2010 <> Terdapat kempen untuk cuba mendapatkan golongan minoriti untuk menggunakan kategori kaum apa ke dalam banci tahun 2010? || Beberapa bangsa lain <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Banci, di manakah pilihan \"beberapa kaum lain\" pilihan? || Suruhanjaya Masyarakat Amerika", {"qas": [{"question": "What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?", "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e4", "answers": [{"text": "Some other race", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?", "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e5", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?", "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e6", "answers": [{"text": "Some other race", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to the Census, where else is the \"some other race\" selection an option?", "id": "5709a9f2ed30961900e843e7", "answers": [{"text": "the American Community Survey", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, \"Some other race\" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled \"Ancestry\" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the \"Some other race\" category."}], ["Pada bulan September 1997, semasa proses semakan semula kategori kaum sebelum ini diisytiharkan oleh arahan OMB no. 15, Persatuan Antropologi Amerika (AAA) mengesyorkan agar OMB menggabungkan kategori \"kaum\" dan \"etnik\" menjadi satu soalan untuk muncul sebagai \"bangsa / etnis\" untuk Banci Amerika Syarikat 2000. Jawatankuasa Interagency bersetuju, menyatakan bahawa \"kaum\" dan \"etnis\" tidak cukup jelas dan \"bahawa banyak responden mengkonseptualisasikan 'kaum' dan 'etnis' sebagai satu dalam penekanan yang sama [ satu kategori, menggunakan istilah yang lebih bermakna kepada rakyat Amerika. \" <> Organisasi apa yang disyorkan supaya kategori kaum dan etnik digabungkan menjadi satu soalan untuk banci Amerika Syarikat 2000? || Persatuan Antropologi Amerika <> Dalam tahun berapa atau kategori ras disemak terlebih dahulu untuk Banci A.S. 2000? || 1997 <> Sebelum tahun 1997, di mana kategori kaum diisytiharkan untuk Banci A.S.? || Arahan OMB no. 15 <> Bagaimana kategori kaum muncul dalam banci Amerika Syarikat 2000? || bangsa / etnik", {"qas": [{"question": "What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census?", "id": "57099f19200fba14003681e7", "answers": [{"text": "the American Anthropological Association", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census?", "id": "57099f19200fba14003681e8", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to 1997, where were racial categories declared for the U.S. Census?", "id": "57099f19200fba14003681e9", "answers": [{"text": "OMB directive no. 15", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did racial categories appear in the US 2000 census?", "id": "57099f19200fba14003681ea", "answers": [{"text": "race/ethnicity", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" categories into one question to appear as \"race/ethnicity\" for the 2000 US Census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" were not sufficiently defined and \"that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one in the same  [sic] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people.\""}], ["Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt mempromosikan dasar \"jiran yang baik\" yang mencari hubungan yang lebih baik dengan Mexico. Pada tahun 1935 seorang hakim persekutuan memutuskan bahawa tiga pendatang Mexico tidak layak untuk kewarganegaraan kerana mereka tidak putih, seperti yang dikehendaki oleh undang-undang persekutuan. Mexico membantah, dan Roosevelt memutuskan untuk menghalang keputusan itu dan memastikan kerajaan persekutuan melayan Hispanik sebagai putih. Jabatan Negara, Biro Banci, Jabatan Tenaga Kerja, dan agensi-agensi kerajaan yang lain oleh itu memastikan untuk mengklasifikasikan seragam orang keturunan Meksiko sebagai putih. Dasar ini menggalakkan Liga Warganegara Amerika Latin Amerika dalam usaha untuk meminimumkan diskriminasi dengan menegaskan keputihan mereka. <> Negara mana yang Presiden Frankiln Roosevelt mempunyai dasar jiran yang baik untuk mengharapkan hubungan yang lebih baik? || Mexico <> Dalam tahun apakah seorang hakim persekutuan mengatakan bahawa tiga pendatang dari Mexico tidak layak menjadi warganegara kerana bangsa mereka? || 1935 <> Apakah Presiden AS mahu menganggap orang Hispanik sebagai putih oleh kerajaan persekutuan? || Roosevelt <> Orang dari mana keturunan diklasifikasikan sebagai putih oleh kerajaan persekutuan atas cadangan Presiden Roosevelt? || Mexico <> Pada tahun 1935, bangsa mana yang diperlukan untuk menjadi warga negara Amerika? || putih", {"qas": [{"question": "What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship?", "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843a8", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because of their race?", "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843a9", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US President wanted to treat Hispanic people as white by the federal government?", "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843aa", "answers": [{"text": "Roosevelt", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People of what descent were classified as white by the federal government at the suggestion of President Roosevelt?", "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843ab", "answers": [{"text": "Mexican", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1935, what race was a person required to be to become a United States citizen?", "id": "5709a3e9ed30961900e843ac", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a \"good neighbor\" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness."}], ["Data mengenai kumpulan etnik adalah penting untuk menguatkuasakan beberapa undang-undang persekutuan (iaitu menguatkuasakan peraturan pilihan raya dwibahasa di bawah Akta Hak Voting, memantau dan menguatkuasakan peluang pekerjaan yang sama di bawah Akta Hak Sivil). Data mengenai Kumpulan Etnik juga diperlukan oleh kerajaan tempatan menjalankan program dan memenuhi keperluan perundangan (iaitu mengenal pasti segmen penduduk yang mungkin tidak menerima perkhidmatan perubatan di bawah Akta Kesihatan Awam; menilai sama ada institusi kewangan memenuhi keperluan kredit penduduk minoriti di bawah Akta Pelaburan Semula Masyarakat). \" <> Tindakan apa yang mempunyai peraturan dan peraturan untuk pilihan dwibahasa? || Akta Hak Voting <> Tindakan apa yang ada peraturan dan peraturan untuk memenuhi keperluan kredit penduduk minoriti? || Akta Pelaburan Semula Masyarakat <> Tindakan apa yang mempunyai undang-undang mengenai peluang pekerjaan yang sama untuk kumpulan etnik? || Akta Hak Sivil", {"qas": [{"question": "What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election? ", "id": "5709ac95200fba1400368253", "answers": [{"text": "the Voting Rights Act", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?", "id": "5709ac95200fba1400368254", "answers": [{"text": "the Community Reinvestment Act", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?", "id": "5709ac95200fba1400368255", "answers": [{"text": "the Civil Rights Act", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).\""}], ["Banci tahun 1850 menyaksikan peralihan dramatik dalam cara maklumat mengenai penduduk dikumpulkan. Buat pertama kalinya, orang bebas disenaraikan secara berasingan dan bukan oleh ketua rumah tangga. Terdapat dua soal selidik: satu untuk penduduk bebas dan satu untuk budak. Persoalan mengenai penduduk percuma yang dijadualkan tentang warna adalah lajur yang akan dibiarkan kosong jika seseorang itu putih, bertanda \"B\" jika seseorang itu hitam, dan menandakan \"M\" jika seseorang itu mulatto. Hamba disenaraikan oleh pemilik, dan diklasifikasikan mengikut jantina dan umur, bukan secara individu, dan soalan tentang warna adalah lajur yang ditandai dengan \"B\" jika hamba itu hitam dan \"M\" jika mulatto. <> Dalam tahun berapa orang bebas disenaraikan secara individu dalam banci Amerika Syarikat? || 1850 <> Bagaimana orang bebas yang disenaraikan dalam banci Amerika Syarikat sebelum 1850? || oleh ketua rumah tangga <> Pada banci 1850 AS, apa yang dimasukkan ke dalam kolum warna untuk orang kulit hitam? || B <> Jika M ditandakan dalam lajur warna untuk seseorang dalam banci 1850, Bagaimana mereka dikelaskan? || mulatto <> Bagaimana budak-budak yang disenaraikan dalam banci 1850 Amerika? || oleh pemilik", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?", "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368221", "answers": [{"text": "1850", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?", "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368222", "answers": [{"text": "by head of household", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1850 US census, what was put into the color column for black persons?", "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368223", "answers": [{"text": "B", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census, How were they classified?", "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368224", "answers": [{"text": "mulatto", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census?", "id": "5709a8ad200fba1400368225", "answers": [{"text": "by owner", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked \"B\" if a person was black, and marked \"M\" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a \"B\" if the slave was black and an \"M\" if mulatto."}], ["Bangsa dan etnik dianggap sebagai identiti yang berasingan dan berbeza, dengan asal-usul Hispanik atau Latin diminta sebagai soalan yang berasingan. Oleh itu, sebagai tambahan kepada kaum atau kaum mereka, semua responden dikategorikan oleh keahlian dalam satu daripada dua kategori etnik, iaitu \"Hispanik atau Latino\" dan \"Tidak Hispanik atau Latino\". Walau bagaimanapun, amalan pemisahan \"bangsa\" dan \"etnik\" sebagai kategori yang berbeza telah dikritik oleh Persatuan Antropologi Amerika dan anggota Suruhanjaya Hak Awam Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak kategori etnik yang terdapat di dalam banci Amerika Syarikat? || dua <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Hispanik dan Latino, apakah kategori etnik yang lain termasuk dalam Banci Amerika Syarikat? || Tidak Hispanik atau Latino <> Persatuan apa yang mengkritik pemisahan bangsa dan etnik dalam USensus? || Persatuan Antropologi Amerika <> Anggota komisen apa yang mengkritik pemisahan bangsa dan etnik di Banci Amerika Syarikat? || Suruhanjaya Hak Sivil A.S. <> Dalam pengkelasan etnik untuk Banci A.S., apakah pilihan responden selain daripada Hispanik atau Latino? || Hispanik atau Latino", {"qas": [{"question": "How many ethnic categories are there in the US census?", "id": "5709a209ed30961900e84398", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Hispanic and Latino, what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census?", "id": "5709a209ed30961900e84399", "answers": [{"text": "Not Hispanic or Latino", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What association criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the UScensus?", "id": "5709a209ed30961900e8439a", "answers": [{"text": "the American Anthropological Association", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Members of what commission criticized the separation of race and ethnic city on the US Census?", "id": "5709a209ed30961900e8439b", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Commission on Civil Rights", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In ethnic classification for the U.S. Census, What option do respondents have other than not Hispanic or Latino?", "id": "5709a209ed30961900e8439c", "answers": [{"text": "Hispanic or Latino", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are \"Hispanic or Latino\" and \"Not Hispanic or Latino\". However, the practice of separating \"race\" and \"ethnicity\" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights."}], ["Perubahan terbesar dalam banci tahun ini adalah dalam klasifikasi kaum. Pengkaji telah diarahkan supaya tidak menggunakan klasifikasi \"Mulatto\" lagi. Sebaliknya, mereka diberi arahan khas untuk melaporkan perlumbaan orang ras. Orang yang mempunyai keturunan putih dan hitam (disebut \"darah\") akan direkodkan sebagai \"Negro,\" tidak kira sebahagian kecil daripada keturunan itu (\"satu peraturan\"). Seorang lelaki keturunan India campuran hitam dan Amerika juga dicatatkan sebagai \"Neg\" (untuk \"Negro\") kecuali dia dianggap sebagai \"kebanyakannya\" orang India Amerika dan diterima demikian dalam masyarakat. Seseorang yang mempunyai keturunan India Putih dan Amerika dicatatkan sebagai seorang India, kecuali keturunan India Indianya kecil, dan dia diterima sebagai putih dalam masyarakat. Dalam semua keadaan di mana seseorang mempunyai White dan beberapa keturunan kaum lain, dia dilaporkan sebagai bangsa lain. Orang yang mempunyai keturunan minoriti kaum dilaporkan sebagai perlumbaan bapa mereka. <> Kata apa yang digugurkan sebagai klasifikasi kaum di dalam banci tahun ini? || Mulatto <> Apakah orang-orang yang mempunyai leluhur hitam dan putih yang dikelaskan dalam banci ini? || Negro <> Bagaimana orang-orang yang mempunyai keturunan India hitam dan Amerika yang dicatatkan dalam banci ini? || Neg <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila orang berlainan bangsa dicatatkan sebagai negro dalam banci ini, walaupun hanya sebahagian kecil daripada nenek moyang mereka hitam? || satu-drop rule <> Ibu bapa mana yang menjadi faktor penentu bagaimana orang-orang antara kaum direkodkan dalam banci ini? || ayah mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?", "id": "57099760200fba14003681bf", "answers": [{"text": "Mulatto", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? ", "id": "57099760200fba14003681c0", "answers": [{"text": "Negro", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census? ", "id": "57099760200fba14003681c1", "answers": [{"text": "Neg", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?", "id": "57099760200fba14003681c2", "answers": [{"text": "one-drop rule", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census? ", "id": "57099760200fba14003681c3", "answers": [{"text": "their father", "answer_start": 985}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the \"Mulatto\" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed \"blood\") was to be recorded as \"Negro,\" no matter the fraction of that lineage (the \"one-drop rule\"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as \"Neg\" (for \"Negro\") unless he was considered to be \"predominantly\" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father."}], ["Pada tahun 1997, OMB mengeluarkan notis Pendaftar Persekutuan mengenai semakan semula kepada piawaian bagi klasifikasi data persekutuan mengenai bangsa dan etnik. OMB telah membangunkan bangsa dan etnik untuk menyediakan \"data yang konsisten mengenai bangsa dan etnik di seluruh Kerajaan Persekutuan. Pembangunan piawaian data berpunca dari tanggungjawab baru untuk menguatkuasakan undang-undang hak sivil.\" Di antara perubahan itu, OMB mengeluarkan arahan untuk \"menandakan satu atau lebih kaum\" selepas mencatat bukti peningkatan bilangan anak ras dan ingin menangkap kepelbagaian dengan cara yang boleh diukur dan menerima permintaan oleh orang yang ingin dapat mengakui atau anak lelakinya sepenuhnya daripada mengenal pasti dengan hanya satu kumpulan. Sebelum keputusan ini, Banci dan koleksi data kerajaan lain meminta orang untuk melaporkan hanya satu kaum. <> Siapa yang memutuskan standard bagi klasifikasi kaum dan etnik dan data persekutuan? || OMB <> Dalam tahun berapakah OMB menyemak semula piawaian untuk klasifikasi bangsa dan etnik? || 1997 <> Apa yang diharapkan OMB untuk menyediakan dengan semakan mereka mengenai bangsa dan etnik pada tahun 1997? || data konsisten <> Berapa banyak kaum yang diminta untuk menandakan Banci Amerika Syarikat selepas OMB menyemak semula piawaian mereka pada tahun 1997? || satu atau lebih <> Berapa banyak kaum yang diminta untuk melaporkan di banci AS sebelum tahun 1997? || satu", {"qas": [{"question": "Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?", "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c6", "answers": [{"text": "OMB", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?", "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c7", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?", "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c8", "answers": [{"text": "consistent data", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?", "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843c9", "answers": [{"text": "one or more", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997?", "id": "5709a704ed30961900e843ca", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 857}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide \"consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws.\" Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to \"mark one or more races\" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race."}], ["Untuk tahun 1890, Pejabat Banci mengubah reka bentuk kuesioner penduduk. Penduduk masih disenaraikan secara berasingan, tetapi lembaran soal selidik baru digunakan untuk setiap keluarga. Di samping itu, ini adalah tahun pertama banci membezakan antara kaum-kaum Asia Timur yang berbeza, seperti Jepun dan Cina, disebabkan peningkatan imigresen. Banci ini juga menandakan permulaan \"bangsa\" dalam soal selidik. Pengeluar diperintahkan untuk menulis \"Putih,\" \"Hitam,\" \"Mulatto,\" \"Quadroon,\" \"Octoroon,\" \"Cina,\" \"Jepun,\" atau \"India.\" <> Pada tahun apakah istilah bangsa pertama digunakan dalam Banci A.S.? || 1890 <> Berapa banyak selidik soal selidik yang baru digunakan dalam banci tahun 1890? || untuk setiap keluarga <> Bagaimana penduduk disenaraikan dalam banci pada tahun 1890? || > Mengapa pelbagai bangsa Asia Timur dibahagikan pada Banci 1890? || peningkatan imigresen", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census?", "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f6", "answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census?", "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f7", "answers": [{"text": "for each family", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were residents listed in the census in 1890?", "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f8", "answers": [{"text": "individually", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were different East Asian races divided in 1890 Census?", "id": "5709add7ed30961900e843f9", "answers": [{"text": "increased immigration", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term \"race\" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write \"White,\" \"Black,\" \"Mulatto,\" \"Quadroon,\" \"Octoroon,\" \"Chinese,\" \"Japanese,\" or \"Indian.\""}], ["Kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat telah memberi mandat bahawa \"dalam pengumpulan dan pembentangan data, agensi persekutuan dikehendaki menggunakan sekurang-kurangnya dua etnik: 'Hispanik atau Latino' dan 'Tidak Hispanik atau Latino'.\" Biro Banci mentakrifkan \"Hispanik atau Latino\" sebagai \"orang Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Riko, Selatan atau Amerika Tengah atau budaya atau asal Sepanyol yang lain tanpa mengira kaum.\" Untuk perbincangan tentang makna dan skop etnik Hispanik atau Latino, lihat Hispanik dan Amerika Latin dan demografi rasis dan demografi artikel-artikel Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak etnik atau agensi persekutuan yang perlu digunakan dalam pengumpulan data? || sekurang-kurangnya dua <> Bagaimana seseorang berasal dari Kuba boleh disenaraikan oleh Biro Banci AS? || Hispanik atau Latino <> Selain daripada Hispanik atau Latino, apa etnik lain yang diperlukan oleh agensi persekutuan? || Tidak Hispanik atau Latino <> Di mana kategori etnik seseorang orang asal Mexico disenaraikan oleh Biro Banci AS? || Hispanik atau Latino <> Dalam apa kategori etnik seseorang orang dari Puerto Rico akan disenaraikan di Banci Amerika Syarikat? || Hispanik atau Latino", {"qas": [{"question": "How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?", "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84412", "answers": [{"text": "a minimum of two", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?", "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84413", "answers": [{"text": "Hispanic or Latino", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from Hispanic or Latino, what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use?", "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84414", "answers": [{"text": "Not Hispanic or Latino", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?", "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84415", "answers": [{"text": "Hispanic or Latino", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census?", "id": "5709af49ed30961900e84416", "answers": [{"text": "Hispanic or Latino", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The federal government of the United States has mandated that \"in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: 'Hispanic or Latino' and 'Not Hispanic or Latino'.\" The Census Bureau defines \"Hispanic or Latino\" as \"a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.\" For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles."}]], [["Walaupun masih agak hijau, siri pasca 2004 menggabungkan warna lain untuk membezakan lebih banyak denominasi yang berbeza. Hasil daripada keputusan 2008 dalam tuntutan tuntutan yang difailkan oleh Majlis Orang Buta Amerika, Biro Ukiran dan Percetakan merancang untuk melaksanakan ciri sentuhan yang dibangkitkan dalam reka bentuk semula berikutnya setiap nota, kecuali $ 1 dan versi Bil $ 100 sudah dalam proses. Ia juga merancang angka yang lebih besar, kontras yang lebih tinggi, lebih banyak perbezaan warna, dan pengedaran pembaca mata wang untuk membantu penglihatan bermasalah semasa tempoh peralihan. <> Apa warna digunakan terutamanya? || hijau <> Organisasi mana yang memfailkan tuntutan kebolehaksesan? || Majlis Amerika Buta <> Selain tagihan $ 100, yang nota lain tidak akan direka bentuk semula? || $ 1 <> Siapa pembaca mata wang dimaksudkan untuk membantu? || cacat penglihatan <> Reka bentuk semula nota sedang dirancang oleh organisasi mana? || Biro Ukiran dan Percetakan <> Warna apa yang jarang digunakan? || <> Organisasi mana yang memfailkan tuntutan numeral? || <> Selain tagihan $ 2, yang nota lain tidak akan direka bentuk semula? || <> Siapa tempoh peralihan dimaksudkan untuk membantu? || <> Tempoh peralihan sedang dirancang oleh organisasi mana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What color was predominantly used?", "id": "5709ab89200fba1400368249", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?", "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824a", "answers": [{"text": "American Council of the Blind", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?", "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824b", "answers": [{"text": "$1", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are currency readers meant to assist?", "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824c", "answers": [{"text": "visually impaired", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?", "id": "5709ab89200fba140036824d", "answers": [{"text": "Bureau of Engraving and Printing", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What color was rarely used?", "id": "5a8cf205fd22b3001a8d9080", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Council of the Blind", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Which organization filed a numeral lawsuit?", "id": "5a8cf205fd22b3001a8d9081", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Other than the $2 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?", "id": "5a8cf205fd22b3001a8d9082", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visually impaired", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "Who are transition periods meant to assist?", "id": "5a8cf205fd22b3001a8d9083", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bureau of Engraving and Printing", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "The transition period is being planned by which organization?", "id": "5a8cf205fd22b3001a8d9084", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the version of the $100 bill already in process. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period."}], ["Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat memperuntukkan bahawa Kongres Amerika Syarikat mempunyai kuasa \"Untuk duit syiling\". Undang-undang yang melaksanakan kuasa ini kini dikodifikasikan pada 31 A.S.C. \u00a7 5112. Seksyen 5112 menetapkan bentuk, di mana dolar Amerika Syarikat harus dikeluarkan. Syiling ini kedua-duanya ditetapkan dalam Seksyen 5112 sebagai \"tender sah\" dalam pembayaran hutang. Dolar Sacagawea adalah satu contoh dolar aloi tembaga. Dolar perak tulen dikenali sebagai Eagle Silver Amerika. Seksyen 5112 juga memperuntukkan pengeluaran dan penerbitan syiling lain, yang mempunyai nilai antara satu sen hingga 50 dolar. Duit syiling ini lebih banyak diterangkan dalam Duit syiling dolar Amerika Syarikat. <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa \"untuk duit syiling\"? || Kongres Amerika Syarikat <> Bahagian mana yang menunjukkan kaedah di mana dolar harus dikeluarkan? || 5112 <> Duit syiling dianggap tender sah untuk jenis transaksi? || pembayaran hutang <> Apakah satu contoh dolar aloi tembaga? || Dolar Sacagawea <> Apakah dolar perak murni disebut? || American Silver Eagle <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa \"untuk memenangi wang\"? || <> Bahagian mana yang menunjukkan kaedah di mana koin harus dikeluarkan? || <> Duit syiling dianggap tender tidak sah untuk jenis transaksi? || <> Apa contoh hutang aloi perak? || <> Apakah dolar perak yang tidak jelas disebut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has the power \"to coin money\"?", "id": "5709adeced30961900e843fe", "answers": [{"text": "United States Congress", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?", "id": "5709adeced30961900e843ff", "answers": [{"text": "5112", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction?", "id": "5709adeced30961900e84400", "answers": [{"text": "payment of debts", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a copper alloy dollar?", "id": "5709adeced30961900e84401", "answers": [{"text": "Sacagawea dollar", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the pure silver dollar referred to as?", "id": "5709adeced30961900e84402", "answers": [{"text": "American Silver Eagle", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Congress", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Who has the power \"to tender money\"?", "id": "5a8cc54efd22b3001a8d8e34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5112", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "Which section indicates the methods in which coins should be issued?", "id": "5a8cc54efd22b3001a8d8e35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "payment of debts", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "Coins are considered illegal tender for which type of transactions?", "id": "5a8cc54efd22b3001a8d8e36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sacagawea dollar", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What is an example of a silver alloy debt?", "id": "5a8cc54efd22b3001a8d8e37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Silver Eagle", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What is the impure silver dollar referred to as?", "id": "5a8cc54efd22b3001a8d8e38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power \"To coin money\". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. \u00a7 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms, in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as \"legal tender\" in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 50 dollars. These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar."}], ["Simbol $, biasanya ditulis sebelum jumlah berangka, digunakan untuk dolar A.S. (dan juga untuk banyak mata wang lain). Tanda itu adalah hasil daripada evolusi akhir abad ke-18 singkatan scribal \"ps\" untuk peso, nama umum untuk dolar Sepanyol yang beredar luas di Dunia Baru dari abad ke-16 hingga abad ke-19. Peso atau dolar Sepanyol ini dicetak di Amerika Syarikat, iaitu di Mexico City, Potos\u00ed, Bolivia; dan Lima, Peru. P dan s akhirnya ditulis atas satu sama lain yang menghasilkan $. <> Simbol mana yang digunakan untuk mewakili dolar? || $ <> Apa singkatan ialah tanda dolar yang berasaskan? || ps <> Apakah nama biasa bagi dolar Sepanyol? || peso <> Yang abad menandakan berakhirnya dolar Sepanyol? || 19th <> Di mana rantau di dunia adalah peso Spanyol dicetak? || Bahasa Sepanyol Amerika <> Simbol mana yang digunakan untuk mewakili peso? || <> Apa singkatan ialah tanda yang diletakkan di luar? || <> Apakah nama biasa untuk tanda bahasa Sepanyol? || <> Yang abad menandakan akhir tanda? || <> Di mana rantau di dunia tanda-tanda Sepanyol dicetak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?", "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ec", "answers": [{"text": "$", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?", "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ed", "answers": [{"text": "ps", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?", "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ee", "answers": [{"text": "peso", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?", "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843ef", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?", "id": "5709aab4ed30961900e843f0", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish America", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Which symbol is used to represent the peso?", "id": "5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ps", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "What abbreviation was the minted sign based off of?", "id": "5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "peso", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What was the common name for the Spanish sign?", "id": "5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "Which century signaled the end of the sign?", "id": "5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish America", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "In which region of the world were Spanish signs minted?", "id": "5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation \"ps\" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potos\u00ed, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $."}], ["Mata wang awal Amerika Syarikat tidak menunjukkan wajah presiden, seperti adat sekarang; walaupun pada hari ini, oleh undang-undang, hanya potret individu yang meninggal dunia mungkin muncul pada mata wang Amerika Syarikat. Sebenarnya, kerajaan yang baru terbentuk bertentangan dengan potret pemimpin mata wang, suatu amalan berbanding dengan dasar raja-raja Eropah. Mata wang seperti yang kita ketahui hari ini tidak mendapat wajah yang mereka miliki sehingga selepas awal abad ke-20; sebelum \"kepala\" kepala mata wang menggunakan profil muka dan menembus, duduk, dan berdiri tokoh-tokoh dari mitologi Yunani dan Romawi dan gabungan Amerika Asli. Syiling yang terakhir untuk ditukarkan kepada profil orang Amerika bersejarah adalah dime (1946) dan Dolar (1971). <> Keadaan apa yang harus ditemui oleh seseorang untuk dibenarkan oleh undang-undang pada duit syiling? || almarhum <> Memiliki potret pemimpin pada koin dibandingkan dengan polisi siapa? || Raja-raja Eropah <> Bilakah mata wang zaman moden mula mendapat muka yang mereka miliki? || Abad ke-20 <> Selain mitologi Yunani dan Rom, siapa lagi yang dipaparkan di sisi \"kepala\" syiling lalu? || Komposit Orang Asli Amerika <> Apakah koin terakhir yang akan ditukar kepada gaya moden yang mempunyai Amerika bersejarah di muka? || Dolar <> Keadaan apa yang harus dipenuhi oleh seseorang untuk menjadi mitos? || <> Memiliki mitos pada syiling berbanding dengan polisi? || <> Bilakah mata wang moden hari mula mendapat penduduk asli Amerika mereka? || <> Selain mitologi Yunani dan Rom, siapa lagi yang dipaparkan pada \"kepala\" raja-raja masa lalu? || <> Apakah koin terakhir yang akan ditukar kepada gaya moden yang mempunyai mitologi di muka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?", "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84426", "answers": [{"text": "deceased", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?", "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84427", "answers": [{"text": "European monarchs", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?", "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84428", "answers": [{"text": "20th century", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the \"heads\" side of past coins?", "id": "5709b165ed30961900e84429", "answers": [{"text": "composite Native Americans", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?", "id": "5709b165ed30961900e8442a", "answers": [{"text": "Dollar", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deceased", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "What condition does a person have to meet to be in mythology?", "id": "5a8cd753fd22b3001a8d8f2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European monarchs", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Having mythology on coins was compared to whose policies?", "id": "5a8cd753fd22b3001a8d8f2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20th century", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "When did modern day currency start getting the Native Americans they have?", "id": "5a8cd753fd22b3001a8d8f30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "composite Native Americans", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the \"heads\" of past monarchs?", "id": "5a8cd753fd22b3001a8d8f31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dollar", "answer_start": 722}], "question": "What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having mythology on the face?", "id": "5a8cd753fd22b3001a8d8f32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that \"heads\" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971)."}], ["Pada tahun 1862, wang kertas dikeluarkan tanpa sokongan logam berharga, disebabkan oleh Perang Saudara. Duit syiling perak dan emas terus dikeluarkan dan pada tahun 1878 pautan antara wang kertas dan duit syiling telah dikembalikan semula. Pemotongan penghapusan emas dan perak ini juga berlaku semasa Perang 1812. Penggunaan wang kertas yang tidak disokong oleh logam berharga juga telah berlaku di bawah Artikel Konfederasi dari tahun 1777 hingga 1788. Tanpa sokongan padat dan mudah dipalsukan, kontinjen dengan cepat kehilangan nilai mereka, menimbulkan frasa \"tidak bernilai benua\". Inilah sebab utama bagi \"Tidak ada negara akan ... membuat apa-apa benda tetapi koin emas dan perak sebagai tender dalam pembayaran hutang\" dalam artikel 1, seksyen 10 Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. <> Tahun manakah ketika uang kertas pertama dikeluarkan tanpa sokongan logam berharga? || 1777 <> Apakah peperangan pertama yang menyebabkan wang kertas dikeluarkan? || Perang saudara <> Yang lain perang juga menyebabkan cabut antara wang kertas dan logam berharga? || Perang tahun 1812 <> Kerugian cepat dalam nilai wang kertas menghasilkan frasa yang didengar? || \"tidak bernilai benua\" <> Kehilangan nilai menghasilkan klausa yang ditulis di mana artikel dalam Perlembagaan AS? || artikel 1 <> Tahun manakah ketika uang kertas pertama dikeluarkan tanpa dukungan Artikel Konfederasi? || <> Apakah peperangan pertama yang menyebabkan wang perak dikeluarkan? || <> Yang peperangan lain juga menyebabkan perpecahan antara Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat? || <> Kerugian cepat dalam nilai perak menyebabkan frasa yang didengar? || <> Kehilangan nilai menghasilkan klausa yang ditulis dalam artikel mana dalam Artikel Konfederasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?", "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84430", "answers": [{"text": "1777", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?", "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84431", "answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?", "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84432", "answers": [{"text": "War of 1812", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?", "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84433", "answers": [{"text": "\"not worth a continental\"", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?", "id": "5709b308ed30961900e84434", "answers": [{"text": "article 1", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1777", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of the Articles of Confederation?", "id": "5a8cdd89fd22b3001a8d8f6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Civil War", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What was the first war that caused silver money to be issued?", "id": "5a8cdd89fd22b3001a8d8f6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "War of 1812", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Which other war also caused a disconnect between the United States Constitution?", "id": "5a8cdd89fd22b3001a8d8f6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "not worth a continental", "answer_start": 542}], "question": "The quick loss in value of silver resulted in which phrase being heard?", "id": "5a8cdd89fd22b3001a8d8f6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "article 1", "answer_start": 701}], "question": "The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the Articles of Confederation?", "id": "5a8cdd89fd22b3001a8d8f6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase \"not worth a continental\". This was a primary reason for the \"No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts\" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution."}], ["Apabila Federal Reserve membuat pembelian, ia mengreditkan akaun rizab penjual (dengan Federal Reserve). Wang ini tidak dipindahkan dari mana-mana dana yang ada-pada masa ini bahawa Rizab Persekutuan telah mencipta wang berkuasa tinggi baru. Bank-bank komersil boleh menarik balik secara tunai dengan tunai sebarang rizab berlebihan daripada akaun rizab mereka di Rizab Persekutuan. Untuk memenuhi permintaan tersebut, Rizab Persekutuan membuat pesanan untuk wang bercetak dari Jabatan Perbendaharaan A.S.. Jabatan Perbendaharaan pula menghantar permintaan ini kepada Biro Ukiran dan Percetakan (untuk mencetak bil dolar baru) dan Biro Mint (untuk mencopot syiling). <> Siapa yang boleh membuat \"wang berkuasa tinggi baru\"? || Rizab Persekutuan <> Siapa yang Federal Reserve perlu membuat pesanan dengan wang dicetak? || Jabatan Perbendaharaan A.S. <> Koin setem organisasi yang mana? || Biro Mint <> Biro mana yang mencetak dolar baru? || Ukiran dan Percetakan <> Siapa yang boleh menarik diri dari akaun rizab mereka di Rizab Persekutuan? || Bank perdagangan <> Siapa yang boleh membuat akaun rizab? || <> Siapa yang akaun simpanan harus membuat pesanan dengan wang dicetak? || <> Organisasi mana yang mengarahkan dana yang ada? || <> Biro mana yang merizabkan wang berkuasa tinggi? || <> Siapa yang boleh menarik balik dari akaun Rizab Persekutuan mereka di Biro Ukiran dan Percetakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who can create \"new high-powered money\"?", "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84444", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?", "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84445", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Treasury Department", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization stamps coins?", "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84446", "answers": [{"text": "Bureau of the Mint", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bureau prints new dollars?", "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84447", "answers": [{"text": "Engraving and Printing", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can freely withdraw from  their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve?", "id": "5709b61eed30961900e84448", "answers": [{"text": "Commercial banks", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "Who can create reserve accounts?", "id": "5a8cf43ffd22b3001a8d9094", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Treasury Department", "answer_start": 452}], "question": "Who do the reserve accounts have to place an order with for printed money?", "id": "5a8cf43ffd22b3001a8d9095", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bureau of the Mint", "answer_start": 607}], "question": "Which organization orders existing funds?", "id": "5a8cf43ffd22b3001a8d9096", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Engraving and Printing", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "Which Bureau reserves high-powered money?", "id": "5a8cf43ffd22b3001a8d9097", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commercial banks", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Who can freely withdraw from their Federal Reserve accounts at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing?", "id": "5a8cf43ffd22b3001a8d9098", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds\u2014it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins)."}], ["Pada abad ke-16, Count Hieronymus Schlick dari Bohemia mula memalsukan duit syiling yang dikenali sebagai Joachimstalers (dari German thal, atau saat ini biasanya Tal, \"lembah\", bersamaan dengan \"dale\" dalam bahasa Inggeris), dinamakan untuk Joachimstal, (Lembah St. Joachim, sekarang J\u00e1chymov; kemudian sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Bohemia, kini sebahagian Republik Czech). Joachimstaler kemudiannya dipendekkan kepada Taler Jerman, sebuah perkataan yang kemudiannya dijumpai dalam bahasa Denmark dan Sweden sebagai daler, bahasa Norway sebagai dalar dan daler, Belanda sebagai daler atau daalder, Ethiopia sebagai \u1273\u120b\u122a (talari), bahasa Hungary sebagai taller, bahasa Itali sebagai tallero, dan bahasa Inggeris sebagai dolar. Secara alternatif, thaler dikatakan berasal dari duit syiling Jerman Guldengroschen (\"gilder yang hebat\", yang bersifat perak tetapi sama dengan nilai kepada guilder emas), dicetak dari perak dari Joachimsthal. <> Siapa yang mula memalsukan koin yang dikenali sebagai Joachimstalers? || Count Hieronymus Schlick dari Bohemia <> Apakah nama modern untuk Lembah St. Joachim? || J\u00e1chymov <> Apa yang terdiri daripada Joachimstalers? || perak <> Bagaimana perkataan \"penyokong\" diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Itali? || tallero <> Selain daripada \"penari\", apakah nama lain duit syiling Jerman? || Guldengroschen <> Siapa yang mula memalsukan koin yang dikenali sebagai Hungary? || <> Apakah nama moden untuk Joachimsthal? || <> Apa yang Belanda terdiri daripada? || <> Bagaimana perkataan \"perak\" diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Itali? || <> Selain daripada \"penyokong\" apa nama lain duit syiling Itali? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?", "id": "5709af50200fba1400368259", "answers": [{"text": "Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?", "id": "5709af50200fba140036825a", "answers": [{"text": "J\u00e1chymov", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Joachimstalers composed of?", "id": "5709af50200fba140036825b", "answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the word \"taler\" translate into Italian?", "id": "5709af50200fba140036825c", "answers": [{"text": "tallero", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than \"taler\", what is the other name of the German coin?", "id": "5709af50200fba140036825d", "answers": [{"text": "Guldengroschen", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who began minting the coins known as Hungarian?", "id": "5a8ccac8fd22b3001a8d8e7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J\u00e1chymov", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What is the modern name for Joachimsthal?", "id": "5a8ccac8fd22b3001a8d8e7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What were the Dutch composed of?", "id": "5a8ccac8fd22b3001a8d8e7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tallero", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "How did the word \"silver\" translate into Italian?", "id": "5a8ccac8fd22b3001a8d8e7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Guldengroschen", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "Other than \"taler\" what is the other name of the Italian coin?", "id": "5a8ccac8fd22b3001a8d8e7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, \"valley\", cognate with \"dale\" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now J\u00e1chymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as \u1273\u120b\u122a (talari), Hungarian as tall\u00e9r, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen (\"great guilder\", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal."}], ["Nilai dolar A.S. menurun dengan ketara semasa perang, terutamanya semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, Perang Dunia I, dan Perang Dunia II. Rizab Persekutuan, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1913, direka untuk memberikan mata wang \"elastik\" tertakluk kepada \"perubahan kuantiti yang ketara dalam tempoh yang singkat\", yang jauh berbeza dengan bentuk wang berkuasa tinggi seperti emas, nota bank nasional, dan syiling perak. Dalam jangka panjang, standard emas terdahulu mengekalkan harga yang stabil-contohnya, paras harga dan nilai dolar A.S. pada tahun 1914 tidak begitu berbeza dengan paras harga pada tahun 1880-an. Rizab Persekutuan pada mulanya berjaya mengekalkan nilai dolar AS dan kestabilan harga, membalikkan inflasi yang disebabkan oleh Perang Dunia Pertama dan menstabilkan nilai dolar pada tahun 1920-an, sebelum mengetuai deflasi 30% dalam harga AS pada tahun 1930-an . <> Dalam masa dimana nilai dolar biasanya menurun? || masa perang <> Bilakah Rizab Persekutuan ditubuhkan? || 1913 <> Apakah Rizab Persekutuan direka untuk memberi? || mata wang \"elastik\" <> Apa yang sebelum ini menyimpan harga stabil? || standard emas <> Berapakah harga AS dikurangkan pada tahun 1930-an? || 30% <> Semasa masa yang mana nilai dolar biasanya mengekalkan nilai? || <> Bilakah Rizab Awam ditubuhkan? || <> Apakah Rizab Awam yang direka untuk memberi? || <> Apa yang sebelumnya telah menyebabkan penurunan harga? || <> Berapakah harga AS meningkat pada tahun 1930-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?", "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368293", "answers": [{"text": "wartime", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Federal Reserve established?", "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368294", "answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?", "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368295", "answers": [{"text": "an \"elastic\" currency", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had previously kept prices stable?", "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368296", "answers": [{"text": "gold standard", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?", "id": "5709ba58200fba1400368297", "answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wartime", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "During which times does the value of the dollar typically maintain value?", "id": "5a8cfa0ffd22b3001a8d90b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "When was the Civil Reserve established?", "id": "5a8cfa0ffd22b3001a8d90b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an \"elastic\" currency", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What was the Civil Reserve designed to furnish?", "id": "5a8cfa0ffd22b3001a8d90b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gold standard", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What had previously kept prices declining?", "id": "5a8cfa0ffd22b3001a8d90b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 865}], "question": "How much did the US prices inflate in the 1930s?", "id": "5a8cfa0ffd22b3001a8d90b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an \"elastic\" currency subject to \"substantial changes of quantity over short periods\", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable\u2014for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s."}], ["Pada bulan Februari 2007, Mint A.S., di bawah Akta Koin $ 1 Presiden 2005, memperkenalkan syiling dolar AS $ 1 A.S. baru. Berdasarkan kejayaan siri \"50 Negeri Kuarters\", syiling baru ini mempunyai urutan presiden dalam rangka perasmian mereka, bermula dengan George Washington, di sebelah belakang. Bahagian belakang mempunyai Patung Liberty. Untuk membolehkan potret yang lebih besar, lebih terperinci, inskripsi tradisional \"E Pluribus Unum\", \"In God We Trust\", tahun penipuan atau penerbitan, dan tanda pudina akan tertulis di tepi syiling bukan muka . Ciri ini, sama dengan prasasti tepi yang dilihat pada duit syiling British \u00a3 1, biasanya tidak dikaitkan dengan reka bentuk duit syiling A.S.. Prasasti \"Liberty\" telah dihapuskan, dengan Patung Liberty berkhidmat sebagai pengganti yang mencukupi. Di samping itu, kerana sifat duit syiling AS, ini akan menjadi kali pertama yang akan mengedarkan syiling AS denominasi yang berbeza dengan presiden yang sama yang dipaparkan di bahagian depan (kepala) (Lincoln / penny, Jefferson / nikel, Franklin D. Roosevelt / dime, Washington / suku, Kennedy / setengah dolar, dan Eisenhower / dolar). Satu lagi fakta yang tidak biasa mengenai syiling $ 1 baru ialah Grover Cleveland akan mempunyai dua syiling dengan potretnya yang dikeluarkan kerana fakta bahawa beliau adalah satu-satunya Presiden A.S. yang dipilih untuk dua istilah yang tidak berturut-turut. <> Di mana tahun itu duit syiling Presiden AS $ 1 baru diperkenalkan? || 2007 <> Apa bahagian belakang ciri-ciri syiling baru? || Patung Liberty <> Apakah versi rasmi \"In God We Trust\" dicetak pada duit syiling? || E Pluribus Unum <> Prasasti mana yang telah dihapuskan kerana Patung Liberty ditambah ke duit syiling? || \"Liberty\" <> Yang Presiden akan mempunyai dua syiling dengan potretnya di atasnya? || Grover Cleveland <> Di mana tahun itu duit syiling Presiden Roosevelt baru diperkenalkan? || <> Apakah bahagian belakang ciri duit syiling Roosevelt? || <> Apakah versi rasmi \"Liberty\" dicetak pada duit syiling? || <> Prasasti mana yang dihapuskan kerana Roosevelt ditambah ke duit syiling? || <> Presiden mana yang akan mempunyai dua dimalam dengan potretnya di atasnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?", "id": "5709b503200fba1400368289", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?", "id": "5709b503200fba140036828a", "answers": [{"text": "Statue of Liberty", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the official version of \"In God We Trust\" printed on the coins? ", "id": "5709b503200fba140036828b", "answers": [{"text": "E Pluribus Unum", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?", "id": "5709b503200fba140036828c", "answers": [{"text": "\"Liberty\"", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?", "id": "5709b503200fba140036828d", "answers": [{"text": "Grover Cleveland", "answer_start": 1206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In which year was the new Roosevelt Presidential coin introduced?", "id": "5a8ce841fd22b3001a8d9000", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Statue of Liberty", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What does the reverse side of the Roosevelt coin feature? ", "id": "5a8ce841fd22b3001a8d9001", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E Pluribus Unum", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What is the official version of \"Liberty\" printed on the coins?", "id": "5a8ce841fd22b3001a8d9002", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Liberty\"", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "Which inscription was eliminated due to Roosevelt being added to the coin?", "id": "5a8ce841fd22b3001a8d9003", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grover Cleveland", "answer_start": 1206}], "question": "Which President will have two dimes with his portrait on it?", "id": "5a8ce841fd22b3001a8d9004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the \"50 State Quarters\" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of \"E Pluribus Unum\", \"In God We Trust\", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British \u00a31 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription \"Liberty\" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms."}], ["Tidak seperti dolar giling Sepanyol dolar A.S. didasarkan pada sistem nilai perpuluhan. Sebagai tambahan kepada dolar, perbuatan duit syiling secara rasmi menubuhkan unit monetari kilang atau satu per seribu dolar (simbol \u20a5), satu sen atau seratus dolar (simbol \u00a2), sepeser pun atau sepersepuluh dolar, dan helang atau sepuluh dolar, dengan bobot dan komposisi emas, perak, atau tembaga yang ditetapkan untuk masing-masing. Ia dicadangkan pada pertengahan 1800-an bahawa seratus dolar dikenali sebagai kesatuan, tetapi tiada duit syiling kesatuan yang pernah diserang dan hanya corak untuk setengah kesatuan $ 50 wujud. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya sen dalam penggunaan sehari-hari sebagai bahagian dolar; \"dime\" digunakan semata-mata sebagai nama duit syiling dengan nilai 10 \u00a2, manakala \"helang\" dan \"kilang\" sebahagian besarnya tidak diketahui umum, walaupun kilang kadang-kadang digunakan dalam hal-hal levi cukai, dan harga petrol biasanya dalam bentuk $ X.XX9 per galon, misalnya, $ 3,599, kadangkala ditulis sebagai $ 3,599/10. Apabila saat ini dikeluarkan dalam bentuk beredar, denominasi sama dengan atau kurang dari satu dolar dikeluarkan sebagai koin AS sementara denominasi sama dengan atau lebih besar dari satu dolar dikeluarkan sebagai nota Rizab Federal (kecuali pengecualian emas, perak dan koin platinum bernilai hingga $ 100 sebagai tender sah, tetapi lebih bernilai sebagai bullion). Kedua-dua duit syiling dan nota satu dolar dihasilkan hari ini, walaupun bentuk nota itu jauh lebih biasa. Pada masa lalu, \"wang kertas\" kadangkala dikeluarkan dalam denominasi kurang daripada satu dolar (mata wang pecahan) dan duit syiling emas dikeluarkan untuk edaran sehingga nilai $ 20 (dikenali sebagai \"helang berganda\", dihentikan pada tahun 1930-an). Istilah helang digunakan dalam Akta Koin 1792 untuk denominasi sepuluh dolar, dan kemudiannya digunakan dalam penamaan duit syiling emas. Mata wang kertas kurang daripada satu dolar dalam denominasi, yang dikenali sebagai \"mata wang pecahan\", kadang-kadang juga disebut sebagai \"shinplasters\". Pada tahun 1854, James Guthrie, Setiausaha Perbendaharaan, mencadangkan mencipta duit syiling $ 100, $ 50 dan $ 25, yang disebut sebagai \"Kesatuan\", \"Kesatuan Separuh\", dan \"Kesatuan Suku\", dengan itu menandakan denominasi 1 Kesatuan = $ 100. <> Apakah dolar AS berdasarkan? || nilai sistem perpuluhan <> Berapa banyak nilai monetari yang dipegang oleh pelanggan? || satu per sepuluh dolar <> Berapa banyak kesatuan yang akan bernilai seperti yang dicadangkan pada tahun 1800an? || seratus dolar <> Apa nilai maksimal yang pernah digunakan oleh koin emas? || $ 20 <> Dalam undang-undang apa istilah \"helang\" digunakan? || Akta Koin 1792 <> Apakah Kesatuan berdasarkan? || <> Berapa banyak nilai kewangan yang memegang perbendaharaan? || <> Berapakah kesatuan akan bernilai seperti yang dicadangkan pada tahun 1900-an? || <> Apakah nilai wang kertas maksimum yang digunakan untuk dapat? || <> Dalam undang-undang apa istilah \"denominasi\" digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the US dollar based upon?", "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d0", "answers": [{"text": "a decimal system of values", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much monetary value does a dime hold?", "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d1", "answers": [{"text": "one-tenth of a dollar", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?", "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d2", "answers": [{"text": "one hundred dollars", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?", "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d3", "answers": [{"text": "$20", "answer_start": 1542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what legislation was the term \"eagle\" used?", "id": "5709a923ed30961900e843d4", "answers": [{"text": "Coinage Act of 1792", "answer_start": 1635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a decimal system of values", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is the Union based upon?", "id": "5a8cc8f2fd22b3001a8d8e66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one-tenth of a dollar", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "How much monetary value does a treasury hold?", "id": "5a8cc8f2fd22b3001a8d8e67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one hundred dollars", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1900s?", "id": "5a8cc8f2fd22b3001a8d8e68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$20", "answer_start": 1542}], "question": "What was the maximum value paper money used to be able to have?", "id": "5a8cc8f2fd22b3001a8d8e69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coinage Act of 1792", "answer_start": 1635}], "question": "In what legislation was the term \"denomination\" used?", "id": "5a8cc8f2fd22b3001a8d8e6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol \u20a5), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol \u00a2), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; \"dime\" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10\u00a2, while \"eagle\" and \"mill\" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599\u204410. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, \"paper money\" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the \"double eagle\", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as \"fractional currency\", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as \"shinplasters\". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a \"Union\", \"Half Union\", and \"Quarter Union\", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100."}], ["Perlembagaan memperuntukkan bahawa \"Penyata dan Akaun Resit dan Pengeluaran yang tetap dari semua wang awam hendaklah diterbitkan dari semasa ke semasa\". Peruntukan Perlembagaan itu dibuat khusus oleh Seksyen 331 Tajuk 31 Kanun Amerika Syarikat. Jumlah wang yang dilaporkan dalam \"Penyata\" kini dinyatakan dalam dolar A.S. (contohnya, lihat Laporan Kewangan 2009 Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat). Oleh itu, dolar A.S. boleh digambarkan sebagai unit akaun Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa yang menentukan bahawa penerimaan bagi perbelanjaan semua wang awam mesti diterbitkan? || Perlembagaan <> Bahagian mana yang menyatakan dengan jelas bahawa penerimaan wang awam mesti diterbitkan? || Seksyen 331 <> Mata wang manakah jumlah wang dalam \"Pernyataan\" yang dipaparkan? || A.S. A.S. <> Apakah unit akaun Amerika Syarikat? || A.S. dollar <> Apa yang menentukan bahawa penerimaan untuk pengeluaran semua kod awam mesti diterbitkan? || <> Bahagian mana yang menyatakan dengan jelas bahawa resit untuk peruntukan mesti diterbitkan? || <> Di manakah mata wang adalah jumlah peruntukan dalam \"Pernyataan\" yang dipaparkan? || <> Apakah unit peruntukan laporan di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh diterbitkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?", "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682bb", "answers": [{"text": "The Constitution", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?", "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682bc", "answers": [{"text": "Section 331", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which currency are the sums of money in the \"Statements\" displayed in?", "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682bd", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. dollars", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the unit of account of the United States?", "id": "5709c30f200fba14003682be", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. dollar", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Constitution", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public codes must be published?", "id": "5a8cc676fd22b3001a8d8e48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Section 331", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Which section specifically states that receipts for provisions must be published?", "id": "5a8cc676fd22b3001a8d8e49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. dollars", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "In which currency are the sums of provisions in the \"Statements\" displayed in?", "id": "5a8cc676fd22b3001a8d8e4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. dollar", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What is the unit of report provisions of the United States?", "id": "5a8cc676fd22b3001a8d8e4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What shall not be published?", "id": "5a8cc676fd22b3001a8d8e4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Constitution provides that \"a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time\". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the \"Statements\" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States."}], ["Terdapat perdebatan yang berterusan mengenai sama ada bank pusat perlu mensasarkan inflasi sifar (yang bermaksud nilai yang berterusan untuk dolar AS dari masa ke masa) atau inflasi yang rendah, stabil (yang bermaksud nilai secara berterusan tetapi perlahan menurun nilai dolar dari masa ke masa, seperti kes sekarang). Walaupun sesetengah ahli ekonomi menyokong dasar inflasi sifar dan oleh itu nilai berterusan untuk dolar A.S., yang lain berpendapat bahawa dasar sedemikian menghalang keupayaan bank pusat untuk mengawal kadar faedah dan merangsang ekonomi apabila diperlukan. <> Apa yang akan bermakna sifar inflasi untuk dolar AS dari masa ke masa? || nilai malar <> Apa yang akan menyebabkan penurunan nilai dolar secara perlahan dari masa ke masa? || inflasi yang rendah, stabil <> Siapa yang menyokong dasar inflasi sifar? || beberapa ahli ekonomi <> Dasar inflasi sifar akan mengehadkan siapa pengaruh dan kebolehan untuk bertindak balas? || bank pusat <> Dengan kadar inflasi sifar, apakah bank pusat tidak dapat melakukan selain daripada kadar faedah kawalan? || merangsang ekonomi <> Apa yang akan bermakna sifar inflasi untuk kepentingan kawalan dari masa ke masa? || <> Apa yang akan menyebabkan penurunan nilai kawalan kepentingan yang perlahan dari masa ke masa? || <> Dasar inflasi sifar akan mengehadkan siapa pengaruh dan merangsang ekonomi? || <> Dengan kadar inflasi sifar, apakah inflasi yang stabil tidak boleh dilakukan selain dari kadar faedah kawalan? || <> Apa yang akan bermakna secara berterusan tetapi perlahan-lahan merangsang ekonomi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?", "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e84458", "answers": [{"text": "constant value", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?", "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e84459", "answers": [{"text": "low, stable inflation", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?", "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e8445a", "answers": [{"text": "some economists", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?", "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e8445b", "answers": [{"text": "central bank", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?", "id": "5709bb3ded30961900e8445c", "answers": [{"text": "stimulate the economy", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constant value", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What would zero inflation mean for control interest over time?", "id": "5a8cfcc1fd22b3001a8d90d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "low, stable inflation", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What would result in a slow declining of the value of control interest over time?", "id": "5a8cfcc1fd22b3001a8d90d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "central bank", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and stimulate the economy?", "id": "5a8cfcc1fd22b3001a8d90d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stimulate the economy", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "With a zero inflation rate, what would stable inflation be unable to do other than control interest rates?", "id": "5a8cfcc1fd22b3001a8d90d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stable inflation", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What would mean a continuously but slowly stimulating of the economy?", "id": "5a8cfcc1fd22b3001a8d90d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed."}], ["Amerika Syarikat Mint memproduksi Proof Set khusus untuk pengumpul dan spekulator. Proofs Silver cenderung menjadi rekaan standard tetapi dengan sepeser pun, suku, dan setengah dolar yang mengandungi 90% perak. Bermula pada tahun 1983 dan berakhir pada tahun 1997, Mint juga menghasilkan set bukti yang mengandungi duit syiling peringatan tahun bersama duit syiling biasa. Satu lagi jenis set bukti ialah Set Bukti Dolar Presiden di mana empat syiling khas $ 1 dicetak setiap tahun memaparkan seorang presiden. Kerana kekangan bajet dan meningkatkan stok syiling yang tidak popular ini, pengeluaran syiling dolar Presiden baru untuk edaran digantung pada 13 Disember 2011, oleh Setiausaha Perbendaharaan A.S., Timothy F. Geithner. Pencetakan masa depan duit syiling itu akan dibuat semata-mata untuk pengumpul. <> Apa yang khusus dihasilkan untuk pengumpul? || Set Bukti <> Berapakah peratusan perak dalam syiling dalam Proofs Perak? || 90% <> Bilakah mint sedang menghasilkan set bukti? || 1983 <> Selain daripada bukti Silver Proof, apakah jenis Proof lain yang ada? || Set Bukti Presiden Dollar <> Bilakah pengeluaran syiling dolar Presiden digantung? || 13 Disember 2011 <> Apa yang dihasilkan secara khusus untuk kekangan bajet? || <> Apakah peratusan perak dalam duit syiling dalam kekangan anggaran? || <> Bilakah Mint mula menghasilkan set anggaran? || <> Selain daripada anggaran Belanjawan Perak, apa lagi jenis set Anggaran? || <> Bilakah pengeluaran syiling perak digantung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is specifically produced for collectors?", "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84476", "answers": [{"text": "Proof Sets", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?", "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84477", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Mint being producing proof sets?", "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84478", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?", "id": "5709c220ed30961900e84479", "answers": [{"text": "Presidential Dollar Proof Set", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?", "id": "5709c220ed30961900e8447a", "answers": [{"text": "December 13, 2011", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Proof Sets", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What is specifically produced for budget constraints?", "id": "5a8ce413fd22b3001a8d8fba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What is the percentage of silver in coins in the budget constraints?", "id": "5a8ce413fd22b3001a8d8fbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "When did the Mint begin producing budget sets?", "id": "5a8ce413fd22b3001a8d8fbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Presidential Dollar Proof Set", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "Other than the Silver Budget set, what other type of Budget set exists?", "id": "5a8ce413fd22b3001a8d8fbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 13, 2011", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "When was the production of silver coins suspended?", "id": "5a8ce413fd22b3001a8d8fbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors."}], ["Kerelaan \"buck\" (s) (seperti perkataan British \"quid\" (s, pl) untuk pound sterling) sering digunakan untuk merujuk kepada dolar dari pelbagai negara, termasuk dolar A.S.. Istilah ini, yang bermula pada abad ke-18, mungkin berasal dari perdagangan kulit penjajah. Ia juga mungkin berasal dari istilah poker. \"Greenback\" adalah nama samaran yang pada asalnya digunakan khusus untuk dolar Nota Permintaan pada abad ke-19 yang dicipta oleh Abraham Lincoln untuk membiayai kos Perang Saudara untuk Utara. Nota asal dicetak dalam warna hitam dan hijau di bahagian belakang. Ia masih digunakan untuk merujuk kepada dolar A.S. (tetapi tidak kepada dolar negara lain). Nama-nama lain yang terkenal dengan dolar secara menyeluruh termasuk \"surat hijau\", \"hijau\" dan \"presiden yang mati\" (yang terakhir kerana presiden yang telah mati digambarkan pada kebanyakan bil). <> Apakah setara dengan \"dolar\" yang setara dengan British? || quid <> Dalam abad mana boleh istilah \"buck\" dikesan semula? || 18 <> Apa jenis perdagangan yang mungkin berasal dari \"uang\"? || perdagangan kulit kolonial <> Apa nama panggilan yang diberikan kepada dolar Nota Permintaan yang digunakan untuk membiayai Perang Saudara? || Greenback <> Apa warna selain daripada hijau yang digunakan pada bahagian belakang nota asal? || hitam <> Apakah setara British \"keseluruhan\"? || <> Di mana abad boleh istilah \"keseluruhan\" dikesan semula? || <> Apa jenis perdagangan yang mungkin berasal dari \"keseluruhan\"? || <> Apakah nama samaran yang diberikan kepada dolar Bill Permintaan yang digunakan untuk membiayai wang itu? || <> Apa warna selain daripada merah digunakan pada bahagian belakang nota asal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the British equivalent of a \"buck\"?", "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84480", "answers": [{"text": "quid", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century can the term \"buck\" be traced back to?", "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84481", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of trade may have been the origin of the \"buck\"?", "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84482", "answers": [{"text": "colonial leather trade", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?", "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84483", "answers": [{"text": "Greenback", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?", "id": "5709c499ed30961900e84484", "answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quid", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What is the British equivalent of a \"whole\"?", "id": "5a8ccbedfd22b3001a8d8e8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "In which century can the term \"whole\" be traced back to?", "id": "5a8ccbedfd22b3001a8d8e8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colonial leather trade", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What kind of trade may have been the origin of the \"whole\"?", "id": "5a8ccbedfd22b3001a8d8e90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greenback", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What was the nickname given to the Demand Bill dollars that were used to finance the buck?", "id": "5a8ccbedfd22b3001a8d8e91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "What color other than red was used on the backside of the original note?", "id": "5a8ccbedfd22b3001a8d8e92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The colloquialism \"buck\"(s) (much like the British word \"quid\"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. \"Greenback\" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include \"greenmail\", \"green\" and \"dead presidents\" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills)."}], ["Saat ini denominasi dicetak adalah $ 1, $ 2, $ 5, $ 10, $ 20, $ 50, dan $ 100. Nota di atas denominasi $ 100 tidak dicetak pada tahun 1946 dan secara rasmi ditarik balik daripada peredaran pada tahun 1969. Nota-nota ini digunakan terutamanya dalam transaksi antara bank atau oleh jenayah terancang; ia adalah penggunaan terakhir yang mendorong Presiden Richard Nixon mengeluarkan perintah eksekutif pada tahun 1969 yang menghentikan penggunaannya. Dengan adanya perbankan elektronik, mereka menjadi kurang perlu. Nota dalam denominasi $ 500, $ 1,000, $ 5,000, $ 10,000 dan $ 100,000 semuanya dihasilkan pada satu masa; lihat bil nama besar dalam mata wang A.S. untuk butirannya. Nota-nota ini kini merupakan item pengumpul dan bernilai lebih daripada nilai muka mereka kepada pengumpul. <> Apakah tagihan tertinggi yang dicetak pada masa ini? || $ 100 <> Dalam tahun mana ada nota bernilai lebih dari $ 100 tidak lagi dicetak? || 1946 <> Bilakah bil di atas denominasi $ 100 ditarik dari peredaran? || 1969 <> Apa gunanya bil nilai yang lebih tinggi mendorong Nixon untuk menghentikan penggunaan bil tersebut? || jenayah terancang <> Apa yang telah dikeluarkan untuk menghentikan penggunaan denominasi mata wang yang lebih tinggi? || perintah eksekutif <> Apakah kos perintah eksekutif? || <> Di mana tahun itu nota bernilai di bawah $ 1 tidak lagi dicetak? || <> Bilakah bil di atas di bawah $ 1 ditarik balik ke dalam edaran? || <> Apakah penggunaan bil nilai yang lebih rendah yang mendorong Nixon untuk menghentikan penggunaan bil tersebut? || <> Apa yang telah dikeluarkan untuk menghentikan penggunaan denominasi mata wang yang lebih rendah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?", "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682cd", "answers": [{"text": "$100", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?", "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682ce", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?", "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682cf", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?", "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682d0", "answers": [{"text": "organized crime", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?", "id": "5709c3b3200fba14003682d1", "answers": [{"text": "an executive order", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What is the cost of an executive order?", "id": "5a8cf0f0fd22b3001a8d9076", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "In which year were notes valued below $1 no longer printed?", "id": "5a8cf0f0fd22b3001a8d9077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "When were bills above the below the $1 withdrawn into circulation?", "id": "5a8cf0f0fd22b3001a8d9078", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "organized crime", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What use of lower value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?", "id": "5a8cf0f0fd22b3001a8d9079", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an executive order", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "What was issued to halt the use of lower currency denominations?", "id": "5a8cf0f0fd22b3001a8d907a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors."}], ["Dolar pertama didasarkan pada nilai dan rupa dolar Sepanyol, yang digunakan secara meluas di Amerika Sepanyol dari abad ke-16 hingga ke-19. Dolar dolar pertama yang dikeluarkan oleh Amerika Syarikat Mint (ditubuhkan 1792) adalah serupa dengan saiz dan komposisi kepada dolar Sepanyol, yang dicetak di Mexico dan Peru. Dolar perak Sepanyol, A.S., dan kemudian, peso perak Mexico mengedarkan bersebelahan di Amerika Syarikat, dan dolar Sepanyol dan peso Mexico masih sah sehingga Undang-undang Syiling tahun 1857. Pencocokan pelbagai koloni Inggeris juga diedarkan. Dolar singa itu terkenal di Colony New Netherland Belanda (New York), tetapi dolar singa juga diedarkan di seluruh koloni Inggeris semasa abad ke-17 dan awal abad ke-18. Contoh-contoh yang beredar di tanah jajahan biasanya dipakai supaya reka bentuk tidak dapat dibezakan sepenuhnya, oleh itu mereka kadang-kadang disebut sebagai \"dolar anjing\". <> Apa rupa dolar berdasarkan? || Dolar Sepanyol <> Dalam abad apakah dolar Sepanyol mula digunakan di Amerika Syarikat? || 16 <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat Mint ditubuhkan? || 1792 <> Di luar Mexico, di manakah dolar Sepanyol dicetak? || Peru <> Bilakah dolar Sepanyol dan peso Mexico tidak lagi diterima sebagai tender sah? || 1857 <> Apa rupa koloni berdasarkan? || <> Dalam abad apakah dolar Sepanyol mula digunakan di New York? || <> Bilakah Sepanyol Mint ditubuhkan? || <> Di luar Belanda, di manakah dolar Belanda dicetak? || <> Bilakah dolar Belanda dan peso Mexico tidak lagi diterima sebagai tender sah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the look of the dollar based on?", "id": "5709cc734103511400d59446", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish dollar", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?", "id": "5709cc734103511400d59447", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the United States Mint founded?", "id": "5709cc734103511400d59448", "answers": [{"text": "1792", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?", "id": "5709cc734103511400d59449", "answers": [{"text": "Peru", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?", "id": "5709cc734103511400d5944a", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish dollar", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What was the look of the colonies based on?", "id": "5a8cd3b0fd22b3001a8d8efc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in New York?", "id": "5a8cd3b0fd22b3001a8d8efd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1792", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "When was the Spanish Mint founded?", "id": "5a8cd3b0fd22b3001a8d8efe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peru", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "Outside of the Netherlands, where else was the Dutch dollar minted?", "id": "5a8cd3b0fd22b3001a8d8eff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "When were the Dutch dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?", "id": "5a8cd3b0fd22b3001a8d8f00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as \"dog dollars\"."}], ["Oleh itu, nilai dolar A.S. tidak lagi berlabuh dengan emas, dan ia jatuh kepada Federal Reserve untuk mengekalkan nilai mata wang A.S.. Walau bagaimanapun, Federal Reserve terus meningkatkan bekalan wang, mengakibatkan stagflasi dan nilai yang mendadak dari dolar A.S. pada tahun 1970-an. Ini sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh pandangan ekonomi semasa pada ketika inflasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi sebenar dikaitkan (lengkung Phillips), dan inflasi dianggap sebagai agak jinak. Antara tahun 1965 dan 1981, dolar A.S. kehilangan dua pertiga daripada nilainya. <> Apakah nilai dolar A.S. tidak lagi berlabuh? || emas <> Siapa yang bertugas melakukannya untuk mengekalkan nilai mata wang A.S.? || Rizab Persekutuan <> Apakah langkah yang diambil oleh Rizab Persekutuan yang mengakibatkan stagflasi dan penurunan dolar A.S.? || Meningkatkan bekalan wang <> Apa yang mendakwa bahawa inflasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi dikaitkan? || lengkung Phillips <> Berapakah nilai yang telah diturunkan oleh dolar A.S. antara 1965 dan 1981? || dua pertiga <> Apakah nilai Federal Reserve tidak lagi berlabuh? || <> Kepada siapa yang menjadi tugas mempertahankan nilai Federal Reserve? || <> Apakah langkah yang diambil oleh Phillips yang mengakibatkan stagflasi dan penurunan dolar A.S.? || <> Apa yang mendakwa inflasi dan Rizab Persekutuan dikaitkan? || <> Berapa banyak nilai yang hilang di Rizab Persekutuan antara 1965 dan 1981? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?", "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bae", "answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?", "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182baf", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?", "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bb0", "answers": [{"text": "increase the money supply", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?", "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bb1", "answers": [{"text": "the Phillips curve", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?", "id": "5709cbff6d058f1900182bb2", "answers": [{"text": "two thirds", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What was the value of the Federal Reserve no longer anchored to?", "id": "5a8cfc17fd22b3001a8d90c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Whose duty did it become to maintain the value of the Federal Reserve?", "id": "5a8cfc17fd22b3001a8d90c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increase the money supply", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What move did the Phillips take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?", "id": "5a8cfc17fd22b3001a8d90c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Phillips curve", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What claimed that inflation and the Federal Reserve were linked?", "id": "5a8cfc17fd22b3001a8d90c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two thirds", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "How much value did the Federal Reserve lose between 1965 and 1981?", "id": "5a8cfc17fd22b3001a8d90ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value."}], ["Dolar AS telah diwujudkan oleh Perlembagaan dan ditakrifkan oleh Akta Syiling 1792. Ia menyatakan \"dolar\" yang didasarkan pada dolar giling Sepanyol dan 371 butir dan 4 bahagian enam belas dari bijian tulen atau 416 bijirin (27.0 g ) perak standard dan \"helang\" menjadi 247 dan 4 saingan daripada bijirin atau 270 bijirin (17 g) emas (sekali lagi bergantung kepada kemurnian). Pilihan nilai 371 bijirin timbul daripada keputusan Alexander Hamilton untuk mendasarkan unit Amerika baru dengan berat purata pemilihan dolar Sepanyol yang dipakai. Hamilton mendapat perbendaharaan untuk menimbang sampel dolar Sepanyol dan berat purata keluar menjadi 371 bijirin. Dolar Sepanyol baru biasanya kira-kira 377 butiran dalam berat badan, dan oleh itu dolar AS baru adalah pada sedikit diskaun berhubung dengan dolar Sepanyol. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan dolar AS? || Akta syiling 1792 <> Apakah dolar berdasarkan? || dolar Sepanyol mengisar <> Berapa banyak gram emas kira-kira di dalam helang? || 17 <> Siapa yang membuat keputusan untuk mendasarkan Unit Amerika pada berat pada dolar Sepanyol? || Alexander Hamilton <> Berapa berat purata dolar Sepanyol baru dari segi bijirin? || 377 <> Apa yang ditakrifkan Hamilton? || <> Apakah Hamilton berdasarkan? || <> Berapakah bilangan gram yang diperbuat helang? || <> Siapa yang membuat keputusan untuk mendasarkan Unit Hamilton pada berat dolar Sepanyol? || <> Berapakah purata berat Hamilton dalam bijirin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What defined the US dollar?", "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446c", "answers": [{"text": "Coinage Act of 1792", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the dollar based on?", "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446d", "answers": [{"text": "the Spanish milled dollar", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?", "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446e", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?", "id": "5709c16bed30961900e8446f", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Hamilton", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?", "id": "5709c16bed30961900e84470", "answers": [{"text": "377", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coinage Act of 1792", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What defined the Hamilton?", "id": "5a8cd4c6fd22b3001a8d8f1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Spanish milled dollar", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What was the Hamilton based on?", "id": "5a8cd4c6fd22b3001a8d8f1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "How many grams did an eagle weigh?", "id": "5a8cd4c6fd22b3001a8d8f1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander Hamilton", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "Who made the decision to base the Hamilton Unit on the weight of the Spanish dollar?", "id": "5a8cd4c6fd22b3001a8d8f1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "377", "answer_start": 682}], "question": "What was the average weight of the Hamilton in grains?", "id": "5a8cd4c6fd22b3001a8d8f1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a \"dollar\" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an \"eagle\" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar."}], ["A \"grand\", kadang-kadang dipendekkan kepada hanya \"G\", adalah istilah umum untuk jumlah $ 1,000. Akhiran \"K\" atau \"k\" (dari \"kilo-\") juga lazim digunakan untuk menandakan amaun ini (seperti \"$ 10k\" bermakna $ 10,000). Walau bagaimanapun, nota $ 1,000 tidak lagi digunakan umum. Satu \"besar\" atau \"timbunan\", ia biasanya merujuk kepada berbilang daripada $ 1,000 (seperti \"lima puluh besar\" yang bermaksud $ 50,000). Nota $ 100 dijuluki \"Benjamin\", \"Benji\", \"Ben\", atau \"Franklin\" (selepas Benjamin Franklin), \"C-note\" (C ialah angka Roman untuk 100) (contohnya \"dua bil\" menjadi $ 200). Nota $ 50 kadangkala dipanggil \"pengukur\" atau \"pemberian\" (selepas Presiden Ulysses S. Grant, yang digambarkan di depan). Nota $ 20 dirujuk sebagai \"sawbuck double\", \"Jackson\" (selepas Andrew Jackson), atau \"helang berganda\". Nota $ 10 dirujuk sebagai \"sawbuck\", \"sepuluh tempat\" atau \"Hamilton\" (selepas Alexander Hamilton). Nota $ 5 sebagai \"Lincoln\", \"fin\", \"fiver\" atau \"lima tempat\". Nota yang jarang digunakan $ 2 kadang-kadang dipanggil \"deuce\", \"Tom\", atau \"Jefferson\" (selepas Thomas Jefferson). Nota $ 1 sebagai \"tunggal\" atau \"duit\". Dolar juga telah dirujuk sebagai \"tulang\" dan \"tulang\" dalam bentuk jamak (mis. \"Dua puluh tulang\" bersamaan dengan $ 20). Reka bentuk yang lebih baru, dengan potret yang dipamerkan di dalam badan utama dari depan dan bukannya pada penemuan cameo atas warna kertas yang dikodkan oleh denominasi, kadang-kadang disebut sebagai nota \"bigface\" atau \"wang monopoli\". <> Apa yang \"besar\" kadangkala dipendekkan? || \"G\" <> Apa istilah lain selain daripada \"besar\" yang bermaksud timbunan ribuan mutiple? || \"stack\" <> Apakah \"C-note\" sebutan? || angka Roman untuk 100 <> Nota mana yang kadang-kadang disebut \"pengukur\"? || $ 50 <> Apa istilah lain untuk nota \"bigface\"? || Wang monopoli <> Apa itu \"sawbuck\" kadang-kadang dipendekkan? || <> Apa istilah lain selain daripada \"sawbuck\" yang bermaksud sebilangan ribu? || <> Apa itu rujukan G-note? || <> Nota mana yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai terbesar? || <> Apa istilah lain untuk nota sempadan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a \"grand\" sometimes shortened to?", "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84462", "answers": [{"text": "\"G\"", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term other than \"large\" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?", "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84463", "answers": [{"text": "\"stack\"", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a \"C-note\" a reference to?", "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84464", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman numeral for 100", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which note is occasionally called a \"yardstick\"?", "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84465", "answers": [{"text": "$50", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for \"bigface\" notes?", "id": "5709c0e6ed30961900e84466", "answers": [{"text": "Monopoly money", "answer_start": 1399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "G", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What is a \"sawbuck\" sometimes shortened to?", "id": "5a8ccd13fd22b3001a8d8ea2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stack", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What is another term other than \"sawbuck\" that means a stack of multiple thousands?", "id": "5a8ccd13fd22b3001a8d8ea3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Roman numeral for 100", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What is a G-note a reference to?", "id": "5a8ccd13fd22b3001a8d8ea4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$50", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "Which note is occasionally called a largestick?", "id": "5a8ccd13fd22b3001a8d8ea5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Monopoly money", "answer_start": 1399}], "question": "What is another term for obverse notes?", "id": "5a8ccd13fd22b3001a8d8ea6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A \"grand\", sometimes shortened to simply \"G\", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix \"K\" or \"k\" (from \"kilo-\") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as \"$10k\" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A \"large\" or \"stack\", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as \"fifty large\" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed \"Benjamin\", \"Benji\", \"Ben\", or \"Franklin\" (after Benjamin Franklin), \"C-note\" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), \"Century note\" or \"bill\" (e.g. \"two bills\" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a \"yardstick\" or a \"grant\" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a \"double sawbuck\", \"Jackson\" (after Andrew Jackson), or \"double eagle\". The $10 note is referred to as a \"sawbuck\", \"ten-spot\" or \"Hamilton\" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as \"Lincoln\", \"fin\", \"fiver\" or \"five-spot\". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called \"deuce\", \"Tom\", or \"Jefferson\" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a \"single\" or \"buck\". The dollar has also been, referred to as a \"bone\" and \"bones\" in plural (e.g. \"twenty bones\" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as \"bigface\" notes or \"Monopoly money\"."}], ["Perkataan \"dolar\" adalah salah satu perkataan dalam perenggan pertama Perkara 9 dari Perkara 1 Perlembagaan A.S.. Dalam konteks itu, \"dolar\" adalah rujukan kepada dolar giling Sepanyol, satu duit syiling yang mempunyai nilai monetari 8 unit mata wang Sepanyol, atau reales. Pada tahun 1792 Kongres A.S. mengguna pakai undang-undang bertajuk Akta yang membina pewarna, dan mengawal selia syiling Amerika Syarikat. Seksyen 9 akta tersebut membenarkan pengeluaran pelbagai syiling, termasuk \"DOLLAR ATAU UNIT-masing-masing menjadi nilai dari dolar giling Sepanyol yang sama sekarang, dan mengandungi tiga ratus tujuh puluh satu butir dan empat bahagian keenam belas daripada butir tulen, atau empat ratus enam belas bijih perak standard \". Seksyen 20 akta yang diperuntukkan, \"Bahawa wang akaun Amerika Syarikat hendaklah dinyatakan dalam dolar, atau unit ... dan semua akaun di pejabat awam dan semua prosiding di mahkamah Amerika Syarikat hendaklah disimpan dan telah mematuhi peraturan ini \". Dengan kata lain, akta ini menetapkan dolar Amerika Syarikat sebagai unit mata wang Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah \"dolar\" sebutan? || dolar Sepanyol mengisar <> Berapa banyak nilai yang ada dalam dolar gila Sepanyol berhubung dengan unit mata wang Sepanyol? || 8 unit Sepanyol <> Berapakah nilai satu dolar yang bermaksud bersamaan? || sebuah dolar giling Sepanyol <> Berapa banyak biji perak standard yang dimaksudkan dalam satu dolar? || empat ratus enam belas <> Berapa banyak biji perak tulen yang dimaksudkan dalam satu dolar? || tiga ratus tujuh puluh satu <> Apakah \"seksyen\" rujukan? || <> Berapakah nilai yang ada dalam dolar gila Sepanyol berkaitan dengan duit syiling Amerika Syarikat? || <> Berapakah nilai yang dimaksudkan untuk satu biji? || <> Berapa banyak dolar perak tunggal yang ditakrifkan satu dolar untuk membuat? || <> Berapa banyak biji perak tulen yang dimaksudkan dalam satu dolar giling? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is \"dollars\" a reference to?", "id": "5709bd0d200fba140036829d", "answers": [{"text": "the Spanish milled dollar", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?", "id": "5709bd0d200fba140036829e", "answers": [{"text": "8 Spanish units", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?", "id": "5709bd0d200fba140036829f", "answers": [{"text": "a Spanish milled dollar", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?", "id": "5709bd0d200fba14003682a0", "answers": [{"text": "four hundred and sixteen", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?", "id": "5709bd0d200fba14003682a1", "answers": [{"text": "three hundred and seventy-one", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Spanish milled dollar", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What is \"section\" a reference to?", "id": "5a8cc7f9fd22b3001a8d8e5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 Spanish units", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to coins of the United States?", "id": "5a8cc7f9fd22b3001a8d8e5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Spanish milled dollar", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "How much value was one grain meant to be equivalent to?", "id": "5a8cc7f9fd22b3001a8d8e5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four hundred and sixteen", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "How many single silver dollars were meant cost one dollar to make?", "id": "5a8cc7f9fd22b3001a8d8e5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three hundred and seventy-one", "answer_start": 577}], "question": "How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single milled dollar?", "id": "5a8cc7f9fd22b3001a8d8e60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The word \"dollar\" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, \"dollars\" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including \"DOLLARS OR UNITS\u2014each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\". Section 20 of the act provided, \"That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation\". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States."}], ["Hari ini, nota USD dibuat daripada kertas serat kapas, tidak seperti kertas yang paling biasa, yang diperbuat daripada serat kayu. Duit syiling A.S. dihasilkan oleh Amerika Syarikat Mint. Wang kertas A.S. dolar dicetak oleh Biro Ukiran dan Percetakan dan, sejak tahun 1914, dikeluarkan oleh Rizab Persekutuan. \"Nota bersaiz besar\" yang diterbitkan sebelum 1928 diukur 7.42 inci (188 mm) oleh 3.125 inci (79.4 mm); Nota bersaiz kecil, memperkenalkan tahun itu, ukuran 6.14 inci (156 mm) dengan 2.61 inci (66 mm) dengan 0.0043 inci (0.11 mm). Apabila semasa, mata wang A.S. bersaiz kecil diperkenalkan ia dirujuk sebagai mata wang berukuran Filipina kerana Filipina sebelum ini telah menggunakan ukuran yang sama untuk mata wang perundangannya. <> Apakah nota dolar yang diperbuat dari sekarang? || kertas serat kapas <> Apakah kertas yang paling biasa dibuat? || serat kayu <> Sejak tahun 1914, yang mengeluarkan wang kertas dolar? || Rizab Persekutuan <> Berapa lamakah nota semasa mengukur? || 6.14 inci <> Berapa saiz mata wang yang baru yang lebih kecil seperti yang sama? || Filipina <> Apakah catatan-catatan Phillipine yang dibuat dari masa sekarang? || <> Apa mata wang yang paling biasa dibuat? || <> Sejak tahun 1911, yang mengeluarkan wang kertas dolar? || <> Berapa lama rizab semasa mengukur? || <> Berapa saiz mata wang yang lebih besar nota yang lebih besar sama dengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are dollar notes made from now adays?", "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c0e", "answers": [{"text": "cotton fiber paper", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is most common paper made of?", "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c0f", "answers": [{"text": "wood fiber", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?", "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c10", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long do the current notes measure?", "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c11", "answers": [{"text": "6.14 inches", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?", "id": "5709e6f06d058f1900182c12", "answers": [{"text": "Philippine", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cotton fiber paper", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What are Phillipine notes made from now adays?", "id": "5a8cc9a1fd22b3001a8d8e70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wood fiber", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What is most common currency made of?", "id": "5a8cc9a1fd22b3001a8d8e71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Since 1911, who issues the dollar banknotes?", "id": "5a8cc9a1fd22b3001a8d8e72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6.14 inches", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "How long do the current reserves measure?", "id": "5a8cc9a1fd22b3001a8d8e73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philippines", "answer_start": 631}], "question": "What size currency are the new larger notes similar to?", "id": "5a8cc9a1fd22b3001a8d8e74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The \"large-sized notes\" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency."}], ["Di bawah sistem Bretton Woods yang ditubuhkan selepas Perang Dunia II, nilai emas telah ditetapkan pada $ 35 setiap auns, dan nilai dolar A.S. telah diikat pada nilai emas. Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan perbelanjaan kerajaan pada tahun 1960-an menyebabkan keraguan tentang keupayaan Amerika Syarikat untuk mempertahankan penukaran ini, stok emas berkurang apabila bank dan pelabur antarabangsa mula menukar dolar ke emas, dan sebagai akibatnya nilai dolar mula penurunan. Menghadapi krisis mata wang yang muncul dan bahaya yang pasti bahawa Amerika Syarikat tidak lagi dapat menebus dolar untuk emas, penukaran emas akhirnya ditamatkan pada tahun 1971 oleh Presiden Nixon, menyebabkan \"kejutan Nixon\". <> Bilakah sistem Bretton Woods ditubuhkan? || selepas Perang Dunia II <> Apakah nilai tetap emas? || $ 35 per auns <> Apakah nilai dolar AS yang dikaitkan? || nilai emas <> Apa yang dilakukan bank dan pelabur yang menurunkan nilai dolar? || menukar dolar ke emas <> Di mana tahun itu penukaran emas ditamatkan? || 1971 <> Bilakah sistem Nixon Woods ditubuhkan? || <> Apakah nilai stok tetap? || <> Apakah nilai pelabur Nixon dikaitkan dengannya? || <> Apa yang dilakukan bank dan pelabur yang menamatkan dolar? || <> Di mana tahun ditamatkan dolar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Bretton Woods system established?", "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf0", "answers": [{"text": "after World War II", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the fixed value of gold?", "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf1", "answers": [{"text": "$35 per ounce", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?", "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf2", "answers": [{"text": "the value of gold", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?", "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf3", "answers": [{"text": "convert dollars to gold", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was gold convertability terminated?", "id": "5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf4", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after World War II", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "When was the Nixon Woods system established?", "id": "5a8cfb3efd22b3001a8d90bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$35 per ounce", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What was the fixed value of stocks?", "id": "5a8cfb3efd22b3001a8d90bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the value of gold", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What was the value of the Nixon investors linked to?", "id": "5a8cfb3efd22b3001a8d90be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "convert dollars to gold", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What did banks and investors do that terminated the dollar?", "id": "5a8cfb3efd22b3001a8d90bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "In which year were dollars terminated?", "id": "5a8cfb3efd22b3001a8d90c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the \"Nixon shock\"."}], ["Secara teknikalnya, semua syiling ini masih sah di sisi muka, walaupun ada yang jauh lebih berharga hari ini untuk nilai numismatik mereka, dan untuk duit syiling emas dan perak, nilai logam berharga mereka. Dari tahun 1965 hingga 1970, setengah dolar Kennedy adalah satu-satunya duit syiling yang beredar dengan kandungan perak yang dibuang pada tahun 1971 dan digantikan dengan cupronickel. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak tahun 1992, Mint A.S. telah menghasilkan Set Bukti Perak yang istimewa sebagai tambahan kepada set bukti tahunan biasa dengan perak, rumah, dan setengah dolar sebagai pengganti versi tembaga-nikel standard. Di samping itu, duit syiling $ 4.00 (Stella) eksperimen juga dicetak pada tahun 1879, tetapi tidak pernah diletakkan pada peredaran, dan dianggap sebagai corak dan bukan denominasi syiling sebenar. <> Apakah syiling emas dan perak yang berharga untuk masa sekarang? || nilai logam berharga mereka <> Apa yang tidak bernilai terutamanya untuk duit syiling emas dan perak? || nilai numismatik mereka <> Apa satu-satunya duit syiling dengan kandungan perak dalam edaran dari tahun 1965 hingga 1970? || Kennedy half dollar <> Apa dolar separuh Kennedy diganti dengan? || cupronickel <> Berapa nilai duit syiling Stella yang dinilai? || $ 4.00 <> Apakah tembaga dan nikel lembut berharga untuk hari ini? || <> Apakah syiling bukan tembaga dan nikel berharga? || <> Apakah satu-satunya duit syiling dengan kandungan tembaga dalam edaran dari tahun 1965 hingga 1970? || <> Apakah dolar Kennedy diganti? || <> Berapa nilai duit syiling Kennedy bernilai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?", "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c22", "answers": [{"text": "their precious metal value", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?", "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c23", "answers": [{"text": "their numismatic value", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?", "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c24", "answers": [{"text": "Kennedy half dollar", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?", "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c25", "answers": [{"text": "cupronickel", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?", "id": "5709eb696d058f1900182c26", "answers": [{"text": "$4.00", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "precious metal value", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What is copper and nickel tender valuable for these days?", "id": "5a8ce29dfd22b3001a8d8fb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their numismatic value", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What are non copper and nickel coins  valuable for?", "id": "5a8ce29dfd22b3001a8d8fb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kennedy half dollar", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What was the only coin with any copper content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?", "id": "5a8ce29dfd22b3001a8d8fb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cupronickel", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What was the Kennedy dollar replaced with?", "id": "5a8ce29dfd22b3001a8d8fb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$4.00", "answer_start": 591}], "question": "How much was the experimental Kennedy coin valued at?", "id": "5a8ce29dfd22b3001a8d8fb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination."}], ["Biasanya, matlamat jangka pendek operasi pasaran terbuka adalah untuk mencapai sasaran kadar faedah jangka pendek tertentu. Dalam keadaan lain, dasar monetari sebaliknya memerlukan penargetan kadar tukaran tertentu berbanding dengan sesetengah mata wang asing atau yang lain berbanding dengan emas. Sebagai contoh, dalam kes Amerika Syarikat Rizab Persekutuan mensasarkan kadar dana persekutuan, kadar di mana ahli bank memberi pinjaman kepada satu sama lain semalaman. Cara utama lain untuk melaksanakan dasar monetari termasuk: (i) Pinjaman tingkap diskaun (sebagai pemberi pinjaman terakhir); (ii) Pemberian deposit pecahan (perubahan dalam keperluan rizab); (iii) penceraian moral (memujuk pemain pasaran tertentu untuk mencapai hasil tertentu); (iv) \"Operasi mulut terbuka\" (bercakap dasar monetari dengan pasaran). <> Apakah matlamat jangka pendek operasi pasaran terbuka? || mencapai sasaran kadar faedah jangka pendek tertentu <> Apa sasaran Rizab Persekutuan? || kadar dana persekutuan <> Apakah kadar dana persekutuan? || kadar di mana bank anggota meminjamkan satu sama lain semalaman <> Apakah cajoling pemain pasaran tertentu untuk mencapai hasil tertentu yang juga dikenali sebagai? || Pemantauan moral <> Apa maksud \"operasi mulut terbuka\"? || bercakap dasar monetari dengan pasaran <> Apakah matlamat jangka pendek operasional mulut terbuka? || <> Apakah sasaran operasi mulut terbuka? || <> Apakah keputusan persekutuan yang ditentukan? || <> Apakah cajoling pemain pasaran tertentu untuk mencapai kadar bank ahli yang juga dikenali sebagai? || <> Apa artinya pertukaran kadar emas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the short term goal of open market operations?", "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be6", "answers": [{"text": "achieve a specific short-term interest rate target", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Federal Reserve target?", "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be7", "answers": [{"text": "federal funds rate", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the federal funds rate?", "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be8", "answers": [{"text": "the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?", "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182be9", "answers": [{"text": "Moral suasion", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does \"open mouth operations\" mean?", "id": "5709e0746d058f1900182bea", "answers": [{"text": "talking monetary policy with the market", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "achieve a specific short-term interest rate target", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What is the short term goal of open mouth operatioins?", "id": "5a8cf5f9fd22b3001a8d909e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "federal funds rate", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What do open mouth operations target?", "id": "5a8cf5f9fd22b3001a8d909f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What is the federal specified outcome?", "id": "5a8cf5f9fd22b3001a8d90a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Moral suasion", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve member bank rates also known as?", "id": "5a8cf5f9fd22b3001a8d90a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "talking monetary policy with the market", "answer_start": 736}], "question": "What does gold rate exchange mean?", "id": "5a8cf5f9fd22b3001a8d90a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) \"Open mouth operations\" (talking monetary policy with the market)."}], ["Perlembagaan A.S. menyatakan bahawa Kongres mempunyai kuasa untuk \"meminjam wang atas kredit Amerika Syarikat\". Kongres telah melaksanakan kuasa itu dengan memberi kuasa kepada Bank Rizab Persekutuan untuk mengeluarkan Nota Rizab Persekutuan. Nota-nota tersebut adalah \"kewajipan Amerika Syarikat\" dan \"akan ditebus dalam wang yang sah apabila diminta di Jabatan Perbendaharaan Amerika Syarikat, di Washington, Daerah Columbia, atau di mana-mana bank Rizab Persekutuan\". Nota Rizab Persekutuan ditetapkan oleh undang-undang sebagai \"tender sah\" untuk pembayaran hutang. Kongres juga telah membenarkan pengeluaran lebih daripada 10 jenis wang kertas lain, termasuk Nota Amerika Syarikat dan Nota Rizab Persekutuan. Nota Rizab Persekutuan adalah satu-satunya jenis yang masih dalam peredaran sejak tahun 1970-an. <> Kuasa apakah yang diberikan oleh Kongres oleh Perlembagaan? || meminjam wang atas kredit Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Kongres untuk membenarkan Bank Rizab Persekutuan? || mengeluarkan Nota Rizab Persekutuan <> Apakah nota yang dikeluarkan oleh Federal Reserve? || kewajipan Amerika Syarikat <> Di mana, selain daripada mana-mana bank Rizab Persekutuan, bolehkah nota ditebus? || Washington, District of Columbia <> Sejak tahun 1970-an, apakah satu-satunya jenis catatan yang masih dalam peredaran? || Nota Rizab Persekutuan <> Kuasa apakah yang diberikan oleh Kongres oleh Federal Reserve? || <> Apa perlunya Perlembagaan membenarkan Bank Rizab Persekutuan? || <> Apa kata yang dikeluarkan oleh Kongres? || <> Di mana, selain daripada nota Kongres boleh ditebus? || <> Sejak tahun 1970-an, apakah satu-satunya jenis nota yang telah ditetapkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What power was Congress given by the Constitution?", "id": "5709de964103511400d5948a", "answers": [{"text": "borrow money on the credit of the United States", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?", "id": "5709de964103511400d5948b", "answers": [{"text": "issue Federal Reserve Notes", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?", "id": "5709de964103511400d5948c", "answers": [{"text": "obligations of the United States", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?", "id": "5709de964103511400d5948d", "answers": [{"text": "Washington, District of Columbia", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?", "id": "5709de964103511400d5948e", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve Note", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "borrow money on the credit of the United States", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What power was Congress given by the Federal Reserve?", "id": "5a8cefb4fd22b3001a8d9062", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "issue Federal Reserve Notes", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What did the Constitution authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?", "id": "5a8cefb4fd22b3001a8d9063", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "obligations of the United States", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What are the noted issued by Congress?", "id": "5a8cefb4fd22b3001a8d9064", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Washington, District of Columbia", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "Where, other than Congress can notes be redeemed?", "id": "5a8cefb4fd22b3001a8d9065", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Reserve Note", "answer_start": 698}], "question": "Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that have been designated?", "id": "5a8cefb4fd22b3001a8d9066", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to \"borrow money on the credit of the United States\". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are \"obligations of the United States\" and \"shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank\". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as \"legal tender\" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s."}], ["Akta Standard Emas 1900 mengabaikan standard bimetallic dan menetapkan dolar sebagai 23.22 bijirin (1.505 g) emas, bersamaan dengan menetapkan harga 1 troy auns emas pada $ 20.67. Duit syiling perak terus dikeluarkan untuk edaran sehingga tahun 1964, apabila semua perak telah dikeluarkan dari dimes dan kuarters, dan setengah dolar dikurangkan menjadi 40% perak. Dolar separuh perak yang terakhir diterbitkan untuk edaran pada tahun 1970. Koin emas dirampas oleh Perintah Eksekutif 6102 yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1933 oleh Franklin Roosevelt. Standard emas diubah menjadi 13.71 butiran (0.888 g), bersamaan dengan menetapkan harga 1 troy auns emas pada $ 35. Piawaian ini berterusan sehingga 1968. <> Apa nama perbuatan yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1900? || Akta Standard Emas <> Berapa banyak emas dalam gram adalah satu dolar bersamaan? || 1.505 <> Berapa nilai 1 troy auns emas? || $ 20.67 <> Tahun manakah yang membawa kemusnahan kepada perak dalam keadaan mati-matian dan perempat? || 1964 <> Presiden mana yang merampas duit syiling emas? || Franklin Roosevelt <> Apakah nama akta yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1800? || <> Berapa banyak perak dalam gram adalah satu dolar setara? || <> Berapa nilai 1 perak seberat perak? || <> Yang manakah tahun yang berakhir dengan emas yang sedang dimusnahkan dan kuarters? || <> Presiden mana yang merampas duit syiling perak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?", "id": "5709d8514103511400d59480", "answers": [{"text": "Gold Standard Act", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?", "id": "5709d8514103511400d59481", "answers": [{"text": "1.505", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?", "id": "5709d8514103511400d59482", "answers": [{"text": "$20.67", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?", "id": "5709d8514103511400d59483", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which President confiscated gold coins?", "id": "5709d8514103511400d59484", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin Roosevelt", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gold Standard Act", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1800?", "id": "5a8cdf53fd22b3001a8d8f7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.505", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "How much silver in grams was one dollar equivalent to?", "id": "5a8cdf53fd22b3001a8d8f7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$20.67", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "How much was 1 troy ounce of silver worth?", "id": "5a8cdf53fd22b3001a8d8f80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Which of year brought the end to gold being in dimes and quarters?", "id": "5a8cdf53fd22b3001a8d8f81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franklin Roosevelt", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "Which President confiscated silver coins?", "id": "5a8cdf53fd22b3001a8d8f82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968."}], ["Dari 1792, apabila Akta Mint dikeluarkan, dolar ditakrifkan sebagai 371.25 bijirin (24.056 g) perak. Ramai ahli sejarah [siapa?] Dengan keliru menganggap emas diseragamkan pada kadar tetap dengan pariti dengan perak; Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada bukti Kongres membuat undang-undang ini. Ini berkaitan dengan saran Alexander Alexander untuk Kongres nisbah 15: 1 perak dan emas yang ditetapkan masing-masing. Syiling emas yang dicetak bagaimanapun, tidak diberi apa-apa denominasi dan didagangkan untuk nilai pasaran berbanding dengan piawaian Kongres dolar perak. 1834 menyaksikan peralihan dalam piawaian emas kepada 23.2 bijirin (1.50 g), diikuti oleh sedikit penyesuaian kepada 23.22 bijirin (1.505 g) pada 1837 (nisbah 16: 1). || 1792 <> Berapa banyak biji perak yang dibuat Akta Mint menentukan dolar sebagai? || 371.25 <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa nisbah perak ke emas harus diperbaiki? || Alexander Hamilton <> Apa nilai pasaran yang diniagakan dalam duit syiling emas berhubung dengan? || Standard Kongres dolar perak <> Dalam tahun apakah peralihan emas berlaku? || 1834 <> Bilakah Akta Standard diluluskan? || <> Berapa banyak biji emas yang dibuat Akta Mint menentukan dolar sebagai? || <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa nisbah perak kepada dolar harus diperbaiki? || <> Apa nilai pasaran adalah duit syiling perak yang lain yang diperdagangkan berhubung dengan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah peralihan dalam piawaian perak berlaku? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Mint Act passed?", "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949c", "answers": [{"text": "1792", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?", "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949d", "answers": [{"text": "371.25", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?", "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949e", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Hamilton", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?", "id": "5709e96a4103511400d5949f", "answers": [{"text": "Congressional standard of the silver dollar", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?", "id": "5709e96a4103511400d594a0", "answers": [{"text": "1834", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1792", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "When was the Standard Act passed?", "id": "5a8cd843fd22b3001a8d8f38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "371.25", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "How many grains of gold did the Mint Act define the dollar as?", "id": "5a8cd843fd22b3001a8d8f39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander Hamilton", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "Who suggested that the ratio of silver to dollars should be fixed?", "id": "5a8cd843fd22b3001a8d8f3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congressional standard of the silver dollar", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What market value were other silver coins traded in relation to?", "id": "5a8cd843fd22b3001a8d8f3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1834", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "In what year did the shift in silver standard occur?", "id": "5a8cd843fd22b3001a8d8f3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]"}], ["Siaran awal duit syiling Washington termasuk duit syiling kesilapan yang dihantar terutamanya dari pudina Philadelphia ke bank Florida dan Tennessee. Sangat dicari oleh pengumpul, dan diperdagangkan sebanyak $ 850 setiap satu dalam seminggu penemuan, syiling kesilapan telah dikenalpasti oleh ketiadaan tayangan tajam \"E PLURIBUS UNUM DALAM KITA KITA SAHABAT 2007 P\". Pudina asal umumnya diterima sebagai kebanyakannya Philadelphia, walaupun mengenal pasti sumber pewarna adalah mustahil tanpa membuka pek pudina yang juga mengandungi unit bertanda. Huruf kelebihan dicetak dalam kedua-dua orientasi berkenaan dengan \"kepala\", sesetengah pemungut amatur pada awalnya telah ditipu untuk membeli \"ralat penulisan terbalik\". Sesetengah sinis juga menyesatkan bahawa Rizab Persekutuan membuat lebih banyak keuntungan daripada bil dolar berbanding syiling dolar kerana mereka haus dalam beberapa tahun, sementara duit syiling lebih kekal. Kesalahan hujah ini timbul kerana nota baru dicetak untuk menggantikan nota yang telah dihapuskan, yang telah dikeluarkan dari peredaran, tidak membawa pendapatan bersih kepada kerajaan untuk mengimbangi kos mencetak nota baru dan memusnahkan yang lama. Oleh kerana mesin penjual yang paling tidak mampu membuat perubahan dalam wang kertas, mereka biasanya menerima hanya $ 1 bil, walaupun beberapa akan memberi perubahan dalam duit syiling dolar. <> Di manakah perminta syiling berasal? || Philadelphia mint <> Selain daripada Florida, yang mana negeri lain telah menghantar koin ralat? || Tennessee <> Berapa banyak duit syiling kesilapan pada mulanya bernilai untuk pengumpul? || untung <> Apa beberapa pengumpul amatur ditipu membeli? || \"kesilapan menulis terbalik\" duit syiling <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh mesin penjual secara umum? || $ 1 bil <> Di manakah duit syiling kekal berasal? || <> Selain Florida, negeri mana yang telah menghantar syiling tetap? || <> Berapa banyak duit syiling yang kekal pada mulanya bernilai bagi pengumpul? || <> Apa yang ada sinis yang ditipu? || <> Apakah pengumpul biasanya hanya menerima? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did error coins originate?", "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bdc", "answers": [{"text": "Philadelphia mint", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?", "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bdd", "answers": [{"text": "Tennessee", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?", "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bde", "answers": [{"text": "profit", "answer_start": 766}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?", "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182bdf", "answers": [{"text": "\"upside down lettering error\" coins", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do vending machines commonly only accept?", "id": "5709dce26d058f1900182be0", "answers": [{"text": "$1 bills", "answer_start": 1223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philadelphia mint", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Where did permanent coins originate?", "id": "5a8ceed0fd22b3001a8d904e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tennessee", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Other than Florida, which other state got sent permanent coins?", "id": "5a8ceed0fd22b3001a8d904f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "profit", "answer_start": 766}], "question": "How much were permanent coins initially worth for collectors?", "id": "5a8ceed0fd22b3001a8d9050", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"upside down lettering error\" coins", "answer_start": 654}], "question": "What were some cynics duped into buying?", "id": "5a8ceed0fd22b3001a8d9051", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1 bills", "answer_start": 1223}], "question": "What do collectors commonly only accept?", "id": "5a8ceed0fd22b3001a8d9052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions \"E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P\". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to \"heads\", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying \"upside down lettering error\" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins."}], ["Dolar A.S. adalah wang fiat. Ia adalah mata wang yang paling banyak digunakan dalam transaksi antarabangsa dan merupakan mata wang rizab paling dominan di dunia. Beberapa negara menggunakannya sebagai mata wang rasmi mereka, dan dalam banyak lagi ia adalah mata wang de facto. Selain Amerika Syarikat, ia juga digunakan sebagai mata wang tunggal di dua Wilayah Luar Negara British di Caribbean: Kepulauan Virgin British dan Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos. Beberapa negara hanya menggunakan Dollar A.S. untuk wang kertas, sementara negara itu memungut syilingnya sendiri, atau juga menerima syiling A.S. yang boleh digunakan sebagai pembayaran dalam dolar A.S., seperti dolar Susan B. Anthony. <> Apa jenis wang ialah dolar A.S.? || wang fiat <> Walaupun bagi sesetengah negara dolar bukan mata wang rasmi mereka, bagaimana mereka menggunakan mata wang? || mata wang de facto <> Selain daripada Kepulauan British Virgin, apa kawasan lain di Caribbean menggunakan dolar sebagai mata wang tunggal? || Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos <> Bagi negara-negara yang menggunakan dolar sebagai mata wang kertas mereka, apakah mata wang lain yang mereka buat? || mints duit syiling sendiri <> Apakah contoh duit syiling A.S. yang boleh digunakan sebagai pembayaran di beberapa negara? || Susan B. Anthony dollar <> Apa jenis wang adalah dolar Caribbean? || <> Walaupun untuk beberapa negara dolar Caribbean bukan mata wang rasmi mereka, bagaimana mereka menggunakan mata wang itu? || <> Selain dari Kepulauan British Virgin, apa kawasan lain di Caribbean menggunakan dolar Caribbean sebagai mata wang tunggalnya? || <> Bagi negara-negara yang menggunakan dolar Caribbean sebagai mata wang kertas mereka, apakah mata wang lain yang mereka buat? || <> Apakah contoh koin Caribbean yang boleh digunakan sebagai pembayaran di beberapa negara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?", "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c04", "answers": [{"text": "fiat money", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?", "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c05", "answers": [{"text": "de facto currency", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?", "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c06", "answers": [{"text": "Turks and Caicos islands", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?", "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c07", "answers": [{"text": "mints its own coins", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?", "id": "5709e5ca6d058f1900182c08", "answers": [{"text": "Susan B. Anthony dollar", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fiat money", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What kind of money is the Caribbean dollar?", "id": "5a8cc43dfd22b3001a8d8e20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "de facto currency", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "Although for some countries the Caribbean dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?", "id": "5a8cc43dfd22b3001a8d8e21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Turks and Caicos islands", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the Caribbean dollar as its sole currency?", "id": "5a8cc43dfd22b3001a8d8e22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mints its own coins", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "For countries that use the Caribbean dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?", "id": "5a8cc43dfd22b3001a8d8e23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Susan B. Anthony dollar", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "What is an example of a Caribbean coin that can be used as payment in some countries?", "id": "5a8cc43dfd22b3001a8d8e24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar."}], ["Syiling dolar tidak begitu popular di Amerika Syarikat. Dolar perak dicatatkan secara berselang-seli dari 1794 hingga 1935; satu dolar tembaga-nikel yang mempunyai saiz besar yang sama, yang menampilkan Presiden Dwight D. Eisenhower, dicetak dari 1971 hingga 1978. Ringgit emas juga dicetak pada abad ke-19. Duit syiling dolar Susan B. Anthony diperkenalkan pada tahun 1979; ini terbukti tidak popular kerana mereka sering disalah anggap sebagai pihak, kerana saiz hampir sama, kelebihan mereka, dan warna yang sama. Memalsukan dolar ini untuk edaran telah digantung pada tahun 1980 (pengumpul 'terputus pada tahun 1981), tetapi, seperti semua syiling A.S. sebelum ini, mereka tetap sah secara sah. Seperti jumlah dolar Anthony yang dipegang oleh Rizab Persekutuan dan dikurangkan terutamanya untuk membuat perubahan dalam mesin penjual pos dan transit hampir habis, dolar Anthony tambahan telah dilanda pada tahun 1999. Pada tahun 2000, sebuah duit syiling $ 1 baru, yang menampilkan Sacagawea, (Sacagawea dolar) telah diperkenalkan, yang diperbetulkan beberapa masalah dolar Anthony dengan kelebihan yang licin dan warna emas, tanpa memerlukan perubahan pada mesin layan diri yang menerima dolar Anthony. Walau bagaimanapun, duit syiling baru ini gagal mencapai populariti bil $ 1 yang sedia ada dan jarang digunakan dalam transaksi harian. Kegagalan untuk menarik balik bil dolar dan usaha publisiti yang lemah secara serentak telah dinamakan oleh penyokong duit syiling sebagai sebab utama kegagalan duit syiling dolar untuk mendapatkan sokongan popular. <> Bilakah dolar perak dicetak dahulu? || 1794 <> Siapa yang dipaparkan pada dolar nikel tembaga? || Presiden Dwight D. Eisenhower <> Koin yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1979? || Susan B. Anthony dollar <> Apa syiling $ 1 yang baru dicetak pada 2000? || Sacagawea <> Dalam abad yang mana emas dicetak? || 19th <> Bilakah dolar emas pertama dicetak? || <> Siapa yang dipaparkan pada dolar giling? || <> Koin yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1935? || <> Apa syiling $ 1 yang dicetak pada tahun 1935? || <> Di mana abad yang dipetik dolar dicetak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When were silver dollars first minted?", "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2c", "answers": [{"text": "1794", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?", "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2d", "answers": [{"text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which coin was introduced in 1979?", "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2e", "answers": [{"text": "Susan B. Anthony dollar", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?", "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c2f", "answers": [{"text": "Sacagawea", "answer_start": 928}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century were gold dollars minted?", "id": "5709ecb56d058f1900182c30", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1794", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "When were gold dollars first minted?", "id": "5a8ce676fd22b3001a8d8fe2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "Who was featured on the milled dollar?", "id": "5a8ce676fd22b3001a8d8fe3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Susan B. Anthony dollar", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Which coin was introduced in 1935?", "id": "5a8ce676fd22b3001a8d8fe4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sacagawea", "answer_start": 928}], "question": "What did the new $1 coin minted in 1935 feature?", "id": "5a8ce676fd22b3001a8d8fe5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "In which century were milled dollars minted?", "id": "5a8ce676fd22b3001a8d8fe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support."}], ["Penurunan nilai dolar AS sepadan dengan inflasi harga, yang merupakan kenaikan harga umum barang dan perkhidmatan dalam ekonomi dalam tempoh masa. Indeks harga pengguna (CPI) adalah ukuran yang menganggar harga purata barangan pengguna dan perkhidmatan yang dibeli oleh isi rumah. Indeks Harga Pengguna Amerika Syarikat, yang diterbitkan oleh Biro Statistik Buruh, adalah ukuran yang menganggar harga rata-rata barang dan perkhidmatan pengguna di Amerika Syarikat. Ia mencerminkan inflasi seperti yang dialami oleh pengguna dalam perbelanjaan hidup sehari-hari mereka. Grafik menunjukkan relatif CPI A.S. hingga 1982-1984 dan perubahan tahun ke tahun dalam IHP ditunjukkan di sebelah kanan. <> Apakah penurunan nilai dolar sesuai dengan? || inflasi harga <> Peningkatan tahap harga dalam ekonomi dirujuk sebagai apa? || inflasi harga <> Apakah CPI berdiri? || indeks harga pengguna <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Indeks Harga Pengguna? || Biro Statistik Buruh <> Apakah anggaran CPI? || harga rata-rata barang dan perkhidmatan pengguna di Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah penurunan nilai harga purata sepadan dengan? || <> Apakah kenaikan tahap perbelanjaan hidup dalam ekonomi disebut? || <> Apa yang diterbitkan oleh IHP? || <> Siapa yang menerbitkan harga barangan dan perkhidmatan? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Biro Statistik Buruh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?", "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a6", "answers": [{"text": "price inflation", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?", "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a7", "answers": [{"text": "price inflation", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CPI stand for?", "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a8", "answers": [{"text": "consumer price index", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?", "id": "5709ef704103511400d594a9", "answers": [{"text": "Bureau of Labor Statistics", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the CPI estimate?", "id": "5709ef704103511400d594aa", "answers": [{"text": "average price of consumer goods and services in the United States", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "price inflation", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What does the decline in value of the average price correspond to?", "id": "5a8cf90cfd22b3001a8d90a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "price inflation", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What is the rise in level of living expenses in an economy referred to?", "id": "5a8cf90cfd22b3001a8d90a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The United States Consumer Price Index", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What is published by the CPI?", "id": "5a8cf90cfd22b3001a8d90aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bureau of Labor Statistics", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "Who publishes the prices of goods and services?", "id": "5a8cf90cfd22b3001a8d90ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "average price of consumer goods and services in the United States", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "What does the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimate?", "id": "5a8cf90cfd22b3001a8d90ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982\u20131984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right."}], ["Pangkalan monetari terdiri daripada syiling dan Nota Rizab Persekutuan dalam edaran di luar Bank Rizab Persekutuan dan Perbendaharaan A.S., termasuk deposit yang dipegang oleh institusi depositori di Bank Rizab Persekutuan. Pangkalan monetari yang diselaraskan telah meningkat dari kira-kira 400 bilion dolar pada tahun 1994, kepada 800 bilion pada tahun 2005, dan lebih 3000 bilion pada tahun 2013. Jumlah tunai dalam edaran meningkat (atau berkurang) oleh tindakan Sistem Rizab Persekutuan. Lapan kali setahun, Jawatankuasa Pasaran Terbuka Persekutuan 12 orang bertemu untuk menentukan dasar monetari A.S.. Setiap hari perniagaan, Sistem Rizab Persekutuan terlibat dalam operasi pasaran Terbuka untuk melaksanakan dasar monetari itu. Jika Rizab Persekutuan berhasrat untuk meningkatkan bekalan wang, ia akan membeli sekuriti (seperti Bon Perbendaharaan A.S.) secara anonim dari bank sebagai pertukaran dolar. Sebaliknya, ia akan menjual sekuriti kepada bank sebagai pertukaran dolar, untuk mengambil dolar daripada peredaran. <> Apakah syiling, Nota Rizab Persekutuan dan deposit yang dipegang oleh institusi terpencil? || Pangkalan monetari <> Apakah nilai asas monetari pada tahun 1994? || 400 bilion dolar <> Berapa nilai asas monetar meningkat pada tahun 2013? || lebih 30000000000 <> Berapa kali setahun mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pasaran Terbuka Persekutuan? || Lapan <> Apa yang akan dibeli Federal Reserve untuk mencuba dan menambah bekalan wang? || sekuriti <> Apa syiling, Nota Rizab Persekutuan dan dasar monetari? || <> Apakah nilai Bon Perbendaharaan pada tahun 1994? || <> Berapa nilai asas monetari meningkat pada tahun 1994? || <> Berapa kali setahun untuk memenuhi Bank Rizab Persekutuan? || <> Apa yang akan dibeli oleh Jawatankuasa Pasaran Terbuka Persekutuan untuk mencuba dan meningkatkan bekalan wang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?", "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c36", "answers": [{"text": "The monetary base", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the monetary base value in 1994?", "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c37", "answers": [{"text": "400 billion dollars", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?", "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c38", "answers": [{"text": "over 3000 billion", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?", "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c39", "answers": [{"text": "Eight", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?", "id": "5709ee056d058f1900182c3a", "answers": [{"text": "securities", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The monetary base", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes, and monetary policy make up?", "id": "5a8cf2bcfd22b3001a8d908a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400 billion dollars", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "What was the Treasury Bond value in 1994?", "id": "5a8cf2bcfd22b3001a8d908b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3000 billion", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "How much did the monetary base value increase to in 1994?", "id": "5a8cf2bcfd22b3001a8d908c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eight", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "How many times a year does the Federal Reserve Bank meet?", "id": "5a8cf2bcfd22b3001a8d908d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "securities", "answer_start": 751}], "question": "What would the Federal Open Market Committee buy to try and increase money supply?", "id": "5a8cf2bcfd22b3001a8d908e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation."}]], [["Kelab Bot Kolej Imperial\nThe Imperial College Boat Club telah diasaskan pada 12 Disember 1919. Pingat Emas yang memenangi GB 8+ pada Olimpik Sydney 2000 telah berpusat di papan boomouse yang baru diperbaharui Imperial College dan termasuk 3 alumni kolej bersama dengan jurulatih mereka, Martin McElroy. Kelab ini sangat berjaya, dengan banyak kemenangan di Henley Royal Regatta termasuk yang paling baru pada 2013 dengan kemenangan dalam acara The Prince Albert Challenge Cup. Kelab ini telah menjadi rumah kepada penunggang dan pengawal skuad kebangsaan dan terbuka kepada semua penunggang bukan hanya pelajar Imperial College London. <> Hari manakah yang dibentuk oleh Kelab Kolej Imperial? || 12 Disember 1919 <> Berapa ramai alumni dari Imperial adalah sebahagian daripada pingat Emas yang memenangi GB8 +? || 3 <> Apakah nama jurulatih pingat Emas memenangi GB8 +? || Martin McElroy <> Yang mana acara Kelab Bot telah berjaya? || Henley Royal Regatta <> Peristiwa manakah Kelab Bot tuntut kemenangan pada tahun 2013? || Acara Prince Challenge Piala Albert <> Kapan kelab Imperial College Yacht diasaskan? || <> Siapa yang melatih pasukan di Henley Royal Regatta? || <> Di mana ahli clyub harus bersekolah? || <> Apa acara kelab itu hilang pada tahun 2013? || <> Pasukan apa yang terdiri daripada 3 alumni bukan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?", "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d52", "answers": [{"text": "12 December 1919", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?", "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d53", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?", "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d54", "answers": [{"text": "Martin McElroy", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?", "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d55", "answers": [{"text": "Henley Royal Regatta", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?", "id": "570a53286d058f1900182d56", "answers": [{"text": "The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12 December 1919", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "When was the Imperial College Yacht club founded?", "id": "5a48796884b8a4001a7e78b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin McElroy.", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "Who coached the team at the Henley Royal Regatta?", "id": "5a48796884b8a4001a7e78b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial College London", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "Where must clyub members attend school?", "id": "5a48796884b8a4001a7e78b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Prince Albert Challenge Cup", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What event did the club loose in 2013?", "id": "5a48796884b8a4001a7e78b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GB 8+", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What team consisted of 3 non alumni?", "id": "5a48796884b8a4001a7e78b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial College Boat Club\nThe Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London."}], ["Sekolah Menengah Kerajaan Diraja ditubuhkan oleh Sir Henry de la Beche pada tahun 1851, membangun dari Muzium Geologi Ekonomi, koleksi mineral, peta dan perlombongan. Dia mencipta sebuah sekolah yang meletakkan asas bagi pengajaran sains di negara ini, dan yang mempunyai warisannya hari ini di Imperial. Putera Albert adalah penaung dan penyokong perkembangan terkini dalam pengajaran sains, yang membawa kepada Royal College of Chemistry menjadi sebahagian daripada Royal School of Mines, untuk mewujudkan Royal College of Science dan akhirnya kepada institusi-institusi ini menjadi sebahagian daripada beliau rancangan untuk South Kensington menjadi kawasan pendidikan. <> Sekolah apa yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1851? || The Royal School of Mines <> Who established the Royal School of Mines? || Sir Henry de la Beche <> Sekumpulan penambang, peta dan peralatan perlombongan semuanya dimiliki oleh entiti apa? || Muzium Geologi Ekonomi <> Yang putera terkenal itu penaung di Royal School of Mines? || Putera Albert <> Rantau mana yang bertujuan untuk menjadikan terkenal sebagai kawasan pendidikan? || South Kensington <> Sekolah apa yang ditubuhkan pada abad ke-18? || <> Muzium apa yang diasaskan oleh Sir Henry de la Beche? || <> Siapa yang mencipta sebuah sekolah yang menubuhkan asas pendidikan di negara ini? || <> Siapa yang membantu menjadikan Royal School of Mines sebagai sebahagian daripada Royal College of Chemistry? || <> Siapa yang mahu menjadikan North Kensington sebagai kawasan pendidikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What school was established in 1851?", "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5c", "answers": [{"text": "The Royal School of Mines", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established the Royal School of Mines?", "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5d", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry de la Beche", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?", "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5e", "answers": [{"text": "the Museum of Economic Geology", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?", "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d5f", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?", "id": "570a53b16d058f1900182d60", "answers": [{"text": "South Kensington", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Royal School of Mines", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What school was established in the 18th century?", "id": "5a483eb284b8a4001a7e7814", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Museum of Economic Geology,", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What museum was founded by Sir Henry de la Beche?", "id": "5a483eb284b8a4001a7e7815", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry de la Beche", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who created a school that established the foundation of education in the country?", "id": "5a483eb284b8a4001a7e7816", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Who helped make the Royal School of Mines part of the Royal College of Chemistry?", "id": "5a483eb284b8a4001a7e7817", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Who wanted to make North Kensington an education region?", "id": "5a483eb284b8a4001a7e7818", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region."}], ["Pada tahun 2003, Imperial diberikan gelaran kuasa pemberian kuasa sendiri oleh Majlis Privy. Pusat London untuk Nanoteknologi ditubuhkan pada tahun yang sama sebagai usaha sama antara UCL dan Imperial College London. Pada tahun 2004 Sekolah Perniagaan Tanaka (kini menamakan Sekolah Perniagaan Imperial College) dan Pintu Masuk Utama di Jalan Pameran yang baru dibuka oleh The Queen. Pusat Penyelidikan Tenaga UK juga ditubuhkan pada tahun 2004 dan membuka markasnya di Imperial College. Pada November 2005, Fakulti Sains Hayat dan Sains Fizikal telah bergabung menjadi Fakulti Sains Semula Jadi. <> Siapa yang memberikan kuasa pengerah gelaran Imperial? || Majlis Privy <> Pada tahun apakah Pusat London untuk Nanoteknologi ditubuhkan? || 2003 <> Pusat Londre untuk Nanoteknologi adalah usaha bersama antara UCL dan kuliahnya? || Imperial College London <> Apakah nama lama Sekolah Perniagaan Imperial College? || Sekolah Perniagaan Tanaka <> Fakultas Sains Hayat dan Sains Fizikal bergabung pada tahun 2005 untuk menjadi fakulti? || Fakulti Sains Semulajadi <> Sekolah apa yang diberikan anugerah oleh Majlis Privy? || <> Bilakah Majlis Privy memberikan anugerah Imperial? || <> Apa UCL menubuhkan untuk bersaing dengan Imperial College? || <> Sekolah apa yang dibiayai oleh Ratu? || <> Apa dua program yang dibangunkan daripada Fakulti Sains Semula Jadi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?", "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960c", "answers": [{"text": "Privy Council", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?", "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960d", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?", "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960e", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial College London", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?", "id": "570a54a84103511400d5960f", "answers": [{"text": "Tanaka Business School", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?", "id": "570a54a84103511400d59610", "answers": [{"text": "Faculty of Natural Sciences", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What school was given an award by the Privy Council?", "id": "5a485f0184b8a4001a7e784c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Privy Council give Imperial an award?", "id": "5a485f0184b8a4001a7e784d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The London Centre for Nanotechnology", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What did UCL establish to compete with Imperial College?", "id": "5a485f0184b8a4001a7e784e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tanaka Business School", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What busniss school was funded by the Queen?", "id": "5a485f0184b8a4001a7e784f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences", "answer_start": 499}], "question": "What two programs developed out of the Faculty of Natural Sciences?", "id": "5a485f0184b8a4001a7e7850", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences."}], ["Kampus utama Imperial terletak di kawasan South Kensington di pusat London. Ia terletak di kawasan South Kensington, yang dikenali sebagai Albertopolis, yang mempunyai tumpuan tinggi institusi kebudayaan dan akademik, bersebelahan dengan Muzium Sejarah Alam, Muzium Sains, Muzium Victoria dan Albert, Royal College of Music, Royal Kolej Seni, Persatuan Geografi Diraja dan Dewan Diraja Albert. Tempat-tempat menarik awam yang berhampiran termasuk Istana Kensington, Hyde Park dan Kensington Gardens, Perpustakaan Seni Kebangsaan dan Brompton Oratory. Perkembangan kampus South Kensington pada tahun 1950-an & 1960-an menyerap tapak bekas Institut Imperial, yang direka oleh Thomas Collcutt, yang mana hanya Queen's Tower yang tinggi 287 kaki (87 m) kekal di antara bangunan yang lebih moden. <> Di mana kawasan di London adalah kampus utama Imperial yang terletak? || South Kensington <> Apa kawasan di dalam South Kensington di mana Imperial terletak dikenali? || Albertopolis <> Di mana dekad itu telah berkembangnya kampus South Kensington? || 1950-an Yang merancang Institut Imperial yang menjadi mangsa perkembangan Empayar pada tahun 1950-an & 1960-an? || Thomas Collcutt <> Yang penting masih kekal dari Institut Imperial selepas pengembangan Imperial? || Menara Queen <> Sekolah utama apa sekolah yang terletak di Kent Utara? || <> Kawasan apa Kent mula membangunkan institusi kebudayaan dan akademik? || <> Apa beberapa institusi di seberang kampus utama Imperial? || <> Apa kampus mengurangkan saiznya pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an? || <> Apa kampus yang diserap oleh Institut Imperial? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?", "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d66", "answers": [{"text": "South Kensington", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?", "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d67", "answers": [{"text": "Albertopolis", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?", "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d68", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?", "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d69", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Collcutt", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?", "id": "570a55836d058f1900182d6a", "answers": [{"text": "Queen's Tower", "answer_start": 759}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What school's main campus is located in North Kent?", "id": "5a4860a984b8a4001a7e7856", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albertopolis", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What area of Kent is begining to develop cultural and academic institutions?", "id": "5a4860a984b8a4001a7e7857", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What are some of the institutions are across from Imperial's main campus?", "id": "5a4860a984b8a4001a7e7858", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the South Kensington campus", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "What campus reduced its size in the 1950's and 1960's?", "id": "5a4860a984b8a4001a7e7859", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Kensington campus", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "What campus was absorbed by the Imperial Institute?", "id": "5a4860a984b8a4001a7e785a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings."}], ["Kolej Kimia Diraja telah ditubuhkan oleh langganan swasta pada tahun 1845 kerana terdapat kesedaran yang semakin meningkat bahawa aspek praktikal sains eksperimen tidak diajar dengan baik dan bahawa di United Kingdom pengajaran kimia khususnya telah jatuh di belakangnya di Jerman. Akibat pergerakan lebih awal dalam dekad ini, banyak ahli politik telah menyumbangkan dana untuk menubuhkan kolej itu, termasuk Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone dan Robert Peel. Ia juga disokong oleh Putera Albert, yang memujuk August Wilhelm von Hofmann menjadi profesor pertama. <> Bilakah Royal College of Chemistry ditubuhkan? || 1845 <> Ahli politik mana yang mendermakan dana untuk menubuhkan Royal College of Chemistry? || Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone dan Robert Peel <> Siapakah profesor pertama Royal College of Chemistry? || August Wilhelm von Hofmann <> Mengapa Royal College of Chemistry diasaskan? || di United Kingdom pengajaran kimia khususnya telah jatuh di belakang yang di Jerman <> yang menyokong Royal College of Chemistry? || Putera Albert <> Bilakah Royal College of Chemistry ditubuhkan? || 1845 <> Apa yang tidak diajar dengan baik yang membawa kepada penubuhan Royal College of Chemistry? || aspek praktikal sains eksperimen <> Negara mana yang mendahului United Kingdom dalam pengajaran kimia? || Jerman <> Putera mana yang menyokong penubuhan kolej itu? || Putera Albert <> Siapakah profesor pertama kolej? || August Wilhelm von Hofmann <> Kolej apa yang ditubuhkan oleh sumbangan swasta pada tahun 1845? || <> Apa gunanya Jerman di belakang UK dalam pengajaran? || <> Siapa yang merayu untuk pendanaan awam kolej? || <> Siapa yang mahu menjadi profesor pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?", "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bb8", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?", "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bb9", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?", "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bba", "answers": [{"text": "August Wilhelm von Hofmann", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?", "id": "5709d00a6d058f1900182bbb", "answers": [{"text": "in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?", "id": "5709d00b6d058f1900182bbc", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?", "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d34", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?", "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d35", "answers": [{"text": "practical aspects of the experimental sciences", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?", "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d36", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?", "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d37", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first professor of the college?", "id": "570a49376d058f1900182d38", "answers": [{"text": "August Wilhelm von Hofmann", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Royal College of Chemistry", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What college was established by private donations in 1845?", "id": "5a482c9b84b8a4001a7e7802", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chemistry", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What subject was Germany behind the UK in teaching?", "id": "5a482c9b84b8a4001a7e7803", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "politicians", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Who appealed for public funding of the college?", "id": "5a482c9b84b8a4001a7e7804", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm von Hofmann", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "Who requested to be the first professor?", "id": "5a482c9b84b8a4001a7e7805", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor."}], ["Imperial menyerahkan sejumlah 1,257 kakitangan dari 14 unit penilaian kepada penilaian Rangka Kerja Kecemerlangan Penyelidikan 2014 (REF). Hasil REF sebanyak 46% daripada penyelidikan yang dikemukakan oleh Imperial diklasifikasikan sebagai 4 *, 44% sebagai 3 *, 9% sebagai 2 * dan 1% sebagai 1 *, memberikan IPK keseluruhan 3.36. Dalam ranking yang dihasilkan oleh Times Higher Education berdasarkan keputusan REF, Imperial menduduki tempat ke-2 keseluruhan untuk IPK dan ke-8 untuk \"kuasa penyelidikan\" (berbanding dengan 6 dan 7 dalam ranking yang setara untuk RAE 2008). <> Berapa banyak ahli kakitangan yang telah menghantar Imperial penilaian untuk penilaian REF? || 1,257 <> Dalam ranking 2014 yang dikeluarkan oleh Times Higher Education, apakah kedudukan kedudukan Imperial untuk IPK? || 2 <> Berapa banyak unit penilaian yang dibuat oleh Imperial? || 14 <> Berapa tinggi kedudukan Imperial dalam \"kuasa penyelidikan\" pada tahun 2014? || 8th <> Berapa ramai anggota kakitangan yang pernah mengaku bahawa pada tahun 2014? || 1,257 <> Apa REF berdiri? || Rangka Kerja Kecemerlangan Penyelidikan <> Apakah peratusan kajian Imperial yang nampaknya 3 *? || 44% <> Apa REF memberikan Imperial sebagai IPK keseluruhan? || 3.36 <> Apakah kedudukan keseluruhan IPK Imperial menurut Times Higher Education? || 2 <Berapa banyak kakitangan yang dikemukakan ke atas 16 unit penilaian? || <> Berapa peratus daripada penyelidikan Imperial telah dikurangkan? || <> Siapa yang menduduki tempat ke-2 keseluruhan dalam skor ujian? || <> Siapa yang menduduki tempat ke-6 dan ke-7 dalam kuasa penyelidikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?", "id": "5709d33a4103511400d5946e", "answers": [{"text": "1,257", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?", "id": "5709d33a4103511400d5946f", "answers": [{"text": "2nd", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?", "id": "5709d33a4103511400d59470", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How highly was Imperial ranked in \"research power\" in 2014?", "id": "5709d33a4103511400d59471", "answers": [{"text": "8th", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?", "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595f8", "answers": [{"text": "1,257", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does REF stand for?", "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595f9", "answers": [{"text": "Research Excellence Framework", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?", "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595fa", "answers": [{"text": "44%", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?", "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595fb", "answers": [{"text": "3.36", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?", "id": "570a4eb44103511400d595fc", "answers": [{"text": "2nd", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,257", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "How many staff were submitted over the 16 units of assessment?", "id": "5a48730484b8a4001a7e7880", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "46%", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What percentage of Imperials research was declassified?", "id": "5a48730484b8a4001a7e7881", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "Who was ranked 2nd overall in test scores?", "id": "5a48730484b8a4001a7e7882", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "Who was ranked 6th and 7th in research power?", "id": "5a48730484b8a4001a7e7883", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for \"research power\" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008)."}], ["Wakaf Kolej ini dibahagikan kepada tiga portfolio yang berbeza: (i) Skim Unitisma - kenderaan unit amanah untuk Kolej, Fakulti dan Jabatan untuk melabur wang dan pendapatan tidak terkumpul untuk menghasilkan pulangan untuk jangka masa panjang; (ii) Harta Bukan Teras - satu portfolio yang mengandungi sekitar 120 bidang operasi dan pembangunan yang ditentukan oleh Kolej bukan teras kepada misi akademik; dan (iii) Pelaburan Aset Strategik - yang mengandungi pemegangan Kolej dalam Inovasi Imperial dan pegangan ekuiti terhad lain. Pada tahun 2014/15, nilai pasaran endowmen meningkat sebanyak \u00a3 78 juta (18%) kepada \u00a3 512.4 juta pada 31 Julai 2015. <> Apakah nilai pasaran endowmen yang diterima oleh kolej pada 31 Julai 2015? || \u00a3 512.4 juta <> Apa itu \"Skim Unitisasi\"? || kenderaan unit amanah untuk Kolej, Fakulti dan Jabatan untuk melabur sumbangan dan pendapatan tidak terkawal untuk menghasilkan pulangan untuk jangka panjang <> Berapa nilai pasaran peningkatan kesejahteraan kolej antara 2014 dan 2015? || \u00a3 78 juta <> Berapa peratuskah nilai pasaran endowmen kolej meningkat dari 2014 hingga 2015? || 18% <> Berapa banyak portfolio yang berlainan yang dibahagikan oleh College? || tiga <> Apakah istilah yang mewakili kenderaan unit amanah yang membolehkan sumbangan dilaburkan untuk menghasilkan pulangan untuk jangka masa yang panjang? || Skim Terpadu <> 120 hartanah operasi dan pembangunan di dalam kolej yang bukan teras kepada misi akademik milik mana portfolio? || Harta Bukan Teras <> Pegangan ekuiti terhad Kolej akan dianggap sebahagian daripada bahagian portfolio? || Pelaburan Aset Strategik <> Berapakah nilai pasaran peningkatan endowmen pada tahun 2014/2015? || \u00a3 78 juta <> Bilakah endowmen meningkat sebanyak 512.4 juta pound? || <> Berapa banyak hartanah bukan operasi dan pembangunan dalam portfolio? || <> Berapa banyak sifat yang menjadi teras kepada misi akademik kolej? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?", "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd4", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3512.4 million", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a \"Unitised Scheme\"?", "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd5", "answers": [{"text": "a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?", "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd6", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a378 million", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?", "id": "5709d26a6d058f1900182bd7", "answers": [{"text": "18%", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?", "id": "570a4e444103511400d595ee", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?", "id": "570a4e444103511400d595ef", "answers": [{"text": "Unitised Scheme", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?", "id": "570a4e444103511400d595f0", "answers": [{"text": "Non-Core Property", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?", "id": "570a4e444103511400d595f1", "answers": [{"text": "Strategic Asset Investments", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?", "id": "570a4e444103511400d595f2", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a378 million", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "year 2014/15", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "When did the endowment increase by 512.4 million pounds?", "id": "5a486fb084b8a4001a7e786c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "How many nonoperational and development properties were in the portfolio?", "id": "5a486fb084b8a4001a7e786d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "How many properties were were core to the college's academic mission?", "id": "5a486fb084b8a4001a7e786e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme \u2013 a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property \u2013 a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments \u2013 containing College\u2019s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by \u00a378 million (18%) to \u00a3512.4 million on 31 July 2015."}], ["Pada bulan September 2014, Profesor Stefan Grimm, dari Jabatan Perubatan, didapati mati selepas diancam dengan pemecatan kerana gagal menaikkan wang geran yang mencukupi. Kolej itu membuat pengumuman awam pertamanya tentang kematiannya pada 4 Disember 2014. E-mel terakhir Grimm menuduh majikannya membuli dengan menuntut agar dia mendapat geran bernilai sekurang-kurangnya \u00a3 200,000 setahun. E-mel terakhirnya dilihat lebih daripada 100,000 kali dalam empat hari pertama selepas ia diposkan. Kolej telah mengumumkan siasatan dalaman ke atas kematian Stefan Grimm. Inkues semasa kematiannya belum dilaporkan. <> Bilakah Profesor Stefan Grimm didapati mati? || September 2014 <> Bilakah Imperial College membuat pengumuman awam pertama tentang kematian Stefan Grimm? || 4 Disember 2014 <> Berapa kali e-mel Profesor Stefan Grimm dilihat dalam tempoh empat hari pertama selepas ia diposkan dalam talian? || lebih daripada 100,000 <> Apa yang terakhir email Profesor Grimm menuduh Imperial College sebelum kematiannya? || Buli <> Apa Imperial College mengumumkan akan dilakukan selepas kematian Profesor Grimm? || siasatan dalaman <> Profesor mana yang ditemui mati pada bulan September 2014? || Profesor Stefan Grimm <> Kepada jabatan yang mana profesor yang diluluskan pada September 2014? || Jabatan Perubatan <> Apakah profesor yang mati mengancam sebelum kematiannya? || pemberhentian <> Berapakah Grimm mendakwa majikannya mengatakan bahawa dia harus menaikkan dana ganjaran setahun? || \u00a3 200,000 <> Berapa banyak pandangan yang dimuat e-mel terakhir Grimm dalam empat hari pertama selepas ia diposkan? || lebih daripada 100,000 <> Siapa yang dipecat kerana tidak menaikkan geran wang? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Grimm terbunuh? || <> Apa penyiasatan polis? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Grimm sekolah lakukan? || <> Siapa yang membuli Grimm? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?", "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfa", "answers": [{"text": "September 2014", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?", "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfb", "answers": [{"text": "4 December 2014", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?", "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfc", "answers": [{"text": "more than 100,000", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?", "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfd", "answers": [{"text": "bullying", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?", "id": "5709e5336d058f1900182bfe", "answers": [{"text": "internal inquiry", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?", "id": "570a4f184103511400d59602", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Stefan Grimm", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?", "id": "570a4f184103511400d59603", "answers": [{"text": "Department of Medicine", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?", "id": "570a4f184103511400d59604", "answers": [{"text": "dismissal", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?", "id": "570a4f184103511400d59605", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3200,000", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?", "id": "570a4f184103511400d59606", "answers": [{"text": "more than 100,000", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Professor Stefan Grimm", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Who was fired for not raising grant money?", "id": "5a48768584b8a4001a7e7896", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "In what year was Grimm killed?", "id": "5a48768584b8a4001a7e7897", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stefan Grimm's death", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "What are police investigating?", "id": "5a48768584b8a4001a7e7898", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bullying", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What did the school acuse Grimm of doing?", "id": "5a48768584b8a4001a7e7899", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his employers", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Who did Grimm bully?", "id": "5a48768584b8a4001a7e789a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least \u00a3200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported."}], ["Pada Disember 2005, Imperial mengumumkan program taman sains di kampus Wye, dengan perumahan yang luas; Walau bagaimanapun, ini telah ditinggalkan pada bulan September 2006 berikutan aduan bahawa cadangan itu dilanggar di Bidang Kecantikan Semulajadi Luar Biasa, dan bahawa skala sebenar skema, yang boleh menaikkan \u00a3 110m untuk Kolej, dikenali dengan Dewan Kent dan Ashford dan perunding mereka tetapi disembunyikan daripada orang ramai. Satu pengulas melihat bahawa skim Imperial mencerminkan \"keadaan demokrasi di Kent, transformasi sebuah universiti saintifik yang terkenal ke dalam sebuah institusi yang menggembirakan, sangat agresif, neo-korporat, dan mempertahankan status Kecantikan Semulajadi Luar Biasa - di seluruh England , bukan hanya Wye - terhadap ketamakan berleluasa yang disokong oleh pembauran dua pihak berkuasa tempatan yang penting. Kampus Wye College ditutup pada September 2009. <> Bilakah Imperial mengumumkan program taman sains mereka di Kampus Wye? Adakah Imperial meninggalkan program taman sains mereka? || September 2006 <> Ketika kampus Wye College ditutup? || September 2009 <> Dimana Imperial merancang untuk melancarkan program sains taman mereka? || Kampus Wye <> Di mana ilmu pengetahuan Imperial program taman yang terletak? || Kampus Wye <> Bilakah program taman sains ditinggalkan? || September 2006 <> Berapa banyak wang yang boleh dipasarkan oleh program sains untuk kolej? 110m <> Siapa yang tidak tahu tentang potensi pendapatan yang boleh dibangkitkan oleh program pada mulanya? || orang awam <> Apa yang ditutup pada bulan September 2009? || Kampus Wye College <> Bilakah Imperial mengumumkan program makmal sains? || <> Program apa yang dimulakan pada September 2006? || <> Pada kampus apa program taman sains yang dibina? || <> Kolej sains apa yang dibangunkan Kawasan Beuty Natural yang Cemerlang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?", "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bcc", "answers": [{"text": "December 2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Imperial abandon their science park program?", "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bcd", "answers": [{"text": "September 2006", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Wye College campus closed?", "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bce", "answers": [{"text": "September 2009", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?", "id": "5709d1556d058f1900182bcf", "answers": [{"text": "the Wye campus", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Imperial's science park programme located?", "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d48", "answers": [{"text": "Wye campus", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the science park programme abandoned?", "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d49", "answers": [{"text": "September 2006", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?", "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d4a", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3110m", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?", "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d4b", "answers": [{"text": "the public", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was closed on September 2009?", "id": "570a4d866d058f1900182d4c", "answers": [{"text": "Wye College campus", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2005", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Imperial announce a science lab programme?", "id": "5a485b0784b8a4001a7e7844", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "science park programme", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What programme was started in September of 2006?", "id": "5a485b0784b8a4001a7e7845", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wye campus", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "On what campus was the science park program built?", "id": "5a485b0784b8a4001a7e7846", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What scientific college developed an Area of Outstanding Natural Beuty?", "id": "5a485b0784b8a4001a7e7847", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised \u00a3110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected \"the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty \u2013 throughout England, not just Wye \u2013 against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009."}], ["Kolej City and Guilds ditubuhkan pada tahun 1876 dari mesyuarat 16 syarikat livery Kota London untuk Kemajuan Pendidikan Teknikal (CGLI), yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan latihan para tukang, juruteknik, teknolog, dan jurutera. Kedua-dua objektif utama adalah untuk mewujudkan Institusi Pusat di London dan menjalankan sistem pemeriksaan yang layak dalam mata pelajaran teknikal. Menghadapi ketidakupayaan mereka untuk mencari tapak yang besar, Syarikat akhirnya dipujuk oleh Setiausaha Sains dan Kesenian, Jeneral Sir John Donnelly (yang juga seorang Jurutera Diraja) untuk menemui institusi mereka di lapan puluh tujuh ekar (350,000 m\u00b2) di South Kensington dibeli oleh 1851 Pesuruhjaya Pameran (untuk GBP 342,500) untuk 'tujuan seni dan sains' selama-lamanya. Dua kolej yang terakhir ini dimasukkan oleh Royal Charter ke Kolej Sains dan Teknologi Imperial dan Kolej Teknikal Pusat CGLI dinamakan semula sebagai Kolej Bandar dan Kolej pada tahun 1907, tetapi tidak dimasukkan ke Imperial College hingga tahun 1910. <Kali ketika Kota dan Persekutuan Kolej diasaskan? || 1876 <> Apakah matlamat Kolej Bandar dan Guild ketika ditubuhkan? || memperbaiki latihan tukang, juruteknik, teknolog, dan jurutera <> Apakah matlamat utama penubuhan Kolej Bandar dan Guild? || untuk mewujudkan Institusi Pusat di London dan menjalankan sistem pemeriksaan yang layak dalam mata pelajaran teknikal <> Berapa banyakkah 1851 Pesuruhjaya Pameran membayar tanah yang menjadi Kolej Bandar dan Persekutuan? || GBP 342,500 <> Apa nama mantan Kolej City dan Guilds? || Kolej Teknik Pusat CGLI <> Kolej manakah yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1876? || City and Guilds College <> Berapa banyak syarikat livery dalam pertemuan yang mendirikan kolej? || 16 <> Apa yang dikatakan CGLI? || Kemajuan Pendidikan Teknikal <> Selain menjalankan sistem pemeriksaan yang layak, apakah matlamat utama lain dari mesyuarat CGLI? || untuk mewujudkan Institusi Pusat di London <> Seberapa besar tanah (di kawasan ekar) bahawa institusi itu diasaskan? || lapan puluh tujuh <> Kolej apa yang diasaskan pada abad ke-19? || <> Siapa yang berupaya untuk memperbaiki keadaan kerja para pengrajin? || <> Siapa tujuan utama adalah untuk menetapkan piawaian kerja bagi tukang, teknisi, teknolog dan jurutera? || <> Seberapa besar tapak di Kennsington Utara? || <> Apa dua kolej yang dibentuk dari Imperial College? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the City and Guilds College founded?", "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945a", "answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?", "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945b", "answers": [{"text": "improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?", "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945c", "answers": [{"text": "to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?", "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945d", "answers": [{"text": "GBP 342,500", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?", "id": "5709d0e84103511400d5945e", "answers": [{"text": "CGLI Central Technical College", "answer_start": 931}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which college was founded in 1876?", "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d3e", "answers": [{"text": "City and Guilds College", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?", "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d3f", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CGLI stand for?", "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d40", "answers": [{"text": "Advancement of Technical Education", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?", "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d41", "answers": [{"text": "to create a Central Institution in London", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?", "id": "570a4d256d058f1900182d42", "answers": [{"text": "eighty-seven", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "City and Guilds College", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What college was founded in the 19th century?", "id": "5a48472784b8a4001a7e7828", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Who met to improve workiong conditions for craftsmen?", "id": "5a48472784b8a4001a7e7829", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CGLI", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Who's main objective was to set work standards for craftsmen, technicins, technologists and engineers?", "id": "5a48472784b8a4001a7e782a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eighty-seven acre", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "How large was the site in North Kennsington?", "id": "5a48472784b8a4001a7e782b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College", "answer_start": 880}], "question": "What two colleges were form from the Imperial College?", "id": "5a48472784b8a4001a7e782c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m\u00b2) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910."}], ["Pada tahun 1907, Lembaga Pendidikan yang baru ditubuhkan mendapati kapasiti yang lebih besar untuk pendidikan teknikal yang lebih tinggi diperlukan dan cadangan untuk menggabungkan Kolej Bandar dan Persekutuan, Royal School of Mines dan Royal College of Science telah diluluskan dan diluluskan, mewujudkan The Imperial College Sains dan Teknologi sebagai kolej konstituen di University of London. Piagam Diraja Imperial, yang diberikan oleh Edward VII, secara rasmi ditandatangani pada 8 Julai 1907. Kampus utama Imperial College dibina di samping bangunan Imperial Institute di South Kensington. <> Siapa yang mencadangkan penggabungan banyak kolej pada tahun 1907? || Lembaga Pendidikan <> Apakah alasan di sebalik cadangan untuk menggabungkan banyak kolej? || kapasiti yang lebih tinggi untuk pendidikan teknikal yang lebih tinggi diperlukan <> Apabila penggabungan itu telah diluluskan, apakah kolej konstituen yang diwujudkan? || Kolej Sains dan Teknologi Imperial <> Siapa yang menjadi ahli konstituen itu? || University of London <> Dokumen mana yang diberikan oleh Edward VII, secara rasmi ditandatangani pada 8 Julai 1907? || Piagam Diraja Imperial <> Apa yang ditubuhkan pada abad ke-19? || <> Siapa yang memutuskan bahawa pendidikan lebih liberal diperlukan? || <> Sekolah apa yang dibentuk dari Imperial College of Science? || <> Bilakah piagam itu ditandatangani untuk University of London? || <> Siapa yang memberi Royal Charted untuk Kepelbagaian London? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?", "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d84", "answers": [{"text": "Board of Education", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?", "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d85", "answers": [{"text": "greater capacity for higher technical education was needed", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the merger was passed, what constituent college was created?", "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d86", "answers": [{"text": "The Imperial College of Science and Technology", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the constituent college belong to?", "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d87", "answers": [{"text": "University of London", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which document, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907?", "id": "570a596e6d058f1900182d88", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial's Royal Charter", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Board of Education", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What was founded in the 19th century?", "id": "5a4842d584b8a4001a7e781e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Board of Education", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who decided that more liberal education was needed?", "id": "5a4842d584b8a4001a7e781f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What schools were formed from the Imperial College of Science?", "id": "5a4842d584b8a4001a7e7820", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 July 1907", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "When was the charter signed for the University of London?", "id": "5a4842d584b8a4001a7e7821", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward VII,", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Who granted the Royal Charted for the Unoiversity of London?", "id": "5a4842d584b8a4001a7e7822", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1907, the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed, creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London. Imperial's Royal Charter, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on 8 July 1907. The main campus of Imperial College was constructed beside the buildings of the Imperial Institute in South Kensington."}], ["Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust dibentuk pada 1 Oktober 2007 oleh penggabungan Hospital Hammersmith NHS Trust (Hospital Charing Cross, Hospital Hammersmith dan Hospital Queen Charlotte dan Chelsea) dan St Mary's NHS Trust (Hospital St. Mary dan Hospital Mata Barat) dengan Imperial Fakulti Perubatan Kolej London. Ia adalah pusat sains kesihatan akademik dan menguruskan lima buah hospital: Charing Cross Hospital, Hospital Queen Charlotte dan Chelsea, Hospital Hammersmith, Hospital St Mary, dan Hospital Mata Barat. Amanah adalah yang terbesar di UK dan mempunyai perolehan tahunan sebanyak \u00a3 800 juta, merawat lebih daripada satu juta pesakit setiap tahun. [Apa yang telah dibentuk pada 1 Oktober 2007? || Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust <> Berapa banyak hospital yang menguruskannya? || lima <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai? || pusat sains kesihatan akademik <> Apakah perolehan tahunan untuk kepercayaan ini? || \u00a3 800 juta <> Berapa banyak pesakit dalam setahun memperlakukan kepercayaan? || lebih daripada sejuta <> hospital apa yang dibentuk daripada Imperial College Healthcare? || <> kepercayaan apa yang mempunyai pendapatan tahunan $ 800 juta / || <> Berapa banyak hospital yang bekerjasama untuk membentuk NHS pada tahun 2006? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was formed on the 1st October 2007?", "id": "570a5d534103511400d59674", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hospitals does it manage?", "id": "570a5d534103511400d59675", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it considered to be?", "id": "570a5d534103511400d59676", "answers": [{"text": "an academic health science centre", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the annual turnover for the trust?", "id": "570a5d534103511400d59677", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3800 million", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many patients a year does the trust treat?", "id": "570a5d534103511400d59678", "answers": [{"text": "more than a million", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital.", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "what  hospitals were formed from Imperial College Healthcare?", "id": "5a48747484b8a4001a7e7888", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "what trust has an annual income of $800 million/", "id": "5a48747484b8a4001a7e7889", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "How many hospitals teamed to form the NHS in 2006?", "id": "5a48747484b8a4001a7e788a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of \u00a3800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]"}], ["Pada tahun kewangan berakhir 31 Julai 2013, Imperial mempunyai pendapatan bersih sebanyak \u00a3 822.0 juta (2011/12 - \u00a3 765.2 juta) dan jumlah perbelanjaan sebanyak \u00a3 754.9 juta (2011/12 - \u00a3 702.0 juta). Sumber pendapatan utama termasuk \u00a3 329.5 juta dari geran penyelidikan dan kontrak (2011/12 - \u00a3 313.9 juta), \u00a3 186.3 juta dari yuran akademik dan geran sokongan (2011/12 - \u00a3 163.1 juta), \u00a3 168.9 juta dari geran Majlis Pembiayaan ( 2011/12 - \u00a3 172.4 juta) dan \u00a3 12.5 juta daripada pendapatan endowmen dan pelaburan (2011/12 - \u00a3 8.1 juta). Semasa tahun kewangan 2012/13 Imperial mempunyai perbelanjaan modal sebanyak \u00a3 124 juta (2011/12 - \u00a3 152 juta). <> Apakah pendapatan bersih Imperial untuk tahun kewangan berakhir pada 31 Julai 2013? || \u00a3 822.0 juta <> Apakah jumlah perbelanjaan Imperial untuk tahun kewangan yang berakhir pada 31 Julai 2013? || \u00a3 754.9 juta <> Berapa banyak pendapatan yang dihasilkan daripada geran penyelidikan dan kontrak untuk tahun 2013? || \u00a3 329.5 juta <> Siapa yang memberikan Imperial hampir 170 juta pound dalam geran? || Majlis Pembiayaan <> Apakah perbelanjaan modal Imperial untuk tahun kewangan 2012/2013? || \u00a3 124 juta <> Kolej apa yang berakhir tahun fiskal 2013 dengan pendapatan 822 ribu pound? || <> Dalam tahun apakah perbelanjaan Imperial sebanyak 124 ribu pound? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?", "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d59658", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3822.0 million", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?", "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d59659", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3754.9 million", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013?", "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d5965a", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3329.5 million", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants?", "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d5965b", "answers": [{"text": "Funding Council", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?", "id": "570a5bbf4103511400d5965c", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3124 million", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What college ended the fiscal year 2013 with an income of 822 thousand pounds?", "id": "5a4869b284b8a4001a7e7868", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In the financial year ended 31 July 2013", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "In what year was Imperial's expenditures 124 thousand pounds?", "id": "5a4869b284b8a4001a7e7869", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the financial year ended 31 July 2013, Imperial had a total net income of \u00a3822.0 million (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3765.2 million) and total expenditure of \u00a3754.9 million (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3702.0 million). Key sources of income included \u00a3329.5 million from research grants and contracts (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3313.9 million), \u00a3186.3 million from academic fees and support grants (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3163.1 million), \u00a3168.9 million from Funding Council grants (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3172.4 million) and \u00a312.5 million from endowment and investment income (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a38.1 million). During the 2012/13 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of \u00a3124 million (2011/12 \u2013 \u00a3152 million)."}], ["Imperial College TV\nICTV (dahulunya STOIC (Pelajar Televisyen Imperial College)) adalah stesen televisyen Union Union College, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1969 dan dikendalikan dari sebuah studio TV kecil di blok Kejuruteraan Elektrik. Jabatan ini telah membeli rekod rakaman video AMPEX Type A 1-inci awal dan ini digunakan untuk menghasilkan program berita pendek sekali-sekala yang kemudiannya dimainkan kepada pelajar dengan hanya memindahkan VTR dan monitor ke bilik umum. Pautan kabel ke kediaman kediaman Southside dibentangkan di sebuah terowong di bawah Jalan Pameran pada tahun 1972. Selain berita, pengeluaran awal termasuk sebuah filem pembukaan Queen yang kemudiannya dipanggil Block College dan program wawancara dengan DJ Mike Raven, Richard O ' Pengilang Brian dan Monty Python Ian MacNaughton. Masyarakat itu dinamakan semula kepada ICTV untuk permulaan tahun akademik 2014/15. <> Apakah singkatan STOIC untuk? || Televisyen pelajar Kolej Imperial <> Apakah nama moden STOIC itu? || Imperial College TV <> Bilakah stesen televisyen Union Union College diasaskan? || 1969 <> Di mana terdapat pautan kabel yang menghubungkan Southside Hall of Residence? || Jalan Pameran <> Bilakah stesen itu dinamakan semula sebagai nama moden? || permulaan tahun akademik 2014/15 <> Bilakah stesen radio kolej ditubuhkan? || <> Di mana stesen radio beroperasi? || <> Bagaimana di mana program berita dimainkan untuk kakitangan? || <> Bilakah pautan kabel ditambahkan ke asrama? || <> Bilakah masyarakat menukar namanya dari ICTV ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?", "id": "570a574f4103511400d59628", "answers": [{"text": "Student Television of Imperial College", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is STOIC's modern name?", "id": "570a574f4103511400d59629", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial College TV", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?", "id": "570a574f4103511400d5962a", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?", "id": "570a574f4103511400d5962b", "answers": [{"text": "Exhibition Road", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the station renamed to it's modern name?", "id": "570a574f4103511400d5962c", "answers": [{"text": "start of the 2014/15 academic year", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "When was the college radio station founded?", "id": "5a48784b84b8a4001a7e78a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block.", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Where is the radio station operated from?", "id": "5a48784b84b8a4001a7e78a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "How where news programs played for staff?", "id": "5a48784b84b8a4001a7e78aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "When was a cable link added to the dorms?", "id": "5a48784b84b8a4001a7e78ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014/15 academic year", "answer_start": 809}], "question": "When did the society change its name from ICTV", "id": "5a48784b84b8a4001a7e78ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial College TV\nICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year."}], ["Alumni bukan akademik: Pengarang, HG Wells, McLaren dan Ketua Pereka Ferrari, Nicholas Tombazis, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, band rock Queen, Brian May, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Perdana Menteri New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Perdana Menteri India, Rajiv Gandhi, Timbalan Perdana Menteri Singapura, Teo Chee Hean, Ketua Pegawai Perubatan untuk England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Pakar Perubatan kepada Ratu, Huw Thomas, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Ahli perniagaan dan dermawan , Winston Wong, pengurus dana lindung nilai jutawan Alan Howard. <> Pereka kereta terkenal mana yang dianggap sebagai alumni bukan akademik? || Nicholas Tombazis <> Yang pengarang terkenal yang dianggap sebagai alumni untuk Imperial? || H. G. Wells <> CEO syarikat penerbangan mana yang boleh dipanggil alumni bukan akademik Imperial? || Singapore Airlines <> Yang mana kedudukan yang sangat berprestij buat Huw Thomas? || Pakar Perubatan kepada Permaisuri <> Pengurus dana lindung nilai mana yang mempunyai nol lebih daripada satu bilion dianggap alumni? || Alan Howard <> Siapa alumni akademik? || <> Apa pengurus dana lindung nilai adalah alumni akademik? || <> Siapa doktor adalah lulusan kehormatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?", "id": "570a580b4103511400d59632", "answers": [{"text": "Nicholas Tombazis", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?", "id": "570a580b4103511400d59633", "answers": [{"text": "H. G. Wells", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?", "id": "570a580b4103511400d59634", "answers": [{"text": "Singapore Airlines", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?", "id": "570a580b4103511400d59635", "answers": [{"text": "Head Physician to the Queen", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?", "id": "570a580b4103511400d59636", "answers": [{"text": "Alan Howard", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Who are some academic alumni?", "id": "5a487a0a84b8a4001a7e78bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alan Howard", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "What hedge fund manager is an academic alumni?", "id": "5a487a0a84b8a4001a7e78bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Queen,", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "Who's doctor is an honorary graduate?", "id": "5a487a0a84b8a4001a7e78be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard."}], ["Latihan Penilaian Penyelidikan 2008 kembali 26% daripada 1225 kakitangan yang dikemukakan sebagai peneraju dunia (4 *) dan 47% lagi sebagai yang sangat baik di peringkat antarabangsa (3 *). Latihan Penilaian Penyelidikan 2008 juga menunjukkan lima mata pelajaran - Matematik Tulen, Epidemiologi dan Kesihatan Awam, Kejuruteraan Kimia, Kejuruteraan Awam, dan Mekanik, Kejuruteraan Aeronautik dan Pembuatan - telah dinilai sebagai [klarifikasi yang diperlukan] dari segi perkadaran diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa kualiti penyelidikan. <> Berapa peratus daripada kakitangan Imperial diklasifikasikan sebagai peneraju dunia pada tahun 2008? || 26% <> Berapa peratus daripada kakitangan Imperial dianggap hebat di peringkat antarabangsa pada tahun 2008? || 47% <> Kumpulan mana yang menilai anggota kakitangan Imperial untuk menentukan kedudukan mereka berhubung dengan seluruh dunia? || Latihan Penilaian Penyelidikan <> Berapa banyak subjek yang dinilai sebagai yang terbaik dari segi kualiti penyelidikan yang diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa? || lima <> apa penilaian menunjukkan 1225 kakitangan menjadi peneraju dunia? || <> Apa yang memperlihatkan 26% kakitangan yang cemerlang di peringkat antarabangsa? || <> Apakah lima subjek yang dipaparkan di peringkat teratas di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?", "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966c", "answers": [{"text": "26%", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?", "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966d", "answers": [{"text": "47%", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group assessed Imperial's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world?", "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966e", "answers": [{"text": "Research Assessment Exercise", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality?", "id": "570a5ced4103511400d5966f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "what assesment showed 1225 staff to be world-leading?", "id": "5a4871ef84b8a4001a7e787a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What showed 26% of staff to be internationally excellent?", "id": "5a4871ef84b8a4001a7e787b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What five subjects where shown to the top ranked in the world?", "id": "5a4871ef84b8a4001a7e787c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*). The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects \u2013 Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering \u2013 were assessed to be the best[clarification needed] in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality."}], ["Pameran Besar dianjurkan oleh Putera Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller dan ahli-ahli lain dari Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Pameran Besar membuat lebihan \u00a3 186,000 digunakan untuk mewujudkan kawasan di Selatan Kensington meraikan galakan seni, industri, dan sains. Albert menegaskan bahawa lebihan Pameran Besar harus digunakan sebagai rumah untuk budaya dan pendidikan untuk semua orang. Komitmennya adalah untuk mencari penyelesaian praktikal untuk cabaran sosial hari ini. Visi Putera Albert membina Muzium Victoria dan Albert, Muzium Sains, Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi, Muzium Geologi, Kolej Sains Diraja, Kolej Seni Diraja, Sekolah Diraja Diraja, Sekolah Muzik Diraja, Kolej Organis Diraja, Royal School of Needlework, Persatuan Geografi Diraja, Institut Bunyi Dirakam, Taman Hortikultur Diraja, Royal Albert Hall dan Imperial Institute. Kolej-kolej diraja dan Institut Imperial bergabung untuk membentuk apa yang kini menjadi Imperial College London. <> Masyarakat mana yang menganjurkan The Great Exhibition? || Persatuan Diraja untuk Menggalakkan Kesenian, Pengilangan dan Perdagangan <> Berapa banyak lebihan yang dilakukan The Great Ehibition? || \u00a3 186,000 <> Yang menegaskan bahawa lebihan dari The Great Exhibition digunakan sebagai rumah untuk budaya dan pendidikan untuk semua? || Albert <> Apa komitmen Prince Albert? || untuk mencari penyelesaian praktikal untuk cabaran sosial hari ini <> Apakah kolej-kolej Diraja dan Institut Imperial ketika mereka bergabung? || Imperial College London <> Apa yang dianjurkan oleh Royal Society untuk mempromosikan kepentingan Empayar? || <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa lebihan Pameran Besar harus digunakan untuk membantu golongan miskin? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Prince Albert untuk mencari penyelesaian novel dan permasalahan? || <> Institusi apa yang dilakukan oleh Kolej Imperial London? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which society organized The Great Exhibition?", "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d70", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?", "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d71", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3186,000", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all?", "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d72", "answers": [{"text": "Albert", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Prince Albert's commitment?", "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d73", "answers": [{"text": "to find practical solutions to today's social challenges", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged?", "id": "570a58a06d058f1900182d74", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial College London", "answer_start": 1001}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Great Exhibition", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was organised by the Royal Society to promote the interests of the Empire?", "id": "5a482a0f84b8a4001a7e77fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert,", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "Who insisted that The Great Exhibition surplus should be used to aid the poor?", "id": "5a482a0f84b8a4001a7e77fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "today's social challenges", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What did Prince Albert want to find novel and abitious solutions for?", "id": "5a482a0f84b8a4001a7e77fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute", "answer_start": 932}], "question": "What institutions did The Imperial College of London split into?", "id": "5a482a0f84b8a4001a7e77fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of \u00a3186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, industry, and science. Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone. His commitment was to find practical solutions to today's social challenges. Prince Albert's vision built the Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Geological Museum, Royal College of Science, Royal College of Art, Royal School of Mines, Royal School of Music, Royal College of Organists, Royal School of Needlework, Royal Geographical Society, Institute of Recorded Sound, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London."}], ["Selain itu, dari segi prospek pekerjaan, pada tahun 2014 gaji permulaan purata seorang siswazah Imperial adalah yang tertinggi di mana-mana universiti di UK. Dari segi gaji kursus tertentu, Ahad Times menduduki peringkat Pengkomputeran Pengkomputeran dari Imperial sebagai memperoleh gaji permulaan purata kedua tertinggi di UK selepas tamat pengajian, ke atas semua universiti dan kursus. Pada tahun 2012, New York Times menduduki Imperial College sebagai salah satu daripada 10 universiti paling dialu-alukan oleh pasaran kerja global. Pada bulan Mei 2014, universiti itu dipilih paling tinggi di UK untuk Job Prospects oleh para pelajar yang mengundi di Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial secara berperingkat sebagai universiti terbaik ke-3 di UK untuk kualiti graduan mengikut perekrut dari syarikat utama di UK. <> Statistik apa yang purata pangkat siswazah Imperial tertinggi pada tahun 2014? || gaji permulaan purata <> Jenis graduan dari Imperial yang memperoleh gaji permulaan purata tertinggi kedua selepas tamat pengajian? || Pengkomputeran pengkomputeran <> Siapa yang menilai graduan berbeza mengikut gaji permulaan purata mereka selepas tamat pengajian di UK? || Sunday Times <> Akhbar bergengsi mana yang menduduki Imperial College sebagai salah satu daripada 10 universiti yang paling dialu-alukan oleh pasar pekerjaan? || New York Times <> Pada tahun apakah Imperial University mendakwa penganugerahan untuk mengundi tertinggi di UK untuk Prospek Kerja? || 2014 <> Apa collegege mempunyai kadar tertinggi tertinggi pada tahun 2014 di kalangan graduan? || <> Siapa yang berpangkat siswazah Pengkomputeran sebagai ke-2 yang paling mungkin mencari pekerjaan? || <> Yang menduduki Imperial sebagai salah satu universiti yang paling mengalu-alukan? || <> Siapa yang mengangkat Imperial sebagai kualiti lulusan pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?", "id": "570a56e04103511400d5961e", "answers": [{"text": "average starting salary", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?", "id": "570a56e04103511400d5961f", "answers": [{"text": "Computing graduates", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?", "id": "570a56e04103511400d59620", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday Times", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?", "id": "570a56e04103511400d59621", "answers": [{"text": "New York Times", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?", "id": "570a56e04103511400d59622", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What collegege had the highest higher rate in 2014 among graduates?", "id": "5a4870e084b8a4001a7e7872", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sunday Times", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Who ranked Computing graduates as the 2nd most likely to find a job?", "id": "5a4870e084b8a4001a7e7873", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the New York Times", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Who ranked Imperial as one of the most welcoming universities?", "id": "5a4870e084b8a4001a7e7874", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recruiters from the UK's major companies", "answer_start": 716}], "question": "Who ranks Imperial as 1st in quality of graduates?", "id": "5a4870e084b8a4001a7e7875", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university. In terms of specific course salaries, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation, over all universities and courses. In 2012, the New York Times ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most-welcomed universities by the global job market. In May 2014, the university was voted highest in the UK for Job Prospects by students voting in the Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial is jointly ranked as the 3rd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies."}], ["Pusat Pengajian Kokurikulum menyediakan mata pelajaran elektif dan kursus bahasa di luar bidang sains untuk pelajar di fakulti dan jabatan lain. Pelajar digalakkan mengambil kelas ini sama ada untuk kredit atau dalam masa mereka sendiri, dan dalam beberapa jabatan ini wajib. Kursus ada dalam pelbagai topik termasuk falsafah, etika dalam sains dan teknologi, sejarah, kesusasteraan dan drama moden, seni di abad ke-20, kajian filem. Kursus bahasa boleh didapati dalam bahasa Perancis, Jerman, Jepun, Itali, Rusia, Sepanyol, Arab dan Mandarin. Pusat Pengajian Kokurikulum adalah rumah kepada Unit Komunikasi Sains yang menawarkan ijazah sarjana dalam Sains Komunikasi dan Pengeluaran Media Sains untuk siswazah sains. <> Pusat manakah yang memberikan pilihan di luar sains untuk pelajar? || Pusat Pengajian Kokurikulum <> Di luar melakukannya pada masa mereka sendiri, apakah motivasi lain yang boleh diambil oleh para pelajar untuk memilih pilihan yang tidak wajib? || kredit <> Unit mana yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Pengajian Kokurikulum yang menawarkan ijazah sarjana? || Unit Komunikasi Sains <> Para saintis yang mahukan ijazah sarjana mungkin berminat di mana ijazah lain selain Sains Komunikasi dari Unit Komunikasi Sains? || Pengeluaran Media Sains <> Di mana kursus sains elektif ditawarkan? || <> Apa semua pelajar perlu lakukan pada masa mereka sendiri? || <> Di mana pelajar boleh mendapat ijazah dalam komunikasi massa? || <> Apa kajian bahasa yang diperlukan untuk pelajar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?", "id": "570a563c4103511400d59616", "answers": [{"text": "Centre For Co-Curricular Studies", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?", "id": "570a563c4103511400d59617", "answers": [{"text": "credit", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees?", "id": "570a563c4103511400d59618", "answers": [{"text": "Science Communication Unit", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?", "id": "570a563c4103511400d59619", "answers": [{"text": "Science Media Production", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where are elective science courses offered?", "id": "5a4861e784b8a4001a7e7860", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "take these classes", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What are all students required to do on their own time?", "id": "5a4861e784b8a4001a7e7861", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies", "answer_start": 585}], "question": "Where can students get a degree in mass communication?", "id": "5a4861e784b8a4001a7e7862", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese.", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What language studies are required for students?", "id": "5a4861e784b8a4001a7e7863", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory. Courses exist in a wide range of topics including philosophy, ethics in science and technology, history, modern literature and drama, art in the 20th century, film studies. Language courses are available in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates."}], ["Pada tahun 1988 Imperial bergabung dengan Sekolah Perubatan Hospital St Mary, menjadi Kolej Sains, Teknologi dan Perubatan Imperial. Pada tahun 1995 Imperial melancarkan rumah penerbitan akademiknya sendiri, Imperial College Press, dengan kerjasama World Scientific. Imperial bergabung dengan Institut Jantung dan Lung Kebangsaan pada tahun 1995 dan Charing Cross dan Sekolah Perubatan Westminster, Sekolah Perubatan Siswazah Perguruan Tinggi (RPMS) dan Institut Obstetrik dan Ginekologi pada tahun 1997. Pada tahun yang sama Sekolah Perubatan Sekolah Imperial secara rasmi ditubuhkan dan semua harta benda Charing Cross dan Sekolah Perubatan Westminster, Institut Hati dan Lung Kebangsaan dan Sekolah Perubatan Siswazah Luar Negara telah dipindahkan ke Imperial hasil daripada Akta Kolej Imperial 1997. Pada tahun 1998 Bangunan Sir Alexander Fleming telah dibuka oleh Ratu Elizabeth II untuk menyediakan ibu pejabat untuk penyelidikan perubatan dan bioperubatan Kolej. <> Di mana tahun Imperial bergabung dengan Sekolah Perubatan Hospital St Mary? || 1988 <> Sekolah mana yang dihasilkan daripada penggabungan Imperial dengan St Mary? || The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine <> Siapa yang rakan kongsi Imperial dengan untuk melancarkan Imperial College Press? || Scientific World <> Tahun apakah Sekolah Perubatan Imperial College secara rasmi ditubuhkan? || 1997 <> Apa nama bangunan yang dibuka oleh Ratu Elizabeth II? || Sir Alexander Fleming Building <> Apa yang dipisahkan oleh scool ke Imperial dan St Maries? || <> Bilakah Imperial mula menerbitkan rumah ilmiah Dunia? || <> Apa sekolah keluar dari Imperial pada tahun 1997? || <> Sekolah apa yang diasaskan oleh Sit Alexander Fleming? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary's Hospital Medical School?", "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da6", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which school resulted from Imperial's merger with St Mary's?", "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da7", "answers": [{"text": "The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Imperial partner with to launch the Imperial College Press?", "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da8", "answers": [{"text": "World Scientific", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Imperial College School of Medicine formally established?", "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182da9", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the building that was opened by Queen Elizabeth II?", "id": "570a5c426d058f1900182daa", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Alexander Fleming Building", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What scool split into Imperial and and St Maries?", "id": "5a4857df84b8a4001a7e783c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "When did Imperial start its publishng house World Scientific?", "id": "5a4857df84b8a4001a7e783d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPMS) and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What schools came out of Imperial in 1997?", "id": "5a4857df84b8a4001a7e783e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Postgraduate Medical School", "answer_start": 674}], "question": "What school was founded by Sit Alexander Fleming?", "id": "5a4857df84b8a4001a7e783f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. In 1995 Imperial launched its own academic publishing house, Imperial College Press, in partnership with World Scientific. Imperial merged with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPMS) and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997. In the same year the Imperial College School of Medicine was formally established and all of the property of Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, the National Heart and Lung Institute and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School were transferred to Imperial as the result of the Imperial College Act 1997. In 1998 the Sir Alexander Fleming Building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II to provide a headquarters for the College's medical and biomedical research."}], ["Pada tahun 2003, dilaporkan bahawa satu pertiga daripada akademik wanita \"percaya bahawa diskriminasi atau buli oleh pengurus telah menahan kerjaya mereka\". Dikatakan kemudian bahawa \"Jurucakap Imperial berkata kolej bertindak atas cadangan dan telah membuat perubahan\". Walau bagaimanapun, tuduhan membuli telah diteruskan: pada tahun 2007, kebimbangan telah dibangkitkan mengenai kaedah yang digunakan untuk membakar orang di Fakulti Perubatan. Presiden New Imperial College, Alice Gast berkata dia melihat lampu terang di kaki langit untuk karier wanita di Imperial College London. <> Apa bahagian wanita melaporkan bahawa mereka ditahan oleh pengurus? || satu pertiga <> Pada tahun apakah tuduhan-tuduhan ini dibangkitkan? || 2003 <> Selepas insiden 2003, apakah tahun utama yang akan dibangkitkan? || 2007 <> Di mana fakulti adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk membakar orang yang dipersoalkan? || Fakulti Perubatan <> Siapa Presiden baru untuk Imperial College? || Alice Gast <> Dalam berapa tahun 1/2 dikatakan bahawa akademik wanita mengatakan pembulian memulihkan pengasuh mereka? || <> Siapa yang berfikir Alice Ghast akan terus berjuang? || <> Siapa Naib Presiden Imperial? || <> Apa soalan yang perlu diselesaikan di sekolah pengertian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers?", "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dba", "answers": [{"text": "one third", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year were these allegations raised?", "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbb", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised?", "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbc", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which faculty were the methods used to fire people being questioned?", "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbd", "answers": [{"text": "Faculty of Medicine", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the new President for Imperial College?", "id": "570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbe", "answers": [{"text": "Alice Gast", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what years did 1/2 the female axademics say bullying held back their carreer?", "id": "5a4875a284b8a4001a7e788e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "female", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "Who does Alice Ghast think will continue to struggle?", "id": "5a4875a284b8a4001a7e788f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alice Gast", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Who is the Vice President of Imperial?", "id": "5a4875a284b8a4001a7e7890", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the methods that were being used to fire people", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What waw beeing question in the school of engeneering?", "id": "5a4875a284b8a4001a7e7891", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2003, it was reported that one third of female academics \"believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers\". It was said then that \"A spokesman for Imperial said the college was acting on the recommendations and had already made changes\". Nevertheless, allegations of bullying have continued: in 2007, concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine. New President of Imperial College, Alice Gast says she sees bright lights in the horizon for female careers at Imperial College London."}], ["Imperial College Union, kesatuan pelajar di Imperial College, dikendalikan oleh lima pegawai sabbatical sepenuh masa yang dipilih dari badan pelajar untuk tempoh satu tahun, dan beberapa anggota tetap kakitangan. Kesatuan ini diberi penekanan besar oleh universiti, yang kebanyakannya dibelanjakan untuk mengekalkan sekitar 300 kelab, projek dan masyarakat. Contoh-contoh kumpulan dan projek pelajar yang terkenal adalah Project Nepal yang menghantar pelajar Imperial College untuk mengerjakan program pembangunan pendidikan di pedalaman Nepal dan Projek El Salvador, sebuah projek berasaskan pembinaan di Amerika Tengah. Union juga menganjurkan kelab-kelab berkaitan sukan seperti Imperial College Boat Club dan Imperial College Gliding Club. <> Apakah nama rasmi kesatuan pelajar itu? || Imperial College Union <> Berapa ramai pegawai sepenuh masa yang menjalankan kesatuan? || lima <> Berapa lamakah jangka masa untuk pegawai menjalankan kesatuan? || satu tahun <> Berapa banyak kelab, projek dan masyarakat adalah kesatuan yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengurus? || sekitar 300 <> Program apa jenis pelajar yang bekerja untuk Projek Nepal? || pembangunan pendidikan <> Apakah naqme kakitangan dan kesatuan pelajar? || <> Apa yang dikendalikan oleh 5 pelajar sepenuh masa? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengekalkan sekitar 300 pub? || <> Di manakah kakitangan yang dihantar untuk kerja-kerja membina projek? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the official name of the student's union?", "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc4", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial College Union", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many full time officers run the union?", "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc5", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?", "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc6", "answers": [{"text": "one year", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?", "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc7", "answers": [{"text": "around 300", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?", "id": "570a5e736d058f1900182dc8", "answers": [{"text": "educational development", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial College Union,", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the naqme of the staff and student union?", "id": "5a48775284b8a4001a7e78a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial College Union,", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is run by 5 full-time students?", "id": "5a48775284b8a4001a7e78a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a large subvention", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What is used to maintain around 300 pubs?", "id": "5a48775284b8a4001a7e78a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Central America.", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "Where are staff sent to work on building projects?", "id": "5a48775284b8a4001a7e78a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club."}], ["Imperial memperoleh Silwood Park pada tahun 1947, untuk menyediakan tapak untuk penyelidikan dan pengajaran dalam aspek-aspek biologi yang tidak sesuai untuk kampus utama London. Felix, akhbar pelajar Imperial, telah dilancarkan pada 9 Disember 1949. Pada 29 Januari 1950, kerajaan mengumumkan bahawa ia bertujuan agar Imperial perlu berkembang untuk memenuhi cabaran saintifik dan teknologi abad ke-20 dan pengembangan besar Kolej diikuti dekad akan datang. Pada tahun 1959, Wolfson Foundation menyumbangkan \u00a3 350,000 untuk penubuhan Jabatan Biokimia yang baru. [Rujukan?] Hubungan istimewa antara Imperial dan Institut Teknologi India Delhi ditubuhkan pada tahun 1963. [rujukan?] 1947? || Silwood Park <> Apa nama akhbar pelajar Imperial? || Felix <> Berapa banyak wang yang disumbangkan untuk Jabatan Biokimia yang baru? || \u00a3 350,000 <> Siapa yang menyumbangkan sejumlah besar wang untuk membantu pembentukan Jabatan Biokimia? || Wolfson Foundation <> Imperial membentuk hubungan dengan entiti lain pada tahun 1963? || Institut Teknologi India Delhi <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Imperial di abad ke-19 || <> Apakah yang diperlukan untuk pengajaran kimia yang tidak sesuai untuk kampus utama? || <> Apa nama surat khabar staf kakitangan Imperial? || <> Bilakah kertas kakitangan Imperial ditubuhkan? || <> Siapa yang menyumbang wang untuk menubuhkan jabatan bioengenering baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?", "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182dd8", "answers": [{"text": "Silwood Park", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?", "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182dd9", "answers": [{"text": "Felix", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?", "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182dda", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3350,000", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?", "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182ddb", "answers": [{"text": "Wolfson Foundation", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?", "id": "570a5f946d058f1900182ddc", "answers": [{"text": "Indian Institute of Technology Delhi", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Silwood Park", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What did Imperial aquire in the 19th century", "id": "5a484d6484b8a4001a7e7832", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Silwood Park", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What was aquired for teaching chemistry that was not well suited for the main campus?", "id": "5a484d6484b8a4001a7e7833", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Felix", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What was the name of Imperials staff news paper?", "id": "5a484d6484b8a4001a7e7834", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9 December 1949", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "When was Imperial's staff paper founded?", "id": "5a484d6484b8a4001a7e7835", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Wolfson Foundation", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "Who donated money to establish a new bioengenering department?", "id": "5a484d6484b8a4001a7e7836", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated \u00a3350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]"}], ["William Henry Perkin belajar dan bekerja di kolej di bawah von Hofmann, tetapi meletakkan jawatannya setelah menemui pewarna sintetik pertama, mauveine, pada tahun 1856. Penemuan Perkin telah digerakkan oleh kerjanya dengan von Hofmann pada bahan aniline, yang berasal dari tar arang batu, dan ia adalah kejayaan yang mencetuskan industri dye sintetik, ledakan yang sesetengah ahli sejarah telah melabel revolusi kimia kedua. Sumbangannya membawa kepada penciptaan Perkin Medal, anugerah yang diberikan setiap tahun oleh Persatuan Industri Kimia kepada saintis yang tinggal di Amerika Syarikat untuk \"inovasi dalam kimia aplikasinya yang menghasilkan pembangunan komersil yang cemerlang\". Ia dianggap sebagai penghormatan tertinggi yang diberikan dalam industri kimia perindustrian. <> Siapa yang menemui pewarna tiruan pertama? || William Henry Perkin <> Apakah saintis yang menemui pewarna itu selepas menemuinya? || meletak jawatannya <> Apa nama pewarna sintetik pertama yang ditemui? || mauveine <> Penemuan pewarna sintetik dituntut oleh beberapa sejarah yang telah mencetuskan peristiwa apa? || revolusi kimia kedua <> Anugerah mana yang dinamakan selepas penemuan pewarna itu? || Perkin Medal <> Siapa yang belajar von Hoffman di bawah? || <> Apa penemuan oleh von Hoffman digesa oleh kerjanya dengan Perkins? || <> Apa arang arang berasal dari? || <> Siapa yang telah mencetuskan semangat revolusi Kimia? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Persatuan Industri Kimia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discovered the first synthetic dye?", "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59692", "answers": [{"text": "William Henry Perkin", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?", "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59693", "answers": [{"text": "resigned his position", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?", "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59694", "answers": [{"text": "mauveine", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?", "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59695", "answers": [{"text": "second chemical revolution", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?", "id": "570a5f2f4103511400d59696", "answers": [{"text": "Perkin Medal", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Henry Perkin", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who did von Hoffman study under?", "id": "5a483d5d84b8a4001a7e780a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first synthetic dye", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What discovery by von Hoffman was prompted by his work with Perkins?", "id": "5a483d5d84b8a4001a7e780b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aniline", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What was coal tar derived from?", "id": "5a483d5d84b8a4001a7e780c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Perkin's", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "Who's didcovery sparked the Chemical revolution?", "id": "5a483d5d84b8a4001a7e780d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Perkin", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who founded the Society of Chemical Industry?", "id": "5a483d5d84b8a4001a7e780e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an \"innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development\". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry."}], ["Imperial College London adalah universiti penyelidikan awam yang terletak di London, United Kingdom. Ia diasaskan oleh Prince Albert yang membayangkan sebuah kawasan yang terdiri daripada Muzium Sejarah Alam, Muzium Sains, Muzium Victoria dan Albert, Royal Albert Hall dan Imperial Institute. Institut Imperial dibuka oleh isterinya, Ratu Victoria, yang meletakkan batu pertama. Pada tahun 1907, Imperial College London dibentuk oleh Royal Charter, dan kemudiannya menyertai University of London, dengan fokus pada sains dan teknologi. Kolej ini telah memperluaskan kursusnya ke ubat melalui penggabungan dengan Hospital St Mary. Pada tahun 2004, Queen Elizabeth II membuka Sekolah Perniagaan Imperial College. Imperial menjadi universiti bebas dari University of London semasa ulang tahunnya seratus tahun. <> Apa jenis universiti adalah Imperial College London? || universiti penyelidikan awam <> yang menubuhkan Imperial College London? || Putera Albert <> yang membuka Institut Imperial pada tahun 1907? || Queen Victoria <> Dokumen mana yang membenarkan Imperial College London dibentuk? || Piagam Diraja <> Apakah tumpuan Imperial College London? || sains dan teknologi <> Apakah nama universiti penyelidikan swasta di London? || <> Siapa yang membantu membina kolej? || <> Siapa yang meletakkan batu terakhir di Institut Imerial? || <> Bilakah kursus dalam bidang perubatan diberikan kepada St Mary's Hospital? || <> Bilakah Institut Imerial menyertai University of London? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of University is Imperial College London?", "id": "570a5ed04103511400d59688", "answers": [{"text": "public research university", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded the Imperial College London?", "id": "570a5ed04103511400d59689", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?", "id": "570a5ed04103511400d5968a", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?", "id": "570a5ed04103511400d5968b", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Charter", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the focus of the Imperial College London?", "id": "570a5ed04103511400d5968c", "answers": [{"text": "science and technology", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial College London", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of a private resdearch university in London?", "id": "5a48276284b8a4001a7e77f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who helped to build the college?", "id": "5a48276284b8a4001a7e77f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "Who laid the final stone in the Imerial Institute?", "id": "5a48276284b8a4001a7e77f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "When was coursework in medicine given over to St Mary's Hospital?", "id": "5a48276284b8a4001a7e77f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "during its one hundred year anniversary", "answer_start": 747}], "question": "When did the Imerial Institute join the University of London?", "id": "5a48276284b8a4001a7e77f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary."}]], [["Kebun Binatang Hanover adalah salah satu zoo yang paling hebat dan terbaik di Eropah. Kebun binatang itu menerima Anugerah Park Scout untuk tahun keempat yang berlangsung pada 2009/10, meletakkannya di kalangan zoo terbaik di Jerman. Kebun binatang ini terdiri daripada beberapa kawasan tema: Sambesi, Ladang Meyers, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, dan Mullewapp. Beberapa kawasan yang lebih kecil adalah Australia, kawasan hutan untuk serigala, dan kawasan renang yang disebut dengan banyak burung laut. Terdapat juga sebuah rumah tropika, sebuah rumah hutan, dan arena persembahan. Kawasan bertema Kanada yang baru, Yukon Bay, dibuka pada tahun 2010. Pada tahun 2010 Zoo Hanover mempunyai lebih dari 1.6 juta pelawat. <> Yang zoo mana yang terbaik di Eropah? || Zoo Hanover <> Apakah anugerah yang dilakukan oleh Zoo Hanover selama empat tahun berturut-turut? || Anugerah Scout Park <> Haiwan manakah yang mempunyai kawasan berenang yang ada? || burung laut <> Bilakah kawasan taman tema Kanada di Zoo Hanover dibuka? || 2010 <> Berapa ramai orang melawat Zoo Hanover pada tahun 2010? || 1.6 juta <> Apa salah seorang Yahudi terdahulu di Eropah? || <> Apa penghargaan kepada zoo yang menang selama empat belas tahun berturut-turut? || <> Berapa ramai orang melawat kawasan bertema Kanada pada tahun 2010? || <> Kawasan zoo apa yang tidak menjadi tuan rumah burung laut? || <> Dalam tahun apakah zoo Hanover kehilangan anugerah pengakap taman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?", "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c4", "answers": [{"text": "Hanover Zoo", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?", "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c5", "answers": [{"text": "Park Scout Award", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?", "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c6", "answers": [{"text": "seabirds", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open?", "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c7", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010?", "id": "5709f59f4103511400d594c8", "answers": [{"text": "1.6 million", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Hanover Zoo", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is one of the earliest Jews in Europe?", "id": "5a105795decec9001847563b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Park Scout Award", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What award to the zoo win for fourteen years in a row?", "id": "5a105795decec9001847563c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.6 million visitors.", "answer_start": 574}], "question": "How many people visited the Canadian themed area in 2010?", "id": "5a105795decec9001847563d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the so-called swimming area", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What area of the zoo does not host seabirds?", "id": "5a105795decec9001847563e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009/10", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "In what year do the Hanover zoo lose the park scout award?", "id": "5a105795decec9001847563f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe. The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show arena. The new Canadian-themed area, Yukon Bay, opened in 2010. In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors."}], ["\"Hanover\" adalah ejaan bahasa Inggeris tradisional. Ejaan Jerman (dengan double n) menjadi lebih popular dalam bahasa Inggeris; edisi terbaru ensiklopedia lebih suka ejaan Jerman, dan kerajaan tempatan menggunakan ejaan Jerman di laman web bahasa Inggeris. Pengucapan bahasa Inggeris / h\u00e6n\u0259v\u0259r /, dengan tegasan pada suku kata pertama dan suku kata kedua yang dikurangkan, digunakan untuk kedua-dua ejaan Bahasa Jerman dan Bahasa Inggeris, yang berbeza dari pengucapan Jerman [hano\u02d0f\u0250], dengan tekanan pada suku kata kedua dan vokal kedua yang kedua . Ejaan bahasa Inggeris tradisional masih digunakan dalam konteks sejarah, terutama apabila merujuk kepada Rumah Kerajaan Hanover. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh ejaan Hanover Jerman bahawa bahasa Inggeris tidak? || double n <> Versi ejaan Hanover mana yang digunakan oleh kerajaan tempatan di laman web bahasa Inggeris? || Bahasa Jerman <> Suku mana yang ditekankan oleh tekanan Hanover versi berbahasa Inggeris? || pertama <> suku kata yang mana sebutan Jerman terhadap tekanan Hanover? || kedua <> Yang mana ejaan Hanover digunakan dalam konteks sejarah? || ejaan bahasa Inggeris tradisional", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?", "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4a", "answers": [{"text": "a double n", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?", "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4b", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress?", "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4c", "answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress?", "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4d", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts?", "id": "5709fa026d058f1900182c4e", "answers": [{"text": "traditional English spelling", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\"Hanover\" is the traditional English spelling. The German spelling (with a double n) is becoming more popular in English; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The English pronunciation /\u02c8h\u00e6n\u0259v\u0259r/, with stress on the first syllable and a reduced second syllable, is applied to both the German and English spellings, which is different from German pronunciation [ha\u02c8no\u02d0f\u0250], with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel. The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover."}], ["Selepas 1937, Lord Mayor dan pesuruhjaya negeri Hanover adalah anggota NSDAP (parti Nazi). Penduduk Yahudi yang besar kemudian wujud di Hanover. Pada bulan Oktober 1938, 484 orang Yahudi Hanoverian dari asal Poland diusir ke Poland, termasuk keluarga Grynszpan. Walau bagaimanapun, Poland enggan menerima mereka, meninggalkan mereka yang terkandas di sempadan dengan beribu-ribu orang deportes Yahudi-Yahudi yang lain, yang hanya diberi perhatian oleh organisasi kebajikan Palang Merah Poland dan Yahudi. Anak lelaki Gryszpan Herschel Grynszpan berada di Paris pada masa itu. Ketika dia mengetahui apa yang sedang berlaku, dia pergi ke kedutaan Jerman di Paris dan menembak diplomat Jerman Eduard Ernst vom Rath, yang meninggal dunia tidak lama kemudian. <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan NSDAP? || Parti Nazi <> Selepas tahun apakah Lord Mayor menyertai NSDAP? || 1937 <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi Hanoverian yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1938? || 484 <> Siapa yang membunuh diplomat Jerman Eduard Ernst vom Rath? || Herschel Grynszpan <> Bandar manakah diplomat Jerman ketika dia dibunuh? || Paris <> Kepunyaan parti Nazi sebelum tahun 1937? || <> Kota mana yang mempunyai penduduk Poland yang besar pada tahun 1937? || <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi Hanoverian dihantar ke Paris? || <> Siapa yang berunding dengan diplomat Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the NSDAP stand for?", "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594ce", "answers": [{"text": "Nazi party", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?", "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594cf", "answers": [{"text": "1937", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?", "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594d0", "answers": [{"text": "484", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?", "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594d1", "answers": [{"text": "Herschel Grynszpan", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?", "id": "5709fb5e4103511400d594d2", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Who belong to the Nazi party prior to 1937?", "id": "5a1049b3decec9001847560b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanover", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What city had a large Polish population in 1937?", "id": "5a1049b3decec9001847560c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "484", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "How many Hanoverian Jews were sent to Paris?", "id": "5a1049b3decec9001847560d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herschel Grynszpan", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "Who negotiated with the German diplomat?", "id": "5a1049b3decec9001847560e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organisations. The Gryszpan's son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, who died shortly afterwards."}], ["Beberapa tempat lain yang popular adalah Column Waterloo, Laves House, Istana Wangenheim, Arkib Negeri Lower Saxony, Hanover Playhouse, Jam Kr\u00f6pcke, Block Tower Anzeiger, Bangunan Pentadbiran NORD / LB, Dewan Cupola Pusat Kongres, Stok Lower Saxony, Kementerian Kewangan, Gereja Garten, Gereja Luther, Menara Gehry (yang direka oleh arkitek Amerika Frank O. Gehry), Bus Stop yang direka khas, Opera House, Stesen Pusat, tasik Maschsee dan hutan bandar Eilenriede, yang merupakan salah satu yang terbesar seumpamanya di Eropah. Dengan sekitar 40 taman, hutan dan taman, beberapa tasik, dua sungai dan satu terusan, Hanover menawarkan pelbagai aktiviti riadah. <> Siapa yang merancang Menara Gehry? || Frank O. Gehry <> Kebangsaan apa arkitek Menara Gehry? || Amerika <> Apa yang penting mengenai hutan kota Eilenriede? || salah satu yang terbesar seumpamanya di Eropah <> Berapa banyak taman yang ada di sekitar di Hanover? || 40 <Berapa banyak sungai berjalan melalui Hanover? || Dua <> yang merupakan arkitek Austria yang membina Menara Gehry || <> Tasik mana yang merupakan salah satu yang terbesar di Eropah? || <> Apakah Hanover menawarkan jumlah yang sederhana? || <> Lebih kurang berapa banyak taman di Hanover? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the Gehry Tower?", "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e2", "answers": [{"text": "Frank O. Gehry", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower?", "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e3", "answers": [{"text": "American", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?", "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e4", "answers": [{"text": "one of the largest of its kind in Europe", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many parks are there approximately in Hanover?", "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e5", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rivers run through Hanover?", "id": "5709fd234103511400d594e6", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank O. Gehry", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "Who was the Austrian architect who built the Gehry Tower", "id": "5a106a36decec9001847564f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maschsee lake", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "Which Lake is one of the largest in Europe?", "id": "5a106a36decec90018475650", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "leisure activities", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "What does Hanover offer a moderate amount of?", "id": "5a106a36decec90018475651", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 617}], "question": "Approximately how many gardens are there in Hanover?", "id": "5a106a36decec90018475652", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kr\u00f6pcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Finance, the Garten Church, the Luther Church, the Gehry Tower (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the specially designed Bus Stops, the Opera House, the Central Station, the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities."}], ["The Great Garden adalah taman barok yang penting di Eropah. Namun, istana itu sendiri dimusnahkan oleh pengeboman Allied tetapi sedang dibina semula. Beberapa petikan menarik adalah Grotto (pedalaman itu dirancang oleh seniman Perancis Niki de Saint-Phalle), Bangunan Galeri, Orangerie dan dua pavilion oleh Remy de la Fosse. The Great Garden terdiri daripada beberapa bahagian. Yang paling popular adalah Great Ground dan Nouveau Jardin. Di tengah-tengah Nouveau Jardin adalah mata air taman tertinggi di Eropah. Teater Garden bersejarah antara lain menganjurkan muzikal pemuzik rock Jerman Heinz Rudolf Kunze. [Rujukan?] <> Taman jenis apa Taman The Great? || Kebun baroque Eropah <> Apa yang memusnahkan istana? || Pengeboman bersekutu <> Siapa yang membina dua pavilion di istana? || Remy de la Fosse <> Selain daripada Nouveau Jardin, apakah bahagian lain yang hebat di The Great Garden? || Tanah Besar <> Apa yang ada di pusat Nouveau Jardin? || Taman air paling tinggi di Eropah <> Taman apa jenis taman besar? || <> Apa yang telah musnah dengan pengeboman paksi dan kini sedang dibina semula? || <> Apa artis Perancis merancang bahagian luarnya? || <> Apakah dua kawasan paling kurang taman ini? || <> Apa yang terkenal dengan pemuzik klasik di teater taman bersejarah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of garden is The Great Garden?", "id": "5709fca24103511400d594d8", "answers": [{"text": "European baroque garden", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What destroyed the palace?", "id": "5709fca24103511400d594d9", "answers": [{"text": "Allied bombing", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace?", "id": "5709fca24103511400d594da", "answers": [{"text": "Remy de la Fosse", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the Nouveau Jardin, what is the other popular part of The Great Garden?", "id": "5709fca24103511400d594db", "answers": [{"text": "Great Ground", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is at the centre of the Nouveau Jardin?", "id": "5709fca24103511400d594dc", "answers": [{"text": "Europe's highest garden fountain", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European baroque garden", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What kind of garden is the grand garden?", "id": "5a10542fdecec90018475627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The palace", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What was destroyed by axis bombing and currently under reconstruction?", "id": "5a10542fdecec90018475628", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Niki de Saint-Phalle)", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What French artist designed the exterior?", "id": "5a10542fdecec90018475629", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Great Ground and the Nouveau Jardin", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "What are the two least popular areas of the garden?", "id": "5a10542fdecec9001847562a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heinz Rudolf Kunze.", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "What famous classical musician played at the historic garden theater?", "id": "5a10542fdecec9001847562b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden. The palace itself, however, was largely destroyed by Allied bombing but is currently under reconstruction.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Grotto (the interior was designed by the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle), the Gallery Building, the Orangerie and the two pavilions by Remy de la Fosse. The Great Garden consists of several parts. The most popular ones are the Great Ground and the Nouveau Jardin. At the centre of the Nouveau Jardin is Europe's highest garden fountain. The historic Garden Theatre inter alia hosted the musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolf Kunze.[citation needed]"}], ["Sistem Schnellweg (en: lebuh raya), beberapa jalan Bundesstra\u00dfe, membentuk struktur longgar yang menyerupai jalan lingkaran besar bersama-sama dengan A2 dan A7. Jalan-jalan adalah B 3, B 6 dan B 65 yang dipanggil Westschnellweg (B6 di bahagian utara, B3 di bahagian selatan), Messeschnellweg (B3, menjadi A37 berhampiran Burgdorf, melintasi A2, menjadi B3 sekali lagi, perubahan pada B6 di Seelhorster Kreuz , kemudian melintasi tapak pameran Hanover sebagai B6 dan menjadi A37 lagi sebelum bergabung dengan A7) dan S\u00fcdschnellweg (bermula sebagai B65, menjadi B3 / B6 / B65 apabila melintasi Westschnellweg, kemudian menjadi B65 lagi di Seelhorster Kreuz). <> Apa itu Schnellweg? || lebuh raya <> Struktur apa yang Schnellweg dan beberapa jalan kira-kira membentuk? || jalan cincin yang besar <> Bilakah Messeschnellweg berubah ke B6? || Seelhorster Kreuz <> Jalan manakah jalan raya Messeschnellweg melewati padang rumput Hanover? || B6 <> Jalan mana yang bermula dari S\u00fcdschnellweg? || B65 <> Jalan apa yang dipanggil B6 di bahagian selatan? || <> Jalan apa yang menjadi B3 berhampiran Burgdorf? || <> Apa lapangan fairgrounds yang melewati Messeschnellweg? || <> Jalan apa jalan B enam puluh lima menjadi di Seelhorster Kreuz? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a Schnellweg?", "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c5e", "answers": [{"text": "expressway", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?", "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c5f", "answers": [{"text": "a large ring road", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?", "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c60", "answers": [{"text": "Seelhorster Kreuz", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?", "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c61", "answers": [{"text": "B6", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What road does the S\u00fcdschnellweg start out as?", "id": "570a01776d058f1900182c62", "answers": [{"text": "B65", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westschnellweg", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What road is called the B6 on the southern part?", "id": "5a1081e806e79900185c33cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Messeschnellweg", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What road becomes B3 near Burgdorf?", "id": "5a1081e806e79900185c33d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanover fairground", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What fairground does the Messeschnellweg pass?", "id": "5a1081e806e79900185c33d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westschnellweg", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "What road does B sixty-five become at Seelhorster Kreuz?", "id": "5a1081e806e79900185c33d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstra\u00dfe roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and S\u00fcdschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz)."}], ["Pelancaran kabaret terkemuka Hanover adalah teater GOP Variety yang terletak di Istana Georges. Beberapa tahap kabaret terkenal yang lain adalah Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. teater Die Hinterb\u00fchne, Rampenlich Variety dan TAK revue-stage. Acara Cabaret yang paling penting ialah Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten (Little Festival di Taman Besar) yang merupakan Festival Cabaret yang paling berjaya di Jerman. Ia mempunyai artis dari seluruh dunia. Beberapa acara penting lainnya ialah Calenberger Weeks Week, Festival Hanover Cabaret dan WinterVariety. <> Teater yang terkenal terletak di Istana Georges? || GOP pelbagai teater <> Apakah acara-acara Cabaret yang paling penting? || Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten <> Apa kejayaan yang ketara mengenai Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten? || Festival Cabaret yang paling berjaya di Jerman <> Di manakah artis yang terdapat di Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten berasal? || di seluruh dunia <> Apa lagi acara penting selain Caltex Cabaret Weeks atau Festival Cabaret Hanover? || Wintervariety <> Apa tahap pentas kabaret terkemuka di Jerman? || <> Artis dan apa Festival dari seluruh Jerman? || <> Apa peristiwa lain yang biasanya berlaku selepas Calenberger Weeks || <> Apakah beberapa tahap kabarabar kurang dikenali? || <> Apa salah satu peristiwa kabarabar yang paling luar biasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?", "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c40", "answers": [{"text": "GOP Variety theatre", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most important Cabaret-Event?", "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c41", "answers": [{"text": "Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten?", "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c42", "answers": [{"text": "most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten come from?", "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c43", "answers": [{"text": "around the world", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival?", "id": "5709f8b96d058f1900182c44", "answers": [{"text": "Wintervariety", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the GOP Variety theatre", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is Germany's leading cabaret stage?", "id": "5a10706edecec9001847566b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden)", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "Artist and what Festival are from all over Germany?", "id": "5a10706edecec9001847566c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "What other events usually take place after the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks", "id": "5a10706edecec9001847566d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What are some of the less well-known cabaret stages?", "id": "5a10706edecec9001847566e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden)", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What is one of the most unusual cabaret events?", "id": "5a10706edecec9001847566f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hanover's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterb\u00fchne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks, the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety."}], ["Tapi Hanover bukan hanya salah satu Bandar Pameran yang paling penting di dunia, tetapi juga salah satu ibu kota Jerman bagi penanda mata. Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover adalah pameran Fun Marksmen terbesar di dunia dan berlangsung sekali setahun (akhir bulan Jun hingga awal Julai) (2014 - 4 Julai hingga ke-13). Ia terdiri daripada lebih daripada 260 tunggangan dan penginapan, lima khemah bir besar dan program hiburan besar. Puncak pameran yang menyeronokkan ini ialah Parade Marksmen yang panjangnya 12 kilometer (7 mi) dengan lebih daripada 12,000 peserta dari seluruh dunia, diantaranya sekitar 5.000 penembak, 128 band dan lebih daripada 70 gerabak, kereta api dan kenderaan perayaan besar. Ia adalah perarakan terpanjang di Eropah. Sekitar 2 juta orang melawat pameran ini setiap tahun. Mercu tanda Fun Fair ini adalah Roda Ferris yang boleh diangkut terbesar di dunia (60 m atau 197 kaki tinggi). Asal usul keseronokan ini terletak pada tahun 1529. <> Apa itu Hanover sebuah modal Jerman? || penanda <> Apa nama Fair Funmen Marksmen terbesar di dunia? || Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover <> Berapa banyak tunggangan dan tempat penginapan yang ada? || lebih daripada 260 <> Berapa banyak peserta yang menjadi perantara Marksmen? || 12.000 <> Berapa tahunkah perayaan dapat dikesan semula? || 1529 <> Apa bandar pameran yang paling penting di dunia? || <> Apakah nama pejuang kesayangan terkecil di dunia? || <> Berapa banyak khemah anda menyusun kemuncak fairman's fair || <> Berapa ramai orang yang menonton perarakan penembak jitu? || <> Di mana anda boleh mencari roda Ferris tetap terbesar di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Hanover a German capital for?", "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c54", "answers": [{"text": "marksmen", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world?", "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c55", "answers": [{"text": "Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rides and inns does the fair have?", "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c56", "answers": [{"text": "more than 260", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many participants are int he Parade of the Marksmen?", "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c57", "answers": [{"text": "12.000", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year can the festival be traced back to?", "id": "5709fef56d058f1900182c58", "answers": [{"text": "1529", "answer_start": 904}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanover", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is the most important exhibition city in the world?", "id": "5a107aabdecec9001847567f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marksmen's Fun Fair", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What is the name of the smallest marksman's fun fair in the world?", "id": "5a107aabdecec90018475680", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "How many of your tents make up the highlight of the marksman's fair", "id": "5a107aabdecec90018475681", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12.000", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "How many people watch the parade of the marksman?", "id": "5a107aabdecec90018475682", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fun Fair", "answer_start": 765}], "question": "Where can you find the biggest fixed Ferris wheel in the world?", "id": "5a107aabdecec90018475683", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a big entertainment programme. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres (7 mi) long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12.000 participants from all over the world, among them around 5.000 marksmen, 128 bands and more than 70 wagons, carriages and big festival vehicles. It is the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this Fun Fair is the biggest transportable Ferris Wheel in the world (60 m or 197 ft high). The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529."}], ["Pada 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, penguasa Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg principality Calenberg, memindahkan kediamannya ke Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg telah dinaikkan oleh Kaisar Rom Suci kepada pangkat Pangeran-Pemilih pada tahun 1692, dan ketinggian ini telah disahkan oleh Diet Imperial pada tahun 1708. Dengan demikian kerajaan telah dinaikkan pangkat kepada Pemilih Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, yang dikenal secara colok sebagai Pemilih Hanover selepas modal Calenberg (lihat juga: House of Hanover). Pemilihnya kemudiannya akan menjadi raja-raja Great Britain (dan dari tahun 1801, Kerajaan Inggeris dan Ireland). Yang pertama adalah George I Louis, yang menyetujui takhta British pada tahun 1714. Raja British terakhir yang memerintah di Hanover ialah William IV. Undang-undang Semi-Salik, yang memerlukan penggantian oleh garis lelaki jika mungkin, melarang masuknya Queen Victoria di Hanover. Sebagai keturunan lelaki dari George I, Ratu Victoria sendiri adalah anggota House of Hanover. Bagaimanapun, keturunannya menanggung nama titel suaminya Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Tiga raja Kerajaan Inggeris, atau United Kingdom, juga pada masa ini juga Pemilihan Presiden Hanover. <> Di manakah Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg memindahkan kediamannya? || Hanover <> Siapa meninggikan status Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg? || Maharaja Suci Rom <> Yang mengesahkan ketinggian Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg pada tahun 1708? || Diet Imperial <> Di mana negara lain akan pemilih Hanover menjadi raja? || Great Britain <> Siapa pemilih pertama dari Hanover duduk di atas takhta British? || George I Louis <> Apa Duke berpindah ke Hanover pada tahun 1736? || <> Siapa yang mengangkat Duke of Brunswick ke pangkat Pangeran? || <> Siapa Pemilih terakhir Hanover untuk duduk di atas takhta British? || <> Siapa yang menyerahkan takhta British pada tahun 1714? || <> Apakah tajuk lain yang dibuat oleh tiga permaisuri Great Britain dengan kerajaan United? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg move his residence to?", "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b0", "answers": [{"text": "Hanover", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg?", "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b1", "answers": [{"text": "Holy Roman Emperor", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg in 1708?", "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b2", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial Diet", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?", "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b3", "answers": [{"text": "Great Britain", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?", "id": "5709f21e4103511400d594b4", "answers": [{"text": "George I Louis", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What Duke moved to Hanover in 1736?", "id": "5a104136decec900184755ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Emperor", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Who elevated the Duke of Brunswick to the rank of Prince?", "id": "5a104136decec900184755ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George I Louis", "answer_start": 639}], "question": "Who was the last Elector of Hanover to sit on the British throne?", "id": "5a104136decec900184755ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George I Louis,", "answer_start": 639}], "question": "Who abdicated the British throne in 1714?", "id": "5a104136decec900184755f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electoral Princes of Hanover", "answer_start": 1140}], "question": "What other title did three queens of Great Britain with United kingdom also hold?", "id": "5a104136decec900184755f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover."}], ["Sebagai persimpangan kereta api dan jalan utama dan pusat pengeluaran, Hanover menjadi sasaran utama pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II, termasuk Kempen Minyak. Sasaran termasuk AFA (St\u00f6cken), kilang penapis Deurag-Nerag (Misburg), kilang Benua (Vahrenwald dan Limmer), kerja logam ringan United (VLW) di Ricklingen dan Laatzen (tapak pameran Hanover hari ini), penambakan getah Hanover / tumbuhan, kilang Hanomag (Linden) dan kilang tangki MNH Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Buruh paksa kadang-kadang digunakan dari subkamper Hannover-Misburg dari kem tahanan Neuengamme. Kawasan kediaman juga disasarkan, dan lebih daripada 6,000 orang awam terbunuh oleh serbuan pengeboman Allied. Lebih dari 90% pusat bandar telah musnah dalam sejumlah 88 serbuan pengeboman. Selepas perang, Aegidienkirche tidak dibina semula dan runtuhannya ditinggalkan sebagai peringatan perang. <> Selain daripada kereta api dan persimpangan jalan raya, apa yang dilakukan Hanover menjadikannya sasaran utama? || pusat pengeluaran <> Kempen mana yang khusus adalah sasaran Hanover dalam Perang Dunia II? || Kempen Minyak <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh VLW? || United light metal works <> Berapa banyak orang awam terbunuh dalam serangan pengeboman Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II? || Lebih daripada 6,000 <> Berapa banyak serangan pengeboman di sana semasa Perang Dunia II? || 88 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Hanover yang membuatnya kurang dibom semasa Perang Dunia II || <> Kempen mana yang khusus mensasarkan Hanover semasa Perang Dunia I? || <> Berapa banyak orang awam terbunuh semasa serangan pengeboman paksi dalam Perang Dunia II? || <> Berapa banyak serangan pengeboman menghancurkan 40% dari bandar? || <> Kawasan apa yang tidak disasarkan oleh pengebom Allied? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?", "id": "5709f3704103511400d594ba", "answers": [{"text": "production center", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?", "id": "5709f3704103511400d594bb", "answers": [{"text": "Oil Campaign", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does VLW stand for?", "id": "5709f3704103511400d594bc", "answers": [{"text": "United light metal works", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II?", "id": "5709f3704103511400d594bd", "answers": [{"text": "more than 6,000", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bombing raids were there during World War II?", "id": "5709f3704103511400d594be", "answers": [{"text": "88", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "railroad and road junction and production center,", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What did Hanover have that made it less likely to be bombed during World War II", "id": "5a105346decec9001847561d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Oil Campaign", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "Which campaign specifically targeted Hanover during World War I?", "id": "5a105346decec9001847561e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 6,000", "answer_start": 671}], "question": "How many civilians were killed during the axis bombing raids in World War II?", "id": "5a105346decec9001847561f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "88", "answer_start": 799}], "question": "How many bombing raids destroyed 40% of the city?", "id": "5a105346decec90018475620", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Residential areas", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "What areas were not targeted by Allied bombers?", "id": "5a105346decec90018475621", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (St\u00f6cken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Forced labourers were sometimes used from the Hannover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial."}], ["Berggarten adalah taman botani Eropah yang penting. Beberapa petikan menarik ialah Tropical House, Cactus House, Canary House dan Orchid House, yang menjadi tuan rumah salah satu koleksi orkid terbesar di dunia, dan burung terbang percuma dan rama-rama. Berhampiran pintu masuk ke Berggarten adalah Pavillon Perpustakaan yang bersejarah. Makam Guelph juga terletak di Berggarten. Seperti Taman Besar, Berggarten juga terdiri daripada beberapa bahagian, contohnya Paradies dan Taman Prairie. Terdapat juga Sea Life Centre Hanover, yang merupakan akuarium tropika pertama di Jerman. [Rujukan?] <> Apa itu Berggarten? || Kebun botani Eropah <> Apakah nama kawasan di dalam Berggarten yang menjadi tuan rumah salah satu koleksi orkid terbesar di dunia? || Orchid House <> Tanda bersejarah apa yang dekat dengan pintu masuk ke Berggarten? || Perpustakaan Pavillon <> Apakah nama akuarium tropika pertama di Jerman? || Pusat Kehidupan Laut Hanover <> Selain daripada orkid dan burung, apa lagi yang ditempatkan di Orchid House? || rama-rama <> Apakah nama taman botani Eropah yang kecil? || <> Apakah nama akuarium pertama di Jerman? || <> Apa lagi yang boleh dijumpai di rumah tropika selain daripada orkid dan burung? || <> Makam apa yang boleh didapati di taman besar? || <> Apa paviliun yang terdapat berhampiran pintu masuk taman besar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Berggarten?", "id": "570a0b984103511400d59528", "answers": [{"text": "European botanical garden", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?", "id": "570a0b984103511400d59529", "answers": [{"text": "Orchid House", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?", "id": "570a0b984103511400d5952a", "answers": [{"text": "Library Pavillon", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?", "id": "570a0b984103511400d5952b", "answers": [{"text": "Sea Life Centre Hanover", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?", "id": "570a0b984103511400d5952c", "answers": [{"text": "butterflies", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Berggarten", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of a minor European botanical garden?", "id": "5a105674decec90018475631", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sea Life Centre Hanover,", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What is the name of the first aquarium in Germany?", "id": "5a105674decec90018475632", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "butterflies", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What else can be found in the tropical house besides orchids and birds?", "id": "5a105674decec90018475633", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Guelphs", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What mausoleum can be found in the great garden?", "id": "5a105674decec90018475634", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the historic Library Pavillon", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What pavilion is found near the entrance of the great garden?", "id": "5a105674decec90018475635", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon. The Mausoleum of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the Paradies and the Prairie Garden. There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.[citation needed]"}], ["Dengan populasi 518,000, Hanover merupakan pusat utama Jerman Utara dan bandar terbesar ketiga belas negara itu. Hanover juga menganjurkan pameran perdagangan komersial tahunan seperti Pameran Hanover dan CeBIT. Setiap tahun Hanover menganjurkan Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover, pesta penanda yang terbesar di dunia, dan Oktoberfest Hannover, Oktoberfest terbesar kedua di dunia (di samping Oktoberfest Blumenau). Pada tahun 2000, Hanover menjadi tuan rumah Expo 2000 yang adil di dunia. Tempat pameran Hanover, kerana pelbagai sambungan, terutama untuk Ekspo 2000, adalah yang terbesar di dunia. Hanover adalah kepentingan nasional kerana universiti dan sekolah perubatannya, lapangan terbang antarabangsa dan zoo besarnya. Bandar ini juga merupakan laluan utama laluan kereta api dan lebuh raya (Autobahnen), menghubungkan laluan utama Eropah di arah timur-barat (kawasan Berlin-Ruhr) dan arah utara-selatan (Hamburg-Munich, dll). <> Apakah populasi Hanover? || 518,000 <> Apakah kedudukan Hanover dari segi saiz di Jerman? || Apa yang paling Oktoberfest di dunia? || Oktoberfest of Blumenau <> Tahun mana Hanover menjadi tuan rumah Expo? || 2000 <> Apakah \"lebuh raya\" dalam bahasa Jerman? || Autobahnen", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Hanover's population?", "id": "570a11074103511400d59550", "answers": [{"text": "518,000", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?", "id": "570a11074103511400d59551", "answers": [{"text": "thirteenth largest", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?", "id": "570a11074103511400d59552", "answers": [{"text": "Oktoberfest of Blumenau", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Hanover host the Expo?", "id": "570a11074103511400d59553", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is \"highways\" in German?", "id": "570a11074103511400d59554", "answers": [{"text": "Autobahnen", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest Oktoberfest in the world (beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau). In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of national importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo. The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east-west (Berlin\u2013Ruhr area) and north-south (Hamburg\u2013Munich, etc.) directions."}], ["Pada tahun 1837, kesatuan peribadi United Kingdom dan Hanover berakhir kerana pewaris William IV di United Kingdom adalah wanita (Queen Victoria). Hanover boleh diwarisi hanya oleh ahli waris lelaki. Oleh itu, Hanover meluluskan saudara lelaki William IV, Ernest Augustus, dan kekal sebagai kerajaan sehingga tahun 1866, ketika digantikan oleh Prusia semasa perang Austro-Prusia. Walaupun dijangka akan mengalahkan Prussia di Pertempuran Langensalza, Prussia menggunakan perintah Kesselschlacht Moltke yang lebih tua untuk memusnahkan tentera Hanover. Bandar Hanover menjadi ibukota Wilayah Prusia dari Hanover. Selepas pencerobohan, rakyat Hanover umumnya menentang kerajaan Prusia. <> Apa yang berakhir pada tahun 1837? || kesatuan peribadi United Kingdom dan Hanover <> Apakah nama pewaris William IV? || Ratu Victoria <> Siapa yang telah meninggalkan tahta Hanover bukannya Ratu Victoria? || Ernest Augustus <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kerajaan Hanover pada tahun 1866? || yang dilampirkan oleh Prusia <> Dalam pertempuran mana tentera Hanover dimusnahkan? || Pertempuran Langensalza <> Mengapa perhubungan politik antara United Kingdom di Hanover dan? || <> Apa nama anak William IV || <> Siapa yang merangkumi kerajaan Hanover pada tahun 1766? || <> Siapa yang Hanover dijangka kalah pada pertempuran Langensalza? || <> Siapa yang rakyat Hanover umumnya menyokong selepas pengambilan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What ended in the year 1837?", "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f6", "answers": [{"text": "the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of William IV's heir?", "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f7", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?", "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f8", "answers": [{"text": "Ernest Augustus", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?", "id": "570a04be4103511400d594f9", "answers": [{"text": "annexed by Prussia", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?", "id": "570a04be4103511400d594fa", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Langensalza", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Why did the political ties between United Kingdom in Hanover and?", "id": "5a10485adecec90018475601", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ernest Augustus,", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What was the name of William IV son", "id": "5a10485adecec90018475602", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Who annexed the kingdom of Hanover in 1766?", "id": "5a10485adecec90018475603", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "Who is Hanover expected to lose to at the battle of Langensalza?", "id": "5a10485adecec90018475604", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussian government", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "Who did the people of Hanover generally support after the annexation?", "id": "5a10485adecec90018475605", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover. After the annexation, the people of Hanover generally opposed the Prussian government."}], ["Pelbagai perniagaan perindustrian terletak di Hannover. Kilang Pengangkut Kenderaan Komersil Volkswagen (VWN) di Hannover-St\u00f6cken adalah majikan terbesar di rantau ini dan mengendalikan loji besar di pinggir utara bandar bersebelahan dengan Mittellandkanal dan Lebuhraya A2. Bersama dengan kilang pengeluar tayar Jerman dan pengeluar kereta Continental Continental, mereka mempunyai kilang pembakaran arang batu. Continental AG, yang diasaskan di Hanover pada tahun 1871, merupakan salah satu syarikat utama di bandar itu, seperti Sennheiser. Sejak 2008 pengambilalihan sedang dijalankan: Kumpulan Schaeffler dari Herzogenaurach (Bavaria) memegang majoriti stok tetapi diperlukan kerana krisis kewangan untuk mendepositkan opsyen sebagai sekuriti di bank. TUI AG mempunyai HQ di Hanover. Hanover adalah rumah kepada banyak syarikat insurans, kebanyakannya hanya beroperasi di Jerman. Satu syarikat reinsurans global utama ialah Hannover Re, yang ibu pejabatnya terletak di timur pusat bandaraya. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh VWN? || Pengangkut Kenderaan Komersil Volkswagen <> Apa bahagian bandar yang ditanam oleh VWN? || pinggir utara bandar <> Syarikat manakah yang ditubuhkan di Hanover pada tahun 1871? || Continental AG <> Di mana TUI AG menjadi tuan rumah mereka? || Hanover <> Syarikat reinsurans global utama mana yang mempunyai markas mereka di timur pusat bandar? || Hannover Re <> Apa satu-satunya perniagaan perindustrian yang terletak di Hanover? || <> Apa majikan terbesar di Eropah? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai loji pembakaran gas? || <> Siapa yang memegang stok minoriti di Continental AG? || <> Apakah jenis syarikat Hanover yang beroperasi di seluruh dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does VWN stand for?", "id": "570a0d404103511400d59532", "answers": [{"text": "Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?", "id": "570a0d404103511400d59533", "answers": [{"text": "northern edge of town", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?", "id": "570a0d404103511400d59534", "answers": [{"text": "Continental AG", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?", "id": "570a0d404103511400d59535", "answers": [{"text": "Hanover", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?", "id": "570a0d404103511400d59536", "answers": [{"text": "Hannover Re", "answer_start": 871}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is the only industrial business located in Hanover?", "id": "5a1082ca06e79900185c33d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-St\u00f6cken", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is the biggest employer in Europe?", "id": "5a1082ca06e79900185c33d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Continental AG", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "Who has a gas burning power plant?", "id": "5a1082ca06e79900185c33d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Schaeffler Group", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "Who holds minority stock in Continental AG?", "id": "5a1082ca06e79900185c33da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "insurance companies", "answer_start": 771}], "question": "What types of company does Hanover have that operate around the world?", "id": "5a1082ca06e79900185c33db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Various industrial businesses are located in Hannover. The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-St\u00f6cken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2. Jointly with a factory of German tire and automobile parts manufacturer Continental AG, they have a coal-burning power plant. Continental AG, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies, as is Sennheiser. Since 2008 a take-over is in progress: the Schaeffler Group from Herzogenaurach (Bavaria) holds the majority of the stock but were required due to the financial crisis to deposit the options as securities at banks. TUI AG has its HQ in Hanover. Hanover is home to many insurance companies, many of which operate only in Germany. One major global reinsurance company is Hannover Re, whose headquarters are east of the city centre."}], ["Sekitar 40 buah teater terletak di Hanover. Opera House, Schauspielhaus (Play House), Ballhofeins, Ballhofzwei dan Cumberlandsche Galerie tergolong dalam Teater Negeri Lower Saxony. Teater am Aegi adalah teater besar Hanover untuk pertunjukan muzikal, pertunjukan dan tetamu. Teater Neues (Teater Baru) adalah Teater Boulevard Hanover. Teater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen adalah satu lagi teater besar di Hanover, yang juga mempunyai Musical-Company sendiri. Beberapa Musical-Productions yang paling penting adalah musikal rock pemuzik rock Jerman Heinz Rudolph Kunze, yang berlangsung di Taman-Teater di Taman Besar. <> Berapa banyak teater kira-kira terletak di Hanover? || 40 <> Apa Schauspielhaus dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Main House <> Siapa yang Cumberlandsche Galerie milik? || Teater Negeri Lower Saxony <> Teater mana teater besar Hanover untuk pertunjukan muzikal, pameran dan tetamu? || Teater am Aegi <> Teater mana yang mempunyai syarikat muzik sendiri? || Teater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen <> Berapa banyak teater di kawasan sekitar Hanover? || <> Apa bangunan milik Teater Negeri Saxony atas? || <> Apakah satu-satunya teater tanpa syarikat muzik sendiri? || <> Siapa yang melakukan muzikal klasik di Teater Taman? || <> Apakah Hanover teater paling kecil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?", "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c90", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Schauspielhaus in English?", "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c91", "answers": [{"text": "Play House", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?", "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c92", "answers": [{"text": "Lower Saxony State Theatre", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which theatre is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances?", "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c93", "answers": [{"text": "Theater am Aegi", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which theater has it's own musical company?", "id": "570a0f2e6d058f1900182c94", "answers": [{"text": "Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Around 40", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How many theaters are in the area surrounding Hanover?", "id": "5a106c6fdecec90018475661", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre.", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What buildings belong to the upper Saxony State Theatre?", "id": "5a106c6fdecec90018475662", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What is the only theater without its own musical company?", "id": "5a106c6fdecec90018475663", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heinz Rudolph Kunze", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "Who performs classical musicals in the Garden Theater?", "id": "5a106c6fdecec90018475664", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Theater am Aegi", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What is Hanover smallest theater?", "id": "5a106c6fdecec90018475665", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some of the most important Musical-Productions are the rock musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden."}], ["Hannover 96 (nama samaran Die Roten atau 'The Reds') adalah pasukan bola sepak tempatan yang bermain di bahagian atas Bundesliga. Permainan rumah dimainkan di HDI-Arena, yang menjadi tuan rumah pada Piala Dunia 1974 dan 2006 dan Euro 1988. Pasukan simpanan mereka Hannover 96 II bermain dalam liga keempat. Permainan rumah mereka dimainkan di Eilenriedestadium tradisional sehingga mereka berpindah ke Arena HDI kerana arahan DFL. Arminia Hannover adalah satu lagi pasukan bola sepak yang sangat tradisional di Hanover yang telah bermain dalam liga pertama selama bertahun-tahun dan bermain sekarang di Niedersachsen-West League (Lower Saxony League West). Perlawanan rumah dimainkan di Stadium Rudolf-Kalweit. <> Siapa namanya nama \"Die Roten\" milik? || Hannover 96 <> Apakah nama lain untuk bahagian bola sepak tertinggi? || Bundesliga <> Apakah nama stadium yang dimainkan oleh pasukan bola sepak Hanover? || HDI-Arena <> Di mana pasukan simpanan untuk pasukan utama Hanover digunakan untuk bermain? || Eilenriedestadium <> Liga mana yang bermain di pasukan simpanan Hanover 96 II? || keempat liga <> Apa nama panggilan Reds? || <> Pembahagian apa yang dimainkan oleh pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan? || <> Di mana pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan bermain? || <> Di mana pasukan utama Hanover digunakan? || <> Dalam berapa tahun pasukan tuan rumah Hanover memenangi perlawanan Piala Dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who does the nicname \"Die Roten\" belong to?", "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59546", "answers": [{"text": "Hannover 96", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the top football division?", "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59547", "answers": [{"text": "Bundesliga", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?", "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59548", "answers": [{"text": "HDI-Arena", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?", "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d59549", "answers": [{"text": "Eilenriedestadium", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?", "id": "570a0f9d4103511400d5954a", "answers": [{"text": "fourth league", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hannover 96", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the nickname of the Reds?", "id": "5a1071b9decec90018475675", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bundesliga top division", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What division does the top national football team play in?", "id": "5a1071b9decec90018475676", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the HDI-Arena,", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "Where does the national football team play?", "id": "5a1071b9decec90018475677", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eilenriedestadium", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "Where did the main Hanover team use to play?", "id": "5a1071b9decec90018475678", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974 and 2006", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "In what years to the Hanover reserve team host World Cup matches?", "id": "5a1071b9decec90018475679", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium."}], ["Pada bulan September 1941, menerusi rancangan \"Tindakan Lauterbacher\", ghettoisation keluarga Yahudi Hanoverian yang lain bermula. Malah sebelum Persidangan Wannsee, pada 15 Disember 1941, orang Yahudi pertama dari Hanover diusir ke Riga. Sebanyak 2,400 orang dihantar pulang, dan sangat sedikit yang terselamat. Semasa perang tujuh kubu tahanan dibina di Hanover, di mana banyak orang Yahudi terkurung. Daripada kira-kira 4,800 orang Yahudi yang tinggal di Hannover pada tahun 1938, kurang daripada 100 masih berada di bandar ketika pasukan Tentara Amerika Syarikat tiba pada 10 April 1945 untuk menduduki Hanover pada akhir perang. peringatan di Opera Square adalah peringatan terhadap penganiayaan orang-orang Yahudi di Hanover. Selepas perang, kumpulan besar orang Yahudi Ortodoks dari kamp konsentrasi Bergen-Belsen berdekatan menetap di Hanover. <> Pelan apa yang telah dilaksanakan pada bulan September 1941? || Tindakan Lauterbacher <> Bahagian manakah yang menjadi mangsa ghettoisation? || Keluarga Yahudi Hanoverian <> Apa yang berlaku pada 15 Disember 1941? || Persidangan Wannsee <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang tinggal di Hanover pada tahun 1938? || 4,800 <> Berapa banyak kamp konsentrasi telah dibina di Hanover? || tujuh <> Apa tindakan menamatkan ghettos pada tahun 1941? || <> Selepas persidangan apa yang orang Yahudi dihantar pulang ke Riga || <> Sebahagian daripada penduduk telah dipindahkan ke perumahan yang lebih baik? || <> Berapa banyak kem tahanan yang dibina di Hanover sebelum perang? || <> Bilakah tentera Rusia tiba untuk menduduki Hanover? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What plan was implemented in September 1941?", "id": "570a067a4103511400d59500", "answers": [{"text": "Action Lauterbacher", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation?", "id": "570a067a4103511400d59501", "answers": [{"text": "Hanoverian Jewish families", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What occured on the 15th of December 1941?", "id": "570a067a4103511400d59502", "answers": [{"text": "Wannsee Conference", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Jews approximately lived in Hanover in 1938?", "id": "570a067a4103511400d59503", "answers": [{"text": "4,800", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover?", "id": "570a067a4103511400d59504", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Action Lauterbacher", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What act ended the ghettos in 1941?", "id": "5a104aaadecec90018475613", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Wannsee Conference", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "After what conference were the Jews deported to Riga", "id": "5a104aaadecec90018475614", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanoverian Jewish families", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What portion of the population was moved to better housing?", "id": "5a104aaadecec90018475615", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover before the war?", "id": "5a104aaadecec90018475616", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 April 1945", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "When did the Russian army arrive to occupy Hanover?", "id": "5a104aaadecec90018475617", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 1941, through the \"Action Lauterbacher\" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven concentration camps were constructed in Hanover, in which many Jews were confined. Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hannover in 1938, fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war.[citation needed] Today, a memorial at the Opera Square is a reminder of the persecution of the Jews in Hanover. After the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover."}], ["Satu lagi tempat menarik ialah Old Town. Di tengahnya adalah Marktkirche yang besar (Gereja St. Georgii et Jacobi, tempat khotbah uskup Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) dan Dewan Perbandaran Lama. Berdekatannya adalah Leibniz House, Rumah Nolte dan Menara Beguine. Quarter yang sangat bagus di Old Town adalah Kreuz-Quarter-Church di sekitar Gereja Kreuz dengan banyak lorong kecil yang bagus. Berdekatan adalah dewan sukan diraja lama, yang kini dikenali sebagai teater Ballhof. Di pinggir Old Town terdapat Market Hall, Istana Leine, dan kehancuran Gereja Aegidien yang kini merupakan monumen bagi para korban perang dan keganasan. Melalui Gerbang Marstall, anda tiba di tebing sungai Leine, di mana nanas yang terkenal di dunia dari Niki de Saint-Phalle terletak. Mereka adalah sebahagian daripada Mile of Sculptures, yang bermula dari Trammplatz, mengetuai sepanjang tebing sungai, melintasi K\u00f6nigsworther Square, dan berakhir di pintu masuk Georgengarten. Dekat Old Town adalah daerah Calenberger Neustadt di mana Basilika Katolik Minor St. Clemens, Gereja Reformed dan Lutheran Neust\u00e4dter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis berada. <> Di mana Martkirche yang besar terletak? || Old Town <> Apakah dewan sukan diraja yang sekarang dipanggil? || Ballhof theater <> Apakah nama momument kepada mangsa perang dan keganasan? || Gereja Aegidien <> Tanda mercu tanda yang terkenal di dunia terletak di tebing Leine? || Nanas dari Niki de Saint-Phalle <> Di manakah Mile of Sculptures bermula? || Trammplatz <> Apa yang terdapat di pusat New Town? || <> Apakah teater Ballhof lama dipanggil? || <> Apa gereja dibina sebagai monumen kepada mangsa perang dan keganasan? || <> Apa yang bermula di Trammplatz dan berhenti di tebing sungai? || <> Daerah apa yang berhampiran bandar baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are the large Martkirche located?", "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9a", "answers": [{"text": "Old Town", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the old royal sports hall now called?", "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9b", "answers": [{"text": "Ballhof theatre", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?", "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9c", "answers": [{"text": "Aegidien Church", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?", "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9d", "answers": [{"text": "Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?", "id": "570a12fd6d058f1900182c9e", "answers": [{"text": "Trammplatz", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the large Marktkirche", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What is located in the New Town center?", "id": "5a106921decec90018475645", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "royal sports hall", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What is the old Ballhof theater called?", "id": "5a106921decec90018475646", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aegidien Church", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "What church was built as a monument to victims of war and violence?", "id": "5a106921decec90018475647", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Mile of Sculptures", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "What starts at the Trammplatz and stops at the river bank?", "id": "5a106921decec90018475648", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "district of Calenberger Neustadt", "answer_start": 962}], "question": "What district is near the new town?", "id": "5a106921decec90018475649", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another point of interest is the Old Town. In the centre are the large Marktkirche (Church St. Georgii et Jacobi, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) and the Old Town Hall. Nearby are the Leibniz House, the Nolte House, and the Beguine Tower. A very nice quarter of the Old Town is the Kreuz-Church-Quarter around the Kreuz Church with many nice little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the Ballhof theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall, the Leine Palace, and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine, where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located. They are part of the Mile of Sculptures, which starts from Trammplatz, leads along the river bank, crosses K\u00f6nigsworther Square, and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic Basilica Minor of St. Clemens, the Reformed Church and the Lutheran Neust\u00e4dter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis are located."}], ["Selepas Napoleon mengenakan Konvensyen Artlenburg (Konvensyen Elbe) pada 5 Julai 1803, kira-kira 30.000 tentera Perancis menduduki Hanover. Konvensyen ini juga memerlukan melepaskan tentera Hanover. Walau bagaimanapun, George III tidak mengiktiraf Konvensyen Elbe. Ini mengakibatkan banyak tentera dari Hanover akhirnya berhijrah ke Great Britain, di mana Legion Raja Jerman dibentuk. Ia adalah satu-satunya tentera Jerman yang memerangi Perancis sepanjang perang Napoleon. Legion kemudian memainkan peranan penting dalam Pertempuran Waterloo pada tahun 1815. Kongres Vienna pada tahun 1815 mengangkat pengundi ke Kerajaan Hanover. Ibu kota Hanover berkembang ke tebing barat Leine dan sejak itu telah berkembang dengan ketara. <> Siapa yang mengenakan Konvensyen Artlenburg? || Napoleon <> Berapa banyak tentera Perancis menduduki Hanover? || 30,000 <> Di mana banyak askar dari Hanover berhijrah ke? || Great Britain <> Apakah tentera yang berhijrah membentuk? || Raja Jerman Legion <> Siapa meninggikan Hanover ke Kerajaan Hanover pada tahun 1815? || Kongres Vienna <> Apakah konvensyen yang dibuat oleh Napoleon? || <> Berapa banyak askar dari Hanover menduduki Perancis? || <> Di manakah banyak tentera Hanover yang berpindah dari? || <> Apakah tentera Jerman pertama yang berperang melawan Perancis semasa peperangan Napoleon | | <> Siapa yang meninggikan Hanover ke sebuah kerajaan pada tahun 1850? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?", "id": "570a0ae44103511400d5951e", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?", "id": "570a0ae44103511400d5951f", "answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?", "id": "570a0ae44103511400d59520", "answers": [{"text": "Great Britain", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the soldiers who emigrated form?", "id": "570a0ae44103511400d59521", "answers": [{"text": "King's German Legion", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?", "id": "570a0ae44103511400d59522", "answers": [{"text": "The Congress of Vienna", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Convention of Artlenburg", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What convention did Napoleon suggest?", "id": "5a104760decec900184755f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "How many soldiers from Hanover occupied France?", "id": "5a104760decec900184755f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Great Britain", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "Where did many of Hanover soldiers immigrate from?", "id": "5a104761decec900184755f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the King's German Legion", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "What was the first German army to fight against France during the Napoleonic wars", "id": "5a104761decec900184755fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Congress of Vienna", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "Who elevated Hanover to a kingdom in 1850?", "id": "5a104761decec900184755fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed. It was the only German army to fight against France throughout the entire Napoleonic wars. The Legion later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and since then has grown considerably."}], ["Hanover diasaskan pada zaman pertengahan di tebing timur Sungai Leine. Nama asalnya, Honovere mungkin bermaksud \"bank (sungai) yang tinggi\", walaupun ini diperdebatkan (cf. das Hohe Ufer). Hanover adalah sebuah perkampungan kecil nelayan dan nelayan yang menjadi sebuah bandar yang agak besar pada abad ke-13 kerana kedudukannya di persimpangan jalan semula jadi. Semasa perjalanan darat agak sukar, kedudukannya di atas boleh dilayari di sungai membantu membesar dengan meningkatkan perdagangan. Ia disambungkan ke bandar raya Hanseatic League of Bremen oleh Leine, dan terletak berhampiran tepi selatan Dataran Tinggi Jerman Utara dan barat laut pergunungan Harz, sehingga lalu lintas timur-barat seperti kereta keldai melewatiinya. Hanover adalah pintu masuk ke lembah sungai Rhine, Ruhr dan Saar, kawasan perindustrian mereka yang tumbuh di barat daya dan dataran di timur dan utara, untuk trafik darat membentangkan Harz antara Negara-negara Rendah dan Saxony atau Thuringia. <> Di mana Hanover asalnya diasaskan? || <b> </ b> </ b> <b> Apa yang Hanover mungkin maksudnya? || \"tebing (sungai) bank\" <> Bilakah Hanover menjadi bandar yang agak besar? || Abad ke-13 <> Yang mana bandar Hanover dihubungkan oleh Leine? || Hanseatic League city of Bremen <> Apa salah satu contoh lalu lintas yang melewati Hanover? || kelab keldai <> Kota mana yang ditemui di tebing barat sungai Leine? || <> Sehingga ketika menyerahkan sebuah bandar yang agak besar? || <> Apakah nama asal Hanover bermaksud tebing sungai yang rendah? || <> Hanover dekat pinggir utara apa? || <> Gunung apa Hanover Timur Utara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Hanover originally founded?", "id": "570a0a224103511400d59514", "answers": [{"text": "east bank of the River Leine", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Hanover possibly originally mean?", "id": "570a0a224103511400d59515", "answers": [{"text": "\"high (river)bank\"", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hanover become a comparitvely large town?", "id": "570a0a224103511400d59516", "answers": [{"text": "13th century", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city was Hanover connected to by the Leine?", "id": "570a0a224103511400d59517", "answers": [{"text": "Hanseatic League city of Bremen", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one example of traffic that passed through Hanover?", "id": "570a0a224103511400d59518", "answers": [{"text": "mule trains", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanover", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What city was found on the west bank of the river Leine?", "id": "5a103c85decec900184755e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "13th century", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Until when was hand over a comparatively large town?", "id": "5a103c85decec900184755e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Honovere", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What was the original name of Hanover meaning low riverbank?", "id": "5a103c85decec900184755e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North German Plain", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "Hanover was near the northern edge of what?", "id": "5a103c85decec900184755e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harz mountains", "answer_start": 637}], "question": "What mountain was Hanover North East of?", "id": "5a103c85decec900184755e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name Honovere may mean \"high (river)bank\", though this is debated (cf. das Hohe Ufer). Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was relatively difficult, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it to grow by increasing trade. It was connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremen by the Leine, and was situated near the southern edge of the wide North German Plain and north-west of the Harz mountains, so that east-west traffic such as mule trains passed through it. Hanover was thus a gateway to the Rhine, Ruhr and Saar river valleys, their industrial areas which grew up to the southwest and the plains regions to the east and north, for overland traffic skirting the Harz between the Low Countries and Saxony or Thuringia."}], ["Kabinet syiling adalah M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG. Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen adalah muzium polis terbesar di Jerman. Tekstil dari seluruh dunia boleh dikunjungi di Muzium untuk seni tekstil. EXPOseeum adalah muzium pameran dunia \"EXPO 2000 Hannover\". Permaidani dan objek dari orientasi boleh dikunjungi di Muzium Karpet Oriental. Muzium Orang Buta jarang terdapat di Jerman, satu lagi hanya di Berlin. Muzium perubatan veterinar adalah unik di Jerman. Muzium Sejarah Tenaga menggambarkan sejarah penggunaan tenaga selama 150 tahun. Muzium Rumah Ahlem menunjukkan sejarah daerah Ahlem. Mahn- und Gedenkst\u00e4tte Ahlem menggambarkan sejarah orang-orang Yahudi di Hanover dan Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte menunjukkan seni moden. Seni moden juga merupakan topik utama dari Kunsthalle Faust, Nord / LB Art Gellery dan Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik. <> Apa itu M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG? || Kabinet syiling <> Apa nama muzium polis terbesar di Jerman? || Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen <> Di mana anda boleh mencari karpet dan objek dari orientasi? || Muzium Permaidani Oriental <> Selain di Hanover, di mana lagi anda boleh mencari Muzium Manusia Blind? || Berlin <> Apakah topik utama Kunsthalle Faust? || Seni moden <> Apakah kotak syiling? || <> Apakah nama satu-satunya Muzium polis di Jerman? || <> Apa bangunan mengandungi tekstil dari seluruh Jerman? || <> Karpet dan objek lain dari seluruh dunia boleh didapati di muzium apa? || <> Apakah sejarah sejarah tenaga semula jadi menggambarkan ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG?", "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955a", "answers": [{"text": "A cabinet of coins", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?", "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955b", "answers": [{"text": "Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?", "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955c", "answers": [{"text": "Oriental Carpet Museum", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?", "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955d", "answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?", "id": "570a14c14103511400d5955e", "answers": [{"text": "Modern art", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What is a box of coins?", "id": "5a106b3bdecec90018475657", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What is the name of the only police Museum in Germany?", "id": "5a106b3bdecec90018475658", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Museum for textile art", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What building contains textiles from all over Germany?", "id": "5a106b3bdecec90018475659", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oriental Carpet Museum", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Carpets and other objects from around the world can be found in what museum?", "id": "5a106b3bdecec9001847565a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 150 years old history of the application of energy", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What does the Museum of natural energy history describe", "id": "5a106b3bdecec9001847565b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A cabinet of coins is the M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition \"EXPO 2000 Hannover\". Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum. The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin. The Museum of veterinary medicine is unique in Germany. The Museum for Energy History describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The Home Museum Ahlem shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The Mahn- und Gedenkst\u00e4tte Ahlem describes the history of the Jewish people in Hanover and the Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte shows modern art. Modern art is also the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust, the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik."}]], [["Perspektif mengenai emosi dari teori evolusi telah dimulakan pada akhir abad ke-19 dengan buku Charles Darwin The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin berhujah bahawa emosi sebenarnya mempunyai tujuan untuk manusia, dalam komunikasi dan juga dalam membantu hidup mereka. Oleh itu, Darwin berpendapat bahawa emosi berkembang melalui pemilihan semulajadi dan oleh itu mempunyai rakan sejagat sejagat sejagat. Darwin juga memperincikan kebaikan emosi dan pengalaman selari yang berlaku pada haiwan. Ini membawa cara untuk penyelidikan haiwan terhadap emosi dan penentuan akhirnya emosi bawah emosi. <> Apa nama buku yang ditulis oleh Darwin tentang emosi? || Ekspresi Emosi dalam Manusia dan Hewan <> Bersama dengan kelangsungan hidup, apa yang dilihat Darwin sebagai peranan emosi pada manusia? || komunikasi <> Melalui proses apa yang Darwin percaya emosi berkembang? || pemilihan semulajadi <> Dalam abad apa yang ditulis Darwin? || 19 <> Apa nama buku yang diterbitkan oleh Darwin pada emosi? || <> Bersama dengan kelangsungan hidup, apa yang tidak dilihat Darwin sebagai peranan emosi pada manusia? || <> Melalui proses apa yang Darwin tidak percaya emosi berkembang? || <> Dalam abad apa yang dibaca oleh Darwin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?", "id": "570a59da4103511400d59646", "answers": [{"text": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?", "id": "570a59da4103511400d59647", "answers": [{"text": "communication", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?", "id": "570a59da4103511400d59648", "answers": [{"text": "natural selection", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Darwin write?", "id": "570a59da4103511400d59649", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions?", "id": "5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communication", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Along with survival, what did Darwin not see as the role of emotions in humans?", "id": "5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "natural selection", "answer_start": 338}], "question": " Through what process did Darwin not believe emotions developed?", "id": "5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 77}], "question": " In what century did Darwin read?", "id": "5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion."}], ["Satu contoh teori ini dalam tindakan adalah seperti berikut: Rangsangan emosi (ular) mencetuskan corak tindak balas fisiologi (peningkatan kadar denyutan jantung, pernafasan yang lebih cepat, dan sebagainya), yang ditafsirkan sebagai emosi tertentu (ketakutan). Teori ini disokong oleh eksperimen di mana dengan memanipulasi keadaan tubuh menginduksi keadaan emosi yang diingini. Sesetengah orang mungkin percaya bahawa emosi menimbulkan tindakan khusus emosi: mis. \"Saya menangis kerana saya sedih,\" atau \"Saya melarikan diri kerana saya takut.\" Isu dengan teori James-Lange adalah sebab-sebab (keadaan tubuh yang menyebabkan emosi dan menjadi priori), bukannya pengaruh tubuh terhadap pengalaman emosi (yang boleh dikatakan dan masih cukup umum hari ini dalam kajian biofeedback dan teori penjelmaan) . <> Dalam teori ini, apakah tindakan yang menimbulkan emosi? || rangsangan <> Apa jenis tindak balas yang menyebabkan rangsangan? || fisiologi <> Bagaimana rangsangan ditafsirkan oleh minda? || sebagai emosi tertentu <> Dalam teori James-Lange, apa yang menyebabkan emosi? || tubuh badan <> Dalam teori ini, apakah tindakan yang tidak menimbulkan emosi? || <> Apakah jenis tindak balas yang tidak menyebabkan rangsangan? || <> Bagaimana rangsangan tidak ditafsirkan oleh minda? || <> Dalam teori James-Lange, apa yang tidak menyebabkan emosi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?", "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d8e", "answers": [{"text": "stimulus", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of response does the stimulus cause?", "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d8f", "answers": [{"text": "physiological", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?", "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d90", "answers": [{"text": "as a particular emotion", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?", "id": "570a5a736d058f1900182d91", "answers": [{"text": "bodily states", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stimulus", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "In this theory, what action doesn't evoke an emotion?", "id": "5ad24701d7d075001a428b1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physiological", "answer_start": 115}], "question": " What sort of response doesn't the stimulus cause?", "id": "5ad24701d7d075001a428b1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "particular emotion", "answer_start": 212}], "question": " How is the stimulus not interpreted by the mind?", "id": "5ad24701d7d075001a428b1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bodily states", "answer_start": 566}], "question": " In the James-Lange theory, what doesn't cause emotions?", "id": "5ad24701d7d075001a428b1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. \"I'm crying because I'm sad,\" or \"I ran away because I was scared.\" The issue with the James\u2013Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory)."}], ["Robert Plutchik bersetuju dengan perspektif yang didorong secara biologi dari Ekman tetapi membangunkan \"roda emosi\", yang menunjukkan lapan emosi utama dikumpulkan secara positif atau negatif: kegembiraan berbanding kesedihan; kemarahan berbanding ketakutan; amanah berbanding jijik; dan mengejutkan berbanding jangkaan. Sesetengah emosi asas boleh diubahsuai untuk membentuk emosi yang kompleks. Emosi kompleks boleh timbul daripada pengkondisian budaya atau persatuan yang digabungkan dengan emosi asas. Secara alternatif, sama seperti cara warna utama menggabungkan, emosi utama dapat digabungkan untuk membentuk spektrum penuh pengalaman emosi manusia. Sebagai contoh, kemarahan dan kepuasan sesama sendiri boleh menjadi campuran untuk membentuk penghinaan. Hubungan wujud di antara emosi asas, menghasilkan pengaruh positif atau negatif. <> Apakah nama teori Plutchik dibuat? || roda emosi <> Berapa banyak emosi utama wujud dalam teori Plutchik? || lapan <> Dalam teori Plutchik, apakah emosi yang bertentangan dengan jangkaan? || mengejutkan <> Apa emosi boleh dilihat sebagai gabungan rasa jijik dan kemarahan? || penghinaan <> Apa yang dilihat Plutchik sebagai kesaksian positif yang menjijikkan? || Percaya <> Apa nama teori Plutchik yang diciptakan? || <> Berapa banyak emosi yang tidak ada dalam teori Plutchik? || <> Dalam teori Plutchik, apakah emosi yang sama seperti jangkaan? || <> Apa yang dilihat Plutchik sebagai bersamaan negatif dengan rasa tidak puas hati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?", "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963c", "answers": [{"text": "wheel of emotions", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?", "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963d", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?", "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963e", "answers": [{"text": "surprise", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?", "id": "570a597e4103511400d5963f", "answers": [{"text": "contempt", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?", "id": "570a597e4103511400d59640", "answers": [{"text": "trust", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wheel of emotions", "answer_start": 87}], "question": " What isn't the name of the theory Plutchik created?", "id": "5ad24432d7d075001a428a46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 118}], "question": " How many nonmain emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?", "id": "5ad24432d7d075001a428a47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contempt", "answer_start": 657}], "question": " In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the same as anticipation?", "id": "5ad24432d7d075001a428a48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trust", "answer_start": 221}], "question": " What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust?", "id": "5ad24432d7d075001a428a49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the \"wheel of emotions\", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences."}], ["Penyelidikan mengenai emosi telah meningkat dengan ketara selama dua dekad yang lalu dengan banyak bidang yang menyumbang termasuk psikologi, neurosains, endokrinologi, perubatan, sejarah, sosiologi, dan juga sains komputer. Banyak teori yang cuba menjelaskan asal usul, neurobiologi, pengalaman, dan fungsi emosi hanya menimbulkan penyelidikan yang lebih sengit mengenai topik ini. Bidang penyelidikan semasa dalam konsep emosi termasuk pembangunan bahan yang merangsang dan menimbulkan emosi. Di samping itu imbasan PET dan imbasan fMRI membantu mengkaji proses-proses afektif di dalam otak. Ia juga dipengaruhi oleh hormon dan neurotransmitter seperti dopamin, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol dan GABA. <> Bersama dengan psikologi, neurosains, endokrinologi, perubatan, sejarah dan sosiologi, bidang apa yang terlibat dalam penyelidikan mengenai emosi? || Sains komputer <> Bersama dengan dopamin, noradrenalin, serotonin, kortisol dan oxytocin, apa neurotransmitter atau hormon mempengaruhi emosi? || GABA <> Bersama pengalaman, fungsi dan asal emosi, apakah aspek emosi yang cuba dijelaskan oleh penyelidikan semasa? || neurobiologi <> Bersama dengan psikologi, neurosains, endokrinologi, perubatan, sejarah dan sosiologi, bidang apa yang telah dipisahkan dalam penyelidikan mengenai emosi? || <> Selain dopamin, noradrenalin, serotonin, kortisol dan oxytocin, apa neurotransmitter atau hormon tidak mempengaruhi emosi? || <> Bersama dengan pengalaman, fungsi dan asal emosi, apakah aspek emosi yang dilakukan oleh penyelidikan semasa tidak cuba menjelaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?", "id": "570a61844103511400d5969c", "answers": [{"text": "computer science", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?", "id": "570a61844103511400d5969d", "answers": [{"text": "GABA", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?", "id": "570a61844103511400d5969e", "answers": [{"text": "neurobiology", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "computer science", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has disengaged in research on emotion?", "id": "5ad23e52d7d075001a4288be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GABA", "answer_start": 710}], "question": "Besides dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone do not influence emotion?", "id": "5ad23e52d7d075001a4288bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neurobiology", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research not attempt to explain?", "id": "5ad23e52d7d075001a4288c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition PET scans and fMRI scans help study the affective processes in the brain. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA."}], ["Teori yang berurusan dengan persepsi sama ada menggunakan persepsi satu atau berganda untuk mencari emosi (Goldie, 2007). Hibrid baru-baru ini teori-teori emosi dan kognitif emosi adalah teori persepsi. Teori ini adalah neo-Jamesian dengan mengatakan bahawa tanggapan tubuh adalah sentimen emosi, tetapi ia menekankan makna emosi atau idea bahawa emosi adalah sesuatu, seperti yang diakui oleh teori kognitif. Tuntutan novel teori ini adalah bahawa kognisi berasaskan konsep tidak perlu untuk maksud tersebut. Sebaliknya perubahan tubuh mereka sendiri merasakan kandungan emosi yang bermakna kerana menjadi sebab yang dipicu oleh situasi tertentu. Dalam hal ini, emosi dijadikan sama dengan fakulti seperti visi atau sentuhan, yang memberikan maklumat mengenai hubungan antara subjek dengan dunia dalam pelbagai cara. Pertahanan canggih mengenai pandangan ini terdapat dalam buku Gut Reactions buku psikiatri Jesse Prinz, dan buku perasaan Psikologi James Laird. <> Teori apa yang mengatakan bahawa kognisi konseptual tidak diperlukan untuk makna emosi? || teori persepsi <> Apa buku oleh Prinz mempertahankan teori persepsi? || Reaksi Gut <> Buku apa mengenai teori persepsi ditulis oleh James Laird? || Perasaan <> Apakah tajuk pekerjaan Laird? || psikologi <> Apakah profesion Jesse Prinz? || ahli falsafah <> Teori apa yang tidak berhujah bahawa kognisi konseptual tidak diperlukan untuk makna emosi? || <> Apa buku oleh Prinz tidak mempertahankan teori persepsi? || <> Apa buku mengenai teori persepsi yang tidak ditulis oleh James Laird? || <> Apakah nama ibu Laird itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?", "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d5964e", "answers": [{"text": "the perceptual theory", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?", "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d5964f", "answers": [{"text": "Gut Reactions", "answer_start": 938}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?", "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d59650", "answers": [{"text": "Feelings", "answer_start": 989}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Laird's job title?", "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d59651", "answers": [{"text": "psychologist", "answer_start": 957}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Jesse Prinz's profession?", "id": "570a5b9a4103511400d59652", "answers": [{"text": "philosopher", "answer_start": 907}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "perceptual theory", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What theory doesn't argue that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?", "id": "5ad2531dd7d075001a428d14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gut Reactions", "answer_start": 938}], "question": " What book by Prinz didn't defend the perceptual theory?", "id": "5ad2531dd7d075001a428d15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Feelings", "answer_start": 989}], "question": " What book on the perceptual theory wasn't written by James Laird?", "id": "5ad2531dd7d075001a428d16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesse", "answer_start": 919}], "question": "What is Laird's mother's name?", "id": "5ad2531dd7d075001a428d17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings."}], ["Dengan teori dua faktor kini menggabungkan kognisi, beberapa teori mula membantah bahawa aktiviti kognitif dalam bentuk penilaian, penilaian, atau pemikiran adalah sangat diperlukan untuk emosi berlaku. Salah satu penyokong utama pandangan ini ialah Richard Lazarus yang berpendapat bahawa emosi mesti mempunyai sesetengah kognitif. Aktiviti kognitif yang terlibat dalam tafsiran konteks emosi mungkin sedar atau tidak sedarkan diri dan mungkin atau tidak boleh mengambil bentuk pemprosesan konseptual. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa emosi timbul dari intentionalitas kognitif? || Richard Lazarus <> Bersama dengan penilaian dan pemikiran, apakah aktiviti kognitif yang dilakukan oleh ahli teori yang diperlukan untuk emosi? || penghakiman <> Dalam pandangan Lazarus, apa yang boleh menjadi aktiviti kognitif jika ia tidak sedar? || Tidak sedarkan diri <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa emosi tidak berasal dari intentionalitas kognitif? || <> Bersama dengan penilaian dan pemikiran, apakah aktiviti kognitif yang dilakukan oleh ahli teori tidak percaya diperlukan untuk emosi? || <> Dalam pandangan Lazarus, apa yang tidak boleh menjadi aktiviti kognitif jika tidak sedar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?", "id": "570a5afd6d058f1900182d96", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Lazarus", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?", "id": "570a5afd6d058f1900182d97", "answers": [{"text": "judgments", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?", "id": "570a5afd6d058f1900182d98", "answers": [{"text": "unconscious", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richard Lazarus", "answer_start": 256}], "question": " Who argued that emotions don't come from cognitive intentionality?", "id": "5ad24963d7d075001a428b9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judgments", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists not believe to be required for emotion?", "id": "5ad24963d7d075001a428b9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unconscious", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "In Lazarus' view, what couldn't the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?", "id": "5ad24963d7d075001a428ba0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing."}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-19, ahli teori yang paling berpengaruh ialah William James (1842-1910) dan Carl Lange (1834-1900). James adalah ahli psikologi dan falsafah Amerika yang menulis tentang psikologi pendidikan, psikologi pengalaman agama / mistisisme, dan falsafah pragmatisme. Lange adalah seorang doktor dan psikologi Denmark. Bekerja secara bebas, mereka membangunkan teori James-Lange, hipotesis mengenai asal usul dan sifat emosi. Teori ini menyatakan bahawa di dalam manusia, sebagai tindak balas kepada pengalaman di dunia, sistem saraf autonomi mencipta peristiwa fisiologi seperti ketegangan otot, peningkatan kadar denyutan jantung, peluh, dan kekeringan mulut. Emosi, kemudian, adalah perasaan yang timbul akibat daripada perubahan fisiologi ini, daripada menjadi sebab mereka. <> Bersama dengan William James, yang merupakan ahli teori abad ke-19 yang berpengaruh? || Carl Lange <> Apakah kewarganegaraan William James? || Amerika <> Apa kebangsaan Carl Lange? || Danish <> Apakah nama teori yang Lange dan James maju secara bebas? || teori James-Lange <> Pada tahun apakah Lange mati? || 1900 <> Bersama dengan William James, yang bukan ahli teori abad ke-19 yang berpengaruh? || <> Apakah agama William James? || <> Apakah umur Carl Lange? || <> Apakah nama teori yang dikembangkan Lange dan James bergantung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?", "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182dec", "answers": [{"text": "Carl Lange", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was William James' nationality?", "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182ded", "answers": [{"text": "American", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Carl Lange?", "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182dee", "answers": [{"text": "Danish", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?", "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182def", "answers": [{"text": "the James\u2013Lange theory", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Lange die?", "id": "570a604f6d058f1900182df0", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carl Lange", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Along with William James, who wasn't an influential 19th century theorist?", "id": "5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "philosopher", "answer_start": 155}], "question": " What was William James' religion?", "id": "5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 109}], "question": " What was the age of Carl Lange?", "id": "5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James\u2013Lange theory", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed dependently?", "id": "5ad2790bd7d075001a4295a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842\u20131910) and Carl Lange (1834\u20131900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James\u2013Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause."}], ["Sains sosial sering meneliti emosi untuk peranan yang dimainkannya dalam budaya manusia dan interaksi sosial. Dalam sosiologi, emosi diperiksa untuk peranan mereka bermain dalam masyarakat manusia, corak sosial dan interaksi, dan budaya. Dalam antropologi, kajian tentang kemanusiaan, para ulama menggunakan etnografi untuk melakukan analisis kontekstual dan perbandingan lintas budaya dari pelbagai kegiatan manusia. Sesetengah kajian antropologi mengkaji peranan emosi dalam aktiviti manusia. Dalam bidang sains komunikasi, ulama organisasi kritikal telah memeriksa peranan emosi dalam organisasi, dari perspektif pengurus, pekerja, dan bahkan pelanggan. Tumpuan kepada emosi dalam organisasi boleh dikreditkan kepada konsep tenaga kerja emosi Arlie Russell Hochschild. University of Queensland menganjurkan EmoNet, senarai edaran e-mel yang mewakili rangkaian akademik yang memudahkan perbincangan ilmiah tentang semua perkara yang berkaitan dengan kajian emosi dalam pengaturan organisasi. Senarai ini ditubuhkan pada bulan Januari 1997 dan mempunyai lebih daripada 700 ahli dari seluruh dunia. <> Apakah disiplin meneliti emosi peranan dalam budaya? || sosiologi <> Apakah disiplin yang menggunakan etnografi? || antropologi <> Bidang pengajian apa yang mengkaji peranan organisasi emosi? || ilmu komunikasi <> Siapa yang membangunkan konsep buruh emosi? || Arlie Russell Hochschild <> Secara kasar berapa ramai orang adalah sebahagian daripada EmoNet? || 700 <> Apakah disiplin tidak mengkaji emosi peranan dalam budaya? || <> Apakah disiplin yang tidak menggunakan etnografi? || <> Bidang pengajian apa yang tidak mengkaji peranan organisasi emosi? || <> Siapa yang menolak konsep tenaga kerja emosi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?", "id": "570a5c404103511400d59662", "answers": [{"text": "sociology", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What discipline makes use of ethnography?", "id": "570a5c404103511400d59663", "answers": [{"text": "anthropology", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?", "id": "570a5c404103511400d59664", "answers": [{"text": "communication sciences", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the concept of emotional labor?", "id": "570a5c404103511400d59665", "answers": [{"text": "Arlie Russell Hochschild", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?", "id": "570a5c404103511400d59666", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 1046}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sociology", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What discipline doesn't examine the role emotions play in culture?", "id": "5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anthropology", "answer_start": 397}], "question": " What discipline doesn't make use of ethnography?", "id": "5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communication sciences", "answer_start": 484}], "question": " What field of study doesn't study the organizational role of emotions?", "id": "5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arlie Russell Hochschild's", "answer_start": 716}], "question": " Who rejected the concept of emotional labor?", "id": "5ad25f6bd7d075001a428f7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe."}], ["Emosi adalah kompleks. Mengikut beberapa teori, mereka adalah keadaan perasaan yang menyebabkan perubahan fizikal dan psikologi yang mempengaruhi tingkah laku kita. Fisiologi emosi dikaitkan rapat dengan rangsangan sistem saraf dengan pelbagai keadaan dan kekuatan rangsangan yang berkaitan, nampaknya, kepada emosi tertentu. Emosi juga dikaitkan dengan kecenderungan tingkah laku. Orang ramai semakin cenderung untuk bersikap sosial dan mengekspresikan emosi mereka, manakala orang yang introvert lebih cenderung lebih menarik diri dan menyembunyikan emosi mereka. Emosi sering menjadi daya penggerak di belakang motivasi, positif atau negatif. Definisi telah digambarkan sebagai \"pengalaman positif atau negatif yang dikaitkan dengan corak aktiviti fisiologi tertentu.\" Menurut teori-teori lain, emosi bukan daya tarikan sebab tetapi hanya sindrom komponen, yang mungkin termasuk motivasi, perasaan, tingkah laku, dan perubahan fisiologi, tetapi tidak ada satu pun dari komponen ini adalah emosi. Tidak juga emosi entiti yang menyebabkan komponen ini <> Sistem apakah badan berkaitan dengan fisiologi emosi? || saraf <> Apa jenis orang yang lebih mungkin emosional ekspresif? || Extroverted <> Jenis orang yang menyembunyikan emosi mereka? || introverted <> Apa emosi yang kerap bertanggungjawab untuk memandu? || motivasi <> Bersama dengan perubahan fizikal, apakah perubahan yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan emosi? || psikologi <> Sistem apa badan tidak berkaitan dengan fisiologi emosi? || <> Apa jenis orang yang kurang berkemungkinan akan menjadi emosi secara ekspresif? || <> Jenis orang yang menunjukkan emosi mereka? || <> Apakah emosi tidak bertanggungjawab untuk memandu? || <> Bersama dengan perubahan fizikal, apa perubahan yang tidak pernah dilakukan emosi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?", "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7a", "answers": [{"text": "nervous", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?", "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7b", "answers": [{"text": "Extroverted", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of people hide their emotions?", "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7c", "answers": [{"text": "introverted", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?", "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7d", "answers": [{"text": "motivation", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?", "id": "570a58de6d058f1900182d7e", "answers": [{"text": "psychological", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nervous", "answer_start": 220}], "question": " What system of the body is not related to emotion's physiology?", "id": "5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Extroverted", "answer_start": 373}], "question": " What sorts of people are less likely to be emotionally expressive?", "id": "5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "introverted", "answer_start": 455}], "question": " What type of people show their emotions?", "id": "5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "motivation", "answer_start": 884}], "question": " What is emotion infrequently responsible for driving?", "id": "5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physiological", "answer_start": 919}], "question": "Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause?", "id": "5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a \"positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity.\" According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components"}], ["Cara yang biasa di mana emosi dikonseptualisasikan dalam sosiologi adalah dari segi ciri-ciri multidimensi termasuk label kebudayaan atau emosi (misalnya kemarahan, kebanggaan, ketakutan, kebahagiaan), perubahan fisiologi (misalnya, peningkatan peluh, perubahan kadar nadi), ekspresi wajah dan pergerakan badan (contohnya, tersenyum, mengerutkan dada, mengikat gigi), dan menilai isyarat keadaan. Teori rangsangan emosi yang komprehensif pada manusia telah dikembangkan oleh Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Dua daripada faktor penting yang menonjol untuk rangsangan emosi dalam teori ini adalah negeri-negeri harapan dan sekatan. Apabila orang memasuki suatu keadaan atau menghadapi harapan tertentu tentang bagaimana pertemuan itu akan dibentangkan, mereka akan mengalami emosi yang berbeza bergantung pada sejauh mana jangkaan untuk Diri, yang lain dan keadaan dipenuhi atau tidak dipenuhi. Orang juga boleh memberikan sekatan positif atau negatif yang diarahkan kepada Diri atau lain yang juga mencetuskan pengalaman emosi yang berbeza dalam individu. Turner menganalisis pelbagai teori emosi di pelbagai bidang penyelidikan termasuk sosiologi, psikologi, sains evolusi, dan neurosains. Berdasarkan analisis ini, beliau mengenal pasti empat emosi yang semua penyelidik menganggap didirikan pada neurologi manusia termasuk tegas-kemarahan, rasa takut-kebencian, kepuasan-kebahagiaan, dan kekecewaan-kesedihan. Empat kategori ini dipanggil emosi utama dan terdapat beberapa persetujuan di kalangan para penyelidik bahawa emosi utama ini menjadi gabungan untuk menghasilkan pengalaman emosi yang lebih rumit dan rumit. Ini emosi yang lebih rumit dipanggil penjelasan urutan pertama dalam teori Turner dan mereka termasuk sentimen seperti kebanggaan, kemenangan, dan kagum. Emosi juga boleh dialami pada tahap intensiti yang berlainan sehingga perasaan keprihatinan adalah variasi intensiti rendah dari kegelisahan emosi utama-ketakutan manakala depresi adalah varian keamatan yang lebih tinggi. <> Bersama kemarahan, kebanggaan dan kebahagiaan, apakah contoh label emosi? || Takutkan <> Selain daripada peningkatan peluh, apakah perubahan fisiologi yang berkaitan dengan emosi? || perubahan dalam kadar denyut <> Bersama dengan tersenyum dan mengerutkan kening, apa contoh pergerakan wajah atau badan yang disebabkan oleh emosi? || menyemburkan gigi <> Siapa yang mengembangkan teori komprehensif yang berkaitan dengan rangsangan emosi manusia? || Jonathan Turner <> Berapa banyak kategori emosi yang dilakukan Turner mengiktiraf sebagai diasaskan pada neurologi manusia? || empat <> Bersama kemarahan, kebanggaan dan kebahagiaan, apa yang bukan contoh label emosi? || <> Selain daripada keringat keringat, apakah perubahan fisiologi yang berkaitan dengan emosi? || <> Bersama dengan tersenyum dan mengerutkan kening, apa yang bukan contoh pergerakan wajah atau badan yang disebabkan oleh emosi? || <> Siapa yang tidak membina teori komprehensif yang berkaitan dengan rangsangan emosi manusia? || <> Berapa banyak kategori emosi yang diakui oleh Turner sebagai tidak ditubuhkan pada neurologi manusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?", "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de2", "answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?", "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de3", "answers": [{"text": "changes in pulse rate", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?", "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de4", "answers": [{"text": "baring teeth", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?", "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de5", "answers": [{"text": "Jonathan Turner", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?", "id": "570a60076d058f1900182de6", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 1197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "Along with anger, pride and happiness, what isn't an example of an emotional label?", "id": "5ad26126d7d075001a429004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "changes in pulse rate", "answer_start": 246}], "question": " Aside from decreased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?", "id": "5ad26126d7d075001a429005", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "baring teeth", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "Along with smiling and frowning, what is not an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?", "id": "5ad26126d7d075001a429006", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jonathan Turner", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "Who didn't develop a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?", "id": "5ad26126d7d075001a429007", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 1374}], "question": " How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as not being founded on human neurology?", "id": "5ad26126d7d075001a429008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant."}], ["Pembezaan boleh dibuat antara episod emosi dan kecenderungan emosi. Kecenderungan emosi juga setanding dengan ciri-ciri watak, di mana seseorang boleh dikatakan secara umum dilupuskan untuk mengalami emosi tertentu. Sebagai contoh, orang yang mudah marah secara umumnya dilupuskan untuk merasa kerengsaan dengan lebih mudah atau cepat daripada orang lain. Akhirnya, sesetengah ahli teori meletakkan emosi dalam kategori yang lebih umum \"negara afektif\" di mana negara-negara afektif juga boleh merangkumi fenomena yang berkaitan dengan emosi seperti keseronokan dan kesakitan, keadaan motivasi (contohnya, kelaparan atau rasa ingin tahu), perasaan, sifat dan sifat. <> Apakah episod-emosi yang ditakrifkan sebaliknya? || kecenderungan emosi <> Apa ciri-ciri lain yang disesuaikan dengan emosi yang sama? || ciri-ciri sifat <> Kategori apa yang ditakrifkan untuk mengandungi keseronokan, kesakitan, motivasi, perasaan dan disposisi? || keadaan afektif <> Apakah episod yang tidak disengajakan ditakrifkan sebagai berbeza? || <> Apakah sifat-sifat lain yang tidak sepadan dengan emosi? || <> Kategori apa yang tidak ditakrifkan untuk mengandungi keseronokan, kesakitan, motivasi, perasaan dan disposisi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?", "id": "570a61f14103511400d596a2", "answers": [{"text": "emotional dispositions", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?", "id": "570a61f14103511400d596a3", "answers": [{"text": "character traits", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?", "id": "570a61f14103511400d596a4", "answers": [{"text": "affective states", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emotional dispositions", "answer_start": 57}], "question": " What are unemotional episodes defined in contrast to?", "id": "5ad2438fd7d075001a428a00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "character traits", "answer_start": 127}], "question": " What other traits are emotional dispositions not similar to?", "id": "5ad2438fd7d075001a428a01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "affective states", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "What category is not defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?", "id": "5ad2438fd7d075001a428a02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of \"affective states\" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits."}], ["Perhatian sosiologi terhadap emosi telah berubah dari masa ke masa. Emil\u00e9 Durkheim (1915/1965) menulis tentang keberanian kolektif atau tenaga emosi yang dialami oleh ahli-ahli upacara ritual totemik dalam masyarakat orang tua Australia. Dia menjelaskan bagaimana keadaan tenaga emosi yang tinggi yang dicapai semasa ritual totemik mengangkut individu di atas diri mereka yang memberi mereka rasa bahawa mereka berada di hadapan sebuah kuasa yang lebih tinggi, sebuah pasukan, yang tertanam dalam benda suci yang disembah. Ini perasaan peninggalan, dia berhujah, akhirnya mendorong orang untuk mempercayai bahawa ada kekuatan yang memerintah benda suci. <> Siapa yang membincangkan gagasan tentang keunikan kolektif? || Emil\u00e9 Durkheim <> Masyarakat apa yang dipelajari untuk menggambarkan gagasan tentang keunikan kolektif? || Masyarakat aborigin Australia <> Durkheim melihat keanekaragaman kolektif dalam aktiviti orang asli Australia? || ritual totemic <> Apa istilah lain untuk kembar kolektif? || tenaga emosi <> Siapa yang tidak membincangkan idea tentang keunikan kolektif? || <> Masyarakat apa yang telah dikaji untuk menggambarkan tanggapan tanpa kolektif kolektif? || <> Durkheim melihat keanekaragaman kolektif dalam kegiatan non-orang asli Australia? || <> Apa istilah lain untuk non-effervescence kolektif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?", "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e02", "answers": [{"text": "Emil\u00e9 Durkheim", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?", "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e03", "answers": [{"text": "Australian aborigine society", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?", "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e04", "answers": [{"text": "totemic rituals", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for collective effervescence?", "id": "570a65b56d058f1900182e05", "answers": [{"text": "emotional energy", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emil\u00e9 Durkheim", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who didn't discuss the idea of a collective effervescence?", "id": "5ad261a2d7d075001a429040", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australian aborigine society", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What society was studied to describe the notion of collective non-effervescence?", "id": "5ad261a2d7d075001a429041", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "totemic rituals", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian non-aboriginal activity?", "id": "5ad261a2d7d075001a429042", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emotional energy", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What is another term for collective non-effervescence?", "id": "5ad261a2d7d075001a429043", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emil\u00e9 Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects."}], ["Phillip Bard menyumbang kepada teori itu dengan karyanya tentang haiwan. Bard mendapati bahawa maklumat sensori, motor, dan fisiologi semua terpaksa melalui diencephalon (terutamanya thalamus), sebelum ditundukkan kepada sebarang pemprosesan selanjutnya. Oleh itu, Cannon juga berpendapat bahawa tidak mungkin secara anatomis untuk kejadian sensori untuk mencetuskan tindak balas fisiologi sebelum mencetuskan kesedaran sedar dan rangsangan emosi harus mencetuskan aspek emosi fisiologi dan pengalaman secara serentak. <> Apa itu thalamus? || diencephalon <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa rangsangan emosi memicu respon pengalaman dan fisiologi terhadap emosi pada masa yang sama? || Cannon <> Apakah makhluk yang melakukan percubaan Bard? || haiwan <> Bersama dengan maklumat deria dan motor, maklumat apa yang harus melalui diencephalon sebelum diproses? || fisiologi <> Apakah thalamus bukan sebahagian daripada? || <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa rangsangan yang tidak disengajakan memicu tindak balas pengalaman dan fisiologi terhadap emosi pada masa yang sama? || <> Apakah makhluk yang Bard tidak pernah mencuba? || <> Bersama dengan maklumat deria dan motor, maklumat apa yang harus melalui diencephalon setelah diproses? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the thalamus a part of?", "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e1e", "answers": [{"text": "the diencephalon", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?", "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e1f", "answers": [{"text": "Cannon", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What creatures did Bard experiment on?", "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e20", "answers": [{"text": "animals", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?", "id": "570a68426d058f1900182e21", "answers": [{"text": "physiological", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diencephalon", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What is the thalamus not a part of?", "id": "5ad247a4d7d075001a428b3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cannon", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Who argued that an unemotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?", "id": "5ad247a4d7d075001a428b3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "animals", "answer_start": 56}], "question": " What creatures did Bard never experiment on?", "id": "5ad247a4d7d075001a428b3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physiological", "answer_start": 101}], "question": " Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon after being processed?", "id": "5ad247a4d7d075001a428b3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously."}], ["Beberapa teori yang paling berpengaruh mengenai emosi dari abad ke-20 telah meninggal dunia dalam dekad yang lalu. Mereka termasuk Magda B. Arnold (1903-2002), seorang psikologi Amerika yang membangunkan teori penilaian emosi; Richard Lazarus (1922-2002), seorang psikologi Amerika yang mengkhususkan diri dalam emosi dan tekanan, terutamanya berhubung dengan kognisi; Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001), yang termasuk emosi dalam membuat keputusan dan kecerdasan buatan; Robert Plutchik (1928-2006), seorang psikologi Amerika yang membangun teori emosi psorievolusi; Robert Zajonc (1923-2008) ahli psikologi sosial Poland-Amerika yang khusus dalam proses sosial dan kognitif seperti kemudahan sosial; Robert C. Solomon (1942-2007), seorang ahli falsafah Amerika yang menyumbang kepada teori falsafah emosi dengan buku-buku seperti What's An Emotion ?: Bacaan Klasik dan Kontemporari (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946-2011), seorang ahli falsafah British yang mengkhususkan diri dalam etika, estetika, emosi, perasaan dan watak; Nico Frijda (1927-2015), seorang ahli psikologi Belanda yang memajukan teori bahawa emosi manusia berfungsi untuk mempromosikan kecenderungan untuk melakukan tindakan yang sesuai dalam keadaan, terperinci dalam bukunya The Emotions (1986). <> Teori apa yang dibangunkan oleh Arnold? || teori penilaian emosi <> Bilakah Richard Lazarus mati? || 2002 <> Siapa yang menulis 'Apakah Emosi?'? || Robert C. Solomon <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Apa Emosi ?: Bacaan Klasik dan Kontemporari? || Oxford <> Apakah kewarganegaraan Nico Frijda? || Belanda <> Teori apa yang tidak dibangunkan oleh Arnold? || <> Bilakah Richard Lazarus bekerja? || <> Siapa yang menulis 'Apa Yang Tidak Emosi?'? || <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Apa Yang Tidak Satu Emosi ?: Bacaan Klasik dan Kontemporari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What theory was developed by Arnold?", "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0a", "answers": [{"text": "the appraisal theory of emotions", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Richard Lazarus die?", "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0b", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?", "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0c", "answers": [{"text": "Robert C. Solomon", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?", "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0d", "answers": [{"text": "Oxford", "answer_start": 892}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Nico Frijda's nationality?", "id": "570a661f6d058f1900182e0e", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 1050}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "appraisal theory of emotions", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What theory wasn't developed by Arnold?", "id": "5ad27982d7d075001a4295b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "When did Richard Lazarus work?", "id": "5ad27982d7d075001a4295b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert C. Solomon", "answer_start": 700}], "question": " Who wrote 'What Isn't An Emotion?'?", "id": "5ad27982d7d075001a4295b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oxford", "answer_start": 892}], "question": "Who published What Isn't An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?", "id": "5ad27982d7d075001a4295b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903\u20132002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922\u20132002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916\u20132001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928\u20132006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923\u20132008) a Polish\u2013American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942\u20132007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946\u20132011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (1927\u20132015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986)."}], ["Emosi dianggap berkaitan dengan aktiviti tertentu di kawasan otak yang mengarahkan perhatian kita, memotivasi tingkah laku kita, dan menentukan kepentingan apa yang sedang berlaku di sekeliling kita. Kerja perintis oleh Broca (1878), Papez (1937), dan MacLean (1952) mencadangkan bahawa emosi berkaitan dengan sekumpulan struktur di pusat otak yang disebut sistem limbik, termasuk hypothalamus, korteks cingulate, hippocampi, dan struktur lain. Penyelidikan yang lebih baru-baru ini telah menunjukkan bahawa beberapa struktur limbik ini tidak berkaitan secara langsung dengan emosi seperti yang lain manakala beberapa struktur bukan limbik didapati mempunyai perkaitan emosi yang lebih besar. <> Bilakah Broca menerbitkan karya perintisnya? || 1878 <> Siapa yang menerbitkan karya pada tahun 1937 tentang hubungan antara emosi dan sistem limbik? || Papez <> Bersama korteks cingulate dan hippocampi, struktur apa yang menjadi bahagian penting sistem limbik? || hipotalamus <> Bilakah Broca menerbitkan karya bukan perintisnya? || <> Siapa yang menerbitkan karya pada tahun 1937 mengenai hubungan antara sistem bukan emosi dan limbik? || <> Bersama korteks cingulate dan hippocampi, struktur apa yang bukan bahagian penting sistem limbik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Broca publish his pioneering work?", "id": "570a64106d058f1900182dfc", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?", "id": "570a64106d058f1900182dfd", "answers": [{"text": "Papez", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?", "id": "570a64106d058f1900182dfe", "answers": [{"text": "hypothalamus", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 210}], "question": " When did Broca publish his non-pioneering work?", "id": "5ad256acd7d075001a428d76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Papez", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between non-emotional and the limbic system?", "id": "5ad256acd7d075001a428d77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hypothalamus", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is not a notable part of the limbic system?", "id": "5ad256acd7d075001a428d78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance."}], ["Walter Bradford Cannon bersetuju bahawa tindak balas fisiologi memainkan peranan penting dalam emosi, tetapi tidak percaya bahawa tindak balas fisiologi sahaja dapat menjelaskan pengalaman emosi subjektif. Dia berpendapat bahawa tindak balas fisiologi terlalu lambat dan sering tidak dapat dilihat dan ini tidak dapat menyumbang kepada kesedaran subjektif emosi yang agak pesat dan intensif. Beliau juga percaya bahawa pengalaman kekayaan, kepelbagaian, dan temporal pengalaman emosional tidak dapat berpunca dari tindak balas fisiologi, yang mencerminkan perbalahan atau respon penerbangan yang tidak dapat dibezakan. Satu contoh teori ini dalam tindakan adalah seperti berikut: Satu peristiwa emosi yang membangkitkan (ular) mencetuskan secara serentak kedua-dua tindak balas fisiologi dan pengalaman yang sedar tentang emosi. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa respons fisiologi tidak mencukupi untuk menjelaskan pengalaman emosi? || Walter Bradford Cannon <> Bersama dengan respons fisiologi, apa yang dipercayai oleh Cannon dipicu oleh peristiwa emosi? || pengalaman yang sadar tentang emosi <> Mengapa Cannon percaya bahawa respons fisiologi tidak mencukupi untuk emosi? || terlalu lambat dan sering tidak dapat dilihat <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa respons fisiologi cukup untuk menjelaskan pengalaman emosi? || <> Bersama dengan respons fisiologi, apa yang dipercayai oleh Cannon tidak dicetuskan oleh peristiwa emosi? || <> Kenapa Cannon percaya bahawa respons fisiologi tidak menyebabkan penyebab emosi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?", "id": "570a631b6d058f1900182df6", "answers": [{"text": "Walter Bradford Cannon", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?", "id": "570a631b6d058f1900182df7", "answers": [{"text": "a conscious experience of an emotion", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?", "id": "570a631b6d058f1900182df8", "answers": [{"text": "too slow and often imperceptible", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Walter Bradford Cannon", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who argued that physiological responses were sufficient to explain emotional experiences?", "id": "5ad2474fd7d075001a428b2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conscious experience of an emotion", "answer_start": 716}], "question": "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe wasn't triggered by an emotional event?", "id": "5ad2474fd7d075001a428b2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "too slow and often imperceptible", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses weren't insufficient cause for emotions?", "id": "5ad2474fd7d075001a428b2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion."}], ["Dalam falsafah, emosi dikaji di sub-bidang seperti etika, falsafah seni (contohnya, nilai deria-emosi, dan perkara rasa dan sentimeniti), dan falsafah muzik (lihat juga Muzik dan emosi). Dalam sejarah, para ulama mengkaji dokumen dan sumber lain untuk menafsirkan dan menganalisis aktiviti masa lalu; spekulasi mengenai keadaan emosi pengarang dokumen sejarah adalah salah satu alat penafsiran. Dalam sastera dan pembuatan filem, ekspresi emosi adalah asas kepada genre seperti drama, melodrama, dan percintaan. Dalam kajian komunikasi, para ulama mempelajari peranan yang dimainkan oleh emosi dalam penyebaran idea dan mesej. Emosi juga dikaji dalam haiwan bukan manusia dalam etologi, sebuah cabang zoologi yang menumpukan pada kajian saintifik tentang tingkah laku haiwan. Etologi adalah gabungan sains makmal dan bidang, dengan hubungan yang kuat dengan ekologi dan evolusi. Ahli-ahli kaji selidik sering mengkaji satu jenis tingkah laku (contohnya, pencerobohan) dalam beberapa haiwan yang tidak berkaitan. <> Bersama dengan falsafah muzik dan seni, bidang falsafah yang mengkaji emosi? || etika <> Bersama dengan drama dan melodrama, dalam genre filem apa emosi memainkan peranan penting? || cinta <> Daripada disiplin apakah etologi cawangan? || zoologi <> Bersama dengan kerja makmal, apa yang dilakukan oleh ahli etologi? || sains bidang <> Bersama dengan evolusi, bidang pengajian apa yang berkaitan dengan etologi? || ekologi <> Bersama dengan falsafah muzik dan seni, bidang falsafah apa yang tidak mempelajari emosi? || <> Bersama drama dan melodrama, dalam apa genre filem pembuatan emosi tidak memainkan peranan penting? || <> Of discipline apa etologi bukan cawangan? || <> Bersama dengan kerja makmal, apa yang tidak melibatkan seorang ahli etologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?", "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c0", "answers": [{"text": "ethics", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?", "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c1", "answers": [{"text": "romance", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what discipline is ethology a branch?", "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c2", "answers": [{"text": "zoology", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?", "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c3", "answers": [{"text": "field science", "answer_start": 858}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?", "id": "570a64c64103511400d596c4", "answers": [{"text": "ecology", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ethics", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy doesn't study emotions?", "id": "5ad2600bd7d075001a428fb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "romance", "answer_start": 556}], "question": "Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion not play an important role?", "id": "5ad2600bd7d075001a428fb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zoology", "answer_start": 748}], "question": " Of what discipline is ethology not a branch?", "id": "5ad2600bd7d075001a428fb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "field science", "answer_start": 858}], "question": "Along with laboratory work, what doesn't an ethologist engage in?", "id": "5ad2600bd7d075001a428fb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory\u2013emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals."}], ["Idea yang mempengaruhi teras adalah salah satu komponen emosi yang membawa kepada teori yang disebut \"pembinaan psikologi.\" Menurut teori ini, episod emosi terdiri daripada satu set komponen, masing-masing adalah proses yang berterusan dan tidak ada yang diperlukan atau mencukupi untuk emosi diberikan. Set komponen tidak ditetapkan, sama ada oleh sejarah evolusi manusia atau oleh norma dan peranan sosial. Sebaliknya, episod emosi dipasang pada masa kejadian untuk memenuhi keadaan tertentu. Salah satu implikasi adalah bahawa semua kes, contohnya, ketakutan tidak sama tetapi sebaliknya memberi persamaan keluarga kepada satu sama lain. <> Teori apa yang melihat episod emosi yang terdiri daripada komponen? || pembinaan psikologi <> Pada tahap apakah teori pembinaan psikologi percaya komponen emosi disatukan? || pada masa kejadiannya <> Apa contoh emosi yang, di bawah teori pembinaan psikologi, tidak sama dari satu kes ke yang lain? || takut <> Teori apa yang melihat episod bukan emosional yang terdiri daripada komponen? || <> Pada tahap apakah teori pembinaan psikologi percaya komponen-komponen yang tidak emosi disatukan? || <> Apa contoh emosi yang, di bawah teori pembinaan psikologi, adalah sama dari satu kes ke yang lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?", "id": "570a628a4103511400d596a8", "answers": [{"text": "psychological construction", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?", "id": "570a628a4103511400d596a9", "answers": [{"text": "at the moment of its occurrence", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?", "id": "570a628a4103511400d596aa", "answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychological construction", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What theory sees an non-emotional episode as consisting of components?", "id": "5ad244e8d7d075001a428a7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the moment of its occurrence", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of a non-emotion are put together?", "id": "5ad244e8d7d075001a428a7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is the same from one case to another?", "id": "5ad244e8d7d075001a428a7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called \u201cpsychological construction.\u201d According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another."}], ["Perkataan \"emosi\" bermula pada tahun 1579, apabila ia diadaptasi dari perkataan \u00e9mouvoir Perancis, yang bermaksud \"membangkitkan\". Istilah emosi diperkenalkan ke dalam perbincangan akademik untuk menggantikan semangat. Menurut satu kamus, prekursor terdahulu perkataan mungkin tarikh kembali kepada asal-usul bahasa. Emosi perkataan moden adalah heterogen Dalam beberapa kegunaan perkataan, emosi adalah perasaan sengit yang ditujukan kepada seseorang atau sesuatu. Sebaliknya, emosi boleh digunakan untuk merujuk kepada keadaan yang ringan (seperti dalam kesakitan atau kandungan) dan menyatakan bahawa tidak ditujukan kepada apa-apa (seperti kebimbangan dan kemurungan). Oleh itu, satu penyelidikan memandang makna perkataan emosi dalam bahasa sehari-hari dan penggunaan ini agak berbeza daripada itu dalam wacana akademik. Satu lagi penyelidikan menanyakan tentang bahasa selain bahasa Inggeris, dan satu penemuan yang menarik adalah bahawa banyak bahasa mempunyai istilah serupa tetapi tidak serupa <> Bilakah kata emosi memasuki bahasa Inggeris? || 1579 <> Daripada apa perkataan Perancis yang ditimbulkan emosi? || \u00e9mouvoir <> Apakah maksud \u00e9mouvoir dalam bahasa Inggeris? || untuk mengaduk <> Sebelum pengenalan kata emosi, perkataan apa yang digunakan di tempatnya? || semangat <> Bersama dengan kebimbangan, apakah satu contoh emosi tanpa arah? || kemurungan <> Bilakah emosi perkataan meninggalkan bahasa Inggeris? || <> Dari perkataan bahasa Inggeris apa emosi diperoleh? || <> Apakah maksud \u00e9mvoir dalam bahasa Itali? || <> Sebelum pengenalan kata emosi, perkataan apa yang tidak digunakan di tempatnya? || <> Bersama dengan keresahan, apa yang bukan contoh emosi tanpa arah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the word emotion enter the English language?", "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d2", "answers": [{"text": "1579", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what French word is emotion derived?", "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d3", "answers": [{"text": "\u00e9mouvoir", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does \u00e9mouvoir mean in English?", "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d4", "answers": [{"text": "to stir up", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?", "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d5", "answers": [{"text": "passion", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?", "id": "570a66fd4103511400d596d6", "answers": [{"text": "depression", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1579", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "When did the word emotion leave the English language?", "id": "5ad23e93d7d075001a4288ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00e9mouvoir", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "From what English word is emotion derived?", "id": "5ad23e93d7d075001a4288cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to stir up", "answer_start": 103}], "question": " What does \u00e9mouvoir mean in Italian?", "id": "5ad23e93d7d075001a4288d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passion", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word wasn't used in its place?", "id": "5ad23e93d7d075001a4288d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "depression", "answer_start": 615}], "question": " Along with anxiety, what is not an example of directionless emotion?", "id": "5ad23e93d7d075001a4288d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The word \"emotion\" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word \u00e9mouvoir, which means \"to stir up\". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language. The modern word emotion is heterogeneous In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research thus looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse. Another line of research asks about languages other than English, and one interesting finding is that many languages have a similar but not identical term"}], ["Perspektif terletak pada emosi, yang dikembangkan oleh Paul E. Griffiths dan Andrea Scarantino, menekankan pentingnya faktor luaran dalam perkembangan dan komunikasi emosi, melukiskan pendekatan situasi dalam psikologi. Teori ini sangat berbeza daripada teori emosi kognitivist dan neo-Jamesian, yang kedua-duanya melihat emosi sebagai proses dalaman semata-mata, dengan alam sekitar hanya bertindak sebagai rangsangan kepada emosi. Sebaliknya, perspektif situasi mengenai emosi memandang emosi sebagai hasil dari organisma yang menyiasat persekitarannya, dan memerhatikan tindak balas dari organisma lain. Emosi merangsang evolusi hubungan sosial, bertindak sebagai isyarat untuk menengahi tingkah laku organisma lain. Dalam beberapa konteks, ekspresi emosi (secara sukarela dan tidak sukarela) dapat dilihat sebagai langkah strategik dalam transaksi antara organisma yang berlainan. Perspektif yang terletak pada emosi menyatakan bahawa pemikiran konseptual bukanlah sebahagian dari emosi yang melekat, karena emosi adalah bentuk berorientasi tindakan penglibatan yang mahir dengan dunia. Griffiths dan Scarantino mencadangkan bahawa perspektif mengenai emosi ini dapat membantu memahami fobia, serta emosi bayi dan haiwan. <> Siapa yang membangun perspektif yang terletak pada emosi bersama dengan Andrea Scarantino? || Paul E. Griffiths <> Faktor apa yang dikatakan oleh perspektif yang paling penting? || luaran <> Perspektif yang terletak dipengaruhi oleh sekolah pemikiran apa? || Situasi <> Bersama dengan emosi bayi dan haiwan, apa yang Scarantino dan Griffiths percaya perspektif yang ada dapat membantu menjelaskan? || phobias <> Siapa yang tidak membangun perspektif yang terletak pada emosi bersama dengan Andrea Scarantino? || <> Apakah faktor-faktor yang ada di dalam perspektifnya percaya tidak menjadi yang paling penting? || <> Perspektif yang terletak tidak dipengaruhi oleh sekolah pemikiran apa? || <> Bersama dengan emosi bayi dan haiwan, apa yang Scarantino dan Griffiths percaya perspektif yang ada tidak dapat membantu menjelaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?", "id": "570a638e4103511400d596ae", "answers": [{"text": "Paul E. Griffiths", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?", "id": "570a638e4103511400d596af", "answers": [{"text": "external", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?", "id": "570a638e4103511400d596b0", "answers": [{"text": "situationism", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?", "id": "570a638e4103511400d596b1", "answers": [{"text": "phobias", "answer_start": 1191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul E. Griffiths", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Who didn't develop a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?", "id": "5ad254ecd7d075001a428d2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "external", "answer_start": 119}], "question": " What factors did the situated perspective believe not to be most important?", "id": "5ad254ecd7d075001a428d2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "situationist", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "The situated perspective was not influenced by what school of thought?", "id": "5ad254ecd7d075001a428d2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phobias", "answer_start": 1191}], "question": "Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could not help to explain?", "id": "5ad254ecd7d075001a428d2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals."}], ["Selama lebih dari 40 tahun, Paul Ekman telah menyokong pandangan bahawa emosi diskrit, terukur, dan fisiologi berbeza. Kerja yang paling berpengaruh Ekman berputar di sekitar penemuan bahawa emosi tertentu kelihatan diiktiraf di seluruh dunia, bahkan dalam budaya yang bersifat piterisan dan tidak dapat mengenali persatuan untuk ekspresi muka melalui media. Satu lagi kajian klasik mendapati bahawa apabila peserta campur tangan otot muka mereka ke ekspresi muka yang berbeza (contohnya rasa tidak puas hati), mereka melaporkan pengalaman subjektif dan fisiologi yang sepadan dengan ekspresi muka yang berbeza. Penemuan penyelidikannya membawa beliau untuk mengklasifikasikan enam emosi sebagai asas: kemarahan, jijik, ketakutan, kebahagiaan, kesedihan dan kejutan. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa emosi diskrit? || Paul Ekman <> Berapa banyak emosi asas yang dilakukan oleh Ekman? || enam <> Bersama kemarahan, jijik, kebahagiaan, kesedihan dan ketakutan, apakah salah satu emosi asas Ekman? || mengejutkan <> Siapa yang bersetuju bahawa emosi adalah diskrit? || <> Berapa banyak emosi yang tidak asas mendengarkan Ekman? || <> Bersama kemarahan, jijik, kebahagiaan, kesedihan dan ketakutan, apa yang bukan salah satu emosi asas Ekman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has argued that emotions are discrete?", "id": "570a6f236d058f1900182e56", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Ekman", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?", "id": "570a6f236d058f1900182e57", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?", "id": "570a6f236d058f1900182e58", "answers": [{"text": "surprise", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul Ekman", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Who has agreed that emotions are discrete?", "id": "5ad243b2d7d075001a428a1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 638}], "question": " How many non-basic emotions did Ekman recognize?", "id": "5ad243b2d7d075001a428a1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "surprise", "answer_start": 706}], "question": "Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what isn't one of Ekman's basic emotions?", "id": "5ad243b2d7d075001a428a1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise."}], ["Dalam artikel 1884, William James berpendapat bahawa perasaan dan emosi adalah sekunder terhadap fenomena fisiologi. Dalam teorinya, James mencadangkan bahawa persepsi tentang apa yang dia sebut sebagai \"fakta menarik\" terus membawa kepada respons fisiologi, yang dikenali sebagai \"emosi.\" Untuk mengambil kira pelbagai jenis pengalaman emosi, James mencadangkan aktiviti mencetuskan rangsangan dalam sistem saraf autonomi, yang seterusnya menghasilkan pengalaman emosi di otak. Ahli psikologi Denmark, Carl Lange juga mencadangkan teori serupa pada masa yang sama, dan oleh itu teori ini dikenali sebagai teori James-Lange. Seperti yang ditulis James, \"persepsi perubahan tubuh, seperti yang berlaku, adalah emosi.\" James kemudian mendakwa bahawa \"kami berasa sedih kerana kami menangis, marah kerana kami memukul, takut kerana kami menggeletar, dan kami tidak menangis, menyerang, dan tidak menggeletar kerana kami menyesal, marah, atau takut, seperti yang berlaku.\" <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa fakta menarik membawa kepada emosi? || William James <> Apakah James percaya tindakan rangsangan untuk menghasilkan emosi? || sistem saraf autonomik <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh emosi James sinonim dengan? || persepsi perubahan tubuh <> Siapa yang mengembangkan teori yang serupa dengan James? || Carl Lange <> Apa profesion Lange? || psikologi <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa fakta yang menarik tidak membawa kepada emosi? || <> Apa yang tidak James percaya tindakan rangsangan untuk menghasilkan emosi? || <> Apa yang percaya bahawa emosi James tidak sinonim? || <> Siapa yang tidak membina teori yang serupa dengan James? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?", "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e66", "answers": [{"text": "William James", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?", "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e67", "answers": [{"text": "the autonomic nervous system", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?", "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e68", "answers": [{"text": "the perception of bodily changes", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed a theory similar to that of James?", "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e69", "answers": [{"text": "Carl Lange", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the profession of Lange?", "id": "570a70116d058f1900182e6a", "answers": [{"text": "psychologist", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William James", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who wrote that exciting facts don't lead to emotions?", "id": "5ad2469cd7d075001a428b00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "autonomic nervous system", "answer_start": 369}], "question": " What didn't James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?", "id": "5ad2469cd7d075001a428b01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the perception of bodily changes", "answer_start": 630}], "question": " What did James believe emotion wasn't synonymous with?", "id": "5ad2469cd7d075001a428b02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carl Lange", "answer_start": 480}], "question": " Who didn't develop a theory similar to that of James?", "id": "5ad2469cd7d075001a428b03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an \"exciting fact\" directly led to a physiological response, known as \"emotion.\" To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James\u2013Lange theory. As James wrote, \"the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion.\" James further claims that \"we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.\""}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an, ahli sosiologi memberi tumpuan kepada aspek-aspek tertentu emosi tertentu dan bagaimana emosi ini berkaitan dengan sosial. Bagi Cooley (1992), kebanggaan dan rasa malu adalah emosi yang paling penting yang mendorong orang untuk mengambil pelbagai tindakan sosial. Semasa setiap pertemuan, beliau mencadangkan supaya kita memantau diri kita melalui \"kaca mencari\" yang menunjukkan dan gerak balas orang lain. Bergantung kepada tindak balas ini, kami sama ada mengalami kebanggaan atau rasa malu dan ini menghasilkan jalan tindakan tertentu. Retzinger (1991) menjalankan kajian pasangan suami isteri yang mengalami kemarahan dan rasa malu. Melukis terutamanya dalam karya Goffman dan Cooley, Scheff (1990) mengembangkan teori sosiologi mikro mengenai ikatan sosial. Pembentukan atau gangguan bon sosial bergantung kepada emosi yang dialami oleh orang semasa interaksi. <> Dalam apa dekad apa ahli sosiologi menumpukan kepada perkaitan sosial emosi? || 1990-an <> Apa emosi yang dilakukan Cooley menganggap penting kepentingan sosial? || kebanggaan dan rasa malu <> Siapa yang mempelajari kemarahan dan rasa malu dalam pasangan suami isteri? || Retzinger <> Siapa yang membangunkan teori ikatan sosial? || Scheff <> Bersama dengan Cooley, dari mana kerja Scheff memperoleh teori ikatan sosial? || Goffman <> Dalam sedekad apa tidak ahli sosiologi menumpukan pada perkaitan sosial emosi? || <> Emosi apa yang tidak dianggap sebagai kepentingan sosial yang paling utama? || <> Siapa yang mempelajari kitaran kemarahan dan malu dalam pasangan yang belum berkahwin? || <> Siapa yang menolak teori ikatan sosial? || <> Bersama dengan Cooley, dari yang pekerjaannya Scheff tidak memperoleh teori ikatan sosial? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?", "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e70", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?", "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e71", "answers": [{"text": "pride and shame", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?", "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e72", "answers": [{"text": "Retzinger", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the social bond theory?", "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e73", "answers": [{"text": "Scheff", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?", "id": "570a71dd6d058f1900182e74", "answers": [{"text": "Goffman", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what decade didn't sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?", "id": "5ad261d7d7d075001a42906c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pride and shame", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?", "id": "5ad261d7d7d075001a42906d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Retzinger", "answer_start": 497}], "question": " Who studied rage and shame cycles in un-married couples?", "id": "5ad261d7d7d075001a42906e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scheff", "answer_start": 645}], "question": " Who rejected the social bond theory?", "id": "5ad261d7d7d075001a42906f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Goffman", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff not derive social bond theory?", "id": "5ad261d7d7d075001a429070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the \"looking glass\" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions."}], ["Falsafah Barat menganggap emosi dalam pelbagai cara. Dalam teori-teori stoik, ia dilihat sebagai penghalang kepada sebab dan oleh itu penghalang terhadap kebajikan. Aristotle percaya bahawa emosi adalah komponen penting dalam kebajikan. Dalam pandangan Aristoteles semua emosi (disebut nafsu) sesuai dengan selera atau kemampuan. Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, pandangan Aristotelian diadopsi dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh skolastik dan Thomas Aquinas khususnya. Terdapat juga teori-teori emosi dalam karya para ahli falsafah seperti Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza dan David Hume. Pada abad ke-19 emosi dianggap penyesuaian dan dikaji lebih kerap daripada perspektif psikiatri empiris. <> Sekolah pemikiran apa yang menyaksikan emosi sebagai penghalang kepada kebajikan? || Stoic <> Apa pemikir percaya bahawa emosi diperlukan untuk kebaikan? || Aristotle <> Apa yang disebut oleh Aristoteles emosi? || nafsu <> Siapa pemikir skolastik yang ketara? || Thomas Aquinas <> Bersama Descartes, Machiavelli dan Hume, apa falsafah terkenal yang mengembangkan teori emosi? || Baruch Spinoza <> Apa sekolah pemikiran melihat emosi bukan halangan untuk kebajikan? || <> Apa pemikir percaya bahawa emosi tidak diperlukan untuk kebaikan? || <> Apa yang Aristoteles tidak memanggil emosi? || <> Siapa yang bukan pemikir skolastik yang ketara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?", "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5c", "answers": [{"text": "stoic", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?", "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5d", "answers": [{"text": "Aristotle", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Aristotelians call emotions?", "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5e", "answers": [{"text": "passions", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a notable scholastic thinker?", "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e5f", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Aquinas", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?", "id": "570a6f996d058f1900182e60", "answers": [{"text": "Baruch Spinoza", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stoic", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What school of thought saw emotion as not an impediment to virtue?", "id": "5ad24569d7d075001a428a9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aristotle", "answer_start": 145}], "question": " What thinker believed that emotions weren't necessary for virtue?", "id": "5ad24569d7d075001a428a9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passions", "answer_start": 263}], "question": " What did the Aristotelians not call emotions?", "id": "5ad24569d7d075001a428a9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas Aquinas", "answer_start": 415}], "question": " Who wasn't a notable scholastic thinker?", "id": "5ad24569d7d075001a428a9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective."}], ["Ada beberapa teori mengenai emosi yang mengatakan bahawa aktiviti kognitif dalam bentuk penilaian, penilaian, atau pemikiran adalah perlu bagi sesuatu emosi berlaku. Eksponen falsafah yang terkenal ialah Robert C. Solomon (contohnya, Hasrat, Emosi dan Makna Hidup, 1993). Salomo mendakwa bahawa emosi adalah penghakiman. Beliau telah mengemukakan pandangan yang lebih bernuansa yang memberi maklum balas kepada apa yang beliau sebut sebagai 'penolakan piawai' kepada kognitivisme, idea bahawa penghakiman sesuatu yang menakutkan boleh berlaku dengan atau tanpa emosi, maka penghakiman tidak dapat dikenal pasti dengan emosi. Teori yang dicadangkan oleh Nico Frijda di mana penilaian membawa kepada kecenderungan tindakan adalah contoh lain. <> Siapa yang menulis The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life? || Robert C. Salomon <> Dalam tahun berapa adalah Hasrat, Emosi dan Makna Hidup diterbitkan? || 1993 <> Apa yang dilakukan Salomo untuk menjadi emosi? || pertimbangan <> Teori siapa yang membincangkan kecenderungan tindakan? || Nico Frijda <> Idea bahawa penghakiman tidak dapat dikenalpasti dengan emosi adalah suatu bantahan terhadap sekolah pemikiran apa? || kognitivisme <> Siapa yang menyanyikan Hasrat, Emosi dan Makna Kehidupan? || <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Hasrat, Emosi dan Makna Kehidupan ditolak? || <> Apa yang percaya Salomo tidak boleh menjadi emosi? || <> Teori siapa tidak membincangkan kecenderungan tindakan? || <> Idea bahawa penghakiman dapat dikenal pasti dengan emosi adalah suatu bantahan terhadap sekolah pemikiran apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?", "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e26", "answers": [{"text": "Robert C. Solomon", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?", "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e27", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Solomon believe emotions to be?", "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e28", "answers": [{"text": "judgments", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose theory discussed action tendencies?", "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e29", "answers": [{"text": "Nico Frijda", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?", "id": "570a68cf6d058f1900182e2a", "answers": [{"text": "cognitivism", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert C. Solomon", "answer_start": 205}], "question": " Who sang The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?", "id": "5ad24cbcd7d075001a428c02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life rejected?", "id": "5ad24cbcd7d075001a428c03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "judgments", "answer_start": 325}], "question": " What does Solomon believe emotions not to be?", "id": "5ad24cbcd7d075001a428c04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nico Frijda", "answer_start": 610}], "question": " Whose theory didn't discuss action tendencies?", "id": "5ad24cbcd7d075001a428c05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cognitivism", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "The idea that judgment can be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?", "id": "5ad24cbcd7d075001a428c06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the \u2018standard objection\u2019 to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example."}], ["Emosi telah diterangkan oleh beberapa ahli teori sebagai respons diskrit dan konsisten terhadap peristiwa dalaman atau luaran yang mempunyai makna tertentu bagi organisma. Emosi adalah ringkas dalam tempoh dan terdiri daripada satu set respons yang diselaraskan, yang mungkin termasuk mekanisme lisan, fisiologi, perilaku, dan saraf. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham menerangkan semua emosi yang wujud pada intensiti berterusan. Oleh itu, ketakutan mungkin berkisar dari kebimbangan ringan kepada keganasan atau rasa malu yang mungkin timbul dari rasa malu yang mudah untuk memalukan toksik. Emosi juga telah diterangkan secara biologi dan hasil evolusi kerana mereka memberikan penyelesaian yang baik kepada masalah kuno dan berulang yang dihadapi oleh nenek moyang kita. Mood adalah perasaan yang cenderung kurang sengit daripada emosi dan yang sering tidak mempunyai rangsangan kontekstual. <> Siapa yang menggambarkan konsep intensiti intensif? || Michael C. Graham <> Apakah profesi Michael Graham? || Psikoterapi <> Apakah contoh ketakutan yang melampau? || keganasan <> Apa yang akan menjadi contoh malu ringan? || malu <> Apa perasaan yang tidak sengit yang tidak dipanggil rangsangan kontekstual? || Moods <> Siapa yang menggambarkan konsep yang tidak berterusan intensiti? || <> Apakah minat Michael Graham? || <> Apa yang bukan contoh ketakutan yang melampau? || <> Apa yang akan menjadi contoh malu tengah? || <> Apakah perasaan sengit yang tidak dipanggil rangsangan kontekstual? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?", "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596f8", "answers": [{"text": "Michael C. Graham", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Michael Graham's profession?", "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596f9", "answers": [{"text": "Psychotherapist", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an extreme form of fear?", "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596fa", "answers": [{"text": "terror", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would be an example of mild shame?", "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596fb", "answers": [{"text": "embarrassment", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?", "id": "570a6e2f4103511400d596fc", "answers": [{"text": "Moods", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michael C. Graham", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "Who described the concept of a non-continuum of intensity?", "id": "5ad24351d7d075001a4289e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Psychotherapist", "answer_start": 325}], "question": " What is Michael Graham's interest?", "id": "5ad24351d7d075001a4289e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "terror", "answer_start": 466}], "question": " What is not an example of an extreme form of fear?", "id": "5ad24351d7d075001a4289e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "embarrassment", "answer_start": 506}], "question": " What would be an example of middle shame?", "id": "5ad24351d7d075001a4289e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Moods", "answer_start": 715}], "question": " What are intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?", "id": "5ad24351d7d075001a4289e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus."}], ["Emosi, dalam ucapan setiap hari, adalah pengalaman kesedaran yang agak ringkas yang dicirikan oleh aktiviti mental yang sengit dan tahap keseronokan atau ketidakselesaan yang tinggi. Wacana saintifik telah melayang ke makna lain dan tidak ada kata sepakat mengenai definisi. Emosi sering dikaitkan dengan perasaan, perangai, keperibadian, disposisi, dan motivasi. Dalam beberapa teori, kognisi adalah aspek penting emosi. Mereka yang bertindak terutama pada emosi mungkin kelihatan seolah-olah mereka tidak berfikir, tetapi proses mental masih penting, terutamanya dalam tafsiran peristiwa. Sebagai contoh, realisasi bahaya dan kebangkitan sistem saraf yang berikutnya (mis. Degupan jantung yang cepat dan pernafasan, berpeluh, ketegangan otot) adalah penting untuk pengalaman ketakutan. Teori-teori lain, bagaimanapun, mendakwa bahawa emosi adalah berasingan dan boleh mendahului kognisi. <> Bersama perasaan, perangai, pelencongan dan motivasi, apa yang sering dikaitkan dengan emosi? || keperibadian <> Apa yang dilihat oleh beberapa teori sebagai bahagian penting emosi? || kognisi <> Bersama dengan ketegangan berpeluh dan otot, apa yang mungkin menjadi tindak balas fisiologi terhadap bahaya? || denyutan jantung yang cepat dan pernafasan <> Berpeluh adalah produk yang menggembirakan sistem apa? || saraf <> Bersama perasaan, temperamen, disposisi dan motivasi, apa emosi tidak pernah terikat? || <> Apa yang dilihat oleh beberapa teori sebagai sebahagian daripada emosi yang tidak penting? || <> Bersama dengan ketegangan berpeluh dan otot, apa yang mungkin menjadi tindak balas fisiologi terhadap bahaya? || <> Berpeluh adalah bukan produk dari gairah sistem apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?", "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f0", "answers": [{"text": "personality", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?", "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f1", "answers": [{"text": "cognition", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?", "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f2", "answers": [{"text": "rapid heartbeat and breathing", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?", "id": "570a6db44103511400d596f3", "answers": [{"text": "nervous", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personality", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion never tied to?", "id": "5ad23ce5d7d075001a42887c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cognition", "answer_start": 836}], "question": " What do some theories see as an unimportant part of emotion?", "id": "5ad23ce5d7d075001a42887d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a non-physiological response to danger?", "id": "5ad23ce5d7d075001a42887e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nervous system", "answer_start": 642}], "question": " Sweating is a not product of the arousal of what system?", "id": "5ad23ce5d7d075001a42887f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition."}], ["Sejarah emosi telah menjadi topik yang semakin popular baru-baru ini, dengan beberapa ulama berpendapat bahawa ia adalah kategori analisis penting, tidak seperti kelas, bangsa, atau jantina. Ahli-ahli sejarah, seperti saintis sosial lain, menganggap bahawa emosi, perasaan dan ekspresi mereka dikawal dengan cara yang berbeza oleh kedua-dua budaya yang berbeza dan masa bersejarah yang berbeza, dan sekolah konstruktivis sejarah mendakwa bahawa beberapa sentimen dan meta-emosi, misalnya Schadenfreude, dipelajari dan bukan hanya dikawal oleh budaya. Ahli sejarah jejak emosi dan menganalisis norma-norma dan peraturan perasaan yang berubah-ubah, sambil meneliti rejim, kod, dan leksik emosi dari perspektif sejarah sosial, budaya atau politik. Orang lain memberi tumpuan kepada sejarah perubatan, sains atau psikologi. Apa yang seseorang boleh dan boleh merasa (dan menunjukkan) dalam situasi tertentu, ke arah orang atau benda tertentu, bergantung kepada norma dan peraturan sosial. Oleh itu, ia berubah secara sejarah dan terbuka untuk berubah. Beberapa pusat penyelidikan telah dibuka beberapa tahun yang lalu di Jerman, England, Sepanyol, Sweden dan Australia. <> Apa sekolah sejarah yang mendakwa bahawa sentimen dan meta-emosi dapat dipelajari? || konstruktivist <> Menurut konstruktivis, apakah contoh emosi emosi yang dipelajari? || Schadenfreude <> Bersama Jerman, England, Sepanyol dan Australia, di mana terdapat pusat penyelidikan mengenai sejarah emosi yang baru dibuka? || Sweden <> Bersama kelas dan kaum, apa yang dianggap sebagai kategori penting dalam analisis sejarah? || jantina <> Apa sekolah sejarah mendakwa bahawa sentimen dan meta-emosi tidak dapat dipelajari? || <> Menurut konstruktivis, apa yang bukan contoh meta-emosi yang dipelajari? || <> Bersama dengan Jerman, England, Sepanyol dan Australia, di mana tidak ada pusat penyelidikan mengenai sejarah emosi yang baru dibuka? || <> Bersama kelas dan kaum, apa yang tidak dianggap sebagai kategori penting dalam analisis sejarah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?", "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970a", "answers": [{"text": "constructivist", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?", "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970b", "answers": [{"text": "Schadenfreude", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?", "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970c", "answers": [{"text": "Sweden", "answer_start": 1061}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?", "id": "570a70f04103511400d5970d", "answers": [{"text": "gender", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constructivist", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can't be learned?", "id": "5ad26049d7d075001a428fbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Schadenfreude", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "According to the constructivists, what isn't an example of a learned meta-emotion?", "id": "5ad26049d7d075001a428fbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sweden", "answer_start": 1061}], "question": "Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where hasn't a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?", "id": "5ad26049d7d075001a428fc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gender", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?", "id": "5ad26049d7d075001a428fc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia."}], ["Stanley Schachter merumuskan teorinya mengenai kerja awal seorang doktor Sepanyol, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, yang menyuntik pesakit dengan epinefrin dan kemudiannya bertanya kepada mereka bagaimana perasaan mereka. Menariknya, Mara\u00f1on mendapati bahawa kebanyakan pesakit ini merasakan sesuatu tetapi dengan tidak adanya emosi yang mendorong emosi sebenar, pesakit tidak dapat mentafsirkan rangsangan fisiologi mereka sebagai emosi yang berpengalaman. Schachter tidak bersetuju bahawa tindak balas fisiologi memainkan peranan besar dalam emosi. Beliau mencadangkan bahawa tindak balas fisiologi menyumbang kepada pengalaman emosi dengan memudahkan penilaian kognitif yang difokuskan mengenai peristiwa fisiologi yang membangkitkan dan penilaian ini adalah apa yang menentukan pengalaman emosi subjektif. Emosi adalah hasil daripada proses dua peringkat: rangsangan fisiologi am, dan pengalaman emosi. Sebagai contoh, rangsangan fisiologi, berdegup jantung, dalam tindak balas kepada rangsangan yang membangkitkan, melihat beruang di dapur. Otak kemudian memantau kawasan tersebut dengan cepat, untuk menerangkan berdebar-debar, dan notis beruang. Akibatnya, otak menafsirkan jantung berdebar sebagai hasil dari takut beruang. Dengan pelajarnya, Jerome Singer, Schachter menunjukkan bahawa subjek boleh mempunyai tindak balas emosi yang berbeza walaupun dimasukkan ke dalam keadaan fisiologi yang sama dengan suntikan epinefrin. Subjek diperhatikan untuk menyatakan sama ada kemarahan atau hiburan bergantung kepada sama ada orang lain dalam keadaan (persatuan) memaparkan emosi itu. Oleh itu, gabungan penilaian situasi (kognitif) dan penerimaan peserta adrenalin atau plasebo bersama menentukan respon. Percubaan ini telah dikritik dalam Reaksi Gut Jesse Prinz (2004). <> Pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh teori Stanley Schachter? || Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n <> Apa yang Gregorio Mara\u00f1on menyuntik pesakitnya? || epinephrine <> Apakah kewarganegaraan Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Siapa pelajar cemerlang Stanley Schachter? || Jerome Singer <> Dalam tahun berapa buku Gut Reactions oleh Jesse Prinz diterbitkan? || 2004 <> Yang kerja tidak teori Stanley Schachter dibina? || <> Apa yang Gregorio Mara\u00f1on tidak menyuntik pesakitnya? || <> Apa yang tidak kewarganegaraan Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n? || <> Siapa guru yang terkenal Stanley Schachter? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?", "id": "570a71734103511400d59712", "answers": [{"text": "Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n inject his patients with?", "id": "570a71734103511400d59713", "answers": [{"text": "epinephrine", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n?", "id": "570a71734103511400d59714", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?", "id": "570a71734103511400d59715", "answers": [{"text": "Jerome Singer", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?", "id": "570a71734103511400d59716", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 1717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n", "answer_start": 84}], "question": " Whose work didn't the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?", "id": "5ad248ded7d075001a428b7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "epinephrine", "answer_start": 129}], "question": " What did Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n not inject his patients with?", "id": "5ad248ded7d075001a428b7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 65}], "question": " What wasn't the nationality of Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n?", "id": "5ad248ded7d075001a428b7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerome Singer", "answer_start": 1168}], "question": " Who was a notable teacher of Stanley Schachter?", "id": "5ad248ded7d075001a428b7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Mara\u00f1\u00f3n found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions."}], ["Emosi boleh mendorong interaksi sosial dan hubungan dan oleh itu secara langsung berkaitan dengan fisiologi asas, terutamanya dengan sistem tekanan. Ini penting kerana emosi berkaitan dengan kompleks anti tekanan, dengan sistem lampiran oksitosin, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam ikatan. Emosi fenotip emosi mempengaruhi kesalinghubungan sosial dan kecergasan dalam sistem sosial yang kompleks (Kurt Kortschal 2013). Ciri-ciri ini dikongsi dengan spesies dan taksiran lain dan disebabkan oleh kesan gen dan penghantaran berterusan mereka. Maklumat yang dikodkan dalam jujukan DNA menyediakan rangka tindakan untuk memasang protein yang membentuk sel-sel kita. Zygote memerlukan maklumat genetik dari sel-sel kuman ibu bapa mereka, dan pada setiap peristiwa spesiasi, ciri-ciri meriah yang membolehkan nenek moyangnya untuk bertahan dan menghasilkan semula berjaya diturunkan bersama-sama dengan ciri-ciri baru yang mungkin memberi manfaat kepada anak-anak. Dalam lima juta tahun sejak tuduhan yang membawa kepada manusia moden dan cimpanzi berpecah, hanya kira-kira 1.2% bahan genetik mereka telah diubahsuai. Ini menunjukkan bahawa segala-galanya yang memisahkan kita dari simpanse mesti dikodkan dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil DNA, termasuk tingkah laku kita. Pelajar yang mengkaji kelakuan haiwan hanya mengenal pasti contoh-contoh intraspecific fenotip tingkah laku yang bergantung kepada gen. Di dalam voles (Microtus spp.) Perbezaan genetik kecil telah dikenalpasti dalam gen reseptor vasopressin yang bersesuaian dengan perbezaan spesies utama dalam organisasi sosial dan sistem kawin (Hammock & Young 2005). Satu lagi contoh yang berpotensi dengan perbezaan tingkah laku adalah gen FOCP2, yang terlibat dalam penanganan litar neural dan bahasa (Vargha-Khadem et al 2005). Bentuknya sekarang pada manusia berbeza dari cimpanzi dengan hanya beberapa mutasi dan telah wujud selama kira-kira 200,000 tahun, bersamaan dengan permulaan manusia moden (Enard et al., 2002). Ucapan, bahasa, dan organisasi sosial semuanya menjadi asas kepada emosi. <> Siapa yang menyelidik peranan fenomena fenotip emosi pada keterkaitan sosial? || Kurt Kortschal <> Dari manakah zigot memperoleh maklumat genetik mereka? || sel-sel kuman ibu bapa mereka <> Berapa peratus perbezaan antara bahan genetik manusia dan bahan genetik simpanse? || 1.2% <> Berapa juta tahun yang lalu apakah evolusi cimpanzi dan manusia menyimpang? || lima <> Berapa lama dahulu manusia manusia mula-mula muncul? || 200,000 tahun <> Siapakah yang menolak penyelidikan mengenai peranan fenotip emosional terhadap kesalinghubungan sosial? || <> Dari mana tidak zigot memperoleh maklumat genetik mereka? || <> Sebanyak persamaannya ada di antara bahan genetik manusia dan bahan genetik cimpanzi? || <> Berapa ratus tahun yang lalu, evolusi cimpanzi dan manusia menyimpang? || <> Berapa lama dahulu manusia moden tidak wujud? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?", "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4c", "answers": [{"text": "Kurt Kortschal", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?", "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4d", "answers": [{"text": "their parental germ cells", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?", "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4e", "answers": [{"text": "1.2%", "answer_start": 1059}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?", "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e4f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 963}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?", "id": "570a6c176d058f1900182e50", "answers": [{"text": "200,000 years", "answer_start": 1878}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kurt Kortschal", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Who rejected the research on the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?", "id": "5ad255afd7d075001a428d46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parental germ cells", "answer_start": 725}], "question": " From where don't zygotes derive their genetic information?", "id": "5ad255afd7d075001a428d47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.2%", "answer_start": 1059}], "question": " What percentage of similarity is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?", "id": "5ad255afd7d075001a428d48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 963}], "question": " How many hundred years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?", "id": "5ad255afd7d075001a428d49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 1878}], "question": " About how long ago did modern human beings not come into existence?", "id": "5ad255afd7d075001a428d4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems (Kurt Kortschal 2013). These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of genes and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In voles (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a vasopressin receptor gene that corresponds to major species differences in social organization and the mating system (Hammock & Young 2005). Another potential example with behavioral differences is the FOCP2 gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling speech and language (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005). Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans (Enard et al. 2002). Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions."}], ["Dalam model pemprosesan komponen Scherer emosi, lima unsur emosi penting dikatakan wujud. Dari perspektif pemprosesan komponen, pengalaman emosi dikatakan menghendaki semua proses ini diselaraskan dan disegerakkan untuk jangka masa yang singkat, didorong oleh proses penilaian. Walaupun kemasukan penilaian kognitif sebagai salah satu elemen adalah sedikit kontroversi, kerana sesetengah ahli teori membuat andaian bahawa emosi dan kognisi adalah sistem yang berasingan tetapi berinteraksi, model pemprosesan komponen menyediakan urutan kejadian yang secara berkesan menerangkan koordinasi yang terlibat semasa episod emosi . <> Apa model emosi yang dikembangkan oleh Scherer? || model pemprosesan komponen <> Berapa banyak unsur emosi yang penting hadir dalam model pemprosesan komponen? || lima <> Proses apa yang mendorong proses model pemprosesan komponen lain? || penilaian <> Apa model emosi yang belum dimajukan oleh Scherer? || <> Berapa banyak elemen emosi yang tidak penting hadir dalam model pemprosesan komponen? || <> Proses apa yang tidak memandu proses model proses pemprosesan yang lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?", "id": "570a7c684103511400d59768", "answers": [{"text": "components processing model", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?", "id": "570a7c684103511400d59769", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What processes drive the other components processing model processes?", "id": "570a7c684103511400d5976a", "answers": [{"text": "appraisal", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "components processing model", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What model of emotion was undeveloped by Scherer?", "id": "5ad24373d7d075001a4289f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "How many unimportant emotional elements are present in the components processing model?", "id": "5ad24373d7d075001a4289f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "appraisal", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What processes don't drive the other components processing model processes?", "id": "5ad24373d7d075001a4289f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Scherer's components processing model of emotion, five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist. From the component processing perspective, emotion experience is said to require that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of cognitive appraisal as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and cognition are separate but interacting systems, the component processing model provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode."}], ["Berdasarkan penemuan yang dibuat melalui pemetaan saraf sistem limbik, penjelasan neurobiologi tentang emosi manusia adalah bahawa emosi adalah keadaan mental yang menyenangkan atau tidak menyenangkan yang teratur dalam sistem limbik otak mamalia. Jika dibezakan daripada tindak balas reaktif reptilia, emosi akan menjadi penjelasan mamalia pola rangsangan vertebrata umum, di mana neurokimia (contohnya, dopamin, noradrenaline, dan serotonin) meningkatkan atau menurunkan tahap aktiviti otak, seperti yang terlihat dalam badan pergerakan, gerak isyarat dan postur. Emosi mungkin dapat dimediasi oleh feromon (lihat ketakutan). <> Sistem apa yang diperiksa untuk membangunkan penjelasan neurobiologi tentang emosi manusia? || limbic <> Apakah klasifikasi kimia yang menggunakan dopamin, serotonin dan noradrenalin? || neurokimia <> Apa bahan kimia boleh menengahi emosi? || pheromones <> Respons reaktif hadir dalam otak haiwan apa? || reptilia <> Penjelasan neurobiologi adalah khusus kepada jenis otak apa? || mamalia <> Sistem apa yang tidak diperiksa untuk membangunkan penjelasan neurobiologi tentang emosi manusia? || <> Apakah klasifikasi kimia yang menggunakan dopamin, serotonin dan noradrenalin tidak tergolong? || <> Apa bahan kimia tidak menengahi emosi? || <> Respons reaktif tidak hadir di otak haiwan apa? || <> Penjelasan neurobiologi tidak khusus kepada jenis otak apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?", "id": "570a73804103511400d5972e", "answers": [{"text": "limbic", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?", "id": "570a73804103511400d5972f", "answers": [{"text": "neurochemicals", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What chemicals may mediate emotions?", "id": "570a73804103511400d59730", "answers": [{"text": "pheromones", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?", "id": "570a73804103511400d59731", "answers": [{"text": "reptiles", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?", "id": "570a73804103511400d59732", "answers": [{"text": "mammalian", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "limbic", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What system wasn't examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?", "id": "5ad255efd7d075001a428d58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neurochemicals", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline not belong to?", "id": "5ad255efd7d075001a428d59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pheromones", "answer_start": 587}], "question": " What chemicals do not mediate emotions?", "id": "5ad255efd7d075001a428d5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reptiles", "answer_start": 276}], "question": " Reactive responses aren't present in the brains of what animals?", "id": "5ad255efd7d075001a428d5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mammalian", "answer_start": 309}], "question": " The neurobiological explanation isn't specific to what types of brains?", "id": "5ad255efd7d075001a428d5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear)."}], ["Peraturan emosi merujuk kepada strategi kognitif dan tingkah laku yang digunakan orang untuk mempengaruhi pengalaman emosi mereka sendiri. Sebagai contoh, strategi tingkah laku di mana seseorang mengelakkan situasi untuk mengelakkan emosi yang tidak diingini (mis., Cuba untuk tidak memikirkan keadaan, melakukan aktiviti mengganggu, dan sebagainya). Bergantung kepada penekanan umum sekolah pada komponen emosi kognitif, tenaga fizikal, atau pergerakan simbolik dan komponen ekspresi wajah emosi, sekolah psikoterapi yang berbeza mendekati peraturan emosi secara berbeza. Sekolah berorientasikan kognitif mendekati mereka melalui komponen kognitif mereka, seperti terapi tingkah laku emosi yang rasional. Namun yang lain mendekati emosi melalui pergerakan simbolik dan komponen ekspresi wajah (seperti dalam terapi Gestalt kontemporari). <> Apakah istilah untuk strategi yang digunakan oleh orang untuk mempengaruhi pengalaman emosi mereka? || Peraturan emosi <> Apakah jenis strategi yang melibatkan mengelakkan situasi di mana emosi yang tidak diingini mungkin dialami? || tingkah laku <> Terapi tingkah laku emosi yang rasional adalah pendekatan yang digunakan oleh sekolah psikoterapi apa? || Sekolah berorientasikan kognitif <> Terapi jenis apa yang mungkin meneliti emosi berdasarkan komponen ekspresi wajah? || Terapi Gestalt <> Apakah istilah untuk strategi yang tidak digunakan oleh orang untuk mempengaruhi pengalaman emosi mereka? || <> Apakah jenis strategi yang melibatkan mengelakkan situasi di mana emosi yang diingini mungkin dialami? || <> Terapi perilaku emosi yang rasional bukan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh sekolah psikoterapi apa? || <> Apakah jenis terapi yang mungkin tidak dapat mengkaji emosi berdasarkan komponen ekspresi wajah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?", "id": "570a72e64103511400d59726", "answers": [{"text": "Emotion regulation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?", "id": "570a72e64103511400d59727", "answers": [{"text": "behavioral", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?", "id": "570a72e64103511400d59728", "answers": [{"text": "Cognitively oriented schools", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?", "id": "570a72e64103511400d59729", "answers": [{"text": "Gestalt therapy", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emotion regulation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the term for the strategies not used by people to influence their emotional experiences?", "id": "5ad2787cd7d075001a42956a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "behavioral", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where wanted emotions might be experienced?", "id": "5ad2787cd7d075001a42956b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cognitively oriented schools", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "Rational emotive behavior therapy is not an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?", "id": "5ad2787cd7d075001a42956c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gestalt therapy", "answer_start": 806}], "question": " What sort of therapy might not examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?", "id": "5ad2787cd7d075001a42956d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy)."}], ["Selepas perkembangan ini, Randall Collins (2004) menggubal teori ritual interaksinya dengan menggambarkan karya Durkheim mengenai ritual totem yang diperluaskan oleh Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) ke dalam pertemuan setiap hari. Berdasarkan teori ritual interaksi, kami mengalami tahap yang berbeza atau intensiti tenaga emosi semasa interaksi tatap muka. Tenaga emosi dianggap sebagai perasaan keyakinan untuk mengambil tindakan dan keberanian yang dialami seseorang ketika mereka ditahan dari keefektifan kolektif yang dihasilkan semasa pertemuan kelompok yang mencapai intensitas yang tinggi. <> Siapa yang datang dengan teori ritual interaksi? || Randall Collins <> Dari apa karya Durkheim adalah teori ritual interaksi yang diperoleh? || ritual totemic <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Durkheim, yang pekerjaannya mempengaruhi perkembangan teori ritual interaksi? || Goffman <> Apakah istilah untuk rasa percaya diri untuk mengambil tindakan? || Tenaga emosi <> Apakah istilah tenaga yang dijana semasa perhimpunan kumpulan, seperti ritual totem? || effervescence kolektif <> Siapa yang menolak teori ritual interaksi? || <> Dari apa karya Durkheim bukan teori ritual interaksi yang diperoleh? || <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Durkheim, yang pekerjaannya tidak mempengaruhi perkembangan teori ritual interaksi? || <> Apakah istilah untuk perasaan yakin untuk tidak mengambil tindakan? || <> Apakah istilah untuk tenaga yang tidak dijana semasa perhimpunan kumpulan, seperti ritual totemik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?", "id": "570a79de4103511400d59756", "answers": [{"text": "Randall Collins", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?", "id": "570a79de4103511400d59757", "answers": [{"text": "totemic rituals", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?", "id": "570a79de4103511400d59758", "answers": [{"text": "Goffman", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?", "id": "570a79de4103511400d59759", "answers": [{"text": "Emotional energy", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?", "id": "570a79de4103511400d5975a", "answers": [{"text": "collective effervescence", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Randall Collins", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Who rejected the interaction ritual theory?", "id": "5ad276ded7d075001a429534", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "totemic rituals", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "From what work of Durkheim's wasn't interaction ritual theory derived?", "id": "5ad276ded7d075001a429535", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Goffman", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory?", "id": "5ad276ded7d075001a429536", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emotional energy", "answer_start": 364}], "question": " What is the term for a feeling of confidence to not take action?", "id": "5ad276ded7d075001a429537", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "collective effervescence", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "What is the term for the energy not generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?", "id": "5ad276ded7d075001a429538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity."}], ["Lebih banyak pandangan kontemporari di sepanjang spektrum psikologi evolusi menegaskan bahawa kedua-dua emosi asas dan emosi sosial berkembang untuk memotivasi (sosial) tingkah laku yang bersesuaian dalam persekitaran nenek moyang. Penyelidikan semasa [rujukan diperlukan] menunjukkan bahawa emosi adalah bahagian penting dari mana-mana pembuatan keputusan dan perancangan manusia, dan perbezaan yang terkenal antara sebab dan emosi tidak sepertinya jelas. Paul D. MacLean mendakwa bahawa emosi bersaing dengan lebih banyak respons naluri, di satu pihak, dan penalaran yang lebih abstrak, sebaliknya. Peningkatan potensi dalam neuroimaging juga telah membolehkan siasatan ke bahagian evolusi otak purba. Kemajuan neurologi penting diperolehi dari perspektif-perspektif ini pada tahun 1990-an oleh Joseph E. LeDoux dan Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa tindak balas emosi bersaing dengan naluri dan alasan? || Paul D. MacLean <> Teknologi apa yang membolehkan penyelidikan ke bahagian-bahagian otak yang telah berkembang sebelumnya? || neuroimaging <> Bersama dengan LeDoux, yang merupakan penyelidik otak neurologi yang ketara? || Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio <> Dalam sedekad apa yang dilakukan Dam\u00e1sio dan LeDoux? || 1990-an <> Siapa yang berhujah terhadap tindak balas emosi bersaing dengan naluri dan alasan? || <> Teknologi apa yang tidak dibenarkan untuk penyelidikan ke bahagian otak yang telah berkembang sebelumnya? || <> Bersama dengan LeDoux, yang bukan penyelidik otak neurologi yang ketara? || <> Dalam sedekad apa Dam\u00e1sio dan LeDoux melakukan kerja yang tidak dapat dikalahkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?", "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182eaa", "answers": [{"text": "Paul D. MacLean", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?", "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182eab", "answers": [{"text": "neuroimaging", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?", "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182eac", "answers": [{"text": "Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did Dam\u00e1sio and LeDoux do notable work?", "id": "570a7d566d058f1900182ead", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul D. MacLean", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "Who argued against emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?", "id": "5ad24633d7d075001a428adc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neuroimaging", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "What technology has disallowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?", "id": "5ad24633d7d075001a428add", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio", "answer_start": 787}], "question": "Along with LeDoux, who wasn't a notable neurological brain researcher?", "id": "5ad24633d7d075001a428ade", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 757}], "question": " In what decade did Dam\u00e1sio and LeDoux do unnotable work?", "id": "5ad24633d7d075001a428adf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems. Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio."}], ["Ini adalah teori berasaskan komunikasi yang dikembangkan oleh Howard M. Weiss dan Russell Cropanzano (1996), yang memandang sebab-sebab, struktur, dan akibat pengalaman emosi (terutama dalam konteks kerja). Teori ini menunjukkan bahawa emosi dipengaruhi dan disebabkan oleh peristiwa-peristiwa yang seterusnya mempengaruhi sikap dan tingkah laku. Bingkai teoretikal ini juga menekankan masa di mana manusia mengalami apa yang mereka panggil episod emosi - \"siri keadaan emosi diperpanjang dari masa ke masa dan dianjurkan di sekitar tema asas.\" Teori ini telah digunakan oleh banyak penyelidik untuk memahami dengan lebih baik emosi daripada lensa komunikatif, dan dikaji semula oleh Howard M. Weiss dan Daniel J. Beal dalam artikel mereka, \"Refleksi mengenai Teori Acara Affective\" yang diterbitkan dalam Penyelidikan Emosi dalam Organisasi pada tahun 2005. <> Bersama dengan Cropanzano, yang membangunkan teori berasaskan komunikasi pengalaman emosi? || Howard M. Weiss <> Bilakah Weiss dan Cropanzano menyiarkan karya mereka? || 1996 <> Apakah konteks apakah teori Weiss dan Cropanzano memberi perhatian khusus? || kerja <> Siapa yang Beal menulis \"Refleksi mengenai Teori Acara Affective\" dengan? || Howard M. Weiss <> Di manakah \"Refleksi mengenai Teori Peristiwa Affektif\" yang diterbitkan? || Penyelidikan Mengenai Emosi dalam Organisasi <> Bersama dengan Cropanzano, yang tidak membangunkan teori berasaskan komunikasi pengalaman emosi? || <> Bilakah Weiss dan Cropanzano menolak kerja mereka? || <> Apakah konteks apakah teori Weiss dan Cropanzano tidak memberi perhatian? || <> Siapa yang Beal melukis \"Refleksi mengenai Teori Peristiwa Affective\" dengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?", "id": "570a7de94103511400d5976e", "answers": [{"text": "Howard M. Weiss", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?", "id": "570a7de94103511400d5976f", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?", "id": "570a7de94103511400d59770", "answers": [{"text": "work", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Beal write \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" with?", "id": "570a7de94103511400d59771", "answers": [{"text": "Howard M. Weiss", "answer_start": 666}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" published?", "id": "570a7de94103511400d59772", "answers": [{"text": "Research on Emotion in Organizations", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard M. Weiss", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Along with Cropanzano, who did not develop a communication-based theory of emotional experience?", "id": "5ad253a8d7d075001a428d1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 90}], "question": " When did Weiss and Cropanzano reject their work?", "id": "5ad253a8d7d075001a428d1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "work", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano not pay any attention to?", "id": "5ad253a8d7d075001a428d1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard M. Weiss", "answer_start": 666}], "question": " Who did Beal draw \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" with?", "id": "5ad253a8d7d075001a428d1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes\u2014 a \"series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme.\" This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005."}], ["Melalui penggunaan penskalaan multidimensi, ahli psikologi dapat memaparkan pengalaman emosi yang sama, yang membolehkan gambaran visual \"jarak emosi\" antara pengalaman. Langkah seterusnya boleh diambil dengan melihat dimensi peta pengalaman emosi. Pengalaman emosi dibahagikan kepada dua dimensi yang dikenali sebagai valensi (betapa negatif atau positif pengalaman yang dirasakan) dan rangsangan (betapa energized atau enervated pengalaman merasakan). Kedua-dua dimensi ini boleh digambarkan pada peta koordinat 2D. Peta dua dimensi ini berteori untuk menangkap satu komponen penting emosi yang dipanggil teras mempengaruhi. Kesan teras bukanlah satu-satunya komponen emosi, tetapi memberikan emosi yang hedonik dan merasakan tenaga. <> Apa yang digunakan psikologi untuk memvisualkan pengalaman emosi secara visual? || multidimensional scaling <> Bersama valensi, apakah yang lain dari kedua-dua dimensi ini digunakan untuk memetakan pengalaman emosi? || arousal <> Apakah istilah untuk perasaan tenaga atau pemuliharaan yang dihasilkan oleh pengalaman emosi? || rangsangan <> Apakah istilah untuk sejauh mana pengalaman emosi berasa positif atau negatif? || valence <> Apa komponen emosi yang memberikan tenaga yang dirasakannya? || teras mempengaruhi <> Apa yang digunakan oleh ahli psikologi untuk pengalaman emosional peta visual? || <> Bersama dengan valensi, apakah yang satu lagi dari tiga dimensi yang digunakan untuk memetakan pengalaman emosi? || <> Apa istilah untuk perasaan tenaga atau pemuliharaan yang dibuat oleh pengalaman emosi? || <> Apakah istilah untuk sejauh mana pengalaman bukan emosi berasa positif atau negatif? || <> Komponen apa yang tidak emosi menyediakan tenaga yang dirasakannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?", "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea0", "answers": [{"text": "multidimensional scaling", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?", "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea1", "answers": [{"text": "arousal", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?", "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea2", "answers": [{"text": "arousal", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?", "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea3", "answers": [{"text": "valence", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?", "id": "570a7cdb6d058f1900182ea4", "answers": [{"text": "core affect", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multidimensional scaling", "answer_start": 19}], "question": " What do psychologists use to non-visually map emotional experiences?", "id": "5ad24477d7d075001a428a5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arousal", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "Along with valence, what is the other of the three dimensions used to map emotional experiences?", "id": "5ad24477d7d075001a428a5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arousal", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What isn't the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?", "id": "5ad24477d7d075001a428a60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "valence", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What is the term for the degree to which an non-emotional experience feels positive or negative?", "id": "5ad24477d7d075001a428a61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Core affect", "answer_start": 628}], "question": " What component of non-emotion provides its perceived energy?", "id": "5ad24477d7d075001a428a62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Through the use of multidimensional scaling, psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences, which allows a visual depiction of the \"emotional distance\" between experiences. A further step can be taken by looking at the map's dimensions of the emotional experiences. The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence (how negative or positive the experience feels) and arousal (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map. This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy."}], ["Pada tahun 2000an, penyelidikan dalam bidang sains komputer, kejuruteraan, psikologi dan neurosains telah ditujukan untuk membangunkan peranti yang mengiktiraf kesan emosi paparan dan model manusia. Dalam sains komputer, pengkomputeran afektif adalah cabang kajian dan perkembangan kecerdasan buatan yang berkaitan dengan reka bentuk sistem dan peranti yang dapat mengenali, mentafsirkan, dan memproses emosi manusia. Ia adalah bidang interdisipliner yang merangkumi sains komputer, psikologi, dan sains kognitif. Walaupun asal-usul bidang itu mungkin dikesan sejauh pertanyaan falsafah awal ke dalam emosi, cabang komputer sains yang lebih moden berasal dari kertas 1995 Rosalind Picard mengenai pengkomputeran afektif. Mengesan maklumat emosi bermula dengan sensor pasif yang menangkap data tentang keadaan fizikal pengguna atau tingkah laku tanpa mentafsirkan input. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah sama dengan isyarat yang digunakan oleh manusia untuk merasakan emosi pada orang lain. Satu lagi bidang dalam komputasi afektif ialah reka bentuk peranti pengiraan yang dicadangkan untuk mempamerkan keupayaan emosi semula jadi atau yang mampu meyakinkan emosi. Pemprosesan ucapan emosi mengiktiraf keadaan emosi pengguna dengan menganalisis corak ucapan. Pengesanan dan pemprosesan ekspresi wajah atau isyarat tubuh dicapai melalui pengesan dan sensor. <> Daripada apa disiplin apakah pengkomputeran afektif suatu cabang? || sains komputer <> Apakah dokumen asas pengkomputeran afektif? || 1995 kertas Rosalind Picard <> Dalam pengkomputeran afektif, peranti apa yang digunakan untuk mengumpul data mengenai keadaan fizikal pengguna? || sensor pasif <> Bagaimana pemprosesan ucapan emosi menentukan keadaan emosi pengguna? || menganalisis corak ucapan <> Daripada disiplin apa yang tidak mempengaruhi pengkomputeran cabang? || <> Apa itu dokumen asas pengkomputeran afektif? || <> Dalam pengkomputeran afektif, peranti apa yang tidak digunakan untuk mengumpul data tentang keadaan fizikal pengguna? || <> Bagaimana pemprosesan ucapan emosi menentukan keadaan bukan emosi pengguna? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?", "id": "570a7b204103511400d59760", "answers": [{"text": "computer science", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the foundational document of affective computing?", "id": "570a7b204103511400d59761", "answers": [{"text": "Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?", "id": "570a7b204103511400d59762", "answers": [{"text": "passive sensors", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?", "id": "570a7b204103511400d59763", "answers": [{"text": "analyzing speech patterns", "answer_start": 1214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "computer science", "answer_start": 26}], "question": " Of what discipline isn't affective computing a branch?", "id": "5ad278d6d7d075001a42958e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper", "answer_start": 658}], "question": " What isn't the foundational document of affective computing?", "id": "5ad278d6d7d075001a42958f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passive sensors", "answer_start": 755}], "question": "In affective computing, what devices aren't used to collect data about the physical state of a user?", "id": "5ad278d6d7d075001a429590", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "analyzing speech patterns", "answer_start": 1214}], "question": "How does emotional speech processing determine a user's non-emotional state?", "id": "5ad278d6d7d075001a429591", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors."}], ["Emosi melibatkan komponen yang berbeza, seperti pengalaman subjektif, proses kognitif, tingkah laku ekspresif, perubahan psikofisiologi, dan tingkah laku instrumental. Pada satu masa, ahli akademik cuba mengenal pasti emosi dengan salah satu komponen: William James dengan pengalaman subjektif, behavioris dengan tingkah laku instrumental, psikofisiologi dengan perubahan fisiologi, dan sebagainya. Baru-baru ini, emosi dikatakan terdiri daripada semua komponen. Komponen emosi yang berbeza dikategorikan agak berbeza bergantung pada disiplin akademik. Dalam psikologi dan falsafah, emosi biasanya merangkumi pengalaman subjektif dan sadar yang dicirikan terutamanya oleh ungkapan psychophysiological, reaksi biologi, dan keadaan mental. Deskripsi emosi yang sama multikomponen terdapat dalam sosiologi. Sebagai contoh, Peggy Thoits menggambarkan emosi sebagai melibatkan komponen fisiologi, label budaya atau emosi (mis., Kemarahan, kejutan dan sebagainya), tindakan badan ekspresif, dan penilaian situasi dan konteks. <> Bersama dengan pengalaman subjektif, proses kognitif, tingkah laku ekspresif dan perubahan psikofisiologi, apakah komponen emosi lain yang ketara? || tingkah laku instrumental <> Dengan apa komponen emosi William James mengenal pasti emosi? || Pengalaman subjektif <> Apakah komponen emosi yang dilakukan oleh behavioris mengenal pasti emosi? || tingkah laku instrumental <> Apa akademik mengenal pasti emosi dengan perubahan fisiologi? || psikofisiologi <> Yang membincangkan emosi dalam konteks tindakan badan ekspresif dan label budaya? || Peggy Thoits <> Bersama pengalaman subjektif, proses kognitif, tingkah laku ekspresif dan perubahan psikofisiologi, apakah komponen lain yang tidak dapat dilihat? || <> Dengan komponen yang tidak disengajakan apakah William James mengenal pasti emosi? || <> Komponen emosi apakah yang tidak mengenal pasti emosi? || <> Apa akademik tidak mengenal pasti emosi dengan perubahan fisiologi? || <> Siapa yang membincangkan emosi daripada konteks tindakan badan ekspresif dan label budaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?", "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e8e", "answers": [{"text": "instrumental behavior", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?", "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e8f", "answers": [{"text": "subjective experience", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?", "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e90", "answers": [{"text": "instrumental behavior", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?", "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e91", "answers": [{"text": "psychophysiologists", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?", "id": "570a7c016d058f1900182e92", "answers": [{"text": "Peggy Thoits", "answer_start": 853}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "instrumental behavior", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable unemotional component?", "id": "5ad23e14d7d075001a4288aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "subjective experience", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "With what unemotional component did William James identify emotion?", "id": "5ad23e14d7d075001a4288ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "instrumental behavior", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What emotional component did behaviorists not identify emotion with?", "id": "5ad23e14d7d075001a4288ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychophysiological", "answer_start": 692}], "question": " What academics did not identify emotions with physiological changes?", "id": "5ad23e14d7d075001a4288ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peggy Thoits", "answer_start": 853}], "question": "Who discussed emotions out of the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?", "id": "5ad23e14d7d075001a4288ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts."}], ["Banyak disiplin yang berbeza telah menghasilkan kerja pada emosi. Sains manusia mengkaji peranan emosi dalam proses mental, gangguan, dan mekanisme neural. Dalam psikiatri, emosi diperiksa sebagai sebahagian daripada kajian disiplin dan rawatan gangguan mental pada manusia. Kajian emosi sebagai sebahagian daripada pendekatannya terhadap penyediaan penjagaan kesihatan holistik kepada manusia. Psikologi mengkaji emosi dari perspektif saintifik dengan merawat mereka sebagai proses dan kelakuan mental dan mereka meneroka proses fisiologi dan neurologi yang mendasari. Dalam sub-bidang neurosains seperti neurosains sosial dan saraf afektif, saintis mengkaji mekanisme neural emosi dengan menggabungkan neurosains dengan kajian psikologi tentang keperibadian, emosi, dan suasana hati. Dalam linguistik, ekspresi emosi mungkin berubah kepada pengertian bunyi. Dalam pendidikan, peranan emosi berhubung dengan pembelajaran diperiksa. <> Apakah disiplin mengkaji peranan emosi dalam mekanisme neural? || Sains manusia <> Bidang apa yang mengkaji peranan emosi dalam rawatan gangguan mental manusia? || psikiatri <> Apa profesion mengkaji peranan emosi dalam menyediakan penjagaan kesihatan holistik? || Kejururawatan <> Apa neurosains afektif yang sub-bidang? || neurosains <> Bidang apa yang mengkaji hubungan antara emosi dan pembelajaran? || pendidikan <> Apakah disiplin tidak mengkaji peranan emosi dalam mekanisme saraf? || <> Bidang apa yang mengkaji peranan emosi dalam rawatan gangguan mental bukan manusia? || <> Profesion apa yang mengkaji peranan emosi dalam menyediakan penjagaan kesihatan bukan holistik? || <> Apa neurosains afektif bukan sub-bidang? || <> Bidang apa yang tidak mempelajari hubungan antara emosi dan pembelajaran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?", "id": "570a775d4103511400d59742", "answers": [{"text": "Human sciences", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?", "id": "570a775d4103511400d59743", "answers": [{"text": "psychiatry", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?", "id": "570a775d4103511400d59744", "answers": [{"text": "Nursing", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?", "id": "570a775d4103511400d59745", "answers": [{"text": "neuroscience", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?", "id": "570a775d4103511400d59746", "answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Human sciences", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What discipline doesn't study the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?", "id": "5ad257fbd7d075001a428db2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychiatry", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of non-human mental disorders?", "id": "5ad257fbd7d075001a428db3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nursing", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What profession studies the role of emotions in providing non-holistic health care?", "id": "5ad257fbd7d075001a428db4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neuroscience", "answer_start": 563}], "question": " What is affective neuroscience not a sub-field of?", "id": "5ad257fbd7d075001a428db5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 865}], "question": " What field doesn't study the relationship between emotion and learning?", "id": "5ad257fbd7d075001a428db6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined."}], ["Pusat motor reptilia bereaksi dengan isyarat deria penglihatan, bunyi, sentuhan, kimia, graviti, dan pergerakan dengan pergerakan badan yang telah ditetapkan dan postur yang diprogramkan. Dengan ketibaan mamalia aktif malam, bau menggantikan penglihatan sebagai pengertian yang dominan, dan cara yang berbeza bertindak balas timbul dari rasa pencium, yang dicadangkan telah berkembang menjadi emosi mamalia dan ingatan emosi. Otak mamalia berinvestasi berat dalam penapaian untuk berjaya di malam hari sebagai reptilia tidur-satu penjelasan mengapa lobak olfactory dalam otak mamalia adalah lebih besar berbanding reptilia. Laluan bau ini secara beransur-ansur membentuk pelan neural untuk apa yang kemudiannya menjadi otak limbik kita. <> Apa bahagian reptilia bertindak balas terhadap isyarat deria? || pusat motor <> Apakah makhluk utama mamalia aktif malam? || Bau <> Mengapa mamalia awal aktif pada waktu malam? || reptilia tidur <> Apa yang dibangunkan dari laluan bau mamalia? || otak limbik <> Bagaimana lobak mamalia pencium membandingkan saiznya dengan reptilia? || lebih besar <> Apakah bahagian reptilia tidak bertindak balas terhadap isyarat deria? || <> Apa gunanya mamalia aktif pagi? || <> Mengapa mamalia awal aktif pada waktu pagi? || <> Apa yang dibangunkan dari laluan sonik mamalia? || <> Bagaimanakah cuping mamalia penciuman tidak membandingkan saiznya dengan reptilia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?", "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d59778", "answers": [{"text": "motor centers", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?", "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d59779", "answers": [{"text": "smell", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were early mammals active at night?", "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d5977a", "answers": [{"text": "reptiles slept", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?", "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d5977b", "answers": [{"text": "limbic brain", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?", "id": "570a7e7c4103511400d5977c", "answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "motor centers", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What parts of reptiles don't respond to sensory cues?", "id": "5ad25680d7d075001a428d6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "smell", "answer_start": 202}], "question": " What is the principal sense of morning-active mammals?", "id": "5ad25680d7d075001a428d6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reptiles slept", "answer_start": 467}], "question": " Why were early mammals active in the morning?", "id": "5ad25680d7d075001a428d6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "limbic brain", "answer_start": 681}], "question": " What developed from the mammalian sonic pathways?", "id": "5ad25680d7d075001a428d6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "How do the olfactory lobes of mammals not compare in size to those of reptiles?", "id": "5ad25680d7d075001a428d70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept\u2014one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain."}], ["Ini masih membiarkan persoalan sama ada bertentangan dengan pendekatan dalam korteks prefrontal lebih baik digambarkan sebagai bergerak (Model Arah), sebagai tidak bergerak tetapi dengan kekuatan dan rintangan (Pergerakan Model), atau sebagai tidak bergerak dengan menghasilkan pasif (Model Kecenderungan Tindakan) . Sokongan untuk Model Kecenderungan Tindakan (pasif yang berkaitan dengan aktiviti prefrontal kanan) datang dari penyelidikan tentang rasa malu dan penyelidikan mengenai perencatan tingkah laku. Penyelidikan yang menguji hipotesis bersaing yang dihasilkan oleh semua empat model juga menyokong Model Kecenderungan Tindakan. <> Model apa yang menggambarkan kebalikan pendekatan sebagai bergerak? || Model Arah <> Model apa yang menggambarkan pendekatan bertentangan sebagai tidak bergerak tetapi dengan rintangan dan kekuatan? || Model Pergerakan <> Menurut Model Kecenderungan Tindakan, bertentangan dengan pendekatan digambarkan sebagai tidak bergerak dengan apa? || Hasil pasif <> Bersama dengan perencatan perilaku, penyelidikan mengenai sifat apa yang menyebabkan sokongan untuk Model Kecenderungan Tindakan? || malu <> Apa model tidak menggambarkan kebalikan dari pendekatan sebagai bergerak? || <> Model apa yang menggambarkan pendekatan yang sama seperti tidak bergerak tetapi dengan rintangan dan kekuatan? || <> Menurut Model Kecenderungan Tindakan, pendekatan yang sama digambarkan sebagai tidak bergerak dengan apa? || <> Bersama dengan perencatan tingkah laku, penyelidikan mengenai sifat apa yang tidak menghasilkan sokongan untuk Model Kecenderungan Tindakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?", "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb2", "answers": [{"text": "Direction Model", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?", "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb3", "answers": [{"text": "Movement Model", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?", "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb4", "answers": [{"text": "passive yielding", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?", "id": "570a7f296d058f1900182eb5", "answers": [{"text": "shyness", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Direction Model", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What model did not describe the opposite of approach as moving away?", "id": "5ad257a0d7d075001a428d90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Movement Model", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What model described the same approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?", "id": "5ad257a0d7d075001a428d91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passivity", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "According to the Action Tendency Model, the similar approach is described as unmoving with what?", "id": "5ad257a0d7d075001a428d92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shyness", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait did not result in support for the Action Tendency Model?", "id": "5ad257a0d7d075001a428d93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model."}], ["Percubaan sering dibuat untuk mengawal emosi sesuai dengan konvensi masyarakat dan keadaan berdasarkan banyak permintaan (permintaan) yang kadang-kadang bertentangan dan yang diharapkan dari berbagai entiti. Emosi kemarahan adalah dalam banyak kebudayaan yang tidak digalakkan oleh perempuan dan wanita, sementara ketakutan tidak digalakkan dalam lelaki dan lelaki. Jangkaan yang dilampirkan kepada peranan sosial, seperti \"bertindak sebagai lelaki\" dan bukan sebagai seorang wanita, dan \"peraturan perasaan\" yang menyertainya menyumbang kepada perbezaan dalam ekspresi emosi tertentu. Sesetengah budaya menggalakkan atau tidak menggalakkan kebahagiaan, kesedihan, atau cemburu, dan ekspresi emosi yang melucukan dianggap tidak dapat diterima secara sosial dalam kebanyakan kebudayaan. Sesetengah institusi sosial dilihat berdasarkan emosi tertentu, seperti cinta dalam hal institusi perkahwinan kontemporari. Dalam iklan, seperti kempen kesihatan dan mesej politik, rayuan emosi biasanya dijumpai. Contoh terkini termasuk kempen kesihatan tanpa merokok dan kempen politik yang menekankan ketakutan terhadap keganasan. <> Emosi apa yang membuat banyak budaya tidak menggalakkan wanita? || kemarahan <> Sesetengah budaya cuba mengawal emosi lelaki? || takut <> ekspresi terbuka tentang apa emosi pada umumnya berkerut dalam kebanyakan kebudayaan? || jijik <> Apa institusi sosial dikaitkan dengan emosi cinta? || perkahwinan <> Apa emosi yang dilakukan oleh kempen politik yang berkaitan dengan keganasan? || takut <> Apa emosi yang banyak menggalakkan budaya wanita? || <> Sesetengah budaya cuba mengawal emosi wanita? || <> Ungkapan yang terbuka tentang emosi yang diterima umum dalam kebanyakan kebudayaan? || <> Apa institusi sosial tidak dikaitkan dengan emosi cinta? || <> Apa emosi yang dilakukan kempen politik tidak merayu terhadap keganasan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?", "id": "570a803f4103511400d59796", "answers": [{"text": "anger", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?", "id": "570a803f4103511400d59797", "answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?", "id": "570a803f4103511400d59798", "answers": [{"text": "disgust", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?", "id": "570a803f4103511400d59799", "answers": [{"text": "marriage", "answer_start": 808}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?", "id": "570a803f4103511400d5979a", "answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 1013}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anger", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What emotion do many cultures encourage in women?", "id": "5ad2616cd7d075001a42902c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 292}], "question": " Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in women?", "id": "5ad2616cd7d075001a42902d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "disgust", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "The open expression of what emotion is generally accepted in most cultures?", "id": "5ad2616cd7d075001a42902e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marriage", "answer_start": 808}], "question": " What social institution is not associated with the emotion of love?", "id": "5ad2616cd7d075001a42902f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fear", "answer_start": 1013}], "question": "What emotion do political campaigns not appeal to in regard to terrorism?", "id": "5ad2616cd7d075001a429030", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged in boys and men. Expectations attached to social roles, such as \"acting as man\" and not as a woman, and the accompanying \"feeling rules\" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as love in the case of contemporary institution of marriage. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism."}], ["Dalam bidang sains, sains sosial yang mengkaji pengeluaran, pengedaran, dan penggunaan barangan dan perkhidmatan, emosi dianalisis dalam beberapa sub-bidang mikroekonomi, untuk menilai peranan emosi mengenai keputusan pembelian dan persepsi risiko. Dalam kriminologi, pendekatan sains sosial untuk mengkaji jenayah, para sarjana sering menggunakan sains tingkah laku, sosiologi, dan psikologi; emosi diperiksa dalam isu-isu kriminologi seperti teori anomie dan kajian tentang \"ketangguhan,\" tingkah laku agresif, dan hooliganisme. Dalam undang-undang, yang menegaskan ketaatan, politik, ekonomi dan masyarakat sivil, bukti mengenai emosi orang sering dinaikkan dalam tuntutan undang-undang tort untuk pampasan dan dalam pendakwaan undang-undang jenayah terhadap penuduh yang melanggar undang-undang (sebagai bukti keadaan defendan semasa percubaan, perbicaraan parole). Dalam sains politik, emosi diperiksa dalam beberapa sub-bidang, seperti analisis pengambilan keputusan pengundi. <> Dalam subkategori ekonomi apa emosi dibincangkan? || microeconomics <> Apakah subfield sains politik yang ketara di mana emosi dianalisis? || analisis pengambilan keputusan pengundi <> Bersama dengan undang-undang jenayah, apakah aspek hukum yang menganggap bukti yang berkaitan dengan emosi? || undang-undang tort <> Bersama sosiologi dan sains tingkah laku, disiplin apa yang memberitahu bidang kriminologi? || psikologi <> Bersama dengan persepsi risiko, apa yang dikaji oleh para ahli ekonomi mengenai emosi? || membuat keputusan membuat keputusan <> Dalam subkategori ekonomi apakah emosi tidak dibincangkan? || <> Apa yang tidak subfield sains politik terkenal di mana emosi dianalisis? || <> Bersama dengan undang-undang jenayah, apakah aspek undang-undang yang tidak mempertimbangkan bukti yang berkaitan dengan emosi? || <> Bersama dengan sosiologi dan sains tingkah laku, disiplin apa yang tidak memberitahu bidang kriminologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?", "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59782", "answers": [{"text": "microeconomics", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?", "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59783", "answers": [{"text": "the analysis of voter decision-making", "answer_start": 926}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?", "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59784", "answers": [{"text": "tort law", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?", "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59785", "answers": [{"text": "psychology", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?", "id": "570a7fbf4103511400d59786", "answers": [{"text": "purchase decision-making", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microeconomics", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "In what economics sub-field are emotions not discussed?", "id": "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "analysis of voter decision-making", "answer_start": 930}], "question": "What is not a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?", "id": "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tort law", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "Along with criminal law, what facet of law doesn't consider evidence related to emotion?", "id": "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "psychology", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline does not inform the field of criminology?", "id": "5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of \"toughness,\" aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In law, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In political science, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making."}]], [["Dibentuk pada tahun 1878, Everton telah menubuhkan ahli-ahli The Football League pada 1888 dan memenangi kejuaraan liga pertama mereka dua musim kemudian. Berikutan empat gelaran liga dan dua kemenangan FA Cup, Everton mengalami kecanggihan dalam jawatan segera selepas Perang Dunia Kedua sehingga kebangkitan pada 1960-an yang menyaksikan kelab memenangi dua kejohanan liga dan Piala FA. Pertengahan 1980-an mewakili tempoh kejayaan mereka yang paling baru, dengan dua kejayaan Kejohanan Liga, Piala FA, dan Piala Pemenang Piala Eropah 1985. Trofi trofi paling terkini adalah Piala FA 1995. Penyokong kelab dikenali sebagai Evertonians. <> Bilakah Kelab Everton diasaskan? || 1878 <> Dalam apa dekad pernah mengalami kebangkitan semula Everton? || 1960-an <> Berapa banyak kejohanan liga yang pernah dimenangi oleh Everton pada 1960-an? || dua <> Bilakah piala trofi Everton yang dianugerahkan? || 1995 <> Apa nama samaran digunakan untuk penyokong kelab Everton? || Evertonians <> Yang memenangi kejuaraan liga pertama Liga Bola Sepak? || <> Dalam apa dekad apakah Perang Dunia Kedua berlaku? || <> Siapa pemenang Piala Eropah pertama? || <> Pada tahun apakah Everton memenangi Piala FA pertama? || <> Siapa yang memenangi Piala FA pada tahun 1985? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Everton club founded?", "id": "570a81684103511400d597aa", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did Everton experience a revival?", "id": "570a81684103511400d597ab", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s?", "id": "570a81684103511400d597ac", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Everton's most recent trophy awarded?", "id": "570a81684103511400d597ad", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?", "id": "570a81684103511400d597ae", "answers": [{"text": "Evertonians", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Who won The Football League's first league championship?", "id": "5a395ee32f14dd001ac722af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "In what decade did World War Two occur?", "id": "5a395ee32f14dd001ac722b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Who were the first European Cup winners?", "id": "5a395ee32f14dd001ac722b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "In what year did Everton win its first FA cup?", "id": "5a395ee32f14dd001ac722b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "Who won the FA cup in 1985?", "id": "5a395ee32f14dd001ac722b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later. Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup. The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success, with two League Championship successes, an FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup. The club's supporters are known as Evertonians."}], ["Menara itu telah berkait rapat dengan kawasan Everton sejak dibina pada tahun 1787. Ia pada asalnya digunakan sebagai penjajah untuk memenjarakan kebanyakan pemabuk dan penjahat kecil, dan masih berdiri hari ini di Everton Brow di Netherfield Road. Menara itu diiringi oleh dua laurel wreaths di kedua-dua belah pihak dan, menurut College of Arms di London, Kelly memilih untuk memasukkan kejayaan sebagai tanda pemenang. The crest diiringi oleh motto kelab, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum\", yang bermaksud \"Tidak ada yang terbaik tetapi yang terbaik\". <> Bilakah Menara itu dibina? || 1787 <> Untuk apa tujuan pertama digunakan Tower? || bridewell <> Di jalan apa yang terdapat di Menara itu? || Netherfield <> Apakah moto kelab Everton? || Tiada Satis Nisi Optimum <> Apa moto kelab Everton, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum,\" bererti dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Tiada apa-apa tetapi yang terbaik adalah cukup baik <> Dalam tahun apakah kedua-dua wreaths laurel pertama kali diletakkan di The Tower? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab membina Menara itu? || <> Dalam tahun apakah bola sepak mula bermain secara profesional di Everton? || <> Siapa yang menulis moto itu, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum\"? || <> Pada tahun apakah College of Arms ditubuhkan di London? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Tower constructed?", "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec4", "answers": [{"text": "1787", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what purpose was the Tower first used?", "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec5", "answers": [{"text": "bridewell", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what road is the Tower located on?", "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec6", "answers": [{"text": "Netherfield", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Everton club motto?", "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec7", "answers": [{"text": "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Everton club motto, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum,\" mean in English?", "id": "570a7fd06d058f1900182ec8", "answers": [{"text": "Nothing but the best is good enough", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1787", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "In what year were the two laurel wreaths first laid at The Tower?", "id": "5a3969212f14dd001ac722f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kelly", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Who was responsible for building The Tower?", "id": "5a3969212f14dd001ac722f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1787", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "In what year did football first get played professionally in Everton?", "id": "5a3969212f14dd001ac722f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kelly", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Who wrote the motto, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum\"?", "id": "5a3969212f14dd001ac722f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1787", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "In what year was the College of Arms established in London?", "id": "5a3969212f14dd001ac722f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Tower has been inextricably linked with the Everton area since its construction in 1787. It was originally used as a bridewell to incarcerate mainly drunks and minor criminals, and it still stands today on Everton Brow in Netherfield Road. The tower was accompanied by two laurel wreaths on either side and, according to the College of Arms in London, Kelly chose to include the laurels as they were the sign of winners. The crest was accompanied by the club motto, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum\", meaning \"Nothing but the best is good enough\"."}], ["Pada hari pertandingan, dalam tradisi yang kembali ke 1962, para pemain pergi ke tema lagu Z-Cars, yang dinamakan \"Johnny Todd\", lagu kanak-kanak tradisional Liverpool yang dikumpul pada tahun 1890 oleh Frank Kidson yang menceritakan kisah seorang pelaut yang dikhianati olehnya kekasih semasa pergi ke laut, walaupun pada dua kesempatan berasingan pada tahun 1994, mereka berlari ke lagu yang berbeza. Pada bulan Ogos 1994, kelab itu memainkan 2 lagu Unlimited \"Get Ready For This\", dan sebulan kemudian, kerja ulang tahun Creedence Clearwater Revival klasik \"Bad Moon Rising\". Kedua-duanya dipenuhi dengan penolakan sepenuhnya oleh peminat Everton. <> Apakah nama lagu tema yang dimainkan oleh pemain di Everton? || Johnny Todd <> Dimana \"Johnny Todd\" - lagu tema untuk perlawanan Everton - berasal? || Liverpool <> Tahun berapa pemain Everton keluar untuk lagu lain selain \"Johnny Todd\"? || 1994 <> Apa reaksi orang ramai kepada lagu-lagu tema pengganti Everton pada tahun 1994? || penolakan <> lagu apa kelab Everton menggantikan tema pelarian pemainnya pada Ogos 1994? || Dapatkan Sedia Untuk Ini <> Pada tahun apakah \"Bad Moon Rising\" dibebaskan? || <> Pada tahun apakah \"Dapatkan Sedia Untuk Ini\" dibebaskan? || <> Musisi mana yang menulis \"Bad Moon Rising\"? || <> Siapa yang menulis \"Dapatkan Sedia untuk Ini\"? || <> Dalam tahun berapa Z-Cars mempunyai \"Johnny Todd\" menjadi lagu tema? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the theme song that players walk out to on Everton matchdays?", "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ece", "answers": [{"text": "Johnny Todd", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did \"Johnny Todd\"--the theme song for Everton matchdays--originate?", "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ecf", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Everton players walk out to a song other than \"Johnny Todd\"?", "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ed0", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994?", "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ed1", "answers": [{"text": "disapproval", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994?", "id": "570a807e6d058f1900182ed2", "answers": [{"text": "Get Ready For This", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "In what year was \"Bad Moon Rising\" released?", "id": "5a396d042f14dd001ac72325", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "In what year was \"Get Ready For This\" released?", "id": "5a396d042f14dd001ac72326", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Kidson", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Which musician wrote \"Bad Moon Rising\"?", "id": "5a396d042f14dd001ac72327", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Kidson", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Who wrote \"Get Ready for This\"?", "id": "5a396d042f14dd001ac72328", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "In what year Z-Cars have \"Johnny Todd\" become its theme song?", "id": "5a396d042f14dd001ac72329", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On matchdays, in a tradition going back to 1962, players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars, named \"Johnny Todd\", a traditional Liverpool children's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea, although on two separate occasions in the 1994, they ran out to different songs. In August 1994, the club played 2 Unlimited's song \"Get Ready For This\", and a month later, a reworking of the Creedence Clearwater Revival classic \"Bad Moon Rising\". Both were met with complete disapproval by Everton fans."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2013, kelab itu melancarkan puncak baharu untuk memperbaiki kebolehan semula reka bentuk dalam media cetakan dan penyiaran, terutamanya secara kecil-kecilan. Pengkritik [yang] mencadangkan bahawa ia adalah tekanan luaran dari pengeluar sukan Nike, Inc. yang menimbulkan reka bentuk semula kerana bilangan warna telah dikurangkan dan kesan radial telah dikeluarkan, menjadikan kit itu lebih cekap untuk menghasilkan semula. ] Reka bentuk semula kurang diterima oleh penyokong, dengan tinjauan pendapat di laman peminat Everton mencatatkan 91% tindak balas negatif ke puncak. Petisyen protes mencecah lebih 22,000 tandatangan sebelum kelab itu menawarkan permintaan maaf dan mengumumkan puncak baru akan diwujudkan untuk musim 2014-15 dengan penekanan pada konsultasi peminat. Tidak lama selepas itu, Ketua Pemasaran meninggalkan kelab itu. <> Bilakah Everton FC melancarkan puncak baru mereka? || 2013 <> Apa syarikat yang mengkritik mencadangkan tekanan Everton FC untuk mengubah puncak mereka? || Nike <> Bagaimana reka bentuk reka bentuk Everton FC yang diterima oleh peminat? || kurang <> Berapa peratus peminat mempunyai reaksi negatif terhadap reka bentuk semula puncak Everton FC pada tahun 2013? || 91 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menandatangani petisyen sebagai protes terhadap reka bentuk semula puncak Everton FC pada tahun 2013? || lebih 22,000 <> Apakah penilaian kelulusan puncak Everton asal? || <> Dalam bulan apakah musim 2014-15 bermula untuk Everton? || <> Berapa peratuskah orang mempunyai tindak balas yang positif terhadap puncak baru, bertentangan dengan mereka yang negatif atau tidak peduli? || <> Berapa banyak undi di sana di laman peminat Everton tentang puncak baru? || <> Eksekutif mana yang mengeluarkan permintaan maaf untuk Everton? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Everton FC launch their new crest?", "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d0", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest?", "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d1", "answers": [{"text": "Nike", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the Everton FC's crest redesign received by fans?", "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d2", "answers": [{"text": "poorly", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?", "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d3", "answers": [{"text": "91", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?", "id": "570a82f14103511400d597d4", "answers": [{"text": "over 22,000", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "91%", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What was the approval rating of the original Everton crest?", "id": "5a396a1b2f14dd001ac722ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what month did the 2014-15 season begin for Everton?", "id": "5a396a1b2f14dd001ac72300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "91%", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What percentage of people had a positive response to the new crest, as opposed to those who were negative or indifferent?", "id": "5a396a1b2f14dd001ac72301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22,000", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "How many votes were there in total on the Everton fan site about the new crest?", "id": "5a396a1b2f14dd001ac72302", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Head of Marketing", "answer_start": 760}], "question": "What executive issued the apology for Everton?", "id": "5a396a1b2f14dd001ac72303", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2013, the club launched a new crest to improve the reproducibility of the design in print and broadcast media, particularly on a small scale. Critics[who?] suggested that it was external pressure from sports manufacturers Nike, Inc. that evoked the redesign as the number of colours has been reduced and the radial effect have been removed, making the kit more cost efficient to reproduce.[citation needed] The redesign was poorly received by supporters, with a poll on an Everton fan site registering a 91% negative response to the crest. A protest petition reached over 22,000 signatures before the club offered an apology and announced a new crest would be created for the 2014\u201315 season with an emphasis on fan consultation. Shortly afterwards, the Head of Marketing left the club."}], ["Everton memegang rekod untuk kebanyakan musim di bahagian teratas England (Divisyen Satu / Liga Perdana), pada 111 musim daripada 114 pada 2014-15 (kelab bermain di Divisyen 2 pada 1930-31 dan 1951-54). Mereka adalah salah satu daripada tujuh pasukan yang telah memainkan semua 22 musim Liga Perdana sejak penubuhannya pada bulan Ogos 1992 - yang lain adalah Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, dan Tottenham Hotspur. Everton melawan Aston Villa adalah perlawanan paling banyak dalam penerbangan teratas di England, memandangkan musim 2012-13, dua orang pengasas Liga Bola Sepak telah memainkan 196 perlawanan liga. <> Berapa banyak musim dari 114 terakhir Everton berada di peringkat teratas England? || 111 <> Berapa banyak pasukan lain telah memainkan semua 22 musim dalam Liga Perdana sejak penubuhannya? || tujuh <> Bilakah Liga Perdana ditubuhkan? || 1992 <> Apa perlawanan telah dimainkan sejak permulaan Liga Perdana? || Everton melawan Aston Villa <> Berapa banyak permainan yang dimainkan Everton menentang Aston Villa? || 196 <> Berapa banyak musim bola sepak yang dimainkan Chelsea? || <> Berapa banyak permainan yang dimainkan Arsenal melawan Everton? || <> Pada tahun apakah pasukan bola sepak Chelsea ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Everton bermain permainan pertama menentang Aston Villa? || <> Berapa banyak musim yang dimainkan Liverpool? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England's top tier?", "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182ed8", "answers": [{"text": "111", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many other teams have played all 22 seasons in the Premier League since its inception?", "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182ed9", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Premier League established?", "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182eda", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What match has been played the most since the inception of the Premier League?", "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182edb", "answers": [{"text": "Everton against Aston Villa", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many games has Everton played against Aston Villa?", "id": "570a80f26d058f1900182edc", "answers": [{"text": "196", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "111", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "How many seasons of football has Chelsea played?", "id": "5a397d0c2f14dd001ac723c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "196", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "How many games has Arsenal played against Everton?", "id": "5a397d0c2f14dd001ac723ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "In what year was Chelsea's football team established?", "id": "5a397d0c2f14dd001ac723cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "In what year did Everton play its first game against Aston Villa?", "id": "5a397d0c2f14dd001ac723cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "111", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "How many seasons has Liverpool played?", "id": "5a397d0c2f14dd001ac723cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton hold the record for the most seasons in England's top tier (Division One/Premier League), at 111 seasons out of 114 as of 2014\u201315 (the club played in Division 2 in 1930\u201331 and from 1951\u201354). They are one of seven teams to have played all 22 seasons of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 \u2013 the others being Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight, as of the 2012\u201313 season the two founder members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games."}], ["Everton telah diturunkan ke Divisyen Kedua dua tahun kemudian semasa pergolakan dalaman di kelab. Bagaimanapun, kelab itu dinaikkan pangkat dalam usaha pertama mencatat rekod beberapa gol di bahagian kedua. Kembali ke penerbangan teratas pada 1931-32, Everton tidak membuang masa untuk mengesahkan status mereka dan memenangi kejuaraan liga keempat pada peluang pertama. Everton juga memenangi Piala FA kedua pada 1933 dengan kemenangan 3-0 menentang Manchester City di final. Era ini berakhir pada 1938-39 dengan gelaran Liga kelima. <> Di mana musim Everton memenangi gelaran Liga keempat mereka? || 1931-32 <> Pada tahun apakah Everton memenangi Piala FA kedua mereka? || 1933 <> Apa skor dalam perlawanan akhir bahawa Everton memenangi Piala FA kedua pada 1993 menentang Manchester City? || 3-0 <> Di mana musim Everton memenangi gelaran Liga kelima? || 1938-39 <> Apakah jumlah rekod gol Everton yang dipromosikan oleh pasukan? || <> Apakah skor permainan terakhir yang menyebabkan Everton memenangi gelaran liga keempat? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Manchester City memenangi gelaran pertamanya? || <> Apakah skor permainan terakhir yang menyebabkan Everton memenangi gelaran liga kelima? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Manchester City bersaing? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what season did Everton win their fourth League title?", "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee2", "answers": [{"text": "1931\u201332", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Everton win their second FA Cup?", "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee3", "answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City?", "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee4", "answers": [{"text": "3\u20130", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what season did Everton win its fifth League title?", "id": "570a81dc6d058f1900182ee5", "answers": [{"text": "1938\u201339", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What was the record number of goals Everton had that promoted the team?", "id": "5a395fb82f14dd001ac722b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3\u20130", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What was the score of the final game that resulted in Everton winning its fourth league title?", "id": "5a395fb82f14dd001ac722ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "In what year did Manchester City win its first league title?", "id": "5a395fb82f14dd001ac722bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3\u20130", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What was the score of the final game that resulted in Everton winning its fifth league title?", "id": "5a395fb82f14dd001ac722bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "In what year did Manchester City first compete?", "id": "5a395fb82f14dd001ac722bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton were relegated to the Second Division two years later during internal turmoil at the club. However, the club was promoted at the first attempt scoring a record number of goals in the second division. On return to the top flight in 1931\u201332, Everton wasted no time in reaffirming their status and won a fourth League title at the first opportunity. Everton also won their second FA Cup in 1933 with a 3\u20130 win against Manchester City in the final. The era ended in 1938\u201339 with a fifth League title."}], ["Terdapat tanda-tanda sejak 1996 bahawa Everton akan bergerak ke stadium baru. Rancangan asal adalah untuk stadium 60,000 tempat duduk baru yang akan dibina, tetapi pada tahun 2000 cadangan telah diserahkan untuk membina 55,000 stadium kerusi sebagai sebahagian daripada regenerasi Dock King. Ini tidak berjaya kerana Everton gagal menjana \u00a3 30 juta untuk setengah kepentingan dalam projek stadium, dengan majlis bandar menolak cadangan itu pada tahun 2003. Akhir 2004, didorong oleh Majlis Liverpool dan Perbadanan Pembangunan Barat Laut, kelab itu memasuki perbincangan dengan Liverpool FC mengenai perkongsian stadium yang dicadangkan di Stanley Park. Rundingan terputus kerana Everton gagal menaikkan 50% daripada kos. Pada 11 Januari 2005, Liverpool mengumumkan bahawa perkongsian tanah bukanlah satu kemungkinan, untuk merancang Stadium Stanley Park mereka sendiri. <> Berapa banyak kerusi membuat cadangan untuk stadium Everton yang baru pada tahun 2000? || 55,000 <> Berapa banyak wang yang perlu ditanam Everton FC untuk setengah saham dalam projek stadium baru pada tahun 2000? || \u00a3 30 juta <> Pada tahun apakah majlis bandar raya Liverpool menolak cadangan stadium baru Everton FC? || 2003 <> Pada tahun apakah Liverpool mengumumkan bahawa mereka akan membina Stadium Stanley Park mereka sendiri? || 2005 <> Pasukan apa yang Everton FC mempertimbangkan berkongsi alasan dengan sekitar tahun 2000? || Liverpool <> Berapa ramai orang yang boleh menduduki stadium Everton pada tahun 1996? || <> Berapa ramai yang boleh duduk di stadium yang dicadangkan di Stanley Park? || <> Berapa peratus daripada kos untuk stadium yang dicadangkan ialah Liverpool F.C. boleh menaikkan? || <> Berapa banyak wang Everton perlu meningkat untuk perjanjian stadium yang dicadangkan dengan Liverpool F.C? || <> Dalam bulan apakah pada tahun 2000 adalah cadangan yang diserahkan untuk stadium baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000?", "id": "570a84444103511400d597ee", "answers": [{"text": "55,000", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000?", "id": "570a84444103511400d597ef", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a330 million", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC's new stadium proposal?", "id": "570a84444103511400d597f0", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium?", "id": "570a84444103511400d597f1", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000?", "id": "570a84444103511400d597f2", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "How many people could Everton's stadium seat in 1996?", "id": "5a396ecb2f14dd001ac7232f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55,000", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "How many could have sat at the proposed stadium on Stanley Park?", "id": "5a396ecb2f14dd001ac72330", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 653}], "question": "What percentage of the costs for the proposed stadium was Liverpool F.C. able to raise?", "id": "5a396ecb2f14dd001ac72331", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a330 million", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "How much money did Everton need to raise for the proposed stadium deal with Liverpool F.C.?", "id": "5a396ecb2f14dd001ac72332", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 677}], "question": "In what month in 2000 was the proposal submitted for the new stadium?", "id": "5a396ecb2f14dd001ac72333", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There have been indications since 1996 that Everton will move to a new stadium. The original plan was for a new 60,000-seat stadium to be built, but in 2000 a proposal was submitted to build a 55,000 seat stadium as part of the King's Dock regeneration. This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the \u00a330 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project, with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003. Late in 2004, driven by Liverpool Council and the Northwest Development Corporation, the club entered talks with Liverpool F.C. about sharing a proposed stadium on Stanley Park. Negotiations broke down as Everton failed to raise 50% of the costs. On 11 January 2005, Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility, proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium."}], ["Lembaga Everton akhirnya kehabisan kesabaran dengan Smith dan dia dipecat pada bulan Mac 2002 selepas keluar Piala FA di Middlesbrough, dengan Everton dalam bahaya penyisihan. David Moyes, adalah pengganti dan menuntun Everton ke tempat yang selamat di tempat kelima belas. Pada 2002-03, Everton menduduki tempat ketujuh, penamatnya yang tertinggi sejak 1996. Penamat tempat keempat pada 2004-05, memastikan Everton layak ke pusingan kelayakan Liga Juara-Juara. Pasukan itu gagal meneruskan ke peringkat kumpulan Liga Juara-Juara dan kemudian dielakkan dari Piala UEFA. Everton layak ke pertandingan Piala UEFA 2007-08 dan 2008-09 dan mereka menjadi juara dalam Piala FA 2009. <> Bilakah papan kelab Everton menembak Smith? || 2002 <> Siapa yang menggantikan Smith sebagai pengurus Everton FC pada tahun 2002? || David Moyes <> Di mana tempat Everton FC di musim 2004-05? || ketujuh <> Di mana Everton FC berada di final Piala FA 2009? || runners-up <> Apakah nama pertama Smith? || <> Siapa yang menghilangkan Everton dari Piala UEFA semasa musim 2004-2005? || <> Selain Everton yang merupakan salah satu pelari untuk final Piala FA 2009 || <> Siapa yang melatih Middlebrough pada tahun 2002? || <> Apakah tempat akhir Everton pada tahun 1996? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Everton club board fire Smith?", "id": "570a82684103511400d597be", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002?", "id": "570a82684103511400d597bf", "answers": [{"text": "David Moyes", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season?", "id": "570a82684103511400d597c0", "answers": [{"text": "seventh", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final?", "id": "570a82684103511400d597c1", "answers": [{"text": "runners-up", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What was Smith's first name?", "id": "5a3968522f14dd001ac722eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middlesbrough", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "Who eliminated Everton from the UEFA Cup during the 2004-2005 season?", "id": "5a3968522f14dd001ac722ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middlesbrough", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "Besides Everton who was one of the runners-up for the 2009 FA Cup Final?", "id": "5a3968522f14dd001ac722ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Moyes", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Who coached Middlebrough in 2002?", "id": "5a3968522f14dd001ac722ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seventh", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What was Everton's finish spot in 1996?", "id": "5a3968522f14dd001ac722ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Everton board finally ran out of patience with Smith and he was sacked in March 2002 after an FA Cup exit at Middlesbrough, with Everton in real danger of relegation. David Moyes, was his replacement and guided Everton to a safe finish in fifteenth place. In 2002\u201303 Everton finished seventh, their highest finish since 1996. A fourth-place finish in 2004\u201305, ensured Everton qualified for the Champions League qualifying round. The team failed to make it through to the Champions League group stage and were then eliminated from the UEFA Cup. Everton qualified for the 2007\u201308 and 2008\u201309 UEFA Cup competitions and they were runners-up in the 2009 FA Cup Final."}], ["Everton pada mulanya bermain di sudut tenggara Stanley Park, yang merupakan tapak untuk Liverpool F.C yang baru. stadium, dengan perlawanan rasmi pertama yang berlaku pada tahun 1879. Pada tahun 1882, seorang lelaki bernama J. Cruitt mendermakan tanah di Priory Road yang menjadi rumah kelab sebelum mereka pindah ke Anfield, yang merupakan rumah Everton hingga tahun 1892. Pada masa ini, pertikaian bagaimana kelab itu dimiliki dan dimulakan dengan pemilik Anfield dan pengerusi Everton, John Houlding. Pertikaian antara Houlding dan jawatankuasa kelab mengenai bagaimana kelab itu harus dijalankan, menyebabkan Houlding cuba mendapatkan kawalan penuh kelab itu dengan mendaftarkan syarikat, \"Everton F.C dan Athletic Grounds Ltd\". Sebagai tindak balas, Everton meninggalkan Anfield untuk tempat yang baru, Goodison Park, di mana kelab telah bermain sejak itu. Houlding cuba untuk mengambil alih nama, warna, lekapan dan kedudukan Everton, tetapi ditolak Persatuan Bola Sepak. Sebaliknya, Houlding membentuk kelab baru, Liverpool F.C. <> Di mana taman bermain Everton FC pada mulanya bermain? || Stanley <> Di manakah stadium Liverpool FC yang baru terletak pada tahun 1879? || Stanley Park <> Siapa yang mendermakan tanah ke Everton FC pada tahun 1882? || J. Cruitt <> Siapa pengerusi Everton FC pada tahun 1892? || John Houlding <> Di manakah Everton FC memindahkan permainan mereka pada tahun 1892? || Anfield <> Apa nama stadium di Priory Road? || <> Apakah nama stadium di Anfield? || <> Dalam tahun apakah John Houlding menjadi pengerusi Everton? || <> Di mana bandar adalah Taman Goodison? || <> Pada tahun apakah stadium yang dibina di Priory Road? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which park did Everton FC originally play?", "id": "570a83984103511400d597da", "answers": [{"text": "Stanley", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?", "id": "570a83984103511400d597db", "answers": [{"text": "Stanley Park", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?", "id": "570a83984103511400d597dc", "answers": [{"text": "J. Cruitt", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?", "id": "570a83984103511400d597dd", "answers": [{"text": "John Houlding", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?", "id": "570a83984103511400d597de", "answers": [{"text": "Anfield", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool F.C. stadium", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What was the name of the stadium at Priory Road?", "id": "5a396c122f14dd001ac7231b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool F.C. stadium", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What was the name of the stadium in Anfield?", "id": "5a396c122f14dd001ac7231c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "In what year did John Houlding become Everton's chairman?", "id": "5a396c122f14dd001ac7231d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anfield", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "In what city is Goodison Park?", "id": "5a396c122f14dd001ac7231e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "In what year was the stadium built at Priory Road?", "id": "5a396c122f14dd001ac7231f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, \"Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd\". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C."}], ["Everton adalah pengasas Liga Perdana pada tahun 1992, tetapi berjuang untuk mencari pengurus yang tepat. Howard Kendall telah kembali pada tahun 1990 tetapi tidak dapat mengulangi kejayaan sebelumnya, sementara penggantinya, Mike Walker, adalah pengurus Everton yang paling tidak berjaya sehingga kini. Apabila bekas pemain Everton Joe Royle mengambil alih pada tahun 1994, bentuk kelab itu mula bertambah baik; permainan pertamanya yang bertanggungjawab adalah kemenangan 2-0 ke atas rival derby Liverpool. Royle mengheret Everton dari penyingkiran, memimpin kelab Piala FA untuk kelima dalam sejarahnya, mengalahkan Manchester United 1-0 di final. <> Bilakah Everton diaku sebagai ahli Liga Perdana? || 1992 <> Tahun berapakah Howard Kendall kembali mengurus Everton? || 1990 <> Siapa yang menggantikan Howard Kendall sebagai pengurus Everton? || Mike Walker <> Tahun berapa bekas pemain Everton Joe Royle mengambil alih pengurusan kelab itu? || 1994 <> Apa skor dalam permainan Everton pertama yang diuruskan oleh Joe Royle? || 2-0 <> Siapa pengurus pertama Everton selepas menubuhkan Liga Perdana? || <> Pada tahun apakah Howard Kendall memulakan tugas pertamanya menguruskan Everton? || <> Pada tahun apakah Mike Walker telah menjadikan pengurus Everton? || <> Apakah skor permainan pertama Howard Kendall menguruskan Everton? || <> Apakah skor permainan pertama Mike Walker menguruskan Everton? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Everton admitted as a member of the Premier League?", "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182eba", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Howard Kendall return to manage Everton?", "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebb", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Howard Kendall as Everton's manager?", "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebc", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Walker", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did former Everton player Joe Royle take over managing the club?", "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebd", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the score in the first Everton game managed by Joe Royle?", "id": "570a7f606d058f1900182ebe", "answers": [{"text": "2\u20130", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard Kendall", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Who was Everton's first manager after founding the Premier League?", "id": "5a3961672f14dd001ac722d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "In what year did Howard Kendall start his first stint managing Everton?", "id": "5a3961672f14dd001ac722d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "In what year was Mike Walker made Everton manager?", "id": "5a3961672f14dd001ac722d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2\u20130", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "What was the score of Howard Kendall's first game managing Everton?", "id": "5a3961672f14dd001ac722da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1\u20130", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "What was the score of Mike Walker's first game managing Everton?", "id": "5a3961672f14dd001ac722db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club's form started to improve; his first game in charge was a 2\u20130 victory over derby rivals Liverpool. Royle dragged Everton clear of relegation, leading the club to the FA Cup for the fifth time in its history, defeating Manchester United 1\u20130 in the final."}], ["Everton berjaya memenangi gelaran kedua apabila Harry Catterick dijadikan pengurus pada tahun 1961. Pada tahun 1962-63, musim kedua bertugas, Everton memenangi gelaran Liga dan pada tahun 1966 Piala FA diikuti dengan kemenangan 3-2 ke atas Sheffield Wednesday. Everton kembali ke perlawanan akhir pada tahun 1968, tetapi kali ini tidak dapat mengatasi West Bromwich Albion di Wembley. Dua musim kemudian pada tahun 1969-70, Everton memenangi kejuaraan Liga, sembilan mata daripada saingan terdekat Leeds United. Dalam tempoh ini, Everton adalah kelab Inggeris yang pertama untuk mencapai lima tahun berturut-turut dalam pertandingan Eropah-musim 1961-62 hingga 1966-67. <> Dalam tahun berapakah era kejayaan Everton yang kedua bermula? || 1961 <> Siapa pengurus ketika era kejayaan Everton yang kedua bermula pada tahun 1961? || Harry Catterick <> Pada tahun apakah Everton memenangi Piala FA dalam kemenangan 3-2 ke atas Sheffield? || 1966 <> Pada tahun apakah Everton kalah akhir Piala FA ke West Bromwich Albion? || Wembley <> Apa tahun lalu bahawa Harry Catterick berjaya Everton? || <> Apakah skor permainan Everton pertama Harry Catterick berjaya? || <> Apakah skor permainan terakhir antara Everton dan West Bromwich Albion pada tahun 1968? || <> Siapa yang melatih Everton semasa musim 1969-70? || <> Siapa yang melatih Everton semasa musim 1966-67? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Everton's second successful era begin?", "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f52", "answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the manager when Everton's second successful era began in 1961?", "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f53", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Catterick", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield?", "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f54", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?", "id": "570a87566d058f1900182f55", "answers": [{"text": "Wembley", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What was the last year that Harry Catterick managed Everton?", "id": "5a3960ba2f14dd001ac722cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3\u20132", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What was the score of the first Everton game Harry Catterick managed?", "id": "5a3960ba2f14dd001ac722ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3\u20132", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What was the score of the final game between Everton and West Bromwich Albion in 1968?", "id": "5a3960ba2f14dd001ac722cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harry Catterick", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who coached Everton during the 1969-70 season?", "id": "5a3960ba2f14dd001ac722d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harry Catterick", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who coached Everton during the 1966-67 season?", "id": "5a3960ba2f14dd001ac722d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961. In 1962\u201363, his second season in charge, Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3\u20132 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley. Two seasons later in 1969\u201370, Everton won the League championship, nine points clear of nearest rivals Leeds United. During this period, Everton were the first English club to achieve five consecutive years in European competitions\u2014seasons 1961\u201362 to 1966\u201367."}], ["Everton F.C. adalah sebuah syarikat yang terhad dengan lembaga pengarah yang memegang majoriti saham. Akaun terbaharu kelab, dari Mei 2014, menunjukkan jumlah hutang bersih sebanyak \u00a3 28.1 juta, dengan perolehan \u00a3 120.5 juta dan keuntungan \u00a3 28.2 juta. Overdraf kelab dengan Barclays Bank dijamin terhadap \"Dana Anugerah Asas\" Liga Perdana, jumlah yang dijamin untuk kelab untuk bertanding dalam Liga Perdana. Everton bersetuju pinjaman berjangka sebanyak \u00a3 30 juta dengan Bear Stearns dan Prudential plc pada tahun 2002 dalam tempoh 25 tahun; penyatuan hutang pada masa itu serta sumber modal untuk pemerolehan pemain baru. Taman Goodison dijamin sebagai cagaran. <> Siapa yang memegang majoriti saham di Everton FC? || lembaga pengarah <> Apakah overdraf Everton FC dengan Barclays Bank dijamin? || Dana Anugerah Asas <> Apakah \"Dana Anugerah Asas\" Liga Perdana? || bersaing di Liga Perdana <> Berapa banyak wang yang pernah dipinjam Everton FC dari Bear Stearns dan Prudential pada tahun 2002? || \u00a3 30 juta <> Berapa lama Everton FC perlu membayar balik \u00a3 30 juta yang dipinjam dari Bear Stearns dan Prudential? || 25 tahun <> Sebanyak keuntungan Everton F.C. telah pada tahun 2002? || <> Berapa banyak hutang disatukan pada tahun 2002 oleh Everton? || <> Berapa banyak cagaran di Goodison Park? || <> Pada bulan apa tahun 2002, Everton bersetuju untuk pinjaman jangka panjang? || <> Seberapa besar overdraf Everton dengan Barclays Bank? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC?", "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f74", "answers": [{"text": "the board of directors", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against?", "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f75", "answers": [{"text": "Basic Award Fund", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\" for?", "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f76", "answers": [{"text": "competing in the Premier League", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002?", "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f77", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a330 million", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does Everton FC have to pay back \u00a330 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential? ", "id": "570a89ad6d058f1900182f78", "answers": [{"text": "25 years", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a328.2", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "How much profit did Everton F.C. have in 2002?", "id": "5a3979ad2f14dd001ac72383", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3120.5 million", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "How much debt was consolidated in 2002 by Everton?", "id": "5a3979ad2f14dd001ac72384", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3120.5 million", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "How much collateral is there on Goodison Park?", "id": "5a3979ad2f14dd001ac72385", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "In what month in 2002 did Everton agree to a long-term loan?", "id": "5a3979ad2f14dd001ac72386", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a330 million", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "How big is Everton's overdraft with Barclays Bank?", "id": "5a3979ad2f14dd001ac72387", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares. The club's most recent accounts, from May 2014, show a net total debt of \u00a328.1 million, with a turnover of \u00a3120.5 million and a profit of \u00a328.2 million. The club's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\", a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League. Everton agreed a long-term loan of \u00a330 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions. Goodison Park is secured as collateral."}], ["Persaingan Everton terbesar adalah dengan jiran Liverpool, yang mana mereka bertanding di derby Merseyside. Derby Merseyside selalunya merupakan perlawanan sellout, dan dikenali sebagai \"derby mesra\" kerana kedua-dua set peminat sering dilihat di tepi merah dan biru di stadium kedua di Anfield dan Goodison Park. Baru-baru ini di lapangan, perlawanan cenderung menjadi masalah yang sangat ribut; derby itu mempunyai lebih banyak kad merah daripada sebarang perlawanan lain dalam sejarah Liga Perdana. Persaingan berpunca daripada perselisihan dalaman antara pegawai Everton dan pemilik Anfield, yang kemudian menjadi tempat asal Everton, menyebabkan Everton beralih ke Goodison Park, dan pembentukan Liverpool FC berikutnya, pada tahun 1892. <> Siapa Kelab Bola Sepak Everton pesaing terbesar? || Liverpool <> Apa derby melakukan pertandingan Everton FC melawan Liverpool? || Merseyside <> Pada tahun apakah Kelab Bola Sepak Liverpool ditubuhkan? || 1892 <> Di manakah Everton FC berpindah ke yang memulakan persaingan dengan Liverpool? || Goodison Park <> Derby Merseyside juga dikenali sebagai? || \"derby mesra\" <> Pada tahun apakah derby Merseyside pertama kali diadakan? || <> Apa warna yang dikenakan oleh peminat Everton? || <> Warna apa yang dipakai oleh peminat Liverpool? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Everton ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Everton bergerak ke Goodison Park? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals?", "id": "570a8c064103511400d5983e", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What derby does Everton FC contest against Liverpool?", "id": "570a8c064103511400d5983f", "answers": [{"text": "Merseyside", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Liverpool Football Club established?", "id": "570a8c064103511400d59840", "answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Everton FC move to that began their rivalry with Liverpool?", "id": "570a8c064103511400d59841", "answers": [{"text": "Goodison Park", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Merseyside derby is also known as?", "id": "570a8c064103511400d59842", "answers": [{"text": "the \"friendly derby\"", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 701}], "question": "In what year was the Merseyside derby first held?", "id": "5a3978fb2f14dd001ac72371", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What color does Everton fans wear?", "id": "5a3978fb2f14dd001ac72372", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What color does Liverpool fans wear?", "id": "5a3978fb2f14dd001ac72373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 701}], "question": "In what year was Everton established?", "id": "5a3978fb2f14dd001ac72374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 701}], "question": "In what year did Everton move to Goodison Park?", "id": "5a3978fb2f14dd001ac72375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the \"friendly derby\" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park. Recently on the field, matches tend to be extremely stormy affairs; the derby has had more red cards than any other fixture in Premiership history. The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield, which was then Everton's home ground, resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park, and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C., in 1892."}], ["Pengurus semasa, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, adalah pemegang kedudukan keempat belas jawatan itu sejak ditubuhkan pada tahun 1939. Terdapat juga empat pengurus sementara, dan sebelum 1939 pasukan itu dipilih oleh setiausaha kelab atau oleh jawatankuasa. Pengurus yang paling lama berkhidmat di kelab itu ialah Harry Catterick, yang mengendalikan pasukan dari 1961-73, dengan mengambil 594 perlawanan pertama. Pengurus Everton untuk memenangi kebanyakan trofi domestik dan antarabangsa adalah Howard Kendall, yang memenangi dua kejohanan Divisi Satu, Piala FA 1984, Piala Pemenang Piala UEFA 1984, dan tiga Charity Shields. <> Siapa pengurus semasa Kelab Bola Sepak Everton? || Roberto Mart\u00ednez <> Berapa banyak pengurus sementara yang pernah berada dalam sejarah Everton FC? || empat <> Siapa pengurus Everton FC yang paling lama berkhidmat? || Harry Catterick <> Bilakah Harry Catterick menguruskan Kelab Bola Sepak Everton? || 1961-73 <> Manakah pengurus Everton memenangi trofi paling domestik dan antarabangsa pada zamannya? || Howard Kendall <> Pada tahun apakah Roberto Martinez menjadi pengurus semasa Everton? || <> Dalam tahun berapa Everton mempunyai pengurus sementara? || <> Siapa pengurus pengurus terpendek Everton? || <> Pada tahun apakah Howard Kendall memenangi Kejuaraan Divisyen Satu pertamanya? || <> Pada tahun apakah Howard Kendall mendapat Perisai Amal yang pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club?", "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f22", "answers": [{"text": "Roberto Mart\u00ednez", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC's history?", "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f23", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?", "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f24", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Catterick", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club?", "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f25", "answers": [{"text": "1961\u201373", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?", "id": "570a85536d058f1900182f26", "answers": [{"text": "Howard Kendall", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "In what year did Roberto Martinez become the current manager of Everton?", "id": "5a397a692f14dd001ac7238d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "In what year did Everton have its first caretaker manager?", "id": "5a397a692f14dd001ac7238e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard Kendall", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Who has been Everton's shortest serving manager?", "id": "5a397a692f14dd001ac7238f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "In what year did Howard Kendall win his first Division One Championship?", "id": "5a397a692f14dd001ac72390", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "In what year did Howard Kendall earn his first Charity Shield?", "id": "5a397a692f14dd001ac72391", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Current manager, Roberto Mart\u00ednez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961\u201373, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields."}], ["Kelab ini juga memiliki dan mengendalikan pasukan bola keranjang profesional, dengan nama Everton Tigers, yang bersaing dalam Liga Bola Keranjang British elit. Pasukan ini dilancarkan pada musim panas 2007 sebagai sebahagian daripada program Komuniti kelab, dan bermain permainan rumah mereka di Akademi Sukan Greenbank. Pasukan ini merupakan gabungan dari program pemuda masyarakat Toxteth Tigers yang bermula pada tahun 1968. Tim ini dengan cepat menjadi salah satu yang paling berjaya dalam liga memenangi Piala BBL pada tahun 2009 dan play-off pada tahun 2010. Namun Everton menarik balik pendanaan sebelum 2010 -11 musim dan pasukan itu dilancarkan semula sebagai Mersey Tigers. <> Apakah nama pasukan bola keranjang profesional Everton? || Tigers <> Di mana liga melakukan Everton Tigers bersaing? || British Basketball League <> Bilakah pasukan Everton Tigers dilancarkan? || 2007 <> Di manakah Everton Tigers bermain permainan rumah mereka? || Akademi Sukan Greenbank <> Bilakah Harimau Everton memenangi Piala BBL? || 2009 <> Pada tahun apakah Everton F.C. dilancarkan? || <> Apa liga yang Everton F.C. bermain dalam? || <> Siapa yang memenangi Piala BBL yang pertama? || <> Di manakah Everton bermain permainan bola sepaknya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Everton's professional basketball team?", "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9c", "answers": [{"text": "Tigers", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which league do the Everton Tigers compete?", "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9d", "answers": [{"text": "British Basketball League", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Everton Tigers team launched?", "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9e", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games?", "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182f9f", "answers": [{"text": "Greenbank Sports Academy", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?", "id": "570a8e676d058f1900182fa0", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "In what year was Everton F.C. launched?", "id": "5a397e202f14dd001ac723d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Basketball League", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What league does Everton F.C. play in?", "id": "5a397e202f14dd001ac723d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton Tigers", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Who won the first BBL Cup?", "id": "5a397e202f14dd001ac723d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greenbank Sports Academy", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Where does Everton play its football games?", "id": "5a397e202f14dd001ac723d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team, by the name of Everton Tigers, who compete in the elite British Basketball League. The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs' Community programme, and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy. The team was an amalgam of the Toxteth Tigers community youth programme which started in 1968. The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010. However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010\u201311 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers."}], ["Everton kerap mengambil jumlah yang jauh dari rumah di dalam negara dan dalam lekapan Eropah. Kelab ini melaksanakan skim mata kesetiaan yang menawarkan peluang pertama untuk membeli tiket ke pemegang tiket musim yang telah menghadiri perlawanan paling banyak. Everton sering menjual peruntukan penuh di tempat dan tiket menjual dengan baik untuk perlawanan jauh di North West England. Pada bulan Oktober 2009, Everton telah mengambil 7,000 peminat tuan rumah kepada Benfica, kumpulan terbesar mereka di Eropah sejak 1985 Piala Piala Dunia. <> Berapa banyak peminat perjalanan Everton membawa bersama mereka ke Benefica pada tahun 2009? || 7,000 <> Bagaimana Everton FC mempromosikan peminat membeli tiket? || mata kesetiaan <> Dalam tahun apakah Everton mengambil 7,000 penggemar perjalanan dengan mereka untuk permainan jauh? || 2009 <> Selain tahun 2009, pada tahun apakah Everton FC membawa peminat yang paling banyak dengan mereka untuk permainan yang jauh? || 1985 <> Berapa banyak peminat perjalanan Everton menghadiri Final Piala Pemenang Piala Eropah 1985? || <> Berapa banyak pemegang tiket musim yang ada di Everton? || <> Berapa banyak kipas perjalanan biasanya menghadiri perlawanan Benfica? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Everton memulakan skim mata kesetiaannya? || <> Pada bulan apakah yang dimainkan pada Piala Piala Pemenang Piala Eropah 1985? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many travelling fans did Everton bring with them to Benefica in 2009?", "id": "570a88d14103511400d59822", "answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the Everton FC promote fans to purchase away tickets?", "id": "570a88d14103511400d59823", "answers": [{"text": "loyalty points", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Everton take 7,000 travelling fans with them to an away game?", "id": "570a88d14103511400d59824", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from 2009, in what year did Everton FC bring the most fans with them to an away game?", "id": "570a88d14103511400d59825", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "How many of Everton's travelling fans attended the 1985 European  Cup Winner's Cup Final?", "id": "5a39779b2f14dd001ac7235f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "How many season ticket holders does Everton have?", "id": "5a39779b2f14dd001ac72360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7,000", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "How many travelling fans usually attend Benfica's games?", "id": "5a39779b2f14dd001ac72361", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "In what year did Everton start its loyalty points scheme?", "id": "5a39779b2f14dd001ac72362", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "In what month was the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final held?", "id": "5a39779b2f14dd001ac72363", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton regularly take large numbers away from home both domestically and in European fixtures. The club implements a loyalty points scheme offering the first opportunity to purchase away tickets to season ticket holders who have attended the most away matches. Everton often sell out the full allocation in away grounds and tickets sell particularly well for North West England away matches. In October 2009, Everton took 7,000 travelling fans to Benfica, their largest ever away crowd in Europe since the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final."}], ["Kehadiran rekod untuk pertandingan rumah Everton adalah 78,299 terhadap Liverpool pada 18 September 1948. Hebatnya, hanya ada satu kecederaan pada permainan ini-Tom Fleetwood terkena kepala oleh koin yang dilemparkan dari kerumunan sementara ia berarak sekitar perimeter dengan St Edward's Orphanage Band, bermain cornet. Goodison Park, seperti semua alasan bola sepak utama Inggeris sejak cadangan Laporan Taylor dilaksanakan, kini mempunyai tempat duduk dan hanya berada di bawah 40,000, bermakna tidak mungkin rekod kehadiran ini akan dipecahkan pada Goodison. Pemindahan rekod Everton yang dibayar kepada Chelsea untuk pemain Belgium, Romelu Lukaku untuk jumlah \u00a3 28 juta. Everton membeli pemain itu selepas dia memainkan tahun sebelumnya dengan pasukan pinjaman. <> Berapa banyak peminat hadir semasa pertandingan Everton melawan Liverpool pada 18 September 1948? || 78,299 <> Berapa banyak peminat yang cedera dalam perlawanan 1948 Everton menentang Liverpool yang menarik orang ramai yang pernah mereka miliki? || 1 <> Siapa yang cedera semasa perlawanan kehadiran rekod Everton terhadap Liverpool pada tahun 1948? || Tom Fleetwood <> Berapa ramai orang memegang stadium Goodison Park? || di bawah 40,000 <> Berapa gaji Everton FC untuk memindahkan pemain Belgium ke depan Romelu Lukaku? || \u00a3 28m <> Apa kehadiran terkecil yang pernah berlaku untuk perlawanan di Everton menentang Liverpool? || <> Dalam tahun apakah cadangan Taylor Laporan dilaksanakan? || <> Apakah gaji tertinggi Romelu Lukaku untuk satu musim? || <> Berapakah kos untuk membina Taman Goodison? || <> Pada tahun apakah bangunan Taman Goodison dibina? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many fans were in attendance during Everton's match against Liverpool on September 18, 1948?", "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f92", "answers": [{"text": "78,299", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had?", "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f93", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was injured during Everton's record attendance match against Liverpool in 1948?", "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f94", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Fleetwood", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people does Goodison Park stadium hold?", "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f95", "answers": [{"text": "under 40,000", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Everton FC pay to transfer Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku?", "id": "570a8df96d058f1900182f96", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a328m", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "78,299", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What's the smallest attendance ever for an Everton home match against Liverpool?", "id": "5a397c302f14dd001ac723b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "In what year was the Taylor Report recommendations implemented?", "id": "5a397c302f14dd001ac723b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a328m", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "What was Romelu Lukaku's highest pay for one season?", "id": "5a397c302f14dd001ac723b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a328m", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "How much did it cost to build Goodison Park?", "id": "5a397c302f14dd001ac723b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "In what year was Goodison Park built?", "id": "5a397c302f14dd001ac723b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The record attendance for an Everton home match is 78,299 against Liverpool on 18 September 1948. Amazingly, there was only 1 injury at this game-Tom Fleetwood was hit on the head by a coin thrown from the crowd whilst he marched around the perimeter with St Edward's Orphanage Band, playing the cornet. Goodison Park, like all major English football grounds since the recommendations of the Taylor Report were implemented, is now an all-seater and only holds just under 40,000, meaning it is unlikely that this attendance record will ever be broken at Goodison. Everton's record transfer paid was to Chelsea for Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku for a sum of \u00a328m. Everton bought the player after he played the previous year with the team on loan."}], ["Pada 16 Jun 2006, ia diumumkan bahawa Everton telah mengadakan perbincangan dengan Knowsley Council dan Tesco atas kemungkinan membina stadium baru 55,000 tempat duduk, diperluas kepada lebih 60,000 orang, di Kirkby. Kelab itu mengambil langkah luar biasa untuk memberikan sokongan kepada penyokongnya di masa depan kelab dengan mengadakan undian pada cadangan itu, mencari perpecahan 59% hingga 41%. Penentang pelan itu termasuk majlis-majlis tempatan lain yang berkaitan dengan kesan gedung Tesco yang besar yang dibina sebagai sebahagian daripada pembangunan, dan sekumpulan peminat menuntut Everton harus berada di dalam sempadan bandar Liverpool. <> Di mana sekumpulan peminat menuntut Everton kekal dalam sempadan bandar? || Liverpool <> Dalam tahun apakah ia mendedahkan bahawa Everton telah memasuki perundingan untuk membina 55,000 stadium kerusi baru di Kirkby? || 2006 <> Siapa yang Everton mengadakan ceramah dengan membina 55,000 stadium kerusi baru di Kirkby? || Knowsley Council dan Tesco <> Berapa peratus peminat menyokong rancangan Everton untuk membina stadium baru pada tahun 2006? || 59 <> Berapa banyak penyokong mengundi pada undi? || <> Apakah salah satu dewan tempatan yang menentang stadium yang dirancang? || <> Berapa ramai orang dalam kumpulan peminat yang mahu Everton tinggal di dalam sempadan bandar Liverpool? || <> Pada tarikh apakah undi itu diadakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did a group of fans demand that Everton remain within the city boundaries of?", "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5a", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was it revealed that Everton had entered talks to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?", "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5b", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Everton enter talks with to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?", "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5c", "answers": [{"text": "Knowsley Council and Tesco", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006?", "id": "570a87f76d058f1900182f5d", "answers": [{"text": "59", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "How many supporters voted on the ballot?", "id": "5a39739f2f14dd001ac72339", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Knowsley Council", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What was one of the local councils that opposed the planned stadium?", "id": "5a39739f2f14dd001ac7233a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55,000", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "How many people were in the group of fans that wanted Everton to stay inside the Liverpool city boundaries?", "id": "5a39739f2f14dd001ac7233b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 June 2006", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the ballot held?", "id": "5a39739f2f14dd001ac7233c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 16 June 2006, it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium, expandable to over 60,000, in Kirkby. The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club's future by holding a ballot on the proposal, finding a split of 59% to 41% in favour. Opponents to the plan included other local councils concerned by the effect of a large Tesco store being built as part of the development, and a group of fans demanding that Everton should remain within the city boundaries of Liverpool."}], ["Everton mempunyai fanbase yang besar, dengan kehadiran purata ke-8 tertinggi dalam Liga Perdana dalam musim 2008-09. Majoriti sokongan perlawanan Everton berasal dari Barat Laut England, terutamanya Merseyside, Cheshire, Lancashire Barat dan beberapa bahagian Greater Manchester Barat bersama dengan banyak peminat yang bergerak dari North Wales dan Ireland. Di dalam bandar Liverpool menyokong Everton dan saingan bandar Liverpool tidak ditentukan secara geografi dengan penyokong bercampur-campur di seluruh bandar. Bagaimanapun, pusat sokongan Everton secara tradisinya berpusat di Barat Laut di bandar dan di bahagian selatan Sefton. Everton juga mempunyai banyak kelab penyokong di seluruh dunia, di tempat-tempat seperti Amerika Utara, Singapura, Indonesia, Lubnan, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Australia. Kelab penyokong rasmi adalah FOREVERTON, dan terdapat juga beberapa fanzines termasuk Ketika Skies Gray dan Speke dari Pelabuhan, yang dijual di sekitar Goodison Park pada hari pertandingan. <> Apa tempat Everton FC menduduki peringkat tertinggi dalam Liga Perdana dalam musim 2008-09? || kelapan <> Di manakah majoriti sokongan soket Everton berasal dari? || North West of England <> Apakah nama kelab penyokong rasmi Everton? || FOREVERTON <> Di mana anda boleh mencari fanzines yang dijual pada hari perlawanan Everton? || Goodison Park <> Di mana sokongan Liverpool F.C? || <> Apa kelab penyokong rasmi untuk Liverpool F.C? || <> Di bahagian mana Liverpool adalah Goodison Park? || <> Apakah kedudukan Liverpool F.C untuk kehadiran purata? || <> Apa bandar di Ireland melakukan banyak peminat Everton untuk menghadiri permainan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What place did Everton FC rank in highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008-09 season?", "id": "570a84d84103511400d597f8", "answers": [{"text": "eighth", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the majority of Everton's matchday support hail from?", "id": "570a84d84103511400d597f9", "answers": [{"text": "North West of England", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Everton's official supporters club?", "id": "570a84d84103511400d597fa", "answers": [{"text": "FOREVERTON", "answer_start": 812}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can you find fanzines sold on Everton match days?", "id": "570a84d84103511400d597fb", "answers": [{"text": "Goodison Park", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Merseyside", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "Where is Liverpool F.C.'s support heartland?", "id": "5a3976a52f14dd001ac7234b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FOREVERTON", "answer_start": 812}], "question": "What's the official supporters club for Liverpool F.C.?", "id": "5a3976a52f14dd001ac7234c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Lancashire", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "In what part of Liverpool is Goodison Park?", "id": "5a3976a52f14dd001ac7234d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eighth highest", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What was Liverpool F.C.'s rank for average attendance?", "id": "5a3976a52f14dd001ac7234e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cheshire", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What city in Ireland do many Everton fans come from to attend their games?", "id": "5a3976a52f14dd001ac7234f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton have a large fanbase, with the eighth highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008\u201309 season. The majority of Everton's matchday support comes from the North West of England, primarily Merseyside, Cheshire, West Lancashire and parts of Western Greater Manchester along with many fans who travel from North Wales and Ireland. Within the city of Liverpool support for Everton and city rivals Liverpool is not determined by geographical basis with supporters mixed across the city. However Everton's support heartland is traditionally based in the North West of the city and in the southern parts of Sefton. Everton also have many supporters' clubs worldwide, in places such as North America, Singapore, Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, Thailand, and Australia. The official supporters club is FOREVERTON, and there are also several fanzines including When Skies are Grey and Speke from the Harbour, which are sold around Goodison Park on match days."}], ["Neville Southall memegang rekod untuk penampilan Everton yang paling banyak, setelah memainkan 751 perlawanan pertama pasukan antara 1981 dan 1997, dan sebelum ini memegang rekod untuk sepakan yang paling liga dalam musim (15). Semasa musim 2008-09, rekod ini dipukul oleh penjaga gol Amerika Tim Howard (17). Separuh tengah dan bekas kapten Brian Labone berada di tempat kedua, setelah bermain 534 kali. Pemain yang paling lama berkhidmat adalah Penjaga Ted Sagar yang bermain selama 23 tahun antara 1929 dan 1953, kedua-dua pasukan Perang Dunia Kedua, menjadikan jumlah 495 penampilan. Pencetak gol terbanyak kelab itu, dengan 383 gol dalam semua pertandingan, ialah Dixie Dean; Pencetak gol kedua tertinggi ialah Graeme Sharp dengan 159. Dean masih memegang rekod kebangsaan Inggeris yang paling banyak gol dalam satu musim, dengan 60. <? Apa pemain memegang rekod Kelab Bola Sepak Everton untuk penampilan yang paling? || Neville Southall <> Siapa kini memegang rekod untuk sepakan yang paling liga sepanjang musim? || Tim Howard <> Yang bekas kapten membuat 534 penampilan dengan Kelab Bola Sepak Everton? || Brian Labone <> Siapa penjaga penjaga paling lama untuk Everton FC? || Ted Sagar <> Berapa tahun Ted Sagar bermain untuk Kelab Bola Sepak Everton? || 23 <> Kebangsaan apa yang Neville Southall? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Neville Southall mendapat rekod untuk sepakan yang paling liga sepanjang musim? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Brian LaBone menyertai Everton? || <> Berapa banyak penampilan yang dilakukan oleh penjaga gol Amerika Tim Howard? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Dixie Dean menyertai Everton? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances?", "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f88", "answers": [{"text": "Neville Southall", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?", "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f89", "answers": [{"text": "Tim Howard", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club?", "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f8a", "answers": [{"text": "Brian Labone", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC?", "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f8b", "answers": [{"text": "Ted Sagar", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club?", "id": "570a8ca86d058f1900182f8c", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What nationality is Neville Southall?", "id": "5a397b342f14dd001ac723a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "In what year did Neville Southall get the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?", "id": "5a397b342f14dd001ac723a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "In what year did Brian LaBone join Everton?", "id": "5a397b342f14dd001ac723a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "751", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "How many appearances did the American goalkeeper Tim Howard have?", "id": "5a397b342f14dd001ac723a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "In what year did Dixie Dean join Everton?", "id": "5a397b342f14dd001ac723a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Neville Southall holds the record for the most Everton appearances, having played 751 first-team matches between 1981 and 1997, and previously held the record for the most league clean sheets during a season (15). During the 2008\u201309 season, this record was beaten by American goalkeeper Tim Howard (17). The late centre half and former captain Brian Labone comes second, having played 534 times. The longest serving player is Goalkeeper Ted Sagar who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953, both sides of the Second World War, making a total of 495 appearances. The club's top goalscorer, with 383 goals in all competitions, is Dixie Dean; the second-highest goalscorer is Graeme Sharp with 159. Dean still holds the English national record of most goals in a season, with 60."}], ["Everton mempunyai banyak nama samaran lain sejak bertahun-tahun. Apabila kit hitam dipakai Everton digelar \"The Black Watch\", selepas rejimen tentera yang terkenal. Sejak menjadi biru pada tahun 1901, Everton telah diberikan nama gelaran mudah \"The Blues\". Gaya permainan Everton yang menarik menyebabkan Steve Bloomer memanggil pasukan \"saintifik\" pada tahun 1928, yang dianggap telah mengilhami gelaran \"The School of Science\". Pertarungan memenangi Piala FA tahun 1995 dikenali sebagai \"The Dogs of War\". Ketika David Moyes tiba sebagai pengurus, dia mengumumkan Everton sebagai \"The People's Club\", yang telah diadopsi sebagai nama gelaran semi-rasmi. <> Tahun apakah Kelab Bola Sepak Everton \"pergi biru\"? || 1901 <> Bagaimana Steve Bloomer menggambarkan gaya bermain Everton pada tahun 1928? || sains <> Apakah nama samaran kelab rasmi Kelab Sepak bola Everton? || The People's Club <> Apa nama panggilan Everton ketika mereka memakai hitam sebelum 1901? || The Black Watch <> Apakah Everton Football Club dipanggil setelah memenangi Piala FA 1995? || The Dogs of War <> Siapa yang pernah bermain Steve Bloomer semasa kerjayanya? || <> Dalam tahun apakah David Moyes tiba sebagai pengurus Everton? || <> Siapa yang datang dengan nama panggilan \"The Blues\"? || <> Pasukan apa yang Steve Bloomer menguruskan kemudian dalam kerjayanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Everton Football Club \"go blue\"?", "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fb8", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?", "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fb9", "answers": [{"text": "scientific", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?", "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fba", "answers": [{"text": "The People's Club", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?", "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fbb", "answers": [{"text": "The Black Watch", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?", "id": "570a91fd6d058f1900182fbc", "answers": [{"text": "The Dogs of War", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who did Steve Bloomer play for during his career?", "id": "5a396ad82f14dd001ac72309", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "In what year did David Moyes arrive as manager of Everton?", "id": "5a396ad82f14dd001ac7230a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Moyes", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "Who came up with the nickname \"The Blues\"?", "id": "5a396ad82f14dd001ac7230b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What team did Steve Bloomer manage later in his career?", "id": "5a396ad82f14dd001ac7230c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed \"The Black Watch\", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname \"The Blues\". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team \"scientific\" in 1928, which is thought to have inspired the nickname \"The School of Science\". The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as \"The Dogs of War\". When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as \"The People's Club\", which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname."}], ["Everton juga mempunyai hubungan dengan pasukan Chile, Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar yang dinamakan sempena kelab Inggeris. Pada 4 Ogos 2010, kedua-dua Evertons memainkan satu sama lain dalam persahabatan yang bernama Copa Hermandad di Goodison Park untuk menandakan centenary pasukan Chile, sebuah acara yang dianjurkan oleh The Ruleteros Society, sebuah masyarakat yang ditubuhkan untuk menggalakkan hubungan antara kedua-dua kelab. Everton lain wujud di Rosario di Jabatan Colonia, Uruguay, La Plata, dan R\u00edo Cuarto di Argentina, Elk Grove, California di Amerika Syarikat, dan di Cork, Ireland. <> Apakah nama pasukan Chile yang mempunyai hubungan dengan Everton FC? || Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar <> Bilakah dua Kelab Bola Sepak Everton (Inggeris dan Chile) berhadapan dengan satu sama lain? || 2010 <> Siapa yang menganjurkan perlawanan persahabatan antara kelab bola sepak Inggeris dan Chile di 2010? || The Ruleteros Society <> Apa bandar AS juga mempunyai pasukan bola sepak Everton? || Elk Grove <> Pada apa tarikh ditubuhkan pasukan Everton California? || <> Pada tahun apakah yang diasaskan oleh The Ruleteros Society? || <> Pada tahun apakah Cork, pasukan Ireland Everton bermain pertama? || <> Apakah nama pasukan California Everton? || <> Apakah nama pasukan Everton di Rio Cuarto? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the Chilean team that has ties to the Everton FC?", "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb0", "answers": [{"text": "Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the two Everton Football Clubs (English and Chilean) face off against one another?", "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb1", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who organized the friendly match between the English and Chilean Everton football clubs in 2010?", "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb2", "answers": [{"text": "The Ruleteros Society", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US city also has an Everton football team?", "id": "570a8f876d058f1900182fb3", "answers": [{"text": "Elk Grove", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4 August 2010", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "On what date was Everton's California team established?", "id": "5a397ef02f14dd001ac723e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "In what year was The Ruleteros Society founded?", "id": "5a397ef02f14dd001ac723e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "In what year did Cork, Ireland's Everton team first play?", "id": "5a397ef02f14dd001ac723e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What is the name of the California Everton team?", "id": "5a397ef02f14dd001ac723e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What is the name of the Everton team in Rio Cuarto?", "id": "5a397ef02f14dd001ac723e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Everton also have links with Chilean team Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar who were named after the English club. On 4 August 2010, the two Evertons played each other in a friendly named the Copa Hermandad at Goodison Park to mark the centenary of the Chilean team, an occasion organised by The Ruleteros Society, a society founded to promote connections between the two clubs. Other Evertons exist in Rosario in Colonia Department, Uruguay, La Plata, and R\u00edo Cuarto in Argentina, Elk Grove, California in the United States, and in Cork, Ireland."}], ["Kelab ini telah memasuki carta pop UK pada empat kesempatan di bawah tajuk yang berbeza pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an ketika banyak kelab mengeluarkan lagu untuk menandakan mereka mencapai Piala FA. \"The Boys in Blue\" yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1984, memuncak pada angka 82. Pada tahun berikutnya, kelab itu mencatat kejutan terbesar apabila \"Here We Go\" memuncak pada 14. Pada tahun 1986, kelab itu mengeluarkan \"Everyone Cheering The Blues\" yang mencapai angka 83 \"All Together Now\", yang mengerjakan ulang lagu oleh band Merseyside The Farm, telah dibebaskan untuk Piala FA tahun 1995 dan mencapai angka 27. Ketika kelab itu mencapai final Piala FA 2009, tradisi itu telah melewati sejarah dan tidak lagu dibebaskan. <> Berapa tahun Everton FC melepaskan lagu pop Inggeris mereka \"The Boys in Blue\"? || 1984 <> Kedudukan apa lagu \"Here We Go\" oleh puncak Everton FC pada carta pop UK pada tahun 1985? || 14 <> Apakah nama lagu yang dikeluarkan Kelab Bola Sepak Everton pada tahun 1986? || Everyone Cheering the Blues <> yang asalnya menyanyikan lagu \"All Together Now\" yang telah diolah dan dibebaskan oleh Everton Football Club pada tahun 1995? || Ladang <> Berapa kali Everton FC memasuki carta pop UK? || empat <> Dalam tahun apakah The Farm melepaskan album pertama mereka? || <> Siapa yang melakukan \"The Boys in Blue\"? || <> Siapa yang melakukan \"Here We Go\"? || <> Band yang dikeluarkan \"All Cheering The Blues\"? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Farm telah melaksanakan \"Semua Bersama Sekarang\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song \"The Boys in Blue\"?", "id": "570a90494103511400d59852", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did the song \"Here We Go\" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?", "id": "570a90494103511400d59853", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?", "id": "570a90494103511400d59854", "answers": [{"text": "Everybody's Cheering The Blues", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who originally sang the song \"All Together Now\" that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995?", "id": "570a90494103511400d59855", "answers": [{"text": "The Farm", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts?", "id": "570a90494103511400d59856", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "In what year did The Farm release their first album?", "id": "5a397fc62f14dd001ac723f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Farm", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Who performed \"The Boys in Blue\"?", "id": "5a397fc62f14dd001ac723f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Farm", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Who performed \"Here We Go\"?", "id": "5a397fc62f14dd001ac723f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Farm", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Which band released \"Everybody's Cheering The Blues\"?", "id": "5a397fc62f14dd001ac723fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "In what year did The Farm perform \"All Together Now\"?", "id": "5a397fc62f14dd001ac723fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final. \"The Boys in Blue\", released in 1984, peaked at number 82. The following year the club scored their biggest hit when \"Here We Go\" peaked at 14. In 1986 the club released \"Everybody's Cheering The Blues\" which reached number 83. \"All Together Now\", a reworking of a song by Merseyside band The Farm, was released for the 1995 FA Cup Final and reached number 27. When the club next reached the 2009 FA Cup Final, the tradition had passed into history and no song was released."}], ["Kejayaan Piala ini juga merupakan pasport Everton ke Piala Pemenang Piala-kempen Eropah pertama mereka di era pasca-Heysel. Kemajuan di bawah Joe Royle diteruskan pada 1995-96 ketika mereka mendaki ke tempat keenam di Premiership. Tempat kelima belas menjelang musim berikutnya menyaksikan Royle meletak jawatan pada akhir kempen, untuk sementara digantikan oleh kapten kelab, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall telah dilantik sebagai pengurus Everton buat kali ketiga pada tahun 1997, namun pelantikan itu gagal kerana Everton selesai ketujuh belas di Liga Perdana; hanya mengelakkan penyingkiran kerana perbezaan matlamat unggul mereka terhadap Bolton Wanderers. Bekas pengurus Rangers Walter Smith kemudian mengambil alih dari Kendall pada musim panas tahun 1998 tetapi hanya mengurus tiga perlawanan berturut-turut di bahagian bawah meja. <> Siapa yang buat sementara menggantikan Joe Royle sebagai kapten kelab selepas dia meletak jawatan? || Dave Watson <> Pada tahun apakah Howard Kendall melantik pengurus Everton FC buat kali ketiga? || 1997 <> Siapa yang mengambil alih untuk Howard Kendall selepas percubaan ketiga dalam menguruskan Everton FC tidak berjaya? || Walter Smith <> Berapa banyak kemajuan berturut-turut yang dilakukan Walter Smith untuk Everton FC? || tiga <> Apa pangkat Everton tempat dalam Liga Premiership 1997? || Seventeenth <> Pada musim apakah Heysel berhenti menguruskan Everton? || <> Dalam tahun berapa, Howard Kendall menguruskan Everton? || <> Pada tahun apakah Howard Kendall menguruskan Everton buat kali kedua? || <> Semasa musim apa Dave Watson membuat kapten kelab? || <> Siapa yang menguruskan Bolton Wanderers semasa musim 1995-96? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned?", "id": "570a91194103511400d5985c", "answers": [{"text": "Dave Watson", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time?", "id": "570a91194103511400d5985d", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful?", "id": "570a91194103511400d5985e", "answers": [{"text": "Walter Smith", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?", "id": "570a91194103511400d5985f", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league?", "id": "570a91194103511400d59860", "answers": [{"text": "seventeenth", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995\u201396", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "In what season did Heysel stop managing Everton?", "id": "5a39624f2f14dd001ac722e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "In what year did Howard Kendall first manage Everton?", "id": "5a39624f2f14dd001ac722e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "In what year did Howard Kendall manage Everton for the second time?", "id": "5a39624f2f14dd001ac722e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995\u201396", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "During what season was Dave Watson made club captain?", "id": "5a39624f2f14dd001ac722e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dave Watson", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Who managed the Bolton Wanderers during the 1995-96 season?", "id": "5a39624f2f14dd001ac722e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup\u2014their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995\u201396 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table."}]], [["Contoh pertama diambil dari saluran pembuka Beowulf, epik kira-kira 3,000 baris dan karya tunggal Inggeris Lama. Bahagian ini menerangkan bagaimana leluhur legenda Hrothgar Scyld ditemui sebagai bayi, dibasuh, dan diterima pakai oleh keluarga yang mulia. Terjemahan itu harfiah dan mewakili perintah perkataan puisi asal. Oleh itu, ia tidak tipikal dalam prosa Bahasa Inggeris Lama. Perkataan moden kata-kata asal telah digunakan apabila praktikal untuk memberikan penghampiran yang dekat dengan rasa puisi asal. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai karya sastera terbesar dalam bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Beowulf <> Berapa banyak baris Beowulf? || 3,000 <> Siapa keturunan Hrothgar? || Scyld <> Siapa yang mengamalkan nenek moyang Hrothgar? || keluarga yang mulia <> Apa karya Inggeris Lama yang paling lama? || <> Di manakah Hrothgar dijumpai sebagai bayi? || <> Beowulf adalah tipikal dari apa prosa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?", "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f12", "answers": [{"text": "Beowulf", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many lines was Beowulf?", "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f13", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?", "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f14", "answers": [{"text": "Scyld", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?", "id": "570a84d76d058f1900182f15", "answers": [{"text": "a noble family", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beowulf,", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What is the longest Old English work?", "id": "5a67a637f038b7001ab0c3e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "washed ashore", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Where was Hrothgar found as a baby?", "id": "5a67a637f038b7001ab0c3e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "Beowulf is typical of what prose?", "id": "5a67a637f038b7001ab0c3e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris Lama tidak statik, dan penggunaannya meliputi tempoh 700 tahun, dari penempatan Inggeris Anglo-Saxon pada abad ke-5 hingga akhir abad ke-11, beberapa ketika selepas pencerobohan Norman. Semasa menandakan bahawa penubuhan tarikh adalah proses sewenang-wenangnya, Albert Baugh berketurunan Old English dari 450 hingga 1150, suatu tempoh perpaduan penuh, bahasa sintetik. Mungkin kira-kira 85 peratus perkataan Bahasa Inggeris Lama tidak lagi digunakan, tetapi mereka yang terselamat, pasti, adalah unsur asas kosakata Bahasa Inggeris Moden. <> Selama kira-kira berapa tahun digunakan Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || 700 <> Dalam abad berapa dahulu Bahasa Inggeris Lama digunakan? || 5 <> Dalam abad berapakah Bahasa Inggeris Lama tidak digunakan? || Ke-11 <> Menurut Albert Baugh, apakah tempoh di mana Old English digunakan? || 450 hingga 1150 <> Berapa peratusan perkataan Bahasa Inggeris Lama tidak hadir dalam Bahasa Inggeris Moden? || 85 <> Di mana Anglo-Saxon menetap di 500? || <> Bahasa apa yang berhenti digunakan di Britain pada tahun 1100? || <> Siapa yang mendakwa Bahasa Inggeris Lama digunakan dari 450 hingga 1150 tahun? || <> 85% daripada bahasa apa yang masih digunakan hari ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For about how many years was Old English used?", "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f36", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century was Old English first used?", "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f37", "answers": [{"text": "5th", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Old English cease to be used?", "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f38", "answers": [{"text": "11th", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Albert Baugh, what was the period in which Old English was used?", "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f39", "answers": [{"text": "450 to 1150", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English?", "id": "570a85de6d058f1900182f3a", "answers": [{"text": "85", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "Where did Anglo-Saxons settle in the 500's?", "id": "5a6776a5f038b7001ab0c254", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language stopped being used in Britain during the 1100's?", "id": "5a6776a5f038b7001ab0c255", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albert Baugh", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Who claims Old English was in use for from 450 to 1150 years?", "id": "5a6776a5f038b7001ab0c256", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "85% of what language is still in use today?", "id": "5a6776a5f038b7001ab0c257", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary."}], ["Kata nama Inggeris lama mempunyai jantina tatabahasa, ciri tidak hadir dalam bahasa Inggeris moden, yang hanya menggunakan jantina semula jadi. Sebagai contoh, perkataan sunne (\"sun\"), m\u014dna (\"moon\") dan w\u012bf (\"wanita / isteri\") masing-masing feminin, maskulin dan neuter; ini tercermin, antara lain, dalam bentuk artikel yang pasti yang digunakan dengan kata benda ini: s\u0113o sunne (\"matahari\"), se m\u014dna (\"bulan\"), tidak w\u012bf (\"wanita / isteri\"). Penggunaan pronoun dapat mencerminkan jantina semulajadi atau tatabahasa, apabila mereka bertentangan (seperti dalam hal w\u012bf, kata nama neuter merujuk kepada seorang wanita). <> Jenis jenis jantina apakah kata nama Inggeris Lama memiliki? || tatabahasa <> Jenis jenis jantina yang ada dalam kata nama bahasa Inggeris moden? || semula jadi <> Apakah perkataan maskulin dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || m\u014dna <> Apakah perkataan feminin dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || sunne <> Apakah jantina tatabahasa bahasa Inggeris Lama untuk isteri? || neuter <> apa yang tidak mempunyai jantina dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan jantina dalam bahasa Inggeris moden? || <> Apakah jenis kata nama merujuk kepada seorang wanita dalam bahasa Inggeris moden? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?", "id": "570a83576d058f1900182efe", "answers": [{"text": "grammatical", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?", "id": "570a83576d058f1900182eff", "answers": [{"text": "natural", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a masculine word in Old English?", "id": "570a83576d058f1900182f00", "answers": [{"text": "m\u014dna", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a feminine word in Old English?", "id": "570a83576d058f1900182f01", "answers": [{"text": "sunne", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?", "id": "570a83576d058f1900182f02", "answers": [{"text": "neuter", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nouns", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "what did not have a gender in Old English?", "id": "5a67a198f038b7001ab0c378", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pronoun", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "What is used to show gender in modern English?", "id": "5a67a198f038b7001ab0c379", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a neuter noun", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "What type of noun refers to a female person in modern English?", "id": "5a67a198f038b7001ab0c37a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English nouns had grammatical gender, a feature absent in modern English, which uses only natural gender. For example, the words sunne (\"sun\"), m\u014dna (\"moon\") and w\u012bf (\"woman/wife\") were respectively feminine, masculine and neuter; this is reflected, among other things, in the form of the definite article used with these nouns: s\u0113o sunne (\"the sun\"), se m\u014dna (\"the moon\"), \u00fe\u00e6t w\u012bf (\"the woman/wife\"). Pronoun usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when those conflicted (as in the case of w\u012bf, a neuter noun referring to a female person)."}], ["Taraf sastera kemudian, yang berasal dari abad ke-10 kemudian, timbul di bawah pengaruh Bishop \u00c6thelwold dari Winchester, dan diikuti oleh para penulis seperti \u00c6lfric Eynsham yang prolifik (\"Tatabahasa\"). Bentuk bahasa ini dikenali sebagai \"standard Winchester\", atau lebih biasa sebagai West Saxon Akhir. Ia dianggap mewakili bentuk \"klasik\" Bahasa Inggeris Lama. Ia mengekalkan kedudukan prestijnya sehingga masa Penaklukan Norman, dan selepas itu bahasa Inggeris telah berhenti untuk menjadi penting sebagai bahasa sastera. <> Siapa yang dikenali dengan nama panggilan \"Tatabahasa\"? || \u00c6lfric of Eynsham <> Apa gereja yang berpengaruh dalam pembangunan standard Winchester? || Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester <> Dalam abad berapa tingkatan Winchester? || 10 <> Apa istilah lain untuk standard Winchester? || Akhir West Saxon <> Apa acara yang membawa kepada bahasa Inggeris sementara kehilangan kepentingannya sebagai bahasa sastera? || Norman Conquest <> Apakah standard yang ditetapkan dalam 1000? || <> Apa yang menggantikan bentuk klasik Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Siapa yang mempengaruhi piawaian sastera dalam 1000? || <> Apa penulis membantu membangunkan standard Winchester? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was known by the nickname \"the Grammarian\"?", "id": "570a85944103511400d59800", "answers": [{"text": "\u00c6lfric of Eynsham", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?", "id": "570a85944103511400d59801", "answers": [{"text": "Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the Winchester standard arise?", "id": "570a85944103511400d59802", "answers": [{"text": "10th", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for the Winchester standard?", "id": "570a85944103511400d59803", "answers": [{"text": "Late West Saxon", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?", "id": "570a85944103511400d59804", "answers": [{"text": "the Norman Conquest", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Winchester standard\",", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What standard was established in the 1000's?", "id": "5a678d67f038b7001ab0c2b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Late West Saxon.", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What replaced the classic form of Old English?", "id": "5a678d67f038b7001ab0c2b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester,", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Who influenced literary standards in the 1000's?", "id": "5a678d67f038b7001ab0c2b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00c6lfric of Eynsham", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What writer helped develop the Winchester standard?", "id": "5a678d67f038b7001ab0c2b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific \u00c6lfric of Eynsham (\"the Grammarian\"). This form of the language is known as the \"Winchester standard\", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is considered to represent the \"classical\" form of Old English. It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest, after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language."}], ["Abjad latin pada masa itu masih kekurangan surat \u27e8j\u27e9 dan \u27e8w\u27e9, dan tidak ada \u27e8v\u27e9 yang berbeza daripada \u27e8u\u27e9; Lebih-lebih lagi bahasa asli Old English spellings tidak menggunakan \u27e8k\u27e9, \u27e8q\u27e9 atau \u27e8z\u27e9. Selebihnya 20 huruf Latin ditambah dengan empat lagi: \u27e8\u00e6\u27e9 (\u00e6sc, abu moden) dan \u27e8\u00f0\u27e9 (\u00f0\u00e6t, kini dipanggil eth or edh), yang diubahsuai huruf Latin, dan duri \u27e8\u00fe\u27e9 dan wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9 , yang merupakan peminjaman dari pemancingan. Beberapa pasang huruf digunakan sebagai digraf, mewakili bunyi tunggal. Juga digunakan adalah nota Tironian \u27e8\u204a\u27e9 (watak yang sama dengan angka 7) untuk konjungsi itu dan, dan duri dengan palang arah melalui ascender untuk kata ganti nama itu. Macon atas vokal pada mulanya digunakan untuk tidak menandakan vokal panjang (seperti dalam edisi moden), tetapi untuk menunjukkan stres, atau sebagai singkatan untuk m atau n berikut. <> Apabila abjad Latin diperkenalkan kepada Bahasa Inggeris Lama, huruf apa yang sama dengan v? || u <> Bersama k dan z, apa huruf Latin tidak digunakan dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || q <> Apakah istilah untuk surat itu? || duri <> Berapakah bilangan catatan Tironian yang mirip dengan? || \u01bf <> Apakah istilah untuk huruf \u01bf? || wynn <> Apa yang asalnya digunakan untuk menandakan vokal panjang? || <> Apakah pasangan huruf paling banyak digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?", "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f08", "answers": [{"text": "u", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?", "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f09", "answers": [{"text": "q", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the letter \u00fe?", "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f0a", "answers": [{"text": "thorn", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?", "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f0b", "answers": [{"text": "\u01bf", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the term for the letter \u01bf?", "id": "570a842b6d058f1900182f0c", "answers": [{"text": "wynn", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macrons", "answer_start": 643}], "question": "What was originally used to mark long vowels?", "id": "5a67a413f038b7001ab0c3c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as digraphs, representing a single sound.", "answer_start": 433}], "question": "What were most letter pairs used for?", "id": "5a67a413f038b7001ab0c3c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters \u27e8j\u27e9 and \u27e8w\u27e9, and there was no \u27e8v\u27e9 as distinct from \u27e8u\u27e9; moreover native Old English spellings did not use \u27e8k\u27e9, \u27e8q\u27e9 or \u27e8z\u27e9. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: \u27e8\u00e6\u27e9 (\u00e6sc, modern ash) and \u27e8\u00f0\u27e9 (\u00f0\u00e6t, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn \u27e8\u00fe\u27e9 and wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note \u27e8\u204a\u27e9 (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun \u00fe\u00e6t. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n."}], ["Empat bentuk dialektik utama Bahasa Inggeris Lama adalah Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, dan Saxon Barat. Mercian dan Northumbrian bersama-sama disebut sebagai Anglian. Dari segi geografi rantau Northumbrian terletak di utara Sungai Humber; Mercian terletak di utara Thames dan Selatan Sungai Humber; West Saxon terletak di selatan dan barat daya Thames; dan wilayah Kentish yang terkecil terletak di tenggara Thames, sebuah sudut kecil di England. Rantau Kentish, yang diselesaikan oleh Jutes dari Jutland, mempunyai sisa sastera yang paling lama. <> Bersama dengan West Saxon, Northumbrian dan Mercian, apakah salah satu daripada empat dialek utama Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Kentish <> Apakah istilah yang secara kolektif merujuk kepada Northumbrian dan Mercian? || Anglian <> Secara geografi, apa sungai utara Northumbria? || Humber <> Sungai apa rantau Mercian di selatan? || Humber <> Antara dialek bahasa Inggeris yang manakah meliputi wilayah geografi yang paling kecil? || Kentish <> Apakah empat dialek utama Bahasa Jerman Lama? || <> Apa dua dialek digantikan dengan Anglian? || <> Daerah mana yang terletak di selatan Thames dan utara Sungai Humber? || <> Kawasan apa yang mempunyai sastera yang paling sastera? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian, what was one of the four main dialects of Old English?", "id": "570a82934103511400d597c6", "answers": [{"text": "Kentish", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian?", "id": "570a82934103511400d597c7", "answers": [{"text": "Anglian", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Geographically, what river was Northumbria north of?", "id": "570a82934103511400d597c8", "answers": [{"text": "Humber", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river was the Mercian region south of?", "id": "570a82934103511400d597c9", "answers": [{"text": "Humber", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region?", "id": "570a82934103511400d597ca", "answers": [{"text": "Kentish", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon.", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What were the four main dialects of Old German?", "id": "5a679272f038b7001ab0c2d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mercian and Northumbrian", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What two dialects were replaced with Anglian?", "id": "5a679272f038b7001ab0c2d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northumbrian", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What region was south of the Thames and north of the Humber River?", "id": "5a679272f038b7001ab0c2da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Kentish region", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What region has the most literary remains?", "id": "5a679272f038b7001ab0c2db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. Mercian and Northumbrian are together referred to as Anglian. In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames; and the smallest, Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames, a small corner of England. The Kentish region, settled by the Jutes from Jutland, has the scantiest literary remains."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris Lama adalah salah satu bahasa Jermanik Barat, dan saudara terdekatnya adalah Old Frisian dan Old Saxon. Seperti bahasa-bahasa Jerman lama yang lain, ia sangat berbeza dari Bahasa Inggeris Moden dan sukar bagi penceramah Bahasa Inggeris Moden untuk memahami tanpa belajar. Tatabahasa bahasa Inggeris Lama hampir sama dengan bahasa Jerman moden: kata benda, kata sifat, kata ganti, dan kata kerja mempunyai banyak bentuk dan bentuk infleksi, dan urutan kata jauh lebih bebas. Prasasti Bahasa Inggeris tertua ditulis dengan menggunakan sistem runic, tetapi dari sekitar abad ke-9 ini digantikan dengan versi abjad Latin. <> Kepada kumpulan bahasa apakah bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Jermanik Barat <> Bersama dengan Old Saxon, bahasa apakah yang berkait rapat dengan Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Frisian Lama <> Untuk bahasa moden apa yang Bahasa Inggeris Lama sama? || Bahasa Jerman <> Dalam abad apakah abjad Latin menggantikan sistem runic dalam penulisan Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || 9 <> Apa bahasa Jermanik yang lain dekat dengan bahasa Inggeris moden? || <> Apakah Jerman moden sangat berbeza? || <> Apa yang menggantikan tulisan runic dalam 900's ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what language group does Old English belong?", "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1a", "answers": [{"text": "West Germanic", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?", "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1b", "answers": [{"text": "Old Frisian", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what modern language is Old English similar?", "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1c", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?", "id": "570a85246d058f1900182f1d", "answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Frisian and Old Saxon", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What other Germanic languages are close to modern English?", "id": "5a677485f038b7001ab0c244", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "old Germanic languages", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "What is modern German very different from?", "id": "5a677485f038b7001ab0c245", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a version of the Latin alphabet", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What replaced runic writing in the 900's", "id": "5a677485f038b7001ab0c246", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study. Old English grammar is quite similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms, and word order is much freer. The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system, but from about the 9th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris Lama (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) atau Anglo-Saxon adalah bentuk sejarah awal bahasa Inggeris, yang dituturkan di England dan Scotland selatan dan timur pada awal Abad Pertengahan. Ia dibawa ke Great Britain oleh peneroka Anglo-Saxon mungkin pada pertengahan abad ke-5, dan kesusasteraan Bahasa Inggeris Lama yang pertama bermula dari pertengahan abad ke-7. Selepas Penaklukan Norman 1066, bahasa Inggeris telah digantikan untuk sementara waktu kerana bahasa kelas atas oleh Anglo-Norman, saudara Perancis, dan Bahasa Inggeris Lama berkembang menjadi bentuk sejarah Inggeris yang seterusnya, yang dikenali sebagai Bahasa Inggeris Tengah. <> Apakah nama bahasa Inggeris yang terawal? || Bahasa Inggeris Lama <> Di bahagian-bahagian mana Scotland adalah Bahasa Inggeris Lama yang dituturkan? || selatan dan timur <> dalam apa tempoh sejarah yang digunakan oleh Old English? || Awal Abad Pertengahan <> Apa orang yang membawa Old English to Britain? || Penduduk Anglo-Saxon <> Bahasa apa yang dibangun dari Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Bahasa Inggeris Tengah <> Apa bentuk Anglo-Saxon tertua? || <> Bahasa yang pertama kali dibangunkan di Great Britain semasa Abad Pertengahan? || <> Siapa yang datang ke Great Britain dalam 500? || <> Apa penulisan tarikh kembali ke pertengahan 700? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the English language's earliest form?", "id": "570a82334103511400d597b4", "answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken?", "id": "570a82334103511400d597b5", "answers": [{"text": "southern and eastern", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in what historical period was Old English spoken?", "id": "570a82334103511400d597b6", "answers": [{"text": "the early Middle Ages", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What people brought Old English to Britain?", "id": "570a82334103511400d597b7", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Saxon settlers", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language developed from Old English?", "id": "570a82334103511400d597b8", "answers": [{"text": "Middle English", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the oldest form of Anglo-Saxon?", "id": "5a6743e3f038b7001ab0c22a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Saxon", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What language first developed in Great Britain during the Middle Ages?", "id": "5a6743e3f038b7001ab0c22b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Saxon settlers", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who came to Great Britain in the 500's?", "id": "5a6743e3f038b7001ab0c22c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first Old English literary works", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "What writing dates back to the mid 700's?", "id": "5a6743e3f038b7001ab0c22d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English (\u00c6nglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English."}], ["Oleh kerana pemusatan kuasa dan pencerobohan Viking, terdapat sedikit catatan bertulis daripada dialek non-Wessex setelah penyatuan Alfred. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa teks Mercian terus ditulis, dan pengaruh Mercian adalah jelas dalam beberapa terjemahan yang dihasilkan di bawah program Alfred, yang kebanyakannya dihasilkan oleh para sarjana Mercian. Dialek-dialek lain pasti terus dibicarakan, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh variasi yang berterusan antara pengganti mereka di Bahasa Inggeris Tengah dan Moden. Malah, apa yang akan menjadi bentuk standard Bahasa Inggeris Tengah dan Bahasa Moden adalah keturunan dari Mercian dan bukannya Saxon Barat, sementara Skotlandia berkembang dari dialek Northumbrian. Ia pernah mendakwa bahawa, kerana kedudukannya di tengah-tengah Kerajaan Wessex, peninggalan aksen Anglo-Saxon, idiom dan perbendaharaan kata yang terbaik dipelihara dalam dialek Somerset. <> Daripada apa yang dialek Bahasa Inggeris Lama adalah standard bagi bahasa Inggeris Modern yang turun? || Mercian <> Dari apa dialek Bahasa Inggeris Lama yang dilakukan oleh Scots? || Northumbrian <> Apa dialek moden kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai serupa dengan Kerajaan Wessex sejarah? || Somerset <> Bersama dengan sentralisasi, apakah alasan yang diberikan untuk kekurangan rekod dalam dialek non-Wessex selepas penyatuan Alfred? || pencerobohan Viking <> Apa dialek hilang selepas penyatuan Alfred? || <> Apa ulama memimpin pergerakan untuk menterjemahkan teks ke dalam bahasa Inggeris? || <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari Mercian dan Saxon Barat? || <> Apa modal kerajaan Anglo-Saxon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?", "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f40", "answers": [{"text": "Mercian", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?", "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f41", "answers": [{"text": "Northumbrian", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?", "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f42", "answers": [{"text": "Somerset", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?", "id": "570a86c76d058f1900182f43", "answers": [{"text": "the Viking invasions", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Wessex dialects", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What dialects disappeared after Alfred's unification?", "id": "5a679a05f038b7001ab0c324", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mercian", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What scholars lead the movement to translate texts into English?", "id": "5a679a05f038b7001ab0c325", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle and Modern English", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What languages are descended from Mercian and West Saxon?", "id": "5a679a05f038b7001ab0c326", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somerset", "answer_start": 881}], "question": "What was the capital of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom?", "id": "5a679a05f038b7001ab0c327", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars. Other dialects certainly continued to be spoken, as is evidenced by the continued variation between their successors in Middle and Modern English. In fact, what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon, while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect. It was once claimed that, owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris Lama mengandungi sebilangan kata pinjaman dari Latin, yang merupakan lingua franca ilmiah dan diplomatik di Eropah Barat. Kadangkala mungkin untuk memberikan tarikh anggaran untuk peminjaman kata-kata Latin individu berdasarkan pola perubahan bunyi yang telah mereka jalani. Beberapa perkataan Latin telah dipinjam ke dalam bahasa Jerman sebelum sudut leluhur dan Saxon meninggalkan benua Eropah untuk Britain. Lebih banyak memasuki bahasa apabila orang Anglo-Saxon ditukarkan kepada penganut Kristian dan Kristian yang bertutur Latin menjadi berpengaruh. Ia juga melalui mubaligh Kristian Kristian yang abjad Latin diperkenalkan dan disesuaikan untuk penulisan Bahasa Inggeris Lama, menggantikan sistem runic yang lebih awal. Walau bagaimanapun, perpindahan perkataan Latin yang berpusatkan (terutamanya Bahasa Lama Lama) kepada bahasa Inggeris berlaku selepas Penaklukan Norman 1066, dan dengan itu di dalam Bahasa Inggeris Tengah dan bukannya bahasa Inggeris Lama. <> Dari bahasa apa bahasa Inggeris Lama meminjam beberapa perkataan? || Latin <> Orang-orang yang memperkenalkan abjad Latin kepada penutur Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Misi Kristian Kristian <> Sebelum pengenalan abjad Latin, bagaimanakah tulisan Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || sistem runic <> Selepas penaklukan Norman, perkataan Latin memasuki Bahasa Inggeris melalui bahasa apa? || Perancis Lama <> Pada tahun apakah penaklukan Norman berlaku? || 1066 <> Apa yang mengandungi perkataan pinjaman dari Eropah Barat? || <> Bilakah perkataan yang dipinjam dari bahasa Jerman? || <> Bilakah bahasa Inggeris mempengaruhi kata Latin? || <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan bahasa Ireland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From what language did Old English borrow some words?", "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef4", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English?", "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef5", "answers": [{"text": "Irish Christian missionaries", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet, how was Old English written?", "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef6", "answers": [{"text": "runic system", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Norman Conquest, Latin words entered English via what language?", "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef7", "answers": [{"text": "Old French", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Norman Conquest occur?", "id": "570a83046d058f1900182ef8", "answers": [{"text": "1066", "answer_start": 859}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What contains loan words from Western Europe?", "id": "5a679adbf038b7001ab0c32c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "When were words borrowed from the Germanic languages?", "id": "5a679adbf038b7001ab0c32d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "When did English influence Latin words?", "id": "5a679adbf038b7001ab0c32e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irish Christian missionaries", "answer_start": 585}], "question": "Who introduced the Irish language?", "id": "5a679adbf038b7001ab0c32f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Western Europe. It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the borrowing of individual Latin words based on which patterns of sound change they have undergone. Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. More entered the language when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and Latin-speaking priests became influential. It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English, replacing the earlier runic system. Nonetheless, the largest transfer of Latin-based (mainly Old French) words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period."}], ["Tidak seperti Bahasa Inggeris Moden, Bahasa Inggeris Lama adalah bahasa yang kaya dengan kepelbagaian morfologi. Ia mengekalkan beberapa kes yang berbeza: nominatif, akusatif, genitive, dative dan (cenderung) instrumental. Satu-satunya sisa sistem ini dalam Bahasa Inggeris Moden adalah dalam bentuk beberapa kata ganti nama (seperti saya / saya / saya, dia / siapa / yang) dan di akhir yang bersemangat, yang berasal dari yang lama (maskulin dan neuter) genitive ending -es. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama, kata nama dan perkataan yang diubahsuainya mengambil pengakhiran yang sesuai bergantung pada kes mereka. <> Ciri-ciri apakah Inggeris Lama yang tidak mempunyai Bahasa Inggeris Moden? || kepelbagaian morfologi <> Bersama dengan nominative, genitive, dative dan instrumental, apakah kes yang dilakukan oleh Old English? || akusatif <> Bahasa Inggeris moden yang berakhir-diperoleh daripada apa yang berakhir di Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || -es <> Bahasa Inggeris Lama, kata benda akhir berbeza mengikut asasnya? || kes mereka <> Apa jenis kepelbagaian yang terdapat dalam Bahasa Inggeris Moden? || <> Apakah contoh morfologi dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama dan Norse Lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?", "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59810", "answers": [{"text": "morphological diversity", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?", "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59811", "answers": [{"text": "accusative", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?", "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59812", "answers": [{"text": "-es", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?", "id": "570a87ef4103511400d59813", "answers": [{"text": "their case", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "morphological diversity", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What kind of diversity is found in Modern English?", "id": "5a679e75f038b7001ab0c360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the forms of a few pronouns", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What were examples of morphology in Old English and Old Norse?", "id": "5a679e75f038b7001ab0c361", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental. The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns (such as I/me/mine, she/her, who/whom/whose) and in the possessive ending -'s, which derives from the old (masculine and neuter) genitive ending -es. In Old English, however, nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case."}], ["Beberapa karya yang paling penting dalam kesusasteraan Inggeris Lama adalah Beowulf, sebuah puisi epik; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, rekod sejarah Inggeris awal; The Franks Casket, artifak awal whalebone yang tertera; dan Cyndmon's Hymn, sebuah puisi agama Kristian. Terdapat juga beberapa karya prosa yang masih ada, seperti khotbah dan kehidupan orang-orang kudus, terjemahan alkitabiah, dan diterjemahkan karya-karya Latin dari Bapa Gereja awal, dokumen undang-undang, seperti undang-undang dan kehendak, dan karya-karya praktikal mengenai tata bahasa, perubatan, dan geografi . Namun, puisi dianggap sebagai pusat kesusasteraan Bahasa Inggeris Lama. Hampir semua penulis Anglo-Saxon tidak dikenali, dengan beberapa pengecualian, seperti Bede dan C\u00e6dmon. C\u00e6dmon, penyair bahasa Inggeris terawal yang kami kenal dengan nama, berkhidmat sebagai abang yang terletak di biara di Whitby. <> Apakah rekod sejarah Inggeris yang penting? || Anglo-Saxon Chronicle <> Apakah puisi agama Inggeris Lama yang penting? || Hymn C\u00e6dmon <> Apa jenis karya sastera Beowulf? || puisi epik <> Siapa penyair bahasa Inggeris yang paling awal dikenali dengan namanya? || C\u00e6dmon <> Di mana C\u00e6dmon hidup? || Whitby <> Apa yang tertua kesusasteraan Inggeris lama yang masih hidup? || <> Apakah Anglo-Saxon Chronicle diukir? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai pusat kesusasteraan dunia? || <> Siapa yang biasanya terkenal di kalangan orang Anglo-Saxon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is an important Old English historical record?", "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa6", "answers": [{"text": "the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an important Old English religious poem?", "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa7", "answers": [{"text": "C\u00e6dmon's Hymn", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of literary work is Beowulf?", "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa8", "answers": [{"text": "an epic poem", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the earliest English poet known by name?", "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182fa9", "answers": [{"text": "C\u00e6dmon", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did C\u00e6dmon live?", "id": "570a8ed26d058f1900182faa", "answers": [{"text": "Whitby", "answer_start": 776}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beowulf", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What is the oldest surviving Old English literature?", "id": "5a67a5aff038b7001ab0c3d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whalebone", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle carved on?", "id": "5a67a5aff038b7001ab0c3d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "poetry", "answer_start": 529}], "question": "What is considered the heart of world literature?", "id": "5a67a5aff038b7001ab0c3d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "authors", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "Who are usually well known among the Anglo-Saxons?", "id": "5a67a5aff038b7001ab0c3d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf, an epic poem; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of early English history; the Franks Casket, an inscribed early whalebone artefact; and C\u00e6dmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem. There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography. Still, poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous, with a few exceptions, such as Bede and C\u00e6dmon. C\u00e6dmon, the earliest English poet we know by name, served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris Lama dikembangkan dari satu set dialek bahasa Jerman Anglo-Frisian atau Utara yang pada asalnya dituturkan oleh puak-puak Jerman yang secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai Angle, Saxon, dan Jute. Apabila Anglo-Saxon menjadi dominan di England, bahasa mereka menggantikan bahasa Roman Britain: Bahasa Inggeris biasa, bahasa Celtic, dan Latin, dibawa ke Britain oleh serangan Roman. Bahasa Inggeris Lama mempunyai empat dialek utama, yang dikaitkan dengan kerajaan Anglo-Saxon tertentu: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish dan West Saxon. Ia adalah West Saxon yang membentuk asas untuk taraf kesusasteraan zaman Inggeris Lama, walaupun bentuk dominan Bahasa Inggeris Tengah dan Moden akan berkembang terutama dari Mercian. Ucapan di bahagian timur dan utara England adalah tertakluk kepada pengaruh Norse Lama yang kuat disebabkan oleh peraturan dan penyelesaian Scandinavia bermula pada abad ke-9. <> Apa nama lain untuk Anglo-Frisian? || Laut Utara Germanik <> Bersama dengan Sudut dan Saxon, suku apa yang bercakap Anglo-Frisian? || Jutes <> Apakah keluarga bahasa apakah yang dimiliki oleh Brittonic Common? || Celtic <> Bagaimana bahasa Latin dibawa ke Britain? || Pencerobohan Rom <> Dalam abad apa pemukiman Scandinavia bermula di utara England? || 9 <> Apakah dialek bahasa Jerman yang dibangunkan dari Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Bahasa manakah yang digantikan oleh Common Brittonic? || <> Bahasa apa yang menggantikan Common Brittonic selepas pencerobohan Rom? || <> Apa orang memerintah bahagian timur dan utara England bermula pada tahun 900? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for Anglo-Frisian?", "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe0", "answers": [{"text": "North Sea Germanic", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Angles and Saxons, what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian?", "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe1", "answers": [{"text": "Jutes", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language family did Common Brittonic belong to?", "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe2", "answers": [{"text": "Celtic", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the Latin language brought to Britain?", "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe3", "answers": [{"text": "Roman invasion", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?", "id": "570a99ad6d058f1900182fe4", "answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What Germanic dialects developed from Old English?", "id": "5a676f6df038b7001ab0c232", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Angles, Saxons, and Jutes", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Whose language was replaced by Common Brittonic?", "id": "5a676f6df038b7001ab0c233", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 317}], "question": "What language replace Common Brittonic after the Roman invasion?", "id": "5a676f6df038b7001ab0c234", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scandinavian", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "What people ruled the eastern and northern parts of England beginning in the 900's?", "id": "5a676f6df038b7001ab0c235", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain: Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, and Latin, brought to Britain by Roman invasion. Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle and Modern English would develop mainly from Mercian. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century."}], ["Bentuk kata kerja bervariasi dengan orang (pertama, kedua dan ketiga), nombor (tunggal dan jamak), tegang (sekarang dan masa lalu), dan mood (indikatif, subjungtif dan penting). Bahasa Inggeris Lama juga kadang-kadang menggunakan pembinaan kompaun untuk menyatakan aspek lisan lain, masa depan dan suara pasif; di dalam ini kita melihat permulaan tenses kompaun Bahasa Inggeris Moden. Kata kerja Bahasa Inggeris Lama termasuk kata kerja yang kuat, yang membentuk tegang masa lalu dengan mengubah vokal akar, dan kata kerja yang lemah, yang menggunakan sufiks seperti -de. Seperti dalam Bahasa Inggeris Moden, dan khusus kepada bahasa Jerman, kata kerja membentuk dua kelas besar: lemah (biasa), dan kuat (tidak teratur). Seperti hari ini, Old English mempunyai kurang kata kerja yang kuat, dan banyak dari ini telah lama berubah menjadi bentuk yang lemah. Kemudian, seperti sekarang, akhiran pergigian menunjukkan tegang masa lalu kata kerja yang lemah, seperti dalam kerja dan bekerja. <> Bersama dengan masa kini, apakah kata kerja tegang dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || lalu <> Apa tiga suasana hati yang menyebabkan variasi kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || indikatif, subjungtif dan imperatif <> Bersama dengan yang pertama dan kedua, apa yang mempengaruhi variasi kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || ketiga <> Apakah contoh sufiks yang digunakan oleh kata kerja bahasa Inggeris Lama? || -de <> Bagaimana kata kerja bahasa Inggeris Lama menyatakan masa lalu? || mengubah vokal akar <> Apa gunanya penggunaan bahasa Inggeris moden untuk menyatakan aspek lisan? || <> Apa bentuk masa lampau dalam Bahasa Inggeris Moden? || <> Apa yang tidak lagi menunjukkan tegang masa lalu kata kerja yang lemah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?", "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6a", "answers": [{"text": "past", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?", "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6b", "answers": [{"text": "indicative, subjunctive and imperative", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?", "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6c", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?", "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6d", "answers": [{"text": "-de", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?", "id": "570a88dd6d058f1900182f6e", "answers": [{"text": "altering the root vowel", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compound constructions", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What does modern English use to express verbal aspects?", "id": "5a67a255f038b7001ab0c392", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strong verbs", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What forms the past tense in Modern English?", "id": "5a67a255f038b7001ab0c393", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dental suffixes", "answer_start": 769}], "question": "What no longer indicates the past tense of weak verbs?", "id": "5a67a255f038b7001ab0c394", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English. Old English verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a suffix such as -de. As in Modern English, and peculiar to the Germanic languages, the verbs formed two great classes: weak (regular), and strong (irregular). Like today, Old English had fewer strong verbs, and many of these have over time decayed into weak forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in work and worked."}], ["Dengan penyatuan kerajaan Anglo-Saxon (di luar Danelaw) oleh Alfred the Great pada abad ke-9 kemudian, bahasa kerajaan dan kesusasteraan menjadi standard di sekitar dialek Barat Saxon (Early West Saxon). Alfred menganjurkan pendidikan dalam Bahasa Inggeris bersama Latin, dan mempunyai banyak kerja diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris; sesetengah daripada mereka, seperti risalah Paus Gregorius I, kelihatannya telah diterjemahkan oleh Alfred sendiri. Dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama, tipikal perkembangan kesusasteraan, puisi muncul sebelum prosa, tetapi King Alfred the Great (871 hingga 901) terutama mengilhami pertumbuhan prosa. <> Apa raja menyatukan alam Anglo-Saxon di England? || Alfred the Great <> Apa karya yang ditulis oleh Paus Gregorius? || Penjagaan Pastoral <> Bilakah pemerintahan Alfred the Great bermula? || 871 <> Dalam abad apakah Alfred menyatukan Inggeris Anglo-Saxon? || 9 <> Apa dialek yang digunakan oleh kerajaan Alfred? || West Saxon <> Yang menyatukan kerajaan Anglo-Saxon pada tahun 900? || <> Siapa yang memperjuangkan bahasa Latin pendidikan? || <> Apakah risalah apa yang telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris? || <> Apa raja Anglo-Saxon mati pada abad ke-9? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?", "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fea", "answers": [{"text": "Alfred the Great", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?", "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182feb", "answers": [{"text": "Pastoral Care", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?", "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fec", "answers": [{"text": "871", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?", "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fed", "answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dialect did Alfred's government use?", "id": "570a9a216d058f1900182fee", "answers": [{"text": "West Saxon", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alfred the Great", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Who unified the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 900's?", "id": "5a678b05f038b7001ab0c2aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alfred the Great", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Who advocated making Latin the language of education?", "id": "5a678b05f038b7001ab0c2ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pastoral Care", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What treatise did Pope Gregory I have translated into English?", "id": "5a678b05f038b7001ab0c2ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King Alfred the Great", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "What Anglo-Saxon king died in the 9th century?", "id": "5a678b05f038b7001ab0c2ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose."}], ["Pengaruh Norse Lama pastinya membantu menggerakkan Bahasa Inggeris dari bahasa sintetik sepanjang kontinum ke urutan kata yang lebih analitik, dan Norse Lama kemungkinan besar memberi impak yang lebih besar pada bahasa Inggeris daripada bahasa lain. Keberanian Vikings di Danelaw untuk berkomunikasi dengan jiran-jiran Anglo-Saxon selatan mereka menghasilkan geseran yang membawa kepada pengikisan pengakhiran perkataan yang rumit. Simeon Potter mencatatkan: \"Tidak kurang luasnya pengaruh pengaruh Scandinavia terhadap pengakhiran Bahasa Inggeris dalam mempercepatkan pemakaian dan penataan bentuk-bentuk tatabahasa yang beransur-ansur menyebar dari utara ke selatan. Ia, bagaimanapun, adalah pengaruh kebaikan. Keuntungan lebih besar daripada kerugian. Terdapat keuntungan dalam arah, dalam kejelasan, dan berkuat kuasa. \"<> Bahasa apa yang mempunyai pengaruh terbesar dalam Bahasa Inggeris? || Old Norse <> Apakah nama kawasan di England yang diperintah oleh Vikings? || Danelaw <> Yang berhujah bahawa pengaruh Norse Lama menyebabkan Bahasa Inggeris menjadi bahasa yang lebih jelas, kuat dan lebih langsung? || Simeon Potter <> Apa bahagian tatabahasa bahasa Inggeris merosot akibat pengaruh Norse Lama? || perkataan-endings <> Apa pengaruh bahasa Inggeris lebih sintetik? || <> Bahasa apa yang paling memberi kesan kepada bahasa lain? || <> Mengapa Vikings berhenti menggunakan kata-kata yang rumit? || <> Apakah bahasa Norse mendapat kejelasan dan keterhubungan dari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What language had the greatest influence on English?", "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f62", "answers": [{"text": "Old Norse", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?", "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f63", "answers": [{"text": "the Danelaw", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?", "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f64", "answers": [{"text": "Simeon Potter", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?", "id": "570a88636d058f1900182f65", "answers": [{"text": "word-endings", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Norse", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What influence made English more of a synthetic language?", "id": "5a679cb7f038b7001ab0c33c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Norse", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What language had the most impact on other languages?", "id": "5a679cb7f038b7001ab0c33d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "Why did the Vikings stop using complicated word-endings?", "id": "5a679cb7f038b7001ab0c33e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What did the Norse language gain clarity and directness from?", "id": "5a679cb7f038b7001ab0c33f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: \u201cNo less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.\u201d"}], ["Setiap empat dialek ini dikaitkan dengan kerajaan merdeka di pulau itu. Daripada jumlah ini, Northumbria di selatan Tyne, dan kebanyakan Mercia, ditakluki oleh Vikings pada abad ke-9. Bahagian Mercia yang berjaya dipertahankan, dan semua Kent, kemudian diintegrasikan ke dalam Wessex di bawah Alfred the Great. Sejak masa itu, dialek West Saxon (kemudian dalam bentuk yang kini dikenali sebagai Early West Saxon) menjadi standard sebagai bahasa pemerintah, dan sebagai asas untuk banyak karya kesusasteraan dan bahan keagamaan yang dihasilkan atau diterjemahkan dari bahasa Latin pada masa itu . <> Bersama dengan Northumbria, kerajaan apa yang diserang oleh Viking? || Mercia <> Bersama dengan Mercia tidak ditaklukkan oleh Viking, apa kerajaan lain digabungkan dengan Wessex oleh Alfred? || Kent <> Apakah nama moden untuk dialek Barat Saxon masa Alfred? || Awal West Saxon <> Dari bahasa apa yang diterbitkan oleh literatur ke West Saxon? || Latin <> Utara dari apa sungai di Northumbria adalah kerajaan yang tidak ditakluki oleh Viking? || Tyne <> Siapa yang lebih banyak menjalankan Mercia pada tahun 900? || <> Siapa yang mempertahankan Kent dari Viking? || <> Apa yang menjadi bahasa piawai dalam 900? || <> Bahasa apa yang diterjemahkan sastera Barat Saxon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Northumbria, what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings?", "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59870", "answers": [{"text": "Mercia", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings, what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred?", "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59871", "answers": [{"text": "Kent", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred's time?", "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59872", "answers": [{"text": "Early West Saxon", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon?", "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59873", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings?", "id": "570a9aba4103511400d59874", "answers": [{"text": "Tyne", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vikings", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Who over ran most of Mercia in the 900's?", "id": "5a6794bef038b7001ab0c2fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alfred the Great", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "Who defended Kent from the Vikings?", "id": "5a6794bef038b7001ab0c2ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Early West Saxon", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "What became the standard language in the 900's?", "id": "5a6794bef038b7001ab0c300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "What language was West Saxon literature translated to?", "id": "5a6794bef038b7001ab0c301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris Lama adalah bahasa Jermanik Barat, yang mengembangkan dialek Ingvaeonic (juga dikenali sebagai Laut Utara Jerman) dari abad ke-5. Ia datang untuk digunakan di kebanyakan wilayah kerajaan Anglo-Saxon yang menjadi Kerajaan Inggeris. Ini termasuk kebanyakan England sekarang ini, serta sebahagian dari apa yang sekarang adalah tenggara Scotland, yang selama beberapa abad kepunyaan kerajaan Anglo-Saxon di Northumbria. Bahagian lain pulau itu - Wales dan sebahagian besar Scotland - terus menggunakan bahasa Celtic, kecuali di kawasan penempatan Scandinavia di mana Norse Lama dituturkan. Pidato Celtic juga ditubuhkan di bahagian-bahagian tertentu di England: Cornish Abad Pertengahan dituturkan di seluruh Cornwall dan di bahagian-bahagian berdekatan Devon, sementara Cumbric terselamat mungkin hingga abad ke-12 di bahagian Cumbria, dan Welsh mungkin telah dibicarakan di sisi Inggeris Sempadan Anglo-Wales. Norse juga digunakan secara meluas di bahagian-bahagian England yang jatuh di bawah undang-undang Denmark. <> Keluarga keluarga apa yang dikatakan bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Jermanik Barat <> Apakah nama lain untuk Ingvaeonic? || Laut Utara Germanic <> Dalam abad berapakah Old English pertama berkembang? || 5th <> Apa kerajaan Anglo-Saxon memerintah sebahagian Scotland zaman moden? || Northumbria <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan di Cornwall? || Cornish Abad Pertengahan <> Apa dialek bahasa Jerman dari 500? || <> Siapakah kerajaan Anglo-Saxon milik Northuumbria? || <> Bahasa apa yang terselamat di Cumbria sehingga 1200? || <> Bahasa apa yang menggantikan Bahasa Inggeris Lama di penempatan Scandinavia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What language family does Old English belong to?", "id": "570a89404103511400d5982a", "answers": [{"text": "West Germanic", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Ingvaeonic?", "id": "570a89404103511400d5982b", "answers": [{"text": "North Sea Germanic", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did Old English first develop?", "id": "570a89404103511400d5982c", "answers": [{"text": "5th", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland?", "id": "570a89404103511400d5982d", "answers": [{"text": "Northumbria", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was spoken in Cornwall?", "id": "570a89404103511400d5982e", "answers": [{"text": "Medieval Cornish", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ingvaeonic", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What Germanic dialects are from the 500's?", "id": "5a6787d6f038b7001ab0c284", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "Who did the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northuumbria belong to?", "id": "5a6787d6f038b7001ab0c285", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cumbric", "answer_start": 747}], "question": "What language survived in Cumbria until the 1200's?", "id": "5a6787d6f038b7001ab0c286", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Norse", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "What language replace Old English in Scandinavian settlements?", "id": "5a6787d6f038b7001ab0c287", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island \u2013 Wales and most of Scotland \u2013 continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law."}], ["Satu lagi punca kata pinjaman ialah Old Norse, yang berkomunikasi dengan Old English melalui penguasa dan peneroka Scandinavia di Danelaw dari abad ke-9, dan semasa pemerintahan Cnut dan raja-raja Denmark yang lain pada awal abad ke-11. Banyak nama tempat di timur dan utara England berasal dari Scandinavian. Peminjaman Norse agak jarang berlaku dalam kesusasteraan Bahasa Inggeris Lama, yang kebanyakan istilah berkaitan dengan kerajaan dan pentadbiran. Walau bagaimanapun, standard sastera didasarkan pada dialek West Saxon, jauh dari pengaruh utama Scandinavia; kesan Norse mungkin lebih besar di dialek timur dan utara. Sudah tentu dalam teks Bahasa Inggeris Tengah, yang lebih kerap didasarkan pada dialek timur, pengaruh Norse yang kuat menjadi jelas. Bahasa Inggeris moden mengandungi banyak, sering setiap hari, kata-kata yang dipinjam dari Norse Lama, dan penyederhanaan tatabahasa yang berlaku selepas zaman Inggeris Lama juga sering dikaitkan dengan pengaruh Norse. <> Selama abad apa peraturan Cnut? || Ke-11 <> Apa kebangsaan Cnut? || Denmark <> Semasa abad apa Scandinavia mula menetap di England? || 9 <> Bahasa apakah yang menjadi sumber untuk kata pinjaman bahasa Inggeris yang masih digunakan hari ini? || Old Norse <> Bersama dengan England timur, bahagian mana di England mengandungi banyak nama tempat asal Scandinavia? || utara <> Bagaimana Norse meminjam kata-kata dari Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Siapa yang mempengaruhi bahasa Inggeris bermula pada tahun 900? || <> Siapa yang memerintah pada tahun 1100? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan tatabahasa lebih rumit selepas tempoh Inggeris Lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During what century did Cnut rule?", "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987a", "answers": [{"text": "11th", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Cnut's nationality?", "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987b", "answers": [{"text": "Danish", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England?", "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987c", "answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today?", "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987d", "answers": [{"text": "Old Norse", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with eastern England, what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin?", "id": "570a9b464103511400d5987e", "answers": [{"text": "northern", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "How did the Norse borrow words from Old English?", "id": "5a679bd7f038b7001ab0c334", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scandinavian rulers and settlers", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Who influenced the English language starting in the 900's?", "id": "5a679bd7f038b7001ab0c335", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cnut and other Danish kings", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "Who ruled in the 1100's?", "id": "5a679bd7f038b7001ab0c336", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Norse influence", "answer_start": 975}], "question": "What led to more complicated grammar after the Old English period?", "id": "5a679bd7f038b7001ab0c337", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another source of loanwords was Old Norse, which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century, and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century. Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin. Norse borrowings are relatively rare in Old English literature, being mostly terms relating to government and administration. The literary standard, however, was based on the West Saxon dialect, away from the main area of Scandinavian influence; the impact of Norse may have been greater in the eastern and northern dialects. Certainly in Middle English texts, which are more often based on eastern dialects, a strong Norse influence becomes apparent. Modern English contains a great many, often everyday, words that were borrowed from Old Norse, and the grammatical simplification that occurred after the Old English period is also often attributed to Norse influence."}], ["Kekuatan pengaruh Viking di Bahasa Inggeris Lama muncul dari fakta bahawa unsur-unsur penting bahasa - kata ganti, modal, perbandingan, pengertian pronominal (seperti \"dengan demikian\" dan \"bersama\"), konjungsi dan preposisi - menunjukkan pengaruh Denmark yang paling ketara ; bukti terbaik pengaruh Scandinavia muncul dalam peminjaman perkataan yang luas untuk, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Jespersen, tidak ada teks yang ada di Scandinavia atau di England Utara dari masa ini untuk memberikan keterangan tertentu tentang pengaruh sintaksis. Perubahan kepada Bahasa Inggeris Lama dari Old Norse adalah substantif, berleluasa, dan sifat demokratik. Norse Lama dan Bahasa Inggeris Lama menyerupai satu sama lain seperti sepupu dan dengan beberapa perkataan yang sama, mereka secara kasarnya saling memahami; dalam masa yang berlarutan cair dan pola analitik muncul. Adalah paling \"penting untuk menyedari bahawa dalam banyak perkataan bahasa Inggeris dan Scandinavia berbeza terutamanya dalam unsur-unsur infleksi mereka. Tubuh kata begitu hampir sama dalam dua bahasa yang hanya ujung-ujungnya akan meletakkan halangan dalam cara pemahaman bersama. Dalam populasi bercampur yang wujud di Danelaw, ujung-ujung ini mesti menimbulkan banyak kekeliruan, cenderung perlahan-lahan menjadi kabur dan akhirnya hilang. \"Penggabungan bahasa dan bahasa ini dengan senang hati menghasilkan\" memudahkan tatabahasa bahasa Inggeris. \" akibat daripada pencerobohan Viking? || Denmark <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris Utara selepas pencerobohan Viking? || Old Norse <> Antara Bahasa Inggeris dan Bahasa Scandinavia, elemen apa yang paling berbeza? || Inflectional <> Bahasa apa yang dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Inggeris akibat serangan Viking? || <> Bahasa apa yang menggantikan Norse di Northern England? || <> Apakah bahasa Inggeris dan Scandinavia mempunyai persamaan? || <> Apa yang membawa kepada tatabahasa Norse yang lebih mudah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?", "id": "570a877e4103511400d5980a", "answers": [{"text": "Danish", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?", "id": "570a877e4103511400d5980b", "answers": [{"text": "Old Norse", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?", "id": "570a877e4103511400d5980c", "answers": [{"text": "inflectional", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Danish", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What language was influenced by English as a result of Viking invasions?", "id": "5a679e07f038b7001ab0c358", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 632}], "question": "What language replace Norse in Northern England?", "id": "5a679e07f038b7001ab0c359", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inflectional elements", "answer_start": 941}], "question": "What did English and Scandinavian have in common?", "id": "5a679e07f038b7001ab0c35a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw", "answer_start": 1110}], "question": "What led to a simpler Norse grammar?", "id": "5a679e07f038b7001ab0c35b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like \"hence\" and \"together\"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most \u201cimportant to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.\u201d This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in \u201csimplifying English grammar.\u201d"}], ["Bahasa Inggeris kuno pertama kali ditulis dalam runes, menggunakan futhorc - satu set rune yang berasal dari ficark penatua 24-aksara Jerman, diperluas oleh lima lagi runes yang digunakan untuk mewakili bunyi vokal Anglo-Saxon, dan kadang-kadang oleh beberapa aksara tambahan. Dari sekitar abad ke-9, sistem runic telah digantikan oleh skrip Latin yang kurang jelas (minuskule) dari abjad Latin yang diperkenalkan oleh mubaligh Kristian Kristian. Ini digantikan oleh skrip insular, versi kursif dan tajam skrip separuh uncial. Ini digunakan sehingga hujung abad ke-12 apabila minuscule kontinental Carolingian (juga dikenali sebagai Caroline) menggantikan saluran tersebut. <> Apa yang ditulis menggunakan Furthark yang berusia 24-aksara Jermanik? || <> Berapa banyak huruf vokal Anglo-Saxon di sana? || <> Apa skrip yang digunakan dalam 900? || <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan skrip Latin pada 900? || <> Apa bentuk tulisan yang digunakan dalam 1200? ||", {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was written using the Germanic 24-character elder Furthark?", "id": "5a67a352f038b7001ab0c3ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "How many Anglo-Saxon vowels were there?", "id": "5a67a352f038b7001ab0c3ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "half-uncial script", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What script came into use in the 900's?", "id": "5a67a352f038b7001ab0c3ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irish Christian missionaries.", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "Who introduced a Latin script in the 900's?", "id": "5a67a352f038b7001ab0c3af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carolingian minuscule", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "What writing form came into use in the 1200's?", "id": "5a67a352f038b7001ab0c3b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Old English was first written in runes, using the futhorc \u2013 a rune set derived from the Germanic 24-character elder futhark, extended by five more runes used to represent Anglo-Saxon vowel sounds, and sometimes by several more additional characters. From around the 9th century, the runic system came to be supplanted by a (minuscule) half-uncial script of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish Christian missionaries. This was replaced by insular script, a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental Carolingian minuscule (also known as Caroline) replaced the insular."}], ["Seperti bahasa-bahasa bersejarah lain, Bahasa Inggeris Lama telah digunakan oleh para ulama dan peminat masa-masa kemudian untuk membuat teks sama ada meniru kesusasteraan Anglo-Saxon atau sengaja memindahkannya ke konteks budaya yang berbeza. Contohnya termasuk Alistair Campbell dan J. R. R. Tolkien. Beberapa laman web yang dikhususkan untuk bahan rujukan dan forum rujukan semula Neo-Paganisme dan Sejarah yang mempromosikan penggunaan bahasa Inggeris Lama. Sejauh ini projek yang paling bercita-cita tinggi [merak istilah] adalah Wikipedia Bahasa Inggeris Lama, tetapi kebanyakan teks Bahasa Inggeris Neo-Lama yang diterbitkan dalam talian menanggung sedikit persamaan dengan model sejarah dan penuh dengan kesilapan tatabahasa yang sangat asas. <> Apa agama moden kadang-kadang menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Neo-Paganism <> Apa hobi juara penggunaan Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Rejik semula sejarah <> Bersama dengan Tolkien, apa yang diperkatakan oleh para sarjana moden tentang Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Alistair Campbell <> Apa projek Wikipedia yang menggunakan bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Wikipedia Bahasa Inggeris Lama <> Apakah istilah untuk teks moden yang ditulis dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Bahasa Inggeris Neo-Lama <> Apa salah satu bahasa yang ditiru oleh ulama? || <> Pengarang apa yang mempromosikan penggunaan aktif Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Apa projek Wikipedia menterjemahkan teks Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Apa penulis moden menulis secara eksklusif dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?", "id": "570a9c454103511400d59898", "answers": [{"text": "Neo-Paganism", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hobby champions the use of Old English?", "id": "570a9c454103511400d59899", "answers": [{"text": "Historical re-enactment", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Tolkien, what modern scholar notably made use of Old English?", "id": "570a9c454103511400d5989a", "answers": [{"text": "Alistair Campbell", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language?", "id": "570a9c454103511400d5989b", "answers": [{"text": "the Old English Wikipedia", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term for modern texts written in Old English?", "id": "570a9c454103511400d5989c", "answers": [{"text": "Neo-Old English", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old English", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What is one of the few languages imitated by scholars? ", "id": "5a67a71af038b7001ab0c3ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J. R. R. Tolkien", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What author promoted the active use of Old English?", "id": "5a67a71af038b7001ab0c3ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Old English Wikipedia", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What Wikipedia project translate Old English texts?", "id": "5a67a71af038b7001ab0c3ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alistair Campbell and J. R. R. Tolkien", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What modern authors wrote exclusively in Old English?", "id": "5a67a71af038b7001ab0c3ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Like other historical languages, Old English has been used by scholars and enthusiasts of later periods to create texts either imitating Anglo-Saxon literature or deliberately transferring it to a different cultural context. Examples include Alistair Campbell and J. R. R. Tolkien. A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English. By far the most ambitious project[peacock term] is the Old English Wikipedia, but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes."}], ["Edisi moden manuskrip bahasa Inggeris pada umumnya memperkenalkan beberapa konvensyen tambahan. Bentuk-bentuk moden huruf Latin digunakan, termasuk \u27e8gulatan di tempat insular G, \u27e8s\u27e9 untuk S yang panjang, dan lain-lain yang mungkin berbeza jauh dari skrip insular, terutamanya \u27e8e\u27e9, \u27e8f\u27e9 dan \u27e8ar . Macron digunakan untuk menandakan vokal panjang, di mana biasanya tidak ada pembezaan antara vokal panjang dan pendek di asal. (Dalam beberapa edisi lama tanda akut akut digunakan untuk konsisten dengan konvensyen Norse Lama.) Selain itu, edisi moden sering membezakan antara velar dan palatal \u27e8c\u27e9 dan \u27e8g\u27e9 dengan meletakkan titik di atas palatals: \u27e8\ud654\u27e9, \u27e8\uc720 . Huruf wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9 biasanya digantikan dengan \u27e8w\u27e9, tetapi \u00e6sc, eth dan duri biasanya disimpan (kecuali apabila et diganti dengan duri). <> Apa bentuk c, bila ditulis, mengandungi titik di atas huruf? || palatal <> Apa huruf konvensional dari abjad Latin biasanya menggantikan wynn dari Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || w <> Apa huruf dari abjad Latin menggantikan bahasa Inggeris lama G? || g <> Apa huruf Latin yang digunakan di tempat S Inggeris Lama? || s <> Apabila eth digantikan, apa yang digantikan oleh? || duri <> Apa yang menghilangkan beberapa konvensyen dari manuskrip Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan vokal pendek? || <> Apakah jenis vokal yang tidak mempunyai perbezaan dalam Bahasa Inggeris Lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?", "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59884", "answers": [{"text": "palatal", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?", "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59885", "answers": [{"text": "w", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?", "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59886", "answers": [{"text": "g", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?", "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59887", "answers": [{"text": "s", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?", "id": "570a9bd44103511400d59888", "answers": [{"text": "thorn", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modern editions", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What removes some conventions from Old English manuscripts?", "id": "5a67a4dcf038b7001ab0c3ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macrons", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What are used to indicate short vowels?", "id": "5a67a4dcf038b7001ab0c3cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "long and short vowels", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What kind of vowels have no distinction in Old English?", "id": "5a67a4dcf038b7001ab0c3d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including \u27e8g\u27e9 in place of the insular G, \u27e8s\u27e9 for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably \u27e8e\u27e9, \u27e8f\u27e9 and \u27e8r\u27e9. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal \u27e8c\u27e9 and \u27e8g\u27e9 by placing dots above the palatals: \u27e8\u010b\u27e9, \u27e8\u0121\u27e9. The letter wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9 is usually replaced with \u27e8w\u27e9, but \u00e6sc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn)."}]], [["Bercakap di St. Petersburg, Rusia pada 30 Jun 2011, ketua United Shipbuilding Corporation Rusia berkata syarikatnya dijangka memulakan kerja reka bentuk untuk sebuah syarikat penerbangan baru pada tahun 2016, dengan matlamat pembinaan awal pada 2018 dan mempunyai syarikat penerbangan mencapai keupayaan operasi awal menjelang 2023. Beberapa bulan kemudian, pada 3 November 2011, akhbar Rusia, Izvestiya melaporkan bahawa pelan bangunan tentera laut kini termasuk (pertama) pembinaan limbungan kapal baru yang mampu membina kapal-kapal kapal kapal yang besar, selepas itu Moscow akan membina dua (80,000 tan beban penuh masing-masing) pengangkut pesawat berkuasa nuklear menjelang 2027. Jurucakap itu berkata satu pembawa akan diberikan kepada Armada Utara Tentera Laut Rusia di Murmansk, dan yang kedua akan ditempatkan dengan Armada Pasifik di Vladivostok. <> Bilakah Rusia United Shipbuilding Corporation menjangkakan untuk memulakan kerja reka bentuk untuk pembawa baru? || 2016 <> Tahun apa tujuan untuk pembawa baru Rusia untuk mencapai keupayaan operasi awal? || 2023 <> Apa itu Izvestiya? || Akhbar Rusia <> Dimana pembawa kapal terbang berkuasa nuklear Utara sepatutnya ditempatkan? || Murmansk <> Dimana pembawa kapal terbang berkuasa nuklear Pacific Fleets sepatutnya ditempatkan? || Vladivostok <> Bilakah Prussia United Shipbuilding Corporation mengharapkan untuk memulakan kerja reka bentuk untuk pembawa baru? || <> Tahun apa tujuan untuk pembawa lama Rusia untuk mencapai keupayaan operasi awal? || <> Apa yang tidak Izvestiya? || <> Di manakah pembawa kapal terbang berkuasa nuklear Southern sepatutnya ditempatkan? || <> Di manakah kapal terbang pesawat berkuasa nuklear Atlantic Fleet sepatutnya ditempatkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?", "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c0", "answers": [{"text": "2016", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?", "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c1", "answers": [{"text": "2023", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Izvestiya?", "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c2", "answers": [{"text": "Russian newspaper", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?", "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c3", "answers": [{"text": "Murmansk", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?", "id": "570aa5244103511400d598c4", "answers": [{"text": "Vladivostok", "answer_start": 769}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2016", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?", "id": "5acd750707355d001abf432c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2023", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?", "id": "5acd750707355d001abf432d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian newspaper", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "What wasn't Izvestiya?", "id": "5acd750707355d001abf432e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Murmansk", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?", "id": "5acd750707355d001abf432f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vladivostok", "answer_start": 769}], "question": "Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?", "id": "5acd750707355d001abf4330", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok."}], ["Sejak awal tahun 1950-an pada pembawa konvensional, telah menjadi amalan untuk memulihkan pesawat pada sudut ke pelabuhan garisan paksi kapal. Fungsi utama dek bersudut ini adalah untuk membolehkan pesawat yang kehilangan kabel penangkapan, yang disebut sebagai bolter, untuk menjadi balik udara tanpa risiko memukul pesawat yang diparkir ke hadapan. Dek bersudut membolehkan pemasangan satu atau dua \"pinggang\" melonjak sebagai tambahan kepada dua kucing tunduk. Dek bersudut juga meningkatkan fleksibiliti kitaran pelancaran dan pemulihan dengan pilihan melancarkan dan pemulihan pesawat secara serentak. <> Bilakah pembawa konvensional mula memulihkan pesawat pada satu sudut ke pelabuhan garisan paksi kapal? || awal tahun 1950-an <> Apakah risiko yang dielakkan oleh pesawat dengan menggunakan geladak bersudut? || memukul pesawat yang diparkir ke hadapan <> Berapa banyak catapults \"pinggang\" boleh dipasang dengan geladak bersudut? || satu atau dua <> Bagaimana manusia memukul kucing boleh dipasang dengan dek bersudut? || dua <> Ciri reka bentuk pesawat apa yang meningkatkan fleksibiliti kitaran pelancaran dan pemulihan? || Gelung berlubang <> Bilakah pengendali konvensional berhenti memulihkan pesawat pada satu sudut ke pelabuhan garisan paksi kapal? || <> Risiko apa yang ditambah oleh pesawat dengan menggunakan gelang berlubang? || <> Berapa banyak catapults \"sisa\" boleh dipasang dengan geladak bersudut? || <> Bagaimana anjing tunduk manusia boleh dipasang dengan geladak bersudut? || <> Ciri reka bentuk pesawat apa yang meningkatkan ketegaran dan pemulihan kitaran pemulihan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?", "id": "570aacc26d058f1900183068", "answers": [{"text": "early 1950s", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?", "id": "570aacc26d058f1900183069", "answers": [{"text": "hitting aircraft parked forward", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many \"waist\" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?", "id": "570aacc26d058f190018306a", "answers": [{"text": "one or two", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?", "id": "570aacc26d058f190018306b", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?", "id": "570aacc26d058f190018306c", "answers": [{"text": "An angled deck", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 1950s", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?", "id": "5acd7e8407355d001abf4462", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hitting aircraft parked forward", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck?", "id": "5acd7e8407355d001abf4463", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one or two", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "How many \"waste\" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?", "id": "5acd7e8407355d001abf4464", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck?", "id": "5acd7e8407355d001abf4465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "angled deck", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity?", "id": "5acd7e8407355d001abf4466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two \"waist\" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft."}], ["Struktur dek lain yang dapat dilihat adalah jalan melompat ski di hujung depan dek penerbangan. Ini pertama kali dibangunkan untuk membantu melancarkan pesawat STOVL berlepas pada wajaran yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada mungkin dengan melepaskan menegak atau rolling pada dek rata. Mula-mula dibangun oleh Angkatan Laut Diraja, sejak itu telah digunakan oleh banyak angkatan laut untuk pembawa yang lebih kecil. Lompatan melompat ski berfungsi dengan menukar beberapa pergerakan rolling ke hadapan pesawat ke halaju menegak dan kadangkala digabungkan dengan tujuan tujahan jet sebahagiannya ke bawah. Ini membolehkan pesawat yang dimuatkan dan dimuatkan beberapa detik lebih berharga untuk mencapai halaju udara yang mencukupi dan mengangkat untuk mengekalkan penerbangan biasa. Tanpa melompat ski melancarkan pesawat yang dimuatkan sepenuhnya dan dibakar seperti Harrier tidak mungkin dilakukan pada kapal deck datar yang lebih kecil sebelum sama rata atau terhempas terus ke laut. <> Di manakah landasan melompat ski yang terletak di kapal terbang pesawat? || hujung hadapan dek penerbangan <> Apa jalan tandu ski membenarkan pesawat STOVL lakukan yang tidak dapat mereka lakukan dengan dek rata ?? || berlepas pada berat yang lebih tinggi <> Yang mula-mula membangun jalan lompat ski? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Apa jalan tandu ski yang ditukar untuk berjaya? || beberapa pergerakan rolling ke hadapan pesawat ke halaju menegak <> Apa jalan rampasan ski yang menghalang pesawat yang dimuat sepenuhnya dan dibakar? || sama ada berhenti atau terhempas terus ke laut <> Di mana tanjakan melompat salji yang terletak di kapal terbang pesawat? || <> Apa landasan melompat ski melepaskan pesawat STOVL untuk melakukan yang mereka tidak dapat lakukan dengan dek rata? || <> Yang pada asalnya membenci jalan lompat ski? || <> Apa yang menjadi tanjakan ski-lompat untuk menjadi kegagalan? || <> Apa yang berlaku di laluan melompat ski yang menghalang pesawat yang dipunggah dan dibakar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?", "id": "570aae5d4103511400d5991e", "answers": [{"text": "the forward end of the flight deck", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??", "id": "570aae5d4103511400d5991f", "answers": [{"text": "take off at far higher weights", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?", "id": "570aae5d4103511400d59920", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?", "id": "570aae5d4103511400d59921", "answers": [{"text": "some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?", "id": "570aae5d4103511400d59922", "answers": [{"text": "either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forward end of the flight deck", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "Where are snowboard-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?", "id": "5acd830507355d001abf44f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "take off at far higher weights", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What did ski-jump ramps stop STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck?", "id": "5acd830507355d001abf44f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Who originally hated the ski-jump ramp?", "id": "5acd830507355d001abf44f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be a failure?", "id": "5acd830507355d001abf44f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea", "answer_start": 823}], "question": "What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a unloaded and fueled aircraft from doing?", "id": "5acd830507355d001abf44f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea."}], ["Pengangkut pesawat adalah sebuah kapal perang yang berfungsi sebagai pangkalan udara laut, dilengkapi dengan dek penerbangan panjang dan kemudahan untuk membawa, mempersenjatai, menggerakkan, dan memulihkan pesawat. Biasanya, ia adalah kapal modal dari sebuah armada, kerana ia membolehkan pasukan tentera laut memproyeksikan kuasa udara di seluruh dunia tanpa bergantung kepada pangkalan tempatan untuk operasi pesawat udara. Pembawa kapal terbang mahal untuk membina dan aset kritikal. Pengangkut pesawat telah berkembang dari kapal penjelajah yang ditukarkan ke kapal perang berkuasa nuklear yang membawa banyak pesawat pejuang, pesawat mogok, helikopter, dan jenis pesawat lain. <> Jenis geladak penerbangan apakah kapal terbang pesawat dilengkapi dengan? || panjang penuh <> Tujuan apa yang digunakan oleh kapal terbang pesawat udara? || membawa, mempersenjatai, menggerakkan, dan memulihkan <> Biasanya, apakah kapal modal dari sebarang armada? || Pengangkut pesawat <> Apakah pembawa kapal terbang membenarkan pasukan tentera laut mencapai? || projek kuasa udara di seluruh dunia tanpa bergantung pada pangkalan tempatan <> Apa yang telah diubahsuai kapal penyapu kapal angkat lama berkembang? || kapal perang bertenaga nuklear <> Jenis geladak penerbangan apakah kapal terbang pesawat tidak dilengkapi? || <> Apakah tujuan untuk kapal terbang pesawat berkhidmat untuk kenderaan darat? || <> Biasanya, apa kapal modal tiada armada? || <> Apakah pesawat pengangkut pesawat melarang pasukan tentera laut untuk mencapai? || <> Apa yang telah diubahsuai kapal penyapu pesawat kapal terbang yang baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?", "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59932", "answers": [{"text": "full-length", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?", "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59933", "answers": [{"text": "carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?", "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59934", "answers": [{"text": "An aircraft carrier", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?", "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59935", "answers": [{"text": "project air power worldwide without depending on local bases", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?", "id": "570ab06e4103511400d59936", "answers": [{"text": "nuclear-powered warships", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "full-length", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers not equipped with?", "id": "5acd5ff607355d001abf3f8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for land vehicles?", "id": "5acd5ff607355d001abf3f8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An aircraft carrier", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?", "id": "5acd5ff607355d001abf3f90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "project air power worldwide without depending on local bases", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What do aircraft carriers disallow naval forces to accomplish?", "id": "5acd5ff607355d001abf3f91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nuclear-powered warships", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "What have the new converted cruiser aircraft carriers devolved into?", "id": "5acd5ff607355d001abf3f92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft."}], ["Tentera Laut Diraja Australia sedang dalam proses mendapatkan dua LHD kelas Canberra, yang mula-mula ditugaskan pada November 2015, manakala yang kedua dijangka memasuki perkhidmatan pada 2016. Kapal-kapal itu akan menjadi yang terbesar dalam sejarah tentera laut Australia. Peranan utamanya adalah untuk memulakan, mengangkut dan menggunakan pasukan yang telah memulakan dan menjalankan atau menyokong misi bantuan kemanusiaan. LHD mampu melancarkan beberapa helikopter pada satu masa sambil mengekalkan keupayaan amfibia 1,000 askar dan kenderaan sokongannya (kereta kebal, pembawa kakitangan perisai dan sebagainya). Menteri Pertahanan Australia secara terbuka menaikkan kemungkinan mendapatkan pesawat F-35B STOVL untuk pengangkut itu, menyatakan bahawa ia \"telah berada di meja sejak hari pertama dan menyatakan LHD adalah\" STOVL mampu \". <> Siapa sedang dalam proses mendapatkan dua LHD kelas Canbera? || Tentera Laut Diraja Australia <> Berapa besarnya dua LDH kelas Canbera? || yang terbesar dalam sejarah tentera laut Australia <> Apa salah satu peranan utama LDH kelas Canbera? || untuk memulakan, mengangkut dan menggerakkan pasukan yang memulakan <> Berapa banyak pasukan dapat dikekalkan di LHD kelas Canbera? || 1,000 tentera dan kenderaan pendukung mereka <> Berapa banyak helikopter yang LHD mampu melancarkan? || beberapa helikopter pada satu Sudah ada proses untuk melepaskan dua LHD kelas Canbera? || <> Berapa kecilkah dua LDH kelas Canbera? || <> Apa peranan sekunder dari LDH kelas Canbera? || < > Berapa ramai orang awam boleh dikekalkan di LHD kelas Canbera? || <> Berapa tangki adalah LHD yang mampu dilancarkan ing? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?", "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59964", "answers": [{"text": "The Royal Australian Navy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?", "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59965", "answers": [{"text": "the largest in Australian naval history", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?", "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59966", "answers": [{"text": "to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?", "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59967", "answers": [{"text": "1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?", "id": "570ab8c54103511400d59968", "answers": [{"text": "multiple helicopters at one time", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Royal Australian Navy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who is in the process of releasing two Canbera-class LHD's?", "id": "5acd731007355d001abf42de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the largest in Australian naval history", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "How small will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?", "id": "5acd731007355d001abf42df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What is a secondary role of the Canbera-class LDH?", "id": "5acd731007355d001abf42e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "How many civilians can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?", "id": "5acd731007355d001abf42e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple helicopters at one time", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "How many tanks is the LHD capable of launching?", "id": "5acd731007355d001abf42e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it \"has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are \"STOVL capable\"."}], ["Pesawat angkat tetap sayap yang lebih berat dari 1903 diikuti oleh pesawat eksperimen pertama pesawat 1910, yang dibuat dari dek kapal Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat (cruiser USS Birmingham), dan pendaratan eksperimen pertama telah dijalankan pada tahun 1911. Pada 9 Mei 1912 kapal terbang pertama yang diambil dari kapal sedang dibuat dari dek HMS Hibernia Tentera Laut Diraja British. Kapal sokongan tender kapal laut datang berikutnya, dengan Foudre Perancis pada tahun 1911. Pada September 1914 Angkatan Laut Jepun Wakamiya melakukan serangan udara yang dilancarkan pertama kali di dunia: pada 6 September 1914 sebuah pesawat Farman yang dilancarkan oleh Wakamiya menyerang kapal penjelajah Austro-Hungarian Kaiserin Elisabeth dan kereta api Jerman Jaguar di Kiaochow Bay di luar Tsingtao; tidak terkena. Pesawat udara pertama yang dilancarkan syarikat penerbangan itu ialah Tondern Raid pada bulan Julai 1918. Tujuh Sopwith Camels yang dilancarkan dari penjelajah tempur yang diubahsuai HMS Furious merosakkan pangkalan udara Jerman di T\u00f8nder dan memusnahkan dua zeppelins. <> Pada tahun apakah kemunculan pesawat sayap tetap lebih berat daripada udara? || 1903 <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan pertama pesawat terbang? || 1910 <> Pada tahun berapa adalah pendaratan eksperimen pertama kapal terbang? || 1911 <> Apa yang dilakukan Tentera Laut Jepun Imperial Wakamiya pada September 1914? || serangan udara pertama yang dilancarkan kapal yang berjaya di dunia <> Apakah serangan udara yang dilancarkan syarikat penerbangan pertama? || Serangan Tondern pada bulan Julai 1918 <> Pada tahun apakah kemunculan pesawat sayap tetap ringan dari udara? || <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan kedua pesawat terbang? || <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan eksperimen pertama kapal terbang? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Tentera Laut Imperial China Wakamiya pada September 1914? || <> Apa yang dilancarkan oleh operator pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?", "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59950", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?", "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59951", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?", "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59952", "answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?", "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59953", "answers": [{"text": "the world's first successful ship-launched air raid", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?", "id": "570ab54b4103511400d59954", "answers": [{"text": "the Tondern Raid in July 1918", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "In what year was the advent of lighter-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?", "id": "5acd6eb107355d001abf41d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "In what year was the second experimental take-off of an airplane?", "id": "5acd6eb107355d001abf41d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "In what year were the first experimental takeoffs of an airplane?", "id": "5acd6eb107355d001abf41d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the world's first successful ship-launched air raid", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What did the Imperial Chinese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?", "id": "5acd6eb107355d001abf41d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tondern Raid in July 1918", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "What was the first carrier-launched seastrike?", "id": "5acd6eb107355d001abf41da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at T\u00f8nder and destroyed two zeppelins."}], ["Kepentingan angkatan laut yang baru ini telah memaksa bangsa-bangsa untuk mencipta beberapa pembawa, dalam usaha untuk menyediakan perlindungan keunggulan udara untuk setiap armada utama untuk menangkis pesawat musuh. Penggunaan luas ini memerlukan pembinaan beberapa pembawa 'cahaya' baru. Pengangkut pesawat pengiring, seperti USS Bogue, kadang-kadang dibina dengan tujuan, tetapi kebanyakannya ditukarkan dari kapal dagang sebagai langkah berhenti-gap untuk menyediakan sokongan udara anti kapal selam untuk konvoi konvoi dan amfibia. Berikutan konsep ini, kapal terbang pesawat ringan yang dibina oleh Amerika Syarikat, seperti Kemerdekaan USS, mewakili lebih besar, \"militarisasi\" versi pengangkut pengiring. Walaupun dengan pelengkap serupa dengan pengangkut Escort, mereka mempunyai kelebihan kelajuan dari kapal berlabuh kapal perang yang ditukar. Pembawa Armada Reka Bentuk 1942 UK direka untuk pembinaan dengan cepat oleh limbungan kapal awam dan dengan jangka hayat perkhidmatan yang diharapkan sekitar 3 tahun. Mereka berkhidmat dengan Tentera Laut Diraja semasa peperangan dan reka bentuk kapal selam yang dipilih untuk hampir semua kapal terbang kapal terbang yang dilengkapi kapal terbang selepas perang sehingga tahun 1980-an. Kecemasan juga mendorong penciptaan atau penukaran pembawa pesawat yang tidak konvensional. Kapal CAM, adalah kapal dagang yang membawa kargo yang boleh melancarkan (tetapi tidak mengambil) pesawat pejuang tunggal dari pesawat tempur untuk mempertahankan konvoi dari pesawat jarak jauh Jerman. <> Apa jenis kapal terbang pesawat ASS Bogue? || Pengiring <> Jenis pesawat apakah Kemerdekaan USS? || cahaya <> Apakah kelebihan yang dimiliki syarikat penerbangan cahaya di atas pengangkut es? || kelajuan <> Apakah jangka hayat serika yang diharapkan oleh UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier? || 3 tahun <> Siapa yang membawa UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers berkhidmat semasa perang? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Apa jenis kapal induk yang USS Vogue? || <> Jenis tangki apakah Kemerdekaan USS? || <> Keuntungan apakah operator berat mempunyai lebih dari pengangkut es? || <> Apakah jangka hayat perkhidmatan yang diharapkan oleh UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier? || <> Siapa yang melakukan Penyelarasan Kenderaan Besar 1941 UK berkhidmat semasa perang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?", "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900182ffe", "answers": [{"text": "Escort", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?", "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900182fff", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?", "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900183000", "answers": [{"text": "speed", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?", "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900183001", "answers": [{"text": "3 years", "answer_start": 913}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?", "id": "570a9dde6d058f1900183002", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 938}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Escort", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?", "id": "5acd712607355d001abf4266", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "What type of tank was the USS Independence?", "id": "5acd712607355d001abf4267", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "speed", "answer_start": 733}], "question": "What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers?", "id": "5acd712607355d001abf4268", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3 years", "answer_start": 913}], "question": "What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier?", "id": "5acd712607355d001abf4269", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 938}], "question": "Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war?", "id": "5acd712607355d001abf426a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more \"militarized\" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft."}], ["Tentera moden yang mengendalikan pengendali pesawat itu memperlakukan mereka sebagai kapal modal armada, peranan yang dimiliki sebelumnya oleh kapal perang. Perubahan ini berlaku semasa Perang Dunia II sebagai tindak balas kepada kuasa udara menjadi faktor penting dalam peperangan, didorong oleh pelbagai, kelenturan dan keberkesanan pesawat yang dilancarkan oleh syarikat penerbangan. Berikutan perang, operasi pembawa terus meningkat dalam saiz dan kepentingan. Supercarriers, penyisihan 75,000 tan atau lebih, telah menjadi kemuncak pembangunan pembawa. Ada yang dikuasakan oleh reaktor nuklear dan membentuk teras armada yang dirancang untuk beroperasi jauh dari rumah. Kapal serangan amfibia, seperti USS Tarawa dan HMS Ocean, melayani tujuan membawa dan mendarat Marin, dan mengendalikan helikopter kontinjen yang besar untuk tujuan itu. Juga dikenali sebagai \"pembawa komando\" atau \"pembawa helikopter\", ramai yang mempunyai kemampuan mengendalikan pesawat VSTOL. <> Kapal yang pada asalnya dikenali sebagai kapal modal armada? || kapal perang <> Bilakah kapal pengangkut pesawat mula dikenali sebagai kapal modal armada? || Perang Dunia II <> Jenis jenis pembawa yang mampu mengusir 75,000 tan atau lebih besar? || Supercarriers <> Kapal-kapal mana yang digunakan untuk membawa dan mendarat Marinir? || Kapal serangan amfibia <> Apakah kapal-kapal asap amfibia memerlukan kontinjen besar untuk membawa Marin? || helikopter <> Kapal yang tidak pernah dikenali sebagai kapal modal armada? || <> Bilakah kapal terbang pesawat mula dikenali sebagai kapal kecil armada? || <> Apa jenis pembawa yang mampu menggantikan 57,000 tan atau lebih? || <> Kapal-kapal mana yang digunakan untuk membawa dan mendarat Orang Awam? || <> Apakah kapal-kapal serangan amfibia memerlukan kontinjen kecil untuk membawa Marin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?", "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995a", "answers": [{"text": "the battleship", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?", "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995b", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?", "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995c", "answers": [{"text": "Supercarriers", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?", "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995d", "answers": [{"text": "Amphibious assault ships", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?", "id": "570ab73a4103511400d5995e", "answers": [{"text": "helicopters", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the battleship", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Which ship was never known as being the capital ship of the fleet?", "id": "5acd727e07355d001abf42a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the minor ship of the fleet?", "id": "5acd727e07355d001abf42a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Supercarriers", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What type of carrier is capable of displacing 57,000 tonnes or greater?", "id": "5acd727e07355d001abf42a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amphibious assault ships", "answer_start": 623}], "question": "Which ships are used for carrying and landing Civilians?", "id": "5acd727e07355d001abf42a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "helicopters", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "What do Amphibious assault ships need a small contingent of for carrying Marines?", "id": "5acd727e07355d001abf42a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as \"commando carriers\" or \"helicopter carriers\", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft."}], ["Pengangkut armada bertujuan untuk beroperasi dengan armada utama dan biasanya memberikan keupayaan yang menyinggung. Ini adalah syarikat penerbangan terbesar yang mampu kelajuan pantas. Sebagai perbandingan, pengangkut escort dibangunkan untuk menyediakan pertahanan untuk konvoi kapal. Mereka lebih kecil dan perlahan dengan bilangan pesawat yang lebih rendah. Kebanyakannya dibina dari badan kapal dagang atau, dalam kes pembawa kapal dagang, adalah kapal kargo pukal dengan dek penerbangan ditambah di atas. Pengendali pesawat ringan adalah pembawa yang cukup pantas untuk beroperasi dengan armada tetapi saiz yang lebih kecil dengan kapasiti kapal terbang yang berkurangan. Pembawa kapal terbang Soviet yang kini digunakan oleh Rusia sebenarnya dipanggil kapal penyapu kapal berat, kapal-kapal ini bersaiz dalam rangkaian pembawa armada besar yang direka untuk menggunakan bersendirian atau dengan pengiring dan menyediakan kedua-dua persenjataan defensif yang kuat dan peluru berpandu menyerang yang berat bersamaan dengan kapal peluru berpandu peluru berpandu di samping menyokong pejuang dan helikopter. <> Jenis pembawa jenis apa yang terbesar? || pembawa armada <> Keupayaan apa yang ditawarkan oleh syarikat penerbangan armada? || menyerang <> Tujuan apa yang dibina oleh syarikat penerbangan excort? || untuk memberikan pertahanan bagi konvoi kapal <> Apa yang paling dibina oleh pengangkut kapal? || mercantile hulls <> Apa pesawat pengangkut soviet yang digunakan oleh Rusia sebenarnya dipanggil? || kapal selam penerbangan berat <> Jenis pembawa jenis apa yang terkecil? || <> Keupayaan apa yang tidak ditawarkan oleh pembawa armada? || <> Apa tujuan yang dibangunkan oleh syarikat penerbangan eksport? || <> Apa beberapa pembawa escort dibina dari? || <> Apakah pembawa pesawat soviet yang digunakan oleh Jerman sebenarnya dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of carrier is the largest?", "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff4", "answers": [{"text": "fleet carrier", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What capability does a fleet carrier offer?", "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff5", "answers": [{"text": "offensive", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What purpose were excort carriers developed for?", "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff6", "answers": [{"text": "to provide defense for convoys of ships", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were most escort carriers built from?", "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff7", "answers": [{"text": "mercantile hulls", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?", "id": "570a9c066d058f1900182ff8", "answers": [{"text": "heavy aviation cruisers", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fleet carrier", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What type of carrier is the smallest?", "id": "5acd6dd107355d001abf41b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "offensive", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What capability does a fleet carrier not offer?", "id": "5acd6dd107355d001abf41b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "provide defense for convoys of ships", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What purpose were export carriers developed for?", "id": "5acd6dd107355d001abf41ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mercantile hulls", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What were few escort carriers built from?", "id": "5acd6dd107355d001abf41bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavy aviation cruisers", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called?", "id": "5acd6dd107355d001abf41bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters."}], ["Sebagai \"landasan di laut\", pengangkut pesawat mempunyai dek penerbangan atas rata, yang melancarkan dan memulihkan pesawat. Pesawat melancarkan ke hadapan, ke dalam angin, dan pulih dari astern. Dek penerbangan adalah di mana perbezaan yang paling ketara antara pembawa dan landasan tanah dijumpai. Mewujudkan permukaan sedemikian di laut menimbulkan kekangan pada pengangkut - contohnya, hakikat bahawa ia adalah sebuah kapal bermakna bahawa landasan penuh panjang akan menjadi mahal untuk membina dan menyelenggara. Ini memberi kesan kepada prosedur berlepas, kerana panjang landasan yang pendek di dek memerlukan pesawat mempercepatkan lebih cepat untuk mendapatkan lif. Ini sama ada memerlukan rangsangan tujah, komponen menegak ke halaju, atau beban lepas berkurang (jisim yang lebih rendah). Konfigurasi dek yang berbeza, seperti di atas, mempengaruhi struktur dek penerbangan. Bentuk bantuan melancarkan pembawa yang disediakan sangat berkaitan dengan jenis pesawat yang dilancarkan dan reka bentuk pembawa itu sendiri. <> Apa yang biasanya dianggap sebagai \"landasan di laut\"? || pengangkut pesawat <> Ciri reka bentuk apa yang ciri pesawat pengangkut untuk membantu melancarkan dan memulihkan pesawat? || dek penerbangan atas rata <> Di manakah perbezaan paling ketara antara pembawa dan landasan tanah yang dijumpai? || Dek penerbangan <> Apakah sebab utama kapal mempunyai landasan yang lebih pendek daripada landasan darat? || landasan yang panjang penuh akan mahal untuk membina dan memelihara <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh pesawat ketika menggunakan jarak landasan yang lebih pendek? || mempercepatkan lebih cepat untuk mendapatkan lif <> Apa yang tidak pernah dianggap sebagai \"landasan di laut\"? || <> Apakah ciri reka bentuk yang ditawarkan oleh pesawat pengangkut pesawat untuk menghalang pelancaran dan pemulihan pesawat? || <> Di manakah perbezaan yang paling ketara antara pembawa dan landasan tanah yang dijumpai? || <> Apakah sebab utama kapal mempunyai landasan yang lebih panjang daripada landasan darat? || <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh pesawat semasa menggunakan lebih lama landasan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are typically regarded as \"runways at sea\"?", "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183026", "answers": [{"text": "aircraft carriers", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?", "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183027", "answers": [{"text": "flat-top flight deck", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?", "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183028", "answers": [{"text": "The flight deck", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?", "id": "570aa9236d058f1900183029", "answers": [{"text": "a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?", "id": "570aa9236d058f190018302a", "answers": [{"text": "accelerate more quickly to gain lift", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aircraft carriers", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What are never regarded as \"runways at sea\"?", "id": "5acd78c707355d001abf43bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flat-top flight deck", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft?", "id": "5acd78c707355d001abf43bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The flight deck", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?", "id": "5acd78c707355d001abf43be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have?", "id": "5acd78c707355d001abf43bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accelerate more quickly to gain lift", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?", "id": "5acd78c707355d001abf43c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As \"runways at sea\", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier \u2013 for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself."}], ["Tidak ada satu definisi tunggal \"pembawa pesawat\", dan navy moden menggunakan beberapa jenis variasi. Varian ini kadang kala dikategorikan sebagai sub-jenis pembawa pesawat, dan kadang-kadang sebagai jenis kapal kapal terbang angkatan laut yang berbeza. Pengangkut pesawat udara boleh diklasifikasikan mengikut jenis pesawat yang mereka bawa dan tugas operasi mereka. Laksamana Sir Mark Stanhope, bekas ketua Angkatan Laut Diraja, berkata \"Untuk meletakkannya semata-mata, negara-negara yang bercita-cita untuk pengaruh antarabangsa yang strategik mempunyai kapal terbang pesawat\". <> Apakah definisi \"pembawa pesawat\"? || Tidak ada definisi tunggal <> Bagaimana mungkin pengangkut pesawat dikelaskan? || mengikut jenis pesawat yang mereka bawa dan tugas operasi mereka <> Siapa Laksamana Sir Mark Stanhope? || bekas ketua Tentera Laut Diraja <> Yang berkata, \"negara-negara yang bercita-cita untuk pengaruh antarabangsa yang strategis memiliki kapal terbang pesawat\"? || Laksamana Sir Mark Stanhope <> Apakah definisi \"pembawa warcraft\"? || <> Bagaimana pesawat boleh dikelaskan? || <> Siapa Laksamana Sir Mark Royal? || <> Yang berkata, \"negara-negara yang bercita-cita untuk pengaruh lokal yang strategik memiliki kapal terbang pesawat\"? || <> apa jenis pembawa mempunyai definisi tunggal ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the definition of an \"aircraft carrier\"?", "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c6", "answers": [{"text": "There is no single definition", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How may aircraft carriers be classified?", "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c7", "answers": [{"text": "according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?", "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c8", "answers": [{"text": "former head of the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said, \"countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers\"?", "id": "570ac5ed4103511400d599c9", "answers": [{"text": "Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "There is no single definition", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the definition of an \"warcraft carrier\"?", "id": "5acd60a507355d001abf3fc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "How may aircraft be classified?", "id": "5acd60a507355d001abf3fc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "former head of the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "Who is Admiral Sir Mark Royal?", "id": "5acd60a507355d001abf3fc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "Who said, \"countries that aspire to strategic local influence have aircraft carriers\"?", "id": "5acd60a507355d001abf3fc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aircraft", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "what type of carrier has a single definition", "id": "5acd60a507355d001abf3fca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is no single definition of an \"aircraft carrier\", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that \"To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers\"."}], ["Kekangan membina dek penerbangan memberi kesan kepada peranan pembawa yang diberikan dengan kuat, kerana ia mempengaruhi berat, jenis, dan konfigurasi pesawat yang boleh dilancarkan. Sebagai contoh, mekanisme pelancaran dibantu digunakan terutamanya untuk pesawat berat, terutama yang dimuatkan dengan senjata udara ke tanah. CATOBAR paling biasa digunakan pada supercarriers USN kerana ia membolehkan penggunaan jet berat dengan beban penuh, terutama pada misi serangan darat. STOVL digunakan oleh tentera laut lain kerana ia lebih murah untuk beroperasi dan masih memberikan keupayaan penempatan yang baik untuk pesawat pejuang. <> Mengapa kekangan membina dek penerbangan mempengaruhi peranan pembawa? || mereka mempengaruhi berat, jenis, dan konfigurasi pesawat yang boleh dilancarkan <> Apa mekanisme pelancaran yang dibantu terutamanya digunakan? || pesawat berat <> Apa yang dibenarkan oleh CATOBAR? || penyebaran jet berat dengan beban penuh <> Mengapa STOVL digunakan oleh tentera laut lain? || ia lebih murah untuk mengendalikan <> Kenapa kekangan mendekonstruksi dek penerbangan mempengaruhi peranan pembawa? || <> Apakah mekanisme pelancaran yang dibantu oleh kedua-duanya? || <> Apa yang tidak dibenarkan oleh CATOBAR? || <> Mengapa STOVL tidak digunakan oleh tentera laut lain? || <> Apa yang lebih mahal untuk beroperasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?", "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b6", "answers": [{"text": "they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?", "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b7", "answers": [{"text": "heavy aircraft", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CATOBAR allow for?", "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b8", "answers": [{"text": "deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is STOVL used by other navies?", "id": "570abc016d058f19001830b9", "answers": [{"text": "it is cheaper to operate", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "Why do the constraints of deconstructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?", "id": "5acd77d807355d001abf43a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavy aircraft", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What are assisted launch mechanisms secondarily used for?", "id": "5acd77d807355d001abf43a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What doesn't CATOBAR allow for?", "id": "5acd77d807355d001abf43a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it is cheaper to operate", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Why is STOVL not used by other navies?", "id": "5acd77d807355d001abf43a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "STOVL", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "What is more expensive to operate?", "id": "5acd77d807355d001abf43a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft."}], ["India memulakan pembinaan kapal terbang kelas Vikrant yang berukuran 260 meter (850 kaki) pada tahun 2009. Pengangkut baru ini akan mengendalikan pesawat MiG-29K dan laut HAL Tejas bersama dengan helikopter buatan India HAL Dhruv. Kapal itu akan dikuasakan oleh empat enjin turbin gas dan akan mempunyai jarak 8,000 batu nautika (15,000 kilometer), membawa 160 pegawai, 1,400 pelayar, dan 30 pesawat. Pembawa sedang dibina oleh Shipyard Cochin. Kapal itu dilancarkan pada bulan Ogos 2013 dan dijadualkan untuk pentauliahan pada tahun 2018. <> Siapa yang memulakan pembinaan pembawa kelas Vikrant 40,000-ton pada tahun 2009? || India <> Apa yang akan kuasa kapal buatan India? || empat enjin gas-turbin <> Apa yang akan menjadi julat kapal buatan India, yang membawa 160 pegawai, 1400 pelayar, dan 30 pesawat? || 8,000 batu nautika <> Siapa yang sedang membina kapal buatan India? || Shipyard Cochin <> Bilakah kapal buatan India dilancarkan? || Ogos 2013 <Siapa yang menamatkan pembinaan pembawa kelas Vikrant 40,000-ton pada tahun 2009? || <> Apa yang tidak akan kuasa kapal buatan India? || <> Apa yang akan menjadi julat kapal buatan India, membawa 106 pegawai, 1400 kapal terbang, dan 30 pesawat? || <> Siapa yang tidak membina kapal buatan India? || <> Bilakah kapal buatan India bersara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?", "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d2", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will power the Indian-made ship?", "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d3", "answers": [{"text": "four gas-turbine engines", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?", "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d4", "answers": [{"text": "8,000 nautical miles", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?", "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d5", "answers": [{"text": "Cochin Shipyard", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Indian-made ship launched?", "id": "570ac3de6d058f19001830d6", "answers": [{"text": "August 2013", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who finished construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?", "id": "5acd878b07355d001abf45dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four gas-turbine engines", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What will not power the Indian-made ship?", "id": "5acd878b07355d001abf45dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8,000 nautical miles", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 106 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?", "id": "5acd878b07355d001abf45de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cochin Shipyard", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "Who isn't constructing the Indian-made ship?", "id": "5acd878b07355d001abf45df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 2013", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "When was the Indian-made ship retired?", "id": "5acd878b07355d001abf45e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018."}], ["Personel utama yang terlibat dalam dek penerbangan termasuk penembak, pawang, dan bos udara. Penembak adalah pengawal tentera laut atau Pegawai Penerbangan Naval dan bertanggungjawab melancarkan pesawat. Penganjur berfungsi di dalam pulau itu dari dek penerbangan dan bertanggungjawab untuk pergerakan pesawat sebelum melancarkan dan selepas pemulihan. \"Bos udara\" (biasanya komander) menduduki jambatan teratas (Kawalan Penerbangan Primer, yang juga disebut utama atau menara) dan mempunyai tanggungjawab keseluruhan untuk mengawal pelancaran, pemulihan dan \"pesawat udara di udara berhampiran kapal itu, dan pergerakan kapal terbang di dek penerbangan, yang menyerupai balet yang baik dengan koreografi. \" Kapten kapal menghabiskan sebahagian besar waktunya satu tahap di bawah primer di Jambatan Navigasi. Di bawah ini adalah Bendera Jambatan, yang ditetapkan untuk laksamana yang dilancarkan dan kakitangannya. <> Apakah 3 orang kakitangan utama yang terlibat dalam dek penerbangan? || penembak, pawang, dan bos udara <> Apa penembak yang bertanggungjawab? || melancarkan pesawat <> Apakah pengendali bertanggungjawab? || pergerakan pesawat sebelum melancarkan dan selepas pemulihan <> Di manakah kapten kapal menghabiskan sebahagian besar waktunya? || di Jambatan Navigasi <> Siapa bendera Bendera kawasan kapal yang ditetapkan? || laksamana yang dimulakan dan kakitangannya <> Apakah 3 orang kakitangan utama yang tidak terlibat dalam dek penerbangan? || <> Apa penembak yang tidak bertanggungjawab? || <> Apakah pengendali tidak bertanggungjawab? || <> Di manakah kapten kapal menghabiskan sedikit masa? || <> Siapa bendera Bendera kawasan kapal dihadkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?", "id": "570abf994103511400d59978", "answers": [{"text": "the shooters, the handler, and the air boss", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are shooters responsible for?", "id": "570abf994103511400d59979", "answers": [{"text": "launching aircraft", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the handler responsible for?", "id": "570abf994103511400d5997a", "answers": [{"text": "the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?", "id": "570abf994103511400d5997b", "answers": [{"text": "on the Navigation Bridge", "answer_start": 745}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?", "id": "570abf994103511400d5997c", "answers": [{"text": "the embarked admiral and his staff", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the shooters, the handler, and the air boss", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck?", "id": "5acd810007355d001abf44a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "launching aircraft", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What are shooters unresponsible for?", "id": "5acd810007355d001abf44a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What is the handler unresponsible for?", "id": "5acd810007355d001abf44a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on the Navigation Bridge", "answer_start": 745}], "question": "Where does the captain of the ship spend the least of his time?", "id": "5acd810007355d001abf44a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the embarked admiral and his staff", "answer_start": 817}], "question": "Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship restricted from?", "id": "5acd810007355d001abf44a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The \"air boss\" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and \"those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.\" The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff."}], ["Pembawa telah berkembang sejak penubuhannya pada awal abad ke-20 dari kapal kayu yang digunakan untuk menggunakan belon untuk kapal perang berkuasa nuklear yang membawa berpuluh-puluh pesawat, termasuk jet pejuang dan helikopter. Sehingga 3 Mac 2016, terdapat tiga puluh tujuh syarikat penerbangan aktif di dunia dalam dua belas angkatan laut. Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat mempunyai 10 pembawa nuklear besar (dikenali sebagai supercarriers, membawa sehingga 90 pesawat setiap), syarikat penerbangan terbesar di dunia; total dekkspace adalah lebih daripada dua kali ganda daripada semua negara lain digabungkan. Serta armada supercarrier, Tentera Laut AS mempunyai sembilan kapal serangan amfibia yang digunakan terutamanya untuk helikopter (kadangkala dipanggil pengangkut helikopter); ini juga boleh membawa sehingga 25 jet pejuang, dan dalam sesetengah kes, adalah seperti sebahagian besar pembawa sayap tetap negara-negara lain. <> Apakah pembawa yang digunakan pada awal abad ke-20? || untuk menggunakan balon <> Sehingga 3/3/2016, berapa operator kapal terbang aktif yang ada di seluruh dunia? || tiga puluh tujuh <> Apa nama lain untuk 10 syarikat besar yang berkuasa nuklear yang dikendalikan oleh Tentera Laut A.S.? || supercarriers <> Berapa banyak pesawat boleh membawa supercarriers? || sehingga 90 <> Siapa yang memiliki pembawa terbesar di dunia? || Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah pembawa yang digunakan pada awal abad ke-19? || <> Sehingga 3/3/2016, berapa operator penerbangan aktif yang ada di negara bersatu? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk 10 pembawa nuklear besar yang dikendalikan oleh Angkatan Laut U.N. || <> Berapa banyak warcraft boleh membawa supercarriers? || <> Siapa yang memiliki syarikat penerbangan terkecil di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?", "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599bc", "answers": [{"text": "to deploy balloons", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?", "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599bd", "answers": [{"text": "thirty-seven", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?", "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599be", "answers": [{"text": "supercarriers", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?", "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599bf", "answers": [{"text": "up to 90", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns the largest carriers in the world?", "id": "570ac50b4103511400d599c0", "answers": [{"text": "The United States Navy", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to deploy balloons", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What were carriers used for in the early 19th century?", "id": "5acd614a07355d001abf3ff4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thirty-seven", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there in the united states?", "id": "5acd614a07355d001abf3ff5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "supercarrier", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.N. Navy?", "id": "5acd614a07355d001abf3ff6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up to 90", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "How many warcraft can supercarriers carry?", "id": "5acd614a07355d001abf3ff7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The United States Navy", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Who owns the smallest carriers in the world?", "id": "5acd614a07355d001abf3ff8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers."}], ["Pada bahagian pemulihan dek penerbangan, penyesuaian kepada beban penghantaran pesawat dicerminkan. Pesawat tanpa VTOL atau konvensional tidak dapat menurunkannya sendiri, dan hampir semua syarikat penerbangan yang menggunakannya mesti mempunyai sistem pemulihan yang ditangkap (-BAR, contohnya CATOBAR atau STOBAR) untuk memulihkan pesawat mereka. Pesawat yang mendarat melengkapkan tailhook yang menangkap kabel pengangkut yang dilonggarkan di dek untuk membawa diri mereka berhenti dalam jarak yang singkat. Penyelidikan Tentera Laut Diraja Post-WWII mengenai pemulihan CATOBAR yang lebih selamat akhirnya mengakibatkan penggunaan sejagat kawasan pendaratan yang menghentakkan paksi untuk membolehkan pesawat yang tidak dapat menangkap wayar menangkap \"bolt\" dan selamat kembali ke penerbangan untuk percubaan pendaratan lain dan bukannya menabrak pesawat dek hadapan. <> Mengapa hampir semua syarikat penerbangan menggunakan pesawat konvensional telah menangkap sistem pemulihan? || pesawat konvensional tidak dapat menurunkan sendiri <> Apa tujuan sistem pemulihan yang ditangkap? || untuk memulihkan pesawat mereka <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pesawat ketika mendarat agar berhenti pada jarak yang dekat? || memanjangkan tailhook yang menangkap kabel pengangkut yang direntangkan di dek <> Apa kawasan pendaratan yang tidak dapat diakses membolehkan pesawat melakukan jika jika merindukan kabel penangkapan? || bolt <> Apa yang boleh \"bolt\" menghalang pesawat daripada melakukan? || terhempas ke dalam pesawat di dek ke hadapan <> Mengapa hampir semua syarikat penerbangan menggunakan pesawat yang tidak konvensional telah menangkap sistem pemulihan? || <> Apa yang bukan tujuan sistem pemulihan yang ditangkap? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pesawat ketika mendarat supaya berhenti pada jarak jauh? || <> Apakah kawasan pendaratan dari sudut pendaratan membenarkan pesawat dilakukan jika ia menangkap wayar menangkap? || <> Apa yang boleh \"bolt\" membenarkan pesawat melakukan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?", "id": "570abe786d058f19001830c8", "answers": [{"text": "conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?", "id": "570abe786d058f19001830c9", "answers": [{"text": "to recover their aircraft", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?", "id": "570abe786d058f19001830ca", "answers": [{"text": "extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?", "id": "570abe786d058f19001830cb", "answers": [{"text": "bolt", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can a \"bolt\" prevent an aircraft from doing?", "id": "570abe786d058f19001830cc", "answers": [{"text": "crashing into aircraft on the forward deck", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cannot decelerate on their own", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Why do almost all carriers using nonconventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?", "id": "5acd7adc07355d001abf4400", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recover their aircraft", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What is not the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?", "id": "5acd7adc07355d001abf4401", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a long distance?", "id": "5acd7adc07355d001abf4402", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bolt", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if it catches the arresting wires?", "id": "5acd7adc07355d001abf4403", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crashing into aircraft on the forward deck", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "What can a \"bolt\" allow an aircraft to do?", "id": "5acd7adc07355d001abf4404", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to \"bolt\" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck."}], ["Tentera Laut Diraja British sedang membina dua kapal pengangkut pesawat STOVL yang lebih besar, kelas Queen Elizabeth, untuk menggantikan ketiga-tiga pembawa kelas yang tidak mampu. Kapal tersebut akan dinamakan HMS Queen Elizabeth dan HMS Prince of Wales. Mereka akan dapat mengendalikan sehingga 40 pesawat dalam masa damai dengan kumpulan yang disesuaikan sehingga 50 tahun, dan akan mempunyai anjakan sebanyak 70,600 tan. Kapal ini akan mula beroperasi dari tahun 2020. Pelengkap pesawat utama mereka akan terdiri daripada F-35B Lightning IIs, dan syarikat kapal mereka akan berjumlah sekitar 680 dengan jumlah pelengkap meningkat kepada kira-kira 1,600 apabila kumpulan udara dimulakan. Senjata pertahanan akan termasuk Sistem Senjata Senjata Phalanx untuk pertahanan anti-pesawat dan anti-peluru berpandu; juga 30 mm Guns Kaliber Kecil Mudah Alih dan minigun untuk kegunaan terhadap kru serangan cepat. Kedua-dua kapal itu akan menjadi kapal perang terbesar yang pernah dibina untuk Tentera Laut Diraja. <> Apakah Tentera Laut British membina untuk menggantikan tiga pembawa kelas mereka yang tidak dapat dikalahkan? || dua kapal pengangkut pesawat STOVL yang lebih besar, kelas Queen Elizabeth <> Apa yang akan dinamakan kapal kelas 2 Queen Elizabeth? || HMS Queen Elizabeth dan HMS Prince of Wales <> Bilakah kapal kelas 2 Queen Elizabeth beroperasi? || 2020 <> Berapa banyak tan yang boleh kapal kelas Queen Elizabeth tenggelam? || 70,600 <> Berapa besar kapal-kapal Queen Elizabeth dua? || kapal perang terbesar yang pernah dibina untuk Tentera Laut Diraja <> Apakah Tentera British membina untuk menggantikan tiga pembawa kelas mereka yang tidak dapat dikalahkan? || <> Apa yang akan dinamakan kapal kelas 2 Queen Victoria? || <> Bilakah 2 kapal kelas Queen Elizabeth yang menjadi tidak berfungsi? || <> Berapakah bilangan gram kapal kelas Queen Elizabeth dapat diganti? || <> Berapa lama akan kapal-kapal Queen Elizabeth dua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?", "id": "570aba3b4103511400d5996e", "answers": [{"text": "two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?", "id": "570aba3b4103511400d5996f", "answers": [{"text": "HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?", "id": "570aba3b4103511400d59970", "answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?", "id": "570aba3b4103511400d59971", "answers": [{"text": "70,600", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?", "id": "570aba3b4103511400d59972", "answers": [{"text": "the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What is the British Army constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?", "id": "5acd75aa07355d001abf434a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What will the 2 Queen Victoria class ships be named?", "id": "5acd75aa07355d001abf434b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become unoperational?", "id": "5acd75aa07355d001abf434c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70,600", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "How many grams can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?", "id": "5acd75aa07355d001abf434d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 840}], "question": "How old will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?", "id": "5acd75aa07355d001abf434e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. The ships are due to become operational from 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1,600 when the air group is embarked. Defensive weapons will include the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System for anti-aircraft and anti-missile defence; also 30 mm Automated Small Calibre Guns and miniguns for use against fast attack craft. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy."}], ["Pengangkut pesawat secara dramatik telah mengubah pertempuran tentera laut dalam Perang Dunia II, kerana kuasa udara telah menjadi faktor penting dalam peperangan. Kemunculan pesawat sebagai senjata fokus didorong oleh jarak jauh, kelenturan dan keberkesanan pesawat yang dilancarkan oleh syarikat penerbangan. Mereka mempunyai jarak yang lebih tinggi dan ketepatan daripada senjata tentera laut, menjadikannya sangat berkesan. Fleksibiliti syarikat penerbangan itu ditunjukkan pada bulan November 1940 ketika HMS Illustrious melancarkan mogok jarak jauh di armada Itali di pangkalan mereka di Taranto, menandakan permulaan serangan pesawat yang efektif dan sangat mudah alih. Operasi ini membebaskan tiga daripada enam kapal perang dengan kos dua pengebom torpedo. Perang Dunia II di Lautan Pasifik melibatkan bentrokan antara armada penerbangan pesawat. Serangan kejutan Jepun pada 1941 di Pearl Harbor adalah ilustrasi yang jelas mengenai keupayaan unjuran kuasa yang diberikan oleh kekuatan besar pengangkut moden. Berkonsentrasi enam pembawa dalam satu unit telah membalikkan sejarah tentera laut, kerana tidak ada negara yang lain menuntun sesuatu yang sebanding. Bagaimanapun, kerapkali pengangkut berbanding kapal perang tradisi ketika dipaksa ke dalam pertempuran jarak jauh telah digambarkan dengan cepat oleh tenggelam HMS Glorious oleh kapal perang Jerman semasa kempen Norwegia pada tahun 1940. <> Apa yang mengubah perang tentera laut secara dramatik dalam Perang Dunia II? || Pengangkut pesawat <> Apa yang mendorong kemunculan pesawat yang dilancarkan oleh kapal terbang sebagai senjata fokus? || julat yang unggul, fleksibiliti dan keberkesanan <> Mengapa kapal terbang yang dilancarkan oleh kapal terbang lebih berkesan daripada senjata tentera laut? || Mereka mempunyai jarak yang lebih tinggi dan ketepatan <> Apa yang dinyanyikan pada tahun 1940 apabila HMS Illustrious melancarkan mogok ke atas sebuah armada Itali? || permulaan serangan pesawat yang berkesan dan sangat mudah alih <> Peristiwa apa yang memperlihatkan kerentanan pengangkut apabila dipaksa masuk ke jambatan senjata? || tenggelam HMS Glorious oleh kapal perang Jerman <> Apa yang secara dramatik mengubah pertempuran tentera laut dalam Perang Dunia I? || <> Apa yang mendorong kemunculan pesawat yang dilancarkan oleh kapal terbang sebagai senjata sekunder? || <> Mengapa pesawat yang dilancarkan oleh kapal terbang kurang berkesan daripada senjata tentera laut? || <> Apa yang ditandakan pada tahun 1904 ketika HMS Illustrious melancarkan mogok ke atas sebuah armada Itali? || <> Peristiwa apa yang tidak menunjukkan kerentanan pengangkut apabila dipaksa masuk ke dalam enjin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?", "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d2", "answers": [{"text": "The aircraft carrier", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?", "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d3", "answers": [{"text": "the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?", "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d4", "answers": [{"text": "They had higher range and precision", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?", "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d5", "answers": [{"text": "the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?", "id": "570ac7a74103511400d599d6", "answers": [{"text": "the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships", "answer_start": 1190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The aircraft carrier", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What dramatically changed naval combat in World War I?", "id": "5acd709d07355d001abf4252", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "superior range, flexibility and effectiveness", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as secondary weapons?", "id": "5acd709d07355d001abf4253", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They had higher range and precision", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Why were carrier-launched aircraft less effective than naval guns?", "id": "5acd709d07355d001abf4254", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What was signalled in 1904 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?", "id": "5acd709d07355d001abf4255", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships", "answer_start": 1190}], "question": "What event didn't show the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?", "id": "5acd709d07355d001abf4256", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940."}], ["Kelemahan melompat ski adalah penalti yang dikenakan pada saiz pesawat, muatan, dan beban bahan api (dan oleh itu berkisar); pesawat yang sangat sarat tidak boleh dilancarkan dengan melompat ski kerana berat beban tinggi mereka memerlukan sama ada roll berliku yang lebih panjang daripada mungkin pada dek kapal terbang, atau bantuan dari roket meletup atau JATO. Sebagai contoh, Rusia Su-33 hanya dapat melancarkan dari carrier Admiral Kuznetsov dengan persenjataan minimum dan beban bahan api. Satu lagi kelemahan adalah operasi operasi campuran campuran di mana helikopter juga hadir seperti Dock Helicopter Landing US atau Landing Helicopter Assault serangan amfibia kapal melompat ski tidak termasuk kerana ini akan menghapuskan satu atau lebih kawasan pendaratan helikopter, deck rata ini menghadkan loading daripada Harriers tetapi agak dikurangkan oleh permulaan bergolek yang lebih panjang yang disediakan oleh dek penerbangan panjang berbanding dengan pembawa STOVL. <> Apakah kelemahan ski-melompat? || penalti yang dikenakan ke atas saiz kapal terbang, muatan dan beban bahan api <> Apa yang tidak dapat dilancarkan menggunakan melompat ski kerana berat badan mereka yang tinggi? || pesawat yang sangat sarat <> Apa pesawat yang sangat sarat memerlukan bantuan dari? || sebuah roket meletup atau JATO <> Mengapa melompat ski tidak termasuk dalam operasi dek campuran udara di mana helikopter hadir? || akan menghapuskan satu atau lebih kawasan pendaratan helikopter <> Bagaimana Rusia SU-33 dapat melancarkan dari carrier Admiral Kuznetsov? || dengan persenjataan minimum dan beban bahan api <> Apa kelebihan melompat ski? || <> Apa yang boleh dilancarkan menggunakan melompat ski kerana berat badan tinggi yang dimuatkan? || <> Apa pesawat ringan yang dibebankan memerlukan bantuan dari? || <> Mengapa melompat ski termasuk operasi beroperasi penerbangan campuran di mana helikopter hadir? || <> Bagaimana Rusia SU-33 tidak dapat melancarkan dari operator Admiral Kuznetsov? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?", "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998c", "answers": [{"text": "the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?", "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998d", "answers": [{"text": "heavily laden aircraft", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?", "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998e", "answers": [{"text": "a catapult or JATO rocket", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?", "id": "570ac16f4103511400d5998f", "answers": [{"text": "would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?", "id": "570ac16f4103511400d59990", "answers": [{"text": "with a minimal armament and fuel load", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What is the advantage of the ski-jump?", "id": "5acd84c307355d001abf453a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavily laden aircraft", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?", "id": "5acd84c307355d001abf453b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a catapult or JATO rocket", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What do lightly laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?", "id": "5acd84c307355d001abf453c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas", "answer_start": 670}], "question": "Why is a ski-jump included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?", "id": "5acd84c307355d001abf453d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with a minimal armament and fuel load", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?", "id": "5acd84c307355d001abf453e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers."}], ["Satu pembawa STOBAR: Liaoning pada asalnya dibina sebagai 57,000 tan pembawa Laksamana Soviet Kuznetsov-kelas Varyag dan kemudiannya dibeli sebagai keranjang yang dilucutkan oleh China pada tahun 1998 atas dalih penggunaan sebagai kasino terapung, kemudian sebahagiannya dibina semula dan ditarik ke China untuk disiapkan . Liaoning telah ditugaskan pada 25 September 2012, dan memulakan perkhidmatan untuk ujian dan latihan. Pada 24 atau 25 November 2012, Liaoning berjaya melancarkan dan mendapatkan beberapa jet pejuang jet Shenyang J-15. Dia diklasifikasikan sebagai kapal latihan, bertujuan untuk membolehkan tentera laut berlatih dengan penggunaan pembawa. Pada 26 Disember 2012, People's Daily melaporkan bahawa ia akan mengambil masa empat hingga lima tahun untuk Liaoning untuk mencapai kapasiti penuh, terutamanya disebabkan oleh latihan dan koordinasi yang akan mengambil masa yang cukup untuk Tentera Laut PLA China untuk diselesaikan kerana ini adalah kapal terbang pesawat pertama dalam pemilikan mereka. Oleh kerana kapal latihan, Liaoning tidak ditugaskan untuk mana-mana armada operasi China. <> Mengapa China membeli pembawa STOBAR Liaoning pada tahun 1998? || atas alasan penggunaan sebagai kasino terapung <> Apa itu Liaoning dikelaskan sebagai? || kapal latihan <> Apakah Liaoning bertujuan untuk membantu latihan tentera laut? || penggunaan pengangkut <> Mengapa Liaoning tidak diberikan kepada mana-mana armada operasi China? || ia adalah kapal latihan <> Mengapa Angkatan Laut PLA China memerlukan 4-5 tahun untuk Liaoning untuk mencapai kapasiti penuh? || ini adalah pengangkut pesawat pertama dalam milik mereka <> Mengapa China tidak membeli syarikat penerbangan STOBAR Liaoning pada tahun 1998? || <> Apa yang tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai Liaoning? || <> Apakah Liaoning yang dimaksudkan untuk menghalang latihan tentera laut? || <> Mengapa Liaoning diberikan kepada mana-mana armada operasi China? || <> Mengapa Angkatan Laut PLA China memerlukan 14-15 tahun untuk Liaoning untuk mencapai kapasiti penuh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?", "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a0", "answers": [{"text": "on the pretext of use as a floating casino", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Liaoning classifed as?", "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a1", "answers": [{"text": "a training ship", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?", "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a2", "answers": [{"text": "carrier usage", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?", "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a3", "answers": [{"text": "it is a training ship", "answer_start": 884}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?", "id": "570ac2e34103511400d599a4", "answers": [{"text": "this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on the pretext of use as a floating casino", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "Why didn't China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?", "id": "5acd85f207355d001abf457a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "training ship", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What isn't Liaoning classifed as?", "id": "5acd85f207355d001abf457b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carrier usage", "answer_start": 568}], "question": "What is the Liaoning intended to hinder the navy practice with?", "id": "5acd85f207355d001abf457c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "training ship", "answer_start": 892}], "question": "Why is Liaoning assigned to any of China's operation fleets?", "id": "5acd85f207355d001abf457d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession", "answer_start": 825}], "question": "Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 14-15 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?", "id": "5acd85f207355d001abf457e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One STOBAR carrier: Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion. Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012, and began service for testing and training. On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft. She is classified as a training ship, intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage. On 26 December 2012, the People's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity, mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession. As it is a training ship, Liaoning is not assigned to any of China's operation fleets."}], ["Sejak Perang Dunia II, reka bentuk kapal terbang pesawat telah meningkat dalam saiz untuk menampung peningkatan dalam saiz pesawat. Kelas Nimitz yang besar dan moden dari pengangkut Amerika Syarikat telah menyilang hampir empat kali dari era Perang Dunia II USS Enterprise, tetapi pelengkap pesawatnya adalah sama-akibat dari peningkatan berat dan berat kapal terbang tentera yang semakin meningkat tahun. Pembawa pesawat hari ini begitu mahal sehingga negara-negara yang beroperasi mereka memberi kesan yang besar terhadap kesan politik, ekonomi, dan ketenteraan yang signifikan jika pengangkut hilang, atau bahkan digunakan dalam konflik. <> Mengapa kapal terbang pesawat meningkat dalam saiz sejak Perang Dunia Kedua? || untuk menampung peningkatan yang mantap dalam saiz pesawat <> Berapa banyak penghijrahan yang lebih besar daripada kelas Nimitz moden berbanding dengan USS Enterprise yang lebih lama? || hampir empat kali <> Mengapakah negara-negara berisiko memberi impak politik yang signifikan jika pengangkut hilang atau bahkan digunakan dalam konflik? || Pengangkut pesawat hari ini sangat mahal <> Masa manakah yang dimiliki USS Enterprise? || Perang Dunia II <> Mengapa kapal terbang kapal terbang bertambah sejak Perang Dunia I? || <> Berapa banyak lagi penghapusan yang dilakukan oleh kelas Nimitz moden berbanding dengan USS Enterprise yang lebih baru? || <> Mengapakah negara-negara berisiko terkena dampak politik minimal jika pengangkut hilang atau bahkan digunakan dalam konflik? || <> Masa manakah yang dimiliki oleh Syarikat AS? || <> Pengangkut pesawat hari ini sangat murah sehingga bangsa-bangsa yang beroperasi dengan risiko apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?", "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e4", "answers": [{"text": "to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?", "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e5", "answers": [{"text": "nearly four times", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?", "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e6", "answers": [{"text": "Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?", "id": "570b04bf6b8089140040f6e7", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War I?", "id": "5acd71cb07355d001abf427a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nearly four times", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the newer USS Enterprise?", "id": "5acd71cb07355d001abf427b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "Why do nations risk minimal political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?", "id": "5acd71cb07355d001abf427c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Which era does the USA Enterprise belong to?", "id": "5acd71cb07355d001abf427d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "Today's aircraft carriers are so cheap that nations which operate them risk what?", "id": "5acd71cb07355d001abf427e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II\u2013era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same\u2014a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict."}], ["Pesawat konvensional (\"tailhook\") bergantung kepada pegawai isyarat pendaratan (LSO, panggilan radio panggilan paddles) untuk memantau pendekatan pesawat, mengukur glideslope, sikap, dan kelajuan udara, dan menghantar data tersebut kepada juruterbang. Sebelum dek bersudut muncul pada tahun 1950-an, LSO menggunakan dayung berwarna untuk menandakan pembetulan kepada juruterbang (dengan itu nama samaran). Dari penghujung tahun 1950-an dan seterusnya, alat pendaratan visual seperti Sistem Pendaratan Optik telah memberikan maklumat mengenai cerun meluncur yang betul, tetapi LSOs masih menghantar panggilan suara ke menghampiri juruterbang melalui radio. <> Apa maksud LSO? || pegawai isyarat pendaratan <> Siapa yang membuat pesawat konvensional bergantung kepada moniter pendekatan pesawat dan menghantar data ke juruterbang? || seorang pegawai isyarat pendaratan <> Apa yang digunakan oleh LSO untuk memberi isyarat kepada pembalap sebelum reka bentuk dek bersudut yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1950-an? || paddles berwarna <> Alat pendaratan visual mana yang menyediakan maklumat mengenai cerun yang betul sejak tahun 1950-an? || Sistem Pendaratan Optik <> Apa yang masih digunakan oleh LSO? || menghantar panggilan suara untuk menghampiri juruterbang dengan radio <> Apa yang OSL berdiri? || <> Siapa pesawat yang tidak konvensional bergantung kepada moniter pendekatan pesawat dan menghantar data ke juruterbang? || <> Apakah yang digunakan oleh LSO untuk memberi isyarat kepada pembalap sebelum reka bentuk dek bersudut yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1960-an? || <> Alat bantuan pendaratan visual mana yang menyediakan maklumat mengenai cerun meluncur yang betul sejak tahun 1940-an? || <> Apakah LSO tidak lagi digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does LSO stand for?", "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e2", "answers": [{"text": "landing signal officer", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?", "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e3", "answers": [{"text": "a landing signal officer", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?", "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e4", "answers": [{"text": "colored paddles", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?", "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e5", "answers": [{"text": "Optical Landing System", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are LSO's still being used to do?", "id": "570b063eec8fbc190045b7e6", "answers": [{"text": "transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "landing signal officer", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What does OSL stand for?", "id": "5acd7f5e07355d001abf4480", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a landing signal officer", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who does a non-conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?", "id": "5acd7f5e07355d001abf4481", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colored paddles", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1960's?", "id": "5acd7f5e07355d001abf4482", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Optical Landing System", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1940's?", "id": "5acd7f5e07355d001abf4483", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "What are LSO's no longer being used to do?", "id": "5acd7f5e07355d001abf4484", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Conventional (\"tailhook\") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio."}], ["1 Pengangkut CATOBAR: Charles de Gaulle adalah 42,000 tan kapal pengangkut pesawat berkuasa nuklear, ditugaskan pada tahun 2001 dan merupakan perdana dari Tentera Laut Perancis (Marine Nationale). Kapal ini membawa pelengkap pesawat Dassault-Breguet Super \u00c9tendard, Dassault Rafale M dan E-2C Hawkeye, EC725 Caracal dan AS532 Cougar helikopter untuk mencari dan menyelamat pertempuran, serta elektronik moden dan peluru berpandu Aster. Ia adalah pembawa jenis CATOBAR yang menggunakan dua catapult 75 m C13-3 versi pendek sistem catapult yang dipasang pada pembawa kelas Nimitz A.S., satu tangkapan di tunduk dan satu di bahagian depan kawasan pendaratan. <> Apakah nama pengangkut berkuasa nuklear berkapasiti 42,000 tan yang ditugaskan pada tahun 2001? || Charles de Gaulle <> Apa Charles de Gaulle yang utama? || Tentera Laut Perancis <> Jenis peluru berpandu apakah yang dibawa oleh Charles de Gaulle? || Aster <> Apakah nama lain untuk Tentera Laut Perancis? || Marine Nationale <> Apa jenis pembawa Charles de Gaulle? || CATOBAR <> Apakah nama 24,000 tan pembawa nuklear yang ditugaskan pada tahun 2001? || <> Apa Charles de Gaulle bukan perdana? || <> Apakah jenis laser yang dibawa oleh Charles de Gaulle? || <> Apa nama lain untuk Tentera Laut Perancis? || <> Jenis apa pesawat ialah Charles de Gaulle? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?", "id": "570affb86b8089140040f694", "answers": [{"text": "Charles de Gaulle", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?", "id": "570affb86b8089140040f695", "answers": [{"text": "the French Navy", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?", "id": "570affb86b8089140040f696", "answers": [{"text": "Aster", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the French Navy?", "id": "570affb86b8089140040f697", "answers": [{"text": "Marine Nationale", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?", "id": "570affb86b8089140040f698", "answers": [{"text": "CATOBAR", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charles de Gaulle", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What is the name of the 24,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?", "id": "5acd869307355d001abf4598", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French Navy", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What is the Charles de Gaulle not the flagship of?", "id": "5acd869307355d001abf4599", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aster", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What type of lasers does the Charles de Gaulle carry?", "id": "5acd869307355d001abf459a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marine Nationale", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What is not another name for the French Navy?", "id": "5acd869307355d001abf459b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CATOBAR", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "What type of airplane is the Charles de Gaulle?", "id": "5acd869307355d001abf459c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super \u00c9tendard, Dassault Rafale M and E\u20112C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13\u20113 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area."}], ["Dengan pengaktifan USS Enterprise pada Disember 2012, armada A.S. terdiri daripada 10 supercarriers. Dewan Serbaguna Perkhidmatan Angkatan Bersenjata Dewan pada 24 Julai 2007, mencadangkan tujuh atau mungkin lapan pembawa baru (satu setiap empat tahun). Walau bagaimanapun, perdebatan semakin mendalam mengenai belanjawan untuk $ 12-14.5 bilion (ditambah $ 12 bilion untuk pembangunan dan penyelidikan) untuk 100,000 tan pembawa kelas Gerald R. Ford (dianggarkan perkhidmatan 2016) berbanding dengan $ 2 bilion 45,000 tan kelas Amerika yang lebih kecil kapal serangan amfibia, yang dapat menggunakan skuadron F-35Bs. Yang pertama kelas ini, USS America, kini sedang berkhidmat aktif dengan yang lain, USS Tripoli, sedang dalam proses pembinaan dan 9 lagi dirancang. <> Berapa banyak supercarriers melakukan armada A.S. telah menyusul pengaktifan USS Enterprise? || 10 <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan baru setiap tahun mengesyorkan sub komite Seapower Service Armed House pada 7/24/07? || satu setiap empat tahun <> Kelas apa yang ASS Amerika milik? || Kapal serangan amfibi Amerika kelas <> Apakah USS America mampu memusnahkan skuadron? || F-35Bs <> Yang mana-mana operator lain menyertai USS America dalam perkhidmatan aktif? || USS Tripoli <> Berapa banyak supercarriers melakukan armada U.N. telah mematuhi penonaktifan USS Enterprise? || <> Berapakah pembawa lama setiap tahun mengesyorkan sub komite Seapower Seapower House pada 7/24/07? || <> Kelas apa yang tidak milik AS USS? || <> Apakah USS America tidak mampu memusnahkan skuadron? || <> Yang pengangkut lain mana yang menyertai USS America dalam perkhidmatan yang tidak aktif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?", "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6da", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?", "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6db", "answers": [{"text": "one every four years", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What class does the USS America belong to?", "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6dc", "answers": [{"text": "America-class amphibious assault ships", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?", "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6dd", "answers": [{"text": "F-35Bs", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?", "id": "570b03536b8089140040f6de", "answers": [{"text": "USS Tripoli", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "How many supercarriers did the U.N. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?", "id": "5acd897f07355d001abf463e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one every four years", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "How many old carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?", "id": "5acd897f07355d001abf463f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "America-class amphibious assault ships", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What class doesn't the USS America belong to?", "id": "5acd897f07355d001abf4640", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "F-35Bs", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "What is the USS America incapable of destroying squadrons of?", "id": "5acd897f07355d001abf4641", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USS Tripoli", "answer_start": 639}], "question": "Which other carrier joins the USS America in unactive service?", "id": "5acd897f07355d001abf4642", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12\u201314.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned."}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 2013, majlis melancarkan kapal tentera terbesar Jepun sejak Perang Dunia II diadakan di Yokohama. Kapal seluas 820 kaki (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo dikerahkan pada Mac 2015. Kapal mampu membawa sehingga 14 helikopter; bagaimanapun, hanya tujuh helikopter ASW dan dua helikopter SAR dirancang untuk pelengkap pesawat awal. Untuk operasi lain, 400 tentera dan trak lima puluh 3.5 t (atau peralatan setara) juga boleh dibawa. Geladak penerbangan mempunyai lima tempat pendaratan helikopter yang membolehkan pendaratan serentak atau berlepas. Kapal ini dilengkapi dengan dua Phalanx CIWS dan dua SeaRAM untuk pembelaannya. Para pemusnah kelas ini pada mulanya bertujuan untuk menggantikan kedua-dua kapal kelas Shirane, yang pada asalnya dijadualkan memulakan penyahtaraan pada TK2014. <> Apakah majlis pelancaran bulan Ogos 2013 di Yokohama diadakan? || Kapal ketenteraan terbesar di Jepun sejak Perang Dunia II <> Berapa banyak helikopter boleh secara serentak mendarat di kapal tentera terbesar di Jepun? || lima <> Berapa lamakah kapal tentera terbesar di Jepun? || 820 kaki panjang (250 m) <> Berapa banyak tentera yang boleh membawa kapal tentera terbesar Jepun? || 400 <> Berapa berat kapal tentera terbesar di Jepun? || 19,500 tan <> Apa majlis pelancaran Ogos 2013 di Toyko diadakan? || <> Berapa banyak helikopter boleh secara serentak mendarat di kapal tentera terbesar China? || <> Berapa lamakah kapal awam terbesar di Jepun? || <> Berapa banyak tentera yang boleh membawa kapal tentera Jepun terkecil? || <> Berapa beratnya kapal tentera terkecil di Jepun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?", "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a86", "answers": [{"text": "Japan's largest military ship since World War II", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?", "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a87", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is Japan's largest military ship?", "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a88", "answers": [{"text": "820-foot-long (250 m)", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?", "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a89", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?", "id": "570ad8714103511400d59a8a", "answers": [{"text": "19,500-ton", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan's largest military ship since World War II", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Toyko held for?", "id": "5acd746107355d001abf431a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "How many helicopters can simultaneously land on China's largest military ship?", "id": "5acd746107355d001abf431b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "820-foot-long (250 m)", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "How long is Japan's largest civilian ship?", "id": "5acd746107355d001abf431c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "How many troops can Japan's smallest military ship carry?", "id": "5acd746107355d001abf431d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19,500-ton", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "How much does Japan's smallest military ship weigh?", "id": "5acd746107355d001abf431e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the initial aircraft complement. For other operations, 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried. The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs. The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CIWS and two SeaRAM for its defense. The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014."}], ["The superstructure of a carrier (seperti jambatan, menara kawalan penerbangan) tertumpu di kawasan yang agak kecil yang dipanggil sebuah pulau, sebuah ciri yang dipelopori di HMS Hermes pada tahun 1923. Walaupun pulau itu biasanya dibina di sebelah kanun di geladak perbatasan , kapal pengangkut pesawat Jepun Akagi dan Hiry\u016b mempunyai pulau mereka dibina di sebelah pelabuhan. Sangat sedikit pembawa telah direka atau dibina tanpa pulau. Konfigurasi dek siram terbukti mempunyai kelemahan yang ketara, yang utama adalah pengurusan ekzos dari loji kuasa. Asap yang melintasi geladak adalah isu utama dalam USS Langley. Di samping itu, kekurangan pulau bermakna kesukaran menguruskan dek penerbangan, melaksanakan kawalan lalu lintas udara, kekurangan penempatan perumahan radar dan masalah dengan menavigasi dan mengawal kapal itu sendiri. <> Ciri apa yang dipelopori di HMS Hermes pada tahun 1923? || sebuah pulau <> Apa yang tertumpu di kawasan kecil yang disebut pulau? || Suprastruktur pengangkut <> Selain daripada pembawa Jepun, di mana dek dek penerbangan adalah pulau yang biasanya dibina? || starboard <> Apakah kelemahan terbesar pada konfigurasi dek siram? || pengurusan ekzos dari kilang kuasa <> Apakah isu utama dalam USS Langley? || Asap yang melintasi geladak <> Ciri apa yang dipelopori di HMS Hermes pada tahun 1932? || <> Apa yang tertumpu di kawasan besar yang dipanggil sebuah pulau? || <> Selain daripada pembawa China, yang mana dek dek penerbangan adalah pulau yang biasanya dibina? || <> Apakah kelebihan terbesar untuk konfigurasi dek siram? || <> Apakah isu kecil di USS Langley? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?", "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b0", "answers": [{"text": "an island", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is concentrated in the small area called an island?", "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b1", "answers": [{"text": "The superstructure of a carrier", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?", "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b2", "answers": [{"text": "starboard", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?", "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b3", "answers": [{"text": "management of the exhaust from the power plant", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a major issue in the USS Langley?", "id": "570afee9ec8fbc190045b7b4", "answers": [{"text": "Fumes coming across the deck", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an island", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1932?", "id": "5acd81fa07355d001abf44d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The superstructure of a carrier", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is concentrated in the large area called an island?", "id": "5acd81fa07355d001abf44d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "starboard", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Other than Chinese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?", "id": "5acd81fa07355d001abf44d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "management of the exhaust from the power plant", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What was the biggest advantage to the flush deck configuration?", "id": "5acd81fa07355d001abf44d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fumes coming across the deck", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What was a minor issue in the USS Langley?", "id": "5acd81fa07355d001abf44d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiry\u016b had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself."}], ["Pengembangan kapal-kapal flattop menghasilkan kapal-kapal besar yang pertama. Pada tahun 1918, HMS Argus menjadi syarikat penerbangan pertama di dunia yang mampu melancarkan dan memulihkan pesawat tentera laut. Sebagai akibat daripada Perjanjian Laut Tentera Washington pada tahun 1922, yang membatasi pembinaan kapal-kapal tempur permukaan berat baru, kebanyakan kapal pengangkut pesawat awal adalah penukaran kapal yang telah diletakkan (atau telah disampaikan) sebagai jenis kapal yang berlainan: kapal kargo, kapal penjelajah, kapal perang , atau kapal perang. Penukaran ini menimbulkan pembawa pesawat kelas Lexington (1927), kelas Akagi dan Courageous. Evolusi pembawa pakar sedang berjalan dengan baik, dengan beberapa kapal tentera yang memerintahkan dan membina kapal perang yang sengaja direka untuk berfungsi sebagai kapal terbang pesawat pada pertengahan 1920-an, mengakibatkan kapal-kapal seperti H\u014dsh\u014d (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), dan B\u00e9arn (1927). Semasa Perang Dunia II, kapal-kapal ini akan dikenali sebagai pembawa armada. Apa yang menyebabkan pengeluaran kapal-kapal besar yang pertama? || kapal berkembar <> Apakah kapal terbang pertama di dunia yang mampu melancarkan dan memulihkan pesawat tentera laut? || HMS Argus <> Apakah batas Washington Naval 1922? || pembinaan kapal tempur permukaan berat baru <> Apa yang menyebabkan pembawa pesawat awal terdiri daripada penukaran kapal yang sebelum ini kapal kargo, kapal penjelajah atau kapal perang? || Perjanjian Naval Washington pada tahun 1922 <> Apakah jenis kapal penumpang pesawat melakukan penukaran kapal ini pada tahun 1927? || Lexington-class <> Apa perkembangan yang menghasilkan kapal-kapal kecil kecil pertama? || <> Apakah pembawa pertama di dunia yang mampu melancarkan dan memulihkan pesawat awam? || <> Apa yang berlaku di Washington Naval Treaty of 1920? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan pembawa pesawat moden terdiri daripada penukaran kapal yang sebelum ini kapal kargo, kapal penjelajah atau kapal perang? || <> Jenis jenis kapal terbang apakah penukaran kapal ini menimbulkan pada tahun 1972? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?", "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f6", "answers": [{"text": "flattop vessels", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?", "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f7", "answers": [{"text": "HMS Argus", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?", "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f8", "answers": [{"text": "the construction of new heavy surface combat ships", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?", "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830f9", "answers": [{"text": "Washington Naval Treaty of 1922", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?", "id": "570ac9296d058f19001830fa", "answers": [{"text": "Lexington-class", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flattop vessels", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What develpment produced the first small fleet ships?", "id": "5acd6fb407355d001abf4222", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HMS Argus", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering civilian aircraft?", "id": "5acd6fb407355d001abf4223", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the construction of new heavy surface combat ships", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1920 limit?", "id": "5acd6fb407355d001abf4224", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Washington Naval Treaty of 1922", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What caused modern aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?", "id": "5acd6fb407355d001abf4225", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lexington-class", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1972?", "id": "5acd6fb407355d001abf4226", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as H\u014dsh\u014d (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and B\u00e9arn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]"}], ["Sekiranya pesawat itu mempunyai kemampuan atau helikopter VTOL, mereka tidak perlu mempercepatkan dan oleh itu tidak ada keperluan seperti itu. Sistem pemulihan yang telah ditangkap telah menggunakan dek bersudut sejak tahun 1950-an kerana, sekiranya pesawat tidak menangkap wayar penangkapan, geladak pendek membolehkan lebih mudah dimatikan dengan mengurangkan bilangan objek antara pesawat dan akhir landasan. Ia juga mempunyai kelebihan untuk memisahkan kawasan operasi pemulihan dari kawasan pelancaran. Helikopter dan pesawat terbang yang mampu menembusi dan menegak (V / STOL) menegak atau mendatar biasanya mendapat pulangan dengan mendekati pembawa di sisi pelabuhan dan kemudian menggunakan keupayaan mereka untuk bergerak di atas dek penerbangan dan mendatar tanah tanpa keperluan untuk menangkap gear . <> Apa jenis pesawat tidak perlu menurunkan? || VTOL yang berkebolehan atau helikopter <> Apa dek berbumbung memisahkan kawasan operasi pemulihan dari? || kawasan pelancaran <> Apa yang dirujuk oleh V / STOL? || pesawat yang berupaya menahan dan mendatar menegak atau mendatar <> Keupayaan apa yang digunakan oleh helikopter untuk bergerak ke atas dek penerbangan dan tanah secara menegak? || hover <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan helikopter karena memiliki keterbabilan hover? || gear menangkap <> Jenis pesawat yang tidak perlu mempercepatkan? || <> Apa dek yang tidak bersudut memisahkan kawasan operasi pemulihan dari? || <> Apakah V / STOL tidak merujuk kepada? || <> Keupayaan apa yang digunakan helikopter untuk mengalihkan dek penerbangan dan mendatar tanah? || <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan oleh kapal terbang kerana mempunyai keterbabilan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?", "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68a", "answers": [{"text": "VTOL-capable or helicopters", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?", "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68b", "answers": [{"text": "the launch area", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does V/STOL refer to?", "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68c", "answers": [{"text": "aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?", "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68d", "answers": [{"text": "hover", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?", "id": "570afdc16b8089140040f68e", "answers": [{"text": "arresting gear", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VTOL-capable or helicopters", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What type of aircraft have no need to accelerate?", "id": "5acd7c5807355d001abf4444", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the launch area", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What does the non-angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?", "id": "5acd7c5807355d001abf4445", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "What does V/STOL not refer to?", "id": "5acd7c5807355d001abf4446", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hover", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land horizontally?", "id": "5acd7c5807355d001abf4447", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arresting gear", "answer_start": 712}], "question": "What don't planes need because of having hover capablility?", "id": "5acd7c5807355d001abf4448", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear."}], ["Kumpulan armada Amerika Syarikat semasa kelas Nimitz akan diikuti dengan perkhidmatan (dan dalam beberapa kes diganti) oleh kelas sepuluh kapal Gerald R. Ford. Diharapkan kapal-kapal itu akan lebih automatik dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan jumlah pembiayaan yang diperlukan untuk kakitangan, mengekalkan dan mengendalikan supercarriersnya. Ciri-ciri baru utama adalah pelaksanaan Sistem Pelancaran Pesawat Elektromagnetik (EMALS) (yang menggantikan tangkapan stim lama) dan kenderaan udara tanpa pemandu. Dengan pengaktifan USS Enterprise pada Disember 2012 (penyahtauliahan yang dijadualkan untuk 2016), armada A.S. terdiri daripada 10 supercarriers aktif. Pada 24 Julai 2007, Dewan Serbaguna Perkhidmatan Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja mengesyorkan tujuh atau lapan pembawa baru (satu setiap empat tahun). Walau bagaimanapun, perdebatan semakin mendalam mengenai belanjawan untuk $ 12-14.5 bilion (ditambah $ 12 bilion untuk pembangunan dan penyelidikan) untuk 100,000 tan pembawa kelas Gerald R. Ford (dianggarkan perkhidmatan 2016) berbanding dengan $ 2 bilion 45,000 tan kelas Amerika yang lebih kecil Kapal serangan amfibia boleh menggunakan skuadron F-35B yang mana satu sudah aktif, satu lagi sedang dalam pembinaan dan sembilan lagi dirancang. <> Apa yang akan digantikan oleh beberapa armada kelas Nimitz di AS sekarang? || kelas sepuluh kapal Gerald R. Ford <> Ciri-ciri mana kapal baru akan menggantikan tangkapan stim lama? || Sistem Pelancaran Pesawat Elektromagnetik (EMALS) <> Bilakah USS Enterprise dijadualkan akan diberhentikan? || 2016 <> Berapakah pembawa kelas kelas Gerald R. Ford? || 100,000 tan <> Berapakah kapal peluru amfibia kelas Amerika berat? || 45,000 tan <> Apa yang akan diganti oleh kumpulan kapal terbang Nimitz-kelas PBB? || <> Ciri manakah kapal-kapal baru akan menggantikan tangkapan nuklear lama? || <> Bilakah USS Enterprise dijadualkan akan ditugaskan? || <> Berapa beratkah pembawa kelas-kelas Harrison R. Ford? || <> Berapakah berat kapal amfibia kelas Amerika yang berat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?", "id": "570af1386b8089140040f626", "answers": [{"text": "the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?", "id": "570af1386b8089140040f627", "answers": [{"text": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?", "id": "570af1386b8089140040f628", "answers": [{"text": "2016", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?", "id": "570af1386b8089140040f629", "answers": [{"text": "100,000 ton", "answer_start": 863}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?", "id": "570af1386b8089140040f62a", "answers": [{"text": "45,000 ton", "answer_start": 964}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What will some of the current UN fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?", "id": "5acd770707355d001abf4384", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "Which feature of the new ships will replace the old nuclear catapults?", "id": "5acd770707355d001abf4385", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2016", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be commissioned?", "id": "5acd770707355d001abf4386", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100,000 ton", "answer_start": 863}], "question": "How much does the Harrison R. Ford-class carrier weigh?", "id": "5acd770707355d001abf4387", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45,000", "answer_start": 964}], "question": "How much does the America-class amphibious peace ship weigh?", "id": "5acd770707355d001abf4388", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12\u201314.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned."}], ["Pada Disember 2009, ketua Tentera Laut India, Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma berkata pada persidangan akhbar navy sulung sulungnya, konsep yang sedang diperiksa oleh Direktorat Rancangan Angkatan Laut untuk kapal induk pesawat kedua (IAC-2), adalah untuk penyingkiran kapal terbang berkuasa konvensional lebih 50,000 tan dan dilengkapi dengan catapults stim (bukan melompat ski pada Gorshkov / Vikramaditya dan IAC) untuk melancarkan pesawat generasi keempat. Kemudian pada Ogos 2013 Naib Laksamana RK Dhowan, sambil bercakap mengenai kajian terperinci yang sedang dijalankan dalam projek IAC-II, mengatakan bahawa propulsion nuklear juga sedang dipertimbangkan. Angkatan Laut juga menilai Sistem Pelancaran Pesawat Elektromagnetik (EMALS), yang digunakan oleh Angkatan Laut AS dalam pembawa pesawat kelas Gerald R. Ford yang terkini. General Atomics, pemaju EMALS, dibersihkan oleh kerajaan Amerika Syarikat untuk memberi demonstrasi teknikal kepada para pegawai Tentera Laut India, yang kagum dengan keupayaan sistem baru. EMALS membolehkan pelancaran pesawat pelbagai termasuk kenderaan tempur tanpa kendalian (UCAV). Matlamatnya ialah untuk mempunyai sejumlah tiga pesawat kapal terbang dalam perkhidmatan, dengan dua syarikat penerbangan yang beroperasi sepenuhnya dan yang ketiga dalam penambahbaikan. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh EMALS? || Sistem Pelancaran Pesawat Elektromagnetik <> Siapa yang membangunkan EMALS? || General Atomics <> Apa yang EMALS membolehkan pelancaran? || pelbagai pesawat termasuk kenderaan tempur tanpa pemandu (UCAV) <> Siapa yang kagum dengan demonstrasi EMALS oleh General Atomics? || Pegawai Tentera Laut India <> Berapa banyak kapal terbang pesawat dalam perkhidmatan yang ditujukan untuk EMALS? || tiga <> Apa makanan MEALS? || <> Siapa yang tidak membangun EMALS? || <> Apakah EMALS melumpuhkan pelancaran? || <> Siapa yang tidak terkesan dengan demonstrasi EMALS oleh General Atomics? || <> Berapa banyak daripada perkhidmatan kapal terbang pesawat yang ditujukan untuk EMALS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does EMALS stand for?", "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a72", "answers": [{"text": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed EMALS?", "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a73", "answers": [{"text": "General Atomics", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do EMALS enable the launching of?", "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a74", "answers": [{"text": "varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)", "answer_start": 1014}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?", "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a75", "answers": [{"text": "Indian Navy officers", "answer_start": 906}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?", "id": "570ad72b4103511400d59a76", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 1107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "What does MEALS stand for?", "id": "5acd738407355d001abf42fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Atomics", "answer_start": 791}], "question": "Who didn't develop EMALS?", "id": "5acd738407355d001abf42fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)", "answer_start": 1014}], "question": "What do EMALS disable the launching of?", "id": "5acd738407355d001abf42fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian Navy officers", "answer_start": 906}], "question": "Who wasn't impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?", "id": "5acd738407355d001abf42ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 1107}], "question": "How many out of service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?", "id": "5acd738407355d001abf4300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit."}], ["Seorang pembawa CATOBAR: S\u00e3o Paulo adalah kapal terbang kelas Clemenceau yang sedang berkhidmat dengan Tentera Laut Brazil. S\u00e3o Paulo pertama kali ditugaskan pada tahun 1963 oleh Angkatan Laut Perancis sebagai Foch dan telah dipindahkan pada 2000 ke Brazil, di mana dia menjadi perdana baru Angkatan Laut Brazil. Sepanjang tahun 2005-2010, S\u00e3o Paulo menjalani pemodenan yang luas. Pada akhir tahun 2010, ujian laut bermula, dan pada 2011 [kemas kini] S\u00e3o Paulo telah dinilai oleh CIASA (Suruhanjaya Pemeriksaan dan Penasihat Latihan). Dia dijangka menyertai semula armada pada akhir tahun 2013, tetapi mengalami kebakaran besar pada 2012. <> Pembawa kelas apa yang dikatakan oleh Sao Paulo? || Clemenceau <> Siapakah yang sedang berkhidmat di Sao Paulo? || Tentera Laut Brazil <> Siapa yang pertama ditugaskan oleh Sao Paulo pada tahun 1963? || Tentera Laut Perancis <> Apa yang dilakukan Sao Paulo selama tempoh 2005-2010? || pemodenan yang meluas <> Apa kemunduran yang berlaku kepada Sao Paula pada tahun 2012? || satu lagi api utama <> Pembawa kelas apakah Pao Saulo? || <> Siapakah Sao Paulo yang sedang berkhidmat? || <> Siapa yang pertama ditugaskan oleh Sao Paulo pada tahun 1936? || <> Apa yang tidak dilakukan Sao Paulo selama tempoh 2005-2010? || <> Kemajuan apa yang berlaku kepada Sao Paula pada tahun 2012? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?", "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f6", "answers": [{"text": "Clemenceau", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?", "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f7", "answers": [{"text": "the Brazilian Navy", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?", "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f8", "answers": [{"text": "the French Navy", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?", "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7f9", "answers": [{"text": "extensive modernization", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?", "id": "570b0878ec8fbc190045b7fa", "answers": [{"text": "another major fire", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clemenceau", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What class carrier is the Pao Saulo?", "id": "5acd856607355d001abf4556", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Brazilian Navy", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "Who is the Sao Paulo currently out of service for?", "id": "5acd856607355d001abf4557", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the French Navy", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1936?", "id": "5acd856607355d001abf4558", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extensive modernization", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "What didn't Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?", "id": "5acd856607355d001abf4559", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "another major fire", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012?", "id": "5acd856607355d001abf455a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One CATOBAR carrier: S\u00e3o Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. S\u00e3o Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005\u20132010, S\u00e3o Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] S\u00e3o Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012."}], ["1 Pengangkut STOBAR: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 ton Laksamana Kuznetsov-kelas STOBAR syarikat penerbangan. Dilancarkan pada tahun 1985 sebagai Tbilisi, dinamakan semula dan beroperasi sejak tahun 1995. Tanpa melompat-lompat ia boleh melancarkan dan memulihkan pejuang-pejuang tentera laut ringan untuk pertahanan udara atau misi anti-kapal tetapi tidak berat serangan bom konvensional. [Rujukan?] Secara rasmi ditugaskan sebuah pesawat yang membawa kapal penjelajah, adalah unik dalam membawa pelengkap senjata pertahanan berat dan peluru berpandu P-700 Granit yang besar. Sistem P-700 akan dikeluarkan pada masa akan datang untuk membesarkannya di bawah dek kemudahan penerbangan serta menaik taraf sistem pertahanannya. <> Apa jenis pembawa Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov? || STOBAR <> Ketika Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov pertama dilancarkan? || pada tahun 1985 <> Apa Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov dinamakan semula? || Tbilisi <> Apa yang unik tentang Tbilisi? || membawa pelengkap senjata pertahanan berat dan peluru berpandu P-700 Granit besar <> Apa yang akan dikeluarkan dari Tbilisi untuk membesarkannya di bawah kemudahan penerbangan dek? || Sistem P-700 <> Apa jenis kapal terbang Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov? || <> Bilakah Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov lepas dilancarkan? || <> Apa Admiral Florida Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov dinamakan semula? || <> Apa yang biasa tentang Tbilisi? || <> Apa yang akan ditambahkan dari Tbilisi untuk membesarkannya di bawah kemudahan penerbangan dek? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?", "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f700", "answers": [{"text": "STOBAR", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?", "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f701", "answers": [{"text": "in 1985", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?", "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f702", "answers": [{"text": "Tbilisi", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is unique about Tbilisi?", "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f703", "answers": [{"text": "carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?", "id": "570b09a96b8089140040f704", "answers": [{"text": "The P-700 systems", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "STOBAR", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What type of airplane is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?", "id": "5acd884007355d001abf4604", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 1985", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov last launched?", "id": "5acd884007355d001abf4605", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tbilisi", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What was Admiral Florida Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?", "id": "5acd884007355d001abf4606", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What is mundane about Tbilisi?", "id": "5acd884007355d001abf4607", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The P-700 systems", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "What will be added from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?", "id": "5acd884007355d001abf4608", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[citation needed] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles. The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems."}], ["Tentera Laut Diraja sedang membina dua kapal pengangkut pesawat STOVL yang lebih besar, kelas Queen Elizabeth, untuk menggantikan ketiga-tiga mereka yang kini telah bertugas sebagai pembawa kelas tidak berpengalaman. Kapal tersebut adalah HMS Queen Elizabeth dan HMS Prince of Wales. Mereka akan dapat mengendalikan sehingga 40 pesawat pada operasi masa damai dengan kumpulan yang disesuaikan sehingga 50 tahun, dan akan mempunyai anjakan sebanyak 70,600 tan. HMS Queen Elizabeth diunjurkan untuk komisen pada tahun 2017 diikuti oleh Prince of Wales pada tahun 2020. Kapal ini akan mula beroperasi bermula pada tahun 2020. Pelengkap pesawat utama mereka akan terdiri daripada F-35B Lightning IIs, dan syarikat kapal mereka akan nombor sekitar 680 dengan jumlah pelengkap meningkat kepada kira-kira 1600 apabila kumpulan udara memulakan. Kedua-dua kapal itu akan menjadi kapal perang terbesar yang pernah dibina untuk Tentera Laut Diraja. <> Kelas mana pesawat pengangkut sedang dibina untuk menggantikan pembawa kelas yang tidak dapat dikalahkan? || Ratu Elizabeth <> Apa yang akan menjadi perpindahan bagi HMS Queen Elizabeth? || 70,600 tan <> Bilakah HMS Queen Elizabeth dijangka membuat komisen? || pada 2017 <> Bilakah Prinsip Wales memproyeksikan komisen? || di sekitar 2020 <> Siapa yang membina HMS Queen Elizabeth dan Putera Wales? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Kelas mana pesawat pengangkut sedang dibina semula untuk menggantikan pembawa kelas tak terkalahkan? || <> Apa yang akan anjakan untuk SMH Queen Elizabeth? || <> Bilakah HMS Queen Elizabeth dijangka berakhir? || <> Bilakah Putera Wales diramal berakhir? || <> Siapa yang membeli HMS Queen Elizabeth dan Prince of Wales? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?", "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b800", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?", "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b801", "answers": [{"text": "70,600 tonnes", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?", "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b802", "answers": [{"text": "in 2017", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?", "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b803", "answers": [{"text": "in about 2020", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?", "id": "570b0ac3ec8fbc190045b804", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "Which class of aircraft carriers is being deconstructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?", "id": "5acd88dc07355d001abf4622", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70,600 tonnes", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "What will the displacement be for the SMH Queen Elizabeth?", "id": "5acd88dc07355d001abf4623", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2017", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to end?", "id": "5acd88dc07355d001abf4624", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in about 2020", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "When is Prince of Wales projected to end?", "id": "5acd88dc07355d001abf4625", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 790}], "question": "Who is buying HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?", "id": "5acd88dc07355d001abf4626", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy."}], ["Walaupun pesawat STOVL mampu melepaskan secara menegak dari tempat di geladak, menggunakan jalan raya dan permulaan yang berjalan jauh lebih cekap bahan api dan membenarkan berat peluncuran yang lebih berat. Apabila tangkapan tidak diperlukan, pengangkut dengan pengaturan ini mengurangkan berat badan, kerumitan, dan ruang yang diperlukan untuk peralatan stim kompleks atau peralatan melancarkan elektromagnetik, pesawat pendaratan menegak juga menghapuskan keperluan untuk menangkap kabel dan perkakasan yang berkaitan. Pengendali Rusia, China, dan masa depan India termasuk jalan melompat ski untuk melancarkan pesawat pejuang konvensional ringan yang dimuatkan ringan tetapi pulih menggunakan kabel penangkapan pembawa tradisional dan tailhook pada pesawat mereka. <> Apakah cara yang lebih cekap bagi pesawat STOVL untuk beralih daripada menegak? || menggunakan tanjakan dan permulaan yang sedang berjalan <> Apa jenis pesawat yang mampu melepaskan menegak? || STOVL <> Pesawat pendaratan apa yang telah menghapuskan keperluan untuk menangkap kabel? || menegak <> Apa yang Rusia termasuk untuk melancarkan pejuang konvensional ringan dimuatkan? || jalan melompat ski <> Apa pembawa Rusia masih gunakan untuk pulih? || kapal penangkap tradisional yang menangkap kabel dan tailhook pada pesawat mereka <> Apakah cara kurang efisien bahan bakar untuk pesawat STOVL untuk berlepas daripada menegak? || <> Apa jenis pesawat yang mampu melepaskan secara mendatar? || <> Apa pesawat pendaratan yang termasuk keperluan untuk menangkap kabel? || <> Apakah pembawa Rusia termasuk untuk melancarkan pejuang konvensional yang banyak dimuatkan? || <> Apa pengangkut Rusia tidak lagi digunakan untuk pulih? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?", "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ec", "answers": [{"text": "using the ramp and a running start", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?", "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ed", "answers": [{"text": "STOVL", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?", "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ee", "answers": [{"text": "vertical", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?", "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7ef", "answers": [{"text": "a ski-jump ramp", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Russian carriers still use to recover?", "id": "570b0780ec8fbc190045b7f0", "answers": [{"text": "traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using the ramp and a running start", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What is a less fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?", "id": "5acd83c507355d001abf4514", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "STOVL", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off horizontally?", "id": "5acd83c507355d001abf4515", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vertical", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What landing aircraft have included the need for arresting cables?", "id": "5acd83c507355d001abf4516", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a ski-jump ramp", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What do Russian carriers include for launching heavily loaded conventional fighters?", "id": "5acd83c507355d001abf4517", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "What do Russian carriers no longer use to recover?", "id": "5acd83c507355d001abf4518", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft."}]], [["Akta Perdagangan Udara pada 20 Mei 1926, merupakan asas kepada peraturan penerbangan kerajaan persekutuan penerbangan awam. Undang-undang mercu tanda ini diluluskan pada desakan industri penerbangan, yang pemimpinnya percaya pesawat itu tidak dapat mencapai potensi komersil sepenuhnya tanpa tindakan persekutuan untuk meningkatkan dan mengekalkan standard keselamatan. Akta ini mendakwa Setiausaha Perdagangan dengan memupuk perdagangan udara, mengeluarkan dan menguatkuasakan peraturan lalu lintas udara, juruterbang pelesenan, memperakui pesawat, menubuhkan saluran udara, dan mengendalikan dan menyelenggara bantuan untuk navigasi udara. Cawangan Aeronautik yang baru diwujudkan, yang beroperasi di bawah Jabatan Perdagangan memikul tanggungjawab utama untuk pengawasan penerbangan. <> Bilakah Akta Air Commerce diluluskan? || 20 Mei 1926 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab membina perdagangan udara? || Setiausaha Perdagangan <> Apa cawangan baru dicipta dan beroperasi di bawah Jabatan Perdagangan? || Cawangan Aeronautika <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pengawasan penerbangan? || Cawangan Aeronautika <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengendalikan dan menyelenggara bantuan ke navigasi udara? || Setiausaha Perdagangan <> Siapa yang meluluskan Akta Perdagangan Udara? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab memupuk pengawasan penerbangan? || <> Siapa percaya kapal terbang itu tidak dapat mencapai potensi persekutuan tanpa undang-undang? || <> Siapa yang didakwa dengan membina pesawat pembuatan? || <> Jabatan apa yang membuat Cawangan Aeronautik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Air Commerce Act passed?", "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e4", "answers": [{"text": "May 20, 1926", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was charged with fostering air commerce?", "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e5", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of Commerce", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?", "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e6", "answers": [{"text": "Aeronautics Branch", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?", "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e7", "answers": [{"text": "Aeronautics Branch", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?", "id": "570aa95e4103511400d598e8", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of Commerce", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the aviation industry", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Who passed the Air Commerce Act?", "id": "5a2e0066f28ef0001a5266dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Secretary of Commerce", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "Who was charged with fostering aviation oversight?", "id": "5a2e0066f28ef0001a5266de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aviation industry", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "Who believed the airplane could not reach its federal potential without legislation?", "id": "5a2e0066f28ef0001a5266df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Secretary of Commerce", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Who was charged with the fostering of manufacturing planes?", "id": "5a2e0066f28ef0001a5266e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Department of Commerce", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "What department did the Aeronautic Branch create?", "id": "5a2e0066f28ef0001a5266e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight."}], ["Cawangan Aeronautik telah dinamakan semula sebagai Biro Perdagangan Udara pada tahun 1934 untuk menggambarkan statusnya yang dipertingkatkan di dalam Jabatan. Ketika penerbangan komersial meningkat, Biro menggalakkan sekumpulan syarikat penerbangan untuk menubuhkan tiga pusat pertama untuk menyediakan kawalan lalu lintas udara (ATC) di sepanjang saluran udara. Pada tahun 1936, Biro itu sendiri mengambil alih pusat-pusat tersebut dan mula mengembangkan sistem ATC. Pengawal trafik udara perintis menggunakan peta, papan tulis dan pengiraan mental untuk memastikan pemisahan pesawat selamat sepanjang perjalanan yang ditetapkan antara bandar. <> Apakah cawangan Areonautics dinamakan semula? || Biro Perdagangan Udara <> Bilakah Cabang Aeronautik dinamakan semula? || 1934 <> Bilakah Buerau mengambil alih dan memulakan sistem ATC? || 1936 <> Apakah orang yang menggunakan peta, papan papan, dan perhitungan mental untuk memastikan pemisahan selamat perjalanan pesawat antara bandar dipanggil? || pengawal trafik udara <> Apakah Biro Dagang telah ditukar kepada? || <> Bilakah biro mencipta pusat kawalan lalu lintas pertama? || <> Bilakah cawangan Aeronautik dinamakan semula untuk mencerminkan statusnya yang menurun? || <> Apa biro digunakan untuk memastikan perjalanan pesawat selamat? || <> Ketika penerbangan terbang meningkat, apakah yang ditetapkan oleh Biro? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?", "id": "570aa9a06d058f1900183058", "answers": [{"text": "Bureau of Air Commerce", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?", "id": "570aa9a06d058f1900183059", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?", "id": "570aa9a06d058f190018305a", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?", "id": "570aa9a06d058f190018305b", "answers": [{"text": "air traffic controllers", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aeronautics Branch", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was the Bureau of Air Commerce renamed to?", "id": "5a2e024ff28ef0001a5266e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "When did the bureau create the first air traffic control centers?", "id": "5a2e024ff28ef0001a5266e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "When was the Aeronautics branch renamed to reflect it's decreased status?", "id": "5a2e024ff28ef0001a5266e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "maps, blackboards, and mental calculations", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What did the bureau used to ensure the safe travels of aircraft?", "id": "5a2e024ff28ef0001a5266ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "As personal flying increased, what did the Bureau establish?", "id": "5a2e024ff28ef0001a5266eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities."}], ["Pada 22 Julai 2008, selepas skandal pemeriksaan Southwest Airlines, satu rang undang-undang telah diluluskan sebulat suara di Dewan untuk mengetatkan peraturan mengenai prosedur penyelenggaraan kapal terbang, termasuk penubuhan pejabat pemberi maklumat dan tempoh \"penyejukan\" selama dua tahun Inspektur FAA atau penyelia pemeriksa mesti menunggu sebelum mereka boleh bekerja untuk mereka yang dikawal selia. Rang undang-undang juga memerlukan penggiliran pemeriksa penyelenggaraan utama dan menyatakan bahawa perkataan \"pelanggan\" betul terpakai kepada orang awam terbang, bukan entiti-entiti yang dikawal oleh FAA. Rang undang-undang itu mati dalam jawatankuasa Senat pada tahun itu. <> Bilakah kejadian skandal pemeriksaan Southwest Airlines berlaku? || 22 Julai 2008 <> yang meluluskan mesaure kepada peraturan peraturan mengenai penyelenggaraan pesawat udara? || Rumah <> Apa kata 'pelanggan' dengan betul diterapkan? || orang awam yang terbang <> berapa lama tempoh \"menyejukkan\" bahawa pemeriksa FAA atau pengawas pemeriksa harus menunggu sebelum mereka dapat bekerja untuk mereka yang mengaturnya? || dua tahun <> Bilakah Senat meluluskan rang undang-undang untuk mengetatkan peraturan mengenai prosedur penyelenggaraan pesawat? || <> Apakah dua tahun \"menyejukkan\" tempoh untuk pemberi maklumat untuk? || <> Apa tagihan memerlukan entiti yang dikawal oleh FAA dipanggil? || <> Bilakah keputusan sebulat suara rumah dan senat untuk meluluskan rang undang-undang berlaku? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?", "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d4", "answers": [{"text": "July 22, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?", "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d5", "answers": [{"text": "House", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?", "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d6", "answers": [{"text": "the flying public", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how long was the \"cooling off\" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?", "id": "570aa92c4103511400d598d7", "answers": [{"text": "two-year", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 22, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Senate approve a bill to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures?", "id": "5a2e180bf28ef0001a52678f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "must wait before they can work for those they regulated", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What was the two year \"cooling off\" period for whistleblowers for?", "id": "5a2e180bf28ef0001a526790", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "customer", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What did the bill require entities regulated by the FAA be called?", "id": "5a2e180bf28ef0001a526791", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 22, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the unanimous decision of the house and senate to pass the bill take place?", "id": "5a2e180bf28ef0001a526792", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year \"cooling off\" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word \"customer\" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year."}], ["Masa yang hampir mendekati perjalanan jet, dan satu siri pertembungan udara (paling ketara ialah pertembungan udara pertengahan Grand Canyon 1956), mendorong laluan Akta Penerbangan Persekutuan 1958. Perundangan ini memberikan fungsi CAA kepada badan bebas baru, Agensi Penerbangan Persekutuan. Tindakan ini memindahkan peraturan keselamatan udara dari CAB ke FAA baru, dan juga memberikan tanggungjawab FAA untuk sistem navigasi udara dan kawalan trafik udara biasa. Pentadbir pertama FAA, Elwood R. Quesada, adalah bekas jeneral Tentera Udara dan penasihat Presiden Eisenhower. <> Bilakah pertembungan udara Grand-Canyon berlaku? || 1956 <> Bilakah Akta Penerbangan Persekutuan diluluskan? || 1958 <> Agensi apa yang sekarang akan bertindak seperti CAA? || Agensi Penerbangan Persekutuan <> Siapa yang Akta Pengangkutan Udara Persekutuan memindahkan peraturan keselamatan udara dari? || CAB <> Siapa pentadbir pertama FAA? || Elwood R. Quesada <> Siapa yang Presiden Eisenhower melantik sebagai pentadbir pertama FAA? || <> Apa yang mendorong tindakan undang-undang 1956? || <> Perundangan apa yang memberi fungsi CAA kepada badan kerajaan, FAA? || <> Siapa bekas jeneral kepada Presiden Eisenhower? || <> Era yang menghampiri kawalan lalu lintas udara mendorong laluan apa yang berlaku? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?", "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183044", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?", "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183045", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agency would now act like the CAA?", "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183046", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Aviation Agency", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?", "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183047", "answers": [{"text": "CAB", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the FAA's first administrator?", "id": "570aa9616d058f1900183048", "answers": [{"text": "Elwood R. Quesada", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elwood R. Quesada", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Who did President Eisenhower appoint as the FAA's first administrator?", "id": "5a2e07a0f28ef0001a52670f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What prompted the the legislation act of 1956?", "id": "5a2e07a0f28ef0001a526710", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Aviation Act of 1958", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What legislation gave the CAAs function to the government body, the FAA?", "id": "5a2e07a0f28ef0001a526711", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elwood R. Quesada", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Who was the former general to President Eisenhower?", "id": "5a2e07a0f28ef0001a526712", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Aviation Act of 1958", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "The approaching era of air traffic control prompted passage of what act?", "id": "5a2e07a0f28ef0001a526713", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower."}], ["Pada pertengahan 1970-an, agensi telah mencapai sistem kawalan trafik udara separa automatik menggunakan kedua-dua teknologi radar dan komputer. Sistem ini memerlukan peningkatan untuk mengikuti pertumbuhan trafik udara, bagaimanapun, terutamanya selepas Akta Deregulasi Penerbangan 1978 menafikan peraturan ekonomi CAB syarikat penerbangan. Satu mogok di seluruh negara oleh kesatuan pengawal trafik udara pada tahun 1981 memaksa sekatan penerbangan sementara tetapi gagal mematikan sistem ruang udara. Pada tahun berikutnya, agensi itu melancarkan rancangan baru untuk mengotomatisasi lagi kemudahan kawalan trafik udaranya, tetapi kemajuan terbukti mengecewakan. Pada tahun 1994, FAA beralih ke pendekatan yang lebih langkah demi langkah yang telah menyediakan pengawal dengan peralatan canggih. <> Bilakah agensi itu memperoleh sistem kawalan trafik udara separa automatik? || pertengahan 1970an <> Bilakah tindakan Deregulasi Penerbangan? || 1978 <> Bilakah mogok di seluruh negara oleh kesatuan pengatur lalu lintas udara berlaku? || 1981 <> ketika FAA beralih ke pendekatan lebih banyak demi langkah untuk menyediakan pengendali lalu lintas udara dengan peralatan yang lebih maju? || 1994 <> Apa yang membantu mengendalikan radar dalam sistem kawalan lalu lintas udara yang baru? || teknologi komputer <> Bilakah agensi mencapai sistem kawalan trafik udara sepenuhnya automatik? || <> Bilakah deregulasi syarikat penerbangan dihapuskan? || <> Apakah tindakan yang menundukkan deregulasi syarikat penerbangan? || <> Bilakah mogok di seluruh negara yang memaksa sekatan penerbangan tetapi gagal mematikan sistem aeroangkasa? || <> Apakah jenis peningkatan sistem kawalan lalu lintas udara untuk menampung pertumbuhan trafik udara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?", "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303a", "answers": [{"text": "mid-1970s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Airline Deregulation act?", "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303b", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?", "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303c", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?", "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303d", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?", "id": "570aa95a6d058f190018303e", "answers": [{"text": "computer technology", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1970s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "When did the agency achieve fully automated air traffic control systems?", "id": "5a2e0d6df28ef0001a526747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "When was airline deregulation phased out?", "id": "5a2e0d6df28ef0001a526748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Airline Deregulation Act of 1978", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What was the act that phased out airline deregulation?", "id": "5a2e0d6df28ef0001a526749", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "When was the nationwide strike that forced flight restrictions but failed to shutdown the aerospace system?", "id": "5a2e0d6df28ef0001a52674a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "radar and computer technology", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What type of enhancement did the air traffic control system get to keep up with air traffic growth?", "id": "5a2e0d6df28ef0001a52674b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment."}], ["Pada malam sebelum kemasukan Amerika ke dalam Perang Dunia II, CAA mula memanjangkan tanggungjawab ATC untuk berlepas dan mendarat di lapangan terbang. Peranan yang diperluas ini akhirnya menjadi kekal selepas perang. Pemakaian radar untuk ATC membantu pengawal dalam pemacu mereka untuk mengikuti perkembangan pasca perang dalam pengangkutan udara komersial. Sementara itu pada tahun 1946, Kongres memberikan CAA tugas tambahan untuk mentadbir program lapangan terbang bantuan persekutuan, program bantuan bantuan damai pertama yang bertujuan secara eksklusif untuk mempromosikan pembangunan lapangan terbang awam negara. <> Bilakah CAA mula memaparkan tanggungjawab ATC? || Perang Dunia II <> Apa yang membantu pengawal ATC dalam pemacu mereka terus mendahului ledakan pasca perang dalam pengangkutan udara komersil? || radar <> Bilakah Kongres memberi CAA tugas pentadbiran program lapangan udara persekutuan? || 1946 <> Apakah program lapangan terbang bantuan persekutuan bertujuan untuk membantu membangunkan? || Lapangan terbang awam <> Bilakah Amerika memasuki Perang Dunia II? || <> Bilakah CAA mula memanjangkan tanggungjawab ATC di lapangan terbang ketenteraan? || <> Apa program bantuan perang pertama yang bertujuan untuk mempromosikan pembangunan lapangan terbang awam? || <> Bilakah kongres memanjangkan tanggungjawab ATC untuk berlepas dan mendarat di lapangan terbang? || <> Bilakah teknologi radar menjadi kekal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?", "id": "570aa9564103511400d598dc", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?", "id": "570aa9564103511400d598dd", "answers": [{"text": "radar", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?", "id": "570aa9564103511400d598de", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?", "id": "570aa9564103511400d598df", "answers": [{"text": "civil airports", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "When did America enter World War II?", "id": "5a2e04e1f28ef0001a5266fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "When did the CAA begin to extend it's ATC responsibilities at military airports?", "id": "5a2e04e1f28ef0001a5266fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the federal-aid airport program", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "What was the first wartime program of financial assistance  aimed at promoting the development of civil airports?", "id": "5a2e04e1f28ef0001a5266fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did congress extend it's ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports?", "id": "5a2e04e1f28ef0001a5266fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after the war", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "When did radar technology become permanent?", "id": "5a2e04e1f28ef0001a5266ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports."}], ["FAA beransur-ansur mengambil alih fungsi tambahan. Wabak pembongkaran 1960-an telahpun membawa agensi ke dalam bidang keselamatan penerbangan awam. Sebagai tindak balas kepada rampasan pada 11 September 2001, tanggungjawab ini kini diambil terutamanya oleh Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri. FAA menjadi lebih terlibat dengan aspek alam sekitar penerbangan pada tahun 1968 ketika menerima kuasa untuk menetapkan piawaian bunyi pesawat. Perundangan pada tahun 1970 memberi pengurusan agensi program bantuan lapangan terbang baru dan tanggungjawab tambahan tertentu untuk keselamatan lapangan terbang. Semasa 1960-an dan 1970-an, FAA juga mula mengawal ketinggian tinggi (lebih daripada 500 kaki) layang-layang dan belon terbang. <> Apakah epidemik yang perlu ditangani oleh FAA pada tahun 1960-an? || rampasan <> Siapa yang kini bertanggungjawab terhadap keselamatan penerbangan? || Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri <> Bilakah FAA menjadi lebih terlibat dengan aspek-aspek alam sekitar penerbangan? || 1968 <> Bilakah undang-undang berlalu yang memberikan pengurusan agensi program pembantu lapangan terbang baru? || 1970 <> Apakah ketinggian yang dikawal oleh FAA? || 500 kaki <> Bilakah FAA mula mengawal selekoh rendah dan belon terbang? || <> Apakah wabak dalam keselamatan penerbangan 60 yang akan diambil oleh Homeland? || <> Whne memang Homeland menjadi lebih terlibat dengan aspek-aspek alam sekitar penerbangan? || <> Bilakah Faa menerima kuasa untuk menetapkan piawaian bunyi perairan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?", "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183030", "answers": [{"text": "hijacking", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?", "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183031", "answers": [{"text": "Department of Homeland Security", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?", "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183032", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?", "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183033", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?", "id": "570aa92f6d058f1900183034", "answers": [{"text": "500 feet", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s and 1970s,", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "When did the FAA start to regulate low altitude kite and balloon flying?", "id": "5a2e0b8cf28ef0001a526735", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hijacking epidemic", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What epidemic in the 60's cause aviation security to be taken over by Homeland?", "id": "5a2e0b8cf28ef0001a526736", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "Whne did Homeland become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?", "id": "5a2e0b8cf28ef0001a526737", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "When did the Faa receive the power to set watercraft noise standards?", "id": "5a2e0b8cf28ef0001a526738", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying."}], ["Pada tahun 1967, sebuah Jabatan Pengangkutan A.S. (DOT) yang baru menggabungkan tanggungjawab utama persekutuan untuk pengangkutan udara dan permukaan. Nama Agensi Penerbangan Persekutuan berubah menjadi Pentadbiran Penerbangan Persekutuan kerana ia menjadi salah satu daripada beberapa agensi (mis., Pentadbiran Lebuhraya Persekutuan, Pentadbiran Kereta Api Persekutuan, Pengawal Pantai, dan Suruhanjaya Seaway Saint Lawrence) dalam DOT (walaupun yang terbesar). Pentadbir FAA tidak akan lagi melaporkan terus kepada presiden tetapi sebaliknya akan melaporkan kepada Setiausaha Pengangkutan. Program baru dan permintaan belanjawan perlu diluluskan oleh DOT, yang kemudiannya akan menyertakan permintaan ini dalam belanjawan keseluruhan dan menyerahkannya kepada presiden. <> Bilakah DOT AS menggabungkan tanggungjawab utama persekutuan untuk pengangkutan udara dan permukaan? || 1967 <> Apakah Agensi Penerbangan Persekutuan menukar namanya? || Pentadbiran Penerbangan Persekutuan <> Siapa yang akan melaporkan kepada pentadbir FAA? || Setiausaha Pengangkutan <> Siapa yang meluluskan program baru dan permintaan belanjawan? || DOT <> Siapa orang terakhir yang meluluskan anggaran yang diserahkan? || presiden <> Apa itu Agensi Penerbangan Persekutuan mengubah nama itu? || <> Siapa yang akan setiausaha laporan pengangkutan ke bukannya FAA? || <> Agensi apa yang digabungkan untuk menjadikan Pentadbiran Penerbangan Persekutuan? || <> Siapa yang setiausaha pengangkutan menghantar permintaan anggaran untuk diluluskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?", "id": "570aa9676d058f190018304e", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?", "id": "570aa9676d058f190018304f", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Aviation Administration", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who would the FAA administrator report to?", "id": "570aa9676d058f1900183050", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of Transportation", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who approves new programs and budget requests?", "id": "570aa9676d058f1900183051", "answers": [{"text": "DOT", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?", "id": "570aa9676d058f1900183052", "answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Aviation Administration", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name from?", "id": "5a2e0a05f28ef0001a52672d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "president", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Who would the secretary of transport report to instead of the FAA?", "id": "5a2e0a05f28ef0001a52672e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What agencies combined to make the Federal Aviation Administration?", "id": "5a2e0a05f28ef0001a52672f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DOT", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "Who did the secretary of transportation send budget requests to to be approved?", "id": "5a2e0a05f28ef0001a526730", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT (albeit the largest). The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president."}], ["Pada 31 Oktober 2013, selepas bantahan dari media, termasuk kritikan berat dari Nick Bilton dari The New York Times, FAA mengumumkan bahawa ia akan membolehkan syarikat penerbangan memperluaskan penggunaan alat mudah alih pada semua fasa penerbangan, tetapi panggilan telefon mudah alih masih dilarang. Pelaksanaan akan berbeza di kalangan syarikat penerbangan. FAA menjangkakan banyak syarikat penerbangan menunjukkan bahawa pesawat mereka membenarkan penumpang untuk menggunakan peranti mereka dengan selamat dalam mod pesawat, pintu masuk ke pintu, menjelang akhir tahun 2013. Peranti mesti diadakan atau dimasukkan ke dalam poket belakang semasa pelepasan sebenar dan mendarat. Telefon mudah alih mesti berada dalam mod pesawat atau dengan perkhidmatan mudah alih dilumpuhkan, tanpa sebarang bar isyarat dipaparkan, dan tidak boleh digunakan untuk komunikasi suara disebabkan peraturan Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan yang melarang sebarang panggilan udara menggunakan telefon bimbit. Jika pengangkut udara menyediakan perkhidmatan Wi-Fi semasa penerbangan, penumpang boleh menggunakannya. Aksesori Bluetooth jarak jauh, seperti papan kekunci tanpa wayar, juga boleh digunakan. <> Bilakah FAA memutuskan untuk memperluas penumpang menggunakan peranti elctronic mudah alih semasa semua fasa penerbangan? || 31 Oktober 2013 <> Apa mod mesti telefon bimbit dimasukkan? || mod kapal terbang <> Tahap penerbangan apakah penumpang dapat menggunakan peranti elektronik? || semua fasa <> Di manakah peranti harus diletakkan semasa lepas landas dan mendarat? || poket belakang <> Adakah aksesori bluetooth jarak jauh boleh digunakan? || juga boleh digunakan. <> Bilakah FAA mula membenarkan panggilan telefon bimbit semasa penerbangan? || <> Kertas apa yang mengkritik Nick Bilton? || <> Siapa yang membuat peraturan bahawa telefon tidak boleh berada dalam mod pesawat, dengan perkhidmatan mudah alih didayakan dan bar dipaparkan? || <> Apa yang perlu dalam poket seluar belakang semasa berlepas dan mendarat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?", "id": "570aa9644103511400d598ee", "answers": [{"text": "October 31, 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mode must mobile phones be put into?", "id": "570aa9644103511400d598ef", "answers": [{"text": "airplane mode", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?", "id": "570aa9644103511400d598f0", "answers": [{"text": "all phases", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?", "id": "570aa9644103511400d598f1", "answers": [{"text": "seat-back pocket", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?", "id": "570aa9644103511400d598f2", "answers": [{"text": "can also be used.", "answer_start": 978}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 31, 2013", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the FAA begin to allow mobile phone calls during flights?", "id": "5a2e12e1f28ef0001a526761", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The New York Times", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What paper criticized Nick Bilton?", "id": "5a2e12e1f28ef0001a526762", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Communications Commission", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "Who made regulations that phones must not be in airplane mode, with mobile service enabled and bars displayed?", "id": "5a2e12e1f28ef0001a526763", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Devices", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What must be in back pants pocket during takeoff and landing?", "id": "5a2e12e1f28ef0001a526764", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism  from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used."}], ["Pada tahun 2007, dua pemberi maklumat FAA, pemeriksa Charalambe \"Bobby\" Boutris dan Douglas E. Peters, mendakwa bahawa Boutris berkata dia cuba mendarat di Barat Daya selepas mendapati retak di pesawat, tetapi dihalang oleh penyelia, katanya mesra dengan syarikat penerbangan itu. Ini telah disahkan oleh laporan oleh Jabatan Pengangkutan yang mendapati pengurus FAA telah membenarkan Southwest Airlines untuk terbang 46 kapal terbang pada tahun 2006 dan 2007 yang terlambat untuk pemeriksaan keselamatan, mengabaikan kebimbangan yang dikemukakan oleh pemeriksa. Pemeriksaan syarikat penerbangan lain menyebabkan dua syarikat penerbangan mendarat beratus-ratus pesawat, menyebabkan beribu-ribu pembatalan penerbangan. Jawatankuasa Pengangkutan dan Infrastruktur Dewan Negara mengadakan perbicaraan pada bulan April 2008. Jim Oberstar, bekas pengerusi jawatankuasa itu, berkata penyiasatannya mendapati corak penyalahgunaan peraturan dan kelewatan peraturan yang meluas, membolehkan 117 pesawat dikendalikan secara komersil walaupun tidak mematuhi peraturan keselamatan FAA. Oberstar berkata terdapat \"budaya kesederhanaan\" antara pegawai kanan FAA dan syarikat penerbangan dan \"pecahan sistematik\" dalam budaya FAA yang menyebabkan \"malfasan, bersempadan dengan rasuah.\" Pada tahun 2008, FAA mencadangkan untuk menaikkan $ 10.2 juta di Barat Daya kerana gagal memeriksa pesawat yang lebih tua untuk retak, dan pada tahun 2009 Southwest dan FAA bersetuju bahawa Southwest akan membayar penalti $ 7.5 juta dan akan mengamalkan prosedur keselamatan baru, dengan dua kali ganda jika Southwest gagal susulan. <> Bilakah dua whisleblowers mendakwa bahawa Boutris cuba mendarat Southwest Airlines? || 2007 <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang membolehkan pengurus FAA terbang pada tahun 2006 dan 2007 yang sudah terlambat untuk pemeriksaan keselamatan? || 46 <> Berapakah FAA mencadangkan untuk Barat Daya yang baik kerana gagal memeriksa pesawat yang lebih tua? || $ 10.2 juta <> Apa yang mantan ketua jawatankuasa itu mengatakan siasatan itu menampakkan corak penyalahgunaan peraturan? || Jim Oberstar <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang dibenarkan untuk dikendalikan secara komersil walaupun tidak mematuhi peraturan keselamatan FAA? || 117 <> Mengapa Boutris mengatakan Peters cuba untuk mendarat di Barat Daya? || <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang dikendalikan secara komersil yang mematuhi peraturan keselamatan FAA? || <> Berapakah bayaran Southwest yang dikenakan dalam penalti kerana tidak menggunakan prosedur keselamatan baru? || <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan lain yang telah diaudit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?", "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598ca", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?", "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598cb", "answers": [{"text": "46", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?", "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598cc", "answers": [{"text": "$10.2 million", "answer_start": 1200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?", "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598cd", "answers": [{"text": "Jim Oberstar", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?", "id": "570aa91f4103511400d598ce", "answers": [{"text": "117", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cracks in the fuselage", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Why did Boutris say Peters attempted to ground Southwest?", "id": "5a2e105df28ef0001a526751", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "117", "answer_start": 865}], "question": "How many aircrafts were operated commercially that were in compliance with FAA safety rules?", "id": "5a2e105df28ef0001a526752", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$7.5 million", "answer_start": 1330}], "question": "How much did Southwest pay in penalties for not adopting new safety procedures?", "id": "5a2e105df28ef0001a526753", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "How many other airlines were audited?", "id": "5a2e105df28ef0001a526754", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe \"Bobby\" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a \"culture of coziness\" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and \"a systematic breakdown\" in the FAA's culture that resulted in \"malfeasance, bordering on corruption.\" In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through."}], ["Pada tahun 2014, FAA mengubah pendekatan lama kepada calon kawalan lalu lintas udara yang menghapuskan keutamaan berdasarkan latihan dan pengalaman di sekolah penerbangan yang memihak kepada ujian keperibadian terbuka kepada sesiapa pun tanpa menghiraukan pengalaman. Langkah ini dibuat untuk meningkatkan kepelbagaian kaum pengawal trafik penerbangan. Sebelum perubahan, calon yang telah menyelesaikan kursus di kolej dan universiti yang berpartisipasi boleh menjadi \"pantas dipantau\" untuk dipertimbangkan. Agensi itu menghapuskan program itu dan sebaliknya beralih kepada sistem terbuka kepada masyarakat umum, tanpa memerlukan sebarang pengalaman atau bahkan gelar kolej. Sebaliknya, pemohon boleh mengambil \"soal selidik biografi\" bahawa banyak pemohon mendapati bingung. <> Bilakah perubahan FAA itu pendekatan lama kepada calon kawalan lalu lintas udara? || 2014 <> Apa yang digemari sekarang berbanding latihan dan pengalaman di sekolah penerbangan? || Ujian keperibadian <> Siapa yang boleh menjadi pengawal lalu lintas udara tanpa menghiraukan pengalaman sekarang kerana perubahan peraturan? || sesiapa sahaja <> Apa yang telah diambil oleh para pemohon sekarang bahawa ramai di antara mereka mendapati kesulitan? || soal selidik biografi <> Tahap apa yang perlu anda pertimbangkan? || <> Bilakah agensi beralih ke sistem di mana orang boleh \"dipantau pantas\" untuk dipertimbangkan? || <> Bagaimana pemohon mencari kuesioner biologi? || <> Siapa yang beralih kepada sistem terbuka untuk calon yang menyelesaikan kursus di kolej yang menyertai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?", "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598f8", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?", "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598f9", "answers": [{"text": "personality test", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?", "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598fa", "answers": [{"text": "anyone", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?", "id": "570aa9a54103511400d598fb", "answers": [{"text": "biographical questionnaire", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "college", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "What kind of degree do you need to be considered?", "id": "5a2e1a1ef28ef0001a526797", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the agency switch to a system where people could be \"fast-tracked\" for consideration?", "id": "5a2e1a1ef28ef0001a526798", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "baffling", "answer_start": 700}], "question": "How did applicants find the biological questionnaire?", "id": "5a2e1a1ef28ef0001a526799", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agency", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Who switched to an open system for candidates who completed the coursework at participating colleges?", "id": "5a2e1a1ef28ef0001a52679a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be \"fast-tracked\" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take \"a biographical questionnaire\" that many applicants found baffling."}], ["FAA telah disebut sebagai contoh penangkapan pengawalseliaan, \"di mana industri penerbangan secara terbuka menentukan peraturan pengawalseliaannya, mengatur bukan sahaja pengawasan yang bermanfaat, tetapi meletakkan orang kunci untuk mengetuai pengawal selia ini.\" Retired NASA Pejabat Inspektor Besar Agen Khas Kanan Joseph Gutheinz, yang pernah menjadi Agen Khas dengan Pejabat Ketua Pengawal untuk Jabatan Pengangkutan dan dengan FAA Security, adalah salah seorang pengkritik FAA yang paling cermat. Daripada memuji agensi itu untuk mencadangkan denda $ 10.2 juta terhadap Southwest Airlines kerana kegagalannya melakukan pemeriksaan mandatori pada 2008, dia dipetik sebagai berkata dalam kisah Associated Press: \"Penalti terhadap syarikat penerbangan yang melanggar arahan FAA haruslah lebih berat. $ 25,000 setiap pelanggaran, kata Gutheinz, syarikat penerbangan boleh membenarkan pengalihan dadu dan mengambil kesempatan untuk ditangkap. Dia juga berkata FAA sering terlalu cepat untuk menekuk tekanan dari syarikat penerbangan dan juruterbang. \" Pakar-pakar lain telah kritikal terhadap kekangan dan jangkaan di mana FAA dijangka beroperasi. Peranan dual perjalanan menggalakkan aeroangkasa dan perjalanan perjalanan aeroangkasa adalah bercanggah. Contohnya, untuk mengenakan penalti berat terhadap sebuah syarikat penerbangan kerana melanggar peraturan FAA yang akan memberi kesan kepada keupayaan mereka untuk meneruskan operasi tidak akan dianggap sebagai perjalanan perjalanan aeroangkasa. <> Apa yang telah bersara Pejabat Penasihat NASA NASA secara terang-terangan mengenai FAA? || Joseph Gutheinz <> Berapakah penalti terhadap kos penerbangan per pelanggaran? || $ 25,000 <> Suatu hukuman berat kerana melanggar reaksi FAA boleh dikatakan melakukan apa? || kesan keupayaan mereka untuk terus beroperasi <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh agensi untuk mencari Southwest Airlines? || $ 10.2 juta <> Siapa pernah menjadi Ketua Inspektor Jabatan Pengangkutan? || <> Bilakah Joseph Gutheinz memuji agensi itu untuk mengusulkan denda $ 10.2 juta terhadap Southwest? || <> Siapa kata penalti terhadap syarikat penerbangan yang melanggar arahan FAA harus $ 25,000? || <> Apa yang akan dianggap perjalanan perjalanan aeroangkasa? || <> Bilakah Southwest mengendalikan pemeriksaan mandatori. ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?", "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183060", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Gutheinz", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation?", "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183061", "answers": [{"text": "$25,000", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what?", "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183062", "answers": [{"text": "impact their ability to continue operating", "answer_start": 1302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines?", "id": "570aa9bf6d058f1900183063", "answers": [{"text": "$10.2 million", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Gutheinz", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "Who used to be the Inspector General for the Department of Transportation?", "id": "5a2e15b6f28ef0001a52677b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 639}], "question": "When did Joseph Gutheinz commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest?", "id": "5a2e15b6f28ef0001a52677c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Gutheinz", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "Who said penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be $25,000?", "id": "5a2e15b6f28ef0001a52677d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "levy a heavy penalty", "answer_start": 1221}], "question": "What would be considered encouraging aerospace travel?", "id": "5a2e15b6f28ef0001a52677e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 639}], "question": "When did Southwest conduct mandatory inspections.", "id": "5a2e15b6f28ef0001a52677f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FAA has been cited as an example of regulatory capture, \"in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation, but placing key people to head these regulators.\" Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security, is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA. Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story: \"Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer. At $25,000 per violation, Gutheinz said, airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught. He also said the FAA is often too quick to bend to pressure from airlines and pilots.\" Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. The dual role of encouraging aerospace travel and regulating aerospace travel are contradictory. For example, to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel."}]], [["Lancashire menghasilkan pasukan terkenal di liga super seperti St Helens, Wigan, dan Warrington. Wilayah ini menjadi tumpuan utama bagi banyak pertandingan profesional sukan termasuk pertandingan Liga Lancashire yang berlari dari 1895 hingga 1970, dan Piala County Lancashire yang ditinggalkan pada tahun 1993. Liga Ragbi juga telah melihat perlawanan perwakilan antara Lancashire dan Yorkshire yang dipertandingkan 89 kali sejak penubuhannya pada tahun 1895. Pada masa ini terdapat beberapa pasukan liga ragbi yang berpusat di dalam daerah upacara yang meliputi Blackpool Panthers, Lions Lancashire Timur, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions dan Adlington Rangers. <> Berapa tahun berturut-turut pertandingan Liga Lancashire? || 1895 hingga 1970 <> Wilayah mana yang pernah menjadi tumpuan untuk banyak pertandingan profesional? || Lancashire <> Tahun mana adalah Piala County Lancashire ditinggalkan? || 1993 <> Tahun apa memulakan Rugby League? || 1895 <> ketika permainan pertama dimainkan di Liga Super St Helens? || <> Bilakah diadakan Piala County Lancashire pertama? || <> Berapa banyak pasukan ragbi yang ada di Lancashire? || <> Apa liga super yang dimainkan Blackpool Panthers? || <> Dalam liga super apa yang bermain Chorley Panthers? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?", "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599aa", "answers": [{"text": "1895 to 1970", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?", "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599ab", "answers": [{"text": "Lancashire", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?", "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599ac", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Rugby League start?", "id": "570ac42c4103511400d599ad", "answers": [{"text": "1895", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "when were the first games played in the St Helens super league?", "id": "5a03752aaf157d001818f433", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1895", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "When was the first Lancashire County Cup held?", "id": "5a03752aaf157d001818f434", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "89", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "How many rugby teams are there in Lancashire?", "id": "5a03752aaf157d001818f435", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wigan", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What super league do the Blackpool Panthers play in?", "id": "5a03752aaf157d001818f436", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warrington", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "In what super league do the Chorley Panthers play in?", "id": "5a03752aaf157d001818f437", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens, Wigan, and Warrington. The county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895. Currently there are several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers."}], ["Lancashire muncul sebagai wilayah komersial dan perindustrian utama semasa Revolusi Perindustrian. Manchester dan Liverpool berkembang menjadi bandar terbesarnya, menguasai perdagangan global dan kelahiran kapitalisme moden. Wilayah ini mengandungi beberapa bandar kilang dan kolar di Lancashire Coalfield. Menjelang 1830-an, kira-kira 85% daripada semua kapas yang dihasilkan di seluruh dunia diproses di Lancashire. Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale dan Wigan adalah bandar kilang kapas utama pada masa ini. Blackpool adalah pusat pelancongan bagi penduduk bandar-bandar kilang Lancashire, terutamanya semasa bangun minggu. <> Apa bandar terbesar di Lancashire? || Manchester dan Liverpool <> Pada tahun 1830-an, berapa banyak kapas yang diproses di Lancashire? || 85% <> Di manakah pusat untuk pelancong untuk penduduk kota kilang Lancashire? || Blackpool <> Minggu berapa yang paling popular untuk melawat bandar-bandar kilang Lancashire? || bangun minggu <> Bilakah Lancashire muncul sebagai wilayah komersial dan industri utama? || semasa Revolusi Perindustrian <> Dalam apa dekad yang ditubuhkan Liverpool? || <> Bilakah Revolusi Perindustrian bermula? || <> Berapa peratus daripada semua perdagangan global telah melalui Liverpool pada tahun 1830? || <> Berapakah peratus kapas yang telah digali di Oldham? || <> Apakah pusat pelancongan bagi mereka yang tinggal di Bolton? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?", "id": "570acc776d058f1900183108", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester and Liverpool", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?", "id": "570acc776d058f1900183109", "answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?", "id": "570acc776d058f190018310a", "answers": [{"text": "Blackpool", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?", "id": "570acc776d058f190018310b", "answers": [{"text": "wakes week", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?", "id": "570acc776d058f190018310c", "answers": [{"text": "during the Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1830s", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "In what decade was Liverpool founded?", "id": "5a03628baf157d001818f38d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1830s", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "When did the Industrial Revolution start?", "id": "5a03628baf157d001818f38e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What percentage of all global trade went through Liverpool in the 1830's?", "id": "5a03628baf157d001818f38f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What percentage of the cotton was milled in Oldham?", "id": "5a03628baf157d001818f390", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blackpool", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "What was the centre of tourism for those living in Bolton?", "id": "5a03628baf157d001818f391", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism. The county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire. Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week."}], ["The Duchy of Lancaster adalah salah satu daripada dua duchies diraja di England. Ia mempunyai tanah di seluruh rantau dan di tempat lain, beroperasi sebagai syarikat hartanah, tetapi juga menjalankan hak Mahkota di County Palatine of Lancaster. Walaupun sempadan pentadbiran berubah pada 1970-an, sempadan palatine daerah tetap sama dengan sempadan bersejarah. Akibatnya, Sheriff Tinggi untuk Lancashire, Greater Manchester dan Merseyside dilantik \"dalam Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster\". <> Bilakah sempadan pentadbiran untuk Duchy of Lancaster berubah? || 1970-an <> Apa itu Duchy of Lancaster? || salah satu daripada dua duchies diraja di England <> Apa yang Duchy of Lancaster beroperasi sebagai? || sebuah syarikat hartanah <> Yang dilantik di dalam Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater? || High Sheriffs <> Siapa yang menjalankan hak Mahkota di County Palatine of Lancaster? || The Duchy of Lancaster <> Dalam apa dekade adalah County Palatine of Lancaster ditubuhkan? || <> Apa lagi kad raja diraja England di luar Duchy of Lancaster? || <> Bilakah Duchy of Lancaster ditubuhkan? || <> Apa daerah yang terletak di sebelah timur Lancashire? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?", "id": "570ac1574103511400d59982", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Duchy of Lancaster?", "id": "570ac1574103511400d59983", "answers": [{"text": "one of two royal duchies in England", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as?", "id": "570ac1574103511400d59984", "answers": [{"text": "a property company", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater?", "id": "570ac1574103511400d59985", "answers": [{"text": "High Sheriffs", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster?", "id": "570ac1574103511400d59986", "answers": [{"text": "The Duchy of Lancaster", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "In what decade was the County Palatine of Lancaster established?", "id": "5a036dc2af157d001818f3f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Merseyside", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "What is the other royal duchy of England beyond the Duchy of Lancaster?", "id": "5a036dc2af157d001818f3f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "When was the Duchy of Lancaster established?", "id": "5a036dc2af157d001818f3f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greater Manchester", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What county lies to the east of Lancashire?", "id": "5a036dc2af157d001818f3f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster. While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries. As a result, the High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed \"within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster\"."}], ["Lancashire mempunyai sistem yang paling komprehensif dengan empat sekolah tatabahasa negeri. Tidak termasuk kolej bentuk keenam, terdapat 77 sekolah negeri (tidak termasuk sekolah baru Burnley) dan 24 sekolah bebas. Kawasan Clitheroe mempunyai sekolah moden menengah. Peruntukan bentuk keenam terbatas di kebanyakan sekolah di sebagian besar kabupaten, dengan hanya distrik Fylde dan Lancaster yang memiliki bentuk keenam di sekolah. Selebihnya bergantung kepada kolej FusionExcel dan kolej bentuk keenam, di mana mereka wujud. South Ribble mempunyai penduduk sekolah terbesar dan Fylde yang terkecil (hanya tiga sekolah). Sekolah-sekolah Burnley mempunyai penyapu baru dan pada asasnya telah ditebang dan dimulakan semula pada tahun 2006. Terdapat banyak sekolah agama England dan Katolik di Lancashire. <> Berapa banyak sekolah tatabahasa negeri di Lancashire? || empat <> Berapa banyak sekolah negeri di Lancashire? || 77 <> Berapa banyak sekolah mandiri di Lancashire? || 24 <> Siapa yang mempunyai penduduk sekolah terbesar? || South Ribble <> Siapa yang mempunyai penduduk sekolah terkecil? || Fylde <> Berapa banyak kolej bentuk keenam di Lancashire? || <> Berapa banyak sekolah yang terdapat di kawasan Clitheroe? || <> Apakah saiz penduduk sekolah Ribble Selatan? || <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Gereja England ditubuhkan? || <> Berapa banyak sekolah keimanan Katolik di Lancashire? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?", "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59996", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many state schools are in Lancashire?", "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59997", "answers": [{"text": "77", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many independant schools are in Lancashire?", "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59998", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the largest school population?", "id": "570ac1de4103511400d59999", "answers": [{"text": "South Ribble", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the smallest school population?", "id": "570ac1de4103511400d5999a", "answers": [{"text": "Fylde", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "How many sixth form colleges are there in Lancashire?", "id": "5a036fd6af157d001818f40d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "77", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "How many schools are there in total in the Clitheroe area?", "id": "5a036fd6af157d001818f40e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "77", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What's the size of the South Ribble school population?", "id": "5a036fd6af157d001818f40f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 665}], "question": "In what year was the Church of England established?", "id": "5a036fd6af157d001818f410", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "How many Catholic faith schools are there in Lancashire?", "id": "5a036fd6af157d001818f411", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire."}], ["Pada abad ke-20, daerah itu menjadi semakin urbanized, terutamanya bahagian selatan. Ke bandar-bandar kecil Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens dan Wigan telah ditambah Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905) dan Warrington (1900). Daerah borough juga mempunyai banyak sambungan sempadan. Sempadan di sekitar kawasan Manchester sangat rumit, dengan penembusan sempit daerah pentadbiran di antara daerah-daerah sekitar - Daerah bandar Lees membentuk bahagian terpisah dari daerah pentadbiran, antara daerah Oldham county dan West Riding of Yorkshire. <> Bilakah kabupaten itu menjadi lebih urbanized? || Abad ke-20 <> Bahagian manakah yang menjadi urbanisasi pada abad ke-20? || bahagian selatan <> Bilakah Warrington ditambah ke Lancashire? || 1900 <> Bilakah Southport ditambah? || 1905 <> Bilakah Blackpool ditambah ke daerah itu? || 1904 <> Bilakah daerah yang dibina oleh Liverpool? || <> Apa yang dibina oleh daerah perbelanjaan St Helens? || <> Apa biro daerah yang terletak di bahagian selatan Lancashire? || <> Di manakah Bootle terletak di Lancashire? || <> Pada tahun apakah Oldham menjadi sebahagian daripada Lancashire? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the county become more urbanised?", "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7c", "answers": [{"text": "20th century", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?", "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7d", "answers": [{"text": "the southern part", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Warrington added to Lancashire?", "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7e", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Southport added?", "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a7f", "answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Blackpool added to the county?", "id": "570ad7de4103511400d59a80", "answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "When was the county borough of Liverpool created?", "id": "5a0369d6af157d001818f3bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What was the county borough of St Helens created?", "id": "5a0369d6af157d001818f3c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Burnley", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What a county bureau that lies in the southern part of Lancashire?", "id": "5a0369d6af157d001818f3c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southern part", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Where does Bootle lie in Lancashire?", "id": "5a0369d6af157d001818f3c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "In what year was Oldham made part of Lancashire?", "id": "5a0369d6af157d001818f3c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs \u2013 Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire."}], ["Di sebelah timur daerah adalah kawasan dataran tinggi yang membawa kepada Pennines. Utara Ribble adalah Beacon Fell Country Park dan Forest of Bowland, satu lagi AONB. Kebanyakan dataran rendah di kawasan ini ditumpukan kepada perladangan tenusu dan cheesemaking, manakala tanah yang lebih tinggi lebih sesuai untuk domba, dan tanah yang paling tinggi tidak ditanam di lembah. Lembah Sungai Ribble dan anak sungainya Calder membentuk jurang besar di barat Pennines, diabaikan oleh Pendle Hill. Kebanyakan bandar-bandar Lancashire yang lebih besar berada di Lembah Selatan Selatan Ribble adalah West Pennine Moors dan Hutan Rossendale di mana bekas bandar kilang kapas berada di lembah yang mendalam. The Lancashire Coalfield, sebahagian besarnya di Greater Manchester moden, dilanjutkan ke Merseyside dan ke Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley dan Colne di Lancashire. <> Apa yang paling banyak tanah rendah di daerah yang dikhaskan untuk? || pertanian dan kegembiraan tenusu <> Apakah tanah yang lebih tinggi di daerah yang dikhaskan? || domba <> Apa yang paling tinggi? || moult diutamakan <> Di manakah Coalfield Lancashire terletak? || moden Greater Manchester <> di mana Beacon Fell County Park terletak? || Utara Ribble <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh AONB? || <> Apakah lembah Sungai Ribble digunakan untuk? || <> Apa kawasan sekitar Ormskirk digunakan? || <> Apa di sebelah barat daerah itu? || <> Apa yang ditanam di Hutan Rossendale? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?", "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a90", "answers": [{"text": "dairy farming and cheesemaking", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?", "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a91", "answers": [{"text": "sheep", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is in the highest ground?", "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a92", "answers": [{"text": "uncultivated moorland", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?", "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a93", "answers": [{"text": "modern-day Greater Manchester", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where is Beacon Fell County Park located?", "id": "570ad8ec4103511400d59a94", "answers": [{"text": "North of the Ribble", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beacon Fell Country Park", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What does AONB stand for?", "id": "5a036cf1af157d001818f3e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dairy farming", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What are the valleys of the River Ribble used for?", "id": "5a036cf1af157d001818f3e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cheesemaking", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What is the area around Ormskirk used for?", "id": "5a036cf1af157d001818f3e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "upland areas leading to the Pennines", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What's to the west of the county?", "id": "5a036cf1af157d001818f3ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sheep", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "What is cultivated in the Forest of Rossendale?", "id": "5a036cf1af157d001818f3eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire."}], ["Benteng Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens dan Sefton dimasukkan ke dalam Merseyside. Di Greater Manchester, tempat pengganti adalah Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (bahagian), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (bahagian), Trafford (bahagian) dan Wigan. Warrington dan Widnes, selatan sempadan Greater Merseyside / Greater Manchester telah ditambah ke daerah baru Cheshire yang bukan metropolitan. Daerah-daerah bandar Barnoldswick dan Earby, Daerah Pedesaan Bowland dan paroki Bracewell dan Brogden dan Salterforth dari Daerah Luar Bandar Skipton di West Riding of Yorkshire menjadi sebahagian daripada Lancashire baru. Satu paroki, Simonswood, dipindahkan dari daerah Knowsley di Merseyside ke daerah Lancashire Barat pada tahun 1994. Pada tahun 1998 Blackpool dan Blackburn dengan Darwen menjadi penguasa yang bersatu independen. <> Dalam tahun apakah Blackpool dan Blackburn menjadi pihak berkuasa yang bersendirian? || 1998 <> Pada tahun apakah Simonswood dipindahkan dari Knowsley ke Lancashire Barat || 1994 <> Tempat mana yang ditambah ke daerah baru Cheshire? || Warrington dan Widnes <> Di manakah kawasan di Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens dan Sefton? || Merseyside <> Paroki mana yang dipindahkan dari Knowsley ke daerah Lancashire Barat? || Simonswood <> Selain Greater Manchester, ke apa daerah lain yang menjadi sebahagian daripada Oldham dimasukkan ke dalam? || <> Pada tahun apakah Liverpool menjadi sebahagian daripada Merseyside? || <> Pada tahun apakah Kawasan Desa Skipton menjadi sebahagian daripada Lancashire? || <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Greater Manchester, sebahagian daripada Tameside menjadi sebahagian daripada apa yang lain di daerah itu? || <> Bilakah Sefton dimasukkan sebagai sebahagian daripada Merseyside? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?", "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830be", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire", "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830bf", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?", "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830c0", "answers": [{"text": "Warrington and Widnes", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?", "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830c1", "answers": [{"text": "Merseyside", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?", "id": "570abdb26d058f19001830c2", "answers": [{"text": "Simonswood", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lancashire", "answer_start": 588}], "question": "Besides Greater Manchester, to what other county was a part of Oldham incorporated into?", "id": "5a036c09af157d001818f3dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 730}], "question": "In what year was Liverpool made a part of Merseyside?", "id": "5a036c09af157d001818f3de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 721}], "question": "In what year was Skipton Rural District made part of Lancashire?", "id": "5a036c09af157d001818f3df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Merseyside", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "In addition to Greater Manchester, part of Tameside became a portion of what other county?", "id": "5a036c09af157d001818f3e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 730}], "question": "When was Sefton included as part of Merseyside?", "id": "5a036c09af157d001818f3e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire. One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994. In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities."}], ["Lancashire adalah lebih kecil daripada tahap sejarahnya berikutan pembaharuan utama kerajaan tempatan. Pada tahun 1889, daerah pentadbiran Lancashire telah diwujudkan, meliputi daerah bersejarah kecuali daerah-daerah seperti Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool dan Manchester. Kawasan yang dilayan oleh Leftenan Tuhan (kini dikenali sebagai daerah upacara) meliputi keseluruhan daerah pentadbiran dan daerah-daerah daerah, dan diperluas apabila setiap daerah yang dilampirkan di daerah-daerah jiran seperti Wythenshawe di Manchester selatan Sungai Mersey dan dalam sejarahnya Cheshire, dan selatan Warrington. Ia tidak meliputi bahagian barat Todmorden, di mana sempadan kuno antara Lancashire dan Yorkshire melintasi tengah bandar. <> Bilakah daerah pentadbiran Lancashire dibuat? || 1889 <> Apa kawasan yang dipanggil oleh Leftenan Tuhan sekarang? || county ceremonial <> Di mana sempadan purba antara Lancashire dan Yorkshire terletak? || bahagian barat Todmorden <> Mengapa Lancashire lebih kecil daripada luas sejarahnya? || pembaharuan kerajaan tempatan <> Kawasan apa yang dilindungi oleh Tuan-Leftenan? || daerah pentadbiran dan daerah belahan <> Bilakah kota Liverpool ditubuhkan? || <> Daerah apa yang terletak di utara Lancashire? || <> Apa sungai utama di Todmorden? || <> Daerah apa yang terletak di utara Sungai Mersey? || <> Pada tahun apakah Cheshire membuat sebuah daerah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?", "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a68", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?", "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a69", "answers": [{"text": "ceremonial county", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?", "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a6a", "answers": [{"text": "the western part of Todmorden", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?", "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a6b", "answers": [{"text": "reform of local government", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?", "id": "570ad6ac4103511400d59a6c", "answers": [{"text": "the administrative county and the county boroughs", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "When was the city of Liverpool established?", "id": "5a0367eeaf157d001818f3b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What county lies north of Lancashire?", "id": "5a0367eeaf157d001818f3b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "River Mersey", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "What's the main river in Todmorden?", "id": "5a0367eeaf157d001818f3b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cheshire", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "What county lies north of the River Mersey?", "id": "5a0367eeaf157d001818f3b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "In what year was Cheshire made a county?", "id": "5a0367eeaf157d001818f3b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government. In 1889, the administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn, Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool and Manchester. The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs, and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire, and southern Warrington. It did not cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town."}], ["Wilayah ini adalah tertakluk kepada pembaharuan sempadan yang ketara pada tahun 1974 yang menghilangkan Liverpool dan Manchester dan kebanyakan conurbations sekitarnya untuk membentuk daerah metropolitan Merseyside dan Greater Manchester. Bahagian utara Lancashire di Lake District, termasuk Furness Peninsula dan Cartmel, digabungkan dengan Cumberland dan Westmorland untuk membentuk Cumbria. Lancashire kehilangan 709 batu persegi tanah ke daerah lain, kira-kira dua perlima dari kawasan aslinya, walaupun ia mendapat tanah dari West Riding of Yorkshire. Kini wilayah ini bersempadan dengan Cumbria di utara, Greater Manchester dan Merseyside di selatan dan Utara dan West Yorkshire di timur; dengan garis pantai di Laut Ireland di barat. Batas palatine daerah tetap sama [klarifikasi diperlukan] dengan Duke of Lancaster menjalankan hak kedaulatan, termasuk pelantikan letnan tuan di Greater Manchester dan Merseyside. <> Bilakah Liverpool dan Manchester dibuang dari sempadan Lancashire? || 1974 <> Berapa banyak batu tanah Lancashire hilang ke negara lain? || 709 <> Apa yang ada di utara Lancashire hari ini? || Cumbria <> Apa di sebelah timur Lancashire hari ini? || West Yorkshire <> Siapa yang melaksanakan hak kedaulatan untuk Lancashire? || Duke of Lancaster <> Berapa banyak tanah yang diperoleh Lancashire dari West Riding of Yorkshire? || <> Seberapa besar daerah metropolitan Merseyside? || <> Apa daerah sempadan Cumbria di timur? || <> Bilakah Duke of Lancaster yang sekarang memulakan pemerintahannya? || <> Seberapa besar Riding Yorkshire sebelum 1974? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?", "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a48", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?", "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a49", "answers": [{"text": "709", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is to the north of Lancashire today?", "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a4a", "answers": [{"text": "Cumbria", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is to the east of Lancashire today?", "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a4b", "answers": [{"text": "West Yorkshire", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?", "id": "570ad47c4103511400d59a4c", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Lancaster", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "709 square miles", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "How much land did Lancashire gain from West Riding of Yorkshire?", "id": "5a0363b3af157d001818f397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "709 square miles", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "How large is the metropolitan county of Merseyside?", "id": "5a0363b3af157d001818f398", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Merseyside", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What county borders Cumbria to the east?", "id": "5a0363b3af157d001818f399", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "When did the current Duke of Lancaster start his reign?", "id": "5a0363b3af157d001818f39a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "709 square miles", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "How big was the West Riding of Yorkshire prior to 1974?", "id": "5a0363b3af157d001818f39b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same[clarification needed] with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside."}], ["Lancashire mempunyai budaya muzik koral dan klasik yang meriah, dengan jumlah paduan suara gereja tempatan yang sangat besar dari abad ke-17, yang membawa kepada asas masyarakat karier tempatan dari pertengahan abad ke-18, sering difokuskan pada persembahan muzik Handel dan sezamannya. Ia juga memainkan peranan utama dalam pembangunan kumpulan tembaga yang muncul di daerah itu, khususnya di kawasan tekstil dan arang batu, pada abad ke-19. Persaingan terbuka pertama untuk kumpulan tembaga telah diadakan di Manchester pada tahun 1853, dan diteruskan setiap tahun sehingga tahun 1980-an. Kebudayaan tembaga yang bertenaga di kawasan ini memberikan sumbangan penting kepada yayasan dan kakitangan Halle Orchestra dari tahun 1857, orkestra profesional tertua yang ada di United Kingdom. Tradisi muzik tempatan yang sama menghasilkan tokoh terkenal seperti Sir William Walton (1902-88), anak lelaki guru lama dan guru muzik, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879-1961), dilahirkan di St. Helens, yang memulakan kerjayanya dengan menjalankan orkestra dan Alan Rawsthorne (1905-71) dilahirkan di Haslingden. Konduktor David Atherton, pengasas London Sinfonietta, dilahirkan di Blackpool pada tahun 1944. Lancashire juga menghasilkan lebih banyak tokoh populis, seperti komposer teater muzikal awal Leslie Stuart (1863-1928), yang dilahirkan di Southport, yang memulakan kerjaya muziknya sebagai organ Salford Cathedral. <> Di mana pertandingan terbuka pertama untuk kumpulan tembaga diadakan? || Manchester <> Tahun apa pertandingan terbuka pertama untuk kumpulan tembaga? || 1853 <> Di mana David Atherton dilahirkan? || Blackpool <> Apa yang pernah dijumpai oleh David Atherton? || London Sinfonietta <> Siapa yang memulakan kerjaya muzik mereka sebagai organis Salford Cathedral? || Leslie Stuart <> Berapa ramai paduan suara gereja tempatan di Lancashire pada abad ke-17? || <> Dimana lahirlah Sir Thomas Beecham? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan London Sinfonietta dengan David Atherton? || <> Di mana Salford Cathedral? || <> Dalam apa bandar yang dilakukan oleh Handel? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?", "id": "570acb424103511400d599fe", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?", "id": "570acb424103511400d599ff", "answers": [{"text": "1853", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was David Atherton born?", "id": "570acb424103511400d59a00", "answers": [{"text": "Blackpool", "answer_start": 1159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did David Atherton co-found?", "id": "570acb424103511400d59a01", "answers": [{"text": "the London Sinfonietta", "answer_start": 1123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?", "id": "570acb424103511400d59a02", "answers": [{"text": "Leslie Stuart", "answer_start": 1265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1853", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "How many local church choirs were there in Lancashire in the 17th century? ", "id": "5a037806af157d001818f45b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "St. Helens", "answer_start": 965}], "question": "Where was Sir Thomas Beecham born?", "id": "5a037806af157d001818f45c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Thomas Beecham", "answer_start": 925}], "question": "Who founded the London Sinfonietta with David Atherton?", "id": "5a037806af157d001818f45d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Haslingden", "answer_start": 1067}], "question": "Where is the Salford Cathedral?", "id": "5a037806af157d001818f45e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oldham", "answer_start": 887}], "question": "In what city did Handel primarily perform?", "id": "5a037806af157d001818f45f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hall\u00e9 Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902\u201388), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879\u20131961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905\u201371) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863\u20131928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral."}], ["Menjelang banci tahun 1971, penduduk Lancashire dan daerah-daerahnya telah mencapai 5,129,416, menjadikannya daerah geografi yang paling ramai penduduk di UK. Daerah pentadbiran juga merupakan penduduk yang paling ramai penduduknya di luar London, dengan populasi 2,280,359 pada tahun 1961. Pada 1 April 1974, di bawah Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1972, daerah pentadbiran telah dimansuhkan, begitu juga dengan daerah-daerah kecil. Bahagian selatan bandar itu sebahagian besarnya menjadi sebahagian daripada dua daerah metropolitan, Merseyside dan Greater Manchester. Wilayah baru Cumbria menggabungkan exclave Furness. <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Lancashire pada tahun 1971? || 5,129,416 <> Apakah daerah geografi yang paling ramai penduduk di UK? || Lancashire <> Bilakah daerah pentadbiran dihapuskan? || 1 April 1974 <> Apakah bahagian selatan Lancashire berubah? || Merseyside dan Greater Manchester <> Apa yang memasukkan Furness exclave? || Cumbria <> Berapa ramai orang seperti di UK? || <> Dalam apa wilayah geografi Lancashire adalah daerah Cumbria? || <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Merseyside mengikut banci tahun 1971? || <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Lancashire pada tahun 1961? || <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Cumbria selepas ia dibuat menjadi sebuah daerah pada tahun 1974? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?", "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6a8", "answers": [{"text": "5,129,416", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?", "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6a9", "answers": [{"text": "Lancashire", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the administrative county abolished?", "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6aa", "answers": [{"text": "1 April 1974", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?", "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6ab", "answers": [{"text": "Merseyside and Greater Manchester", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What incorporated the Furness exclave?", "id": "570b00ea6b8089140040f6ac", "answers": [{"text": "Cumbria", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,129,416", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "How many people like in the UK?", "id": "5a036b02af157d001818f3c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southern part", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "In what geographic region of Lancashire is Cumbria county?", "id": "5a036b02af157d001818f3ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,280,359", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "How many people lived in Merseyside according to the 1971 census?", "id": "5a036b02af157d001818f3cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,129,416", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "How many people lived in Lancashire in 1961?", "id": "5a036b02af157d001818f3cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,280,359", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "How many people lived in Cumbria after it was made into a county in 1974?", "id": "5a036b02af157d001818f3cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave."}], ["Komposer kelahiran Lancashire termasuk Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury), John McCabe (1939- Higgton, Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) ). The Royal Manchester College of Music diasaskan pada tahun 1893 untuk menyediakan rakan utara ke kolej-kolej muzik London. Ia bergabung dengan Kolej Utara Muzik (dibentuk pada tahun 1920) untuk membentuk Royal Northern College of Music pada tahun 1972. <> Pada tahun apakah Hugh Wood dilahirkan? || 1932 <> Di manakah Sir Peter Maxwell Davies dilahirkan? || Salford <> Bilakah diasaskan oleh Royal Manchester College of Music? || 1893 <> Bilakah terbentuknya Royal Northern College of Music? || 1972 <> Apa yang digabungkan dengan Royal Manchester College of Music? || Kolej Muzik Utara <> yang mengasaskan Royal Manchester College of Music? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan College of Music Utara? || <> Siapa yang merupakan ketua pertama Royal Royal College of Music? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Harrison Birtwistle menerima tajuk Sir? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Peter Maxwell Davies mencapai gelaran Tuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Hugh Wood born?", "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d0", "answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?", "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d1", "answers": [{"text": "Salford", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?", "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d2", "answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?", "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d3", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?", "id": "570b03246b8089140040f6d4", "answers": [{"text": "the Northern College of Music", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gordon Crosse", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "Who founded the Royal Manchester College of Music?", "id": "5a0378d6af157d001818f465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Harrison Birtwistle", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "Who founded the Northern College of Music?", "id": "5a0378d6af157d001818f466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hugh Wood", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who was the first head of the Royal Northern College of Music?", "id": "5a0378d6af157d001818f467", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "In what year did Harrison Birtwistle receive the Sir title?", "id": "5a0378d6af157d001818f468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "In what year did Peter Maxwell Davies attain the title of Sir?", "id": "5a0378d6af157d001818f469", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester). The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972."}], ["Ekonomi Lancashire sangat bergantung pada lebuh raya M6 yang berjalan dari utara ke selatan, melewati Lancaster dan Preston. M55 menghubungkan Preston ke Blackpool dan panjangnya 11.5 batu (18.3 km). Jalan raya M65 dari Colne, menghubungkan Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn ke Preston. M61 dari Preston melalui Chorley dan M66 bermula 500 meter (0.3 batu) di dalam sempadan daerah berhampiran Edenfield, menyediakan hubungan antara Lancashire dan Manchester] dan trans-Pennine M62. M58 melintasi bahagian selatan daerah dari M6 dekat Wigan ke Liverpool melalui Skelmersdale. <> Apakah ekonomi Lancashire bergantung? || jalan raya M6 <> Arah manakah jalan raya M6 berjalan? || utara ke selatan <> Jalan mana yang menghubungkan Preston dengan Blackpool? || M55 <> Jalan manakah yang melintasi bahagian selatan yang paling jauh? || M58 <> Berapa batu dari Lancaster ke Preston? || <> Berapa jauhnya batu dari Blackburn ke Preston? || <> Di kawasan geografi Lancashire apakah Blackpool terletak? || <> Berapa jauhnya Chorley dari sempadan daerah yang terdekat? || <> Berapakah panjang lebuhraya M6? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Lancashire economy rely on?", "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa4", "answers": [{"text": "the M6 motorway", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which direction does the M6 motorway run?", "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa5", "answers": [{"text": "north to south", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What road connects Preston to Blackpool?", "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa6", "answers": [{"text": "The M55", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?", "id": "570ada444103511400d59aa7", "answers": [{"text": "M58", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11.5", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "How many miles is it from Lancaster to Preston?", "id": "5a0370a6af157d001818f417", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.3", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "How far is it in miles from Blackburn to Preston?", "id": "5a0370a6af157d001818f418", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southernmost part", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "In what geographic region of Lancashire does Blackpool lay?", "id": "5a0370a6af157d001818f419", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 metres", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "How far is Chorley away from the nearest county boundary?", "id": "5a0370a6af157d001818f41a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18.3 km", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What is the length of the M6 motorway?", "id": "5a0370a6af157d001818f41b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale."}], ["The Duchy mentadbir bona vacantia dalam County Palatine, menerima harta orang yang mati tanpa wasiat dan di mana pemilikan undang-undang tidak dapat dipastikan. Tidak ada Duke of Lancaster yang terpisah, gelaran itu bergabung ke dalam Mahkota berabad-abad yang lalu - namun Duchy ditadbirkan oleh Ratu di Hak Duchy of Lancaster. Sistem pengadilan yang berasingan untuk palatine daerah telah dimansuhkan oleh Akta Mahkamah 1971. Bentuk tertentu The Toast Loyal, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' digunakan secara teratur di palatine daerah. Lancaster berfungsi sebagai bandar daerah palatine daerah. <> Apa yang Duchy mentadbir dalam County Palatine? || bona vacantia <> Apa yang berfungsi sebagai bandar county palatine daerah? || Lancaster <> Bilakah gelaran Duke of Lancaster bergabung ke Crown? || berabad-abad yang lalu <> Siapa yang Duchy ditadbir oleh? || Ratu <> Pada tahun apakah gelaran Duke of Lancaster dapat bergabung dengan Crown? || <> Bilakah yang pertama menggunakan Toast Loyal? || <> Apa istilah untuk kapan pemilikan undang-undang boleh dipastikan? || <> Di mana Ratu terutamanya hidup? || <> Berapa lama ada Ratu di UK? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?", "id": "570ad9b56d058f190018312e", "answers": [{"text": "bona vacantia", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What serves as the county town of the county palatine?", "id": "570ad9b56d058f190018312f", "answers": [{"text": "Lancaster", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown?", "id": "570ad9b56d058f1900183130", "answers": [{"text": "many centuries ago", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Duchy administered by?", "id": "570ad9b56d058f1900183131", "answers": [{"text": "the Queen", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "In what year did the title of Duke of Lancaster get merged into the Crown?", "id": "5a036f02af157d001818f3f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "When was the Loyal Toast first used?", "id": "5a036f02af157d001818f3fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bona vacantia", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What's the term for when legal ownership can be ascertained?", "id": "5a036f02af157d001818f3fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lancaster", "answer_start": 481}], "question": "Where does the Queen primarily live?", "id": "5a036f02af157d001818f3fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "many centuries", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "How long has there been a Queen in the UK?", "id": "5a036f02af157d001818f3fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago \u2013 but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county town of the county palatine."}], ["Pemukiman utama di daerah upacara ini tertumpu di pantai Fylde (Wilayah Urban Blackpool), dan tali pinggang bandar yang berjalan di barat-timur sepanjang M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson dan Colne. Selatan Preston adalah bandar-bandar di Leyland dan Chorley; tiga bahagian terbentuk dari New Town Central Lancashire yang ditunjuk pada tahun 1970. Di utara daerah ini kebanyakannya di luar bandar dan jarang penduduknya, kecuali bandar-bandar Lancaster dan Morecambe yang membentuk konurbasi besar hampir 100,000 orang. Lancashire adalah rumah kepada penduduk Asia yang ketara, berjumlah lebih daripada 70,000 dan 6% daripada penduduk daerah itu, dan sebahagian besarnya tertumpu di bekas bandar kilang kapas di timur laut. <> Di mana penempatan utama di daerah upacara terletak? || Fylde coast <> Di mana pantai Fylde? || Blackpool Urban Area <> Yang mana bahagian daerah ini adalah pedalaman dan jarang penduduknya? || utara <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Lancaster dan Morecambe? || 100,000 <> Berapa peratus daripada Lancashire adalah Asia? || 6% <> Pada tahun berapa kawasan Blackpool Urban ditubuhkan? || <> Berapa ramai orang tinggal di Preston pada tahun 1970? || <> Berapa peratus penduduk tinggal di utara Lancashire? || <> Apa bandar-bandar di utara Preston? || <> Dalam tahun apakah orang Asia mula berpindah ke Lancashire? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?", "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f630", "answers": [{"text": "Fylde coast", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Fylde coast?", "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f631", "answers": [{"text": "Blackpool Urban Area", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?", "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f632", "answers": [{"text": "north", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe?", "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f633", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Lancashire is Asian?", "id": "570af5b76b8089140040f634", "answers": [{"text": "6%", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "In what year was the Blackpool Urban Area established?", "id": "5a03718aaf157d001818f421", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "How many people lived in Preston as of 1970?", "id": "5a03718aaf157d001818f422", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6%", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "What percentage of the population lives in north Lancashire?", "id": "5a03718aaf157d001818f423", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leyland and Chorley", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What cities are north of Preston?", "id": "5a03718aaf157d001818f424", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "In what year did Asians start emigrating to Lancashire?", "id": "5a03718aaf157d001818f425", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east."}], ["Satu perintis tempatan koleksi lagu rakyat pada separuh pertama abad ke-19 adalah ulama Shakespeare, James Orchard Halliwell, tetapi tidak sampai kebangkitan rakyat kedua pada abad ke-20 yang penuh lagu dari daerah, termasuk lagu rakyat industri, mula mendapat perhatian. Daerah ini menghasilkan salah satu tokoh utama kebangkitan di Ewan MacColl, tetapi juga seorang juara tempatan di Harry Boardman, yang sejak 1965 dan mungkin lebih daripada sekadar untuk mempopularkan dan merekam lagu rakyat daerah tersebut. Mungkin artis-artis rakyat yang paling berpengaruh muncul dari rantau ini pada akhir abad ke-20 adalah kumpulan orang Liverpool, The Spinners, dan dari orang-orang Manchester, Roy Harper dan pemuzik, pelawak dan penyiar Mike Harding. Rantau ini adalah rumah kepada banyak kelab rakyat, ramai yang melayani muzik rakyat Ireland dan Scotland. Perayaan kaum tetap termasuk Fylde Folk Festival di Fleetwood. <> Siapa yang merupakan perintis tempatan koleksi lagu rakyat? || James Orchard Halliwell <> Siapa yang paling berjaya mempopularkan lagu-lagu rakyat daerah itu? || Harry Boardman <> Siapa artis-artis lipat yang paling berpengaruh dari rantau ini pada abad ke-20? || The Spinners <> Siapa yang banyak kelab rakyat hari ini memenuhi? || Muzik rakyat Ireland dan Scotland <> Apa salah satu perayaan kaum biasa yang dipanggil? || Fylde Folk Festival <> Dalam tahun apakah James Orchard Halliwell dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah The Spinners melepaskan album muzik rakyat pertama mereka? || <> Bilakah Festival Fylde Folke pertama di Fleetwood diadakan? || <> Bandar apakah Harry Boardman? || <> Di manakah James Orchard Halliwell dari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?", "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6bc", "answers": [{"text": "James Orchard Halliwell", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?", "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6bd", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Boardman", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?", "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6be", "answers": [{"text": "The Spinners", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?", "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6bf", "answers": [{"text": "Irish and Scottish folk music", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the regular folk festivals called?", "id": "570b01d56b8089140040f6c0", "answers": [{"text": "Fylde Folk Festival", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "In what year was James Orchard Halliwell born?", "id": "5a0376fbaf157d001818f447", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "In what year did The Spinners release their first folk music album?", "id": "5a0376fbaf157d001818f448", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "When was the first Fylde Folke Festival at Fleetwood held?", "id": "5a0376fbaf157d001818f449", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 666}], "question": "What city was Harry Boardman from?", "id": "5a0376fbaf157d001818f44a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "Where was James Orchard Halliwell from?", "id": "5a0376fbaf157d001818f44b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention. The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county. Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding. The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood."}], ["Daerah ini ditubuhkan pada tahun 1182, kemudian daripada banyak daerah lain. Semasa zaman Rom, kawasan itu adalah sebahagian daripada kawasan suku Brigantes di zon ketenteraan Rom Britain. Bandar-bandar Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack dan Castleshaw tumbuh di sekitar kubu Rom. Berabad-abad selepas penarikan Rom di 410AD bahagian utara wilayah itu mungkin menjadi sebahagian daripada kerajaan Brythonic Rheged, entiti pengganti kepada suku Brigantes. Pada pertengahan abad ke-8, kawasan tersebut telah dimasukkan ke dalam Kerajaan Anglo-Saxon Northumbria, yang menjadi sebahagian daripada England pada abad ke-10. <> Bilakah Lancashire ditubuhkan? || 1182 <> Bilakah bahagian kawasan kawasan suku Brigantes? || Masa Rom <> Dalam tahun berapakah bahagian utara negara ini membentuk kerajaan Brythonic Rheged? || 410AD <> Apakah kerajaan Brythonic Rheged? || entiti pengganti kepada puak Brigantes <> Bilakah kawasan tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam Northumbria? || pertengahan abad ke-8 <> Bilakah Rom memasuki kawasan Manchester? || <> Bilakah Lancaster ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah suku Brigantes menjadi Kerajaan Brythonic Rheged? || <> Dalam abad apa yang ditubuhkan oleh kubu Rom? || <> Bilakah kota Castleshaw diasaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Lancashire established?", "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7ce", "answers": [{"text": "1182", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?", "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7cf", "answers": [{"text": "Roman times", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?", "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7d0", "answers": [{"text": "410AD", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?", "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7d1", "answers": [{"text": "a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?", "id": "570b0045ec8fbc190045b7d2", "answers": [{"text": "mid-8th century", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "410AD", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "When did the Romans enter the area of Manchester?", "id": "5a03655daf157d001818f3ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1182", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "When was Lancaster established?", "id": "5a03655daf157d001818f3ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "410AD", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "In what year did Brigantes tribe become the Brythonic Kingdom of Rheged?", "id": "5a03655daf157d001818f3ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10th century", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "In what century were Roman forts first established?", "id": "5a03655daf157d001818f3ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1182", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "When was the town of Castleshaw founded?", "id": "5a03655daf157d001818f3af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which became a part of England in the 10th century."}], ["Red Rose of Lancaster adalah bunga daerah yang terdapat di lencana dan bendera heraldik daerah tersebut. Mawar itu adalah simbol House of Lancaster, diabadikan dalam ayat \"Dalam pertempuran untuk kepala Inggeris / York berwarna putih, Lancaster merah\" (merujuk kepada Perang Roses yang ke-15). Bendera tradisional Lancashire, mawar merah di medan putih, tidak didaftarkan secara rasmi. Apabila percubaan dibuat untuk mendaftar dengan Institut Bendera, didapati bahawa ia secara rasmi didaftarkan oleh Montrose di Scotland, beberapa ratus tahun dahulu dengan Pejabat Lyon. Bendera rasmi Lancashire didaftarkan sebagai mawar merah di medan emas. <> Apa bunga daerah Lancaster? || The Red Rose of Lancaster <> Di mana boleh didapati mawar merah lancaster? || di lencana lambang daerah dan bendera <> Apa itu bendera tradisional Lancashire? || mawar merah di medan putih <> Apa yang ada pada bendera Lancashire rasmi? || merah mawar di atas medan emas <> Whos bendera secara rasmi adalah mawar merah di medan putih? || Montrose di Scotland <> Dalam abad apakah bendera Lancashire tradisional ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam abad apakah Institut Flag ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam abad apakah Montrose mendaftar Bendera Lancaster? || <> Apakah tanda bendera Montrose itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the county flower of Lancaster?", "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c6", "answers": [{"text": "The Red Rose of Lancaster", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?", "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c7", "answers": [{"text": "on the county's heraldic badge and flag", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?", "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c8", "answers": [{"text": "a red rose on a white field", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is on the official Lancashire flag?", "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6c9", "answers": [{"text": "red rose on a gold field", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?", "id": "570b02646b8089140040f6ca", "answers": [{"text": "Montrose in Scotland", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15th-century", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "In what century was the traditional Lancashire Flag established?", "id": "5a037316af157d001818f42b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15th-century", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "In what century was the Flag Institute founded?", "id": "5a037316af157d001818f42c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15th-century", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "In what century did Montrose register the Lancaster Flag?", "id": "5a037316af157d001818f42d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red rose on a gold field", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "What was Montrose's heraldic flag?", "id": "5a037316af157d001818f42e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse \"In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red\" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field."}], ["Lancashire mempunyai tradisi pembuatan muzik yang panjang dan sangat produktif. Pada era moden, daerah ini berkongsi tradisi balada kebangsaan, termasuk balada perbatasan terbaik, \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\", yang dikatakan telah dikarang oleh penari kelahiran Lancashire, Richard Sheale. Wilayah ini juga merupakan lokasi yang biasa untuk lagu-lagu rakyat termasuk \"The Lancashire Miller\", \"Warrington Ale\" dan \"selamat tinggal tentara ke Manchester\", sementara Liverpool, sebagai pelabuhan utama, adalah subjek banyak shanties laut, termasuk \"The Meninggalkan Liverpool \"dan\" Maggie May \", di samping beberapa lagu Wassailing tempatan. Dalam Revolusi Perindustrian perubahan pola sosial dan ekonomi membantu mewujudkan tradisi dan gaya baru lagu rakyat, sering dikaitkan dengan penghijrahan dan corak kerja. Ini termasuk tarian perarakan, yang sering dikaitkan dengan rushbearing atau perayaan Wakes Week, dan jenis tarian langkah, yang paling terkenal menyumbat menari. <> Siapa yang \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" yang dikarang oleh? || Richard Sheale <> Di mana Richard Sheale dari? || Lancashire <> Apakah tradisi panjang dan produktif Lancashire? || membuat muzik <> Apa yang dibagikan oleh daerah itu dengan tradisi kebangsaan? || balladry <> Apakah balada sempadan terbaik? || The Ballad of Chevy Chase <> Selain \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" apa lagi komposisi yang ditulis oleh Richard Sheale? || <> Siapa yang menulis \"Warrington Ale\"? || <> Apakah salah satu lagu Wassailing tempatan yang dipanggil? || <> Apa itu \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\"? || <> Apa jenis tarian dikaitkan dengan \"The Leaving of Liverpool\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" composed by?", "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c4", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Sheale", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Richard Sheale from?", "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c5", "answers": [{"text": "Lancashire", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?", "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c6", "answers": [{"text": "music making", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the county share with it's national traditions?", "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c7", "answers": [{"text": "balladry", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the finest border ballad?", "id": "570aff9fec8fbc190045b7c8", "answers": [{"text": "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"The Lancashire Miller\"", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "Besides \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" what was another composition written by Richard Sheale?", "id": "5a03764aaf157d001818f43d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richard Sheale", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Who composed \"Warrington Ale\"?", "id": "5a03764aaf157d001818f43e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Maggie May\"", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "What is one of the local Wassailing songs called?", "id": "5a03764aaf157d001818f43f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "migration", "answer_start": 759}], "question": "What was \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" about?", "id": "5a03764aaf157d001818f440", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clog dancing", "answer_start": 931}], "question": "What type of dancing is associated with \"The Leaving of Liverpool\"?", "id": "5a03764aaf157d001818f441", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was also a common location for folk songs, including \"The Lancashire Miller\", \"Warrington Ale\" and \"The soldier's farewell to Manchester\", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including \"The Leaving of Liverpool\" and \"Maggie May\", beside several local Wassailing songs. In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work. These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing."}], ["Liverpool menghasilkan beberapa penyanyi terkenal di peringkat antarabangsa dan antarabangsa pada tahun 1950-an, termasuk bintang-bintang pop tradisional Frankie Vaughan dan Lita Roza, dan salah satu bintang rock dan bintang rock yang paling berjaya di Billy Fury. Banyak bandar-bandar di Lancashire mempunyai pemandangan yang hebat di akhir 1950-an, di mana pada awal 1960-an kebudayaan yang semakin bertambah dari kumpulan-kumpulan memukul mula muncul, terutamanya di sekitar Liverpool dan Manchester. Dianggarkan terdapat kira-kira 350 kumpulan aktif di dalam dan di sekitar Liverpool pada zaman ini, sering bermain ballroom, dewan konsert dan kelab, di antaranya Beatles. Selepas kejayaan negara mereka dari tahun 1962, beberapa pemain Liverpool dapat mengikuti mereka ke dalam carta, termasuk Gerry & the Pacemakers, Pencari dan Cilla Black. Perbuatan pertama yang berlaku di UK yang bukan dari Liverpool, atau yang dikendalikan oleh Brian Epstein, adalah Freddie dan Dreamers, yang berpusat di Manchester, seperti Herman Hermits dan Hollies. Diketuai oleh The Beatles, mengalahkan kelompok-kelompok dari rantau ini menerajui Penaklukan British AS, yang membuat sumbangan besar untuk perkembangan musik rock. Selepas kejatuhan kumpulan menewaskan pada akhir 1960-an, pusat budaya batu beralih ke London dan terdapat beberapa band tempatan yang mencapai kemasyhuran kebangsaan sehingga pertumbuhan adegan funk disko dan revolusi punk di pertengahan dan akhir 1970-an. <> Di mana bintang pop Frankie Vaughan dari? || Liverpool <> Berapa banyak band yang aktif di kawasan Liverpool pada 1960-an? || 350 <> Apa perbuatan pertama yang berlaku di UK, bukan dari Liverpool atau dikendalikan oleh Brian Epstein? || Freddie dan Dreamers <> Di mana Freddie dan Dreamers berasaskan? || Manchester <> Di manakah Hermin Herman dan Hollies dari? || Manchester <> Bilakah Billy Furry dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Freddie dan Dreamers mendapat hit pertama mereka? || <> Berapa banyak band aktif yang dimiliki oleh Manchester pada tahun 1960-an? || <> Berapa banyak band tempatan masih di Liverpool pada akhir 1960-an? || <> Apakah nama salah seorang ahli band di Beatles? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?", "id": "570af7036b8089140040f64e", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?", "id": "570af7036b8089140040f64f", "answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?", "id": "570af7036b8089140040f650", "answers": [{"text": "Freddie and the Dreamers", "answer_start": 897}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?", "id": "570af7036b8089140040f651", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?", "id": "570af7036b8089140040f652", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "When was Billy Furry born?", "id": "5a0379efaf157d001818f46f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "In what year did Freddie and the Dreamers get their first hit?", "id": "5a0379efaf157d001818f470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "How many active bands did Manchester have in the 1960's?", "id": "5a0379efaf157d001818f471", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "How many local bands were still in Liverpool in the late 1960s?", "id": "5a0379efaf157d001818f472", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lita Roza", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What was the name of one of the band members in the Beatles?", "id": "5a0379efaf157d001818f473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury. Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s, out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles. After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Herman's Hermits and the Hollies. Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development of rock music. After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s."}]], [["Triassic Awal adalah antara 250 juta hingga 247 juta tahun yang lalu dan didominasi oleh padang pasir sebagai Pangea belum dipecahkan, oleh itu pedalaman tidak lain hanyalah gersang. Bumi baru sahaja menyaksikan kematian besar-besaran di mana 95% dari semua kehidupan telah pupus. Kehidupan yang paling biasa di bumi ialah Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, dan Euparkeria bersama-sama dengan makhluk lain yang berjaya bertahan di Great Dying. Temnospondyli berkembang pada masa ini dan akan menjadi pemangsa yang dominan bagi kebanyakan Triassic. <> Era apa 250 juta hingga 247 juta tahun yang lalu? || Awal Triassic <> Apakah iklim geologi yang terdapat di Triassic Awal? || padang pasir <> Apa landmass masih belum terputus dalam Triassic Awal? || Pangea <> Berapa peratus kepupusan spesies baru-baru ini berlaku ?? || 95% <> Apa spesies telah berkembang selepas kepupusan dan akan menjadi pemangsa asas dalam Triassic? || Temnospondyli <> Apa iklim geologi tidak ditemui di Triassic Awal? || <> Sebanyak peratus pertumbuhan spesies baru-baru ini berlaku? || <> Apa landmass pecah di Earl Triassic? || <> Apa spesies telah berkembang sebelum kepupusan dan akan menjadi pemangsa asas dalam Triassic? || <> Apakah kehidupan yang paling jarang berlaku di bumi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?", "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b2", "answers": [{"text": "Early Triassic", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?", "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b3", "answers": [{"text": "deserts", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?", "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b4", "answers": [{"text": "Pangaea", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??", "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b5", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species had evolved after  the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?", "id": "570ac45d4103511400d599b6", "answers": [{"text": "Temnospondyli", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deserts", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What geologic climate was not found in the Early Triassic?", "id": "5a2f449aa83784001a7d269b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What percentage of species growth had recently happened?", "id": "5a2f449aa83784001a7d269c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pangaea", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What landmass broke in the Earl Triassic?", "id": "5a2f449aa83784001a7d269d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Temnospondyli", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What species had evolved before the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?", "id": "5a2f449aa83784001a7d269e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lystrosaurus", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What was the most rare life on earth?", "id": "5a2f449aa83784001a7d269f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic."}], ["The Jurassic Awal menjangkau dari 200 juta tahun hingga 175 juta tahun yang lalu. Iklimnya lebih lembab daripada Triassic, dan akibatnya, dunia sangat tropika. Di lautan, Plesiosaur, Ichthyosaur dan Ammonite mengisi air sebagai bangsa yang dominan di laut. Di darat, dinosaur dan reptilia lain menganggap tuntutan mereka sebagai bangsa dominan tanah, dengan spesies seperti Dilophosaurus di bahagian atas. Buaya sejati yang pertama berevolusi, menolak amfibia yang besar hingga hampir pupus. All-in-all, reptilia bangkit untuk memerintah dunia. Sementara itu, mamalia sejati yang pertama berkembang, tetapi tetap bersaiz kecil. <> Berapa tahun untuk Jurassic Awal? || 200 juta tahun hingga 175 juta <> Apa ciri iklim yang menghasilkan dunia tropika? || Lebih lembap <> Selain Ichthyosaur dan Ammon, apakah spesies lain yang menguasai di lautan? || Plesiosaurs <> Apakah susunan tertinggi spesies n tanah? || Dilophosaurus <> Apa perintah lain yang berkembang semasa Jurassic? || mamalia sejati <> Apa ciri iklim yang menghalang dunia tropika yang lebih | | <> Plesiosaur dan Ichthyosaur kebanyakannya diburu oleh spesies yang kompetitif? || <> Apa spesies melihat sendiri di bahagian bawah hierarki perlumbaan? || <> Reptilia adalah spesies yang tunduk patuh pada tempoh masa apa? || <> Buaya terancam oleh spesies apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?", "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311a", "answers": [{"text": "200 million years to 175 million", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?", "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311b", "answers": [{"text": "more humid", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?", "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311c", "answers": [{"text": "Plesiosaurs", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the highest order of species n land?", "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311d", "answers": [{"text": "Dilophosaurus", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other order evolved during the Jurassic?", "id": "570ad7b26d058f190018311e", "answers": [{"text": "true mammals", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more humid", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What feature of the climate hindered a more tropical world", "id": "5a2f48c3a83784001a7d26bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ammonites", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs were mostly hunted by with competitive species?", "id": "5a2f48c3a83784001a7d26c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dilophosaurus", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What species saw itself at the bottom of the race hierarchy?", "id": "5a2f48c3a83784001a7d26c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Early Jurassic", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Reptiles were a submissive species during what time period?", "id": "5a2f48c3a83784001a7d26c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Plesiosaurs", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Crocodiles were threatened by what species?", "id": "5a2f48c3a83784001a7d26c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized."}], ["Berbanding dengan plat konkrit bertekstur gunung yang kuat pada akhir Paleozoic, ubah bentuk tektonik Mesozoik adalah agak sederhana. Satu-satunya orogeni Mesozoik utama berlaku dalam apa yang sekarang adalah Artik, mencipta orogenesis Innuitian, Range Brooks, Verkhoyansk dan Cherskiy Ranges di Siberia, dan Pergunungan Khingan di Manchuria. Orogeny ini berkaitan dengan pembukaan Lautan Artik dan subduksi China Utara dan kuburan Siberia di bawah Lautan Pasifik. Walau bagaimanapun, era ini memperlihatkan pengubahan dramatik Pangea supercontinent. Pangea secara beransur-ansur berpecah kepada benua utara, Laurasia, dan benua selatan, Gondwana. Ini mewujudkan margin benua pasif yang mencirikan kebanyakan pantai Atlantik (seperti di sepanjang Pantai Timur A.S.) hari ini. <> Pada masa apakah pembentukan tektonik ringan? || Mesozoik <> Di manakah perubahan geologi asas tempoh ini berlaku? || Artik <> Apakah supercontinent berpecah untuk membentuk dua benua yang lebih kecil? || Pangea <> Apakah benua utara berpecah dari Pangea? || Laurasia <> Apa yang dipanggil benua selatan Pangea? || Gondwana <> Pada masa apakah pembentukan tektonik sangat aktif? || <> Apakah benua utara yang digabungkan menjadi Pangea? || <> Apa pecahan benua untuk memusnahkan margin benua pasif berhampiran Atlantik? || <> Apa yang memusnahkan orogenesis Innuitian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what time was tectonic formation mild?", "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9a", "answers": [{"text": "Mesozoic", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?", "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9b", "answers": [{"text": "Arctic", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?", "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9c", "answers": [{"text": "Pangaea", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?", "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9d", "answers": [{"text": "Laurasia", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Pangaea's southern continent called?", "id": "570ad9e64103511400d59a9e", "answers": [{"text": "Gondwana", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mesozoic", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "At what time was tectonic formation especially active?", "id": "5a2f4e01a83784001a7d26ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Laurasia", "answer_start": 617}], "question": "What was the northern continent that combined into Pangaea?", "id": "5a2f4e01a83784001a7d26ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pangaea", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "What continent split to destroy the passive continental margin near the Atlantic?", "id": "5a2f4e01a83784001a7d26ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mesozoic orogeny", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What destroyed the Innuitian orogeny?", "id": "5a2f4e01a83784001a7d26f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today."}], ["Iklim Cretaceous kurang jelas dan lebih luas dipertikaikan. Tahap karbon dioksida yang lebih tinggi di atmosfera dianggap telah menyebabkan kecerunan suhu dunia dari utara ke selatan menjadi hampir rata: suhu hampir sama di seluruh planet ini. Suhu purata juga lebih tinggi dari hari ini dengan kira-kira 10 \u00b0 C. Sebenarnya, oleh Cretaceous pertengahan, perairan laut khatulistiwa (mungkin sekejap 20 \u00b0 C di laut dalam) mungkin terlalu hangat untuk kehidupan laut, [meragukan - membincangkan] [rujukan?] Dan kawasan tanah berhampiran khatulistiwa mungkin mempunyai telah menjadi padang pasir walaupun berdekatan dengan air. Peredaran oksigen ke lautan yang dalam juga mungkin terganggu. [Diragui - membincangkan] Oleh sebab itu, jumlah besar bahan organik yang tidak dapat dikurangkan terkumpul, akhirnya didepositkan sebagai \"serpih hitam\". <> Apa yang tidak pasti tentang Cretaceous? || iklim <> Apakah gas atmosfer menyebabkan paras suhu menjadi 10 darjah lebih tinggi daripada hari ini? || karbon dioksida <> Apakah kira-kira sama di seluruh planet ini? || suhu <> Semasa Cretaceous apa yang dikatakan iklim di kawasan berhampiran lautan? || padang pasir <> Berapa besar jumlah bahan organik yang tidak dihancurkan kemudian menjadi? || serpih hitam <> Apakah aspek yang paling tidak menentu mengenai Cretaceous? || <> Tahap karbon dioksida yang lebih rendah menyebabkan apa? || <> Peredaran oksigen di laut dalam mungkin telah meningkat pada apa tempoh? || <> Serpih hitam telah dimusnahkan oleh apa semasa tempoh Kretaceous? || <> Mengapa perairan laut khatulistiwa terlalu sejuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?", "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a08", "answers": [{"text": "climate", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?", "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a09", "answers": [{"text": "carbon dioxide", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was about equal across the planet?", "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a0a", "answers": [{"text": "temperatures", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?", "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a0b", "answers": [{"text": "deserts", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?", "id": "570acc2d4103511400d59a0c", "answers": [{"text": "black shale", "answer_start": 819}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "climate", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is most volatile aspect about the Cretaceous?", "id": "5a2f52b2a83784001a7d2705", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Lower levels of carbon dioxide caused what?", "id": "5a2f52b2a83784001a7d2706", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cretaceous", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "The circulation of oxygen in the deep ocean may have increased during what period?", "id": "5a2f52b2a83784001a7d2707", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circulation of oxygen", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "Black shale was destroyed by what during the Cretaceous period?", "id": "5a2f52b2a83784001a7d2708", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperatures were also higher", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "Why were equatorial ocean waters too cold?", "id": "5a2f52b2a83784001a7d2709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10\u00b0C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 \u00b0C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious \u2013 discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious \u2013 discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as \"black shale\"."}], ["Cretaceous Awal menjangkau dari 145 juta hingga 100 juta tahun yang lalu. Cretaceous Awal menyaksikan pengembangan rumput laut, dan akibatnya, penurunan dan kepupusan sauropods (kecuali di Amerika Selatan). Banyak cetek pantai dicipta, dan yang menyebabkan Ichthyosaur mati. Mosasaus berkembang untuk menggantikannya sebagai ketua lautan. Beberapa dinosaur yang melompat di pulau, seperti Eustreptospondylus, berkembang untuk menampung cetek pantai dan pulau-pulau kecil di Eropah purba. Dinosaur lain bangkit untuk mengisi ruang kosong bahawa kepupusan Jurassic-Cretaceous ditinggalkan, seperti Carcharodontosaurus dan Spinosaurus. Yang paling berjaya adalah Iguanodon yang tersebar ke setiap benua. Musim-musim mula berkuat kuasa dan tiang-tiang itu lebih sejuk pada musim sejuk, tetapi dinosaur masih mendiami kawasan ini seperti Leaellynasaura yang mendiami hutan kutub sepanjang tahun, dan banyak dinosaur bermigrasi di sana pada musim panas seperti Muttaburrasaurus. Kerana terlalu sejuk untuk buaya, ia adalah kubu terakhir bagi amfibi besar, seperti Koolasuchus. Pterosaur semakin besar kerana spesies seperti Tapejara dan Ornithocheirus berkembang. <> Apakah rentang Cretaceous Awal? || 145 juta hingga 100 juta tahun <> Apa peristiwa Cretaceous Awal menyebabkan kepupusan beberapa spesies? || pembiakan hidupan laut <> Apakah spesies yang mati akibat pengembangan lembangan pantai? || Ichthyosaurs <> Spesies apa yang menguasai laut? || Mosasaurs <> Apa dinosaurus tersebar ke setiap benua? || Iguanodon <> Apakah kejadian Cretaceous Awal menyebabkan berlakunya banyak spesies? || <> Apa dinosaur yang paling terhad kepada satu benua? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan Ichthyosaur berkembang? || <> Spesies mana yang mengelakkan kawasan kutub? || <> Spesies apa yang paling hampir dengan buaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?", "id": "570acf964103511400d59a24", "answers": [{"text": "145 million to 100 million years", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?", "id": "570acf964103511400d59a25", "answers": [{"text": "expansion of seaways", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?", "id": "570acf964103511400d59a26", "answers": [{"text": "Ichthyosaurs", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species dominated the seas?", "id": "570acf964103511400d59a27", "answers": [{"text": "Mosasaurs", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dinosaur spread to every continent?", "id": "570acf964103511400d59a28", "answers": [{"text": "Iguanodon", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expansion of seaways", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the proliferation of several species?", "id": "5a2f4b02a83784001a7d26d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iguanodon", "answer_start": 654}], "question": "What dinosaur was particularly confined to one continent?", "id": "5a2f4b02a83784001a7d26da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coastal shallows", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What caused Ichthyosaurs to thrive?", "id": "5a2f4b02a83784001a7d26db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leaellynasaura", "answer_start": 813}], "question": "Which species avoided the polar areas?", "id": "5a2f4b02a83784001a7d26dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Koolasuchus", "answer_start": 1037}], "question": "What species was most similar to crocodiles?", "id": "5a2f4b02a83784001a7d26dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved."}], ["Tahap laut mula meningkat semasa Jurassic, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh peningkatan dalam penyebaran dasar laut. Pembentukan kerak baru di bawah permukaan laut mengalir dengan air sebanyak 200 m (656 kaki) lebih dari hari ini, yang membanjiri kawasan pantai. Tambahan pula, Pangea mula beralih ke bahagian yang lebih kecil, membawa lebih banyak kawasan tanah yang dihubungkan dengan lautan dengan membentuk Laut Tethys. Suhu terus meningkat dan mula menstabilkan. Kelembapan juga meningkat dengan jarak air, dan padang pasir berundur. <> Apa yang menyebabkan laut naik semasa Jurassic? || Peningkatan dalam laut <> Meningkatkan laut dan perairan yang menyebabkan unsur apa di sepanjang pantai? || banjir kawasan pantai <> Pangea mula pecah menciptakan apa yang baru laut? || Tethys Sea <> Apakah keadaan cuaca yang semakin meningkat? || Suhu <> Sebagai kelembapan bertambah apa kawasan tanah berkurangan? || padang pasir <> Apa yang menyebabkan laut jatuh semasa Jurassic? || <> Menaikkan lautan dan perosotan air menghancurkan unsur apa di sepanjang pantai? || <> Keadaan cuaca apa yang menjadi lebih stabil? || <> Mengapa kelembapan berkurangan semasa Jurassic? || <> Dengan berapa banyak lautan meningkat berbanding hari ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?", "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a34", "answers": [{"text": "increase in seafloor", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?", "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a35", "answers": [{"text": "flooded coastal areas", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?", "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a36", "answers": [{"text": "Tethys Sea", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather condition increased?", "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a37", "answers": [{"text": "Temperatures", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As humidity increased what land area decreased?", "id": "570ad1354103511400d59a38", "answers": [{"text": "deserts", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seafloor spreading", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What caused the sea to fall during the Jurassic?", "id": "5a2f511aa83784001a7d26fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flooded coastal areas", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Rising seas and displaced waters destroyed what element along the coasts?", "id": "5a2f511aa83784001a7d26fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Temperatures", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What weather condition became much more stable?", "id": "5a2f511aa83784001a7d26fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "proximity of water", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "Why did humidity decrease during the Jurassic?", "id": "5a2f511aa83784001a7d26fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200 m", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "By how much did oceans increase in size compared to today?", "id": "5a2f511aa83784001a7d26ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated."}], ["Batas yang lebih rendah (Triassic) ditetapkan oleh peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic, di mana kira-kira 90% hingga 96% spesies laut dan 70% vertebrata terestrial telah punah. Ia juga dikenali sebagai \"Great Dying\" kerana dianggap sebagai kepupusan massal terbesar dalam sejarah bumi. Batas atas (Cretaceous) ditetapkan pada peristiwa kepupusan Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) (kini lebih tepat dipanggil peristiwa kepupusan Cretaceous-Paleogene (atau K-Pg)), yang mungkin disebabkan oleh impactor yang membuat Chicxulub Crater Semenanjung Yucat\u00e1n. Ke arah Letusan Letusan Gunung Berapi Cretaceous juga dipercayai telah menyumbang kepada peristiwa kepupusan Cretaceous-Paleogene. Kira-kira 50% daripada semua genera menjadi pupus, termasuk semua dinosaur bukan burung. <> Apa acara menetapkan sempadan untuk Triassic? || Kepupusan Permian-Triassic <> Berapakah peratusan kehidupan marin yang mati semasa kepupusan? || 90% hingga 96% <> Berapa banyak spesies terestrial yang mati semasa kepupusan? || 70% <> Apakah kepupusan terbesar spesies dalam sejarah bumi yang dikenali sebagai? || Great Dying <> Apakah kemungkinan penyebab kejadian kepupusan atas Cretaceous? || K-Pg) kepupusan <> Sebanyak peratus pertumbuhan hidupan marin berlaku semasa era Permian-Triassic? || <> Berapa banyak spesies terestrial dicipta semasa era Permian-Triassic? || <> Letusan gunung berapi besar menyumbang kepada perkembangan tempoh apa? || <> Sebanyak peratus vertebrata terestrial telah punah di Semenanjung Yucat\u00e1n? || <> Berapakah peratusan semua genera yang berkembang pesat dalam era Cretaceous-Paleogene? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?", "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e6", "answers": [{"text": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?", "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e7", "answers": [{"text": "90% to 96%", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?", "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e8", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?", "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830e9", "answers": [{"text": "Great Dying", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?", "id": "570ac8206d058f19001830ea", "answers": [{"text": "K\u2013Pg) extinction", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90% to 96%", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What percentage of marine life growth happened during the Permian\u2013Triassic era?", "id": "5a2f423ca83784001a7d2691", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "How many terrestrial species were created during the Permian\u2013Triassic era?", "id": "5a2f423ca83784001a7d2692", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "answer_start": 668}], "question": "Large volcanic eruptions contributed to the expansion of what period?", "id": "5a2f423ca83784001a7d2693", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What percent of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula?", "id": "5a2f423ca83784001a7d2694", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 721}], "question": "What percentage of all genera thrived during the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene era?", "id": "5a2f423ca83784001a7d2695", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the \"Great Dying\" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene (or K\u2013Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs."}], ["The Triassic Akhir menjangkau dari 237 juta hingga 200 juta tahun yang lalu. Berikutan mekar Triassic Tengah, Triassic Akhir menampilkan mantra haba yang kerap, serta hujan sederhana (10-20 inci setahun). Pemanasan baru-baru ini membawa kepada perkembangan evolusi reptilia di darat sebagai dinosaur sebenar yang pertama berkembang, serta pterosaur. Walau bagaimanapun, semua perubahan iklim ini mengakibatkan kematian besar yang dikenali sebagai peristiwa kepupusan Triassic-Jurassic, di mana semua archosaur (tidak termasuk buaya kuno), kebanyakan synapsid, dan hampir semua amfibia besar telah punah, dan juga 34% daripada kehidupan marin dalam peristiwa kepupusan jisim keempat dunia. Penyebabnya boleh dibahaskan. <> Apakah tempoh Triassic Akhir? || 237 juta hingga 200 juta tahun <> Selain hujan sederhana, apakah keadaan cuaca yang pernah dilakukan oleh Triassic Akhir? || mantra haba <> Kapan dinosaur pertama berkembang? || Triassic <> Menurut teori, apakah perubahan iklim dalam sebab Akhir Triassic? || Penghancuran Triassic-Jurassic <> Apa satu-satunya arkosaur untuk bertahan dalam kepupusan besar-besaran keempat? || buaya <> Selain hujan sederhana, apakah keadaan cuaca yang tidak ada Triassic Akhir? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kematian segmen evolusi reptilia tertentu? || <> Apa yang mengakibatkan kematian yang agak kecil dikenali sebagai peristiwa kepupusan Jurassic Triassic? || <> Apa yang terselamat dalam peristiwa kepupusan Jurassic Triassic? || <> 34% daripada kehidupan laut terselamat peristiwa kepupusan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the span of the Late Triassic?", "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1a", "answers": [{"text": "237 million to 200 million years", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?", "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1b", "answers": [{"text": "heat spells", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the first dinosaurs evolve?", "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1c", "answers": [{"text": "Triassic", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?", "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1d", "answers": [{"text": "Triassic-Jurassic extinction", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?", "id": "570ace2c4103511400d59a1e", "answers": [{"text": "crocodiles", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heat spells", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic not have?", "id": "5a2f4792a83784001a7d26ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "warming", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What lead to the demise of a certain segment of reptilian evolution?", "id": "5a2f4792a83784001a7d26ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "climatic change", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What resulted in a relatively small die-out known as the Triassic Jurassic extinction event?", "id": "5a2f4792a83784001a7d26af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "large amphibians", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "What survived the Triassic Jurassic extinction event?", "id": "5a2f4792a83784001a7d26b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Triassic-Jurassic extinction event", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "34% of marine life survived what extinction event?", "id": "5a2f4792a83784001a7d26b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable."}], ["Perubahan iklim Jurassic dan Cretaceae yang terakhir disediakan untuk radiasi penyesuaian selanjutnya. Jurassic adalah ketinggian kepelbagaian archosaur, dan burung pertama dan mamalia eutherian juga muncul. Angiosperma dipancarkan kadang-kadang di Cretaceous awal, pertama di kawasan tropika, tetapi kecerunan suhu bahkan membolehkan mereka untuk merebak ke kutub sepanjang tempoh tersebut. Pada akhir Cretaceous, angiosperms menguasai flora pokok di banyak kawasan, walaupun beberapa bukti menunjukkan bahawa biomas masih dikuasai oleh siklik dan paku pakai sehingga selepas kepupusan Cretaceous-Paleogene. <> Apa acara yang dihasilkan penyesuaian lanjut semasa periode Jurassic dan Cretaceous? || perubahan iklim <> Kapan kepelbagaian kepelbagaian arkosaur? || Jurassic <> Spesies apa yang tersebar ke arah tiang semasa Jurassic? || Angiosperms <> Apa spesies menguasai banyak pokok flora pada akhir tempoh Kretaceous? || angiosperms <> Apakah jenis spesis yang masih dikuasai sehingga selepas kepupusan? || cycad and ferns <> Apa peristiwa yang berlaku pada adaptasi di Jurassic? || <> Bilakah kepelbagaian kepelbagaian archosaur? || <> Kecerunan suhu menghalang pertumbuhan spesis tanah? || <> Apa yang menghalang penyebaran angiosperma ke arah tiang? || <> Jenis spesies apa yang dikatakan telah mati sebelum kepupusan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?", "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830dc", "answers": [{"text": "climatic changes", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the top of archosaur diversity?", "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830dd", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?", "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830de", "answers": [{"text": "Angiosperms", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?", "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830df", "answers": [{"text": "angiosperms", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?", "id": "570ac6156d058f19001830e0", "answers": [{"text": "cycad and ferns", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "climatic changes", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What event stunted adaptions during the Jurassic?", "id": "5a2f56e7a83784001a7d271f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jurassic", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "When was the bottom of archosaur diversity?", "id": "5a2f56e7a83784001a7d2720", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Angiosperms", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "The temperature gradient prevented what land species growth?", "id": "5a2f56e7a83784001a7d2721", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What prevented the spread of angiosperms towards the poles?", "id": "5a2f56e7a83784001a7d2722", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cycad and ferns", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What types of species are thought to have died before the extinction?", "id": "5a2f56e7a83784001a7d2723", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction."}], ["The Cretaceous Late menjangkau dari 100 juta hingga 65 juta tahun yang lalu. The Cretaceous Akhir menampilkan trend penyejukan yang akan berterusan dalam tempoh Cenozoic. Akhirnya, kawasan tropika adalah terhad kepada khatulistiwa dan kawasan di luar garis tropika memaparkan perubahan cuaca yang melampau dalam cuaca. Dinosaur masih berkembang sebagai spesies baru seperti Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops dan Hadrosaur menguasai web makanan. Di lautan, Mosasaur memerintah laut untuk mengisi peranan Ichthyosaur, dan plesiosaur besar, seperti Elasmosaurus, berkembang. Juga, tumbuhan berbunga pertama berkembang. Di penghujung Cretaceous, perangkap Deccan dan letusan gunung berapi lain meracuni atmosfera. Seperti yang diteruskan, ia dianggap sebagai meteor besar yang dihancurkan ke bumi, mewujudkan Kawah Chicxulub dalam satu peristiwa yang dikenali sebagai Penghancuran KT, peristiwa kelumpuhan massal kelima dan paling terkini, di mana 75% daripada kehidupan di bumi telah pupus, termasuk semua dinosaur bukan burung. Semuanya lebih 10 kilogram telah pupus. Umur dinosaur sudah berakhir. <> Berapakah tempoh Tempoh Kapur Akhir? || 100 juta hingga 65 juta tahun <> Apa trend cuaca yang dimulakan dalam tempoh Late Cretaceous dan Cenozoic? || penyejukan <> Apa iklim terhad kepada kawasan khatulistiwa? || tropika <> Apa jenis perubahan cuaca yang berlaku di luar kawasan tropika? || perubahan musiman yang melampau <> Apa peristiwa berakhir usia dinosaur dengan menyebabkan kepupusan 75%? || Kemerosotan K-T <> Apakah kecenderungan cuaca tidak berlaku dalam tempoh Kretaseus dan Cenozoik? || <> Spesies dinosaur manakah yang melihat kematiannya semasa Kretaceous Late? || <> Yang manakah spesies air yang membawa kepada kemusnahan Mosasaurs? || <> Tumbuhan berbunga mati dalam tempoh mana? || <> Yang dinosaurus mana yang membantu mencemarkan suasana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?", "id": "570aca224103511400d599e4", "answers": [{"text": "100 million to 65 million years", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?", "id": "570aca224103511400d599e5", "answers": [{"text": "cooling", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?", "id": "570aca224103511400d599e6", "answers": [{"text": "tropics", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?", "id": "570aca224103511400d599e7", "answers": [{"text": "extreme seasonal changes", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?", "id": "570aca224103511400d599e8", "answers": [{"text": "K-T Extinction", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cooling", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What weather trend didn't ocur in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?", "id": "5a2f4c6fa83784001a7d26e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tyrannosaurus", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "Which dinosaur species saw its demise during the Late Cretaceous?", "id": "5a2f4c6fa83784001a7d26e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ichthyosaurs", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "Which water borne species brought about the extinction of the Mosasaurs?", "id": "5a2f4c6fa83784001a7d26e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Late Cretaceous", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Flowering plants died out during which period?", "id": "5a2f4c6fa83784001a7d26e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ankylosaurus", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "Which dinosaurs help pollute the atmosphere?", "id": "5a2f4c6fa83784001a7d26e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over."}], ["Spesies tumbuhan daratan dominan pada masa itu adalah gimnosperma, yang merupakan tumbuhan vaskular, berbentuk kerucut, tidak berbunga seperti kerucut yang menghasilkan biji tanpa lapisan. Ini bertentangan dengan flora semasa bumi, di mana tumbuhan daratan dominan dari segi bilangan spesis adalah angiosperms. Genus tumbuhan tertentu, Ginkgo, dikatakan telah berkembang pada masa ini dan diwakili oleh spesies tunggal, Ginkgo biloba. Selain itu, genus Sequoia yang masih wujud dipercayai telah berkembang di Mesozoik. <> Apakah spesies tumbuhan dominan Mesozoik? || gymnosperms <> Apakah contoh gymnosperm? || konifer <> Apakah spesis tumbuhan yang mendominasi di Bumi sekarang? || angiosperms <> Bilakah Ginkgo berubah? || Mesozoik <> Spesies pokok apa yang dipercayai dipercayai telah berkembang semasa Mesozoik? || Sequoia <> Spesies tumbuhan apa yang mati dalam Mesozoik? || <> Spesies Ginkgo mati dalam apa tempoh? || <> Apakah spesies yang paling berisiko di Bumi sekarang? || <> Apakah spesies tanah yang mati dalam tempoh ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?", "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59aca", "answers": [{"text": "gymnosperms", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a gymnosperm?", "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59acb", "answers": [{"text": "conifers", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?", "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59acc", "answers": [{"text": "angiosperms", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Ginkgo evolve?", "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59acd", "answers": [{"text": "Mesozoic", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?", "id": "570ae41e4103511400d59ace", "answers": [{"text": "Sequoia", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gymnosperms", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What plant species died out in the Mesozoic?", "id": "5a2f5361a83784001a7d270f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mesozoic", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "Ginkgo species died out in what period?", "id": "5a2f5361a83784001a7d2710", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "angiosperms", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What are the most at risk species on Earth now?", "id": "5a2f5361a83784001a7d2711", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "angiosperms", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What land species died out in this period?", "id": "5a2f5361a83784001a7d2712", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic."}], ["Penyelidikan baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahawa haiwan khusus yang membentuk ekosistem yang kompleks, dengan kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi, web makanan yang kompleks dan pelbagai niche, mengambil masa yang lama untuk membina semula, pemulihan tidak bermula sehingga permulaan pertengahan Triassic, 4M hingga 6M tahun selepas kepupusan dan tidak lengkap sehingga 30M tahun selepas peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic. Kehidupan haiwan kemudiannya dikuasai oleh pelbagai reptilia arkeologi: dinosaur, pterosaur, dan reptilia akuatik seperti ichthyosaur, plesiosaur, dan mosasaurs. <> Jenis haiwan apa yang diperlukan untuk membiayai semula? || haiwan khusus <> Bilakah pemulihan haiwan pelbagai ini bermula? || pertengahan Triassic <> Berapa lama selepas kepupusan Permian-Triassic pemulihan haiwan selesai? || 30M tahun <> Apakah kehidupan haiwan yang didominasi di Triassic? || reptilia <> Berapa tahun selepas kepupusan melakukan pemulihan haiwan? || 4M hingga 6M <> Apakah jenis haiwan yang sangat cepat untuk membina semula? || <> Pemulihan banyak spesies gagal semasa tempoh Triassic? || <> Apakah kehidupan haiwan yang paling berisiko di Triassic? || <> Berapa tahun pemulihan telah berlaku kepupusan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of animals took longer to reestablish?", "id": "570adc634103511400d59aac", "answers": [{"text": "specialized animals", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?", "id": "570adc644103511400d59aad", "answers": [{"text": "mid-Triassic", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?", "id": "570adc644103511400d59aae", "answers": [{"text": "30M years", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dominated animal life in the Triassic?", "id": "570adc644103511400d59aaf", "answers": [{"text": "reptiles", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?", "id": "570adc644103511400d59ab0", "answers": [{"text": "4M to 6M", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialized animals", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What type of animals were especially quick to reestablish?", "id": "5a2f541ea83784001a7d2717", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "The recovery of many species failed during what period of the Triassic?", "id": "5a2f541ea83784001a7d2718", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reptiles", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What animal life was most at risk in the Triassic?", "id": "5a2f541ea83784001a7d2719", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4M to 6M", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "How many years of recovery did the extinction interrupt?", "id": "5a2f541ea83784001a7d271a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs."}], ["Triassic Tengah menjangkau dari 247 juta hingga 237 juta tahun yang lalu. Triassic Tengah memaparkan permulaan perpecahan Pangea, dan permulaan Laut Tethys. Ekosistem telah pulih dari kemusnahan yang merupakan Great Dying. Phytoplankton, karang, dan krustasea semuanya pulih, dan reptilia mula menjadi lebih besar dan lebih besar. Reptilia akuatik baru berkembang seperti Ichthyosaur dan Nothosaur. Sementara itu, di atas tanah, hutan Pine berkembang, membawa nyamuk dan lalat buah. Orang-orang buaya kuno pertama berevolusi, yang mencetuskan persaingan dengan amfibia besar yang sejak itu memerintah dunia air tawar. <> Berapa tahun Triassic Tengah? || 247 juta hingga 237 juta <> Apa peristiwa yang berterusan bermula di Triassic Tengah? || perpecahan Pangea <> Semasa perpisahan Pangea, apa lautan dibuat? || Laut Tethys <> Dari apa yang telah dipulih ekosistem? || The Great Dying <> Apa jenis haiwan mula berkembang dan menjadi semakin besar? || reptilia <> Apa peristiwa berterusan berakhir di Triassic Tengah? || <> Dalam apa tempoh hutan pinus kebanyakannya mati? || <> Semasa pembentukan Pangea, apakah lautan yang dibuat? || <> Hutan Pine menimbulkan kematian serangga apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?", "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab6", "answers": [{"text": "247 million to 237 million", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?", "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab7", "answers": [{"text": "breakup of Pangaea", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?", "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab8", "answers": [{"text": "Tethys Sea", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what had the ecosystem had to recover?", "id": "570adf774103511400d59ab9", "answers": [{"text": "the Great Dying", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?", "id": "570adf774103511400d59aba", "answers": [{"text": "reptiles", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "breakup of Pangaea", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What continuing event ended in the Middle Triassic?", "id": "5a2f46cca83784001a7d26a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Middle Triassic", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "In what period did pine forests mostly die out?", "id": "5a2f46cca83784001a7d26a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tethys Sea", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "During the formation of Pangaea, what sea was created?", "id": "5a2f46cca83784001a7d26a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mosquitoes and fruit flies", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "Pine forests brought about the demise of what insects?", "id": "5a2f46cca83784001a7d26a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world."}], ["Jurassic Lewat menjangkau dari 163 juta hingga 145 juta tahun yang lalu. Jurassic Akhir menunjukkan kepupusan besar sauropods dan Ichthyosaurs kerana pemisahan Pangea menjadi Laurasia dan Gondwana dalam kepupusan yang dikenali sebagai kepupusan Jurassic-Cretaceous. Tahap laut meningkat, memusnahkan tanah liang paku dan mencipta sayu-sayap. Ichthyosaur telah pupus manakala sauropods, secara keseluruhan, tidak mati di Jurassic; sebenarnya, beberapa spesies, seperti Titanosaurus, hidup hingga kepupusan K-T. Peningkatan paras laut membuka jalan laut Atlantik yang akan terus menjadi lebih besar dari masa ke masa. Dunia yang dibahagikan akan memberikan peluang untuk mempelbagaikan dinosaur baru. <> Berapa tahunkah penutup Jurassic lewat? || 163 juta hingga 145 juta <> Apa pemisahan Pangea menjadi punah? || sauropods dan Ichthyosaur <> Apa kepupusan yang disebabkan oleh pemisahan Pangea? || Kepupusan Jurassic-Cretaceous <> Apa yang menyebabkan pemusnahan rumpun pakis dan meningkatkan cetek? || Tahap laut naik <> Apakah kenaikan paras laut terbuka di laut? || Laut Atlantik <> Dalam Jurassic Akhir apa spesies yang terselamat? || <> Pemisahan Pangea membenarkan spesies apa yang boleh berkembang maju di atas yang lain? || <> Tahap laut jatuh pada tempoh masa apa yang menjangkau dari 163 juta hingga 145 juta tahun yang lalu? || <> Peningkatan paras laut ditutup di mana laut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?", "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183140", "answers": [{"text": "163 million to 145 million", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?", "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183141", "answers": [{"text": "sauropods and Ichthyosaurs", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?", "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183142", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?", "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183143", "answers": [{"text": "Sea levels rose", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? ", "id": "570ae1586d058f1900183144", "answers": [{"text": "Atlantic sea", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ichthyosaurs", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "In the Late Jurassic what species survived?", "id": "5a2f49dfa83784001a7d26d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ichthyosaurs", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "The separation of Pangaea allowed what species to thrive above others?", "id": "5a2f49dfa83784001a7d26d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Late Jurassic", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Sea levels fell during what time period that spanned from 163 million to 145 million years ago?", "id": "5a2f49dfa83784001a7d26d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Atlantic", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "The increase in sea levels closed up which sea?", "id": "5a2f49dfa83784001a7d26d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs."}], ["Triassic pada umumnya kering, trend yang bermula di Carboniferous lewat, dan sangat bermusim, terutamanya di pedalaman Pangea. Tahap laut yang rendah mungkin juga memburukkan lagi suhu. Dengan kapasiti haba yang tinggi, air bertindak sebagai takungan haba penstabilan suhu, dan kawasan darat berhampiran badan besar air-terutama lautan-mengalami kurang variasi suhu. Kerana banyak tanah yang membentuk Pangea jauh dari lautan, suhu sangat berubah-ubah, dan bahagian dalam Pangea mungkin termasuk kawasan luas padang pasir. Katil-katil merah yang banyak dan evaporit seperti halit menyokong kesimpulan ini, tetapi bukti wujud bahawa iklim Triassic yang kering pada umumnya dibiak oleh episod hujan yang semakin meningkat. Episod lembap yang paling penting ialah Carnian Pluvial Event dan satu di Rhaetian, beberapa juta tahun sebelum peristiwa kepupusan Triassic-Jurassic. <> Apakah hujan umum di Triassic? || kering <> Apa yang boleh menjadikan suhu lebih melampau? || Tahap laut yang rendah <> Oleh kerana jarak membentuk laut dan varians yang berlainan dalam suhu, apakah pedalaman seperti Pangea? || padang pasir <> Apa ada tempoh selama Triassic? || peningkatan hujan <> Apakah peristiwa Pluvial Carnian? || hujan yang semakin meningkat <> Dalam tempoh berapa ia hujan secara konsisten? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan peristiwa kepupusan Triassic-Jurassic? || <> Kenapa Carnian Pluvial berlaku terutamanya kering? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?", "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac0", "answers": [{"text": "dry", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could have made temperatures more extreme?", "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac1", "answers": [{"text": "Low sea levels", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?", "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac2", "answers": [{"text": "desert", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were there periods of during the Triassic?", "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac3", "answers": [{"text": "increased rainfall", "answer_start": 758}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Carnian Pluvial event?", "id": "570ae2e74103511400d59ac4", "answers": [{"text": "increased rainfall", "answer_start": 758}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Triassic", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "In what period was it consistently rainy?", "id": "5a2f504fa83784001a7d26f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dry climate", "answer_start": 700}], "question": "What caused the Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event?", "id": "5a2f504fa83784001a7d26f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Low sea levels", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Why was the Carnian Pluvial event especially dry?", "id": "5a2f504fa83784001a7d26f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water\u2014especially the oceans\u2014experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event."}], ["Era ini bermula selepas peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic, kepupusan besar-besaran yang didokumentasikan dengan baik dalam sejarah bumi, dan berakhir dengan peristiwa kepupusan Cretaceous-Paleogene, kepupusan massal lain yang diketahui telah membunuh dinosaur bukan burung, serta spesies tumbuhan dan haiwan lain. Mesozoik adalah masa yang utama tektonik, iklim dan aktiviti evolusi. Era ini menyaksikan pembuangan secara beransur-ansur dari Pangea supercontinent ke landmasses berasingan yang akhirnya akan memasuki kedudukan mereka sekarang. Iklim Mesozoik berbeza-beza, berselang-seli antara tempoh pemanasan dan penyejukan. Secara keseluruhan, bagaimanapun, Bumi lebih panas daripada hari ini. Dinosaur bukan burung muncul dalam Triassic Akhir dan menjadi vertebrata terestrial terawal pada awal Jurassic, menduduki kedudukan ini selama kira-kira 135 juta tahun sehingga mereka mati di akhir Cretaceous. Burung pertama kali muncul di Jurassic, setelah berevolusi dari cabang dinosaurus theropod. Mamalia pertama juga muncul semasa Mesozoik, tetapi akan tetap kecil-kurang daripada 15 kg (33 lb)-sehingga Cenozoik. <> Pada masa apakah era Mesozoik bermula? || Kepupusan Permian-Triassic <> Bilakah berakhirnya Mesozoik? || Kemusnahan Cretaceous-Paleogene <> Apakah aktiviti geologi yang berlaku semasa Mesozoik? || tektonik <> Selain perubahan iklim, apakah aktiviti penting lain yang berlaku semasa Mesozoik? || evolusi <> Apabila mamalia muncul, mereka tetap kecil hingga tempoh apa? || Cenozoic <> Pada titik apakah era Mesozoik berakhir? || <> Mesozoik adalah masa tanpa aktiviti apa? || <> Apa yang cepat membelah Pangea supercontinent menjadi landmasses? || <> Dinosaur bukan burung hilang dalam apa tempoh? || <> Burung menyelamatkan dari apa cabang dinosaur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?", "id": "570ade206d058f1900183136", "answers": [{"text": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Mesozoic end?", "id": "570ade206d058f1900183137", "answers": [{"text": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?", "id": "570ade206d058f1900183138", "answers": [{"text": "tectonic", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?", "id": "570ade206d058f1900183139", "answers": [{"text": "evolutionary", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?", "id": "570ade206d058f190018313a", "answers": [{"text": "Cenozoic", "answer_start": 1117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Permian\u2013Triassic", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "At what point did the Mesozoic era end?", "id": "5a2f3f52a83784001a7d2687", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "evolutionary", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "The Mesozoic was a time devoid of what activity?", "id": "5a2f3f52a83784001a7d2688", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rifting", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What quickly split the supercontinent Pangea into landmasses?", "id": "5a2f3f52a83784001a7d2689", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Late Triassic", "answer_start": 731}], "question": "Non-avian dinosaurs disappeared in what period?", "id": "5a2f3f52a83784001a7d268a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theropod", "answer_start": 987}], "question": "Birds devolved from what branch of dinosaurs?", "id": "5a2f3f52a83784001a7d268b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The era began in the wake of the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small\u2014less than 15 kg (33 lb)\u2014until the Cenozoic."}]], [["Panggilan videophone (juga: videocall, sembang video serta Skype dan Skyping dalam bentuk kata kerja), berbeza dari videoconference di mana mereka mengharapkan untuk melayani individu, bukan kumpulan. Bagaimanapun perbezaan itu semakin menjadi kabur dengan penambahbaikan teknologi seperti peningkatan lebar jalur dan pelanggan perisian canggih yang boleh membenarkan banyak pihak memanggil. Dalam penggunaan sehari-hari umum, videoconferencing istilah kini sering digunakan bukannya videocall untuk panggilan titik-ke-titik antara dua unit. Kedua-dua panggilan videophone dan videoconference juga kini dirujuk sebagai pautan video. <> Panggilan Videophone berbeza dari videoconferencing dengan cara apa? || berkhidmat kepada individu, bukan kumpulan <> Apa contoh program panggilan videophone? || Skype <> Apa istilah lebih digunakan hari ini untuk merujuk kepada panggilan antara dua unit? || videoconferencing <> Apakah panggilan videoconferencing sekarang lebih dikenali sebagai? || pautan video <> Apakah nama lain untuk panggilan videophone? || sembang video <> Teknologi apa yang menghidangkan klien perisian canggih dan bukan kumpulan? || <> Bagaimana peningkatan jalur lebar berbeza dari panggilan ke titik-titik? || <> Apakah satu contoh program teleconferencing? || <> Apakah klien perisian dan pelbagai pihak yang biasa dipanggil? || <> Jenis panggilan apakah nama lain untuk sembang titik-ke-titik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?", "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b788", "answers": [{"text": "serve individuals, not groups", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a videophone call program?", "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b789", "answers": [{"text": "Skype", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?", "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b78a", "answers": [{"text": "videoconferencing", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?", "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b78b", "answers": [{"text": "a video link", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for videophone calls?", "id": "570af0f8ec8fbc190045b78c", "answers": [{"text": "video chat", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Videophone calls", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What technology serves sophisticated software clients and not groups?", "id": "5a1f7b8554a786001a36b2db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "serve individuals, not groups", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "How does increased bandwidth differ from point-to-point calls?", "id": "5a1f7b8554a786001a36b2dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Skype", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What is an example of a teleconferencing program?", "id": "5a1f7b8554a786001a36b2dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a video link", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "What are software clients and multiple parties commonly called?", "id": "5a1f7b8554a786001a36b2de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Videophone calls", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of call is another name for point-to-point chat?", "id": "5a1f7b8554a786001a36b2df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link."}], ["Dalam industri filem yang semakin global, videoconferencing telah menjadi berguna sebagai satu kaedah di mana bakat kreatif di banyak lokasi yang berbeza boleh bekerjasama rapat dengan butiran kompleks pengeluaran filem. Sebagai contoh, untuk filem animasi yang memenangi anugerah 2013 Frozen, Walt Disney Animation Studios yang berpangkalan di Burbank mengupah pasukan penyanyi suami-dan-isteri Robert Lopez dan Christian Anderson-Lopez yang berpangkalan di New York City untuk menulis lagu yang memerlukan dua -jelajah video kontemporari selama hampir hampir setiap hari selama 14 bulan. <> Dalam industri apa videoconferencing menjadi berguna? || filem <> Pada filem apa videoconferencing digunakan secara meluas? || Beku <> Tahun apakah filem Frozen dikeluarkan? || 2013 <> Di mana bandar adalah pasukan penulisan lagu Frozen? || New York City <> Berapa bulan penulis lagu bekerja di filem melalui videoconferencing? || 14 <> Bagaimana videoconferencing menjadi berguna dalam industri penulisan lagu? || <> Dalam industri apa yang menggunakan lokasi berbeza menjadi berguna? || <> Dalam tahun apakah industri filem global? || <> Berapa lama penulis lagu berfungsi di lokasi yang berbeza melalui videoconferencing? || <> Pada filem apakah yang rumit mengenai pengeluaran filem yang digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?", "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66c", "answers": [{"text": "film", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what film was videoconferencing widely used?", "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66d", "answers": [{"text": "Frozen", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the movie Frozen released?", "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66e", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?", "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f66f", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?", "id": "570afaaa6b8089140040f670", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "How has videoconferencing become useful in the songwriting industry?", "id": "5a1f785854a786001a36b2d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "film industry", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "In what industry has using different locations become useful?", "id": "5a1f785854a786001a36b2d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "In what year was the film industry globalized?", "id": "5a1f785854a786001a36b2d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "How long did songwriters work in different locations through videoconferencing?", "id": "5a1f785854a786001a36b2d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frozen", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "On what movie were complex details of film production used?", "id": "5a1f785854a786001a36b2d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months."}], ["MC mengawal persidangan semasa ia aktif pada pesawat isyarat, yang mana hanya sistem yang mengendalikan penciptaan persidangan, isyarat endpoint dan kawalan dalam konferensi. Komponen ini mengaitkan parameter dengan setiap titik akhir dalam rangkaian dan mengawal sumber persidangan. Semasa MC mengawal sumber dan memberi isyarat rundingan, MP mengendalikan pesawat media dan menerima media dari setiap titik akhir. Ahli Parlimen menjana aliran output dari setiap titik akhir dan mengalihkan maklumat ke titik akhir lain dalam persidangan tersebut. <> Apa yang mengawal persidangan semasa aktif pada pesawat isyarat? || MC <> Di manakah sistem videoconferencing mengurus penciptaan persidangan? || isyarat isyarat <> Apakah satu contoh dari apa yang dimaksudkan dengan penunjuk pesawat dalam sistem videoconferencing? || tanda isyarat endpoint <> Pada satah apa yang MC beroperasi? || pesawat media <> Apa yang menghasilkan aliran output dari setiap titik akhir? || Ahli Parlimen <> Apakah kawalan MP semasa aktif pada pesawat isyarat? || <> Di manakah sistem menguruskan aliran output semasa ia aktif? || <> Apakah yang diterima oleh MC dari kawalan dalam konferensi? || <> Apakah satah isyarat dengan maklumat dalam persidangan? || <> Apakah rundingan berunding yang dilakukan oleh MP? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?", "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b77e", "answers": [{"text": "The MC", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?", "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b77f", "answers": [{"text": "the signaling plane", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?", "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b780", "answers": [{"text": "endpoint signaling", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what plane does the MC operate?", "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b781", "answers": [{"text": "the media plane", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What generates output streams from each endpoint?", "id": "570aedcfec8fbc190045b782", "answers": [{"text": "The MP", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the conferencing", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What does the MP control while active on the signaling plane?", "id": "5a1f590a54a786001a36b277", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the signaling plane", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "Where does the system manage output streams while it is active?", "id": "5a1f590a54a786001a36b278", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "media", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "What does the MC receive from in-conferencing controls?", "id": "5a1f590a54a786001a36b279", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What does the signaling plane do with information in a conference?", "id": "5a1f590a54a786001a36b27a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the media plane", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What signaling negotiations does the MP operate on?", "id": "5a1f590a54a786001a36b27b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference."}], ["Sambungan Internet berkelajuan tinggi telah menjadi lebih banyak tersedia pada kos yang munasabah dan kos penangkapan video dan teknologi paparan telah menurun. Akibatnya, sistem persidangan video peribadi berdasarkan webcam, sistem komputer peribadi, pemampatan perisian dan sambungan Internet jalur lebar telah menjadi terjangkau kepada orang awam. Selain itu, perkakasan yang digunakan untuk teknologi ini terus bertambah baik dalam kualiti, dan harga telah menurun secara dramatik. Ketersediaan freeware (selalunya sebagai sebahagian daripada program perbualan) telah menjadikan videoconferencing berasaskan perisian diakses kepada banyak orang. <> Teknologi apa yang telah menjadi lebih luas dan mampu dimiliki? || Sambungan Internet berkelajuan tinggi <> Apa contoh alat sistem penyambungan video peribadi? || webcam <> Apa yang telah membuat sambungan video boleh diakses oleh ramai? || Ketersediaan freeware <> Videoconferencing freeware boleh didapati secara meluas dalam program apa? || program sembang <> Apa yang telah menjadi lebih tersedia kerana ketersediaan perisian percuma telah menurun? || <> Apa yang mempunyai akses kepada webcam yang dilakukan untuk penyambungan video? || <> Apa yang berlaku selepas sambungan internet untuk teknologi telah bertambah baik? || <> Apa jenis program yang menangkap video biasanya sebahagian daripada? || <> Apa yang menjadikan internet berkelajuan tinggi dapat diakses oleh banyak pihak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What technology has become more widely available and affordable?", "id": "570aef486b8089140040f61e", "answers": [{"text": "High speed Internet connectivity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?", "id": "570aef486b8089140040f61f", "answers": [{"text": "webcam", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?", "id": "570aef486b8089140040f620", "answers": [{"text": "The availability of freeware", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?", "id": "570aef486b8089140040f621", "answers": [{"text": "chat programs", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "High speed Internet connectivity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has become more available as the availability of freeware has decreased?", "id": "5a1f5f2954a786001a36b28b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What has having access to a webcam done for videoconferencing?", "id": "5a1f5f2954a786001a36b28c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prices have dropped dramatically", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What has happened after internet connectivity for technology has improved?", "id": "5a1f5f2954a786001a36b28d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "part of chat programs", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "What type of programs is video capture usually a part of?", "id": "5a1f5f2954a786001a36b28e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The availability of freeware", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What has made high speed internet accessible to many?", "id": "5a1f5f2954a786001a36b28f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many."}], ["Sistem videoconferencing biasanya lebih tinggi daripada videophone dan melambangkan keupayaan yang lebih besar. Satu konferensi video (juga dikenali sebagai videoteleconference) membolehkan dua atau lebih lokasi untuk berkomunikasi melalui video secara langsung dan serentak dua hala dan penghantaran audio. Ini sering dicapai dengan penggunaan unit kawalan multipoint (sistem pengurusan pengedaran dan panggilan terpusat) atau dengan keupayaan multipoint yang tidak berpusat yang sama yang tertanam dalam setiap unit videoconferencing. Sekali lagi, penambahbaikan teknologi telah mengelakkan definisi tradisional dengan membenarkan banyak video konvokesyen melalui aplikasi berasaskan web. <> Apakah persidangan video juga dikenali sebagai? || videoteleconference <> Apa penggunaan video-conference yang membolehkan komunikasi dalam situasi hidup? || unit kawalan multipoint <> Apakah unit kawalan berbilang titik? || sistem pengurusan panggilan <> Bagaimana video-conferencing membenarkan pelbagai pihak untuk berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain? || aplikasi berasaskan web <> Berapa banyak lokasi yang boleh digunakan oleh videoconference untuk? || dua atau lebih <> Apakah aplikasi berasaskan web lebih mahal daripada? || <> Bagaimana cara videophone membenarkan komunikasi langsung? || <> Apakah videophone yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Berapa banyak lokasi yang boleh anda gunakan dalam videophone? || <> Apa yang telah dibeli oleh videophones dengan menerangkan definisi tradisional? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a video-conference also known as?", "id": "570afc276b8089140040f680", "answers": [{"text": "videoteleconference", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?", "id": "570afc276b8089140040f681", "answers": [{"text": "a multipoint control unit", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a multi-point control unit?", "id": "570afc276b8089140040f682", "answers": [{"text": "call management system", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?", "id": "570afc276b8089140040f683", "answers": [{"text": "web-based applications", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?", "id": "570afc276b8089140040f684", "answers": [{"text": "two or more", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a videophone", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is a web-based application more expensive than?", "id": "5a1f7dfd54a786001a36b2e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a multipoint control unit", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "How does a videophone allow live communication?", "id": "5a1f7dfd54a786001a36b2e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "videoteleconference", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What is a videophone also known as?", "id": "5a1f7dfd54a786001a36b2e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two or more", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "How many locations can you use a videophone in?", "id": "5a1f7dfd54a786001a36b2e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "What have videophones allowed by going around traditional definitions?", "id": "5a1f7dfd54a786001a36b2e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications."}], ["Ia hanya pada tahun 1980-an bahawa rangkaian penghantaran telefoni digital menjadi mungkin, seperti dengan rangkaian ISDN, menjamin kadar bit minimum (biasanya 128 kilobit / s) untuk penghantaran video dan audio yang dimampatkan. Pada masa ini, terdapat juga penyelidikan ke dalam bentuk lain video digital dan komunikasi audio. Kebanyakan teknologi ini, seperti ruang Media, tidak banyak digunakan hari ini sebagai videoconferencing tetapi masih merupakan bidang penyelidikan yang penting. Sistem berdedikasi pertama mula muncul di pasaran kerana rangkaian ISDN berkembang di seluruh dunia. Salah satu sistem penyiaran video komersil pertama yang dijual kepada syarikat-syarikat datang dari PictureTel Corp., yang mempunyai Tawaran Awam Awal pada bulan November, 1984. <> Dalam apa dekad adalah transmisi teleponi digital dimungkinkan? || 1980-an <> Apakah kadar bit minimum untuk video dan penghantaran audio yang dimampatkan? || 128 kilobit / s <> Apakah contoh bentuk awal video digital dan komunikasi audio? || ruang Media <> Dalam bentuk apa yang dilakukan sistem penyiaran video yang pertama yang dibentangkan sebagai? || Rangkaian ISDN <> Apa syarikat menawarkan sistem penyiaran video komersial pertama? || PictureTel Corp. <> Bilakah transmisi video dan audio wujud? || <> Pada bulan November, 1984, apa lagi yang sedang dikaji? || <> Apa bit bit minimum yang lain tidak digunakan secara meluas sebagai videoconferencing? || <> Apa yang mula muncul apabila ruang Media berkembang di seluruh dunia? || <> Di manakah penghantaran video termampat pertama yang dijual dijual? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?", "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f614", "answers": [{"text": "the 1980s", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?", "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f615", "answers": [{"text": "128 kilobits/s", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?", "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f616", "answers": [{"text": "the Media space", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?", "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f617", "answers": [{"text": "ISDN networks", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?", "id": "570aec4d6b8089140040f618", "answers": [{"text": "PictureTel Corp.", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the 1980s", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did video and audio transmission come into being?", "id": "5a1f24463de3f40018b26518", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "other forms of digital video and audio communication", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "In November, 1984, what else was being researched?", "id": "5a1f24463de3f40018b26519", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Media space", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What other minimum bit rate is not as widely used as videoconferencing?", "id": "5a1f24463de3f40018b2651a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The first dedicated systems", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What started to appear as the Media space was expanding world wide?", "id": "5a1f24463de3f40018b2651b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PictureTel Corp.", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "Where did the first compressed video transmission that was sold sold come from?", "id": "5a1f24463de3f40018b2651c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984."}], ["Teknik ini sangat mahal, dan tidak boleh digunakan untuk aplikasi seperti telemedicine, pendidikan jarak jauh, dan mesyuarat perniagaan. Percubaan menggunakan rangkaian teleponi biasa untuk menghantar video lambat-scan, seperti sistem pertama yang dibangunkan oleh AT & T Corporation, yang pertama diteliti pada tahun 1950-an, gagal kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh kualiti gambar yang kurang baik dan kekurangan teknik pemampatan video yang efisien. Lebih lebar 1 MHz dan 6 Mbit / s bit Picturephone pada tahun 1970-an juga tidak mencapai kejayaan komersial, kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh kos yang tinggi, tetapi juga disebabkan oleh kekurangan kesan rangkaian - dengan hanya beberapa ratus Picturephones dalam dunia, pengguna mempunyai sangat sedikit kenalan yang sebenarnya mereka boleh panggil, dan interoperability dengan sistem videophone lain tidak akan wujud selama beberapa dekad. <> Apakah satu kawasan di mana telekonferensi tidak boleh digunakan? || telemedicine <> Siapa yang membangunkan sistem pertama untuk menghantar video perlahan-imbas? || AT & T Corporation <> Bilakah sistem video perlahan-imbasan pertama diteliti? || 1950-an <> Apakah kadar bit AT & T's Picturephone? || 6 Mbit / s <> Berapakah lebar jalur AT Picturephone? || 1 MHz <> Siapa yang mengembangkan sistem pertama untuk menghantar pendidikan jarak jauh? || <> Di mana kawasan mesyuarat perniagaan tidak boleh digunakan? || <> Mengapa menggunakan mesyuarat perniagaan untuk menghantar video perlahan-imbas gagal? || <> Pada tahun 1950 mengapa Picturephone tidak berjaya? || <> Berapa banyak rangkaian telefoni di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?", "id": "570b00026b8089140040f69e", "answers": [{"text": "telemedicine", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?", "id": "570b00026b8089140040f69f", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T Corporation", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?", "id": "570b00026b8089140040f6a0", "answers": [{"text": "the 1950s", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?", "id": "570b00026b8089140040f6a1", "answers": [{"text": "6 Mbit/s", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?", "id": "570b00026b8089140040f6a2", "answers": [{"text": "1 MHz", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AT&T Corporation", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Who developed the first system to transmit distance education?", "id": "5a1f22043de3f40018b2650e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "telemedicine", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "In what area could business meetings not be used?", "id": "5a1f22043de3f40018b2650f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques.", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "Why did using business meetings to transmit slow-scan video fail?", "id": "5a1f22043de3f40018b26510", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "In the 1950's why did the Picturephone not become a success?", "id": "5a1f22043de3f40018b26511", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only a few hundred", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "How many telephony networks were there in the world?", "id": "5a1f22043de3f40018b26512", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect \u2014with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades."}], ["Salah satu demonstrasi pertama keupayaan telekomunikasi untuk membantu pengguna bahasa isyarat berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain berlaku apabila videophone AT & T (cap dagang sebagai \"Picturephone\") telah diperkenalkan kepada orang ramai pada tahun 1964 Fair New York World - pengguna dua pekak dapat berkomunikasi dengan bebas antara satu sama lain di antara bandar yang adil dan yang lain. Pelbagai universiti dan organisasi lain, termasuk kemudahan Martlesham British Telecom, juga telah melakukan penyelidikan yang luas untuk menandatangani melalui videotelephony. Penggunaan bahasa isyarat melalui videotelephony telah terhalang selama bertahun-tahun disebabkan oleh kesukaran penggunaannya di atas saluran telefon tembaga analog yang perlahan, ditambah dengan kos yang lebih tinggi daripada rangkaian telefon ISDN (data) yang lebih baik. Faktor-faktor tersebut sebahagian besarnya hilang dengan pengenalan codec video yang lebih efisien dan kemunculan data ISDN berkelajuan tinggi dan perkhidmatan IP (Internet) yang lebih rendah pada tahun 1990-an. <> Apa syarikat memperkenalkan peranti pertama untuk membantu orang pekak berkomunikasi melalui telekomunikasi? || AT & T <> Apakah nama peranti Videophone AT & T? || Picturephone <> Dalam tahun apakah peranti AT & T \"Picturephone\" diperkenalkan? || 1964 <> Di mana peranti \"Picturephone\" AT & T dilancarkan? || 1964 New York World Fair <> Dalam dekad apa cara yang lebih cekap menggunakan bahasa isyarat melalui video-telephony dibangunkan? || 1990-an <> Dimana Picturephone diperkenalkan pada tahun 1990-an? || <> Di manakah universiti boleh berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain di pameran itu? || <> Apakah organisasi yang menjalankan kajian mengenai talian telefon ISDN? || <> Bagaimana codec video terhalang selama bertahun-tahun? || <> Apa yang diperkenalkan untuk membuat penyelidikan yang lebih luas lebih mudah melalui telefon video? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?", "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f658", "answers": [{"text": "AT&T", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?", "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f659", "answers": [{"text": "Picturephone", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device introduced?", "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f65a", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device unveiled?", "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f65b", "answers": [{"text": "1964 New York World's Fair", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?", "id": "570af9ad6b8089140040f65c", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 906}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the 1964 New York World's Fair", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "Where was the Picturephone introduced in the 1990's?", "id": "5a1f6cbe54a786001a36b2b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between the fair and another city", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Where were universities able to communicate with each other at the fair?", "id": "5a1f6cbe54a786001a36b2b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Telecom's Martlesham facility", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What organization conducted research on ISDN phone lines?", "id": "5a1f6cbe54a786001a36b2b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines", "answer_start": 604}], "question": "How were video codecs hampered for years?", "id": "5a1f6cbe54a786001a36b2b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services", "answer_start": 794}], "question": "What was introduced to make extensive research easier over video telephony?", "id": "5a1f6cbe54a786001a36b2b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the \"Picturephone\") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair \u2013two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s."}], ["Perkembangan teknologi oleh pemaju video konferensi pada tahun 2010 telah memperluaskan keupayaan sistem persidangan video di luar dewan ruang untuk kegunaan dengan peranti mudah alih yang menggabungkan penggunaan penyiaran keupayaan video, audio dan skrin pada masa nyata melalui rangkaian yang selamat, bebas daripada lokasi. Sistem kolaborasi mudah alih kini membolehkan ramai orang dalam lokasi yang tidak dapat dicapai sebelumnya, seperti pekerja di pelantar minyak di luar pantai, keupayaan untuk melihat dan membincangkan isu-isu dengan rakan sekerja beribu-ribu batu jauhnya. Pengeluar sistem penyambungan video tradisional telah mula menyediakan aplikasi mudah alih juga, seperti yang membolehkan aliran hidup dan imej tetap. <> Dalam apa dekad apakah pemaju memperluaskan kemampuan videoconferencing ke lebih banyak peranti? || 2010 yang <> Apa yang membolehkan orang di lokasi terpencil keupayaan untuk persidangan video dengan rakan-rakan jauh? || Sistem kolaborasi mudah alih <> Apa salah satu contoh aplikasi yang telah dimulakan oleh pengeluar videoconferencing? || masih imej streaming <> Apakah jenis aplikasi yang mempunyai videoconferencing pengeluar mula ditawarkan? || mobile <> Apa contoh tempat yang boleh digunakan oleh videoconferencing hari ini? || peranti mudah alih yang dipegang <> Apa yang mempunyai pengeluar sistem kolaborasi moblie disediakan? || <> Apakah penggunaan video dilakukan pada tahun 2010? || <> Apakah satu jenis aplikasi yang menawarkan pengeluar kerjasama mudah alih? || <> Apa yang mempunyai pemaju video yang dibuat untuk digunakan dengan pelantar minyak di luar pantai? || <> Apa yang masih dibenarkan streaming imej? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?", "id": "570af6876b8089140040f644", "answers": [{"text": "the 2010s", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?", "id": "570af6876b8089140040f645", "answers": [{"text": "Mobile collaboration systems", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?", "id": "570af6876b8089140040f646", "answers": [{"text": "still image streaming", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?", "id": "570af6876b8089140040f647", "answers": [{"text": "mobile", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?", "id": "570af6876b8089140040f648", "answers": [{"text": "hand-held mobile devices", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mobile applications", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "What have moblie collaboration system manufacturers provided?", "id": "5a1f38073de3f40018b26540", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What has the use of video done in the 2010's?", "id": "5a1f38073de3f40018b26541", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "live and still image streaming", "answer_start": 680}], "question": "What is one type of application that mobile collaboration manufacturers offer?", "id": "5a1f38073de3f40018b26542", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What have videoconferencing developers created for use with off shore oil rigs?", "id": "5a1f38073de3f40018b26543", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What does still image streaming allow?", "id": "5a1f38073de3f40018b26544", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming."}], ["Videoconferencing menyediakan pelajar dengan peluang untuk belajar dengan menyertai forum komunikasi dua hala. Selain itu, guru dan pensyarah di seluruh dunia boleh dibawa ke kemudahan pendidikan terpencil atau terpencil. Pelajar dari pelbagai masyarakat dan latar belakang boleh datang bersama untuk belajar tentang satu sama lain, walaupun halangan bahasa akan terus berlanjut. Pelajar tersebut dapat meneroka, berkomunikasi, menganalisis dan berkongsi maklumat dan idea antara satu sama lain. Melalui videoconferencing, para pelajar boleh melawat bahagian lain di dunia untuk bercakap dengan rakan sebaya mereka, dan melawat muzium dan kemudahan pendidikan. Lawatan lapangan maya itu boleh memberikan peluang pembelajaran yang diperkaya kepada pelajar, terutamanya yang berada di lokasi terpencil secara geografi, dan yang kurang bernasib baik dari segi ekonomi. Sekolah-sekolah kecil boleh menggunakan teknologi ini untuk mengumpulkan sumber dan menyediakan kursus, seperti dalam bahasa asing, yang tidak boleh ditawarkan. <> Apa yang boleh menjejaki video menawarkan pelajar? || berpartisipasi dalam forum komunikasi dua hala <> Siapa yang boleh mendapat manfaat daripada forum komunikasi dua hala? || pelajar <> Apakah halangan utama untuk konferensi video antara sesetengah komuniti? || bahasa <> Apa salah satu contoh bagaimana pelajar boleh mendapat manfaat daripada videoconferencing? || perjalanan lapangan maya <> Apakah satu pengalaman yang boleh dicapai oleh pelajar menggunakan video conference? || melawat muzium <> Apa yang kawasan geografi terpencil memberi kepada pelajar? || <> Siapa yang boleh dibawa ke sekolah kecil untuk membantu pelajar belajar? || <> Apa yang akan berterusan apabila guru dan pensyarah dibawa bersama? || <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh pelajar melalui lokasi terpencil secara geografi || <> Siapa yang boleh belajar dari forum bahasa asing? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can videoconferencing offer students?", "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79c", "answers": [{"text": "participating in two-way communication forums", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?", "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79d", "answers": [{"text": "students", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?", "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79e", "answers": [{"text": "language", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?", "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b79f", "answers": [{"text": "virtual field trips", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?", "id": "570af885ec8fbc190045b7a0", "answers": [{"text": "visit museums", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What do geographically isolated areas provide to students?", "id": "5a1f69a754a786001a36b29f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "teachers and lecturers worldwide", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Who can  be brought to small schools to help students learn?", "id": "5a1f69a754a786001a36b2a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "language barriers", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What will persist when teachers and lecturers are brought together?", "id": "5a1f69a754a786001a36b2a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What can students do through geographically isolated locations", "id": "5a1f69a754a786001a36b2a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "students", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who can learn from foreign language forums?", "id": "5a1f69a754a786001a36b2a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered."}], ["Perkhidmatan VRS telah berkembang maju secara nasional di Sweden sejak 1997 dan juga di Amerika Syarikat sejak dekad pertama tahun 2000-an. Kecuali Sweden, VRS telah disediakan di Eropah hanya selama beberapa tahun sejak pertengahan 2000-an, dan pada 2010 belum tersedia di banyak negara-negara Kesatuan Eropah, dengan kebanyakan negara Eropah masih kekurangan perundangan atau pembiayaan untuk perkhidmatan VRS berskala besar, dan menyediakan peralatan telekomunikasi yang diperlukan kepada pengguna pekak. Jerman dan negara-negara Nordic adalah antara pemimpin-pemimpin lain di Eropah, sementara Amerika Syarikat merupakan pemimpin dunia yang lain dalam penyediaan perkhidmatan VRS. <> Dalam apa negara Eropah mempunyai perkhidmatan VRS menjadi maju? || Sweden <> Apa salah satu sebab mengapa perkhidmatan VRS tidak berada di kebanyakan negara Eropah? || pembiayaan <> Apa negara Eropah adalah peneraju dalam menyediakan perkhidmatan VRS kepada rakyatnya? || Jerman <> Negara apakah pemimpin dunia dalam menyediakan perkhidmatan VRS? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang telah berkembang di Jerman sejak tahun 1997? || <> Apa yang Kesatuan Eropah menjadi pemimpin dunia dalam menyediakan? || <> Mengapa perkhidmatan VRS tidak di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Berapa lamakah Jerman menawarkan perkhidmatan VRS sejak tahun 2000? || <> Di manakah undang-undang dan pembiayaan berkembang maju di Eropah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what European country has VRS services become well developed?", "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b842", "answers": [{"text": "Sweden", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?", "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b843", "answers": [{"text": "financing", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?", "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b844", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?", "id": "570b2117ec8fbc190045b845", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VRS services", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has become developed in Germany since 1997?", "id": "5a1f6f6654a786001a36b2bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VRS services", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "What has the European Union become a world leader in providing?", "id": "5a1f6f6654a786001a36b2be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "financing", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Why are VRS services not in the United States?", "id": "5a1f6f6654a786001a36b2bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only a few years", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "For how long has Germany offered VRS services since the 2000's?", "id": "5a1f6f6654a786001a36b2c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sweden", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Where has legislation and financing become well developed in Europe?", "id": "5a1f6f6654a786001a36b2c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2005, sistem persidangan video definisi tinggi yang pertama, yang dihasilkan oleh LifeSize Communications, dipaparkan di pameran perdagangan Interop di Las Vegas, Nevada, mampu menyediakan video pada 30 bingkai sesaat dengan resolusi paparan 1280 hingga 720. Polycom memperkenalkan sistem persidangan video definisi tinggi yang pertama ke pasaran pada tahun 2006. Pada tahun 2010, resolusi definisi tinggi untuk penyiaran video menjadi ciri yang popular, dengan kebanyakan pembekal utama dalam pasaran persidangan video menawarkannya. <> Tahun apakah sistem persidangan video HD pertama dipaparkan? || 2005 <> Siapa yang menghasilkan sistem persidangan video definisi tinggi yang pertama? || LifeSize Communications <> Di mana sistem persidangan video HD pertama dipaparkan? || Las Vegas, Nevada <> Syarikat apa yang memperkenalkan sistem persidangan video HD pertama ke pasaran umum? || Polycom <> Apakah resolusi sistem persidangan video HD pertama? || 1280 oleh 720 <> Pada tahun 2006, apa yang dihasilkan oleh Lifesize Comunications? || <> Di mana Polycom dipaparkan pada bulan Mei 2005? || <> Apakah komunikasi LifeSize memperkenalkan pada tahun 2006? || <> Bilakah Interlop menjadi ciri popular? || <> Apa yang paling pembekal dalam tawaran pasaran resolusi paparan pada 2010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?", "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f768", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?", "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f769", "answers": [{"text": "LifeSize Communications", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?", "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f76a", "answers": [{"text": "Las Vegas, Nevada", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?", "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f76b", "answers": [{"text": "Polycom", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?", "id": "570b221b6b8089140040f76c", "answers": [{"text": "1280 by 720", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first high definition video conferencing systems", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "In 2006, what was produced by Lifesize Comunications?", "id": "5a1f2bc43de3f40018b26536", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Where was Polycom displayed in May 2005?", "id": "5a1f2bc43de3f40018b26537", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its first high definition video conferencing system to the market", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "What did LifeSize Communications introduce in 2006?", "id": "5a1f2bc43de3f40018b26538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "As of the 2010s", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "When did Interlop become a popular feature?", "id": "5a1f2bc43de3f40018b26539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high definition resolution for videoconferencing", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What did most suppliers in the display resolution market offer in the 2010's?", "id": "5a1f2bc43de3f40018b2653a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it."}], ["Teknologi teras yang digunakan dalam sistem videoconferencing adalah pemampatan digital audio dan video aliran dalam masa nyata. Perkakasan atau perisian yang melakukan pemampatan dipanggil codec (coder / decoder). Kadar pemampatan sehingga 1: 500 dapat dicapai. Aliran digital dihasilkan dari 1s dan 0s dibahagikan kepada paket berlabel, yang kemudiannya dihantar melalui rangkaian digital semacam (biasanya ISDN atau IP). Penggunaan modem audio dalam talian penghantaran membenarkan penggunaan POTS atau Sistem Telefon Lama Plain, dalam beberapa aplikasi berkelajuan rendah, seperti videotelephony, kerana mereka menukar denyutan digital ke / dari gelombang analog dalam pelbagai spektrum audio . <> Apakah perisian yang melakukan pemampatan audio dan / atau video? || codec (coder / decoder) <> Seberapa tinggi kadar mampatan boleh pergi? || 1: 500 <> Apakah satu rangkaian digital yang mana aliran digital boleh dihantar? || IP <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh POTS? || Sistem Telefon Lama Plain <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh POTS? || menukar denyutan digital ke / dari gelombang analog <> Apakah rangkaian digital teras yang digunakan dalam sistem videoconferencing? || <> Apakah aplikasi kelajuan rendah yang melakukan mampatan? || <> Seberapa tinggi modem audio boleh pergi? || <> Apakah yang ditransmisikan melalui aplikasi kelajuan rendah semacam? || <> Apakah yang akan ditukar ISDN dalam spektrum audio? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?", "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b830", "answers": [{"text": "a codec (coder/decoder)", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high can compression rates go?", "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b831", "answers": [{"text": "1:500", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?", "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b832", "answers": [{"text": "IP", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does POTS stand for?", "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b833", "answers": [{"text": "Plain Old Telephone System", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do POTS do?", "id": "570b1cf5ec8fbc190045b834", "answers": [{"text": "convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "digital compression of audio and video streams in real time", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What is the core digital network used in a videoconferencing system?", "id": "5a1f508a54a786001a36b263", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a codec (coder/decoder)", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What is the low speed application that performs compression?", "id": "5a1f508a54a786001a36b264", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up to 1:500", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "How high can audio modems go?", "id": "5a1f508a54a786001a36b265", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What is transmitted through low speed applications of some kind?", "id": "5a1f508a54a786001a36b266", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the digital pulses to/from analog waves", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "What does an ISDN convert in the audio spectrum range?", "id": "5a1f508a54a786001a36b267", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range."}], ["Videoconferencing adalah teknologi yang sangat berguna untuk telemedicine masa nyata dan aplikasi telenursing, seperti diagnosis, perundingan, penghantaran gambar perubatan, dan lain-lain ... Dengan videoconferencing, pesakit boleh menghubungi jururawat dan doktor dalam keadaan kecemasan atau rutin; pakar perubatan dan profesional paramedik lain boleh membincangkan kes-kes di jarak yang jauh. Kawasan luar bandar boleh menggunakan teknologi ini untuk tujuan diagnostik, oleh itu menyelamatkan nyawa dan menggunakan wang penjagaan kesihatan yang lebih cekap. Sebagai contoh, sebuah pusat perubatan luar bandar di Ohio, Amerika Syarikat, menggunakan konferens video untuk berjaya memotong jumlah pemindahan bayi yang sakit ke hospital sejauh 70 batu (110 km). Ini sebelum ini kos hampir $ 10,000 setiap pemindahan. <> Apa salahnya cara videoconferencing berguna? || telemedicine masa nyata <> Bidang apa yang bermanfaat terutamanya dari video conference? || Pedesaan <> Dalam apa keadaan AS menggunakan kawasan luar bandar menggunakan video konferensi untuk membantu mengurangkan jumlah pemindahan bayi yang sakit ke hospital? || Ohio <> Seberapa jauh hospital dari kawasan luar bandar ini? || 70 mil <> Berapa banyak wang yang disokong oleh videoconferencing membantu kawasan luar bandar ini? || $ 10,000 setiap pemindahan <> Bidang apa yang membuat hubungan dengan jururawat lebih diperkemas? || <> Berapakah kos untuk menghubungi doktor di luar bandar Ohio? || <> Di manakah pusat perubatan menggunakan penghantaran gambar perubatan untuk mengurangkan kos? || <> Seberapa jauh doktor dari kawasan luar bandar di Ohio? || <> Apa yang membolehkan pusat perubatan membincangkan kes-kes di jarak yang jauh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?", "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f746", "answers": [{"text": "real-time telemedicine", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? ", "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f747", "answers": [{"text": "Rural", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? ", "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f748", "answers": [{"text": "Ohio", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far away was the hospital from this rural area?", "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f749", "answers": [{"text": "70 miles", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?", "id": "570b1f6b6b8089140040f74a", "answers": [{"text": "$10,000 per transfer", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rural areas", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What areas make contacting nurses more streamlined?", "id": "5a1f6b1454a786001a36b2a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$10,000", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "How much did it cost to contact a doctor in rural Ohio?", "id": "5a1f6b1454a786001a36b2aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ohio", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "Where did a medical center use transmission of medical images to cut costs?", "id": "5a1f6b1454a786001a36b2ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70 miles (110 km) away", "answer_start": 655}], "question": "How far away was the doctor from the rural area in Ohio?", "id": "5a1f6b1454a786001a36b2ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "videoconferencing", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What allows medical centers to discuss cases across large distances?", "id": "5a1f6b1454a786001a36b2ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer."}], ["Video videoconferencing serentak di antara tiga atau lebih mata jauh boleh dilakukan melalui Unit Kawalan Multipoint (MCU). Ini adalah jambatan yang menghubungkan panggilan dari beberapa sumber (dengan cara yang sama dengan panggilan persidangan audio). Semua pihak memanggil MCU, atau MCU juga boleh memanggil pihak-pihak yang akan mengambil bahagian, dalam urutan. Terdapat jambatan MCU untuk penyiaran video berasaskan IP dan ISDN. Terdapat MCU yang merupakan perisian tulen, dan yang lain adalah kombinasi perkakasan dan perisian. MCU dicirikan mengikut bilangan panggilan serentak yang dapat dikendalikan, keupayaannya untuk melakukan transposing kadar data dan protokol, dan ciri-ciri seperti Kehadiran Berterusan, di mana pelbagai pihak boleh dilihat pada skrin sekali gus. MCU boleh menjadi peranti perkakasan yang berdiri sendiri, atau mereka boleh dimasukkan ke dalam unit video konvokesyen yang khusus. <> Apa yang membolehkan konferensi video menghubungkan tiga atau lebih mata jauh? || Unit Kawalan Multipoint (MCU) <> Apakah satu jenis jambatan MCU? || IP <> Dalam apa cara boleh dicirikan oleh MCU? || bilangan panggilan serentak yang boleh mengendalikan <> Ciri apa yang membolehkan MCU membenarkan pelbagai pihak dilihat pada skrin pada masa yang sama? || Kehadiran Berterusan <> Di mana bolehkah MCU dibenamkan? || unit videoconferencing berdedikasi <> Apa yang membuat konferensi video antara Kehadiran Berterusan mungkin? || <> Apakah satu perkara yang menyerupai ISDN? || <> Ciri apa yang membolehkan lebih daripada satu orang mengambil bahagian dalam urutan? || <> Apakah poin terpencil yang dibuat? || <> Apakah satu jenis panggilan serentak yang berfungsi sebagai jambatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?", "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81c", "answers": [{"text": "Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one type of MCU bridge?", "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81d", "answers": [{"text": "IP", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what way can an MCU be characterized?", "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81e", "answers": [{"text": "the number of simultaneous calls it can handle", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?", "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b81f", "answers": [{"text": "Continuous Presence", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can an MCU be embedded?", "id": "570b198fec8fbc190045b820", "answers": [{"text": "dedicated videoconferencing units", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What makes videoconferencing between Continuous Presence possible?", "id": "5a1f561654a786001a36b26d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the number of simultaneous calls it can handle", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "What is one thing that characterizes an ISDN?", "id": "5a1f561654a786001a36b26e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Continuous Presence", "answer_start": 676}], "question": "What feature lets more than one person participate in sequence?", "id": "5a1f561654a786001a36b26f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software.", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What are remote points made of?", "id": "5a1f561654a786001a36b270", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IP", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What is one type of simultaneous call that acts as a bridge?", "id": "5a1f561654a786001a36b271", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units."}], ["Sesetengah sistem berkemampuan menimbulkan pelbagai persidangan tanpa MCU, berdiri sendiri, tertanam atau sebaliknya. Ini menggunakan teknik H.323 berasaskan piawaian yang dikenali sebagai \"multi-decentralized multipoint\", di mana setiap stesen dalam pertukaran berbilang panggilan video dan audio terus dengan stesen-stesen lain tanpa pusat \"pengurus\" atau kesesakan lain. Kelebihan teknik ini adalah bahawa video dan audio pada umumnya akan lebih tinggi kerana mereka tidak perlu disampaikan melalui titik pusat. Juga, pengguna boleh membuat panggilan berbilang ad hoc tanpa sebarang kebimbangan mengenai ketersediaan atau kawalan MCU. Kemudahan dan kemudahan ini ditambah dengan perbelanjaan sesetengah jalur lebar rangkaian yang meningkat, kerana setiap stesen mesti dihantar terus ke setiap stesen lain. <> Apakah sistem yang tidak menggunakan MCU untuk melaksanakan persidangan berbilang? || teknik H.323 berasaskan standard <> Apakah satu kelebihan menggunakan teknik H.323? || kualiti yang lebih tinggi <> Apa salahnya menggunakan teknik H.323? || peningkatan jalur lebar rangkaian <> Apakah teknik H.323 yang juga dikenali sebagai? || multipoint desentralized <> Mengapa video dan audio teknik H.323 lebih tinggi? || mereka tidak perlu dihantarkan melalui titik pusat <> Apa yang mampu berkompromi dengan pelbagai tanpa teknik H.323? || <> Teknik apa yang digunakan yang menghantar kepada MCU? || <> Apakah kelemahan utama menggunakan teknik MCU? || <> Apakah sistem yang menggunakan MCU, gunakan untuk persidangan video? || <> Apakah kelebihan menggunakan panggilan berbilang ad hoc? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?", "id": "570b24776b8089140040f786", "answers": [{"text": "a standards-based H.323 technique", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?", "id": "570b24776b8089140040f787", "answers": [{"text": "higher quality", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?", "id": "570b24776b8089140040f788", "answers": [{"text": "increased network bandwidth", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the H.323 technique also known as?", "id": "570b24776b8089140040f789", "answers": [{"text": "decentralized multipoint", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?", "id": "570b24776b8089140040f78a", "answers": [{"text": "they don't have to be relayed through a central point", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Some systems", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is capable of multipoint conferencing without the H.323 technique?", "id": "5a1f5c2554a786001a36b281", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"decentralized multipoint\"", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What technique is used that transmits to an MCU?", "id": "5a1f5c2554a786001a36b282", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased network bandwidth", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "What is a main disadvantage of using an MCU technique?", "id": "5a1f5c2554a786001a36b283", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a standards-based H.323 technique", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What do systems that use an MCU, use for video conferencing?", "id": "5a1f5c2554a786001a36b284", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the video and audio will generally be of higher quality", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What are the advantages of using ad-hoc multipoint calls?", "id": "5a1f5c2554a786001a36b285", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as \"decentralized multipoint\", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central \"manager\" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly."}], ["Penggunaan biasa pelbagai teknologi yang diterangkan di atas termasuk panggilan atau persidangan secara satu-satu, satu atau banyak banyak untuk Perkhidmatan Video Relay peribadi, perniagaan, pendidikan, pekak-pekak, diagnostik dan tele-perubatan pemulihan atau perkhidmatan pemulihan. Perkhidmatan baru menggunakan videocalling dan videoconferencing, seperti guru dan ahli psikologi yang menjalankan sesi dalam talian, video peribadi kepada penghuni ditahan di penjara, dan persidangan video untuk menyelesaikan isu-isu kejuruteraan penerbangan di kemudahan penyelenggaraan, sedang diwujudkan atau berkembang secara berterusan. <> Profesyen apa yang menggunakan teknologi video konferensi untuk menjalankan sesi dalam talian? || guru <> Apa salahnya cara videocalling boleh digunakan? || videocalls peribadi kepada penghuni <> Apa gunanya penggunaan teknologi persidangan? || tele-medical <> Apa gunanya teknologi tele-perubatan yang biasa digunakan? || <> Apa cara perniagaan boleh menjalankan sesi dalam talian? || <> Apa perkhidmatan diagnostik boleh diselesaikan di kemudahan penyelenggaraan? || <> Berapa kerapkah perkhidmatan Video Relay def berkembang? || <> Perkhidmatan apa yang perlu dipenjarakan di penjara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?", "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83b", "answers": [{"text": "teachers", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one way that videocalling can be used?", "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83c", "answers": [{"text": "personal videocalls to inmates", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common use of conferencing technology?", "id": "570b1e4aec8fbc190045b83d", "answers": [{"text": "tele-medical", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conferencing on a one-on-one", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What is one common use of tele-medical technology?", "id": "5a1f824b54a786001a36b2ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What is one way businesses can conduct online sessions?", "id": "5a1f824b54a786001a36b2f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "airline engineering issues", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What can diagnostic services resolve at maintenance facilities?", "id": "5a1f824b54a786001a36b2f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on an ongoing basis", "answer_start": 568}], "question": "How often is the def Video Relay Service evolving?", "id": "5a1f824b54a786001a36b2f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "videocalling and videoconferencing", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What services do inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries use?", "id": "5a1f824b54a786001a36b2f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis."}], ["Akhirnya, pada tahun 1990-an, video conference berasaskan Protokol Internet menjadi mungkin, dan teknologi mampatan video yang lebih efisien telah dibangunkan, membenarkan videoconferencing berasaskan desktop atau komputer peribadi berasaskan PC. Pada tahun 1992 CU-SeeMe telah dibangunkan di Cornell oleh Tim Dorcey et al. Pada tahun 1995, konferensi video umum pertama antara Amerika Utara dan Afrika berlaku, menghubungkan teknoom di San Francisco dengan tekno-rave dan cyberdeli di Cape Town. Pada majlis perasmian Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk di Nagano, Jepun, Seiji Ozawa mengendalikan Ode to Joy dari Symphony Kesembilan Beethoven secara bersamaan di lima benua dalam masa terdekat. <> Dalam sedekad apakah konvensyen video internet dimungkinkan? || 1990-an <> Dalam apa peranti itu akhirnya video boleh digunakan? || desktop <> Pada tahun apakah CU-SeeMe, alat video videoconferencing berasaskan desktop, dibangunkan? || 1992 <> Dalam tahun berapa diadakan persidangan video awam yang pertama? || 1995 <> Apa bandar Afrika Selatan menyertai persidangan video awam yang pertama? || Cape Town <> Apa yang telah dibangunkan di Cornell oleh Seiji Ozawa? || <> Bilakah CU-SeeMee berlaku yang menghubungkan San Francisco dan Captown? || <> Apa yang terjadi pada teknoom di Nagano, Jepun dalam masa nyata? || <> Apa yang menjadi permulaan yang membolehkan majlis pembukaan Olimpik Musim Sejuk berlaku? || <> Bilakah Nagano Jepun mengambil bahagian dalam persidangan video awam yang pertama yang menghubungkan dua benua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?", "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f714", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?", "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f715", "answers": [{"text": "desktop", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?", "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f716", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the first public video-conference take place?", "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f717", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?", "id": "570b1c0c6b8089140040f718", "answers": [{"text": "Cape Town", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CU-SeeMe", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What was developed at Cornell by Seiji Ozawa?", "id": "5a1f27e33de3f40018b26522", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In 1995", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "When did the CU-SeeMee take place that linked San Francisco and Captown?", "id": "5a1f27e33de3f40018b26523", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What happened at a technofair in Nagano, Japan in real time?", "id": "5a1f27e33de3f40018b26524", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What became possible that allowed the Winter Olympics opening ceremony to happen?", "id": "5a1f27e33de3f40018b26525", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In 1995", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "When did Nagano Japan take part in the first public video-conference linking two continents?", "id": "5a1f27e33de3f40018b26526", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time."}], ["Penyambungan video boleh membolehkan individu di lokasi yang jauh untuk mengambil bahagian dalam mesyuarat dengan notis singkat, dengan penjimatan masa dan wang. Teknologi seperti VoIP boleh digunakan bersama-sama dengan videoconferencing desktop untuk membolehkan mesyuarat perniagaan bersemuka dengan kos rendah tanpa meninggalkan meja, terutamanya untuk perniagaan dengan pejabat yang meluas. Teknologi ini juga digunakan untuk telecommuting, di mana pekerja bekerja dari rumah. Satu laporan penyelidikan berdasarkan satu sampel sebanyak 1,800 pekerja korporat menunjukkan bahawa, pada Jun 2010, 54% responden yang mempunyai akses kepada persidangan video menggunakannya \"sepanjang masa\" atau \"kerap\". <> Dalam apa cara boleh videoconferencing membantu seseorang? || penjimatan wang <> Teknologi apa yang boleh digunakan bersama dengan videoconferencing? || VoIP <> Apa lagi penggunaan VoIP? || telekomunikasi <> Apa telekomunikasi? || kerja dari rumah <> Berapakah peratusan orang yang menggunakan videoconferencing majoriti masa? || 54% <> Apa yang dapat menjimatkan masa membantu orang lakukan? || <> Apakah mesyuarat perniagaan bersemuka juga digunakan untuk? || <> Apakah laporan berdasarkan tabungan simpanan wang? || <> Sehingga Jun 2010 berapa peratusan telekomunikasi menggunakan teknologi kerap? || <> Apakah mesyuarat kos rendah juga digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?", "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b826", "answers": [{"text": "money savings", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?", "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b827", "answers": [{"text": "VoIP", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another use of VoIP?", "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b828", "answers": [{"text": "telecommuting", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is telecommuting?", "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b829", "answers": [{"text": "work from home", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?", "id": "570b1a61ec8fbc190045b82a", "answers": [{"text": "54%", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to participate in meetings on short notice", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What can time savings help people do?", "id": "5a1f74bf54a786001a36b2c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "telecommuting", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What are face-to-face business meetings also used for?", "id": "5a1f74bf54a786001a36b2c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it \u201call of the time\u201d or \u201cfrequently\u201d.", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "What did a report based on money savings show?", "id": "5a1f74bf54a786001a36b2c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "54%", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "As of June 2010 what  percentage of telecommuters used the technology frequently?", "id": "5a1f74bf54a786001a36b2ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "work from home", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What are low-cost meetings also used for?", "id": "5a1f74bf54a786001a36b2cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it \u201call of the time\u201d or \u201cfrequently\u201d."}], ["Teknologi videoconferencing pada mulanya digunakan terutamanya dalam rangkaian komunikasi korporat dalaman, salah satu daripada penggunaan perkhidmatan komuniti pertama teknologi bermula pada tahun 1992 melalui perkongsian unik dengan PictureTel dan IBM Corporations yang pada masa itu mempromosikan produk videoconferencing berasaskan desktop yang dibangunkan bersama yang dikenali sebagai PCS / 1. Dalam tempoh 15 tahun yang akan datang, Projek DIANE (Rangkaian Maklumat dan Bantuan Pelbagai) berkembang untuk menggunakan pelbagai platform videoconferencing untuk mewujudkan perkhidmatan awam koperasi berbilang negara dan rangkaian pendidikan jarak jauh yang terdiri daripada beberapa ratus sekolah, pusat kejiranan, perpustakaan, muzium sains, zoo dan taman, pusat bantuan awam, dan organisasi berorientasikan komuniti yang lain. <> Tahun berapakah salah satu perkhidmatan komuniti yang pertama digunakan untuk mengadakan videoconferencing? || 1992 <> Apa syarikat membantu dalam penciptaan persidangan video penyampaian komuniti? || IBM <> Apakah produk videoconferencing yang digunakan oleh IBM dan PictureTel? || PCS / 1 <> Apa yang DIANE dalam Projek DIANE berdiri? || Rangkaian Maklumat dan Bantuan yang Beragam <> Berapa tahun yang diperlukan untuk Projek DIANE berkembang? || 15 <> Di mana pendidikan jarak jauh digunakan dahulu? || <> Apa yang pertama kali digunakan di pusat kejiranan? || <> Apa kerjasama antara perpustakaan dan muzium sains pada tahun 1992? || <> Pada tahun 1992 apakah dua tempat yang merupakan sebahagian daripada rangkaian PictureTel? || <> Apakah IBM Corporations berkembang untuk mencipta lebih dari 15 tahun ke depan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?", "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70a", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?", "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70b", "answers": [{"text": "IBM", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?", "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70c", "answers": [{"text": "PCS/1", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?", "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70d", "answers": [{"text": "Diversified Information and Assistance Network", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?", "id": "570b17956b8089140040f70e", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within internal corporate communication networks", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Where was distance education first used?", "id": "5a1f2a553de3f40018b2652c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "videoconferencing technology", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What was first used  in neighborhood centers?", "id": "5a1f2a553de3f40018b2652d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1.", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What did a partnership between libraries and science museums promote in 1992?", "id": "5a1f2a553de3f40018b2652e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "libraries, science museums", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "In 1992 what are two places that were part of the PictureTel network?", "id": "5a1f2a553de3f40018b2652f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "What did IBM Corporations grow to create over the next 15 years?", "id": "5a1f2a553de3f40018b26530", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations."}], ["Pentadbiran Keselamatan Sosial A.S. (SSA), yang mengawasi sistem kehakiman pentadbiran terbesar di dunia di bawah Penghakiman dan Kajian Penghakiman dan Peninjauan Kurang Upaya (ODAR), telah membuat penggunaan video konferensi yang luas untuk mengadakan pemeriksaan di lokasi terpencil. Dalam Tahun Fiskal 2009, Pentadbiran Keselamatan Sosial Amerika Syarikat (SSA) mengendalikan 86,320 pendengaran konferensi video, peningkatan sebanyak 55% berbanding TK 2008. Pada bulan Ogos 2010, SSA membuka pusat pemeriksaan Kebangsaan (NHC) di St. Louis, Missouri. Ini meneruskan usaha SSA untuk menggunakan pendengaran video sebagai satu cara untuk membersihkan tunggakan pendengaran yang besar. Sejak tahun 2007, SSA juga telah menubuhkan NHC di Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, dan Chicago, Illinois. <> Siapa yang mempunyai sistem kehakiman pentadbiran terbesar di dunia? || A.S. <> Apakah Jabatan AS mengawasi sistem kehakiman pentadbiran terbesar di dunia? || Pentadbiran Keselamatan Sosial (SSA) <> Dalam tahun apakah SSA melihat kenaikan 55% dalam pendengaran videoconference? || 2009 <> Bilakah SSA membuka pusat penyiaran video terbesarnya? || Ogos 2010 <> Di manakah pusat penyiaran video kelima SSA yang terletak hanya? || St Louis, Missouri <> Pada tahun 2010 berapa banyak pendengaran yang dilakukan oleh SSA A.S.? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh ODAR untuk membersihkan tunggakan pendengaran pada bulan Ogos 2010? || <> Di mana lokasi telah ODAR dibuka NHC sejak 2007? || <> Dengan apa peratusan apakah peningkatan pendengaran SSA pada tahun 2009? || <> Apakah NHC mengawasi di bawah ODARnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?", "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87c", "answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?", "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87d", "answers": [{"text": "Social Security Administration (SSA)", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?", "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87e", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?", "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b87f", "answers": [{"text": "August 2010", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?", "id": "570b25ecec8fbc190045b880", "answers": [{"text": "St. Louis, Missouri", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "86,320", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "In 2010 how many hearings did the U.S. SSA conduct?", "id": "5a1f62bc54a786001a36b295", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What did the ODAR do to clear its hearing backlog in August 2010?", "id": "5a1f62bc54a786001a36b296", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "In what locations has the ODAR opened NHC's since 2007?", "id": "5a1f62bc54a786001a36b297", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55%", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "By what percentage did the SSA's hearing backlog increase in 2009?", "id": "5a1f62bc54a786001a36b298", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the world's largest administrative judicial system", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What does the NHC oversee under its ODAR?", "id": "5a1f62bc54a786001a36b299", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois."}]], [["Easter adalah hari Ahad selepas hari ke-15 bulan ini, yang hari ke-14 dibenarkan untuk mendahului ekuinoks. Di mana kedua sistem itu menghasilkan tarikh yang berlainan, biasanya terdapat kompromi supaya kedua-dua gereja dapat merayakannya pada hari yang sama. Menjelang abad ke-10 semua jemaat (kecuali beberapa di sempadan timur Empayar Byzantine) telah mengadopsi Paskah Alexandria, yang masih meletakkan ekuinoks vernal pada 21 Mac, walaupun Bede telah mencatatkan driftnya pada 725-telah melayang lebih jauh oleh abad ke-16. <> Bilakah hari Ahad Paskah disambut selepas ekuinoks? || Hari ke-15 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh gereja untuk menyelesaikan tarikh jika ada perbezaan? || kompromi <> Oleh abad apa yang hampir semua gereja mula merayakan Paskah menurut Paskah Iskandariah? || Abad ke-10 <> Di manakah sempadan Empayar Byzantine menjadi tempat terakhir untuk merayakan menurut Paskah Alexandria? || sempadan timur <> Apa tarikh penempatan yang semakin hanyut dari tarikh sebenar pada kalendar? || equinox vernal <> Apa yang disambut pada hari kelima belas selepas ekuinoks? || <> Dalam abad apakah semua jemaat mengamalkan Paskah Alexandria? || <> Siapa yang melihat peralihan ekuinoks pada abad ketujuh? || <> Apa tempat Paskah Alexandria pada 25 Mac? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?", "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b2", "answers": [{"text": "15th day", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference? ", "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b3", "answers": [{"text": "compromise", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?", "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b4", "answers": [{"text": "10th century", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?", "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b5", "answers": [{"text": "eastern border", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?", "id": "570b01c36b8089140040f6b6", "answers": [{"text": "vernal equinox", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Easter", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was celebrated on the fifteenth day after the equinox?", "id": "5a36f96795360f001af1b38b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 10th century", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "In what century did all the churches adopt the Alexandrian Easter?", "id": "5a36f96795360f001af1b38c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bede", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "Who noticed the equinox drift in the seventh century?", "id": "5a36f96795360f001af1b38d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the vernal equinox", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What did the Alexandrian Easter place on 25 March?", "id": "5a36f96795360f001af1b38e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725\u2014it had drifted even further by the 16th century."}], ["Untuk menyatakan dengan jelas, tarikh berkembar atau Gaya Lama (A.S.) dan Gaya Baru (A.S.) kadang-kadang digunakan dengan tarikh. Kencan berkembar menggunakan dua tahun berturut-turut kerana perbezaan pada tarikh permulaan tahun, atau termasuk tarikh Julian dan Gregorian. Gaya Lama dan Gaya Baru (NS) menunjukkan sama ada permulaan tahun Julian telah diselaraskan untuk bermula pada 1 Januari (NS) walaupun dokumen yang ditulis pada masa itu menggunakan permulaan tahun yang berlainan (OS), atau sama ada tarikh yang sesuai ke kalendar Julian (OS) dan bukannya Gregorian (NS). <> Apakah penggunaan kencan duel untuk menunjukkan tarikh? || dua tahun berturut-turut <> Apakah tarikh gaya Lama? || Julian kalendar <> Apakah A.S. berdiri untuk? || Gaya Baru <> Apakah tarikh Gaya Baru? || Gregorian <> Mengapa menggunakan dua tarikh berturut-turut? || tarikh permulaan tahun <> Apa yang digunakan dengan tarikh untuk menentukan sama ada tarikh adalah betul atau tidak? || <> Apa yang menggunakan dua tarikh berbeza kerana perbezaan pada tarikh akhir tahun? || <> Sistem mana yang menunjukkan bahawa tahun Gregorian telah diselaraskan untuk bermula pada 1 Januari? || <> Sistem mana yang menunjukkan bahawa tarikh tarikh Julian telah diselaraskan dengan panjang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does duel dating use to show the date?", "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63a", "answers": [{"text": "two consecutive years", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Old Style date mean?", "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63b", "answers": [{"text": "Julian calendar", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is N.S. stand for?", "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63c", "answers": [{"text": "New Style", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are New Style dates?", "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63d", "answers": [{"text": "Gregorian", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why use two consecutive year dates?", "id": "570af6316b8089140040f63e", "answers": [{"text": "starting date of the year", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.)", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is used with dates to determine whether a date is correct or not?", "id": "5a36f18395360f001af1b369", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dual dating", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "What uses two different dates because of a difference in the ending date of the year?", "id": "5a36f18395360f001af1b36a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Style (N.S.)", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "Which system indicates that the Gregorian year has been adjusted to start on January 1?", "id": "5a36f18395360f001af1b36b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Style", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "Which system indicates that the date that the Julian date has been adjusted for length?", "id": "5a36f18395360f001af1b36c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.)."}], ["Memperpanjang kalendar Gregorian ke belakang hingga tarikh sebelum pengenalan rasmi menghasilkan kalendar proleptik, yang seharusnya digunakan dengan hati-hati. Untuk tujuan biasa, tarikh peristiwa yang berlaku sebelum 15 Oktober 1582 secara amnya ditunjukkan ketika mereka muncul dalam kalender Julian, dengan tahun mulai 1 Januari, dan tidak ada penukaran kepada setara Gregorian mereka. Sebagai contoh, Pertempuran Agincourt secara universal dianggap telah diperjuangkan pada 25 Oktober 1415 iaitu Hari Saint Crispin. <> Percubaan menggunakan tarikh Gregorian untuk peristiwa awal pada kalendar Julian harus digunakan dengan tindakan apa? || berhati-hati <> Kapan peristiwa biasanya ditunjukkan ketika mereka muncul pada kalendar Julian? || sebelum 15 Oktober 1582 <> Bilakah Pertempuran Agincourt? || 25 Oktober 1415 <> Apa lagi tarikh yang diketahui pada 25 Oktober, yang menjadikan Pertempuran Agincourt pada 25 Oktober 1415? || Hari Saint Crispin <> Dalam kalendar Julian ketika permulaan tahun baru? || 1 Januari <> Apa yang anda boleh melanjutkan ke belakang untuk membuat kalendar yang tepat? || <> Peristiwa apa yang ditunjukkan kerana ia muncul pada kalendar Julian dengan tahun bermula seperti yang berlaku ketika mereka berlaku? || <> Apakah tarikh yang dipertikaikan untuk Hari St. Crispin? || <> Apa yang bermula pada kalendar Julian Januari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?", "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f6", "answers": [{"text": "caution", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?", "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f7", "answers": [{"text": "prior to 15 October 1582", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Agincourt?", "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f8", "answers": [{"text": "25 October 1415", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?", "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6f9", "answers": [{"text": "Saint Crispin's Day", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?", "id": "570b07e16b8089140040f6fa", "answers": [{"text": "1 January", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What can you extend backwards to create an accurate calendar?", "id": "5a3715fc95360f001af1b3f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "events occurring prior to 15 October 1582", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What events are shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar with the year starting as it did when they occurred?", "id": "5a3715fc95360f001af1b3f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 October 1415", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What is the disputed date for St. Crispin's Day?", "id": "5a3715fc95360f001af1b3f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the year", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What started in January Julian calendar?", "id": "5a3715fc95360f001af1b3f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day."}], ["Kalendar Gregorian adalah kalendar solar. Tahun Gregorian tetap terdiri daripada 365 hari, tetapi seperti dalam kalendar Julian, dalam tahun lompat, hari lompat akan ditambahkan pada bulan Februari. Dalam kalendar Julian tahun lompat berlaku setiap 4 tahun, tetapi kalendar Gregorian menyisihkan 3 hari lompat setiap 400 tahun. Dalam kalendar Julian, hari lompat ini dimasukkan dengan menggandakan 24 Februari, dan pembaharuan Gregorian tidak mengubah tarikh hari lompat. Dalam zaman moden, ia menjadi kebiasaan untuk mengira hari-hari dari permulaan bulan, dan 29 Februari sering dianggap sebagai hari lompat. Sesetengah gereja, terutamanya Gereja Roman Katolik, melambatkan perayaan Februari selepas hari ke-23 dalam satu tahun lompat. <> Kalender macam apa kalendar Gregorian? || solar <> Berapa hari dalam kalendar Gregorian? || 365 <> Berapa kerapkah hari lompat ditambah pada tahun kalendar Julian? || setiap 4 tahun <> Bilakah kalendar Gregorian meninggalkan 3 hari lompat? || setiap 400 tahun <> Pada hari apakah kedua-dua kalendar Julian dan Gregorian menambah hari melompat? || 24 Februari <> Kalendar apakah kalendar lunar? || <> Bilakah kalendar Julian meninggalkan tiga hari lompat? || <> Gereja manakah yang masih menjadi tuan rumah perayaan pada tahun dua puluh tiga tahun lompat? || <> Apakah reformasi Julian tidak berubah pada tahun lompat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7ba", "answers": [{"text": "solar", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days are in the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7bb", "answers": [{"text": "365", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year?", "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7bc", "answers": [{"text": "every 4 years", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days?", "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7bd", "answers": [{"text": "every 400 years", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day?", "id": "570afefeec8fbc190045b7be", "answers": [{"text": "24 February", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What calendar is a lunar calendar?", "id": "5a36f34995360f001af1b371", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "every 400 years", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "When does the Julian calendar omit three leap days?", "id": "5a36f34995360f001af1b372", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "Which church still host festivals on the twenty-third in leap years?", "id": "5a36f34995360f001af1b373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February,", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What did Julian reform not change about leap year?", "id": "5a36f34995360f001af1b374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years."}], ["Kalendar itu merupakan penghalusan kepada kalendar Julian berjumlah pembetulan 0.002% dalam tempoh sepanjang tahun. Motivasi untuk pembaharuan ini adalah untuk membawa tarikh perayaan Paskah ke masa tahun di mana ia disambut ketika diperkenalkan oleh Gereja awal. Kerana sambutan Paskah terikat pada ekuinoks musim semi, Gereja Katolik Roman menganggap drift yang mantap pada tarikh Paskah disebabkan oleh tahun yang terlalu lama untuk menjadi tidak diingini. Pembaharuan ini diterima pakai oleh negara-negara Katolik Eropah pada mulanya. Negara Protestan dan Ortodoks Timur terus menggunakan kalendar Julian tradisional dan mengguna pakai pembaharuan Gregorian selepas satu masa, demi kemudahan perdagangan antarabangsa. Negara Eropah yang terakhir untuk menerima pakai pembaharuan ialah Greece, pada tahun 1923. <> Apakah percepatan pembetulan dari kalendar Julian ke kalendar Gregorian baru? || 0.002% <> Apakah pembetulan disebabkan? || panjang tahun <> Apa perubahan dalam tarikh memotivasi perubahan dalam kalendar? || perayaan Paskah <> Untuk apa tarikh astrologi Paskah terikat? || ekuinoks musim bunga <> Apa yang salah dalam kalendar Julian? || sedikit terlalu lama <> Berapa peratuskah kalendar Julian menetapkan kalendar Gregorian? || <> Apa yang terlalu pendek dalam kalendar Julian? || <> Apa ekuinoks musim bunga memotivasi gereja untuk berubah? || <> Apakah gereja Protestan dianggap tidak diingini? || <> Apa yang pertama kali digunakan oleh negara-negara Ortodoks Timur | |", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a6", "answers": [{"text": "0.002%", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the correction due to?", "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a7", "answers": [{"text": "length of the year", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What change in date motivated the change in calendars?", "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a8", "answers": [{"text": "celebration of Easter", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what astrological date was Easter tied?", "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7a9", "answers": [{"text": "spring equinox", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was wrong in the Julian calendar?", "id": "570afd13ec8fbc190045b7aa", "answers": [{"text": "slightly too long", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.002%", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What percentage did the Julian calendar fixed the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "5a36ce5695360f001af1b34b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the length of the year", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What was too short in the Julian calendar?", "id": "5a36ce5695360f001af1b34c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The calendar", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did the spring equinox motivate the church to change?", "id": "5a36ce5695360f001af1b34d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What did the Protestant church considered to be undesirable?", "id": "5a36ce5695360f001af1b34e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The calendar", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was first adopted by Eastern Orthodox countries", "id": "5a36ce5695360f001af1b34f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923."}], ["Philip II dari Sepanyol menetapkan perubahan dari Julian ke kalendar Gregory, yang mempengaruhi banyak orang Roman Katolik Eropah, kerana Philip pada masa itu adalah pemerintah Sepanyol dan Portugal serta banyak Itali. Di wilayah-wilayah ini, juga di Komanwel Poland-Lithuania (diperintah oleh Anna Jagiellon) dan di Negara-negara Papal, kalender baru itu telah dilaksanakan pada tarikh yang ditetapkan oleh lembu jantan, dengan Julian Khamis, 4 Oktober 1582, diikuti oleh Gregorian Jumaat, 15 Oktober 1582. Tanah jajahan Sepanyol dan Portugis diikuti agak lama de facto kerana keterlambatan komunikasi. <> Apa penguasa menentukan perubahan pada kalendar Gregorian? || Philip II of Spain <> Selain sebahagian dari Itali, apa bidang yang dilakukan pemerintahan Phillip? || Sepanyol dan Portugal <> Apa hari pertama dipilih untuk menjadi hari pertama menggunakan kalendar baru? || Jumaat, 15 Oktober 1582 <> Apa hari terakhir kalendar Julian digunakan? || Khamis, 4 Oktober 1582 <> Mengapa koloni Sepanyol tertinggal dalam mengamalkan kalendar? || kelewatan komunikasi <> Apa yang Raja memutuskan perubahan dari Gregorian ke kalendar Julian? || <> Siapa yang terpengaruh oleh suis Philip II ke kalendar Julian? || <> Apa yang berubah Julian Khamis, 4 Oktober 1582 hingga Gregorian Jumaat, 15 Oktober 1582? || <> Kalender apa yang terakhir digunakan pada hari Jumaat, 15 Oktober 1582? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f662", "answers": [{"text": "Philip II of Spain", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?", "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f663", "answers": [{"text": "Spain and Portugal", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?", "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f664", "answers": [{"text": "Friday, 15 October 1582", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?", "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f665", "answers": [{"text": "Thursday, 4 October 1582", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?", "id": "570af9f26b8089140040f666", "answers": [{"text": "delay in communication", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philip II of Spain", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What King decreed the change from the Gregorian to the Julian calendar?", "id": "5a36ff0395360f001af1b3b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "much of Roman Catholic Europe", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "Who was affected by Philip II's switch to the Julian calendar?", "id": "5a36ff0395360f001af1b3b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the bull", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What changed Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582 to Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582?", "id": "5a36ff0395360f001af1b3b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What calendar was last used on Friday, October 15 1582?", "id": "5a36ff0395360f001af1b3ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication."}], ["Kalendar Gregorian adalah pembaharuan kalendar Julian yang dimulakan pada tahun 1582 oleh Paus Gregorius XIII, yang kemudiannya dinamakan kalender oleh lembu paus Inter gravissimas bertarikh 24 Februari 1582. Motivasi penyesuaian itu adalah untuk membawa tarikh perayaan Paskah pada masa tahun di mana ia diraikan apabila diperkenalkan oleh Gereja awal. Walaupun syor Majlis Pertama Nicaea dalam 325 menyatakan bahawa semua orang Kristian harus merayakan Paskah pada hari yang sama, ia mengambil masa hampir lima abad sebelum hampir semua orang Kristian mencapai matlamat tersebut dengan mengamalkan peraturan Gereja Alexandria (lihat Paskah untuk isu-isu yang timbul). <> Siapa yang menyemak semula kalendar Julian? || Paus Gregory XIII <> Kapan Kalendar Gregorian diperkenalkan? || 1582 <> Apakah kalendar yang digunakan dalam pembaharuan untuk membuat kalendar Gregorian? || Julian kalendar <> Percutian apa yang menjadi dorongan untuk menyemak semula kalendar Julian? || Easter <> Bilakah Majlis Pertama Nicaea memerintah bahawa Paskah disambut oleh semua orang Kristian? || pada hari yang sama <> Apakah kalendar Julian pembaharuan? || <> Apakah kalendar yang dimulakan pada abad kelima belas? || <> Mana Paus memulakan kalendar Julian? || <> Percutian apa yang membawa kepada pembaharuan kalendar Gregorian || <> Siapa yang mencadangkan supaya semua orang Kristian merayakan Paskah pada hari yang sama pada abad ketiga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who revised the Julian calendar?", "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b792", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Gregory XIII", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?", "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b793", "answers": [{"text": "1582", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b794", "answers": [{"text": "Julian calendar", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?", "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b795", "answers": [{"text": "Easter", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?", "id": "570af7f4ec8fbc190045b796", "answers": [{"text": "on the same day", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the Julian calendar a reform of?", "id": "5a36f47295360f001af1b379", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What calendar was started in the fifteenth century?", "id": "5a36f47295360f001af1b37a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Gregory XIII", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Which Pope started the Julian calendar?", "id": "5a36f47295360f001af1b37b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Easter", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What holiday led to the revision of the Gregorian calendar", "id": "5a36f47295360f001af1b37c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the First Council of Nicaea", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "Who suggested that all Christians celebrate Easter on the same day during the third century?", "id": "5a36f47295360f001af1b37d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose)."}], ["Semasa tempoh antara tahun 1582, apabila negara-negara pertama menerima kalendar Gregorian, dan pada tahun 1923, apabila negara Eropah yang terakhir menerimanya, ia sering diperlukan untuk menandakan tarikh beberapa peristiwa dalam kalendar Julian dan dalam kalendar Gregorian, misalnya , \"10/21 Februari 1750/51\", di mana akaun dua tahun bagi sesetengah negara sudah memulakan tahun bernombor mereka pada 1 Januari sementara yang lain masih menggunakan beberapa tarikh lain. Malah sebelum tahun 1582, tahun ini kadang-kadang terpaksa berganda bertarikh kerana permulaan yang berbeza tahun ini di pelbagai negara. Woolley, menulis dalam biografinya John Dee (1527-1608 / 9), menyatakan bahawa selepas 1582 penulis surat Inggeris \"lazimnya\" menggunakan \"dua tarikh\" pada huruf mereka, satu OS dan satu NS. <> Bilakah negara terakhir mengamalkan kalendar Gregorian mula menggunakannya? || 1923 <> Pada tarikh apakah negara pertama mula menggunakan kalendar baru? || 1582 <> Bagaimana kalendar mana yang dilakukan oleh sesetengah negara notate tarikh? || dalam kedua-dua <> yang mengatakan bahawa penulis bahasa Inggeris biasanya menggunakan kedua-dua tarikh pada tulisan? || Woolley <> Apa perbezaan dalam temu janji yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan dokumen double-dating? || permulaan yang berbeza tahun <> Apa yang berlaku pada abad kelima belas yang menjadikannya perlu untuk memberi tarikh menggunakan kedua-dua kalendar? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada abad kesembilan belas kalendar Gregorian yang menjadikannya perlu untuk memberi tarikh menggunakan kedua kalendar? || <> Mengapa tidak perlu menggunakan dua tahun apabila memberikan dua tarikh? || <> Kenapa tahun kadang-kadang perlu berganda bertarikh selepas 1582? || <> Apa yang dicatat oleh John Dee? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?", "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f676", "answers": [{"text": "1923", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?", "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f677", "answers": [{"text": "1582", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How which calendar did some countries notate the date?", "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f678", "answers": [{"text": "in both", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?", "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f679", "answers": [{"text": "Woolley", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?", "id": "570afbdf6b8089140040f67a", "answers": [{"text": "different beginnings of the year", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What happened in the fifteenth century that made it necessary to give dates using both calendars?", "id": "5a37134395360f001af1b3e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the last European country adopted it", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What happened in the nineteenth century the Gregorian calendar that made it necessary to give dates using both calendars?", "id": "5a37134395360f001af1b3e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "Why was it not necessary to use the dual year when giving two dates?", "id": "5a37134395360f001af1b3e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries", "answer_start": 504}], "question": "Why did the year sometimes have to be double dated after 1582?", "id": "5a37134395360f001af1b3e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immediately after 1582 English letter writers \"customarily\" used \"two dates\" on their letters, one OS and one NS", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "What did John Dee note?", "id": "5a37134395360f001af1b3e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, \"10/21 February 1750/51\", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527\u20131608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers \"customarily\" used \"two dates\" on their letters, one OS and one NS."}], ["Cadangan Lilius mempunyai dua komponen. Pertama, beliau mencadangkan pembetulan pada sepanjang tahun. Purata tahun tropika adalah 365.24219 hari. Oleh kerana panjang purata tahun Julian adalah 365.25 hari, tahun Julian hampir 11 minit lebih lama daripada tahun tropika purata. Kesimpulan ini berlaku dalam kira-kira tiga hari setiap 400 tahun. Cadangan Lilius menghasilkan tahun purata 365,2425 hari (lihat Ketepatan). Pada masa pembaharuan Gregory ada telah hanyut 10 hari sejak Majlis Nicaea, mengakibatkan equinox vernal jatuh pada 10 atau 11 Mac dan bukannya tanggal ditetapkan pada tanggal 21 Mac, dan jika tidak diubah, ia akan terus berlanjut. Lilius mencadangkan bahawa hanyut 10 hari perlu diperbetulkan dengan memadamkan hari lompat Julian pada setiap sepuluh kejadiannya dalam tempoh empat puluh tahun, dengan itu menyediakan pulangan secara beransur-ansur ekuinoks itu pada 21 Mac. <> Apa yang pertama kali dicadangkan oleh Lilius dalam kalendar? || panjang tahun <> Berapa lama kalendar Julian terlalu panjang? || 11 minit <> Berapakah perbezaannya dalam 11 minit tambahan menjadikan lebih dari 400 tahun? || tiga hari <> Pada tarikh apakah set equinox vernal asal? || 21 Mac <> Pada masa Lilius mana ekuinoks jatuh? || 10 atau 11 Mac <> Siapa yang mencadangkan memanjangkan tahun? || <> Tahun mana yang sebelas minit terlalu pendek? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan tiga hari tambahan setiap 400 tahun dalam kalendar Gregorian? || <> Apa yang asalnya ditetapkan pada 25 Mac? || <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh Gregory untuk menghapuskan drift sepuluh hari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?", "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7d8", "answers": [{"text": "length of the year", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By how much is the Julian calendar too long?", "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7d9", "answers": [{"text": "11 minutes", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?", "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7da", "answers": [{"text": "three days", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the original vernal equinox set?", "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7db", "answers": [{"text": "21 March", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?", "id": "570b03a2ec8fbc190045b7dc", "answers": [{"text": "10 or 11 March", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lilius's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who proposed lengthening the year?", "id": "5a36fcf095360f001af1b3a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julian year", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "Which year was eleven minutes too short?", "id": "5a36fcf095360f001af1b3a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What causes an extra three days every 400 years in the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "5a36fcf095360f001af1b3a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vernal equinox", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "What was originally set as March 25?", "id": "5a36fcf095360f001af1b3aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years,", "answer_start": 746}], "question": "What did Gregory propose deleting to correct the ten day drift?", "id": "5a36fcf095360f001af1b3ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lilius's proposals had two components. Firstly, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long. As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March."}], ["Kebanyakan negara-negara Eropah Barat mengubah permulaan tahun ini hingga 1 Januari sebelum mereka menerima kalendar Gregorian. Sebagai contoh, Scotland mengubah permulaan Tahun Baru Scotland hingga 1 Januari pada tahun 1600 (ini bermakna 1599 adalah tahun yang pendek). England, Ireland dan jajahan British mengubah permulaan tahun ini hingga 1 Januari pada tahun 1752 (jadi 1751 adalah tahun yang pendek dengan hanya 282 hari) walaupun di England permulaan tahun cukai kekal pada 25 Mac (OS), 5 April NS) hingga 1800, apabila ia berpindah ke 6 April. Kemudian pada 1752 pada bulan September kalendar Gregorian telah diperkenalkan di seluruh Britain dan koloni British (lihat bahagian Adopsi). Kedua-dua pembaharuan ini telah dilaksanakan oleh Akta Kalendar (Gaya Baru) 1750. <> Pada tarikh berapa kebanyakan negara-negara Eropah memulakan permulaan tahun baru? || 1 Januari <> Bilakah Scotland mulai menggunakan 1 Januari sebagai permulaan tahun baru? || 1600 <> Bilakah negeri-negeri dan koloni-koloni British yang lain menetapkan tarikh permulaan tahun hingga 1 Januari? || 1752 <> Apakah tindakan Britain menggunakan kegunaan kalendar Gregorian? || Akta Kalendar (Gaya Baru) 1750 <> Bilakah England akhirnya mengubah tahun cukai hingga 6 April? || 1800 <> Apa yang kebanyakan negara Eropah lakukan setelah mereka menggunakan kalendar Gregorian? || <> Negara apa yang berubah tahun baru hingga 1 Januari semasa abad keenam belas || <> Siapa yang mengubah permulaan tahun baru hingga 1 Januari semasa abad ketujuh belas? || <> Apakah nama perbuatan yang mengubah permulaan tahun dan abad ketujuh belas? || <> Apa yang kekal pada 25 Mac di Scotland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year?", "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ec", "answers": [{"text": "1 January", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year?", "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ed", "answers": [{"text": "1600", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1?", "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ee", "answers": [{"text": "1752", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6ef", "answers": [{"text": "Calendar (New Style) Act 1750", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April?", "id": "570b057a6b8089140040f6f0", "answers": [{"text": "1800", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "changed the start of the year to 1 January", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What do most European countries do after they adopted the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "5a3711c795360f001af1b3d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What country changed the new year to January 1 during the sixteenth century", "id": "5a3711c795360f001af1b3d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England, Ireland and the British colonies", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Who changed the start of the new year to January 1 during the seventeenth century?", "id": "5a3711c795360f001af1b3d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "What was the name of the act that changed the start of the year and a seventeenth century?", "id": "5a3711c795360f001af1b3da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "start of the tax year", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What remained on March 25 in Scotland?", "id": "5a3711c795360f001af1b3db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) till 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750."}], ["Tahun yang digunakan dalam tarikh semasa Republik Rom dan Empayar Rom adalah tahun konsular, yang bermula pada hari ketika konsul pertama kali memasuki pejabat-mungkin 1 Mei sebelum 222 SM, 15 Mac dari 222 SM dan 1 Januari dari 153 SM. Kalendar Julian, yang bermula pada tahun 45 SM, terus menggunakan 1 Januari sebagai hari pertama tahun baru. Walaupun tahun yang digunakan untuk tarikh berubah, tahun sivil sentiasa memaparkan bulan-bulannya dalam perintah Januari hingga Disember dari zaman Rom Republik hingga saat ini. <> Tahun apakah yang digunakan oleh Republik Rom untuk tarikh? || tahun konsul <> Apa acara bermula pada tahun konsul? || konsul pertama memasuki pejabat <> Apakah tarikh konsular tahun sebelum 222 SM? || 1 Mei <> Apakah tarikh permulaan tahun konsul dari 222 SM? || 15 Mac <> Bilakah Rom mula menggunakan kalendar Julian? || 45 SM <> Apa yang digunakan sebagai tahun di gereja Rom awal? || <> Apakah kalendar yang digunakan pada tahun 153 SM? || <> Dalam tempoh apa yang digunakan setahun untuk tarikh tidak berubah? || <> Apa yang ditandakan oleh tarikh Maharaja mengambil alih pejabat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?", "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79a", "answers": [{"text": "consular year", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event started the consular year?", "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79b", "answers": [{"text": "consuls first entered office", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?", "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79c", "answers": [{"text": "1 May", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?", "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79d", "answers": [{"text": "15 March", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?", "id": "570b27286b8089140040f79e", "answers": [{"text": "45 BC", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consular year", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What was used as the year in the early Roman church?", "id": "5a3701a195360f001af1b3cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julian calendar,", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What calendar came into use in 153 BC?", "id": "5a3701a195360f001af1b3d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Republican period", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "During what period did a year used for dates not change?", "id": "5a3701a195360f001af1b3d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The year", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was marked by the date the Emperor took office?", "id": "5a3701a195360f001af1b3d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office\u2014probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC. The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present."}], ["Sehingga 28 Februari dalam kalendar anda menukar dari menambah satu hari kurang atau kurangkan satu hari lebih daripada nilai yang dihitung. Ingat untuk memberi bulan Februari jumlah hari yang sesuai untuk kalendar yang anda tukar. Apabila anda menggugurkan hari untuk bergerak dari Julian ke Gregorian berhati-hati, apabila mengira bersamaan Gregorian pada 29 Februari (Julian), ingat bahawa 29 Februari didiskaunkan. Oleh itu jika nilai dikira adalah -4 bersamaan Gregorian pada tarikh ini ialah 24 Februari. <> Berapa hari yang anda tolak untuk menukar hari dari kalendar? || tolak satu hari <> Apa yang perlu diingati tentang tarikh 29 Februari dalam kalendar Julian? || 29 Februari didiskaun <> Jika anda memerlukan tarikh empat hari kurang, apa yang anda tolak daripada kalendar Julian? || -4 <> Berapa hari yang anda tambah untuk menukar hari dari kalendar? || <> Apa yang didiskaun ketika menukar dari Gregorian ke Julian? || <> Apa yang anda tambah untuk pindah dari kalendar Julian ke kalendar Gregorian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?", "id": "570b20556b8089140040f758", "answers": [{"text": "subtract one day", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?", "id": "570b20556b8089140040f759", "answers": [{"text": "February 29 is discounted", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?", "id": "570b20556b8089140040f75a", "answers": [{"text": "-4", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one day", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "How many days you add to convert days from a calendar?", "id": "5a3700b995360f001af1b3c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 29", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What is discounted when converting from Gregorian to Julian?", "id": "5a3700b995360f001af1b3ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "days", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What you add to move from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "5a3700b995360f001af1b3cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24."}], ["Bersempena dengan sistem bulan terdapat sistem minggu. Kalendar fizikal atau elektronik menyediakan penukaran dari tarikh yang diberikan kepada hari kerja, dan menunjukkan beberapa tarikh untuk hari kerja dan bulan yang diberikan. Mengira hari dalam seminggu tidak begitu mudah, kerana penyelewengan dalam sistem Gregorian. Apabila kalendar Gregorian diadopsi oleh setiap negara, kitaran mingguan terus tidak terganggu. Sebagai contoh, dalam kes beberapa negara yang mengadopsi kalender yang telah diperbaharui pada tarikh yang dicadangkan oleh Gregory XIII untuk penerimaan kalender, pada hari Jumaat, 15 Oktober 1582, tanggal sebelumnya adalah hari Kamis, 4 Oktober 1582 (kalender Julian). <> Apakah sistem perhitungan lain yang wujud dalam kalendar Gregorian? || sistem minggu <> Mengapa mengira hari kalendar Gregorian tidak mudah? || penyelewengan <> Selepas setiap negara mengamalkan kalendar bagaimana kitaran mingguan diteruskan? || tidak terganggu <> Apakah tarikh pengambilan kalendar itu? || Jumaat, 15 Oktober 1582 <> Apa tarikh hari sebelumnya oleh kalendar Julian? || Khamis, 4 Oktober 1582 <> Apa yang mudah dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem Gregorian? || <> Apa yang menjadikan Calgary sebagai hari dalam simbol minggu dalam sistem Gregorian? || <> Apa yang diganggu apabila kalendar Gregory diadopsi di setiap negara? || <> Apa yang berakhir pada hari Jumaat, 5 Oktober 1582? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a4", "answers": [{"text": "system of weeks", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?", "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a5", "answers": [{"text": "irregularities", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?", "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a6", "answers": [{"text": "uninterrupted", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of adoption for the calendar?", "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a7", "answers": [{"text": "Friday, 15 October 1582", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?", "id": "570b28ab6b8089140040f7a8", "answers": [{"text": "Thursday, 4 October 1582", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Calculating the day of the week", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "What is simple to do using the Gregorian system?", "id": "5a3717ea95360f001af1b3ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the irregularities in the Gregorian system", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What makes Calgary the days of the week symbol in the Gregorian system?", "id": "5a3717ea95360f001af1b400", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the weekly cycle continued", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What was interrupted when the Gregorian calendar was adopted in each country?", "id": "5a3717ea95360f001af1b401", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregorian system", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What ended on Friday, October 5 1582?", "id": "5a3717ea95360f001af1b402", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar)."}], ["Alternatif bebas bahasa yang digunakan di banyak negara adalah untuk menahan dua penumbuk satu dengan jari telunjuk induk kiri ke arah jari telunjuk induk. Kemudian, bermula dengan Januari dari jari tangan kiri, menghitung jari, ruang, buku jari, ruang selama bulan. Satu buku jari mewakili sebulan 31 hari, dan ruang mewakili bulan yang pendek (28- atau 29 hari Februari atau mana-mana bulan 30 hari). Persimpangan antara tangan tidak dihitung, jadi kedua jari indeks mewakili bulan Julai dan Ogos. <> Mengapa kiraan ruang jari boleh digunakan untuk menentukan bulan? || bahasa-bebas <> Kira-kira pergigian adalah sebulan berapa hari? || 31 <> Ruang antara buku jari adalah jenis bulan? || bulan yang pendek <> Apa yang diadakan bersama untuk kiraan bulan-jam ruang? || dua tangan seseorang <> Apakah kaedah untuk menentukan bulan bergantung kepada bahasa? || <> Apa persimpangan dikira untuk bulan Februari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?", "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80a", "answers": [{"text": "language-independent", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A knuckle count is a month of how many days?", "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80b", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The space between knuckles is what kind of month?", "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80c", "answers": [{"text": "short month", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?", "id": "570b0c33ec8fbc190045b80d", "answers": [{"text": "one's two fists", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What method for determining months is dependent on language?", "id": "5a37170a95360f001af1b3fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between the hands", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "What junction is counted for February?", "id": "5a37170a95360f001af1b3fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August."}], ["Pembaharuan Gregorian mengandungi dua bahagian: pembaharuan kalendar Julian seperti yang digunakan sebelum masa Pope Gregory XIII dan pembaharuan kitaran lunar yang digunakan oleh Gereja, dengan kalendar Julian, untuk menghitung tarikh Paskah. Pembaharuan itu adalah pengubahsuaian cadangan yang dibuat oleh Aloysius Lilius. Cadangannya termasuk mengurangkan jumlah tahun lompat dalam empat abad dari 100 hingga 97, dengan membuat 3 daripada 4 tahun berpesta biasa bukan tahun lompat. Lilius juga menghasilkan skema asal dan praktikal untuk menyesuaikan epek-epek bulan apabila mengira tarikh tahunan Paskah, menyelesaikan hambatan lama untuk pembaharuan kalendar. <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang ada pembaharuan kalendar Gregorian? || dua bahagian <> Apakah pembaharuan pertama kalendar itu? || Kalendar Julian <> Apakah pembaharuan kalendar kedua? || kitaran lunar <> Apa yang dikira menggunakan kalendar lunar? || tarikh Paskah <> Apa rancangan kalendar Lilius untuk mengurangkan dalam setiap 400 tahun? || bilangan tahun lompat <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang ada pembaharuan Gregorian? || <> Apa kalendar diubah oleh pembaharuan Julia? || <> Apa reformasi mengubah kitaran lunar yang digunakan oleh orang-orang kafir? || <> Siapa yang menentang cadangan pembaharuan? || <> Pembaharuan yang termasuk meningkatkan bilangan tahun lompat dan selama berabad-abad? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have?", "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b812", "answers": [{"text": "two parts", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first reform concerning the calendar?", "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b813", "answers": [{"text": "Julian calendar", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the second reform of the calendar?", "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b814", "answers": [{"text": "lunar cycle", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was calculated using the lunar calendar?", "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b815", "answers": [{"text": "date of Easter", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years?", "id": "570b0e40ec8fbc190045b816", "answers": [{"text": "number of leap years", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two parts", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "How many parts did the Gregorian reform have?", "id": "5a36d56b95360f001af1b355", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julian calendar", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What calendar was changed by the Julia reform?", "id": "5a36d56b95360f001af1b356", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Gregorian reform", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What reform change the lunar cycle used by pagans?", "id": "5a36d56b95360f001af1b357", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aloysius Lilius", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Who oppose the proposal for the reform?", "id": "5a36d56b95360f001af1b358", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aloysius Lilius", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Whose reform included increasing the number of leap years and for centuries?", "id": "5a36d56b95360f001af1b359", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gregorian reform contained two parts: a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church, with the Julian calendar, to calculate the date of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform."}], ["Oleh kerana ekuinoks musim bunga terikat pada tarikh Paskah, Gereja Katolik Rom dianggap sebagai hanyut musiman pada tarikh Paskah yang tidak diingini. Gereja Alexandria merayakan Paskah pada hari Ahad selepas hari ke-14 bulan (dikira menggunakan kitaran Metonika) yang jatuh pada atau selepas ekuoksial vernal, yang diletakkan pada 21 Mac. Walau bagaimanapun, Gereja Roma masih menganggap 25 Mac sebagai ekuinoks (sehingga 342) dan menggunakan kitaran yang berbeza untuk mengira hari bulan. Dalam sistem Alexandria, sejak hari ke-14 bulan Paskah boleh jatuh paling awal pada 21 Mac hari pertama hari ini tidak boleh jatuh lebih awal dari 8 Mac dan tidak lewat daripada 5 April. Ini bermakna Paskah berbeza-beza antara 22 Mac dan 25 April. Di Rom, Paskah tidak dibenarkan jatuh lewat dari 21 April, iaitu hari Parilia atau hari jadi Rom dan festival pagan. Hari pertama bulan Paskah boleh jatuh tidak lebih awal dari 5 Mac dan tidak lewat daripada 2 April . <> Siapa sangka bahawa hanyut musiman pada tarikh Paskah tidak boleh diterima? || Gereja Katolik Roman <> Apa yang sudah menjadi letih pada tarikh Paskah? || ekuinoks musim bunga <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Gereja Alexandria untuk mengira tarikh Paskah? || Kitaran metonik <> Di mana jemaat Alexandria meletakkan ekuinoks vernal? || 21 Mac <> Sehingga 342 ketika Gereja Rom menganggap ekuinoks vernal jatuh? || 25 Mac <> Siapa yang mendapati hanyut dan tarikh ekuinoks musim bunga tidak boleh diterima? || <> Apakah gereja Rom menggunakan kitaran metonik untuk menentukan? || <> Apa gereja Iskandariah tempat pada 25 Mac? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Gereja Roma pada 21 Mac ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?", "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7b8", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What even is tired to the date for Easter?", "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7b9", "answers": [{"text": "spring equinox", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?", "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7ba", "answers": [{"text": "Metonic cycle", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?", "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7bb", "answers": [{"text": "21 March", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?", "id": "570b2a686b8089140040f7bc", "answers": [{"text": "25 March", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Who found the drifting and the date of the spring equinox unacceptable?", "id": "5a36f7b995360f001af1b383", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What did the church of Rome use the metonic cycle to determine?", "id": "5a36f7b995360f001af1b384", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vernal equinox", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What did the church of Alexandria place on March 25?", "id": "5a36f7b995360f001af1b385", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spring equinox", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What did the Church of Rome place on 21 March", "id": "5a36f7b995360f001af1b386", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox (until 342) and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon. In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April. In Rome, Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April, that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival.The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April."}], ["Sebulan selepas menetapkan pembaharuan itu, Paus dengan ringkas 3 April 1582 diberikan kepada Antonio Lilio, saudara Luigi Lilio, hak eksklusif untuk menerbitkan kalender untuk tempoh sepuluh tahun. Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma dicetak oleh Vincenzo Accolti, salah satu kalendar pertama yang dicetak di Rom selepas pembaharuan, nota di bahagian bawahnya yang ditandatangani dengan kuasa kepausan dan oleh Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori ... et permissu Ant ( onii) Lilij). Sedang kepausan itu kemudian dibatalkan, pada 20 September 1582, karena Antonio Lilio terbukti tidak mampu memenuhi permintaan untuk salinan. <> Bilakah hak untuk menerbitkan kalendar yang diberikan? || 3 April 1582 <> Siapa yang memberi hak untuk menerbitkan kalendar? || Paus <> Masalah apa yang menyebabkan ringkasan papal yang memberikan hak untuk menerbitkan ditarik balik? || permintaan untuk salinan <> Bilakah hak untuk mencetak kalendar ditarik balik? || 20 September 1582 <> Di mana kalendar pertama dicetak? || Roma <> Siapa yang membuat pembaharuan pada abad kelima belas? || <> Apakah Luigi Lilio memberi hak eksklusif? || <> Kenapa ringkas baru yang diberikan pada September 2015 lapan puluh dua? September ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the rights to publish the calendar granted?", "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b872", "answers": [{"text": "3 April 1582", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar?", "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b873", "answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn?", "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b874", "answers": [{"text": "demand for copies", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn?", "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b875", "answers": [{"text": "20 September 1582", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the first calendars printed?", "id": "570b2597ec8fbc190045b876", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Who decreed the reform during the fifteenth century?", "id": "5a36fdbd95360f001af1b3b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "publish the calendar for a period of ten years.", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What was Luigi Lilio given exclusive rights to?", "id": "5a36fdbd95360f001af1b3b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "Why was a new brief granted in September 2015 eighty-two?September", "id": "5a36fdbd95360f001af1b3b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies."}], ["Majlis Trent telah meluluskan satu pelan pada 1563 untuk membetulkan kesilapan yang bersyarat, yang memerlukan tarikh ekuinoks vernal dipulihkan kepada apa yang dipegangnya pada masa Majlis Pertama Nicaea pada tahun 325 dan bahawa suatu perubahan kepada kalendar itu hendaklah direka bentuk untuk mengelakkan hanyutan masa depan. Ini akan membolehkan penjadualan perayaan Paskah lebih konsisten dan tepat. Pada tahun 1577, sebuah Compendium dihantar kepada ahli matematik ahli di luar suruhanjaya pembaharuan untuk komen. Sebahagian daripada pakar-pakar ini, termasuk Giambattista Benedetti dan Giuseppe Moleto, percaya Paskah harus dikira dari gerakan sebenar matahari dan bulan, daripada menggunakan kaedah tabular, tetapi cadangan-cadangan ini tidak diterima pakai. Pembaharuan yang diterima pakai adalah pengubahsuaian cadangan yang dibuat oleh doktor Calabrian Aloysius Lilius (atau Lilio). <> Bilakah Majlis Trent bersetuju dengan kalendar yang diperbetulkan? || 1563 <> Pada masa apakah Majlis memerlukan tarikh ekuinoks vernal ditetapkan? || 325 <> Apa yang ahli matematik mahu menggunakan tarikh Paskah? || gerakan matahari dan bulan <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan bukannya pengiraan matahari dan bulan? || kaedah jadual <> Cadangan diubah suai yang mana telah diterima pakai? || Aloysius Lilius <> Apa rancangan untuk Majlis Trent meluluskan pada abad kelima belas? || <> Apa yang perlu Majlis pertama Nicaea dipulihkan kepada yang ditetapkan dalam 325? || <> Apakah Majlis pertama Nicaea memerlukan perubahan? || <> Apa yang dihantar kepada ahli matematik pada abad kelima belas? || <> Apa yang diterima pakai dari cadangan Moleto ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?", "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b85e", "answers": [{"text": "1563", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?", "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b85f", "answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?", "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b860", "answers": [{"text": "motions of the sun and moon", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?", "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b861", "answers": [{"text": "tabular method", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose modified proposal was adopted?", "id": "570b241bec8fbc190045b862", "answers": [{"text": "Aloysius Lilius", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for correcting the calendrical errors", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What plan to the Council of Trent approve in the fifteenth century?", "id": "5a36fa9795360f001af1b393", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "date of the vernal equinox", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What did the first Council of Nicaea require to be restored to the one set in 325?", "id": "5a36fa9795360f001af1b394", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to prevent future drift.", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "What did the first Council of Nicaea require alterations for?", "id": "5a36fa9795360f001af1b395", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Compendium", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What was sent to mathematicians in the fifteenth century?", "id": "5a36fa9795360f001af1b396", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The reform", "answer_start": 712}], "question": "What was adopted from the proposal of Moleto", "id": "5a36fa9795360f001af1b397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted. The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio)."}], ["Sebelum 1917, Turki menggunakan kalendar Islam lunar dengan era Hegira untuk tujuan umum dan kalendar Julian untuk tujuan fiskal. Permulaan tahun fiskal akhirnya ditetapkan pada 1 Mac dan bilangan tahun hampir sama dengan tahun Hegira (lihat kalendar Rumi). Memandangkan tahun suria lebih panjang daripada tahun lunar, ini pada awalnya melibatkan penggunaan \"tahun-tahun lari\" sekali-sekala apabila bilangan tahun fiskal akan melompat. Dari 1 Mac 1917 tahun fiskal menjadi Gregorian, bukannya Julian. Pada 1 Januari 1926 penggunaan kalendar Gregorian telah diperluaskan untuk kegunaan umum dan bilangan tahun menjadi sama seperti di negara lain. <> Apakah kalendar Turki yang digunakan sebelum 1917 untuk kegunaan umum? || lunar Islam <> Apa kalendar Turki menggunakan untuk tujuan fiskal? || Julian <> Di mana Turki memulakan tahun fiskal? || 1 Mac <> Bilakah Turki mula menggunakan kalendar Gregorian untuk cara fiskal? || 1 Mac 1917 <> Bilakah Turki mula menggunakan kalendar Gregorian untuk semua tujuan? || 1 Januari 1926 <> Siapa yang menggunakan kalendar Islam lunar hingga abad kesembilan belas? || <> Siapa yang menggunakan era Hegira ialah kalendar fiskal? || <> Apa yang telah digunakan untuk menetapkan nombor tahun? || <> Apa yang diperlukan kerana tahun lunar lebih panjang daripada tahun solar? || <> Apa yang Turki mula menggunakan untuk semua tujuan pada 1 Mac 1917? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?", "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f732", "answers": [{"text": "lunar Islamic", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?", "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f733", "answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?", "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f734", "answers": [{"text": "1 March", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?", "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f735", "answers": [{"text": "1 March 1917", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?", "id": "570b1e506b8089140040f736", "answers": [{"text": "1 January 1926", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Turkey", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who use the lunar Islamic calendar until the nineteenth century?", "id": "5a36fffb95360f001af1b3bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Turkey", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who use the Hegira era is a fiscal calendar?", "id": "5a36fffb95360f001af1b3c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Hegira year", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What was used to set the year number?", "id": "5a36fffb95360f001af1b3c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"escape years\"", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What was needed because the lunar year is longer than the solar year?", "id": "5a36fffb95360f001af1b3c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "What did Turkey start using for all purposes on March 1, 1917?", "id": "5a36fffb95360f001af1b3c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of \"escape years\" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries."}], ["Di samping perubahan dalam purata min tahun kalendar dari 365.25 hari (365 hari 6 jam) hingga 365.2425 hari (365 hari 5 jam 49 minit 12 saat), pengurangan 10 minit 48 saat setahun, pembaharuan kalendar Gregorian juga berurusan dengan perbezaan terkumpul antara panjang ini. Jadual-jadual Paskah kanonik dibuat pada penghujung abad ketiga, ketika ekuinoks vernal jatuh sama ada pada 20 Mac atau 21 Mac bergantung pada kedudukan tahun dalam kitaran tahun kabisat. Kerana peraturannya adalah bahawa bulan purnama sebelum Paskah tidak mendahului ekuinoks ekuinoks itu ditetapkan pada 21 Mac untuk tujuan pengiraan dan tarikh paling awal untuk Paskah ditetapkan pada 22 Mac. Kalender Gregorian mengeluarkan semula syarat ini dengan mengeluarkan sepuluh hari. <> Apakah perbezaan masa antara kalendar? || 10 minit 48 saat <> Dengan apa perbezaan lain kalendar Gregory itu sendiri? || perbezaan terkumpul <> Bilakah equinox vernal pada akhir abad ketiga? || 20 Mac atau 21 Mac <> Untuk mengira bulan purnama yang datang selepas ekuinoks, kapan set equinox? || 22 Mac <> Bagaimanakah kalendar Gregorian menetapkan ini sama dengan bulan purnama yang tidak sebelum Paskah? || menghapus sepuluh hari <> Apa yang mengubah panjang tahun kalendar dari 365.2425 hari hingga 365,25 hari? || <> Apa yang dikurangkan oleh empat puluh lapan minit dan sepuluh saat? || <> Apa yang telah dirancang semasa 300an || <> Apa yang tidak mengikuti ekuinoks? || <> Apakah tarikh 22 Mac untuk tarikh akhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the difference in time between the calendars?", "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b854", "answers": [{"text": "10 minutes 48 seconds", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself?", "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b855", "answers": [{"text": "accumulated difference", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century?", "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b856", "answers": [{"text": "20 March or 21 March", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox, when was the equinox set?", "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b857", "answers": [{"text": "22 March", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?", "id": "570b2260ec8fbc190045b858", "answers": [{"text": "removing ten days", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregorian calendar reform", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What changed the length of the calendar year from 365.2425 days to 365.25 days?", "id": "5a36f03795360f001af1b35f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "days", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What was reduced by forty-eight minutes and ten seconds?", "id": "5a36f03795360f001af1b360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The canonical Easter tables", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What was devised during the 300s", "id": "5a36f03795360f001af1b361", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Easter", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "What was not to follow the equinox?", "id": "5a36f03795360f001af1b362", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Easter", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What was March 22 the latest date for?", "id": "5a36f03795360f001af1b363", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to 365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds), a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year, the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year's position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March. The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days."}], ["Kalendar Gregorian memperbaiki penghampiran yang dibuat oleh kalendar Julian dengan melangkau tiga hari lompatan Julian dalam setiap 400 tahun, memberikan purata tahun 365.2425 bermakna hari solar panjang. Penghampiran ini mempunyai ralat kira-kira satu hari setiap 3,300 tahun berkenaan dengan purata tahun tropika. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan kesungguhan ekuinoks, kesilapan berkenaan dengan ekuinoks vernal (yang berlaku, secara purata, 365.24237 hari terpisah berhampiran 2000) adalah 1 hari setiap 7,700 tahun, dengan mengandaikan selang masa malar antara ekuinoks vernal, yang tidak benar. Dengan sebarang kriteria, kalendar Gregorian jauh lebih tepat daripada 1 hari dalam kesilapan 128 tahun kalendar Julian (purata tahun 365.25 hari). <> Kalendar Gregorian adalah penambahbaikan terhadap apa kalendar lain? || Julian <> Berapa hari mesti dilangkau untuk menyelaraskan kalendar dengan purata hari solar dalam setahun? || tiga hari lompat Julian <> Apakah ralat anggaran untuk setiap 3,300 tahun? || satu hari <> Apakah kadar kesilapan equinox vernal setiap 7,700 tahun? || 1 hari <> Apakah kadar kesilapan dalam kalendar Julian? || 1 hari dalam 128 tahun <Bagaimana cara kalendar Julian memperbaiki perkiraan kalender Gregorian? || <> Berapa tahunkah pengambilan Julian mempunyai kesilapan dalam satu hari? || <> Dalam sistem Julia apakah kadar ralat untuk equinox vernal pertama 7700 tahun? || <> Sistem Julian melompat tiga hari lompat dan berapa tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Gregorian calendar is an improvement over what other calendar?", "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7e8", "answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days must be skipped to align the calendar with mean solar days in a year?", "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7e9", "answers": [{"text": "three Julian leap days", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the approximate error for every 3,300 years?", "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7ea", "answers": [{"text": "one day", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the error rate of the vernal equinox per every 7,700 years?", "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7eb", "answers": [{"text": "1 day", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the error rate in the Julian calendar?", "id": "570b2f5e6b8089140040f7ec", "answers": [{"text": "1 day in 128 years", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years,", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "How does Julian calendar improve the approximations made by the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "5a37191595360f001af1b407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3,300 years", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "How many years does it take for the Julian approximation to have an error of one day?", "id": "5a37191595360f001af1b408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 day", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "In the Julia system what is the error rate for the vernal equinox first 7700 years?", "id": "5a37191595360f001af1b409", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400 years,", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "The Julian system skips three leap days and how many years?", "id": "5a37191595360f001af1b40a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long. This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, the error with respect to the vernal equinox (which occurs, on average, 365.24237 days apart near 2000) is 1 day every 7,700 years, assuming a constant time interval between vernal equinoxes, which is not true. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days)."}], ["\"Gaya Lama\" (OS) dan \"Gaya Baru\" (NS) kadangkala ditambahkan pada tarikh untuk mengenal pasti sistem mana yang digunakan di Empayar British dan negara lain yang tidak segera berubah. Oleh kerana Akta Kalendar 1750 mengubah permulaan tahun, dan juga menjajarkan kalendar British dengan kalendar Gregory, terdapat kekeliruan terhadap apa yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah-istilah ini. Mereka boleh menunjukkan bahawa permulaan tahun Julian telah diselaraskan untuk bermula pada 1 Januari (NS) walaupun dokumen kontemporari menggunakan permulaan tahun yang berlainan (OS); atau untuk menunjukkan bahawa tarikh sesuai dengan kalendar Julian (OS) yang dahulunya digunakan di banyak negara, dan bukan kalendar Gregorian (NS). <> Apa penambahan yang ditambah pada tarikh British untuk membezakannya dari negara-negara yang tidak menggunakan kalendar baru? || \"Gaya Lama\" (OS) dan \"Gaya Baru\" <> Bilakah perbuatan Kalendar digubal? || 1750 <> Dengan apakah Akta Kalendar menyelaraskan kalendar British? || Kalender Gregorian <> Apakah kegunaan gaya lama dan gaya baru? || kekeliruan <> Apa undang-undang yang dibuat oleh British untuk menyebabkan penggunaan kalendar Gregorian? || Akta Kalendar 1750 <> Kenapa gaya baru gaya lama tidak menggunakan Empayar British? || <> Apakah kalendar selepas 1752 untuk menjelaskan maksud gaya baru gaya lama? || <> Apakah akta kalendar sejajar dengan kalendar British? || <> Apakah OS ini menunjukkan 1 Januari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? ", "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d4", "answers": [{"text": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\"", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Calendar act enacted?", "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d5", "answers": [{"text": "1750", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?", "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d6", "answers": [{"text": "Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?", "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d7", "answers": [{"text": "confusion", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570b2dd76b8089140040f7d8", "answers": [{"text": "Calendar Act of 1750", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "did not immediately change", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Why are old-style new style not using the British Empire?", "id": "5a37143595360f001af1b3eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar,", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What did the calendar after 1752 to clarify the meaning of old-style new style?", "id": "5a37143595360f001af1b3ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregorian calendar", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What did the calendar act aligned with the British calendar?", "id": "5a37143595360f001af1b3ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What this OS indicate January 1 is?", "id": "5a37143595360f001af1b3ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS)."}], ["Jadual kuno menyediakan bujur rata matahari. Christopher Clavius, arkitek kalendar Gregorian, menyatakan bahawa jadual-jadual itu tidak dipersetujui pada masa matahari terbit melalui ekuinoks vernal mahupun pada panjang tahun tropika yang bermakna. Tycho Brahe juga perasan percanggahan. Peraturan tahun lompat Gregorian (97 tahun lompat dalam 400 tahun) telah dikemukakan oleh Petrus Pitatus dari Verona pada tahun 1560. Dia menyatakan bahawa ia konsisten dengan tahun tropika jadual Alfonsine dan dengan tahun tropikal Copernicus (De revolutionibus) dan Reinhold (jadual Prutenic). Tiga musim tropika yang bermakna dalam kelahiran Babilonia sebagai lebih dari 365 hari (cara mereka akan diekstrak dari jadual bujur rata) adalah 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus ) dan 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). Semua nilai adalah sama kepada dua tempat (14:33) dan ini juga merupakan tempoh purata tahun Gregorian. Oleh itu penyelesaian Pitatus akan memuji dirinya kepada para astronom. <> Siapa arkitek kalendar Gregorian? || Christopher Clavius <> Apakah arkitek notis kalendar mengenai jadual astronomi? || percanggahan <> Siapa penyelesaiannya terhadap percanggahan meja-meja itu mungkin sesuai dengan para astronom? || Petrus Pitatus <> Bilakah Pitatus menawarkan penyelesaiannya untuk masalah tahun kabur? || 1560 <> Apakah teori mengenai tahun lompat dipanggil? || Peraturan tahun lompat Gregorian <> Apa yang memberikan anak lelaki bermaksud latitud? || <> Siapa yang menyedari bahawa jadual-jadual tersebut disepakati pada waktu matahari melewati ekuinoks vernal? || <> Yang mencadangkan sembilan puluh tujuh tahun lompat dalam 400 tahun pada abad kelima belas || <> Siapa penyelesaian untuk percanggahan dalam jadual tidak sesuai dengan para astronom? || <> Apakah kalendar yang dibuat oleh Pitatus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?", "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8ae", "answers": [{"text": "Christopher Clavius", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?", "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8af", "answers": [{"text": "discrepancies", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?", "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8b0", "answers": [{"text": "Petrus Pitatus", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?", "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8b1", "answers": [{"text": "1560", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the theory about leap year called?", "id": "570b2c16ec8fbc190045b8b2", "answers": [{"text": "Gregorian leap year rule", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ancient tables", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What provided the sons mean latitude?", "id": "5a36fbd195360f001af1b39d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christopher Clavius", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Who noticed that the tables agreed on the time the sun passed the vernal equinox?", "id": "5a36fbd195360f001af1b39e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Petrus Pitatus", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "Who suggested ninety-seven leap years in 400 years during the fifteenth century", "id": "5a36fbd195360f001af1b39f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pitatus of Verona", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Who solution to discrepancies in the tables was not agreeable to astronomers?", "id": "5a36fbd195360f001af1b3a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregorian calendar,", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What calendar did Pitatus create?", "id": "5a36fbd195360f001af1b3a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers."}]], [["Xbox 360 dilancarkan dengan 14 perlawanan di Amerika Utara dan 13 di Eropah. Permainan laris konsol untuk tahun 2005, Call of Duty 2, dijual lebih dari satu juta salinan. Lima permainan lain dijual lebih dari satu juta salinan pada tahun pertama konsol di pasaran: Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Dead or Alive 4, Saints Row, and Gears of War. Gears of War akan menjadi permainan terlaris di konsol dengan 3 juta salinan pada tahun 2006, sebelum diatasi pada tahun 2007 oleh Halo 3 dengan lebih dari 8 juta salinan. <> Berapa banyak tajuk yang telah dilancarkan 360 di Amerika Utara? || 14 permainan <> Apakah tajuk yang paling baik pada konsol pada tahun 2005? || Call of Duty 2 <> Berapa banyak salinan yang dilakukan oleh Halo 3? || 8 juta salinan <> Halo 3 dikeluarkan pada tahun berapa? || 2007 <> Selain Call of Duty 2, berapa banyak permainan yang dijual sekurang-kurangnya 1 juta salinan tahun pertama 360? || Lima <> Permainan apa yang dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara tetapi tidak di Eropah? || <> Tahun apakah Saints Row adalah permainan terlaris? || <> Berapa banyak salinan yang dibuat oleh Ghost REcon Advanced Warfighter pada tahun 2007? || <> Bilakah Gears of War mengatasi Halo 3? || <> Berapa banyak permainan yang dijual lebih dari satu juta kopi pada tahun 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America?", "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73c", "answers": [{"text": "14 games", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title was the console's best seller in 2005?", "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73d", "answers": [{"text": "Call of Duty 2", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies did Halo 3 sell?", "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73e", "answers": [{"text": "8 million copies", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Halo 3 was released in what year?", "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f73f", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Call of Duty 2, how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360?", "id": "570b1ef16b8089140040f740", "answers": [{"text": "Five", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Call of Duty 2", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What game was released in North America but not Europe?", "id": "5a70c0a48abb0b001a676163", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What year was Saints Row the best-selling game?", "id": "5a70c0a48abb0b001a676164", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 million", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "How many copies did Ghost REcon Advanced Warfighter sell in 2007?", "id": "5a70c0a48abb0b001a676165", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "When did Gears of War overtake Halo 3?", "id": "5a70c0a48abb0b001a676166", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Five", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "How many games sold over one million copies in 2007?", "id": "5a70c0a48abb0b001a676167", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe. The console's best-selling game for 2005, Call of Duty 2, sold over a million copies. Five other games sold over a million copies in the console's first year on the market: Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Dead or Alive 4, Saints Row, and Gears of War. Gears of War would become the best-selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006, before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies."}], ["Pada pelancarannya, Xbox 360 tersedia dalam dua konfigurasi: pakej \"Xbox 360\" (secara tidak rasmi dikenali sebagai Pro 20GB atau Premium), yang berharga US $ 399 atau GB \u00a3 279.99, dan \"Xbox 360 Core\" $ 299 dan GB \u00a3 209.99. Penghantaran asal versi Xbox 360 termasuk versi cut-down Media Remote sebagai promosi. Pakej Elite dilancarkan kemudian pada US $ 479. \"Xbox 360 Core\" telah digantikan oleh \"Xbox 360 Arcade\" pada bulan Oktober 2007 dan versi 60 GB dari Xbox 360 Pro dikeluarkan pada 1 Ogos 2008. Pakej Pro telah dihentikan dan ditandakan kepada US $ 249 pada 28 Ogos , 2009 akan dijual sehingga stok habis, sementara Elite juga menurunkan harga kepada AS $ 299. <> Xbox 360 Pro termasuk apa saiz penyimpanan cakera keras? || 20 GB <> Apakah nama rasmi 360 SKU yang lebih murah pada pelancaran? || Xbox 360 Core <> The Xbox 360 Elite akhirnya dilancarkan pada apa harga titik? || US $ 479 <> Penyimpanan asli 360 Pro digantikan dengan pemacu keras pada saiz apa yang berlaku pada tahun 2008? || 60 GB <> Apakah nama Microsoft SKU yang menggantikan 360 Core? || Xbox 360 Arcade <> Apakah pakej Xbox 360 Core yang tidak diketahui secara rasmi? || <> Apa harga Media jauh di USD? || <> Berapa banyak arked Xbox 360? || <> Bilakah pakej Teras dilancarkan? || <> Apa yang digantikan dengan pakej Arked? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Xbox 360 Pro included what size hard drive storage?", "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f728", "answers": [{"text": "20 GB", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the official name of the lower-priced 360 SKU at launch?", "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f729", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360 Core", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Xbox 360 Elite eventually launched at what price point?", "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f72a", "answers": [{"text": "US$479", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 360 Pro's original storage was replaced by a hard drive of what size in 2008?", "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f72b", "answers": [{"text": "60 GB", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core?", "id": "570b1e376b8089140040f72c", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360 Arcade", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 GB Pro or Premium", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What was the Xbox 360 Core package unofficially known as?", "id": "5a70ba5a8abb0b001a6760e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$479.", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What was the Media Remote priced at in USD?", "id": "5a70ba5a8abb0b001a6760e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$299", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "How much was the Xbox 360 Arcade?", "id": "5a70ba5a8abb0b001a6760e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2007", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "When was the Core package launched?", "id": "5a70ba5a8abb0b001a6760e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360 Core", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What replaced the Arcade package?", "id": "5a70ba5a8abb0b001a6760e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At launch, the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations: the \"Xbox 360\" package (unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium), priced at US$399 or GB\u00a3279.99, and the \"Xbox 360 Core\", priced at US$299 and GB\u00a3209.99. The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut-down version of the Media Remote as a promotion. The Elite package was launched later at US$479. The \"Xbox 360 Core\" was replaced by the \"Xbox 360 Arcade\" in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1, 2008. The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US$249 on August 28, 2009 to be sold until stock ran out, while the Elite was also marked down in price to US$299."}], ["Xbox 360 dijual jauh lebih baik daripada yang sebelumnya, dan walaupun bukan konsol terlaris dari generasi ketujuh, ia dianggap sebagai kejayaan sejak ia memperkuat Microsoft sebagai daya utama di pasaran konsol dengan mengorbankan pesaing yang mantap . Nintendo Wii murah menjual unit konsol paling tetapi akhirnya menyaksikan keruntuhan sokongan perisian pihak ketiga pada tahun-tahun yang akan datang, dan ia telah dilihat oleh beberapa orang sebagai trend sejak Wii U berjaya mendapat debut yang buruk pada tahun 2012. The PlayStation 3 berjuang untuk satu masa kerana terlalu mahal dan pada awalnya tidak memiliki tajuk yang berkualiti, menjadikannya jauh lebih dominan daripada pendahulunya, PlayStation 2, dan ia mengambil masa sehingga larut jangka hayat PlayStation 3 untuk tajuk penjualan dan permainannya untuk mencapai keseimbangan dengan Xbox 360. TechRadar mengisytiharkan bahawa \"Xbox 360 melepasi tongkat sebagai raja bukit - kedudukan yang meletakkan lebih banyak tekanan pada penggantinya, Xbox One\". <> Mengapa 360 dianggap sebagai kejayaan pasaran untuk Microsoft? || ia mengukuhkan Microsoft sebagai daya utama di pasaran konsol <> Masalah apa yang menyakitkan konsol Wii Nintendo? || runtuh sokongan perisian pihak ketiga pada tahun-tahun kemudian <> The Playstation 3 pada asalnya berjuang untuk bahagian pasaran atas sebab-sebab apa? || kerana terlalu mahal dan pada mulanya kurang tajuk kualiti <> Apa yang digantikan dengan 360? || Xbox One <> Konsol mana yang menjual unit paling dalam era ketujuh? || Nintendo Wii <> Apa konsol jualan terbaik gen gen? || <> Ciri Xbox 360 yang runtuh? || <> Bilakah debut PlayStation 3? || <> Ciri-ciri apa yang menyebabkan Wii U bertarung? || <> Apa PlayStation meletakkan tekanan pada Xbox One? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft?", "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f790", "answers": [{"text": "it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problem hurt Nintendo's Wii console?", "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f791", "answers": [{"text": "collapse of third-party software support in its later years", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons?", "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f792", "answers": [{"text": "due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the successor to the 360 called?", "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f793", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox One", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era?", "id": "570b260c6b8089140040f794", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Wii", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was the best selling console of the sixth gen?", "id": "5a70ba718abb0b001a676127", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third-party software support", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What feature of the Xbox 360 collapsed?", "id": "5a70ba718abb0b001a676128", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "When did the PlayStation 3 debut?", "id": "5a70ba718abb0b001a676129", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "too expensive and initially lacking quality titles", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What features caused Wii U to struggle?", "id": "5a70ba718abb0b001a67612a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PlayStation 3", "answer_start": 702}], "question": "What PlayStation put pressure on the Xbox One?", "id": "5a70ba718abb0b001a67612b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals. The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years, and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012. The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles, making it far less dominant than its predecessor, the PlayStation 2, and it took until late in the PlayStation 3's lifespan for its sales and game titles to reach parity with the Xbox 360. TechRadar proclaimed that \"Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill \u2013 a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One\"."}], ["Xbox 360 menyokong video dalam format Windows Media Video (WMV) (termasuk video definisi tinggi dan PlaysForSure), serta media H.264 dan MPEG-4. Kemas kini papan pemuka pada Disember 2007 menambah sokongan untuk main semula video format MPEG-4 ASP. Konsol juga boleh memaparkan gambar dan membuat persembahan slaid koleksi foto dengan pelbagai kesan peralihan, dan menyokong main balik audio, dengan kawalan pemutar muzik yang boleh diakses menerusi butang Panduan Xbox 360. Pengguna boleh memainkan muzik mereka sendiri semasa bermain permainan atau menggunakan papan pemuka, dan boleh memainkan muzik dengan pensintesis visual interaktif. <> Apa 3 format video yang menyokong sokongan 360 pada pelancaran? || Format Media Video (WMV) Windows (termasuk video definisi tinggi dan PlaysForSure), serta H.264 dan MPEG-4 <> Sokongan untuk format video apa yang telah ditambah pada tahun 2007? || MPEG-4 ASP <> Bagaimana kawalan pemain muzik diakses oleh 360 pengguna? || butang Panduan Xbox 360 <> Apakah satu ciri 360 persembahan slaid foto? || kesan peralihan <> Apa yang diperbaharui 2007 menghapuskan sokongan untuk? || <> Bilakah synthesizer visual ditambah? || <> Jenis video WMV yang tidak berfungsi pada Xbox 360? || <> Bagaimana pemain memainkan video semasa bermain permainan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch?", "id": "570b20036b8089140040f750", "answers": [{"text": "Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Support for what video format was added in 2007?", "id": "570b20036b8089140040f751", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-4 ASP", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are music player controls accessed by 360 users?", "id": "570b20036b8089140040f752", "answers": [{"text": "the Xbox 360 Guide button", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows?", "id": "570b20036b8089140040f753", "answers": [{"text": "transition effects", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MPEG-4 ASP", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What did the 2007 update remove support for?", "id": "5a70c3328abb0b001a676181", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2007", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "When was the visual synthesizer added?", "id": "5a70c3328abb0b001a676182", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high-definition and PlaysForSure", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Which type of WMV videos do not work on the Xbox 360?", "id": "5a70c3328abb0b001a676183", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Xbox 360 Guide button", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "How do gamers play videos while playing games?", "id": "5a70c3328abb0b001a676184", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4 media. The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG-4 ASP format videos. The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects, and supports audio playback, with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button. Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard, and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer."}], ["Untuk membantu pelanggan dengan konsol yang cacat, Microsoft memperluaskan jaminan pengeluar Xbox 360 untuk tiga tahun untuk masalah kegagalan perkakasan yang menghasilkan laporan kesilapan \"Kegagalan Perkakasan Am\". \"Kegagalan Perkakasan Am\" diiktiraf pada semua model yang dikeluarkan sebelum Xbox 360 S oleh tiga kuadran cincin di sekitar butang kuasa yang berkedip merah. Kesalahan ini sering dikenali sebagai \"Ring of Death of Death\". Pada bulan April 2009, waranti telah dilanjutkan juga meliputi kegagalan yang berkaitan dengan kod ralat E74. Pelanjutan jaminan tidak diberikan untuk sebarang jenis kegagalan lain yang tidak menghasilkan kod ralat tertentu. <> Apakah kod kecacatan perkakasan yang mengganggu 360? || \"Kegagalan Kegagalan Perkakasan Am\" <> Apakah indikator berkelip dari ralat perkakasan umum yang dikenali sebagai? || Red Ring of Death <> Bagaimana Microsoft bertindak balas terhadap masalah ralat perkakasan am? || Microsoft memperluaskan jaminan pengeluar Xbox 360 untuk tiga tahun <> Apa kod ralat lain yang akhirnya diliputi oleh pelanjutan waranti ini? || Kod ralat E74 <> Di manakah pengguna melihat kod ralat cahaya berkelip pada 360s mereka? || cincin di sekitar butang kuasa <> Bagaimana ralat E74 diiktiraf? || <> Berapa banyak kuadran menyala dengan ralat E74? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk kesilapan E74? || <> Berapa tahun waranti dilanjutkan pada tahun 2009? || <> Bilakah Kegagalan Perkakasan Am ditemui pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What hardware defect code plagued the 360?", "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77c", "answers": [{"text": "\"General Hardware Failure\" error", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as?", "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77d", "answers": [{"text": "Red Ring of Death", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems?", "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77e", "answers": [{"text": "Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension?", "id": "570b24296b8089140040f77f", "answers": [{"text": "E74 error code", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s?", "id": "570b24296b8089140040f780", "answers": [{"text": "the ring around the power button", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "How was the E74 error recognized?", "id": "5a70bbe88abb0b001a67614f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "How many quadrants lit up with the E74 error?", "id": "5a70bbe88abb0b001a676150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Red Ring of Death", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What is another name for the E74 error?", "id": "5a70bbe88abb0b001a676151", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three years", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "By how many years was the warranty extended in 2009?", "id": "5a70bbe88abb0b001a676152", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 2009", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "When was the General Hardware Failure first discovered?", "id": "5a70bbe88abb0b001a676153", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To aid customers with defective consoles, Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a \"General Hardware Failure\" error report. A \"General Hardware Failure\" is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red. This error is often known as the \"Red Ring of Death\". In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code. The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes."}], ["Apabila Xbox 360 dilancarkan, perkhidmatan permainan dalam talian Microsoft Xbox Live ditutup selama 24 jam dan menjalani peningkatan besar, menambah perkhidmatan bukan langganan asas yang dipanggil Xbox Live Silver (kemudian dinamakan semula sebagai Xbox Live Free) kepada langganan langganan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya- perkhidmatan berasaskan (yang dinamakan semula Emas). Xbox Live Free disertakan dengan semua SKU konsol. Ia membolehkan pengguna membuat profil pengguna, menyertai papan pesanan, dan mengakses Arkib dan Pasaran Xbox Live Microsoft dan berbual dengan ahli lain. Akaun Langsung Secara Percuma tidak umumnya menyokong permainan berbilang pemain; Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa permainan yang mempunyai fungsi dalam talian yang agak terhad (seperti Viva Pi\u00f1ata) atau permainan yang menampilkan perkhidmatan langganan mereka sendiri (cth. Permainan EA Sports) boleh dimainkan dengan akaun Percuma. Xbox Live juga menyokong suara yang terakhir kemungkinan ciri dengan Xbox Live Vision. <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan permainan dalam talian Xbox tidak langganan? || Xbox Live Silver <> Apakah nama \"warna\" diberikan kepada versi premium Xbox Live? || Emas <> Apakah ciri utama yang tidak disokong oleh versi Live secara percuma? || permainan berbilang pemain <> Gelaran permainan popular mana yang mempunyai perkhidmatan dalam talian sendiri di luar Xbox Live? || Permainan Sukan EA <> Sokongan suara datang dalam talian dengan tambahan ciri apa? || Xbox Live Vision <> Apakah Xbox Live Free dinamakan semula? || <> Warna apa yang dikaitkan dengan Arcade Xbox Live? || <> Berapa lama sokongan suara selepas pelancarannya? || <> Apa contoh permainan yang tidak menyokong multiplayer online? || <> Apa permainan dengan perkhidmatan langganan sendiri tidak boleh dimainkan menggunakan Live Free? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the non-subscription Xbox online gaming service?", "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f75e", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Silver", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the \"color\" name given to the premium version of Xbox Live?", "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f75f", "answers": [{"text": "Gold", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?", "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f760", "answers": [{"text": "multiplayer gaming", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live?", "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f761", "answers": [{"text": "EA Sports games", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Voice support came online with what feature addition?", "id": "570b212d6b8089140040f762", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Vision", "answer_start": 863}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Silver", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What was Xbox Live Free renamed as?", "id": "5a70cb448abb0b001a67619d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gold", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What color is associated with Xbox Live Arcade?", "id": "5a70cb448abb0b001a67619e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24 hours", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "How long was voice support down after its launch?", "id": "5a70cb448abb0b001a67619f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Viva Pi\u00f1ata", "answer_start": 670}], "question": "What is an example of a game that does not support multiplayer online?", "id": "5a70cb448abb0b001a6761a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EA Sports", "answer_start": 742}], "question": "What game with its own subscription service cannot be played using Live Free?", "id": "5a70cb448abb0b001a6761a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When the Xbox 360 was released, Microsoft's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver (later renamed Xbox Live Free) to its already established premium subscription-based service (which was renamed Gold). Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console. It allows users to create a user profile, join on message boards, and access Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members. A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming; however, some games that have rather limited online functions already, (such as Viva Pi\u00f1ata) or games that feature their own subscription service (e.g. EA Sports games) can be played with a Free account. Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision."}], ["Kelebihan Xbox 360 terhadap pesaingnya adalah disebabkan pelepasan tajuk profil tinggi dari kedua-dua pihak pertama dan pemaju pihak ketiga. Anugerah Kritikan Permainan 2007 menghormati platform dengan 38 pencalonan dan 12 kemenangan - lebih daripada platform lain. Menjelang Mac 2008, Xbox 360 telah mencapai kadar melampirkan perisian sebanyak 7.5 permainan setiap konsol di Amerika Syarikat; kadarnya 7.0 di Eropah, manakala pesaingnya adalah 3.8 (PS3) dan 3.5 (Wii), menurut Microsoft. Pada Persidangan Permainan Pembangun 2008, Microsoft mengumumkan bahawa ia menjangkakan lebih 1,000 permainan yang tersedia untuk Xbox 360 menjelang akhir tahun ini. Selain menikmati eksklusif seperti penambahan kepada francais Halo dan Gears of War, Xbox 360 telah berjaya meraih gelaran serentak yang pada mulanya dirancangkan menjadi eksklusif PS3, termasuk Devil May Cry, Ace Combat, Virtua Fighter, Grand Kecurian Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid: Rising, dan LA Noire. Di samping itu, permainan Xbox 360 versi cross-platform pada umumnya dianggap unggul kepada rakan PS3 mereka pada tahun 2006 dan 2007, sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh kesukaran pengaturcaraan untuk PS3. <> Apakah kadar lampiran perisian di AS untuk 360 menjelang Mac tahun 2008? || 7.5 permainan setiap konsol di Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah dua francais 360 yang eksklusif? || francais Halo dan Gear of War <> Mengapa permainan multi-platform awal dianggap unggul pada 360? || kesukaran pengaturcaraan untuk PS3 <> The 360 memperoleh 38 pencalonan dan 12 kemenangan dari organisasi apa pada tahun 2007? || Anugerah Pengkritik Permainan <> Microsoft berharap untuk mempunyai berapa banyak tajuk yang tersedia untuk 360 menjelang akhir tahun 2008? || lebih 1,000 <> Berapa banyak permainan yang tersedia untuk Xbox pada tahun 2007? || <> Berapa banyak pencalonan yang PS3 terima? || <> Berapa banyak penghargaan yang dimainkan oleh Wii? || <> Berapa banyak permainan yang dilakukan oleh orang biasa di Eropah untuk PS3? || <> Apa yang eksklusif PS3 dilancarkan pada tahun 2006 bahawa Xbox 360 tidak mempunyai akses ke? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008?", "id": "570b23406b8089140040f772", "answers": [{"text": "7.5 games per console in the US", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two prominent 360 exclusive franchises?", "id": "570b23406b8089140040f773", "answers": [{"text": "the Halo franchise and Gears of War", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were early multi-platform games considered superior on the 360?", "id": "570b23406b8089140040f774", "answers": [{"text": "the difficulties of programming for the PS3", "answer_start": 1101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 360 earned 38 nominations and 12 wins from what organization in 2007?", "id": "570b23406b8089140040f775", "answers": [{"text": "Game Critics Awards", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Microsoft hoped to have how many titles available for the 360 by the end of 2008?", "id": "570b23406b8089140040f776", "answers": [{"text": "over 1,000", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,000", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "How many games were available for the Xbox in 2007?", "id": "5a70ba738abb0b001a676131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "38", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "How many nominations did the PS3 receive?", "id": "5a70ba738abb0b001a676132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "How many awards did the Wii win?", "id": "5a70ba738abb0b001a676133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3.8", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "How many games did the average person in Europe have for the PS3?", "id": "5a70ba738abb0b001a676134", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Devil May Cry, Ace Combat, Virtua Fighter, Grand Theft Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid : Rising, and L.A. Noire", "answer_start": 815}], "question": "What PS3 exclusives launched in 2006 that the the Xbox 360 did not have access to?", "id": "5a70ba738abb0b001a676135", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox 360's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high profile titles from both first party and third party developers. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins \u2013 more than any other platform. By March 2008, the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US; the rate was 7.0 in Europe, while its competitors were 3.8 (PS3) and 3.5 (Wii), according to Microsoft. At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year. As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War, the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of titles that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives, including Devil May Cry, Ace Combat, Virtua Fighter, Grand Theft Auto IV, Final Fantasy XIII, Tekken 6, Metal Gear Solid : Rising, and L.A. Noire. In addition, Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007, due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3."}], ["Xbox 360 mempunyai perkhidmatan dalam talian, Xbox Live, yang diperluaskan dari lelaran sebelumnya pada Xbox asal dan menerima kemas kini tetap semasa hayat konsol. Terdapat dalam jenis berasaskan percuma dan langganan, Xbox Live membolehkan pengguna untuk: bermain permainan dalam talian; memuat turun permainan (melalui Xbox Live Arcade) dan demo permainan; pembelian dan aliran muzik, rancangan televisyen, dan filem melalui portal Xbox Music dan Xbox Video; dan akses perkhidmatan kandungan pihak ketiga melalui aplikasi streaming media. Sebagai tambahan kepada ciri multimedia dalam talian, Xbox 360 membolehkan pengguna menstrim media dari PC tempatan. Beberapa peranti telah dikeluarkan, termasuk pengawal wayarles, penyimpanan cakera keras yang diperluas, dan kamera penderiaan gerakan Kinect. Pelepasan perkhidmatan dan perkakasan tambahan ini membantu jenama Xbox berkembang daripada permainan-hanya untuk merangkumi semua multimedia, mengubahnya menjadi hub untuk hiburan komputer ruang tamu. <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan dalam talian 360? || Xbox Live <> Apakah nama ciri yang membolehkan pengguna memuat turun permainan dari Live? || Xbox Live Arcade <> Apa yang boleh dimiliki oleh kedua-dua PC dan 360? || media strim <> Apakah nama pergerakan kamera pergerakan gerakan 360? || Kinect <> Keupayaan multimedia 360 berubah dari konsol permainan ke apa? || hub untuk hiburan pengkomputeran ruang tamu <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan streaming Xbox asli? || <> Perkhidmatan apa yang hanya ditawarkan perkhidmatan langganan? || <> Apakah yang digunakan oleh PC untuk mengalirkan media? || <> Apakah nama penyimpanan cakera keras tambahan? || <> Apakah nama ciri yang membolehkan pengguna Live memainkan demo permainan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the 360's online service?", "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84a", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?", "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84b", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Arcade", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?", "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84c", "answers": [{"text": "stream media", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?", "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84d", "answers": [{"text": "the Kinect", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?", "id": "570b2212ec8fbc190045b84e", "answers": [{"text": "a hub for living-room computing entertainment", "answer_start": 908}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What was the name of the orginal Xbox's streaming service?", "id": "5a70ba5f8abb0b001a6760eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What service only offered subscription services?", "id": "5a70ba5f8abb0b001a6760ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "What do PCs use to stream media?", "id": "5a70ba5f8abb0b001a6760ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kinect", "answer_start": 729}], "question": "What is the name of the additional hard drive storage?", "id": "5a70ba5f8abb0b001a6760ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Arcade", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What is the name of the feature that allows Live users to play game demos?", "id": "5a70ba5f8abb0b001a6760ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment."}], ["Dikenali semasa pembangunan sebagai Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS atau NextBox, Xbox 360 ditanam pada awal tahun 2003. Pada bulan Februari 2003, perancangan untuk platform perisian Xenon bermula, dan diketuai oleh Naib Presiden Microsoft J Allard. Bulan itu, Microsoft mengadakan acara untuk 400 pemaju di Bellevue, Washington untuk merekrut sokongan untuk sistem itu. Bulan itu juga, Peter Moore, bekas presiden Sega of America, menyertai Microsoft. Pada 12 Ogos 2003, ATI telah menandatangani untuk menghasilkan unit pemprosesan grafik untuk konsol baru, perjanjian yang diumumkan secara terbuka dua hari kemudian. Sebelum pelancaran Xbox 360, beberapa kit pembangunan Alpha dilihat menggunakan perkakasan Apple Power Mac G5. Ini kerana pemproses sistem PowerPC 970 menjalankan seni bina PowerPC yang sama yang akhirnya akan dijalankan oleh Xbox 360 di bawah pemproses Xenon IBM. Teras pemproses Xenon telah dibangunkan menggunakan versi yang sedikit diubahsuai dari seni pemproses PPE Pemprosesan PlayStation 3. Menurut David Shippy dan Mickie Phipps, pekerja IBM \"bersembunyi\" kerja mereka dari Sony dan Toshiba, rakan kongsi IBM dalam membangunkan Processor Cell. Jeff Minter mencipta program visualisasi muzik Neon yang disertakan dengan Xbox 360. <> Apa eksekutif Microsoft yang bertanggungjawab untuk pembangunan 360? || J Allard <> Apa pengeluar yang disenaraikan untuk merekabentuk pemproses grafik 360? || ATI <> Di manakah Peter Moor bekerja sebelum direkrut untuk membantu pada 360? || Sega of America <> Original 360 Alpha dev kit menggunakan perkakasan sistem yang sedia ada? || Apple Power Mac G5 <> Apa CPU yang digunakan 360? || Pemproses Xenon IBM <> Di manakah ibu pejabat Microsoft? || <> Siapa yang menggantikan Peter Moore sebagai presiden Sega? || <> Apakah nama-nama pekerja IBM yang menyembunyikan karya mereka? || <> Berapa banyak pemaju ATI yang bekerja pada unit pemprosesan grafik? || <> Apakah perkakasan Apple yang menggunakan Alpha menggunakan selepas pelancaran Xbox 360? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Microsoft executive was in charge of 360 development?", "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f71e", "answers": [{"text": "J Allard", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360's graphics processor?", "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f71f", "answers": [{"text": "ATI", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Peter Moor work before being recruited to help on the 360?", "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f720", "answers": [{"text": "Sega of America", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system's hardware?", "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f721", "answers": [{"text": "Apple's Power Mac G5", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What CPU did the 360 use?", "id": "570b1d3d6b8089140040f722", "answers": [{"text": "IBM's Xenon processor", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bellevue, Washington", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "Where is the Microsoft headquarters?", "id": "5a70ba658abb0b001a6760ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J Allard", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "Who replaced Peter Moore as the president of Sega?", "id": "5a70ba658abb0b001a676100", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Shippy and Mickie Phipps", "answer_start": 1007}], "question": "What were the names of the IBM employees that hid their work?", "id": "5a70ba658abb0b001a676101", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "How many ATI developers worked on the graphic processing unit?", "id": "5a70ba658abb0b001a676102", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Power Mac G5", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "What Apple hardware did Alpha kits use after the launch of the Xbox 360?", "id": "5a70ba658abb0b001a676103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Known during development as Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS or NextBox, the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003. In February 2003, planning for the Xenon software platform began, and was headed by Microsoft's Vice President J Allard. That month, Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue, Washington to recruit support for the system. Also that month, Peter Moore, former president of Sega of America, joined Microsoft. On August 12, 2003, ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later. Before the launch of the Xbox 360, several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple's Power Mac G5 hardware. This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor. The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3's Cell Processor PPE architecture. According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps, the IBM employees were \"hiding\" their work from Sony and Toshiba, IBM's partners in developing the Cell Processor. Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360."}], ["Pada tahun 2009, IGN menamakan Xbox 360 konsol permainan video keenam paling sepanjang masa, daripada medan 25. Walaupun bukan konsol terlaris generasi ketujuh, Xbox 360 dianggap TechRadar menjadi yang paling banyak berpengaruh, dengan menekankan pengedaran media digital dan permainan dalam talian melalui Xbox Live, dan dengan mempopulerkan anugerah pencapaian permainan. Majalah PC menganggap prototaip Xbox 360 untuk permainan dalam talian kerana ia \"membuktikan bahawa komuniti permainan dalam talian dapat berkembang maju dalam ruang konsol\". Lima tahun selepas debut asal Xbox 360, kamera pengambilan gerakan Kinect yang diterima dengan baik telah dikeluarkan, yang menetapkan rekod sebagai peranti elektronik pengguna jualan terpantas dalam sejarah, dan memanjangkan hayat konsol. Edge menduduki ranking Xbox 360 konsol kedua terbaik dalam tempoh 1993-2013, yang menyatakan \"Ia mempunyai rangkaian sosial sendiri, sembang silang permainan, permainan indie baru setiap minggu, dan versi terbaik hampir setiap permainan multiformat ... Killzone tidak ada Halo dan sekarang Gran Turismo bukan Forza, tetapi bukan mengenai eksklusif-tidak ada apa-apa untuk mengalahkan output PS3 Naughty Dog's, bagaimanapun, itu mengenai pilihan Microsoft yang dibuat kembali dalam kehidupan Xbox yang asal. bermakna gelaran EA Sports awal berlari pada 60fps berbanding dengan hanya 30 pada PS3, Xbox Live bermakna setiap pemain yang berdedikasi mempunyai senarai kawan sedia ada, dan Halo bermakna Microsoft mempunyai pembunuh eksklusif generasi akan datang. Dan ketika pemaju demo permainan di PC sekarang mereka lakukan ia dengan pad 360 - penanda aras industri lain, dan yang penting. \" <> Apa sumber dalam talian yang dipanggil 360 konsol terbesar keenam sepanjang tahun 2009? || IGN <> TechRadar menghormati 360 dengan menyebutnya apa? || paling berpengaruh <> Apa 360 alat peranti elektronik pengguna terpantas dalam sejarah? || Kinect <> Menurut Majalah PC, 360 mencipta prototaip untuk apa? || Permainan dalam talian <> Majalah mana yang menduduki 360 sebagai konsol kedua terbaik dalam tempoh 1993-2013? || Edge <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan Kinect sebagai konsol yang paling berpengaruh? || <> Siapa yang menyenaraikan PS3 sebagai konsol terbaik kedua antara 1993-2013? || <> Apa yang saya bandingkan dengan Halo? || <> Yang menuntut kepentingan Xbox 360 adalah eksklusifnya? || <> Berapa banyak konsol yang didapat Edge? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What online source called the 360 the 6th greatest console of all time in 2009?", "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b868", "answers": [{"text": "IGN", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "TechRadar honored the 360 by calling it what?", "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b869", "answers": [{"text": "most influential", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 360 peripheral was the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history?", "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b86a", "answers": [{"text": "Kinect", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to PC Magazine, the 360 created the prototype for what?", "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b86b", "answers": [{"text": "online gaming", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine ranked the 360 as the second best console of the 1993-2013 period?", "id": "570b2526ec8fbc190045b86c", "answers": [{"text": "Edge", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TechRadar", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "Who declared Kinect as the most influential console?", "id": "5a70ba688abb0b001a676109", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edge", "answer_start": 744}], "question": "Who ranked the PS3 as the second best console between 1993-2013?", "id": "5a70ba688abb0b001a67610a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Killzone", "answer_start": 959}], "question": "What did IGN compare Halo to?", "id": "5a70ba688abb0b001a67610b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edge", "answer_start": 744}], "question": "Who claimed the importance of the Xbox 360 was its exclusives?", "id": "5a70ba688abb0b001a67610c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "How many consoles did Edge compare?", "id": "5a70ba688abb0b001a67610d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2009, IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth-greatest video game console of all time, out of a field of 25. Although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential, by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live, and by popularizing game achievement awards. PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it \"proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space\". Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console. Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second-best console of the 1993\u20132013 period, stating \"It had its own social network, cross-game chat, new indie games every week, and the best version of just about every multiformat game...Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza, but it's not about the exclusives\u2014there's nothing to trump Naughty Dog's PS3 output, after all. Rather, it's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox's lifetime. The PC-like architecture meant those early EA Sports titles ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3, Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list, and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next-generation exclusive. And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad\u2014another industry benchmark, and a critical one.\""}], ["TechRadar menganggap Xbox 360 sebagai sistem permainan yang paling berpengaruh melalui penekanan pengedaran media digital, perkhidmatan permainan dalam talian Xbox Live, dan ciri pencapaian permainan. Semasa hayat konsol, jenama Xbox telah berkembang dari hanya permainan untuk merangkumi semua multimedia, mengubahnya menjadi hub untuk \"persekitaran pengkomputeran ruang tamu\". Lima tahun selepas perdana asal Xbox 360, kamera pengambilalihan Kinect yang diterima dengan baik telah dikeluarkan, yang menjadi peranti elektronik pengguna jualan terpantas dalam sejarah, dan memperluaskan kehidupan konsol. <> Selain permainan dalam talian dan pengedaran media, apa ciri lain yang menjadikan 360 berpengaruh, menurut TechRadar? || ciri pencapaian permainan <> Berapa tahun selepas pelancaran konsol awal Kinect dikeluarkan? || Lima tahun <> Selain ciri-ciri ini, apa yang Kinect lakukan untuk 360 dari segi jualan? || memperluaskan kehidupan konsol <> Apa itu Kinect? || kamera menangkap gerakan <> Bilakah Xbox 360 menganggap sistem permainan yang paling berpengaruh? || <> Apa konsol adalah jualan terpantas dalam sejarah? || <> Siapa yang menganggap Kinect peranti elektronik yang paling berpengaruh? || <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Xbox 360? || <> Jenama Xbox berpaling dari multimedia kepada apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Besides online gaming and media distribution, what other feature made the 360 influential, according to TechRadar?", "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7cc", "answers": [{"text": "game achievement feature", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years after initial launch of the console was Kinect released?", "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7cd", "answers": [{"text": "Five years", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides it's features, what did Kinect do for the 360 in terms of sales?", "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7ce", "answers": [{"text": "extended the life of the console", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Kinect?", "id": "570b2c4e6b8089140040f7cf", "answers": [{"text": "motion capture camera", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "When was the Xbox 360 deemed the most influential gaming system?", "id": "5a70ba768abb0b001a67613b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What console was the fastest selling in history?", "id": "5a70ba768abb0b001a67613c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TechRadar", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who considered the Kinect the most influential electronic device?", "id": "5a70ba768abb0b001a67613d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "digital media distribution", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What did Xbox 360 deemphasize?", "id": "5a70ba768abb0b001a67613e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gaming-only", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "The Xbox brand turned away from multimedia to what?", "id": "5a70ba768abb0b001a67613f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution, Xbox Live online gaming service, and game achievement feature. During the console's lifetime, the Xbox brand has grown from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for \"living-room computing environment\". Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2008, Microsoft mengumumkan bahawa 10 juta Xbox 360 telah dijual dan ia adalah \"konsol permainan generasi pertama yang pertama\" untuk mengatasi angka 10 juta di AS. Di Amerika Syarikat, Xbox 360 adalah peneraju dalam jualan konsol rumah generasi terkini hingga Jun 2008, apabila ia dilepasi oleh Wii. Xbox 360 telah menjual sejumlah 870,000 unit di Kanada pada 1 Ogos 2008. Antara Januari 2011 dan Oktober 2013, Xbox 360 adalah konsol terlaris di Amerika Syarikat selama 32 bulan berturut-turut ini. <> Angka jualan apa 360 adalah konsol pertama generasi untuk mengatasi? || 10 juta <> Bilakah 360 penyerahan memimpin dalam jumlah jualan? || Jun 2008 <> Konsol apa yang akhirnya melepasi 360 dalam jumlah jualan? || Wii <> Selama apa tempoh 32 bulan kemudian adalah 360 konsol jualan terbaik? || Januari 2011 dan Oktober 2013 <> Bilakah Xbox mencapai 10 juta unit dijual? || Mei 2008 <> Berapa banyak konsol Wii yang dijual pada tahun 2008? || <> Selama berapa bulan adalah Wii konsol laris? || <> Siapa yang mengumumkan Wii pada tahun 2008? || <> Berapa banyak unit menjual Xbox 360 di Kanada pada tahun 2013? || <> Apa konsol permainan yang melepasi Wii pada tahun 2008? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sales figure was the 360 the first console of its generation to surpass?", "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a4", "answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the 360 surrender its lead in total sales?", "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a5", "answers": [{"text": "June 2008", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What console eventually passed the 360 in total sales?", "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a6", "answers": [{"text": "the Wii", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what 32-month later period was the 360 the best selling console?", "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a7", "answers": [{"text": "January 2011 and October 2013", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Xbox achieve 10 million units sold?", "id": "570b2bacec8fbc190045b8a8", "answers": [{"text": "May 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "How many consoles did Wii sell in 2008?", "id": "5a70ba6b8abb0b001a676113", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "For how many months was the Wii the best-selling console?", "id": "5a70ba6b8abb0b001a676114", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Microsoft", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Who announced the Wii in 2008?", "id": "5a70ba6b8abb0b001a676115", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "870,000", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "How many units did the Xbox 360 sell in Canada in 2013?", "id": "5a70ba6b8abb0b001a676116", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What gaming console passed the Wii in 2008?", "id": "5a70ba6b8abb0b001a676117", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the \"first current generation gaming console\" to surpass the 10 million figure in the US. In the US, the Xbox 360 was the leader in current-generation home console sales until June 2008, when it was surpassed by the Wii. The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1, 2008. Between January 2011 and October 2013, the Xbox 360 was the best-selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months."}], ["Antara muka pengguna grafik asal Xbox 360 ialah Xbox 360 Dashboard; antara muka tab yang menampilkan lima \"Blades\" (dahulunya empat bilah), dan direka oleh AKQA dan Audiobrain. Ia boleh dilancarkan secara automatik apabila konsol dilancarkan tanpa cakera di dalamnya, atau ketika dulang cakera dikeluarkan, tetapi pengguna mempunyai pilihan untuk memilih apa yang dilakukan konsol jika permainan berada dalam dulang pada awal, atau jika dimasukkan ketika sudah dihidupkan. Versi ringkas itu juga boleh diakses pada bila-bila masa melalui butang Xbox Guide pada gamepad. Versi yang dipermudahkan ini menunjukkan gamercard pengguna, mesej Xbox Live dan senarai rakan. Ia juga dibenarkan untuk tetapan peribadi dan muzik, sebagai tambahan kepada sembang suara atau video, atau kembali ke Dashboard Xbox dari permainan. <> Apakah antaramuka pengguna asal untuk dipanggil 360? || Papan Pemuka Xbox 360 <> Siapa yang merancang antara muka pengguna ini? || AKQA dan Audiobrain <> Papan pemuka mudah boleh diakses dengan menekan butang pengawal apa? || butang Panduan Xbox pada gamepad <> Berapa banyak tab pada antara muka papan pemuka 360? || lima <> tab di antara muka pengguna dipanggil apa? || Bilah <> Berapa banyak bilah yang telah disederhanakan pada panduan yang ada? || <> Siapa yang merancang pemesejan Xbox Live? || <> Apakah lima Blades di papan pemuka utama? || <> Apakah nama yang dipanggil untuk dipanggil gamercard? || <> Apa yang tidak dapat dilancarkan jika konsol mempunyai cakera padanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original user interface for the 360 called?", "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b886", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360 Dashboard", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed this user interface?", "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b887", "answers": [{"text": "AKQA and Audiobrain", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button?", "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b888", "answers": [{"text": "the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tabs were on the 360 dashboard interface?", "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b889", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The tabs on the user interface were called what?", "id": "570b26c7ec8fbc190045b88a", "answers": [{"text": "Blades", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "How many blades did the simplified version on the guide have?", "id": "5a70c2358abb0b001a676177", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AKQA and Audiobrain", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Who designed Xbox Live messaging?", "id": "5a70c2358abb0b001a676178", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the user's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "What were the five Blades on the main dashboard?", "id": "5a70c2358abb0b001a676179", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blades", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What was the stylized name for the gamercard called?", "id": "5a70c2358abb0b001a67617a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Xbox 360 Dashboard", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What could not be launched if the console had a disc in it?", "id": "5a70c2358abb0b001a67617b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five \"Blades\" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on. A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. This simplified version showed the user's gamercard, Xbox Live messages and friends list. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game."}], ["Memandangkan masalah ini muncul, Microsoft telah cuba mengubahsuai konsol untuk meningkatkan kebolehpercayaannya. Pengubahsuaian termasuk pengurangan bilangan, saiz, dan penempatan komponen, penambahan epoksi epoksi pada sudut dan tepi CPU dan GPU sebagai gam untuk mengelakkan pergerakan relatif terhadap lembaga semasa pengembangan haba, dan GPU heatsink kedua untuk menghilangkan lebih banyak haba. Dengan pembebasan Xbox 360 S direka semula, jaminan untuk model yang lebih baru tidak termasuk liputan selama tiga tahun untuk \"Kegagalan Perkakasan Am\". Model Xbox 360 S yang lebih baru menunjukkan sistem terlalu panas apabila butang kuasa konsol mula berkedip merah, tidak seperti model sebelumnya di mana kuadran pertama dan ketiga cincin akan menyala merah di sekitar butang kuasa jika terlalu panas berlaku. Sistem ini akan memberi amaran kepada pengguna penutupan sistem yang akan berlaku sehingga sistem telah disejukkan, manakala butang kuasa berkelip yang bergantian antara hijau dan merah adalah tanda \"Kegagalan Perkakasan Am\" tidak seperti model yang lebih tua di mana tiga kuadran akan menyala merah . <> Bagaimana Microsoft mengubahsuai seni bina 360 untuk mengurangkan kadar kegagalan? || pengurangan bilangan, saiz, dan penempatan komponen <> Apakah punca kegagalan kegagalan perkakasan dengan 360? || panas <> Apabila model baru 360 S mempunyai butang kuasa mereka berkedip merah, ini bermakna? || sistem terlalu panas <> Bagaimana 360 S kemudian bereaksi terhadap situasi yang terlalu panas? || penutupan sistem yang akan berlaku sehingga sistem telah menyejukkan <> Bagaimana percubaan Microsoft untuk menangani pengembangan yang berkaitan dengan haba dengan GPU dan komponen CPU? || dabs epoksi di sudut dan tepi <> Yang kedua apa yang dikeluarkan kerana masalah pemanasan? || <> Yang dua kuadran menyala di Xbox 360 S untuk menunjukkan terlalu panas? || <> Kuadran ketiga dan pertama mengubah apa warna dua? || <> Di mana epoxy tambahan diletakkan pada model sebelum S? || <> Apakah waranti apakah yang termasuk 360 S? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How did Microsoft modify the architecture of the 360 to reduce failure rates?", "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c2", "answers": [{"text": "a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the root cause of hardware failures with the 360?", "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c3", "answers": [{"text": "heat", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the newer 360 S models have their power buttons flash red, it means?", "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c4", "answers": [{"text": "system overheating", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the 360 S then react to an overheating situation?", "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c5", "answers": [{"text": "imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Microsoft attempt to deal with potential heat-related expansion with GPU and CPU components?", "id": "570b2dfcec8fbc190045b8c6", "answers": [{"text": "dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GPU heatsink", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "The second what was removed because of heating issues?", "id": "5a70c0118abb0b001a676159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first and third quadrant", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "Which two quadrants light up on the Xbox 360 S to indicate overheating?", "id": "5a70c0118abb0b001a67615a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green and red", "answer_start": 945}], "question": "The third and first quadrant turn what two colors?", "id": "5a70c0118abb0b001a67615b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "Where was extra epoxy placed on the models before the S?", "id": "5a70c0118abb0b001a67615c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the three-year extended coverage for \"General Hardware Failures\"", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What warranty does the 360 S include?", "id": "5a70c0118abb0b001a67615d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since these problems surfaced, Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability. Modifications include a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components, the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion, and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat. With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S, the warranty for the newer models does not include the three-year extended coverage for \"General Hardware Failures\". The newer Xbox 360 S model indicates system overheating when the console's power button begins to flash red, unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred. The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled, whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a \"General Hardware Failure\" unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red."}], ["Dilancarkan di seluruh dunia menjelang 2005-2006, Xbox 360 pada mulanya berkurangan di banyak rantau, termasuk Amerika Utara dan Eropah. Versi terawal konsol ini mengalami kadar kegagalan yang tinggi, yang ditunjukkan oleh \"Ring of Death of Death\", yang memerlukan pelanjutan tempoh jaminan peranti. Microsoft melancarkan dua model reka bentuk semula konsol: Xbox 360 S pada tahun 2010, dan Xbox 360 E pada tahun 2013. Pada Jun 2014, 84 juta konsol Xbox 360 telah dijual di seluruh dunia, menjadikannya konsol permainan video paling laris keenam dalam sejarah, dan konsol terlaris yang dibuat oleh sebuah syarikat Amerika. Walaupun bukan konsol terlaris untuk generasi, Xbox 360 dianggap oleh TechRadar untuk menjadi yang paling berpengaruh melalui penekanannya pada pengedaran media digital dan permainan berbilang pemain pada Xbox Live. Pengganti Xbox 360, Xbox One, dikeluarkan pada 22 November 2013. Microsoft telah menyatakan bahawa mereka merancang untuk menyokong Xbox 360 hingga 2016. Xbox One juga serasi dengan Xbox 360. <> Apakah tetingkap pelancaran awal daripada 360 konsol? || 2005-2006 <> Apakah satu keadaan buruk yang mencirikan versi awal konsol? || kadar kegagalan yang tinggi <> Apakah sebutan kedua-dua 360 model yang direka bentuk semula dan bilakah mereka keluar? || Xbox 360 S pada tahun 2010, dan Xbox 360 E pada 2013 <> Sehingga Jun 2014, berapa 360s di seluruh SKU telah dijual di seluruh dunia? || 84 juta <> Bilakah pelancaran Xbox One? || 22 November 2013 <> Bilakah pelanjutan baru jaminan itu tamat tempoh? || <> Berapa banyak Xboxes yang dijual dari tahun 2005-2006? || <> Apa syarikat menduduki Xbox One sebagai konsol yang paling berpengaruh dalam penjanaannya? || <> Apakah kehormatan bersejarah yang dimiliki oleh Xbox One? || <> Apakah nama-nama model yang direka bentuk semula oleh Xbox One? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the initial launch window of the 360 console?", "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c2", "answers": [{"text": "2005\u20132006", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console?", "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c3", "answers": [{"text": "high failure rate", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out?", "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c4", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of June 2014, how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide?", "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c5", "answers": [{"text": "84 million", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Xbox One launch?", "id": "570b2aab6b8089140040f7c6", "answers": [{"text": "November 22, 2013", "answer_start": 887}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "When did the new extension of the warranty expire?", "id": "5a70ba628abb0b001a6760f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "84 million", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "How many Xboxes were sold from 2005-2006?", "id": "5a70ba628abb0b001a6760f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TechRadar", "answer_start": 706}], "question": "What company ranked the Xbox One as the most influential console of its generation?", "id": "5a70ba628abb0b001a6760f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history", "answer_start": 504}], "question": "What historical honor does the Xbox One hold?", "id": "5a70ba628abb0b001a6760f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What were the names of the redesigned models of the Xbox One?", "id": "5a70ba628abb0b001a6760f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Launched worldwide across 2005\u20132006, the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe. The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate, indicated by the so-called \"Red Ring of Death\", necessitating an extension of the device's warranty period. Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console: the Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013. As of June 2014, 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history, and the highest-selling console made by an American company. Although not the best-selling console of its generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live. The Xbox 360's successor, the Xbox One, was released on November 22, 2013. Microsoft has stated they plan to support the Xbox 360 until 2016. The Xbox One is also backwards compatible with the Xbox 360."}], ["Pada 6 November 2006, Microsoft mengumumkan Xbox Video Marketplace, kedai video eksklusif yang boleh diakses melalui konsol. Dilancarkan di Amerika Syarikat pada 22 November 2006, ulang tahun pertama pelancaran Xbox 360, perkhidmatan ini membolehkan pengguna di Amerika Syarikat memuat turun rancangan dan filem televisyen definisi definisi tinggi dan filem ke konsol Xbox 360 untuk tontonan. Dengan pengecualian klip pendek, kandungan tidak tersedia untuk streaming sekarang, dan mesti dimuat turun. Filem juga disediakan untuk disewa. Mereka tamat tempoh dalam 14 hari selepas memuat turun atau pada akhir 24 jam pertama selepas filem dimulakan, mana yang lebih awal. Episod televisyen boleh dibeli untuk dimiliki, dan boleh dipindah milik kepada bilangan konsol tanpa had. Fail yang dimuat turun menggunakan audio surround 5.1 dan dikodkan menggunakan VC-1 untuk video pada 720p, dengan kadar bit 6.8 Mbit / s. Kandungan televisyen ditawarkan dari MTV, VH1, Comedy Central, Turner Broadcasting, dan CBS; dan kandungan filem adalah Warner Bros, Paramount, dan Disney, bersama penerbit lain. <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan kedai video 360 itu? || Pasaran Video Xbox <> Bilakah perkhidmatan video ini dilancarkan? || 22 November 2006 <> Bilakah filem yang disewa melalui pasaran ini tamat? || 14 hari selepas muat turun atau pada akhir 24 jam pertama selepas filem dimulakan bermain <> Apa resolusi video yang dijual melalui perkhidmatan ini? || 720p <> Apakah standard bunyi yang disokong untuk video pasaran? || 5.1 mengelilingi audio <> Bilakah Video Marketplace dikeluarkan di luar AS? || <> Selepas berapa hari rancangan TV tamat tempoh? || <> Berapa lama pengguna perlu menstrimkan filem? || <> Berapa banyak konsol boleh filem dipindahkan ke? || <> Apakah bitrate untuk klip pendek streaming? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the 360's video store service?", "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7de", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Video Marketplace", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was this video service launched?", "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7df", "answers": [{"text": "November 22, 2006", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do movies rented through this marketplace expire?", "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7e0", "answers": [{"text": "14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What resolution are videos sold through this service?", "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7e1", "answers": [{"text": "720p", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sound standard is supported for the marketplace videos?", "id": "570b2ec76b8089140040f7e2", "answers": [{"text": "5.1 surround audio", "answer_start": 792}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 22, 2006", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "When was Video Marketplace released outside of the US?", "id": "5a70dbc78abb0b001a6761cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "After how many days do TV shows expire?", "id": "5a70dbc78abb0b001a6761d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "How long do users have to stream a film?", "id": "5a70dbc78abb0b001a6761d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unlimited", "answer_start": 741}], "question": "How many consoles can movies be transferred to?", "id": "5a70dbc78abb0b001a6761d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6.8 Mbit/s", "answer_start": 875}], "question": "What is the bitrate for the streamed short clips?", "id": "5a70dbc78abb0b001a6761d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On November 6, 2006, Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace, an exclusive video store accessible through the console. Launched in the United States on November 22, 2006, the first anniversary of the Xbox 360's launch, the service allows users in the United States to download high-definition and standard-definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing. With the exception of short clips, content is not currently available for streaming, and must be downloaded. Movies are also available for rental. They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing, whichever comes first. Television episodes can be purchased to own, and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles. Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC-1 for video at 720p, with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit/s. Television content is offered from MTV, VH1, Comedy Central, Turner Broadcasting, and CBS; and movie content is Warner Bros., Paramount, and Disney, along with other publishers."}], ["Kinect adalah \"permainan bebas dan pengalaman hiburan tanpa kawalan\" untuk Xbox 360. Ia pertama kali diumumkan pada 1 Jun 2009 di Ekspo Hiburan Elektronik, di bawah nama kod Projek Natal. Peranti tambahan membolehkan pengguna mengawal dan berinteraksi dengan Xbox 360 tanpa pengawal permainan dengan menggunakan gerak isyarat, arahan yang dituturkan dan objek dan imej yang dibentangkan. Aksesori Kinect kompatibel dengan semua model Xbox 360, menyambungkan model baru melalui penyambung tersuai, dan yang lebih lama melalui penyesuai kuasa USB dan penyambung utama. Semasa ucapan ucapan CES 2010 mereka, Robbie Bach dan CEO Microsoft, Steve Ballmer berkata Kinect akan dibebaskan pada tempoh cuti (November-Januari) dan ia akan berfungsi dengan setiap 360 konsol. Nama dan tarikh pelepasan 2010-11-04 telah diumumkan secara rasmi pada 2010-06-13, sebelum persidangan akhbar Microsoft pada E3 2010. <Bagaimana cara menggambarkan Kinect Microsoft? || \"permainan tanpa pengawal dan pengalaman hiburan\" <> Kapan Kinect pertama kali diumumkan? || 1 Jun 2009 <> Pada apa acara yang diumumkan Kinect? || Ekspo Hiburan Elektronik <> Apakah nama kod rahsia untuk Kinect semasa dalam pembangunan? || Project Natal <> Bagaimana pengguna boleh menggunakan Kinect untuk berinteraksi dengan 360 konsol mereka? || dengan menggunakan gerak isyarat, arahan yang dituturkan dan objek dan imej yang dibentangkan <> Apakah nama kod untuk Projek Natal? || <> Apakah kedudukan Robbie Bach? || <> Siapa yang pertama kali memperkenalkan Kinect? || <> Apa yang menghalang model lama daripada bekerja dengan Kinect? || <> Di manakah ucapan utama CES 2010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How did Microsoft describe Kinect?", "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8b8", "answers": [{"text": "a \"controller-free gaming and entertainment experience\"", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Kinect first announced?", "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8b9", "answers": [{"text": "June 1, 2009", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what event was Kinect announced?", "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8ba", "answers": [{"text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the secret code name for Kinect while in development?", "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8bb", "answers": [{"text": "Project Natal", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can users utilize the Kinect to interact with their 360 consoles?", "id": "570b2ce2ec8fbc190045b8bc", "answers": [{"text": "by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kinect", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the codename for Project Natal?", "id": "5a70ba798abb0b001a676145", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Microsoft CEO", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What is Robbie Bach's position?", "id": "5a70ba798abb0b001a676146", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "Whose speech first introduced the Kinect?", "id": "5a70ba798abb0b001a676147", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a USB and mains power adapter", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What prevents older models from working with the Kinect?", "id": "5a70ba798abb0b001a676148", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Where was the CES 2010 keynote speech?", "id": "5a70ba798abb0b001a676149", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Kinect is a \"controller-free gaming and entertainment experience\" for the Xbox 360. It was first announced on June 1, 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, under the codename, Project Natal. The add-on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images. The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models, connecting to new models via a custom connector, and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter. During their CES 2010 keynote speech, Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period (November\u2013January) and it will work with every 360 console. Its name and release date of 2010-11-04 were officially announced on 2010-06-13, prior to Microsoft's press conference at E3 2010."}], ["Xbox Live Marketplace adalah pasaran maya yang direka untuk konsol yang membolehkan pengguna Xbox Live memuat turun kandungan yang dibeli atau promosi. Perkhidmatan ini menawarkan treler filem dan permainan, demo permainan, permainan Xbox Live Arcade dan tema Dashboard Xbox 360 serta kandungan permainan tambahan (item, pakaian, tahap dll.). Ciri-ciri ini tersedia untuk ahli Bebas dan Emas di Xbox Live. Unit pemacu keras atau memori diperlukan untuk menyimpan produk yang dibeli dari Xbox Live Marketplace. Untuk memuat turun kandungan harga, pengguna dikehendaki untuk membeli Mata Wang Microsoft untuk digunakan sebagai scrip; walaupun beberapa produk (seperti treler dan demo) bebas untuk memuat turun. Titik Microsoft boleh didapati melalui kad prabayar dalam denominasi 1,600 dan 4,000 mata. Titik Microsoft juga boleh dibeli melalui Xbox Live dengan kad kredit dalam denominasi 500, 1,000, 2,000 dan 5,000 mata. Pengguna dapat melihat item yang tersedia untuk dimuat turun di perkhidmatan melalui PC melalui laman web Xbox Live Marketplace. Dianggarkan tujuh puluh peratus pengguna Xbox Live telah memuat turun item dari Marketplace. <> Apa perkhidmatan XBox Live membolehkan pengguna membeli permainan dan kandungan yang boleh dimuat turun? || Xbox Live Marketplace <> Tahap keanggotaan Xbox Live yang boleh mengakses Marketplace? || Ahli Percuma dan Emas <> Apa perkakasan yang diperlukan untuk menggunakan Pasaran? || Unit cakera keras atau ingatan <> Apakah mata wang maya yang digunakan untuk membuat pembelian Pasaran? || Microsoft Points <> Kad prabayar untuk Microsoft Points boleh didapati dalam denominasi apa? || 1,600 dan 4,000 <> Pasaran hanya tersedia untuk tahap Xbox Live? || <> Bagaimana cakera atau unit memori dibeli? || <> Apakah harga purata permainan? || <> Sebanyak peratus pengguna menggunakan kad prabayar? || <> Titik Microsoft boleh digunakan untuk membeli apa untuk papan pemuka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content?", "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7ae", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Marketplace", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace?", "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7af", "answers": [{"text": "Free and Gold members", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hardware is required to use the Marketplace?", "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7b0", "answers": [{"text": "A hard drive or memory unit", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases?", "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7b1", "answers": [{"text": "Microsoft Points", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prepaid cards for Microsoft Points are available in what denominations?", "id": "570b29d26b8089140040f7b2", "answers": [{"text": "1,600 and 4,000", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gold", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "The Marketplace is only available to which level of Xbox Live?", "id": "5a70d27d8abb0b001a6761b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Microsoft Points", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "How are hard drives or memory units purchased?", "id": "5a70d27d8abb0b001a6761b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,600 and 4,000-point", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "What is the average price of a game?", "id": "5a70d27d8abb0b001a6761b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seventy", "answer_start": 1015}], "question": "What percentage of users use prepaid cards?", "id": "5a70d27d8abb0b001a6761b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "themes", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Microsoft points can be used to buy what for the dashboard?", "id": "5a70d27d8abb0b001a6761b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add-on game content (items, costumes, levels etc.). These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live. A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace. In order to download priced content, users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip; though some products (such as trailers and demos) are free to download. Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000-point denominations. Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000-point denominations. Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website. An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace."}], ["Xbox Live Arcade adalah perkhidmatan dalam talian yang dikendalikan oleh Microsoft yang digunakan untuk mengedarkan permainan video yang boleh dimuat turun ke pemilik Xbox dan Xbox 360. Selain permainan arcade klasik seperti Cik Pac-Man, perkhidmatan ini menawarkan beberapa permainan asli baru seperti Heroes Assault. Xbox Live Arcade juga mempunyai permainan dari konsol lain, seperti permainan PlayStation Castlevania: Symphony of the Night dan permainan PC seperti Zuma. Perkhidmatan ini mula dilancarkan pada 3 November 2004, menggunakan DVD untuk memuatkan, dan menawarkan permainan untuk kira-kira US $ 5 hingga $ 15. Item dibeli menggunakan Microsoft Points, mata wang proprietari yang digunakan untuk mengurangkan caj transaksi kad kredit. Pada 22 November 2005, Xbox Live Arcade dilancarkan semula dengan melepaskan Xbox 360, di mana ia kini diintegrasikan dengan papan pemuka Xbox 360. Permainan umumnya bertujuan untuk lebih banyak pemain kasual; contoh tajuk yang lebih popular adalah Geometry Wars, Street Fighting II 'Hyper Fighting, dan Uno. Pada 24 Mac 2010, Microsoft memperkenalkan Bilik Permainan untuk Xbox Live. Bilik Permainan adalah perkhidmatan permainan untuk Xbox 360 dan Microsoft Windows yang membolehkan para pemain bersaing dalam permainan arked klasik dan konsol dalam arked maya. <> Apakah tajuk klasik yang asalnya ditawarkan oleh Xbox Live Arcade? || Cik Pac-Man <> Apakah gelaran asal baru yang boleh didapati dari Arked? || Heroes Assault <> Apa tarikh pelancaran Xbox Live Arcade? || 3 November 2004 <> Bilakah Arcade Live dilancarkan semula dengan sokongan 360? || 22 November 2005 <> Apakah nama arked maya dalam talian yang dilancarkan pada tahun 2010? || Bilik Permainan <> Berapakah kos permainan Zuma? || <> Apa permainan Playstation dimasukkan pada tahun 2010? || <> Permainan apa yang dibebaskan sebagai sebahagian daripada Bilik Permainan? || <> Berapa banyak Castlevania: Symphony dijual? || <> Bilakah arked Xbox Live dilupuskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade?", "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b890", "answers": [{"text": "Ms. Pac-Man", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a new, original title originally available from Arcade?", "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b891", "answers": [{"text": "Assault Heroes", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on?", "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b892", "answers": [{"text": "November 3, 2004", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support?", "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b893", "answers": [{"text": "November 22, 2005", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010?", "id": "570b27b4ec8fbc190045b894", "answers": [{"text": "Game Room", "answer_start": 1019}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$5", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "How much did the game Zuma cost?", "id": "5a70d3ef8abb0b001a6761bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Castlevania: Symphony", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What Playstation game was included in 2010?", "id": "5a70d3ef8abb0b001a6761bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geometry Wars, Street Fighter II' Hyper Fighting, and Uno", "answer_start": 892}], "question": "What games were released as part of the Game Room?", "id": "5a70d3ef8abb0b001a6761bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$15", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "How much was Castlevania: Symphony sold for?", "id": "5a70d3ef8abb0b001a6761be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 22, 2005", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "When was Xbox Live Arcade decommissioned?", "id": "5a70d3ef8abb0b001a6761bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners. In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man, the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes. The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles, such as the PlayStation game Castlevania: Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma. The service was first launched on November 3, 2004, using a DVD to load, and offered games for about US$5 to $15. Items are purchased using Microsoft Points, a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges. On November 22, 2005, Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360, in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360's dashboard. The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers; examples of the more popular titles are Geometry Wars, Street Fighter II' Hyper Fighting, and Uno. On March 24, 2010, Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live. Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade."}], ["Pada 2007, 2008, dan 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft telah mengumumkan bahawa perkhidmatan IPTV tidak lama lagi akan disediakan untuk digunakan melalui Xbox 360. Pada tahun 2007, pengerusi Microsoft Bill Gates menyatakan bahawa IPTV pada Xbox 360 dijangka tersedia kepada pengguna oleh musim cuti, menggunakan platform TV Microsoft TV IPTV. Pada tahun 2008, Gates dan presiden Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach mengumumkan perkongsian dengan BT di United Kingdom, di mana perkhidmatan TV Advanced BT Vision, menggunakan platform Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV yang lebih baru, boleh diakses menerusi Xbox 360, yang dirancang untuk pertengahan tahun ini. Ciri-ciri berasaskan DVR BT Vision tidak akan tersedia di Xbox 360 disebabkan kapasiti cakera keras terhad. Pada 2010, semasa mengumumkan versi 2.0 Microsoft Mediaroom, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Microsoft, Steve Ballmer menyebut bahawa perkhidmatan IPTV U-verse UTP akan membolehkan Xbox 360 digunakan sebagai kotak set-top kemudian tahun ini. Sehingga Januari 2010, IPTV pada Xbox 360 belum lagi digunakan selain ujian yang terhad. <> Pada apa konvensyen apakah Microsoft mengumumkan sokongan IPTV melalui 360? || Pameran Elektronik Pengguna <> Yang mana eksekutif Microsoft mengumumkan IPTV sebagai \"tidak lama lagi\" pada tahun 2007? || Bill Gates <> Siapa presiden Microsoft Hiburan & Peranti pada tahun 2008? || Robbie Bach <> Apa syarikat UK telah bekerjasama dengan Microsoft untuk membawa IPTV ke 360? || BT <> Apa eksekutif Microsoft mengumumkan pelancaran versi 2.0 Mediaroom? || Steve Ballmer <> Siapa presiden Microsoft pada tahun 2009? || <> Siapa CEO BT? || <> Di mana cawangan Hiburan & Peranti terletak? || <> Bilakah ciri-ciri DVR disediakan? || <> Bilakah pelancaran IPTV melangkaui penguji beta awal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what conventions did Microsoft announce IPTV support through the 360?", "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89a", "answers": [{"text": "Consumer Electronics Shows", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Microsoft executive announced IPTV as \"soon\" in 2007?", "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89b", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Gates", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Microsoft's president of Entertainment & Devices in 2008?", "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89c", "answers": [{"text": "Robbie Bach", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What UK company did Microsoft partner with to bring IPTV to the 360?", "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89d", "answers": [{"text": "BT", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Microsoft executive announced the launch of version 2.0 of Mediaroom?", "id": "570b28f1ec8fbc190045b89e", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Ballmer", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robbie Bach", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "Who was the president of Microsoft in 2009?", "id": "5a70ca678abb0b001a676193", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Ballmer", "answer_start": 802}], "question": "Who is the CEO of BT?", "id": "5a70ca678abb0b001a676194", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "Where is the Entertainment & Devices branch located?", "id": "5a70ca678abb0b001a676195", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 729}], "question": "When were the DVR features made available?", "id": "5a70ca678abb0b001a676196", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2010", "answer_start": 935}], "question": "When did IPTV launch beyond its initial beta testers?", "id": "5a70ca678abb0b001a676197", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows, Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360. In 2007, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season, using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform. In 2008, Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom, in which the BT Vision advanced TV service, using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform, would be accessible via Xbox 360, planned for the middle of the year. BT Vision's DVR-based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity. In 2010, while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set-top boxes later in the year. As of January 2010, IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials."}], ["Pada 26 Mei 2009, Microsoft mengumumkan pelepasan masa depan Zune HD (pada musim gugur tahun 2009), tambahan kepada rangkaian produk Zune. Ini memberi impak kepada Xbox Live Video Store kerana ia juga mengumumkan bahawa Zune Video Marketplace dan Xbox Live Video Store akan digabungkan untuk membentuk Zune Marketplace, yang akan tiba di Xbox Live di 7 negara pada mulanya, United Kerajaan, Amerika Syarikat, Perancis, Itali, Jerman, Ireland dan Sepanyol. Maklumat lanjut dikeluarkan pada persidangan akhbar Microsoft pada E3 2009. <> Apa peranti perkakasan digabungkan dengan pasaran video? || Zune <> Di mana dan kapan pasaran di Zune HD diumumkan? || E3 2009 <> Pasaran video Zune digabungkan dengan ciri Live yang mana? || Kedai Video Xbox Live <> Apakah nama baru kedai video Live ini? || Pasaran Zune <> Berapa banyak negara yang dijadualkan untuk pelancaran Pasaran Zune? || 7 <> Berapa banyak negara yang diadakan di E3? || <> Bulan apa itu E3? || <> Xbox Live Video Store adalah penggabungan dari apa dua tempat pasaran? || <> Penggabungan kedai-kedai Zune dan Xbox Live mempengaruhi pelepasan produk apa? || <> Bilakah set HD Zune dilupuskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What hardware device was merged with the video marketplace?", "id": "570b33686b8089140040f806", "answers": [{"text": "the Zune", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced?", "id": "570b33686b8089140040f807", "answers": [{"text": "E3 2009", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Zune video marketplace was merged with what Live feature?", "id": "570b33686b8089140040f808", "answers": [{"text": "Xbox Live Video Store", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new name of this Live video store?", "id": "570b33686b8089140040f809", "answers": [{"text": "Zune Marketplace", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries were slated for the Zune Marketplace launch?", "id": "570b33686b8089140040f80a", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "How many countries was E3 held in?", "id": "5a70dcdb8abb0b001a6761d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What month was E3?", "id": "5a70dcdb8abb0b001a6761da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "The Xbox Live Video Store is the merger of what two marketplaces?", "id": "5a70dcdb8abb0b001a6761db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zune HD", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Merging the Zune and Xbox Live stores affected the release of what product?", "id": "5a70dcdb8abb0b001a6761dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the fall of 2009", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "When was the Zune HD set to be decommissioned?", "id": "5a70dcdb8abb0b001a6761dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On May 26, 2009, Microsoft announced the future release of the Zune HD (in the fall of 2009), the next addition to the Zune product range. This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace, which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Spain. Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009."}], ["Muzik, foto dan video boleh dimainkan dari peranti penyimpanan massal USB standard, peranti simpanan proprietari Xbox 360 (seperti kad memori atau cakera keras Xbox 360), dan pelayan atau komputer dengan Windows Media Center atau Windows XP dengan pek Perkhidmatan 2 atau lebih tinggi dalam rangkaian kawasan tempatan dalam mod penstriman. Oleh kerana Xbox 360 menggunakan versi diubahsuai dari protokol UPnP AV, beberapa pelayan UPnP alternatif seperti uShare (sebahagian daripada projek GeeXboX) dan MythTV juga boleh menghidupkan media ke Xbox 360, yang membolehkan fungsi serupa dari pelayan bukan Windows. Ini boleh dilakukan dengan fail video sehingga resolusi HD dan dengan beberapa codec (MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV) dan format kontena (WMV, MOV, TS). <> Apakah sistem pengendalian PC diperlukan untuk menyalurkan kandungan ke 360? || Windows XP dengan pek Servis 2 atau lebih tinggi <> Apa protokol AV yang dimodifikasi yang menggunakan 360? || UPnP <> Apakah codec yang disokong untuk 360 aliran dari uShare? || MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV <> Format video apa yang disokong untuk streaming UPnP? || WMV, MOV, TS <> Pek Perkhidmatan 2 atau lebih tinggi menghalang apa? || <> Jenis pelayan apa yang Windows XP ada? || <> Apakah bahagian MythTV? || <> Format mana yang tidak UPnP tidak menyokong? || <> Nombor pek perkhidmatan perlu lebih rendah daripada yang berfungsi dengan Xbox 360? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What PC operating system is required to stream content to a 360?", "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e0", "answers": [{"text": "Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What modified AV protocol does the 360 utilize?", "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e1", "answers": [{"text": "UPnP", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What codecs are supported for 360 streaming from uShare?", "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e2", "answers": [{"text": "MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What video formats are supported for UPnP streaming?", "id": "570b31feec8fbc190045b8e3", "answers": [{"text": "WMV, MOV, TS", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "streaming", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "A Service pack 2 or higher prevents what?", "id": "5a70c9588abb0b001a676189", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UPnP", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What type of server does a Windows XP have? ", "id": "5a70c9588abb0b001a67618a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the GeeXboX project", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What is MythTV part of?", "id": "5a70c9588abb0b001a67618b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "WMV, MOV, TS", "answer_start": 682}], "question": "Which formats does UPnP not support?", "id": "5a70c9588abb0b001a67618c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "The service pack number needs to be lower than what to work with Xbox 360?", "id": "5a70c9588abb0b001a67618d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Music, photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices, Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices (such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives), and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local-area network in streaming mode. As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol, some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare (part of the GeeXboX project) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360, allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers. This is possible with video files up to HD-resolution and with several codecs (MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV) and container formats (WMV, MOV, TS)."}], ["Walaupun Xbox asli dijual dengan harga yang murah di Jepun, menjual hanya 2 juta unit ketika berada di pasaran (antara tahun 2002 dan 2005), Xbox 360 dijual lebih buruk, menjual hanya 1.5 juta unit dari tahun 2005 hingga 2011. Edge majalah yang dilaporkan pada bulan Ogos 2011 yang pada awalnya kurang menggembirakan dan seterusnya jatuh jualan di Jepun, di mana Microsoft tidak dapat membuat terobosan serius ke dalam dominasi saingan domestik Sony dan Nintendo, telah membawa kepada peruncit mengecil dan dalam beberapa kes menghentikan penjualan Xbox 360 sepenuhnya. <> Bagaimana pula harga Xbox asal di Jepun pada umumnya? || dijual buruk <> Berapa banyak Xboxes asli yang dijual di Jepun antara tahun 2002 dan 2005? || 2 juta unit <> Antara tahun 2005 dan 2011, berapa 360 konsol yang dijual di Jepun? || 1.5 juta unit <> Apakah dua pengeluar konsol menguasai pasaran Jepun? || Sony dan Nintendo <> Jualan yang kurang pantas menyebabkan peruncit Jepun mengambil tindakan apa dengan 360? || menurunkan dan dalam sesetengah kes berhenti jualan <> Di mana Xbox menjual sangat baik? || <> Berapa banyak jualan Xbox yang asal antara tahun 2005 dan 2011? || <> Berapa banyak unit yang dijual Sony pada tahun 202 hingga 2005? || <> Apa konsol yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2005, adakah Sony membuat? || <> Bilakah laporan Edge jualan Sony jatuh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?", "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8cc", "answers": [{"text": "sold poorly", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?", "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8cd", "answers": [{"text": "2 million units", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?", "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8ce", "answers": [{"text": "1.5 million units", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?", "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8cf", "answers": [{"text": "Sony and Nintendo", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?", "id": "570b2f83ec8fbc190045b8d0", "answers": [{"text": "scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Where did the Xbox sell exceptionally well?", "id": "5a70ba6d8abb0b001a67611d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.5 million", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "How many of the original Xbox sell between 2005 and 2011?", "id": "5a70ba6d8abb0b001a67611e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 million", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "How many units did Sony sell in 202 through 2005?", "id": "5a70ba6d8abb0b001a67611f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xbox 360", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What console, released in 2005, did Sony create?", "id": "5a70ba6d8abb0b001a676120", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 2011", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "When did Edge report Sony sales were falling?", "id": "5a70ba6d8abb0b001a676121", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely."}], ["Dua revisi perkakasan utama Xbox 360 telah berjaya menggantikan model asal; Xbox 360 S (juga dikenali sebagai \"Slim\") menggantikan model \"Elite\" dan \"Arcade\" yang asal pada tahun 2010. Model S membawa penampilan yang lebih kecil, ramping dengan kes sudut, dan menggunakan papan induk yang direka bentuk untuk mengurangkan isu perkakasan dan overheating yang dialami oleh model terdahulu. Ia juga termasuk pelabuhan proprietari untuk digunakan dengan sensor Kinect. Xbox 360 E, satu lagi variasi 360 S yang diperkemas dengan kes segi empat tepat yang diilhamkan oleh Xbox One, dikeluarkan pada tahun 2013. Selain estetika yang disemak semula, Xbox 360 E juga mempunyai satu lagi port USB dan tidak lagi menyokong S / PDIF. <> Berapa banyak revisi perkakasan utama yang mempunyai 360? || Dua <> Dengan apa nama lain ialah model 360 S yang diketahui? || \"Slim\" <> SKU mana yang menggantikan 360 S? || model \"Elite\" dan \"Arked\" asal <> Apa komponen 360 S yang menghalang isu-isu yang terlalu panas yang lazim dalam versi terdahulu? || papan induk yang direka bentuk semula <> Format input video apa yang tidak disokong oleh 360 E? || S / PDIF <> Apa rupa model Arcade? || <> Apa jenis kes yang dimiliki oleh Elite? || <> Berapa banyak port USB yang dimiliki oleh model S? || <> Format video mana yang tidak menyokong S? || <> Apakah warna kes model S? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many major hardware revisions has the 360 had?", "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f2", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what other name is the 360 S model known?", "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f3", "answers": [{"text": "\"Slim\"", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which SKUs did the 360 S replace?", "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f4", "answers": [{"text": "the original \"Elite\" and \"Arcade\" models", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What component of the 360 S prevents overheating issues prevalent in prior versions?", "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f5", "answers": [{"text": "a redesigned motherboard", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What video input format is not supported by the 360 E?", "id": "570b30386b8089140040f7f6", "answers": [{"text": "S/PDIF", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "smaller, streamlined", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What was the appearance of the Arcade model?", "id": "5a70ba578abb0b001a6760d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "angular", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What kind of case did the Elite have?", "id": "5a70ba578abb0b001a6760d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one fewer", "answer_start": 654}], "question": "How many USB ports did the S model have?", "id": "5a70ba578abb0b001a6760d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "S/PDIF", "answer_start": 696}], "question": "Which video format does S not support?", "id": "5a70ba578abb0b001a6760da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two-tone", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "What was the color of the S model case?", "id": "5a70ba578abb0b001a6760db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models; the Xbox 360 S (also referred to as the \"Slim\") replaced the original \"Elite\" and \"Arcade\" models in 2010. The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models. It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor. The Xbox 360 E, a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two-tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One, was released in 2013. In addition to its revised aesthetics, Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port and no longer supports S/PDIF."}], ["Enam permainan pada mulanya tersedia di Jepun, sementara tajuk-tajuk yang diantisipasi seperti Dead or Alive 4 dan Enchanted Arms dikeluarkan pada minggu-minggu selepas pelancaran konsol. Permainan yang disasarkan khusus untuk rantau ini, seperti Chromehounds, Sembilan puluh Sembilan Malam, dan Phantasy Star Universe, juga dikeluarkan pada tahun pertama konsol. Microsoft juga mendapat sokongan pemaju Jepun Mistwalker, yang diasaskan oleh pencipta Final Fantasy Hironobu Sakaguchi. Permainan pertama Mistwalker, Blue Dragon, dikeluarkan pada tahun 2006 dan mempunyai paket edisi terhad yang terjual dengan cepat dengan lebih daripada 10,000 pra-pesanan. Blue Dragon adalah salah satu daripada tiga permainan Xbox 360 untuk mengatasi 200,000 unit di Jepun, bersama dengan Tales of Vesperia dan Star Ocean: The Last Hope. Permainan kedua Mistwalker, Lost Odyssey juga menjual lebih 100,000 naskhah. <> Berapa banyak tajuk pelancaran yang telah dimiliki oleh 360 di Jepun? || Enam <> Apakah nama pemaju Jepun yang sangat menyokong 360? || Mistwalker <> Apakah tajuk pertama Mistwalker untuk 360? || Blue Dragon <> Blue Dragon melampaui angka jualan ini di Jepun? || 200,000 unit <> Apakah judul 360 Mistwalker yang akan dikeluarkan? || Hilang Odyssey <> Pemaju mana yang membuat Chromehounds? || <> Berapa banyak pra-memerintahkan permainan yang dimainkan oleh konsol pada tahun pertama? || <> Berapa banyak salinan dari Phantasy Star Universe yang dijual? || <> Berapa banyak enam permainan asal yang terdapat di Jepun melepasi 200,000? || <> Bilakah permainan kedua Mistwalker dikeluarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many launch titles did the 360 have in Japan?", "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d6", "answers": [{"text": "Six", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Japanese developer that strongly supported the 360?", "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d7", "answers": [{"text": "Mistwalker", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Mistwalker's first title for the 360?", "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d8", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Dragon", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Blue Dragon surpassed this sales figure in Japan?", "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8d9", "answers": [{"text": "200,000 units", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Mistwalker's second 360 title to be released?", "id": "570b3121ec8fbc190045b8da", "answers": [{"text": "Lost Odyssey", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hironobu Sakaguchi", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "Which developer created Chromehounds?", "id": "5a70c1378abb0b001a67616d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 10,000", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "How many game pre-orders did the console have in its first year?", "id": "5a70c1378abb0b001a67616e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "How many copies of the Phantasy Star Universe sold?", "id": "5a70c1378abb0b001a67616f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "How many of the original six games available in Japan surpassed 200,000?", "id": "5a70c1378abb0b001a676170", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "When was Mistwalker's second game released?", "id": "5a70c1378abb0b001a676171", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Six games were initially available in Japan, while eagerly anticipated titles such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console's launch. Games targeted specifically for the region, such as Chromehounds, Ninety-Nine Nights, and Phantasy Star Universe, were also released in the console's first year. Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker, founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. Mistwalker's first game, Blue Dragon, was released in 2006 and had a limited-edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders. Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan, along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean: The Last Hope. Mistwalker's second game, Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies."}], ["Xbox Live Gold merangkumi ciri yang sama seperti Bebas dan termasuk keupayaan bermain permainan dalam talian bersepadu di luar langganan pihak ketiga. Microsoft telah membenarkan pelanggan Xbox Live terdahulu untuk mengekalkan maklumat profil mereka, senarai rakan, dan sejarah permainan apabila mereka membuat peralihan ke Xbox Live Gold. Untuk memindahkan akaun Xbox Live ke sistem baru, pengguna perlu memaut ID Windows Live ke gamertag mereka di Xbox.com. Apabila pengguna menambah profil didayakan Xbox Live ke konsol mereka, mereka dikehendaki menyediakan konsol dengan maklumat akaun pasport mereka dan empat digit terakhir nombor kad kredit mereka, yang digunakan untuk tujuan pengesahan dan pengebilan. Akaun Xbox Live Gold mempunyai kos tahunan sebanyak US $ 59.99, C $ 59.99, NZ $ 90.00, GB \u00a3 39.99, atau \u20ac 59.99. Sehingga 5 Januari 2011, Xbox Live mempunyai lebih daripada 30 juta pelanggan. <> Apa ciri tambahan yang boleh didapati oleh ahli Xbox Live Gold? || keupayaan bermain permainan dalam talian yang bersepadu di luar langganan pihak ketiga <> Maklumat apa yang membolehkan Microsoft menyimpan pengguna semasa memindahkan langganan Langsung? || maklumat profil, senarai rakan, dan sejarah permainan <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan pengguna untuk memindahkan akaun Live ke sistem baru? || pengguna perlu memaut ID Windows Live ke gamertag mereka di Xbox.com <> Apakah kos tahunan keahlian Live Gold dalam USD? || $ 59,99 <> Berapa ramai pengguna yang melanggan ke Xbox Live? || 30 juta <> Apa yang disediakan oleh pengguna untuk mendapatkan Windows Live ID? || <> Berapa ramai pengguna tidak mempunyai versi percuma Xbox live? || <> Apa versi Percuma mempunyai Emas yang tidak? || <> Apakah Microsoft memaksa pelanggan terdahulu untuk berubah? || <> berapa kos ID Windows Live dalam USD? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?", "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7fc", "answers": [{"text": "integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?", "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7fd", "answers": [{"text": "profile information, friends list, and games history", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?", "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7fe", "answers": [{"text": "users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?", "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f7ff", "answers": [{"text": "$59.99", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?", "id": "570b32c46b8089140040f800", "answers": [{"text": "30 million", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What do users provide to get a Windows Live ID?", "id": "5a70d1458abb0b001a6761a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 30 million", "answer_start": 823}], "question": "How many users does the free version of Xbox live have?", "id": "5a70d1458abb0b001a6761a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What does the Free version have that Gold does not?", "id": "5a70d1458abb0b001a6761a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "profile information, friends list, and games history", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What did Microsoft force previous subscribers to change?", "id": "5a70d1458abb0b001a6761aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$59.99", "answer_start": 736}], "question": "how much does a Windows Live ID cost in USD?", "id": "5a70d1458abb0b001a6761ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB\u00a339.99, or \u20ac59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers."}]], [["Pihak British, bagi pihak mereka, tidak mempunyai perintah bersatu dan strategi yang jelas untuk menang. Dengan menggunakan Tentera Laut Diraja, pihak British berjaya menangkap bandar-bandar di pantai, tetapi kawalan di pedalaman menghalang mereka. A sortie dari Kanada pada tahun 1777 berakhir dengan penyerahan bencana tentera British di Saratoga. Dengan datang pada 1777 Ketua von Steuben, latihan dan disiplin di sepanjang garis Prusia bermula, dan Tentara Kontinental mula berkembang menjadi kekuatan moden. Perancis dan Sepanyol kemudian memasuki perang melawan Great Britain sebagai Sekutu AS, mengakhiri kelebihan lautnya dan meningkatkan konflik menjadi perang dunia. Belanda kemudiannya menyertai Perancis, dan British kalah banyak di darat dan laut dalam peperangan dunia, kerana mereka tidak mempunyai sekutu utama selain suku kaum India. <> Pertempuran apa yang menamatkan pencerobohan British dari Kanada dalam Perang Revolusi? || Saratoga <> Kapan pertarungan pertempuran Saratoga? || 1777 <> Apa ekspatriat Prussian membantu melatih tentera kontinental? || Ketua von Steuben <> Apa dua negara Eropah memasuki Perang Revolusi melawan Britain? || Perancis dan Sepanyol <> Apakah kelebihan Britain kehilangan negara-negara Eropah ketika perang? || kelebihan tentera lautnya <> Pertempuran apa yang menamatkan pencerobohan Britania dari AS dalam Perang Revolusi? || <> Bilakah perang Sorotoga bertempur? || <> Apa ekspatriat Prusia tidak membantu melatih tentara Continental? || <> Apa dua negara Afrika memasuki Perang Revolusi melawan Britain? || <> Apakah kelebihan yang dimenangi Britain apabila negara-negara Eropah memasuki perang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War?", "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f82e", "answers": [{"text": "Saratoga", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the battle of Saratoga fought?", "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f82f", "answers": [{"text": "1777", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Prussian expatriate helped train the Continental army?", "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f830", "answers": [{"text": "General von Steuben", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two European countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain?", "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f831", "answers": [{"text": "France and Spain", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What advantage did Britain lose when the European countries entered the war?", "id": "570b3fc26b8089140040f832", "answers": [{"text": "its naval advantage", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Saratoga", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "What battle ended a British invasion from the US in the Revolutionary War?", "id": "5ad16f84645df0001a2d1b3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1777", "answer_start": 341}], "question": " When was the battle of Sorotoga fought?", "id": "5ad16f84645df0001a2d1b3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General von Steuben", "answer_start": 349}], "question": " What Prussian expatriate helped not train the Continental army?", "id": "5ad16f84645df0001a2d1b40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France and Spain", "answer_start": 488}], "question": " What two African countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain?", "id": "5ad16f84645df0001a2d1b41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "naval advantage", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "What advantage did Britain win when the European countries entered the war?", "id": "5ad16f84645df0001a2d1b42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1689, jajahan-jajahan itu terlibat dalam siri peperangan antara Great Britain dan Perancis untuk mengawal Amerika Utara, yang paling penting ialah Perang Ratu Anne, di mana British menakluk jajahan Perancis Acadia, dan Perang Perancis dan India akhir (1754-63) ketika Britain menang atas semua koloni Perancis di Amerika Utara. Perang terakhir ini memberi beribu-ribu penjajah, termasuk kolonel Virginia George Washington, pengalaman ketenteraan yang mereka gunakan semasa Perang Revolusi Amerika. <> Bilakah perang antara Britain dan Perancis di Amerika Utara bermula? || 1689 <> Apakah konflik Amerika Utara yang paling penting antara Perancis dan Britain? || Perang Queen Anne <> Apa koloni Perancis yang ditakluki Great Britain dalam Perang Queen Anne? || Acadia <> Kapan peperangan Perancis dan India akhir berlaku? || 1754-63 <> Apakah ayah pendiri Amerika masa depan bertempur dalam Perang Perancis dan India? || George Washington <> Bilakah perang antara China dan Perancis di Amerika Utara bermula? || <> Apa konflik Amerika Selatan yang paling penting antara Perancis dan Britain? || <> Apa jajahan Perancis yang ditakluki Great Britain di luar Perang Queen Anne? || <> Bilakah Perang Perancis dan India pertama berperang? || <> Apakah ayah pendiri Kanada masa depan bertempur dalam Perang Perancis dan India? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?", "id": "570b38466b8089140040f810", "answers": [{"text": "1689", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?", "id": "570b38466b8089140040f811", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Anne's War", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?", "id": "570b38466b8089140040f812", "answers": [{"text": "Acadia", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the final French and Indian War fought?", "id": "570b38466b8089140040f813", "answers": [{"text": "1754\u201363", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?", "id": "570b38466b8089140040f814", "answers": [{"text": "George Washington", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1689", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "When did wars between China and France in North America start?", "id": "5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Anne's War,", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What was the most important South American conflict between France and Britain called?", "id": "5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Acadia", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What French colony did Great Britain conquer outside of Queen Anne's War?", "id": "5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1754\u201363", "answer_start": 272}], "question": " When was the first French and Indian War fought?", "id": "5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George Washington", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "What future Canadian founding father fought in the French and Indian War?", "id": "5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754\u201363) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War."}], ["Pada Januari 2002, A.S. menghantar lebih daripada 1,200 pasukan (kemudian dinaikkan kepada 2,000) untuk membantu Angkatan Tentera Filipina dalam memerangi kumpulan pengganas yang dikaitkan dengan al-Qaida, seperti Abu Sayyaf, di bawah Operasi Berlindung Kebebasan - Filipina. Operasi telah berlaku kebanyakannya di Kepulauan Sulu, di mana pengganas dan kumpulan lain aktif. Majoriti pasukan menyediakan logistik. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat tentera khas tentera yang melatih dan membantu dalam operasi tempur menentang kumpulan pengganas. <> Bilakah AS menghantar tentera ke Filipina untuk memerangi pengganas? || Januari 2002 <> Pengganas di Filipina dikaitkan dengan apa organisasi pengganas yang lebih besar? || al-Qaida <> Di mana pertempuran anti-pengganas berlaku? || Kepulauan Sulu <> Berapa banyak pasukan AS yang mula-mula menghantar ke Filipina? || 1,200 <> Apakah nama kumpulan pengganas Filipina AS dihantar untuk membantu memerangi? || Abu Sayyaf <> Bilakah Inggeris menghantar tentera ke Filipina untuk memerangi pengganas? || <> Pengganas di Korea dikaitkan dengan apa organisasi pengganas yang lebih besar? || <> Di manakah pertempuran pengganas berlaku? || <> Berapa banyak tentera yang AS mula-mula menghantar ke Korea? || <> Apakah nama kumpulan pengganas Filipina yang dihantar untuk membantu memerangi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?", "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b910", "answers": [{"text": "January 2002", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?", "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b911", "answers": [{"text": "al-Qaida", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?", "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b912", "answers": [{"text": "the Sulu Archipelago", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?", "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b913", "answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? ", "id": "570b3f0fec8fbc190045b914", "answers": [{"text": "Abu Sayyaf", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2002", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the UK send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?", "id": "5ad178b7645df0001a2d1d7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "al-Qaida", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "Terrorists in the Koreas were linked to what larger terrorist organization?", "id": "5ad178b7645df0001a2d1d7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sulu Archipelago", "answer_start": 284}], "question": " Where did terrorist fighting take place?", "id": "5ad178b7645df0001a2d1d7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 41}], "question": " How many troops did the US initially send to the Koreas?", "id": "5ad178b7645df0001a2d1d7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abu Sayyaf", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the UK was sent to help combat?", "id": "5ad178b7645df0001a2d1d7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics. However, there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups."}], ["Amerika Syarikat pada mulanya ingin tetap neutral ketika Perang Dunia I pecah pada bulan Ogos 1914. Namun, ia menegaskan haknya sebagai partai netral untuk kekebalan dari serangan kapal selam Jerman, meskipun kapalnya membawa bahan makanan dan bahan mentah ke Inggris. Pada tahun 1917, Jerman menyerang semula kapal selam, menyedari bahawa ia akan membawa kepada kemasukan Amerika. Apabila U.S. mengisytiharkan perang, tentera A.S. masih kecil oleh piawaian Eropah dan pengerahan akan mengambil masa setahun. Sementara itu, A.S. terus menyediakan bekalan dan wang ke Britain dan Perancis, dan memulakan draf damai pertama. Pengerahan industri mengambil masa lebih lama dari yang diharapkan, jadi bahagian-bahagian itu dikirim ke Eropah tanpa peralatan, bergantung kepada British dan Perancis untuk membekalkannya. <> Ketika Perang Dunia I bermula, apakah kedudukan AS resmi? || neutral <> Bilakah Perang Dunia I bermula? || Ogos 1914 <> Apa dasar perang Jerman mempergiatkan penglibatan AS dalam WWI? || serangan kapal selam <> Tahun apakah AS memasuki Perang Dunia I? || 1917 <> Amerika Syarikat membina tenteranya sebelum menyertai peperangan dalam apa cara? || dam draf <> Apabila Perang Dunia I bermula, apakah kedudukan rasmi UK? || <> Bilakah Perang Dunia II bermula? || <> Apa dasar perang Jerman menimbulkan penglibatan AS dalam WWII? || <> Tahun apakah AS memasuki Perang Dunia II? || <> UK membina tenteranya sebelum menyertai peperangan dalam apa cara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When World War I started, what was the official US position?", "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8fc", "answers": [{"text": "neutral", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did World War I commence?", "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8fd", "answers": [{"text": "August 1914", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWI?", "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8fe", "answers": [{"text": "submarine attacks", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the US enter World War I?", "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b8ff", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The United States built its army prior to joining the war in what way?", "id": "570b3b4dec8fbc190045b900", "answers": [{"text": "peacetime draft", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neutral", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "When World War I started, what was the official UK position?", "id": "5ad1737c645df0001a2d1c42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 1914", "answer_start": 84}], "question": " When did World War II commence?", "id": "5ad1737c645df0001a2d1c43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "submarine attacks", "answer_start": 285}], "question": " What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWII?", "id": "5ad1737c645df0001a2d1c44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 260}], "question": " What year did the US enter World War II?", "id": "5ad1737c645df0001a2d1c45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "peacetime draft", "answer_start": 572}], "question": " The UK built its army prior to joining the war in what way?", "id": "5ad1737c645df0001a2d1c46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack, even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks, knowing that it would lead to American entry. When the U.S declared war, the U.S. army was still small by European standards and mobilization would take a year. Meanwhile, the U.S. continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France, and initiated the first peacetime draft. Industrial mobilization took longer than expected, so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment, relying instead on the British and French to supply them."}], ["Kenangan dan pelajaran dari perang masih menjadi faktor utama dalam politik Amerika. Satu pihak melihat perang sebagai bahagian penting dari dasar Penahanan, yang membolehkan musuh memilih waktu dan tempat peperangan. Yang lain mencatat A.S. membuat keuntungan strategik utama apabila Komunis dikalahkan di Indonesia, dan pada tahun 1972 kedua-dua Moscow dan Beijing bersaing untuk sokongan Amerika, dengan mengorbankan sekutunya di Hanoi. Pengkritik melihat konflik sebagai \"kekacauan\" - pembaziran darah dan harta Amerika yang tidak berkesudahan dalam konflik yang tidak melibatkan kepentingan AS. Ketakutan yang lain telah menjadi faktor utama dalam perdebatan dasar luar sejak itu. Draf itu menjadi sangat tidak popular, dan Presiden Nixon mengakhirinya pada tahun 1973, memaksa tentera (Tentera terutama) untuk bergantung sepenuhnya kepada sukarelawan. Yang membangkitkan isu betapa tentera profesional mencerminkan keseluruhan masyarakat dan nilai-nilai Amerika; askar biasanya mengambil kedudukan bahawa perkhidmatan mereka mewakili nilai Amerika yang tertinggi dan terbaik. <> Perang Vietnam merupakan elemen dasar diplomatik AS? || Pengendalian <> Komunis dikalahkan di negara apa pada tahun 1972? || Indonesia <> Apakah istilah pengkritik Perang Vietnam untuk menggambarkannya? || a \"quagmire\" <> Bilakah draf berakhir? || 1973 <> Yang mana presiden mengakhiri draf itu? || 1973 <> Perang Vietnam adalah elemen dasar diplomatik UK? || <> Komunis dikalahkan di negara apa pada tahun 1977? || <> Apakah istilah pengkritik Perang Cina untuk menggambarkannya? || <> Bilakah draf bermula? || <> Yang mana presiden memulakan draf itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?", "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81a", "answers": [{"text": "Containment", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?", "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81b", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?", "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81c", "answers": [{"text": "a \"quagmire\"", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the draft end?", "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81d", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president ended the draft?", "id": "570b3c086b8089140040f81e", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Containment", "answer_start": 131}], "question": " The Vietnam War was an element of what UK diplomatic policy?", "id": "5ad1763d645df0001a2d1d02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 299}], "question": " Communists were defeated in what country in 1977?", "id": "5ad1763d645df0001a2d1d03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quagmire", "answer_start": 455}], "question": " What term did critics of the Chinese War use to describe it?", "id": "5ad1763d645df0001a2d1d04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 720}], "question": " When did the draft begin?", "id": "5ad1763d645df0001a2d1d05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Nixon", "answer_start": 692}], "question": " Which president began the draft?", "id": "5ad1763d645df0001a2d1d06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support, at the expense of their allies in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a \"quagmire\"\u2014an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values."}], ["Apabila Perancis revolusioner mengisytiharkan perang ke Great Britain pada 1793, Amerika Syarikat berusaha kekal neutral, tetapi Perjanjian Jay, yang menguntungkan Great Britain, menimbulkan kemarahan pemerintah Perancis, yang menganggapnya sebagai pelanggaran Perjanjian 1778. Persendirian Perancis mula merampas kapal A.S., yang menyebabkan \"Quasi-War\" yang tidak diumumkan di antara kedua negara. Bertempur di laut dari 1798 hingga 1800, Amerika Syarikat memenangi pelbagai kemenangan di Caribbean. George Washington dipanggil daripada bersara untuk mengetuai \"tentera sementara\" dalam kes pencerobohan oleh Perancis, tetapi Presiden John Adams berjaya merundingkan gencatan senjata, di mana Perancis bersetuju untuk menamatkan persekutuan sebelum dan menghentikan serangannya. <> Apakah dasar AS apabila Perancis mengisytiharkan perang ke England pada tahun 1793? || untuk kekal neutral <> Apa perjanjian dengan England yang bertentangan dengan Perjanjian Amerika Syarikat dengan Perancis? || Perjanjian Jay <> Di mana kapal AS dan perancis Perancis bertarung antara 1798 dan 1800? || Caribbean <> Apa yang Presiden AS merundingkan gencatan senjata dengan Perancis untuk menamatkan perang yang tidak diisytiharkan di laut? || John Adams <> Bilakah Perjanjian Perikatan dengan Perancis ditandatangani? || 1778 <> Apa dasar UK apabila Perancis mengisytiharkan perang ke England pada tahun 1793? || <> Perjanjian apa dengan Ireland bercanggah dengan Perjanjian Perikatan Amerika Syarikat dengan Perancis? || <> Di manakah kapal UK dan perancis Perancis bertarung antara 1798 dan 1800? || <> Apakah Presiden AS merundingkan gencatan senjata dengan Ireland untuk mengakhiri perang yang tidak diisytiharkan di laut? || <> Bilakah Perjanjian Perikatan dengan Perancis ditolak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793?", "id": "570b40946b8089140040f838", "answers": [{"text": "to remain neutral", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What treaty with England conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?", "id": "570b40946b8089140040f839", "answers": [{"text": "the Jay Treaty", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?", "id": "570b40946b8089140040f83a", "answers": [{"text": "the Caribbean", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea?", "id": "570b40946b8089140040f83b", "answers": [{"text": "John Adams", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed? ", "id": "570b40946b8089140040f83c", "answers": [{"text": "1778", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remain neutral", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What was the UK policy when France declared war on England in 1793?", "id": "5ad1708a645df0001a2d1b84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jay Treaty", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What treaty with Ireland conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?", "id": "5ad1708a645df0001a2d1b85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Caribbean", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "Where did UK ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?", "id": "5ad1708a645df0001a2d1b86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Adams", "answer_start": 588}], "question": "What US President negotiated a truce with Ireland to end the undeclared war at sea?", "id": "5ad1708a645df0001a2d1b87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1778", "answer_start": 236}], "question": " When was the Treaty of Alliance with France rejected?", "id": "5ad1708a645df0001a2d1b88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty, which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared \"Quasi-War\" between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a \"provisional army\" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks."}], ["Perang Teluk Parsi adalah konflik antara Iraq dan pasukan gabungan 34 negara yang diketuai oleh Amerika Syarikat. Pendahuluan perang bermula dengan pencerobohan Iraq ke Kuwait pada bulan Ogos 1990 yang dipenuhi dengan sekatan ekonomi segera oleh Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu melawan Iraq. Gabungan itu memulakan permusuhan pada bulan Januari 1991, mengakibatkan kemenangan tegas untuk pasukan gabungan yang diketuai A.S., yang menyebabkan pasukan Irak keluar dari Kuwait dengan kematian gabungan yang minimum. Meskipun angka kematian yang rendah, lebih 180,000 veteran AS akan diklasifikasikan sebagai \"orang kurang upaya secara kekal\" menurut Jabatan Hal Ehwal Veteran AS (lihat Sindrom Perang Teluk). Pertempuran utama adalah pertempuran udara dan tanah di Iraq, Kuwait dan kawasan sempadan Arab Saudi. Pertempuran tanah tidak berkembang di luar wilayah Iraq / Kuwait / Saudi yang segera, walaupun gabungannya mengebom bandar dan sasaran strategik di seluruh Iraq, dan Iraq melancarkan peluru berpandu ke bandar-bandar Israel dan Arab Saudi. <> Berapa banyak negara menentang Iraq dalam gabungan Amerika yang diketuai Amerika? || 34 <> Apa yang menimbulkan Perang Teluk Parsi? || serangan Iraq ke Kuwait <> Bilakah kejadian ini berlaku? || Ogos 1990 <> Bilakah permusuhan di Perang Teluk Parsi bermula? || Januari 1991 <> Berapa ramai veteran AS dalam Perang Teluk Persia telah dikelaskan sebagai orang kurang upaya secara kekal? || 180,000 <> Berapa banyak negara menentang Iraq dalam gabungan yang diketuai oleh Inggeris? || <> Apa yang menimbulkan Perang Teluk Amerika? || <> Bilakah acara pendahuluan ini berakhir? || <> Bilakah permusuhan di Perang Teluk China bermula? || <> Berapa ramai veteran AS Perang Teluk China telah dikelaskan sebagai orang kurang upaya secara kekal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many nations were against Iraq in the US-led coalition?", "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b906", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What precipitated the Persian Gulf War?", "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b907", "answers": [{"text": "the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did this precipitating event take place?", "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b908", "answers": [{"text": "August 1990", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did hostilities in the Persian Gulf War begin?", "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b909", "answers": [{"text": "January 1991", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled?", "id": "570b3d5fec8fbc190045b90a", "answers": [{"text": "180,000", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "How many nations were against Iraq in the UK-led coalition?", "id": "5ad176a0645df0001a2d1d16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iraqi invasion of Kuwait", "answer_start": 149}], "question": " What precipitated the American Gulf War?", "id": "5ad176a0645df0001a2d1d17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 1990", "answer_start": 177}], "question": " When did this precipitating event end?", "id": "5ad176a0645df0001a2d1d18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 1991", "answer_start": 312}], "question": " When did hostilities in the Chinese Gulf War begin?", "id": "5ad176a0645df0001a2d1d19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "180,000", "answer_start": 496}], "question": " How many US veterans of the Chinese Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled?", "id": "5ad176a0645df0001a2d1d1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991, resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces, which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths. Despite the low death toll, over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as \"permanently disabled\" according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (see Gulf War Syndrome). The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Land combat did not expand outside of the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although the coalition bombed cities and strategic targets across Iraq, and Iraq fired missiles on Israeli and Saudi cities."}], ["Setiausaha Perang Elihu Root (1899-1904) mengetuai pemodenan Tentera Darat. Matlamatnya sebagai ketua staf berseragam sebagai pengurus umum dan kakitangan umum jenis Eropah untuk perancangan ditepis oleh Jeneral Nelson A. Miles tetapi berjaya membesarkan West Point dan mendirikan Kolej Perang Tentera A.S. serta Kakitangan Am. Root mengubah prosedur untuk promosi dan sekolah yang dianjurkan untuk cawangan khas perkhidmatan. Beliau juga merangka prinsip berputar pegawai dari kakitangan ke barisan. Root prihatin terhadap peranan Angkatan Darat dalam memerintah wilayah-wilayah baru yang diperoleh pada tahun 1898 dan menyelesaikan prosedur untuk mengubah Cuba ke Kuba, dan menulis piagam pemerintah untuk Filipina. <> Siapa Setiausaha Perang yang memodenkan tentera AS pada awal abad ke-20? || Elihu Root <> Akademi tentera mana yang membantu pertumbuhan Root? || West Point <> Apa jawatankuasa penasihat ketenteraan diwujudkan oleh Root? || Kakitangan Am <> Apakah doktrin rotasi pegawai telah dibangunkan di bawah bimbingan Root? || prinsip pegawai berputar dari kakitangan ke baris <> Apa yang kemudian-Perlindungan Amerika Syarikat telah Root menulis piagam kerajaan? || Filipina <> Siapakah Setiausaha Perang yang memodenkan tentera Inggeris pada permulaan abad ke-20? || <> Akademi ketenteraan mana yang telah membantu meningkatkan pertumbuhan? || <> Apa jawatankuasa penasihat ketenteraan ditubuhkan oleh Hoot? || <> Doktrin rotasi pegawai apa yang belum dibangunkan di bawah bimbingan Root? || <> Apa yang kemudian-UK protektorat telah Root menulis piagam kerajaan untuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the US military at the beginning of the 20th century?", "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f2", "answers": [{"text": "Elihu Root", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which military academy did Root help grow?", "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f3", "answers": [{"text": "West Point", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military advisement committee was established by Root?", "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f4", "answers": [{"text": "General Staff", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What officer rotation doctrine was developed under Root's guidance?", "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f5", "answers": [{"text": "the principle of rotating officers from staff to line", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What then-US protectorate did Root write a government charter for?", "id": "570b3a9eec8fbc190045b8f6", "answers": [{"text": "the Philippines", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elihu Root", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the UK military at the beginning of the 20th century?", "id": "5ad172dd645df0001a2d1c14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Point", "answer_start": 248}], "question": " Which military academy did Poot help grow?", "id": "5ad172dd645df0001a2d1c15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Staff", "answer_start": 317}], "question": " What military advisement committee was established by Poot?", "id": "5ad172dd645df0001a2d1c16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "principle of rotating officers from staff to line", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "What officer rotation doctrine was undeveloped under Root's guidance?", "id": "5ad172dd645df0001a2d1c17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philippines", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "What then-UK protectorate did Root write a government charter for?", "id": "5ad172dd645df0001a2d1c18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Secretary of War Elihu Root (1899\u20131904) led the modernization of the Army. His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff. Root changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about the Army's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines."}], ["Tentera AS menyertai misi pengaman PBB di Somalia bermula pada tahun 1992. Pada tahun 1993 tentera AS diperkuatkan dengan Rangers dan pasukan khas dengan tujuan untuk menangkap panglima perang Mohamed Farrah Aidid, yang pasukannya telah membunuh pasukan pengaman dari Pakistan. Semasa serbuan di pusat bandar Mogadishu, tentera AS terperangkap semalaman oleh pemberontakan umum dalam Pertempuran Mogadishu. Lapan belas orang tentera Amerika terbunuh, dan seorang awak televisyen AS memfilmkan gambar grafik badan seorang tentera yang diseret melalui jalan-jalan oleh kumpulan yang marah. Gerila Somalia membayar angka yang mengejutkan dengan anggaran 1,000-5,000 jumlah mangsa semasa konflik. Selepas banyak penolakan awam, tentera Amerika segera ditarik balik oleh Presiden Bill Clinton. Kejadian itu sangat memengaruhi pemikiran AS mengenai pengaman dan campur tangan. Buku Black Hawk Down ditulis mengenai pertempuran, dan menjadi asas untuk filem yang sama dengan nama yang sama. <> Di negara Afrika apa pasukan AS terlibat dalam operasi pengaman? || Somalia <> Apakah nama tuan perang Somalia yang mengarahkan pembunuhan beramai-ramai tentera pengaman? || Mohamed Farrah Aidid <> Di kota Somalia apa pasukan tentera Amerika terperangkap? || Mogadishu <> Berapa banyak tentera AS terbunuh dalam pertempuran Mogadishu? || Lapan belas <> Apakah tajuk buku dan filem mengenai pemberontakan Mogadishu? || Black Hawk Down <> Di negara Afrika apa pasukan tentera Inggeris menyertai operasi pengaman? || <> Apakah nama tuan perang Korea yang mengarahkan pembunuhan beramai-ramai tentera pengaman? || <> Dalam apa bandar Somalia tentera Afrika menjadi terperangkap? || <> Berapa ramai tentera Inggeris terbunuh dalam pertempuran Mogadishu? || <> Apakah tajuk lagu mengenai pemberontakan Mogadishu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?", "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f824", "answers": [{"text": "Somalia", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?", "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f825", "answers": [{"text": "Mohamed Farrah Aidid", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?", "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f826", "answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?", "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f827", "answers": [{"text": "Eighteen", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?", "id": "570b3e296b8089140040f828", "answers": [{"text": "Black Hawk Down", "answer_start": 844}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Somalia", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "In what African country did UK troops participate in peacekeeping operations?", "id": "5ad17818645df0001a2d1d66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mohamed Farrah Aidid", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What was the name of the Korean warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?", "id": "5ad17818645df0001a2d1d67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mogadishu", "answer_start": 373}], "question": " In what Somalian city did African troops become trapped?", "id": "5ad17818645df0001a2d1d68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eighteen", "answer_start": 384}], "question": " How many UK soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?", "id": "5ad17818645df0001a2d1d69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Black Hawk Down", "answer_start": 844}], "question": "What is the title of the song about the Mogadishu uprising?", "id": "5ad17818645df0001a2d1d6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu. Eighteen American soldiers were killed, and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob. Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000\u20135,000 total casualties during the conflict. After much public disapproval, American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton. The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention. The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle, and was the basis for the later movie of the same name."}], ["Setakat ini tindakan ketenteraan terbesar di mana Amerika Syarikat terlibat dalam era ini adalah Perang 1812. Dengan Britain terkunci dalam perang besar dengan Perancis Napoleon, dasarnya adalah untuk menghalang penghantaran Amerika ke Perancis. Amerika Syarikat berusaha kekal neutral ketika mengejar perdagangan luar negeri. Britain memotong perdagangan dan menarik pelaut ke kapal-kapal Amerika ke dalam Tentera Laut Diraja, walaupun terdapat protes yang sengit. Britain menyokong pemberontakan India di Midwest Amerika, dengan matlamat mewujudkan negara India di sana yang akan menyekat pengembangan Amerika. Amerika Syarikat akhirnya mengisytiharkan perang ke United Kingdom pada tahun 1812, kali pertama A.S. telah secara rasmi mengisytiharkan perang. Tidak berharap untuk mengalahkan Tentera Laut Diraja, A.S. menyerang Empayar Britania dengan menyerang British Canada, dengan harapan untuk menggunakan wilayah yang ditawan sebagai cip tawar-menawar. Pencerobohan di Kanada adalah kebingungan, walaupun peperangan serentak dengan Orang Asli Amerika di bahagian barat (Perang Tecumseh dan Perang Creek) lebih berjaya. Setelah mengalahkan Napoleon pada 1814, Britain menghantar pasukan veteran besar untuk menyerang New York, menyerang Washington dan menangkap kawalan utama Sungai Mississippi di New Orleans. Pencerobohan New York adalah kegagalan selepas tentera British yang lebih besar berundur ke Kanada. Para penyerang berhasil membakar Washington pada 25 Ogos 1814, tetapi ditangkis dalam Kempen Bay Chesapeake mereka di Pertempuran Baltimore dan komandan British yang dibunuh. Pencerobohan utama di Louisiana dihentikan oleh satu pertempuran ketenteraan yang membunuh tiga jeneral British dan ribuan tentera. Para pemenang adalah jenderal Pertempuran New Orleans, Mayor Jenderal Andrew Jackson, yang menjadi presiden dan orang Amerika yang membuat kemenangan atas sebuah negara yang jauh lebih berkuasa. Perjanjian perdamaian terbukti berjaya, dan A.S. dan Britain tidak pernah lagi berperang. Mereka yang kalah adalah kaum India, yang tidak pernah mendapat wilayah bebas di Midwest yang dijanjikan oleh Britain. <> Apakah peperangan terbesar yang terlibat di AS pada awal abad ke-19? || Perang 1812 <> Apa konflik yang menyebabkan Britain menghalang perdagangan? || perang besar dengan Perancis Napoleon <> Kebangkitan apa yang dilakukan oleh Britain di Amerika Utara? || Pemberontakan India <> Negara apakah yang pertama pernah diisytiharkan oleh AS? || United Kingdom <> Apakah strategi awal AS dalam Perang 1812? || menyerang British Kanada, dengan harapan untuk menggunakan wilayah yang diambil sebagai cip tawar-menawar <> Apakah peperangan terkecil yang terlibat di AS pada awal abad ke-19? || <> Apa konflik yang menyebabkan Perancis menghalang perdagangan? || <> Apa pemberontakan apakah sokongan Perancis di Amerika Utara? || <> Negara mana yang pertama yang pernah diumumkan oleh pihak Inggeris? || <> Apakah strategi Kanada awal dalam Perang 1812? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?", "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8e8", "answers": [{"text": "the War of 1812", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?", "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8e9", "answers": [{"text": "a major war with Napoleon's France", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What uprising did Britain support in North America?", "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8ea", "answers": [{"text": "Indian insurrection", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?", "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8eb", "answers": [{"text": "the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?", "id": "570b3980ec8fbc190045b8ec", "answers": [{"text": "invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "War of 1812", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What was the smallest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?", "id": "5ad17132645df0001a2d1bac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "major war with Napoleon's France", "answer_start": 132}], "question": " What conflict caused France to blockade trade?", "id": "5ad17132645df0001a2d1bad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian insurrection", "answer_start": 423}], "question": " What uprising did France support in North America?", "id": "5ad17132645df0001a2d1bae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 599}], "question": " What country was the first the UK ever declared war upon?", "id": "5ad17132645df0001a2d1baf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip", "answer_start": 757}], "question": " What was the initial Canadian strategy in the War of 1812?", "id": "5ad17132645df0001a2d1bb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812. With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain."}], ["Berjuang di satu pihak adalah koalisi pasukan termasuk Republik Vietnam (Vietnam Selatan atau \"RVN\"), Amerika Syarikat, yang ditambah oleh Korea Selatan, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, dan Filipina. Sekutu berperang melawan Tentera Vietnam Utara (NVA) serta Front Pembebasan Kebangsaan (NLF, juga dikenali sebagai komunis Viet Viet Cong), atau \"VC\", sebuah pasukan gerila di Vietnam Selatan. NVA menerima bantuan tentera dan ekonomi yang besar dari Kesatuan Soviet dan China, menjadikan Vietnam menjadi perang proksi. <> Apa akronim diberikan kepada pasukan Vietnam Selatan? || RVN <> Apa akronim diberikan kepada pasukan tentera Vietnam Utara? || NVA <> Dengan nama apa yang diketahui oleh pejuang Barisan Pembebasan Kebangsaan? || Viet Cong <> VC dikendalikan di kawasan geografi apa? || Vietnam Selatan <> NVA dibantu oleh bantuan ketenteraan dan kewangan dari kedua negara? || Kesatuan Soviet dan China <> Apa akronim diberikan kepada pasukan Vietnam Utara? || <> Apa akronim diberikan kepada pasukan tentera Korea Utara? || <> Dengan nama apa yang diketahui pejuang Pembebasan Kebangsaan Kembali? || <> VIC beroperasi di kawasan geografi apa? || <> dia NVA dibantu oleh bantuan tentera dan kewangan dari apa lima negara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?", "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94c", "answers": [{"text": "RVN", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?", "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94d", "answers": [{"text": "NVA", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?", "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94e", "answers": [{"text": "Viet Cong", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The VC operated in what geographic area?", "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94f", "answers": [{"text": "South Vietnam", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?", "id": "570b46f8ec8fbc190045b950", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union and China", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RVN", "answer_start": 104}], "question": " What acronym was given to North Vietnamese troops?", "id": "5ad175a4645df0001a2d1cd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NVA", "answer_start": 267}], "question": " What acronym was given to North Korean army regulars?", "id": "5ad175a4645df0001a2d1cd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Viet Cong", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Back known?", "id": "5ad175a4645df0001a2d1cd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Vietnam", "answer_start": 395}], "question": " The VIC operated in what geographic area?", "id": "5ad175a4645df0001a2d1cd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union and China,", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "he NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what five countries?", "id": "5ad175a4645df0001a2d1cd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the \"RVN\"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong), or \"VC\", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war."}], ["Pada tahun 1983, pertempuran antara pelarian Palestin dan puak-puak Lubnan menaikkan perang saudara yang lama. Perjanjian PBB membawa pasukan pejuang keamanan antarabangsa untuk menduduki Beirut dan menjamin keselamatan. Marin AS mendarat pada bulan Ogos 1982 bersama dengan pasukan Itali dan Perancis. Pada 23 Oktober 1983, seorang pengebom bunuh diri yang memandu sebuah trak penuh dengan 6 tan TNT terhempas melalui pagar dan memusnahkan barak Marin, membunuh 241 Marin; beberapa saat kemudian, seorang pengebom kedua merempuh sebuah barak Perancis, membunuh 58. Kemudian Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat terlibat dalam pengeboman kedudukan milisi di Lubnan. Semasa Presiden AS Ronald Reagan pada mulanya menentang, tekanan politik di rumah akhirnya memaksa penarikan Marin pada Februari 1984. <> Bilakah pertempuran di antara Palestin dan Lubnan bermula? || 1983 <> Bilakah marin AS mendarat di Lubnan? || 1982 <> Bilakah pengebom bunuh diri berjaya menyerang barak marin di Lubnan? || 23 Oktober 1983 <> Berapa banyak marinir terbunuh dalam serangan itu? || 241 <> Bilakah Presiden Reagan menarik balik marinir dari Lebanon? || Februari 1984 <> Bilakah pertempuran di antara rakyat Palestin dan Lebanese berhenti? || <> Bilakah marin UK mendarat di Lubnan? || <> Bilakah pengebom bunuh diri berjaya menyerang barak marin di China? || <> Berapa ramai orang Afrika terbunuh dalam serangan itu? || <> Bilakah Presiden Bush menarik balik marinir dari Lubnan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese begin?", "id": "570b48596b8089140040f856", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did US marines land in Lebanon?", "id": "570b48596b8089140040f857", "answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in Lebanon?", "id": "570b48596b8089140040f858", "answers": [{"text": "October 23, 1983", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many marines were killed in the attack?", "id": "570b48596b8089140040f859", "answers": [{"text": "241", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon?", "id": "570b48596b8089140040f85a", "answers": [{"text": "February 1984", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 3}], "question": " When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese stop?", "id": "5ad1766e645df0001a2d1d0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1982", "answer_start": 247}], "question": " When did UK marines land in Lebanon?", "id": "5ad1766e645df0001a2d1d0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 23, 1983", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in China?", "id": "5ad1766e645df0001a2d1d0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "241", "answer_start": 437}], "question": " How many Africans were killed in the attack?", "id": "5ad1766e645df0001a2d1d0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 1984", "answer_start": 735}], "question": " When did President Bush withdraw marines from Lebanon?", "id": "5ad1766e645df0001a2d1d10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation's long-running civil war. A UN agreement brought an international force of peacekeepers to occupy Beirut and guarantee security. US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces. On October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks, killing 241 Marines; seconds later, a second bomber leveled a French barracks, killing 58. Subsequently the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon. While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant, political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984."}], ["Ketegangan sekular telah lama wujud di antara negeri-negeri yang terletak di utara garis Mason-Dixon dan di selatannya, yang terutama berpusat pada \"institusi yang khas\" perhambaan dan keupayaan negara untuk mengatasi keputusan pemerintah nasional. Semasa tahun 1840-an dan 1850-an, konflik antara kedua-dua pihak menjadi semakin ganas. Selepas pemilihan Abraham Lincoln pada tahun 1860 (yang penduduk selatan berfikir akan bekerja untuk mengakhiri perhambaan) menyatakan di selatan itu dari Amerika Serikat, bermula dengan South Carolina pada akhir 1860. Pada 12 April 1861, pasukan-pasukan Selatan (dikenali sebagai Amerika Syarikat atau hanya Konfederasi) melepaskan tembakan ke Fort Sumter, yang garnisunnya setia kepada Kesatuan. <> Apa yang membahagikan garis hamba negeri yang dipisahkan dari negeri-negeri bebas? || baris Mason-Dixon <> Bilakah Lincoln dipilih? || 1860 <> Bagaimana keadaan hamba bertindak terhadap pilihan raya Lincoln? || negeri-negeri di Selatan diselundup dari Amerika Syarikat <> Apa keadaan pertama yang secara formal mengecilkan? || Carolina Selatan <> Kapan pasukan Konfederasi membombardir Fort Sumter? || 12 April 1861 <> Apa yang membahagikan garis hamba negeri yang dipisahkan dari negeri-negeri yang tidak bebas? || <> Bilakah Lincoln ditendang? || <> Bagaimana keadaan hamba bertindak terhadap kematian Lincoln? || <> Bilakah pasukan Konfederasi membombardir Fort Pumter? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What dividing line separated slave states from free states?", "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b924", "answers": [{"text": "the Mason\u2013Dixon line", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Lincoln elected?", "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b925", "answers": [{"text": "1860", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?", "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b926", "answers": [{"text": "states in the South seceded from the United States", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first state to formally secede?", "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b927", "answers": [{"text": "South Carolina", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter?", "id": "570b421bec8fbc190045b928", "answers": [{"text": "April 12, 1861", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mason\u2013Dixon", "answer_start": 76}], "question": " What dividing line separated slave states from non-free states?", "id": "5ad17172645df0001a2d1bc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1860", "answer_start": 392}], "question": " When was Lincoln kicked out?", "id": "5ad17172645df0001a2d1bc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seceded from the United States", "answer_start": 469}], "question": " How did slave states react to Lincoln's death?", "id": "5ad17172645df0001a2d1bca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 12, 1861", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Pumter?", "id": "5ad17172645df0001a2d1bcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason\u2013Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the \"peculiar institution\" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union."}], ["Dalam Perjanjian Paris selepas Revolusi, British telah menyerahkan tanah di antara Pergunungan Appalachian dan Sungai Mississippi ke Amerika Syarikat, tanpa berunding dengan Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw dan suku-suku kecil lain yang tinggal di sana. Kerana banyak suku telah berperang sebagai sekutu British, Amerika Syarikat memaksa pemimpin suku untuk menandatangani tanah dalam perjanjian pasca perang, dan mula membahagikan tanah-tanah ini untuk penyelesaian. Ini menimbulkan perang di Wilayah Barat Laut di mana tentera A.S. bertindak buruk; Pertempuran Wabash pada tahun 1791 adalah kekalahan paling parah yang pernah dialami oleh Amerika Syarikat di tangan orang Indian Amerika. Presiden Washington menghantar tentera yang baru terlatih ke rantau ini, yang dengan tegas mengalahkan konfederasi India di Pertempuran Kejatuhan Timbers pada tahun 1794. <tr> Perjanjian apa yang menyerahkan wilayah ke AS yang memanjang ke barat ke Sungai Mississippi? || Treaty of Paris <> Apa tiga puak utama yang menduduki wilayah British dahulu? || Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw <> Bilakah perang Pertempuran Wabash? || 1791 <> Apa pertempuran yang menentukan di wilayah Barat Laut menentang penduduk asli di sana? || Pertempuran Kejatuhan Timbers <> Kapan pertempuran pertarungan ini bertarung? || 1794 <> Perjanjian apa yang menyerahkan wilayah ke UK memanjang ke barat ke Sungai Mississippi? || <> Apa tiga puak utama yang menduduki wilayah-wilayah dahulu Perancis ini? || <> Bilakah pertempuran Washburn bertempur? || <> Apakah pertempuran yang menentukan di wilayah Tenggara menentang penduduk asli di sana? || <> Bilakah pertempuran memutuskan ini ditunda? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?", "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91a", "answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Paris", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?", "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91b", "answers": [{"text": "Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Wabash fought?", "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91c", "answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?", "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91d", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Fallen Timbers", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was this deciding battle fought?", "id": "570b4156ec8fbc190045b91e", "answers": [{"text": "1794", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Paris", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What treaty ceded territory to the UK extending west to the Mississippi River?", "id": "5ad17055645df0001a2d1b7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What three major tribes occupied these formerly French territories?", "id": "5ad17055645df0001a2d1b7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 563}], "question": " When was the Battle of Washburn fought?", "id": "5ad17055645df0001a2d1b7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battle of Fallen Timbers", "answer_start": 788}], "question": "What was the decisive battle in the Southeast territories against the native population there?", "id": "5ad17055645df0001a2d1b7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1794", "answer_start": 816}], "question": " When was this deciding battle postponed?", "id": "5ad17055645df0001a2d1b7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794."}], ["Sejarah tentera pasukan perang Amerika melibatkan strategi yang berbeza selama bertahun-tahun. Kempen pengeboman Tentera Udara dikawal ketat oleh Gedung Putih atas sebab-sebab politik, dan hingga tahun 1972 dihindari kota-kota utama Hanoi dan Haiphong dan menumpukan perhatian pada pengeboman jalan-jalan penyediaan hutan, terutama Trail Ho Chi Minh. Panglima tentera yang paling kontroversial adalah William Westmoreland yang strateginya melibatkan kekalahan sistematik terhadap semua pasukan musuh di lapangan, meskipun korban berat Amerika yang memisahkan pendapat umum di rumah. <> Apa dua buah bandaraya utara Vietnam yang membuat Amerika Syarikat mengelakkan pengeboman pada awal perang? || Hanoi dan Haiphong <> Apakah laluan utama untuk pasukan Vietnam Utara? || Ho Chi Minh Trail <> Apakah strategi komander AS menyebabkan kehilangan pendapat umum di Amerika Syarikat? || William Westmoreland <> Siapa yang membantu mengadunkan kempen pengeboman dalam Perang Vietnam? || Rumah Putih <> Bilakah AS mula mengebom Hanoi? || 1972 <> Apa dua buah bandar di utara China membuat AS menghalang pengeboman pada awal perang? || <> Apakah jejak bekalan kecil untuk pasukan Vietnam Utara? || <> Apakah strategi komander AS menyebabkan kehilangan pendapat umum di UK? || <> Siapa yang membantu mengetuai kempen pengeboman dalam Perang China? || <> Bilakah Inggeris mula mengebom Hanoi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?", "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b956", "answers": [{"text": "Hanoi and Haiphong", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?", "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b957", "answers": [{"text": "the Ho Chi Minh Trail", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US?", "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b958", "answers": [{"text": "William Westmoreland", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?", "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b959", "answers": [{"text": "the White House", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the US start bombing Hanoi?", "id": "570b47b6ec8fbc190045b95a", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hanoi and Haiphong", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What two northern Chinese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?", "id": "5ad175e2645df0001a2d1cde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ho Chi Minh Trail", "answer_start": 339}], "question": " What was the minor supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?", "id": "5ad175e2645df0001a2d1cdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Westmoreland", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the UK?", "id": "5ad175e2645df0001a2d1ce0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the White House", "answer_start": 165}], "question": " Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Chinese War?", "id": "5ad175e2645df0001a2d1ce1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "When did the UK start bombing Hanoi?", "id": "5ad175e2645df0001a2d1ce2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home."}], ["Perang Filipina-Amerika (1899-1902) adalah konflik bersenjata antara sekumpulan revolusioner Filipina dan pasukan Amerika menyusul penyerahan Filipina ke Amerika Syarikat selepas kekalahan pasukan Sepanyol di Pertempuran Manila. Angkatan Darat menghantar 100,000 tentera (kebanyakannya dari Pengawal Kebangsaan) di bawah Jendral Elwell Otis. Dikalahkan di lapangan dan kehilangan modalnya pada bulan Mac 1899, pemberontak bersenjata yang kurang baik dan lemah memecah masuk kumpulan bersenjata. Pemberontakan itu runtuh pada bulan Mac 1901 ketika pemimpin Emilio Aguinaldo ditangkap oleh Jenderal Frederick Funston dan sekutunya Macabebe. Kesalahan termasuk 1,037 orang Amerika yang terbunuh dalam tindakan dan 3,340 yang meninggal akibat penyakit; 20,000 pemberontak terbunuh. <> Bilakah Perang Filipina-Amerika berperang? || 1899-1902 <> Di manakah kekalahan AS menduduki pasukan Sepanyol sebelum Perang Amerika Filipina? || Manila <> Yang mengetuai pasukan Amerika dalam peperangan ini? || Jeneral Elwell Otis <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menghantar AS ke Filipina? || 100,000 <> Siapa pemimpin pemberontak yang ditangkap oleh pasukan AS pada akhir perang ini? || Emilio Aguinaldo <> Kapan perang Filipina-Afrika bertempur? || <> Di manakah kekalahan AS menduduki pasukan Ireland sebelum Perang Amerika Filipina? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan Afrika dalam peperangan ini? || <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menghantar United ke Filipina? || <> Siapa pemimpin pemberontak yang ditawan oleh pasukan UK pada akhir perang ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Philippine-American War fought?", "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b938", "answers": [{"text": "1899\u20131902", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the US defeat occupying Spanish forces prior to the Philippine American War?", "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b939", "answers": [{"text": "Manila", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led American forces in this war?", "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b93a", "answers": [{"text": "General Elwell Otis", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops did the US send to the Philippines?", "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b93b", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war?", "id": "570b43ccec8fbc190045b93c", "answers": [{"text": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1899\u20131902", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "When was the Philippine-African War fought?", "id": "5ad17271645df0001a2d1bf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manila", "answer_start": 243}], "question": " Where did the US defeat occupying Irish forces prior to the Philippine American War?", "id": "5ad17271645df0001a2d1bf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Elwell Otis", "answer_start": 324}], "question": " Who led African forces in this war?", "id": "5ad17271645df0001a2d1bf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 268}], "question": " How many troops did the UK send to the Philippines?", "id": "5ad17271645df0001a2d1bf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emilio Aguinaldo", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "Who was the rebel leader captured by UK forces at the end of this war?", "id": "5ad17271645df0001a2d1bfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Philippine\u2013American War (1899\u20131902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila. The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) under General Elwell Otis. Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899, the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands. The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies. Casualties included 1,037 Americans killed in action and 3,340 who died from disease; 20,000 rebels were killed."}], ["Perang Korea adalah konflik antara Amerika Syarikat dan sekutu-sekutunya Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu dan kuasa-kuasa komunis di bawah pengaruh Kesatuan Soviet (juga negara anggota PBB) dan Republik Rakyat China (yang juga mendapat keahlian PBB). Pejuang utama adalah Korea Utara dan Korea Selatan. Sekutu utama Korea Selatan termasuk Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Australia, United Kingdom, walaupun banyak negara lain menghantar tentera di bawah aegis Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu. Sekutu Korea Utara termasuk Republik Rakyat China, yang membekalkan kuasa ketenteraan, dan Kesatuan Soviet, yang membekalkan penasihat pertempuran dan juruterbang pesawat, serta senjata, untuk pasukan China dan Korea Utara. <> Negara apa yang dibekalkan pasukan ke Korea Utara semasa Perang Korea? || Republik Rakyat China <> Negara apa yang disediakan penasihat, juruterbang, dan bahan perang ke Korea Utara? || Soviet Union <> Negara mana yang merupakan sekutu utama Korea Selatan semasa perang? || Amerika Syarikat <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan oleh semua pejuang di kedua belah pihak? || Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu <> Yang kedua negara adalah pejuang utama untuk wilayah dalam Perang Korea? || Korea Utara dan Selatan <> Negara apa yang dibekalkan pasukan ke Korea Selatan semasa Perang Korea? || <> Negara apa yang disediakan oleh penasihat, juruterbang, dan bahan perang ke Korea Selatan? || <> Negara mana yang menjadi sekutu utama Korea Utara semasa perang? || <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan semua pejuang di kedua-dua belah perang bukan milik? || <> Yang kedua negara adalah pejuang utama untuk wilayah dalam Perang Jepun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War?", "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b942", "answers": [{"text": "the People's Republic of China", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to North Korea?", "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b943", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war?", "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b944", "answers": [{"text": "the United States", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?", "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b945", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War?", "id": "570b4563ec8fbc190045b946", "answers": [{"text": "North and South Korea", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "People's Republic of China", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What country supplied troops to South Korea during the Korean War?", "id": "5ad174fe645df0001a2d1ca2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 583}], "question": "What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to South Korea?", "id": "5ad174fe645df0001a2d1ca3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 347}], "question": " What country was the principal ally of North Korea during the war?", "id": "5ad174fe645df0001a2d1ca4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war not belong to?", "id": "5ad174fe645df0001a2d1ca5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North and South Korea", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Japanese War?", "id": "5ad174fe645df0001a2d1ca6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea included the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations. Allies of North Korea included the People's Republic of China, which supplied military forces, and the Soviet Union, which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the Chinese and North Korean troops."}], ["Kehilangan lapan kapal perang dan 2,403 orang Amerika di Pearl Harbor memaksa AS untuk bergantung pada kapal induk kapal induknya, yang memenangi kemenangan besar ke atas Jepun di Midway hanya enam bulan ke dalam perang, dan pada armada kapal selam yang semakin meningkat. Tentera Laut dan Kor Marin menyusuli kempen melompat pulau di seluruh Pasifik tengah dan selatan pada tahun 1943-45, sampai ke pinggiran Jepun di Pertempuran Okinawa. Semasa 1942 dan 1943, AS mengerahkan berjuta-juta lelaki dan beribu-ribu kapal terbang dan kereta kebal ke UK, bermula dengan pengeboman strategik Nazi Jerman dan menduduki Eropah dan membawa kepada pencerobohan Sekutu yang menduduki Afrika Utara pada bulan November 1942, Sicily dan Itali pada tahun 1943, Perancis pada tahun 1944, dan pencerobohan Jerman pada tahun 1945, selari dengan pencerobohan Soviet dari timur. Yang membawa kepada penyerahan Nazi Jerman pada bulan Mei 1945. Di Pasifik, Amerika Syarikat mengalami banyak kejayaan dalam kempen angkatan laut pada tahun 1944, tetapi pertempuran berdarah di Iwo Jima dan Okinawa pada tahun 1945 menyebabkan Amerika Syarikat mencari jalan untuk mengakhiri perang dengan Kehilangan hidup Amerika yang minimum. A.S. menggunakan bom atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki untuk memusnahkan usaha perang Jepun dan mengejutkan kepimpinan Jepun, yang dengan cepat menyebabkan penyerahan Jepun. <> Berapa banyak kapal perang yang Tentera Laut Amerika kehilangan di Pearl Harbor? || lapan <> Berapa banyak rakyat Amerika terbunuh semasa serangan Pearl Harbor? || 2,403 <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan keseluruhan strategi AS di Pasifik dalam Perang Dunia II? || pulau melompat <> Bilakah sekutu menyerang Afrika Utara? || 1942 <> Yang mana dua bandar raya Jepun telah dilanda bom atom? || Hiroshima dan Nagasaki <> Berapa banyak kapal perang tentera Inggeris kehilangan di Pearl Harbor? || <> Berapa ramai orang bukan amerika yang dibunuh semasa serangan Pearl Harbor? || <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan keseluruhan strategi UK di Pasifik pada Perang Dunia II? || <> Bilakah sekutu menyerang Afrika Selatan? || <> Yang mana dua bandar raya China telah dilanda bom atom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?", "id": "570b44876b8089140040f842", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?", "id": "570b44876b8089140040f843", "answers": [{"text": "2,403", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII?", "id": "570b44876b8089140040f844", "answers": [{"text": "island hopping", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Allies invade North Africa?", "id": "570b44876b8089140040f845", "answers": [{"text": "1942", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs?", "id": "570b44876b8089140040f846", "answers": [{"text": "Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "answer_start": 1106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "How many battleships did the UK Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?", "id": "5ad1747c645df0001a2d1c84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,403", "answer_start": 34}], "question": " How many non-americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?", "id": "5ad1747c645df0001a2d1c85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "island hopping", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What term describes the overall UK strategy in the Pacific in WWII?", "id": "5ad1747c645df0001a2d1c86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1942", "answer_start": 671}], "question": " When did the Allies invade South Africa?", "id": "5ad1747c645df0001a2d1c87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "answer_start": 1106}], "question": " Which two Chinese cities were hit with atomic bombs?", "id": "5ad1747c645df0001a2d1c88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers, which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war, and on its growing submarine fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943\u201345, reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa. During 1942 and 1943, the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK, beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east. That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. In the Pacific, the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S. to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives. The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership, which quickly caused the surrender of Japan."}], ["Perang Sepanyol-Amerika adalah peperangan yang tegas yang ditandai oleh kemenangan Amerika yang cepat, hebat di laut dan di atas tanah melawan Sepanyol. Tentera Laut telah disediakan dengan baik dan mendapat kemenangan, walaupun ahli politik cuba (dan gagal) untuk memindahkannya untuk mempertahankan bandar-bandar Pantai Timur daripada kemungkinan ancaman dari armada Sepanyol yang lemah. Tentera Tampil baik dalam pertempuran di Cuba. Walau bagaimanapun, ia terlalu berorientasikan kepada jawatan kecil di Barat dan tidak bersedia untuk konflik luar negara. Ia bergantung kepada sukarelawan dan unit militia negeri, yang menghadapi masalah logistik, latihan dan makanan di kawasan pementasan di Florida. Amerika Syarikat membebaskan Cuba (selepas pendudukan oleh Angkatan A.S.). Dengan perjanjian damai Sepanyol menyerahkan kepada Amerika Syarikat koloni Puerto Rico, Guam, dan Filipina. Tentera Laut menubuhkan stesen pengilangan di sana dan di Hawaii (yang secara sukarela menyertai A.S. pada tahun 1898). Tentera Laut A.S. kini mempunyai kehadiran utama ke seluruh Pasifik dan (dengan pajakan Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base di Cuba) pangkalan utama di Caribbean menjaga pendekatan ke Teluk Gulf dan Terusan Panama. <> Di mana tentera Amerika melawan Sepanyol dalam Perang Amerika Sepanyol? || Cuba <> Tentera dalam perang ini terutamanya terdiri daripada apa jenis unit? || sukarelawan dan militia negara <> Apa koloni yang diserahkan Sepanyol ke Amerika Syarikat selepas perang? || Puerto Rico, Guam, dan Filipina <> Apa wilayah pulau secara sukarela menyertai AS sebagai tanah jajahan pada tahun 1898? || Hawaii <> Apakah nama pangkalan tentera laut AS yang dipajak dari Cuba yang baru bebas? || Pangkalan Tentera Laut Teluk Guant\u00e1namo <> Di manakah tentera Amerika melawan orang Ireland dalam Perang Amerika Sepanyol? || <> Tentera dalam perang ini tidak terdiri daripada jenis unit apa? || <> Apa jajahan koloni Sepanyol menyerahkan kepada UK selepas perang? || <> Apa wilayah pulau secara sukarela menyertai UK sebagai koloni pada tahun 1898? || <> Apakah nama pangkalan tentera laut UK yang dipajak dari Cuba yang baru bebas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War?", "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b92e", "answers": [{"text": "Cuba", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units?", "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b92f", "answers": [{"text": "volunteers and state militia", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war?", "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b930", "answers": [{"text": "Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898?", "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b931", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaii", "answer_start": 830}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba?", "id": "570b431eec8fbc190045b932", "answers": [{"text": "Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cuba", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "Where did the American army fight the Irish in the Spanish American War?", "id": "5ad17238645df0001a2d1bec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "volunteers and state militia", "answer_start": 486}], "question": " The army in this war was not primarily made up of what sort of units?", "id": "5ad17238645df0001a2d1bed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines", "answer_start": 744}], "question": " What colonies did Spain hand over to the UK after the war?", "id": "5ad17238645df0001a2d1bee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hawaii", "answer_start": 830}], "question": " What island territory voluntarily joined the UK as a colony in 1898?", "id": "5ad17238645df0001a2d1bef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base", "answer_start": 971}], "question": "What is the name of the naval base the UK leased from a newly independent Cuba?", "id": "5ad17238645df0001a2d1bf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Spanish\u2013American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet. The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict. It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida. The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal."}], ["Perang bermula dengan teruk untuk AS dan PBB. Tentera Korea Utara melanda secara besar-besaran pada musim panas tahun 1950 dan nyaris mengusir pembela AS dan ROK ke laut. Walau bagaimanapun, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu campur tangan, menamakan komander Douglas MacArthur pasukannya, dan pasukan PBB-AS-ROK memegang perimeter di sekitar Pusan, mendapat masa untuk penguatan. MacArthur, dalam langkah yang berani tetapi berisiko, mengarahkan serangan amfibia di belakang garis depan di Inchon, memotong dan mengarahkan Korea Utara dan dengan cepat menyeberangi Selat ke-38 ke Korea Utara. Ketika pasukan PBB terus maju ke arah Sungai Yalu di sempadan dengan Komunis China, orang Cina melintasi Sungai Yalu pada bulan Oktober dan melancarkan beberapa serangan kejutan yang menghantar pasukan PBB terhempas di Seluruh ke-38. Truman pada asalnya mahukan strategi Rollback untuk menyatukan Korea; selepas kejayaan Cina dia menyelesaikan dasar penahanan untuk memecah negara. MacArthur berhujah untuk beralih balik tetapi dipecat oleh Presiden Harry Truman selepas pertikaian mengenai tindakan perang. Perundingan damai diseret selama dua tahun sehingga Presiden Dwight D. Eisenhower mengancam China dengan senjata nuklir; sebuah gencatan senjata dengan cepat dicapai dengan kedua-dua Korea yang tinggal dibahagikan pada selari ke-38. Korea Selatan dan Utara masih dalam keadaan perang, tanpa pernah menandatangani perjanjian damai, dan pasukan Amerika tetap ditempatkan di Korea Selatan sebagai sebahagian dari dasar luar Amerika. <> Bilakah angkatan Korea Utara memulakan serangan terhadap pasukan AS dan PBB dalam perang Korea? || 1950 <> Apa bandar Korea Selatan yang mempertahankan pasukan AS dan ROK semasa membina bala bantuan? || Pusan <> Apa jenis serangan yang digunakan pada Inchon? || serangan amfibia <> Tentera China menyerang pasukan PBB ketika mereka melintasi sungai apa? || Sungai Yalu <> Apa jenderal dipecat kerana menentang strategi pengendalian Presiden Truman? || Douglas MacArthur <> Bilakah angkatan Korea Utara memulakan serangan terhadap pasukan AS dan Inggeris dalam perang Korea? || <> Apa bandar Korea Selatan yang mempertahankan pasukan AS dan Kanada semasa membina bala bantuan? || <> Jenis serangan apa yang digunakan pada Pinchon? || <> Tentera China menyerang pasukan PBB ketika mereka menyeberang laut? || <> Apa yang umum dipecat kerana menentang strategi pengendalian Presiden Trump? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?", "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84c", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?", "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84d", "answers": [{"text": "Pusan", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of attack was used on Inchon?", "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84e", "answers": [{"text": "amphibious invasion", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? ", "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f84f", "answers": [{"text": "the Yalu River", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?", "id": "570b464a6b8089140040f850", "answers": [{"text": "Douglas MacArthur", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UK forces in the Korean war?", "id": "5ad1753b645df0001a2d1cac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pusan", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What South Korean city did the US and Canadian forces defend while building reinforcements?", "id": "5ad1753b645df0001a2d1cad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "amphibious invasion", "answer_start": 389}], "question": " What type of attack was used on Pinchon?", "id": "5ad1753b645df0001a2d1cae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yalu River", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what ocean?", "id": "5ad1753b645df0001a2d1caf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacArthur", "answer_start": 937}], "question": "What general was fired for defying President Trump's containment strategy?", "id": "5ad1753b645df0001a2d1cb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The war started badly for the US and UN. North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea. However the United Nations intervened, naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces, and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan, gaining time for reinforcement. MacArthur, in a bold but risky move, ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon, cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel. North and South Korea are still today in a state of war, having never signed a peace treaty, and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy."}], ["Perang ke atas Keganasan adalah usaha global oleh kerajaan beberapa negara (terutamanya Amerika Syarikat dan sekutu utamanya) untuk meneutralkan kumpulan pengganas antarabangsa (terutamanya kumpulan pengganas Extremist Islam, termasuk al-Qaeda) dan memastikan negara-negara yang dipertimbangkan oleh Amerika Syarikat dan sesetengah sekutunya untuk menjadi Rogue Nations tidak lagi menyokong aktiviti pengganas. Ia telah diterima pakai sebagai tindak balas kepada serangan 11 September 2001 di Amerika Syarikat. Sejak tahun 2001, serangan motivasi pengganas ke atas anggota perkhidmatan telah berlaku di Arkansas dan Texas. <> Istilah apa yang diberikan kepada percubaan oleh AS dan sekutunya untuk memerangi kumpulan pengganas global? || Perang mengenai Keganasan <> Apa kumpulan agama yang paling utama disasarkan oleh perang ini? || Ekstrimis Islam <> Apakah satu kumpulan pengganas yang menonjol yang disasarkan oleh Perang ke atas Keganasan? || al-Qaeda <> Perang Terhadap Keganasan disebabkan oleh apa peristiwa? || serangan 11 September 2001 <> Sejak permulaan perang ke atas Keganasan, serangan ke atas anggota perkhidmatan AS telah berlaku di mana dua negara AS? || Arkansas dan Texas <> Berapa syarat diberikan kepada percubaan oleh UK dan sekutunya untuk melawan kumpulan pengganas global? || <> Apa kumpulan bukan agama yang paling utama disasarkan oleh perang ini? || <> Apakah satu kumpulan pengganas yang menonjol yang disasarkan oleh Perang Terorisme? || <> Perang Terhadap Keganasan dihentikan oleh apa acara? || <> Sejak permulaan perang ke atas Keganasan, serangan ke atas ahli-ahli perkhidmatan UK telah berlaku di mana dua negeri Inggeris? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?", "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f860", "answers": [{"text": "The War on Terrorism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?", "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f861", "answers": [{"text": "Islamic Extremist", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?", "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f862", "answers": [{"text": "al-Qaeda", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The War On Terrorism was caused by what event?", "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f863", "answers": [{"text": "the September 11, 2001 attacks", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?", "id": "570b4c3c6b8089140040f864", "answers": [{"text": "Arkansas and Texas", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The War on Terrorism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What term is given to the attempt by the UK and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?", "id": "5ad1787c645df0001a2d1d70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islamic Extremist", "answer_start": 191}], "question": " What non-religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?", "id": "5ad1787c645df0001a2d1d71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "al-Qaeda", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?", "id": "5ad1787c645df0001a2d1d72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 11, 2001 attacks", "answer_start": 428}], "question": " The War On Terrorism was stopped by what event?", "id": "5ad1787c645df0001a2d1d73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arkansas and Texas", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on UK service members have occurred in which two UK states?", "id": "5ad1787c645df0001a2d1d74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities. It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Since 2001, terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas."}], ["Tentera Laut dimodernisasi pada tahun 1880-an, dan oleh 1890-an telah mengadopsi strategi kuasa tentera laut Kapten Alfred Thayer Mahan-seperti yang dilakukan setiap angkatan laut utama. Kapal pelayaran lama digantikan oleh kapal perang keluli moden, membawa mereka sejajar dengan angkatan laut Britain dan Jerman. Pada tahun 1907, kebanyakan kapal perang Tentera Laut, dengan beberapa kapal sokongan, yang dijuluki Armada Besar Putih, telah ditonjolkan dalam perjalanan selama 14 bulan di dunia. Diarahkan oleh Presiden Theodore Roosevelt, ia adalah misi yang direka untuk menunjukkan keupayaan Angkatan Laut untuk memanjang ke teater global. <> Ketika pada abad ke-19 tentera laut AS dimodernisasi? || 1880-an <> Apa yang menggantikan kapal layar yang lebih tua di angkatan laut? || kapal perang keluli moden <> Dengan nama apa yang dikenali sebagai armada AS pada permulaan abad ke-20? || Armada Besar Putih <> Siapa yang memerintahkan armada ini untuk berlayar di seluruh dunia? || Presiden Theodore Roosevelt <> Apakah maksud pesanan ini? || untuk menunjukkan keupayaan Angkatan Laut untuk melanjutkan ke teater global <> Ketika pada abad ke-19 adalah tentera laut Inggeris dimodernisasi? || <> Apa yang menggantikan kapal belayar yang lebih muda di angkatan laut? || <> Dengan nama apa yang dikenali sebagai armada AS pada permulaan abad ke-21? || <> Siapa yang tidak akan membiarkan armada ini berlayar di seluruh dunia? || <> Apakah tujuan pesanan ini dibatalkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized?", "id": "570b53996b8089140040f87e", "answers": [{"text": "the 1880s", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy?", "id": "570b53996b8089140040f87f", "answers": [{"text": "modern steel battleships", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century?", "id": "570b53996b8089140040f880", "answers": [{"text": "the Great White Fleet", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world?", "id": "570b53996b8089140040f881", "answers": [{"text": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of this order?", "id": "570b53996b8089140040f882", "answers": [{"text": "to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1880s", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "When in the 19th century was the UK navy modernized?", "id": "5ad172ad645df0001a2d1c00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern steel battleships", "answer_start": 194}], "question": " What replaced the younger sailing ships in the navy?", "id": "5ad172ad645df0001a2d1c01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Great White Fleet", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 21st Century?", "id": "5ad172ad645df0001a2d1c02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "answer_start": 453}], "question": " Who wouldn't let this fleet to sail around the world?", "id": "5ad172ad645df0001a2d1c03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater", "answer_start": 512}], "question": " What was the purpose of this order to be cancelled?", "id": "5ad172ad645df0001a2d1c04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan\u2014as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships, bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater."}], ["Selepas krisis perlucutan senjata Iraq yang panjang telah memuncak dengan tuntutan Amerika bahawa Presiden Iraq Saddam Hussein meninggalkan Iraq, yang ditolak, sebuah gabungan yang diketuai oleh Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom berperang tentera Iraq pada serangan 2003 terhadap Iraq. Kira-kira 250,000 pasukan Amerika Syarikat, dengan sokongan daripada 45,000 pasukan British, 2,000 pasukan Australia dan 200 pasukan tempur, memasuki Iraq terutamanya melalui kawasan pementasan mereka di Kuwait. (Turki enggan membenarkan wilayahnya digunakan untuk pencerobohan dari utara.) Pasukan pakatan juga menyokong militia Kurdish Iraq, dianggarkan jumlah ke atas 50,000. Selepas kira-kira tiga minggu pertempuran, Hussein dan Parti Ba'ath dipecat secara paksa, diikuti oleh 9 tahun kehadiran ketenteraan oleh Amerika Syarikat dan pertempuran gabungan bersama kerajaan Iraq yang baru dipilih terhadap pelbagai kumpulan pemberontak. <> Permintaan apa yang dilakukan AS sebelum menyerang Iraq pada tahun 2003? || bahawa Presiden Iraq Saddam Hussein meninggalkan Iraq <> Berapa banyak tentera AS yang terlibat dalam serangan itu? || 250,000 <> Negara mana yang enggan membenarkan pasukan untuk menaikinya? || Turki <> Berapa lama fasa pertama pertempuran terakhir? || kira-kira tiga minggu <> Berapa lama AS dan rakan sekutunya perlu menduduki Iraq? || 9 tahun <> Permintaan apa yang dilakukan AS sebelum menyerang Iraq pada tahun 2004? || <> Berapa ramai pasukan UK menyertai serangan itu? || <> Negara mana yang membolehkan pasukan memasukinya? || <> Berapa lamakah fasa kedua pertempuran terakhir? || <> Berapa lama AS dan rakan sekutunya perlu menduduki Iran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?", "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b974", "answers": [{"text": "that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many US troops participated in the invasion?", "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b975", "answers": [{"text": "250,000", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?", "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b976", "answers": [{"text": "Turkey", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the first phase of fighting last?", "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b977", "answers": [{"text": "approximately three weeks", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?", "id": "570b4f4dec8fbc190045b978", "answers": [{"text": "9 years", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq", "answer_start": 82}], "question": " What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2004?", "id": "5ad17932645df0001a2d1daa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "250,000", "answer_start": 270}], "question": " How many UK troops participated in the invasion?", "id": "5ad17932645df0001a2d1dab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Turkey", "answer_start": 443}], "question": " What country allowed forces to stage within it?", "id": "5ad17932645df0001a2d1dac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three weeks", "answer_start": 644}], "question": " How long did the second phase of fighting last?", "id": "5ad17932645df0001a2d1dad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9 years", "answer_start": 733}], "question": " How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iran?", "id": "5ad17932645df0001a2d1dae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq, which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Approximately 250,000 United States troops, with support from 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait. (Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north.) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia, estimated to number upwards of 50,000. After approximately three weeks of fighting, Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed, followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups."}], ["Akibat Perang Saudara Libya, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menggubal Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 1973, yang mengenakan zon tanpa terbang ke atas Libya, dan perlindungan orang awam dari pasukan Muammar Gaddafi. Amerika Syarikat, bersama dengan Britain, Perancis dan beberapa negara lain, telah melakukan satu pasukan gabungan terhadap pasukan Gaddafi. Pada 19 Mac, aksi A.S. yang pertama diambil apabila 114 peluru berpandu Tomahawk yang dilancarkan oleh kapal perang AS dan UK memusnahkan pertahanan udara pantai wilayah rejim Gaddafi. A.S. terus memainkan peranan utama dalam Operasi Pelindung Bersatu, misi yang diarahkan oleh NATO yang akhirnya menggabungkan semua tindakan gabungan tentera di teater. Sepanjang konflik, A.S. mengekalkan ia memainkan peranan sokongan sahaja dan mengikuti mandat PBB untuk melindungi orang awam, manakala konflik sebenar adalah antara para loyalis Gaddafi dan pemberontak Libya yang berjuang untuk melepaskannya. Semasa konflik itu, drone Amerika juga dikerahkan. <> Perisytiharan apa yang menubuhkan zon tanpa terbang di Libya? || Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 1973 <> Apakah nama pemimpin Libya yang ditentang oleh AS dan pasukan PBB? || Muammar Gaddafi <> Apakah nama tindakan ketenteraan terhadap Libya? || Operasi Bersepadu Pelindung <> Apakah matlamat operasi ini? || untuk melindungi orang awam <> Konflik Libya terutama berperang antara kumpulan mana? || Gadis setia Gaddafi dan pemberontak Libya berjuang untuk menjauhkannya <> Perisytiharan apa yang berakhir zon tanpa terbang ke atas Libya? || <> Apakah nama pemimpin Libya yang ditentang oleh pasukan UK? || <> Apakah nama tindakan ketenteraan terhadap Iraq? || <> Konflik Iraq terutama berperang antara kumpulan mana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?", "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86a", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?", "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86b", "answers": [{"text": "Muammar Gaddafi", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the military action against Libya?", "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86c", "answers": [{"text": "Operation Unified Protector", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal of this operation?", "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86d", "answers": [{"text": "to protect civilians", "answer_start": 814}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?", "id": "570b50126b8089140040f86e", "answers": [{"text": "Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him", "answer_start": 872}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What declaration ended a no-fly zone over Libya?", "id": "5ad179a2645df0001a2d1dbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muammar Gaddafi", "answer_start": 204}], "question": " What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by UK forces?", "id": "5ad179a2645df0001a2d1dbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "protection of civilians", "answer_start": 161}], "question": " What was the name of the military action against Iraq?", "id": "5ad179a2645df0001a2d1dc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels", "answer_start": 872}], "question": " The Iraqi conflict was primarily fought between which groups?", "id": "5ad179a2645df0001a2d1dc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed."}], ["The Berbers di sepanjang Pantai Barbary (Libya hari moden) menghantar lanun untuk menangkap kapal dagang dan menahan krew untuk tebusan. Wang perlindungan A.S. dibayar sehingga 1801, apabila Presiden Thomas Jefferson enggan membayar dan dihantar dalam Angkatan Laut untuk mencabar Negara Barbary, Perang Barbary Pertama diikuti. Selepas U.S.S. Philadelphia ditawan pada 1803, Leftenan Stephen Decatur mengetuai serbuan yang berjaya membakar kapal yang ditangkap itu, yang menghalang Tripoli daripada menggunakan atau menjualnya. Pada tahun 1805, selepas William Eaton menawan bandar Derna, Tripoli bersetuju dengan perjanjian damai. Negara-negara Barbary yang lain terus menyebarkan penghantaran A.S., sehingga Perang Barbary Kedua pada 1815 mengakhiri amalan tersebut. <> Di manakah Barbary Coast? || hari moden Libya <> Siapa yang menghantar lanun untuk menangkap kapal dagang? || The Berbers <> Bagaimana Amerika pada mulanya menangani masalah ini? || Wang perlindungan A.S. dibayar sehingga 1801 <> Apa pegawai tentera laut Amerika mengetuai serbuan yang memusnahkan kapal Amerika yang ditangkap? || Stephen Decatur <> Apa bandar yang ditangkap William Eaton untuk menamatkan Perang Barbary yang pertama? || Derna <> Di manakah Pantai Burrberry? || <> Siapa yang menghantar lanun untuk berkawan dengan kapal dagang? || <> Bagaimana mulanya UK menangani masalah ini? || <> Apa pegawai tentera laut Afrika mengetuai serbuan yang menghancurkan kapal Afrika yang ditangkap? || <> Apa bandaraya William Eaton berteman untuk menamatkan Perang Barbary yang pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the Barbary Coast?", "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b97e", "answers": [{"text": "modern day Libya", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sent pirates to capture merchant ships?", "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b97f", "answers": [{"text": "The Berbers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the United States initially deal with this problem?", "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b980", "answers": [{"text": "The U.S. paid protection money until 1801", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured American ship?", "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b981", "answers": [{"text": "Stephen Decatur", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War?", "id": "570b5245ec8fbc190045b982", "answers": [{"text": "Derna", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern day Libya", "answer_start": 37}], "question": " Where was the Burrberry Coast?", "id": "5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Berbers", "answer_start": 0}], "question": " Who sent pirates to befriend merchant ships?", "id": "5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "paid protection money until 1801", "answer_start": 134}], "question": " How did the UK initially deal with this problem?", "id": "5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stephen Decatur", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What African naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured African ship?", "id": "5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Derna", "answer_start": 531}], "question": " What city did William Eaton befriend to end the first Barbary War?", "id": "5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States, the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship, preventing Tripoli from using or selling it. In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna, Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty. The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping, until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice."}], ["Selepas hanya 100 jam pertempuran darat, dan dengan semua Kuwait dan sebahagian besar Iraq selatan di bawah kawalan gabungan, Presiden Amerika Syarikat, George H. W. Bush memerintahkan gencatan senjata dan rundingan mula mengakibatkan persetujuan untuk menghentikan permusuhan. Beberapa ahli politik AS kecewa dengan langkah ini, mempercayai Bush sepatutnya ditekan ke Baghdad dan menghapuskan Hussein daripada kuasa; ada keraguan bahawa pasukan gabungan dapat mencapai ini jika mereka mahu. Namun, ramalan politik untuk menghapuskan Hussein akan meluaskan skop konflik dengan banyak, dan banyak negara gabungan menolak untuk mengambil tindakan sedemikian, mempercayai ia akan mewujudkan kekosongan kuasa dan menjejaskan kestabilan rantau ini. <> Berapa lamakah operasi tempur tanah terakhir di Perang Teluk Parsi? || 100 jam <> Siapa yang mengarahkan gencatan senjata yang menamatkan permusuhan dengan berkesan? || Presiden AS George H. W. Bush <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh sesetengah ahli politik AS yang mungkin telah dilakukan oleh pasukan Pakatan? || ditekan ke Baghdad dan menyingkirkan Hussein dari kuasa <> Negara-negara Gabungan melakukan apa yang berkaitan dengan menyerang Iraq Utara untuk mendakan gencatan senjata? || enggan berpartisipasi <> Mengapa Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu ketakutan untuk menghapuskan Hussein dari kuasa? || ia akan mewujudkan kekosongan kuasa dan menjejaskan kestabilan rantau <> Berapa lamakah operasi tempur tanah terakhir di Perang Teluk Kuwait? || <> Siapa yang mengarahkan gencatan senjata yang mula-mula memulakan permusuhan? || <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh beberapa ahli politik AS yang tidak sepatutnya dilakukan oleh pasukan Pakatan? || <> Bangsa-Bangsa Gabungan melakukan apa yang berkaitan dengan menyerang Irak Selatan untuk menimbulkan gencatan senjata? || <> Mengapa Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu takut benci Bush dari kuasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long did ground combat operations last in the Persian Gulf War?", "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96a", "answers": [{"text": "100 hours", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively ended hostilities?", "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96b", "answers": [{"text": "US President George H. W. Bush", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces should have been allowed to have done?", "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96c", "answers": [{"text": "pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Northern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?", "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96d", "answers": [{"text": "refused to participate", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Hussein from power?", "id": "570b4b85ec8fbc190045b96e", "answers": [{"text": "it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100 hours", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "How long did ground combat operations last in the Kuwait Gulf War?", "id": "5ad177db645df0001a2d1d52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US President George H. W. Bush", "answer_start": 113}], "question": " Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively began hostilities?", "id": "5ad177db645df0001a2d1d53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces shouldn't have been allowed to have done?", "id": "5ad177db645df0001a2d1d54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "refused to participate", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Southern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?", "id": "5ad177db645df0001a2d1d55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "create a power vacuum and destabilize the region", "answer_start": 670}], "question": "Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Bush from power?", "id": "5ad177db645df0001a2d1d56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After just 100 hours of ground combat, and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control, US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities. Some US politicians were disappointed by this move, believing Bush should have pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power; there is little doubt that coalition forces could have accomplished this if they had desired. Still, the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly, and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action, believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region."}], ["Perang Saudara Amerika menangkap kedua-dua pihak tidak bersedia. The Confederacy berharap untuk menang dengan mendapatkan Britain dan Perancis untuk campur tangan, atau dengan memakai keinginan Utara untuk melawan. A.S. meminta kemenangan cepat yang difokuskan untuk menangkap ibu kota Confederate di Richmond, Virginia. The Confederates di bawah Robert E. Lee dengan tekun mempertahankan modal mereka sehingga akhir. Peperangan melintasi benua, dan juga ke lautan yang tinggi. Kebanyakan bahan dan kakitangan Selatan digunakan, manakala Utara terus maju. <> Apakah strategi keseluruhan Gabungan untuk memenangi Perang Saudara? || mendapatkan Britain dan Perancis untuk campur tangan <> Apa tujuan perang asal Union itu? || menangkap ibu kota Confederate di Richmond, Virginia <> Yang mengetuai pasukan Confederate mempertahankan Richmond sepanjang perang? || Robert E. Lee <> Bagaimana pengaruh perang kedua-dua pihak? || bahan dan personel Selatan digunakan, sedangkan Utara berkembang maju <> Apa strategi keseluruhan Konfederasi untuk kehilangan Perang Saudara? || <> Apa yang bukan matlamat perang asal Union itu? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan Konfederasi tidak mempertahankan Richmond sepanjang perang? || <> Bagaimana kesan perang kedua belah pihak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Confederate overall strategy to win the Civil War?", "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b988", "answers": [{"text": "getting Britain and France to intervene", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Union's original war aim?", "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b989", "answers": [{"text": "capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Confederate forces defending Richmond throughout the war?", "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b98a", "answers": [{"text": "Robert E. Lee", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the war effect both sides?", "id": "570b52c7ec8fbc190045b98b", "answers": [{"text": "the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "getting Britain and France to intervene", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What was the Confederate overall strategy to lose the Civil War?", "id": "5ad171a3645df0001a2d1bd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia", "answer_start": 227}], "question": " What wasn't the Union's original war aim?", "id": "5ad171a3645df0001a2d1bd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert E. Lee", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Who led the Confederate forces not defending Richmond throughout the war?", "id": "5ad171a3645df0001a2d1bd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "material and personnel of the South were used up", "answer_start": 453}], "question": " How didn't the war effect both sides?", "id": "5ad171a3645df0001a2d1bd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered."}], ["Jeneral George Washington (1732-99) membuktikan penganjur dan pentadbir yang cemerlang, yang bekerja dengan baik dengan Kongres dan gabenor negeri, memilih dan mentor pegawai kanannya, menyokong dan melatih tenteranya, dan mempertahankan Tentera Republikan yang idealis. Cabaran terbesarnya ialah logistik, kerana kedua-dua Kongres atau negeri-negeri tidak mempunyai dana untuk membekalkan kelengkapan, munitions, pakaian, gaji, atau bahkan bekalan makanan para askar. Sebagai taktik medan perang, Washington sering diasingkan oleh rakan sejawatnya di Britain. Walau bagaimanapun, sebagai ahli strategi, beliau mempunyai idea yang lebih baik untuk memenangi peperangan daripada yang mereka lakukan. British menghantar empat tentera serangan. Strategi Washington memaksa tentera pertama keluar dari Boston pada tahun 1776, dan bertanggungjawab menyerahkan tentera kedua dan ketiga di Saratoga (1777) dan Yorktown (1781). Dia mengehadkan kawalan British ke New York dan beberapa tempat sambil mengawal Patriot majoriti penduduk. The Loyalists, yang telah sangat bergantung kepada British, terdiri daripada kira-kira 20% penduduk tetapi tidak pernah teratur dengan baik. Semasa peperangan berakhir, Washington menyaksikan dengan bangga sebagai tentera British terakhir yang diam-diam keluar dari New York City pada bulan November 1783, dengan mengambil kepimpinan Loyalist dengan mereka. Washington mengagumi dunia apabila, bukannya merebut kuasa, dia bersara secara diam-diam ke ladangnya di Virginia. <> Apakah masalah yang dihadapi oleh General Washington? || logistik <> Di manakah dua penyerahan utama pasukan British dalam perang? || Saratoga (1777) dan Yorktown (1781) <> Berapa peratus penduduk Kolonial yang setia kepada Mahkota? || 20% <> Apa yang dilakukan Washington selepas mengalahkan Tentera British? || dia bersara secara diam-diam ke ladangnya di Virginia. <> Apakah kelebihan Washington terhadap jeneral British? || dia mempunyai idea yang lebih baik bagaimana untuk memenangi peperangan daripada yang mereka lakukan <> Apakah masalah terkecil yang dihadapi oleh General Washington? || <> Di manakah tiga penyerahan utama pasukan British dalam perang? || <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk Kolonial tidak setia kepada Mahkota? || <> Apa yang Washington tidak lakukan selepas mengalahkan Tentera British? || <> Apakah kelemahan Washington terhadap jeneral British? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?", "id": "570b51886b8089140040f874", "answers": [{"text": "logistics", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?", "id": "570b51886b8089140040f875", "answers": [{"text": "Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?", "id": "570b51886b8089140040f876", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?", "id": "570b51886b8089140040f877", "answers": [{"text": "he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.", "answer_start": 1361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?", "id": "570b51886b8089140040f878", "answers": [{"text": "he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "logistics", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What was the smallest problem General Washington faced?", "id": "5ad16fd0645df0001a2d1b52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)", "answer_start": 834}], "question": " Where were the three major surrenders of British forces in the war?", "id": "5ad16fd0645df0001a2d1b53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 1077}], "question": "What percentage of the Colonial population weren't loyal to the Crown?", "id": "5ad16fd0645df0001a2d1b54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retired quietly to his farm in Virginia", "answer_start": 1364}], "question": " What did Washington not do after defeating the British Army?", "id": "5ad16fd0645df0001a2d1b55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "he had a better idea of how to win the war", "answer_start": 598}], "question": " What disadvantage did Washington have over the British generals?", "id": "5ad16fd0645df0001a2d1b56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "General George Washington (1732\u201399) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia."}], ["Revolusi Mexico melibatkan perang saudara dengan beratus-ratus ribu kematian dan sejumlah besar zon tempur yang melarikan diri. Puluhan ribu orang melarikan diri ke Presiden AS Wilson menghantar tentera AS untuk menduduki kota Veracruz di Mexico selama enam bulan pada tahun 1914. Ia direka untuk menunjukkan bahawa AS sangat berminat dengan perang saudara dan tidak akan bertolak ansur dengan serangan terhadap orang Amerika, terutama April 9, 1914, \"Kesalahan Tampico\", yang melibatkan penangkapan pelaut Amerika oleh tentera rejim Presiden Mexico Victoriano Huerta. Pada awal 1916 Pancho Villa seorang jeneral Mexico mengarahkan 500 tentera dalam serbuan membunuh di bandar Columbus Columbus New Mexico, dengan matlamat merompak bank untuk membiayai tenteranya. Perkhidmatan Rahsia Jerman menggalakkan Pancho Villa dalam serangannya untuk melibatkan Amerika Syarikat dalam campur tangan di Mexico yang akan mengalihkan perhatian Amerika Serikat dari penglibatannya yang semakin besar dalam perang dan mengalihkan bantuan dari Eropah untuk menyokong campur tangan. Wilson memanggil militia negeri (Pengawal Kebangsaan) dan menghantar mereka dan Tentera A.S. di bawah Jeneral John J. Pershing untuk menghukum Villa dalam Ekspedisi Pancho Villa. Villa melarikan diri, dengan orang Amerika mengejar jauh ke Mexico, dengan itu membangkitkan kebangsaan Mexico. Pada awal tahun 1917, Presiden Venustiano Carranza telah merangkumi Villa dan memperoleh sempadan, jadi Wilson memerintahkan Pershing untuk menarik diri. <> Apakah konflik abad ke-20 awal menghantar puluhan ribu pelarian ke AS? || Revolusi Mexico <> Pasukan AS dihantar untuk menduduki apa bandar Mexico semasa Revolusi? || Veracruz <> Apakah nama jeneral Mexico yang menyerang sebuah bandar Amerika di New Mexico? || Pancho Villa <> Apa organisasi asing yang menggalakkan perang gerila Villa terhadap AS? || Perkhidmatan Rahsia Jerman <> Apakah Amerika Syarikat mengetuai pasukan melawan Villa? || Jeneral John J. Pershing <> Apakah konflik abad ke-21 awal menghantar puluhan ribu pelarian ke AS? || <> Pasukan UK dihantar untuk menduduki apa bandar Mexico semasa Revolusi? || <> Apakah nama jeneral Mexico yang menyerang bandar Afrika di New Mexico? || <> Apa organisasi asing yang mengecewakan perang gerila Villa terhadap AS? || <> Apa yang Ketua Umum Inggeris mengetuai pasukan melawan Villa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?", "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f888", "answers": [{"text": "The Mexican Revolution", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?", "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f889", "answers": [{"text": "Veracruz", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico?", "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f88a", "answers": [{"text": "Pancho Villa", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What foreign organization encouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?", "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f88b", "answers": [{"text": "The German Secret Service", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US General led troops against Villa?", "id": "570b547c6b8089140040f88c", "answers": [{"text": "General John J. Pershing", "answer_start": 1059}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Mexican Revolution", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What early 21st century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?", "id": "5ad17352645df0001a2d1c2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Veracruz", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "UK forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?", "id": "5ad17352645df0001a2d1c2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pancho Villa", "answer_start": 747}], "question": "What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an African city in New Mexico?", "id": "5ad17352645df0001a2d1c30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The German Secret Service", "answer_start": 710}], "question": "What foreign organization discouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?", "id": "5ad17352645df0001a2d1c31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General John J. Pershing", "answer_start": 1059}], "question": " What UK General led troops against Villa?", "id": "5ad17352645df0001a2d1c32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones. Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914. It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans, especially the April 9, 1914, \"Tampico Affair\", which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta. In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico, with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army. The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, peperangan itu adalah satu sisi hampir dari awal. Alasan untuk ini adalah subjek kajian berterusan oleh ahli strategi dan akademik tentera. Terdapat persetujuan umum bahawa keunggulan teknologi AS adalah faktor penting tetapi kelajuan dan skala keruntuhan Iraq juga disebabkan oleh kepimpinan strategik dan taktikal yang kurang baik dan semangat rendah di kalangan tentera Iraq, yang mengakibatkan sejarah kepimpinan yang tidak cekap. Selepas mogok permulaan yang dahsyat terhadap pertahanan udara Iraq dan kemudahan perintah dan kawalan pada 17 Januari 1991, pasukan gabungan mencapai kehebatan keseluruhan udara hampir serta-merta. Angkatan udara Iraq telah dimusnahkan dalam masa beberapa hari, dengan beberapa kapal terbang melarikan diri ke Iran, di mana mereka ditahan selama tempoh konflik. Kelebihan teknologi AS yang luar biasa, seperti pesawat stealth dan pemandangan inframerah, dengan cepat menghidupkan perang udara menjadi \"menembak Turki\". Tandatangan haba mana-mana tangki yang memulakan enjinnya menjadikan sasaran mudah. Radar pertahanan udara dengan cepat dimusnahkan oleh peluru berpandu radar yang dipecat dari pesawat berongga liar. Klip video yang rimbun, ditembak dari kamera hidung peluru berpandu kerana ia bertujuan untuk sasaran kecil yang mustahil, adalah bahan berita liputan AS dan mendedahkan kepada dunia perang jenis baru, berbanding dengan sesetengah permainan video. Lebih dari 6 minggu tanpa henti berdebar-debar oleh pesawat dan helikopter, tentera Iraq hampir dipukuli tetapi tidak berundur, di bawah perintah dari Presiden Iraq Saddam Hussein, dan ketika pasukan tanah menyerbu pada 24 Februari, banyak tentera Irak dengan cepat menyerah kepada pasukan lebih kecil daripada mereka sendiri; dalam satu kes, tentera Iraq cuba menyerah diri ke krew kamera televisyen yang memajukan pasukan gabungan. <> Apakah sebab utama gabungan Amerika yang memimpin memenangi kemenangan yang menentukan di Perang Teluk Parsi? || Keistimewaan teknologi AS <> Apakah kerosakan dalam pasukan Iraq menyebabkan kekalahan mereka cepat? || kepimpinan strategik dan taktikal yang lemah dan semangat rendah <> serangan udara AS ke atas pertahanan udara Iraq dan kemudahan arahan dan kawalan bermula bila? || pada 17 Januari 1991 <> Bilakah angkatan darat Amerika menyerang kedudukan Iraq? || 24 Februari <> Siapa yang mengarahkan tentera Iraq untuk mempertahankan tanah walaupun pengeboman udara? || Presiden Iraq Saddam Hussein <> Apa sebab utama gabungan yang diketuai oleh Inggeris memenangi kemenangan tegas dalam Perang Teluk Parsi? || <> Apakah kerosakan di tentera Iran menyebabkan kekalahan mereka yang cepat? || <> AS serangan udara ke atas pertahanan udara Iran dan kemudahan perintah dan kawalan bermula bila? || <> Bilakah pasukan tanah Britain menyerang kedudukan Iraq? || <> Siapa yang mengarahkan tentera Iran untuk menahan mereka walaupun pengeboman udara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?", "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b960", "answers": [{"text": "US technological superiority", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?", "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b961", "answers": [{"text": "poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?", "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b962", "answers": [{"text": "on 17 January 1991", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?", "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b963", "answers": [{"text": "24 February", "answer_start": 1539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?", "id": "570b495aec8fbc190045b964", "answers": [{"text": "Iraqi President Saddam Hussein", "answer_start": 1462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US technological superiority", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What is the main reason the UK-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?", "id": "5ad1776f645df0001a2d1d48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What faults in the Iranian forces led to their rapid defeat?", "id": "5ad1776f645df0001a2d1d49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17 January 1991", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "US airstrikes on Iranian air defenses and command and control facilities began when?", "id": "5ad1776f645df0001a2d1d4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24 February", "answer_start": 1539}], "question": " When did UK ground forces attack Iraqi positions?", "id": "5ad1776f645df0001a2d1d4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Iraqi President Saddam Hussein", "answer_start": 1462}], "question": "Who ordered Iranian forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?", "id": "5ad1776f645df0001a2d1d4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran, where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a \"turkey shoot\". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces."}], ["Menjelang musim panas 1918, satu juta tentera Amerika, atau \"doughboys\" kerana mereka sering dipanggil, Angkatan Ekspedisi Amerika berada di Eropah di bawah arahan John J. Pershing, dengan 25,000 lagi tiba setiap minggu. Kegagalan musim bunga Jerman menyerang rizab mereka dan mereka tidak dapat melancarkan serangan baru. Tentera Laut Jerman dan depan rumah kemudian memberontak dan kerajaan Jerman baru menandatangani penyerahan bersyarat, Gencatan Senjata, mengakhiri perang melawan bahagian barat pada 11 November 1918. <> Apa nama yang diberikan kepada tentara Amerika di Eropah pada tahun 1918? || doughboys <> Apakah nama rasmi tentera Amerika yang pergi berperang di Eropah pada tahun 1918? || Pasukan Ekspedisi Amerika <> Siapa yang mempunyai komando keseluruhan pasukan Amerika di Eropah? || John J. Pershing <> Kapan pertempuran di bahagian depan barat? || 11 November 1918 <> Apakah nama penyerahan bersyarat yang berakhir dengan pertempuran di bahagian barat? || The Armistice <> Apa nama yang diberikan kepada tentera Afrika di Eropah pada tahun 1918? || <> Apakah nama rasmi tentera Amerika yang pergi berperang di Asia pada tahun 1918? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai perintah keseluruhan pasukan Afrika di Eropah? || <> Kapan pertempuran di hujung depan timur? || <> Apakah nama penyerahan bersyarat yang menamatkan pertempuran di bahagian timur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?", "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c2", "answers": [{"text": "doughboys", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?", "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c3", "answers": [{"text": "American Expeditionary Forces", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?", "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c4", "answers": [{"text": "John J. Pershing", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did fighting on the western front end?", "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c5", "answers": [{"text": "November 11, 1918", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?", "id": "570b5c156b8089140040f8c6", "answers": [{"text": "the Armistice", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "doughboys", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What was the name given to African soldiers in Europe in 1918?", "id": "5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Expeditionary Forces", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Asia in 1918?", "id": "5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John J. Pershing", "answer_start": 160}], "question": " Who had overall command of the African forces in Europe?", "id": "5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 11, 1918", "answer_start": 492}], "question": " When did fighting on the eastern front end?", "id": "5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Armistice", "answer_start": 437}], "question": " What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the eastern front?", "id": "5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or \"doughboys\" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918."}], ["Selepas penglibatan A.S. yang mahal dalam Perang Dunia I, pengasingan telah berkembang di dalam negara. Kongres menolak keanggotaan di Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, dan sebagai tindak balas terhadap kekacauan yang semakin meningkat di Eropah dan Asia, Akta Keutamaan yang lebih ketat telah diluluskan, yang bertujuan untuk menghalang A.S. dari menyokong kedua belah pihak dalam peperangan. Namun, Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt menyokong Britain, dan pada tahun 1940 menandatangani Undang-Undang Lend-Sewa, yang membenarkan pengembangan perdagangan senjata dan wang \"untuk membangun dengan Britain, yang menguasai lorong-lorong laut Atlantik. <> Apa sentimen umum adalah akibat daripada kerugian dalam Perang Dunia I? || pengasingan> <> Kongres enggan membenarkan Amerika Syarikat bergabung dengan organisasi apa? || Liga Bangsa <> Undang-undang apa yang diluluskan untuk menghalang negara daripada terlibat dalam perang asing? || Neutrality Acts <> Yang Presiden Amerika Syarikat cuba mengelak Neutralitas bertindak untuk membantu Britain? || Franklin D. Roosevelt <> Apa nama program 1940 untuk menghantar senjata ke Britain? || Akta Pencen-Sewa <> Apa sentimen umum adalah akibat kerugian dalam Perang Dunia II? || <> Kongres enggan membenarkan UK untuk bergabung dengan organisasi apa? || <> Apakah undang-undang yang dikeluarkan untuk menggalakkan negara daripada terlibat dalam peperangan asing? || <> Presiden Inggeris mana yang cuba mengelakkan tindakan Neutrality untuk membantu Britain? || <> Apakah nama program 1940 untuk menghantar senjata ke Ireland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War I?", "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b990", "answers": [{"text": "isolationism", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Congress refused to allow the US to join what organization?", "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b991", "answers": [{"text": "the League of Nations", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legislation was passed to discourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war?", "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b992", "answers": [{"text": "Neutrality Acts", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which US President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain?", "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b993", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Britain?", "id": "570b5532ec8fbc190045b994", "answers": [{"text": "the Lend-Lease Act", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "isolationism", "answer_start": 50}], "question": " What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War II?", "id": "5ad173e5645df0001a2d1c60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "League of Nations", "answer_start": 122}], "question": " Congress refused to allow the UK to join what organization?", "id": "5ad173e5645df0001a2d1c61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Neutrality Acts", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What legislation was passed to encourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war?", "id": "5ad173e5645df0001a2d1c62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "Which UK President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain?", "id": "5ad173e5645df0001a2d1c63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lend-Lease Act", "answer_start": 429}], "question": " What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Ireland?", "id": "5ad173e5645df0001a2d1c64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the costly U.S. involvement in World War I, isolationism grew within the nation. Congress refused membership in the League of Nations, and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia, the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed, which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain, however, and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act, which permitted an expansion of the \"cash and carry\" arms trade to develop with Britain, which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes."}], ["Ketegangan politik yang berlaku di antara Great Britain dan tiga belas koloni mencapai krisis pada tahun 1774 apabila British meletakkan wilayah Massachusetts di bawah undang-undang tentera selepas Patriots membantah cukai yang mereka anggap sebagai pelanggaran hak perlembagaan mereka sebagai orang Inggeris. Apabila penembakan bermula di Lexington dan Concord pada April 1775, unit militia dari seluruh New England bergegas ke Boston dan membalut British di bandar itu. Kongres Kontinental melantik George Washington sebagai ketua komandan dari Tentara Kontinental yang baru dibuat, yang diperkuatkan sepanjang perang oleh milisi kolonial. Dia memandu British keluar dari Boston tetapi pada akhir musim panas 1776 mereka kembali ke New York dan hampir menawan tentera Washington. Sementara itu, kaum revolusioner mengusir pegawai British dari 13 negara, dan mengisytiharkan diri mereka sebuah negara merdeka pada 4 Julai 1776. <> Bilakah British mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera di koloni Amerika Utara? || 1774 <> Apa koloni yang diletakkan di bawah undang-undang tentera? || Massachusetts <> Apa konflik pertama dalam Revolusi Amerika? || Lexington dan Concord <> Siapa yang melantik Washington sebagai ketua komander? || Kongres Continental <> Bilakah koloni mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || 4 Julai 1776 <> Bilakah Britain mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera di koloni Amerika Selatan? || <> Apa koloni tidak diletakkan di bawah undang-undang tentera? || <> Apakah konflik kedua Revolusi Amerika? || <> Siapa yang menolak Washington untuk berkhidmat sebagai ketua komander? || <> Bilakah koloni mengisytiharkan pergantungan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?", "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a6", "answers": [{"text": "1774", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What colony was placed under martial law?", "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a7", "answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?", "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a8", "answers": [{"text": "Lexington and Concord", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?", "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8a9", "answers": [{"text": "The Continental Congress", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the colonies declare independence?", "id": "570b57586b8089140040f8aa", "answers": [{"text": "July 4, 1776", "answer_start": 862}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1774", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony?", "id": "5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What colony wasn't placed under martial law?", "id": "5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lexington and Concord", "answer_start": 305}], "question": " What were the second conflicts of the American Revolution?", "id": "5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Continental Congress", "answer_start": 441}], "question": " Who rejected Washington to serve as commander in chief?", "id": "5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 4, 1776", "answer_start": 862}], "question": " When did the colonies declare dependence?", "id": "5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1940 (18 bulan sebelum Pearl Harbor), negara digerakkan, memberi keutamaan tinggi kepada kuasa udara. Penglibatan Amerika dalam Perang Dunia II pada 1940-41 adalah terhad untuk menyediakan bahan perang dan sokongan kewangan kepada Britain, Uni Soviet, dan Republik China. A.S. memasuki secara rasmi pada 8 Disember 1941 berikutan serangan Jepun di Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Angkatan Jepun tidak lama lagi merampas harta Amerika, Belanda dan British merentasi Pasifik dan Asia Tenggara, kecuali Australia, yang menjadi basis utama Amerika bersama Hawaii. <> Apakah keutamaan Amerika dalam mobilisasi sebelum memasuki Perang Dunia II? || kuasa udara <> Bilakah AS secara rasmi memasuki Perang Dunia II? || 8 Disember 1941 <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan Amerika memasuki perang? || serangan Jepun di Pearl Harbor, Hawaii <> Pada permulaan konflik dengan Sekutu, apa yang dilakukan oleh Jepun? || merampas harta Amerika, Belanda dan British merentasi Pasifik dan Asia Tenggara <> Negara mana yang berkhidmat sebagai pangkalan Amerika untuk berperang dengan Jepun? || Australia <> Apakah keutamaan Amerika dalam mobilisasi sebelum memasuki Perang Dunia I? || <> Bilakah AS secara rasmi memasuki Perang Dunia I? || <> Apakah peristiwa yang menyebabkan Afrika memasuki perang? || <> Pada permulaan konflik dengan Sekutu, apakah yang dilakukan oleh England? || <> Negara mana yang berkhidmat sebagai pangkalan Afrika untuk berperang dengan Jepun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?", "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a4", "answers": [{"text": "air power", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the US officially enter World War II?", "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a5", "answers": [{"text": "8 December 1941", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event led to America entering the war?", "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a6", "answers": [{"text": "the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?", "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a7", "answers": [{"text": "seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?", "id": "570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a8", "answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "air power", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War I?", "id": "5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 December 1941", "answer_start": 303}], "question": " When did the US officially enter World War I?", "id": "5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii", "answer_start": 333}], "question": " What event led to Africa entering the war?", "id": "5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 395}], "question": " At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did England do?", "id": "5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 493}], "question": " What country served as an African forward base to wage war with Japan?", "id": "5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940\u201341 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii."}], ["Perang Dunia II memegang tempat istimewa dalam jiwa Amerika sebagai kemenangan terbesar negara, dan anggota tentera A.S. Perang Dunia II sering disebut sebagai \"Generasi Terbesar.\" Lebih 16 juta orang berkhidmat (kira-kira 11% daripada penduduk), dan lebih daripada 400,000 orang mati semasa perang. A.S. muncul sebagai salah satu daripada dua kuasa besar yang tidak dipertikaikan bersama dengan Kesatuan Soviet, dan tidak seperti Kesatuan Soviet, tanah air A.S. hampir tidak disentuh oleh kemusnahan perang. Semasa dan selepas Perang Dunia II, Amerika Syarikat dan Britain mengembangkan hubungan pertahanan dan perisikan yang semakin kuat. Manifestasi ini termasuk pendirian angkatan tentera A.S. di UK, perisikan yang dikongsi, teknologi tentera yang dikongsi (contohnya teknologi nuklear), dan perolehan yang dikongsi bersama. <> Berapa ramai rakyat Amerika berkhidmat dalam tentera dalam Perang Dunia II? || Lebih 16 juta <> Berapa ramai kakitangan perkhidmatan Amerika meninggal dunia dalam Perang Dunia II? || 400,000 <> Apa negara lain di samping Amerika Syarikat menjadi kuasa super selepas Perang Dunia II? || Uni Soviet <> Nama apa yang diberikan kepada orang Amerika yang berkhidmat dalam Perang Dunia II? || Generasi Terbesar <> Kedua-dua semasa dan selepas tamatnya Perang Dunia Kedua, Amerika Syarikat membentuk persekutuan yang kukuh dengan negara apa? || Britain <> Berapa banyak rakyat Amerika berkhidmat dalam tentera dalam Perang Dunia I? || <> Berapa ramai kakitangan perkhidmatan Amerika yang mati dalam Perang Dunia I? || <> Apa negara lain di samping UK menjadi kuasa super selepas Perang Dunia II? || <> Nama apa yang diberikan kepada orang Amerika yang berkhidmat dalam Perang Dunia I? || <> Kedua-duanya semasa dan selepas tamatnya Perang Dunia I, Amerika Syarikat membentuk persekutuan yang kukuh dengan negara apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Americans served in the military in World War II?", "id": "570b56026b8089140040f892", "answers": [{"text": "Over 16 million", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many American service personnel died in World War II?", "id": "570b56026b8089140040f893", "answers": [{"text": "400,000", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?", "id": "570b56026b8089140040f894", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?", "id": "570b56026b8089140040f895", "answers": [{"text": "the Greatest Generation", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Both during and after the conclusion of  World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?", "id": "570b56026b8089140040f896", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 million", "answer_start": 203}], "question": " How many Americans served in the military in World War I?", "id": "5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400,000", "answer_start": 261}], "question": " How many American service personnel died in World War I?", "id": "5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 392}], "question": " What other country besides the UK became a super power after World War II?", "id": "5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Greatest Generation", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What name is given to those Americans who served in World War I?", "id": "5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 528}], "question": " Both during and after the conclusion of World War I, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?", "id": "5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as \"the Greatest Generation.\" Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement."}], ["Berikutan Perang Revolusi Amerika, Amerika Syarikat menghadapi konflik ketenteraan yang berpotensi di laut yang tinggi serta sempadan barat. Amerika Syarikat adalah kuasa tentera yang kecil pada masa ini, hanya mempunyai tentera sederhana, korps Marin, dan angkatan laut. Kesangsian tradisional pasukan berdiri, digabungkan dengan kepercayaan terhadap kebolehan milisi tempatan, menghalang pembangunan unit terlatih dan korp pegawai profesional. Pemimpin Jefferson lebih suka tentera kecil dan tentera laut, ketakutan bahawa penubuhan ketenteraan yang besar akan melibatkan Amerika Syarikat dalam peperangan asing yang berlebihan, dan berpotensi membenarkan penguasa domestik merebut kuasa. <> Kualiti apa yang membuatkan AS hanya kuasa tentera kecil selepas Perang Revolusi? || hanya mempunyai tentera sederhana <> Mengapa tentera AS begitu kecil pada awalnya? || Kesangsian tradisional tentera berdiri <> Bapa pendiri mempunyai kepercayaan dalam kumpulan ketenteraan? || milisi tempatan <> Apa yang pemimpin Amerika awal bimbang tentera berdiri besar akan melibatkan Amerika? || peperangan asing <> Pemimpin awal juga takut tentera yang besar akan membenarkan apa konflik dalaman berlaku? || seorang penindasan dalam negeri untuk merampas kuasa <> Kualiti apa yang menjadikan AS sebagai kuasa tentera utama selepas Perang Revolusi? || <> Mengapa tentera Amerika Syarikat begitu besar pada mulanya? || <> Bapa pendiri tidak mempercayai apa kumpulan ketenteraan? || <> Apakah pemimpin-pemimpin Amerika awal bimbang tentera berdiri besar akan melibatkan Afrika? || <> Pemimpin awal juga takut tentera kecil akan membenarkan konflik dalaman apa yang berlaku? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?", "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99a", "answers": [{"text": "having only a modest army", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the US military so small initially?", "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99b", "answers": [{"text": "A traditional distrust of standing armies", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?", "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99c", "answers": [{"text": "local militia", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?", "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99d", "answers": [{"text": "foreign wars", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?", "id": "570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99e", "answers": [{"text": "a domestic tyrant to seize power", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "having only a modest army", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What quality made the US a major military power after the Revolutionary War?", "id": "5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A traditional distrust of standing armies", "answer_start": 261}], "question": " Why was the US military so large initially?", "id": "5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local militia", "answer_start": 344}], "question": " The founding fathers had no faith in what military groups?", "id": "5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foreign wars", "answer_start": 584}], "question": " What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve Africa in?", "id": "5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "domestic tyrant to seize power", "answer_start": 622}], "question": " Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place?", "id": "5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power."}], ["Perang Vietnam adalah peperangan antara 1959 dan 1975 di tanah di Vietnam Selatan dan bersempadan dengan kawasan Kemboja dan Laos (lihat Perang Rahsia) dan dalam pengeboman strategik (lihat Operasi Rolling Thunder) Vietnam Utara. Penasihat Amerika datang pada akhir 1950-an untuk membantu pemberontak Komunis RVN (Republik Vietnam) dikenali sebagai \"Viet Cong.\" Penglibatan ketenteraan utama Amerika bermula pada tahun 1964, selepas Kongres menyediakan Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson dengan kelulusan selimut untuk penggunaan kekuatan presiden di Teluk Tonkin Resolution. <> Bilakah Perang Vietnam bertempur? || antara 1959 dan 1975 <> Selain Vietnam, apa negara-negara lain melihat pertempuran dalam perang ini? || Kemboja dan Laos <> Apa nama pengeboman strategik Vietnam Utara? || Operasi Rolling Thunder <> Bilakah penglibatan tentera Amerika di Vietnam? || 1964 <> Apa perisytiharan Kongres memberi kuasa Presiden Johnson untuk menghantar tentera ke Vietnam? || Gulf of Tonkin Resolution <> Kapan perang Cina berperang? || <> Selain China, apa negara lain yang berperang dalam perang ini? || <> Apa nama pengeboman Korea Selatan? || <> Bilakah penglibatan tentera Amerika di China? || <> Apa perisytiharan Kongres memberi kuasa Presiden Johnson untuk menghantar tentera ke China? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Vietnam War fought?", "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8cc", "answers": [{"text": "between 1959 and 1975", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?", "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8cd", "answers": [{"text": "Cambodia and Laos", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?", "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8ce", "answers": [{"text": "Operation Rolling Thunder", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?", "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8cf", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?", "id": "570b5d446b8089140040f8d0", "answers": [{"text": "the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1959 and 1975", "answer_start": 41}], "question": " When was the Chinese War fought?", "id": "5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cambodia and Laos", "answer_start": 109}], "question": " Besides China, what other countries saw fighting in this war?", "id": "5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Operation Rolling Thunder", "answer_start": 178}], "question": " What was the name of the bombing of South Korea?", "id": "5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 397}], "question": " When did American military involvement ramp up in China?", "id": "5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution", "answer_start": 514}], "question": " What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to China?", "id": "5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution."}], ["Selepas Perang Saudara, pengembangan penduduk, pembinaan kereta api, dan kehilangan kawanan kerbau meningkatkan ketegangan ketenteraan di Great Plains. Beberapa puak, terutamanya Sioux dan Comanche, keras menahan pengasingan untuk tempahan. Peranan utama Tentera Darat adalah untuk menjaga orang pribumi berdasarkan tempahan dan untuk mengakhiri peperangan mereka terhadap peneroka dan satu sama lain, William Tecumseh Sherman dan Philip Sheridan bertanggungjawab. Kemenangan yang terkenal untuk Bangsa-Bangsa Plains ialah Pertempuran Big Horn Besar pada tahun 1876, ketika Col. George Armstrong Custer dan dua ratus orang anggota Kembara Ke-7 terbunuh oleh pasukan yang terdiri dari penduduk asli Amerika dari Lakota, Cheyenne Utara, dan Bangsa Arapaho. Konflik penting yang terakhir datang pada tahun 1891. <> Apa dua puak terutamanya menentang terbatas pada tempahan? || Sioux dan Comanche <> Apa yang menyebabkan lonjakan kesukaran antara peneroka dan orang asli di dataran barat selepas Perang Saudara? || pengembangan penduduk, pembinaan kereta api, dan hilangnya kawanan kerbau <> Siapa dua pemimpin tentera yang ditugaskan untuk mengawasi dasar Amerika untuk menempatkan orang India pada tempahan? || William Tecumseh Sherman dan Philip Sheridan <> Bilakah pertempuran Little Big Horn bertarung? || 1876 <> Apa pegawai AS memimpin tentera yang musnah di Little Big Horn? || Col. George Armstrong Custer <> Apa dua suku yang menentang terutamanya yang tidak terhad kepada tempahan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan lonjakan kesukaran antara peneroka dan orang asli di dataran timur selepas Perang Saudara? || <> Siapa dua pemimpin ketenteraan yang ditugaskan untuk mengawasi dasar Afrika untuk meletakkan India pada tempahan? || <> Bilakah pertempuran Big Horn Horn bertempur? || <> hat pegawai AS memimpin pasukan yang musnah di Big Little Horn? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?", "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b0", "answers": [{"text": "the Sioux and Comanche", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?", "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b1", "answers": [{"text": "population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?", "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b2", "answers": [{"text": "William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?", "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b3", "answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?", "id": "570b59d76b8089140040f8b4", "answers": [{"text": "Col. George Armstrong Custer", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sioux and Comanche", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations?", "id": "5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the eastern plains after the Civil War?", "id": "5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan", "answer_start": 385}], "question": " Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing African policy of putting Indians on reservations?", "id": "5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 527}], "question": " When was the Battle of Big Little Horn fought?", "id": "5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Col. George Armstrong Custer", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "hat US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Big Little Horn?", "id": "5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891."}], ["Laksamana Belakang Bradley A. Fiske berada di barisan hadapan teknologi baru dalam senjata tentera laut dan tembakan senjata, berkat inovasinya dalam kawalan kebakaran 1890-1910. Dia segera meraih potensi kuasa udara, dan menyeru pembangunan pesawat torpedo. Fiske, sebagai pembantu untuk operasi pada 1913-15 kepada Penolong Setiausaha Franklin D. Roosevelt, mencadangkan penyusunan semula radikal Tentera Laut untuk menjadikannya alat berperang perang. Fiske mahu memusatkan kewibawaan kepada ketua operasi tentera laut dan kakitangan pakar yang akan membangunkan strategi baru, mengawasi pembinaan armada yang lebih besar, menyelaraskan perancangan perang termasuk struktur daya, rancangan mobilisasi, dan pangkalan perindustrian, dan memastikan bahawa Tentera Laut AS memiliki mesin perang terbaik. Akhirnya, Angkatan Laut mengguna pakai pembaharuannya dan pada tahun 1915 mula menyusun semula kemungkinan penglibatan dalam Perang Dunia. <> Apa pegawai angkatan laut yang membangunkan doktrin-doktrin baru untuk tembakan senjata pada awal abad ke-20? || Laksamana Belakang Bradley A. Fiske <> Apa pesawat yang dipanggil Fiske untuk pembangunan? || pesawat torpedo <> Apa pembantu setiausaha tentera laut Fiske berkhidmat di bawah? || Franklin D. Roosevelt <> Bilakah Fiske mencadangkan pembaharuannya dengan cara Angkatan Laut beroperasi? || 1913-15 <> Apa pegawai angkatan laut telah mengembangkan doktrin-doktrin lama untuk tembakan pada abad ke-21? || <> Pesawat apa yang Fiske memanggil pembunuhan? || <> Apa penolong setiausaha tentera laut yang dilakukan Fiske? || <> Bilakah Fiske mencadangkan pembaharuannya dengan cara Operasi Tentera? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?", "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8ba", "answers": [{"text": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?", "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8bb", "answers": [{"text": "torpedo plane", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?", "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8bc", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?", "id": "570b5b516b8089140040f8bd", "answers": [{"text": "1913\u201315", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century?", "id": "5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "torpedo plane", "answer_start": 236}], "question": " What aircraft did Fiske call for the dissolvement of?", "id": "5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "answer_start": 315}], "question": " What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve over?", "id": "5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1913\u201315", "answer_start": 284}], "question": " When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Army operated?", "id": "5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890\u20131910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913\u201315 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway."}], ["AS telah membingkai perang sebagai sebahagian daripada dasarnya untuk membendung Komunisme di Asia Selatan, tetapi pasukan Amerika telah kecewa dengan ketidakmampuan untuk melibatkan musuh dalam pertempuran, korupsi dan ketidakcekapan dalam Tentara Republik Vietnam, dan peningkatan protes yang terus meningkat di rumah. Serangan Tet pada tahun 1968, walaupun kekalahan tentera utama untuk NLF dengan separuh pasukannya dihapuskan, menandakan titik perubahan psikologi dalam perang. Dengan Presiden Richard M. Nixon menentang penahanan dan lebih berminat untuk mencapai d\u00e9tente dengan kedua-dua Kesatuan Soviet dan China, dasar Amerika beralih kepada \"Vietnamization,\" - menyediakan bekalan senjata yang sangat besar dan membiarkan Vietnam melawan diri mereka sendiri. Selepas lebih daripada 57,000 tewas dan lebih banyak cedera, pasukan Amerika mundur pada tahun 1973 tanpa kemenangan yang jelas, dan pada 1975 Vietnam Selatan akhirnya ditawan oleh komunis Vietnam Utara dan bersatu. <> Dasar penahanan di Asia ditujukan kepada apa ideologi? || Komunisme <> Apakah titik balik psikologi perang? || The Tet Offensive <> Bila melakukan serangan ini berlaku? || 1968 <> Bilakah pasukan AS ditarik balik dari Vietnam? || 1973 <> Dasar membekalkan senjata dan bahan perang untuk orang Vietnam untuk memerangi perang mereka sendiri disebut apa? || \"Vietnamisasi,\" <> Dasar penahanan di Korea ditujukan kepada ideologi apa? || <> Apakah titik balik sosiologi perang? || <> Bilakah pembelaan ini berlaku? || <> Bilakah pasukan AS ditarik balik dari China? || <> Dasar membekalkan senjata dan bahan perang untuk orang Cina untuk memerangi perang mereka sendiri dipanggil apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?", "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89c", "answers": [{"text": "Communism", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the psychological turning point of the war?", "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89d", "answers": [{"text": "The Tet Offensive", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did this offensive take place? ", "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89e", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?", "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f89f", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?", "id": "570b56c06b8089140040f8a0", "answers": [{"text": "\"Vietnamization,\"", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Communism", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "The policy of containment in Korea was aimed at what ideology?", "id": "5ad17615645df0001a2d1cf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tet Offensive", "answer_start": 292}], "question": " What was the sociological turning point of the war?", "id": "5ad17615645df0001a2d1cf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "When did this defense take place?", "id": "5ad17615645df0001a2d1cfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 796}], "question": " When were US forces withdrawn from China?", "id": "5ad17615645df0001a2d1cfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vietnamization", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Chinese to fight their own war was called what?", "id": "5ad17615645df0001a2d1cfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving d\u00e9tente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to \"Vietnamization,\" \u2013 providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified."}], ["Dengan kemunculan ISIL dan penangkapannya di kawasan besar Iraq dan Syria, beberapa krisis mengakibatkan perhatian antarabangsa yang mencetuskan. ISIL telah melakukan pembunuhan sektarian dan jenayah perang di Iraq dan Syria. Keuntungan yang dibuat dalam perang Iraq digulung semula ketika unit tentera Iraq meninggalkan jawatan mereka. Bandar telah diambil alih oleh kumpulan pengganas yang menguatkuasakan undang-undang syariahnya. Penculikan dan pemecatan ramai wartawan dan pekerja bantuan Barat juga mendapat perhatian dan kemarahan di kalangan kuasa Barat. AS campur tangan dengan serangan udara di Iraq atas ISIL yang diadakan wilayah dan aset pada bulan Ogos, dan pada bulan September sebuah gabungan kuasa AS dan Timur Tengah telah memulakan kempen pengeboman di Syria yang bertujuan merendahkan dan memusnahkan wilayah ISIL dan Al-Nusra. <> Organisasi apa yang menangkap segmen penting Iraq dan Syria? || ISIL <> Apakah etos perundangan yang ISIL beroperasi di bawah? || Undang-undang Syariah <> Apakah tindakan yang diambil ISIL terhadap wartawan dan pekerja bantuan Barat? || penculikan dan pemusnahan <> Bagaimana AS campur tangan terhadap ISIL? || serangan udara di Iraq atas ISIL yang diadakan wilayah <> Apakah matlamat serangan udara AS dan gabungan di Syria? || merendahkan dan memusnahkan wilayah ISIL dan Al-Nusra <> Organisasi apa yang menangkap segmen penting Iran dan Syria? || <> Apakah etos ilegal yang ISIL beroperasi di bawah? || <> Apakah tindakan yang diambil ISIL terhadap wartawan timur dan pekerja bantuan? || <> Bagaimana campurtangan UK terhadap ISIL? || <> Apakah matlamat serangan udara Inggeris dan serangan udara di Syria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?", "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d6", "answers": [{"text": "ISIL", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?", "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d7", "answers": [{"text": "Sharia law", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?", "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d8", "answers": [{"text": "kidnapping and decapitation", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the US intervene against ISIL?", "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d9", "answers": [{"text": "airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?", "id": "570b5f0c6b8089140040f8da", "answers": [{"text": "degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISIL", "answer_start": 22}], "question": " What organization captured significant segments of Iran and Syria?", "id": "5ad178f7645df0001a2d1d98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sharia law", "answer_start": 383}], "question": " What illegal ethos does ISIL operate under?", "id": "5ad178f7645df0001a2d1d99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kidnapping and decapitation", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "What actions did ISIL take against Eastern journalists and aid workers?", "id": "5ad178f7645df0001a2d1d9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories", "answer_start": 555}], "question": " How did the UK intervene against ISIL?", "id": "5ad178f7645df0001a2d1d9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory", "answer_start": 731}], "question": " What was the goal of UK and coalition airstrikes in Syria?", "id": "5ad178f7645df0001a2d1d9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory."}], ["Sebelum perang, banyak pemerhati percaya AS dan sekutunya boleh menang tetapi mungkin mengalami kecederaan yang besar (tentunya lebih daripada konflik sejak Vietnam), dan pertempuran tangki di seberang padang pasir yang keras dapat menyaingi orang-orang Afrika Utara semasa Perang Dunia II. Selepas hampir 50 tahun perang proksi, dan ketakutan berterusan perang lain di Eropah antara NATO dan Pakta Warsaw, ada yang menganggap Perang Teluk Persia akhirnya dapat menjawab persoalan falsafah tentera mana yang akan memerintah tertinggi. Pasukan Iraq bertempur dengan pertempuran selepas 8 tahun berperang dengan Iran, dan mereka dilengkapi dengan kereta kebal Soviet model dan jet pejuang, tetapi senjata antiaircraft dilumpuhkan; Sebagai perbandingan, Amerika Syarikat tidak mempunyai pengalaman tempur berskala besar sejak pengundurannya dari Vietnam hampir 20 tahun yang lalu, dan perubahan besar dalam doktrin, peralatan dan teknologi AS sejak itu tidak pernah diuji di bawah api. <> Beberapa pemerhati menganggap bahawa Perang Teluk Persia akan mempunyai pertempuran tangki yang serupa dengan perang apa? || Afrika Utara semasa Perang Dunia II <> Apa konflik yang sepatutnya telah menyediakan pasukan Iraq dengan pengalaman pertempuran? || 8 tahun perang dengan Iran <> Peralatan apa yang ada di tentera Iraq? || kereta kebal Soviet model dan jet pejuang <> Sebelum Perang Teluk Parsi, di mana dan kapan konflik tentera utama Amerika yang terakhir? || Vietnam hampir 20 tahun lebih awal <> Apakah masalah yang ada di tentera Iraq? || senjata antiaircraft lumpuh <> pemerhati ome menganggap bahawa Perang Teluk China akan mempunyai pertempuran tangki yang sama dengan perang apa? || <> Apa konflik yang sepatutnya telah menyediakan kekuatan Iran dengan pengalaman pertempuran? || <> Peralatan apa yang ada di tentera Iran? || <> Sebelum Perang Teluk Parsi, di mana dan kapan konflik tentera utama Afrika yang terakhir? || <> Masalah apa yang ada pada tentera Iran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?", "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9ae", "answers": [{"text": "North Africa during World War II", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?", "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9af", "answers": [{"text": "8 years of war with Iran", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?", "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b0", "answers": [{"text": "late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?", "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b1", "answers": [{"text": "Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problem did the Iraqi forces have?", "id": "570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b2", "answers": [{"text": "the antiaircraft weapons were crippled", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Africa during World War II", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "ome observers thought that the Chinese Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?", "id": "5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 years of war with Iran", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "What conflict was supposed to have provided Iranian forces with battle experience?", "id": "5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters", "answer_start": 606}], "question": " What equipment did the Iranian army possess?", "id": "5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier", "answer_start": 777}], "question": "Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major African military conflict?", "id": "5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antiaircraft weapons were crippled", "answer_start": 656}], "question": " What problem did the Iranian forces have?", "id": "5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire."}]], [["Istilah \"retro-metal\" telah digunakan untuk band-band seperti Texas berdasarkan The Sword, California pada Kebakaran, Sihir Sweden dan Australia Wolfmother. Album sendiri Wolfmother bertajuk 2005 debut gabungan elemen bunyi Deep Purple dan Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australia Airborn's debut album Runnin 'Wild (2007) diikuti dengan tradisi keras riffing AC / DC. Kebenaran ke atas Tanah England (2003), yang digambarkan sebagai \"simulasi realistis yang nyata dari '80s logam dan' 70s glam\", mendahului carta UK, akan quintuple platinum. Kemudian, Tiket One Way ke Neraka ... dan Back (2005), mencapai nombor 11, sebelum band itu pecah pada tahun 2006. Band Los Angeles Steel Panther berjaya mendapatkan berikut dengan menghantar glam logam 80-an. Percubaan yang lebih serius untuk menghidupkan kembali glam metal dibuat oleh kumpulan pergerakan logam yang terbunuh di Sweden, termasuk Vains of Jenna, Superstar Hardcore dan Crashd\u00efet. <> Bilakah band The Darkness berpecah? || 2006 <> The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft dan Wolfmother adalah semua contoh apa sub-gen rock keras? || retro-metal <> Apakah gelaran lepasan Airbourne yang pertama? || Runnin 'Wild <> Glam metal band Steel Panther adalah dari mana bandar? || Los Angeles <> Apa yang ada sesetengah band revivalist metal sleaze Sweden? || Vena Jenna, Superstar Tegar dan Crashd\u00efet <> Apa jenis muzik rock keras yang berpusat di Texas dan California? || <> Band yang mana debut pada tahun 2005 menyanyikan lagu yang ditulis oleh Deep Purple dan Led Zeppelin? || <> Album apa yang dihasilkan AC / DC pada 2007 yang mempamerkan tradisi riffing keras mereka? || <> Apa album dari tahun 2003 digambarkan sebagai simulasi 70-an logam dan glam 80-an? || <> Negara mana yang cuba cuba memulihkan punk rock? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the band The Darkness break up?", "id": "570b66566b8089140040f92e", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?", "id": "570b66566b8089140040f92f", "answers": [{"text": "retro-metal", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?", "id": "570b66566b8089140040f930", "answers": [{"text": "Runnin' Wild", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?", "id": "570b66566b8089140040f931", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?", "id": "570b66566b8089140040f932", "answers": [{"text": "Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashd\u00efet", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retro-metal", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What type of hard rock music is based in Texas and California?", "id": "5a5a52999c0277001abe711a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wolfmother", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Which band that debut in 2005 sang songs written by Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin?", "id": "5a5a52999c0277001abe711b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Runnin' Wild", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What album did AC/DC produce in 2007 that displayed their hard riffing tradition?", "id": "5a5a52999c0277001abe711c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England's The Darkness' Permission to Land", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What album from 2003 was described as a simulation of 70s metal and 80s glam?", "id": "5a5a52999c0277001abe711d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sweden", "answer_start": 842}], "question": "What country was a serious attempt to revive punk rock attempted?", "id": "5a5a52999c0277001abe711e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term \"retro-metal\" has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's d\u00e9but album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's The Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an \"eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam\", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashd\u00efet."}], ["Batu keras memasuki tahun 1990-an sebagai salah satu bentuk muzik komersil yang dominan. Pelepasan multi-platinum dari Razors Edge (1990), Guns N 'Roses AC / DC Gunakan Illusion Saya dan Gunakan Illusion II (kedua-duanya pada tahun 1991), Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears (1991), dan Van Halen's For Unlawful Pengetahuan Carnal (1991) mempamerkan populariti ini. Selain itu, Black Crowes mengeluarkan album debutnya, Shake Your Money Maker (1990), yang mengandungi bunyi rock klasik yang bluesy dan menjual lima juta kopi. Pada tahun 1992, Def Leppard menyusuli Hysteria tahun 1987 dengan Adrenalize, yang menjadi multi-platinum, menghasilkan empat perseorangan Top 40 dan menduduki tempat nombor satu di carta album Amerika Syarikat selama lima minggu. <> Guns N Roses melancarkan kedua-dua Gunakan album Illusion anda dalam tahun berapa? || 1991 <> Debut band apa yang berjudul Shake Your Money Maker? || The Black Crowes <> Apakah judul album Def Leppard 1992? || Adrenalize <> Adrenalize mengikuti apa yang dicatatkan oleh 1987 Def Leppard? || Hysteria <> Adrenalize mendahului carta album AS untuk berapa lama? || lima minggu <> Dalam dekad yang mana batu keras melihat penurunan dominasi dalam muzik komersial? || <> Berapa tahunkah Ozzy Osbourne melepaskan Pengetahuan Maut yang Tidak Sah? || <> Apakah album kedua The Black Crowes? || <> Yang album Def Leppard 1987 memegang nombor satu dalam carta British selama lima minggu? || <> Yang 1990 album Def Leppard dijual lima juta salinan pada tahun 1990? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Guns N Roses released both Use Your Illusion albums in what year?", "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d2", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band's debut was titled Shake Your Money Maker?", "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d3", "answers": [{"text": "The Black Crowes", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Def Leppard's 1992 album?", "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d4", "answers": [{"text": "Adrenalize", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Adrenalize followed what 1987 Def Leppard record?", "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d5", "answers": [{"text": "Hysteria", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Adrenalize topped US album charts for how long?", "id": "570b6593ec8fbc190045b9d6", "answers": [{"text": "five weeks", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "In which decade did hard rock see a decline of dominance in commercial music?", "id": "5a5a45ab9c0277001abe70e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What year did Ozzy Osbourne release Unlawful Carnal Knowledge?", "id": "5a5a45ab9c0277001abe70e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shake Your Money Maker", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "What was The Black Crowes second album?", "id": "5a5a45ab9c0277001abe70ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adrenalize", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "Which Def Leppard 1987 album held the number one spot in the British charts for five weeks?", "id": "5a5a45ab9c0277001abe70eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shake Your Money Maker", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "Which 1990 Def Leppard album sold five million copies in 1990?", "id": "5a5a45ab9c0277001abe70ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC's The Razors Edge (1990), Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both in 1991), Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears (1991), and Van Halen's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991) showcased this popularity. Additionally, The Black Crowes released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies. In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria with Adrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks."}], ["Kumpulan yang muncul dari adegan psychedelic Amerika mengenai masa yang sama termasuk Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer dan Vanilla Fudge. Band San Francisco Blue Cheer melepaskan sampul klasik \"Edisi Bersama Blues\" Eddie Cochran dari album pertama mereka, Vincebus Eruptum, 1968, yang menggariskan banyak bunyi keras dan bunyi logam berat kemudian. Bulan yang sama, Steppenwolf mengeluarkan album debut bertajuk sendiri, termasuk \"Born to Be Wild\", yang mengandungi rujukan lirik pertama kepada logam berat dan membantu mempopularkan gaya ketika digunakan dalam filem Easy Rider (1969). In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968) Iron Butterfly, dengan lagu tajuk 17 minit yang panjang, menggunakan organ dan dengan solo dram yang panjang, juga menggambarkan elemen bunyi yang kemudian. <> Di manakah band Blue Cheer dari? || San Francisco <> Apa lagu klasik yang dimainkan Blue Cheer? || \"Blues Summertime\" <> Apa yang dilancarkan oleh Steppenwolf sendiri debut bertajuk lp? || \"Dilahirkan Menjadi Liar\" <> Filem apa yang dipaparkan bahawa Single Steppenwolf? || Mudah Rider <> Lirik untuk \"Born To Be Wild\" mengandungi rujukan pertama untuk gaya rock yang keras? || logam berat <> Apakah Blue Cheer klasik disalin oleh Eddie Cochran? || <> Lagu apa yang tidak termasuk dalam album debut 1968 Vincebus Eruptum? || <> Apa band yang berpusat di LA mengeluarkan liputan yang tidak disengajakan dari Blues Summertime? || <> Bilakah Vanilla Fudge melepaskan Lahir menjadi Liar? || <> Lagu apa yang digunakan dalam filem Easy Rider pada tahun 1965? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the band Blue Cheer from?", "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e0", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What classic song did Blue Cheer cover?", "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e1", "answers": [{"text": "\"Summertime Blues\"", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the hit off Steppenwolf's self-titled debut lp?", "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e2", "answers": [{"text": "\"Born to Be Wild\"", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie featured that Steppenwolf single?", "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e3", "answers": [{"text": "Easy Rider", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The lyrics to \"Born To Be Wild\" contain the first reference to what hard rock style?", "id": "570b5fef6b8089140040f8e4", "answers": [{"text": "heavy metal", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Summertime Blues", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What Blue Cheer classic was duplicated by Eddie Cochran?", "id": "5a5a21ab9c0277001abe7070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Summertime Blues", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What song was not included in the 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum?", "id": "5a5a21ab9c0277001abe7071", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blue Cheer", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What LA based band released a distorted cover of Summertime Blues?", "id": "5a5a21ab9c0277001abe7072", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "When did Vanilla Fudge release Born to be Wild?", "id": "5a5a21ab9c0277001abe7073", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Born to Be Wild", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What song was used in the film Easy Rider in 1965?", "id": "5a5a21ab9c0277001abe7074", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic \"Summertime Blues\", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including \"Born to Be Wild\", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound."}], ["Akar batu keras dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tahun 1950-an, terutamanya blues elektrik, yang meletakkan asas-asas unsur-unsur penting seperti gaya suara vokal kasar, riff gitar berat, solus gitar bersilangan blues-string, tajam, riff tebal - tekstur, dan persembahan posturing. Gitar-gitar blues elektrik mula bereksperimen dengan unsur-unsur rock keras seperti irama memandu, soled gitar terdistorsi dan kuasa-kuasa chords pada tahun 1950-an, terbukti dalam kerja-kerja gitaris blues Memphis seperti Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, dan terutamanya Pat Hare, grittier, nastier, bunyi gitar elektrik yang lebih ganas \"pada rekod seperti\" Cotton Crop Blues \"James Cotton (1954). Lain-lain pendahuluan termasuk instrumen \"Wrigly\" Link Wray pada tahun 1958, dan instrumen rock surfing Dick Dale, seperti \"Let's Go Trippin\" (1961) dan \"Misirlou\" (1962). <> Genre apakah yang meletakkan akar untuk batu keras? || blues elektrik <> Siapa yang merakamkan \"Rumble\"? || Link Wray <> Bilakah \"Rumble\" dibebaskan? || 1958 <> Apa dua lagu terkenal Dick Dale? || \"Let's Go Trippin '\" (1961) dan \"Misirlou\" (1962) <> Apa gaya blues di bandar yang menghasilkan prekursor batu keras di blues elektrik? || Memphis <> Apa jenis muzik yang dikenali sebagai akar batu keras yang dimulakan pada tahun 1940-an? || <> Apakah unsur utama yang digunakan oleh batu keras untuk meletakkan akar untuk muzik blues elektrik? || <> Apakah gitaris blues elektrik mengelakkan daripada menggunakan genre rock keras? || <> Siapa gitaris rock keras Memphis yang terkenal menggunakan kuasa chords? || <> Siapa yang menulis \"Misirlou\" pada tahun 1961? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What genre laid the roots for hard rock?", "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f910", "answers": [{"text": "electric blues", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recorded \"Rumble\"?", "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f911", "answers": [{"text": "Link Wray", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was \"Rumble\" released?", "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f912", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?", "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f913", "answers": [{"text": "\"Let's Go Trippin'\" (1961) and \"Misirlou\" (1962)", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?", "id": "570b638b6b8089140040f914", "answers": [{"text": "Memphis", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electric blues", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What type of music known as the roots of hard rock was started in the 1940s?", "id": "5a5a21649c0277001abe7052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavy guitar riffs", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What is a key element that hard rock used to lay roots for electric blues music?", "id": "5a5a21649c0277001abe7053", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "driving rhythms", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What did the electric blues guitarists avoid using from the hard rock genre? ", "id": "5a5a21649c0277001abe7054", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pat Hare", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Who was the Memphis hard rock guitarist known for using power chords?", "id": "5a5a21649c0277001abe7055", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dick Dale", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "Who wrote \"Misirlou\" in 1961?", "id": "5a5a21649c0277001abe7056", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a \"grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound\" on records such as James Cotton's \"Cotton Crop Blues\" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental \"Rumble\" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as \"Let's Go Trippin'\" (1961) and \"Misirlou\" (1962)."}], ["Batu keras berkembang menjadi bentuk muzik popular pada tahun 1970-an, dengan kumpulan seperti Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC / DC dan Van Halen. Semasa tahun 1980-an, beberapa band rock keras berpindah dari akar batu keras mereka dan lebih ke arah rock pop, sementara yang lain mula kembali ke bunyi rock keras. Band-band yang ditubuhkan membuat kemunculan semula pada pertengahan 1980-an dan mencapai puncak komersil pada tahun 1980-an, dengan band-band glam metal seperti Bon Jovi dan Def Leppard dan bunyi pelukis Guns N 'Roses, yang diikuti dengan kejayaan besar di bahagian akhir dekad itu. Batu keras mula kehilangan populariti dengan kejayaan komersil grunge dan kemudian Britpop pada tahun 1990-an. <> Apakah dua contoh kumpulan glam metal? || Bon Jovi dan Def Leppard <> Apa dua genre yang dipotong menjadi popular rock rock pada penghujung 1980-an dan awal 1990-an? || grunge dan kemudian Britpop <> Apa beberapa band rock keras pada tahun 1970-an? || Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC / DC dan Van Halen <> Gaya apa yang ada beberapa band rock keras yang memeluk pada 1980-an? || rock pop <> Bilakah batu lembut menjadi bentuk utama muzik popular? || <> Band mana yang menjadi popular pada tahun 1960-an? || <> Bilakah beberapa kumpulan bergerak dari batu pop ke batu keras? || <> Band apa yang dibuat kembali pada pertengahan tahun 1990-an? || <> Bilakah rock keras menggantikan grunge dan Britpop? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two examples of glam metal bands?", "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9b8", "answers": [{"text": "Bon Jovi and Def Leppard", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two genres cut into hard rock's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s?", "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9b9", "answers": [{"text": "grunge and later Britpop", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were some hard rock bands of the 1970s?", "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9ba", "answers": [{"text": "Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style did some hard rock bands embrace in the 1980s?", "id": "570b62e3ec8fbc190045b9bb", "answers": [{"text": "pop rock", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "When did soft rock become a major form of popular music?", "id": "5a5a20d79c0277001abe7034", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Which band became popular in the 1960s?", "id": "5a5a20d79c0277001abe7035", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During the 1980s", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "When did some bands move from pop rock to hard rock?", "id": "5a5a20d79c0277001abe7036", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Guns N' Roses", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What band made a come back in the mid-1990s?", "id": "5a5a20d79c0277001abe7037", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the 1990s", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "When did hard rock replace grunge and Britpop?", "id": "5a5a20d79c0277001abe7038", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hard rock developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others began to return to a hard rock sound. Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and it reached a commercial peak in the 1980s, with glam metal bands like Bon Jovi and Def Leppard and the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses, which followed up with great success in the later part of that decade. Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of grunge and later Britpop in the 1990s."}], ["Tahun-tahun awal 1980-an menyaksikan beberapa perubahan dalam personel dan arahan aksi batu keras yang ditubuhkan, termasuk kematian Bon Scott, penyanyi utama AC / DC, dan John Bonham, drummer dengan Led Zeppelin. Sedangkan Zeppelin pecah hampir sejurus selepas itu, AC / DC ditekan, merakamkan album Back in Black (1980) dengan penyanyi utama mereka, Brian Johnson. Ia menjadi album kelima paling laris sepanjang masa di Amerika Syarikat dan album kedua terlaris di dunia. Black Sabbath telah berpecah dengan penyanyi asal Ozzy Osbourne pada tahun 1979 dan menggantikannya dengan Ronnie James Dio, yang sebelum ini adalah Rainbow, memberikan band bunyi baru dan masa kreativiti dan populariti bermula dengan Syurga dan Neraka (1980). Osbourne memulakan kerjaya solo dengan Blizzard of Ozz (1980), yang menampilkan pemain gitar Amerika Randy Rhoads. Sesetengah band, seperti Queen, berpindah dari akar batu keras mereka dan lebih ke arah rock pop, sementara yang lain, termasuk Rush dengan Moving Pictures (1981), mula kembali ke bunyi rock keras. Penciptaan logam thrash, yang dicampur dengan logam berat dengan unsur-unsur punk tegar dari tahun 1982, terutamanya oleh Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth dan Slayer, membantu menghasilkan logam melampau dan menghilangkan lagi gaya dari rock keras, walaupun terdapat beberapa band atau ahli-ahli mereka akan terus merakam beberapa lagu lebih dekat dengan bunyi rock keras. Kiss berpindah dari akar rock mereka ke arah pop metal: mula-mula menghilangkan solek mereka pada tahun 1983 untuk album Lick It Up mereka, dan kemudian mengadopsi visual dan bunyi glam metal untuk pembebasan mereka 1984, Animalized, keduanya menandakan kembali ke komersil kejayaan. Pat Benatar adalah salah seorang wanita pertama yang mencapai kejayaan komersil di rock keras, dengan tiga album berturut-turut berturut-turut antara tahun 1980 dan 1982. <> Siapa penyanyi utama AC / DC yang meninggal dunia? || Bon Scott <> Siapa drummer Led Zeppelin yang meninggal dunia? || John Bonham <> Apa penyanyi menggantikan Ozzy Osbourne dalam Black Sabbath? || Ronnie James Dio <> Apa album solo Ozzy Osbourne yang pertama? || Blizzard of Ozz <> Apa yang ada band thrash metal? || Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth dan Slayer <> Bilakah Bon Scott dilahirkan? || <> Band apa yang menjadi penyanyi utama John Bonham? || <> Siapa yang keluar dari band Led Zeppelin untuk berpindah ke band lain? || <> Apa album AC / DC menjadi album jualan kelima tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa album solo yang dibebaskan Randy Rhoads pada tahun 1980? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died?", "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f924", "answers": [{"text": "Bon Scott", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?", "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f925", "answers": [{"text": "John Bonham", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath?", "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f926", "answers": [{"text": "Ronnie James Dio", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album?", "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f927", "answers": [{"text": "Blizzard of Ozz", "answer_start": 769}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some thrash metal bands?", "id": "570b64d36b8089140040f928", "answers": [{"text": "Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer", "answer_start": 1142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "When was Bon Scott born?", "id": "5a5a35509c0277001abe70b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Led Zeppelin", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What band was lead singer John Bonham from?", "id": "5a5a35509c0277001abe70b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Bonham", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "Who quit the band Led Zeppelin to move to another band?", "id": "5a5a35509c0277001abe70b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Back in Black", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What AC/DC album became the fifth highest selling album in the US?", "id": "5a5a35509c0277001abe70b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blizzard of Ozz", "answer_start": 769}], "question": "What solo album did Randy Rhoads release in 1980?", "id": "5a5a35509c0277001abe70ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, with three successive Top 5 albums between 1980 and 1982."}], ["Dari luar United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat, trio Kanada Rush mengeluarkan tiga album rock keras yang tersendiri pada tahun 1974-75 (Rush, Fly by Night dan Caress of Steel) sebelum bergerak ke arah bunyi yang lebih progresif dengan album 1976. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, yang terbentuk pada akhir 1960-an, membuat kejayaan komersial paling besar pada tahun 1976 dengan album rock keras Jailbreak dan hit dunia mereka \"The Boys Are Back in Town\", yang mencapai nombor 8 di UK dan nombor 12 dalam Amerika Syarikat. Gaya mereka, yang terdiri daripada dua pemain gitar yang berduel sering memimpin dalam keharmonian, membuktikan dirinya sebagai pengaruh besar pada band-band kemudian. Mereka mencapai komersial mereka, dan boleh dikatakan puncak artistik mereka dengan Black Rose: A Legend Rock (1979). Ketibaan Scorpions dari Jerman menandakan pengembangan geografi subgenre itu. AC / DC yang dibentuk oleh Australia, dengan gaya riff berat dan kasar yang turut merayu kepada generasi punk, mula mendapat perhatian antarabangsa dari tahun 1976, yang memuncak dalam pengeluaran album multi-platinum mereka Let Let Be Rock (1977) dan Lebuhraya ke Neraka (1979). Juga dipengaruhi oleh etos punk adalah band logam berat seperti Mot\u00f6rhead, sementara Judas Priest meninggalkan unsur-unsur baki blues dalam muzik mereka, membezakan lagi gaya keras dan gaya logam berat dan membantu menghasilkan Gelombang Baru British Heavy Metal yang telah diusahakan oleh band-band seperti Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom. <> Band Rush adalah kewarganegaraan apa? || Kanada <> Apakah tiga album Rush yang pertama? || Rush, Fly by Night dan Caress of Steel <> Apa kewarganegaraannya adalah Thin Lizzy? || Irish <> Apa yang terkena Thin Lizzy? || \"The Boys Are Back in Town\" <> The Scorpions berasal dari negara mana? || Jerman <> Apa band British mengeluarkan album Rush pada tahun 1974? || <> Apa bunyi yang Rush band bergerak ke arah dalam album Caress of Steel 1976? || <> Bilakah band Amerika Lizzy berpindah ke Ireland? || <> Lagu yang mana oleh Lizzy mencapai angka 8 di carta Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1976? || <> Siapa yang Iron Maiden bekerja dengan untuk memperkenalkan semula blues ke dalam muzik rock keras? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The band Rush is what nationality?", "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ea", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the first three Rush albums?", "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8eb", "answers": [{"text": "Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was Thin Lizzy?", "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ec", "answers": [{"text": "Irish", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?", "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ed", "answers": [{"text": "\"The Boys Are Back in Town\"", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Scorpions hailed from what country?", "id": "570b609e6b8089140040f8ee", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rush", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What British band released the album Rush in 1974?", "id": "5a5a32199c0277001abe70a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a more progressive sound", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What sound did the band Rush move toward in the 1976 album Caress of Steel?", "id": "5a5a32199c0277001abe70a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "When did the American band Lizzy moved to Ireland? ", "id": "5a5a32199c0277001abe70a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Boys Are Back in Town", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "Which song by Lizzy reached number 8 on the US charts in 1976?", "id": "5a5a32199c0277001abe70a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Judas Priest", "answer_start": 1203}], "question": "Who did Iron Maiden work with to re-introduce blues into hard rock music?", "id": "5a5a32199c0277001abe70a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974\u201375 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit \"The Boys Are Back in Town\", which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US. Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Mot\u00f6rhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the New Wave of British Heavy Metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom."}], ["Beberapa tindakan yang mantap terus menikmati kejayaan komersil, seperti Aerosmith, dengan album nombor satu mereka multi-platinum: Dapatkan Grip (1993), yang menghasilkan empat singel 40 Paling Top dan menjadi album terlaris band di seluruh dunia (akan dijual lebih 10 juta salinan), dan Sembilan Nyawa (1997). Pada tahun 1998, Aerosmith melancarkan nombor satu yang melanda \"I Do not Want to Miss a Thing\", yang kekal satu-satunya oleh band rock keras untuk debut di nombor satu. AC / DC menghasilkan double platinum Ballbreaker (1995). Bon Jovi merayu kepada penonton rock keras mereka dengan lagu-lagu seperti \"Keep the Faith\" (1992), tetapi juga mencapai kejayaan dalam radio kontemporari dewasa, dengan 10 Ballads \"Bed of Roses\" (1993) dan \"Always\" . Album 1995 Bon Jovi Hari-hari ini menjadi lebih besar di Eropah berbanding di Amerika Syarikat, yang mempamerkan empat singel 10 teratas dalam Carta Singles UK. Beban Metallica (1996) dan ReLoad (1997) masing-masing dijual lebih daripada 4 juta kopi di Amerika Syarikat dan melihat kumpulan itu mengembangkan bunyi rock yang lebih melodi dan blues. Sebagai dorongan awal kumpulan grunge yang terhuyung-huyung pada pertengahan tahun sedekad, kumpulan pasca-grunge muncul. Mereka mencontohi sikap dan muzik grunge, terutamanya tebal, gitar diputar, tetapi dengan bunyi berorientasikan komersil yang lebih mesra radio yang menarik lebih banyak lagi pada batu keras tradisional. Antara tindakan yang paling berjaya ialah Foo Fighters, Candlebox, Live, Jiwa Kolektif, Silverchair Australia dan Bush England, yang semuanya mengukuhkan kedudukan sebagai grunge sebagai salah satu subgenre yang paling berdaya maju pada akhir 1990-an. Begitu juga, beberapa kumpulan pasca-Britpop yang diikuti di belakang Oasis, termasuk Feeder dan Stereophonics, menggunakan batu keras atau bunyi \"pop-metal\". <> Apa balada Aerosmith debutkan di nombor satu pada carta? || \"Saya Tidak Mahu Menipu Perkara\" <> Apakah gelaran AC double / lp 1995? || Ballbreaker <> Bon Jovi 1995 album dipanggil apa? || Hari Ini <> Apakah sub-genre yang berjaya secara komersial muncul dari pergerakan grunge? || post-grunge <> Bilakah album Aerosmith Get A Grip keluar? || 1993 <> Apa album Aerosmith tidak berjaya pada tahun 1993? || <> Bilakah AC / DC melepaskan nombor satu mereka melanda Saya Tidak Mahu Meninggalkan sesuatu? || <> Apa album AC / DC pada tahun 1995 menjadi penjual muti-platinum? || <> Album Bon Jovi 1995 mana yang lebih besar di AS berbanding di Eropah? || <> Siapa yang meniru sikap punk band? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Aerosmith ballad debuted at number one on the charts?", "id": "570b62286b8089140040f906", "answers": [{"text": "\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\"", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of AC/DC's 1995 double lp?", "id": "570b62286b8089140040f907", "answers": [{"text": "Ballbreaker", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bon Jovi's 1995 album was called what?", "id": "570b62286b8089140040f908", "answers": [{"text": "These Days", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What commercially successful sub-genre emerged from the grunge movement?", "id": "570b62286b8089140040f909", "answers": [{"text": "post-grunge", "answer_start": 1474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Aerosmith's album Get A Grip come out?", "id": "570b62286b8089140040f90a", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Get a Grip", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What Aerosmith album did not succeed in 1993? ", "id": "5a5a4e3b9c0277001abe7106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "When did AC/DC release their number one hit I don't Want to Miss a Thing?", "id": "5a5a4e3b9c0277001abe7107", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ballbreaker", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What AC/DC album in 1995 became a muti-platinum seller?", "id": "5a5a4e3b9c0277001abe7108", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "These Days", "answer_start": 738}], "question": "Which Bon Jovi 1995 album was a bigger hit in the US than in Europe?", "id": "5a5a4e3b9c0277001abe7109", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "post-grunge bands", "answer_start": 1101}], "question": "Who emulated the attitudes of punk bands?", "id": "5a5a4e3b9c0277001abe710a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums: Get a Grip (1993), which produced four Top 40 singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), and Nine Lives (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the number one hit \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", which remains the only single by a hard rock band to debut at number one. AC/DC produced the double platinum Ballbreaker (1995). Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as \"Keep the Faith\" (1992), but also achieved success in adult contemporary radio, with the Top 10 ballads \"Bed of Roses\" (1993) and \"Always\" (1994). Bon Jovi's 1995 album These Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States, spawning four Top 10 singles on the UK Singles Chart. Metallica's Load (1996) and ReLoad (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound. As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade, post-grunge bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock. Among the most successful acts were the Foo Fighters, Candlebox, Live, Collective Soul, Australia's Silverchair and England's Bush, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s. Similarly, some post-Britpop bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, including Feeder and Stereophonics, adopted a hard rock or \"pop-metal\" sound."}], ["Album ketiga Bon Jovi, Slippery When Wet (1986), bercampur-campur dengan kepekaan pop dan membelanjakan sejumlah 8 minggu di bahagian atas carta album Billboard 200, menjual 12 juta kopi di Amerika Syarikat ketika menjadi album rock pertama untuk menelurkan tiga perseorangan paling tinggi - dua daripadanya mencapai nombor satu. Album ini dikreditkan dengan memperluas penonton untuk genre, terutamanya dengan menarik perhatian para wanita serta penonton lelaki yang didominasi oleh kaum tradisional, dan membuka pintu kepada MTV dan kejayaan komersil untuk band lain pada penghujung dekad. The anthemic The Countdown Final (1986) oleh kumpulan Sweden Eropah adalah hit antarabangsa, mencapai angka lapan di carta AS sambil memukul 10 teratas dalam sembilan negara lain. Era ini juga menyaksikan lebih banyak kumpulan rock hard-rock Amerika yang datang ke hadapan, dengan kedua-dua Poison dan Cinderella melepaskan album debut multi-platinum pada 1986. Van Halen mengeluarkan 5150 (1986), album pertama mereka dengan Sammy Hagar dalam vokal utama, yang merupakan nombor satu di AS selama tiga minggu dan dijual lebih daripada 6 juta salinan. Menjelang separuh kedua dekad, batu keras menjadi bentuk muzik paling popular di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah gelaran lep ketiga Bon Jovi? || Slippery When Wet <> Berapa banyak salinan yang dibuat oleh rekod ini? || 12 juta <> Apa pukulan antarabangsa Eropah? || The Final Countdown <> Apakah album 1986 Van Halen dipanggil? || 5150 <> Siapa penyanyi utama baru untuk Van Halen pada 5150? || Sammy Hagar <> Apakah album kedua Bon Jovi? || <> Yang album Bon Jovi menghabiskan 10 minggu di atas carta Billboard 200? || <> Apa kumpulan dari England mengeluarkan Countdown Akhir pada tahun 1986? || <> Apa album Eropah mencapai nombor sembilan dalam sepuluh negara selain Amerika Syarikat? || <> Album mana yang dikeluarkan Van Halen pada tahun 1986 yang merupakan album kedua yang memaparkan Sammy Hagar sebagai penyanyi vokal utama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?", "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f4", "answers": [{"text": "Slippery When Wet", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies did this record sell?", "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f5", "answers": [{"text": "12 million", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the band Europe's international hit?", "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f6", "answers": [{"text": "The Final Countdown", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?", "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f7", "answers": [{"text": "5150", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?", "id": "570b612b6b8089140040f8f8", "answers": [{"text": "Sammy Hagar", "answer_start": 959}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Slippery When Wet", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What was Bon Jovi's second album?", "id": "5a5a41499c0277001abe70d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Slippery When Wet", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Which Bon Jovi album spent 10 weeks on top of the Billboard 200 charts?", "id": "5a5a41499c0277001abe70d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "What group from England released The Final Countdown in 1986?", "id": "5a5a41499c0277001abe70d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Final Countdown", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "What album by Europe reached number nine in ten countries besides the US?", "id": "5a5a41499c0277001abe70d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5150", "answer_start": 923}], "question": "Which album did Van Halen release in 1986 which was the second album to feature Sammy Hagar as lead vocal singer?", "id": "5a5a41499c0277001abe70d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles \u2014 two of which reached number one. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit, reaching number eight on the US charts while hitting the top 10 in nine other countries. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum d\u00e9but albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States."}], ["Pada awal 1970-an Rolling Stones membangunkan bunyi keras rock mereka dengan Exile on Main St. (1972). Pada mulanya menerima ulasan bercampur-campur, menurut pengkritik Steve Erlewine kini \"umumnya dianggap sebagai album terbaik Rolling Stones.\" Mereka terus mengejar bunyi riff-heavy di album termasuk It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) dan Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin mula mencampur unsur-unsur dunia dan muzik rakyat ke dalam batu keras mereka dari Led Zeppelin III (1970) dan Led Zeppelin IV (1971). Lagu ini termasuk lagu \"Stairway to Heaven\", yang akan menjadi lagu yang paling banyak dimainkan dalam sejarah radio berorientasikan album. Deep Purple terus mendefinisikan rock keras, terutama dengan album Machine Head mereka (1972), yang termasuk trek \"Highway Star\" dan \"Smoke on the Water\". Pada tahun 1975, gitaris Ritchie Blackmore pergi, membentuk Rainbow dan selepas pemecatan band pada tahun berikutnya, vokalis David Coverdale membentuk Whitesnake. 1970 menyaksikan The Who melepaskan Live di Leeds, yang sering dilihat sebagai album live rock archetypal, dan pada tahun berikutnya mereka mengeluarkan album mereka yang sangat terkenal Who's Next, yang bercampur dengan batu berat dengan penggunaan yang luas dari synthesizer. Album-album seterusnya, termasuk Quadrophenia (1973), dibina di atas bunyi ini sebelum Who Are You (1978), album terakhir mereka sebelum kematian pemain drum rock perintis Keith Moon pada tahun itu. <> Apakah album rock keras yang tercatat oleh Rolling Stones pada tahun 1972? || Pengasingan di Main St <> Yang memimpin album Zeppelin memaparkan lagu \"Stairway to Heaven\"? || Led Zeppelin IV <> Apa dua lagu rock keras yang dipaparkan di album Ketua Mesin Deep Purple? || \"Highway Star\" dan \"Smoke on the Water\" <> Siapa gitar Deep Purple? || Ritchie Blackmore <> Siapa pemain drum untuk The Who? || Keith Moon <> Apa album Rolling Stones mendapat sambutan hangat pada tahun 1972? || <> Siapa kata mengenai album Exile on Main St .; itu bukan Rolling Stones album terbaik? || <> Tahun berapa Led Zeppelin bergerak ke muzik rakyat untuk melepaskan diri dari batu keras? || <> Tahun berapa lagu Stairway to Heaven oleh Deep Purple dihasilkan? || <> Bilakah David Coverdale membentuk band Rainbow? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?", "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9c8", "answers": [{"text": "Exile on Main St.", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit \"Stairway to Heaven\"?", "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9c9", "answers": [{"text": "Led Zeppelin IV", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple's Machine Head album?", "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9ca", "answers": [{"text": "\"Highway Star\" and \"Smoke on the Water\"", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?", "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9cb", "answers": [{"text": "Ritchie Blackmore", "answer_start": 811}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the drummer for The Who?", "id": "570b6430ec8fbc190045b9cc", "answers": [{"text": "Keith Moon", "answer_start": 1340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Exile on Main St.", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What Rolling Stones album got rave reviews in 1972?", "id": "5a5a28d59c0277001abe7084", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Erlewine", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Who said of the album Exile on Main St.; it was not the Rolling Stones finest album?", "id": "5a5a28d59c0277001abe7085", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "What year did Led Zeppelin move to folk music to get away from hard rock?", "id": "5a5a28d59c0277001abe7086", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What year was the song Stairway to Heaven by Deep Purple produced?", "id": "5a5a28d59c0277001abe7087", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 796}], "question": "When did David Coverdale form the band Rainbow?", "id": "5a5a28d59c0277001abe7088", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now \"generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album\". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track \"Stairway to Heaven\", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks \"Highway Star\" and \"Smoke on the Water\". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw The Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year."}], ["Batu keras adalah bentuk muzik rock yang kuat dan agresif. Gitar elektrik sering ditekankan, digunakan dengan penyimpangan dan kesan lain, kedua-duanya sebagai instrumen irama menggunakan riff berulang dengan pelbagai kerumitan yang berbeza-beza, dan sebagai instrumen utama solo. Drum secara tradisinya menumpukan pada irama memandu, drum bass yang kuat dan backbeat pada snare, kadang-kadang menggunakan simbal untuk penekanan. Gitar bass berfungsi bersamaan dengan gendang, kadang-kadang bermain riff, tetapi biasanya memberikan sokongan untuk irama dan gitar utama. Vokal sering bergelung, meracau, atau melibatkan menjerit atau meraung, kadang-kadang dalam julat yang tinggi, atau bahkan suara falsetto. <> Alat apa yang biasanya di tengah-tengah bunyi keras keras? || Gitar elektrik <> Rhythm gitar di batu keras biasanya memainkan apa? || riff berulang dengan pelbagai kerumitan <> Dalam batu keras, gitar elektrik juga boleh digunakan untuk apa? || instrumen utama solo <> Apa yang membawa gegaran di drum rock keras? || snare <> Apa instrumen berfungsi seiring dengan gendang untuk memberikan irama batu keras? || Gitar bass <> Alat apa yang sering digunakan dalam muzik rock soft? || <> Apa yang dimainkan untuk mengekalkan muzik menjadi berulang-ulang? || <> Yang gendang bass digunakan untuk memandu irama? || <> Alat apa yang digunakan tanpa gendang untuk irama batu keras? || <> Apa vokal lagu-lagu rock cuba untuk mengelakkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound?", "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f942", "answers": [{"text": "The electric guitar", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rhythm guitar in hard rock usually plays what?", "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f943", "answers": [{"text": "repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In hard rock, an electric guitar can also be used for what?", "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f944", "answers": [{"text": "a solo lead instrument", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What carries the backbeat in hard rock drumming?", "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f945", "answers": [{"text": "snare", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What instrument works in tandem with the drums to provide hard rock rhythms?", "id": "570b6c436b8089140040f946", "answers": [{"text": "The bass guitar", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The electric guitar", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What instrument is often used in soft rock music?", "id": "5a5a20ef9c0277001abe703e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rhythm instrument", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What is played to keep the music from becoming repetitive?", "id": "5a5a20ef9c0277001abe703f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "snare", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "Which bass drum is used to drive rhythms?", "id": "5a5a20ef9c0277001abe7040", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bass guitar", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What instrument is used without the drums for hard rock rhythms?", "id": "5a5a20ef9c0277001abe7041", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "screaming or wailing", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "What do the vocals of rock songs try to avoid?", "id": "5a5a20ef9c0277001abe7042", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and a backbeat on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars. Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice."}], ["Tindakan rock Blues yang mempelopori bunyi itu termasuk Krim, Pengalaman Jimi Hendrix, dan The Jeff Beck Group. Krim, lagu-lagu seperti \"I Feel Free\" (1966) menggabungkan blues rock dengan pop dan psychedelia, terutamanya dalam riffs dan solo gitar Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix menghasilkan satu bentuk rock psychedelic yang dipengaruhi blues, yang menggabungkan unsur-unsur jazz, blues dan rock and roll. Dari tahun 1967 Jeff Beck membawa gitar utama ke ketinggian baru dalam bidang keahlian teknikal dan memindahkan blues rock ke arah batu berat dengan bandnya, The Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies dari The Kinks, Keith Richards dari The Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend The Who, Hendrix, Clapton dan Beck semua merintis penggunaan kesan gitar baru seperti pemisahan, maklum balas dan penyelewengan. The Beatles mula menghasilkan lagu-lagu dalam gaya rock keras yang baru bermula dengan Album Putih pada tahun 1968 dan, dengan lagu \"Helter Skelter\", cuba untuk mencipta tahap bunyi lebih tinggi daripada Siapa. Stephen Thomas Erlewine dari AllMusic telah menggambarkan \"roar proto-logam\" Helter Skelter, \"sementara Ian MacDonald berhujah bahawa\" percubaan mereka meniru gaya berat tanpa terkecuali. \" <> Siapa gitaris untuk kumpulan Krim? || Eric Clapton <> Siapa gitar dalam Kinks? || Dave Davies <> Siapa yang bermain gitar di The Who? || Pete Townshend <> Kapan The White Album keluar? || 1968 <> Keith Richards adalah gitaris band apa? || The Rolling Stones <> Siapa perbuatan keras rock yang mempelopori bunyi blues? || <> Bilakah rekod Jeff Beck Group saya berasa bebas? || <> Artis mana gabungan blues rock dan psychedelia yang menghilangkan elemen jazz? || <> Siapa yang menghasilkan satu bentuk blues psychedelic yang dipengaruhi? || <> Seniman apa yang mengelakkan penggunaan penyimpangan dan merintis kesan gitar baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the guitarist for the band Cream?", "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94c", "answers": [{"text": "Eric Clapton", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the guitarist in the Kinks?", "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94d", "answers": [{"text": "Dave Davies", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played guitar in The Who?", "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94e", "answers": [{"text": "Pete Townshend", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did The White Album come out?", "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f94f", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band?", "id": "570b6d046b8089140040f950", "answers": [{"text": "The Rolling Stones", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jimi Hendrix", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Who was a hard rock act that pioneered the blues sound?", "id": "5a5a219c9c0277001abe7066", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "When did The Jeff Beck Group record I Feel Free?", "id": "5a5a219c9c0277001abe7067", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eric Clapton", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "Which artist combined blues rock and psychedelia leaving out elements of jazz?", "id": "5a5a219c9c0277001abe7068", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jimi Hendrix", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Who produced a form of psychedelic-influenced blues?", "id": "5a5a219c9c0277001abe7069", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jeff Beck", "answer_start": 534}], "question": "What artist avoided the use of distortion and pioneered new guitar effects?", "id": "5a5a219c9c0277001abe706a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and The Jeff Beck Group. Cream, in songs like \"I Feel Free\" (1966) combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock and roll. From 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies of The Kinks, Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend of The Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing, feedback and distortion. The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with the White Album in 1968 and, with the track \"Helter Skelter\", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic has described the \"proto-metal roar\" of \"Helter Skelter,\" while Ian MacDonald argued that \"their attempts at emulating the heavy style were without exception embarrassing.\""}], ["Tindakan yang muncul dalam bahasa Inggeris termasuk Free, yang melepaskan lagu tandatangan mereka \"All Right Now\" (1970), yang telah menerima tayangan radio yang luas di UK dan Amerika Syarikat. Selepas pemisahan band pada tahun 1973, vokalis Paul Rodgers menyertai supergroup Bad Company, yang album pertama eponymous (1974) adalah hit antarabangsa. Campuran batu keras dan batu progresif, yang jelas dalam karya-karya Deep Purple, terus dilakukan secara langsung oleh band seperti Uriah Heep dan Argent. Band Scotland Nazareth melancarkan album debut bertajuk sendiri pada tahun 1971, menghasilkan gabungan batu dan pop rock yang akan menghasilkan jualan terbaik, Hair of the Dog (1975), yang mengandungi ballad proto-power \"Love Hurts\". Setelah menikmati kejayaan kebangsaan pada awal 1970-an, Ratu, selepas pembebasan Sheer Heart Attack (1974) dan A Night di Opera (1975), mendapat pengiktirafan antarabangsa dengan suara yang menggunakan vokal dan gitar berlapis dan campuran rock keras dengan berat logam, batu progresif, dan juga opera. Yang terakhir memaparkan satu \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" tunggal, yang kekal di nombor satu di carta UK selama sembilan minggu. <> Bilakah pembebasan Percuma? || 1973 <> Band apa yang dilakukan penyanyi utama Percuma Paul Rodgers membantu membentuk? || Syarikat Bad <> Bad Company sendiri bertajuk debut album dikeluarkan pada tahun berapa? || 1974 <> Apakah kewarganegaraannya adalah band Nazareth? || Scotland <> Apa yang dipanggil single Queen yang besar pada tahun 1975? || \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" <> Apa akta Amerika yang mengeluarkan lagu All Right Now? || <> Lagu yang mana 1970 oleh Band Percuma tidak menerima siaran radio radio di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa 1974 album oleh Bad Company adalah kegagalan antarabangsa? || <> Apakah band Amerika mengeluarkan Nazareth pada tahun 1971? || <> Band apa yang ada Bohemian Rhapsody tunggal di nombor satu di carta AS selama sembilan minggu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Free break up?", "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9ee", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?", "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9ef", "answers": [{"text": "Bad Company", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bad Company's self titled debut album was released in what year?", "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9f0", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was the band Nazareth?", "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9f1", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen's massive 1975 hit single called?", "id": "570b6879ec8fbc190045b9f2", "answers": [{"text": "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\"", "answer_start": 1022}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Free", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What American act released the song All Right Now?", "id": "5a5a2b609c0277001abe708e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "All Right Now", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Which 1970 song by the band Free received no radio airplay in the US?", "id": "5a5a2b609c0277001abe708f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bad Company", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What 1974 album by Bad Company was an international flop?", "id": "5a5a2b609c0277001abe7090", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazareth", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "What American band released Nazareth in 1971?", "id": "5a5a2b609c0277001abe7091", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "What band had the single Bohemian Rhapsody at number one on the US charts for nine weeks?", "id": "5a5a2b609c0277001abe7092", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song \"All Right Now\" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US. After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company, whose eponymous first album (1974) was an international hit. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like Uriah Heep and Argent. Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled d\u00e9but album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad \"Love Hurts\". Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, Queen, after the release of Sheer Heart Attack (1974) and A Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even opera. The latter featured the single \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which stayed at number one in the UK charts for nine weeks."}], ["Pada tahun 1960-an, blues dan band rock Amerika dan British mula mengubah suai rock dan roll dengan menambah bunyi yang lebih keras, riff gitar yang lebih berat, drumming bombastic, dan vokal yang lebih kuat, dari blues elektrik. Formula awal batu keras boleh didengar dalam karya para pemuzik blues Chicago Elmore James, Muddy Waters, dan Howlin 'Wolf, versi Kingsmen dari \"Louie Louie\" (1963) yang menjadikannya standard batu garaj, dan lagu-lagu rentak dan blues mempengaruhi tindakan Invasi British, termasuk \"You Really Got Me\" oleh The Kinks (1964), \"Generasi Saya\" oleh The Who (1965), \"Bentuk Perkara\" (1966) oleh The Yardbirds dan \" Dapatkan Tidak) Kepuasan \"(1965) oleh The Rolling Stones. Sejak akhir 1960-an, ia menjadi perkara biasa untuk membahagikan muzik rock arus perdana yang muncul dari psychedelia menjadi batu lembut dan keras. Batu lembut sering berasal dari batu rakyat, menggunakan instrumen akustik dan meletakkan lebih banyak penekanan pada melodi dan harmoni. Sebaliknya, batu keras paling sering diturunkan dari rock blues dan dimainkan lebih kuat dan dengan intensiti lebih. <> Siapa tiga pemain blues Chicago yang mempengaruhi batu keras? || Elmore James, Muddy Waters, dan Howlin 'Wolf <> yang merekodkan \"You Really Got Me\"? || The Kinks <> \"Bentuk Perkara\" adalah 1966 tunggal oleh band apa? || The Yardbirds <> Apa klasik batu garaj yang dicatatkan oleh The Kingsmen? || \"Louie Louie\" <> Bilakah Rolling Stones melepaskan \"(Saya Tidak Dapat Tidak\" Kepuasan \"? || 1965 <> Ketika band rock mula memodifikasi rock dengan menggunakan bunyi yang lebih lembut? || <> Ketika Muddy Waters merakamkan lagu Louie Louie? || <> Kapan The Yardbirds merekodkan lagu yang Anda Benar-benar Mendapat Saya? || <> Apa lagu The Kinks rekod pada tahun 1965? || <> Siapa pemain blues Chicago yang mempunyai sedikit pengaruh di atas batu keras? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were three Chicago blues players who influenced hard rock?", "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e4", "answers": [{"text": "Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recorded \"You Really Got Me\"?", "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e5", "answers": [{"text": "The Kinks", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"Shapes of Things\" was a 1966 single by what band?", "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e6", "answers": [{"text": "The Yardbirds", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What garage rock classic was recorded by The Kingsmen?", "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e7", "answers": [{"text": "\"Louie Louie\"", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Rolling Stones release \"(I Can't Get No\" Satisfaction\"?", "id": "570b6750ec8fbc190045b9e8", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In the 1960s", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did rock bands began to modify rock by using softer sounds?", "id": "5a5a217f9c0277001abe705c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "When did Muddy Waters record the song Louie Louie?", "id": "5a5a217f9c0277001abe705d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "When did The Yardbirds record the song You Really Got Me?", "id": "5a5a217f9c0277001abe705e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "My Generation", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What song did The Kinks record in 1965?", "id": "5a5a217f9c0277001abe705f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howlin' Wolf", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Who was a Chicago blues player who had very little influence on hard rock?", "id": "5a5a217f9c0277001abe7060", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to modify rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming, and louder vocals, from electric blues. Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf, The Kingsmen's version of \"Louie Louie\" (1963) which made it a garage rock standard, and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts, including \"You Really Got Me\" by The Kinks (1964), \"My Generation\" by The Who (1965), \"Shapes of Things\" (1966) by The Yardbirds and \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" (1965) by The Rolling Stones. From the late 1960s, it became common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from blues rock and was played louder and with more intensity."}], ["Walaupun beberapa kumpulan rock keras berjaya mempertahankan kejayaan dan popularitinya pada awal dekad, bentuk rock alternatif mencapai kejayaan utama dalam bentuk grunge di Amerika Syarikat dan Britpop di UK. Ini amat jelas selepas kejayaan Nevermind (1991) Nirvana yang menggabungkan unsur-unsur tegar punk dan logam berat menjadi bunyi \"kotor\" yang menggunakan penyimpangan, fuzz dan maklum balas gitar berat, bersama dengan tema lirikal yang lebih gelap daripada \"rambut mereka band \"pendahulu. Walaupun kebanyakan band grunge mempunyai bunyi yang menyerupai batuan keras arus utama, beberapa, termasuk Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone dan Soundgarden, lebih kuat dipengaruhi oleh tahun 1970an dan 1980an batu dan logam, sementara Stone Temple Pilots berjaya menghidupkan alternatif batu ke dalam bentuk batu stadium. Walau bagaimanapun, semua band grunge menghindarkan estet macho, anthemik dan fesyen yang berfokus terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan glam metal. Di UK, Oasis adalah luar biasa di kalangan band Britpop pada pertengahan 1990-an dalam menggabungkan bunyi keras rock. <> Apakah tajuk album Nirvana 1991? || Nevermind <> Apakah gaya batu keras yang muncul pada awal tahun 1990-an? || grunge <> Apa beberapa kumpulan grunge dengan pengaruh 1970-an? || Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone dan Soundgarden <> Apa tahun 1990-an band rock keras mempunyai stadium rock besar? || Batu Kuil Pilot <> Unsur apa yang membuat Oasis unik di kalangan band Britpop tahun 1990? || bunyi keras keras <> Siapa yang berjaya dengan lagu rock lembut Nevermind pada tahun 1991? || <> Apa bentuk muzik menggabungkan bunyi gitar berat untuk menghasilkan maklum balas? || <> Band apa jenis yang konsisten dengan arus batu arus utama? || <> Apakah bentuk muzik yang dilakukan Pilatus Kuil Batu bertukar menjadi batu permata arus perdana? || <> Apakah estetika yang dilakukan oleh semua band grunge? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?", "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f938", "answers": [{"text": "Nevermind", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?", "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f939", "answers": [{"text": "grunge", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?", "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f93a", "answers": [{"text": "Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?", "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f93b", "answers": [{"text": "Stone Temple Pilots", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?", "id": "570b6a916b8089140040f93c", "answers": [{"text": "a hard rock sound", "answer_start": 1043}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nirvana", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "Who had success with the soft rock song Nevermind in 1991?", "id": "5a5a48ea9c0277001abe70f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hardcore punk and heavy metal", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What form of music combined the clean sound of heavy guitar to produce feedback?", "id": "5a5a48ea9c0277001abe70f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "grunge bands", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "What kind of bands were consistent with mainstream hard rock?", "id": "5a5a48ea9c0277001abe70f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alternative rock", "answer_start": 783}], "question": "What form of music did Stone Temple Pilots turn into mainstream hard rock?", "id": "5a5a48ea9c0277001abe70f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics", "answer_start": 867}], "question": "What aesthetics did all grunge bands embrace?", "id": "5a5a48ea9c0277001abe70f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a \"dirty\" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their \"hair band\" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound."}], ["Selalunya dikategorikan dengan Gelombang Baru British Heavy Metal, pada tahun 1981 Def Leppard mengeluarkan album kedua mereka High 'n' Dry, mencampurkan glam-rock dengan logam berat, dan membantu untuk menentukan bunyi rock keras selama sedekad. The follow-up Pyromania (1983), mencapai angka dua di carta Amerika dan single \"Gambar\", \"Rock of Ages\" dan \"Foolin\", dibantu oleh kemunculan MTV, semuanya mencapai Top 40. Ia secara meluas ditiru, terutamanya oleh pemandangan logam glam California yang baru muncul. Ini diikuti oleh tindakan-tindakan AS seperti M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, dengan album-album mereka Terlalu Cepat untuk Cinta (1981) dan Shout pada Syaitan (1983) dan, ketika gaya bertambah, kedatangan band-band seperti Ratt, Singa Putih, Riot. Album Kesihatan Tilam Riot (1983) adalah album metal glam yang pertama, dan boleh dikatakan album logam berat pertama, untuk mencapai nombor satu dalam carta muzik Billboard dan membantu membuka pintu untuk kejayaan arus perdana oleh band-band berikutnya. <> Apakah sub-genre rock keras yang dimiliki oleh Def Leppard? || Gelombang Baru British Heavy Metal <> Apakah album kedua Def Leppard dipanggil? || Tinggi 'n' Kering <> Apa tiga singa Top 40 dari album Pyromania Def Leppard? || \"Foto\", \"Rock of Ages\" dan \"Foolin '\" <> Band apa yang mempunyai album metal glam yang pertama memukul nombor satu di carta Billboard? || Kerusuhan Tenang <> Bilakah album Motley Crue Shout At The Devil keluar? || 1983 <> Siapa yang sering dikategorikan dengan Gelombang Baru Metal Heavy Amerika? || <> Apakah album pertama yang dikeluarkan oleh Def Leppard? || <> Apa album Def Leppard mencapai nombor dua di carta muzik British? || <> Bilakah band Ratt melepaskan album Terlalu Cepat untuk Cinta mereka? || <> Apakah nama album 198 Twisted Sister yang mencapai nombor satu pada carta muzik Billboard? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sub-genre of hard rock does Def Leppard belong to?", "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba00", "answers": [{"text": "the New Wave of British Heavy Metal", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Def Leppard's second album called?", "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba01", "answers": [{"text": "High 'n' Dry", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the three Top 40 singles from Def Leppard's Pyromania album?", "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba02", "answers": [{"text": "\"Photograph\", \"Rock of Ages\" and \"Foolin'\"", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band had the first glam metal album to hit number one on the Billboard charts?", "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba03", "answers": [{"text": "Quiet Riot", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Motley Crue's album Shout At The Devil come out?", "id": "570b69c1ec8fbc190045ba04", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Def Leppard", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who is often categorized with the New Wave of American Heavy Metal?", "id": "5a5a3dd89c0277001abe70c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "High 'n' Dry", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is the first album released by Def Leppard?", "id": "5a5a3dd89c0277001abe70c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pyromania", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What Def Leppard album reached number two on the British music charts?", "id": "5a5a3dd89c0277001abe70c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "When did the band Ratt release their Too Fast for Love album?", "id": "5a5a3dd89c0277001abe70c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Metal Health", "answer_start": 732}], "question": "What was the name of the 1983 Twisted Sister album that reached number one on the Billboard music charts?", "id": "5a5a3dd89c0277001abe70c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Often categorised with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. The follow-up Pyromania (1983), reached number two on the American charts and the singles \"Photograph\", \"Rock of Ages\" and \"Foolin'\", helped by the emergence of MTV, all reached the Top 40. It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian glam metal scene. This was followed by US acts like M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, with their albums Too Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as Ratt, White Lion, Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot. Quiet Riot's album Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands."}], ["Walaupun Foo Fighters terus menjadi salah satu tindakan rock yang paling berjaya, dengan album seperti In Your Honor (2005) mencapai nombor dua di Amerika Syarikat dan UK, banyak gelombang pertama kumpulan pasca grunge mula memudar dalam populariti. Bertindak seperti Creed, Staind, Limbah Mudd dan Nickelback mengambil genre ini pada tahun 2000-an dengan kejayaan komersial yang besar, meninggalkan kebanyakan kemarahan dan kemarahan pergerakan asal untuk lagu, naratif dan lagu romantis yang lebih konvensional. Mereka diikuti dalam urat ini dengan tindakan baru termasuk Shinedown dan Seether. Bertindak dengan bunyi rock keras yang lebih konvensional termasuk Andrew WK, Makhluk Cantik dan Buckcherry, album terheboh 15 (2006) memenangi platinum dan melahirkan single \"Sorry\" (2007), yang menjadikan Top 10 Billboard 100. band dengan pegangan keras yang muncul pada pertengahan 2000-an dari rock garaj atau kebangkitan post punk, termasuk Black Rebel Motorcycle Club dan Kings of Leon, dan Queens of the Age Stone dari Amerika Syarikat, Three Days Grace dari Kanada, Jet dari Australia dan The Datsuns dari New Zealand. Pada tahun 2009 The Crooked Vultures, kumpulan yang membawa bersama Foo Fighters 'Dave Grohl, Queens of the Age of Stone Josh Homme dan pemain bass Led Zeppelin, John Paul Jones menarik perhatian sebagai aksi langsung dan mengeluarkan album debut bertajuk sendiri yang mencapai puncak 20 di AS dan UK dan sepuluh di beberapa negara lain. <> Bilakah album Foo Fighters In Your Honor keluar? || 2005 <> Tiga Hari Grace adalah dari negara mana? || Kanada <> Jet band adalah dari negara apa? || Australia <> Apa supergroup yang memaparkan ahli Foo Fighters, Queens of the Age Stone dan Led Zeppelin? || The Crooked Vultures <> Apakah gelaran Buckcherry's 2007 hit single? || \"Maaf\" <> Apa album Foo Fighters 2005 mencapai nombor satu di Amerika Syarikat dan UK? || <> Berapa tahunkah kumpulan pasca grunge mula menjadi popular? || <> Band apa yang mempunyai kejayaan komersial yang besar dengan menghasilkan kemarahan dan kemarahan? || <> Apa Andrew W.K. album pergi platinum dan melahirkan tunggal Maaf? || <> Tahun berapa mereka The Crooked Vultures melancarkan album debut bertajuk sendiri yang menampilkan Jet? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out?", "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0a", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Three Days Grace is from what country?", "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0b", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 1030}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The band Jet is from what country?", "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0c", "answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 1047}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin?", "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0d", "answers": [{"text": "Them Crooked Vultures", "answer_start": 1099}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Buckcherry's 2007 hit single?", "id": "570b6b77ec8fbc190045ba0e", "answers": [{"text": "\"Sorry\"", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In Your Honor", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What 2005 Foo Fighters album reached number one in both the US and UK?", "id": "5a5a54799c0277001abe7124", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What year did post-grunge bands began to become popular?", "id": "5a5a54799c0277001abe7125", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nickelback", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What band had considerable commercial success by producing angst and anger?", "id": "5a5a54799c0277001abe7126", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beautiful Creatures", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What Andrew W.K. album went platinum and spawned the single Sorry?", "id": "5a5a54799c0277001abe7127", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 1094}], "question": "What year did Them Crooked Vultures release a self-titled debut album featuring Jet?", "id": "5a5a54799c0277001abe7128", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like In Your Honor (2005) reaching number two in the US and UK, many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like Creed, Staind, Puddle of Mudd and Nickelback took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including Shinedown and Seether. Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K., Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry, whose breakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum and spawned the single \"Sorry\" (2007), which made the Top 10 of the Billboard 100. These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock or post punk revival, including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon, and Queens of the Stone Age from the US, Three Days Grace from Canada, Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand. In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that reached the top 20 in the US and UK and the top ten in several other countries."}], ["Band yang ditubuhkan membuat sesuatu kemunculan semula pada pertengahan 1980-an. Selepas perpisahan selama 8 tahun, Deep Purple kembali dengan Line-up Ketua Mesin klasik untuk menghasilkan Perfect Strangers (1984), yang mencapai angka lima di UK, melanda lima teratas di lima negara lain, dan merupakan penjual platinum dalam Amerika Syarikat. Selepas penjualan album keempat yang lebih perlahan, Fair Warning, Van Halen melantun dengan album Top 3 Diver Down pada tahun 1982, kemudian meraih keunggulan komersial mereka pada tahun 1984. Ia mencecah angka dua di carta album Billboard dan menyediakan lagu \"Jump\" yang mencapai nombor satu pada carta perseorangan dan kekal di sana selama beberapa minggu. Jantung, selepas gagal dalam separuh pertama dekad, membuat kemunculan semula dengan album studio kesembilan mereka yang memukul nombor satu dan mengandungi empat perseorangan Top 10 termasuk hit nombor pertama mereka. Media baru saluran video telah digunakan dengan kejayaan besar oleh kumpulan-kumpulan yang terbentuk pada dekad-dekad terdahulu. Antara yang pertama adalah ZZ Top, yang menyanyikan lagu blues keras dengan muzik gelombang baru untuk menghasilkan satu perseorangan yang sangat berjaya, bermula dengan \"Gimme All Your Lovin '\" (1983), yang membantu album Eliminator (1983) dan Afterburner (1985 ) mencapai status berlian dan multi-platinum masing-masing. Lain-lain mendapati kejayaan yang diperbaharui dalam carta perseorangan dengan balada kuasa, termasuk REO Speedwagon dengan \"Keep on Loving You\" (1980) dan \"Tidak dapat Memerangi Perasaan Ini\" (1984), Perjalanan dengan \"Do not Stop Believin '\" (1981 ) dan \"Open Arms\" (1982), \"I Want to Know What Love Is\", \"The Loving You Scorpions\" (kedua-duanya dari tahun 1984), Heart \"What About Love\" (1985) ), dan \"Amanda\" Boston (1986). <> Apakah tajuk album perjumpaan Deep Purple pada tahun 1980-an? || Strangers yang Sempurna <> Apa album yang paling komersial Van Halen? || 1984 <> Dalam tahun apakah ZZ Top release Eliminator? || 1983 <> Band apa yang direkodkan \"Terus Terlihat Anda\"? || REO Speedwagon <> Single hit \"Amanda\" dirakamkan oleh band apa? || Boston <> Berapa tahun Deep Purple tampil sebelum menghasilkan Orang Strangers yang Sempurna? || <> Apa album Deep Purple mencapai nombor lima di carta muzik Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa album Van Halen dari tahun 1982 telah agak perlahan jualan? || <> Album Heart yang mana mengandungi 10 nombor satu hits? || <> Apa yang berjaya tunggal ZZ Tops dihasilkan pada tahun 1980? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the title of Deep Purple's 1980s reunion album?", "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f956", "answers": [{"text": "Perfect Strangers", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What album was Van Halen's commercial high point?", "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f957", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator?", "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f958", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 1171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band recorded \"Keep On Loving You\"?", "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f959", "answers": [{"text": "REO Speedwagon", "answer_start": 1337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The hit single \"Amanda\" was recorded by what band?", "id": "570b6ef56b8089140040f95a", "answers": [{"text": "Boston", "answer_start": 1646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "How many years was Deep Purple performing before producing Perfect Strangers?", "id": "5a5a3f9b9c0277001abe70ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Perfect Strangers", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What Deep Purple album reached number five on the US music charts?", "id": "5a5a3f9b9c0277001abe70cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fair Warning", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What Van Halen album from 1982 had somewhat slower sales?", "id": "5a5a3f9b9c0277001abe70cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heart", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "Which Heart album contained 10 number one hits?", "id": "5a5a3f9b9c0277001abe70cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Keep on Loving You", "answer_start": 1358}], "question": "What was ZZ Tops successful single produced in 1980?", "id": "5a5a3f9b9c0277001abe70ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984), which reached number five in the UK, hit the top five in five other countries, and was a platinum-seller in the US. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with the Top 3 album Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. It reached number two on the Billboard album chart and provided the track \"Jump\", which reached number one on the singles chart and remained there for several weeks. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which hit number one and contained four Top 10 singles including their first number one hit. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \"Gimme All Your Lovin'\" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \"Keep on Loving You\" (1980) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1984), Journey with \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) and \"Open Arms\" (1982), Foreigner's \"I Want to Know What Love Is\", Scorpions' \"Still Loving You\" (both from 1984), Heart\u2019s \"What About Love\" (1985) and \"These Dreams\" (1986), and Boston's \"Amanda\" (1986)."}], ["Di dalam kumpulan komersial baru glam metal komersial seperti Eropah, Ratt, Singa Putih dan Cinderella putus, Whitesnake telah berlalu pada tahun 1991, dan sementara banyak band ini akan bersatu kembali pada akhir 1990-an atau awal 2000-an, mereka tidak pernah mencapai kejayaan komersial yang mereka lihat pada tahun 1980-an atau awal 1990-an. Band-band lain seperti M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce dan Poison melihat perubahan kakitangan yang memberi kesan kepada daya maju komersil band semasa dekad ini. Pada tahun 1995 Van Halen mengeluarkan Baki, penjual pelbagai platinum yang akan menjadi band terakhir dengan Sammy Hagar pada vokal. Pada tahun 1996, David Lee Roth kembali ringkas dan penggantinya, bekas penyanyi Extreme Gary Cherone, dipecat tidak lama selepas pembebasan album 1998 yang tidak berjaya Van Halen III dan Van Halen tidak akan melawat atau mencatat lagi sehingga tahun 2004. Guns N 'Roses asli barisan telah diruntuhkan sepanjang dekad. Drummer Steven Adler dipecat pada tahun 1990, pemain gitar Izzy Stradlin meninggalkan pada akhir 1991 selepas merekodkan Gunakan Illusion I dan II dengan band. Ketegangan antara ahli band lain dan penyanyi utama Axl Rose terus selepas pembebasan tahun 1993 merangkumi album The Spaghetti Incident? Gitaris Slash ditinggalkan pada tahun 1996, diikuti oleh bassist Duff McKagan pada tahun 1997. Axl Rose, satu-satunya ahli asal, bekerja dengan barisan yang sentiasa berubah dalam rakaman album yang akan mengambil masa lebih daripada lima belas tahun untuk diselesaikan. <> Apa album terakhir Van Halen dengan Sammy Hagar? || Baki <> Siapa pemain drum Guns N Roses yang dipecat oleh band ini? || Steven Adler <> Apa bekas ahli Extreme sebentar berkhidmat sebagai penyanyi utama untuk Van Halen? || Gary Cherone <> Siapa sahaja ahli asal yang tinggal di Guns N Roses? || Axl Rose <> Slash meninggalkan Guns N Roses dalam tahun berapa? || 1996 <> Band mana yang menemui kejayaan komersial mereka lebih besar selepas mereka bersatu semula? || <> Album apa yang dikeluarkan oleh Van Halen pada tahun 1995 tidak termasuk Sammy Hagar pada vokal? || <> Siapa yang digantikan adalah pengganti David Lee Roth selepas dia dipecat? || <> Apa album Van Halen 2004 menyebabkan Van Halen pergi dalam perjalanan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan pelepasan Insiden Spaghetti Axl Rose di kalangan kumpulan itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Van Halen's last album with Sammy Hagar?", "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba1e", "answers": [{"text": "Balance", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Guns N Roses drummer who was fired by the band?", "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba1f", "answers": [{"text": "Steven Adler", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What former member of Extreme briefly served as the lead singer for Van Halen?", "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba20", "answers": [{"text": "Gary Cherone", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the only original member left in Guns N Roses?", "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba21", "answers": [{"text": "Axl Rose", "answer_start": 1224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Slash left Guns N Roses in what year?", "id": "570b6fd2ec8fbc190045ba22", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 1176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Whitesnake", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "Which band found their commercial success much greater after they re-united?", "id": "5a5a4cb69c0277001abe70fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balance", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What album by Van Halen released in 1995 did not include Sammy Hagar on vocals?", "id": "5a5a4cb69c0277001abe70fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gary Cherone", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "Who replaced was the replacement for David Lee Roth after he was fired?", "id": "5a5a4cb69c0277001abe70fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Van Halen III", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "What 2004 Van Halen album caused Van Halen to go on tour?", "id": "5a5a4cb69c0277001abe70ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tensions", "answer_start": 1010}], "question": "What did the release of Axl Rose's The Spaghetti Incident cause among the band?", "id": "5a5a4cb69c0277001abe7100", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt, White Lion and Cinderella broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s. Other bands such as M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce and Poison saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen released Balance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004. Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers album The Spaghetti Incident? Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete."}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, perintis rock-rock yang terkenal, Alice Cooper mencapai kejayaan utama dengan 10 album teratas Sekolah Out (1972). Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, rockers Zu Top mengeluarkan album klasik mereka, Tres Hombres dan Aerosmith menghasilkan debut eponim mereka, seperti pelukis Selatan Lynyrd Skynyrd dan pakaian proto-punk New York Dolls, menunjukkan arah yang pelbagai yang sedang diikuti dalam genre. Montrose, termasuk bakat instrumental Ronnie Montrose dan vokal Sammy Hagar dan boleh dikatakan kumpulan pertama band rock keras Amerika untuk mencabar dominasi British genre, mengeluarkan album pertama mereka pada tahun 1973. Kiss dibina di atas teater Alice Cooper dan rupa daripada New York Dolls untuk menghasilkan persona band yang unik, mencapai kejayaan komersial mereka dengan album live Alive! pada tahun 1975 dan membantu mengambil batu keras ke era rock stadium. Pada pertengahan 1970-an Aerosmith mencapai kejayaan komersil dan artistik mereka dengan Mainan di Attic (1975), yang mencapai angka 11 dalam carta album Amerika, dan Rocks (1976), yang memuncak pada nombor tiga. Blue \u00d6yster Cult, yang dibentuk pada lewat 60-an, mengambil beberapa elemen yang diperkenalkan oleh Black Sabbath dengan album emas hidup mereka pada On Your Feet atau pada Knees Anda (1975), diikuti dengan album platinum pertama mereka, Ejen Fortune (1976 ), yang mengandungi satu hit \"(Jangan Takut) The Reaper\", yang mencapai nombor 12 di carta Billboard. Perjalanan melancarkan debut eponim mereka pada tahun 1975 dan tahun depan Boston mengeluarkan album debut mereka yang sangat berjaya. Pada tahun yang sama, kumpulan rock keras yang memaparkan wanita melihat kejayaan komersil sebagai Heart released Dreamboat Annie dan The Runaways dengan album mereka sendiri. Walaupun Heart mempunyai bunyi rock yang berorientasikan rakyat yang lebih banyak, Runaways bersandar lebih jauh ke arah campuran punk yang dipengaruhi muzik dan rock keras. The Amboy Dukes, yang muncul dari adegan rock garaj Detroit dan yang paling terkenal dengan hit 20 psychedelic mereka \"Perjalanan ke Pusat Pikiran\" (1968), telah dibubarkan oleh gitaris mereka Ted Nugent, yang memulakan kerjaya solo yang menghasilkan dalam empat album multi-platinum berturut-turut antara Ted Nugent (1975) dan jualan terbaiknya Double Live Gonzo (1978). <> Siapa yang mencatatkan album Sekolah Out? || Alice Cooper <> Tres Hombres adalah nama album oleh band apa? || ZZ Top <> Siapa penyanyi utama Montrose? || Sammy Hagar <> Kiss 'double live album Alive! keluar tahun berapa? || 1975 <> Siapa yang mempunyai single hit dengan \"(Jangan Takut) The Reaper\"? || Blue \u00d6yster Cult <> Apa penyanyi yang dilahirkan oleh Britain yang berjaya dengan album Sekolah Out? || <> Siapa band rock pertama Britain untuk Mencabar dominasi Amerika dalam genre rock keras? || <> Band apa yang dilakukan oleh Alice Cooper? || <> Tahun berapa adalah Mainan di Attic oleh Blue Oyster Cult dihasilkan? || <> Berapa tinggi pada carta papan iklan membuat lagu itu (Jangan Takut) The Reaper by Journey reach? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who recorded the album School's Out?", "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba14", "answers": [{"text": "Alice Cooper", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?", "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba15", "answers": [{"text": "ZZ Top", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the lead singer of Montrose?", "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba16", "answers": [{"text": "Sammy Hagar", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?", "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba17", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a hit single with \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\"?", "id": "570b6da3ec8fbc190045ba18", "answers": [{"text": "Blue \u00d6yster Cult", "answer_start": 1089}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alice Cooper", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What British born singer achieved success with the album School's Out?", "id": "5a5a2ec89c0277001abe7098", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Montrose", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "Who was the first British rock band to Challenge the American dominance of the hard rock genre?", "id": "5a5a2ec89c0277001abe7099", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kiss", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "What band did Alice Cooper mimic?", "id": "5a5a2ec89c0277001abe709a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 889}], "question": "What year was Toys in the Attic by Blue Oyster Cult produced?", "id": "5a5a2ec89c0277001abe709b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "number 12", "answer_start": 1404}], "question": "How high on the billboard charts did the song (Don't Fear) The Reaper by Journey reach?", "id": "5a5a2ec89c0277001abe709c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous d\u00e9but, as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre. Montrose, including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar and arguably the first all American hard rock band to challenge the British dominance of the genre, released their first album in 1973. Kiss built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album Alive! in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era. In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with Toys in the Attic (1975), which reached number 11 in the American album chart, and Rocks (1976), which peaked at number three. Blue \u00d6yster Cult, formed in the late 60s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\", which reached number 12 on the Billboard charts. Journey released their eponymous debut in 1975 and the next year Boston released their highly successful d\u00e9but album. In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as Heart released Dreamboat Annie and The Runaways d\u00e9buted with their self-titled album. While Heart had a more folk-oriented hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of punk-influenced music and hard rock. The Amboy Dukes, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their Top 20 psychedelic hit \"Journey to the Center of the Mind\" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist Ted Nugent, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between Ted Nugent (1975) and his best selling Double Live Gonzo (1978)."}], ["Pada akhir 1960-an, istilah logam berat digunakan secara bergantian dengan batu keras, tetapi secara beransur-ansur mula digunakan untuk menggambarkan muzik yang dimainkan dengan lebih banyak jumlah dan intensiti. Walaupun rock keras mengekalkan identiti rock dan roll yang bluesy, termasuk beberapa swing di pukulan belakang dan riffs yang cenderung untuk menggariskan perkembangan kord dalam cangkuk mereka, riff logam berat sering berfungsi sebagai melodi yang berdiri sendiri dan tidak mempunyai ayunan mereka. Logam berat mengambil ciri-ciri \"gelap\" selepas kejayaan Black Sabbath pada permulaan tahun 1970-an. Pada tahun 1980-an ia membangunkan beberapa subgenres, yang sering dipanggil logam melampau, yang sebahagiannya dipengaruhi oleh punk tegar, dan yang selanjutnya membezakan kedua-dua gaya. Walaupun pembezaan ini, batu keras dan logam berat telah wujud bersebelahan, dengan band yang sering berdiri di sempadan, atau menyeberang antara, genre. <> Pada lewat 60-an, istilah apa yang sinonim dengan batu keras? || logam berat <> Apa kumpulan logam berat yang memperkenalkan tema gelap kepada muzik? || Black Sabbath <> Apakah genre yang mempengaruhi logam melampau pada tahun 1980-an? || punk tegar <> Hard rock dibezakan daripada logam berat dengan mengandungi lebih banyak pengaruh genre apa? || bluesy <> Dalam logam berat, riffs biasanya membentuk elemen apa saja lagu? || melodi yang berdiri sendiri <> Istilah mana yang tidak pernah digunakan secara bergantian dengan batu keras? || <> Apa perubahan muzik rock untuk mengekalkan identiti? || <> Apa riffs digabungkan untuk membuat ayunan? || <> Band apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1960-an dengan penekanan pada tema yang lebih gelap? || <> Yang dua genre tidak pernah dianggap mempunyai persamaan yang sama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?", "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f960", "answers": [{"text": "heavy metal", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?", "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f961", "answers": [{"text": "Black Sabbath", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?", "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f962", "answers": [{"text": "hardcore punk", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?", "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f963", "answers": [{"text": "bluesy", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?", "id": "570b70e66b8089140040f964", "answers": [{"text": "stand-alone melodies", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavy metal", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "Which term was never used interchangeably with hard rock?", "id": "5a5a21359c0277001abe7048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "volume and intensity", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What did hard rock music change to keep it's identity?", "id": "5a5a21359c0277001abe7049", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavy metal's riffs", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "What riffs were combined to create swing?", "id": "5a5a21359c0277001abe704a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Black Sabbath", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "What band had a 1960s break through with an emphasis on darker themes?", "id": "5a5a21359c0277001abe704b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hard rock and heavy metal", "answer_start": 742}], "question": "Which two genres have never considered to have very much in common?", "id": "5a5a21359c0277001abe704c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on \"darker\" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres."}], ["Menjelang akhir dekad genre rock keras muncul dengan kumpulan seperti Led Zeppelin, yang bercampur dengan muzik dari rock rock awal dengan bentuk rock blues dan rock asam lebih tajam di dua album pertama mereka Led Zeppelin (1969 ) dan Led Zeppelin II (1969), dan Deep Purple, yang bermula sebagai kumpulan rock progresif tetapi mencapai kejayaan komersial mereka dengan album keempat dan tersendiri, In Rock (1970). Juga penting adalah Paranoid Hitam Sabat (1970), yang menggabungkan riff gitar dengan kekacauan dan rujukan yang lebih jelas mengenai ghaib dan unsur-unsur seram Gothic. Ketiga-tiga band ini telah dilihat sebagai penting dalam pembangunan logam berat, tetapi di mana logam semakin menonjolkan keamatan muzik, dengan band-band seperti Judas Priest yang mengikuti penerapan Sabat ke wilayah yang sering \"lebih gelap dan lebih mengancam\", rock keras cenderung untuk terus menjadi muzik yang lebih senang dan gembira. <> Dua album pertama Led Zeppelin kedua-duanya keluar dalam tahun berapa? || 1969 <> Apakah tajuk album rock Deep Purple yang 1970? || Dalam Rock <> Black Sabbath lyrics mengandungi rujukan kepada apa batu sentuhan budaya? || ghaib dan unsur-unsur kegilaan Gothic <> Apakah tajuk album Black Sabbath tahun 1970? || Paranoid <> Apa satu kumpulan yang langsung dipengaruhi oleh Black Sabbath? || Judas Priest <> Apa album rock asid yang memimpin rekod Led Zeppelin pada tahun 1970? || <> Kumpulan apa yang berpindah dari batu keras ke batu progresif? || <> Kumpulan mana yang tidak mencapai kejayaan komersial pada tahun 1970? || <> Siapa liriknya mengandungi unsur-unsur yang memberi amaran terhadap okultisme? || <> Tahun berapa Judas Priest menghasilkan album Paranoid? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?", "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba28", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?", "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba29", "answers": [{"text": "In Rock", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?", "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba2a", "answers": [{"text": "occult and elements of Gothic horror", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?", "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba2b", "answers": [{"text": "Paranoid", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?", "id": "570b71adec8fbc190045ba2c", "answers": [{"text": "Judas Priest", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zeppelin II", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What acid rock album did Led Zeppelin record in 1970?", "id": "5a5a270a9c0277001abe707a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deep Purple", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What group moved from hard rock to progressive rock?", "id": "5a5a270a9c0277001abe707b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deep Purple", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Which group did not achieve a commercial breakthrough in 1970?", "id": "5a5a270a9c0277001abe707c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Black Sabbath", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "Who's lyrics contained elements that warned against the occult?", "id": "5a5a270a9c0277001abe707d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What year did Judas Priest produced the album Paranoid?", "id": "5a5a270a9c0277001abe707e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often \"darker and more menacing\", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music."}], ["Dengan kebangkitan disko di AS dan punk rock di UK, dominasi arus perdana rock keras disaingi ke arah bahagian akhir dekad ini. Disco merayu kepada kumpulan orang yang lebih pelbagai dan punk seolah-olah mengambil alih peranan pemberontakan yang pernah dipegang oleh batu keras. Band-band punk awal seperti The Ramones secara terang-terangan memberontak terhadap solos gendang dan solost gitar yang melambangkan stadium rock, dengan hampir semua lagu mereka mencatatkan waktu sekitar dua minit tanpa solat gitar. Bagaimanapun, perbuatan batu baru terus muncul dan mencatatkan jualan kekal tinggi pada tahun 1980-an. 1977 menyaksikan debut dan bangkit menjadi bintang asing, yang kemudiannya melepaskan beberapa album platinum hingga pertengahan 1980-an. Kelompok-kelompok Midwestern seperti Kansas, REO Speedwagon dan Styx membantu lagi batu permata semen di Midwest sebagai bentuk batu stadium. Pada tahun 1978, Van Halen muncul dari tempat kejadian muzik Los Angeles dengan bunyi berdasarkan kemahiran gitaris utama Eddie Van Halen. Beliau mempopularkan teknik bermain gitar dua pukulan dan pull-off yang dipanggil mengetuk, dipamerkan pada lagu \"Eruption\" dari album Van Halen, yang sangat berpengaruh dalam mendirikan rock keras sebagai genre yang popular setelah punk dan letupan disko, sementara juga mentakrifkan semula dan meningkatkan peranan gitar elektrik. <> Apa dua genre yang dibuat di atas batu keras pada tahun 1970-an? || disko di Amerika Syarikat dan punk rock di UK <> Apa lagu-lagu band punk jarang melebihi dua minit panjang? || The Ramones <> Apa tiga kumpulan band rock keras tengah barat? || Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx <> Apa bandar Van Halen berasal dari? || Los Angeles <> Yang mana Van Halen memainkan peran penting dalam penguasaan gitar Eddie Van Halen? || \"Letusan\" <> Apa yang diganti dengan batu keras sebagai genre arus perdana? || <> Apakah band punk The Ramones merangkul sebagai sebahagian daripada muzik mereka? || <> Apa band San Francisco menggunakan kemahiran gitaris Eddie Van Halen? || <> Album apa yang menjadi lagu pameran Van Halen? || <> Siapa yang sangat berpengaruh dalam mencipta populariti punk dan muzik disko? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?", "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96a", "answers": [{"text": "disco in the US and punk rock in the UK", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?", "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96b", "answers": [{"text": "The Ramones", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were three midwestern hard rock bands?", "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96c", "answers": [{"text": "Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx", "answer_start": 724}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was Van Halen originally from?", "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96d", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 867}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?", "id": "570b72646b8089140040f96e", "answers": [{"text": "\"Eruption\"", "answer_start": 1082}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "punk rock", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What did hard rock replace as a mainstream genre?", "id": "5a5a34089c0277001abe70ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drum solos and extended guitar solos", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What did the punk band The Ramones embrace as part of their music? ", "id": "5a5a34089c0277001abe70ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Van Halen", "answer_start": 840}], "question": "What San Francisco band utilized the skills of guitarist Eddie Van Halen?", "id": "5a5a34089c0277001abe70ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eruption", "answer_start": 1083}], "question": "What album is the showcase song Van Halen from?", "id": "5a5a34089c0277001abe70af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eddie Van Halen", "answer_start": 946}], "question": "Who was highly influential in creating the popularity of punk and disco music?", "id": "5a5a34089c0277001abe70b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the d\u00e9but and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song \"Eruption\" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar."}], ["Beberapa band rock keras dari tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an berjaya mengekalkan kerjaya rakaman yang sangat berjaya. Bon Jovi masih mampu mencapai kejayaan komersil dengan \"It's My Life\" dari album double platinum-certified mereka Crush (2000). dan AC / DC melepaskan platinum yang bersertifikat Platinum Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith melancarkan album platinum nombor dua, Just Push Play (2001), yang menyaksikan band itu terus menjadi pop dengan Top 10 hit \"Jaded\", dan blues album cover, Honkin 'on Bobo, yang mencapai angka lima pada tahun 2004. Heart mencapai album 10 teratas pertama sejak awal 90-an dengan Red Velvet Car pada tahun 2010, menjadi band rock pertama yang dipimpin wanita untuk mendapatkan album 10 teratas yang merangkumi lima dekad . Terdapat perjumpaan dan lawatan berikutnya dari Van Halen (dengan Hagar pada tahun 2004 dan kemudian Roth pada 2007), The Who (ditunda pada tahun 2002 oleh kematian pemain bass John Entwistle hingga 2006) dan Black Sabbath (dengan Osbourne 1997-2006 dan Dio 2006- 2010) dan juga prestasi yang dilakukan oleh Led Zeppelin (2007), memperbaharui minat pada era sebelumnya. Selain itu, kumpulan rock keras, seperti Audioslave (dengan bekas ahli Rage Against the Machine dan Soundgarden) dan Velvet Revolver (dengan bekas anggota Guns N 'Roses, penyanyi band punk Belia dan Batu Kuil Pilots penyanyi Scott Weiland), muncul dan berpengalaman beberapa kejayaan. Walau bagaimanapun, kumpulan ini berumur pendek, berakhir pada tahun 2007 dan 2008, masing-masing. Album Guns N 'Roses yang lama ditunggu-tunggu album Demokrasi Cina akhirnya dibebaskan pada tahun 2008, tetapi hanya mendapat platinum dan gagal mendekati kejayaan akhir 1980-an dan awal tahun 1990an. Lebih berjaya, AC / DC melepaskan Black Ice (2008) yang disahkan platinum. Bon Jovi terus menikmati kejayaan, bercantum dalam muzik negara dengan \"Who Says You Can not Go Home\", yang mencapai nombor satu di carta Hot Country Singles pada tahun 2006, dan album rock / country Lost Highway, yang mencapai nomor satu dalam 2007. Pada tahun 2009, Bon Jovi melancarkan album nombor satu lagi, The Circle, yang menandakan kepulangannya kepada bunyi rock keras mereka. <> Apa supergroup batu keras yang terkandung ahli Soundgarden dan Rage Against the Machine? || Audioslave <> Apakah gelaran Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single? || \"Ia Kehidupan Saya\" <> Band apa yang mengeluarkan album yang disebut Stiff Upper Lip pada tahun 2000? || AC / DC <> Siapa penyanyi utama Pilatus Kuil Batu? || Scott Weiland <> Apakah Guns N Roses lama ditunda album 2008? || Demokrasi Cina <> Mana band di sebelah Bon Jovi adalah dua kumpulan rock yang mempunyai kejayaan komersial yang sangat sedikit pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an? || <> Berapa tahun Bon Jovi melepaskan album mereka Lip Stiff Tinggi? || <> Apa album top 10 oleh Heart dikeluarkan pada awal tahun 90-an? || <> Apa bassist untuk The Who yang meninggal pada tahun 2006? || <> Apa album Guns N 'Roses yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2008 ada album yang paling berjaya sehingga kini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?", "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f974", "answers": [{"text": "Audioslave", "answer_start": 1074}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?", "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f975", "answers": [{"text": "\"It's My Life\"", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?", "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f976", "answers": [{"text": "AC/DC", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?", "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f977", "answers": [{"text": "Scott Weiland", "answer_start": 1264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?", "id": "570b745a6b8089140040f978", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese Democracy", "answer_start": 1433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AC/DC", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Which band beside Bon Jovi were two rock bands that had very little commercial success in the 1970s and 1980s?", "id": "5a5a50d49c0277001abe7110", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What year did Bon Jovi release their album Stiff Upper Lip?", "id": "5a5a50d49c0277001abe7111", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Red Velvet Car", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What top 10 album by Heart was released in the early 90s?", "id": "5a5a50d49c0277001abe7112", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Entwistle", "answer_start": 845}], "question": "What bassist for The Who died in 2006?", "id": "5a5a50d49c0277001abe7113", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese Democracy", "answer_start": 1433}], "question": "What Guns N' Roses album that was released in 2008 was there most successful album to date?", "id": "5a5a50d49c0277001abe7114", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with \"It's My Life\" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a number two platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit \"Jaded\", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo, which reached number five in 2004. Heart achieved their first Top 10 album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), The Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997\u20132006 and Dio 2006\u20132010) and even a one off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with \"Who Says You Can't Go Home\", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006, and the rock/country album Lost Highway, which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released another number one album, The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound."}], ["Perbuatan yang ditaja mendapat manfaat daripada iklim komersial baru, dengan album bertajuk sendiri Whitesnake (1987) yang menjual lebih 17 juta kopi, melebihi apa-apa dalam katalog Coverdale atau Deep Purple sebelum atau sejak. Ia menampilkan lagu rock \"Here I Go Again '87\" sebagai salah satu dari 4 singel UK 20 terbaik. Slip Lidah Lisan (1989) pergi platinum, tetapi menurut pengkritik Steve Erlwine dan Greg Prato, \"itu adalah kekecewaan yang besar selepas kejayaan seluruh Whitesnake\". Album comeback Aerosmith yang Permanent Vacation (1987) akan memulakan kebangkitan semula abad ke-10 populariti mereka. Crazy Nights (1987) oleh Kiss adalah pelepasan carta tertinggi band di Amerika Syarikat sejak 1979 dan yang paling tinggi dalam kerjaya mereka di UK. M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce dengan Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) meneruskan kejayaan komersil mereka dan Def Leppard dengan Hysteria (1987) memukul puncak komersial mereka, yang kemudian menghasilkan tujuh single hit (rekod untuk aksi keras rock). Guns N 'Roses mengeluarkan debut paling laris sepanjang masa, Appetite for Destruction (1987). Dengan \"grittier\" dan \"rawer\" bunyi daripada kebanyakan glam metal, ia menghasilkan tiga hits teratas, termasuk nombor satu \"Sweet Child O 'Mine\". Beberapa band rock glam yang dibentuk pada pertengahan tahun 1980-an, seperti White Lion dan Cinderella mengalami kejayaan terbesar mereka dalam tempoh ini dengan album masing-masing Pride (1987) dan Long Cold Winter (1988) kedua-duanya beralih platinum dan melancarkan siri singel hit. Pada tahun-tahun terakhir dekad ini, kejayaan yang paling ketara ialah New Jersey (1988) oleh Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) oleh Van Halen, Buka dan Katakanlah ... Ahh! (1988) oleh Poison, Pump (1989) oleh Aerosmith, dan album paling berjaya dari M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey menghasilkan lima perseorangan Top 10, sebuah rekod untuk aksi rock keras. Pada tahun 1988 dari 25 Jun hingga 5 November, tempat nombor satu di carta album Billboard 200 telah diadakan oleh album rock keras selama 18 daripada 20 minggu berturut-turut; album itu adalah OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, dan New Jersey. Gelombang rock glam yang terakhir tiba di akhir 1980-an, dan mengalami kejayaan dengan album multi-platinum dan single singa dari tahun 1989 hingga awal 1990-an, diantaranya Extreme, Waran Bunuh dan Rumah Api. Skid Row juga mengeluarkan debut eponim mereka (1989), mencapai angka enam pada Billboard 200, tetapi mereka menjadi salah satu band utama terakhir yang muncul dalam era rock glam. <> Berapa banyak salinan yang telah dijual oleh album Whitesnake 1987? || 17 juta <> Apakah judul album comeback Aerosmith 1987? || Percutian Tetap <> Album Def Leppard Hysteria mengaburkan bilangan singel hit? || tujuh <> Apa album Guns N Roses adalah debut jualan kedua terbaik sepanjang masa? || Selera untuk Pemusnahan <> Apa lagu Guns N Roses menjadi nombor satu tunggal? || \"Sweet Child O 'Mine\" <> Apa faedah dari perbuatan yang telah ditetapkan? || <> Berapa banyak album yang membuat album bertajuk Witesnake mendahului Deep Purple? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Steve Erlwine dan Greg Prato memanggil lagu Deep Purples di sini Saya Pergi Lagi? || <> Dengan lagu apa Motley Crue mencapai puncak komersial mereka? || <> Apa nombor satu dalam carta album Billboard 200 selama 20 minggu berturut-turut pada tahun 1988? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?", "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba32", "answers": [{"text": "17 million", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?", "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba33", "answers": [{"text": "Permanent Vacation", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?", "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba34", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 901}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?", "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba35", "answers": [{"text": "Appetite for Destruction", "answer_start": 1010}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?", "id": "570b735dec8fbc190045ba36", "answers": [{"text": "\"Sweet Child O' Mine\"", "answer_start": 1157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the new commercial climate", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What was benefited by the established acts?", "id": "5a5a44279c0277001abe70de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17 million copies", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "By how many albums did Deep Purple outsell Witesnake's self-titled album?", "id": "5a5a44279c0277001abe70df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it was a considerable disappointment", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "What did Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato call the performance of Deep Purples' song Here I Go Again?", "id": "5a5a44279c0277001abe70e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Girls, Girls, Girls", "answer_start": 754}], "question": "With what song did Motley Crue reach their commercial peak?", "id": "5a5a44279c0277001abe70e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a hard rock album", "answer_start": 1896}], "question": "What was number one on the Billboard 200 album charts for 20 consecutive weeks in 1988?", "id": "5a5a44279c0277001abe70e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem \"Here I Go Again '87\" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, \"it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake\". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's highest charting release in the US since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing seven hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling d\u00e9but of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a \"grittier\" and \"rawer\" sound than most glam metal, it produced three top 10 hits, including the number one \"Sweet Child O' Mine\". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five Top 10 singles, a record for a hard rock act. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous d\u00e9but (1989), reaching number six on the Billboard 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era."}]], [["Dari tahun 1950-an, banyak kawasan Great Plains telah menjadi kawasan tanaman yang produktif kerana pengairan luas di tanah besar. Amerika Syarikat adalah pengeksport utama produk pertanian. Bahagian selatan Great Plains terletak di atas Aquarium Ogallala, lapisan tanah bawah tanah besar yang mengandung strata air sejak zaman ais terakhir. Pengawal pivot pusat digunakan secara meluas dalam bahagian kering di Great Plains, mengakibatkan kekurangan akuifer pada kadar yang lebih besar dari kemampuan bumi untuk mengecas semula. <> sekitar ketika dataran besar menjadi produktif untuk tumbuh tanaman | | 1950-an <> apakah lapisan bawah tanah yang besar di dataran besar yang dipanggil? || Ogallala Aquifer <> jenis pengairan apa yang digunakan di dataran besar? || Pusat pivot pengairan <> Bilakah zaman ais terakhir? || <> Dalam sedekad apakah pengairan pivot pusat dicipta? || <> Dalam apa dekad apakah penebangan aquafier mula mengatasi keupayaan tanah untuk mengisi ulang? || <> Di negara apakah pengairan pivot pusat dicipta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing", "id": "570b8219ec8fbc190045ba46", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?", "id": "570b8219ec8fbc190045ba47", "answers": [{"text": "Ogallala Aquifer", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?", "id": "570b8219ec8fbc190045ba48", "answers": [{"text": "Center pivot irrigation", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1950s", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "When was the last ice age?", "id": "59d2a4a12763a60018284153", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "In what decade did center pivot irrigation get invented?", "id": "59d2a4a12763a60018284154", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "In what decade did aquafier depletion begin to outpace the ground's ability to recharge?", "id": "59d2a4a12763a60018284155", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "In what country was center pivot irrigation invented?", "id": "59d2a4a12763a60018284156", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge."}], ["Istilah \"Great Plains\", untuk rantau barat sekitar 96 meridian ke-98 dan timur Pergunungan Rocky, tidak digunakan umum sebelum awal abad ke-20. Kajian 1916 Nevin Fenneman, Subdivisi Fisiografi Amerika Syarikat, membawa Istilah Great Plains menjadi penggunaan yang lebih meluas. Sebelum itu rantau tersebut hampir selalu dipanggil High Plains, berbeza dengan dataran Prairie di bawah Midwestern. Hari ini istilah \"High Plains\" digunakan untuk subregion Great Plains. <> apakah nama kawasan timur di Pegunungan Rocky? || \"Great Plains <> yang membawa istilah dataran yang besar ke dalam penggunaan yang meluas? || Nevin Fenneman <> tahun apa yang dikaji oleh Nevin Fenneman? || 1916 <> apa yang disebut sebelum ini\" rancangan besar \"? | The High Plains < > Kawasan apa yang terletak di sebelah timur meridian ke-96 atau ke-98? || <> Yang datang dengan istilah High Plains? || <> Apa kawasan negara terletak di Great Plains? || <> Dalam abad berapa orang mula memanggil apa yang kita panggil Great Plains Plains Tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?", "id": "570b61516b8089140040f8fe", "answers": [{"text": "\"Great Plains", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?", "id": "570b61516b8089140040f8ff", "answers": [{"text": "Nevin Fenneman's", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?", "id": "570b61516b8089140040f900", "answers": [{"text": "1916", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was theregion called before \"the great plans\"? ", "id": "570b61516b8089140040f901", "answers": [{"text": "the High Plains", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Great Plains", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What region lies east of the 96th or 98th meridian?", "id": "59d29adf2763a600182840fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nevin Fenneman", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Who came up with the term High Plains?", "id": "59d29adf2763a600182840fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Midwestern states", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What area of states lie in the Great Plains?", "id": "59d29adf2763a600182840ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20th century.", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "In what century did people start calling what we call the Great Plains the High Plains?", "id": "59d29adf2763a60018284100", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term \"Great Plains\", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term \"High Plains\" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains."}], ["Atlas Alam Sekitar Amerika Utara, yang dihasilkan oleh Suruhanjaya Kerjasama Alam Sekitar, sebuah agensi NAFTA yang terdiri daripada agensi-agensi geografi kerajaan Mexico, Amerika, dan Kanada menggunakan \"Great Plains\" sebagai kawasan ekoregion yang sinonim dengan padang rumput dan padang rumput yang paling dominan daripada sebagai fisiografi rantau yang ditakrifkan oleh topografi. Ecoregion Great Plains termasuk lima sub-wilayah: Praara Temperat, Prairie Semi-Arid Barat-Tengah, Semi-Arid Prairies Selatan-Tengah, Texas Plain Coast Louisiana, dan Dataran Semi-Arid Tamaulipus-Texas, yang bertindih atau berkembang pada yang lain Besar Jawatan Plains. <> yang merupakan Atlas Persekitaran Amerika Utara yang dibuat oleh? || Suruhanjaya Kerjasama Alam Sekitar <> negara apa yang Suruhanjaya untuk Kerjasama Alam Sekitar terdiri daripada? || Kerajaan Mexico, Amerika, dan Kanada <> Apa negeri-negeri yang merangkumi Kawasan Laut Dataran Tinggi? || <> Apa negeri-negeri yang ada di West-Central Semi-Arid Praries? || <> Negara mana yang berada di Prairie Semi-Arid Selatan-Tengah? || <> Antara bahagian Kanada, Amerika, dan Mexico di Great Plains di mana kawasan itu kebanyakannya terletak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?", "id": "570b83a86b8089140040f97e", "answers": [{"text": "Commission for Environmental Cooperation", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?", "id": "570b83a86b8089140040f97f", "answers": [{"text": "Mexican, American, and Canadian governments", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas Louisiana", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What states comprise the Temperate Prairies of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d2996f2763a600182840f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas Louisiana", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What states are in the West-Central Semi-Arid Praries?", "id": "59d2996f2763a600182840f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas Louisiana", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "Which states are in the South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies?", "id": "59d2996f2763a600182840f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "Between the Canadian, American, and Mexican portions of the Great Plains in which area does most of it lie?", "id": "59d2996f2763a600182840f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the \"Great Plains\" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography. The Great Plains ecoregion includes five sub-regions: Temperate Prairies, West-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, Texas Louisiana Coastal Plains, and Tamaulipus-Texas Semi-Arid Plain, which overlap or expand upon other Great Plains designations."}], ["Selepas tahun 1870, kereta api baru di seluruh Plains membawa pemburu yang membunuh hampir semua bison untuk menyembunyikan mereka. Keretapi menawarkan pakej tanah dan pengangkutan yang menarik kepada petani Eropah, yang bergegas untuk menyelesaikan tanah tersebut. Mereka (dan orang Amerika juga) mengambil kesempatan daripada undang-undang homestead untuk mendapatkan ladang percuma. Spekulator tanah dan penggalak tempatan mengenal pasti banyak bandar berpotensi, dan yang dicapai oleh kereta api mempunyai peluang, sementara yang lain menjadi bandar hantu. Di Kansas, contohnya, hampir 5,000 bandar dipetakan, tetapi pada tahun 1970 hanya 617 sebenarnya beroperasi. Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, kedekatan dengan pertukaran interstate menentukan sama ada sebuah bandar akan berkembang atau berjuang untuk perniagaan. <> selepas tahun berapa kereta api membawa pemburu ke dataran yang besar? || 1870 <> binatang apa pemburu yang membunuh untuk menyembunyikan mereka? || bison <> petani apa yang bergegas masuk untuk menyelesaikan tanah dengan bantuan kereta api? || Petani Eropah <> apakah kereta api menawarkan petani yang bergegas untuk menyelesaikan kawasan tersebut? || pakej tanah dan pengangkutan <> Pada tahun manakah undang-undang homestead diluluskan? || <> Berapa banyak bandar yang terdapat di Kansas pada tahun 1950? || <> Berapa banyak ladang-ladang percuma yang dibeli secara keseluruhan? || <> Berapa banyak bandar yang ada di Kansas pada tahun 2000? || <> Berapa banyak bison dibunuh untuk kulit mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?", "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9f8", "answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?", "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9f9", "answers": [{"text": "bison", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?", "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9fa", "answers": [{"text": "European farmers", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?", "id": "570b690bec8fbc190045b9fb", "answers": [{"text": "packages of land and transportation", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "In what year were the homestead laws passed?", "id": "59d29f642763a60018284123", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "617", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "How many towns existed in Kansas in 1950?", "id": "59d29f642763a60018284124", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5000", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "How many free farms were doled out overall?", "id": "59d29f642763a60018284125", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "617", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "How many cities existed in Kansas as of 2000?", "id": "59d29f642763a60018284126", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5000", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "How many bison were killed for their hides?", "id": "59d29f642763a60018284127", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain free farms. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns, and those reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, for example, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out, but by 1970 only 617 were actually operating. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether a town would flourish or struggle for business."}], ["Walaupun imej timur kehidupan ladang di padang rumput menegaskan pengasingan petani dan isteri kesepian, dataran penduduk mencipta kehidupan sosial yang sibuk untuk diri mereka sendiri. Mereka sering menaja aktiviti-aktiviti yang menggabungkan kerja, makanan dan hiburan seperti pengumpulan kandang, sekam jagung, lebah quilting, mesyuarat Grange, aktiviti gereja dan fungsi sekolah. Wanita menganjurkan hidangan bersama dan acara berkotak, serta lawatan lanjutan antara keluarga. The Grange adalah organisasi petani di seluruh negara, mereka menyimpan pejabat tinggi untuk wanita, dan memberi mereka suara dalam urusan awam. <> yang biasanya menganjurkan makan bersama dan acara-acara berkotak? || Wanita <> Yang mengetuai aktiviti gereja di Great Plains? || <> Siapa yang membangkitkan gudang di ladang di Great Plains? || <> Adakah lelaki atau wanita yang terlibat dalam sapuan jagung? || <> Antara lelaki dan wanita, yang mengendalikan kebanyakan fungsi sekolah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?", "id": "570b819cec8fbc190045ba44", "answers": [{"text": "Women", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Women", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Who presided over church activities in the Great Plains?", "id": "59d2a3ad2763a6001828414b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Women", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Who did barn raisings at farm on the Great Plains?", "id": "59d2a3ad2763a6001828414c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Women", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Was it men or women that primarily engaged in corn huskings?", "id": "59d2a3ad2763a6001828414d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Women", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Between men and women, who handled most school functions?", "id": "59d2a3ad2763a6001828414e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. The Grange was a nationwide farmers' organization, they reserved high offices for women, and gave them a voice in public affairs."}], ["Dengan ketibaan Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, seorang perikemanusiaan Sepanyol, sejarah pertama yang direkodkan pertemuan antara orang Eropah dan Orang Asli Amerika di Great Plains berlaku di Texas, Kansas dan Nebraska dari 1540-1542. Dalam tempoh masa yang sama, Hernando de Soto menyeberangi arah barat-barat dengan apa yang sekarang adalah Oklahoma dan Texas. Hari ini ini dikenali sebagai Trail De Soto. Orang Sepanyol berfikir Great Plains adalah lokasi mitos Quivira dan C\u00edbola, sebuah tempat yang dikatakan kaya dengan emas. <> yang merupakan conquistador spanish yang pernah bertemu dengan orang Eropah dan orang amerika asli? || Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado <> yang menyeberangi bahagian oklahoma dan texas? || Hernando de Soto <> apa bahagian oklahoma dan texas yang Hernando de Soto mengembara? || Laluan De Soto <> yang menganggap dataran yang besar adalah lokasi Quivira dan C\u00edbola? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> apa yang kaum hawa fikir bandar-bandar di Quivira dan C\u00edbola kaya? || emas <> Dalam apa keadaan pertama Francisco Vazquez de Coronado menemui orang asli Amerika? || <> Pada 1540 orang Eropah pertama kali menemui orang asli Amerika dalam apa negeri? || <> Dalam tahun apakah De Soto Trail mendapat namanya? || <> Apa kewarganegaraan Hernando de Soto? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Texas menjadi negeri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?", "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91a", "answers": [{"text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?", "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91b", "answers": [{"text": "Hernando de Soto", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?", "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91c", "answers": [{"text": "the De Soto Trail", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and C\u00edbola?", "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91d", "answers": [{"text": "The Spanish", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and C\u00edbola were rich in?", "id": "570b64986b8089140040f91e", "answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "In what state did Francisco Vazquez de Coronado first encounter Native Americans?", "id": "59d29e6e2763a60018284119", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kansas", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "In 1540 Europeans first encountered Native Americans in what state?", "id": "59d29e6e2763a6001828411a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1540", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "In what year did the De Soto Trail gain its name?", "id": "59d29e6e2763a6001828411b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What nationality was Hernando de Soto?", "id": "59d29e6e2763a6001828411c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1540", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "In what year did Texas become a state?", "id": "59d29e6e2763a6001828411d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the arrival of Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and C\u00edbola, a place said to be rich in gold."}], ["Dataran Besar adalah luas luas dataran rata (dataran), kebanyakannya dilindungi di padang rumput, padang rumput dan padang rumput, yang terletak di bahagian barat negeri Mississippi prairie tallgrass dan di sebelah timur Rocky Mountains di Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Kawasan ini meliputi bahagian-bahagian, tetapi bukan semua negeri Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, dan Wyoming, dan wilayah Kanada Alberta, Manitoba dan Saskatchewan. Rantau ini dikenali kerana menyokong ternakan ternakan dan pertanian kering yang luas. <> apakah dataran yang hebat? || luas luas tanah rata <> di manakah dataran yang besar terletak? || barat Sungai Mississippi <> apa wilayah yang dikenali? || peternakan ternakan yang luas <> Apa yang terletak di timur negeri Mississippi sungai negeri padang rumput tinggi? || <> Apa yang terletak di sebelah barat Pergunungan Rocky? || <> Apa yang terletak di utara Great Plains? || <> Apa yang terletak di selatan Great Plains? || <> Namakan salah satu negeri yang mengalir melalui Sungai Mississippi. ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the great plains?", "id": "570b828bec8fbc190045ba4c", "answers": [{"text": "broad expanse of flat land", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "where does the great plains lie?", "id": "570b828bec8fbc190045ba4d", "answers": [{"text": "west of the Mississippi River", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the region known for?", "id": "570b828bec8fbc190045ba4e", "answers": [{"text": "extensive cattle ranching", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Great Plains", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What lies east of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states?", "id": "59d297d52763a600182840eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Great Plains", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What lies west of the Rocky Mountains?", "id": "59d297d52763a600182840ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rocky Mountains", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What lies north of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d297d52763a600182840ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mississippi River", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What lies south of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d297d52763a600182840ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Name one of the states the Mississippi River flows through.", "id": "59d297d52763a600182840ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming."}], ["Kebanyakan Great Plains menjadi rangkaian terbuka, atau kawasan di mana lembu berkeliaran secara percuma, mengendalikan operasi penternakan di mana sesiapa secara teorinya bebas menjalankan lembu. Pada musim bunga dan musim gugur, peternak ranchers mengadakan pusingan di mana koboi mereka merekam anak lembu baru, merawat haiwan dan menyusun lembu untuk dijual. Ladang sedemikian bermula di Texas dan secara beransur-ansur berpindah ke utara. Pada tahun 1866-95, koboi menggiring 10 juta lembu utara ke kepala kereta api seperti Dodge City, Kansas dan Ogallala, Nebraska; Dari sana, lembu telah dihantar ke timur. <> apa jenis tanah yang banyak rancangan besar? || jarak terbuka <> apabila para peternak biasanya mempunyai lembu? || musim semi dan musim gugur <> dalam lembu, apa yang dilakukan para penternak kepada anak lembu baru? || berjenjang <> dari tahun 1866-95 tentang berapa banyak lembu melakukan kawanan koboi? || 10 juta <> Pada tahun apakah ternakan itu pertama kali bebas untuk berkeliaran di Great Plains? || <> Berapa banyak koboi yang diperlukan untuk membiakkan 10 juta lembu utara? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Dodge City, Kansas pada tahun 1866? || <> Di mana lembu dihantar ke timur pada tahun 1800-an? || <> Berapa banyak lembu melalui Dodge City, Kansas antara tahun 1866-95? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what type of land is much of the great plans?", "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c0", "answers": [{"text": "open range", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up?", "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c1", "answers": [{"text": "spring and fall", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves?", "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c2", "answers": [{"text": "branded", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd?", "id": "570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c3", "answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1866", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "In what year were cattle first left free to roam the Great Plains?", "id": "59d2a07b2763a6001828412d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "How many cowboys did it take to herd 10 million cattle north?", "id": "59d2a07b2763a6001828412e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "How many people lived in Dodge City, Kansas in 1866?", "id": "59d2a07b2763a6001828412f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ogallala, Nebraska", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "Where were the cattle shipped eastward to during the late 1800s?", "id": "59d2a07b2763a60018284130", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 million", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "How many cattle went through Dodge City, Kansas between the years 1866-95?", "id": "59d2a07b2763a60018284131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in Texas and gradually moved northward. In 1866-95, cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as Dodge City, Kansas and Ogallala, Nebraska; from there, cattle were shipped eastward."}], ["Plains luar bandar telah kehilangan satu pertiga daripada penduduknya sejak tahun 1920. Beberapa ratus ribu batu persegi (beberapa ratus ribu kilometer persegi) Great Plains mempunyai kurang daripada 6 penduduk setiap mil persegi (2.3 penduduk setiap kilometer persegi) - ketumpatan standard Frederick Jackson Turner digunakan untuk mengisytiharkan perbatasan Amerika \"tertutup\" pada tahun 1893. Banyak yang mempunyai kurang daripada 2 penduduk setiap kilometer persegi (0.77 penduduk setiap kilometer persegi). Terdapat lebih daripada 6,000 bandar hantu di negeri Kansas sahaja, menurut ahli sejarah Kansas, Daniel Fitzgerald. Masalah ini sering diperburuk oleh penyatuan ladang dan kesukaran untuk menarik industri moden ke rantau ini. Di samping itu, populasi sekolah yang lebih kecil telah memaksa penyatuan daerah sekolah dan penutupan sekolah tinggi di beberapa komuniti. Kehilangan populasi yang berterusan telah menyebabkan beberapa mencadangkan bahawa penggunaan semasa bahagian kering di Great Plains tidak dapat dikekalkan, dan terdapat cadangan - \"Buffalo Commons\" - untuk mengembalikan kira-kira 139,000 batu persegi (360,000 km2) ini bahagian kering ke tanah prairie asli. <> berapa penduduknya telah kehilangan kawasan pedalaman sejak tahun 1920? || yang ketiga <> yang mengisytiharkan sempadan Amerika \"ditutup\" pada tahun 1893? || Frederick Jackson Turner <> berapa banyak bandar hantu berada di negeri Kansas? || lebih daripada 6,000 <> berapa banyak tanah prarie yang \"Buffalo Commons\" ingin kembali? || 139,000 batu persegi <> Berapa banyak orang yang hidup setiap batu persegi di Great Plains pada tahun 1900? || <> Pada tahun apakah Great Plains dianggap \"terbuka\" kepada penduduk dan aktiviti ladang? || <> Apakah populasi sekolah di Kansas? || <> Dalam tahun apakah cadangan \"Buffalo Commons\" dibuat? || <> Berapa banyak sekolah tinggi yang tinggal di Kansas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? ", "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3c", "answers": [{"text": "a third", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who declated the American frontier \"closed\" in 1893?", "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3d", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick Jackson Turner", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?", "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3e", "answers": [{"text": "more than 6,000", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how much prarie land does the \"Buffalo Commons\" want to return?", "id": "570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3f", "answers": [{"text": "139,000 square miles", "answer_start": 1058}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "How many people lives per square mile on the Great Plains in 1900?", "id": "59d2a5782763a6001828415b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "In what year was the Great Plains considered \"open\" to inhabitants and farm activity?", "id": "59d2a5782763a6001828415c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What's the school-age population of Kansas?", "id": "59d2a5782763a6001828415d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "In what year was the \"Buffalo Commons\" proposal made?", "id": "59d2a5782763a6001828415e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "How many high schools remain in Kansas?", "id": "59d2a5782763a6001828415f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)\u2014the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier \"closed\" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the \"Buffalo Commons\" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land."}], ["Meridian ke-100 kira-kira sesuai dengan garis yang membahagikan Great Plains ke kawasan yang menerima 20 inci (510 milimeter) atau lebih hujan setiap tahun dan kawasan yang menerima kurang daripada 20 inci (510 mm). Dalam konteks ini, High Plains, serta Southern Alberta, barat daya Saskatchewan dan Eastern Montana adalah tanah padang pasir separuh panas dan umumnya dicirikan oleh tanah ladang atau ladang marginal. Rantau ini (terutamanya Dataran Tinggi) secara berkala tertakluk kepada tempoh kemarau yang panjang; angin kencang di rantau ini kemudian boleh menjana ribut debu yang dahsyat. Dataran Besar timur berhampiran sempadan timur jatuh di zon iklim subtropika lembap di kawasan selatan, dan kawasan utara dan tengah jatuh dalam iklim kontinental lembap. <> apakah nama garis yang membahagikan dataran yang besar? || Meridian ke-100 <> tentang berapa banyak hujan yang diperoleh dataran besar setiap tahun? || 20 inci <> apa yang menyebabkan angin yang tinggi di kawasan itu kadang-kadang menyebabkan? || badai debu <> jenis iklim apa yang jatuh ke dataran timur timur? || iklim subtropika yang lembab <> Apa wilayah Kanada terletak di utara Great Plains? || <> Apa yang akan menjadi negeri yang terletak di timur Great Plains? || <> Apa meridian yang merangkumi pinggir utara Great Plains? || <> Apa meridian yang merangkumi pinggir selatan Great Plains? || <> Berapa banyak hujan yang berlaku di Alberta Utara setiap tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?", "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9dc", "answers": [{"text": "The 100th meridian", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?", "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9dd", "answers": [{"text": "20 inches", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?", "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9de", "answers": [{"text": "dust storms", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?", "id": "570b6608ec8fbc190045b9df", "answers": [{"text": "humid subtropical climate", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alberta", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What Canadian province lies north of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d29da22763a6001828410f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Montana", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What would be a state that lies east of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d29da22763a60018284110", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100th", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What meridian comprises the northern edge of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d29da22763a60018284111", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100th", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What meridian comprises the southern edge of the Great Plains?", "id": "59d29da22763a60018284112", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 inches", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "How much rain does Northern Alberta get every year?", "id": "59d29da22763a60018284113", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern Montana are mainly semi hot steppe land and are generally characterised by rangeland or marginal farmland. The region (especially the High Plains) is periodically subjected to extended periods of drought; high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms. The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the humid subtropical climate zone in the southern areas, and the northern and central areas fall in the humid continental climate."}], ["Semasa era Cenozoic, khususnya kira-kira 25 juta tahun yang lalu semasa era Miosen dan Pliosen, iklim kontinental menjadi baik kepada evolusi padang rumput. Biomas hutan yang ada merosot dan padang rumput menjadi lebih meluas. Padang rumput menyediakan ceruk baru untuk mamalia, termasuk banyak ungulates dan glires, yang bertukar dari menyelerakan diet kepada diet pemakanan. Secara tradisinya, penyebaran padang rumput dan pembangunan grazers telah dikaitkan dengan kuat. Walau bagaimanapun, pemeriksaan gigi mamalia mencadangkan bahawa ia adalah habitat yang terbuka dan cerah dan bukannya rumput itu sendiri yang dikaitkan dengan perubahan diet pada mamalia, yang menimbulkan hipotesis \"grit, not rumput\". <> berapa lama dahulu iklim telah menjadi baik? || kira-kira 25 juta tahun yang lalu <> apa haiwan yang dibuat padang rumput menyediakan rumah baru? || mamalia <> diet apa yang dimakan oleh mamalia dari diet menjelajah? || memakan makanan <> penyebaran padang rumput dan apa yang telah dikaitkan dengannya? || perkembangan grazers <> Berapa tahun yang lalu mula era Cenozoic bermula? || <> Dalam era apa yang tidak makan mula makan makanan pelayaran? || <> Dalam era apakah mamalia membesar? || <> Dalam era apa biomes hutan mula berkembang? || <> Bilakah era Cenozoic berakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "about how long ago did the climate become favorable?", "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5a", "answers": [{"text": "about 25 million years ago", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?", "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5b", "answers": [{"text": "mammals", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?", "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5c", "answers": [{"text": "grazing diets", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?", "id": "570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5d", "answers": [{"text": "development of grazers", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 million", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "How many years ago did the Cenozoic era start?", "id": "59d29c042763a60018284105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cenozoic", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "In what era did ungulates start eating a browsing diet?", "id": "59d29c042763a60018284106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cenozoic", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "In what era did mammals develop teeth?", "id": "59d29c042763a60018284107", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cenozoic", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "In what era did forest biomes start to grow?", "id": "59d29c042763a60018284108", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 million years ago", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "When did the Cenozoic era end?", "id": "59d29c042763a60018284109", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the \"grit, not grass\" hypothesis."}], ["Untuk membolehkan pembangunan pertanian Great Plains dan rumah penduduk yang semakin meningkat, Amerika Syarikat meluluskan Homestead Kisah 1862: ia dibenarkan peneroka untuk menuntut sehingga 160 ekar (65 hektar) tanah, dengan syarat bahawa dia masih diam di situ untuk tempoh yang lima tahun dan menanamnya. Peruntukan telah diperluaskan di bawah Akta Kinkaid tahun 1904 untuk memasukkan satu rumah seksyen keseluruhan. Beratus-ratus beribu-ribu orang mendakwa rumah ladang itu, kadang-kadang membina rumah sod daripada turf yang tanah mereka. Kebanyakan mereka yang tidak mahir petani kering dan kegagalan sering kerap. Kebanyakan Plains diselesaikan pada tahun-tahun yang agak basah. pakar-pakar kerajaan tidak faham bagaimana petani perlu memupuk immigration dan memberi nasihat bertentangan dengan apa yang akan bekerja [rujukan?]. Jerman dari Rusia yang sebelum ini telah diternak, di bawah keadaan yang sama, dalam apa yang kini Ukraine adalah sedikit lebih berjaya daripada Pengusaha ladang lain. Akta Tanah Dominion pada tahun 1871 mempunyai fungsi yang sama untuk menubuhkan rumah di padang rumput di Kanada. <> Bilakah AS lulus Homestead ACt? || 1862 <> berapa banyak tanah yang dibuat oleh Homestead Act membenarkan seseorang menuntut? || sehingga 160 ekar <> berapa lama orang perlu hidup di atas tanah? || lima tahun <> ketika Akta Kinkaid dibawa? || 1904 <> akta dominasi telah diluluskan pada tahun apa || 1871 <> Pada tahun apakah Akta Kinkaid dimansuhkan? || <> Pada tahun berapakah Undang-undang Tanah Dominion dimansuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah tahun-tahun yang agak lembap di Great Plains berakhir? || <> Berapakah jumlah orang yang menubuhkan homestead di Kanada? || <> Berapa banyak homesteaders gagal menubuhkan tanah yang ditanam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?", "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba62", "answers": [{"text": "1862", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?", "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba63", "answers": [{"text": "up to 160 acres", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how long did the person have to live on the land?", "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba64", "answers": [{"text": "five years", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? ", "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba65", "answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the dominion act was passed in what year", "id": "570b8627ec8fbc190045ba66", "answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 962}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1862", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "In what year was the Kinkaid Act repealed?", "id": "59d2a1c92763a60018284137", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "In what year was the Dominions Lands Act repealed?", "id": "59d2a1c92763a60018284138", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 962}], "question": "In what year did the relatively wet years of the Great Plains end?", "id": "59d2a1c92763a60018284139", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hundreds of thousands", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What number of people established homestead in Canada?", "id": "59d2a1c92763a6001828413a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hundreds of thousands", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "How many homesteaders failed to establish cultivated land?", "id": "59d2a1c92763a6001828413b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada."}], ["Keretapi membuka Great Plains untuk penyelesaian, kini dimungkinkan untuk menghantar gandum dan tanaman lain dengan harga yang rendah ke pasaran bandar di Timur, dan Eropah. Tanah Homestead adalah percuma untuk peneroka Amerika. Keretapi menjual tanah mereka dengan harga murah kepada pendatang dengan harapan mereka akan menjana lalu lintas sebaik sahaja ladang ditubuhkan. Imigran dituangkan, terutama dari Jerman dan Scandinavia. Di dataran, beberapa lelaki tunggal cuba mengendalikan ladang atau ladang dengan sendirinya; mereka dengan jelas memahami keperluan untuk isteri yang bekerja keras, dan banyak anak-anak, untuk mengendalikan banyak tugas, termasuk membesarkan anak, memberi makan dan pakaian keluarga, menguruskan rumah tangga, memberi makan kepada pekerja yang disewa, dan terutama selepas tahun 1930-an, pengendalian kertas kerja dan butiran kewangan. Semasa tahun-tahun awal penyelesaian, wanita ladang memainkan peranan penting dalam memastikan kelangsungan hidup keluarga dengan bekerja di luar rumah. Selepas kira-kira satu generasi, wanita semakin meninggalkan bidang, dengan itu mentakrifkan semula peranan mereka dalam keluarga. Teknologi baru termasuk jahit dan mesin basuh menggalakkan wanita untuk beralih kepada peranan domestik. Pergerakan saintifik saintifik, dipromosikan merentasi tanah oleh media dan agen pelanjutan kerajaan, serta pameran daerah yang memaparkan pencapaian dalam masakan dan penyediaan rumah, lajur nasihat untuk wanita mengenai pembukuan ladang, dan kursus ekonomi rumah di sekolah. <> apa yang paling membuka dataran besar untuk penyelesaian? || kereta api <> apa kereta api menjadikannya mudah dilakukan? || gandum kapal dan tanaman lain yang melakukan kereta api menjual tanah murah? || imigran <> yang dua teknologi baru diperkenalkan pada tahun 1930-an? || jahitan dan mesin basuh <> Dalam sedekad berapa kereta api mula muncul di Great Plains? || <> Dalam berapa dekad ramai wanita bekerja di luar di Great Plains? || <> Dalam berapa dekad mesin basuh diperkenalkan? || <> Dalam berapa dekad sekolah mula menawarkan kursus ekonomi di rumah? || <> Dalam apa dekad apakah Great Plains memulakan penghantaran gandum timur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?", "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba52", "answers": [{"text": "railroads", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what did the railroads make it easy to do?", "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba53", "answers": [{"text": "ship wheat and other crops", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?", "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba54", "answers": [{"text": "immigrants", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?", "id": "570b8534ec8fbc190045ba55", "answers": [{"text": "sewing and washing machines", "answer_start": 1055}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "In what decade did railroads start to appear in the Great Plains?", "id": "59d2a2d72763a60018284141", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "In what decade did many women work outdoors on the Great Plains?", "id": "59d2a2d72763a60018284142", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "In what decade were washing machines introduced?", "id": "59d2a2d72763a60018284143", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "In what decade did schools start offering home economics courses?", "id": "59d2a2d72763a60018284144", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "In what decade did the Great Plains start shipping wheat east?", "id": "59d2a2d72763a60018284145", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling paperwork and financial details. During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm bookkeeping, and home economics courses in the schools."}]], [["Penemuan radiasi inframerah adalah asyik kepada William Herschel, astronom, pada awal abad ke-19. Herschel menerbitkan hasilnya pada tahun 1800 sebelum Royal Society of London. Herschel menggunakan prisma untuk membiasakan cahaya dari matahari dan mengesan inframerah, di luar bahagian merah spektrum, melalui peningkatan suhu yang direkodkan pada termometer. Dia terkejut dengan keputusan itu dan memanggil mereka \"Kalori Sinar\". Istilah 'Inframerah' tidak muncul sehingga lewat pada abad ke-19. <> Siapa yang menemui sinaran inframerah? || William Herschel <> Pada tahun apakah Herschel menerbitkan karya beliau mengenai radiasi inframerah? || 1800 <> Kepada siapakah Herschel membentangkan kerjanya pada radiasi inframerah? || Persatuan Diraja London <> Alat apa yang digunakan Herschel untuk menemui inframerah? || prisma <> Apa yang dipanggil Herschel spektrum inframerah? || Sinar Calorific <> Siapa yang menemui radiasi spektrum? || <> Bilakah istilah Calorific Rays mula digunakan? || <> Apa yang digunakan Herschel untuk mengesan cahaya dari matahari? || <> Apa yang Herschel membiasakan diri daripada Sinar Calorific? || <> Apa masyarakat yang melakukan Herschel membentangkan kerjanya pada spektrum merah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discovered infrared radiation?", "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99a", "answers": [{"text": "William Herschel", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?", "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99b", "answers": [{"text": "1800", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?", "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99c", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Society of London", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?", "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99d", "answers": [{"text": "a prism", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?", "id": "570b92846b8089140040f99e", "answers": [{"text": "Calorific Rays", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Herschel", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who discovered spectrum radiation?", "id": "5a0809c63fc874001820712f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late in the 19th century", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "When did the term Calorific Rays start to be used?", "id": "5a0809c63fc8740018207130", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a prism", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What did Herschel use to detect light from the sun?", "id": "5a0809c63fc8740018207131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What did Herschel refract from Calorific Rays?", "id": "5a0809c63fc8740018207132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Royal Society of London", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What society did Herschel present his work on the red spectrum?", "id": "5a0809c63fc8740018207133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them \"Calorific Rays\". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century."}], ["Penjejakan inframerah, juga dikenali sebagai homing inframerah, merujuk kepada sistem bimbingan peluru berpandu pasif, yang menggunakan pelepasan dari sasaran radiasi elektromagnetik di bahagian inframerah spektrum untuk mengesannya. Peluru berpandu yang menggunakan pencarian inframerah sering disebut sebagai \"pencari panas\", kerana inframerah (IR) berada di bawah spektrum cahaya frekuensi yang dapat dilihat dan dipancarkan dengan kuat oleh badan panas. Banyak objek seperti orang, enjin kenderaan, dan pesawat menjana dan mengekalkan haba, dan oleh itu, amat kelihatan dalam cahaya panjang inframerah cahaya berbanding objek di latar belakang. <> Apakah istilah lain untuk homing inframerah? || Penjejakan inframerah <> Alat apa yang menggunakan homing inframerah? || Rudal <> Apakah nama biasa bagi peluru berpandu yang menggunakan penggunaan inframerah? || pencari panas <> Bersama-sama dengan pesawat dan orang-orang, apakah objek yang mencipta dan mengekalkan haba? || enjin kenderaan <> Apakah IR berdiri? || inframerah <> Apa istilah lain untuk pencari panas? || <> Selain daripada enjin kenderaan dan orang apa objek lain mencipta dan mengekalkan haba? || <> Apa istilah bermaksud menjana haba dan amat kelihatan dalam cahaya panjang inframerah cahaya? || <> Apakah istilah yang menggunakan spektrum inframerah yang dipancarkan oleh badan panas? || <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan spektrum cahaya yang merupakan sebahagian daripada spektrum yang kelihatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for infrared homing?", "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9ac", "answers": [{"text": "Infrared tracking", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What devices make use of infrared homing?", "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9ad", "answers": [{"text": "Missiles", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?", "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9ae", "answers": [{"text": "heat-seekers", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?", "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9af", "answers": [{"text": "vehicle engines", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does IR stand for?", "id": "570b93a36b8089140040f9b0", "answers": [{"text": "infrared", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared tracking", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is another term for heat seekers?", "id": "5a07e4543fc874001820702d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Missiles", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "Besides vehicle engines and people what other objects create and retain heat?", "id": "5a07e4543fc874001820702e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heat-seekers", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What term means to generate heat and is especially visible in infrared wavelengths of light?", "id": "5a07e4543fc874001820702f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared homing", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What is the term that uses the infrared spectrum that is radiated by hot bodies?", "id": "5a07e4543fc8740018207030", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What term describes the spectrum of light that is part of the visible spectrum?", "id": "5a07e4543fc8740018207031", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background."}], ["Sinaran inframerah dikenali sebagai \"radiasi haba\" [rujukan?], Tetapi gelombang cahaya dan elektromagnetik mana-mana frekuensi akan memanaskan permukaan yang menyerapnya. Lampu inframerah dari Matahari menyumbang 49% pemanasan Bumi, dengan selebihnya disebabkan oleh cahaya yang kelihatan yang diserap kemudian disiarkan semula pada panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang. Cahaya yang boleh dilihat atau laser yang memancarkan ultraviolet boleh membuat kertas dan objek panas yang memancarkan memancarkan sinaran yang boleh dilihat. Objek pada suhu bilik akan memancarkan radiasi tertumpu kebanyakannya dalam band 8 hingga 25 \u03bcm, tetapi ini tidak berbeza daripada pelepasan cahaya yang boleh dilihat oleh objek pijar dan ultraviolet oleh lebih panas objek (lihat badan hitam dan undang-undang pemindahan Wien). <> Apakah istilah yang biasa digunakan untuk sinaran inframerah? || radiasi haba <> Berapa peratus daripada haba bumi yang diperoleh daripada cahaya inframerah Matahari? || 49% <> Apakah radiasi yang dipancarkan oleh objek suhu bilik, dalam mikrometer? || 8 hingga 25 <> Selain cahaya inframerah, apakah jenis cahaya yang bertanggungjawab untuk memanaskan Bumi? || boleh dilihat <> Radiasi apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk 49% pemanasan Bumi? || <> Selain daripada cahaya inframerah, apakah jenis cahaya yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengeluarkan radiasi yang kelihatan? || <> Apakah jenis cahaya atau laser yang akan memancarkan sinaran pekat kebanyakannya dalam band 8 hingga 25 um? || <> Jenis gelombang apa yang akan menjadi kertas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?", "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a4", "answers": [{"text": "heat radiation", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?", "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a5", "answers": [{"text": "49%", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? ", "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a6", "answers": [{"text": "8 to 25", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?", "id": "570b933d6b8089140040f9a7", "answers": [{"text": "visible", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared radiation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What radiation is responsible for 49% of the heating of the Earth?", "id": "5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visible light", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?", "id": "5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What type of light or laser will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 um band?", "id": "5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electromagnetic waves", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What type of waves will char paper?", "id": "5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 \u00b5m band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law)."}], ["Konsep emisiti adalah penting dalam memahami pemancaran inframerah objek. Ini adalah harta permukaan yang menggambarkan bagaimana pelepasan habanya menyimpang dari ideal badan hitam. Untuk menjelaskan lebih lanjut, dua objek pada suhu fizikal yang sama tidak akan menunjukkan imej inframerah yang sama jika mereka mempunyai emisinya yang berbeza. Sebagai contoh, untuk mana-mana nilai emisiti pra-set, objek dengan emisiti yang lebih tinggi akan kelihatan lebih panas, dan mereka yang mempunyai emisi yang lebih rendah akan kelihatan lebih sejuk. Atas sebab itu, pemilihan emissivity yang salah akan memberikan keputusan yang tidak tepat apabila menggunakan kamera inframerah dan pyrometers. <> Apakah istilah bagi harta benda yang menggambarkan bagaimana pelepasan haba permukaan menyimpang dari ideal badan hitam? || emisivity <> Bagaimana imej inframerah sesuatu objek dengan emisivity yang lebih tinggi muncul berkaitan dengan satu dengan emisiti yang lebih rendah? || panas <> Bersama dengan pyrometers, peranti apa yang boleh menerima hasil yang tidak tepat jika emisinya tidak ditetapkan dengan betul? || kamera inframerah <> Hartanah apa yang menggambarkan bagaimana pelepasan haba permukaan memberikan hasil yang tidak tepat apabila menggunakan kamera inframerah dan pyrometer? || <> Apa yang menunjukkan imej yang sama dari dua objek dengan perbezaan yang berbeza? || <> Apa yang ideal menunjukkan hasil tidak tepat apabila menggunakan kamera inframerah? || <> Bagaimana pra-menetapkan emisinya membantu kamera inframerah memberikan hasil yang tepat? || <> Bagaimanakah membandingkan dua objek berbeza kepada tubuh hitam memberi anda hasil yang tepat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?", "id": "570b9002ec8fbc190045ba80", "answers": [{"text": "emissivity", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?", "id": "570b9002ec8fbc190045ba81", "answers": [{"text": "hotter", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?", "id": "570b9002ec8fbc190045ba82", "answers": [{"text": "infrared cameras", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emissivity", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What property describes how a surfaces thermal emissions give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers?", "id": "5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared image", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What shows the same image of two objects with differing emissivity?", "id": "5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black body", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What ideal shows inaccurate results when using infrared cameras?", "id": "5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler.", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "How does pre-set emissivity help infrared cameras give accurate results?", "id": "5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects.", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How does comparing two differing objects to a black body give you accurate results?", "id": "5a07d2a20ff9ab00181693e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers."}], ["Radiasi inframerah digunakan dalam industri, saintifik, dan aplikasi perubatan. Peranti penglihatan malam menggunakan pencahayaan mendatar inframerah yang aktif membenarkan orang atau haiwan diperhatikan tanpa pemerhati yang dikesan. Astronomi inframerah menggunakan teleskop yang dilengkapi sensor untuk menembusi ruang berdebu ruang, seperti awan molekul; mengesan objek seperti planet, dan melihat objek yang sangat beralih dari zaman awal alam semesta. Kamera pengimejan terma inframerah digunakan untuk mengesan kehilangan haba dalam sistem terlindung, untuk memerhatikan perubahan aliran darah di kulit, dan untuk mengesan kepanasan kelebihan alat elektrik. <> Bersama industri dan perubatan, dalam apa aplikasi yang digunakan radiasi inframerah? || sains <> Teknologi apa yang digunakan oleh peranti penglihatan malam? || penerangan mendatar inframerah aktif <> Apakah disiplin menggunakan teleskop inframerah untuk melihat melalui awan molekul? || Astronomi inframerah <> Apa pergeseran warna yang menunjukkan objek ruang tarikh dari hari-hari awal alam semesta? || merah <> Apakah peranti yang digunakan untuk mematuhi kehilangan haba sistem terlindung? || Kamera pengimejan terma inframerah <> Teknologi apa yang membolehkan kamera pengimejan terma inframerah mematuhi orang atau haiwan tanpa dikesan? || <> Teknologi apa yang digunakan oleh alat penglihatan malam untuk memerhatikan perubahan aliran darah pada kulit? || <> Apakah disiplin sains menggunakan kamera pengimejan terma inframerah untuk menembusi kawasan berdebu yang berdebu? || <> Bersama industri dan perubatan, dalam apa aplikasi yang digunakan astronomi inframerah? || <> Jenis radiasi apa yang digunakan untuk mengesan kehilangan haba dalam sistem terlindung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?", "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6c", "answers": [{"text": "scientific", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What technology is used by night-vision devices?", "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6d", "answers": [{"text": "active near-infrared illumination", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?", "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6e", "answers": [{"text": "Infrared astronomy", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?", "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6f", "answers": [{"text": "red", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?", "id": "570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba70", "answers": [{"text": "Infrared thermal-imaging cameras", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "active near-infrared illumination", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What technology allows infrared thermal imaging cameras to observe people or animals without being detected?", "id": "5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "active near-infrared illumination", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What technology is used by night vision devices to observe changing blood flow in the skin?", "id": "5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared astronomy", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?", "id": "5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared astronomy used?", "id": "5a07bed60ff9ab00181693af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared radiation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of radiation is used to detect heat loss in insulated systems?", "id": "5a07bed60ff9ab00181693b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus."}], ["Refleksi inframerah, seperti yang dipanggil oleh konservator seni, boleh digunakan untuk lukisan untuk mendedahkan lapisan asas dengan cara yang tidak merosakkan, khususnya pengunduran atau garis besar yang ditarik oleh artis sebagai panduan. Ini sering mendedahkan penggunaan artis hitam karbon, yang menunjukkan dengan baik dalam refleksogram, selagi ia tidak juga digunakan dalam tanah yang mendasari keseluruhan lukisan. Konservator seni mencari untuk melihat sama ada lapisan cat yang kelihatan berbeza dari pengunduran atau lapisan di antara - pengubahan tersebut dipanggil pentimenti apabila dibuat oleh artis asal. Ini adalah maklumat yang sangat berguna dalam menentukan sama ada lukisan adalah versi utama oleh artis asli atau salinan, dan sama ada ia telah diubah oleh kerja pemulihan yang terlalu bersemangat. Secara umum, lebih banyak pentimenti lebih cenderung lukisan menjadi versi utama. Ia juga memberikan maklumat berguna dalam amalan kerja. <> Teknik apa yang digunakan dalam seni untuk memeriksa lapisan asas lukisan tanpa merosakkannya? || Refleksi inframerah <> Apa yang menunjukkan dengan baik dalam refleksogram? || karbon hitam <> Apakah istilah untuk perbezaan dalam lukisan dan pengunduran yang dibuat oleh artis asal? || pentimenti <> Teknik lukisan apa yang digunakan untuk mendedahkan amalan kerja? || <> Apa yang dapat dilihat dalam perubahan lukisan? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila lapisan kelihatan berbeza daripada pantulan? || <> Apa yang berguna untuk menunjukkan jika lukisan adalah asal atau sebahagian daripada pantulan? || <> Dengan karbon hitam apakah lukisan itu lebih cenderung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?", "id": "570b92316b8089140040f994", "answers": [{"text": "Infrared reflectography", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?", "id": "570b92316b8089140040f995", "answers": [{"text": "carbon black", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?", "id": "570b92316b8089140040f996", "answers": [{"text": "pentimenti", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared reflectography", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What painting technique is used to reveal working practices?", "id": "5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbon black", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What is visible in alterations of paintings?", "id": "5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pentimenti", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What is it called when visible layers differ from the reflectogram?", "id": "5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pentimenti", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What is useful to show if a painting is original or part of a reflectogram?", "id": "5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the prime version.", "answer_start": 866}], "question": "With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?", "id": "5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between \u2013 such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices."}], ["Awan ais sejuk yang tinggi seperti Cirrus atau Cumulonimbus muncul putih terang, awan hangat yang lebih rendah seperti Stratus atau Stratocumulus muncul sebagai kelabu dengan awan pertengahan yang diwarnakan dengan sewajarnya. Permukaan tanah panas akan kelihatan seperti kelabu gelap atau hitam. Salah satu kelemahan imejan inframerah ialah awan yang rendah seperti stratus atau kabus boleh menjadi suhu yang sama dengan permukaan tanah atau permukaan laut dan tidak muncul. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan menggunakan kecerahan saluran IR4 (10.3-11.5 \u03bcm) dan saluran inframerah berhampiran (1.58-1.64 \u03bcm), awan rendah boleh dibezakan, menghasilkan gambar satelit kabus. Kelebihan utama inframerah ialah imej dapat dihasilkan pada waktu malam, yang membolehkan urutan cuaca terus menerus dipelajari. <> Bersama dengan Cirrus, apa jenis awan yang sejuk dan tinggi? || Cumulonimbus <> Warna apa awan Cirrus muncul dalam inframerah? || putih <> Bersama dengan Stratus, awan apa yang lebih rendah dan lebih panas? || Stratocumulus <> Apa warna awan Strarus dalam inframerah? || kelabu <> Apakah rangkaian saluran inframerah berdekatan dalam micrometers? || 1.58-1.64 <> Selain cumulonimbus, jenis awan yang lebih rendah dan lebih hangat? || <> Apa awan ais muncul kelabu dalam inframerah? || <> Apakah permukaan tanah boleh menjadi suhu yang sama dengan tanah di sekelilingnya? || <> Apa warna awan pertengahan yang lebih rendah pada inframerah? || <> Apa perbezaan yang membolehkan awan tinggi dibezakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?", "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b6", "answers": [{"text": "Cumulonimbus", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?", "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b7", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?", "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b8", "answers": [{"text": "Stratocumulus", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?", "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9b9", "answers": [{"text": "grey", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?", "id": "570b9ec26b8089140040f9ba", "answers": [{"text": "1.58\u20131.64", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cirrus", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Besides cumulonimbus, what types of clouds are lower and warmer?", "id": "5a07f1fa3fc8740018207099", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cirrus or Cumulonimbus", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What ice clouds show up grey in infrared?", "id": "5a07f1fa3fc874001820709a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hot land surfaces", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What land surface can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land?", "id": "5a07f1fa3fc874001820709b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "grey", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What color are lower intermediate clouds on infrared?", "id": "5a07f1fa3fc874001820709c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3\u201311.5 \u00b5m) and the near-infrared channel (1.58\u20131.64 \u00b5m)", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What difference allows high clouds to be distinguished?", "id": "5a07f1fa3fc874001820709d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3\u201311.5 \u00b5m) and the near-infrared channel (1.58\u20131.64 \u00b5m), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied."}], ["Dalam fotografi inframerah, penapis inframerah digunakan untuk menangkap spektrum inframerah dekat. Kamera digital sering menggunakan penghalang inframerah. Kamera digital dan kamera kamera yang lebih murah mempunyai penapis yang kurang berkesan dan boleh \"melihat\" inframerah berhampiran mendalam, muncul sebagai warna ungu putih terang. Ini terutamanya dinyatakan ketika mengambil gambar subjek berhampiran kawasan IR-terang (seperti berhampiran lampu), di mana gangguan inframerah yang terhasil dapat mencuci imej. Terdapat juga teknik yang dikenali sebagai pengimejan 'T-ray', yang mengimeikan menggunakan radiasi jauh-inframerah atau terahertz. Kekurangan sumber yang cerah boleh menjadikan fotografi terahertz lebih mencabar daripada kebanyakan teknik pengimejan inframerah lain. Baru-baru ini pengimejan T-ray telah banyak menarik kerana beberapa perkembangan baru seperti spektroskopi masa-domain terahertz. <> Apa yang digunakan dalam fotografi inframerah untuk menangkap spektrum dekat-inframerah? || penapis inframerah <> Alat apa yang sering dilengkapkan dengan penyekat inframerah? || Kamera digital <> Apakah teknik yang melibatkan pengimejan dengan radiasi terahertz? || 'Pencitraan T-ray' <> Apakah nama lain untuk radiasi terahertz? || jauh inframerah <> Apa perkembangan terkini dalam pengimejan T-ray? || spektroskopi masa-domain terahertz <> Apakah pengimejan t-ray digunakan untuk menangkap spektrum mendekati inframerah? || <> Apakah perkembangan terkini dalam fotografi inframerah? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk kawasan terang IR? || <> Alat apa yang menggunakan sinaran jauh inframerah atau terahertz? || <> Bagaimana penyekat inframerah mencuci imej? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?", "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98a", "answers": [{"text": "infrared filters", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?", "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98b", "answers": [{"text": "Digital cameras", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?", "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98c", "answers": [{"text": "'T-ray' imaging", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for terahertz radiation?", "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98d", "answers": [{"text": "far-infrared", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?", "id": "570b91106b8089140040f98e", "answers": [{"text": "terahertz time-domain spectroscopy", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared filters", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What does T-ray imaging use to capture the near-infrared spectrum?", "id": "5a07dcd73fc8740018207023", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.", "answer_start": 784}], "question": "What is a recent development in infrared photography?", "id": "5a07dcd73fc8740018207024", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "far-infrared", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "What is another name for IR bright areas?", "id": "5a07dcd73fc8740018207025", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Digital cameras", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What device uses far-infrared or terahertz radiation?", "id": "5a07dcd73fc8740018207026", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp)", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "How do infrared blockers wash out an image?", "id": "5a07dcd73fc8740018207027", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can \"see\" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy."}], ["Spektroskopi getaran inframerah (lihat juga spektroskopi inframerah berhampiran) adalah satu teknik yang boleh digunakan untuk mengenal pasti molekul dengan analisis ikatan konstituen mereka. Setiap ikatan kimia dalam molekul bergetar pada ciri frekuensi bon tersebut. Sekumpulan atom dalam molekul (mis., CH2) mungkin mempunyai pelbagai cara ayunan yang disebabkan oleh gerakan peregangan dan lenturan kumpulan secara keseluruhan. Jika suatu ayunan mengarah kepada perubahan dalam dipole dalam molekul maka ia akan menyerap foton yang mempunyai kekerapan yang sama. Kekerapan getaran kebanyakan molekul sesuai dengan frekuensi cahaya inframerah. Biasanya, teknik ini digunakan untuk mengkaji sebatian organik menggunakan radiasi cahaya dari 4000-400 cm-1, inframerah pertengahan. Spektrum semua frekuensi penyerapan dalam sampel dicatatkan. Ini boleh digunakan untuk mendapatkan maklumat mengenai komposisi sampel dari segi kumpulan kimia yang hadir dan juga kesuciannya (contohnya, sampel basah akan menunjukkan penyerapan O-H luas sekitar 3200 cm-1). <> Apakah teknik yang menganalisis ikatan konkrit molekul untuk mengenal pasti mereka? || Spektroskopi getaran inframerah <> Apa yang berlaku kepada molekul jika suatu ayunan menghasilkan suatu dipol berubah? || ia akan menyerap foton yang mempunyai frekuensi yang sama <> Apakah frekuensi getaran molekul biasanya sesuai? || frekuensi cahaya inframerah <> Apakah istilah radiasi cahaya dalam spektrum 4000-400 cm-1? || teknik pertengahan inframerah Teknik apa yang boleh digunakan untuk mengenal pasti sebatian organik dengan analisis ikatan konstituen mereka? || <> Sekumpulan ikatan kimia dalam molekul mungkin mempunyai berapa banyak cara ayunan? || <> Apa yang paling banyak getaran sesuai dengan frekuensi? || <> Apakah pelbagai cara ayunan dalam spektrum yang disebabkan oleh? || <> Berapakah jumlah penyerapan sekumpulan atom akan ditunjukkan dalam cm? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?", "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f982", "answers": [{"text": "Infrared vibrational spectroscopy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?", "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f983", "answers": [{"text": "it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?", "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f984", "answers": [{"text": "the frequencies of infrared light", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for light radiation in the 4000\u2013400 cm\u22121 spectrum?", "id": "570b909a6b8089140040f985", "answers": [{"text": "the mid-infrared", "answer_start": 721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared vibrational spectroscopy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What technique can be used to identify organic compounds by analysis of their constituent bonds?", "id": "5a07ec283fc874001820705f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "A group of chemical bonds in a molecule may have how many modes of oscillation?", "id": "5a07ec283fc8740018207060", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared light", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "What do most vibrations correspond to the frequencies of?", "id": "5a07ec283fc8740018207061", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole.", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What are multiple modes of oscillation in a spectrum caused by?", "id": "5a07ec283fc8740018207062", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3200 cm\u22121", "answer_start": 1001}], "question": "What is the amount of absorption a group of atoms will show in cm?", "id": "5a07ec283fc8740018207063", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000\u2013400 cm\u22121, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm\u22121)."}], ["Permulaan inframerah ditakrifkan (mengikut piawaian yang berbeza) pada pelbagai nilai biasanya antara 700 nm dan 800 nm, tetapi sempadan antara cahaya yang kelihatan dan inframerah tidak ditakrifkan dengan tepat. Mata manusia amat kurang sensitif kepada cahaya di atas panjang gelombang 700 nm, jadi panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang membuat sumbangan tidak penting kepada adegan yang diterangi oleh sumber cahaya biasa. Bagaimanapun, terutamanya cahaya IR dekat dengan intensiti (mis., Dari laser IR, sumber LED IR, atau dari cahaya terang dengan cahaya yang kelihatan dikeluarkan oleh gel berwarna) boleh dikesan sehingga kira-kira 780 nm, dan akan dilihat sebagai cahaya merah. Sumber-sumber yang memberikan panjang gelombang selagi 1050 nm boleh dilihat sebagai cahaya merah yang membosankan dalam sumber-sumber sengit, menyebabkan beberapa kesukaran dalam pencahayaan mendatar IR dalam gelap (biasanya masalah praktikal ini diselesaikan dengan pencahayaan tidak langsung). Daun sangat cerah di IR berhampiran, dan jika semua kebocoran cahaya yang kelihatan dari sekeliling penapis IR disekat, dan mata diberikan seketika untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan imej yang sangat redup yang melalui penapis fotografi IR-lulus yang terang-terangan, ia adalah mungkin untuk melihat kesan Kayu yang terdiri daripada dedaunan IR-bercahaya. <> Di manakah panjang gelombang apakah mata manusia menjadi kurang sensitif terhadap cahaya? || 700 nm <> Apa jenis cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh laser IR? || berhampiran IR <> Hingga berapa panjang gelombang mata manusia menganggap sumber LED IR sebagai merah? || 780 nm <> Sehingga apa panjang gelombang yang mata manusia melihat beberapa lampu sengit sebagai warna merah membosankan? || 1050 nm <> Apa benda yang sangat terang di dekat IR? || Daun <> Apakah batas sempadan antara cahaya boleh dilihat dan inframerah? || <> Dengan apa panjang gelombang apakah mata manusia merasakan cahaya merah? || <> Apakah cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh penapis fotografi IR-lulus? || <> Objek apa yang sukar untuk dilihat jika semua kebocoran cahaya yang kelihatan disekat? || <> Apa ukuran panjang gelombang langkah-langkah sepanjang 1050? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?", "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba76", "answers": [{"text": "700 nm", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?", "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba77", "answers": [{"text": "near-IR", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?", "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba78", "answers": [{"text": "780 nm", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?", "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba79", "answers": [{"text": "1050 nm", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What objects are notably bright in near IR?", "id": "570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba7a", "answers": [{"text": "Leaves", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What is the defined boundary between visible and infrared light?", "id": "5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "At what wavelength does the human eye perceive red light?", "id": "5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "near-IR", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "What light is generated by an IR-passing photographic filter?", "id": "5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leaves", "answer_start": 852}], "question": "What objects are hard to see if all visible light leaks are blocked?", "id": "5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The onset of infrared", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What value measures wavelengths as long as 1050?", "id": "5a07c6570ff9ab00181693c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage."}], ["Dalam industri semikonduktor, cahaya inframerah boleh digunakan untuk mencirikan bahan seperti filem nipis dan struktur parit berkala. Dengan mengukur refleksi cahaya dari permukaan wafer semikonduktor, indeks pembiasan (n) dan kepupusan kepupusan (k) boleh ditentukan melalui persamaan penyebaran Forouhi-Bloomer. Refleksi daripada cahaya inframerah juga boleh digunakan untuk menentukan sudut kritikal dimensi, kedalaman, dan sudut pandang struktur parit nisbah aspek yang tinggi. <> Surat apa yang mewakili indeks pembiasan? || n <> Surat apa yang mewakili pekali kepupusan? || k <> Apakah persamaan yang digunakan untuk mengetahui indeks pembiasan dan kepupusan kepupusan? || Penyebaran Forouhi-Bloomer <> Bersama dengan dimensi dan kedalaman kritis, apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan refraktori cahaya inframerah dalam menentukan struktur parit nisbah aspek yang tinggi? || sudut sidewall <> Apa refleksi yang diukur dari permukaan wafer semikonduktor untuk menentukan indeks pembiasan? || cahaya <> Industri apa yang boleh menggunakan cahaya inframerah untuk mencirikan kepupusan kepupusan? || <> Apakah refleksi yang diukur dari permukaan dimensi kritikal? || <> Surat apa yang mewakili struktur parit? || <> Bersama dengan dimensi dan kedalaman kritis, apa yang boleh digunakan untuk refleksi cahaya inframerah untuk menentukan indeks pembiasan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What letter represents the index of refraction?", "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa6", "answers": [{"text": "n", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?", "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa7", "answers": [{"text": "k", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?", "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa8", "answers": [{"text": "Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?", "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baa9", "answers": [{"text": "sidewall angle", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?", "id": "570baaabec8fbc190045baaa", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the semiconductor industry", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What industry can use infrared light to characterize the extinction Coefficient?", "id": "5a07ee703fc874001820707d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What reflectance is measured from the surface of a critical dimension?", "id": "5a07ee703fc874001820707e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(n)", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What letter represents trench structures?", "id": "5a07ee703fc874001820707f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sidewall angle", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "Along with critical dimension and depth, what can infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to index of refraction?", "id": "5a07ee703fc8740018207080", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures."}], ["Kamera termografik mengesan radiasi dalam julat inframerah spektrum elektromagnet (kira-kira 900-14,000 nanometer atau 0.9-14 \u03bcm) dan menghasilkan imej radiasi tersebut. Oleh kerana radiasi inframerah dipancarkan oleh semua objek berdasarkan suhu mereka, mengikut undang-undang radiasi badan hitam, termografi membolehkan \"melihat\" persekitaran seseorang dengan atau tanpa pencahayaan yang dapat dilihat. Jumlah sinaran yang dipancarkan oleh objek meningkat dengan suhu, oleh itu termografi membolehkan seseorang melihat variasi suhu (dengan itu nama). <> Apakah pelbagai spektrum elektromagnet dalam micrometers? || 0.9-14 <> Dalam nanometer, apakah jangkauan spektrum elektromagnetik? || 900-14000 <> Apa undang-undang menyatakan bahawa radiasi inframerah dipancarkan oleh objek berdasarkan suhu? || undang-undang radiasi badan hitam <> Apa yang berlaku kepada jumlah radiasi benda yang dikeluarkan ketika suhu meningkat? || Meningkatkan <> Jenis kamera apakah radiasi inframerah? || Thermographic <> Kamera apa yang mengesan suhu dalam julat inframerah? || <> Apakah undang-undang menyatakan bahawa radiasi inframerah dipancarkan oleh objek berdasarkan persekitaran? || <> Apabila objek mempunyai pencahayaan yang dapat dilihat, apa yang berlaku kepada jumlah radiasi benda yang dikeluarkan? || <> Apakah rangkaian radiasi radiasi badan hitam? || <> Apakah pelbagai nanometer yang membolehkan anda melihat variasi suhu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?", "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba96", "answers": [{"text": "0.9\u201314", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?", "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba97", "answers": [{"text": "900\u201314,000", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?", "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba98", "answers": [{"text": "the black body radiation law", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?", "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba99", "answers": [{"text": "increases", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of cameras see infrared radiation?", "id": "570ba229ec8fbc190045ba9a", "answers": [{"text": "Thermographic", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thermographic cameras", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What camera detects temperature in the infrared range?", "id": "5a07d87b3fc8740018207019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the black body radiation law", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on environment?", "id": "5a07d87b3fc874001820701a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increases", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "When an object has visible illumination, what happens to the amount of radiation an object emits?", "id": "5a07d87b3fc874001820701b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.9\u201314", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What is the range of the black body radiation law?", "id": "5a07d87b3fc874001820701c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "900\u201314,000 nanometers", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What is the nanometer range that allows you to see temperature variations?", "id": "5a07d87b3fc874001820701d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900\u201314,000 nanometers or 0.9\u201314 \u03bcm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to \"see\" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name)."}], ["Kepekaan teleskop inframerah berasaskan bumi adalah ketara terhad oleh wap air di atmosfera, yang menyerap sebahagian daripada sinaran inframerah yang tiba dari ruang di luar tetingkap atmosfera terpilih. Keterbatasan ini boleh dikurangkan sebahagiannya dengan meletakkan teleskop di altitud tinggi, atau dengan membawa teleskop dengan lonjakan belon atau pesawat. Teleskop angkasa tidak mengalami kecacatan ini, dan begitu ruang angkasa dianggap lokasi yang sesuai untuk astronomi inframerah. <> Apa yang membataskan kepekaan teleskop inframerah di Bumi? || wap air di atmosfer <> Untuk mengelakkan wap air di atmosfera, di mana boleh dijadikan tempat pemerhatian? || pada ketinggian yang tinggi <> Bersama dengan pesawat, objek apa yang boleh digunakan untuk membawa teleskop lebih tinggi? || belon <> Apa jenis teleskop sepenuhnya mengelakkan wap air di atmosfer bumi? || Teleskop ruang <> Apa yang membataskan kepekaan terhadap pemerhatian ketinggian yang tinggi? || <> Apakah lokasi yang sesuai untuk tingkap atmosfera? || <> Jenis teleskop apa yang mengelakkan menyerap radiasi inframerah? || <> Di manakah anda boleh menempatkan pemerhatian untuk mengelakkan tetingkap atmosfera? || <> Apa yang menyerap radiasi inframerah dari ruang jauh dari ketinggian yang tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?", "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c0", "answers": [{"text": "water vapor in the atmosphere", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?", "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c1", "answers": [{"text": "at a high altitude", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?", "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c2", "answers": [{"text": "balloon", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?", "id": "570b9fa36b8089140040f9c3", "answers": [{"text": "Space telescopes", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water vapor in the atmosphere", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What limits the sensitivity of high altitude observatories?", "id": "5a07f52b3fc87400182070ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "outer space", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What is the ideal location for atmospheric windows?", "id": "5a07f52b3fc87400182070ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Space telescopes", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What kind of telescopes avoid absorbing infrared radiation?", "id": "5a07f52b3fc87400182070af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at a high altitude", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Where can you place an observatory to avoid the atmospheric window?", "id": "5a07f52b3fc87400182070b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water vapor in the atmosphere,", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What absorbs infrared radiation from space away from high altitude?", "id": "5a07f52b3fc87400182070b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy."}], ["Bahagian inframerah spektrum mempunyai beberapa faedah berguna untuk ahli astronomi. Awan, awan molekul gelap gas dan debu di galaksi kita akan bersinar dengan haba yang dipancarkan kerana ia disinari oleh bintang-bintang yang tidak tersenarai. Inframerah juga boleh digunakan untuk mengesan protostar sebelum mereka mula memancarkan cahaya yang kelihatan. Bintang memancarkan sebahagian kecil tenaga mereka dalam spektrum inframerah, jadi objek sejuk berdekatan seperti planet boleh lebih mudah dikesan. (Di dalam spektrum cahaya yang kelihatan, silau dari bintang akan menenggelamkan cahaya yang dipantulkan dari planet.) <> Apa yang menyinari awan gas di galaksi dan menjadikannya bersinar? || bintang yang tidak disengajakan <> Apa yang dapat dikesan melalui inframerah sebelum cahaya yang dapat dilihat? || protostar <> Apa objek yang mengeluarkan kurang tenaga mereka sebagai cahaya inframerah versus cahaya yang boleh dilihat? || Bintang <> Apa yang bersinar dengan haba dan menunjukkan cahaya yang kelihatan? || <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk mengesan protostar apabila ia sejuk? || <> Apa spektrum memberi manfaat kepada bintang? || <> Apa yang memanaskan awan gas dan menjadikannya mudah dikesan? || <> Apakah bintang memancarkan sebahagian kecil dalam galaksi kita? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?", "id": "570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa0", "answers": [{"text": "imbedded stars", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?", "id": "570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa1", "answers": [{"text": "protostars", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?", "id": "570ba2b3ec8fbc190045baa2", "answers": [{"text": "Stars", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What glows with heat and shows visible light?", "id": "5a07f8453fc87400182070cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "What can be used to detect protostars when they are cool?", "id": "5a07f8453fc87400182070cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared portion of the spectrum", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What spectrum benefits stars?", "id": "5a07f8453fc87400182070cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "imbedded stars", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What heats clouds of gas and makes them readily detected?", "id": "5a07f8453fc87400182070ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their energy", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What do stars emit a smaller portion of in our galaxy?", "id": "5a07f8453fc87400182070cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)"}], ["Haba adalah tenaga dalam transit yang mengalir disebabkan oleh perbezaan suhu. Tidak seperti haba yang dipancarkan oleh konduksi haba atau perolakan terma, sinaran terma boleh menyebarkan melalui vakum. Sinaran haba dicirikan oleh spektrum tertentu banyak gelombang panjang yang dikaitkan dengan pelepasan dari objek, kerana getaran molekulnya pada suhu tertentu. Radiasi haba boleh dipancarkan dari objek pada sebarang gelombang panjang, dan pada suhu yang sangat tinggi radiasi tersebut dikaitkan dengan spektrum jauh di atas inframerah, memanjangkan ke kawasan yang kelihatan, ultraviolet, dan juga sinar-X (iaitu corona matahari). Oleh itu, persatuan popular sinaran inframerah dengan radiasi termal hanya satu kebetulan berdasarkan suhu biasa (relatif rendah) yang sering dijumpai berhampiran permukaan planet Bumi. <> Apakah istilah untuk tenaga transit mengalir akibat perbezaan suhu? || Haba <> Jenis transmisi jenis apa yang boleh menyebarkan melalui vakum? || radiasi haba <> objek apa yang memancarkan sinaran termal dalam spektrum sinar-X? || corona solar <> Spektrum yang kelihatan, ultraviolet dan sinar-X adalah semua di atas spektrum apa? || inframerah <> Bagaimana haba menyebarkan melalui vaccuum? || <> Objek apa yang mengeluarkan haba dalam spektrum x-ray? || <> Bagaimana haba dikaitkan dengan pelepasan dari objek? || <> Apakah spektrum yang dipanjangkan haba? || <> Apakah persatuan haba dengan sinaran terma? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?", "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba8e", "answers": [{"text": "Heat", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?", "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba8f", "answers": [{"text": "thermal radiation", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?", "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba90", "answers": [{"text": "the solar corona", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?", "id": "570ba1b2ec8fbc190045ba91", "answers": [{"text": "infrared", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flows due to temperature difference", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "How does heat propagate through a vaccuum?", "id": "5a07cb0b0ff9ab00181693d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the solar corona", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "What object emits heat in the x-ray spectrum?", "id": "5a07cb0b0ff9ab00181693d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "How is heat associated with emission from an object?", "id": "5a07cb0b0ff9ab00181693d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions", "answer_start": 556}], "question": "What spectra is heat extended into?", "id": "5a07cb0b0ff9ab00181693d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.", "answer_start": 702}], "question": "What is the association of heat with thermal radiation?", "id": "5a07cb0b0ff9ab00181693d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (i.e., the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth."}], ["Inframerah digunakan dalam peralatan penglihatan malam apabila terdapat cahaya yang tidak dapat dilihat untuk dilihat. Peranti penglihatan malam beroperasi melalui proses yang melibatkan penukaran foton cahaya ambien ke dalam elektron yang kemudian dikuatkan oleh proses kimia dan elektrik dan kemudian ditukar kembali ke cahaya yang kelihatan. Sumber cahaya inframerah boleh digunakan untuk menambah cahaya sekeliling yang tersedia untuk penukaran oleh peranti penglihatan malam, meningkatkan keterlihatan dalam gelap tanpa benar-benar menggunakan sumber cahaya yang kelihatan. <> Peralatan jenis apa yang menggunakan spektrum inframerah jika tiada cahaya kelihatan yang mencukupi? || penglihatan malam <> Apakah alat penglihatan malam menukar foton cahaya sekitar ke? || elektron <> Bersama dengan proses kimia, jenis proses yang digunakan oleh alat penglihatan malam untuk menukarkan inframerah ke dalam cahaya yang kelihatan? || elektrik <> Peralatan apa yang menggunakan spektrum inframerah dengan cahaya yang kelihatan? || <> Apakah alat penglihatan malam menukar elektron? || <> Dengan apa proses peranti penglihatan malam menukar inframerah ke dalam foton? || <> Proses apa yang menggunakan sumber kimia untuk menambah cahaya ambien? || <> Apakah peningkatan sumber cahaya yang dapat dilihat untuk peranti penglihatan malam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?", "id": "570ba2ff6b8089140040f9c8", "answers": [{"text": "night vision", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?", "id": "570ba2ff6b8089140040f9c9", "answers": [{"text": "electrons", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?", "id": "570ba2ff6b8089140040f9ca", "answers": [{"text": "electrical", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "night vision", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What equipment uses the infrared spectrum with visible light?", "id": "5a07d58c0ff9ab00181693e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "photons", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What do night vision devices convert electrons into?", "id": "5a07d58c0ff9ab00181693e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electrical", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "By what process do night vision devices convert infrared into photons?", "id": "5a07d58c0ff9ab00181693e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conversion", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What process uses a chemical source to augment ambient light?", "id": "5a07d58c0ff9ab00181693e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in-the-dark visibility", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "What does a visible light source increase for a night vision device?", "id": "5a07d58c0ff9ab00181693ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source."}], ["Near-inframerah adalah rantau yang paling dekat dengan panjang gelombang kepada radiasi yang dapat dikesan oleh mata manusia, inframerah pertengahan dan jauh semakin meningkat dari spektrum yang kelihatan. Definisi lain mengikut mekanisme fizikal yang berbeza (puncak pelepasan, vs band, penyerapan air) dan yang terbaru mengikuti sebab teknikal (pengesan silikon yang biasa adalah sensitif kepada kira-kira 1,050 nm, manakala kepekaan InGaAs bermula sekitar 950 nm dan berakhir di antara 1,700 dan 2,600 nm, bergantung pada konfigurasi tertentu). Malangnya, piawaian antarabangsa untuk spesifikasi ini tidak tersedia pada masa ini. <> Apakah gelombang yang paling dekat dengan radiasi yang dapat dilihat oleh mata manusia? || Near-infrared <> Bersama dengan puncak pelepasan dan mekanisme band, apakah mekanisma fizikal lain yang digunakan untuk menentukan inframerah berdekatan? || penyerapan air <> Dalam mikrometer, apabila pengesan silikon biasa berhenti sensitif? || 1,050 <> Apakah tahap kepekaan yang paling rendah, dalam mikrometer, untuk InGaAs? || 950 <> Apakah standard antarabangsa terendah dalam micrometers untuk InGaAs? || <> Apakah puncak pelepasan yang paling hampir dapat dilihat oleh mata manusia? || <> Bersama dengan puncak pelepasan dan mekanisme band vs, apakah mekanisme fizikal lain yang digunakan untuk menentukan pengesan silikon biasa? || <> Apakah InGaAs semakin meningkat dari spektrum yang kelihatan untuk mata manusia? || <> Pada pengukuran apa mekanisme fizikal yang berbeza berhenti sensitif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?", "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba86", "answers": [{"text": "Near-infrared", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?", "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba87", "answers": [{"text": "water absorption", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?", "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba88", "answers": [{"text": "1,050", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?", "id": "570ba092ec8fbc190045ba89", "answers": [{"text": "950", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "950", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What is the lowest international standard in micrometers for InGaAs?", "id": "5a07c1ec0ff9ab00181693b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Near-infrared", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the nearest emission peak visible to the human eye?", "id": "5a07c1ec0ff9ab00181693b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "water absorption", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define common silicon detectors?", "id": "5a07c1ec0ff9ab00181693b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid- and far-infrared", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What InGaAs is progressively further from the visible spectrum for the human eye?", "id": "5a07c1ec0ff9ab00181693b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,050", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "At what measurement do different physical mechanisms cease to be sensitive?", "id": "5a07c1ec0ff9ab00181693ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately, international standards for these specifications are not currently available."}], ["Pembersihan inframerah adalah teknik yang digunakan oleh beberapa pengimbas filem Motion picture, scanner filem dan pengimbas flatbed untuk mengurangkan atau menghapuskan kesan habuk dan goresan pada imbasan selesai. Ia berfungsi dengan mengumpul saluran inframerah tambahan dari imbasan pada kedudukan dan resolusi yang sama seperti tiga saluran berwarna yang kelihatan (merah, hijau, dan biru). Saluran inframerah, digabungkan dengan saluran lain, digunakan untuk mengesan lokasi calar dan debu. Sekali lagi, kecacatan tersebut boleh diperbetulkan dengan penskalaan atau digantikan oleh inpainting. <> Apakah nama teknik yang digunakan dalam pengimbas untuk meminimumkan kesan habuk dan calar? || Pembersihan inframerah <> Bersama merah dan biru, apakah saluran berwarna ketiga yang kelihatan? || hijau <> Bersama dengan penggantian melalui inpainting, prosedur apa yang digunakan dalam pembersihan inframerah untuk mengeluarkan kesan calar dan habuk? || penskalaan <> Bersama dengan saluran cahaya yang kelihatan, apakah saluran yang digunakan untuk mencari calar dan debu dalam pengimbas? || inframerah <> Teknik pembersihan apa yang digunakan untuk mencari kedudukan dan resolusi? || <> Apa yang boleh diperbetulkan dengan mengimbas atau mengimbas? || <> Saluran warna apa yang digunakan untuk mengesan inpainting? || <> Apa pembersihan inframerah lakukan untuk mengesan skala? || <> Apa yang menghilangkan kesan saluran inframerah tambahan pada pengimbas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?", "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab0", "answers": [{"text": "Infrared cleaning", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?", "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab1", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?", "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab2", "answers": [{"text": "scaling", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?", "id": "570bab20ec8fbc190045bab3", "answers": [{"text": "infrared", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared cleaning", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What cleaning technique is used to find position and resolution?", "id": "5a07fa813fc87400182070df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "defects", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What can be corrected by scanning or scaling?", "id": "5a07fa813fc87400182070e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red, green, and blue", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What color channels are used to detect inpainting?", "id": "5a07fa813fc87400182070e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What does infrared cleaning do to detect scaling?", "id": "5a07fa813fc87400182070e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infrared cleaning", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What removes the effects of an additional infrared channel on the scanner? ", "id": "5a07fa813fc87400182070e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting."}], ["Transmisi data IR juga digunakan dalam komunikasi jarak pendek antara peralatan komputer dan pembantu digital peribadi. Peranti ini biasanya selaras dengan piawaian yang diterbitkan oleh IrDA, Persatuan Data Inframerah. Kawalan jauh dan peranti IrDA menggunakan diod pemancar cahaya inframerah (LED) untuk memancarkan sinaran inframerah yang difokuskan oleh lensa plastik ke dalam rasuk sempit. Rasuk dimodulasi, iaitu beralih dan padam, untuk menyandikan data. Penerima menggunakan fotodiode silikon untuk menukarkan radiasi inframerah kepada arus elektrik. Ia hanya bertindak balas kepada isyarat pantas yang dihasilkan oleh pemancar, dan menyaring radiasi inframerah secara perlahan dari cahaya ambien. Komunikasi inframerah berguna untuk penggunaan dalaman di kawasan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi. IR tidak menembusi dinding dan tidak mengganggu peranti lain di bilik bersebelahan. Inframerah adalah cara yang paling biasa untuk kawalan jauh untuk memasang peralatan. Protokol kawalan jauh inframerah seperti RC-5, SIRC, digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan inframerah. <> Apa IrDA? || Persatuan Data Inframerah <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan LED singkatan? || diod pemancar cahaya <> Apakah istilah untuk sesuatu dihidupkan dan dimatikan? || dimodulasi <> Alat apa yang digunakan untuk mengubah radiasi inframerah ke arus elektrik? || silikon fotodiode <> Mengapa inframerah tidak menyebabkan masalah untuk peranti di bilik bersebelahan? || IR tidak menembusi dinding <> Apa istilah bermaksud menyaring perlahan-lahan untuk menukar radiasi inframerah dari cahaya ambien? || <> Peranti apa yang mengubah radiasi inframerah kepada piawaian yang diterbitkan oleh Ir DA? || <> Alat apa yang menggunakan penghantaran data IR dalam komunikasi jarak pendek ke peralatan arahan? || <> Nama peranti yang menggunakan IrDA untuk memancarkan radiasi inframerah yang difokuskan oleh lensa plastik ke dalam balok yang sempit. || <> Apakah protokol kawalan jauh inframerah digunakan di kawasan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the IrDA?", "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9ce", "answers": [{"text": "the Infrared Data Association", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym LEDs stand for?", "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9cf", "answers": [{"text": "light-emitting diodes", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term for when something is switched on and off?", "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9d0", "answers": [{"text": "modulated", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current?", "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9d1", "answers": [{"text": "silicon photodiode", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms?", "id": "570baa0f6b8089140040f9d2", "answers": [{"text": "IR does not penetrate walls", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modulated", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What term means filtering out slowly to change infrared radiation from ambient light?", "id": "5a07ea473fc874001820704b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "silicon photodiode", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "What device changes infrared radiation to standards published by the Ir DA?", "id": "5a07ea473fc874001820704c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "computer peripherals and personal digital assistants", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What devices use IR data transmission in short range communication to command appliances?", "id": "5a07ea473fc874001820704d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Remote controls and IrDA devices", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Name the devices that use IrDA to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. ", "id": "5a07ea473fc874001820704e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RC-5, SIRC", "answer_start": 982}], "question": "What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density?", "id": "5a07ea473fc874001820704f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared."}], ["Permukaan bumi dan awan menyerap sinaran yang kelihatan dan tidak dapat dilihat dari matahari dan memancarkan semula banyak tenaga ketika inframerah kembali ke atmosfera. Bahan-bahan tertentu di atmosfera, terutamanya titisan awan dan wap air, tetapi juga karbon dioksida, metana, nitrous oksida, sulfur hexafluoride, dan klorofluorokarbon, menyerap inframerah ini, dan memancarkannya semula ke semua arah termasuk kembali ke bumi. Oleh itu, kesan rumah hijau mengekalkan atmosfera dan permukaan lebih panas daripada jika penyerap inframerah tidak hadir dari atmosfera. <> Bersama dengan permukaan Bumi, objek apa yang menyerap radiasi dari matahari? || awan <> Selepas permukaan bumi menyerap radiasi, dalam spektrum apa yang banyak dipancarkan? || inframerah <> Bersama dengan wap air, apakah bahan atmosfera terutamanya menyerap inframerah yang dipancarkan oleh Bumi? || titisan awan <> Apa kesan pemanasan yang ketara adakah penyerapan inframerah menyumbang kepada? || rumah hijau <> Apa kesan rumah kaca menyerap dari matahari? || <> Selepas Bumi menyerap metana, dalam spektrum apakah ia dipancarkan semula? || <> Apakah bahan yang menyerap heksafluorida sulfur yang dipancarkan oleh Bumi? || <> Apa yang menjaga suasana dan permukaan dipancarkan semula? || <> Apakah bahan yang mengeluarkan wap air kembali ke atmosfera? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?", "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045bab8", "answers": [{"text": "clouds", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?", "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045bab9", "answers": [{"text": "infrared", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?", "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045baba", "answers": [{"text": "cloud droplets", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?", "id": "570baba0ec8fbc190045babb", "answers": [{"text": "greenhouse", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visible and invisible radiation", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun?", "id": "5a0803c33fc8740018207111", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "After Earth absorbs methane, in what spectrum is it re-emitted?", "id": "5a0803c33fc8740018207112", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cloud droplets and water vapor", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What substances absorb the sulfur hexafluoride emitted by the Earth?", "id": "5a0803c33fc8740018207113", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "greenhouse effect", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What keeps the atmosphere and surface re-radiated?", "id": "5a0803c33fc8740018207114", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infrared absorbers", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What substances emit water vapor back to the atmosphere?", "id": "5a0803c33fc8740018207115", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere."}]], [["Hutan memainkan peranan penting dalam melindungi lebih daripada 45,000 spesies flora dan 81,000 fauna yang 5150 bunga dan 1837 spesies fauna adalah endemik. Spesies tumbuhan dan haiwan yang terhad kepada kawasan geografi tertentu dipanggil spesis endemik. Di hutan rizab, hak untuk aktiviti seperti perburuan dan ragut kadang-kadang diberikan kepada masyarakat yang tinggal di pinggir hutan, yang mengekalkan kehidupan mereka sebahagian atau sepenuhnya dari sumber atau produk hutan. Hutan tidak terkeluar meliputi 6.4 peratus daripada keseluruhan kawasan hutan dan mereka ditandakan dengan ciri-ciri berikut: <> Apa yang memainkan peranan penting dalam melindungi spesis bunga dan fauna? || Hutan <> Berapa banyak spesies bunga endemik yang melakukan hutan haram? || 5150 <> Berapa banyak spesies fauna endemik melakukan pelabuhan hutan? || 1837 <> Apakah jenis haiwan dan rancangan terhad kepada kawasan geografi tertentu? || spesies endemik <> Apakah jenis aktiviti yang diberikan hak dalam hutan simpanan? || memburu dan memakan <> Apa yang memainkan peranan penting dalam memelihara finges? || <> Berapa banyak spesies bunga endemik yang memelihara pelabuhan? || <> Berapa banyak spesies fauna endemik yang memelihara pelabuhan? || <> Apakah jenis haiwan dan rancangan terhad kepada hutan tertentu? || <> Apakah jenis aktiviti yang diberikan hak dalam spesies terpelihara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?", "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafc", "answers": [{"text": "The forests", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?", "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafd", "answers": [{"text": "5150", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?", "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafe", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?", "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045baff", "answers": [{"text": "endemic species", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?", "id": "570bcd11ec8fbc190045bb00", "answers": [{"text": "hunting and grazing", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The forests", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What plays a vital role in harbouring finges?", "id": "5a8cbf23fd22b3001a8d8de6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5150", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "How many endemic floral species does grazing harbor?", "id": "5a8cbf23fd22b3001a8d8de7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "How many endemic faunal species does grazing harbor?", "id": "5a8cbf23fd22b3001a8d8de8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "endemic species", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific forest?", "id": "5a8cbf23fd22b3001a8d8de9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hunting and grazing", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What types of activities are granted rights in reserved species?", "id": "5a8cbf23fd22b3001a8d8dea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes given to communities living on the fringes of the forest, who sustain their livelihood partially or wholly from forest resources or products. The unclassed forests covers 6.4 percent of the total forest area and they are marked by the following characteristics:"}], ["Perubahan alam sekitar yang cepat biasanya menyebabkan kepupusan besar-besaran. Lebih daripada 99 peratus daripada semua spesies, yang berjumlah lebih daripada lima bilion spesies, yang pernah hidup di Bumi dianggarkan telah pupus. Anggaran bilangan spesies bumi semasa dari 10 juta hingga 14 juta, di mana kira-kira 1.2 juta telah didokumenkan dan lebih daripada 86 peratus belum diterangkan. Jumlah pasangan asas DNA berkaitan di Bumi dianggarkan pada 5.0 x 1037, dan berat 50 bilion tan. Sebagai perbandingan, jumlah jisim biosfera telah dianggarkan sebanyak 4 TtC (trilion tan karbon). <> Apa yang biasanya boleh menyebabkan kepupusan besar-besaran? || Perubahan alam sekitar yang cepat <> Berapakah peratusan spesies dianggarkan telah pupus? || Lebih daripada 99 peratus <> Berapa banyak spesies yang pernah hidup di bumi? || lebih daripada lima bilion spesies <> Berapa banyak spesies yang kini hidup di bumi? || Spesies bumi kini berkisar dari 10 juta hingga 14 juta, <> Berapakah anggaran berat jumlah pasangan DNA DNA berkaitan di Bumi? || 50 bilion tan <> Apa yang biasanya boleh menyebabkan biosfera? || <> Sebanyak peratus pasangan asas DNA dianggarkan telah pupus? || <> Berapa banyak pasangan asas DNA yang pernah wujud? || <> Berapa banyak pasangan asas DNA di bumi? || <> Berapakah anggaran berat jumlah spesis di Bumi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can typically cause mass extinctions?", "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4c", "answers": [{"text": "Rapid environmental changes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?", "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4d", "answers": [{"text": "More than 99 percent", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many species have ever lived on earth?", "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4e", "answers": [{"text": "over five billion species", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many species currently live on earth?", "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa4f", "answers": [{"text": "Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?", "id": "570bceb66b8089140040fa50", "answers": [{"text": "50 billion tonnes", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rapid environmental changes", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can typically cause the biosphere?", "id": "5a8ca117fd22b3001a8d8c26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "More than 99 percent", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What percentage of DNA base pairs are estimated to be extinct?", "id": "5a8ca117fd22b3001a8d8c27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over five billion", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "How many DNA base pairs have ever existed?", "id": "5a8ca117fd22b3001a8d8c28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 million to 14 million", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "How many DNA base pairs are on earth?", "id": "5a8ca117fd22b3001a8d8c29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50 billion tonnes", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What is the estimated weight of the total amount of species on Earth?", "id": "5a8ca117fd22b3001a8d8c2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon)."}], ["Perjanjian global seperti Konvensyen Kepelbagaian Biologi, memberikan \"hak negara berdaulat atas sumber biologi\" (bukan harta). Perjanjian itu membuat negara-negara \"memulihara kepelbagaian biologi\", \"membangunkan sumber untuk kelestarian\" dan \"berkongsi manfaat\" yang terhasil daripada penggunaannya. Negara-negara Biodiverse yang membenarkan bioprospeksi atau pengumpulan produk semulajadi, menjangkakan bahagian manfaat daripada membiarkan individu atau institusi yang menemukan / mengeksploitasi sumber untuk menangkap mereka secara persendirian. Bioprospeksi boleh menjadi satu jenis biopirasi apabila prinsip-prinsip tersebut tidak dihormati. [Persetujuan diperlukan] <> Apa perjanjian global yang memberikan hak negara berdaulat atas sumber biologi? || Konvensyen Kepelbagaian Biologi <> Persetujuan apa yang membuat negara-negara memelihara kepelbagaian biologi? || Konvensyen Kepelbagaian Biologi <> Persetujuan apa yang membuat negara-negara membangun sumber daya untuk kemapanan? || Konvensyen Kepelbagaian Biologi <> Apakah proses pengumpulan produk semulajadi? || bioprospecting <> Apa perjanjian global yang memberikan hak negara berdaulat ke atas sumber persendirian? || <> Perjanjian apa yang membuat negara-negara memelihara bioprospeksi? || <> Perjanjian apa yang membuat negara-negara membangun sumber untuk biopirasi? || <> Apakah proses pengumpulan hak negara? || <> Apakah negara yang mengizinkan perjanjian semula jadi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?", "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb06", "answers": [{"text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?", "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb07", "answers": [{"text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?", "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb08", "answers": [{"text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process of collecting natural products?", "id": "570bce18ec8fbc190045bb09", "answers": [{"text": "bioprospecting", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over private resources?", "id": "5a8cbffbfd22b3001a8d8dfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What agreement commits countries to conserve bioprospecting?", "id": "5a8cbffbfd22b3001a8d8dfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Convention on Biological Diversity", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What agreement commits countries to develop resources for biopiracy?", "id": "5a8cbffbfd22b3001a8d8dfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bioprospecting", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "What is the process of collecting national rights?", "id": "5a8cbffbfd22b3001a8d8dfd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a share of the benefits", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What do countries that allow natural agreements expect?", "id": "5a8cbffbfd22b3001a8d8dfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give \"sovereign national rights over biological resources\" (not property). The agreements commit countries to \"conserve biodiversity\", \"develop resources for sustainability\" and \"share the benefits\" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that allow bioprospecting or collection of natural products, expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately. Bioprospecting can become a type of biopiracy when such principles are not respected.[citation needed]"}], ["Akhirnya, spesies yang diperkenalkan mungkin secara tidak sengaja mencederakan spesies yang bergantung kepada spesies yang digantikannya. Di Belgium, Prunus spinosa dari Eropah Timur daun lebih awal daripada rakan-rakan Eropah Barat, mengganggu tabiat pemakanan rama-rama betina Theula (yang memakan daun). Memperkenalkan spesies baru sering meninggalkan spesies tempatan endemik dan lain-lain yang tidak dapat bersaing dengan spesies eksotik dan tidak mampu bertahan. Organisme eksotik mungkin menjadi pemangsa, parasit, atau hanya boleh mengalahkan spesies asli untuk nutrien, air dan cahaya. <> Apa yang tidak sengaja mencederakan spesies yang bergantung kepada spesies yang digantikan? || spesies yang diperkenalkan <> Di mana daun Prunus spinosa lebih awal? || Di Belgium <> Haiwan apa yang dapat ditanam oleh amalan Prunus spinosa? || meninggalkan spesies tempatan endemik dan lain-lain yang tidak dapat bersaing dengan spesies eksotik dan tidak dapat bertahan <> Apa spesies yang berjuang dengan pengenalan spesies baru? || spesies tempatan endemik dan lain-lain <> Apakah spesies baru boleh diperkenalkan? || Organisme eksotik mungkin menjadi pemangsa, parasit <> Apa yang tidak sengaja mencederakan spesies yang bergantung kepada spesies yang dimakannya? || <> Di mana daun Prunus spinosa tanpa sinaran matahari? || <> Apa yang mengganggu tabiat pemakanan organisma eksotik? || <> Apa yang memperkenalkan spinosas baru sering dilakukan? || <> Apakah jenis nutrien baru yang boleh diperkenalkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?", "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf2", "answers": [{"text": "an introduced species", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?", "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf3", "answers": [{"text": "In Belgium", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?", "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf4", "answers": [{"text": "leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?", "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf5", "answers": [{"text": "endemic and other local species", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of new species can be introduced?", "id": "570bc8b4ec8fbc190045baf6", "answers": [{"text": "The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an introduced species", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it feeds on?", "id": "5a8cc204fd22b3001a8d8e16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In Belgium", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf without sunlight? ", "id": "5a8cc204fd22b3001a8d8e17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What disrupts the feeding habits of exotic organisms?", "id": "5a8cc204fd22b3001a8d8e18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What does introducing new spinosas often do?", "id": "5a8cc204fd22b3001a8d8e19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exotic", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What types of new nutrients can be introduced?", "id": "5a8cc204fd22b3001a8d8e1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light."}], ["Secara mutlak, planet ini telah kehilangan 52% kepelbagaian biologi sejak tahun 1970 berdasarkan kajian 2014 oleh World Wildlife Fund. Laporan Planet Hidup 2014 mendakwa bahawa \"bilangan mamalia, burung, reptilia, amfibia dan ikan di seluruh dunia rata-rata kira-kira separuh saiznya 40 tahun lalu\". Dari jumlah itu, 39% menyumbang kepada hidupan terestrial, 39% untuk hidupan marin yang hilang, dan 76% untuk hidupan liar air tawar. Keanekaragaman hayati mengambil hit terbesar di Amerika Latin, menjunam 83 peratus. Negara berpendapatan tinggi menunjukkan peningkatan 10% dalam biodiversiti, yang dibatalkan oleh kerugian di negara berpendapatan rendah. Ini adalah walaupun negara-negara berpendapatan tinggi menggunakan lima kali sumber ekologi negara-negara berpendapatan rendah, yang dijelaskan sebagai hasil proses di mana negara-negara kaya adalah sumber kekurangan sumber daya untuk negara-negara yang lebih miskin, yang mengalami kerugian ekosistem terbesar. <> Sebilangan peratus kepelbagaian biologi telah kehilangan planet sejak tahun 1970 || 52% <> tahun berapa mereka belajar yang dilakukan oleh Dana Hidupan Liar Dunia? || 2014 <> Apakah peratusan akaun untuk hidupan laut terestri yang hilang? || 39% <> Apakah peratusan akaun hidupan marin yang hilang? || 39% <> Apakah peratusan akaun hidupan liar air tawar telah hilang? || 76% <> Berapa peratus kepelbagaian biologi telah hilang planet sejak 2014? || <> Berapa tahun kajian yang dibatalkan oleh Dana Hidupan Liar Dunia? || <> Apakah peratusan akaun bagi negara berpendapatan rendah hilang? || <> Berapa peratusan akaun bagi negara kaya? || <> Berapakah jumlah peratusan bagi hidupan liar air Amerika Latin yang hilang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970", "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa30", "answers": [{"text": "52%", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?", "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa31", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?", "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa32", "answers": [{"text": "39%", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?", "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa33", "answers": [{"text": "39%", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?", "id": "570bc6466b8089140040fa34", "answers": [{"text": "76%", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "52%", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 2014?", "id": "5a8cb299fd22b3001a8d8d5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What year was the study canceled by World Wildlife Fund?", "id": "5a8cb299fd22b3001a8d8d5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "39%", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What percentage accounts for the low-income countries gone?", "id": "5a8cb299fd22b3001a8d8d5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "39%", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What percentage accounts for the wealthy nations gone?", "id": "5a8cb299fd22b3001a8d8d5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "76%", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "What percentage accounts for the Latin America freshwater wildlife gone?", "id": "5a8cb299fd22b3001a8d8d60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that \"the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago\". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses."}], ["Satu kajian tahun 2007 yang dijalankan oleh Yayasan Sains Kebangsaan mendapati bahawa kepelbagaian biologi dan kepelbagaian genetik adalah kododaya - bahawa kepelbagaian antara spesies memerlukan kepelbagaian dalam spesies, dan sebaliknya. \"Jika mana-mana satu jenis dikeluarkan daripada sistem, kitaran boleh dimatikan, dan komuniti dikuasai oleh spesies tunggal.\" Pada masa ini, ekosistem yang paling terancam dijumpai dalam air tawar, menurut Penilaian Ekosistem Milenium 2005, yang disahkan oleh \"Penilaian Kepelbagaian Haiwan Air Tawar\", yang dianjurkan oleh platform biodiversiti, dan Institut de France recherche pour d\u00e9veloppement (MNHNP ). <> Di mana tahun kajian itu diterbitkan yang menemui kepelbagaian biologi dan kepelbagaian genetik adalah kododik? || 2007 <> Siapa yang menjalankan kajian 2007? || Yayasan Sains Kebangsaan <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan pemecahan sistem biodiversiti? || Sekiranya mana-mana satu jenis dikeluarkan dari sistem <> Di mana terdapat ekosistem yang paling terancam? || di air tawar <> Di mana tahun kajian itu diterbitkan yang menemui kepelbagaian biologi dan kepelbagaian masyarakat adalah kododik? || <> Siapa yang menjalankan kajian 2000? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan pecah sistem air? || <> Di manakah spesies paling terancam? || <> Apa yang mengatakan bahawa ekosistem yang paling terancam dijumpai di Perancis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?", "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3a", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who conducted the 2007 study?", "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3b", "answers": [{"text": "National Science Foundation", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?", "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3c", "answers": [{"text": "If any one type is removed from the system", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?", "id": "570bc7826b8089140040fa3d", "answers": [{"text": "in fresh water", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and community diversity are codependent?", "id": "5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Science Foundation", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Who conducted the 2000 study?", "id": "5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "If any one type is removed from the system", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What can cause a break down of a water system?", "id": "5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in fresh water", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "Where are the most threatened species found?", "id": "5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "What said that the most threatened ecosystems are found in France?", "id": "5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent\u2014that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species.\" At present, the most threatened ecosystems are found in fresh water, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, which was confirmed by the \"Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment\", organised by the biodiversity platform, and the French Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (MNHNP)."}], ["Kepelbagaian tanaman yang spesifik, sebahagiannya, bertanggungjawab untuk menawarkan pelbagai jenis makanan. Kepelbagaian intraspecific, pelbagai alel dalam spesies tunggal, juga menawarkan pilihan dalam diet kita. Jika tanaman gagal dalam monokultur, kita bergantung kepada kepelbagaian pertanian untuk menanam semula tanah dengan sesuatu yang baru. Jika tanaman gandum dimusnahkan oleh perosak, kita boleh menanam pelbagai jenis gandum pada tahun berikutnya, bergantung kepada kepelbagaian intraspecific. Kami mungkin mengetepikan pengeluaran gandum di kawasan itu dan menanam spesies yang berbeza sama sekali, bergantung kepada kepelbagaian interspesifik. Malah masyarakat pertanian yang terutama tumbuh monokultur, bergantung kepada kepelbagaian biologi pada satu ketika. <> Apa yang ada tanggungjawab untuk menawarkan pelbagai dalam apa yang kita makan? || Kepelbagaian tanaman yang spesifik <> Apakah pelbagai alel dalam spesies tunggal? || Kepelbagaian tanaman yang spesifik <> Bilakah kita bergantung kepada kepelbagaian pertanian untuk memulihkan tanah dengan sesuatu yang baru? || Jika tanaman gagal dalam monokultur <> Apa yang boleh memusnahkan tanaman gandum? || sebuah makhluk perosak Apa jenis masyarakat terutamanya tumbuh monokultur? || masyarakat pertanian <> Apa yang ada tanggungjawab untuk menawarkan varieti dalam monokultur? || <> Apakah pelbagai alel dalam satu kawasan pengeluaran? || <> Bilakah kita bergantung kepada kepelbagaian pengeluaran untuk menanam semula tanah dengan sesuatu yang baru? || <> Apa yang boleh memusnahkan spesies tunggal? || <> Apa jenis masyarakat terutamanya menanam gandum? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?", "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa26", "answers": [{"text": "Interspecific crop diversity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the variety of alleles within a single species?", "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa27", "answers": [{"text": "Interspecific crop diversity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?", "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa28", "answers": [{"text": "If a crop fails in a monoculture", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can destroy a wheat crop?", "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa29", "answers": [{"text": "a pest", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?", "id": "570bc5976b8089140040fa2a", "answers": [{"text": "agricultural society", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Interspecific crop diversity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has some responsibility for offering variety in monoculture?", "id": "5a8cae40fd22b3001a8d8d2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intraspecific diversity", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What is the variety of alleles within a single production area?", "id": "5a8cae40fd22b3001a8d8d2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "If a crop fails in a monoculture", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "When do we rely on production diversity to replant the land with something new?", "id": "5a8cae40fd22b3001a8d8d2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a pest", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "What can destroy a single species?", "id": "5a8cae40fd22b3001a8d8d2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "agricultural society", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "What type of a society primarily grows wheat?", "id": "5a8cae40fd22b3001a8d8d2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year, relying on intraspecific diversity. We may forgo wheat production in that area and plant a different species altogether, relying on interspecific diversity. Even an agricultural society which primarily grows monocultures, relies on biodiversity at some point."}], ["Keanekaragaman hayati, penguncupan \"kepelbagaian biologi,\" secara amnya merujuk kepada kepelbagaian dan kepelbagaian kehidupan di Bumi. Salah satu definisi paling banyak digunakan mendefinisikannya dari segi variabiliti dalam spesies, antara spesies, dan antara ekosistem. Ia adalah ukuran pelbagai organisma yang ada dalam ekosistem yang berbeza. Ini boleh merujuk kepada variasi genetik, variasi ekosistem, atau variasi spesies (bilangan spesis) di dalam kawasan, biome, atau planet. Biodiversiti terestrial cenderung lebih besar berhampiran khatulistiwa, yang nampaknya adalah hasil daripada iklim panas dan produktiviti utama yang tinggi. Keanekaragaman hayati tidak diagihkan sama rata di Bumi. Ia kaya di kawasan tropika. Keanekaragaman hayati marin cenderung menjadi paling tinggi di sepanjang pantai di Pasifik Barat, di mana suhu permukaan laut adalah tertinggi dan pada pertengahan garis lintang di semua lautan. Terdapat kecerunan latitud dalam kepelbagaian spesies. Keanekaragaman hayati umumnya cenderung kepada kelompok di titik panas, dan telah meningkat dari masa ke masa, tetapi mungkin akan perlahan di masa depan. <> Apa istilah merujuk kepada pelbagai dan variabiliti kehidupan di Bumi? || Kepelbagaian biologi <> Apakah jenis variasi yang dimaksudkan oleh Biodiversiti? || variasi genetik, variasi ekosistem, atau variasi spesies <> Apakah jenis keanekaragaman hayati yang berlaku berhampiran khatulistiwa? || Keanekaragaman hayati terestrial <> Di mana di Bumi adalah keanekaragaman hayati yang paling berlimpah? || Ia kaya di kawasan tropika. <> Di manakah suhu permukaan laut yang tertinggi? || sepanjang pantai di Pasifik Barat <> Istilah apa yang merujuk kepada suhu hidup di bumi? || <> Apakah jenis suhu yang dimaksudkan oleh Biodiversiti? || <> Jenis suhu apa yang berlaku berhampiran khatulistiwa? || <> Di mana di bumi mempunyai suhu yang paling banyak? || <> Di manakah biodiversiti permukaan laut yang tertinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What term refers to  the variety and variability of life on Earth?", "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0a", "answers": [{"text": "Biodiversity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?", "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0b", "answers": [{"text": "genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?", "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0c", "answers": [{"text": "Terrestrial biodiversity", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?", "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0d", "answers": [{"text": "It is richest in the tropics.", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is sea surface temperature the highest?", "id": "570bc0386b8089140040fa0e", "answers": [{"text": "along coasts in the Western Pacific", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Biodiversity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What term refers to the temperature of life on earth?", "id": "5a8c9fb1fd22b3001a8d8bfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "What types of temperature does Biodiversity refer to?", "id": "5a8c9fb1fd22b3001a8d8bff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Terrestrial", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "What type of temperature happens near the equator?", "id": "5a8c9fb1fd22b3001a8d8c00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the tropics", "answer_start": 676}], "question": "Where on earth does temperature have the most variety?", "id": "5a8c9fb1fd22b3001a8d8c01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "along coasts in the Western Pacific", "answer_start": 729}], "question": "Where is sea surface biodiversity the highest?", "id": "5a8c9fb1fd22b3001a8d8c02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Biodiversity, a contraction of \"biological diversity,\" generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future."}], ["Pembinaan bertingkat ini selaras dengan Dasmann dan Lovejoy. Definisi eksplisit yang konsisten dengan tafsiran ini mula-mula diberikan dalam karya oleh Bruce A. Wilcox yang ditugaskan oleh Kesatuan Antarabangsa untuk Pemuliharaan Alam dan Sumber Asli (IUCN) untuk Persidangan Taman Negara Sedunia 1982. Takrifan Wilcox adalah \"Kepelbagaian biologi adalah pelbagai bentuk kehidupan ... di semua peringkat sistem biologi (iaitu molekul, organisme, populasi, spesies dan ekosistem) ...\". Sidang Kemuncak Bumi Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 1992 menyatakan \"kepelbagaian biologi\" sebagai \"kepelbagaian antara organisma hidup dari semua sumber, termasuk 'inter alia', daratan, marin, dan ekosistem akuatik lain, dan kompleks ekologi yang mana mereka adalah sebahagiannya: kepelbagaian dalam spesies, antara spesies dan ekosistem \". Definisi ini digunakan dalam Konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu mengenai Kepelbagaian Biologi. <> Siapa pengarang kertas penyelidikan biodiversiti? || Bruce A. Wilcox <> Siapa yang menugaskan kertas penyelidikan biodiversiti? || Kesatuan Antarabangsa untuk Pemuliharaan Alam Semulajadi dan Sumber Asli (IUCN) <> Pada apa peristiwa itu adalah kertas penyelidikan biodiversiti yang dibentangkan? || 1982 Persidangan Taman Negara Sedunia <> Tahun apakah Sidang Kemuncak Bumi Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menentukan \"kepelbagaian biologi\"? || 1992 <> Siapa penulis kertas penyelidikan taman? || <> Siapa yang menugaskan kertas penyelidikan taman? || <> Pada apa acara itu adalah kertas penyelidikan taman yang dibentangkan? || <> Tahun berapakah IUCN menentukan \"kepelbagaian biologi\"? || <> Apakah IUCN menentukan \"kepelbagaian biologi\" sebagai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?", "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa14", "answers": [{"text": "Bruce A. Wilcox", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?", "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa15", "answers": [{"text": "International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?", "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa16", "answers": [{"text": "1982 World National Parks Conference", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define \"biological diversity\"?", "id": "570bc2566b8089140040fa17", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bruce A. Wilcox", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Who is the author of the park research paper?", "id": "5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Who commissioned the park research paper?", "id": "5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1982 World National Parks Conference", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "At what event was the park research paper presented?", "id": "5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 504}], "question": "What year did the IUCN define \"biological diversity\"?", "id": "5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the variability among living organisms from all sources", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "What did the IUCN define \"biological diversity\" as?", "id": "5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was \"Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...\". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined \"biological diversity\" as \"the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems\". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity."}], ["Sebaliknya, perubahan melalui korelasi Phanerozoik jauh lebih baik dengan model hiperbolik (digunakan secara meluas dalam biologi populasi, demografi dan makrososiologi, dan juga biodiversiti fosil) daripada dengan model eksponen dan logistik. Model-model terakhir ini membayangkan bahawa perubahan kepelbagaian dipandu oleh maklum balas positif pertama pesanan (lebih banyak nenek moyang, lebih banyak keturunan) dan / atau maklum balas negatif yang timbul daripada batasan sumber. Model hiperbola membayangkan maklum balas positif kedua pesanan. Corak hiperbolik pertumbuhan penduduk dunia timbul dari maklum balas positif kedua pesanan antara saiz penduduk dan kadar pertumbuhan teknologi. Sikap hiperbolik pertumbuhan biodiversiti juga boleh diambil kira oleh maklum balas antara kepelbagaian dan kerumitan struktur masyarakat. Kesamaan antara lengkung kepelbagaian biologi dan populasi manusia mungkin berasal dari fakta bahawa kedua-duanya berasal dari gangguan kecenderungan hiperbolik dengan dinamik siklus dan stokastik. <> Model apa yang menghubungkan jauh lebih baik daripada model hiperbolik? || Phanerozoic <> Model apa yang digunakan secara meluas dalam makrososiologi? || model hiperbolik <> Model apa yang membayangkan bahawa perubahan kepelbagaian dipandu oleh maklum balas positif pertama pesanan? || model eksponen dan logistik <> Model apa yang membayangkan maklum balas positif pesanan kedua? || Model hiperbola <> Apa yang boleh diambil kira dengan maklum balas antara keragaman dan kerumitan struktur komuniti? || Watak hiperbolik pertumbuhan biodiversiti <> Model apa yang menghubungkan jauh lebih baik daripada model kitaran? || <> Model apa yang digunakan secara meluas dalam dinamik stokastik? || <> Model apa yang membayangkan bahawa perubahan kepelbagaian dipandu oleh dinamika stokastik? || <> Model apa yang membayangkan trend kedua-macrososiologi pesanan? || <> Apa yang boleh diambil kira dengan maklum balas antara trend kepelbagaian dan makroosiologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?", "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1c", "answers": [{"text": "the Phanerozoic", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What model is widely used in macrosociology?", "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1d", "answers": [{"text": "hyperbolic model", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?", "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1e", "answers": [{"text": "exponential and logistic models", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What model implies a second-order positive feedback?", "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa1f", "answers": [{"text": "Hyperbolic model", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?", "id": "570bc3996b8089140040fa20", "answers": [{"text": "The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Phanerozoic", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What model correlates much better than the cyclical model?", "id": "5a8cab72fd22b3001a8d8d02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hyperbolic model", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What model is widely used in Stochastic dynamics?", "id": "5a8cab72fd22b3001a8d8d03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exponential and logistic models", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by stochastic dynamics?", "id": "5a8cab72fd22b3001a8d8d04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hyperbolic model", "answer_start": 433}], "question": "What model implies a second-order macrosociology trend?", "id": "5a8cab72fd22b3001a8d8d05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and macrosociology trends?", "id": "5a8cab72fd22b3001a8d8d06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback (more ancestors, more descendants) and/or a negative feedback arising from resource limitation. Hyperbolic model implies a second-order positive feedback. The hyperbolic pattern of the world population growth arises from a second-order positive feedback between the population size and the rate of technological growth. The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity. The similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the interference of the hyperbolic trend with cyclical and stochastic dynamics."}], ["Kepelbagaian pertanian juga boleh dibahagikan sama ada ia 'merancang' kepelbagaian atau 'dikaitkan' kepelbagaian. Ini adalah klasifikasi berfungsi yang kita kenakan dan bukan ciri intrinsik kehidupan atau kepelbagaian. Kepelbagaian yang dirancang merangkumi tanaman yang digalakkan oleh petani, ditanam atau dibangkitkan (contohnya: tanaman, sampul, symbiont dan ternakan, antara lain), yang boleh dibezakan dengan kepelbagaian yang berkaitan dengan tanaman, yang tidak diundang (misalnya: herbivora, rumpai spesies dan patogen, antara lain). <> Apakah dua jenis kepelbagaian Pertanian? || 'Yang dirancang' kepelbagaian atau 'berkaitan' kepelbagaian <> Apa jenis kepelbagaian termasuk tanaman yang digalakkan seorang petani, ditanam atau dibesarkan? || Kepelbagaian yang dirancangkan <> Jenis kepelbagaian apa yang tidak diundang? || kepelbagaian yang berkaitan <> Apa jenis kepelbagaian termasuk herbivora dan patogen? || kepelbagaian yang berkaitan <> Apakah dua jenis kepelbagaian yang tidak diundang? || <> Apa jenis kepelbagaian termasuk tanaman yang tidak diundang seorang petani? || <> Apa jenis pertanian yang tidak diundang? || <> Apa jenis agricluture termasuk herbivora dan patogen? || <> Apa yang boleh dibahagikan dengan selimut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two types of Agricultural diversity?", "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb46", "answers": [{"text": "\u2018planned\u2019 diversity or \u2018associated\u2019 diversity", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?", "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb47", "answers": [{"text": "Planned diversity", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of diversity arrives uninvited?", "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb48", "answers": [{"text": "associated diversity", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?", "id": "570bd493ec8fbc190045bb49", "answers": [{"text": "associated diversity", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u2018planned\u2019 diversity or \u2018associated\u2019 diversity", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What are two types of uninvited diversity?", "id": "5a8cac2bfd22b3001a8d8d0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Planned diversity", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What type of diversity included the crops which a farmer has uninvited?", "id": "5a8cac2bfd22b3001a8d8d0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "associated diversity", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What type of agriculure arrives uninvited?", "id": "5a8cac2bfd22b3001a8d8d0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "associated diversity", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What type of agricluture includes herbivores and pathogens?", "id": "5a8cac2bfd22b3001a8d8d0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Agricultural diversity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can be divided by covers?", "id": "5a8cac2bfd22b3001a8d8d10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is \u2018planned\u2019 diversity or \u2018associated\u2019 diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, symbionts and livestock, among others), which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops, uninvited (e.g.: herbivores, weed species and pathogens, among others)."}], ["Rekod fosil menunjukkan bahawa beberapa juta tahun yang lalu memaparkan biodiversiti terbesar dalam sejarah. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak semua saintis menyokong pandangan ini, kerana terdapat ketidakpastian mengenai betapa kuatnya rekod fosil itu berat sebelah oleh ketersediaan dan pemeliharaan yang lebih tinggi dari bahagian geologi baru-baru ini. Sesetengah saintis percaya bahawa diperbetulkan untuk artifak sampingan, kepelbagaian biodiversiti moden mungkin tidak jauh berbeza daripada kepelbagaian biodiversiti 300 juta tahun lalu, manakala yang lain menganggap rekod fosil itu mencerminkan kepelbagaian kehidupan. Anggaran kepelbagaian spesies makroskopik global kini berbeza dari 2 juta hingga 100 juta, dengan anggaran terbaik kira-kira 9 juta, kebanyakan arthropod. Kepelbagaian muncul untuk terus meningkat tanpa adanya pemilihan semula jadi. <> Apa yang mencadangkan bahawa beberapa juta tahun yang lalu memaparkan biodiversiti terbesar dalam sejarah? || Rekod fosil <> Mengapa sesetengah saintis tidak pasti tentang rekod fosil? || betapa kuatnya rekod fosil itu berat sebelah dengan ketersediaan dan pemeliharaan yang lebih tinggi daripada bahagian geologi baru-baru ini. <> Apakah anggaran variasi kepelbagaian spesies makroskopik global sekarang ini? || dari 2 juta hingga 100 juta <> Apa yang muncul terus meningkat tanpa adanya pemilihan semula jadi? || Kepelbagaian <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa beberapa juta tahun yang lalu memaparkan para saintis terbesar dalam sejarah? || <> Mengapa sesetengah saintis tidak pasti mengenai kepelbagaian kehidupan? || <> Apakah anggaran masa anggaran fosil global sekarang? || <> Apa yang kelihatan meningkat terus dengan ketiadaan fosil? || <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh saintis tidak jauh berbeza dengan biodiversiti 900 juta tahun yang lalu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?", "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa70", "answers": [{"text": "The fossil record", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?", "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa71", "answers": [{"text": "how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?", "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa72", "answers": [{"text": "from 2 million to 100 million", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?", "id": "570bd3b26b8089140040fa73", "answers": [{"text": "Diversity", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The fossil record", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest scientists in history?", "id": "5a8ca7a2fd22b3001a8d8cd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Why are some scientists uncertain about the diversification of life?", "id": "5a8ca7a2fd22b3001a8d8cd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 million to 100 million", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What is the time estimate variation of the present global fossils?", "id": "5a8ca7a2fd22b3001a8d8cd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Diversity", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "What appears to increase continually in the absence of fossils?", "id": "5a8ca7a2fd22b3001a8d8cd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern biodiversity", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What do some scientists believe is not much different from biodiversity 900 million years ago?", "id": "5a8ca7a2fd22b3001a8d8cd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists believe that corrected for sampling artifacts, modern biodiversity may not be much different from biodiversity 300 million years ago., whereas others consider the fossil record reasonably reflective of the diversification of life. Estimates of the present global macroscopic species diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million, with a best estimate of somewhere near 9 million, the vast majority arthropods. Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection."}], ["Spesies endemik boleh diancam dengan kepupusan melalui proses pencemaran genetik, iaitu hibridisasi yang tidak terkawal, introgression dan swamping genetik. Pencemaran genetik membawa kepada homogenisasi atau penggantian genom tempatan akibat daripada kelebihan berangka dan / atau kelebihan spesies yang diperkenalkan. Hibridisasi dan introgression adalah kesan sampingan pengenalan dan pencerobohan. Fenomena ini boleh memudaratkan spesies langka yang bersentuhan dengan yang lebih banyak. Spesies yang berlimpah boleh bersambungan dengan spesies langka, mengalir kolam gennya. Masalah ini tidak selalu dilihat dari pemerhatian morfologi (penampilan luar) sahaja. Beberapa tahap aliran gen adalah penyesuaian biasa, dan tidak semua genus dan genotip buruj boleh dipelihara. Walau bagaimanapun, hibridisasi dengan atau tanpa penyelewengan boleh, bagaimanapun, mengancam kewujudan spesies yang jarang berlaku. <> Apa yang boleh mengancam spesies endemik dengan kepupusan? || pencemaran genetik <> Apakah nama lain untuk pencemaran genetik? || hibridisasi yang tidak terkawal, introgression dan swamping genetik <> Apa yang menyebabkan pencemaran genetik? || sama ada kelebihan berangka dan / atau kecergasan spesies yang diperkenalkan <> Apakah kesan sampingan pengenalan dan pencerobohan? || Hibridisasi dan introgression <> Apakah perilaku yang menyebabkan pengaliran kolam gen? || Spesies yang berlimpah boleh bercantum dengan spesies langka <> Apa yang boleh mengancam spesies morfologi dengan kepupusan? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk perantaraan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan pencemaran introgression? || <> Apakah kesan sampingan pengenalan dan pencemaran? || <> Apakah perilaku yang menyebabkan penyesuaian normal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can threaten endemic species with extinction?", "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb28", "answers": [{"text": "genetic pollution", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are another names for genetic pollution?", "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb29", "answers": [{"text": "uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes genetic pollution?", "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2a", "answers": [{"text": "either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?", "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2b", "answers": [{"text": "Hybridization and introgression", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?", "id": "570bd233ec8fbc190045bb2c", "answers": [{"text": "The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genetic pollution", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What can threaten morphological species with extinction?", "id": "5a8cba9cfd22b3001a8d8daa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What is another name for interbreeding?", "id": "5a8cba9cfd22b3001a8d8dab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What causes introgression pollution?", "id": "5a8cba9cfd22b3001a8d8dac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hybridization and introgression", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What are side-effects of introduction and pollution?", "id": "5a8cba9cfd22b3001a8d8dad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What behavior causes swamping of a normal adaptation?", "id": "5a8cba9cfd22b3001a8d8dae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence."}], ["Umur Bumi kira-kira 4.54 bilion tahun. Bukti hidup yang paling awal yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan di Bumi berkisar sekurang-kurangnya dari 3.5 bilion tahun yang lalu, semasa Era Echostan selepas kerak geologi mula menguatkan selepas Hadean Eon lebur sebelumnya. Terdapat fosil tikar mikrob yang terdapat di batu pasir yang berusia 3.48 bilion tahun yang ditemui di Australia Barat. Bukti fizikal awal yang lain mengenai bahan biogenik adalah grafit dalam batu metasedimentary 3.7 bilion tahun yang ditemui di Greenland Barat. Baru-baru ini, pada tahun 2015, \"sisa kehidupan biotik\" ditemukan pada batu-batu berusia 4.1 bilion tahun di Australia Barat. Menurut salah seorang penyelidik, \"Jika kehidupan timbul dengan cepat di Bumi ... maka itu boleh menjadi umum di alam semesta.\" <> Apakah umur anggaran Bumi? || kira-kira 4.54 bilion tahun <> Era apa yang mengandungi bukti kehidupan yang paling tidak dapat dipertikaikan di Bumi? || Eoarchean Era <> Apakah nama era yang menjejaskan kehidupan di Bumi? || Hadean Eon <> Di manakah fosil tikar mikrobial yang berusia miliun tahun itu dijumpai? || Australia Barat <> Di manakah batuan metedimentary berusia 3.7 bilion tahun ditemui? || Greenland Barat <> Berapakah usia anggaran batu? || <> Era apa yang mengandungi bukti batu yang paling tidak dapat dipertikaikan di Bumi? || <> Apakah nama era yang terdahulu batu di Bumi? || <> Di manakah terdapat grafit 4.54 bilion tahun? || <> Di mana terdapat fosil berusia 3.7 bilion tahun yang ditemui? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the estimate age of the Earth?", "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb32", "answers": [{"text": "about 4.54 billion years old", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?", "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb33", "answers": [{"text": "the Eoarchean Era", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?", "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb34", "answers": [{"text": "Hadean Eon", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?", "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb35", "answers": [{"text": "Western Australia", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?", "id": "570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb36", "answers": [{"text": "Western Greenland", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 4.54 billion years old", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What is the estimate age of rocks?", "id": "5a8ca215fd22b3001a8d8c4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Eoarchean Era", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of rocks on Earth?", "id": "5a8ca215fd22b3001a8d8c4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hadean Eon", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What is the name of the era that predated rocks on Earth?", "id": "5a8ca215fd22b3001a8d8c50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western Australia", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Where was the 4.54 billion year old graphite found?", "id": "5a8ca215fd22b3001a8d8c51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western Greenland", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "Where were the 3.7 billion year old fossils found?", "id": "5a8ca215fd22b3001a8d8c52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, \"remains of biotic life\" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, \"If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe.\""}], ["Jared Diamond menerangkan \"Kuil Kejahatan\" kemusnahan habitat, berlebihan, memperkenalkan spesies, dan kepupusan menengah. Edward O. Wilson lebih suka akronim HIPPO, yang berdiri untuk pemusnahan Habitat, spesies Invasif, Pencemaran, Manusia lebih Populasi, dan Penuaian Lebih. Klasifikasi yang paling berwibawa yang digunakan hari ini adalah Klasifikasi Ancaman Langsung IUCN yang telah digunakan oleh organisasi pemuliharaan antarabangsa utama seperti Konservasi Alam AS, Dana Hidupan Liar Dunia, Pemuliharaan Antarabangsa, dan BirdLife International. <> Siapa yang menggambarkan \"Quartet Kejahatan\"? || Jared Diamond <> Apa yang menggambarkan kemusnahan habitat, berlebihan, memperkenalkan spesies, dan kepupusan sekunder? || Evil Quartet <> Apa yang menghuraikan kemusnahan Habitat, spesies Invasif, Pencemaran, Manusia yang terlalu Populasi, dan Penuaian Lebih? || HIPPO <> Apakah klasifikasi yang paling berwibawa digunakan sekarang? || Klasifikasi IUCN Ancaman Terus <> Apakah organisasi pembiayaan menggunakan Klasifikasi Ancaman Langsung IUCN? || Dana Hidupan Liar Dunia <> Siapa yang menggambarkan \"IUCN\"? || <> Apa yang menggambarkan kemusnahan habitat, berlebihan, memperkenalkan spesies, dan kepupusan organisasi? || <> Apa yang menghuraikan kemusnahan Habitat, spesies Invasif, Pencemaran, Manusia atas Penduduk, dan Pemuliharaan yang Lebih? || <> Apakah klasifikasi yang paling invasif yang digunakan hari ini? || <> Apakah organisasi pembiayaan menggunakan Klasifikasi Penduduk Langsung IUCN? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who describes the \"Evil Quartet\"?", "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb18", "answers": [{"text": "Jared Diamond", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?", "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb19", "answers": [{"text": "Evil Quartet", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?", "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1a", "answers": [{"text": "HIPPO", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most authoritative classification in use today?", "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1b", "answers": [{"text": "IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?", "id": "570bd0d9ec8fbc190045bb1c", "answers": [{"text": "the World Wildlife Fund", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jared Diamond", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who describes the \"IUCN\"?", "id": "5a8cb3bbfd22b3001a8d8d66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Evil Quartet", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and organization extinctions?", "id": "5a8cb3bbfd22b3001a8d8d67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HIPPO", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over Population, and Over-conservation?", "id": "5a8cb3bbfd22b3001a8d8d68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What is the most invasive classification in use today?", "id": "5a8cb3bbfd22b3001a8d8d69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the World Wildlife Fund", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What funding organization uses IUCN's Classification of Direct Population?", "id": "5a8cb3bbfd22b3001a8d8d6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Jared Diamond describes an \"Evil Quartet\" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International."}], ["Kaitan biodiversiti terhadap kesihatan manusia menjadi isu politik antarabangsa, sebagai bukti saintifik membina implikasi kesihatan global kehilangan biodiversiti. Isu ini berkait rapat dengan isu perubahan iklim, kerana kebanyakan risiko kesihatan yang dijangkakan perubahan iklim dikaitkan dengan perubahan biodiversiti (contohnya perubahan populasi dan pengedaran vektor penyakit, kekurangan air tawar, kesan terhadap biodiversiti pertanian dan makanan sumber dan lain-lain.) Ini kerana spesies yang paling mungkin hilang adalah penimbal terhadap jangkitan penyakit berjangkit, sementara spesies yang masih hidup adalah orang yang meningkatkan penyebaran penyakit, seperti Virus West Nile, penyakit Lyme dan Hantavirus, menurut satu kajian yang dilakukan bersama oleh Felicia Keesing, ahli ekologi di Kolej Bard, dan Drew Harvell, Pengarah Bersekutu untuk Alam Sekitar Atkinson Centre untuk Masa Depan yang Berkelanjutan (ACSF) di Cornell University. <> Apa yang menjadi isu politik antarabangsa? || Kaitan biodiversiti terhadap kesihatan manusia <> Masalah apa yang berkaitan dengan perubahan biodiversiti? || perubahan iklim <> Apakah perubahan dalam biodiversiti mempunyai kesan ke atas iklim? || perubahan dalam populasi dan pengedaran vektor penyakit, kekurangan air tawar, kesan ke atas biodiversiti pertanian dan sumber makanan <> Apakah jenis spesies hilang apabila penyakit baru diperkenalkan? || yang menimbulkan serangan terhadap penyakit berjangkit <> Apa yang menjadi masalah penduduk antarabangsa? || <> Apakah isu berkaitan dengan perubahan di West Nile Virus? || <> Apakah perubahan dalam biodiversiti mempunyai kesan ke atas kesihatan manusia? || <> Jenis virus West Nile hilang apabila penyakit baru diperkenalkan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kaitan biodiversiti dengan kesihatan manusia menjadi isu penduduk antarabangsa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is becoming an international political issue?", "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa78", "answers": [{"text": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?", "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa79", "answers": [{"text": "climate change", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?", "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa7a", "answers": [{"text": "changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?", "id": "570bd5e26b8089140040fa7b", "answers": [{"text": "those that buffer against infectious disease transmission", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is becoming an international population issue?", "id": "5a8cafbafd22b3001a8d8d34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "climate change", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What issue is closely linked with changes in the West Nile Virus?", "id": "5a8cafbafd22b3001a8d8d35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What changes in biodiversity have an effect on human health?", "id": "5a8cafbafd22b3001a8d8d36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those that buffer against infectious disease transmission", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What types of West Nile Virus disappear when a new disease is introduced?", "id": "5a8cafbafd22b3001a8d8d37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What is causing biodiversity's relevance to human health to become an international  population issue?", "id": "5a8cafbafd22b3001a8d8d38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University."}], ["Sejarah kepelbagaian biologi semasa Phanerozoic (540 juta tahun yang lalu), bermula dengan pertumbuhan pesat semasa letupan Kambrium-tempoh di mana hampir setiap filum organisma multiselular muncul pertama kali. Sepanjang 400 juta tahun yang akan datang, kepelbagaian invertebrata menunjukkan sedikit trend keseluruhan, dan kepelbagaian vertebrata menunjukkan trend eksponen keseluruhan. Kenaikan dramatik dalam kepelbagaian ini ditandakan oleh kerugian kepelbagaian secara besar-besaran yang dikelaskan sebagai peristiwa kepupusan besar-besaran. Kehilangan besar berlaku apabila hutan hujan runtuh di kawasan karbon. Yang paling teruk adalah peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic, 251 juta tahun yang lalu. Vertebrates mengambil 30 juta tahun untuk pulih dari acara ini. <> Masa manakah termasuk tempoh pertumbuhan yang pesat? || letupan kambrium <> era Phanerozoik merangkumi tempoh masa apa? || 540 juta tahun yang lalu <> Di mana era, apakah philum pertama organisma multiselular muncul? || letupan Cambrian <> Apa jenis kepelbagaian menunjukkan trend eksponen keseluruhan? || kepelbagaian vertebrata <> Di mana peristiwa hutan hujan runtuh di kawasan karbon? || peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic <> Masa manakah termasuk tempoh philum yang cepat? || <> Era Cambrian merangkumi tempoh masa apa? || <> Di mana era, apakah phylum pertama organisma muncul? || <> Apa jenis kepelbagaian menunjukkan trend kepupusan keseluruhan? || <> Di manakah kejadian vertebrata runtuh di kawasan karbon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which era included a rapid growth period?", "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa56", "answers": [{"text": "the Cambrian explosion", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?", "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa57", "answers": [{"text": "the last 540 million years", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?", "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa58", "answers": [{"text": "the Cambrian explosion", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?", "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa59", "answers": [{"text": "vertebrate diversity", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?", "id": "570bd0036b8089140040fa5a", "answers": [{"text": "the Permian-Triassic extinction event", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Cambrian explosion", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "Which era included a rapid phylum period?", "id": "5a8ca6b4fd22b3001a8d8cbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the last 540 million years", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "The Cambrian era covers what time period?", "id": "5a8ca6b4fd22b3001a8d8cbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Cambrian explosion", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "In which era, did the first phylum of organisms appear?", "id": "5a8ca6b4fd22b3001a8d8cbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vertebrate", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What type of diversity showed an overall extinction trend?", "id": "5a8ca6b4fd22b3001a8d8cbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Permian-Triassic extinction event", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "In which event did the vertebrates collapse in the carboniferous?", "id": "5a8ca6b4fd22b3001a8d8cc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion\u2014a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. This dramatic rise in diversity was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events. A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago. Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event."}], ["Sejak hidup bermula di Bumi, lima kepupusan besar-besaran besar dan beberapa peristiwa kecil telah membawa kepada kejatuhan biodiversiti yang besar dan tiba-tiba. Phanerozoic eon (540 juta tahun yang lalu) menandakan pertumbuhan pesat dalam kepelbagaian biologi melalui letupan Kambrium-tempoh di mana kebanyakan phyla multiselular muncul pertama kali. 400 juta tahun berikutnya termasuk kerugian berulang biodiversiti yang berulang, diklasifikasikan sebagai peristiwa kepupusan besar-besaran. Dalam keruntuhan hutan hujan, hutan hujan menyebabkan kehilangan tumbuhan dan haiwan yang besar. Acara kepupusan Permian-Triassic, 251 juta tahun yang lalu, adalah yang paling teruk; pemulihan vertebrata mengambil masa 30 juta tahun. Yang paling baru-baru ini, peristiwa kepupusan Cretaceous-Paleogene, berlaku 65 juta tahun yang lalu dan sering menarik lebih banyak perhatian daripada yang lain kerana mengakibatkan kepupusan dinosaurus. <> Berapa banyak kepupusan besar-besaran yang berlaku sejak Hidup bermula di Bumi? || lima kepupusan besar-besaran besar <> Bilakah masa di mana majoriti phyla multisel pertama muncul? || letupan kambrium <> Apa yang berlaku di Karbon? || Keruntuhan hutan hujan menyebabkan kehilangan tumbuhan dan haiwan yang besar. <> Kapan peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic? || 251 juta tahun lalu <> Berapa lama pemulihan vertebrata? || 30 juta tahun <> Berapa banyak kepupusan besar-besaran yang berlaku sejak Kemboja? || <> Bilakah tempoh di mana majoriti kepelbagaian biologi muncul? || <> Apa yang berlaku dalam beberapa acara kecil? || <> Kapan peristiwa kepupusan pertama Cambrian? || <> Berapa lama pemulihan hutan hujan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?", "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa80", "answers": [{"text": "five major mass extinctions", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?", "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa81", "answers": [{"text": "the Cambrian explosion", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in the Carboniferous?", "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa82", "answers": [{"text": "rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life.", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event?", "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa83", "answers": [{"text": "251 million years ago", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did vertebrate recovery take?", "id": "570bd6f56b8089140040fa84", "answers": [{"text": "30 million years", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five major mass extinctions", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "How many mass extinctions have happened since the Cambrian?", "id": "5a8ca315fd22b3001a8d8c6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Cambrian explosion", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "When was the period where the majority of biodiversity appeared?", "id": "5a8ca315fd22b3001a8d8c6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "What happened in the several minor events?", "id": "5a8ca315fd22b3001a8d8c6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "251 million years ago", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "When was the first Cambrian extinction event?", "id": "5a8ca315fd22b3001a8d8c6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30 million years", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "How long did rainforest recovery take?", "id": "5a8ca315fd22b3001a8d8c70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion\u2014a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs."}], ["Hutan Atlantik Brazil dianggap sebagai kawasan panas yang mengandungi kira-kira 20,000 spesies tumbuhan, 1,350 vertebrata, dan berjuta-juta serangga, kira-kira separuh daripadanya tidak ada tempat lain. Pulau Madagascar dan India juga amat terkenal. Kolombia disifatkan oleh kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi, dengan kadar tertinggi spesis oleh unit kawasan di seluruh dunia dan ia mempunyai jumlah endemik terbesar (spesies yang tidak dijumpai secara semula jadi di mana-mana sahaja) di mana-mana negara. Sekitar 10% spesies Bumi boleh didapati di Colombia, termasuk lebih daripada 1,900 spesies burung, lebih daripada di Eropah dan Amerika Utara digabungkan, Colombia mempunyai 10% spesies mamalia di dunia, 14% spesies amfibia, dan 18 % spesies burung di dunia. Madagascar hutan rawa kering dan hutan hujan rendah mempunyai nisbah endemisme yang tinggi. [Rujukan?] Sejak pulau itu dipisahkan dari tanah besar Afrika 66 juta tahun yang lalu, banyak spesies dan ekosistem telah berkembang secara bebas. [Rujukan?] Pulau 17,000 pulau Indonesia meliputi 735,355 batu persegi 1,904,560 km2) dan mengandungi 10% tumbuhan berbunga di dunia, 12% mamalia, dan 17% reptilia, amfibia dan burung-bersama-sama dengan hampir 240 juta orang. Banyak kawasan biodiversiti tinggi dan / atau endemisme timbul daripada habitat khusus yang memerlukan penyesuaian yang luar biasa, contohnya, persekitaran alpine di pergunungan yang tinggi, atau rawa gambut Eropah Utara. [Rujukan] <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan yang mengandungi Rizab Atlantik Brazil? || 20,000 spesies tumbuhan <> Berapa banyak vertebrata yang mengandungi Rizab Atlantik Brazil? || 1,350 vertebrata <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai spesies tertinggi oleh unit kawasan di seluruh dunia? || Colombia <> Negara mana yang mempunyai kira-kira 10% spesies di Bumi? || Colombia <> Apa pulau dipisahkan dari tanah besar Afrika 66 juta tahun yang lalu? || Madagascar <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan yang terdapat di Afrika? || <> Berapa banyak vertebrata yang terdapat di Afrika? || <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai kadar tertinggi mamalia oleh unit kawasan di seluruh dunia? || <> Negara mana yang mempunyai kira-kira 12 peratus spesies di Bumi? || <> Apa pulau yang dipisahkan dari Afrika 240 juta tahun yang lalu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?", "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb68", "answers": [{"text": "20,000 plant species", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?", "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb69", "answers": [{"text": "1,350 vertebrates", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?", "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6a", "answers": [{"text": "Colombia", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?", "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6b", "answers": [{"text": "Colombia", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?", "id": "570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6c", "answers": [{"text": "Madagascar", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20,000 plant species", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "How many plant species does Africa contain?", "id": "5a8ca553fd22b3001a8d8ca8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,350 vertebrates,", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "How many vertebrates does Africa contain?", "id": "5a8ca553fd22b3001a8d8ca9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Colombia", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "Which country has the highest rate of mammals by area unit worldwide?", "id": "5a8ca553fd22b3001a8d8caa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Colombia", "answer_start": 534}], "question": "Which country has about 12 percent of the species on Earth?", "id": "5a8ca553fd22b3001a8d8cab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Madagascar", "answer_start": 751}], "question": "What island separated from Africa 240 million years ago?", "id": "5a8ca553fd22b3001a8d8cac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide and it has the largest number of endemics (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world\u2019s mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species, and 18% of the bird species of the world. Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a high ratio of endemism.[citation needed] Since the island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago, many species and ecosystems have evolved independently.[citation needed] Indonesia's 17,000 islands cover 735,355 square miles (1,904,560 km2) and contain 10% of the world's flowering plants, 12% of mammals, and 17% of reptiles, amphibians and birds\u2014along with nearly 240 million people. Many regions of high biodiversity and/or endemism arise from specialized habitats which require unusual adaptations, for example, alpine environments in high mountains, or Northern European peat bogs.[citation needed]"}], ["Bilangan invasi spesies telah meningkat sekurang-kurangnya sejak permulaan tahun 1900-an. Spesies semakin dipindahkan oleh manusia (secara sengaja dan tidak sengaja). Dalam sesetengah keadaan, penceroboh menyebabkan perubahan drastik dan kerosakan kepada habitat baru mereka (cth: kerang zebra dan pengasah abar zamrud di rantau Great Lakes dan ikan singa di sepanjang pantai Atlantik Amerika Utara). Sesetengah bukti menunjukkan bahawa spesies invasif adalah kompetitif di habitat baru mereka kerana mereka tertakluk kepada gangguan patogen yang kurang. Lain-lain melaporkan bukti yang membingungkan yang kadang-kadang menunjukkan bahawa komuniti yang kaya dengan spesies mempunyai banyak spesies asli dan eksotik pada masa yang sama manakala ada yang mengatakan bahawa ekosistem yang pelbagai lebih berdaya tahan dan menentang tumbuhan dan haiwan invasif. Persoalan penting ialah, \"apakah spesies invasif menyebabkan kepunahan?\" Banyak kajian memetik kesan spesies invasif pada penduduk pribumi, tetapi bukan kepupusan. Spesies invasif seolah-olah meningkatkan kepelbagaian tempatan (i.e .: kepelbagaian alpha), yang menurunkan kepelbagaian kepelbagaian (iaitu: beta kepelbagaian). Kepelbagaian gamma secara keseluruhan boleh diturunkan kerana spesies telah pupus disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab lain, tetapi juga beberapa penceroboh yang paling berbahaya (contohnya: penyakit elm Belanda, pengurap abu jantan, hama lebah di Amerika Utara) tidak menyebabkan spesies tuan rumah menjadi punah . Pengekalan, penurunan populasi, dan homogenisasi kepelbagaian biologi serantau adalah lebih biasa. Kegiatan manusia sering menjadi punca spesies invasif mengelakkan halangan mereka, dengan memperkenalkan mereka untuk makanan dan tujuan lain. Oleh itu, aktiviti manusia membolehkan spesies untuk berhijrah ke kawasan-kawasan baru (dan dengan itu menjadi invasif) berlaku pada skala masa jauh lebih pendek daripada sejarah telah diperlukan untuk spesies untuk memperluaskan jangkauannya. <> Berapa abad mula peningkatan pencerobohan spesies? || 1900-an <Yang sengaja dan tidak sengaja menggerakkan spesies? || manusia <> Apa penyerang yang menyebabkan perubahan di rantau Great Lakes? || kerang zebra dan pengasah abar zamrud <> Apa penyerbu yang menyebabkan perubahan di sepanjang pantai Atlantik Amerika Utara? || ikan singa <> Berapa abad mula peningkatan pencerobohan habitat? || <> Siapa yang secara sengaja dan tidak sengaja menggerakkan habitat? || <> Apa penyerang yang menyebabkan tumbuhan invasif di rantau Great Lakes? || <> Apa penyerbu yang menyebabkan tumbuhan invasif berada di sepanjang pantai Atlantik Amerika Utara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What century started the increase of species invasions?", "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb56", "answers": [{"text": "1900s", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?", "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb57", "answers": [{"text": "humans", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?", "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb58", "answers": [{"text": "zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?", "id": "570bd79aec8fbc190045bb59", "answers": [{"text": "lion fish", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900s", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What century started the increase of habitat invasions?", "id": "5a8cb688fd22b3001a8d8d98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "humans", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "Who intentionally and unintentionally moves habitats around?", "id": "5a8cb688fd22b3001a8d8d99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What invaders are causing invasive plants in the Great Lakes region?", "id": "5a8cb688fd22b3001a8d8d9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lion fish", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What invaders are causing invasive plants to be along the North American Atlantic coast?", "id": "5a8cb688fd22b3001a8d8d9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Great Lakes region and the lion fish along the North American Atlantic coast). Some evidence suggests that invasive species are competitive in their new habitats because they are subject to less pathogen disturbance. Others report confounding evidence that occasionally suggest that species-rich communities harbor many native and exotic species simultaneously while some say that diverse ecosystems are more resilient and resist invasive plants and animals. An important question is, \"do invasive species cause extinctions?\" Many studies cite effects of invasive species on natives, but not extinctions. Invasive species seem to increase local (i.e.: alpha diversity) diversity, which decreases turnover of diversity (i.e.: beta diversity). Overall gamma diversity may be lowered because species are going extinct because of other causes, but even some of the most insidious invaders (e.g.: Dutch elm disease, emerald ash borer, chestnut blight in North America) have not caused their host species to become extinct. Extirpation, population decline, and homogenization of regional biodiversity are much more common. Human activities have frequently been the cause of invasive species circumventing their barriers, by introducing them for food and other purposes. Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range."}], ["Tidak semua spesies yang diperkenalkan adalah invasif, dan semua spesies invasif sengaja diperkenalkan. Dalam kes-kes seperti kerang zebra, pencerobohan saluran air AS tidak disengajakan. Dalam kes-kes lain, seperti mongoos di Hawaii, pengenalan ini adalah sengaja tetapi tidak berkesan (tikus malam tidak terdedah kepada mongoloid diurnal). Dalam kes lain, seperti kelapa sawit di Indonesia dan Malaysia, pengenalan menghasilkan manfaat ekonomi yang besar, namun manfaatnya disertai dengan akibat yang tidak diinginkan yang mahal. <> Apa haiwan yang tidak sengaja menyerang saluran air AS? || zebra kerang <> Apa haiwan sengaja menyerang Hawaii? || mongoos <> Apa haiwan yang tidak terdedah kepada mongoose? || tikus malam <> Negara apa yang mengalami akibat yang tidak diingini daripada pencerobohan spesies? || Indonesia dan Malaysia, <> Apakah haiwan sengaja menyerang saluran air AS? || <> Apa haiwan yang tidak sengaja menyerang Hawaii? || <> Apakah haiwan yang tidak terdedah kepada kerang zebra? || <> Negara-negara apa yang mengalami akibat yang dicadangkan dari serangan spesies? || <> Apa yang benar tentang pengenalan kerang zebra di Hawaii? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?", "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa4", "answers": [{"text": "the zebra mussel", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?", "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa5", "answers": [{"text": "mongooses", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?", "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa6", "answers": [{"text": "nocturnal rats", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?", "id": "570bde086b8089140040faa7", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia and Malaysia,", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zebra mussel", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What animal intentionally invaded the US waterways?", "id": "5a8cb774fd22b3001a8d8da0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mongooses", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What animal unintentionally invaded Hawaii?", "id": "5a8cb774fd22b3001a8d8da1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nocturnal rats", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What animals were not vulnerable to the zebra mussel?", "id": "5a8cb774fd22b3001a8d8da2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia and Malaysia", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "What countries experienced intended consequences from species invasion?", "id": "5a8cb774fd22b3001a8d8da3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "introduction is deliberate", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What is true about the introduction of the zebra mussel in Hawaii?", "id": "5a8cb774fd22b3001a8d8da4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose). In other cases, such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia, the introduction produces substantial economic benefits, but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences."}], ["Saiz habitat dan bilangan spesis berkaitan secara sistematik. Spesies secara fizikal yang lebih besar dan mereka yang tinggal di latitud yang lebih rendah atau di hutan atau lautan lebih sensitif terhadap pengurangan kawasan habitat. Penukaran kepada ekosistem piawaian \"remeh\" (mis., Monokultur selepas penebangan hutan) secara berkesan memusnahkan habitat untuk spesies yang lebih pelbagai yang mendahului penukaran. Di sesetengah negara, kekurangan hak harta atau penangguhan undang-undang / penguatkuasaan peraturan semestinya membawa kepada kehilangan biodiversiti (kos degradasi yang harus disokong oleh komuniti). Apa yang secara sistematik berkaitan dengan bilangan spesis? || Saiz habitat <> Apakah haiwan yang lebih sensitif terhadap pengurangan kawasan habitat? || Spesies secara fizikal yang lebih besar dan mereka yang tinggal di lintang yang lebih rendah atau di dalam hutan atau lautan <> Bagaimana ekosistem piawai terbentuk? || monokultur selepas penebangan hutan <> Apa yang menyebabkan kehilangan biodiversiti adalah beberapa negara? || kekurangan hak harta atau kelalaian penguatkuasaan undang-undang / penguatkuasaan undang-undang <> Apa yang berkaitan secara sistematik dengan bilangan komuniti? || <> Haiwan apa yang lebih sensitif terhadap pengurangan kawasan komuniti? || <> Bagaimana wujud ekosistem komuniti? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kehilangan biodiversiti di sesetengah spesies? || <> Apa yang merosakkan spesies yang lebih pelbagai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is systematically related to the numbers of species?", "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9c", "answers": [{"text": "Habitat size", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?", "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9d", "answers": [{"text": "Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is a standardized ecosystem formed?", "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9e", "answers": [{"text": "monoculture following deforestation", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?", "id": "570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9f", "answers": [{"text": "lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Habitat size", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is systematically related to the numbers of communities?", "id": "5a8cb474fd22b3001a8d8d7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What animals are more sensitive to reduction of community area?", "id": "5a8cb474fd22b3001a8d8d7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monoculture following deforestation", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "How is a community ecosystem formed?", "id": "5a8cb474fd22b3001a8d8d7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "What leads to biodiversity loss in some species?", "id": "5a8cb474fd22b3001a8d8d7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conversion to \"trivial\" standardized ecosystems", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What destroys the more diverse species?", "id": "5a8cb474fd22b3001a8d8d7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to \"trivial\" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion. In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss (degradation costs having to be supported by the community).[citation needed]"}], ["Kawalan keanekaragaman hayati yang berkaitan adalah salah satu cabaran pertanian besar yang dihadapi para petani. Pada ladang monokultur, pendekatan umumnya membasmi kepelbagaian yang berkaitan dengan menggunakan racun perosak biologi yang merosakkan biologi, alat mekanik dan teknik kejuruteraan transgenik, kemudian memutarkan tanaman. Walaupun sesetengah petani polikultur menggunakan teknik yang sama, mereka juga menggunakan strategi pengurusan serangga perosak bersepadu serta strategi yang lebih intensif buruh, tetapi secara amnya kurang bergantung pada modal, bioteknologi dan tenaga. <> Apakah salah satu cabaran pertanian yang dihadapi para petani? || Kawalan biodiversiti yang berkaitan <> Apa ladang menggunakan racun perosak biologi yang merosakkan || ladang monokultur <> Apa petani menggunakan strategi pengurusan serangga perosak? || petani polikultur <> Apa petani pada umumnya kurang bergantung kepada modal, bioteknologi dan tenaga? || petani polikultur <> Apakah salah satu cabaran polikultur besar yang dihadapi petani? || <> Ladang apa yang menggunakan racun perosak pemusnah polikultur? || <> Apa petani menggunakan strategi pengurusan modal bersepadu? || <> Apa petani pada umumnya kurang bergantung pada ladang monokultur? || <> Apakah pendekatan di ladang bioteknologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?", "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb84", "answers": [{"text": "The control of associated biodiversity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What farms use biologically destructive pesticides", "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb85", "answers": [{"text": "monoculture farms", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?", "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb86", "answers": [{"text": "polyculture farmers", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?", "id": "570bda82ec8fbc190045bb87", "answers": [{"text": "polyculture farmers", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The control of associated biodiversity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is one of the great polyculture challenges that farmers face?", "id": "5a8cacfafd22b3001a8d8d16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monoculture farms", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What farms use polyculture destructive pesticides?", "id": "5a8cacfafd22b3001a8d8d17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polyculture farmers", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What farmers use integrated capital management strategies?", "id": "5a8cacfafd22b3001a8d8d18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polyculture farmers", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What farmers are generally less dependent on monoculture farms?", "id": "5a8cacfafd22b3001a8d8d19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What is the approach on a biotechnology farm?", "id": "5a8cacfafd22b3001a8d8d1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques, they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy."}], ["Dari tahun 1950 hingga 2011, penduduk dunia meningkat daripada 2.5 bilion hingga 7 bilion dan diramalkan mencapai dataran lebih daripada 9 bilion pada abad ke-21. Sir David King, bekas ketua saintifik saintifik kepada kerajaan UK, memberitahu satu pertanyaan parlimen: \"Adalah jelas bahawa pertumbuhan besar dalam populasi manusia menjelang abad ke-20 telah memberi kesan yang lebih besar terhadap kepelbagaian biologi daripada faktor tunggal lain.\" Sekurang-kurangnya sehingga pertengahan abad ke-21, kerugian di seluruh bumi akan menjadi sangat bergantung kepada kadar kelahiran manusia di seluruh dunia. <> Apakah kenaikan populasi dari tahun 1950 hingga 2011? || penduduk dunia meningkat dari 2.5 bilion hingga 7 bilion <> Tahun berapa memulakan peningkatan populasi menjadi 7 bilion? || Dari 1950 <> Apakah ramalan dataran tinggi yang penduduknya akan sampai pada abad ke-21? || lebih daripada 9 bilion <> Siapa mantan ketua penasihat saintifik kepada kerajaan Inggeris? || Sir David King <> Apakah kenaikan populasi dari 1957 hingga 2011? || <> Berapa tahun memulakan peningkatan populasi kepada 2 bilion? || <> Apakah ramalan dataran tinggi yang penduduknya akan sampai pada abad ke-22? || <> Siapa bekas ketua saintifik saintifik kepada kerajaan Inggeris? || <> Sehingga sekurang-kurangnya apabila hilangnya penasihat saintifik di seluruh dunia mungkin sangat bergantung pada kadar kelahiran di seluruh dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?", "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7c", "answers": [{"text": "world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?", "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7d", "answers": [{"text": "From 1950", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?", "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7e", "answers": [{"text": "more than 9 billion", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?", "id": "570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7f", "answers": [{"text": "Sir David King", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What was the increase in population from 1957 to 2011?", "id": "5a8cbdcbfd22b3001a8d8dd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "From 1950", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What year started the increase of population to 2 billion?", "id": "5a8cbdcbfd22b3001a8d8dd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 9 billion", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 22nd century?", "id": "5a8cbdcbfd22b3001a8d8dd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir David King", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Who is the former chief scientific parliamentary to the UK government?", "id": "5a8cbdcbfd22b3001a8d8dd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the middle of the 21st century", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Until at least when will worldwide loss of scientific advisers probably depend much on the worldwide birth rate?", "id": "5a8cbdcbfd22b3001a8d8dd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: \"It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human population through the 20th century has had more impact on biodiversity than any other single factor.\" At least until the middle of the 21st century, worldwide losses of pristine biodiverse land will probably depend much on the worldwide human birth rate."}], ["Kurang daripada 1% daripada semua spesies yang telah diterangkan telah dikaji melampaui hanya menyatakan kewujudannya. Kebanyakan spesies bumi adalah mikrobial. Fizik keanekaragaman kontemporari \"tegas pada dunia [makroskopik] yang kelihatan\". Sebagai contoh, kehidupan mikrob metabolik dan alam sekitar lebih pelbagai daripada kehidupan multiselular (lihat contoh, ekstrimofil). \"Di pokok kehidupan, berdasarkan analisis RNA ribosomal subunit kecil, kehidupan yang kelihatan terdiri daripada ranting-ranting yang tidak dapat dilihat. Hubungan kecil saiz dan populasi yang terbalik semakin tinggi pada tangga evolusi -\" untuk penghampiran pertama, semua spesies multiselular di Bumi adalah sejenis serangga. \"Kadar kepupusan serangga sangat menyokong hipotesis kepupusan Holocene. <> Apa jenis sains yang kukuh di dunia yang kelihatan? || Fizik keanekaragaman kepelbagaian <> Apakah jenis kehidupan lebih metabolik yang berbeza daripada kehidupan multiselular? | microbial life <> Apakah jenis kehidupan lebih bersifat berbeza daripada kehidupan multiselular? || Hayat mikroba <> Kadar apa yang menyokong hipotesis kepupusan Holocene? || Kadar kepupusan serangga <> Apakah jenis sains yang kukuh di dalam RNA? || <> Jenis kehidupan apa lagi yang lebih metabolik daripada kepupusan? || <> Apa jenis kehidupan yang lebih pelbagai daripada kepupusan? || <> Apa kadar menyokong hipotesis kepupusan Bumi ? || <> Berapa banyak spesies yang telah diterangkan telah pupus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?", "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbae", "answers": [{"text": "Contemporary biodiversity physics", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?", "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbaf", "answers": [{"text": "microbial life", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?", "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbb0", "answers": [{"text": "microbial life", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?", "id": "570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbb1", "answers": [{"text": "Insect extinction rates", "answer_start": 666}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Contemporary biodiversity physics", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "What type of science is firmly fixated on RNA?", "id": "5a8cc0ddfd22b3001a8d8e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microbial life", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What type of life is more metabolically diverse than extinction?", "id": "5a8cc0ddfd22b3001a8d8e05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microbial life", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What type of life is more environmentally diverse than extinction?", "id": "5a8cc0ddfd22b3001a8d8e06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Insect extinction rates", "answer_start": 666}], "question": "What rate supports the Earth extinction hypothesis?", "id": "5a8cc0ddfd22b3001a8d8e07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Less than 1%", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How many species that have been described have been extinct?", "id": "5a8cc0ddfd22b3001a8d8e08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is \"firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world\". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life (see e.g., extremophile). \"On the tree of life, based on analyses of small-subunit ribosomal RNA, visible life consists of barely noticeable twigs. The inverse relationship of size and population recurs higher on the evolutionary ladder\u2014\"to a first approximation, all multicellular species on Earth are insects\". Insect extinction rates are high\u2014supporting the Holocene extinction hypothesis. "}], ["Sepanjang abad yang lalu, penurunan biodiversiti semakin diperhatikan. Pada tahun 2007, Menteri Alam Sekitar Persekutuan Jerman Sigmar Gabriel mengutip anggaran bahawa sehingga 30% daripada semua spesies akan pupus pada tahun 2050. Daripada jumlah itu, kira-kira satu kelapan spesies tumbuhan yang diketahui terancam dengan kepupusan. Anggaran mencapai setinggi 140,000 spesies setiap tahun (berdasarkan teori kawasan Spesies). Angka ini menunjukkan amalan ekologi tidak mampan, kerana beberapa spesies muncul setiap tahun. [Rujukan?] Hampir semua saintis mengakui bahawa kadar kehilangan spesies lebih besar sekarang daripada pada bila-bila masa dalam sejarah manusia, dengan kepupusan yang berlaku pada kadar ratusan kali lebih tinggi daripada latar belakang kadar kepupusan. Sehingga 2012, beberapa kajian mencadangkan bahawa 25% daripada semua spesies mamalia boleh pupus dalam tempoh 20 tahun. <> Siapa Menteri Alam Sekitar Persekutuan Jerman? || Sigmar Gabriel <> Tahun berapakah Gabriel menganggarkan 30% daripada semua spesies akan pupus oleh? || 2050 <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan hampir hancur? || kira-kira satu perangkapan <> 2012 menganggarkan berapa peratus mamalia boleh pupus dalam 20 tahun? || 25% <> Siapa Menteri Anggaran Persekutuan Jerman? || <> Tahun apakah Gabriel menganggarkan 50 peratus daripada semua spesies akan pupus oleh? || <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan semakin diperhatikan? || <> Berapakah peratusan haiwan yang dilakukan pada 2007 kajian anggaran boleh pupus dalam 20 tahun? || <> Bilakah Sigmar Gabriel memetik teori Kawasan-spesies? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?", "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb94", "answers": [{"text": "Sigmar Gabriel", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?", "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb95", "answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many plant species are close to extinction?", "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb96", "answers": [{"text": "about one eighth", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?", "id": "570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb97", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sigmar Gabriel", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Who is the German Federal Estimates Minister?", "id": "5a8cb1d8fd22b3001a8d8d52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2050", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What year did Gabriel estimate 50 percent of all species will be extinct by?", "id": "5a8cb1d8fd22b3001a8d8d53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about one eighth", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "How many plant species are increasingly observed?", "id": "5a8cb1d8fd22b3001a8d8d54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 741}], "question": "What percentage of animals did 2007 studies estimate could be extinct in 20 years?", "id": "5a8cb1d8fd22b3001a8d8d55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "When did Sigmar Gabriel cite Species-area theory?", "id": "5a8cb1d8fd22b3001a8d8d56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high as 140,000 species per year (based on Species-area theory). This figure indicates unsustainable ecological practices, because few species emerge each year.[citation needed] Almost all scientists acknowledge that the rate of species loss is greater now than at any time in human history, with extinctions occurring at rates hundreds of times higher than background extinction rates. As of 2012, some studies suggest that 25% of all mammal species could be extinct in 20 years."}], ["Bilangan dan pelbagai tumbuhan, haiwan dan organisma lain yang wujud dikenali sebagai biodiversiti. Ia adalah komponen penting dalam alam semula jadi dan ia memastikan kelangsungan spesies manusia dengan menyediakan makanan, bahan bakar, tempat tinggal, ubat-ubatan dan sumber-sumber lain kepada manusia. Kekayaan biodiversiti bergantung pada keadaan iklim dan kawasan di rantau ini. Semua spesies tumbuhan yang diambil bersama dikenali sebagai flora dan kira-kira 70,000 spesies tumbuhan diketahui sehingga tarikh. Semua spesies haiwan yang diambil bersama dikenali sebagai fauna termasuk burung, mamalia, ikan, reptilia, serangga, krustasea, moluska, dan lain-lain. <> Apakah istilah yang menerangkan bilangan dan pelbagai tumbuhan, haiwan dan organisma lain yang wujud? || biodiversiti <> Apa yang menjamin survival spesies manusia dengan menyediakan makanan, perlindungan, sumber lain kepada manusia? || biodiversiti <> Apa pengaruh kekayaan biodiversiti? || keadaan iklim dan kawasan rantau <> Apa istilah yang menerangkan semua spesies tumbuhan yang wujud? || flora <> Apakah istilah yang menggambarkan komponen serangga? || <> Apa yang menjamin survival spesies manusia dengan menyediakan serangga? || <> Apa yang mempengaruhi kekayaan serangga? || <> Apa istilah yang menggambarkan semua spesies serangga yang wujud? || <> Berapa banyak spesies serangga diketahui sehingga kini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?", "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faac", "answers": [{"text": "biodiversity", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?", "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faad", "answers": [{"text": "biodiversity", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What influences richness of biodiversity?", "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faae", "answers": [{"text": "the climatic conditions and area of the region", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term describes all the species of plants in existence?", "id": "570bdf846b8089140040faaf", "answers": [{"text": "flora", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biodiversity", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What term describes the components of insects?", "id": "5a8ca068fd22b3001a8d8c1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biodiversity", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects?", "id": "5a8ca068fd22b3001a8d8c1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the climatic conditions and area of the region", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What influences richness of insects?", "id": "5a8ca068fd22b3001a8d8c1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flora", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "What term describes all the species of insects in existence?", "id": "5a8ca068fd22b3001a8d8c1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70,000", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "How many species of insects are known to date?", "id": "5a8ca068fd22b3001a8d8c20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc."}], ["Kewujudan \"kapasiti derma global\", yang mengehadkan jumlah kehidupan yang boleh hidup sekaligus, dibahaskan, sama ada persoalan sama ada batas itu juga akan menyekat jumlah spesies. Walaupun rekod kehidupan di laut menunjukkan corak pertumbuhan logistik, kehidupan di atas tanah (serangga, tumbuh-tumbuhan dan tetrapod) menunjukkan kenaikan eksponen dalam kepelbagaian. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh satu pengarang, \"Tetrapods belum menyerang 64 peratus daripada mod berpotensi dihuni, dan boleh jadi tanpa mempengaruhi manusia kepelbagaian ekologi dan taksonomi tetrapod akan terus meningkat dalam fesyen eksponen sehingga kebanyakan atau semua ruang lingkup yang ada dipenuhi.\" <> Apa yang membatasi jumlah kehidupan yang boleh hidup sekaligus di Bumi? || kapasiti bawaan global <> Apakah jenis haiwan menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan logistik? || kehidupan di laut <> jenis haiwan apa yang menunjukkan kenaikan eksponen dalam kepelbagaian? || kehidupan di darat <> Berapa peratus daripada mod yang boleh dihuni mempunyai Tetrapod yang belum diserang? || 64 peratus <> Apa yang membatasi jumlah mod yang boleh dihuni di Bumi? || <> Jenis haiwan apakah yang menunjukkan corak kepelbagaian logistik? || <> Jenis haiwan apakah yang menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan eksponen? || <> Berapakah peratusan mod yang boleh dihuni mempunyai kehidupan di laut yang belum diserang? || <> Tanpa pengaruhnya apakah pertumbuhan laut meningkat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?", "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8a", "answers": [{"text": "global carrying capacity", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?", "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8b", "answers": [{"text": "life in the sea", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?", "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8c", "answers": [{"text": "life on land", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?", "id": "570bd9336b8089140040fa8d", "answers": [{"text": "64 per cent", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "global carrying capacity", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What limits the amount of habitable modes on Earth?", "id": "5a8caa9ffd22b3001a8d8cf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "life in the sea", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of diversity?", "id": "5a8caa9ffd22b3001a8d8cf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "life on land", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What type of animal shows an exponential pattern of growth?", "id": "5a8caa9ffd22b3001a8d8cfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "64 per cent", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What percentage potentially habitable modes has life in the sea not yet invaded?", "id": "5a8caa9ffd22b3001a8d8cfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "Without whose influence would sea growth increase?", "id": "5a8caa9ffd22b3001a8d8cfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The existence of a \"global carrying capacity\", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponential rise in diversity. As one author states, \"Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 per cent of potentially habitable modes, and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled.\""}], ["Taman negara dan rizab alam semula jadi adalah kawasan yang dipilih oleh kerajaan atau organisasi swasta untuk perlindungan khas terhadap kerosakan atau kemusnahan dengan tujuan pemuliharaan biodiversiti dan landskap. Taman negara biasanya dimiliki dan dikelola oleh kerajaan negara atau negeri. Had diletakkan pada bilangan pelawat yang dibenarkan memasuki kawasan rapuh tertentu. Jejak atau jalan yang ditetapkan dibuat. Pelawat dibenarkan masuk untuk tujuan belajar, kebudayaan dan rekreasi. Operasi perhutanan, ragut haiwan dan perburuan haiwan dilarang. Eksploitasi habitat atau hidupan liar dilarang. <> Apa jenis taman yang menerima perlindungan khas terhadap kerosakan atau kemusnahan? || Taman negara dan rizab alam semula jadi <> Siapa yang memilih Taman Negara? || kerajaan atau organisasi swasta <> Apakah matlamat untuk melindungi Taman Negara dari kerosakan? || dengan tujuan pemuliharaan biodiversiti dan landskap <> Yang biasanya memiliki dan mengurus taman Negara? || kerajaan nasional atau negeri <> Kegiatan apa yang dilarang di taman negara? || Operasi perhutanan, ragut haiwan dan memburu haiwan <> Apakah jenis taman yang mendapat perlindungan khas terhadap pemuliharaan? || <> Siapa yang memilih laluan yang ditetapkan? || <> Apakah matlamat melindungi Taman Negara daripada jalan raya? || <> Siapa yang biasanya memiliki dan menguruskan jalan raya? || <> Aktiviti apa yang dilarang di jalan raya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?", "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa92", "answers": [{"text": "National park and nature reserve", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who selects National parks?", "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa93", "answers": [{"text": "governments or private organizations", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?", "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa94", "answers": [{"text": "with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who usually owns and manages National parks?", "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa95", "answers": [{"text": "national or state governments", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What activities are prohibited in national parks?", "id": "570bdbd46b8089140040fa96", "answers": [{"text": "Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National park and nature reserve", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What types of parks receive special protection against conservation?", "id": "5a8cbe56fd22b3001a8d8ddc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "governments or private organizations", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Who selects designated trails?", "id": "5a8cbe56fd22b3001a8d8ddd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What is the goal of protecting National Parks from roads?", "id": "5a8cbe56fd22b3001a8d8dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "national or state governments", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Who usually owns and manages roads?", "id": "5a8cbe56fd22b3001a8d8ddf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals", "answer_start": 499}], "question": "What activities are prohibited on roads?", "id": "5a8cbe56fd22b3001a8d8de0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number of visitors permitted to enter certain fragile areas. Designated trails or roads are created. The visitors are allowed to enter only for study, cultural and recreation purposes. Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals are prohibited. Exploitation of habitat or wildlife is banned."}], ["Istilah biologi telah digunakan dahulu oleh ahli sains hidupan liar dan pemelihara pelindung Raymond F. Dasmann pada tahun 1968 buku layang Berbagai Jenis Negara yang menganjurkan pemuliharaan. Istilah ini diterima pakai secara meluas selepas lebih daripada satu dekad, ketika pada tahun 1980-an ia menjadi penggunaan umum dalam sains dan dasar alam sekitar. Thomas Lovejoy, dalam pengantar buku Biologi Pemuliharaan, memperkenalkan istilah kepada komuniti saintifik. Sehingga itu istilah \"kepelbagaian semulajadi\" adalah perkara biasa, yang diperkenalkan oleh The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy dalam kajian penting 1975, \"The Preservation of Diversity Natural.\" Pada awal 1980-an program Sains TNC dan kepalanya, Robert E. Jenkins, Lovejoy dan saintis pemuliharaan terkemuka yang lain pada masa itu di Amerika menganjurkan penggunaan istilah \"kepelbagaian biologi\". <> Yang saintis mana yang pertama menggunakan istilah kepelbagaian biologi? || Raymond F. Dasmann <> Buku apa yang pertama mengandungi istilah kepelbagaian biologi? || Jenis Berbeza Negara <> Berapa dekadkah istilah kepelbagaian biologi menjadi penggunaan umum dalam sains dan ekonomi? || 1980-an <Siapa yang memperkenalkan istilah kepelbagaian biologi kepada komuniti saintifik? || Thomas Lovejoy <> Istilah apa yang biasa sebelum kepelbagaian biologi? || \"kepelbagaian semula jadi\" <> Yang saintis mula menggunakan istilah biologi? || <> Apa buku pertama yang mengandungi istilah biologi? || <> Berapa dekad apakah istilah biologi menjadi penggunaan umum dalam sains dan ekonomi? || <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan istilah biologi kepada komuniti saintifik? || <> Istilah apa yang biasa sebelum biologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?", "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab4", "answers": [{"text": "Raymond F. Dasmann", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book first contained the term biological diversity?", "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab5", "answers": [{"text": "A Different Kind of Country", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?", "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab6", "answers": [{"text": "the 1980s", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?", "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab7", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Lovejoy", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term was common before biological diversity?", "id": "570be04b6b8089140040fab8", "answers": [{"text": "\"natural diversity\"", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Raymond F. Dasmann", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Which scientist first used the term biology?", "id": "5a8ca395fd22b3001a8d8c80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A Different Kind of Country", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What book first contained the term biology?", "id": "5a8ca395fd22b3001a8d8c81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1980s", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What decade did the term biology become common usage in science and economics?", "id": "5a8ca395fd22b3001a8d8c82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas Lovejoy", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "Who introduced the term biology to the scientific community?", "id": "5a8ca395fd22b3001a8d8c83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"natural diversity\"", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "What term was common before biology?", "id": "5a8ca395fd22b3001a8d8c84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy. Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology, introduced the term to the scientific community. Until then the term \"natural diversity\" was common, introduced by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study, \"The Preservation of Natural Diversity.\" By the early 1980s TNC's Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins, Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the time in America advocated the use of the term \"biological diversity\"."}], ["Dalam pertanian dan penternakan haiwan, Revolusi Hijau mempopularkan penggunaan hibridisasi konvensional untuk meningkatkan hasil. Selalunya baka hybridized berasal dari negara-negara maju dan terus hibridisasi dengan varieti tempatan di negara membangun untuk menghasilkan strain hasil yang tinggi yang tahan terhadap iklim dan penyakit tempatan. Kerajaan dan industri tempatan telah menolak hibridisasi. Kolam gen yang dahulunya besar dari pelbagai baka liar dan asli telah runtuh menyebabkan hakisan genetik yang meluas dan pencemaran genetik. Ini telah mengakibatkan kehilangan kepelbagaian genetik dan kepelbagaian biologi secara keseluruhan. <> Apa yang mempopularkan penggunaan hibridisasi konvensional untuk meningkatkan hasil? || Revolusi Hijau <> Apa jenis strain hasil yang tinggi menjadi tahan? || iklim tempatan dan penyakit <> Siapa yang telah menolak untuk hibridisasi? || Kerajaan tempatan dan industri <> Apa yang menyebabkan kehilangan biodiversiti? || Kolam gen yang dahulunya besar dari pelbagai baka liar dan asli telah runtuh menyebabkan hakisan genetik yang meluas <> Apa yang mempopularkan penggunaan hakisan genetik konvensional untuk meningkatkan hasil? || <> Apakah kerajaan hasil yang tinggi menjadi tahan? || <> Siapa yang telah menolak untuk keturunan orang asli? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kehilangan kerajaan tempatan? || <> Apa yang sering berlaku dalam baka baka konvensional? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?", "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb6", "answers": [{"text": "the Green Revolution", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the high yield strains become resistant to?", "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb7", "answers": [{"text": "local climate and diseases", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has been pushing for hybridization?", "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb8", "answers": [{"text": "Local governments and industry", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the loss of biodiversity?", "id": "570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb9", "answers": [{"text": "Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Green Revolution", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What popularized the use of conventional genetic erosion to increase yield?", "id": "5a8cbbe2fd22b3001a8d8db4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local climate and diseases", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What did the high yield governments become resistant to?", "id": "5a8cbbe2fd22b3001a8d8db5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Local governments and industry", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "Who has been pushing for indigenous breeds?", "id": "5a8cbbe2fd22b3001a8d8db6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What caused the loss of local governments?", "id": "5a8cbbe2fd22b3001a8d8db7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "developed countries", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What do conventional breeds often originate in?", "id": "5a8cbbe2fd22b3001a8d8db8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization. Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution. This has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole."}], ["Biodiversiti memberikan sokongan kritikal untuk penemuan dadah dan ketersediaan sumber perubatan. Sebilangan besar dadah diperolehi secara langsung atau tidak langsung, dari sumber biologi: sekurang-kurangnya 50% daripada sebatian farmaseutikal di pasaran AS berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan, haiwan, dan mikroorganisma, manakala kira-kira 80% penduduk dunia bergantung pada ubat dari alam semula jadi (digunakan sama ada amalan perubatan moden atau tradisional) untuk penjagaan kesihatan utama. Hanya sebahagian kecil spesies liar yang telah disiasat untuk potensi perubatan. Kepelbagaian biologi telah menjadi kritikal untuk kemajuan di seluruh bidang bionik. Bukti dari analisis pasaran dan sains biodiversiti menunjukkan bahawa penurunan output dari sektor farmaseutikal sejak pertengahan tahun 1980-an boleh dikaitkan dengan perpindahan dari eksplorasi produk semula jadi (\"bioprospecting\") yang memihak kepada genomik dan kimia sintetik, sesungguhnya tuntutan mengenai nilai farmaseutikal yang belum ditemui mungkin tidak memberi insentif yang mencukupi bagi syarikat-syarikat di pasaran bebas untuk mencari mereka kerana kos pembangunan yang tinggi; Sementara itu, produk semulajadi mempunyai sejarah panjang menyokong inovasi ekonomi dan kesihatan yang signifikan. Ekosistem marin amat penting, walaupun bioprospeksi tidak sesuai dapat meningkatkan kehilangan biodiversiti, serta melanggar undang-undang masyarakat dan negara-negara yang sumbernya diambil. <> Apa yang menyediakan sokongan kritikal untuk penemuan dadah dan ketersediaan sumber ubat? || Keanekaragaman hayam <> Berapa peratus daripada ubat AS berasal dari tumbuhan, haiwan, dan mikroorganisma? || sekurang-kurangnya 50% <> Apakah peratusan ubat seluruh dunia berasal dari alam semula jadi? || kira-kira 80% <> bidang apa yang mempunyai kepelbagaian biologi membuat kemajuan kritikal? || bionics <> Apa yang menyediakan sokongan kritikal untuk penemuan dadah dan ketersediaan sumber ekonomi? || <> Berapa peratus daripada ubat AS berasal dari sintetik? || <> Apakah peratusan ubat seluruh dunia berasal dari sintetik? || <> Bidang apa yang mempunyai sumber ekonomi membuat kemajuan kritikal? || <> Apa ekosistem yang sangat alami? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?", "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fabe", "answers": [{"text": "Biodiversity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?", "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fabf", "answers": [{"text": "at least 50%", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?", "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fac0", "answers": [{"text": "about 80%", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?", "id": "570be0da6b8089140040fac1", "answers": [{"text": "bionics", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Biodiversity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of economic resources?", "id": "5a8cb0dcfd22b3001a8d8d3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at least 50%", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What percentage of US drugs are derived from synthetics?", "id": "5a8cb0dcfd22b3001a8d8d3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 80%", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from synthetics?", "id": "5a8cb0dcfd22b3001a8d8d40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bionics", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What field has economic resources made critical advances in?", "id": "5a8cb0dcfd22b3001a8d8d41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marine", "answer_start": 1192}], "question": "What ecosystems are particularly natural?", "id": "5a8cb0dcfd22b3001a8d8d42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration (\"bioprospecting\") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken."}]], [["Sesetengah perisian memberikan makna khusus kepada aksara ASCII yang dihantar ke perisian dari terminal. Sistem pengendalian dari Digital Equipment Corporation, sebagai contoh, menerangkan DEL sebagai watak masukan yang bermaksud \"menghilangkan aksara masukan sebelum ini\", dan tafsiran ini juga menjadi biasa dalam sistem Unix. Kebanyakan sistem lain menggunakan BS untuk maksud itu dan menggunakan DEL untuk bermaksud \"menghapus aksara pada kursor\". [Rujukan?] Yang tafsiran terakhir adalah yang paling umum sekarang. [Rujukan?] <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh beberapa perisian kepada aksara ASCII ? || makna khusus yang ditugaskan <> Apa tafsiran yang menjadi perkara biasa dalam sistem Unix? || ditafsirkan DEL sebagai watak masukan yang bermaksud \"alih keluar aksara masukan yang diketik sebelum ini\" <> Apa yang paling banyak systmes lain menggunakan DEL untuk bermaksud? || keluarkan aksara di kursor <> Apa yang telah kita systmes lain untuk \"membuang aksara masukan yang telah diketik sebelumnya\"? || BS <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh perisian kepada Digital Equipment Corporation? || <> Apakah tafsiran yang menjadi perkara biasa dalam sistem BS? || <> Apa sistem lain yang digunakan untuk terminal? || <> Apakah sistem pertama menggunakan DEL untuk bermaksud? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did some software do to the ASCII characters?", "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9c", "answers": [{"text": "assigned special meanings", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?", "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9d", "answers": [{"text": "interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character\"", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?", "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9e", "answers": [{"text": "remove the character at the cursor", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did other systmes us for \"remove previously-typed input character\"?", "id": "570bdc256b8089140040fa9f", "answers": [{"text": "BS", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "assigned special meanings", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What did some software do to the Digital Equipment Corporation?", "id": "5a651664c2b11c001a425c05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What interpretation became common in BS systems?", "id": "5a651664c2b11c001a425c06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BS", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What other systems use for the terminal?", "id": "5a651664c2b11c001a425c07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remove the character at the cursor", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What did the first systems use DEL to mean?", "id": "5a651664c2b11c001a425c08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character\", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean \"remove the character at the cursor\".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed]"}], ["Sebagai contoh, watak 10 mewakili fungsi \"suapan line\" (yang menyebabkan pencetak memajukan kertasnya), dan watak 8 mewakili \"ruang belakang\". RFC 2822 merujuk kepada watak kawalan yang tidak termasuk pulangan pengangkutan, suapan baris atau ruang putih sebagai aksara kawalan ruang kosong. Kecuali untuk watak-watak kawalan yang menetapkan pemformatan berorientasikan baris asas, ASCII tidak menentukan mekanisme untuk menggambarkan struktur atau penampilan teks dalam dokumen. Skim lain, seperti bahasa markup, halaman alamat dan tata letak dokumen dan pemformatan. <> Apakah fungsi \"suapan line\" lakukan? || menyebabkan pencetak memajukan kertasnya <> Karakter apa yang mewakili fungsi \"suapan line\"? || aksara 10 <> Apakah watak 8 mewakili? || backspace <> Apakah RFC 2822 merujuk kepada jenis watak kawalan? || mengawal watak-watak yang tidak termasuk kembalian tunggangan, suapan talian atau ruang putih sebagai watak kawalan bukan ruang kosong <> Apakah watak kawalan \"suapan line\" lakukan? || <> Bahasa markup apa yang mewakili fungsi \"suapan line\"? || <> Apakah tata letak dokumen 8 mewakili? || <> RFC 2822 menerjemahkan jenis bahasa apa? || <> Apa yang tidak mentakrifkan sebarang mekanisme untuk kembali kereta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the \"line feed\" function do?", "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8c", "answers": [{"text": "causes a printer to advance its paper", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What character represents the \"line feed\" function?", "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8d", "answers": [{"text": "character 10", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does character 8 represent? ", "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8e", "answers": [{"text": "backspace", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?", "id": "570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8f", "answers": [{"text": "control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "causes a printer to advance its paper", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What do the \"line feed\" control characters do?", "id": "5a650f77c2b11c001a425bcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "character 10", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What markup languages represent the \"line feed\" function?", "id": "5a650f77c2b11c001a425bce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "backspace", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What does document layout does 8 represent?", "id": "5a650f77c2b11c001a425bcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "RFC 2822 translates what kind of languages?", "id": "5a650f77c2b11c001a425bd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What does not define any mechanism for carriage return?", "id": "5a650f77c2b11c001a425bd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For example, character 10 represents the \"line feed\" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents \"backspace\". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting."}], ["ASCII sendiri mula digunakan secara komersial pada tahun 1963 sebagai kod teleprinter tujuh-bit untuk rangkaian Telefon Telefon & Telegraph TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) Amerika. TWX pada asalnya menggunakan ITA2 lima-bit yang lebih awal, yang juga digunakan oleh sistem teleprinter Telex yang bersaing. Bob Bemer memperkenalkan ciri-ciri seperti urutan melarikan diri. Kolejnya, Hugh McGregor Ross membantu mempopularkan karya ini - menurut Bemer, \"sehingga kod yang menjadi ASCII pertama kali dipanggil Kod Bemer-Ross di Eropah\". Kerana kerja beliau yang luas di ASCII, Bemer telah dipanggil \"bapa ASCII.\" <> Bilakah ASCII pertama kali digunakan secara komersil? || 1963 <> Apa gunanya? || satu kod teleprinter tujuh-bit untuk rangkaian Telefon Telefon & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) <> Apa yang digunakan oleh TWX sebelum ASCII? || lima bit ITA2 <> Siapa bapa ASCII? || Bob Bemer <> Apa kod pertama yang dipanggil di Eropah? || Kod Bemer-Ross <> Bilakah ASCII mula digunakan oleh Berner-Ross? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh TWX kerana untuk mengatasi waktu memuat perlahan ASCII? || <> Siapa yang bersaing dengan ASCII? || <> Apa yang pertama disebut TWX di Eropah? || <> Siapa yang bersaing dengan kod teleprinter lapan-bit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was ASCII first commercially used?", "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb72", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was it used for?", "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb73", "answers": [{"text": "a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did TWX use before ASCII?", "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb74", "answers": [{"text": "five-bit ITA2", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the father of ASCII?", "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb75", "answers": [{"text": "Bob Bemer", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the code first called in Europe?", "id": "570bd90fec8fbc190045bb76", "answers": [{"text": "Bemer-Ross Code", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "When was ASCII first used by Berner-Ross?", "id": "5a65080ac2b11c001a425ba7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five-bit ITA2", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What did TWX use because to counter slow loading times of ASCII?", "id": "5a65080ac2b11c001a425ba8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bob Bemer", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "Who competed against ASCII?", "id": "5a65080ac2b11c001a425ba9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bemer-Ross Code", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "What was the TWX first called in Europe?", "id": "5a65080ac2b11c001a425baa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Telex teleprinter system", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "Who competed against eight-bit teleprinter code?", "id": "5a65080ac2b11c001a425bab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work \u2013  according to Bemer, \"so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe\". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called \"the father of ASCII.\""}], ["Pada asalnya berdasarkan abjad bahasa Inggeris, ASCII mengodkan 128 aksara yang ditentukan ke integer tujuh-bit seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh carta ASCII di sebelah kanan. Huruf yang dikodkan adalah angka 0 hingga 9, huruf kecil a ke z, huruf besar A hingga Z, simbol baca asas, kod kawalan yang berasal dari mesin Teletype, dan ruang. Sebagai contoh, huruf kecil j akan menjadi binari 1101010 dan perpuluhan 106. ASCII termasuk definisi untuk 128 aksara: 33 adalah aksara kawalan percetakan (banyak sekarang usang) yang mempengaruhi bagaimana teks dan ruang diproses dan 95 aksara yang boleh dicetak, termasuk ruang (yang dianggap sebagai grafik yang tidak kelihatan: 223). <> Apakah ASCII berdasarkan? || Abjad bahasa Inggeris <> Berapa banyak aksara khusus yang ada di dalam kod ASCII? || 128 aksara yang ditentukan <> Berapa banyak aksara kawalan percetakan? || 33 adalah aksara kawalan pencetakan <> Berapa banyak aksara yang boleh dicetak aksara? || 95 watak-watak yang boleh dicetak <> Apakah ruang yang dikenali sebagai apa? || grafik yang tidak kelihatan: 223 <> Apa yang berasaskan abjad binari? || <> Berapa banyak aksara khusus yang ada di dalam mesin Teletype ASCII? || <> Apa nombor kod yang dikodkan bermula? || <> Berapa banyak definisi yang boleh dicetak aksara? || <> Huruf abjad apa yang tidak kelihatan: 223 berdasarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the ASCII based on?", "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa42", "answers": [{"text": "English alphabet", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?", "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa43", "answers": [{"text": "128 specified characters", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many are non-printing control characters?", "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa44", "answers": [{"text": "33 are non-printing control characters", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many characters are printable characters? ", "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa45", "answers": [{"text": "95 printable characters", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the space also known as what?", "id": "570bce516b8089140040fa46", "answers": [{"text": "invisible graphic:223", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What is based on the binary alphabet?", "id": "5a64ed447f3c80001a150bf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "128 specified characters", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "How many specific characters are there in the ASCII Teletype machines?", "id": "5a64ed447f3c80001a150bf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Teletype machines", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What did encoded numbers originate with?", "id": "5a64ed447f3c80001a150bf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "95 printable characters", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "How many definitions are printable characters?", "id": "5a64ed447f3c80001a150bf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What alphabet is invisible graphic:223 based on?", "id": "5a64ed447f3c80001a150bf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223)."}], ["Sistem operasi DEC (OS / 8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, dll.) Menggunakan kedua-dua aksara untuk menandakan akhir garisan supaya peranti konsol (asalnya mesin Teletype) berfungsi. Pada masa yang dipanggil \"kaca TTYs\" (kemudian dipanggil CRT atau terminal) datang, konvensyen itu begitu mantap bahawa keserasian mundur memerlukan komitmen berterusan. Apabila Gary Kildall mengkloning RT-11 untuk mencipta CP / M dia mengikuti konvensyen DEC yang mantap. Sehingga pengenalan PC DOS pada tahun 1981, IBM tidak menyentuh ini kerana sistem operasi tahun 1970-an mereka menggunakan EBCDIC dan bukannya ASCII dan mereka berorientasikan ke arah input punch-card dan output pencetak garis di mana konsep pengembalian kereta tidak bermakna. PC DOS IBM (juga dipasarkan sebagai MS-DOS oleh Microsoft) mewarisi konvensyen ini kerana menjadi klon CP / M, dan Windows mewarisinya dari MS-DOS. <> Apakah TTY kaca juga dikenali sebagai? || CRT atau terminal <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Gary Kildall untuk mencipta CP / M? || RT-11 <> Kapan pengenalan PC DOS? || 1981 <> Pengaturcaraan apa yang digunakan IBM pada 1970-an? || EBCDIC <> Apakah PC DOS IBM dipasarkan oleh Microsoft? || MS-DOS <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Gary Klidall untuk membuat PC DOS? || <> Bilakah pengenalan IBM? || <> Pengaturcaraan apa yang digunakan oleh DEC pada tahun 1970-an? || <> Apa itu IBM PC DOS yang dipasarkan oleh ASCII? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk mesin Teletype? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are glass TTYs also known as?", "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3c", "answers": [{"text": "CRTs or terminals", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?", "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3d", "answers": [{"text": "RT-11", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the introduction of PC DOS?", "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3e", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?", "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3f", "answers": [{"text": "EBCDIC", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?", "id": "570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb40", "answers": [{"text": "MS-DOS", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RT-11", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "What did Gary Klidall clone to create PC DOS?", "id": "5a651f58c2b11c001a425c3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "When was the introduction of IBM?", "id": "5a651f58c2b11c001a425c3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EBCDIC", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What programming did DEC use in the 1970s?", "id": "5a651f58c2b11c001a425c3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MS-DOS", "answer_start": 859}], "question": "What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by ASCII?", "id": "5a651f58c2b11c001a425c40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CRTs or terminals", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What is another name for Teletype machines?", "id": "5a651f58c2b11c001a425c41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS."}], ["The sub-committee X3.2 direka ASCII berdasarkan sistem pengekodan teleprinter yang lebih awal. Seperti pengekodan watak lain, ASCII menentukan korespondensi antara corak bit digital dan simbol watak (iaitu grapema dan watak kawalan). Ini membolehkan peranti digital berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain dan memproses, menyimpan, dan menyampaikan maklumat berorientasikan aksara seperti bahasa bertulis. Sebelum ASCII dibangunkan, pengekodan yang digunakan termasuk 26 aksara abjad, 10 digit berangka, dan dari 11 hingga 25 simbol grafik khas. Untuk memasukkan semua ini, dan mengawal watak-watak yang serasi dengan standard Comit\u00e9 Consultatif Antarabangsa T\u00e9l\u00e9phonique et T\u00e9l\u00e9graphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2), Fieldata, dan awal EBCDIC, lebih daripada 64 kod diperlukan untuk ASCII. <> Apakah ASCII berdasarkan? || sistem pengekodan teleprinter <> ASCII menentukan korespondensi antara apa? || corak bit digital dan simbol watak <> Apakah korespondensi ASCII yang membolehkan peranti digital dilakukan? || berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain dan memproses, menyimpan, dan menyampaikan maklumat berorientasikan aksara <> Berapa banyak simbol grafik yang digunakan sebelum ASCII? || 11 hingga 25 simbol grafik khas <> Berapa banyak kod yang diperlukan untuk ASCII? || lebih daripada 64 kod <> Apakah X3.2 berdasarkan? || <> ASCII menentukan watak abjad mengikut apa? || <> Apakah simbol grafik ASCII yang membolehkan peranti digital dilakukan? || <> Berapa banyak simbol grafik yang digunakan sebelum sistem pengekodan dicipta? || <> Berapa banyak kod yang diperlukan untuk X3.2? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was ASCII based on?", "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5e", "answers": [{"text": "teleprinter encoding systems", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ASCII specifies correspondence between what? ", "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5f", "answers": [{"text": "digital bit patterns and character symbols", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?", "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb60", "answers": [{"text": "communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?", "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb61", "answers": [{"text": "11 to 25 special graphic symbols", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many codes were required for ASCII?", "id": "570bd80cec8fbc190045bb62", "answers": [{"text": "more than 64 codes", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "teleprinter encoding systems", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What was the X3.2 based on?", "id": "5a64f841c2b11c001a425b5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "digital bit patterns and character symbols", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "ASCII specifies alphabetic characters by what?", "id": "5a64f841c2b11c001a425b60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What does ASCII graphic symbols allow digital devices to do?", "id": "5a64f841c2b11c001a425b61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11 to 25 special graphic symbols", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "How many graphic symbols were used before encoding systems were invented?", "id": "5a64f841c2b11c001a425b62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 64 codes", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "How many codes were required for the X3.2?", "id": "5a64f841c2b11c001a425b63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comit\u00e9 Consultatif International T\u00e9l\u00e9phonique et T\u00e9l\u00e9graphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII."}], ["C trigraphs dicipta untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini untuk ANSI C, walaupun pengenalan lewat dan pelaksanaan yang tidak konsisten dalam pengomputer membatasi penggunaannya. Ramai pengaturcara menyimpan komputer mereka di AS-ASCII, jadi teks biasa dalam bahasa Sweden, Jerman dan lain-lain (contohnya, dalam e-mel atau Usenet) mengandungi \"{,}\" dan varian serupa di tengah-tengah kata-kata, pernah. Sebagai contoh, seorang peretas programmer Sweden lain seorang pengatur lain bertanya sama ada mereka perlu pergi untuk makan tengahari, boleh mendapatkan \"N {jag har sm | rg} sar.\" sebagai jawapan, yang sepatutnya menjadi \"N\u00e4 jag har sm\u00f6rg\u00e5sar.\" bermaksud \"Tidak, saya ada sandwic.\" <> Apa yang telah dicipta untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini untuk ANSI C? || C trigraphs <> Kenapa penggunaannya terhad? || pengenalan lewat mereka dan pelaksanaan tidak konsisten dalam kompiler <> Apa yang banyak pengaturcara menyimpan komputer mereka? || US-ASCII <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kata-kata yang dihantar dari pengaturcara? || mengandungi \"{,}\" dan varian serupa di tengah-tengah perkataan <> Apa yang dicipta untuk menyelesaikan masalah untuk Usenet? || <> Apa yang banyak pengaturcara menyimpan sandwic mereka? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada trigraphs C yang dihantar dari pengaturcara? || <> Apakah \"{,}\" sepatutnya bermaksud? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh orang Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?", "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb4e", "answers": [{"text": "C trigraphs", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was their use limited?", "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb4f", "answers": [{"text": "their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did many programmers keep their computers on?", "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb50", "answers": [{"text": "US-ASCII", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?", "id": "570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb51", "answers": [{"text": "contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "C trigraphs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was created to solve the problem for Usenet?", "id": "5a6527a2c2b11c001a425ca7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US-ASCII", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What did many programmers keep their sandwiches on?", "id": "5a6527a2c2b11c001a425ca8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What was happening to the C trigraphs that were sent from programmers?", "id": "5a6527a2c2b11c001a425ca9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No I've got sandwiches.", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "What was \"{, }\" supposed to mean?", "id": "5a6527a2c2b11c001a425caa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "variants in the middle of words", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What did Germans get used to?", "id": "5a6527a2c2b11c001a425cab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get \"N{ jag har sm|rg}sar.\" as the answer, which should be \"N\u00e4 jag har sm\u00f6rg\u00e5sar.\" meaning \"No I've got sandwiches.\""}], ["ASCII dimasukkan ke dalam watak Unicode yang ditetapkan sebagai simbol 128 pertama, jadi aksara ASCII 7-bit mempunyai kod angka yang sama dalam kedua-dua set. Ini membolehkan UTF-8 serasi ke belakang dengan 7-bit ASCII, kerana fail UTF-8 yang mengandungi hanya aksara ASCII adalah sama dengan fail ASCII yang mengandungi urutan aksara yang sama. Lebih penting lagi, keserasian ke hadapan dipastikan sebagai perisian yang mengiktiraf hanya aksara ASCII 7-bit sebagai istimewa dan tidak mengubah bait dengan set bit tertinggi (seperti yang sering dilakukan untuk menyokong pelanjutan ASCII 8-bit seperti ISO-8859-1) akan memelihara data UTF-8 tidak berubah. <> ASCII telah dimasukkan ke dalam watak lain yang ditetapkan? || Unicode <> Berapa banyak simbol yang sama pada permulaan ASCII dan Unicode? || 128 simbol <> Apa yang ditetapkan adalah serasi ke belakang dengan ASCII 7-bit? || UTF-8 <> ASCII telah dimasukkan ke dalam sambungan lain? || <> Berapa banyak simbol yang sama pada akhir ASCII dan Unicode? || <> Apa yang ditetapkan adalah mundur dengan 128 simbol? || <> Apa yang dimasukkan ke dalam sambungan Unicode? || <> Apakah file UTF-8 yang mengandungi ISO-8859-1 sama dengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?", "id": "570bd1adec8fbc190045bb22", "answers": [{"text": "Unicode", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?", "id": "570bd1adec8fbc190045bb23", "answers": [{"text": "128 symbols", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?", "id": "570bd1adec8fbc190045bb24", "answers": [{"text": "UTF-8", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Unicode", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "ASCII was incorporated into what other extensions?", "id": "5a650e0dc2b11c001a425bbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "128 symbols", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "How many of the symbols are the same in the end of the ASCII and Unicode?", "id": "5a650e0dc2b11c001a425bbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UTF-8", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What set is backward with 128 symbols?", "id": "5a650e0dc2b11c001a425bbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was incorporated into the Unicode extensions?", "id": "5a650e0dc2b11c001a425bbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What is a UTF-8 file containing ISO-8859-1 identical to? ", "id": "5a650e0dc2b11c001a425bbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged."}], ["Apabila Teletype 33 ASR dilengkapi dengan pembaca pita kertas automatik yang menerima Kawalan-S (XOFF, singkatan untuk menghantar), ia menyebabkan pembaca pita berhenti; menerima Kawalan-Q (XON, \"menghantar\") menyebabkan pembaca pita diteruskan. Teknik ini diterima pakai oleh beberapa sistem operasi komputer awal sebagai isyarat \"tangan\" yang memberi amaran kepada penghantar untuk menghentikan penghantaran kerana limpahan yang akan berlaku; ia berterusan hingga ke hari ini dalam banyak sistem sebagai teknik kawalan output manual. Pada beberapa sistem Control-S mengekalkan makna tetapi Control-Q digantikan oleh Control-S kedua untuk menyambung semula output. 33 ASR juga boleh dikonfigurasikan untuk menggunakan Control-R (DC2) dan Control-T (DC4) untuk memulakan dan menghentikan pukulan pita; pada sesetengah unit yang dilengkapi dengan fungsi ini, huruf watak kawalan yang sama pada kekunci di atas huruf itu adalah TAPE dan TAPE masing-masing. <> Apa yang membazir pembaca pita kertas automatik untuk berhenti? || a Control-S <> Apa yang menyebabkan pembaca pita kertas automatik dimulakan semula? || Kawalan-Q <> Apakah isyarat peringatan yang memberi amaran kepada pengirim bahawa terdapat limpahan yang akan berlaku? || handshaking <> Apa dua kawalan boleh dikonfigurasi dengan 33 ASR? || Kawalan-R (DC2) dan Kawalan-T (DC4) <> Apa yang menyebabkan pembaca pita kertas menghantar amaran? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan pembaca pita kertas automatik untuk teknik kawalan keluaran? || <> Apakah isyarat amaran yang memberi amaran kepada TAPE bahawa terdapat limpahan yang akan berlaku? || <> Apa dua kawalan boleh dikonfigurasikan dari telefon bimbit? || <> Apakah limpahan yang akan berlaku digantikan oleh beberapa sistem? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?", "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa68", "answers": [{"text": "a Control-S", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?", "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa69", "answers": [{"text": "Control-Q", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?", "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa6a", "answers": [{"text": "handshaking", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?", "id": "570bd2ec6b8089140040fa6b", "answers": [{"text": "Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Control-S", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What caused the paper tape reader to send a signal warning?", "id": "5a6513c9c2b11c001a425be1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Control-Q", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What caused the automatic paper tape reader to output control technique?", "id": "5a6513c9c2b11c001a425be2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "handshaking", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What was the warning signal that warned TAPE that there was impending overflow?", "id": "5a6513c9c2b11c001a425be3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "What two controls can be configured from a mobile phone?", "id": "5a6513c9c2b11c001a425be4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a second Control-S", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What is impending overflow replaced by on some systems?", "id": "5a6513c9c2b11c001a425be5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, \"transmit on\") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a \"handshaking\" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively."}], ["Kod itu sendiri diprogramkan supaya kod kawalan kebanyakannya bersama-sama, dan semua kod grafik bersama-sama, untuk memudahkan pengenalan. Dua lajur pertama (32 jawatan) dikhaskan untuk watak kawalan.:220, 236 \u00a7 8,9) Watak \"ruang\" terpaksa datang sebelum grafik untuk memudahkan penyortiran, jadi kedudukan 20hex;: 237 \u00a7 10 untuk Sebab yang sama, banyak tanda khas yang biasa digunakan sebagai pemisah diletakkan sebelum digit. Jawatankuasa memutuskan bahawa ia adalah penting untuk menyokong alphabets huruf besar dan memilih corak ASCII supaya dapat dikurangkan dengan mudah kepada kod grafik yang boleh digunakan 64 aksara, 228, 237 \u00a7 14 seperti yang telah dilakukan dalam kod SIXBIT DEC . Oleh itu huruf kecil tidak dicampur dengan huruf besar. Untuk memastikan pilihan tersedia untuk huruf kecil dan grafik lain, kod-kod khas dan nombor diatur sebelum huruf, dan huruf A ditempatkan pada posisi 41hex untuk menyesuaikan draf standard British yang sama.:238 \u00a718 digit 0-9 telah disusun supaya mereka sepadan dengan nilai-nilai dalam binary yang diawali dengan 011, menjadikan penukaran dengan perpuluhan berkod binari langsung. <> Mengapa kod berpola supaya kebanyakan kod adalah bersama? || untuk memudahkan pengenalan <> Berapa banyak jawatan dalam dua lajur pertama? || 32 jawatan <> Apa keputusan jawatankuasa penting? || untuk menyokong alphabets huruf besar aksara <> Di manakah huruf A berada dalam posisi? || 41hex <> Mengapa huruf kecil bercorak supaya kod paling banyak bersatu? || <> Berapa banyak jawatan yang ada dalam kod angka pertama? || <> Apa yang diputuskan oleh jawatankuasa yang akan membantu dengan tanda-tanda istimewa? || <> Di mana kedudukan DEC dalam kedudukan? || <> Mengapa kod berangka ditukar kepada kod grafik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?", "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa60", "answers": [{"text": "for ease of identification", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many positions are in the first two columns?", "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa61", "answers": [{"text": "32 positions", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the committee decide was important?", "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa62", "answers": [{"text": "to support uppercase 64-character alphabets", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the letter A places in position?", "id": "570bd0da6b8089140040fa63", "answers": [{"text": "41hex", "answer_start": 910}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for ease of identification", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Why were the lowercase letters patterned so that most codes were together?", "id": "5a64ffacc2b11c001a425b8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32 positions", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "How many positions are are in the first numeric codes?", "id": "5a64ffacc2b11c001a425b8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to support uppercase 64-character alphabets", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "What did the committee decide would help with special signs?", "id": "5a64ffacc2b11c001a425b8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "41hex", "answer_start": 910}], "question": "Where were the letters DEC in position?", "id": "5a64ffacc2b11c001a425b90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics", "answer_start": 738}], "question": "Why were numeric codes converted to graphic codes?", "id": "5a64ffacc2b11c001a425b91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236\u2009\u00a7\u20098,9) The \"space\" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237\u2009\u00a7\u200910 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237\u2009\u00a7\u200914 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238\u2009\u00a7\u200918 The digits 0\u20139 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward."}], ["Jawatankuasa ini menganggap kod lapan bit, kerana lapan bit (oktet) akan membolehkan dua pola empat-bit untuk mengodkan dua digit secara cekap dengan perpuluhan berkod binari. Walau bagaimanapun, ia memerlukan semua penghantaran data untuk menghantar lapan bit apabila tujuh boleh mencukupi. Jawatankuasa ini mengundi untuk menggunakan kod tujuh bit untuk meminimumkan kos yang berkaitan dengan penghantaran data. Oleh kerana pita berlubang pada masa itu dapat merakam lapan bit dalam satu kedudukan, ia juga membenarkan sedikit pariti untuk pemeriksaan ralat jika dikehendaki.:217, 236 \u00a7 5 Mesin lapan bit (dengan octets sebagai jenis data asli) yang tidak digunakan Pemeriksaan pariti biasanya menetapkan bit kedelapan hingga 0. <> Mengapa jawatankuasa mempertimbangkan kod 8 bit? || lapan bit (oktet) akan membolehkan corak empat-bit untuk mengodkan dua angka secara berkala dengan perpuluhan dikodkan binari <> Kenapa jawatankuasa memutuskan pada 7bit? || meminimumkan kos yang berkaitan dengan penghantaran data <> Apa yang dibenarkan untuk sedikit pariti untuk menipu ralat jika diperlukan? || pita berlubang pada masa itu boleh merakam lapan bit dalam satu kedudukan <> Mengapa jawatankuasa mempertimbangkan kod 0 bit? || <> Kenapa syarikat memutuskan pada 9bit? || <> Apa yang dibenarkan bagi bit pariti untuk penghantaran data jika diperlukan? || <> Apa mesin tujuh-bit yang tidak menggunakan pariti biasanya menetapkan lapan bit untuk? || <> Berapa banyak bit dalam satu kedudukan boleh direkodkan oleh kod perduaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?", "id": "570bf49d6b8089140040faf0", "answers": [{"text": "eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?", "id": "570bf49d6b8089140040faf1", "answers": [{"text": "minimize costs associated with data transmission", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?", "id": "570bf49d6b8089140040faf2", "answers": [{"text": "perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Why did the committee consider a 0 bit code?", "id": "5a64fd37c2b11c001a425b73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "minimize costs associated with data transmission", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "Why did the company decide on 9bit instead?", "id": "5a64fd37c2b11c001a425b74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What allowed for a parity bit for data transmission if needed?", "id": "5a64fd37c2b11c001a425b75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0", "answer_start": 628}], "question": "What did seven-bit machines that did not use parity typically set the eight bit to?", "id": "5a64fd37c2b11c001a425b76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "How many bits in one position could be recorded by binary code?", "id": "5a64fd37c2b11c001a425b77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.:217, 236\u2009\u00a7\u20095 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0."}], ["Sistem operasi lama seperti TOPS-10, bersama-sama dengan CP / M, panjang fail yang dikesan hanya dalam unit blok cakera dan digunakan Control-Z (SUB) untuk menandakan akhir teks sebenar dalam fail. Atas sebab ini, EOF, atau akhir fail, digunakan secara colloquially dan konvensional sebagai akronik tiga huruf untuk Control-Z dan bukan SUBSTUT. Kod akhir (ETX), yang juga dikenali sebagai Control-C, tidak sesuai dengan pelbagai alasan, semasa menggunakan Z sebagai kod kawalan untuk mengakhiri fail yang sama dengannya mengakhiri abjad dan berfungsi sebagai sangat mudah bantuan mnemonik. Konvensyen yang lazim dan lazim lazimnya menggunakan konvensyen kod ETX untuk mengganggu dan menghentikan program melalui aliran data masukan, biasanya dari papan kekunci. <> Apa yang digunakan sistem operasi lama untuk menandakan akhir teks? || Control-Z (SUB) <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh EOF? || end-of-file <> Apa yang masih digunakan oleh kod ETX konvensional? || untuk mengganggu dan menghentikan program melalui aliran data masukan, biasanya dari papan kekunci <> Apa lagi kod akhir teks yang dikenali sebagai? || Control-C <> Apakah sistem operasi yang lebih lama digunakan untuk menandakan kod kawalan? || <> Apa lagi yang digunakan oleh kod EOF konvensional? || <> Apa lagi yang digunakan oleh kod teks akhir untuk menjejaki panjang fail? || <> Di mana kod kawalan biasanya datang? || <> Apa yang menggunakan Z sebagai akhir teks yang sama dengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?", "id": "570bf2846b8089140040fae8", "answers": [{"text": "Control-Z (SUB)", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does EOF stand for?", "id": "570bf2846b8089140040fae9", "answers": [{"text": "end-of-file", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?", "id": "570bf2846b8089140040faea", "answers": [{"text": "to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else is the end-of-text code known as?", "id": "570bf2846b8089140040faeb", "answers": [{"text": "Control-C", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Control-Z", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What did older operating systems use to mark control code?", "id": "5a6524c6c2b11c001a425c83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "What is still the conventional use of the EOF code?", "id": "5a6524c6c2b11c001a425c84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Control-C", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What else does the end-of text code use to track file length?", "id": "5a6524c6c2b11c001a425c85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a keyboard", "answer_start": 705}], "question": "Where does a control code usually come from?", "id": "5a6524c6c2b11c001a425c86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it ending the alphabet", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What is using Z as the end of text analogous to?", "id": "5a6524c6c2b11c001a425c87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard."}], ["Jawatankuasa ini membahaskan kemungkinan fungsi peralihan (seperti dalam ITA2), yang membolehkan lebih daripada 64 kod untuk diwakili oleh kod enam-bit. Dalam kod beralih, beberapa kod aksara menentukan pilihan antara pilihan untuk kod aksara berikut. Ia membolehkan pengekodan padat, tetapi kurang dipercayai untuk penghantaran data sebagai ralat dalam menghantar kod peralihan biasanya membuat sebahagian panjang penghantaran tidak dapat dibaca. Jawatankuasa piawaian memutuskan terhadap peralihan, dan oleh itu ASCII memerlukan sekurang-kurangnya kod tujuh bit.:215, 236 \u00a7 4 <> Mengapa perbahasan jawatankuasa menambah fungsi peralihan? || akan membolehkan lebih daripada 64 kod untuk diwakili oleh kod enam bit <> Apa yang berbeza dalam kod beralih? || beberapa kod ciri menentukan pilihan antara pilihan untuk kod aksara berikut <> Mengapa mereka membuat keputusan terhadap kod peralihan? || kurang dipercayai untuk penghantaran data sebagai kesilapan dalam menghantar kod peralihan biasanya membuat sebahagian panjang penghantaran tidak boleh dibaca <> Apa yang berlaku selepas mereka memutuskan agasint beralih? || ASCII memerlukan sekurang-kurangnya kod tujuh bit <> Mengapa perbahasan jawatankuasa menambah fungsi kod aksara? || <> Apa yang berbeza dalam kod padat? || <> Mengapa mereka membuat keputusan untuk menghapus semua kod? || <> Apa yang berlaku selepas mereka memutuskan untuk membuat semua pekerja bekerja pada jadual yang sama? || <> Apa yang membolehkan kod tujuh-bit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?", "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fada", "answers": [{"text": "would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is different in a shifted code?", "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fadb", "answers": [{"text": "some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did they decide against shifting code?", "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fadc", "answers": [{"text": "less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened after they decided agasint shifting?", "id": "570bf0896b8089140040fadd", "answers": [{"text": "ASCII required at least a seven-bit code", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Why did the committee debate adding a character code function?", "id": "5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What is different in a compact code?", "id": "5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "Why did they decide against deleting all the code?", "id": "5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII required at least a seven-bit code", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What happened after they decided to make all employees work the same schedule?", "id": "5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shifted code", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What allows seven-bit code?", "id": "5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236\u2009\u00a7\u20094"}], ["Dari awal pembangunannya, ASCII bertujuan untuk menjadi salah satu daripada beberapa varian kebangsaan piawaian kod aksara antarabangsa, yang akhirnya diterbitkan sebagai ISO / IEC 646 (1972), yang akan berkongsi kebanyakan watak yang sama tetapi menetapkan watak-watak berguna tempatan yang lain kepada beberapa mata kod dikhaskan untuk \"kegunaan kebangsaan.\" Walau bagaimanapun, empat tahun yang berlalu di antara penerbitan ASCII-1963 dan penerimaan pertama ISO terhadap cadangan antarabangsa pada tahun 1967 menyebabkan pilihan ASCII untuk watak-watak penggunaan negara kelihatannya piawaian de facto untuk dunia, menyebabkan kekeliruan dan ketidakcocokan sekali negara lain mula mula membuat tugasan mereka sendiri ke mata kod ini. <> Bilakah ISO / IEC 646 diterbitkan? || 1972 <> Apa yang ASCII mahu menjadi? || salah satu daripada beberapa varian kebangsaan piawaian kod aksara antarabangsa <> Bilakah penerimaan pertama ISO untuk cadangan antarabangsa? || 1967 <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekeliruan dan ketidakcocokan titik kod? || Pilihan ASCII untuk watak-watak penggunaan negara seolah-olah menjadi piawaian de facto untuk dunia <> Bilakah penerimaan ISO terakhir pada cadangan antarabangsa? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekeliruan dan ketidakcocokan aksara yang dikongsi? || <> Apakah titik kod yang akhirnya diterbitkan sebagai? || <> Bilakah pilihan penerbitan menyebabkan kekeliruan dan ketidakcocokan? || <> Apa yang tidak berkongsi watak yang sama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was ISO/IEC 646 published?", "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbda", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was ASCII inteded to be?", "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbdb", "answers": [{"text": "one of several national variants of an international character code standard", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?", "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbdc", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?", "id": "570be770ec8fbc190045bbdd", "answers": [{"text": "ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "When was ISO's last acceptance at an international recommendation?", "id": "5a652664c2b11c001a425c97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the shared characters?", "id": "5a652664c2b11c001a425c98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISO/IEC 646 (1972)", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What were code points ultimately published as?", "id": "5a652664c2b11c001a425c99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "once other countries did begin to make their own assignments", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "When did the publication's choices cause confusion and incompatibility?", "id": "5a652664c2b11c001a425c9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISO/IEC 646 (1972)", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What shared no characters in common?", "id": "5a652664c2b11c001a425c9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for \"national use.\" However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points."}], ["Banyak lagi kod kawalan telah diberikan makna yang agak berbeza dari yang asalnya. Sebagai contoh, \"melarikan diri\" (ESC, kod 27) adalah bertujuan untuk menghantar aksara kawalan lain sebagai literals dan bukannya menggunakan makna mereka. Ini adalah makna yang sama dengan \"melarikan diri\" yang ditemui dalam pengekodan URL, rentetan bahasa C, dan sistem lain di mana aksara tertentu mempunyai makna tersendiri. Dari masa ke masa makna ini telah dipilih dan akhirnya telah berubah. Dalam penggunaan moden, ESC yang dihantar ke terminal biasanya menandakan permulaan urutan perintah, biasanya dalam bentuk kod \"ANSI escape code\" (atau, lebih baik, \"Pengatur Sequence Control\") bermula dengan ESC diikuti oleh watak \"[\" (kiri). ESC yang dihantar dari terminal paling sering digunakan sebagai watak keluar band yang digunakan untuk menamatkan operasi, seperti dalam TECO dan editor teks vi. Dalam antara muka pengguna grafik (GUI) dan sistem tetingkap, ESC umumnya menyebabkan aplikasi membatalkan operasi semasa atau untuk keluar (tamat) sama sekali. <> Apakah watak \"melarikan diri\" yang dimaksudkan untuknya? || untuk membolehkan menghantar aksara kawalan lain sebagai literals dan bukannya menggunakan makna mereka <> Apa kod ESC moden lakukan? || yang paling kerap digunakan sebagai watak keluar-band yang digunakan untuk menamatkan operasi <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan ESC secara amnya untuk antara muka pengguna grafik dan sistem tingkap? || permohonan untuk membatalkan operasi semasa atau untuk keluar (tamat) sama sekali <> Apakah watak \"melarikan diri\" dimaksudkan untuk dihentikan? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh ESC untuk braket kiri? || <> Apa yang paling sering digunakan sebagai urutan perintah? || <> Di mana ESC secara amnya menyebabkan permohonan membatalkan makna yang diberikan? || <> Apakah ESC dihantar untuk mengawal watak biasanya dalam bentuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the \"escape\" character originally intended for?", "id": "570bf1486b8089140040fae2", "answers": [{"text": "to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does modern ESC code do?", "id": "570bf1486b8089140040fae3", "answers": [{"text": "most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?", "id": "570bf1486b8089140040fae4", "answers": [{"text": "an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether", "answer_start": 979}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What was the \"escape\" character meant to stop?", "id": "5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether", "answer_start": 979}], "question": "What does ESC generally mean for left-brackets?", "id": "5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An ESC sent from the terminal", "answer_start": 756}], "question": "What is most often used as a command sequence?", "id": "5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems", "answer_start": 901}], "question": "Where does ESC generally cause an application to abort its given meanings?", "id": "5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a so-called \"ANSI escape code\"", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "What is an ESC sent to control characters usually in the form of?", "id": "5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The \"escape\" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of \"escape\" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called \"ANSI escape code\" (or, more properly, a \"Control Sequence Introducer\") beginning with ESC followed by a \"[\" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether."}], ["ASCII dibangunkan daripada kod telegraf. Penggunaan komersil yang pertama adalah sebagai kod teleprinter tujuh-bit yang dipromosikan oleh perkhidmatan data Bell. Kerja pada standard ASCII bermula pada 6 Oktober 1960, dengan mesyuarat pertama Jawatankuasa Kecil Persatuan Standards (ASA) X3.2. Edisi pertama piawaian itu diterbitkan pada tahun 1963, mengalami perubahan besar pada tahun 1967, dan mengalami pembaharuan yang terkini pada tahun 1986. Berbanding dengan kod telegraf yang terdahulu, kod Bell yang dicadangkan dan ASCII kedua-duanya diperintahkan untuk penyortiran lebih mudah (iaitu, abjadasi ) senarai, dan ciri-ciri tambahan untuk peranti selain telepeler. <> Apa yang dibangunkan oleh ASCII? || kod telegrafik <> Apakah penggunaan komersil pertama ASCII? || kod teleprinter tujuh-bit yang dipromosikan oleh perkhidmatan data Bell <> Bilakah kerja pada standard ASCII bermula? || 6 Oktober 1960 <> Bilakah edisi pertama standard diterbitkan? || 1963 <> Bilakah semakan utama yang pertama dilakukan? || 1967 <> Apa ASCII membentuk sebuah jawatankuasa kecil? || <> Apakah penggunaan alphebetization pertama ASCII? || <> Bilakah kerja pada kod Bell awal ASCII bermula? || <> Bilakah edisi pertama Kod Bell diterbitkan? || <> Bilakah semakan akhir kod selesai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was ASCII developed from? ", "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe2", "answers": [{"text": "telegraphic codes", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first commercial use of ASCII?", "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe3", "answers": [{"text": "a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did work on the ASCII standard begin? ", "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe4", "answers": [{"text": "October 6, 1960", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first edition of the standard published?", "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe5", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first major revision of the code done?", "id": "570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe6", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "telegraphic codes", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What did ASCII form a subcommittee from?", "id": "5a64ccfd7f3c80001a150be7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What was the first alphebetization use of ASCII?", "id": "5a64ccfd7f3c80001a150be8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 6, 1960", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "When did work on the ASCII preliminary Bell code begin?", "id": "5a64ccfd7f3c80001a150be9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "When was the first edition of the Bell code published?", "id": "5a64ccfd7f3c80001a150bea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "When was the final revision of the code done?", "id": "5a64ccfd7f3c80001a150beb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters."}], ["ASCII (i / \u00e6ski / ASS-kee), disingkat dari American Standard Code for Information Interchange, adalah skema pengkodan aksara (IANA lebih suka nama AS-ASCII). Kod ASCII mewakili teks dalam komputer, peralatan komunikasi, dan peranti lain yang menggunakan teks. Skim pengekodan karakter yang paling moden adalah berdasarkan ASCII, walaupun mereka menyokong banyak aksara tambahan. ASCII adalah pengekodan watak yang paling biasa di World Wide Web sehingga Disember 2007, apabila ia dilepasi oleh UTF-8, yang kompatibel ke belakang ASCII sepenuhnya. <> Apakah ASCII berdiri? || Kod Standard Amerika untuk Pertukaran Maklumat <> Apakah definisi ASCII? || adalah skema pengkodalan aksara <> Apakah kod ASCII mewakili? || teks dalam komputer, peralatan komunikasi, dan peranti lain yang menggunakan teks <> ASCI adalah pengekodan karakter yang paling biasa di web seluruh dunia sehingga bila-bila masa? || Disember 2007 <> Siapa yang melampaui ASCII? || UTF-8 <> Apakah ASCII direka untuk mewakili sebelum mengalami perubahan besar? || <> ASCII adalah pengekodan aksara yang paling umum kedua di dunia web sehingga bila? || <> Siapa yang membuat obselete ASCII? || <> Apakah skim ke belakang yang paling berdasarkan? || <> Apakah peralatan komunikasi yang paling? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does ASCII stand for?", "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad0", "answers": [{"text": "American Standard Code for Information Interchange", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the definition of ASCII?", "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad1", "answers": [{"text": "is a character-encoding scheme", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ASCII code represent?", "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad2", "answers": [{"text": "text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?", "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad3", "answers": [{"text": "December 2007", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who surpassed ASCII?", "id": "570bf0126b8089140040fad4", "answers": [{"text": "UTF-8", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What was ASCII designed to represent before going through major changes?", "id": "5a64ca387f3c80001a150bdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 2007", "answer_start": 444}], "question": "ASCII was the second most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?", "id": "5a64ca387f3c80001a150bde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UTF-8", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "Who made ASCII obselete?", "id": "5a64ca387f3c80001a150bdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What are most fully backward schemes based on?", "id": "5a64ca387f3c80001a150be0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "text in computers", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What does most communications equipment represent?", "id": "5a64ca387f3c80001a150be1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "ASCII (i/\u02c8\u00e6ski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many additional characters. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8, which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII."}], ["Kebanyakan sistem komputer rumah awal membangunkan set aksara 8-bit mereka sendiri yang mengandungi garis-lukisan dan glyph permainan, dan sering mengisi beberapa atau semua aksara kawalan dari 0-31 dengan lebih banyak grafik. Kaypro CP / M menggunakan aksara \"atas\" 128 untuk abjad Yunani. Halaman kod PC IBM yang ditakrifkan 437, yang menggantikan watak-watak kawalan dengan simbol grafik seperti muka smiley, dan memetakan aksara grafik tambahan ke bahagian atas 128. Sistem operasi seperti DOS menyokong halaman kod ini, dan pengeluar komputer IBM menyokong mereka dalam perkakasan. Digital Equipment Corporation membangunkan Set Karakter Multinasional (DEC-MCS) untuk digunakan di terminal VT220 popular sebagai salah satu sambungan pertama yang direka lebih untuk bahasa antarabangsa daripada untuk grafik blok. Macintosh ditakrifkan Mac OS Roman dan Postscript juga menetapkan satu set, kedua-dua ini mengandungi kedua-dua huruf antarabangsa dan tanda baca tanda tipografi bukannya grafik, lebih seperti set watak moden. <> Apakah komputer rumah yang paling awal berkembang? || set aksara 8-bit mereka sendiri <> Apa yang digunakan oleh komputer Kaypro CP / M? || aksara \"atas\" 128 untuk abjad Yunani <> Apa yang PC IBM menggantikan watak-watak kawalan? || simbol grafik seperti wajah smiley <> Apa yang dibangunkan oleh Perbadanan Peralatan Digital? || Set Aksara Multinasional (DEC-MCS) <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Macintosh dan bukannya grafik? || mark tanda baca tipografi <> Apa aksara grafik yang paling awal berkembang? || <> Apakah PC IBM menggantikan halaman kod dengan? || <> Apa yang digunakan Macintosh daripada perkakasan? || <> Apa yang dibangunkan oleh Perbadanan Peralatan Digital untuk penggunaan dalam permainan glyphs? || <> Apa yang menggantikan abjad Yunani dengan simbol grafik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did most early home computers develop?", "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac6", "answers": [{"text": "their own 8-bit character sets", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?", "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac7", "answers": [{"text": "the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?", "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac8", "answers": [{"text": "graphic symbols such as smiley faces", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?", "id": "570beefe6b8089140040fac9", "answers": [{"text": "Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? ", "id": "570beefe6b8089140040faca", "answers": [{"text": "typographic punctuation marks", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their own 8-bit character sets", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What did most early graphic characters develop?", "id": "5a6528c5c2b11c001a425cb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "graphic symbols such as smiley faces", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "What did IBM PC replace the code pages with?", "id": "5a6528c5c2b11c001a425cb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "typographic punctuation marks", "answer_start": 923}], "question": "What did Macintosh use instead of hardware?", "id": "5a6528c5c2b11c001a425cb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop for use in game glyphs?", "id": "5a6528c5c2b11c001a425cb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "code page 437", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What replaced the Greek alphabet with graphic symbols?", "id": "5a6528c5c2b11c001a425cb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0\u201331 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets."}], ["Dengan aksara khas dan kod kawalan yang lain diisi, ASCII telah diterbitkan sebagai ASA X3.4-1963, meninggalkan 28 kedudukan kod tanpa sebarang makna yang ditetapkan, dikhaskan untuk standardisasi masa depan dan satu kod kawalan yang tidak ditetapkan.:66, 245 Terdapat beberapa perbahasan pada masa sama ada terdapat lebih banyak watak kawalan dan huruf abjad. 4335 Kebimbangan tidak bertahan lama: pada bulan Mei 1963 Parti Kerja CCITT di Alphabet Telegraph Baru mencadangkan untuk menyerahkan huruf kecil kepada lajur 6 dan 7, dan Antarabangsa Pertubuhan untuk Standardisasi TC 97 SC 2 mengundi pada bulan Oktober untuk memasukkan perubahan itu menjadi standard drafnya. Kumpulan tugas X3.2.4 mengundi kelulusan untuk perubahan kepada ASCII pada mesyuarat Mei 1963. Menemui huruf kecil dalam lajur 6 dan 7 menyebabkan aksara untuk berbeza dalam corak bit dari huruf besar dengan satu bit, yang mempermudah pemadanan watak kesensitif dan pembinaan papan kekunci dan pencetak. <> Apakah ASCII diterbitkan ketika dan kapan? || ASA X3.4-1963 <> Berapa banyak jawatan kod yang dibiarkan tidak ditetapkan untuk standardisasi penggemar? || 28 kedudukan kod <> Bilakah perubahan kepada ASCII dibuat rasmi? || Mei 1963 <> Surat-surat kecil yang lebih rendah menyebabkan perbezaan dalam patter, apa yang menyebabkannya? || padanan watak kesakitan yang mudah dipermudahkan dan pembinaan papan kekunci dan pencetak <> Berapa banyak jawatan kod yang dibiarkan kecil untuk penyeragaman masa depan? || <> Bilakah perubahan kepada ASCII ditolak? || <> Huruf huruf kecil menyebabkan perbezaan dalam corak, bagaimana perubahan suara ini? || <> Siapa yang mencadangkan untuk menetapkan kedudukan kod tanpa sebarang makna? || <> Kumpulan tugas apa yang mengundi kelulusan piawaian harga saham ASCII? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was ASCII published as and when?", "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf6", "answers": [{"text": "ASA X3.4-1963", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?", "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf7", "answers": [{"text": "28 code positions", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the change to ASCII made official?", "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf8", "answers": [{"text": "May 1963", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?", "id": "570bf60b6b8089140040faf9", "answers": [{"text": "simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers", "answer_start": 885}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "28 code positions", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "How many code positions were left lowercase for future standardization?", "id": "5a6505fac2b11c001a425b9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May 1963", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "When was the change to ASCII rejected?", "id": "5a6505fac2b11c001a425b9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers", "answer_start": 885}], "question": "The lower case letters caused a differ in the pattern, how did this change the vote?", "id": "5a6505fac2b11c001a425b9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Who proposed to assign code positions without any meaning?", "id": "5a6505fac2b11c001a425ba0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The X3.2.4 task group", "answer_start": 655}], "question": "What task group voted its approval for the standardization of ASCII stock prices? ", "id": "5a6505fac2b11c001a425ba1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers."}], ["Komputer yang melekat pada ARPANET termasuk mesin yang menjalankan sistem operasi seperti TOPS-10 dan TENEX menggunakan hujung talian CR-LF, mesin yang menjalankan sistem operasi seperti Multics menggunakan hujung talian LF, dan mesin yang menjalankan sistem operasi seperti OS / 360 yang mewakili garis seperti kiraan watak diikuti oleh watak-watak baris dan yang menggunakan EBCDIC dan bukan ASCII. Protokol Telnet mendefinisikan \"Terminal Maya Rangkaian\" ASCII (NVT), supaya hubungan antara hos dengan konvensyen dan set aksara yang berlainan baris yang berlainan boleh disokong dengan menghantar format teks standard ke atas rangkaian. Telnet yang digunakan ASCII bersama dengan hujung talian CR-LF, dan perisian menggunakan konvensyen lain akan diterjemahkan antara konvensyen setempat dan NVT. Protokol Pemindahan Fail mengguna pakai protokol Telnet, termasuk penggunaan Terminal Maya Rangkaian, untuk digunakan semasa menghantar arahan dan memindahkan data dalam mod ASCII lalai. Ini menambahkan kerumitan kepada pelaksanaan protokol tersebut, dan kepada protokol rangkaian lain, seperti yang digunakan untuk E-mel dan World Wide Web, pada sistem yang tidak menggunakan konvensyen akhir CR-LF NVT. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh komputer untuk penggunaan ARPANET untuk penghujung garis? || CR-LF <> Apa yang menggunakan komputer menggunakan sistem operasi untuk pengakhiran baris? || LF <> Mengapa Telnet menentukan ASCII sebagai Terminal Maya Jaringan? || supaya hubungan antara hos dengan konvensyen dan persembahan baris berlainan yang berbeza boleh disokong <> Bagaimana sambungan disokong? || dengan menghantar format teks standard ke atas rangkaian <> Siapa lagi yang mengamalkan amalan ini dari Telnet? || Protokol Pemindahan Fail <> Apa yang digunakan oleh komputer untuk menggunakan TENEX untuk pengakhiran baris? || <> Apa yang menggunakan komputer menggunakan format teks standard untuk hujung talian? || <> Mengapa Telnet menentukan ASCII sebagai EBCDIC? || <> Bagaimana Terminal Maya Rangkaian disokong? || <> Siapa lagi yang mengamalkan amalan ini dari ASCII? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?", "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba4", "answers": [{"text": "CR-LF", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?", "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba5", "answers": [{"text": "LF", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?", "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba6", "answers": [{"text": "so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the connections supported? ", "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba7", "answers": [{"text": "by transmitting a standard text format over the network", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?", "id": "570bddefec8fbc190045bba8", "answers": [{"text": "The File Transfer Protocol", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CR-LF", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What do computers attached to TENEX use for line endings?", "id": "5a6522bdc2b11c001a425c6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "LF", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What do computers using standard text format use for line endings?", "id": "5a6522bdc2b11c001a425c6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported", "answer_start": 452}], "question": "Why did Telnet define an ASCII as EBCDIC?", "id": "5a6522bdc2b11c001a425c6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by transmitting a standard text format over the network", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "How were the Network Virtual Terminals supported?", "id": "5a6522bdc2b11c001a425c6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The File Transfer Protocol", "answer_start": 765}], "question": "Who else adopted this practice from ASCII?", "id": "5a6522bdc2b11c001a425c6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII \"Network Virtual Terminal\" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention."}], ["Kod 127 secara rasmi dinamakan \"memadam\" tetapi label Teletype adalah \"rubout\". Oleh kerana standard asal tidak memberi tafsiran terperinci untuk kebanyakan kod kawalan, tafsiran kod ini berbeza-beza. Makna Teletype yang asal, dan niat standard, adalah untuk menjadikannya watak yang tidak diendahkan, sama seperti NUL (semua sifar). Ini berguna terutamanya untuk pita kertas, kerana menumbuk corak bit semua di atas tanda sedia ada akan memusnahkannya. Pita yang direka untuk menjadi \"tangan disunting\" bahkan boleh dihasilkan dengan ruang tambahan NULs (pita kosong) supaya blok watak boleh \"digosok\" dan kemudian penggantian dimasukkan ke ruang kosong. <> Apakah nama rasmi kod 127? || padam <> Apakah kod 127 dilabel seperti untuk Teletype? || rubout <> Mengapa Teletype mempunyai kod untuk \"rubout\"? || untuk menjadikannya aksara yang tidak diingini <> Apakah nama rasmi tanda sedia ada? || <> Apa yang dinamakan NUL sebagai untuk Teletype? || <> Mengapa teletype mempunyai ruang tambahan untuk \"rubout\"? || <> Apa yang terjadi dengan penggantian kod kawalan? || <> Mengapa kod standard berguna untuk pita kertas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the official name of code 127?", "id": "570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc04", "answers": [{"text": "delete", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?", "id": "570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc05", "answers": [{"text": "rubout", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Teletype have the code for \"rubout\"?", "id": "570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc06", "answers": [{"text": "to make it an ignored character", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "delete", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is the official name of an existing mark?", "id": "5a651510c2b11c001a425bf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rubout", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What was NUL named as for the Teletype?", "id": "5a651510c2b11c001a425bf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to make it an ignored character", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Why did teletype have extra spaces for \"rubout\"?", "id": "5a651510c2b11c001a425bf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "put into the empty space", "answer_start": 637}], "question": "What happened to replacements of control codes?", "id": "5a651510c2b11c001a425bf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "Why was standard code useful for paper tape?", "id": "5a651510c2b11c001a425bf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Code 127 is officially named \"delete\" but the Teletype label was \"rubout\". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (all zeroes). This was useful specifically for paper tape, because punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it. Tapes designed to be \"hand edited\" could even be produced with spaces of extra NULs (blank tape) so that a block of characters could be \"rubbed out\" and then replacements put into the empty space."}], ["Malangnya, memerlukan dua aksara untuk menandakan akhir baris memperkenalkan kerumitan yang tidak perlu dan soalan tentang bagaimana untuk mentafsir setiap watak apabila ditemui sahaja. Untuk menyederhanakan perkara-perkara penting dalam aliran data teks, termasuk fail, pada suapan line yang digunakan oleh Multics sahaja sebagai terminator baris. Sistem Unix dan Unix, dan sistem Amiga, mengadopsi konvensyen ini dari Multics. OS Macintosh yang asal, Apple DOS, dan ProDOS, sebaliknya, menggunakan kembali kereta (CR) sahaja sebagai terminator garis; Walau bagaimanapun, sejak Apple menggantikan sistem operasi ini dengan sistem operasi OSX yang berasaskan Unix, mereka kini menggunakan suapan line (LF). <> Mengapa menambah dua aksara di bawah garis yang menyusahkan? || memperkenalkan kerumitan yang tidak perlu dan soalan bagaimana untuk mentafsir setiap watak ketika ditemui sendirian <> Apa yang digunakan Multic id untuk memudahkan data teks biasa? || suapan talian (LF) sahaja sebagai terminator garis <> Siapa yang mengamalkan amalan ini dari Multics? || Sistem Unix dan Unix, dan sistem Amiga <> Apa yang digunakan pulangan pengangkutan (CR) sahaja sebagai terminator garis? || Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, dan ProDOS <> Bilakah Apple menggantikan CR mereka dengan suapan talian (LF)? || sejak Apple menggantikan sistem pengendalian ini dengan sistem pengendalian OS X yang berasaskan Unix <> Mengapa menambah sistem operasi berasaskan Unix pada akhir masalah? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh aksara untuk mempermudah data teks biasa? || <> Siapa yang mengamalkan amalan ini dari Apple? || <> Apa yang digunakan kereta balik (CR) sahaja sebagai aliran data? || <> Bilakah pengganti Amiga menggantikan CR mereka dengan suapan talian (LF)? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? ", "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0a", "answers": [{"text": "introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?", "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0b", "answers": [{"text": "line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who adopted this practice from Multics?", "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0c", "answers": [{"text": "Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?", "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0d", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?", "id": "570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0e", "answers": [{"text": "since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "Why is adding the Unix-based operating system at the end of a line problemsome?", "id": "5a652128c2b11c001a425c51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What did characters use to simplify plain text data?", "id": "5a652128c2b11c001a425c52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "Who adopted this practice from Apple?", "id": "5a652128c2b11c001a425c53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What used carriage return(CR) alone as a data stream?", "id": "5a652128c2b11c001a425c54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "When did Amiga stystems replace their CR with line feed (LF)? ", "id": "5a652128c2b11c001a425c55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well."}], ["Badan standard antarabangsa yang lain telah mengesahkan pengekodan aksara seperti ISO / IEC 646 yang serupa atau hampir serupa dengan ASCII, dengan sambungan untuk aksara di luar abjad Inggeris dan simbol yang digunakan di luar Amerika Syarikat, seperti simbol untuk pound sterling United Kingdom ( \u00a3). Hampir setiap negara memerlukan versi ASCII yang disesuaikan, kerana ASCII memenuhi keperluan hanya AS dan beberapa negara lain. Contohnya, Kanada mempunyai versi tersendiri yang menyokong aksara Perancis. Pengekodan lain yang disesuaikan termasuk ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam), dan YUSCII (Yugoslavia). Walaupun pengkodan ini kadang kala dirujuk sebagai ASCII, ASCII yang benar ditakrifkan hanya dengan standard ANSI. <> Apa versi ASCII yang dipulihkan? || ISO / IEC 646 <> Apakah jenis pelanjutan yang mempunyai pengekodan watak yang lain? || sambungan untuk aksara di luar abjad dan simbol Inggeris yang digunakan di luar Amerika Syarikat <> Mengapa kebanyakan negara memerlukan ASCII versi yang disesuaikan? || ASCII sesuai dengan keperluan Amerika Syarikat dan beberapa negara lain <> Mengapa versi lain ASCII tidak ASCII yang benar? || ASCII sebenar ditakrifkan hanya dengan standard ANSI <> Apakah ASCII versi yang sama? || <> Jenis pelanjutan apa yang ada pada badan standard lain? || <> Mengapa Brazil memerlukan versi ASCII yang disesuaikan? || <> Mengapa versi pengecualian ASCII lain untuk pelanjutan? || <> Negara apakah yang mempunyai versi sendiri yang menyokong standard antarabangsa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a retified versionof ASCII?", "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbec", "answers": [{"text": "ISO/IEC 646", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?", "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbed", "answers": [{"text": "extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?", "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbee", "answers": [{"text": "ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?", "id": "570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbef", "answers": [{"text": "true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISO/IEC 646", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What is an identical version of ASCII?", "id": "5a650b16c2b11c001a425bb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What type of extensions do these other standard bodies have?", "id": "5a650b16c2b11c001a425bb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "Why did Brasil need an adapted version of ASCII?", "id": "5a650b16c2b11c001a425bb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "Why are the other versions of ASCII charging extra for extensions?", "id": "5a650b16c2b11c001a425bb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "What country had it own version that supported international standards?", "id": "5a650b16c2b11c001a425bb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (\u00a3). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. Other adapted encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam), and YUSCII (Yugoslavia). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard."}], ["Kekaburan yang wujud dalam banyak watak kawalan, digabungkan dengan penggunaan sejarah mereka, mencipta masalah apabila memindahkan fail \"teks biasa\" antara sistem. Contoh terbaik ini ialah masalah baru dalam pelbagai sistem operasi. Mesin teletype memerlukan garis teks yang ditamatkan dengan kedua-dua \"Carriage Return\" (yang menggerakkan printhead ke permulaan garisan) dan \"Line Feed\" (yang memajukan kertas satu baris tanpa memindahkan printhead). Nama \"Carriage Return\" berasal dari kenyataan bahawa pada mesin taip manual kereta yang memegang kertas bergerak sementara posisi di mana typebars melanda reben tetap pegun. Keseluruhan pengangkutan terpaksa ditolak (kembali) ke kanan untuk meletakkan margin kiri kertas untuk baris seterusnya. <> Mengapa masalah dicipta ketika memindahkan fail antara sistem? || Kekaburan yang wujud dalam banyak watak kawalan, digabungkan dengan penggunaan sejarah mereka <> Mesin Teletype perlu mempunyai dua kod untuk mengurus garis, apakah mereka? || \"Pengembalian Kereta\" (yang menggerakkan printhead ke permulaan garisan) dan \"Line Feed\" (yang memajukan kertas satu baris tanpa menggerakkan printhead) <> Di manakah nama \"Carriage Return\" berasal? || pada mesin taip manual kereta yang memegang kertas berpindah sementara kedudukan di mana barisan yang menabrak reben tetap pegun <> Sebelah apa yang harus ditarik kereta ketika memasuki garis baru? || betul <> Mengapa masalah dicipta ketika memulakan garis? || <> Mesin Teletype terpaksa mempunyai seluruh gerabak untuk menamatkan garisan, apakah mereka? || <> Sebelah apa pengangkutan harus ditolak tanpa menggerakkan printhead? || <> Apa yang menggerakkan printhead ke pelbagai sistem operasi? || <> Yang memajukan kertas di mana huruf besar menyerang riben? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?", "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf4", "answers": [{"text": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?", "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf5", "answers": [{"text": "\"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the name \"Carriage Return\" come from?", "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf6", "answers": [{"text": "on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?", "id": "570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf7", "answers": [{"text": "right", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why were problems created when beginning a line?", "id": "5a651dd3c2b11c001a425c33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "Teletype machines had to have entire carriages to terminate a line, what were they? ", "id": "5a651dd3c2b11c001a425c34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "right", "answer_start": 710}], "question": "What side does the carriage have to be pushed to without moving the printhead?", "id": "5a651dd3c2b11c001a425c35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carriage Return", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "What moves the printhead to the various operating systems?", "id": "5a651dd3c2b11c001a425c36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Line Feed", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "Which advances the paper where the typebars strike the ribbon?", "id": "5a651dd3c2b11c001a425c37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both \"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name \"Carriage Return\" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line."}], ["Mungkin peranti tunggal yang paling berpengaruh pada tafsiran watak-watak ini ialah Model Teletype 33 ASR, yang merupakan terminal percetakan dengan pilihan pembaca pita kertas / punch yang tersedia. Pita kertas adalah medium yang sangat popular untuk penyimpanan program jangka panjang sehingga tahun 1980-an, kurang mahal dan dalam beberapa cara kurang rapuh daripada pita magnetik. Khususnya, tugasan mesin Model Teletype 33 untuk kod 17 (Kawalan-Q, DC1, juga dikenali sebagai XON), 19 (Kawalan-S, DC3, juga dikenali sebagai XOFF), dan 127 (Padam) menjadi standard de facto. Model 33 juga terkenal kerana mengambil deskripsi Control-G (BEL, yang bermaksud memberi isyarat kepada operator) secara harfiah kerana unit itu mengandungi loceng sebenar yang ia berdering apabila ia menerima watak BEL. Kerana kunci utama untuk kunci O juga menunjukkan simbol arrow-kiri (dari ASCII-1963, yang mempunyai watak ini bukan garis bawah), penggunaan kod 15 (Control-O, Shift In) juga diterima pakai oleh banyak sistem pemarkahan awal tetapi akhirnya menjadi terabaikan. <> Apakah peranti paling berpengaruh yang menafsirkan aksara? || Teletype Model 33 ASR <> Apakah model Teletype 33 ASR? || terminal percetakan dengan pilihan pembaca pita kertas / punch tersedia <> Bilakah pita kertas popular? || sehingga tahun 1980-an <> Mengapa pita kertas lebih baik daripada pita magnetik? || kurang mahal dan dalam beberapa cara kurang rapuh <> Apa kod yang akhirnya menjadi diabaikan? || kod 15 (Control-O, Shift In) <> Apakah yang paling berpengaruh yang menjadi standard de facto? || <> Apa yang bersaing dengan ASR Teletype Model 33? || <> Bilakah perdagangan kertas dikelaskan sebagai pendapatan yang diperolehi? || <> Mengapa pita kertas lebih baik daripada sistem penghantaran jarak jauh? || <> Kod apakah yang akhirnya menjadi popular oleh ASCII-1963? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?", "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fafe", "answers": [{"text": "Teletype Model 33 ASR", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?", "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040faff", "answers": [{"text": "a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was paper tape popular?", "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fb00", "answers": [{"text": "until the 1980s", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?", "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fb01", "answers": [{"text": "less costly and in some ways less fragile", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What code eventually became neglected?", "id": "570bfabb6b8089140040fb02", "answers": [{"text": "code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)", "answer_start": 896}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Teletype Model 33 ASR", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What was the most influential devide that became de facto standard?", "id": "5a6510ccc2b11c001a425bd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What competed with the Teletype Model 33 ASR?", "id": "5a6510ccc2b11c001a425bd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "until the 1980s", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "When was paper trade classified as earned income?", "id": "5a6510ccc2b11c001a425bd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less costly and in some ways less fragile", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "Why was paper tape better than timesharing systems?", "id": "5a6510ccc2b11c001a425bda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)", "answer_start": 896}], "question": "What code eventually became popularized by ASCII-1963?", "id": "5a6510ccc2b11c001a425bdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected."}], ["Kebanyakan watak-watak bukan abjad angka diposisikan untuk bersesuaian dengan kedudukan beralih mereka pada mesin taip; satu kehalusan penting adalah bahawa ini berdasarkan mesin ketik mekanikal, bukan mesin taip elektrik. Mesin taip mekanikal mengikut standard yang ditetapkan oleh Remington No. 2 (1878), mesin taip pertama dengan kekunci shift, dan nilai beralih 23456789- adalah \"# $% _ & '() - mesin taip awal dihilangkan 0 dan 1, menggunakan O (huruf besar o) dan l (huruf kecil L) sebaliknya, tetapi 1 dan 0) pasangan menjadi standard sekali 0 dan 1 menjadi biasa Oleh itu, dalam ASCII! \"# $% diletakkan di dalam kolum kedua, baris 1-5, bersamaan dengan angka 1-5 pada lajur bersebelahan. Kurungan tidak boleh sesuai dengan 9 dan 0, bagaimanapun, kerana tempat yang sama dengan 0 diambil oleh watak ruang. Ini ditolak dengan memindahkan _ (garis bawah) dari 6 dan mengalihkan aksara yang tersisa, yang sepadan dengan banyak mesin taip Eropah yang meletakkan tanda kurungan dengan 8 dan 9. Ini percanggahan dari mesin taip membawa kepada papan kekunci yang dipasangkan, terutamanya Model Teletype 33, yang menggunakan susun atur kiri beralih kepada ASCII, bukan kepada mesin taip mekanikal tradisional. Mesin taip elektrik, terutamanya yang baru-baru ini memperkenalkan IBM Selectric (1961), menggunakan susun atur agak berbeza yang telah menjadi standard pada komputer - berikutan IBM PC (1981), terutamanya Model M (1984) simbol pada papan kekunci moden tidak sesuai dengan jadual ASCII seperti papan kekunci terdahulu. /? Pasangan juga berpasangan dengan No. 2, dan pasangan <.> digunakan pada beberapa papan kekunci (yang lain, termasuk No. 2, tidak beralih, (koma) atau. (berhenti penuh) supaya mereka boleh digunakan dalam huruf besar tanpa henti). Walau bagaimanapun, ASCII berpecah; pasangan: (dating ke No. 2), dan menyusun semula simbol-simbol matematik (pelbagai konvensyen, biasanya - * = +) kepada: *; + - =. <> Bilakah juru tulis pertama dengan kunci shift dicipta? || 1878 <> Apa yang digunakan bukan 0 dan 1? || menggunakan O (huruf besar o) dan l (huruf kecil L) dan sebaliknya <> Susun atur apa yang digunakan oleh Model Teletype 33? || yang menggunakan susun atur kiri yang bersesuaian dengan ASCII <> Adakah nilai peralihan untuk simbol pada papan kekunci moden sesuai dengan jadual ASCII? || tidak sepadan dengan erat <> Bilakah mesin taip pertama dengan kunci 0 dibuat? || <> Apa yang digunakan bukannya garis bawah? || <> Watak ruang apakah yang digunakan oleh Model Teletype 33? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?", "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfc", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were used instead of 0 and 1? ", "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfd", "answers": [{"text": "using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?", "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfe", "answers": [{"text": "which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?", "id": "570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbff", "answers": [{"text": "do not correspond as closely", "answer_start": 1444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "When was the first typewriter with a 0 key created?", "id": "5a6501b4c2b11c001a425b97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead,", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What were used instead of underscores?", "id": "5a6501b4c2b11c001a425b98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII", "answer_start": 1077}], "question": "What space character did the Teletype Model 33 use?", "id": "5a6501b4c2b11c001a425b99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were \"#$%_&'() \u2013  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !\"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1\u20135, corresponding to the digits 1\u20135 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers\u2014\u200b\u200bfollowing the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)\u2014\u200b\u200band thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=."}]], [["Haiwan-haiwan lain, seperti arnab dan tikus, mengamalkan tingkah laku coprophagia - memakan kotoran khas supaya dapat mencerna makanan, terutamanya dalam keadaan kasar. Capybara, arnab, hamster dan spesies lain yang berkaitan tidak mempunyai sistem pencernaan yang kompleks seperti misalnya, ruminan. Sebaliknya mereka mengeluarkan lebih banyak pemakanan daripada rumput dengan memberikan makanan mereka melalui kedua usus. Pelet buasir lembut makanan yang dihadam sebahagiannya dikeluarkan dan biasanya digunakan dengan serta-merta. Mereka juga menghasilkan kotoran yang biasa, yang tidak dimakan. <> Apakah praktik perilaku coprophagia? || makan nafas khusus untuk mencuci semula makanan <> Mengapa sesetengah haiwan memakan makanan melalui usus mereka dua kali? || ekstrak lebih banyak pemakanan <> Apa yang berlaku dengan pelet feikal lembut ini? || diekskresikan dan biasanya digunakan segera <> Adakah kotoran normal juga dimakan? || tidak dimakan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?", "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbc8", "answers": [{"text": "eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?", "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbc9", "answers": [{"text": "extract more nutrition", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens with these soft feacal pellets?", "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbca", "answers": [{"text": "excreted and generally consumed immediately", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are normal droppings also eaten? ", "id": "570be36dec8fbc190045bbcb", "answers": [{"text": "not eaten", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten."}], ["Penetapan nitrogen Rhizobia adalah satu kes yang menarik, di mana unsur-unsur konjugat secara semulajadi terlibat dalam konjugasi antara kerajaan. Unsur-unsur seperti plasmid Agrobacterium Ti atau Ri mengandungi unsur-unsur yang boleh dipindahkan ke sel tumbuhan. Gen yang dipindahkan memasuki nukleus sel tumbuhan dan mengubah sel tumbuhan secara berkesan menjadi kilang bagi pengeluaran opinens, yang mana bakteria digunakan sebagai sumber karbon dan tenaga. Sel-sel tumbuhan yang dijangkiti membentuk mahkota mahkota atau tumor akar. Plasmid Ti dan Ri adalah endosymbionts bakteria, yang seterusnya endosymbionts (atau parasit) tumbuhan yang dijangkiti. <> Unsur apa yang boleh dipindahkan ke sel tumbuhan? || Agrobacterium Ti atau Ri plasmid <> Dimana gen yang dipindahkan masuk? || nukleus sel tumbuhan <> Apa yang digunakan oleh bakteria sebagai sumber karbon dan tenaga? || opines <> Apa yang berlaku kepada sel tumbuhan yang dijangkiti? || akhir <> Apakah endosymbionts bakteria? || Ti dan Ri plasmid", {"qas": [{"question": "What elements can transfer to plant cells?", "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afb", "answers": [{"text": "Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do transferred genes enter?", "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afc", "answers": [{"text": "the plant cell nucleus", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?", "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afd", "answers": [{"text": "opines", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to infected plant cells?", "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45afe", "answers": [{"text": "end", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?", "id": "570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff", "answers": [{"text": "The Ti and Ri plasmids", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant."}], ["Sistem pencernaan mengambil banyak bentuk. Terdapat perbezaan asas antara pencernaan dalaman dan luaran. Pencernaan luar berkembang lebih awal dalam sejarah evolusi, dan kebanyakan kulat masih bergantung padanya. Dalam proses ini, enzim dirembes ke persekitaran yang mengelilingi organisma, di mana mereka memecahkan bahan organik, dan beberapa produk meresap kembali ke organisme. Haiwan mempunyai tiub (saluran gastrointestinal) di mana pencernaan dalaman berlaku, yang lebih cekap kerana lebih banyak produk yang dipecahkan boleh ditangkap, dan persekitaran kimia dalaman dapat dikendalikan dengan lebih cekap. <> Apakah dua jenis pencernaan? || penghadaman dalaman dan luaran <> Bilakah penghadaman luar berkembang? || lebih awal dalam sejarah evolusi <> Apa yang masih menggunakan sistem pencernaan luar? || paling kulat <> Apakah nama tiub yang membantu menambah penghadaman haiwan? || saluran gastrousus <> Mengapa pengantar dalaman lebih baik daripada luaran? || lebih banyak produk yang dipecahkan boleh ditangkap, dan persekitaran kimia dalaman dapat dikendalikan dengan lebih cekap", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two types of digestion?", "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd0", "answers": [{"text": "internal and external digestion", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did external digestion develop?", "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd1", "answers": [{"text": "earlier in evolutionary history", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What still uses the external digestion system?", "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd2", "answers": [{"text": "most fungi", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?", "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd3", "answers": [{"text": "gastrointestinal tract", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is internal digection better than external?", "id": "570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd4", "answers": [{"text": "more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled."}], ["Sistem pencernaan cacing tanah terdiri daripada mulut, faring, kerongkong, tanaman, gizzard, dan usus. Mulut dikelilingi oleh bibir yang kuat, yang bertindak seperti tangan untuk merebut kepingan rumput, daun, dan rumput yang mati, dengan sedikit tanah untuk membantu mengunyah. Bibir memecah makanan ke dalam kepingan yang lebih kecil. Dalam pharynx, makanan itu dilincirkan oleh rembesan mukus untuk laluan yang lebih mudah. Esophagus menambah kalsium karbonat untuk meneutralkan asid yang dibentuk oleh kerosakan bahan makanan. Penyimpanan sementara berlaku dalam tanaman di mana makanan dan kalsium karbonat bercampur. Otot-otot yang kuat dari gurnard gurnard dan campuran jisim makanan dan kotoran. Apabila pembekuan selesai, kelenjar di dinding gizzard menambah enzim ke tampal tebal, yang membantu pemisahan kimia bahan organik. Oleh peristalsis, campuran itu dihantar ke usus di mana bakteria yang mesra meneruskan pecahan kimia. Ini membebaskan karbohidrat, protein, lemak, dan pelbagai vitamin dan mineral untuk penyerapan ke dalam badan. <> Apa systme pencernaan cacing tanah terdiri daripada? || mulut, pharynx, esofagus, tanaman, gizzard, dan usus. <> Apa cacing tanah makan? || rumput mati, daun, dan rumput <> Apa yang membantu cacing tanah merebut daun rumput dan rumput? || Mulut dikelilingi oleh bibir yang kuat <> Apakah makanan yang dilapisi untuk laluan yang lebih mudah? || lendir <> Apa bahagian cacing tanah yang membantu membuang dan mencampurkan kotoran dan makanan? || Otot-otot yang berkuasa dari gizzard tersebut", {"qas": [{"question": "What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?", "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b0f", "answers": [{"text": "a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine.", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does an earthworm eat?", "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b10", "answers": [{"text": "dead grass, leaves, and weeds", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?", "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b11", "answers": [{"text": "The mouth is surrounded by strong lips", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the food coated with for easier passage?", "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b12", "answers": [{"text": "mucus", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?", "id": "570cf000fed7b91900d45b13", "answers": [{"text": "The powerful muscles of the gizzard", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body."}], ["Gigi (gigi tunggal) adalah struktur keputihan kecil yang terdapat di rahang (atau mulut) banyak vertebrata yang digunakan untuk merobek, mengikis, menggoreng susu dan mengunyah makanan. Gigi tidak diperbuat daripada tulang, melainkan tisu bervariasi ketumpatan dan kekerasan, seperti enamel, dentin dan simen. Gigi manusia mempunyai bekalan darah dan saraf yang membolehkan proprioception. Ini adalah keupayaan sensasi apabila mengunyah, contohnya jika kita menggigit sesuatu yang terlalu keras untuk gigi kita, seperti plat terkelupar bercampur dengan makanan, gigi kita menghantar mesej ke otak kita dan kita menyedari bahawa ia tidak boleh dikunyah, jadi kita berhenti cuba. <> Di mana gigi dijumpai? || di rahang (atau mulut) <> Apakah gigi digunakan? || untuk merobek, mengikis, susu dan mengunyah makanan <> Apakah gigi yang terbuat dari? || enamel, dentin dan cementum <> Apa dalam gigi manusia membolehkan proprioception? || bekalan darah dan saraf <> Apa yang berlaku apabila anda menggigit sesuatu yang anda tidak dapat mengunyah? || gigi kita menghantar mesej ke otak kita dan kita menyedari bahawa ia tidak boleh dikunyah, jadi kita berhenti mencuba.", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are teeth found?", "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b05", "answers": [{"text": "in the jaws (or mouths)", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are teeth used for?", "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b06", "answers": [{"text": "to tear, scrape, milk and chew food", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are teeth made out of?", "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b07", "answers": [{"text": "enamel, dentine and cementum", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What in human teeth enables proprioception?", "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b08", "answers": [{"text": "a blood and nerve supply", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens when you bite something you cant chew?", "id": "570cef0dfed7b91900d45b09", "answers": [{"text": "our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying."}], ["Pengambilan beberapa lemak boleh bermula di dalam mulut di mana lipase lingual memecah beberapa lipid rantaian pendek ke diglycerides. Walau bagaimanapun lemak terutamanya dicerna dalam usus kecil. Kehadiran lemak dalam usus kecil menghasilkan hormon yang merangsang pembebasan pankreas lipase dari pankreas dan hempedu dari hati yang membantu dalam pengemulsi lemak untuk penyerapan asid lemak. Lengkap penghadaman satu molekul lemak (trigliserida) menghasilkan campuran asid lemak, mono- dan di-gliserida, serta beberapa trigliserida yang tidak dicerai, tetapi tidak ada molekul gliserol bebas. <> Di manakah pencernaan beberapa lemak bermula? || di mulut <> Di manakah lemak terutamanya dicerna? || usus kecil <> Apa yang berlaku apabila ada kehadiran lemak dalam usus kecil? || menghasilkan hormon yang merangsang lipase pankreas dari pankreas dan hempedu dari hati <> Apakah hempedu dari hati membantu? || membantu dalam pengemulsi lemak untuk penyerapan asid lemak <> Apakah satu molekul lemak? || trigliserida", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the digestions of some fats start?", "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d349", "answers": [{"text": "in the mouth", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are fats mainly digested?", "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34a", "answers": [{"text": "the small intestine", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?", "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34b", "answers": [{"text": "produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does bile from the liver help do?", "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34c", "answers": [{"text": "helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one molecule of fat?", "id": "570cf05db3d812140066d34d", "answers": [{"text": "a triglyceride", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules."}], ["Abomasum adalah petak perut keempat dan akhir pada ruminan. Ia adalah setara dengan perut monogastrik (mis., Pada manusia atau babi), dan digesta diproses di sini dengan cara yang sama. Ia berfungsi sebagai tapak untuk hidrolisis asid mikrob dan protein pemakanan, menyediakan sumber protein ini untuk pencernaan dan penyerapan selanjutnya dalam usus kecil. Digesta akhirnya berpindah ke usus kecil, di mana pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrien berlaku. Mikrob yang dihasilkan dalam reticulo-rumen juga dicerna dalam usus kecil. <> Apakah petak perut keempat dan terakhir dalam ruminan? || The abomasum <> Apakah abomasum yang setara dengannya? || perut monogastrik <> Apakah laman web ini berfungsi sebagai? || sebuah tapak untuk hidrolisis asid mikrob dan protein pemakanan, menyediakan sumber protein ini untuk pencernaan dan penyerapan selanjutnya dalam usus kecil. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada digesta apabila ia bergerak ke usus kecil? || penghadaman dan penyerapan nutrien berlaku <> Apa juga yang dicerna dalam usus kecil? || Mikrob yang dihasilkan dalam reticulo-rumen juga dicerna dalam usus kecil", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?", "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d33f", "answers": [{"text": "The abomasum", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the abomasums close equivalent?", "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d340", "answers": [{"text": "a monogastric stomach", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does this site serve primarily as?", "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d341", "answers": [{"text": "a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?", "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d342", "answers": [{"text": "the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is also digested in the small intestine?", "id": "570cef82b3d812140066d343", "answers": [{"text": "Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine."}], ["Pencernaan adalah pecahan molekul makanan yang tidak larut ke dalam molekul makanan larut air kecil supaya ia dapat diserap ke dalam plasma darah berair. Dalam organisma tertentu, bahan-bahan kecil ini diserap melalui usus kecil ke dalam aliran darah. Pencernaan adalah satu bentuk katabolisme yang sering dibahagikan kepada dua proses berdasarkan bagaimana makanan dipecah: pencernaan mekanikal dan kimia. Istilah pencernaan mekanikal merujuk kepada pecahan fizikal kepingan besar makanan ke dalam kepingan yang lebih kecil yang kemudiannya boleh diakses oleh enzim pencernaan. Dalam pencernaan kimia, enzim memecah makanan ke dalam molekul kecil yang boleh digunakan oleh tubuh. <> Apakah pencernaan? || pecahan molekul makanan yang tidak larut ke dalam molekul makanan larut air kecil sehingga dapat diserap ke dalam plasma darah berair <> Dalam beberapa organisma, bagaimana molekul-molekul ini diserap? || bahan-bahan kecil ini diserap melalui usus kecil ke dalam aliran darah <> Apakah dua cara makanan dipecah? || pencernaan mekanikal dan kimia <> Apakah pencernaan mekanikal? || pecahan fizikal kepingan besar makanan menjadi kepingan yang lebih kecil yang kemudiannya boleh diakses oleh enzim pencernaan <> Apakah pencernaan kimia? || enzim memecah makanan ke dalam molekul kecil yang boleh digunakan oleh tubuh", {"qas": [{"question": "What is digestion?", "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d353", "answers": [{"text": "the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?", "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d354", "answers": [{"text": "these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two ways that food is broken down?", "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d355", "answers": [{"text": "mechanical and chemical digestion", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is mechanical digestion?", "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d356", "answers": [{"text": "the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is chemical digestion?", "id": "570cf0b5b3d812140066d357", "answers": [{"text": "enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use."}], ["Dalam sistem pencernaan manusia, makanan memasuki mulut dan pencernaan mekanikal makanan bermula dengan tindakan pengunyahan (mengunyah), suatu bentuk pencernaan mekanikal, dan hubungan pembasuhan air liur. Air liur, cecair yang disembur oleh kelenjar air liur, mengandungi amilase saliva, enzim yang memulakan pencernaan kanji dalam makanan; air liur juga mengandungi lendir, yang melumasi makanan, dan hidrogen karbonat, yang menyediakan keadaan ideal pH (alkali) untuk amilase untuk berfungsi. Setelah menjalani pengunyahan dan pencernaan kanji, makanan akan berupa massa buburan kecil yang disebut bolus. Ia kemudian akan bergerak ke bawah kerongkong dan ke dalam perut dengan tindakan peristalsis. Jus gastrik di dalam perut bermula pencernaan protein. Jus gastrik terutamanya mengandungi asid hidroklorik dan pepsin. Oleh kerana kedua-dua bahan kimia ini boleh merosakkan dinding perut, lendir dirembes oleh perut, memberikan lapisan berlendir yang bertindak sebagai perisai terhadap kesan merosakkan bahan kimia. Pada masa yang sama pencernaan protein berlaku, pencampuran mekanikal berlaku oleh peristalsis, iaitu gelombang kontraksi otot yang bergerak di sepanjang dinding perut. Ini membolehkan jisim makanan untuk terus bercampur dengan enzim pencernaan. <> Apakah langkah pertama dalam sistem pencernaan manusia? || tindakan pengunyahan (mengunyah) <> Apakah air liur? || cecair yang disembur oleh kelenjar air liur <> Apakah air liur yang mula mencerna kanji? || salivary amylase <> Apakah definisi bolus? || jisim buburan kecil, bulat <> Apakah tindakan makanan yang meremehkan di bawah kerongkong ke dalam perut yang dipanggil? || peristalsis", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first step in the human digestive system?", "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe", "answers": [{"text": "the action of mastication (chewing)", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is saliva?", "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbf", "answers": [{"text": "a liquid secreted by the salivary glands", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?", "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc0", "answers": [{"text": "salivary amylase", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the definition of bolus?", "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc1", "answers": [{"text": "a small, round slurry mass", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?", "id": "570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc2", "answers": [{"text": "peristalsis", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes."}], ["Fasa pencernaan yang berbeza berlaku termasuk: fasa cephalic, fasa gastrik, dan fasa usus. Fasa cephalic terjadi pada pandangan, pemikiran dan bau makanan, yang merangsang korteks serebrum. Rasa dan bau rangsangan dihantar ke hypothalamus dan medulla oblongata. Selepas ini ia disalurkan melalui saraf vagus dan pembebasan acetylcholine. Rembesan gastrik pada fasa ini meningkat kepada 40% daripada kadar maksimum. Keasidan di dalam perut tidak diserap oleh makanan pada ketika ini dan dengan itu bertindak menghalang aktiviti parietal (merembeskan asid) dan sel G (menyembuhkan gastrin) melalui sekresi sel D somatostatin. Fasa gastrik mengambil masa 3 hingga 4 jam. Ia dirangsang oleh distensi perut, kehadiran makanan dalam perut dan penurunan pH. Pengasingan mengaktifkan panjang dan refleks misterius. Ini mengaktifkan pelepasan asetilkolin, yang merangsang pembebasan jus gastrik. Apabila protein memasuki perut, ia mengikat ion hidrogen, yang menimbulkan pH perut. Inhibisi rembesan asid gastrik dan asid gastrik diangkat. Ini mencetuskan sel G untuk melepaskan gastrin, yang seterusnya merangsang sel-sel parietal untuk mengeluarkan asid gastrik. Asid lambung adalah kira-kira 0.5% asid hidroklorik (HCl), yang menurunkan pH ke pH yang dikehendaki 1-3. Pembebasan asid juga dicetuskan oleh asetilkolin dan histamin. Fasa usus mempunyai dua bahagian, penggambaran dan perencatan. Makanan yang dihadam sebahagiannya mengisi duodenum. Ini mencetuskan gastrin usus untuk dilepaskan. Refleks Enterogastric menghalang nukleus vagal, mengaktifkan serat simpatik yang menyebabkan silikon pyloric untuk mengetatkan untuk mencegah lebih banyak makanan masuk, dan menghalang refleks tempatan. <> Apakah tiga tahap pencernaan? || fasa cephalic, fasa gastrik, dan fasa usus <> Di mana fasa cephalic berlaku? || di penglihatan, pemikiran dan bau makanan, yang merangsang korteks serebrum <> Di mana rasa dan bau rangsangan dihantar ke? || hipotalamus dan medulla oblongata <> Berapa lama fasa perut mengambil? || 3 hingga 4 jam <> Bagaimana fasa gastrik dirangsang untuk bermula? || dengan distensi perut, kehadiran makanan dalam perut dan penurunan pH", {"qas": [{"question": "What are three digestions phases?", "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d35d", "answers": [{"text": "the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the cephalic phase occur?", "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d35e", "answers": [{"text": "at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?", "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d35f", "answers": [{"text": "the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the gastric phase take?", "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d360", "answers": [{"text": "3 to 4 hours", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?", "id": "570cf137b3d812140066d361", "answers": [{"text": "by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin. The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes."}], ["Melalui proses ini adalah pergerakan otot sepanjang sistem melalui menelan dan peristalsis. Setiap langkah penghadaman memerlukan tenaga, dan dengan itu mengenakan \"caj overhead\" pada tenaga yang disediakan dari bahan yang diserap. Perbezaan dalam kos overhead ini adalah pengaruh penting terhadap gaya hidup, tingkah laku, dan juga struktur fizikal. Contoh-contoh boleh dilihat pada manusia, yang jauh berbeza dari hominid lain (kekurangan rambut, rahang kecil dan otot, gigi yang berbeza, panjang usus, memasak, dll.). <> Apakah pergerakan otot digunakan untuk penghadaman? || menelan dan peristalsis <> Apakah setiap stero pencernaan memerlukan? || tenaga <> Apa yang memerlukan tenaga untuk mencerna mengenakan? || \"caj overhed\" <> Lebih caj kepala mempengaruhi apa? || gaya hidup, tingkah laku, dan juga struktur fizikal", {"qas": [{"question": "What muscle movements are used for digestion?", "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d36d", "answers": [{"text": "swallowing and peristalsis", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does every stpe of digestion require?", "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d36e", "answers": [{"text": "energy", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does needing energy to digest impose?", "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d36f", "answers": [{"text": "an \"overhead charge\"", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over head charges influence what?", "id": "570cf297b3d812140066d370", "answers": [{"text": "lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an \"overhead charge\" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.)."}], ["Pencernaan protein berlaku di dalam perut dan duodenum di mana 3 enzim utama, pepsin disembuhkan oleh perut dan trypsin dan chymotrypsin yang disembuhkan oleh pankreas, memecah protein makanan ke dalam polipeptida yang kemudian dipecahkan oleh pelbagai exopeptidases dan dipeptidases menjadi asid amino. Enzim pencernaan bagaimanapun kebanyakannya dirembeskan sebagai prekursor yang tidak aktif, zymogens. Sebagai contoh, trypsin dirembes oleh pankreas dalam bentuk trypsinogen, yang diaktifkan dalam duodenum oleh enterokinase untuk membentuk trypsin. Trypsin kemudian memecahkan protein kepada polipeptida yang lebih kecil. <> Di mana pencernaan protein berlaku? || di perut dan duodenum <> Apakah tiga enzim utama yang memecah makanan? || pepsin disekresi oleh perut dan trypsin dan chymotrypsin <> Apakah enzim pencernaan kebanyakannya dirahsiakan? || prekursor yang tidak aktif, zymogens <> Apa yang dipeptidases dipecah menjadi? || asid amino <> Apakah organ yang menyembuhkan chymotrypsin? || pankreas", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does protein digestion occur?", "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7b", "answers": [{"text": "in the stomach and duodenum", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three main enzymes that break down food?", "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7c", "answers": [{"text": "pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?", "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7d", "answers": [{"text": "inactive precursors, the zymogens", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are dipeptidases broken down into?", "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7e", "answers": [{"text": "amino acids", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organ secretes chymotrypsin?", "id": "570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7f", "answers": [{"text": "the pancreas", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides."}], ["Lactase adalah enzim yang merosakkan laktosa disakarida pada bahagian komponennya, glukosa dan galaktosa. Glukosa dan galaktosa boleh diserap oleh usus kecil. Kira-kira 65 peratus daripada populasi dewasa menghasilkan hanya sedikit laktase dan tidak dapat makan makanan berasaskan susu yang tidak berpengalaman. Ini biasanya dikenali sebagai intoleransi laktosa. Intoleransi laktosa berbeza dengan warisan etnik; lebih daripada 90 peratus orang keturunan Asia timur adalah tidak bertoleransi laktosa, berbanding dengan kira-kira 5 peratus orang keturunan Eropah utara. <> Apa itu laktase? || enzim yang merosakkan laktosa disakarida kepada bahagian komponennya <> Apakah komponen komponen laktosa? || glukosa dan galaktosa <> Di mana glukosa dan galaktosa diserap? || usus kecil <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk yang tidak dapat makan makanan berasaskan susu tanpa garpu? || Sekitar 65 peratus <> Apakah knon seperti ketika anda tidak dapat makan makanan berasaskan susu yang belum berpengalaman? || intoleransi laktosa", {"qas": [{"question": "What is lactase?", "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b53", "answers": [{"text": "an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are lactoses component parts?", "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b54", "answers": [{"text": "glucose and galactose", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?", "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b55", "answers": [{"text": "small intestine", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?", "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b56", "answers": [{"text": "Approximately 65 percent", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?", "id": "570cf364fed7b91900d45b57", "answers": [{"text": "lactose intolerance", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent."}], ["Dalam mamalia, persediaan untuk pencernaan bermula dengan fasa cephalic di mana saliva dihasilkan di dalam mulut dan enzim penghadaman dihasilkan di dalam perut. Pencernaan mekanikal dan kimia bermula di mulut di mana makanan dikunyah, dan dicampur dengan air liur untuk memulakan pemprosesan enzimatik pati. Perut terus memecah makanan secara mekanik dan kimia melalui penggalian dan pencampuran dengan kedua-dua asid dan enzim. Penyerapan berlaku di dalam perut dan saluran gastrousus, dan prosesnya selesai dengan pembuangan air besar. <> Apakah fasa pucat sebagai persediaan untuk pencernaan dalam mamalia? || fasa cephalic <> Apakah fasa cephalic? || air liur dihasilkan di mulut dan enzim pencernaan dihasilkan di dalam perut <> Apa pencernaan bermula di dalam mulut? || Pencernaan mekanikal dan kimia <> Apa yang berlaku di dalam perut selepas makanan dikunyah dan dicampur dengan pati? || Perut terus memecah makanan secara mekanikal dan kimia melalui pemangkasan dan pencampuran dengan kedua-dua asid dan enzim <> Di mana penyerapan berlaku? || di perut dan saluran pencernaan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?", "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b71", "answers": [{"text": "the cephalic phase", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cephalic phase?", "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b72", "answers": [{"text": "saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What digestions begin in the mouth?", "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b73", "answers": [{"text": "Mechanical and chemical digestion", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?", "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b74", "answers": [{"text": "The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does absorption occur?", "id": "570cf442fed7b91900d45b75", "answers": [{"text": "in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation."}], ["Dalam sistem transupport saluran, beberapa protein membentuk saluran yang bersebelahan dengan membran dalaman dan luaran bakteria. Ia adalah satu sistem mudah, yang terdiri daripada hanya tiga subunit protein: protein ABC, protein gabungan membran (MFP), dan protein membran luar (OMP) [nyatakan]. Sistem rembesan ini mengangkut pelbagai molekul, dari ion, dadah, kepada protein pelbagai saiz (20 - 900 kDa). Molekul-molekul yang disebarkan bervariasi dari saiz kecil Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) kepada pseudomonas fluorescens protein adhesi sel LapA 900 kDa. <> Apa yang berlaku dalam sistem transpor chenel? || beberapa protein membentuk saluran yang bersebelahan melintasi membran dalaman dan luaran bakteria <> Apa tiga subunit protien berada dalam sistem transpor chenel? || protein ABC, protein gabungan membran (MFP), dan protein membran luar (OMP) [nyatakan] <> Apakah pengangkutan sistem ini? || pelbagai molekul, dari ion, dadah, kepada protein pelbagai saiz", {"qas": [{"question": "What happens in a chennel transupport system? ", "id": "570cf193b3d812140066d367", "answers": [{"text": "several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?", "id": "570cf193b3d812140066d368", "answers": [{"text": "the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does this secretion system transport?", "id": "570cf193b3d812140066d369", "answers": [{"text": "various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa."}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada penggunaan kompleks berbilang komposisi yang disenaraikan di atas, bakteria Gram-negatif mempunyai kaedah lain untuk membebaskan bahan: pembentukan vesikel membran luar. Bahagian membran luar di luar, membentuk struktur sfera yang diperbuat daripada lipid bilayer yang melekatkan bahan periplasmik. Vesikel dari beberapa spesies bakteria telah didapati mengandungi faktor-faktor perangsang, ada yang mempunyai kesan imunomodulator, dan ada yang dapat mematuhi sel-sel tuan rumah secara langsung. Walaupun pelepasan vesikel telah ditunjukkan sebagai tindak balas umum terhadap keadaan tekanan, proses pemuatan protein kargo nampaknya selektif. <> Apakah kaedah lain yang digunakan oleh Gram-negatif untuk melepaskan bahan? || pembentukan vesikel membran luar <> Apa yang berlaku dengan cebisan di luar bahagian membran luar? || , membentuk struktur sfera yang diperbuat daripada lipid bilayer yang melampirkan bahan-bahan periplasmik <> Apa pelepasan vesikel kelihatan untuk membuktikan? || tindak balas kepada keadaan tekanan <> Apakah faktor virulensi yang ada spesis bakteria? || sesetengahnya mempunyai kesan imunomodulator, dan sesetengahnya boleh mematuhi sel-sel tuan rumah secara langsung", {"qas": [{"question": "What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?", "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b37", "answers": [{"text": "the formation of outer membrane vesicles", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?", "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b38", "answers": [{"text": ", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?", "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b39", "answers": [{"text": "response to stress conditions", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?", "id": "570cf238fed7b91900d45b3a", "answers": [{"text": "some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective."}], ["Setelah beberapa lama (biasanya 1-2 jam pada manusia, 4-6 jam dalam anjing, 3-4 jam dalam kucing rumah), [rujukan?] Cecair tebal yang dihasilkan dipanggil chyme. Apabila injap silikon pyloric dibuka, chyme memasuki duodenum di mana ia bercampur dengan enzim pencernaan dari pankreas dan jus hempedu dari hati dan kemudian melalui usus kecil, di mana pencernaan berterusan. Apabila chyme sepenuhnya dicerna, ia diserap ke dalam darah. 95% penyerapan nutrien berlaku di usus kecil. Air dan mineral diserap semula ke dalam darah dalam usus besar (usus besar) di mana pH sedikit berasid kira-kira 5.6 ~ 6.9. Sesetengah vitamin, seperti biotin dan vitamin K (K2MK7) yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam usus besar juga diserap ke dalam darah dalam usus besar. Bahan buangan dihapuskan dari rektum semasa buang air besar. <> Apakah cecair tebal yang terhasil dipanggil? || chyme <> Apakah campuran chyme dengan duodenum? || enzim pencernaan dari pankreas dan jus empedu dari hati <> Di manakah hyme pergi selepas duodenum? || usus kecil <> Di mana chyme diserap ke? || darah <> Di mana 95% penyerapan nutrien berlaku? || usus kecil", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the resulting thick liquid called?", "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5d", "answers": [{"text": "chyme", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?", "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5e", "answers": [{"text": "digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does hyme go after the duodenum?", "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5f", "answers": [{"text": "the small intestine", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is chyme absorbed into?", "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b60", "answers": [{"text": "blood", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?", "id": "570cf3cefed7b91900d45b61", "answers": [{"text": "the small intestine", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After some time (typically 1\u20132 hours in humans, 4\u20136 hours in dogs, 3\u20134 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation."}], ["Pencernaan bermula di mulut dengan rembesan air liur dan enzim pencernaannya. Makanan dibentuk menjadi bolus oleh pengunyahan mekanikal dan ditelan ke dalam esofagus dari mana ia memasuki perut melalui tindakan peristalsis. Jus gastrik mengandungi asid hidroklorik dan pepsin yang akan merosakkan dinding perut dan lendir dirembeskan untuk perlindungan. Di dalam perut, pembebasan enzim seterusnya memecah makanan lebih jauh dan ini digabungkan dengan tindakan perut perut. Makanan yang dihadam sebahagiannya memasuki duodenum sebagai chyme separa cecair tebal. Dalam usus kecil, sebahagian besar pencernaan berlaku dan ini dibantu oleh rembesan hempedu, jus pankreas dan jus usus. Dinding usus dipenuhi dengan villi, dan sel epitel mereka ditutup dengan banyak mikrovili untuk meningkatkan penyerapan nutrien dengan meningkatkan luas permukaan usus. <> Di mana pencernaan bermula? || di dalam mulut dengan rembesan air liur dan enzim pencernaannya <> Apakah makanan terbentuk sebelum ditelan? || a bolus <> Di manakah makanan pergi selepas esofagus? || perut <> Apakah tindakan makanan yang dipindahkan ke dalam perut? || peristalsis <> Apakah jus gastrik terdiri daripada? || asid hidroklorik dan pepsin", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does digestion begin?", "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b49", "answers": [{"text": "in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is food formed into before it is swallowed?", "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4a", "answers": [{"text": "a bolus", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does food go after the esophagus?", "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4b", "answers": [{"text": "the stomach", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?", "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4c", "answers": [{"text": "peristalsis", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does gastric juice consist of?", "id": "570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4d", "answers": [{"text": "hydrochloric acid and pepsin", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine."}]], [["Persekutuan Gimnastik Antarabangsa (FIG) diasaskan di Liege pada tahun 1881. Menjelang akhir abad kesembilan belas, persaingan gimnastik lelaki cukup popular untuk dimasukkan ke dalam \"Sukan Olimpik\" yang pertama pada tahun 1896. Sejak itu hingga awal 1950-an , kedua-dua pertandingan kebangsaan dan antarabangsa melibatkan perubahan pelbagai latihan yang dikumpulkan di bawah rubrik, gimnastik, yang nampaknya pelik kepada penonton hari ini dan yang termasuk sebagai contoh, sinkronis lantai pasukan disegerakkan, mendaki tali, melompat tinggi, berjalan, dan tangga mendatar. Pada tahun 1920-an, wanita menganjurkan dan mengambil bahagian dalam acara gimnastik. Persaingan Olimpik wanita pertama adalah primitif, hanya melibatkan calisthenik dan jejak dan bidang yang diselaraskan. Permainan ini diadakan pada tahun 1928, di Amsterdam. <> Di mana FIG diasaskan? || Liege <> Tahun apa yang diasaskan FIG? || 1881 <> Bilakah gimnastik termasuk dalam Sukan Olimpik? || 1896 <> Bilakah pertandingan Olimpik wanita pertama diadakan? || 1928 <> Di mana pertandingan Olimpik wanita pertama diadakan? || di Amsterdam <> Berapa tahun BIT diasaskan? || <> Di mana Sukan Olimpik pertama diadakan? || <> Peristiwa apakah dalam gimnastik lelaki pertama? || <> Bilakah atlet mula mendapat pingat? || <> Bilakah negara Amerika Selatan yang pertama bersaing dalam Sukan Olimpik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the FIG founded?", "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a5d", "answers": [{"text": "Liege", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was FIG founded?", "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a5e", "answers": [{"text": "1881", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?", "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a5f", "answers": [{"text": "1896", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the first women's Olympic competitions held?", "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a60", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held?", "id": "570ce0b1fed7b91900d45a61", "answers": [{"text": "in Amsterdam", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1881", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What year was the BIT founded?", "id": "5a6118ece9e1cc001a33cefe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amsterdam", "answer_start": 783}], "question": "Where were the first Olympic Games held?", "id": "5a6118ece9e1cc001a33ceff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "synchronized calisthenics and track and field", "answer_start": 702}], "question": "What events were in the first men's gymnastics?", "id": "5a6118ece9e1cc001a33cf00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the early 1950s", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "When did athletes start getting medals?", "id": "5a6118ece9e1cc001a33cf01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 774}], "question": "When did the first South American country compete in the Olympic Games?", "id": "5a6118ece9e1cc001a33cf02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first \"modern\" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam."}], ["Peraturan teknikal untuk gimnastik berirama lelaki versi Jepun datang sekitar 1970-an. Bagi individu, hanya empat jenis alat digunakan: cincin berganda, tongkat, tali, dan kelab. Kumpulan tidak menggunakan sebarang peralatan. Versi Jepun termasuk runtuh yang dilakukan di tingkat musim bunga. Mata diberi berdasarkan skala 10 mata yang mengukur tahap kesukaran penenggelaman dan peralatan pengendalian. Pada 27-29 November 2003, Jepun menganjurkan edisi pertama Kejohanan Dunia Gimnastik Rhythmik Lelaki. <> Bilakah peraturan teknikal untuk versi japanses gimnastik berirama lelaki terbentuk? || 1970-an <> Berapa banyak alat yang digunakan? || hanya empat jenis <> Apakah jenis alat yang digunakan? || cincin berganda, tongkat, tali, dan kelab <> Apa alat yang digunakan oleh kumpulan? || Kumpulan tidak menggunakan mana-mana peralatan <> Bilakah Jepun memegang yang pertama dalam Gimnastik Rhythmic World Champtionship? || 27-29 November, 2003 <> Bilakah peraturan teknikal untuk senam irama wanita datang? || <> Apa versi Soviet termasuk? || <> Bilakah China pertama menjadi tuan rumah Kejuaraan Dunia Gimnastik Rhythmic Lelaki? || <> Jenis-jenis radas apa yang hanya digunakan di Jepun? || <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah Kejohanan Dunia Gimnastik pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?", "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2eb", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many apparatuses are used?", "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ec", "answers": [{"text": "only four types", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the types of apparatuses used?", "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ed", "answers": [{"text": "the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What apparatuses do groups use?", "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ee", "answers": [{"text": "Groups do not use any apparatus", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?", "id": "570ce23eb3d812140066d2ef", "answers": [{"text": "November 27\u201329, 2003", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1970s", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "When did the technical rules for women's rhythmic gymnastics come around?", "id": "5a612e3ee9e1cc001a33cfde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tumbling performed on a spring floor", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What does the Soviet version include?", "id": "5a612e3ee9e1cc001a33cfdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 27\u201329, 2003", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "When did China first host the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship?", "id": "5a612e3ee9e1cc001a33cfe0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What apparatus types are only used in Japan?", "id": "5a612e3ee9e1cc001a33cfe1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "Who hosted the first Gymnastics World Championship?", "id": "5a612e3ee9e1cc001a33cfe2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27\u201329, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship."}], ["Pada tahun 1954, peralatan dan acara Sukan Olimpik untuk kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita telah diseragamkan dalam format moden, dan struktur penggredaan seragam (termasuk sistem titik 1 hingga 15) telah dipersetujui. Pada masa ini, gimnas Soviet mengejutkan dunia dengan persembahan yang sangat berdisiplin dan sukar, menetapkan preseden yang berterusan. Media televisyen baru telah membantu mempublikasikan dan memulakan usia moden gimnastik. Kedua-dua gimnastik lelaki dan wanita kini menarik minat antarabangsa yang besar, dan gimnastik yang hebat boleh didapati di setiap benua. Nadia Com\u0103neci menerima skor sempurna pertama, pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1976 yang diadakan di Montreal, Kanada. Dia dilatih di Romania oleh jurulatih, (etnik Hungary), B\u00e9la K\u00e1rolyi. Comaneci menjaringkan empat puluhan sempurna di bar yang tidak rata, dua di balok keseimbangan dan satu di dalam latihan lantai. Walaupun dengan skor yang sempurna Nadia, orang Roma kehilangan pingat emas untuk Kesatuan Soviet. Walau bagaimanapun, Comaneci menjadi ikon Olimpik. <> Tahun berapa adalah radas dan acara Sukan Olimpik diselaraskan? || 1954 <> Apakah struktur penggredan? || satu sistem titik dari 1 hingga 15 <> Siapa yang menetapkan duluan pertama yang berterusan pada hari ini? || Gimnas Soviet <> Siapa yang menerima skor sempurna pertama? || Nadia Com\u0103neci <> Apa tahun dan di manakah skor pertama yang diberikan? || Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1976 yang diadakan di Montreal, Kanada <> Bilakah lelaki dan wanita mula memakai pakaian seragam yang sepadan? || <> Siapa yang mahu perlawanan Olimpik diadakan setiap tahun? || <> Apa medium yang memberikan gimnas sebagai reputasi buruk? || <> Siapa yang mendapat skor sempurna pada Sukan Olimpik 1980? || <> Siapa hakim gimnastik yang pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?", "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a8d", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the grading structure?", "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a8e", "answers": [{"text": "a point system from 1 to 15", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who set the first precedent that continues this day?", "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a8f", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet gymnasts", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recieved the first perfect score?", "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a90", "answers": [{"text": "Nadia Com\u0103neci", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year and where was the first perfect score given?", "id": "570ce418fed7b91900d45a91", "answers": [{"text": "1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did men and women start wearing matching uniforms?", "id": "5a611a4ae9e1cc001a33cf12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet gymnasts", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Who wanted the Olympic games to be held every year?", "id": "5a611a4ae9e1cc001a33cf13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "television", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "What medium gave gymnasts a bad reputation?", "id": "5a611a4ae9e1cc001a33cf14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nadia Com\u0103neci", "answer_start": 568}], "question": "Who received a perfect score at the 1980 Olympics?", "id": "5a611a4ae9e1cc001a33cf15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "B\u00e9la K\u00e1rolyi", "answer_start": 731}], "question": "Who was the first gymnastics judge?", "id": "5a611a4ae9e1cc001a33cf16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Com\u0103neci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), B\u00e9la K\u00e1rolyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon."}], ["Gimnas berlari ke landasan yang panjangnya 25 meter, sebelum meluncur ke papan pegas. Gimnas dibenarkan untuk memilih tempat mereka memulakan landasan. Kedudukan tubuh dikekalkan semasa \"meninju\" (menghalang hanya menggunakan pergerakan bahu) platform berkubah. Gimnas kemudian berputar ke kedudukan berdiri. Dalam gimnastik canggih, pelbagai kelainan dan keruntuhan boleh ditambah sebelum mendarat. Bilik kebal yang berjaya bergantung kepada kelajuan jangka masa, panjang halangan, kuasa gimnas yang menjana dari kaki dan ikat pinggang, kesedaran kinestetik di udara, dan kelajuan putaran dalam kes peti besi yang lebih sukar dan kompleks. <> Berapa lama maksimum landasan? || 25 meter <> Siapa yang boleh memilih di mana gimnas mula berjalan di landasan? || Gimnas <> kedudukan apa gimnas ketika di udara? || kedudukan berdiri <> Apa yang kemudian ditambah kepada pendaratan oleh gimnas maju? || bergilir-gilir berganda dan bergelung <> Apa kebiasaan yang berjaya bergantung kepada selain kelajuan run? || panjang rintangan, kuasa gimnas menjana dari kaki dan tali bahu, kesedaran kinestetik di udara, dan kelajuan putaran <> Bilakah seorang gimnas meletakkan kedua-dua tangan di udara? || <> Apa yang menendang? || <> Apa yang dipilih oleh para hakim? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila gimnastik melakukan rutin dengan pasukan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the maximum length of a runway?", "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc14", "answers": [{"text": "25 meters", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway?", "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc15", "answers": [{"text": "The gymnast", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position is the gymnast when in the air?", "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc16", "answers": [{"text": "a standing position", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?", "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc17", "answers": [{"text": "multiple twists and somersaults", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run?", "id": "570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc18", "answers": [{"text": "the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "before hurdling onto a spring board", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "When does a gymnast put both hands in the air?", "id": "5a6123a8e9e1cc001a33cfa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The gymnast then rotates to a standing position", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What is kicking?", "id": "5a6123a8e9e1cc001a33cfa5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "where they start on the runway", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What do the judges choose?", "id": "5a6123a8e9e1cc001a33cfa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "advanced gymnastics", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What is it called when gymnasts do routines with their team?", "id": "5a6123a8e9e1cc001a33cfa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while \"punching\" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults."}], ["Kata gimnastik berasal dari kata sifat Yunani \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gymnos) yang bermaksud \"telanjang\", dengan kata kerja yang berkaitan \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 (gymnazo), yang bermaksud untuk melatih \"telanjang\" dalam senam senam, secara amnya \"melatih, Latihan ini mempunyai makna ini, kerana atlet pada zaman purba telah berlatih dan bertanding tanpa pakaian. Ia digunakan pada tahun 1570-an, dari gymnasticus Latin, dari gymnastikos Yunani \"yang suka atau mahir dalam latihan tubuh\" dari gymnazein untuk bersenam atau kereta api \"(lihat gimnasium). <> Apa perkataan Yunani yang berasal dari gimnastik? || \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gimnos) yang bermaksud\" telanjang \"<> Apa arti kata kerja gymnazo? , secara amnya \"melatih, menjalankan\" <> Mengapa kata kerja ini digunakan? || kerana atlet pada zaman purba telah berlatih dan bersaing tanpa pakaian <> Bilakah kata itu digunakan? || 1570s <> Bilakah gimnas mula bersaing dengan pakaian? || <> Apa arti kata gimnoto? || <> Apa kata benda Yunani yang bermaksud \"telanjang\"? || <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari gymnazein? || <> Apa perkataan yang bermaksud bermain di gimnasium? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?", "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a85", "answers": [{"text": "\u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gymnos) meaning \"naked\"", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the  verb gymnazo mean?", "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a86", "answers": [{"text": "to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\"", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was this verb used?", "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a87", "answers": [{"text": "because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the word come into use?", "id": "570ce35bfed7b91900d45a88", "answers": [{"text": "1570s", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1570s", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "When did gymnasts start competing with clothing?", "id": "5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\".", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What does the word gymnoto mean?", "id": "5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gymnos", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What greek noun means \"naked\"?", "id": "5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What language does gymnazein come from?", "id": "5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gymnastics", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What word means playing in the gymnasium?", "id": "5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gymnos) meaning \"naked\", by way of the related verb \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos \"fond of or skilled in bodily exercise,\" from gymnazein \"to exercise or train\" (see gymnasium)."}], ["Gimnastik Kumpulan Estetik (AGG) telah dibangunkan dari \"ayvoimistelu\" Finland. Ia berbeza dari Gimnastik Rhythmik dalam pergerakan badan yang besar dan berterusan dan pasukan lebih besar. Atlet tidak menggunakan peralatan dalam pertandingan AGG antarabangsa berbanding Rhythmic Gymnastics di mana bola, reben, gelung dan kelab digunakan di kawasan lantai. Sukan memerlukan kualiti fizikal seperti fleksibiliti, keseimbangan, kelajuan, kekuatan, koordinasi dan rasa irama di mana pergerakan badan ditekankan melalui aliran, ekspresi dan daya tarikan estetik. Prestasi yang baik dicirikan oleh keseragaman dan kebetulan. Program persaingan ini terdiri daripada pergerakan badan serba boleh dan pelbagai, seperti gelombang tubuh, buaian, baki, pivot, melompat dan melompat, langkah menari, dan lif. Persekutuan Gimnastik Kumpulan Estetika Antarabangsa (IFAGG) ditubuhkan pada tahun 2003. <> Apakah AGG berdiri? || Gimnastik Kumpulan estetika <> Mengapa AGG berbeza daripada Gimnastik Rhythmic? || Pergerakan badan adalah besar dan berterusan dan pasukan lebih besar '<> Adakah atlet menggunakan peralatan dalam pertandingan AGG antarabangsa? || tidak menggunakan peralatan dalam pertandingan AGG antarabangsa <> Apakah kualiti fizikal yang diperlukan untuk gimnasium berirama? || fleksibiliti, keseimbangan, kelajuan, kekuatan, penyelarasan dan rasa irama <> Tahun berapa adalah Federsation of Gymnastics Kumpulan Aesthetic ditubuhkan? || 2003 <> Apakah nama lain untuk Gimnastik Rhythmic? || <> Apa yang digunakan di kawasan lantai di AGG? || <> Apa ciri prestasi buruk? || <> Dalam tahun apakah AGG bermula? || <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari ungkapan kata? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does AGG stand for?", "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a3f", "answers": [{"text": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? ", "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a40", "answers": [{"text": "body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?", "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a41", "answers": [{"text": "do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? ", "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a42", "answers": [{"text": "flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?", "id": "570cdf17fed7b91900d45a43", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 871}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG)", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is another name for Rhythmic Gymnastics?", "id": "5a6132d6e9e1cc001a33cffc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What is used on the floor area in AGG?", "id": "5a6132d6e9e1cc001a33cffd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uniformity and simultaneity", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "What characterized a bad performance?", "id": "5a6132d6e9e1cc001a33cffe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 871}], "question": "In what year did AGG begin?", "id": "5a6132d6e9e1cc001a33cfff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Finnish", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What language does the word expression come from?", "id": "5a6132d6e9e1cc001a33d000", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish \"naisvoimistelu\". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003."}], ["Menurut peraturan FIG, hanya wanita bersaing dalam gimnastik berirama. Ini adalah sukan yang menggabungkan unsur-unsur balet, gimnastik, tarian, dan manipulasi radas. Sukan ini melibatkan prestasi lima rutin berasingan dengan penggunaan lima peralatan; bola, reben, gelung, kelab, tali di kawasan lantai, dengan penekanan yang lebih besar pada estetik daripada akrobatik. Terdapat juga rutin kumpulan yang terdiri daripada 5 gimnas dan 5 peralatan pilihan mereka. Rutin irama dihasilkan dari 30 mata yang mungkin; skor untuk kesenian (koreografi dan muzik) adalah purata dengan skor untuk kesukaran bergerak dan kemudian ditambah kepada skor untuk pelaksanaan. <> Peraturan apakah yang menyatakan bahawa wanita hanya boleh bersaing dalam gimnasium berirama? || <> Apakah gimnasium berirama bergabung? || balet, gimnastik, tarian dan manipulasi radas <> Apakah lima alat berasingan yang digunakan dalam lima rutin yang berasingan? || bola, pita, gelung, kelab, tali <> Yang lebih tertumpu kepada, estetika atau akrobatik? || estetik <> Berapa banyak kemungkinan poin yang ada untuk rutinitas berirama? || 30 mata <> Peraturan apakah yang menentukan wanita dibenarkan memakai? || <> Apa yang meletakkan penekanan lebih besar pada akrobatik daripada estetika? || <> Barang apa yang digunakan oleh lelaki? || <> Sukan apa yang menggabungkan unsur-unsur melompat, bar, dan jatuh? || <> Berapa banyak mata yang perlu gimnas untuk sampai ke pusingan kedua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics?", "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc28", "answers": [{"text": "FIG", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does rhythmic gymastics combine together?", "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc29", "answers": [{"text": "ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines?", "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc2a", "answers": [{"text": "ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics?", "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc2b", "answers": [{"text": "aesthetic", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines?", "id": "570c0ad6ec8fbc190045bc2c", "answers": [{"text": "30 points", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FIG rules", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What rules determine what women are allowed to wear?", "id": "5a612ad2e9e1cc001a33cfca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rhythmic gymnastics", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What places a greater emphasis on the acrobatic rather than the aesthetic?", "id": "5a612ad2e9e1cc001a33cfcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What items do men use?", "id": "5a612ad2e9e1cc001a33cfcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rhythmic gymnastics", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What sport combines elements of jumping, bars, and tumbling?", "id": "5a612ad2e9e1cc001a33cfcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30 points", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "How many points do gymnasts need to get to the second round?", "id": "5a612ad2e9e1cc001a33cfce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope\u2014on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution."}], ["Skor gimnas berasal dari potongan yang diambil dari nilai permulaannya. Nilai permulaan rutin adalah berdasarkan kesukaran unsur-unsur gimnas yang cuba dan sama ada atau tidak gimnast memenuhi keperluan komposisi. Keperluan komposisi adalah berbeza bagi setiap peralatan; skor ini dipanggil skor D. Potongan pelaksanaan dan kesenian diambil dari 10.0. Skor ini dipanggil skor E. Skor akhir dikira dengan mengambil potongan dari skor E, dan menambahkan hasil kepada skor D. Sejak tahun 2007, sistem pemarkahan telah berubah dengan menambahkan bonus ditambah pelaksanaan dan kemudian menambah kedua-dua mereka untuk mendapatkan skor akhir. <> Bagaimana gimnas menjaringkan gol? || dari potongan yang diambil dari nilai permulaan mereka <> Bagaimana permulaan permulaan ditentukan? || dan permulaan nilai rutin adalah berdasarkan kesukaran unsur-unsur gimnast cuba dan sama ada atau tidak gimnast memenuhi keperluan komposisi <> Apakah skor ini dipanggil? || D skor <> Potongan dalam pelaksanaan dan kesenian diambil dari apa skor? || 10.0 <> Apa yang telah ditambahkan pada tahun 2007? || menambah bonus ditambah pelaksanaan dan kemudian menambahkan kedua-dua mereka bersama-sama untuk mendapatkan skor akhir <> Apakah nama lain untuk 10.0? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila gimnast hampir tidak berlalu? || <> Skor apa yang ditentukan oleh peminat? || <> Bilakah skor E dilaksanakan terlebih dahulu? || <> Apakah potongan yang diambil dari skor E? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How are gymnasts scored?", "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e1", "answers": [{"text": "from deductions taken from their start value", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the start vaule determined?", "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e2", "answers": [{"text": "e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is this score called?", "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e3", "answers": [{"text": "D score", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?", "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e4", "answers": [{"text": "10.0", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were added to scoring in 2007?", "id": "570ce1bab3d812140066d2e5", "answers": [{"text": "adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "start value", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What is another name for a 10.0?", "id": "5a612607e9e1cc001a33cfac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "this score is called the D score.", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What is it called when a gymnast barely passes?", "id": "5a612607e9e1cc001a33cfad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E score", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "What score is determined by the fans?", "id": "5a612607e9e1cc001a33cfae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "When was the E score first implemented?", "id": "5a612607e9e1cc001a33cfaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deductions in execution and artistry", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What deductions are taken from the E score?", "id": "5a612607e9e1cc001a33cfb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score."}], ["Dalam acara yang meletus, gimnas meluncur ke landasan sejauh 25 meter (82 kaki), melompat ke papan yang dipenuhi musim bunga atau melakukan pembundaran, atau kemasukan tangan ke batu loncatan (segmen lari / berlepas), tanah seketika, terbalik di tangan pada kuda meletup, atau melompat meja (segmen pra pra), kemudian melancarkan diri ke hadapan atau ke belakang, dari platform ini ke pendaratan dua kaki (segmen pos pasca). Setiap gimnasium bermula pada titik yang berbeza di landasan bilik api bergantung kepada ketinggian dan kekuatan mereka. Segmen pos pasca mungkin termasuk satu atau lebih garam atau bergelombang, dan / atau pergerakan berputar. Bilik kebal masuk pusingan yang dipanggil Yurchenko, adalah peti besi yang paling biasa dalam gimnastik peringkat elit. Ketika melakukan yurchenko, gimnas \"bulat-off\" sehingga tangan berada di landasan sementara kaki tanah di papan loncatan (beatboard). Dari kedudukan pusingan itu, gimnas bergerak ke belakang dan menjalankan backhandspring supaya tangannya berada di atas meja vaulting. Gimnas kemudian menghalang platform berkubah ke dalam pelbagai pemusing dan / atau perpaduan. Segmen pos terbang membawa gimnas ke kakinya. <> Berapa lamakah jangka masa dalam vaulting? || 25 meter (82 kaki) <> Bagaimana kaki lelaki melakukan pendaratan? || pendaratan dua kaki <> Apa yang menentukan di mana pelana bermula di landasan? || ketinggian dan kekuatan mereka <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan kotak peti masuk pusingan? || Yurchenko <> Apakah peti besi yang paling biasa dalam gimnastik peringkat elit? || yurchenko <> Apa faktor dalam skor gimnast? || <> Apa gimnas lakukan semasa menunggu giliran mereka? || <> Apa gimnasium daun gimnas di tangan berdiri? || <> Dalam apa jenis acara gimnas melompat melalui api? || <> Apakah peti besi yang paling berbahaya di gim gim elit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long is the run way in vaulting?", "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a67", "answers": [{"text": "25 metres (82 ft)", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How man feet do vaulters land on?", "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a68", "answers": [{"text": "a two footed landing", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?", "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a69", "answers": [{"text": "their height and strength", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a round-off entry vault called?", "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a6a", "answers": [{"text": "Yurchenko", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?", "id": "570ce135fed7b91900d45a6b", "answers": [{"text": "yurchenko", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their height and strength", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What factors in to a gymnast's score?", "id": "5a611e46e9e1cc001a33cf4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements", "answer_start": 557}], "question": "What do gymnasts do while waiting for their turn?", "id": "5a611e46e9e1cc001a33cf4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Yurchenko", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "What vault leaves gymnasts in a hand stand?", "id": "5a611e46e9e1cc001a33cf50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vaulting events", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what kind of events do gymnasts jump through fire?", "id": "5a611e46e9e1cc001a33cf51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yurchenko", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "What is the most dangerous vault in elite gymnastics?", "id": "5a611e46e9e1cc001a33cf52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts \"round-off\" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet."}], ["Alat ini boleh dibuat dari rami atau bahan sintetik yang mengekalkan sifat-sifat ringan dan kelembutan. Panjangnya adalah mengikut saiz gymnast. Tali itu harus, apabila ditahan oleh kaki, sampai ke ketiak gymnast. Satu atau dua knot di setiap hujung adalah untuk memegang tali semasa melakukan rutin. Di hujung (dengan pengecualian semua bahagian lain tali) satu bahan anti-slip, sama ada berwarna atau neutral boleh meliputi maksimum 10 cm (3.94 in). Tali itu mesti diwarnai, sama ada sama ada atau sebahagiannya dan sama ada daripada garis pusat seragam atau semakin tebal di pusat dengan syarat penebalan ini adalah bahan yang sama dengan tali. Keperluan asas rutin tali termasuklah lompatan dan lompatan. Unsur-unsur lain termasuk perubahan, lemparan, bulatan, putaran dan angka lapan. Pada tahun 2011, FIG memutuskan untuk membatalkan penggunaan tali dalam pertandingan gimnastik irama. <> Apa tali yang dibuat oleh para gimnas dalam rutinnya? || rami atau bahan sintetik <> Berapa lama tali? || Panjangnya berkadaran dengan saiz gymnast <> Apa yang ada di hujung tali untuk membantu para seniman memegangnya? || Satu atau dua knot di setiap hujung adalah untuk memegang tali semasa melakukan rutin. <> Apa keperluan lain yang ada untuk tali? || Tali mesti berwarna, sama ada semua atau sebahagiannya dan sama ada daripada garis pusat seragam atau semakin tebal di tengah <> Bilakah FIG memutuskan untuk membatalkan penggunaan tali dalam persaingan? || 2011 <> Apa yang diperbuat daripada kapas dan buluh? || <> Kenapa tali dipenuhi dengan serbuk? || <> Apa bahan anti-slip yang dibuat? || <> Pada tahun apakah tali pertama digunakan dalam Kejohanan Dunia Gimnastik? || <> Berapakah panjang kepala gim gimnast? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?", "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a49", "answers": [{"text": "hemp or a synthetic material", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the rope?", "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4a", "answers": [{"text": "Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?", "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4b", "answers": [{"text": "One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine.", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other requirement is there for the rope?", "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4c", "answers": [{"text": "The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?", "id": "570cdfbefed7b91900d45a4d", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The rope", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What is made out of cotton and reeds?", "id": "5a61378ee9e1cc001a33d01a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Why are the ropes covered in powder?", "id": "5a61378ee9e1cc001a33d01b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "same material as the rope", "answer_start": 666}], "question": "What is the anti-slip material made from?", "id": "5a61378ee9e1cc001a33d01c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 851}], "question": "In what year were ropes first used in the Gymnastic World Championships?", "id": "5a61378ee9e1cc001a33d01d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What is the length of gymnast head bands?", "id": "5a61378ee9e1cc001a33d01e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions."}], ["Gimnastik am membolehkan orang-orang dari semua peringkat umur dan kebolehan untuk menyertai kumpulan prestasi 6 hingga lebih daripada 150 atlet. Mereka melakukan rutin yang diselaraskan, koreografi. Troupes boleh terdiri daripada kedua-dua jantina dan tidak dipisahkan ke bahagian umur. Pameran gimnastik umum yang terbesar adalah Gymnestrada Dunia empat yang pertama kali diadakan pada tahun 1939. Pada tahun 1984 Gymnastics for All diiktiraf secara rasmi sebagai Program Sukan oleh FIG (Persekutuan Gimnastik Antarabangsa), dan kemudiannya oleh Persekutuan Gimnastik Kebangsaan di seluruh dunia dengan peserta yang kini nombor 30 juta. <> Rutinitas macam apa yang dilakukan oleh kumpulan gimnastik am? || disegerakkan, rutin berkoreografi <> Apa rombongan yang terdiri daripada? || daripada kedua-dua jantina dan tidak dipisahkan ke dalam bahagian umur <> Bilakah Dunia Gimnaestrada yang pertama diadakan? || 1939 <> Apa program Sukan pertama yang disusun ulang oleh FIG? || Gimnastik untuk Semua <> Berapa ramai peserta di sana? || 30 juta <> gimnastik apa yang dipisahkan ke bahagian umur? || <> Pada tahun apakah gimnastik pertama termasuk lelaki? || <> Apa yang membolehkan orang-orang dari semua peringkat umur untuk mengambil bahagian dalam kumpulan prestasi sebanyak 5 atau kurang? || <> Berapa banyak gimnastik yang dikawal oleh FIG? || <> Pada tahun apakah gimnastik mula mengadakan persembahan kumpulan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?", "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad5", "answers": [{"text": "synchronized, choreographed routines", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the troupes consist of?", "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad6", "answers": [{"text": "of both genders and are not separated into age divisions", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?", "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad7", "answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?", "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad8", "answers": [{"text": "Gymnastics for All", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many participants are there?", "id": "570ceadbfed7b91900d45ad9", "answers": [{"text": "30 million", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Troupes", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What gymnastics are separated into age divisions?", "id": "5a6135e3e9e1cc001a33d010", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "In what year did gymnastics first include men?", "id": "5a6135e3e9e1cc001a33d011", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General gymnastics", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What enables people of all ages to participate in performance groups of 5 or less?", "id": "5a6135e3e9e1cc001a33d012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30 million", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "How many gymnasts are governed by FIG?", "id": "5a6135e3e9e1cc001a33d013", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "In what year did gymnastics start having group performances?", "id": "5a6135e3e9e1cc001a33d014", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million."}], ["Gimnastik adalah sukan yang melibatkan prestasi latihan yang memerlukan kekuatan, fleksibiliti, keseimbangan dan kawalan. Di peringkat antarabangsa, semua acara dikawal oleh F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Setiap negara mempunyai badan pentadbiran negara sendiri (BIW) yang bergabung dengan FIG. Gimnastik artistik yang kompetitif adalah yang paling terkenal dalam acara gimnastik. Ia biasanya melibatkan acara kebuk bilik wanita, bar tidak seimbang, balutan keseimbangan, dan latihan lantai. Acara lelaki adalah senaman lantai, kuda pommel, masih berdering, peti besi, bar selari, dan bar yang tinggi. Senam berevolusi dari latihan yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Yunani purba yang termasuk kemahiran untuk pemasangan dan melepaskan kuda, dan dari kemahiran prestasi sarkas. <> Apakah gimnastik? || Gimnastik adalah sukan yang melibatkan prestasi latihan yang memerlukan kekuatan, fleksibiliti, keseimbangan dan kawalan <> Siapa yang mentadbir semua peristiwa dalam gimnastik? || F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) <> Apakah setiap negara mempunyai? || Setiap negara mempunyai badan pentadbiran negara sendiri (BIW) yang berafiliasi dengan FIG <> Apakah acara gimnastik yang paling terkenal? || Gimnastik artistik yang kompetitif <> Apa peristiwa ini biasanya terdiri daripada wanita? || peti besi, bar tidak seimbang, balutan keseimbangan, dan latihan lantai. <> Apa acara kanak-kanak? || <> Kegiatan gimnastik apa yang dihentikan? || <> Siapa yang pertama yang masih menggunakan cincin? || <> Sukan apa yang berkembang dari polo? || <> Apa yang ada di setiap bandar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is gymnastics?", "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45adf", "answers": [{"text": "Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who governs all events in gymnastics?", "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae0", "answers": [{"text": "F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does each country have?", "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae1", "answers": [{"text": "Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the best known gymnastic events?", "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae2", "answers": [{"text": "Competitive artistic gymnastics", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What events does this normally consist of for women?", "id": "570ceb3bfed7b91900d45ae3", "answers": [{"text": "vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise.", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise.", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "What are the children's events?", "id": "5a611333e9e1cc001a33ce9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "skills for mounting and dismounting a horse", "answer_start": 633}], "question": "What gymnastic event was discontinued?", "id": "5a611333e9e1cc001a33ce9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ancient Greeks", "answer_start": 604}], "question": "Who were the first to use still rings?", "id": "5a611333e9e1cc001a33ce9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gymnastics", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What sport evolved from polo?", "id": "5a611333e9e1cc001a33ce9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What does each city have?", "id": "5a611333e9e1cc001a33cea0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control. Internationally, all events are governed by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events. It typically involves the women's events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and the high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills."}], ["Fasa penerbangan yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan daya tindak balas tanah menegak yang lebih tinggi. Kekuatan tindak balas tanah menegak mewakili daya luaran yang gimnas perlu diatasi dengan kekuatan otot mereka dan mempunyai kesan pada gimnas linear dan momentum sudut. Satu lagi pemboleh ubah penting yang memberi kesan kepada momentum linear dan sudut adalah masa pendaratan mengambil Gymnast dapat mengubah bentuk kawasan dengan meningkatkan waktu yang diambil untuk melakukan pendaratan. Gimnas boleh mencapai ini dengan meningkatkan amplitud pinggul, lutut dan buku lali. Dengan peningkatan ketinggian, amplitud di lutut pergelangan kaki dan pinggul meningkat bar. <> Apakah hasil fasa penerbangan yang lebih tinggi? || daya tindak balas tanah menegak yang lebih tinggi <> Apakah tindak balas tegak tanah tegak? || kekuatan luaran yang gimnas perlu mengatasi dengan kekuatan otot mereka dan mempunyai kesan pada gimnas linier dan momentum sudut <> Apa lagi aspek penting yang mempengaruhi pergerakan linear dan agular? || masa pendaratan mengambil Gimnas <> Apakah daya tindak balas tanah mendatar mewakili? || <> Apa yang mengatasi kekuatan dalaman? || <> Apa yang berlaku apabila gimnastik mengurangkan masa yang diambil untuk melakukan pendaratan? || <> Bagaimana gimnastik mengurangkan masa yang diambil untuk melakukan pendaratan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan daya tindak balas tanah menegak yang lebih rendah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does a higher flight phase result in?", "id": "570ce94dfed7b91900d45acf", "answers": [{"text": "a higher vertical ground reaction force", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is vertical ground reaction force?", "id": "570ce94dfed7b91900d45ad0", "answers": [{"text": "s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?", "id": "570ce94dfed7b91900d45ad1", "answers": [{"text": "time the landing takes Gymnasts", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "external force", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What does horizontal ground reaction force represent?", "id": "5a61296be9e1cc001a33cfc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "muscle force", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What overcomes internal force?", "id": "5a61296be9e1cc001a33cfc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What happens when gymnasts decrease the time taken to perform the landing?", "id": "5a61296be9e1cc001a33cfc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "How do gymnasts decrease the time taken to perform the landing?", "id": "5a61296be9e1cc001a33cfc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A higher flight phase", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What results in a lower vertical ground reaction force?", "id": "5a61296be9e1cc001a33cfc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars."}], ["Latihan kuda pommel biasa melibatkan kedua-dua kaki tunggal dan kerja dua kaki. Kemahiran kaki tunggal biasanya terdapat dalam bentuk gunting, elemen yang sering dilakukan pada pommels. Walau bagaimanapun, kerja kaki berganda, adalah pokok utama acara ini. Gimnas itu berayun kedua-dua kaki dalam gerakan bulat (mengikut arah jam atau lawan bergantung pada keutamaan) dan melakukan kemahiran tersebut di semua bahagian alat. Untuk membuat senaman yang lebih mencabar, gimnas sering memasukkan variasi ke atas kemahiran mengelilingi biasa dengan memutar (moores dan spindles) atau dengan mengayunkan kakinya (Flare). Rutin berakhir apabila gimnas melakukan penyingkiran, sama ada dengan mengayunkan badannya ke atas kuda, atau mendarat selepas tangan. Ini memerlukan otot untuk melakukan apa sahaja kemahiran. Dari handstands menjadi mudah untuk kembali atau kelemahan depan menjadi sedikit sukar. <> Apakah latihan kuda pommel tipikal terdiri daripada? || kedua-dua kaki tunggal dan kerja kaki berganda <> Kemahiran kaki tunggal didapati dalam bentuk apa yang biasa? || bentuk gunting, unsur yang sering dilakukan di pommels <> Apa ruji utama acara ini? || Kerja kaki dua kali <> Bilakah berakhirnya rutin? || apabila gimnas melakukan penyusutan <> Apakah dua cara yang dismount seorang gimnas? || dengan mengayunkan badannya ke atas kuda, atau mendarat selepas tangan tangan <> senaman apa yang melibatkan lengan tunggal dan kerja lengan ganda? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila kereta gimnast pada kuda pommel? || <> Bilakah rutin bermula? || <> Kenapa gimnas turun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?", "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d2ff", "answers": [{"text": "both single leg and double leg work", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?", "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d300", "answers": [{"text": "form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main staple of this event?", "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d301", "answers": [{"text": "Double leg work", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the routine end?", "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d302", "answers": [{"text": "when the gymnast performs a dismount", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts?", "id": "570ce4cfb3d812140066d303", "answers": [{"text": "by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A typical pommel horse exercise", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What exercise involves single arm and double arm work?", "id": "5a61226ae9e1cc001a33cf9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scissors", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What is it called when a gymnast cartwheels on a pommel horse?", "id": "5a61226ae9e1cc001a33cf9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when the gymnast performs a dismount", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "When do routines begin?", "id": "5a61226ae9e1cc001a33cf9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "To make the exercise more challenging", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "Why do gymnasts dismount?", "id": "5a61226ae9e1cc001a33cf9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. This requires back muscles to do any sort of skill. From handstands being easy to back or front flips being a little difficult."}], ["Rombongan individu dalam trampolining melibatkan fasa bina di mana gimnas melompat berulang kali untuk mencapai ketinggian, diikuti dengan urutan sepuluh bounces tanpa berhenti sementara di mana gimnas melakukan urutan kemahiran udara. Rutin ditandakan dengan skor maksimum 10 mata. Mata tambahan (tanpa maksimum pada peringkat tertinggi persaingan) boleh diperolehi bergantung kepada kesukaran bergerak dan jangka masa yang diambil untuk menyelesaikan sepuluh kemahiran yang merupakan petunjuk ketinggian purata lompatan. Dalam pertandingan peringkat tinggi, terdapat dua rutin awal, satu yang hanya mempunyai dua gol untuk kesukaran dan satu di mana atlet bebas melakukan sebarang rutin. Ini diikuti oleh rutin akhir yang opsional. Sesetengah pertandingan memulakan semula skor dari sifar untuk peringkat akhir, yang lain menambah skor akhir kepada keputusan awal. <> Rutin individu bermula dengan fase apa? || fasa bina di mana gimnas melompat berulang kali untuk mencapai ketinggian <> Apa gimnas lakukan selama 10 bounce? || jujukan kemahiran udara <> Apakah scroe maksimum untuk rutin? || 10 mata <> Bagaimana mata tambahan dapat diperoleh? || bergantung pada kesukaran bergerak dan jangka masa yang diambil untuk menyelesaikan sepuluh kemahiran <> Dalam pertandingan peringkat tinggi berapa banyak penunggang awal di sana? || dua rutin awal <> Rutin apa yang melibatkan gimnas melompat sekali untuk mencapai ketinggian? || <> Berapa banyak langkah mesti ditunjukkan kepada hakim? || <> Apa yang berlaku jika gimnas jatuh? || <> Berapa banyak rutin pendahuluan yang ada di pertandingan baru? || <> Apa yang berlaku jika atlet tidak tahu bergerak yang ditetapkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Individual routines start with what phases?", "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abb", "answers": [{"text": "build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.", "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abc", "answers": [{"text": "a sequence of aerial skills", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum scroe for routines?", "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abd", "answers": [{"text": "10 points", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can additional points be earned?", "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abe", "answers": [{"text": "depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?", "id": "570ce830fed7b91900d45abf", "answers": [{"text": "two preliminary routines", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Individual routines", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What routines involve the gymnast jumping once to achieve height?", "id": "5a612cd9e9e1cc001a33cfd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "How many moves must be shown to the judges?", "id": "5a612cd9e9e1cc001a33cfd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "restart the score from zero", "answer_start": 783}], "question": "What happens if a gymnast falls down?", "id": "5a612cd9e9e1cc001a33cfd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two preliminary routines", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "How many preliminary routines are there in novice competitions?", "id": "5a612cd9e9e1cc001a33cfd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the athlete is free to perform any routine", "answer_start": 666}], "question": "What happens if the athlete does not know the assigned moves?", "id": "5a612cd9e9e1cc001a33cfd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results."}], ["Di bar yang tidak rata, gimnas melakukan rutin pada dua bar mendatar yang ditetapkan pada tahap yang berbeza. Bar ini diperbuat daripada gentian kaca yang diliputi dalam lamina kayu, untuk mengelakkannya dari pecah. Pada masa lalu, bar diperbuat daripada kayu, tetapi bar mudah dipecahkan, memberikan insentif untuk beralih kepada teknologi baru. Lebar dan ketinggian bar boleh diselaraskan. Pada masa lalu, bar selari tidak sekata lebih rapat. Mereka telah digerakkan dengan semakin jauh, membolehkan gimnas melakukan gerakan berayun, mengelilingi, peralihan, dan melepaskan, yang mungkin melepasi, di bawah, dan di antara dua bar. Di peringkat Elite, pergerakan mesti melalui handstand. Gymnast sering melancarkan Bar Tidak Bersih menggunakan batu loncatan, atau tikar kecil. Kapur dan genggaman (jalur kulit dengan lubang untuk jari untuk melindungi tangan dan meningkatkan prestasi) boleh digunakan semasa melakukan acara ini. Kayu itu membantu menghilangkan kelembapan tangan gimnastik untuk mengurangkan geseran dan mengelakkan rembesan (air mata ke kulit tangan), genggaman dowel membantu gimnastik menggenggam bar. <> Apakah bar yang tidak rata? || dua bar mendatar yang ditetapkan pada ketinggian yang berbeza <> Apakah bar ini terbuat dari? || gentian kaca yang diliputi dalam lamina kayu <> Kenapa bar tidak diperbuat daripada kayu lagi? || bar telah cenderung untuk pecah, <> Bagaimana bar telah berubah selama bertahun-tahun? || Mereka telah dipindahkan lebih jauh selain <> Bagaimana gymnast biasanya melancarkan bar yang tidak rata? || menggunakan papan loncatan, atau tikar kecil <> Mengapa bar bulat tidak sekata? || <> Apa gimnast lakukan untuk menampung orang yang lebih tinggi? || <> Apakah gimnasta yang dilarang menggunakan dengan bar yang tidak rata? || <> Apa tujuan untuk membungkus tangan berfungsi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the uneven bars?", "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac5", "answers": [{"text": "two horizontal bars set at different heights", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are these bars made out of?", "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac6", "answers": [{"text": "fiberglass covered in wood laminate", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are the bars not made of wood anymore?", "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac7", "answers": [{"text": "the bars were prone to breaking,", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How have the bars changed over the years?", "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac8", "answers": [{"text": "They've been moved increasingly further apart", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?", "id": "570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac9", "answers": [{"text": "using a springboard, or a small mat", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to prevent them from breaking", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Why are uneven bars round?", "id": "5a611fcfe9e1cc001a33cf62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They've been moved increasingly further apart", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "What did gymnasts do to accommodate taller people? ", "id": "5a611fcfe9e1cc001a33cf63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "What are gymnasts prohibited from using with uneven bars?", "id": "5a611fcfe9e1cc001a33cf64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "helps take the moisture out of gymnast's hands to decrease friction and prevent rips", "answer_start": 894}], "question": "What purpose to hand wraps serve?", "id": "5a611fcfe9e1cc001a33cf65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be adjusted. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. They've been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) may be used while doing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnast's hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands), dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar."}], ["Dalam lompatan, turun atau keruntuhan, pendaratan adalah fasa akhir, berlepas dan terbang Ini adalah kemahiran kritikal dari segi pelaksanaan dalam skor persaingan, prestasi am, dan kejadian kecederaan. Tanpa magnitud yang diperlukan pelesapan tenaga semasa kesan, risiko menanggung kecederaan semasa mengalami peningkatan. Kecederaan ini biasanya berlaku pada bahagian bawah seperti luka tulang rawan, air mata ligamen, dan lebam / patah tulang. Untuk mengelakkan kecederaan sedemikian, dan untuk menerima skor prestasi yang tinggi, teknik yang tepat harus digunakan oleh gimnas. \"Fasa pendaratan atau hentaman pendaratan tanah berikutnya mesti dicapai dengan menggunakan pendaratan kaki dua yang selamat, estetik dan dilaksanakan dengan baik.\" Pendaratan yang berjaya dalam gimnastik diklasifikasikan sebagai lembut, bermakna sendi lutut dan pinggul lebih daripada 63 darjah fleksi. <> Apakah kemahiran kritikal dari segi pelaksanaan dalam skor? || Pendaratan <> Di manakah kecederaan yang berlaku? || bahagian bawah seperti luka rawan, air mata ligamen, dan lebam / patah tulang <> Bagaimana anda mengelakkan kecederaan? || teknik yang betul mesti digunakan oleh gimnas <> Apakah pendaratan yang berjaya? || lembut, bermakna sendi lutut dan pinggul adalah lebih daripada 63 darjah lekapan <> Apakah jenis lulus had luka? || <> Kecederaan apa yang berlaku apabila menggunakan tikar yang salah? || <> Dalam pendaratan jenis apakah lutut dan sendi pinggul kurang dari 63 darjah fleksi? || <> Apakah rutin gimnastik yang paling berbahaya? || <> Apa jenis pendaratan yang menyebabkan gimnas kehilangan mata? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?", "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab3", "answers": [{"text": "landing", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do most injuries happen?", "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab4", "answers": [{"text": "the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do you avoid injuries?", "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab5", "answers": [{"text": "proper technique must be used by the gymnast", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a successful landing?", "id": "570ce79dfed7b91900d45ab6", "answers": [{"text": "soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a tumbling pass", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What kind of pass limits injuries?", "id": "5a6127e5e9e1cc001a33cfb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "What injuries are caused when using the wrong mat?", "id": "5a6127e5e9e1cc001a33cfb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "soft", "answer_start": 772}], "question": "In what kind of landing are the knee and hip joints at less than 63 degrees of flexion? ", "id": "5a6127e5e9e1cc001a33cfb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "somersaulting", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What is the most dangerous gymnastic routine?", "id": "5a6127e5e9e1cc001a33cfb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "soft", "answer_start": 772}], "question": "What kind of landings cause gymnasts to lose points?", "id": "5a6127e5e9e1cc001a33cfba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight  This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. \"The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing.\"  A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion."}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19 Jerman, tiga pendidik fizikal perintis - Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759-1839) dan Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852) - mencipta latihan untuk lelaki dan lelaki muda pada peralatan yang mereka telah dirancang untuk apa yang dianggap sebagai gimnastik moden. Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano, dilahirkan pada 19 Februari 1770 di Valence dan meninggal dunia pada 8 Ogos 1848 di Paris. Beliau adalah seorang kolonel Sepanyol, dan orang pertama yang memperkenalkan gimnastik pendidikan di Perancis. Jahn mempromosikan penggunaan bar selari, cincin dan bar tinggi dalam persaingan antarabangsa. <> Apa yang diketahui oleh dua orang Jerman untuk membuat senaman dengan apparauses? || Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759-1839) dan Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852) <> Apakah latihan yang membawa kepada? || kepada apa yang dianggap gimnastik moden <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan gimnastik pendidikan di Perancis? || Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano <> Apa yang Jahn mempromosikan penggunaan? || bar selari, cincin dan bar tinggi <> Siapa yang dilahirkan pada 18 Februari 1770? || <> Siapa laksamana Sepanyol? || <> Siapa yang membuat latihan untuk kanak-kanak perempuan? || <> Siapa yang pertama yang memperkenalkan gimnastik pendidikan di Itali? || <> Siapa yang merancang apa yang membawa kepada senam purba? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?", "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d313", "answers": [{"text": "Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778\u20131852)", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the exercises lead to?", "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d314", "answers": [{"text": "to what is considered modern gymnastics", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?", "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d315", "answers": [{"text": "Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Jahn promote the use of?", "id": "570cebbdb3d812140066d316", "answers": [{"text": "parallel bars, rings and high bar", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "Who was born on February 18, 1770?", "id": "5a611752e9e1cc001a33ced6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "Who was a Spanish admiral?", "id": "5a611752e9e1cc001a33ced7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Who created exercises for girls?", "id": "5a611752e9e1cc001a33ced8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "Who was the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in Italy?", "id": "5a611752e9e1cc001a33ced9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Who designed what led to ancient gymnastics?", "id": "5a611752e9e1cc001a33ceda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators \u2013 Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778\u20131852) \u2013 created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition."}], ["Gimnastik aerobik (Sukan Aerobik secara formal) melibatkan prestasi rutin oleh individu, pasangan, trio atau kumpulan sehingga 6 orang, menekankan kekuatan, fleksibiliti, dan kecergasan aerobik daripada kemahiran akrobatik atau keseimbangan. Rutin dilakukan untuk semua individu di lantai 7x7m dan juga untuk 12-14 dan 15-17 trios dan pasangan bercampur. Dari tahun 2009, semua trios kanan dan pasangan campuran diperlukan di lantai lebih besar (10x10m), semua kumpulan juga melakukan di tingkat ini. Rutin umumnya berlangsung 60-90 saat bergantung kepada umur peserta dan kategori rutin. <> Apakah gimnastik aerobik dipanggil orginally? || Sukan Aerobik <> Apa gimnastik aerobik melibatkan? || prestasi rutin oleh individu, pasangan, trio atau kumpulan sehingga 6 orang, menekankan kekuatan, fleksibiliti, dan kecergasan aerobik <> Berapa banyak orang boleh berada dalam rutin? || individu, pasangan, trio atau kumpulan sehingga 6 orang <> Apakah saiz tikar? || 7x7m <> Berapa lamakah rutin berlangsung? || Rutin umumnya berlangsung 60-90 saat bergantung kepada umur peserta dan kategori rutin <> Apa yang melibatkan prestasi rutin oleh kumpulan sehingga 10 orang? || <> Apakah saiz lantai minimum yang dibenarkan oleh FIG? || <> Berapa lama hakim perlu mengemukakan markah akhir? || <> Bilakah gimnastik aerobik bermula? || <> Apa yang menentukan kumpulan perangsang yang boleh dibawa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?", "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d309", "answers": [{"text": "Sport Aerobics", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?", "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30a", "answers": [{"text": "the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people can be in a routine?", "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30b", "answers": [{"text": "individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the size of the mat?", "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30c", "answers": [{"text": "7x7m", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long do the routines last?", "id": "570ce9e1b3d812140066d30d", "answers": [{"text": "Routines generally last 60\u201390 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aerobic gymnastics", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What involves the performance of routines by groups of up to 10 people?", "id": "5a613157e9e1cc001a33cff2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 7x7m floor", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What is the minimum floor size allowed by the FIG?", "id": "5a613157e9e1cc001a33cff3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60\u201390 seconds", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "How long do judges have to submit final scores?", "id": "5a613157e9e1cc001a33cff4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "When did aerobic gymnastics begin?", "id": "5a613157e9e1cc001a33cff5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "age of participant and routine category", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What determines what props groups can bring?", "id": "5a613157e9e1cc001a33cff6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12\u201314 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60\u201390 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category."}], ["Pada tahun 2006, FIG memperkenalkan sistem titik baru untuk gimnastik Artistik di mana skor tidak lagi terhad kepada 10 mata. Sistem ini digunakan di Amerika Syarikat untuk persaingan peringkat elit. Tidak seperti kod mata lama, terdapat dua skor berasingan, skor pelaksanaan dan skor kesukaran. Dalam sistem sebelumnya, \"skor pelaksanaan\" adalah satu-satunya skor. Ia adalah dan masih berada di luar 10.00. Semasa prestasi gim, hakim hanya memotong skor ini. Kejatuhan, pada atau di luar acara, adalah 1.00 potongan, dalam gimnastik peringkat elit. Pengenalan skor kesukaran adalah perubahan ketara. Skor kesukaran gimnas adalah berdasarkan unsur-unsur yang mereka lakukan dan tertakluk kepada perubahan jika mereka tidak melakukan atau menyelesaikan semua kemahiran, atau mereka tidak menyambung keahlian yang dimaksudkan untuk dihubungkan dengan yang lain. Bonus sambungan adalah potongan yang paling biasa dari skor kesukaran, kerana ia sukar untuk menyambung beberapa elemen penerbangan. Sangat sukar untuk menyambung kemahiran jika kemahiran pertama tidak dilakukan dengan betul. Kod mata baru membolehkan gimnas untuk mendapatkan markah yang lebih tinggi berdasarkan kesulitan kemahiran yang mereka lakukan serta pelaksanaannya. Tidak ada skor maksimum untuk kesukaran, kerana ia dapat terus meningkat sebagai kesulitan peningkatan kemahiran. <> Bilakah FIG memutuskan bahawa skor tidak lagi terhad kepada 10 mata? || 2006 <> Apakah dua markah yang berbeza? || skor pelaksanaan dan skor kesukaran <> Skor apa yang telah ditambah? || skor kesukaran <> Berapakah potongan jatuh? || 1.00 potongan <> Apakah skor kesukaran seorang gimnas berdasarkan? || apakah elemen yang mereka lakukan <> Bilakah skor pertama terhad kepada 10 mata? || <> Markah mana yang dianggap lebih penting? || <> Bonus apakah yang diberikan jika gimnasium tiba tepat pada waktunya? || <> Apakah skor gimnastik minimum? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menentukan skor pelaksanaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points?", "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45ae9", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two different scores?", "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aea", "answers": [{"text": "an execution score and a difficulty score", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What score was added?", "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aeb", "answers": [{"text": "difficulty score", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is a fall deduction?", "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aec", "answers": [{"text": "1.00 deduction", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a gymnast's difficulty score based on?", "id": "570cec4dfed7b91900d45aed", "answers": [{"text": "what elements they perform", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When were scores first limited to 10 points?", "id": "5a611bdce9e1cc001a33cf30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "execution score", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "Which score was thought to be more important?", "id": "5a611bdce9e1cc001a33cf31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Connection bonuses", "answer_start": 806}], "question": "What bonus is awarded if the gymnast arrives on time?", "id": "5a611bdce9e1cc001a33cf32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 1.00", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What is the minimum gymnastics score?", "id": "5a611bdce9e1cc001a33cf33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "what elements they perform", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What is used to determine an execution score?", "id": "5a611bdce9e1cc001a33cf34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the \"execution score\" was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase."}], ["Dalam kejatuhan, para atlet melakukan siri letupan dan mengalihkan loncatan ke bawah trek yang runtuh. Pemarkahan adalah sama dengan trampolining. Tumbling pada asalnya dipertandingkan sebagai salah satu acara dalam Gimnastik Artis Lelaki pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1932, dan pada tahun 1955 dan 1959 di Pan American Games. Dari 1974 hingga 1998 ia termasuk sebagai acara untuk kedua-dua jantina di Kejohanan Dunia Gimnastik Acrobatik. Acara ini juga telah ditandingi sejak tahun 1976 di Kejohanan Dunia Trampolin. Sejak pengiktirafan Trampolin dan Gimnastik Akrobatik sebagai disiplin FIG pada tahun 1999, pertandingan Runtuh rasmi hanya dibenarkan sebagai acara dalam gimnasium Trampolin yang bertemu. <> Apa yang dilakukan atlet untuk tumbang? || siri letupan dan lenyap ke landasan yang runtuh <> Apabila jatuh tumbang secara pertikaian di Olimpik? || 1932 <> Di mana pertandingan kejatuhan rasmi dibenarkan? || hanya dibenarkan sebagai acara dalam gimnastik Trampolin yang memenuhi <> tahun berapakah FIG reconginze Trampolin dan Gimnastik Akrobatik? || 1999 <> Apa yang terlibat dalam trampolining? || <> Ketika itu Pan American Games || <> Apakah sekatan yang diletakkan pada tahun 1997? || <> Tahun berapakah Kejohanan Trampolin bermula? || <> Apa yang dipertandingkan sebagai salah satu acara dalam Gimnastik Seni Lelaki di Olimpik Musim Panas 1938? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do athletes perform for tumbling?", "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af3", "answers": [{"text": "an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?", "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af4", "answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?", "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af5", "answers": [{"text": "only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?", "id": "570ced3efed7b91900d45af6", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What is involved in trampolining?", "id": "5a612fb3e9e1cc001a33cfe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "When were the first Pan American Games", "id": "5a612fb3e9e1cc001a33cfe9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What restriction was placed on tumbling in 1997?", "id": "5a612fb3e9e1cc001a33cfea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What year did the Trampoline Championships begin?", "id": "5a612fb3e9e1cc001a33cfeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tumbling", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What was contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1938 Summer Olympics?", "id": "5a612fb3e9e1cc001a33cfec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets."}], ["Gimnastik berirama lelaki berkaitan dengan gimnastik seni lelaki dan seni mempertahankan diri wushu. Ia muncul di Jepun dari gymnastics stick. Gimnastik tongkat telah diajar dan dilaksanakan selama bertahun-tahun dengan tujuan meningkatkan kekuatan dan kesihatan fizikal. Atlet lelaki dinilai berdasarkan kebolehan dan kemahiran fizikal yang sama seperti rakan wanita mereka, seperti penyelarasan tangan / badan mata, tetapi kemerosotan, kekuatan, kuasa, dan kemahiran seni mempertahankan diri adalah tumpuan utama, berbanding fleksibiliti dan menari dalam gimnastik irama wanita. Terdapat jumlah peserta yang meningkat, bersaing dan berseorangan; ia paling popular di Asia, terutamanya di Jepun di mana pasukan sekolah tinggi dan universiti bersaing dengan garang. Sehingga tahun 2002 [update], ada gimnastik berirama 1000 lelaki di Jepun. [Gim apa] <> Apakah gimnastik irama lelaki yang berkaitan? || kedua-dua gimnastik seni lelaki dan seni mempertahankan diri wushu <> Di manakah gimnastik berirama lelaki berkembang dari? || Gimnastik kayu <> Apakah matlamat gimnastik kayu? || meningkatkan kekuatan dan kesihatan fizikal <> Apakah tumpuan utama? || kemusnahan, kekuatan, kuasa dan kemahiran seni mempertahankan diri adalah tumpuan utama <> Berapa gimnastik berirama lelaki di Jepun pada tahun 2002? || 1000 <> Apa yang berkaitan dengan gimnastik seni dan scotch hop wanita? || <> Di manakah tarian paling popular? || <> Negara apa yang mengamalkan senam irama yang tidak biasa? || <> Di mana gimnastik bermula? || <> Mengapa orang-orang di Jepun makan makanan serat yang tinggi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?", "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d32d", "answers": [{"text": "both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?", "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d32e", "answers": [{"text": "stick gymnastics", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the aim of stick gymnastics?", "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d32f", "answers": [{"text": "improving physical strength and health", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the main focus?", "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d330", "answers": [{"text": "tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?", "id": "570cedbbb3d812140066d331", "answers": [{"text": "1000", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Men's rhythmic gymnastics", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is related to Women's artistic gymnastics and hop scotch?", "id": "5a613474e9e1cc001a33d006", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it is most popular in Asia", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "Where is dancing most popular?", "id": "5a613474e9e1cc001a33d007", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What country practices an unusual form of rhythmic gymnastics?", "id": "5a613474e9e1cc001a33d008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Where did gymnastic begin?", "id": "5a613474e9e1cc001a33d009", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physical strength and health", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Why do people in Japan eat a diet high in fiber?", "id": "5a613474e9e1cc001a33d00a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]"}], ["Pada masa lalu, acara latihan lantai dilaksanakan di lantai atau tikar kosong seperti tikar gusti. Hari ini, acara lantai berlaku di atas 12m \u00d7 12m berkaki permaidani, biasanya terdiri daripada busa keras di atas lapisan papan lapis, yang disokong oleh mata air atau blok busa yang umumnya dipanggil lantai \"spring\". Ini memberikan permukaan yang teguh yang memberi lantunan atau musim bunga tambahan apabila dimampatkan, membolehkan gimnas mencapai ketinggian yang lebih tinggi dan pendaratan yang lebih lembut selepas kemahiran yang disusun. Gimnas melakukan rutin yang dikelilingi sehingga 90 saat dalam acara latihan lantai; Bergantung pada tahap, mereka boleh memilih sendiri, atau, jika dikenali sebagai \"gimnas wajib\", muzik lalai mesti dimainkan. Dalam sesetengah persatuan gimnasium seperti Persatuan Kelab Gimnastik Amerika Syarikat (USAIGC), gimnasium dibenarkan untuk mempunyai vokal dalam muzik mereka tetapi di Amerika Syarikat Gimnastics pertandingan potongan besar diambil dari skor kerana mempunyai vokal dalam muzik. Rutin ini perlu terdiri daripada garisan runtuh, siri melompat, melompat, elemen tarian, kemahiran akrobatik, dan lilitan, atau piviot, pada satu kaki. Gimnas boleh melakukan sehingga empat garisan runtuhan yang biasanya termasuk sekurang-kurangnya satu elemen penerbangan tanpa sokongan tangan. Setiap peringkat gimnastik memerlukan atlet untuk melakukan sebilangan pas masuk yang berlainan. Di peringkat 7 di Amerika Syarikat, seorang gimnas diperlukan untuk melakukan 2-3, dan dalam tahap 8-10, sekurang-kurangnya 3-4 pasukan dibutuhkan. <> Apakah acara latihan lantai dilakukan sekarang? || sebuah permaidani 12m \u00d7 12m persegi, biasanya terdiri daripada busa keras di atas lapisan papan lapis <> Apakah latihan lantai walaupun sebelum ini? || lantai atau tikar kosong seperti tikar gusti <> Mengapa membantu menambah lantunan tambahan ke lantai? || mata air atau blok buih umumnya dipanggil \"spring\" lantai <> Apakah maksimum untuk acara lantai? || sehingga 90 saat <> Apa jenis permukaan yang diharamkan dari Sukan Olimpik? || <> Apa kelebihan kepada tikar gusti mempunyai lebih dari lantai musim bunga? || <> Berapa lama gimnas perlu berehat antara rutin? || <> Apa yang berlaku jika gimnas hanya menggunakan tiga garisan runtuh? || <> Berapa banyak pas penerjunan diperlukan untuk tahap 6? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the floor exercise events performed on now?", "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31b", "answers": [{"text": "a carpeted 12m \u00d7 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the floor exercise even on before?", "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31c", "answers": [{"text": "the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?", "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31d", "answers": [{"text": "springs or foam blocks generally called a \"spring\" floor", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum for floor events?", "id": "570cecc0b3d812140066d31e", "answers": [{"text": "up to 90 seconds", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What kind of surface is banned from the Olympics?", "id": "5a612147e9e1cc001a33cf7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What advantage to wrestling mats have over spring floors?", "id": "5a612147e9e1cc001a33cf7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90 seconds", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "How long do gymnasts have to rest between routines?", "id": "5a612147e9e1cc001a33cf80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a large deduction is taken from the score", "answer_start": 862}], "question": "What happens if a gymnast only used three tumbling lines?", "id": "5a612147e9e1cc001a33cf81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a gymnast is required to do 2\u20133", "answer_start": 1325}], "question": "How many tumbling passes are required for level 6?", "id": "5a612147e9e1cc001a33cf82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m \u00d7 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a \"spring\" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a \"compulsory gymnast,\" default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2\u20133, and in levels 8\u201310, at least 3\u20134 tumbling passes are required."}]], [["Sehingga Disember 2015 [update], Barcelona telah memenangi 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, tiga Copa Eva Duarte [nota 2] dan dua trofi Copa de la Liga, serta sebagai pemegang rekod untuk empat lagi perlumbaan. Mereka juga telah memenangi lima Liga Juara-Juara UEFA, satu rekod empat UEFA Cup Winners 'Cup, rekod bersama lima Piala UEFA Super dan rekod tiga piala Piala Dunia FIFA. Mereka juga memenangi trofi tiga piala Piala Inter-Cities, yang dianggap sebagai pendahulu Liga UEFA-Europa. <> Berapa banyak UEFA Champions League menang adakah Barcelona mempunyai? || lima <> Apakah jumlah pertandingan Piala Pemenang Piala UEFA Barcelona yang dimenanginya? || empat <> Berapa banyak anugerah Piala Super UEFA yang dimiliki Barcelona? || lima <> Berapakah bilangan Piala Kelab Dunia FIFA yang dimiliki Barcelona? || tiga <> Apa persaingan adalah pendahulu Liga UEFA-Europa? || Piala Inter-Cities", {"qas": [{"question": "How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?", "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb26", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the  number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?", "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb27", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?", "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb28", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the number of FIFA Club World  Cup trophies Barcelona has?", "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb29", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?", "id": "570c16366b8089140040fb2a", "answers": [{"text": "Inter-Cities Fairs Cup", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League."}], ["Seperti Maradona, Ronaldo hanya tinggal dalam masa yang singkat sebelum dia meninggalkan Internazionale. Walau bagaimanapun, wira baru muncul, seperti Lu\u00eds Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique dan Rivaldo, dan pasukannya memenangi dua kali Copa del Rey dan La Liga pada tahun 1998. Pada tahun 1999, kelab itu merayakan centenarinya, memenangi gelaran Primera Divisi\u00f3n, dan Rivaldo menjadi pemain keempat Barcelona yang akan dianugerahkan Pemain Terbaik Eropah. Walaupun kejayaan domestik ini, kegagalan mencontohi Real Madrid dalam Liga Champions menyebabkan van Gaal dan N\u00fa\u00f1ez meletak jawatan pada 2000. <> Berapa lama Ronaldo tetap bersama Barcelona? || masa yang singkat <> Bilakah Barcelona memenangi dua Copa del Rey dan La Liga? || 1998 <> Kapan centenari Barcelona disambut? || 1999 <> Gelaran apa yang dimenangi Barcelona pada tahun 1999? || Primera Divisi\u00f3n <> Pemain Barcelona siapa yang keempat untuk memenangi Pemain Terbaik Eropah? || Rivaldo", {"qas": [{"question": "How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona?", "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3c", "answers": [{"text": "short time", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?", "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3d", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated?", "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3e", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title did Barcelona win in 1999?", "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc3f", "answers": [{"text": "Primera Divisi\u00f3n", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year?", "id": "570c0dc5ec8fbc190045bc40", "answers": [{"text": "Rivaldo", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale. However, new heroes emerged, such as Lu\u00eds Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998. In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera Divisi\u00f3n title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year. Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and N\u00fa\u00f1ez resigning in 2000."}], ["Walaupun ia adalah derby tempatan yang paling dimainkan dalam sejarah La Liga, ia juga paling tidak seimbang, dengan Barcelona sangat dominan. Dalam jadual liga primera divisi, Espanyol hanya berjaya berakhir di atas Bar\u00e7a pada tiga kesempatan dari 80 musim (1928-2015) dan satu-satunya final Catalan Copa del Rey yang dimenangi oleh Bar\u00e7a pada tahun 1957. Espanyol mempunyai penghiburan untuk mencapai kemenangan marah terbesar dengan 6-0 pada 1951, sementara kemenangan terbesar Barcelona 5-0 pada lima kali (pada 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 dan 1992). Espanyol mencatat kemenangan 2-1 ke atas Bar\u00e7a semasa musim 2008-09, menjadi pasukan pertama yang mengalahkan Barcelona di Camp Nou dalam musim ketiga pemenang. <> Apa pasukan mendominasi permainan menang di La Liga? || Barcelona <> Apa pasukan telah mengalahkan Barcelona tiga kali dalam 80 musim? || Espanyol <> Pasukan apa yang memenangi semua-Catalan Copa del Rey pada tahun 1957? || Barcelona <> Pasukan manakah yang mempunyai kemenangan margin terbesar? || Espanyol <> Bilakah kemenangan Espanyol menang 6-0? || 1951", {"qas": [{"question": "What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?", "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb12", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?", "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb13", "answers": [{"text": "Espanyol", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?", "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb14", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which team has the largest margin win?", "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb15", "answers": [{"text": "Espanyol", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?", "id": "570c119e6b8089140040fb16", "answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the primera divisi\u00f3n league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Bar\u00e7a on three occasions from 80 seasons (1928\u20132015) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Bar\u00e7a in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6\u20130 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5\u20130 on five occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 and 1992). Espanyol achieved a 2\u20131 win against Bar\u00e7a during the 2008\u201309 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season."}], ["Di dalam negeri, Barcelona telah memenangi 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, 3 Copa Eva Duarte dan 2 Copa de la Liga, serta menjadi pemegang rekod untuk empat pertandingan terakhir. Dalam bola sepak kelab antarabangsa, Barcelona telah memenangi lima gelaran Liga Juara-Juara UEFA, satu rekod empat Piala UEFA Winners 'Cup, rekod bersama lima Piala UEFA Super, satu rekod tiga Piala Inter-Cities Fairs dan rekod tiga piala Piala Dunia FIFA. Barcelona menduduki tempat pertama di IFFHS Club World Ranking untuk tahun 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 dan 2015 dan kini menduduki tempat kedua dalam ranking kelab UEFA. Kelab ini mempunyai persaingan lama dengan Real Madrid; Pertandingan antara kedua-dua pasukan disebut sebagai El Cl\u00e1sico. <> Berapa banyak gelaran Liga Kejuaraan UEFA yang dimenangi oleh Barcelona? || Lima <> Berapa banyak pemenang Piala UEFA Cup Winners yang dimiliki Barcelona? || empat <> Berapa banyak UEFA Super Cup menang pasukan Barcelona? || lima <> Berapa piala Piala Dunia FIFA Club tidak mempunyai kelab bola sepak Barcelona? || tiga <> Apa kelab adalah saingan masa yang lama Barcelona? || Real Madrid", {"qas": [{"question": "How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?", "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb08", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many UEFA  Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?", "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb09", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?", "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb0a", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?", "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb0b", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What club is Barcelona's long time rival?", "id": "570c05b56b8089140040fb0c", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Cl\u00e1sico."}], ["Pada 4 Januari 2016, larangan pemindahan Barcelona berakhir. Pada hari yang sama, mereka mendaftarkan 77 pemain dalam semua kategori dan umur, dan kedua-dua pasukan musim panas lalu Arda Turan dan Aleix Vidal menjadi layak bermain dengan pasukan pertama. Pada 10 Februari, layak ke final Copa del Rey keenam dalam lapan musim lalu, pemain Barcelona Luis Enrique memecahkan rekod kelab 28 permainan berturut-turut tanpa kalah dalam semua pertandingan yang ditetapkan oleh pasukan Guardiola pada musim 2010-11, dengan seri 1-1 dengan Valencia pada leg kedua Copa del Rey 2015-16. <> Berapa ramai pemain yang membuat senarai Barcelona pada hari pengundian mereka berakhir? || 77 <> Apa acara pada bulan Februari buat Barcelona layak buat kali keenam? || Copa del Rey akhir <> Berapa banyak kemenangan berturut-turut yang dilakukan Barcelona pada 2010-11? || 28 <> Dengan pasukan mana yang Barcelona mempunyai seri 1-1 dalam Copa del Rey 2015-16? || Valencia <> Selain Arda Turan, pemain lain yang layak menjadi pemain pada 2016? || Aleix Vidal", {"qas": [{"question": "How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?", "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc46", "answers": [{"text": "77", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?", "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc47", "answers": [{"text": "Copa del Rey final", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?", "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc48", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?", "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc49", "answers": [{"text": "Valencia", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?", "id": "570c0fedec8fbc190045bc4a", "answers": [{"text": "Aleix Vidal", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 4 January 2016, Barcelona's transfer ban ended. The same day, they registered 77 players across all categories and ages, and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team. On 10 February, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique\u2019s Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola\u2019s team in the 2010\u201311 season, with a 1\u20131 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015\u201316 Copa del Rey."}], ["Ia adalah sepuluh tahun selepas penubuhan program pemuda, La Masia, ketika pemain muda mulai lulus dan bermain untuk tim pertamanya. Salah seorang graduan pertama, yang kemudian mendapat pujian antarabangsa, pernah menjadi jurulatih Barcelona, Pep Guardiola. Di bawah bimbingan Cruyff, Barcelona memenangi empat gelaran La Liga berturut-turut dari tahun 1991 hingga 1994. Mereka mengalahkan Sampdoria dalam Piala UEFA Piala Pemenang Piala 1989 dan final Piala Eropah 1992 di Wembley, dengan gol tendangan bebas dari pemain antarabangsa Belanda, Ronald Koeman. Mereka juga memenangi Copa del Rey pada tahun 1990, Piala Super Eropah pada tahun 1992 dan tiga piala Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a. Dengan 11 piala, Cruyff menjadi pengurus paling berjaya di tempat itu. Beliau juga menjadi pengurus berkhidmat paling lama berturut-turut, berkhidmat selama lapan tahun. Kekayaan Cruyff berubah, dan, dalam dua musim terakhir, dia gagal memenangi mana-mana trofi dan jatuh bersama presiden N\u00fa\u00f1ez, mengakibatkan keberangkatannya. Mengenai legenda falsafah bola sepak Cruyff dan gaya bermain lulus, dia diperkenalkan ke kelab, jurulatih masa depan Barcelona Pep Guardiola akan menyatakan, \"Cruyff membina katedral, tugas kami adalah untuk mengekalkan dan mengubahsuainya.\" <> Berapa banyak gelaran La Liga berturut-turut yang pernah menang Barcelona sejak 1991-94? || empat <> Pada tahun 1992 yang merupakan pengurus paling berjaya di Barcelona? || Cruyff <> Berapa tahun pengurus Cruyff untuk Barcelona? || lapan <> Apa ciri permainan yang dilakukan Cruyff ke Barcelona? || gaya lulus <> Apa kegagalan Cruyff dalam dua musim terakhirnya sebagai pengurus Barcelona? || memenangi mana-mana trofi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94?", "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb30", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1992 who was Barcelona's most successful manager?", "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb31", "answers": [{"text": "Cruyff", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona?", "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb32", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona?", "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb33", "answers": [{"text": "passing style", "answer_start": 1003}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona?", "id": "570c19a06b8089140040fb34", "answers": [{"text": "win any trophies", "answer_start": 869}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It was ten years after the inception of the youth program, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team. One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was previous Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola. Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman. They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a trophies. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point. He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years. Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president N\u00fa\u00f1ez, resulting in his departure. On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, \"Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it.\""}], ["Sebulan selepas Perang Saudara Sepanyol bermula pada tahun 1936, beberapa pemain dari Barcelona mendaftarkan diri dalam barisan mereka yang berjuang melawan pemberontakan tentera, bersama dengan pemain dari Athletic Bilbao. Pada 6 Ogos, tentera Falangist berhampiran Guadarrama membunuh presiden kelab Josep Sunyol, wakil parti politik pro-kemerdekaan. Dia dijuluki sebagai martir barcelonisme, dan pembunuhannya adalah momen yang jelas dalam sejarah identiti FC Barcelona dan Catalan. Pada musim panas 1937, skuad itu sedang dalam perjalanan ke Mexico dan Amerika Syarikat, di mana ia diterima sebagai duta Republik Sepanyol Kedua. Lawatan itu membawa kepada keselamatan kewangan kelab itu, tetapi juga menyebabkan separuh daripada pasukan mencari suaka di Mexico dan Perancis, menjadikannya lebih sukar bagi pasukan lain untuk bertanding untuk trofi. <> Siapa yang dibunuh pada 6 Ogos, 1936? || Josep Sunyol <> Selain menjadi presiden kelab, apa yang Sunyol terbabit telah menyebabkan pembunuhannya? || parti politik pro-kemerdekaan <> Apa yang dipanggil Sunyol selepas kematiannya? || martyr <> Apakah kelab Barcelona dianggap mewakili ketika dalam lawatan pada tahun 1937? || Republik Sepanyol Kedua <> Di mana separuh daripada pasukan Barcelona mencari suaka pada tahun 1937? || Mexico dan Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was murdered on 6 August, 1936?", "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc50", "answers": [{"text": "Josep Sunyol", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides being club president, what was Sunyol involved in to have caused his murder?", "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc51", "answers": [{"text": "pro-independence political party", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Sunyol called after his death?", "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc52", "answers": [{"text": "martyr", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was club Barcelona considered to represent when on tour in 1937?", "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc53", "answers": [{"text": "Second Spanish Republic", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did half of the Barcelona team seek asylum in 1937?", "id": "570c17c4ec8fbc190045bc54", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico and France", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A month after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising, along with players from Athletic Bilbao. On 6 August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, a representative of the pro-independence political party. He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme, and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity. In the summer of 1937, the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic. The tour led to the financial security of the club, but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France, making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies."}], ["Pada 14 Jun 1925, dalam reaksi spontan terhadap kediktatoran Primo de Rivera, orang ramai di stadium mengejek Royal March. Sebagai balasan, tanah ditutup selama enam bulan dan Gamper dipaksa melepaskan jawatan presiden kelab. Ini bertepatan dengan peralihan kepada bola sepak profesional, dan, pada tahun 1926, para pengarah Barcelona mendakwa, untuk pertama kalinya, untuk mengendalikan kelab bola sepak profesional. Pada 3 Julai 1927, kelab itu mengadakan perlawanan testimoni kedua untuk Paulino Alc\u00e1ntara, menentang pasukan kebangsaan Sepanyol. Untuk memulakan perlawanan, wartawan dan juruterbang tempatan Josep Canudas menjatuhkan bola ke lapangan dari pesawatnya. Pada tahun 1928, kemenangan dalam Piala Sepanyol disambut dengan puisi bertajuk \"Oda a Platko\", yang ditulis oleh seorang anggota Generasi '27, Rafael Alberti, yang diilhami oleh prestasi pahlawan penjaga gawang Barcelona, Franz Platko. Pada 23 Jun 1929, Barcelona memenangi Liga Sepanyol yang pertama. Setahun selepas memenangi kejuaraan, pada 30 Julai 1930, Gamper melakukan bunuh diri selepas tempoh kemurungan yang dibawa oleh masalah peribadi dan kewangan. <> Pada tahun 1925 apa kejadian oleh orang ramai menyebabkan penutupan stadium itu? || mengejek Royal March <> Berapa lama stadium ditutup? || enam bulan <> Apa tahun Barcelona mengaku sebagai kelab bola sepak profesional? || 1926 <> Bilakah Barcelona memenangi Liga Sepanyol? || 23 Jun 1929 <> Apakah presiden kelab Barcelona sebelum ini membunuh diri pada tahun 1930? || Gamper", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium?", "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc1e", "answers": [{"text": "jeered the Royal March", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the stadium closed?", "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc1f", "answers": [{"text": "six months", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club?", "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc20", "answers": [{"text": "1926", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?", "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc21", "answers": [{"text": "23 June 1929", "answer_start": 898}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930?", "id": "570c0778ec8fbc190045bc22", "answers": [{"text": "Gamper", "answer_start": 1012}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club. This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club. On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alc\u00e1ntara, against the Spanish national team. To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his airplane. In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled \"Oda a Platko\", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko. On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League. A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems."}], ["Barcelona adalah salah satu daripada tiga pengasas Primera Divisi\u00f3n yang tidak pernah diturunkan dari bahagian atas, bersama dengan Athletic Bilbao dan Real Madrid. Pada tahun 2009, Barcelona menjadi kelab pertama Sepanyol untuk memenangi treble kontinental yang terdiri daripada La Liga, Copa del Rey, dan Liga Juara-Juara UEFA, dan juga menjadi kelab bola sepak pertama yang memenangi enam daripada enam pertandingan dalam satu tahun, menyelesaikan sextuple juga memenangi Piala Super Sepanyol, Piala Super UEFA dan Piala Dunia Kelab FIFA. Pada tahun 2011, kelab itu menjadi juara Eropah sekali lagi dan memenangi lima trofi. Pasukan Barcelona ini, yang mencapai rekod enam kali berturut-turut dalam separuh akhir Liga Juara-Juara dan memenangi 14 trofi hanya dalam masa empat tahun di bawah Pep Guardiola, dianggap oleh beberapa di dalam sukan untuk menjadi pasukan paling hebat sepanjang masa. Pada bulan Jun 2015, Barcelona menjadi kelab pertama Eropah dalam sejarah untuk mencapai treble kontinental dua kali. <> Selain Barcelona dan Real Madrid, apa lagi pasukan lain di Bahagian Primera? || Athletic Bilbao <> Apa siri kemenangan Barcelona mencapai pada tahun 2009? || benua treble <> Berapa banyak persaingan yang dimenangi Barcelona pada 2011? || Lima <> Ketika Barcelona mampu memenangi treble benua untuk kali kedua? || Jun 2015", {"qas": [{"question": "Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?", "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb1c", "answers": [{"text": "Athletic Bilbao", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?", "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb1d", "answers": [{"text": "continental treble", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?", "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb1f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?", "id": "570c13f96b8089140040fb20", "answers": [{"text": "June 2015", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera Divisi\u00f3n that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi-finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In June 2015, Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice."}], ["Musim 1973-74 menyaksikan ketibaan Johan Cruyff, yang dibeli untuk rekod dunia \u00a3 920,000 dari Ajax. Sudah menjadi pemain yang ditubuhkan dengan Ajax, Cruyff cepat memenangi peminat Barcelona ketika dia memberitahu akhbar Eropah bahawa dia memilih Barcelona atas Real Madrid kerana dia tidak dapat bermain untuk kelab yang dikaitkan dengan Francisco Franco. Dia lebih mengagumi dirinya apabila dia menamakan anaknya Jordi, selepas Catalan Saint George tempatan. Di samping juara seperti Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach dan Hugo Sotil, dia membantu kelab memenangi musim 1973-74 buat kali pertama sejak 1960, mengalahkan Real Madrid 5-0 di Bernab\u00e9u di sepanjang jalan. Beliau dinobatkan sebagai Pemain Terbaik Eropah pada tahun 1973 semasa musim pertamanya dengan Barcelona (kemenangan kedua Ballon d'Or, dia memenangi pertamanya ketika bermain untuk Ajax pada tahun 1971). Cruyff menerima anugerah berprestij ini buat kali ketiga (pemain pertama berbuat demikian) pada tahun 1974, ketika ia masih bersama Barcelona. <> Berapa gaji Barcelona untuk membeli Johan Cruyff? || \u00a3 920,000 <> Untuk pasukan mana yang Cruyff enggan bermain? || Real Madrid <> Apa peraturan diktator yang menjadi alasan Cruyff untuk menghindari Real Madrid? || Francisco Franco <> Apakah anugerah Cruyff menang dalam tahun pertamanya dengan Barcelona? || Pemain Terbaik Eropah <> Bilakah Cruyff memenangi Ballon d'Or yang ketiga? || 1974", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?", "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc32", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3920,000", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?", "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc33", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?", "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc34", "answers": [{"text": "Francisco Franco", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?", "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc35", "answers": [{"text": "European Footballer of the Year", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?", "id": "570c0c53ec8fbc190045bc36", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 888}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1973\u201374 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record \u00a3920,000 from Ajax. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco. He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi, after the local Catalan Saint George. Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973\u201374 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5\u20130 at the Bernab\u00e9u along the way. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona."}], ["Puncak asal kelab itu adalah puncak berbentuk berlian berbentuk segi empat di atas oleh Crown of Aragon dan kelawar Raja James, dan dikelilingi oleh dua cabang, salah satu pokok laurel dan satu lagi kelapa sawit. Pada tahun 1910, kelab mengadakan persaingan di kalangan anggotanya untuk merekabentuk puncak baru. Pemenangnya ialah Carles Comamala, yang pada masa itu bermain untuk kelab. Cadangan Comamala menjadi puncak yang kelab memakai hari ini, dengan beberapa variasi kecil. The crest terdiri dari St George Cross di sudut kiri atas dengan bendera Catalan di sebelahnya, dan warna pasukan di bawah. <> Apa simbol kerajaan muncul di puncak kelab? || Mahkota Aragon <> Di samping sawit, apakah pokok yang muncul di puncak? || laurel <> Bila pertandingan diadakan untuk menghasilkan pasukan puncak? || 1910 <> Siapa pemenang pertandingan puncak? || Carles Comamala <> Apa bendera di puncak pasukan? || Catalan", {"qas": [{"question": "What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?", "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc48", "answers": [{"text": "Crown of Aragon", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?", "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc49", "answers": [{"text": "laurel", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a competition held to produce a team crest?", "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc4a", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the winner of the crest competition? ", "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc4b", "answers": [{"text": "Carles Comamala", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What flag is on the team crest?", "id": "570c3bad6b8089140040fc4c", "answers": [{"text": "Catalan", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom."}], ["Pada tahun 1922, jumlah penyokong telah melepasi 20,000 dan dengan memberi pinjaman kepada kelab, Bar\u00e7a dapat membina Camp de Les Corts yang lebih besar, yang mempunyai kapasiti awal sebanyak 20,000 penonton. Selepas Perang Saudara Sepanyol, kelab itu mula menarik lebih banyak ahli dan jumlah penonton yang lebih besar pada perlawanan. Ini membawa kepada beberapa projek pengembangan: grandstand pada tahun 1944, berdiri di selatan pada tahun 1946, dan akhirnya berdiri di utara pada tahun 1950. Selepas pengembangan terakhir, Les Corts dapat memegang 60,000 penonton. <> Berapakah bilangan penyokong pasukan Barcelona pada tahun 1922? || 20,000 <> Apa yang Barcelona dibina pada tahun 1922? || Camp de Les Corts <> Berapa ramai orang boleh mengadakan Camp de Les Corts? || 20,000 <Selepas beberapa ekspansi berapa orang boleh memegang stadium? || 60,000 <> Bilakah perkembangan terakhir Les Corts? || 1950", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the number of team Barcelona supporters by 1922?", "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc52", "answers": [{"text": "20,000", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Barcelona build in 1922?", "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc53", "answers": [{"text": "Camp de Les Corts", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people could Camp de Les Corts hold?", "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc54", "answers": [{"text": "20,000", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After several expansions how many people could the stadium hold?", "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc55", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last expansion of Les Corts?", "id": "570c3cc96b8089140040fc56", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Bar\u00e7a was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators. After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches. This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950. After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators."}], ["Pada akhir Disember, rayuan Barcelona ke Mahkamah Timbang Tara untuk Sukan tidak berjaya dan larangan perpindahan asal telah dikembalikan semula, meninggalkan kelab tidak dapat memanfaatkan tingkap pemindahan musim sejuk dan musim panas 2015. Pada 5 Januari 2015, Zubizareta dipecat oleh lembaga selepas 4 tahun sebagai pengarah bola sepak. Bulan berikutnya, Barcelona mengumumkan pembentukan Suruhanjaya Teknikal Kawasan Bola Sepak yang baru, terdiri daripada naib presiden Jordi Mestre, ahli lembaga Javier Bordas, Carles Rexach dan Ariedo Braida. <> Kepada siapa rayuan Barcelona untuk mengangkat pemindahan yang buruk? || Mahkamah Timbang Tara untuk Sukan <> Selama tahun apakah Barcelona tidak dibenarkan menggunakan tingkap pemindahan mereka? || 2015 <> Bilakah Zubizareta dipecat oleh lembaga? || 5 Januari 2015 <> Apakah kedudukan Zubizareta? || pengarah bola sepak <> Selepas menembak pengarah, apa bentuk Barcelona? || Suruhanjaya Teknikal Kawasan Bola Sepak", {"qas": [{"question": "To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad?", "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdc8", "answers": [{"text": "Court of Arbitration for Sport", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use  their transfer windows?", "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdc9", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Zubizareta fired by the board?", "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdca", "answers": [{"text": "5 January 2015", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Zubizareta have?", "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdcb", "answers": [{"text": "director of football", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?", "id": "570c3666ec8fbc190045bdcc", "answers": [{"text": "Football Area Technical Commission", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows. On 5 January 2015, Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football. The next month, Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission, made up of vice-president Jordi Mestre, board member Javier Bordas, Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida."}], ["Selepas kekecewaan era Gaspart, gabungan seorang presiden muda baru, Joan Laporta, dan pengurus baru muda, bekas bintang Belanda dan Milan, Frank Rijkaard, melihat kelab itu bangkit kembali. Di lapangan, kebanjiran pemain antarabangsa, termasuk Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, dan Rafael M\u00e1rquez, digabungkan dengan pemain Sepanyol, seperti Carles Puyol, Andr\u00e9s Iniesta, Xavi dan V\u00edctor Vald\u00e9s, membawa kepada pulangan kelab untuk berjaya. Barcelona memenangi La Liga dan Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a pada 2004-05, dan Ronaldinho dan Eto'o dipilih pertama dan ketiga, dalam anugerah Pemain Terbaik Dunia FIFA. <> Di bawah arahannya ada kekecewaan? || Gaspart <> Selepas Gaspart, yang merupakan pengurus pasukan Barcelona? || Frank Rijkaard <> Pada masa ini, apakah jenis pemain yang telah ditambah ke Barcelona? || antarabangsa <> Musim apa yang Barcelona memenangi La Liga dan Supercopa de Espana? || 2004-05 <> Pemain mana yang memenangi Pemain Terbaik Dunia FIFA? || Ronaldinho", {"qas": [{"question": "Under whose direction was there disappointment?", "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc04", "answers": [{"text": "Gaspart", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Gaspart, who was manager of team Barcelona?", "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc05", "answers": [{"text": "Frank Rijkaard", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At this time, what type of players were added to Barcelona?", "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc06", "answers": [{"text": "international", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What season did Barcelona win La Liga and Supercopa de Espana?", "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc07", "answers": [{"text": "2004\u201305", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which player won FIFA World Player of the Year?", "id": "570c31776b8089140040fc08", "answers": [{"text": "Ronaldinho", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back. On the field, an influx of international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, and Rafael M\u00e1rquez, combined with home grown Spanish players, such as Carles Puyol, Andr\u00e9s Iniesta, Xavi and V\u00edctor Vald\u00e9s, led to the club's return to success. Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a in 2004\u201305, and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third, respectively, in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards."}], ["Saingan tempatan Barca selalu menjadi Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, menjadi salah satu kelab yang diberikan patronage diraja, diasaskan secara eksklusif oleh peminat bola sepak Sepanyol, tidak seperti lembaga utama Barca utama di multinasional. Mesej pengasas kelab itu jelas anti-Barcelona, dan mereka menyangkal FC Barcelona sebagai pasukan asing. Persaingannya diperkuat oleh apa yang dilihat Catalonia sebagai wakil provokasi Madrid. Tanah asal mereka terletak di daerah Sarjan yang makmur. <> Pasukan apakah yang mana saingan Barcelona? || Espanyol <> Apa kelab yang diberikan patronase diraja? || Blanc-i-blaus <> Jenis kumpulan apa yang menubuhkan Espanyol? || Peminat bola sepak Sepanyol <> Unsur apa yang dilakukan oleh papan Barcelona yang tidak disengajakan oleh Espanyol? || sifat multinasional <> Daripada apa pasukan Sepanyol melihat Barcelona sebagai pasukan? || warga asing", {"qas": [{"question": "What team is Barcelona's local rival?", "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045bdfe", "answers": [{"text": "Espanyol", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What club was granted royal patronage?", "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045bdff", "answers": [{"text": "Blanc-i-blaus", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of group founded Espanyol?", "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045be00", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish football fans", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?", "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045be01", "answers": [{"text": "multinational nature", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?", "id": "570c3aa8ec8fbc190045be02", "answers": [{"text": "foreigners", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bar\u00e7a's local rival has always been Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Bar\u00e7a's primary board. The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners. The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid. Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarri\u00e0."}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada keahlian, pada 2010 [update] terdapat 1,335 kelab penggemar yang didaftarkan secara rasmi, yang disebut penyes, di seluruh dunia. Kelab-kelab peminat mempromosikan Barcelona di tempat mereka dan menerima tawaran yang bermanfaat ketika melawat Barcelona. Antara pasukan terbaik yang disokong di seluruh dunia, Barcelona mempunyai media sosial tertinggi di dunia di kalangan pasukan sukan, dengan lebih daripada 90 juta peminat Facebook pada Februari 2016. Kelab ini mempunyai ramai tokoh terkenal di kalangan penyokongnya, termasuk Pope John Paul II, yang adalah seorang anggota kehormat, dan bekas perdana menteri Sepanyol, Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero. FC Barcelona mempunyai kehadiran purata kedua tertinggi kelab bola sepak Eropah hanya di belakang Borussia Dortmund. <> Berapa banyak kelab peminat berdaftar yang ada di Barcelona di seluruh dunia? || 1,335 <> Apa yang dipanggil kelab peminat? || penyes <> Berapa ramai pengikut Facebook yang mempunyai pasukan Barcelona? || lebih 90 juta <> Apa ulama terkenal yang menjadi penyokong Barcelona? || Paus Yohanes Paulus II <> Apakah satu-satunya pasukan yang mempunyai kadar kehadiran yang lebih tinggi daripada Club Barcelona? || Borussia Dortmund", {"qas": [{"question": "How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?", "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde2", "answers": [{"text": "1,335", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the fan clubs called?", "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde3", "answers": [{"text": "penyes", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?", "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde4", "answers": [{"text": "over 90 million", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?", "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde5", "answers": [{"text": "Pope John Paul II", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona? ", "id": "570c37b5ec8fbc190045bde6", "answers": [{"text": "Borussia Dortmund", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition to membership, as of 2010[update] there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world. The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona. Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016. The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero. FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund."}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1982, Diego Maradona telah menandatangani kontrak rekod dunia sebanyak \u00a3 5 juta dari Boca Juniors. Pada musim berikutnya, di bawah jurulatih Luis, Barcelona memenangi Copa del Rey, mengalahkan Real Madrid. Walau bagaimanapun, masa Maradona dengan Barcelona tidak lama lagi dan dia tidak lama lagi pergi ke Napoli. Pada permulaan musim 1984-85, Terry Venables telah diupah sebagai pengurus dan dia memenangi La Liga dengan paparan yang diberi perhatian oleh pemain tengah Jerman, Bernd Schuster. Musim berikutnya, dia membawa pasukan ke final Piala Eropah kedua mereka, hanya kalah dalam penalti kepada Steaua Bucure\u015fti semasa malam dramatik di Seville. <> Berapakah bayaran menandatangani untuk Diego Maradona? || \u00a3 5 juta <> Ketika Diego Maradona ditandatangani oleh Barcelona? || Jun 1982 <> Siapa yang Barcelona kalahkan musim ini setelah menandatangani Maradona? || Real Madrid <> Siapa yang diupah sebagai pengurus pada tahun 1984? || Terry Venables <> Apa yang menyebabkan kerugian kepada Steaua Bucuresti di Seville? || penalti", {"qas": [{"question": "How much was the signing payment for Diego Maradona?", "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc64", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a35 million", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Diego Maradona signed by Barcelona?", "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc65", "answers": [{"text": "June 1982", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Barcelona defeat the season following the signing of Maradona?", "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc66", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was hired as manager in 1984?", "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc67", "answers": [{"text": "Terry Venables", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the loss to Steaua Bucuresti in Seville?", "id": "570c3ff26b8089140040fc68", "answers": [{"text": "penalties", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of \u00a35 million from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach Luis, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Maradona's time with Barcelona was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984\u201385 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucure\u015fti during a dramatic evening in Seville."}], ["Pada 16 Mac 1938, Barcelona berada di bawah pengeboman udara dari Tentera Udara Itali, menyebabkan lebih daripada 3,000 kematian, dengan salah satu bom yang memukul pejabat kelab. Beberapa bulan kemudian, Catalonia berada di bawah pendudukan dan sebagai simbol \"Catalunya\" yang tidak disiplin, kelab itu, kini turun kepada hanya 3,486 ahli, menghadapi beberapa sekatan. Semua tanda-tanda nasionalisme serantau, termasuk bahasa, bendera dan tanda separatisme lain dilarang di seluruh Sepanyol. Bendera Catalan diharamkan dan kelab itu dilarang menggunakan nama bukan Sepanyol. Langkah-langkah ini memaksa kelab menukar namanya ke Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona dan menghapus bendera Catalan dari puncaknya. <> Bilakah Itali membombardir Barcelona? || 16 Mac 1938 <> Mengapa klub Barcelona diletakkan di bawah sekatan semasa pendudukan? || \"tidak disiplin\" Catalanisme <> Apakah tanda-tanda apa yang dibuang kelab Barcelona? || nasionalisme serantau <> bendera apakah yang dikeluarkan dari puncak kelab? || Catalan <> Apa yang baru dinamakan adalah kelab Barcelona terpaksa mengadopsi? || Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Italians bomb Barcelona?", "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be12", "answers": [{"text": "16 March 1938", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was club Barcelona placed under restrictions during the occupation?", "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be13", "answers": [{"text": "\"undisciplined\" Catalanism", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of signs were removed form club Barcelona?", "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be14", "answers": [{"text": "regional nationalism", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What flag was removed from the club's crest?", "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be15", "answers": [{"text": "Catalan", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new named was the Barcelona club forced to adopt?", "id": "570c3e0dec8fbc190045be16", "answers": [{"text": "Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force, causing more than 3,000 deaths, with one of the bombs hitting the club's offices. A few months later, Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the \"undisciplined\" Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions. All signs of regional nationalism, including language, flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain. The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non-Spanish names. These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest."}], ["Bar\u00e7a mengalahkan Athletic Bilbao 4-1 dalam Copa del Rey Final 2009, memenangi pertandingan untuk memecah rekod ke-25. Kemenangan 2-6 bersejarah melawan Real Madrid berikutan tiga hari kemudian dan memastikan Barcelona menjadi juara La Liga untuk musim 2008-09. Bar\u00e7a menamatkan musim dengan mengalahkan juara Liga Juara-Juara tahun lepas Manchester United 2-0 di Stadio Olimpico di Rom untuk memenangi gelaran Liga Juara-Juara ketiga dan menamatkan treble pertama yang dimenangi oleh pasukan Sepanyol. Pasukan itu terus memenangi Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a 2009 menentang Athletic Bilbao dan Piala Super UEFA 2009 menentang Shakhtar Donetsk, menjadi kelab pertama Eropah untuk memenangi Piala Super domestik dan Eropah berikutan treble. Pada bulan Disember 2009, Barcelona memenangi Piala Dunia Kelab FIFA 2009, dan menjadi kelab bola sepak pertama yang pernah mencapai kejujuran. Barcelona mencapai dua rekod baru dalam bola sepak Sepanyol pada tahun 2010 kerana mengekalkan trofi La Liga dengan 99 mata dan memenangi trofi Piala Super Sepanyol buat kali kesembilan. <> Berapa kali Barcelona memenangi Copa del Rey? || 25 <> Apa pasukan Barcelona kalah untuk memenangi La Liga untuk musim 2008-09? || Real Madrid <> Apa pasukan Barcelona kalah untuk memenangi gelaran Liga Juara 2008-09? || Manchester United <> Pasukan Sepanyol manakah yang kalah Barcelona untuk memenangi Supercopa de Espana? || Athletic Bilbao <> Ketika Barcelona memenangi Piala Dunia FIFA 2009, apa yang pertama kali mereka lakukan? || sextuple", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?", "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd96", "answers": [{"text": "25", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?", "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd97", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?", "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd98", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester United", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?", "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd99", "answers": [{"text": "Athletic Bilbao", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?", "id": "570c33b8ec8fbc190045bd9a", "answers": [{"text": "sextuple", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bar\u00e7a beat Athletic Bilbao 4\u20131 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2\u20136 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008\u201309 season. Bar\u00e7a finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2\u20130 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team. The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time."}], ["Ia diumumkan pada musim panas tahun 2012 bahawa Tito Vilanova, penolong pengurus di FC Barcelona, akan mengambil alih dari Pep Guardiola sebagai pengurus. Berikutan pelantikannya, Barcelona melangkah ke luar biasa yang menyaksikan mereka menduduki tempat teratas dalam jadual liga untuk musim keseluruhan, mencatatkan hanya dua kerugian dan mengumpulkan 100 mata. Penjaring terbanyak mereka sekali lagi ialah Lionel Messi, yang menjaringkan 46 gol dalam Liga, termasuk dua hatrik. Pada 11 Mei 2013, Barcelona dinobatkan sebagai juara bola sepak Sepanyol buat kali ke-22, masih dengan empat perlawanan lagi untuk dimainkan. Akhirnya Barcelona mengakhiri musim 15 mata daripada Real Madrid, walaupun kalah 2-1 kepada mereka pada awal bulan Mac. Mereka mencapai peringkat separuh kedua Copa del Rey dan Liga Juara-Juara, masing-masing keluar ke Real Madrid dan Bayern Munich. Pada 19 Julai, ia diumumkan bahawa Vilanova meletak jawatan sebagai pengurus Barcelona kerana kanser tekaknya telah kembali, dan dia akan menerima rawatan buat kali kedua selepas cuti perubatan tiga bulan pada bulan Disember 2012. <> Bilakah Tito Vilanova menjadi pengurus FC Barcelona? || 2012 <> Siapa yang menggantikan Vilanova sebagai pengurus? || Pep Guardiola <> Berapakah jumlah poin yang dikumpulkan Barcelona semasa musim 20012? || 100 <> Siapa penjaring terbanyak Barcelona? || Lionel Messi <> Bilakah pasukan Barcelona menjadi juara bola sepak Sepanyol buat kali ke-22? || 11 Mei 2013", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona?", "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda0", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Vilanova replace as manager?", "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda1", "answers": [{"text": "Pep Guardiola", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season?", "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda2", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Barcelona's top scorer?", "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda3", "answers": [{"text": "Lionel Messi", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?", "id": "570c3504ec8fbc190045bda4", "answers": [{"text": "11 May 2013", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at FC Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager. Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points. Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in the League, including two hat-tricks. On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play. Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2\u20131 to them at the beginning of March. They reached the semifinal stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively. On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012."}], ["Kemudian pada bulan yang sama, Barcelona memenangi Piala Super UEFA setelah mengalahkan Porto 2-0 berkat gol dari Lionel Messi dan Cesc F\u00e0bregas. Ini memanjangkan bilangan keseluruhan trofi rasmi ke 74, melebihi jumlah trofi rasmi Real Madrid. Kemenangan Piala Super UEFA juga mencatatkan pencapaian yang luar biasa apabila Josep Guardiola memenangi trofi ke-12 daripada 15 mungkin hanya tiga tahun menerajui kelab itu, menjadi pemegang rekod sepanjang masa yang paling banyak dimenangi sebagai jurulatih di FC Barcelona. <> Apakah persaingan yang dimenangi oleh Barcelona kerana gol oleh Messi dan Fabregas? || Piala Super UEFA <> Pasukan manakah yang Barcelona tewas untuk memenangi Piala Super UEFA? || Porto <> Berapakah jumlah trofi terbanyak yang dimenangi Piala Super Barcelona? || 74 <> Apa pasukan yang membuat persaingan total Barcelona menang? || Real Madrid <> Siapa pemegang rekod untuk kemenangan trofi paling banyak sebagai jurulatih Barcelona? || Josep Guardiola", {"qas": [{"question": "What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?", "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d129", "answers": [{"text": "UEFA Super Cup", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?", "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12a", "answers": [{"text": "Porto", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?", "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12b", "answers": [{"text": "74", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?", "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12c", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?", "id": "570c5532b3d812140066d12d", "answers": [{"text": "Josep Guardiola", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2\u20130 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc F\u00e0bregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona."}], ["Pada 11 Ogos, Barcelona memulakan musim 2015-16 memenangi Piala Super Eropah kelima bersama dengan mengalahkan Sevilla FC 5-4 dalam Piala Super UEFA 2015. Mereka mengakhiri tahun dengan kemenangan 3-0 ke atas kelab Argentina River Plate pada 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final pada 20 Disember untuk memenangi trofi untuk rekod kali ketiga, dengan Su\u00e1rez, Messi dan Iniesta menjadi tiga pemain teratas dalam kejohanan itu. Piala Dunia Kelab FIFA adalah gelaran antarabangsa ke-20 Barcelona, satu rekod hanya dipadankan oleh kelab Mesir Al Ahly SC. Dengan menjaringkan 180 gol pada 2015 dalam semua pertandingan, Barcelona menetapkan rekod untuk gol yang paling banyak menjaringkan gol pada tahun kalendar, memecahkan rekod Real Madrid dengan 178 gol menjaringkan gol pada 2014. <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Barcelona untuk memenangi Piala Super UEFA 2015? || Sevilla FC <> Apa pasukan yang kalah Barcelona untuk memenangi Piala Dunia FIFA 2015? || River Plate <> Apakah satu-satunya pasukan untuk memadankan rekod kemenangan trofi Barcelona menjelang 2015? || Al Ahly SC <> Berapa banyak gol yang dilakukan Barcelona untuk memecahkan rekod untuk kebanyakan matlamat dalam setahun? || 180 <> Apa pasukan rekod sebelumnya adalah 178 gol dalam setahun? || Real Madrid", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Barcelona beat to win the 2015 UEFA Super Cup?", "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e5", "answers": [{"text": "Sevilla FC", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final?", "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e6", "answers": [{"text": "River Plate", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only team to match Barcelona's record of trophy wins by 2015?", "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e7", "answers": [{"text": "Al Ahly SC", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many goals did Barcelona score to break the record for most goals in a year?", "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e8", "answers": [{"text": "180", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What teams previous record was 178 goals in a year?", "id": "570c5825fed7b91900d458e9", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 11 August, Barcelona started the 2015\u201316 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla FC 5\u20134 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup. They ended the year with a 3\u20130 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with Su\u00e1rez, Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament. The FIFA Club World Cup was Barcelona's 20th international title, a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly SC. By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions, Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year, breaking Real Madrid's record of 178 goals scored in 2014."}], ["FC Barcelona telah berjaya memulakan cawan serantau dan kebangsaan, bersaing di Campionat de Catalunya dan Copa del Rey. Pada tahun 1902, kelab itu memenangi piala pertamanya, Copa Macaya, dan menyertai Copa del Rey yang pertama, kalah 1-2 untuk Bizcaya di final. Hans Gamper - sekarang dikenali sebagai Joan Gamper - menjadi presiden kelab pada tahun 1908, mencari kelab dalam kesulitan kewangan setelah tidak memenangi pertandingan semenjak Campionat de Catalunya pada tahun 1905. Presiden klub pada lima kesempatan terpisah antara 1908 dan 1925, ia menghabiskan 25 tahun di jumlah keseluruhan. Salah satu pencapaian utama beliau adalah memastikan Barca mendapat stadium sendiri dan menghasilkan pendapatan yang stabil. <> Pada tahun apakah Barcelona memenangi piala pertamanya? || 1902 <> Apakah cawan pertama Barcelona menang? || Copa Macaya <> Bilakah Joan Gamper menjadi presiden kelab Barcelona? || 1908 <> Berapa kali antara 1908 dan 1925 adalah presiden Gamper? || Lima <> Mengapa Gamper mahu Barcelona memperoleh stadium sendiri? || pendapatan yang stabil", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy? ", "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d4584d", "answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first cup Barcelona won?", "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d4584e", "answers": [{"text": "Copa Macaya", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?", "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d4584f", "answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?", "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d45850", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?", "id": "570c4b09fed7b91900d45851", "answers": [{"text": "stable income", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1\u20132 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper \u2014 now known as Joan Gamper \u2014 became club president in 1908, finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Bar\u00e7a acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income."}], ["Tahun 1960-an kurang berjaya untuk kelab itu, dengan Real Madrid memonopoli La Liga. Penyiapan Camp Nou, selesai pada 1957, bermakna kelab itu mempunyai sedikit wang untuk dibelanjakan untuk pemain baru. 1960-an menyaksikan kemunculan Josep Maria Fust\u00e9 dan Carles Rexach, dan kelab memenangi Copa del General\u00edsimo pada tahun 1963 dan Piala Fairs pada tahun 1966. Barcelona memulihkan kebanggaan dengan mengalahkan Real Madrid 1-0 pada final Copa del General\u00edsimo 1968 di Bernab\u00e9u di hadapan Franco, dengan jurulatih Salvador Artigas, bekas juruterbang republikan dalam perang saudara. Dengan berakhirnya pemerintahan diktator Franco pada tahun 1974, kelab itu mengubah nama rasminya ke Futbol Club Barcelona dan kembali ke puncaknya dengan reka bentuk asalnya, termasuk surat asal sekali lagi. <> Apa pasukan mendominasi pada tahun 1960-an di La Liga? || Real Madrid <> Karena kemunculan Fuste dan Rexach, apakah kompetisi Barcelona menang pada tahun 1963? || Copa del General\u00edsimo <> Apa pertandingan yang dimenangi Barcelona pada tahun 1966? || Piala Fairs <> Siapa yang hadir apabila Barcelona menewaskan Real Madrid pada tahun 1968? || Franco <> Dengan pemerintahan diktator Franco, ke apa yang diubah oleh Barcelona? || Futbol Club Barcelona", {"qas": [{"question": "What team was dominate in the 1960s in La Liga?", "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45891", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to the emergence of Fuste and Rexach, what competition did Barcelona win in 1963?", "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45892", "answers": [{"text": "Copa del General\u00edsimo", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What competition did Barcelona win in 1966?", "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45893", "answers": [{"text": "Fairs Cup", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was present when Barcelona beat Real Madrid in 1968?", "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45894", "answers": [{"text": "Franco", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With Franco's dictatorship over, to what did Barcelona change their name ?", "id": "570c4f18fed7b91900d45895", "answers": [{"text": "Futbol Club Barcelona", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga. The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players. The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fust\u00e9 and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del General\u00edsimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966. Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1\u20130 in the 1968 Copa del General\u00edsimo final at the Bernab\u00e9u in front of Franco, with coach Salvador Artigas, a former republican pilot in the civil war. With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again."}], ["Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1899 oleh sekumpulan pemain bola sepak Swiss, Inggeris dan Catalan yang diketuai oleh Joan Gamper, kelab itu menjadi simbol budaya Catalan dan Catalanisme, maka motto \"M\u00e9s que un club\" (Lebih daripada kelab). Tidak seperti kebanyakan kelab bola sepak lain, penyokong memiliki dan mengendalikan Barcelona. Ia adalah pasukan sukan paling berharga kedua di dunia, bernilai $ 3.16 bilion, dan kelab bola sepak terkaya kedua di dunia dari segi pendapatan, dengan perolehan tahunan sebanyak \u20ac 560.8 juta. Lagu rasmi Barcelona adalah \"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\", ditulis oleh Jaume Picas dan Josep Maria Espin\u00e0s. <> Bilakah Barcelona ditubuhkan? || 1899 <> Siapa yang mengetuai pengasas kelab bola sepak Barcelona? || Joan Gamper <> Apa moto Barcelona? || Lebih dari kelab <> Berapa nilai kelab Barcelona? || $ 3.16 bilion <> Apa judul lagu kelab Barcelona? || \"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\"", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Barcelona founded?", "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d45839", "answers": [{"text": "1899", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club?", "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583a", "answers": [{"text": "Joan Gamper", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Barcelona motto?", "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583b", "answers": [{"text": "M\u00e9s que un club", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is club Barcelona worth?", "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583c", "answers": [{"text": "$3.16 billion", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of the Barcelona club song?", "id": "570c49c2fed7b91900d4583d", "answers": [{"text": "\"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\"", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto \"M\u00e9s que un club\" (More than a club). Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.16 billion, and the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac560.8 million. The official Barcelona anthem is the \"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espin\u00e0s."}], ["Pada bulan April 2014, FIFA mengharamkan kelab daripada membeli pemain untuk dua jendela perpindahan yang berikutnya berikutan pelanggaran peraturan FIFA mengenai perpindahan pemain bola sepak yang berumur bawah 18 tahun. Kenyataan di laman web FIFA telah membaca \"Berkenaan dengan kes yang dipersoalkan, FC Barcelona telah didapati melanggar undang-undang 19 Peraturan dalam kes sepuluh pemain kecil dan telah melakukan beberapa pelanggaran serentak lain dalam konteks pemain lain, termasuk di bawah Lampiran 2 Peraturan-Peraturan. Jawatankuasa Tatatertib menganggap pelanggaran sebagai serius dan memutuskan untuk memberi kelulusan kepada kelab itu dengan larangan pemindahan di peringkat kebangsaan dan antarabangsa untuk dua tempoh pemindahan lengkap dan berturut-turut, bersama-sama dengan denda CHF 450,000. Selain itu, kelab itu diberikan tempoh 90 hari untuk memperbaharui keadaan semua pemain kecil yang berkenaan. \" FIFA menolak rayuan pada bulan Ogos tetapi rayuan tertunda kepada Mahkamah Timbang Tara untuk Sukan membenarkan Barcelona untuk menandatangani pemain pada musim panas 2014. <> Ketika FIFA melarang Barcelona membeli pemain? || April 2014 <> Apakah tuduhan FIFA yang melanggar Barcelona? || pemain bola sepak berusia 18 tahun <> Apa yang patut dilakukan FIFA di Barcelona kerana melanggar peraturan? || CHF 450,000 <> Bilakah FIFA menolak rayuan terhadap peraturan melanggar peraturan? || Ogos <> Apakah rayuan yang menunggu keputusan membenarkan Barcelona melakukannya? || pemain pemain", {"qas": [{"question": "When FIFA ban Barcelona from buying players?", "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d149", "answers": [{"text": "April 2014", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the FIFA  charge that Barcelona violated?", "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14a", "answers": [{"text": "footballers aged under 18", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation?", "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14b", "answers": [{"text": "CHF 450,000", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did FIFA reject an appeal of the rules violation ruling?", "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14c", "answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 901}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the pending appeal allow Barcelona to do anyway?", "id": "570c56a1b3d812140066d14d", "answers": [{"text": "sign players", "answer_start": 990}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In April 2014, FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18. A statement on FIFA's website read \"With regard to the case in question, FC Barcelona has been found to be in breach of art. 19 of the Regulations in the case of ten minor players and to have committed several other concurrent infringements in the context of other players, including under Annexe 2 of the Regulations. The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods, together with a fine of CHF 450,000. Additionally, the club was granted a period of 90 days in which to regularise the situation of all minor players concerned.\" FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014."}], ["Walaupun menjadi kegemaran dan bermula dengan kuat, Barcelona menamatkan musim 2006-07 tanpa trofi. Lawatan pra-musim AS kemudiannya dipersalahkan untuk rentetan kecederaan kepada pemain utama, termasuk penyerang utama Eto'o dan bintang bintang Lionel Messi. Terdapat pertikaian terbuka ketika Eto'o mengkritik jurulatih Frank Rijkaard dan Ronaldinho secara terbuka. Ronaldinho juga mengakui bahawa kekurangan kecergasan mempengaruhi bentuknya. Di La Liga, Barcelona berada di tempat pertama untuk musim ini, tetapi tidak konsisten di Tahun Baru menyaksikan Real Madrid menyusul mereka untuk menjadi juara. Barcelona maju ke separuh akhir Copa del Rey, memenangi perlawanan pertama menentang Getafe 5-2, dengan gol dari Messi membawa perbandingan dengan matlamat Diego Maradona pada abad ini, tetapi kemudian kalah di leg kedua 4-0. Mereka mengambil bahagian dalam Piala Dunia Kelab 2006 FIFA, tetapi telah dipukul oleh gol lewat di final menentang pasukan Brazil Internacional. Di Liga Juara-Juara, Barcelona tersingkir daripada persaingan pada 16 terakhir oleh pelari-pelari akhir-akhir Liverpool di tempat sendiri. <> Bagaimana Barcelona menamatkan musim 2006-07? || tanpa trofi <> Apa acara yang dipersalahkan kerana kecederaan kepada bintang Barcelona? || Lawatan AS <> Apakah pasukan yang mengalahkan Barcelona di La Liga pada musim 2006-07? || Real Madrid <> Kepada siapa matlamat Messi di leg pertama Copa del Rey berbanding? || Diego Maradona <> Pasukan apa yang mendorong Barcelona keluar dari perlawanan Liga Juara? || Liverpool", {"qas": [{"question": "How did Barcelona finish the 2006-07 season?", "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d103", "answers": [{"text": "without trophies", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event was blamed for the injuries to Barcelona stars?", "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d104", "answers": [{"text": "US tour", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team beat Barcelona in La Liga in the 2006-07 season?", "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d105", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom was Messi's goal in the first leg of the Copa del Rey compared?", "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d106", "answers": [{"text": "Diego Maradona", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team pushed Barcelona out of the Champions League play?", "id": "570c52dfb3d812140066d107", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 1013}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006\u201307 season without trophies. A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi. There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form. In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions. Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5\u20132, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4\u20130. They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional. In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals."}], ["Pada musim 2005-06, Barcelona mengulangi kejayaan liga dan Supercup mereka. Kemunculan musim liga tiba di Stadium Santiago Bernab\u00e9u dalam kemenangan 3-0 ke atas Real Madrid. Ia adalah kemenangan kedua Frank Rijkaard di Bernab\u00e9u, menjadikan dia pengurus pertama Barcelona untuk menang di sana dua kali. Persembahan Ronaldinho sangat mengagumkan yang selepas gol keduanya, yang merupakan pemain ketiga Barcelona, beberapa peminat Real Madrid memberinya tepuk tangan. Di Liga Juara-Juara, Barcelona mengalahkan kelab Inggeris Arsenal di final. Trails 1-0 kepada Arsenal 10 pemain dan kurang dari 15 minit, mereka kembali untuk memenangi 2-1, dengan pemain gantian Henrik Larsson, dalam penampilan terakhirnya untuk kelab itu, menubuhkan gol untuk Samuel Eto'o dan rakan-rakan menggantikan Juliano Belletti, untuk kemenangan Piala Eropah yang pertama dalam 14 tahun. <> Dimana Barcelona mengalahkan Real Madrid untuk kemenangan trofi pada 2005-06? || Stadium Santiago Bernab\u00e9u <> Apakah skor kemenangan untuk perlawanan dengan Real Madrid di stadium Bernabeu? || 3-0 <> Berapa banyak kemenangan yang dimainkan Frank Rijkaard di Stadium Bernabeu? || kemenangan kedua <> Apa pengiktirafan yang dicapai oleh gol kedua Ronaldinho di Bernabeu? || standing ovation <> Apa pasukan yang kalah Barcelona untuk memenangi trofi Liga Juara? || Arsenal", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Barcelona defeat Real Madrid for a trophy win in 2005-06?", "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fb", "answers": [{"text": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the winning score for the game with Real Madrid at Bernabeu stadium?", "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fc", "answers": [{"text": "3\u20130", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wins did Frank Rijkaard have at Bernabeu Stadium?", "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fd", "answers": [{"text": "second victory", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What recognition did Ronaldinho's second goal receive at Bernabeu?", "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458fe", "answers": [{"text": "standing ovation", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win the Champions League trophy?", "id": "570c59fcfed7b91900d458ff", "answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 2005\u201306 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes. The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium in a 3\u20130 win over Real Madrid. It was Frank Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernab\u00e9u, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice. Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation. In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final. Trailing 1\u20130 to a 10-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2\u20131, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years."}], ["Pada tahun 1943, Barcelona menghadapi saingan Real Madrid di separuh akhir Copa del General\u00edsimo (sekarang Copa del Rey). Perlawanan pertama di Les Corts dimenangi oleh Barcelona 3-0. Real Madrid dengan selesa memenangi leg kedua, mengalahkan Barcelona 11-1. Menurut penulis sepakbola, Sid Lowe, \"Terdapat sedikit menyebutkan permainan ini dan bukannya hasil yang sangat dirayakan di Madrid. Sebenarnya, 11-1 menduduki tempat yang jauh lebih menonjol dalam sejarah Barcelona. \" Ia telah didakwa oleh wartawan tempatan Paco Aguilar bahawa pemain Barcelona diancam oleh polisi di ruang ganti, walaupun tidak pernah terbukti. <> Apa pasukan memenangi perlawanan pertama di Copa del Generalissimo tahun 1943? || Barcelona <> Apakah skor perlawanan kedua pada 1943 bermain menentang Real Madrid? || 11-1 <> Siapa yang dikhabarkan telah mengancam pemain Barcelona sebelum perlawanan menentang Real Madrid? || polis <> Apa wartawan mendakwa bahawa pasukan Barcelona terancam untuk memastikan kemenangan Real Madrid? || Paco Aguilar <> Apa yang telah dibuktikan mengenai ancaman yang dikatakan ke Barcelona sebelum perlawanan? || tiada apa-apa", {"qas": [{"question": "What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo?", "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a1", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid?", "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a2", "answers": [{"text": "11\u20131", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid?", "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a3", "answers": [{"text": "police", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid's win?", "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a4", "answers": [{"text": "Paco Aguilar", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game?", "id": "570c4d68b3d812140066d0a5", "answers": [{"text": "nothing", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del General\u00edsimo (now the Copa del Rey). The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3\u20130. Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11\u20131. According to football writer Sid Lowe, \"There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11\u20131 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history.\" It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven."}], ["Pada masa ini, ketegangan mula timbul antara apa yang dilihat sebagai pemerintahan diktator presiden N\u00fa\u00f1ez dan kumpulan sokongan kebangsaan, Boixos Nois. Kumpulan itu, yang dikenal pasti dengan separatisme sayap kiri, berulang kali menuntut peletakan jawatan N\u00fa\u00f1ez dan secara terang-terangan menentangnya melalui lagu-lagu dan sepanduk pada perlawanan. Pada masa yang sama, Barcelona mengalami letusan dalam skinheads, yang sering dikenal pasti dengan separatisme sayap kanan. The skinheads perlahan memindahkan ideologi Boixos Nois dari liberalisme ke fasisme, yang menyebabkan pembahagian dalam kumpulan dan sokongan secara tiba-tiba untuk presiden N\u00fa\u00f1ez. Diilhamkan oleh hooligans British, baki Boixos Nois menjadi ganas, menyebabkan kekacauan yang membawa kepada penangkapan besar-besaran. <> Apa kumpulan politik mahu Nunez meletak jawatan sebagai presiden? || Boixos Nois <> Kepada apa yang dikatakan Boixos Nois sebagai milik? || separatisme sayap kiri <> Apa pemisah sayap kanan cuba menyebarkan fasisme ke Boixos Nois? || skinheads <> Apa yang berpecah akibat dalam kumpulan Boixos Nois yang menyebabkan ramai menyokong? || Presiden N\u00fa\u00f1ez <> Apa keganasan akibat keganasan yang dihasilkan oleh pelaku ekstremis? || penangkapan besar-besaran", {"qas": [{"question": "What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency?", "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0dd", "answers": [{"text": "Boixos Nois", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging?", "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0de", "answers": [{"text": "left-wing separatism", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois?", "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0df", "answers": [{"text": "skinheads", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support?", "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0e0", "answers": [{"text": "N\u00fa\u00f1ez's presidency", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce?", "id": "570c5132b3d812140066d0e1", "answers": [{"text": "large-scale arrests", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president N\u00fa\u00f1ez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois. The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of N\u00fa\u00f1ez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches. At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism. The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for N\u00fa\u00f1ez's presidency. Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests."}], ["Pemain terbaik FC FC sepanjang masa dalam semua pertandingan (termasuk persaudaraan) adalah Lionel Messi dengan 474 gol. Messi juga merupakan pencetak gol tertinggi sepanjang masa untuk Barcelona dalam semua pertandingan rasmi, tidak termasuk persahabatan, dengan 445 gol. Dia adalah pencetak gol untuk Barcelona di Eropah (82 gol) dan pertandingan kelab antarabangsa (90 gol), dan pencapaian rekod liga dengan 305 gol di La Liga. Empat pemain berjaya menjaringkan lebih 100 gol di Barcelona: Lionel Messi (305), C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez (192), L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala (131) dan Samuel Eto'o (108). <> Apakah jumlah gol Lionel Messi dalam semua pertandingan? || 474 <> Berapa banyak pemain di pasukan Barelona yang menjaringkan lebih 100 gol? || Empat <> Apakah skor matlamat Messi dalam pertandingan rasmi? || 445 <> Berapa banyak gol yang telah disahkan Messi dalam pertandingan La Liga? || 305 <> Siapa penjaring gol tertinggi berikutnya selepas Mess? || C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Lionel Messi's goal total in all competitions?", "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d1", "answers": [{"text": "474", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many players on the Barelona team have scored over 100 goals?", "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d2", "answers": [{"text": "Four", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions?", "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d3", "answers": [{"text": "445", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions?", "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d4", "answers": [{"text": "305", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the next highest goal scorer after Mess?", "id": "570c75c9fed7b91900d459d5", "answers": [{"text": "C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 474 goals. Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions, excluding friendlies, with 445 goals. He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (82 goals) and international club competitions (90 goals), and the record league scorer with 305 goals in La Liga. Four players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona: Lionel Messi (305), C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez (192), L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108)."}], ["Warna biru dan merah baju pertama kali dipakai dalam pertandingan melawan Hispania pada tahun 1900. Beberapa teori bersaing telah disediakan untuk reka bentuk biru dan merah baju Barcelona. Anak lelaki presiden pertama, Arthur Witty, mendakwa ia adalah idea ayahnya kerana warna-warna itu sama dengan pasukan Sekolah Merchant Taylor. Penjelasan lain, menurut pengarang Toni Strubell, adalah warna-warna dari Republik Pertama Robespierre. Di Catalonia, persepsi umum ialah warna-warna yang dipilih oleh Joan Gamper dan merupakan pasukan rumahnya, FC Basel. Warna perubahan kelab yang paling sering digunakan ialah warna kuning dan oren. Kit jauhnya yang menampilkan garis merah dan kuning bendera Catalonia juga telah digunakan. <> Bilakah warna biru dan merah dipakai untuk permainan oleh Barcelona? || 1900 <> Ketika warna-warna pertama dipakai, apakah pasukan yang bermain Barcelona? || Hispania <> Dari apa sumbernya yang dikatakan Catalons warna merah / biru berasal? || Joan Gamper <> Apa yang dilambangkan oleh jalur merah dan kuning kit jauh? || bendera Catalonia <> Apakah warna perubahan yang paling sering digunakan oleh Barcelona? || kuning dan oren", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona?", "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d21d", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?", "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d21e", "answers": [{"text": "Hispania", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated?", "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d21f", "answers": [{"text": "Joan Gamper", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize?", "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d220", "answers": [{"text": "flag of Catalonia", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Barcelona's most often used change colors?", "id": "570c8d7cb3d812140066d221", "answers": [{"text": "yellow and orange", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900. Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt. The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team. Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic. In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel. The club's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange. An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used."}], ["Pada tahun 1980, apabila stadium itu memerlukan reka bentuk semula untuk memenuhi kriteria UEFA, kelab mengumpul wang dengan menawarkan penyokong peluang untuk menuliskan nama mereka pada batu bata untuk bayaran yang kecil. Ide ini popular dengan penyokong, dan beribu-ribu orang membayar yuran tersebut. Kemudian ini menjadi pusat kontroversi apabila media di Madrid mengambil laporan bahawa salah satu batu itu ditulis dengan nama pengerusi Real Madrid lama dan pendukung Franco Santiago Bernab\u00e9u. Sebagai persediaan untuk Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1992, dua tempat duduk telah dipasang di atas bumbung sebelumnya. Ia mempunyai kapasiti semasa 99,354 menjadikannya stadium terbesar di Eropah. <> Mengapa stadium perlu direka semula pada tahun 1980? || memenuhi kriteria UEFA <> Apa yang orang boleh lakukan untuk bata dengan bayaran untuk menyokong reka bentuk semula stadium? || tulis nama mereka <> Bagaimana penyokong pasukan melihat prasasti mengenai idea batu bata? || popular <> Apa nama inskripsi adalah pusat kontroversi? || Santiago Bernab\u00e9u <> Apakah kapasiti stadium Barcelona? || 99,354", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the stadium need to be redesigned in 1980?", "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d209", "answers": [{"text": "meet UEFA criteria", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were people allowed to do to bricks for a fee to support the stadium redesign?", "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20a", "answers": [{"text": "inscribe their name", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did supporters of the team view the inscriptions on bricks idea?", "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20b", "answers": [{"text": "popular", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name inscription was a center of controversy?", "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20c", "answers": [{"text": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capacity of the Barcelona stadium?", "id": "570c7c46b3d812140066d20d", "answers": [{"text": "99,354", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee. The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee. Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernab\u00e9u. In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline. It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe."}], ["Pada tahun 1918 Espanyol memulakan petisyen balas terhadap autonomi, yang pada masa itu telah menjadi isu penting. Kemudian, kumpulan penyokong Espanyol akan menyertai Falangis dalam Perang Saudara Sepanyol, yang berpihak kepada fasis. Walaupun perbezaan ideologi ini, derbi selalu lebih relevan dengan penyokong Espanyol daripada Barcelona yang disebabkan oleh perbezaan objektif. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini persaingan semakin kurang politik, kerana Espanyol menerjemahkan namanya dan lagu rasmi dari Spanyol ke Bahasa Catalan. <> Bilakah Espanyol menawarkan petisyen balas terhadap autonomi? || 1918 <> Kumpulan perang saudara yang mana beberapa penyokong Espanyol menyertai? || Falangists <> Apa acara yang lebih relevan dengan penyokong Espanyol daripada peminat Barcelona? || derbi <> Dari bahasa apakah bahasa Espanyol menterjemahkan nama mereka? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Bagaimana persaingan antara Espanyol dan Barcelona berubah? || kurang politik", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Espanyol  offer a counter-petition against autonomy?", "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f5", "answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join?", "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f6", "answers": [{"text": "Falangists", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans?", "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f7", "answers": [{"text": "derbi", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what language did Espanyol translate their name?", "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f8", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How has the rivalry between Espanyol and Barcelona  changed?", "id": "570c73d8b3d812140066d1f9", "answers": [{"text": "less political", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1918 Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue. Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists. Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives. In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan."}], ["Secara tradisinya, Espanyol dilihat oleh majoriti penduduk Barcelona sebagai kelab yang menanam kepatuhan kepada pihak berkuasa pusat, yang sangat berbeza dengan semangat revolusi Barca. Juga pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, sementara FC Barcelona bertindak sebagai kekuatan mengintegrasikan ketibaan baru Catalonia dari wilayah miskin di Spanyol yang mengharapkan untuk mencari kehidupan yang lebih baik, Espanyol menarik sokongan mereka terutama dari sektor yang berdekatan dengan rejim seperti anggota polis, pegawai tentera, hamba dan fasis kerjaya. <> Bagaimana pandangan Espanyol sebagai ke arah otoritas Sepanyol oleh orang-orang Barcelona? || pematuhan <> Semangat apa jenis yang Team Barcelona nampaknya menggalakkan? || revolusioner <> Apa jenis penyokong yang menarik Barcelona? || Ketibaan baru Catalonia <> Dari mana Espanyol menarik penyokong mereka? || dekat dengan rejim <> Bilakah Barcelona bertindak sebagai tarikan kepada ketibaan baru dari bahasa Catalan? || 1960-an dan 1970-an", {"qas": [{"question": "How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona?", "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d213", "answers": [{"text": "compliance", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage?", "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d214", "answers": [{"text": "revolutionary", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of supporters did Barcelona  attract?", "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d215", "answers": [{"text": "Catalonia's new arrivals", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did Espanyol draw their supporters?", "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d216", "answers": [{"text": "close to the regime", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan?", "id": "570c7e1eb3d812140066d217", "answers": [{"text": "1960s and 1970s", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Bar\u00e7a's revolutionary spirit. Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists."}], ["Seringkali persaingan sengit antara kedua-dua pasukan paling kuat dalam liga kebangsaan, dan ini terutama berlaku di La Liga, di mana permainan antara Barcelona dan Real Madrid dikenali sebagai El Cl\u00e1sico. Dari permulaan pertandingan kebangsaan, kelab-kelab dilihat sebagai wakil dua rival di Sepanyol: Catalonia dan Castile, serta kedua-dua bandar. Persaingan mencerminkan apa yang dikatakan oleh ramai orang sebagai ketegangan politik dan budaya yang dirasakan antara Catalans dan Castilians, dilihat oleh satu pengarang sebagai re-enakmen Perang Saudara Sepanyol. <> Apa permainan antara saingan Barcelona dan Real Madrid dipanggil? || El Cl\u00e1sico <> Apa perbezaan asas antara pasukan Barcelona dan Real Madrid? || kawasan saingan <> Kawasan apa yang Sepanyol buat pasukan Barcelona dan Real Madrid mewakili? || Catalonia and Castile <> Apakah ketegangan macam mana kedua-dua pasukan dilihat sebagai memaparkan? || politik dan budaya <> Selain bidang Sepanyol, apakah perbezaan yang ada di antara Barcelona dan Real Madrid? || dua bandar", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called?", "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e5", "answers": [{"text": "El Cl\u00e1sico", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid?", "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e6", "answers": [{"text": "rival regions", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent?", "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e7", "answers": [{"text": "Catalonia and Castile", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?", "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e8", "answers": [{"text": "political and cultural", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the areas of Spain, what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid?", "id": "570c7a9afed7b91900d459e9", "answers": [{"text": "two cities", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Cl\u00e1sico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War."}], ["Barcelona memenangi treble pada musim 2014-2015, memenangi La Liga, Copa del Rey dan tajuk Liga Juara-Juara, dan menjadi pasukan Eropah pertama yang memenangi dua kali ganda. Pada 17 Mei, kelab itu merangkul gelaran La Liga ke-23 selepas mengalahkan Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. Ini adalah gelaran La Liga ketujuh Barcelona dalam sepuluh tahun yang lalu. Pada 30 Mei, kelab itu mengalahkan Athletic Bilbao di final Copa del Rey di Camp Nou. Pada 6 Jun, Barcelona memenangi final Liga Juara-Juara UEFA dengan kemenangan 3-1 melawan Juventus, yang menyelesaikan treble, kelab kedua dalam tempoh 6 tahun. Trio menyerang Barcelona, Messi, Su\u00e1rez dan Neymar, dijuluki MSN, menjaringkan 122 gol dalam semua pertandingan, yang paling dalam satu musim untuk menyerang trio dalam sejarah sepak bola Spanyol. <> Pasukan apa yang telah memenangi pertandingan treble dua kali? || Barcelona <> Apakah persaingan yang dimenangi oleh Barcelona pada 17 Mei musim 2014-15? || La Liga <> Apa pasukan Barcelona kalah untuk memenangi kejuaraan La Liga ke-23? || Atl\u00e9tico Madrid <> Apakah trio pemain, Messi, Suarez, dan Neymar dipanggil? || MSN <> Berapakah jumlah gol yang mempunyai MSN trio menjaringkan gol pada musim 2014-15? || 122", {"qas": [{"question": "What team has won the treble competitions  twice?", "id": "570c774db3d812140066d1ff", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?", "id": "570c774db3d812140066d200", "answers": [{"text": "La Liga", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?", "id": "570c774db3d812140066d201", "answers": [{"text": "Atl\u00e9tico Madrid", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?", "id": "570c774db3d812140066d202", "answers": [{"text": "MSN", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many total goals have the trio MSN  scored in the 2014-15 season?", "id": "570c774db3d812140066d203", "answers": [{"text": "122", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Barcelona won the treble in the 2014\u20132015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years. On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou. On 6 June, Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3\u20131 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in 6 years. Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Su\u00e1rez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history."}], ["Sebelum musim 2011-2012, Barcelona mempunyai sejarah yang panjang mengelakkan penajaan korporat pada baju bermain. Pada 14 Julai 2006, kelab itu mengumumkan perjanjian lima tahun dengan UNICEF, yang termasuk logo UNICEF di baju mereka. Perjanjian itu telah menyumbangkan \u20ac 1.5 juta setiap tahun kepada UNICEF (0.7 peratus daripada pendapatan biasanya, bersamaan dengan Sasaran Bantuan Antarabangsa PBB, seperti ODA) melalui FC Barcelona Foundation. Yayasan FC Barcelona adalah entiti yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1994 atas cadangan pengerusi kemudian Jawatankuasa Ekonomi Ekaristi, Jaime Gil-Aluja. Ideanya ialah untuk menubuhkan yayasan yang boleh menarik penajaan kewangan untuk menyokong syarikat sukan bukan keuntungan. Pada tahun 2004, sebuah syarikat boleh menjadi salah satu daripada 25 \"anggota kehormat\" dengan menyumbang antara \u00a3 40,000-60,000 (\u00a3 54,800-82,300) setahun. Terdapat juga 48 keahlian bersekutu yang boleh didapati dengan yuran tahunan sebanyak \u00a3 14,000 (\u00a3 19,200) dan jumlah \"pengawal\" yang tidak terhad untuk kos \u00a3 4,000 setahun (\u00a3 5,500). Tidak jelas sama ada anggota kehormat mempunyai apa-apa formal dalam dasar kelab, tetapi menurut pengarang Anthony King, \"tidak mungkin Keanggotaan Kehormatan tidak akan melibatkan sekurang-kurangnya pengaruh tidak formal atas kelab\". <> Apakah tajaan korporat Barcelona bersetuju pada tahun 2006? || UNICEF <> Berapa banyak sumbangan Barcelona kepada UNICEF setahun? || \u20ac 1.5 juta <> Apa sasaran yang dermakan Barcelona untuk perlawanan UNICEF? || Sasaran Bantuan Antarabangsa PBB <> Siapa yang mencadangkan penubuhan Yayasan FC Barcelona? || Jaime Gil-Aluja <> Apakah asas Barcelona untuk menarik? || penajaan kewangan", {"qas": [{"question": "What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006? ", "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459db", "answers": [{"text": "UNICEF", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?", "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459dc", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac1.5 million", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?", "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459dd", "answers": [{"text": "UN International Aid Target", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?", "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459de", "answers": [{"text": "Jaime Gil-Aluja", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract? ", "id": "570c78d9fed7b91900d459df", "answers": [{"text": "financial sponsorships", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Prior to the 2011\u20132012 season, Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five-year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement had the club donate \u20ac1.5 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 percent of its ordinary income, equal to the UN International Aid Target, cf. ODA) via the FC Barcelona Foundation. The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee, Jaime Gil-Aluja. The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company. In 2004, a company could become one of 25 \"Honorary members\" by contributing between \u00a340,000\u201360,000 (\u00a354,800\u201382,300) per year. There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of \u00a314,000 (\u00a319,200) and an unlimited number of \"patronages\" for the cost of \u00a34,000 per year (\u00a35,500). It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy, but according to the author Anthony King, it is \"unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club\"."}], ["Selepas perpindahan Laporta dari kelab pada Jun 2010, Sandro Rosell telah dipilih sebagai presiden baru. Pemilihan itu diadakan pada 13 Jun, di mana beliau mendapat 61.35% (57,088 undi, rekod) daripada jumlah undi. Rosell menandatangani David Villa dari Valencia untuk \u20ac 40 juta dan Javier Mascherano dari Liverpool dengan \u20ac 19 juta. Pada November 2010, Barcelona mengalahkan saingan utama mereka, Real Madrid 5-0 di El Cl\u00e1sico. Dalam musim 2010-11, Barcelona mengekalkan trofi La Liga, gelaran ketiga berturut-turut berturut-turut, dengan 96 mata. Pada April 2011, kelab itu mencapai final Copa del Rey, kalah 1-0 ke Real Madrid di Mestalla di Valencia. Pada bulan Mei, Barcelona mengalahkan Manchester United dalam Liga Juara-Juara Akhir 2011 yang berlangsung di Stadium Wembley, yang mengulangi perlawanan akhir 2009, memenangi Piala Eropah keempat mereka. Pada bulan Ogos 2011, lulusan La Masia Cesc F\u00e0bregas dibeli dari Arsenal dan dia akan membantu Barcelona mempertahankan Supercup Sepanyol melawan Real Madrid. Kemenangan Supercup membawa jumlah trofi rasmi kepada 73, yang menyamai jumlah gelaran yang dimenangi oleh Real Madrid. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai presiden kelab Barcelona pada tahun 2010? || Sandro Rosell <> Berapa peratuskah undi presiden yang Rosell mendapat? || 61.35% <> Apakah jumlah undi yang diterima Rosell untuk presiden? || 57,088 <> Berapa gaji Barcelona untuk menandatangani David Villa? || \u20ac 40 juta <> Pasukan apa yang Barcelona tewas di El Clasico pada tahun 2010? || Real Madrid", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010?", "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d4599d", "answers": [{"text": "Sandro Rosell", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the votes for president did Rosell get?", "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d4599e", "answers": [{"text": "61.35%", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Rosell's record number of votes he received for president?", "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d4599f", "answers": [{"text": "57,088", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Barcelona pay to sign  David Villa?", "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d459a0", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac40 million", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona beat in El Clasico in 2010?", "id": "570c6652fed7b91900d459a1", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president. The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61.35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes. Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for \u20ac40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for \u20ac19 million. In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival, Real Madrid 5\u20130 in El Cl\u00e1sico. In the 2010\u201311 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points. In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1\u20130 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla in Valencia. In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3\u20131 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup. In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc F\u00e0bregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid. The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid."}], ["Semasa pemerintahan diktator Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-1930) dan terutamanya Francisco Franco (1939-1975), semua budaya serantau ditindas. Semua bahasa yang digunakan dalam wilayah Sepanyol, kecuali Sepanyol (Castilian) sendiri, telah diharamkan secara rasmi. Melambangkan keinginan orang Catalan untuk kebebasan, Bar\u00e7a menjadi 'Lebih dari sebuah kelab' (M\u00e9s que un club) untuk Catalans. Menurut Manuel V\u00e1zquez Montalb\u00e1n, cara terbaik bagi Catalans untuk menunjukkan identitas mereka adalah dengan bergabung dengan Bar\u00e7a. Ia kurang berisiko daripada menyertai pergerakan anti-Franco rahasia, dan membenarkan mereka untuk menyatakan penderitaan mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa rejim Franco, pasukan blaugrana telah mendapat keuntungan kerana hubungan baiknya dengan diktator di peringkat pengurusan, malah memberi dua penghargaan kepadanya. <> Apa yang menyebabkan penindasan budaya serantau? || kediktatoran <> Daripada bahasa-bahasa itu, apakah satu-satunya bahasa yang diluluskan? || Bahasa Sepanyol (Castilian) <> Bagaimana Catalans menunjukkan identiti mereka semasa kediktatoran? || menyertai Barca <> Pasukan apa yang dianugerahkan oleh Franco kerana mempunyai hubungan yang baik? || blaugrana <> Apa moto pasukan Barcelona merayu kepada Catalans? || 'Lebih daripada kelab'", {"qas": [{"question": "What caused the suppression of regional cultures?", "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45981", "answers": [{"text": "dictatorships", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the languages of the are, what was the only approved language?", "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45982", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish (Castilian)", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Catalans show their identity during the dictatorships?", "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45983", "answers": [{"text": "joining Bar\u00e7a", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship?", "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45984", "answers": [{"text": "blaugrana", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What motto of the team Barcelona appealed to the Catalans?", "id": "570c6506fed7b91900d45985", "answers": [{"text": "'More than a club'", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923\u20131930) and especially of Francisco Franco (1939\u20131975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned. Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Bar\u00e7a became 'More than a club' (M\u00e9s que un club) for the Catalans. According to Manuel V\u00e1zquez Montalb\u00e1n, the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Bar\u00e7a. It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement, and allowed them to express their dissidence. During Franco's regime, however, the blaugrana team was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him."}], ["Nama cul\u00e9 untuk penyokong Barcelona berasal dari Catalan cul (bahasa Inggeris: ass), sebagai penonton di stadium pertama, Camp de la Ind\u00fastria, duduk dengan cul mereka di atas pendiriannya. Di Sepanyol, kira-kira 25% penduduk dikatakan sebagai simpatisan Bar\u00e7a, kedua di belakang Real Madrid, disokong oleh 32% penduduk. Sepanjang Eropah, Barcelona adalah kelab kegemaran pilihan kedua. Angka keanggotaan kelab telah menyaksikan peningkatan ketara dari 100,000 pada musim 2003-04 menjadi 170.000 pada September 2009, peningkatan tajam disebabkan pengaruh pengaruh media massa Ronaldinho dan presiden Joan Laporta yang berfokus pada media dalam talian bahasa Sepanyol dan Inggeris. <> Apakah nama panggilan untuk penyokong Barcelona? || cul\u00e9 <> Berapa banyak penduduk Sepanyol yang menjadi penyokong Barcelona? || 25% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Sepanyol yang menjadi penyokong Real Madrid? || 32% <> Apakah keahlian kelab pada 2003-04? || 100,000 <> Apa keahlian kelab berkembang hingga tahun 2009? || 170,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter?", "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a0d", "answers": [{"text": "cul\u00e9", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters?", "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a0e", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid?", "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a0f", "answers": [{"text": "32%", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the club membership in 2003-04?", "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a10", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the club membership grow to by 2009?", "id": "570c98ccfed7b91900d45a11", "answers": [{"text": "170,000", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nickname cul\u00e9 for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Ind\u00fastria, sat with their culs over the stand. In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Bar\u00e7a sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population. Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club. The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003\u201304 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media."}], ["Dua hari kemudian, ia diumumkan bahawa Luis Enrique akan kembali ke Barcelona sebagai ketua jurulatih, selepas dia bersetuju dengan perjanjian selama dua tahun. Dia disyorkan oleh pengarah sukan, Andoni Zubizarreta, bekas rakan sepasukannya. Selepas ketibaan Enrique, Barcelona memecahkan rekod perpindahan mereka apabila mereka membayar Liverpool F.C. antara \u20ac 81 hingga \u20ac 94 juta untuk penyerang Luis Su\u00e1rez, yang menjalani larangan empat bulan dari semua aktiviti bola sepak yang dikenakan oleh Jawatankuasa Tatatertib FIFA selepas menggigit pertahanan Itali, Giorgio Chiellini semasa penampilan Uruguay dalam perlawanan peringkat kumpulan Piala Dunia . <> Siapa yang kembali ke Barcelona sebagai ketua jurulatih? || Luis Enrique <> Berapa lama perjanjian Enrique sebagai jurulatih? || dua tahun <> Berapa gaji Barcelona untuk Luis Saurez? || antara \u20ac 81 hingga \u20ac 94 juta <> Mengapa Saurez tidak bermain selama empat bulan? || larangan dari semua bola sepak <> Siapa yang melarang Saurez selama empat bulan selepas dia menggigit pemain lain? || Jawatankuasa Disiplin FIFA", {"qas": [{"question": "Who returned to Barcelona as head coach?", "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23b", "answers": [{"text": "Luis Enrique", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Enrique 's deal as coach run?", "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23c", "answers": [{"text": "two-year", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Barcelona pay for Luis Saurez?", "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23d", "answers": [{"text": "between \u20ac81 to \u20ac94 million", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Saurez not playing for four months?", "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23e", "answers": [{"text": "ban from all football", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who banned Saurez for four months after he bit another player?", "id": "570c9785b3d812140066d23f", "answers": [{"text": "FIFA Disciplinary Committee", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two days later, it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach, after he agreed to a two-year deal. He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta, his former national teammate. Following Enrique's arrival, Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between \u20ac81 to \u20ac94 million for striker Luis Su\u00e1rez, who was serving a four-month ban from all football-related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match."}], ["Barcelona adalah salah satu pasukan yang paling disokong di dunia, dan mempunyai media sosial terbesar yang mengikuti dunia di kalangan pasukan sukan. Pemain Barcelona telah memenangi beberapa rekod Ballon d'Or anugerah (11), serta nombor rekod pemain FIFA World of the Year Awards (7). Pada tahun 2010, kelab itu membuat sejarah apabila tiga pemain yang datang melalui akademi belia (Messi, Iniesta dan Xavi) dipilih sebagai tiga pemain terbaik di dunia dalam anugerah FIFA Ballon d'Or, satu prestasi yang tidak pernah berlaku untuk pemain dari yang sama sekolah bola sepak. <> Pasukan sukan mana yang mempunyai media sosial terbesar di dunia berikut? || Barcelona <> Bagaimana anugerah Ballon d'Or mempunyai ahli pasukan Barcelona yang menang? || 11 <> Bagaimana pemain FIFA Dunia Terbaik amerika memenangi FC Barcelona? || 7 <> Bagaimana amn pemain Barcelona dipilih sebagai tiga pemain terbaik tahun ini? || Tiga <> Di mana Messi, Iniesta dan Xavi belajar bola sepak mereka di Barcelona? || akademi belia", {"qas": [{"question": "Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?", "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459ef", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?", "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f0", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?", "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f1", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?", "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f2", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?", "id": "570c9204fed7b91900d459f3", "answers": [{"text": "youth academy", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world, and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams. Barcelona's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards (11), as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards (7). In 2010, the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy (Messi, Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school."}], ["Pada tahun 1950-an persaingan semakin memburukkan lagi apabila terdapat kontroversi yang mengelilingi pemindahan Alfredo di Stefano, yang akhirnya bermain untuk Real Madrid dan merupakan kunci kejayaan mereka. 1960-an menyaksikan persaingan mencapai tahap Eropah apabila mereka bertemu dua kali dalam pusingan kalah mati kontroversi Piala Eropah, dengan Madrid menerima rawatan yang tidak baik dari pengadil. Pada tahun 2002, pertemuan Eropah antara kelab-kelab itu dijuluki \"Perlawanan Abad Ini\" oleh media Sepanyol, dan kemenangan Madrid disaksikan oleh lebih dari 500 juta orang. <> Pada tahun 1950 pemain apa yang berjaya untuk Real Madrid? || Alfredo di Stefano <> Bilakah Barcelona bertemu Real Madrid dua kali di Eropah? || 1960-an <> Apakah pertandingan antara Real Madrid dan Barcelona dipanggil tahun 2002? || Pertandingan The Century <> Berapa ramai orang yang menonton Match of the Century? || 500 juta <> Pasukan mana yang memenangi perlawanan 2002 antara Real Madrid dan Barcelona? || Madrid", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1950 what player was successful for Real Madrid?", "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d245", "answers": [{"text": "Alfredo di St\u00e9fano", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barcelona meet Real Madrid twice in Europe?", "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d246", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a match between Real Madrid and Barcelona called in 2002?", "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d247", "answers": [{"text": "Match of The Century", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people watched the Match of the Century?", "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d248", "answers": [{"text": "500 million", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which team won the 2002 match between Real Madrid and Barcelona?", "id": "570c9aa8b3d812140066d249", "answers": [{"text": "Madrid", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di St\u00e9fano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup, with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee. In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the \"Match of The Century\" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people."}], ["Barcelona adalah satu-satunya kelab Eropah yang telah memainkan bola sepak benua setiap musim sejak 1955, dan satu daripada tiga kelab tidak pernah diturunkan dari La Liga, bersama Athletic Bilbao dan Real Madrid. Pada tahun 2009, Barcelona menjadi kelab pertama di Sepanyol untuk memenangi treble yang terdiri daripada La Liga, Copa del Rey, dan Liga Juara-Juara. Pada tahun yang sama, ia juga menjadi kelab bola sepak pertama yang memenangi enam daripada enam pertandingan dalam satu tahun, sekali gus menamatkan seksual, yang terdiri daripada treble yang disebutkan di atas dan Piala Super Sepanyol, Piala Super UEFA dan Piala Dunia Kelab FIFA. Pada musim 2014-15, Barcelona memenangi satu lagi treble bersejarah, menjadikan mereka kelab pertama dalam bola sepak Eropah untuk memenangi dua kali ganda. <> Bilakah Barcelona menjadi pasukan pertama Sepanyol untuk memenangi pertandingan treble? || 2009 <> Pada tahun 2009 Barcelona menjadi pasukan pertama untuk memenangi enam daripada enam pertandingan dalam jangka waktu apa? || satu tahun <> Apa pasukan bola sepak Eropah telah memenangi treble dua kali? || Barcelona <> Sepanjang musim bola sepak apakah Barcelona memenangi treble kedua? || 2014-15 <> Pasukan apa yang bermain bola sepak benua setiap musim sejak tahun 1955? || Barcelona", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?", "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a17", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time?", "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a18", "answers": [{"text": "single year", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What European football team has won the treble twice?", "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a19", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble?", "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a1a", "answers": [{"text": "2014\u201315", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team has played continental football every season since 1955?", "id": "570c9e2dfed7b91900d45a1b", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955, and one of three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year, thus completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In the 2014\u201315 season, Barcelona won another historic treble, making them the first club in European football to win the treble twice."}], ["Dengan stadium baru, Barcelona mengambil bahagian dalam versi sulung Piala Pyrenees, yang, pada masa itu, terdiri daripada pasukan terbaik Languedoc, Midi dan Aquitaine (Perancis Selatan), Negara Basque dan Catalonia; semuanya adalah bekas ahli wilayah Marca Hispanica. Peraduan ini adalah yang paling berprestij di era itu. Dari tahun pertama tahun 1910 hingga 1913, Barcelona memenangi pertandingan empat kali berturut-turut. Carles Comamala memainkan bahagian integral dari juara empat kali, menguruskan pasukan bersama Amechazurra dan Jack Greenwell. Yang terakhir menjadi jurulatih pertama kali di kelab itu pada tahun 1917. Edisi terakhir itu diadakan pada tahun 1914 di kota Barcelona, yang mana saingan tempatan Espanyol menang. <> Berapa kali Barcelona memenangi Piala Pyrenees? || empat <> Dari mana bahagian peserta pertandingan Piala Pyrenees? || Marca Hispanica <> Kapan dimainkan Piala Pyrenees? || 1910 <> Siapa yang pertama jurulatih masa penuh Barcelona? || Jack Greenwell <> Bilakah Piala Pyrenees terakhir dimainkan? || 1914", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?", "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459f9", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?", "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fa", "answers": [{"text": "Marca Hispanica", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?", "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fb", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?", "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fc", "answers": [{"text": "Jack Greenwell", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?", "id": "570c9341fed7b91900d459fd", "answers": [{"text": "1914", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the new stadium, Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup, which, at the time, consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region. The contest was the most prestigious in that era. From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913, Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times. Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four-time champion, managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell. The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917. The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona, which local rivals Espanyol won."}], ["Pada tahun 1978, Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez menjadi presiden pertama yang dipilih oleh FC Barcelona, dan, sejak itu, ahli-ahli Barcelona telah memilih presiden kelab. Proses memilih presiden FC Barcelona rapat dengan peralihan Sepanyol ke demokrasi pada tahun 1974 dan berakhirnya pemerintahan diktator Franco. Objektif utama presiden baru adalah untuk membangun Barcelona menjadi kelab bertaraf dunia dengan memberikannya kestabilan pada dan luar padang. Presidennya akan bertahan selama 22 tahun, dan ia sangat memengaruhi imej Barcelona, kerana N\u00fa\u00f1ez mengadakan dasar ketat mengenai upah dan disiplin, membiarkan pemain seperti Maradona, Rom\u00e1rio dan Ronaldo daripada memenuhi tuntutan mereka. <> Siapa presiden pertama yang dipilih oleh kelab Barcelona? || Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez <> Bilakah Nunez dipilih sebagai presiden FC Barcelona? || 1978 <> Kumpulan apa yang memilih presiden kelab? || ahli Barcelona <> Berapa lama Nunez presiden Barcelona? || 22 tahun <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Nunez? || upah dan disiplin", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club?", "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d231", "answers": [{"text": "Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona?", "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d232", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group elects the club president?", "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d233", "answers": [{"text": "members of Barcelona", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Nunez president of Barcelona?", "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d234", "answers": [{"text": "22 years", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Nunez known to be strict about?", "id": "570c943eb3d812140066d235", "answers": [{"text": "wages and discipline", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1978, Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch. His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as N\u00fa\u00f1ez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Maradona, Rom\u00e1rio and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands."}], ["Selepas pembinaan selesai, tidak ada lagi ruang untuk pengembangan di Les Corts. Gelaran La Liga di belakang pada 1948 dan 1949 dan penandatanganan L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala pada bulan Jun 1950, yang kemudiannya menjaringkan 196 gol dalam 256 pertandingan, menarik lebih banyak orang ke permainan. Kelab itu mula membuat rancangan untuk stadium baru. Bangunan Camp Nou bermula pada 28 Mac 1954, sebelum penonton 60,000 peminat Barca. Batu pertama stadium masa depan dibina di bawah naungan Gabenor Felipe Acedo Colunga dan dengan berkatnya Uskup Agung Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Pembinaan mengambil masa tiga tahun dan berakhir pada 24 September 1957 dengan kos akhir sebanyak 288 juta pesetas, 336% daripada belanjawan. <> Berapa banyak gol yang dilakukan Laszlo Kubala dalam 256 perlawanan? || 196 <> Apakah gelaran Barcelona menang pada tahun 1948 dan 1949? || La Liga <> Bilakah Barcelona menandatangani Kubala? || Jun 1950 <> Pada tahun apakah Barcelona memulakan pembinaan stadium baru? || 1954 <> Yang memberkati batu pertama stadium baru? || Ketua Biskop Barcelona Gregorio Modrego", {"qas": [{"question": "How many goals did Laszlo Kubala score in 256 matches?", "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d227", "answers": [{"text": "196", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What titles did Barcelona win in 1948 and 1949?", "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d228", "answers": [{"text": "La Liga", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Barcelona sign Kubala?", "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d229", "answers": [{"text": "June 1950", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Barcelona begin the construction of a new stadium?", "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d22a", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who blessed the first stone of the new stadium?", "id": "570c9048b3d812140066d22b", "answers": [{"text": "Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts. Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala in June 1950, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games. The club began to make plans for a new stadium. The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Bar\u00e7a fans. The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget."}], ["Pada 2010, Forbes menilai Barcelona bernilai sekitar \u20ac 752 juta (USD $ 1 bilion), menduduki tempat keempat selepas Manchester United, Real Madrid, dan Arsenal, berdasarkan angka dari musim 2008-09. Menurut Deloitte, Barcelona mencatatkan pendapatan sebanyak \u20ac 366 juta dalam tempoh yang sama, kedudukan kedua ke Real Madrid, yang menjana \u20ac 401 juta pendapatan. Pada tahun 2013, majalah Forbes menduduki Barcelona sebagai pasukan sukan paling berharga ketiga di dunia, di belakang Real Madrid dan Manchester United, dengan nilai $ 2.6 bilion. Pada 2014, Forbes meletakkan mereka sebagai pasukan sukan paling berharga kedua di dunia, bernilai $ 3.2 bilion, dan Deloitte menduduki ranking kelab bola sepak terkaya keempat dunia dari segi pendapatan, dengan perolehan tahunan sebanyak \u20ac 484.6 juta. <> Apa yang dikatakan Forbes Barcelona bernilai pada 2010? || \u20ac 752 juta <> Di mana kedudukan ranking Forbes meletakkan Barcelona? || Keempat <> Selain Real Madrid dan Arsenal, apa lagi pasukan lain yang mendahului Barcelona dalam ranking? || Manchester United <> Apa hasil Barcelona pada tahun 2010? || \u20ac 366 juta <> Di mana pada 2014, Forbes pangkat Barcelona tentang betapa berharganya pasukan sukan mereka? || kedua", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Forbes say Barcelona was worth in 2010?", "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d24f", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac752 million", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what place does the Forbes ranking put Barcelona?", "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d250", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Real Madrid and Arsenal,what other team is ahead of Barcelona in worth ranking?", "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d251", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester United", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Barcelona's revenue in 2010?", "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d252", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac366 million", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where  in 2014 did Forbes rank Barcelona as to how valuable a sports team they are?", "id": "570c9c3eb3d812140066d253", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around \u20ac752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008\u201309 season. According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of \u20ac366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated \u20ac401 million in revenue. In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2.6 billion. In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of \u20ac484.6 million."}], ["Kehancuran N\u00fa\u00f1ez dan van Gaal tidak dapat diperhatikan oleh para peminat apabila dibandingkan dengan Lu\u00eds Figo, maka kapten kapten kelab. Figo telah menjadi pahlawan kultus, dan dianggap oleh Catalans sebagai salah satu dari mereka sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, peminat Barcelona terkejut dengan keputusan Figo untuk menyertai rival saingan Real Madrid, dan, semasa lawatan seterusnya ke Camp Nou, Figo telah menerima sambutan yang sangat bermusuhan. Selepas pulangan pertamanya, kepala babi dan sebotol wiski dibuang kepadanya dari orang ramai. Tiga tahun akan datang menyaksikan kelab itu menurun, dan pengurus datang dan pergi. Van Gaal digantikan oleh Lloren\u00e7 Serra Ferrer yang, meskipun banyak pelaburan dalam pemain pada musim panas 2000, memimpin kempen liga biasa dan pertandingan pertama Liga Juara-Juara yang memalukan, dan akhirnya ditolak lewat musim ini. Jurulatih lama, Carles Rexach dilantik sebagai penggantinya, pada mulanya secara sementara, dan berjaya sekurang-kurangnya mengarahkan kelab ke tempat Liga Juara-Juara terakhir pada hari terakhir musim ini. Walaupun lebih baik dalam La Liga dan larian yang baik untuk separuh akhir Liga Juara-Juara, Rexach tidak pernah dilihat sebagai penyelesaian jangka panjang dan pada musim panas itu Louis van Gaal kembali ke kelab itu sebagai mantera kedua sebagai pengurus. Apa yang berlaku, walaupun prestasi Liga Juara-juara yang lebih baik, adalah salah satu kempen La Liga terburuk dalam sejarah kelab, dengan pasukan serendah 15 pada Februari 2003. Ini menyebabkan peletakan jawatan dan penggantian van Gaal untuk sisa kempen oleh Radomir Anti\u0107, walaupun penamat keenam adalah yang terbaik yang dapat dia uruskan. Pada akhir musim, kontrak jangka pendek Anti\u0107 tidak diperbaharui, dan presiden kelab Joan Gaspart meletak jawatan, kedudukannya telah dibuat sepenuhnya tidak dapat dipertikaikan oleh musim yang buruk semenjak kejatuhan keseluruhan kelab itu sejak beliau menjadi presiden tiga tahun sebelum. <> Apa pasukan yang bermain kegemaran Luis Figo meninggalkan Barcelona untuk menyertai? || Real Madrid <> Apakah jenis rawatan yang ditawarkan Figo semasa lawatan ke Barcelona? || Bermusuhan <> Setelah pemergian Figo apa yang terjadi dalam tiga tahun ke depan? || menurun <> Apa kedudukannya kelab Barcelona pada tahun 2003? || 15 <> Selepas menunjukkan Barcelona yang miskin pada musim 2003, yang meletak jawatan dari jawatan presiden? || Joan Gaspart", {"qas": [{"question": "What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join?", "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a03", "answers": [{"text": "Real Madrid", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona?", "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a04", "answers": [{"text": "hostile", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Figo's departure what happened the next three years?", "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a05", "answers": [{"text": "decline", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank was club Barcelona in 2003?", "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a06", "answers": [{"text": "15th", "answer_start": 1415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?", "id": "570c9615fed7b91900d45a07", "answers": [{"text": "Joan Gaspart", "answer_start": 1689}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The departures of N\u00fa\u00f1ez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Lu\u00eds Figo, then club vice-captain. Figo had become a cult hero, and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception. Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd. The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went. van Gaal was replaced by Lloren\u00e7 Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a humiliating first-round Champions League exit, and was eventually dismissed late in the season. Long-serving coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season. Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Louis van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager. What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003. This led to van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Anti\u0107, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage. At the end of the season, Anti\u0107's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior."}]], [["Laporan Seragam Seragam (UCR) menyusun data daripada lebih 17,000 agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang di seluruh negara. Mereka menyediakan data terperinci mengenai jumlah jenayah untuk memasukkan penangkapan, pelepasan (atau menutup kes), dan maklumat pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang. UCR memfokuskan pengumpulan data mengenai jenayah ganas, jenayah benci, dan jenayah harta benda. Dibuat pada tahun 1920-an, sistem UCR tidak terbukti sebagai seragam seperti namanya. Data UCR hanya mencerminkan kesalahan yang paling serius dalam kes jenayah yang berkaitan dan mempunyai definisi rogol yang sangat ketat. Oleh kerana kira-kira 93% daripada data yang dikemukakan kepada FBI adalah dalam format ini, UCR menonjol sebagai penerbitan pilihan kerana kebanyakan negeri memerlukan agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang untuk menyerahkan data ini. <> Apa yang menyusun data dari sekitar 17,000 agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang? || Laporan Jenayah Seragam <> Apa yang difokuskan pada UCR? || jenayah ganas, jenayah benci, dan jenayah harta benda <> Di manakah UCR dibuat? || 1920-an <> Agensi apa yang menyusun data dari agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang di luar negara? || <> Apakah jenis jenayah yang tidak ditumpukan UCR? || <> Bilakah UCR dibubarkan? || <> Sebanyak peratus data dihantar ke CIA dalam format ini? || <> Apa yang tidak memerlukan agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang untuk menyerahkan data ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?", "id": "570c25c4ec8fbc190045bca2", "answers": [{"text": "The Uniform Crime Reports", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does UCR focus on?", "id": "570c25c4ec8fbc190045bca3", "answers": [{"text": "violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the UCR created?", "id": "570c25c4ec8fbc190045bca4", "answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uniform Crime Reports", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What agency compiles data from law enforcement agencies outside of the country?", "id": "5ad3a614604f3c001a3feab5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "What kind of crimes does the UCR not focus on?", "id": "5ad3a614604f3c001a3feab6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "When was the UCR disbanded?", "id": "5ad3a614604f3c001a3feab7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "93", "answer_start": 577}], "question": "What percent of data submitted to the CIA is in this format?", "id": "5ad3a614604f3c001a3feab8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "most states", "answer_start": 684}], "question": "What does not require law enforcement agencies to submit this data?", "id": "5ad3a614604f3c001a3feab9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data."}], ["Pengarah FBI bertanggungjawab untuk operasi harian di FBI. Bersama dengan timbalannya, pengarah memastikan kes dan operasi dikendalikan dengan betul. Pengarah juga bertanggungjawab memastikan kepimpinan di mana-mana pejabat FBI dilatih dengan ejen yang berkelayakan. Sebelum Pembaharuan Perisikan dan Akta Pencegahan Keganasan telah diluluskan selepas serangan 11 September, pengarah FBI secara langsung akan menyuarakan pendapat Presiden Amerika Syarikat mengenai sebarang isu yang timbul dari dalam FBI. Sejak itu, pengarah kini melaporkan kepada Pengarah Perisikan Negara (DNI), yang seterusnya melaporkan kepada Presiden. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk operasi FBI sehari-hari? || Pengarah FBI <> Siapa yang membantu pengarah FBI? || wakilnya <> Apa tindakan yang diluluskan berkaitan dengan FBI selepas 9/11? || Pembaharuan Perisikan dan Akta Pencegahan Keganasan <> Siapa yang pernah mencadangkan Presiden? || Pengarah FBI <> Siapa kini melaporkan kepada Presiden? || Pengarah Perisikan Negara <> Siapa yang memastikan pejabat lapangan CIA diawasi dengan ejen yang berkelayakan? || <> Tindakan apa yang telah diluluskan sebelum 11 September? || <> Siapa yang Presiden melaporkan kepada? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk memberi taklimat kepada pengarah FBI? || <> Apakah pengarah CIA memberi gambaran kepada Presiden? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations?", "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb68", "answers": [{"text": "The FBI director", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assists the FBI director?", "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb69", "answers": [{"text": "his deputies", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11?", "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb6a", "answers": [{"text": "Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used to brief the President?", "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb6b", "answers": [{"text": "FBI director", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who now reports to the President?", "id": "570c25306b8089140040fb6c", "answers": [{"text": "Director of National Intelligence", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI director", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who makes sure CIA field offices are manned with qualified agents?", "id": "5ad3a438604f3c001a3fea81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "What act was passed before September 11th?", "id": "5ad3a438604f3c001a3fea82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Director of National Intelligence", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "Who does the President report to?", "id": "5ad3a438604f3c001a3fea83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President of the United States", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "Who is responsible for briefing the FBI director?", "id": "5ad3a438604f3c001a3fea84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "any issues that arise from within the FBI", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What does the CIA director brief the President on?", "id": "5ad3a438604f3c001a3fea85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along with his deputies, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is manned with qualified agents. Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then, the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who in turn reports to the President."}], ["Tugas rasmi biro itu telah melawat dan membuat tinjauan rumah-rumah pelacuran sebagai persediaan untuk menguatkuasakan \"Akta Lalu Lacak Putih,\" atau Akta Mann, yang diluluskan pada 25 Jun 1910. Pada tahun 1932, ia dinamakan semula Biro Penyiasatan Amerika Syarikat . Pada tahun berikutnya ia dikaitkan dengan Biro Larangan dan dirahmati Bahagian Penyiasatan (DOI) sebelum akhirnya menjadi sebuah perkhidmatan bebas di dalam Jabatan Keadilan pada tahun 1935. Pada tahun yang sama, namanya secara rasmi telah diubah dari Bahagian Penyiasatan ke Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan, atau FBI. <> Apa tugas pertama biro itu? || melawat dan membuat tinjauan rumah-rumah pelacuran <> Apa tindakan biro yang pada mulanya ditugaskan untuk menguatkuasakan? || Akta Lalu Hamba Putih <> Apa nama rasmi Akta Mann? || Akta Lalu Hamba Putih <> Bilakah Akta Mann diluluskan? || 25 Jun 1910 <> Bilakah biro itu dinamakan semula? || Pada tahun 1932, <> Apa yang dilakukan biro semasa tugas rasmi terakhir? || <> Apakah undang-undang terakhir yang dikuatkuasakan oleh FBI? || <> Bilakah Akta Mann ditolak oleh kongres? || <> Tahun apakah Divisyen Penyiasatan dinamakan semula Biro Penyiasatan Amerika Syarikat? || <> Bilakah FBI dipisahkan dari Jabatan Kehakiman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the bureau's first task?", "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb90", "answers": [{"text": "visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?", "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb91", "answers": [{"text": "White Slave Traffic Act", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?", "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb92", "answers": [{"text": "White Slave Traffic Act", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Mann Act passed?", "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb93", "answers": [{"text": "June 25, 1910", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the bureau renamed?", "id": "570c26fa6b8089140040fb94", "answers": [{"text": "In 1932,", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "houses of prostitution", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What did the bureau visit during its last official task?", "id": "5ad36461604f3c001a3fe00d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "White Slave Traffic Act", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What was the last law that the FBI enforced?", "id": "5ad36461604f3c001a3fe00e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 25, 1910", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "When was the Mann Act rejected by congress?", "id": "5ad36461604f3c001a3fe00f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What year was the Division of Investigation renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation?", "id": "5ad36461604f3c001a3fe010", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "When was the FBI separated from the Department of Justice?", "id": "5ad36461604f3c001a3fe011", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the \"White Slave Traffic Act,\" or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI."}], ["Bahagian Perkhidmatan Maklumat Keadilan Jenayah (CJIS), terletak di Clarksburg, West Virginia. Dianjurkan pada tahun 1991, pejabat dibuka pada 1995 sebagai bahagian agensi paling muda. Kompleks itu adalah panjang tiga padang bola sepak. Ia menyediakan repositori utama untuk maklumat dalam pelbagai sistem data. Di bawah bumbung CJIS adalah program untuk Pusat Maklumat Jenayah Kebangsaan (NCIC), Pelaporan Seragam Seragam (UCR), Pengenalpastian Cap Jari, Sistem Pengenalan Cap Jari Automatik Bersepadu (IAFIS), NCIC 2000 dan Sistem Pelaporan Berasaskan Kebangsaan NIBRS). Banyak agensi negeri dan tempatan menggunakan sistem data ini sebagai sumber untuk penyiasatan mereka sendiri dan menyumbang kepada pangkalan data menggunakan komunikasi yang selamat. FBI menyediakan alat pengenalan dan perkhidmatan maklumat yang canggih kepada agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang tempatan, negeri, persekutuan dan antarabangsa. <> Di manakah CJIS terletak? || Clarksburg, West Virginia <> Bilakah CJIS dibuat? || 1991 <> Tujuan apa yang dilakukan oleh CJIS? || repositori utama untuk maklumat <> Di manakah data untuk NCIC terletak? || Di bawah bumbung negeri CJIS <> Do mempunyai akses ke CJIS? || Banyak agensi negeri dan tempatan menggunakan data ini <> Apa yang dibuka pada tahun 1995 sebagai bahagian agensi tertua? || <> Bilakah bahagian CJIS ditutup? || <> Program apa yang tidak di bawah bumbung CJIS? || <> Apakah agensi negeri dan tempatan tidak dibenarkan menggunakan penyiasatan mereka sendiri? || <> Apa yang menyediakan alat pengenalan dan perkhidmatan maklumat yang canggih kepada FBI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the CJIS located?", "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc92", "answers": [{"text": "Clarksburg, West Virginia", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the CJIS created?", "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc93", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What purpose does the CJIS serve?", "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc94", "answers": [{"text": "main repository for information", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the data for the NCIC located?", "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc95", "answers": [{"text": "Under the roof of the CJIS", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do states have access to CJIS?", "id": "570c24bcec8fbc190045bc96", "answers": [{"text": "Many state and local agencies use these data", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What opened in 1995 as the oldest agency division?", "id": "5ad3a0f0604f3c001a3fe9c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "When did the CJIS division close?", "id": "5ad3a0f0604f3c001a3fe9c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Crime Information Center", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What program is not under the roof of the CJIS?", "id": "5ad3a0f0604f3c001a3fe9c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "data systems", "answer_start": 637}], "question": "What are state and local agencies not allowed to use for their own investigations?", "id": "5ad3a0f0604f3c001a3fe9ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies", "answer_start": 836}], "question": "What provides tools of sophisticated identification and information services to the FBI?", "id": "5ad3a0f0604f3c001a3fe9cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies."}], ["Walaupun banyak fungsi FBI adalah unik, kegiatannya menyokong keselamatan negara adalah setanding dengan MI5 British dan FSB Rusia. Tidak seperti Agensi Perisikan Pusat (CIA), yang tidak mempunyai kuasa penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan tertumpu pada pengumpulan perisikan di luar negara, FBI adalah agensi tempatan, menjaga 56 bidang di bandar-bandar utama di seluruh Amerika Syarikat, dan lebih daripada 400 agensi pemastautin yang kurang bandar dan kawasan di seluruh negara. Di pejabat lapangan FBI, pegawai kanan FBI peringkat serentak berfungsi sebagai wakil Pengarah Perisikan Negara. <> Apa yang FBI sebanding dengan? || British MI5 dan FSB Rusia <> Agensi apa jenis FBI? || FBI terutamanya agensi domestik <> Berapa banyak pejabat lapangan yang ada di FBI di bandar-bandar utama? || 56 <> Sekitar berapa banyak pejabat yang ada di FBI di bandar-bandar kecil? || 400 <> Siapa yang bertindak sebagai wakil Pengarah Perisikan Negara? || pegawai kanan FBI <> Apa agensi kecerdasan sebanding dengan CIA? || <> Apa fokus FBI ke luar negara? || <> Berapa banyak pejabat lapangan yang mempunyai CIA di bandar-bandar utama di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Berapa banyak pejabat lapangan yang FBI ada di luar Amerika Syarikat? || <> Siapa pegawai kanan CIA yang berkhidmat sebagai wakil di pejabat lapangan CIA? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the FBI comparable to?", "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bca8", "answers": [{"text": "British MI5 and the Russian FSB", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of agency is the FBI?", "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bca9", "answers": [{"text": "FBI is primarily a domestic agency", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?", "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bcaa", "answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?", "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bcab", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?", "id": "570c26b0ec8fbc190045bcac", "answers": [{"text": "senior-level FBI officer", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British MI5", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What intelligence agency is comparable to the CIA?", "id": "5ad36226604f3c001a3fdf7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intelligence collection", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What does the FBI focus on overseas?", "id": "5ad36226604f3c001a3fdf7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "How many field offices does the CIA have in major cities in the United States?", "id": "5ad36226604f3c001a3fdf7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "How many field offices does the FBI have outside of the United States?", "id": "5ad36226604f3c001a3fdf7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Director of National Intelligence", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "Who does a senior level CIA officer serve as a representative of in a CIA field office?", "id": "5ad36226604f3c001a3fdf7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence."}], ["Laporan akhir Suruhanjaya 9/11 pada 22 Julai 2004 menyatakan bahawa FBI dan Agensi Perisikan Pusat (CIA) kedua-duanya dipersalahkan kerana tidak mengejar laporan kecerdasan yang dapat menghalang serangan September 11, 2001. Dalam penilaian yang paling mengecewakan, laporan menyimpulkan bahawa negara itu \"tidak disampaikan dengan baik\" oleh salah satu agensi dan menyenaraikan banyak cadangan untuk perubahan dalam FBI. Walaupun FBI telah menyetujui kebanyakan cadangan, termasuk pengawasan oleh Pengarah Perisikan Negara yang baru, beberapa bekas anggota Suruhanjaya 9/11 secara terbuka mengkritik FBI pada Oktober 2005, mendakwa ia menentang sebarang perubahan bermakna. <> Agensi apa yang harus dipersalahkan untuk 9/11? || FBI dan Agensi Perisikan Pusat <> Adakah 9/11 menyebabkan lebih banyak pengawasan FBI? || menyetujui kebanyakan cadangan, termasuk pengawasan <> Adakah ramai percaya FBI menentang perubahan penting? || menentang sebarang perubahan yang bermakna <> Adakah orang percaya bahawa mereka dilayan dengan baik oleh FBI? || tidak berkhidmat dengan baik <> Bilakah laporan pertama Suruhanjaya 9/11? || <> Agensi apa yang dikatakan oleh Suruhanjaya 9/11 tidak patut dipersalahkan? || <> Apa laporan yang disimpulkan tidak boleh dicegah? || <> Siapa yang secara peribadi mengkritik FBI pada bulan Oktober 2005? || <> Bilakah bekas anggota komisen 9/11 secara terbuka memuji FBI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What agencies were to blame for 9/11?", "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8a", "answers": [{"text": "FBI and Central Intelligence Agency", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?", "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8b", "answers": [{"text": "acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?", "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8c", "answers": [{"text": "resisting any meaningful changes", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?", "id": "570c244fec8fbc190045bc8d", "answers": [{"text": "not been well served", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 22, 2004", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "When was the 9/11 Commission's first report?", "id": "5ad38e93604f3c001a3fe615", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI and Central Intelligence Agency", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What agencies did the 9/11 Commission say were not to blame?", "id": "5ad38e93604f3c001a3fe616", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 11, 2001 attacks", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "What did the report conclude could not have been prevented?", "id": "5ad38e93604f3c001a3fe617", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "former members of the 9/11 Commission", "answer_start": 542}], "question": "Who privately criticized the FBI in October 2005?", "id": "5ad38e93604f3c001a3fe618", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2005", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "When did former members of the 9/11 commission publicly praise the FBI?", "id": "5ad38e93604f3c001a3fe619", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had \"not been well served\" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI. While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes."}], ["Pada bulan Mac 1971, pejabat kediaman seorang agen FBI di Media, Pennsylvania telah diculik oleh sebuah kumpulan yang memanggil dirinya Suruhanjaya Rakyat untuk Menyiasat FBI. Banyak fail telah diambil dan diedarkan kepada pelbagai akhbar, termasuk The Harvard Crimson. Fail-fail ini merujuk program COINTELPRO yang luas, yang termasuk penyiasatan ke dalam kehidupan rakyat biasa-termasuk kumpulan pelajar hitam di sebuah kolej tentera Pennsylvania dan anak perempuan Kongres Henry Reuss dari Wisconsin. Negara itu \"terkejut\" oleh wahyu, termasuk pembunuhan aktivis politik, dan tindakan itu dikecam oleh anggota Kongres, termasuk Pemimpin Majoriti Rumah Hale Boggs. Telefon beberapa anggota Kongres, termasuk Boggs, didakwa telah ditoreh. <> Kumpulan mana yang memecah masuk ke pejabat FBI di Media, Pennsylvania? || Suruhanjaya Rakyat untuk Menyiasat FBI <> Adakah Suruhanjaya Rakyat Menyiasat FBI mengambil fail? || Banyak fail telah diambil <> Apa file yang Suruhanjaya Rakyat untuk Menyiasat serbuan FBI yang tertumpu pada? || Program COINTELPRO <> Apakah file-file mengenai COINTELPRO mendedahkan? || siasatan ke dalam kehidupan rakyat biasa <> Bagaimana reaksi AS terhadap penemuan ini? || Negara itu \"terkejut\" <> Bilakah Suruhanjaya Rakyat untuk Menyiasat FBI dicuri? || <> Di manakah pejabat kediaman seorang ejen CIA dicuri? || <> Apakah kertas yang tidak menerima sebarang fail FBI? || <> Yang mana kongres mempunyai anak lelaki yang disiasat oleh FBI? || <> Apa ahli Kongres menyatakan sokongan terhadap tindakan FBI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?", "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc76", "answers": [{"text": "Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?", "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc77", "answers": [{"text": "Numerous files were taken", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?", "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc78", "answers": [{"text": "COINTELPRO program", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?", "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc79", "answers": [{"text": "investigations into lives of ordinary citizens", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the US react to these discoveries?", "id": "570c2375ec8fbc190045bc7a", "answers": [{"text": "The country was \"jolted\"", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 1971", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI burglarized?", "id": "5ad37f50604f3c001a3fe43d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Media, Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Where was the residential office of a CIA agent burglarized? ", "id": "5ad37f50604f3c001a3fe43e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Harvard Crimson", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What was a paper that did not receive any FBI files?", "id": "5ad37f50604f3c001a3fe43f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry Reuss", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "Which congressman had his son investigated by the FBI?", "id": "5ad37f50604f3c001a3fe440", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hale Boggs", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "What member of Congress expressed support for the actions of the FBI?", "id": "5ad37f50604f3c001a3fe441", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens\u2014including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. The country was \"jolted\" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs. The phones of some members of Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped."}], ["Dari penghujung tahun 1980-an hingga awal 1990-an, FBI telah menyerahkan lebih daripada 300 ejen dari tugas perisik asing ke jenayah kekerasan, dan membuat jenayah kekerasan keutamaan keenam negara. Dengan pemotongan dikurangkan kepada jabatan-jabatan yang lain yang mantap, dan kerana keganasan tidak lagi dianggap ancaman selepas Perang Dingin, FBI membantu pasukan polis tempatan dan negeri dalam mengesan pelarian yang melintasi garisan negeri, yang merupakan kesalahan persekutuan. Makmal FBI membantu membangunkan ujian DNA, meneruskan peranan perintisnya dalam pengenalpastian yang bermula dengan sistem cap jari pada tahun 1924. <> Adakah agen FBI mengembalikan agen dari kecerdasan balas kepada jenayah ganas? || FBI menugaskan lebih daripada 300 ejen dari tugas perisik asing ke jenayah kekerasan <> Apa keutamaan adalah jenayah ganas pada 1990-an, menurut FBI? || Keutamaan keenam negara <> Adakah keutamaan baru FBI bermaksud memotong jabatan lain? || Dengan potongan yang dikurangkan kepada jabatan lain yang mantap <> Adakah keganasan dianggap ancaman selepas perang dingin? || keganasan tidak lagi dianggap ancaman <> Agensi apa yang mempelopori pengujian DNA? || FBI <> Berapakah jumlah agen yang melakukan FBI reassign sebelum tahun 1980-an? || <> Apa 300 agen yang ditugaskan semula daripada jenayah ganas untuk memberi tumpuan? || <> Apakah keutamaan negara pertama FBI? || <> Apa yang masih dianggap ancaman selepas Perang Dingin? || <> Bilakah peranan perintis FBI di akhir pengenalan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?", "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc80", "answers": [{"text": "the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?", "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc81", "answers": [{"text": "sixth national priority", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?", "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc82", "answers": [{"text": "With reduced cuts to other well-established departments", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?", "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc83", "answers": [{"text": "terrorism was no longer considered a threat", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agency pioneered DNA testing?", "id": "570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc84", "answers": [{"text": "The FBI", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "How many agents did the FBI reassign before the 1980s?", "id": "5ad38282604f3c001a3fe4ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foreign counter-intelligence", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What were 300 agents reassigned from violent crime to focus on?", "id": "5ad38282604f3c001a3fe4ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "violent crime", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What was the FBI's first national priority?", "id": "5ad38282604f3c001a3fe4af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "terrorism", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "What was still considered a threat after the end of the Cold War?", "id": "5ad38282604f3c001a3fe4b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "When did the FBI's pioneering role in identification end?", "id": "5ad38282604f3c001a3fe4b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War, the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924."}], ["Rekod FBI menunjukkan bahawa 85% daripada sumber kumpulan COINTELPRO yang disasarkan dan individu yang FBI dianggap \"subversif\", termasuk organisasi komunis dan sosialis; organisasi dan individu yang berkaitan dengan Pergerakan Hak Sivil, termasuk Martin Luther King, Jr. dan lain-lain yang berkaitan dengan Persidangan Kepimpinan Kristian Selatan, Persatuan Kebangsaan bagi Kemajuan Orang Berwarna, dan Kongres Keadilan Persatuan dan organisasi hak asasi manusia yang lain; kumpulan nasionalis hitam; Pergerakan India Amerika; pelbagai organisasi berlabel \"New Left\", termasuk Pelajar untuk Masyarakat Demokratik dan Cuaca; hampir semua kumpulan yang memperjuangkan Perang Vietnam, serta penunjuk perasaan pelajar individu tanpa gabungan kumpulan; Persatuan Peguam Negara; organisasi dan individu yang berkaitan dengan pergerakan hak wanita; kumpulan nasionalis seperti mereka yang mencari kemerdekaan untuk Puerto Rico, United Ireland, dan gerakan pengasingan Cuba termasuk Cuban Power Orlando Bosch dan Gerakan Nasionalis Cuba. Baki 15% sumber COINTELPRO dibelanjakan untuk meminggirkan dan menumbangkan golongan benci putih, termasuk Ku Klux Klan dan Parti Hak Negara Negara. <> Berapa peratus daripada sumber COINTELPRO disasarkan pada FBI yang dilabel kumpulan subversif? || 85% <> Adakah sasaran FBI MLK? || termasuk Martin Luther King, Jr. <Berapa peratus sumber COINTELPRO digunakan untuk menyasarkan kumpulan kebencian putih? || 15% <> Apakah kumpulan kebencian putih utama yang disasarkan? || Ku Klux Klan dan Parti Hak Negara Negara <> Apakah istilah bagi kumpulan liberal yang muncul pada masa ini? || Baru Kiri <> Berapa banyak sumber COINTELPRO yang didedikasikan untuk menyasarkan organisasi libertarian? || <> Siapa pemimpin Hak Sivil yang disasarkan CIA? || <> Sebanyak peratus sumber COINTELPRO digunakan untuk membantu kumpulan benci putih? || <> Kumpulan apa yang tidak disasarkan oleh FBI? || <> Apakah kumpulan yang disasarkan CIA? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?", "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7c", "answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the FBI target MLK?", "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7d", "answers": [{"text": "including Martin Luther King, Jr.", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?", "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7e", "answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 1075}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the key white hate groups targeted?", "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb7f", "answers": [{"text": "Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party", "answer_start": 1177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?", "id": "570c26436b8089140040fb80", "answers": [{"text": "New Left", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "How much of COINTELPRO resources were dedicated to targeting libertarian organizations?", "id": "5ad3ad33604f3c001a3febef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther King, Jr.", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "Who is a Civil Rights leader that the CIA targeted?", "id": "5ad3ad33604f3c001a3febf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 1075}], "question": "What percent of COINTELPRO resources were used to help white hate groups?", "id": "5ad3ad33604f3c001a3febf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ku Klux Klan", "answer_start": 1177}], "question": "What group did the FBI not target?", "id": "5ad3ad33604f3c001a3febf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern Christian Leadership Conference", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What is a group that the CIA targeted?", "id": "5ad3ad33604f3c001a3febf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed \"subversive\", including communist and socialist organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations; black nationalist groups; the American Indian Movement; a broad range of organizations labeled \"New Left\", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the National Lawyers Guild; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups, including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party."}], ["Hoover mula menggunakan wiretapping pada tahun 1920-an semasa Larangan untuk menangkap para buttress. Dalam kes 1927, Olmstead v. Amerika Syarikat, di mana seorang penjaga gol telah ditangkap melalui mengetik telefon, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat memutuskan bahawa FBI wiretaps tidak melanggar Pindaan Keempat sebagai pencarian dan penyitaan yang menyalahi undang-undang, selagi FBI tidak memecah masuk rumah seseorang untuk melengkapkan mengetik. Selepas pemansuhan Larangan, Kongres meluluskan Akta Komunikasi 1934, yang mengharamkan penekanan telefon tanpa konsensual, tetapi membenarkan gangguan. Dalam kes 1939 Nardone v. Amerika Syarikat, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa disebabkan undang-undang tahun 1934, keterangan FBI yang diperolehi oleh penoreh telefon tidak boleh diterima di mahkamah. Selepas kes 1967, Katz v. Amerika Syarikat membatalkan kes 1927 yang membenarkan pembongkaran, Kongres meluluskan Akta Kawalan Jenayah Omnibus, membenarkan pihak berkuasa awam untuk mengetuk telefon semasa penyiasatan selagi mereka memperoleh waran terlebih dahulu. <> Alat apa yang digunakan Hoover untuk mencari penggagak? || wiretapping <> Dalam kes mahkamah tertinggi mana ia memutuskan bahawa FBI wiretaps tidak melanggar Pindaan Keempat? || Olmstead v. Amerika Syarikat <> Apa Akta yang telah meluluskan Kongres untuk mengharamkan penekanan telefon bukan konsensual? || Akta Komunikasi 1934 <> Dalam apa kes itu memutuskan bahawa keterangan yang diperoleh oleh FBI melalui penyadapan wiretap tidak boleh diterima di mahkamah? || Nardone v. Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang perlu untuk mengetuk telefon seseorang? || waran <> Yang presiden mana yang pertama menggunakan wiretaps untuk mencari penggagak? || Hoover <> Kes apa yang berpusat di sekitar penjenayah boot yang ditangkap melalui mengetik telefon? || Olmstead v. Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Kongres untuk mengetuk telefon mengetik? || Akta Komunikasi 1934 <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk mengetuk seorang warganegara? || waran <> Adakah waran diperlukan sebelum atau selepas wiretap? || dahulu <> Bilakah Hoover berhenti menggunakan penyadapan? || <> Dalam kes apa yang Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat memerintah bahawa wiretaps sentiasa menyalahi undang-undang? || <> Apa tindakan yang dilakukan oleh Kongres yang mengetuk telefon yang tidak sah? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah Mahkamah Agung memerintah bahawa keterangan yang diperoleh dengan mengetuk telefon boleh diterima di mahkamah? || <> Tindakan Kongres yang membenarkan pihak berkuasa untuk mengetuk telefon tanpa waran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?", "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3a", "answers": [{"text": "wiretapping", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?", "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3b", "answers": [{"text": "Olmstead v. United States", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?", "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3c", "answers": [{"text": "Communications Act of 1934", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?", "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3d", "answers": [{"text": "Nardone v. United States", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?", "id": "570c22336b8089140040fb3e", "answers": [{"text": "a warrant", "answer_start": 922}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?", "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4a", "answers": [{"text": "Hoover", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?", "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4b", "answers": [{"text": "Olmstead v. United States", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?", "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4c", "answers": [{"text": "Communications Act of 1934", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is now required to wire tap a citizen?", "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4d", "answers": [{"text": "a warrant", "answer_start": 922}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?", "id": "570c22d96b8089140040fb4e", "answers": [{"text": "beforehand", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "When did Hoover stop using wiretapping?", "id": "5ad368bc604f3c001a3fe0c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Olmstead v. United States", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "In what case did the United States Supreme Court rule that wiretaps are always unlawful?", "id": "5ad368bc604f3c001a3fe0c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Communications Act of 1934", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What act did Congress pass that legalized non-consensual phone tapping?", "id": "5ad368bc604f3c001a3fe0c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "In what year did the Supreme Court rule that evidence obtained by phone tapping was admissible in court?", "id": "5ad368bc604f3c001a3fe0c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Omnibus Crime Control Act", "answer_start": 804}], "question": "What act of Congress allowed authorities to tap telephones without a warrant?", "id": "5ad368bc604f3c001a3fe0c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping. After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but allowed bugging. In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court. After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand."}], ["Akta PATRIOT Amerika Syarikat telah meningkatkan kuasa yang diperuntukkan kepada FBI, terutama dalam penyadapan dan pemantauan aktiviti Internet. Salah satu peruntukan perbuatan yang paling kontroversi adalah apa yang dipanggil menyelinap dan mengintip peruntukan, memberikan kuasa FBI untuk mencari rumah sementara penduduknya pergi, dan tidak menghendaki mereka memberitahu penduduk selama beberapa minggu selepas itu. Di bawah peruntukan Akta PATRIOT, FBI juga terus meneliti rekod perpustakaan mereka yang disyaki keganasan (sesuatu yang sepatutnya tidak dilakukan sejak tahun 1970-an). <> Apa yang meningkatkan kuasa FBI? || Amerika Syarikat PATRIOT Act <> Apa salah satu bahagian yang paling kontroversial Akta Patriot? || menyelinap dan mengintip peruntukan <> Apakah kuasa kediaman baru yang telah dimiliki oleh FBI sekarang? || mencari rumah sementara penduduknya pergi <> Bolehkah FBI menyiasat rekod perpustakaan? || FBI juga terus bertanya kepada rekod perpustakaan <> Siapa rekod perpustakaan yang dilihat oleh FBI? || mereka yang disyaki terorisme <> Apa yang menurunkan kuasa FBI? || <> Apakah Akta PATRIOT Amerika Syarikat membenarkan CIA melakukan lebih banyak? || <> Apakah salah satu peruntukan yang paling kontroversial dalam Akta PATRIOT Amerika Syarikat? || <> Agensi apa yang diperlukan untuk memaklumkan penduduk carian di rumah mereka segera? || <> Apa catatan yang Akta PATRIOT mengharamkan FBI daripada melihat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What increased the powers of the FBI?", "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bce8", "answers": [{"text": "USA PATRIOT Act", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act?", "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bce9", "answers": [{"text": "sneak and peek provision", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new residential powers did the FBI now have?", "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bcea", "answers": [{"text": "search a house while the residents are away", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Could the FBI inquire into library records?", "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bceb", "answers": [{"text": "FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's library records did the FBI look into?", "id": "570c29ffec8fbc190045bcec", "answers": [{"text": "those who are suspected of terrorism", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USA PATRIOT Act", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What decreased the powers of the FBI?", "id": "5ad3958b604f3c001a3fe74d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What did the USA PATRIOT Act allow the CIA to do more?", "id": "5ad3958b604f3c001a3fe74e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sneak and peek", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What is one of the least controversial provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act?", "id": "5ad3958b604f3c001a3fe74f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What agency is required to notify residents of a search on their home right away?", "id": "5ad3958b604f3c001a3fe750", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "library", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "What records does the PATRIOT Act ban the FBI from looking at?", "id": "5ad3958b604f3c001a3fe751", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s)."}], ["Pada tahun 2000, FBI memulakan projek Trilogy untuk menaik taraf infrastruktur teknologi informasi (IT) yang ketinggalan zaman. Projek ini, pada asalnya dijangka mengambil masa tiga tahun dan kos sekitar $ 380 juta, berakhir jauh di atas anggaran dan di belakang jadual. Usaha untuk menggunakan komputer moden dan peralatan rangkaian pada umumnya berjaya, tetapi usaha untuk membangunkan perisian penyiasatan baru, yang disalurkan kepada Aplikasi Sains Antarabangsa (SAIC), tidak. Fail Kes Maya, atau VCF, sebagai perisian diketahui, diganggu oleh matlamat yang kurang jelas, dan perubahan berulang dalam pengurusan. Pada Januari 2005, lebih daripada dua tahun selepas perisian itu dirancang pada asalnya untuk disiapkan, FBI secara rasmi meninggalkan projek itu. Sekurang-kurangnya $ 100 juta (dan lebih banyak lagi oleh beberapa anggaran) dibelanjakan untuk projek itu, yang tidak pernah beroperasi. FBI telah dipaksa untuk meneruskan penggunaan Sistem Sokongan Kes Automasi sedekad lama, yang pakar IT menganggap sangat tidak mencukupi. Pada bulan Mac 2005, FBI mengumumkan bahawa ia memulakan satu projek perisian yang baru, bercita-cita tinggi, yang bernama Sentinel, yang dijangka selesai pada tahun 2009. <> Bilakah FBI memulakan projek Trilogy? || 2000 <> Projek apa yang tertumpu pada peningkatan Infrastruktur Teknologi Maklumat FBI? || Projek trilogi <> Adakah projek Trilogy mengatasi anggaran? || jauh lebih banyak anggaran <> Bilakah FBI meninggalkan projek VCF? || Januari 2005", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI begin the Trilogy project?", "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcfc", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What project centered on upgrading FBI Information Technology Infrastructure?", "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcfd", "answers": [{"text": "Trilogy project", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the Trilogy project go over budget?", "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcfe", "answers": [{"text": "far over budget", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the FBI abandon the VCF project?", "id": "570c2ab3ec8fbc190045bcff", "answers": [{"text": "January 2005", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2000, the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology (IT) infrastructure. This project, originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $380 million, ended up going far over budget and behind schedule. Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were generally successful, but attempts to develop new investigation software, outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), were not. Virtual Case File, or VCF, as the software was known, was plagued by poorly defined goals, and repeated changes in management. In January 2005, more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion, the FBI officially abandoned the project. At least $100 million (and much more by some estimates) was spent on the project, which never became operational. The FBI has been forced to continue using its decade-old Automated Case Support system, which IT experts consider woefully inadequate. In March 2005, the FBI announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project, code-named Sentinel, which they expected to complete by 2009."}], ["Makmal FBI, ditubuhkan dengan pembentukan BOI, tidak muncul di Bangunan J. Edgar Hoover sehingga siap pada tahun 1974. Makmal ini berfungsi sebagai makmal utama untuk kebanyakan kerja-kerja DNA, biologi, dan fizikal. Lawatan umum ibu pejabat FBI berlari melalui ruang kerja makmal FBI sebelum berpindah ke Bangunan J. Edgar Hoover. Perkhidmatan yang dijalankan oleh makmal termasuk Kimia, Sistem Indeks DNA Gabungan (CODIS), Analisis Komputer dan Maklum Balas, Analisis DNA, Maklum Balas Keterangan, Bahan Letupan, Senjata Api dan Tanda Alat, Audio Forensik, Video Forensik, Analisis Imej, Penyelidikan Sains Forensik, Latihan Sains Forensik , Maklum Balas Bahan Berbahaya, Siasatan dan Calon, Cetakan Laten, Analisis Bahan, Dokumen yang Dipersoalkan, Rekod Racketeering, Analisis Fotografi Khas, Reka Bentuk Struktur, dan Keterangan Bukti. Perkhidmatan Makmal FBI digunakan oleh banyak agensi kerajaan, tempatan dan antarabangsa secara percuma. Makmal ini juga mengekalkan makmal kedua di Akademi FBI. <> Bilakah makmal FBI muncul dahulu? || 1974 <> Di manakah makmal FBI? || J. Edgar Hoover Building <> Siapa yang menggunakan perkhidmatan makmal FBI? || agensi negeri, tempatan dan antarabangsa <> Berapakah caj FBI untuk perkhidmatan makmal? || percuma <> Di manakah makmal FBI kedua? || Akademi FBI <> Bilakah Makmal FBI ditutup? || <> Di manakah makmal CIA terletak? || <> Di mana lawatan awam ibu pejabat FBI berjalan melalui selepas pindah ke Bangunan J. Edgar Hoover? || <> Apa perkhidmatan yang dijalankan oleh makmal? || <> Jenis agensi apa yang harus dibayar untuk menggunakan perkhidmatan Makmal FBI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI lab first appear?", "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf2", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the FBI lab?", "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf3", "answers": [{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover Building", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who uses the FBI lab services?", "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf4", "answers": [{"text": "state, local, and international agencies", "answer_start": 901}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the FBI charges for lab services?", "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf5", "answers": [{"text": "free", "answer_start": 942}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the second FBI lab?", "id": "570c2a5eec8fbc190045bcf6", "answers": [{"text": "FBI Academy", "answer_start": 1001}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "When did the FBI Laboratory close?", "id": "5ad39902604f3c001a3fe811", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover Building", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Where was the CIA lab located?", "id": "5ad39902604f3c001a3fe812", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI laboratory workspace", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Where do public tours of FBI headquarters run through after the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building?", "id": "5ad39902604f3c001a3fe813", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chemistry", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What is not a service the lab conducts?", "id": "5ad39902604f3c001a3fe814", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "state, local, and international", "answer_start": 901}], "question": "What kind of agencies must pay to use the services of the FBI Lab?", "id": "5ad39902604f3c001a3fe815", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI Laboratory, established with the formation of the BOI, did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974. The lab serves as the primary lab for most DNA, biological, and physical work. Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The services the lab conducts include Chemistry, Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), Computer Analysis and Response, DNA Analysis, Evidence Response, Explosives, Firearms and Tool marks, Forensic Audio, Forensic Video, Image Analysis, Forensic Science Research, Forensic Science Training, Hazardous Materials Response, Investigative and Prospective Graphics, Latent Prints, Materials Analysis, Questioned Documents, Racketeering Records, Special Photographic Analysis, Structural Design, and Trace Evidence. The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state, local, and international agencies free of charge. The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy."}], ["Ejen khas FBI dikeluarkan pistol Model Glock 22 atau Glock 23 dalam .40 S & W berkaliber. Jika mereka gagal dalam kelayakan pertama mereka, mereka dikeluarkan sama ada Glock 17 atau Glock 19, untuk membantu dalam kelayakan seterusnya. Pada bulan Mei 1997, FBI secara rasmi mengguna pakai pistol Glock .40 S & W untuk kegunaan agen am dan pertama kali dikeluarkan kepada New Agent Class 98-1 pada bulan Oktober 1997. Pada masa ini Model 23 \"FG & R\" (alur jari dan kereta api) adalah mengeluarkan sidearm. Ejen-ejen baru dikeluarkan senjata api, di mana mereka harus memenuhi syarat, apabila berjaya menyelesaikan latihan mereka di Akademi FBI. The Glock 26 dalam 9 \u00d7 19mm Parabellum, dan Glock Models 23 dan 27 dalam .40 S & W berkaliber dibenarkan sebagai senjata sekunder. Ejen khas dibenarkan untuk membeli dan melayakkan dengan Glock Model 21 dalam .45 ACP. Ejen Khas FBI HRT dan pasukan SWAT serantau dikeluarkan pistol Model Model Springfield Professional 1911A1 .45 ACP (lihat Pasukan Senjata Khas dan Taktik FBI). <> Pistol apa yang dikeluarkan oleh agen khas FBI? || Glock Model 22 pistol atau Glock 23 dalam .40 S & W berkaliber <> Apakah agen FBI yang dikeluarkan jika mereka gagal mendapatkan kelayakan pertama? || Glock 17 atau Glock 19 <> Apa yang FBI mengadopsi pada Mei 1997 || Glock .40 S & W pistol <> Apa yang FBI mengamalkan pistol Glock .40 S & W untuk? || menggunakan ejen umum <> Kelas apa yang pertama menerima pistol Glock .40 S & W? || Kelas Ejen Baru 98-1 <> Senjata apa yang dikeluarkan oleh agen CIA? || <> Pistol apakah yang dikeluarkan oleh agen FBI jika mereka gagal dalam kualifikasi kedua? || <> Pistol apa yang digunakan oleh FBI sebelum tahun 1997? || <> Senjata apa yang menjadi ejen khas yang tidak dibenarkan untuk dibawa? || <> Senjata apa yang pasukan pasukan SWAT serantau dihalang daripada menggunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What gun are FBI special agents issued?", "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbae", "answers": [{"text": "Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?", "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbaf", "answers": [{"text": "Glock 17 or Glock 19", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FBI adopt in May 1997", "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbb0", "answers": [{"text": "Glock .40 S&W pistol", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for?", "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbb1", "answers": [{"text": "general agent use", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol?", "id": "570c2b156b8089140040fbb2", "answers": [{"text": "New Agent Class 98-1", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "What gun are CIA agents issued?", "id": "5ad3a576604f3c001a3fea9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glock 17 or Glock 19", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What gun are FBI agents issued if they fail their second qualification?", "id": "5ad3a576604f3c001a3feaa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glock .40 S&W pistol", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What gun did the FBI use before 1997?", "id": "5ad3a576604f3c001a3feaa1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glock Model 21 in .45 ACP", "answer_start": 743}], "question": "What gun are special agents not authorized to carry?", "id": "5ad3a576604f3c001a3feaa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Springfield Professional Model 1911A1 .45 ACP pistol", "answer_start": 862}], "question": "What gun are regional SWAT teams barred from using?", "id": "5ad3a576604f3c001a3feaa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An FBI special agent is issued a Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber. If they fail their first qualification, they are issued either a Glock 17 or Glock 19, to aid in their next qualification. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Model 23 \"FG&R\" (finger groove and rail) is the issue sidearm. New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy. The Glock 26 in 9\u00d719mm Parabellum, and Glock Models 23 and 27 in .40 S&W caliber are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock Model 21 in .45 ACP. Special agents of the FBI HRT (Hostage Rescue Team), and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Professional Model 1911A1 .45 ACP pistol (see FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams)."}], ["Pada 8 Julai 2007 The Washington Post menerbitkan petikan daripada buku Profesor UCLA Amy Zegart Spying Blind: The CIA, FBI, dan Asal-usul 9/11. The Post melaporkan dari buku Zegart bahawa dokumen-dokumen kerajaan menunjukkan CIA dan FBI melepaskan 23 peluang berpotensi untuk mengganggu serangan pengganas pada 11 September 2001. Sebab-sebab utama kegagalan termasuk: budaya agensi yang tahan terhadap perubahan dan idea-idea baru; insentif yang tidak sesuai untuk promosi; dan kurangnya kerjasama antara FBI, CIA dan lain-lain Komuniti Perisikan Amerika Syarikat. Buku itu menyalahkan struktur desentralisasi FBI, yang menghalang komunikasi dan kerjasama yang berkesan di kalangan pejabat FBI yang berbeza. Buku ini mencadangkan bahawa FBI tidak berevolusi menjadi agensi anti-keganasan atau kontra kecerdasan yang berkesan, yang sebahagian besarnya berhadapan dengan rintangan budaya yang mendalam dalam organisasi. Sebagai contoh, amalan kakitangan FBI terus merawat semua kakitangan selain ejen khas sebagai kakitangan sokongan, mengelaskan penganalisis perisikan bersama mekanik dan FBI auto FBI. <> Bilakah Washington Post menerbitkan petikan dari buku Spying Blind? || 8 Julai 2007 <> Berapa banyak peluang untuk mengganggu serangan 9/11 yang dilakukan oleh FBI? || 23 <> Apa dua agensi tidak mempunyai kerjasama? || FBI, CIA <> Apa yang harus dipersalahkan kerana kegagalan FBI? || Struktur terdesentralisasi FBI <> Apa struktur menghalang FBI? || komunikasi yang berkesan <> Buku apa yang New York Times menerbitkan petikan dari? || <> Berapa kali CIA dan FBI mengganggu serangan pengganas pada 11 September? || <> Apa dua agensi bekerjasama dengan baik? || <> Apa yang memudahkan komunikasi di kalangan pejabat FBI yang berbeza? || <> Apa yang FBI merawat agen khas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Washington Post publish excerpts from the book Spying Blind?", "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bcde", "answers": [{"text": "July 8, 2007", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many chances to disrupt the 9/11 attacks did the FBI dismiss?", "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bcdf", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two agencies had a lack of co-operation?", "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bce0", "answers": [{"text": "FBI, CIA", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was to blame for the FBI's failure?", "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bce1", "answers": [{"text": "FBI's decentralized structure", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FBI's decentralized structure prevent?", "id": "570c2999ec8fbc190045bce2", "answers": [{"text": "effective communication", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What book did the New York Times publish excerpts from?", "id": "5ad38f7f604f3c001a3fe61f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "How many times did the CIA and FBI disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11th?", "id": "5ad38f7f604f3c001a3fe620", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI, CIA", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What two agencies cooperated well together?", "id": "5ad38f7f604f3c001a3fe621", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI's decentralized structure", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "What facilitated communication among different FBI offices? ", "id": "5ad38f7f604f3c001a3fe622", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "support staff", "answer_start": 983}], "question": "What did the FBI treat special agents as?", "id": "5ad38f7f604f3c001a3fe623", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On July 8, 2007 The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart's book Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11. The Post reported from Zegart's book that government documents show the CIA and FBI missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI has not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices continue to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff, classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors."}], ["Antara tahun 1993 dan 1996, FBI meningkatkan peranan keganasannya selepas pengeboman Pusat Perdagangan Sedunia 1993 di New York City, New York; pengeboman Oklahoma City 1995 di Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; dan penangkapan Unabomber pada tahun 1996. Inovasi teknologi dan kemahiran penganalisis Makmal FBI membantu memastikan tiga kes berjaya dituntut. Penyiasatan Jabatan Keadilan terhadap peranan FBI di Ruby Ridge dan insiden Waco didapati terhalang oleh agen di dalam Biro. Semasa Olimpik Musim Panas 1996 di Atlanta, Georgia, FBI dikritik kerana penyiasatan terhadap pengeboman Taman Olimpik Centennial. Ia telah menyelesaikan pertikaian dengan Richard Jewell, yang merupakan pengawal keselamatan swasta di tempat itu, bersama beberapa organisasi media, mengenai kebocoran namanya semasa penyiasatan. <> Bilakah FBI meningkatkan peranan kaunter keganasan? || Antara 1993 dan 1996 <> Apa yang mendorong peningkatan FBI dalam kaunter-keganasan? || Pengeboman Pusat Dagangan Dunia <> Di manakah Pusat Dagangan Dunia? || New York City, New York <> Bilakah bandar Oklahoma dibom? || 1995 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh agen dalam FBI untuk penyiasatan agensi? || terhalang <> Apakah peranan FBI lebih fokus sebelum 1993? || <> Bilakah pemboman Pusat Dagangan Dunia kedua berlaku? || <> Siapa yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1996? || <> Apa yang menghentikan FBI daripada memastikan ketiga-tiga kes itu berjaya didakwa? || <> Semasa Sukan Olimpik apakah FBI memuji penyiasatannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI increase it's counter-terrorism role?", "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc4", "answers": [{"text": "Between 1993 and 1996", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prompted the FBI increase in counter-terrorism?", "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc5", "answers": [{"text": "World Trade Center bombing", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the World Trade Center?", "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc6", "answers": [{"text": "New York City, New York", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Oklahoma city bombed?", "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc7", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did agents within the FBI do to investigations of the agency?", "id": "570c28c0ec8fbc190045bcc8", "answers": [{"text": "obstructed", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "counter-terrorism", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What role did the FBI focus more on before 1993?", "id": "5ad3834b604f3c001a3fe4d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "When did the second World Trade Center bombing occur?", "id": "5ad3834b604f3c001a3fe4d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Unabomber", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "Who was set free in 1996?", "id": "5ad3834b604f3c001a3fe4d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Technological innovation", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What stopped the FBI from ensuring that these three cases were successfully prosecuted?", "id": "5ad3834b604f3c001a3fe4d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996 Summer Olympics", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "During what Olympics was the FBI praised for its investigation?", "id": "5ad3834b604f3c001a3fe4d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to be obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations, in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation."}], ["Semasa serangan 11 September 2001 di Pusat Dagangan Dunia, agen FBI Leonard W. Hatton Jr dibunuh semasa usaha menyelamat ketika membantu kakitangan penyelamat mengosongkan penghuni Menara Selatan dan tinggal ketika ia runtuh. Dalam beberapa bulan selepas serangan itu, Pengarah FBI, Robert Mueller, yang telah bersumpah dalam seminggu sebelum serangan, menyeru struktur semula dan operasi FBI semula. Beliau telah menentang setiap jenayah persekutuan sebagai keutamaan, termasuk pencegahan keganasan, mengatasi operasi perisikan asing, menangani ancaman keselamatan siber, jenayah berteknologi tinggi lain, melindungi hak-hak sivil, memerangi rasuah awam, jenayah terancang, kejahatan kolar putih dan majoriti perbuatan jenayah ganas. <> Apa agen FBI terbunuh semasa serangan di World Trade Center? || Leonard W. Hatton Jr <Apa menara yang Leonard W. Hatton Jr cuba untuk berpindah? || Menara Selatan <> Apa yang dikehendaki oleh pengarah baru FBI? || semula-kejuruteraan <> Apakah ketua baru FBI keutamaannya? || mengalahkan setiap jenayah persekutuan <> Apa bahagian FBI yang dibuat Mueller mahu menjadi jurutera semula? || struktur dan operasi <> Apa agen CIA terbunuh semasa serangan di World Trade Center? || <> Apa yang cuba dilakukan oleh Hatton di Menara Utara Pusat Dagangan Dunia? || <> Siapa yang telah bersumpah sebagai Pengarah FBI seminggu selepas serangan? || <> Apakah keutamaan rendah untuk Mueller? || <> Apa yang Mueller tidak cuba untuk melindungi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?", "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcce", "answers": [{"text": "Leonard W. Hatton Jr", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?", "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bccf", "answers": [{"text": "South Tower", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FBI's new director want?", "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcd0", "answers": [{"text": "re-engineering", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?", "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcd1", "answers": [{"text": "countering every federal crime", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?", "id": "570c2925ec8fbc190045bcd2", "answers": [{"text": "structure and operations", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leonard W. Hatton Jr.", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What CIA agent was killed during the attacks on the World Trade Center?", "id": "5ad38518604f3c001a3fe53f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "helping the rescue personnel", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What was Hatton trying to do in the North Tower of the World Trade Center?", "id": "5ad38518604f3c001a3fe540", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Mueller", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "Who was sworn in as FBI Director a week after the attacks?", "id": "5ad38518604f3c001a3fe541", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "countering every federal crime", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What was a low priority for Mueller?", "id": "5ad38518604f3c001a3fe542", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "civil rights", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What did Mueller not try to protect?", "id": "5ad38518604f3c001a3fe543", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime."}], ["Semasa tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, para pegawai FBI semakin khawatir tentang pengaruh para pemimpin hak sivil, yang mereka percaya mempunyai hubungan komunis atau terlalu dipengaruhi oleh mereka. Pada tahun 1956, sebagai contoh, Hoover menghantar surat terbuka mengecam Dr T.R.M. Howard, seorang pemimpin hak asasi, pakar bedah, dan usahawan kaya di Mississippi yang mengkritik aksi FBI dalam menyelesaikan pembunuhan baru-baru ini George W. Lee, Emmett Till, dan orang kulit hitam lain di Selatan. FBI menjalankan pengawasan domestik yang kontroversial dalam operasi yang dipanggil COINTELPRO, yang pendek untuk \"Program INTELligence COunter.\" Ia adalah untuk menyiasat dan mengganggu aktiviti organisasi politik yang bertentangan di Amerika Syarikat, termasuk organisasi militan dan bukan ganas. Antara sasarannya ialah Persidangan Kepimpinan Kristian Selatan, sebuah organisasi hak-hak sivil yang terkemuka dengan kepimpinan ulama. <> Bilakah FBI menjadi bimbang tentang Hak-hak Sivil? || 1950-an dan 1960-an <> Hubungan apa yang FBI percaya pemimpin hak-hak sivil? || hubungan komunis <> Siapa yang Hoover menghantar surat terbuka mengutuk? || Dr. T.R.M. Howard <> Agensi apa yang mempunyai Dr T.R.M. Howard dikritik? || FBI <> Apakah operasi pengawasan domestik yang kontroversial di era ini? || COINTELPRO <> Bilakah pegawai-pegawai FBI kurang prihatin terhadap Hak-hak Sivil? || <> Hubungan apa yang dilakukan pemimpin hak-hak sivil percaya FBI mempunyai? || <> Bilakah Dr. T.R.M. Howard menghantar surat terbuka mengecam Hoover? || <> Apakah program pengawasan domestik kontroversial yang dilakukan oleh CIA? || <> Apa yang bukan salah satu sasaran COINTELPRO? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI become concerned about Civil Rights?", "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9a", "answers": [{"text": "1950s and 1960s", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ties did the FBI believe civil rights leaders had?", "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9b", "answers": [{"text": "communist ties", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Hoover send an open letter denouncing?", "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9c", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. T.R.M. Howard", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agency had Dr. T.R.M. Howard criticized?", "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9d", "answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the controversial domestic surveillance operation in this era?", "id": "570c27686b8089140040fb9e", "answers": [{"text": "COINTELPRO", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s and 1960s", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "When did FBI officials become less concerned about Civil Rights?", "id": "5ad37d89604f3c001a3fe417", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communist ties", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What ties did civil rights leaders believe the FBI had?", "id": "5ad37d89604f3c001a3fe418", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "When did Dr. T.R.M. Howard send an open letter denouncing Hoover?", "id": "5ad37d89604f3c001a3fe419", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "COINTELPRO", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "What controversial domestic surveillance program did the CIA carry out?", "id": "5ad37d89604f3c001a3fe41a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern Christian Leadership Conference", "answer_start": 804}], "question": "What was not one of the targets of COINTELPRO?", "id": "5ad37d89604f3c001a3fe41b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed had communist ties or were unduly influenced by them. In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee, Emmett Till, and other blacks in the South. The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO, which was short for \"COunter-INTELligence PROgram.\" It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a leading civil rights organization with clergy leadership."}], ["Pada tahun 2003 sebuah jawatankuasa kongres memanggil program informan jenayah terancang FBI \"salah satu kegagalan terbesar dalam sejarah penguatkuasaan undang-undang persekutuan.\" FBI membenarkan empat orang lelaki yang tidak bersalah untuk disabitkan kesalahan pembunuhan gangland March 1965 oleh Edward \"Teddy\" Deegan untuk melindungi Vincent Flemmi, seorang informan FBI. Tiga orang lelaki itu dijatuhi hukuman mati (yang kemudiannya diturunkan ke penjara), dan defendan keempat dihukum mati dalam penjara. Dua daripada empat lelaki itu mati di penjara selepas berkhidmat hampir 30 tahun, dan dua yang lain dibebaskan selepas berkhidmat 32 dan 36 tahun. Pada bulan Julai 2007, Hakim Daerah A.S. Nancy Gertner di Boston mendapati biro itu membantu menuduh empat lelaki menggunakan akaun saksi palsu oleh mobster Joseph Barboza. Kerajaan A.S. diarahkan untuk membayar $ 100 juta ganti rugi kepada empat defendan. <> Bilakah jawatankuasa menentang program informan jenayah terancang FBI? || Pada tahun 2003 <> Berapa ramai lelaki yang tidak bersalah yang dibenarkan oleh FBI untuk disabitkan? || empat <> Apakah hukuman mati dikurangkan? || kehidupan di penjara <> Berapa banyak lelaki mati dalam penjara? || Dua <> Berapakah kerajaan AS memerintahkan membayar ganti rugi? || $ 100 juta <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh seorang kongres kongres salah satu kejayaan terbesar dalam penguatkuasaan undang-undang persekutuan? || <> Bilakah FBI menghentikan empat lelaki yang tidak bersalah daripada disabitkan kesalahan? || <> Apakah nama informan CIA itu? || <> Siapa mendapati bahawa biro itu tidak membantu menahan empat lelaki? || <> Berapakah empat orang defendan yang diperintahkan untuk membayar kerajaan A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did a committee oppose the FBI's organized crime informant program?", "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcba", "answers": [{"text": "In 2003", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many innocent men did the FBI allow to be convicted?", "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbb", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the death sentence reduced to?", "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbc", "answers": [{"text": "life in prison", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the men died in prison?", "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbd", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the US government ordered to pay in damages?", "id": "570c285fec8fbc190045bcbe", "answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI's organized crime informant program", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What did a congressional committee call one of the greatest successes in federal law enforcement?", "id": "5ad381bc604f3c001a3fe48f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 1965", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "When did the FBI stop four innocent men from being convicted?", "id": "5ad381bc604f3c001a3fe490", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vincent Flemmi", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What was the name of the CIA's informant?", "id": "5ad381bc604f3c001a3fe491", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nancy Gertner", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "Who found that the bureau had not helped convict four men?", "id": "5ad381bc604f3c001a3fe492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 789}], "question": "How much were the four defendants ordered to pay the U.S. government? ", "id": "5ad381bc604f3c001a3fe493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime informant program \"one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement.\" The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward \"Teddy\" Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison. Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found the bureau helped convict the four men using false witness account by mobster Joseph Barboza. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1940-an dan terus ke tahun 1970-an, biro menyiasat kes-kes pengintipan terhadap Amerika Syarikat dan sekutunya. Lapan ejen Nazi yang telah merancang operasi sabotaj terhadap sasaran Amerika telah ditangkap, dan enam dibunuh (Ex parte Quirin) di bawah hukuman mereka. Juga pada masa ini, usaha pemecatan kod AS / UK bersama (projek Venona) -yang mana FBI terlibat dengan banyaknya-memecah kod komunikasi diplomatik dan perisikan Soviet, membolehkan kerajaan AS dan British membaca komunikasi Soviet. Usaha ini mengesahkan kewujudan orang Amerika yang bekerja di Amerika Syarikat untuk perisikan Soviet. Hoover telah mentadbirkan projek ini tetapi gagal untuk memberitahu Agensi Perisikan Pusat (CIA) hingga 1952. Satu lagi kes yang penting ialah penangkapan pengintip Soviet Rudolf Abel pada tahun 1957. Penemuan pengintip Soviet yang beroperasi di Amerika Syarikat membenarkan Hoover untuk mengejar obsesinya yang sudah lama ancaman yang dia anggap dari Kiri Amerika, yang terdiri daripada penganjur kesatuan Parti Komunis Amerika Syarikat (CPUSA) kepada liberal Amerika. <> Bilakah FBI mula menyiasat spionase? || 1940s <> Berapa banyak Nazis ditangkap? || Lapan <> Projek apa yang melanggar kod Soviet? || projek Venona <> Agensi apa yang Hoover tidak memberitahu mengenai pemecahan kod dan penemuan yang diperoleh daripadanya? || CIA <> Apa biro itu menyiasat sebelum tahun 1940-an? || <> Berapa banyak ejen Itali yang ditangkap? || <> Projek apa yang memecahkan kod Nazi? || <> Agensi apa yang Hoover memaklumkan mengenai kod tersebut segera? || <> Apa yang menghentikan Hoover daripada mengejar obsesinya dengan ancaman dari Kiri Amerika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?", "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb2", "answers": [{"text": "1940s", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Nazis were arrested?", "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb3", "answers": [{"text": "Eight", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What project broke Soviet codes?", "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb4", "answers": [{"text": "the Venona project", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?", "id": "570c27d9ec8fbc190045bcb5", "answers": [{"text": "CIA", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cases of espionage against the United States", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What did the bureau investigate before the 1940s?", "id": "5ad36cc8604f3c001a3fe1cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eight", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "How many Italian agents were arrested?", "id": "5ad36cc8604f3c001a3fe1cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Venona project", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "What project broke Nazi codes?", "id": "5ad36cc8604f3c001a3fe1cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CIA", "answer_start": 744}], "question": "What agency did Hoover inform about the code break right away?", "id": "5ad36cc8604f3c001a3fe1ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discovery of Soviet spies", "answer_start": 835}], "question": "What stopped Hoover from pursuing his obsession with the threat from the American Left?", "id": "5ad36cc8604f3c001a3fe1cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort (the Venona project)\u2014with which the FBI was heavily involved\u2014broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence. Hoover was administering this project but failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) until 1952. Another notable case is the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957. The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals."}], ["J. Edgar Hoover berkhidmat sebagai Pengarah dari 1924 hingga 1972, gabungan 48 tahun dengan BOI, DOI, dan FBI. Beliau bertanggungjawab terutamanya untuk mewujudkan Makmal Pengesanan Jenayah Saintifik, atau Makmal FBI, yang secara rasminya dibuka pada tahun 1932, sebagai sebahagian daripada kerjanya untuk memprioriti penyelidikan oleh pemerintah. Hoover terlibat secara besar-besaran dalam kes-kes utama dan projek-projek yang dikendalikan FBI semasa tempohnya. Selepas kematian Hoover, Kongres meluluskan undang-undang yang mengehadkan tempoh pengarah FBI masa depan untuk sepuluh tahun. <> Siapa Pengarah dari 1924 hingga 1972? || J. Edgar Hoover <> Berapa tahun Hoover pengarah FBI? || 48 <> Makmal apa yang Hoover bertanggungjawab untuk membuat? || Makmal Pengesanan Jenayah Saintifik <> Apakah nama lain untuk Makmal Pengesanan Jenayah Saintifik? || Makmal FBI <> Bilakah makmal FBI dibuka? || 1932 <> Siapa yang berkhidmat sebagai pengarah FBI sebelum 1924? || <> Tahun apakah makmal FBI ditutup secara rasmi? || <> Apakah makmal yang Hoover bertanggungjawab untuk memusnahkan? || <> Apakah had tempoh untuk pengarah FBI sebelum kematian Hoover? || <> Apa yang meluluskan undang-undang untuk menetapkan had tempoh pengarah CIA hingga sepuluh tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?", "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd34", "answers": [{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years was Hoover the FBI director?", "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd35", "answers": [{"text": "48", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?", "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd36", "answers": [{"text": "Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?", "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd37", "answers": [{"text": "FBI Laboratory", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the FBI laboratory open?", "id": "570c2dd8ec8fbc190045bd38", "answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who served as FBI director before 1924?", "id": "5ad365c7604f3c001a3fe047", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "What year did the FBI laboratory officially close?", "id": "5ad365c7604f3c001a3fe048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "What laboratory was Hoover responsible for destroying?", "id": "5ad365c7604f3c001a3fe049", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten years", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "What was the tenure limit for FBI directors before Hoover's death?", "id": "5ad365c7604f3c001a3fe04a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What passed legislation to set the tenure limit of CIA directors to ten years?", "id": "5ad365c7604f3c001a3fe04b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years."}], ["Walaupun fokus domestiknya, FBI juga mengekalkan jejak antarabangsa yang penting, beroperasi 60 pejabat Attache Undang-Undang (LEGAT) dan 15 pejabat kecil di kedutaan dan konsulat A.S. di seluruh dunia. Pejabat-pejabat luar negara ini terutamanya untuk tujuan koordinasi dengan perkhidmatan keselamatan asing dan biasanya tidak melakukan operasi unilateral di negara-negara tuan rumah. FBI boleh dan kadang-kadang menjalankan aktiviti rahsia di luar negara, sama seperti CIA mempunyai fungsi domestik terhad; aktiviti-aktiviti ini umumnya memerlukan penyelarasan di seluruh agensi kerajaan. <> Apakah jenis kerja yang difokuskan oleh FBI? || domestik <> Berapa banyak pejabat LEGAT yang dijalankan oleh FBI? || 60 <> Mengapa FBI mengendalikan pejabat LEGAT? || koordinasi dengan perkhidmatan keselamatan asing <> Adakah pejabat LEGAT menjalankan operasi unilateral di negara-negara tuan rumah? || tidak biasanya <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh operasi luar negara? || koordinasi <> Berapa banyak pejabat LEGAT yang dijalankan oleh CIA? || <> Berapa banyak sub-pejabat di kedutaan A.S. mempunyai CIA? || <> Mengapa CIA mengendalikan pejabat LEGAT? || <> Apa agensi perisikan menjalankan operasi unilateral di negara tuan rumah? || <> Apa yang tidak penting dalam operasi luar negara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of work was the FBI focused on?", "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd3e", "answers": [{"text": "domestic", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many LEGAT offices does the FBI operate?", "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd3f", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices?", "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd40", "answers": [{"text": "coordination with foreign security services", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do LEGAT offices conduct unilateral operations in host countries?", "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd41", "answers": [{"text": "not usually", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do oversea operations require?", "id": "570c2e35ec8fbc190045bd42", "answers": [{"text": "coordination", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "How many LEGAT offices does the CIA operate?", "id": "5ad3633f604f3c001a3fdfcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "How many sub-offices in U.S. embassies does the CIA have?", "id": "5ad3633f604f3c001a3fdfcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coordination with foreign security services", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "Why does the CIA operate LEGAT offices?", "id": "5ad3633f604f3c001a3fdfcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CIA", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What intelligence agency conducts unilateral operations in host countries?", "id": "5ad3633f604f3c001a3fdfce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coordination", "answer_start": 529}], "question": "What is not important in overseas operations?", "id": "5ad3633f604f3c001a3fdfcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe. These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a limited domestic function; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies."}], ["Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan (FBI) adalah perisikan dan keselamatan domestik Amerika Syarikat, yang pada masa yang sama berfungsi sebagai organisasi penguatkuasaan undang-undang persekutuan utama negara. Beroperasi di bawah bidang kuasa Jabatan A.S. A.S., FBI adalah seorang ahli Komuniti Perisikan A.S. dan melaporkan kepada Peguam Negara dan Pengarah Perisikan Negara. Sebuah kaunter anti-keganasan, kaunseling, dan organisasi penyiasatan jenayah A.S. yang terkemuka, FBI mempunyai bidang kuasa ke atas pelanggaran lebih daripada 200 kategori jenayah persekutuan. <> Agensi apakah kecerdasan domestik dan perkhidmatan keselamatan untuk Amerika Syarikat? || FBI <> Organisasi apa yang FBI subset? || Jabatan Keadilan A.S. <> Apakah Pengarah yang membuat laporan FBI? || Pengarah Perisikan Negara <> Berapa banyak kategori jenayah persekutuan yang FBI mempunyai bidang kuasa? || 200 <> Apakah kecerdasan domestik dan perkhidmatan keselamatan untuk United Kingdom? || <> Apa yang berada di bawah bidang kuasa FBI? || <> Siapa yang melaporkan laporan Komuniti Perisikan A.S. kepada? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai bidang kuasa lebih daripada 200 kategori jenayah peringkat negeri? || <> Berapa banyak kategori jenayah persekutuan Adakah Komuniti Perisikan A.S. mempunyai bidang kuasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What agency is the domestic intelligence and security service for the US?", "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd4", "answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization is the FBI a subset of?", "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd5", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Department of Justice", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Director does the FBI report to?", "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd6", "answers": [{"text": "Director of National Intelligence", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many categories of federal crimes does the FBI have jurisdiction over?", "id": "570c2d8e6b8089140040fbd7", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What is the domestic intelligence and security service for the United Kingdom?", "id": "5ad36134604f3c001a3fdf55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Department of Justice", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What is under the jurisdiction of the FBI?", "id": "5ad36134604f3c001a3fdf56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Attorney General", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "Who does the U.S. Intelligence Community report to?", "id": "5ad36134604f3c001a3fdf57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "Who has jurisdiction over more than 200 categories of state level crime?", "id": "5ad36134604f3c001a3fdf58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "How many categories of federal crimes does the U.S. Intelligence Community have jurisdiction over?", "id": "5ad36134604f3c001a3fdf59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime federal law enforcement organization. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada jenayah terancang, pada 25 Ogos 1953, FBI telah mewujudkan Program Hoodlum Teratas. Pejabat nasional mengarahkan pejabat-pejabat lapangan untuk mengumpulkan maklumat mengenai orang-orang di wilayah mereka dan melaporkannya secara teratur ke Washington untuk koleksi perisikan yang terpusat pada orang-orang yang menghina. Selepas Akta Racketeer yang Dipengaruhi dan Rasuah, atau Akta RICO, berlaku, FBI mula menyiasat kumpulan-kumpulan yang dilantik sebelum ini yang telah menjadi teras bagi jenayah di bandar-bandar utama dan bandar-bandar kecil. Semua kerja FBI telah dilakukan menyamar dan dari dalam organisasi ini, dengan menggunakan peruntukan yang disediakan dalam Akta RICO. Secara beransur-ansur agensi itu membongkar banyak kumpulan. Walaupun Hoover awalnya menafikan kewujudan Sindiket Jenayah Kebangsaan di Amerika Syarikat, Biro kemudiannya menjalankan operasi terhadap sindiket jenayah dan keluarga yang terkenal, termasuk yang diketuai oleh Sam Giancana dan John Gotti. Akta RICO masih digunakan hari ini untuk semua jenayah terancang dan mana-mana individu yang mungkin berada di bawah Akta. <> Apakah Program Hoodlum Teratas memberi respons kepada? || jenayah terancang <> Apa program Hoodlum yang mengumpul maklumat? || > Selepas Akta RICO berkuatkuasa apa yang FBI mula menyiasat? || bekas kumpulan yang dilarang Larangan <> Kelompok apa yang Hoover menafikan kewujudan? || Sindiket Jenayah Kebangsaan <> Adakah Akta RICO masih digunakan hari ini? || Akta RICO masih digunakan <> Bagaimana FBI bertindak terhadap jenayah terancang sebelum 1953? || <> Apa yang dilakukan FBI sebelum Akta RICO berkuatkuasa? || <> Apa yang Hoover mengesahkan kewujudan? || <> Siapa ketua keluarga jenayah yang disasarkan CIA? || <> Tindakan apa yang tidak lagi digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Top Hoodlum Program a response to?", "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd52", "answers": [{"text": "organized crime", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Top Hoodlum Program gather information on?", "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd53", "answers": [{"text": "mobsters", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the RICO Act took effect what did the FBI start investigating?", "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd54", "answers": [{"text": "former Prohibition-organized groups", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups did Hoover deny the existence of?", "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd55", "answers": [{"text": "National Crime Syndicate", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the RICO Act still used today?", "id": "570c2effec8fbc190045bd56", "answers": [{"text": "The RICO Act is still used", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "created the Top Hoodlum Program", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "How did the FBI respond to organized crime before 1953?", "id": "5ad37ff4604f3c001a3fe45b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "began investigating", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What did the FBI do before the RICO Act took effect?", "id": "5ad37ff4604f3c001a3fe45c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Crime Syndicate", "answer_start": 744}], "question": "What did Hoover confirm the existence of?", "id": "5ad37ff4604f3c001a3fe45d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sam Giancana", "answer_start": 910}], "question": "Who was the head of a crime family the CIA targeted?", "id": "5ad37ff4604f3c001a3fe45e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RICO Act", "answer_start": 943}], "question": "What act is not longer in use?", "id": "5ad37ff4604f3c001a3fe45f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers. After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who might fall under the Act."}], ["Pada 20 Februari 2001, biro itu mengumumkan bahawa seorang agen khas, Robert Hanssen (lahir 1944) telah ditangkap kerana mengintip untuk Kesatuan Soviet dan kemudian Rusia dari tahun 1979 hingga 2001. Beliau menjalani hukuman mati 15 tahun berturut-turut tanpa kemungkinan pembebasan di ADX Florence, penjara supermax persekutuan berhampiran Florence, Colorado. Hanssen ditangkap pada 18 Februari 2001 di Foxstone Park berhampiran rumahnya di Vienna, Virginia, dan didakwa menjual rahsia AS ke USSR dan seterusnya Rusia untuk lebih daripada AS $ 1.4 juta dalam bentuk wang tunai dan berlian dalam tempoh 22 tahun. Pada 6 Julai 2001, beliau mengaku bersalah terhadap 15 tuduhan pengintipan di Mahkamah Daerah Amerika Syarikat untuk Daerah Virginia Timur. Aktiviti pengintipannya telah diterangkan oleh Suruhanjaya Jabatan Kehakiman AS untuk Semakan Program Keselamatan FBI sebagai \"kemungkinan bencana kecelakaan yang paling buruk dalam sejarah A.S.\". <> Bilakah FBI mengumumkan penangkapan Robert Hanssen? || 20 Februari 2001 <> Apa yang ditangkap oleh Hanssen? || mengintip untuk Kesatuan Soviet <> Bilakah Hanssen seorang mata-mata untuk Rusia / SU? || 1979 hingga 2001 <> Berapa banyak hukuman masa hayat yang ditugaskan oleh Hanssen? || 15 <> Berapa banyak wang yang diterima oleh Hanssen secara tunai? || $ 1.4 juta <> Siapa yang telah mengintip untuk Uni Soviet sebelum tahun 1979? || <> Tahun berapa Robert Hanssen mati? || <> Di mana Hanssen melarikan diri? || <> Berapa banyak yang dibayar oleh FBI Hanssen untuk mengintip Rusia? || <> Siapa yang menjual rahsia Rusia ke FBI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI announce Robert Hanssen's arrest?", "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbca", "answers": [{"text": "20 February 2001", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Hanssen arrested for?", "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbcb", "answers": [{"text": "spying for the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Hanssen a spy for Russia/the SU?", "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbcc", "answers": [{"text": "1979 to 2001", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many life time sentences is Hanssen serving?", "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbcd", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What much money did Hanssen receive in cash?", "id": "570c2d336b8089140040fbce", "answers": [{"text": "$1.4 million", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Hanssen", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who had spied for the Soviet Union before 1979?", "id": "5ad3b59e604f3c001a3fedc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1944", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What year did Robert Hanssen die?", "id": "5ad3b59e604f3c001a3fedc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Foxstone Park", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "Where did Hanssen escape custody?", "id": "5ad3b59e604f3c001a3fedc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$1.4 million", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "How much did the FBI pay Hanssen to spy on Russia?", "id": "5ad3b59e604f3c001a3fedc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Hanssen", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who sold Russian secrets to the FBI?", "id": "5ad3b59e604f3c001a3fedc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 20 February 2001, the bureau announced that a special agent, Robert Hanssen (born 1944) had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001. He is serving 15 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado. Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001 at Foxstone Park near his home in Vienna, Virginia, and was charged with selling US secrets to the USSR and subsequently Russia for more than US$1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22-year period. On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 15 counts of espionage in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. His spying activities have been described by the US Department of Justice's Commission for the Review of FBI Security Programs as \"possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history\"."}], ["FBI telah mengekalkan fail pada ramai orang, termasuk selebriti seperti Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, band MC5, Lou Costello, Sonny Bono, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, dan Mickey Mantle. Fail-fail telah dikumpulkan untuk pelbagai sebab. Beberapa subjek disiasat atas dakwaan hubungan dengan parti komunis (Charlie Chaplin dan Groucho Marx), atau berkaitan dengan aktiviti antik semasa Perang Vietnam (John Denver, John Lennon, dan Jane Fonda). Banyak fail selebriti berhadapan dengan ancaman atau cubaan pemerasan terhadap mereka (Sonny Bono, John Denver, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Mickey Mantle, Groucho Marx, dan Frank Sinatra). <> Adakah FBI menyimpan fail pada Elvis Presley? || termasuk selebriti seperti Elvis Presley <> Aktiviti apa yang FBI bimbang semasa perang Vietnam? || aktiviti antiwar <> Apa jenis hidangan yang diterima oleh selebriti? || ancaman atau cubaan pemerasan <> Apa parti yang FBI berkenaan? || Parti Komunis <> Siapa yang mempunyai FBI tidak pernah mengekalkan fail? || <> Siapa yang disiasat kerana hubungan dengan pihak Libertarian? || <> Siapa yang disiasat untuk aktiviti pro perang? || <> Siapa selebriti yang tidak mempunyai ancaman terhadap mereka? || <> Siapa selebriti yang mempunyai CIA mempunyai fail? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did the FBI keep files on Elvis Presley?", "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd18", "answers": [{"text": "including celebrities such as Elvis Presley", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What activities was the FBI concerned with during the Vietnam war?", "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd19", "answers": [{"text": "antiwar activities", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinds of treats were celebrities receiving?", "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd1a", "answers": [{"text": "threats or extortion attempts", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party was the FBI concerned with?", "id": "570c2becec8fbc190045bd1b", "answers": [{"text": "Communist party", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elvis Presley", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "Who has the FBI never maintained a file on?", "id": "5ad3ac00604f3c001a3feba1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charlie Chaplin", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "Who was investigated due to ties with the Libertarian party?", "id": "5ad3ac00604f3c001a3feba2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Denver", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "Who was investigated for pro war activity?", "id": "5ad3ac00604f3c001a3feba3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sonny Bono", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "Who is a celebrity that did not have threats against them?", "id": "5ad3ac00604f3c001a3feba4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Sinatra", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "Who is a celebrity that the CIA has a file on?", "id": "5ad3ac00604f3c001a3feba5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI has maintained files on numerous people, including celebrities such as Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, the band MC5, Lou Costello, Sonny Bono, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, and Mickey Mantle. The files were collected for various reasons. Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party (Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx), or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War (John Denver, John Lennon, and Jane Fonda). Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them (Sonny Bono, John Denver, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Mickey Mantle, Groucho Marx, and Frank Sinatra)."}], ["Pada bulan Disember 1994, selepas dipecat oleh bekas pengawal FBInya mengenai dakwaan yang tertunda di bawah Akta Penyokong Racketeer yang Dipengaruhi dan Rasuah, Bulger melarikan diri dari Boston dan bersembunyi. Selama 16 tahun, dia tetap besar. Selama 12 tahun, Bulger tercatat pada senarai FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Bermula pada 1997, media New England mendedahkan tindakan jenayah oleh pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang persekutuan, negeri, dan tempatan yang terikat kepada Bulger. Wahyu itu menyebabkan malu besar kepada FBI. Pada tahun 2002, Ejen Khas John J Connolly telah disabitkan atas dakwaan penangkapan persekutuan untuk membantu Bulger mengelakkan penangkapan. Pada tahun 2008, Ejen Khas Connolly menyempurnakan tempohnya atas tuduhan persekutuan dan dipindahkan ke Florida di mana dia telah disabitkan dengan membantu merancang pembunuhan John B Callahan, seorang saingan Bulger. Pada tahun 2014, keyakinan itu terbalik dengan teknikal. Connolly adalah agen yang mengetuai siasatan Bulger. <> Siapa yang mengetuk Bulger? || bekas peniaga FBI <> Apa tindakannya dakwaan di bawah? || Akta Racketeer Yang Mempengaruhi dan Rasuah Organisasi <> Berapa lama Bulger masih besar? || 16 <> Adakah Bulger dalam 10 Senarai Kebakaran Paling Dikehendaki? || Terdahulu disenaraikan <> Apakah ayat-ayat mengenai penyebab Bulger? || malu hebat <> Siapa yang melarikan diri dari Chicago? || <> Bilakah Bulger ditipu oleh pengendali CIAnya? || <> Bilakah media New England menutup tindakan jenayah oleh pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang persekutuan, negeri, dan tempatan yang berkaitan dengan Bulger? || <> Bilakah John J Connolly membersihkan caj penalti persekutuan? || <> Siapa yang membunuh John B Callahan membantu merancang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who tipped of Bulger?", "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd20", "answers": [{"text": "his former FBI handler", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act was the indictment under?", "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd21", "answers": [{"text": "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Bulger remain at large?", "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd22", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was Bulger on the 10 Most Wanted Fugitives List?", "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd23", "answers": [{"text": "prominently listed", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the revelations about Bulger cause?", "id": "570c2c52ec8fbc190045bd24", "answers": [{"text": "great embarrassment", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bulger", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Who fled from Chicago?", "id": "5ad3b4e5604f3c001a3fed8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 1994", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was Bulger tipped off by his CIA handler?", "id": "5ad3b4e5604f3c001a3fed90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "When did New England media cover up criminal actions by federal, state, and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger?", "id": "5ad3b4e5604f3c001a3fed91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "When was John J Connolly cleared of federal racketeering charges?", "id": "5ad3b4e5604f3c001a3fed92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Connolly", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "Whose murder did John B Callahan help to plan?", "id": "5ad3b4e5604f3c001a3fed93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 1994, after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding. For 16 years, he remained at large. For 12 of those years, Bulger was prominently listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Beginning in 1997, the New England media exposed criminal actions by federal, state, and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger. The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI. In 2002, Special Agent John J Connolly was convicted of federal racketeering charges for helping Bulger avoid arrest. In 2008, Special Agent Connolly completed his term on the federal charges and was transferred to Florida where he was convicted of helping plan the murder of John B Callahan, a Bulger rival. In 2014, that conviction was overturned on a technicality. Connolly was the agent leading the investigation of Bulger."}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 2007 Virgil Griffith, pengkomputeran Caltech dan pelajar sarjana sistem saraf, mencipta pangkalan data yang boleh dicari yang menghubungkan perubahan yang dibuat oleh editor Wikipedia anonim kepada syarikat dan organisasi dari mana perubahan dibuat. Log pangkalan data yang dirujuk log suntingan Wikipedia dengan rekod awam yang berkaitan dengan alamat IP internet pengeditan dibuat dari. Griffith didorong oleh pengeditan dari Kongres Amerika Syarikat, dan mahu melihat sama ada orang lain mempromosikan diri mereka sendiri. Alat ini direka untuk mengesan percantuman konflik kepentingan. Antara penemuannya ialah komputer FBI digunakan untuk mengedit artikel FBI di Wikipedia. Walaupun edisi berkaitan dengan alamat IP FBI yang diketahui, tidak ada bukti bahawa perubahan sebenarnya berasal dari anggota atau pekerja FBI, hanya orang yang mempunyai akses ke rangkaian mereka telah menyunting artikel FBI di Wikipedia. Jurucakap Wikipedia telah menerima \"WikiScanner\" Griffith secara positif, dengan menyatakan bahawa ia membantu mencegah konflik kepentingan daripada mempengaruhi artikel serta meningkatkan ketelusan dan usaha-usaha untuk mengurangkan atau memesongkan fakta-fakta yang relevan. <> Apakah Virgil Griffith memberi tumpuan? || pengiraan dan sistem saraf <> Apa bahagian kerajaan menyunting halaman wikipedia sendiri? || Kongres Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah alat Griffith yang direka untuk mengesan? || editan konflik kepentingan <> Apa alat bantuan Griffith meningkat? || ketelusan <> Bagaimana pengimbas wikipedia Griffith dilihat oleh wikipedia? || positif <> Apa organisasi yang dilihat WikiScanner negatif? || <> Apa yang tidak memotivasi Griffith? || <> Apakah alat yang tidak dirancang untuk dilakukan? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh komputer CIA? || <> Bagaimana pandangan FBI WikiScanner? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Virgil Griffith focused on?", "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2a", "answers": [{"text": "computation and neural-systems", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the government was editing its own wikipedia page?", "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2b", "answers": [{"text": "United States Congress", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Griffith's tool designed to detect?", "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2c", "answers": [{"text": "conflict of interest edits", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Griffith's tool help increase?", "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2d", "answers": [{"text": "transparency", "answer_start": 1083}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How as Griffith's wikipedia scanner viewed by wikipedia?", "id": "570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2e", "answers": [{"text": "positively", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wikipedia", "answer_start": 913}], "question": "What organization viewed WikiScanner negatively?", "id": "5ad3b72d604f3c001a3fee19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "edits from the United States Congress", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What did not motivate Griffith?", "id": "5ad3b72d604f3c001a3fee1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "detect conflict of interest edits", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What was the tool not designed to do?", "id": "5ad3b72d604f3c001a3fee1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "edit the FBI article in Wikipedia", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "What were CIA computers used to do?", "id": "5ad3b72d604f3c001a3fee1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "positively", "answer_start": 971}], "question": "How did the FBI view WikiScanner?", "id": "5ad3b72d604f3c001a3fee1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In August 2007 Virgil Griffith, a Caltech computation and neural-systems graduate student, created a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made. The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia edits with publicly available records pertaining to the internet IP addresses edits were made from. Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress, and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves. The tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits. Among his findings were that FBI computers were used to edit the FBI article in Wikipedia. Although the edits correlated with known FBI IP addresses, there was no proof that the changes actually came from a member or employee of the FBI, only that someone who had access to their network had edited the FBI article in Wikipedia. Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith's \"WikiScanner\" positively, noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles as well as increasing transparency and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts."}], ["FBI adalah hampir tidak dapat ditembusi, dengan pemohon sangat diteliti dan dinilai selama tempoh yang panjang. Untuk memohon untuk menjadi ejen FBI, seseorang mestilah berumur antara 23 dan 37 tahun. Oleh sebab keputusan dalam Robert P. Isabella v. Jabatan Negara dan Pejabat Pengurusan Personel, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, veteran keutamaan yang layak boleh memohon selepas umur 37 tahun. Pada tahun 2009, Pejabat Pengurusan Personel mengeluarkan panduan pelaksanaan mengenai keputusan Isabella. Pemohon juga mesti memegang kewarganegaraan Amerika, mempunyai watak moral tinggi, mempunyai rekod yang bersih, dan memegang sekurang-kurangnya sarjana muda empat tahun. Sekurang-kurangnya tiga tahun pengalaman kerja profesional sebelum permohonan juga diperlukan. Semua pekerja FBI memerlukan pelepasan keselamatan Rahsia Teratas (TS), dan dalam banyak keadaan, pekerja memerlukan pelepasan TS / SCI (Maklumat Rahsia Terperinci / Sensitif Atas). Untuk mendapatkan pelepasan keselamatan, semua kakitangan FBI yang berpotensi mesti lulus satu siri Skop Latar Belakang Penyiasatan Lajur (SSBI), yang dijalankan oleh Pejabat Pengurusan Personel. Calon Ejen Khas juga perlu lulus Ujian Kecergasan Fizikal (PFT), yang termasuk larian 300 meter, duduk satu minit, maksimum push-up, dan larian 1.5 km (2.4 km). Personel mesti lulus ujian polygraph dengan soalan termasuk penggunaan dadah yang mungkin. Pemohon yang gagal poligrafi mungkin tidak mendapat pekerjaan dengan FBI. <> Apa kumpulan orang yang boleh memohon untuk menyertai FBI selepas umur 37 tahun? || veteran keutamaan <<Apa umur minimum untuk menyertai FBI? || 23 <> Adakah kewarganegaraan Amerika dikehendaki menjadi agen FBI? || mesti juga memegang kewarganegaraan Amerika <> Apakah SSBI itu? || Skop Tunggal Latar Belakang Siasatan <> Siapa yang menjalankan SSBI? || Pejabat Pengurusan Personel <> Organisasi apa yang dianggap mudah untuk menyusup? || <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh seseorang di bawah umur 23 tahun? || <> Siapa yang tidak boleh memohon kepada FBI selepas umur 37 tahun? || <> Apa yang tidak perlu menjadi ejen FBI? || <> Bagaimana kakitangan CIA menerima pelepasan keselamatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group of people may apply to join the FBI after age 37?", "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbb8", "answers": [{"text": "preference-eligible veterans", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the minimum age to join the FBI?", "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbb9", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is American citizenship required to be an FBI agent?", "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbba", "answers": [{"text": "must also hold American citizenship", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a SSBI?", "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbbb", "answers": [{"text": "Single Scope Background Investigations", "answer_start": 950}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who conducts SSBIs?", "id": "570c2b766b8089140040fbbc", "answers": [{"text": "Office of Personnel Management", "answer_start": 1024}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What organization is considered easy to infiltrate?", "id": "5ad3a190604f3c001a3fe9eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI agent", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What can someone under the age of 23 apply to become?", "id": "5ad3a190604f3c001a3fe9ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "preference-eligible veterans", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Who may not apply to the FBI after age 37?", "id": "5ad3a190604f3c001a3fe9ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high moral character", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What is not a requirement to be a FBI agent?", "id": "5ad3a190604f3c001a3fe9ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations", "answer_start": 933}], "question": "How do CIA personnel receive a security clearance? ", "id": "5ad3a190604f3c001a3fe9ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI is near-impenetrable, with applicants intensely scrutinized and assessed over an extended period. To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37. Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, preference-eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella decision. The applicant must also hold American citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance. To obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. Special Agents candidates also have to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use. Applicants who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI."}], ["Pada tahun 1939, Biro mula menyusun senarai penahanan kustodian dengan nama-nama mereka yang akan dijadikan jagaan jika berlaku peperangan dengan bangsa-bangsa Axis. Majoriti nama-nama dalam senarai tersebut adalah kepunyaan pemimpin masyarakat Issei, kerana siasatan FBI dibina di atas indeks Keterdasan Naval yang ada yang memberi tumpuan kepada orang Amerika Jepun di Hawaii dan Pantai Barat, tetapi banyak warga Jerman dan Itali juga menemui jalan ke senarai rahsia. Robert Shivers, ketua pejabat Honolulu, mendapat kebenaran daripada Hoover untuk mula menahan mereka dalam senarai pada 7 Disember 1941, manakala bom masih jatuh di Pearl Harbor. Penangkapan dan pencarian rumah yang banyak (dalam kebanyakan kes yang dijalankan tanpa waran) bermula beberapa jam selepas serangan itu, dan selama beberapa minggu akan datang lebih daripada 5,500 lelaki Issei dibawa ke tahanan FBI. Pada 19 Februari 1942, Presiden Franklin Roosevelt mengeluarkan Perintah Eksekutif 9066, membenarkan pengalihan orang Jepun dari Pantai Barat. Pengarah FBI Hoover menentang penyingkiran massa dan pengasingan orang Amerika Jepun yang diberi kuasa di bawah Orde Eksekutif 9066, tetapi Roosevelt menang. Sebahagian besar bersama-sama dengan perintah pengecualian berikutnya, tetapi dalam beberapa kes di mana orang-orang Jepun menolak untuk mematuhi peraturan ketenteraan baru, agen FBI menangani penangkapan mereka. Biro terus mengawasi orang-orang Amerika Jepun sepanjang perang, melakukan pemeriksaan latar belakang pemohon untuk penempatan semula di luar kamp, dan memasuki kem (biasanya tanpa izin dari pejabat-pejabat Pihak Berkuasa Relokasi Perang) dan memberi penjelasan kepada para pemberi maklumat untuk mengawasi pembangkang dan \"pengacau\". Selepas perang, FBI ditugaskan untuk melindungi orang Jepun yang kembali dari serangan oleh komuniti putih yang bermusuhan. <> Bilakah Biro mula menyusun senarai penahanan kustodian? || 1939 <> Bilakah orang-orang di senarai tahanan akan ditahan? || sekiranya berlaku peperangan dengan Axis <> Siapa yang majoriti nama dalam senarai tahanan tahanan? || Issei community leaders <> Ketika Pearl Harbor dibom? || 7 Disember 1941 <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan oleh pengawalan FBI? || Jepun Amerika <> Bilakah Biro berhenti menyusun senarai penahanan kustodian? || <> Bilakah Hoover menghentikan Robert Shivers daripada menahan orang-orang dalam senarai? || <> Berapa ramai lelaki Issei yang dibebaskan dari tahanan FBI? || <> Apakah arahan eksekutif menghalang menghapuskan orang Jepun dari Pantai Barat? || <> Yang manakah pengarah FBI menyokong Perintah Eksekutif 9066? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list?", "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbdc", "answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested?", "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbdd", "answers": [{"text": "in the event of war with Axis", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list?", "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbde", "answers": [{"text": "Issei community leaders", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Pearl Harbor bombed?", "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbdf", "answers": [{"text": "December 7, 1941", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did the FBI continue surveillance on?", "id": "570c2e976b8089140040fbe0", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese Americans", "answer_start": 1380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did the Bureau stop compiling a custodial detention list?", "id": "5ad36eee604f3c001a3fe219", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 7, 1941", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "When did Hoover stop Robert Shivers from detaining those on the list?", "id": "5ad36eee604f3c001a3fe21a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,500", "answer_start": 795}], "question": "How many Issei men were released from FBI custody?", "id": "5ad36eee604f3c001a3fe21b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Executive Order 9066", "answer_start": 898}], "question": "What executive order blocked removing Japanese Americans from the West Coast?", "id": "5ad36eee604f3c001a3fe21c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hoover", "answer_start": 1000}], "question": "Which FBI director supported Executive Order 9066?", "id": "5ad36eee604f3c001a3fe21d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list. Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor. Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed. The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests. The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials) and grooming informants in order to monitor dissidents and \"troublemakers.\" After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities."}], ["FBI sering menyiasat Martin Luther King, Jr. Pada pertengahan 1960-an, King mula mengkritik secara terbuka Biro kerana memberi perhatian yang tidak mencukupi kepada penggunaan keganasan oleh supremacists putih. Hoover bertindak balas dengan menamakan Raja yang paling \"pembohong terkenal\" di Amerika Syarikat. Dalam memoirnya pada tahun 1991, wartawan Washington Post Carl Rowan menegaskan bahawa FBI telah menghantar sekurang-kurangnya satu surat tanpa nama kepada King yang menggalakkannya membunuh diri. Sejarah Cawangan Taylor Cawangan November 1964 \"pakej bunuh diri\" tanpa nama yang dihantar oleh Biro yang menyatukan surat kepada pemimpin hak sivil yang mengatakan kepadanya \"Anda sudah selesai, hanya ada satu cara untuk anda ...\" dengan rakaman audio seksual Raja tidak peduli. <> Adakah FBI menyiasat Martin Luther King Jr? || Sering <> Siapa yang MLK mula mengkritik pada pertengahan 1960-an? || Biro <> Kelompok apa yang MLK percaya memerlukan lebih banyak perhatian dari FBI? || supremacists white <> Apa yang Hoover memanggil MLK? || <li> Apa jenis surat yang FBI hantar ke MLK? || tanpa nama <> Bilakah Raja secara umum memuji FBI? || <> Kumpulan apa yang dipercayai FBI memerlukan lebih banyak perhatian? || <> Apakah MLK memanggil Hoover? || <> Apakah jenis surat yang dihantar MLK kepada FBI? || <> Tahun berapa Raja menghantar pakej ke FBI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did the FBI investigate Martin Luther King Jr.?", "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc0e", "answers": [{"text": "frequently", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did MLK begin criticizing in the mid-1960s?", "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc0f", "answers": [{"text": "the Bureau", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did MLK believe needed more attention from the FBI?", "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc10", "answers": [{"text": "white supremacists", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Hoover call MLK?", "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc11", "answers": [{"text": "notorious liar", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of letter did the FBI send to MLK?", "id": "570c31e36b8089140040fc12", "answers": [{"text": "anonymous", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1960s", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "When did King publicly praise the FBI?", "id": "5ad37e20604f3c001a3fe421", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white supremacists", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What group did the FBI believe needed more attention?", "id": "5ad37e20604f3c001a3fe422", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "notorious liar", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What did MLK call Hoover?", "id": "5ad37e20604f3c001a3fe423", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anonymous", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What kind of letter did MLK send to the FBI?", "id": "5ad37e20604f3c001a3fe424", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "What year did King send a package to the FBI?", "id": "5ad37e20604f3c001a3fe425", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI frequently investigated Martin Luther King, Jr. In the mid-1960s, King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most \"notorious liar\" in the United States. In his 1991 memoir, Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide. Historian Taylor Branch documents an anonymous November 1964 \"suicide package\" sent by the Bureau that combined a letter to the civil rights leader telling him \"You are done. There is only one way out for you...\" with audio recordings of King's sexual indiscretions."}], ["Alat ketua FBI terhadap jenayah terancang adalah Akta Racketeer yang Dipengaruhi dan Rasuah (RICO). FBI juga bertanggungjawab menguatkuasakan pematuhan Akta Hak Sivil Amerika Syarikat 1964 dan menyiasat pelanggaran perbuatan itu selain mendakwa pelanggaran tersebut dengan Jabatan Kehakiman Amerika Syarikat (DOJ). FBI juga berkongsi bidang kuasa bersamaan dengan Pentadbiran Penguatkuasaan Dadah (DEA) dalam penguatkuasaan Akta Bahan Kawalan tahun 1970. <> Apakah alat utama FBI terhadap jenayah terancang? || RICO <> Tindakan apa yang diperlukan oleh FBI untuk dikuatkuasakan? || Akta Hak Sivil 1964 <> Organisasi apa yang FBI menghukum pelanggaran Akta Hak Sivil Amerika Syarikat dengan? || DOJ <> Apakah organisasi yang mempunyai bidang kuasa saham FBI dengan? || DEA <> Tindakan apa yang dilakukan oleh FBI yang dikuatkuasakan oleh FBI? || Akta Bahan Kawalan 1970 <> Apakah alat yang paling kurang digunakan FBI terhadap jenayah terancang? || <> Apakah CIA juga bertanggungjawab? || <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan untuk menguatkuasakan pematuhan dengan Akta Hak Sivil Amerika Syarikat 1964? || <> Penguatkuasaan apa yang FBI tidak berkongsi dengan DEA? || <> Di manakah FBI tidak menyiasat pelanggaran Akta Hak Sivil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the FBI's main tool against organized crime?", "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf0", "answers": [{"text": "RICO", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act is the FBI required to enforce?", "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf1", "answers": [{"text": "Civil Rights Act of 1964", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization does the FBI prosecute violations of the United States Civil Rights Act with?", "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf2", "answers": [{"text": "DOJ", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization does the FBI share jurisdiction with?", "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf3", "answers": [{"text": "DEA", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Substance act does the FBI enforce?", "id": "570c30996b8089140040fbf4", "answers": [{"text": "Controlled Substances Act of 1970", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "RICO", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What is the FBI's least used tool against organized crime?", "id": "5ad394ee604f3c001a3fe727", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "What is the CIA also responsible for?", "id": "5ad394ee604f3c001a3fe728", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What is not required to enforce compliance with the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964?", "id": "5ad394ee604f3c001a3fe729", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What enforcement does the FBI not share with the DEA?", "id": "5ad394ee604f3c001a3fe72a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Department of Justice", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Where does the FBI not investigate violations of the Civil Rights Act?", "id": "5ad394ee604f3c001a3fe72b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970."}], ["Sistem Laporan Jenayah Berasaskan Kebangsaan (NIBRS) sistem statistik jenayah bertujuan untuk menangani batasan yang wujud dalam data UCR. Sistem ini digunakan oleh agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang di Amerika Syarikat untuk mengumpulkan dan melaporkan data mengenai jenayah. Agensi tempatan, negeri dan persekutuan menjana data NIBRS dari sistem pengurusan rekod mereka. Data dikumpulkan pada setiap insiden dan penangkapan dalam kategori Kategori A pelanggaran. Kesalahan Kumpulan A adalah 46 jenayah khusus yang dikumpulkan dalam 22 kategori kesalahan. Fakta khusus mengenai kesalahan ini dikumpulkan dan dilaporkan dalam sistem NIBRS. Sebagai tambahan kepada kesalahan-kesalahan Kumpulan A, sebelas kesalahan Kumpulan B dilaporkan dengan hanya maklumat penangkapan. Sistem NIBRS lebih terperinci daripada sistem UCR berasaskan ringkasan. Sehingga 2004, 5,271 agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang telah mengemukakan data NIBRS. Jumlah itu mewakili 20% daripada populasi Amerika Syarikat dan 16% daripada data statistik jenayah yang dikumpulkan oleh FBI. <> Apakah matlamat NIBRS? || had alamat yang wujud dalam data UCR <> Siapa yang menggunakan NIBRS? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang digunakan oleh NIBRS? || mengumpul dan melaporkan data <> Apa yang NIBRS mengumpul maklumat? || jenayah <> Adakah sistem NIBRS atau sistem UCR mempunyai data yang lebih terperinci? || NIBRS <> Sistem apa yang digunakan agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang Kanada? || <> Agensi apa yang tidak menjana data NIBRS? || <> Apakah kesalahan Kumpulan C? || <> Apa yang menawarkan kurang detail daripada sistem UCR? || <> Berapa banyak agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang menyerahkan data UCR? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the goal of the NIBRS?", "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd78", "answers": [{"text": "address limitations inherent in UCR data", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who uses the NIBRS?", "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd79", "answers": [{"text": "the United States", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the NIBRS used for?", "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd7a", "answers": [{"text": "collecting and reporting data", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the NIBRS collect information on?", "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd7b", "answers": [{"text": "crimes", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the NIBRS system or UCR system have more detailed data?", "id": "570c3236ec8fbc190045bd7c", "answers": [{"text": "NIBRS", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Incident Based Reporting System", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What system do Canadian law enforcement agencies use?", "id": "5ad3ab36604f3c001a3feb6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Local, state, and federal agencies", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What agencies do not generate NIBRS data?", "id": "5ad3ab36604f3c001a3feb6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "What are Group C offenses?", "id": "5ad3ab36604f3c001a3feb6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NIBRS", "answer_start": 687}], "question": "What offers less detail than the UCR system?", "id": "5ad3ab36604f3c001a3feb6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,271", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "How many law enforcement agencies submit UCR data?", "id": "5ad3ab36604f3c001a3feb6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data. The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state, and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. The Group A offenses are 46 specific crimes grouped in 22 offense categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported in the NIBRS system. In addition to the Group A offenses, eleven Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary-based UCR system. As of 2004, 5,271 law enforcement agencies submitted NIBRS data. That amount represents 20% of the United States population and 16% of the crime statistics data collected by the FBI."}], ["FBI diurus ke cawangan-cawangan berfungsi dan Pejabat Pengarah, yang mengandungi kebanyakan pejabat pentadbiran. Pembantu pengarah eksekutif menguruskan setiap cawangan. Setiap cawangan dibahagikan kepada pejabat dan bahagian, masing-masing diketuai oleh penolong pengarah. Berbagai bahagian dibahagikan kepada sub-cawangan, yang diketuai oleh timbalan penolong pengarah. Di dalam sub-sub-cabang ini terdapat pelbagai bahagian yang diketuai oleh ketua bahagian. Bahagian ketua adalah kedudukan yang sama dengan agen khas yang bertanggungjawab. <> Pejabat apa yang mengandungi pejabat pentadbiran FBI? || Pejabat Pengarah <> Siapa yang menguruskan setiap cabang FBI? || Pembantu pengarah eksekutif <> Apakah cabang FBI dibahagikan kepada? || pejabat dan bahagian <> yang mengetuai pejabat atau bahagian? || penolong pengarah <> Siapa yang memimpin bahagian-bahagian pejabat atau bahagian? || timbalan penolong pengarah <> Pejabat apa yang mengandungi pejabat pentadbiran CIA? || <> Siapa yang menguruskan setiap cawangan CIA? || <> Apa cawangan CIA dibahagikan kepada? || <> Apa yang mengandungi hanya beberapa pejabat pentadbiran FBI? || <> Apa yang tidak dipimpin oleh pembantu eksekutif eksekutif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What office contains the FBI's administrative offices?", "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8c", "answers": [{"text": "Office of the Director", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who manages each FBI branch?", "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8d", "answers": [{"text": "An executive assistant director", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a FBI branch divided into?", "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8e", "answers": [{"text": "offices and divisions", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who heads an office or division?", "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd8f", "answers": [{"text": "an assistant director", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who leaders the sub-divisions of offices or divisions?", "id": "570c32ecec8fbc190045bd90", "answers": [{"text": "deputy assistant directors", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Office of the Director", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What office contains the CIA's administrative offices?", "id": "5ad39448604f3c001a3fe709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "executive assistant director", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "Who manages each CIA branch?", "id": "5ad39448604f3c001a3fe70a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "offices and divisions", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What is a CIA branch divided into?", "id": "5ad39448604f3c001a3fe70b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Office of the Director", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What contains only a few FBI administrative offices?", "id": "5ad39448604f3c001a3fe70c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "branch", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What is not led by an executive assistant director?", "id": "5ad39448604f3c001a3fe70d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge."}], ["FBI beribu pejabat di Bangunan J. Edgar Hoover di Washington, D.C., dengan 56 pejabat lapangan di bandar-bandar utama di seluruh Amerika Syarikat. FBI juga mengekalkan lebih daripada 400 agensi pemastautin di seluruh Amerika Syarikat, dan juga lebih daripada 50 lampiran undang-undang di kedutaan dan konsulat Amerika Syarikat. Banyak fungsi FBI khusus terletak di kemudahan di Quantico, Virginia, serta \"kampus data\" di Clarksburg, West Virginia, di mana 96 juta set cap jari \"dari seluruh Amerika Syarikat disimpan, bersama dengan yang lain yang dikutip oleh pihak berkuasa Amerika dari banduan di Arab Saudi dan Yemen, Iraq dan Afghanistan. \" FBI sedang dalam proses memindahkan Bahagian Pengurusan Rekodnya, yang memproses permintaan Kebebasan Maklumat (FOIA), kepada Winchester, Virginia. <> Di mana FBI terletak? || Bangunan J. Edgar Hoover di Washington, D.C., <> Di mana fungsi FBI khusus terletak? || Quantico, Virginia <> Di manakah kampus data FBI? || Clarksburg, West Virginia <> Apa tindakan yang diperlukan oleh FBI untuk memproses permintaan? || FOIA <> Berapa banyak set cap jari yang FBI ada? || 96 juta <> Di manakah ibu pejabat CIA terletak? || <> Berapa banyak pejabat lapangan di bandar-bandar utama yang mempunyai CIA? || <> Berapa banyak perundangan yang dikenakan oleh CIA? || <> Berapa banyak set cap jari dari luar Amerika Syarikat menyimpan kedai FBI? || <> Di mana CIA memindahkan Bahagian Pengurusan Rekodnya ke? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the FBI located?", "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc18", "answers": [{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.,", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are specialized FBI functions located?", "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc19", "answers": [{"text": "Quantico, Virginia", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the FBI's data campus?", "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc1a", "answers": [{"text": "Clarksburg, West Virginia", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act is the FBI required to process requests for?", "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc1b", "answers": [{"text": "FOIA", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many sets of fingerprints does the FBI have?", "id": "570c33506b8089140040fc1c", "answers": [{"text": "96 million", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Washington, D.C.", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Where is the CIA headquarters located?", "id": "5ad396d7604f3c001a3fe7a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "How many field offices in major cities does the CIA have?", "id": "5ad396d7604f3c001a3fe7a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "How many legal attaches does the CIA employ?", "id": "5ad396d7604f3c001a3fe7a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "96 million", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "How many sets of fingerprints from outside the United States does the FBI store?", "id": "5ad396d7604f3c001a3fe7a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winchester, Virginia", "answer_start": 758}], "question": "Where is the CIA moving its Records Management Division to?", "id": "5ad396d7604f3c001a3fe7a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C., with 56 field offices in major cities across the United States. The FBI also maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States, as well as over 50 legal attach\u00e9s at United States embassies and consulates. Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico, Virginia, as well as a \"data campus\" in Clarksburg, West Virginia, where 96 million sets of fingerprints \"from across the United States are stored, along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan.\" The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division, which processes Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, to Winchester, Virginia."}], ["Selama lebih 40 tahun, makmal jenayah FBI di Quantico dipercayai memimpin dalam peluru mempunyai tandatangan kimia unik. Ia menganalisis peluru dengan matlamat untuk memadankan mereka secara kimia, bukan sahaja kepada sekumpulan peluru tunggal yang keluar dari kilang, tetapi juga kepada satu kotak peluru. Akademi Sains Kebangsaan menjalankan kajian independen 18-bulan perbandingan analisis bullet-lead. Pada tahun 2003, Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaannya menerbitkan satu laporan yang kesimpulannya dipertanyakan kepada 30 tahun bukti FBI. Ia mendapati model analitik yang digunakan oleh FBI untuk menafsirkan hasilnya adalah sangat kurang, dan kesimpulannya, bahawa serpihan peluru dapat dipadankan dengan sekotak peluru, begitu berlebihan bahawa ia mengelirukan di bawah peraturan keterangan. Setahun kemudian, FBI memutuskan untuk menghentikan analisis bullet lead. <> Ketepatan apa yang FBI percaya dapat dicapai dengan tandatangan kimia? || satu kotak peluru <> Berapa lama kajian semula bebas Akademi Sains Negara? || 18 bulan <> Apa kajian semula bebas Akademi Sains Negara menemui model analisis FBI? || sangat teruk <> Mengapa FBI berhenti melakukan analisis peluru utama? || Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan <> Apakah makmal jenayah CIA percaya mengenai plumbum dalam peluru? || <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian semula bebas selama 15 bulan analisis analisis bullet-lead? || <> Siapa yang menerbitkan laporan yang mengesahkan bahawa model FBI betul? || <> Bilakah Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan mengesahkan bahawa analisis peluru FBI adalah betul? || <> Apa yang dihentikan CIA dengan menggunakan analisis peluru utama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures?", "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbe6", "answers": [{"text": "single box of bullets", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review?", "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbe8", "answers": [{"text": "18-month", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model?", "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbe9", "answers": [{"text": "deeply flawed", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis?", "id": "570c301c6b8089140040fbea", "answers": [{"text": "National Research Council", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "had unique chemical signatures", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What did the CIA crime lab believe about lead in bullets?", "id": "5ad393bb604f3c001a3fe6e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The National Academy of Sciences", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "Who conducted a 15-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis?", "id": "5ad393bb604f3c001a3fe6e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Research Council", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "Who published a report confirming that the FBI model was correct?", "id": "5ad393bb604f3c001a3fe6e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "When did the National Research Council confirm that the FBI's bullet analysis was correct?", "id": "5ad393bb604f3c001a3fe6e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One year later", "answer_start": 752}], "question": "What did the CIA stop using bullet lead analysis?", "id": "5ad393bb604f3c001a3fe6e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico believed lead in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It analyzed the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop doing bullet lead analysis."}], ["FBI juga mengintip dan mengumpul maklumat mengenai pemimpin kebebasan Puerto Rico Pedro Albizu Campos dan parti politik nasionalisnya pada tahun 1930-an. Abizu Campos telah disabitkan tiga kali berkaitan dengan serangan maut terhadap pegawai-pegawai kerajaan AS: pada tahun 1937 (Konspirasi untuk menggulingkan kerajaan Amerika Syarikat), pada tahun 1950 (percubaan pembunuhan), dan pada tahun 1954 (selepas serangan bersenjata di Rumah AS Wakil semasa dalam sesi, walaupun tidak hadir, Abizu Campos dianggap dalang). Operasi FBI adalah rahsia dan tidak diketahui sehingga Kongres A.S. Luis Gutierrez telah mempublikasikannya melalui Akta Kebebasan Maklumat pada tahun 1980-an. <> Apa pemimpin Puerto Rico melakukan mata-mata FBI? || Pedro Albizu Campos <> Apa parti itu adalah Pedro Albizu Campos? || Nationalist <> Berapa kali Pedro Albizu Campos disabitkan dengan serangan terhadap pegawai AS? || tiga <> Siapa yang membebaskan operasi Campos kepada orang ramai? || Luis Gutierrez <> Bilakah operasi Abizu Campos dipublikasikan? || 1980-an <> Apa pemimpin kemerdekaan melakukan pengintip CIA? || <> Apa yang dilihat pada pemimpin kemerdekaan Kuba? || <> Apakah ahli kongres A.S. menutup operasi FBI? || <> Tindakan apa yang membuat rahsia operasi Abizu Campos? || <> Bilakah Luis Gutierrez menutup operasi Abizu Campos? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on?", "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd82", "answers": [{"text": "Pedro Albizu Campos", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of?", "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd83", "answers": [{"text": "Nationalist", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was Pedro Albizu Campos convicted of attacks on US officials?", "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd84", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who released the Campos operation to the public?", "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd85", "answers": [{"text": "Luis Gutierrez", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Abizu Campos operation made public?", "id": "570c329dec8fbc190045bd86", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pedro Albizu Campos", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What independence leader did the CIA spy on?", "id": "5ad3adea604f3c001a3fec1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What spied on the Cuban independence leader?", "id": "5ad3adea604f3c001a3fec20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Luis Gutierrez", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "What U.S. congressman covered up the FBI operation?", "id": "5ad3adea604f3c001a3fec21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Freedom of Information Act", "answer_start": 631}], "question": "What act made the Abizu Campos operation secret?", "id": "5ad3adea604f3c001a3fec22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 665}], "question": "When did Luis Gutierrez cover up the Abizu Campos operation?", "id": "5ad3adea604f3c001a3fec23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s. Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials: in 1937 (Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States), in 1950 (attempted murder), and in 1954 (after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session; although not present, Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind). The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s."}], ["Selepas Kongres meluluskan Bantuan Komunikasi untuk Undang-undang Penguatkuasaan Undang-undang (CALEA, 1994), Undang-undang Portabiliti dan Kebertanggungjawaban Insurans Kesihatan (HIPAA, 1996), dan Akta Perisikan Ekonomi (EEA, 1996), FBI mengikutinya dan menjalani peningkatan teknologi 1998, seperti yang dilakukan oleh pasukan CART pada tahun 1991. Pusat Penilaian Ancaman Penyiasatan dan Infrastruktur Komputer (CITAC) dan Pusat Perlindungan Infrastruktur Negara (NIPC) telah diwujudkan untuk menangani peningkatan masalah berkaitan Internet, seperti virus komputer, cacing, dan program jahat yang mengancam operasi AS. Dengan perkembangan ini, FBI meningkatkan pengawasan elektroniknya dalam keselamatan awam dan penyelidikan keselamatan negara, menyesuaikan diri dengan kemajuan telekomunikasi yang mengubah sifat masalah tersebut. <> Apa yang mendorong peningkatan teknologi FBI? || CALEA <> Apa pasukan mengalami peningkatan teknologi pada tahun 1991? || CART <> Apa yang dicipta oleh CITAC dan NIPC? || Masalah yang berkaitan dengan Internet <> Apakah virus komputer dilihat sebagai ancaman? || Operasi AS <> Adakah FBI meningkatkan pengawasan elektronik? || FBI meningkatkan pengawasan elektroniknya <> Bilakah FBI menjalani penurunan teknologi? || <> Apa pasukan telah mengalami penurunan teknologi pada tahun 1991? || <> Apa yang CITAC dan NIPC tidak dapat menangani? || <> Bilakah Kongres menghilangkan HIPAA? || <> Bilakah CIA menerima peningkatan teknologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?", "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5c", "answers": [{"text": "CALEA", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?", "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5d", "answers": [{"text": "CART", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?", "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5e", "answers": [{"text": "Internet-related problems", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?", "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd5f", "answers": [{"text": "US operations", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?", "id": "570c2f6bec8fbc190045bd60", "answers": [{"text": "FBI increased its electronic surveillance", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "When did the FBI undergo a technological downgrade?", "id": "5ad38461604f3c001a3fe521", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CART", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What team underwent a technological downgrade in 1991?", "id": "5ad38461604f3c001a3fe522", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet-related problems", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What was CITAC and NIPC unable to deal with?", "id": "5ad38461604f3c001a3fe523", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "When did Congress get rid of HIPAA?", "id": "5ad38461604f3c001a3fe524", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "When did the CIA receive a technological upgrade?", "id": "5ad38461604f3c001a3fe525", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems."}], ["Akademi FBI, yang terletak di Quantico, Virginia, adalah rumah kepada komunikasi dan makmal komputer yang digunakan FBI. Ia juga di mana ejen baru dihantar untuk latihan untuk menjadi Ejen Khas FBI. Melalui kursus 21-minggu diperlukan untuk setiap Ejen Khas. Pertama dibuka untuk digunakan pada tahun 1972, kemudahan itu terletak di 385 ekar (1.6 km2) hutan. Akademi melatih agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang negeri dan tempatan, yang dijemput ke pusat latihan penguatkuasa undang-undang. Unit FBI yang menetap di Quantico ialah Unit Latihan dan Polis, Unit Latihan Senjata, Pusat Penyelidikan dan Latihan Sains Forensik, Unit Perkhidmatan Teknologi (TSU), Unit Latihan Penyiasatan, Unit Komunikasi Penguatkuasaan Undang-Undang, Unit Kepimpinan dan Sains Pengurusan (LSMU) Unit Latihan Fizikal, Unit Latihan Ejen Baru (NATU), Unit Aplikasi Praktikal (PAU), Unit Latihan Komputer Penyiasatan dan \"Kolej Pengajian Analisis.\" <> Di mana ejen dihantar untuk menjadi Ejen Khas FBI? || Akademi FBI <> Di mana Akademi FBI? || Quantico, Virginia <> Berapa lamakah kursus yang diperlukan untuk semua ejen khas? || 21 minggu <> Apa kumpulan lain yang melatih kereta api FBI? || agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang negeri dan tempatan <> Di mana akademi CIA terletak? || <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan untuk menjadi Ejen Khas? || <> Bilakah akademi FBI ditutup? || <> Apakah unit CIA yang berada di Quantico? || <> Siapa Akademi tidak melatih? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are agents sent to become FBI Special Agents?", "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd70", "answers": [{"text": "The FBI Academy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the FBI Academy?", "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd71", "answers": [{"text": "Quantico, Virginia", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the course required for all special agents?", "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd72", "answers": [{"text": "21-week", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other groups does the FBI Academy train?", "id": "570c3185ec8fbc190045bd73", "answers": [{"text": "state and local law enforcement agencies", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Quantico, Virginia", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "Where is the CIA academy located?", "id": "5ad39a3d604f3c001a3fe85f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21-week course", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What is not required to become a Special Agent?", "id": "5ad39a3d604f3c001a3fe860", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "When did the FBI Academy close? ", "id": "5ad39a3d604f3c001a3fe861", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Forensic Science Research and Training Center", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "What is a CIA unit that resides at Quantico?", "id": "5ad39a3d604f3c001a3fe862", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "state and local law enforcement agencies", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "Who does the Academy not train?", "id": "5ad39a3d604f3c001a3fe863", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia, is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents. Going through the 21-week course is required for every Special Agent. First opened for use in 1972, the facility located on 385 acres (1.6 km2) of woodland. The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police Training Unit, Firearms Training Unit, Forensic Science Research and Training Center, Technology Services Unit (TSU), Investigative Training Unit, Law Enforcement Communication Unit, Leadership and Management Science Units (LSMU), Physical Training Unit, New Agents' Training Unit (NATU), Practical Applications Unit (PAU), the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the \"College of Analytical Studies.\""}], ["FBI sering bekerja bersempena dengan agensi Persekutuan yang lain, termasuk Pengawal Pantai A.S. (USCG) dan A.S. dan Perlindungan Sempadan (CBP) di pelabuhan dan keselamatan lapangan terbang, dan Lembaga Keselamatan Pengangkutan Nasional dalam menyiasat kemalangan pesawat dan kejadian kritikal yang lain. Imigresen dan Kastam Penguatkuasaan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri Penyiasatan (ICE-HSI) mempunyai hampir sama jumlah orang yang menyiasat kuasa sebagai FBI, dan menyiasat pelbagai jenayah terbesar. Selepas serangan 11 September lalu, Peguam Negara Ashcroft menugaskan FBI sebagai organisasi utama yang ditunjuk dalam penyelidikan keganasan setelah penciptaan Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri A.S.. ICE-HSI dan FBI adalah kedua-dua anggota penting Pasukan Petugas Keganasan Bersama. <> Bilakah FBI bekerja dengan Pengawal Pantai AS dan Perlindungan Kastam AS dan Lembaga? || pelabuhan dan keselamatan lapangan terbang <> Bilakah kerja FBI dengan Lembaga Keselamatan Pengangkutan Negara? || menyiasat kemalangan pesawat <> Apa organisasi dalam kerajaan AS menyiasat jenayah terbesar? || ICE-HSI <> Apakah organisasi yang ditugaskan General Ashcroft untuk memimpin organisasi dalam penyiasatan keganasan? || FBI <> Apakah FBI dan ICE-HSI kedua-dua ahli? || Pasukan Petugas Keganasan Bersama <> Agensi apa yang biasanya berfungsi sendiri, tanpa bantuan agensi lain? || <> Apakah agensi yang bekerja CIA bersempena dengan? || <> Agensi apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyiasat kemalangan kereta? || <> Agensi apa yang menyiasat pelbagai jenayah yang paling kecil? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh General Ashcroft sebelum serangan 11 September? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When does the FBI work with the US Coast Guard and US Customs and Board Protection?", "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfa", "answers": [{"text": "seaport and airport security", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the FBI work with the National Transportation Safety Board?", "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfb", "answers": [{"text": "investigating airplane crashes", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization in the US government investigates the largest array of crimes?", "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfc", "answers": [{"text": "ICE-HSI", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization did General Ashcroft assign to lead organization in terrorism investigations?", "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfd", "answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the FBI and ICE-HSI both members of?", "id": "570c31266b8089140040fbfe", "answers": [{"text": "Joint Terrorism Task Force", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What agency usually works alone, without the help of other agencies?", "id": "5ad39638604f3c001a3fe77b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Coast Guard", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What is an agency the CIA works in conjunction with?", "id": "5ad39638604f3c001a3fe77c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Transportation Safety Board", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "What agency is responsible for investigating automobile crashes?", "id": "5ad39638604f3c001a3fe77d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ICE-HSI", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What agency investigates the smallest range of crimes?", "id": "5ad39638604f3c001a3fe77e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What did General Ashcroft do before the September 11th attacks?", "id": "5ad39638604f3c001a3fe77f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force."}], ["Carnivore adalah sistem perisian penyaduran elektronik yang dilaksanakan oleh FBI semasa pentadbiran Clinton; ia direka untuk memantau e-mel dan komunikasi elektronik. Selepas liputan negatif yang berpanjangan dalam akhbar, FBI menukar nama sistemnya dari \"Carnivore\" kepada \"DCS1000.\" DCS dilaporkan berdiri untuk \"Sistem Pengumpulan Digital\"; sistem mempunyai fungsi yang sama seperti dahulu. The Associated Press melaporkan pada pertengahan Januari 2005 bahawa FBI pada dasarnya telah meninggalkan penggunaan Carnivore pada tahun 2001, memihak kepada perisian yang tersedia secara komersial, seperti NarusInsight. <> Apakah sistem penyadapan elektronik yang digunakan oleh FBI semasa presiden Clinton? || Carnivore <> Apa yang dilakukan Carnivore monitor? || e-mel dan komunikasi elektronik <> Apakah Carnivore dinamakan semula? || DCS1000 <> Bilakah FBI meninggalkan Carnivore? || 2001 <> Apa jenis perisian yang diganti Carnivore? || boleh didapati secara komersial <> Apakah nama DCS1000 berubah? || <> Sistem perisian apa yang menerima liputan positif yang berpanjangan dalam akhbar? || <> Apa pentadbiran yang dilaksanakan CIA melaksanakan Carnivore di bawah? || <> Dalam tahun apakah FBI berhenti menggunakan perisian yang tersedia secara komersil? || <> Apa contoh perisian yang tidak tersedia secara komersil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency?", "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc22", "answers": [{"text": "Carnivore", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Carnivore monitor?", "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc23", "answers": [{"text": "email and electronic communications", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Carnivore renamed to?", "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc24", "answers": [{"text": "DCS1000", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the FBI abandon Carnivore?", "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc25", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of software replaced Carnivore?", "id": "570c33ab6b8089140040fc26", "answers": [{"text": "commercially available", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carnivore", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What was the name DCS1000 changed to?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carnivore", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What software system received prolonged positive coverage in the press?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clinton", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What administration did the CIA implement Carnivore under?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "In what year did the FBI stop using commercially available software?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NarusInsight", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "What is an example of software that is not available commercially?", "id": "5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from \"Carnivore\" to \"DCS1000.\" DCS is reported to stand for \"Digital Collection System\"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight."}], ["Para Pengarah FBI dilantik oleh Presiden Amerika Syarikat. Mereka mesti disahkan oleh Senat Amerika Syarikat dan berkhidmat dalam tempoh lima tahun, dengan maksimum sepuluh tahun, jika dilantik semula, kecuali mereka meletak jawatan atau dipecat oleh Presiden sebelum berakhirnya tempoh mereka. J. Edgar Hoover, yang dilantik oleh Calvin Coolidge pada tahun 1924, adalah pengarah terpanjang yang berkhidmat sehingga meninggal dunia pada tahun 1972. Pada tahun 1968, Kongres meluluskan undang-undang sebagai sebahagian daripada Akta Kawalan Jenayah Omnibus dan Akta Jalan Aman Pub. 90-351, 19 Jun 1968, 82 Stat. 197 yang menetapkan had 10 tahun, maksima dua tempoh 5 tahun, untuk Pengarah FBI masa depan, dan juga memerlukan pengesahan Senat bagi orang yang dilantik. Sebagai penyandang, undang-undang ini tidak terpakai kepada Hoover, hanya kepada penggantinya. Pengarah FBI semasa ialah James B. Comey, yang dilantik pada tahun 2013 oleh Barack Obama. <> Siapa yang melantik pengarah FBI? || Presiden Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah badan perundangan mengesahkan pengarah FBI? || Senat Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa lama tempoh pengarah FBI? || lima tahun <> Apa yang membuat Hoover berhenti berkhidmat sebagai Pengarah FBI? || kematiannya <> Siapa pengarah FBI semasa? || James B. Comey <> Siapa yang melantik Presiden Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apakah badan perundangan mengesahkan presiden A.S.? || <> Berapa lamakah tempoh presiden A.S.? || <> Siapa pengarah FBI yang paling pendek? || <> Bilakah Pengarah FBI Comey meletak jawatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who appoints FBI directors?", "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2c", "answers": [{"text": "President of the United States", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legislative body confirms FBI directors?", "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2d", "answers": [{"text": "United States Senate", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the term of a FBI director?", "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2e", "answers": [{"text": "five years", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?", "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc2f", "answers": [{"text": "his death", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the current FBI director?", "id": "570c34086b8089140040fc30", "answers": [{"text": "James B. Comey", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI Directors", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who appoints the President of the United States?", "id": "5ad3a216604f3c001a3fea13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Senate", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What legislative body confirms U.S. presidents?", "id": "5ad3a216604f3c001a3fea14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five years", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "How long is the term of a U.S. president?", "id": "5ad3a216604f3c001a3fea15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "Who was the shortest serving FBI director?", "id": "5ad3a216604f3c001a3fea16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 839}], "question": "When did FBI Director Comey resign?", "id": "5ad3a216604f3c001a3fea17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "FBI Directors are appointed by the President of the United States. They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years, with a maximum of ten years, if reappointed, unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends. J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub.L. 90\u2013351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197 that specified a 10-year limit, a maximum of two 5-year terms, for future FBI Directors, as well as requiring Senate confirmation of appointees. As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover, only to his successors. The current FBI Director is James B. Comey, who was appointed in 2013 by Barack Obama."}], ["FBI sering digambarkan dalam media popular sejak tahun 1930-an. Biro telah mengambil bahagian dalam pelbagai peringkat, yang terdiri daripada penglibatan langsung dalam proses kreatif filem atau pembangunan siri TV, untuk menyediakan perundingan mengenai operasi dan kes tertutup. Beberapa pengumuman FBI yang terkenal di televisyen adalah siri 1993-2002 The X-Files, yang menyangkut penyiasatan ke dalam fenomena paranormal oleh lima Ejen Khas fiksyen dan agensi Unit Kaunter Keganasan (CTU) fiksyen di drama TV 24, yang berpola selepas Bahagian Pengganasan FBI. Filem Break 1991 adalah berdasarkan kisah sebenar agen FBI yang menyamar yang menyusup masuk kumpulan samseng perompak. Filem 1997 Donnie Brasco didasarkan pada kisah sebenar agen FBI yang menyamar Joseph D. Pistone menyusup Mafia. <> Bilakah FBI mula muncul dalam media yang popular? || 1930-an <> Apa rancangan TV yang ketara berkenaan dengan penyiasatan FBI tentang paranormal? || X-Files <> Apakah drama TV 24 direka? || Bahagian Kontra Keganasan FBI <> Siapakah filem Break Point Berdasarkan? || menyamar agen FBI <> Siapakah film Donnie Brasco berdasarkan? || Joseph D. Pistone <> Apa yang sering digambarkan dalam media popular sebelum tahun 1930-an? || <> Apa yang tidak menggambarkan FBI di televisyen? || <> Apa yang FBI tidak pernah lakukan dengan media popular? || <> Apa yang dipetakan selepas Unit Pengganas Kaunter? || <> Apa filem tahun 1991 tidak berdasarkan kisah sebenar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the FBI first appear in popular media?", "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc36", "answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable TV show was concerned with FBI investigations of the paranormal?", "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc37", "answers": [{"text": "X-Files", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the TV drama 24 designed on?", "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc38", "answers": [{"text": "FBI Counterterrorism Division", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the movie Point Break Based on?", "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc39", "answers": [{"text": "undercover FBI agent", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the movie Donnie Brasco based on?", "id": "570c347e6b8089140040fc3a", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph D. Pistone", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was frequently depicted in popular media before the 1930s?", "id": "5ad3b7d6604f3c001a3fee35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The X-Files", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "What is not a notable portrayal of the FBI on television?", "id": "5ad3b7d6604f3c001a3fee36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "providing consultation on operations", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What has the FBI never done with popular media?", "id": "5ad3b7d6604f3c001a3fee37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBI Counterterrorism Division", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What is patterned after the Counter Terrorist Unit?", "id": "5ad3b7d6604f3c001a3fee38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Point Break", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "What 1991 movie is not based on a true story?", "id": "5ad3b7d6604f3c001a3fee39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s. The bureau has participated to varying degrees, which has ranged from direct involvement in the creative process of film or TV series development, to providing consultation on operations and closed cases. A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993-2002 series The X-Files, which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) agency in the TV drama 24, which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division. The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers. The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia."}], ["Dalam tempoh 1993 hingga 2011, ejen FBI melepaskan senjata mereka pada 289 kali; Ulasan dalaman FBI mendapati tembakan dibenarkan hanya dalam semua tetapi 5 kes, di mana tidak ada 5 kes adalah orang yang cedera. Samuel Walker, seorang profesor keadilan jenayah di University of Nebraska Omaha, berkata jumlah tembakan yang didapati tidak wajar adalah \"mencurigakan rendah.\" Pada masa yang sama, FBI mencederakan 150 orang, 70 daripadanya mati; FBI mendapati semua 150 penembakan dapat dibenarkan. Begitu juga, sepanjang tempoh dari tahun 2011 hingga sekarang, semua tembakan oleh agen FBI didapati dibenarkan oleh penyiasatan dalaman. Dalam kes 2002 di Maryland, seorang lelaki yang tidak bersalah telah ditembak, dan kemudian membayar $ 1.3 juta oleh FBI selepas ejennya menganggapnya sebagai perompak bank; siasatan dalaman mendapati bahawa penembakan itu dibenarkan, berdasarkan tindakan lelaki itu. <> Berapa kali agen FBI memulakan senjata mereka sejak 1993 hingga 2011? || 289 <> Berapa kali tembakan FBI tidak dibenarkan? || 5 kes <> Berapa ramai yang cedera dalam kes-kes di mana penembakan FBI tidak dibenarkan? || tiada <> Bagaimana Samuel Walker menerangkan bilangan tembakan yang tidak adil yang dipecat? || curiga rendah <> Mengenai apa yang menembak lelaki Maryland yang tidak bersalah dianggap wajar? || tindakan lelaki <> Berapa kerap agen FBI memecat senjata sebelum 1993? || <> Profesor berkata bilangan tembakan yang didapati tidak wajar adalah mencurigakan tinggi? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang melakukan luka FBI sebelum 1993? || <> Semasa tempoh apa FBI mendapati semua penangkapan oleh agen-agen FBI tidak wajar? || <> Berapakah bayaran CIA kepada seorang lelaki yang tidak bersalah yang ditembak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?", "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdaa", "answers": [{"text": "289", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times were FBI shots not justified?", "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdab", "answers": [{"text": "5 cases", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?", "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdac", "answers": [{"text": "none", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?", "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdad", "answers": [{"text": "suspiciously low", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?", "id": "570c3527ec8fbc190045bdae", "answers": [{"text": "the man's actions", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "289", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "How often did FBI agents fire their weapons before 1993?", "id": "5ad3af1b604f3c001a3fec69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Samuel Walker", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What professor said the number of shots found to be unjustified was suspiciously high?", "id": "5ad3af1b604f3c001a3fec6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "150", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "How many people did the FBI wound before 1993?", "id": "5ad3af1b604f3c001a3fec6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011 to the present", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "During what period did the FBI find all shooting by FBI agents to be unjustified?", "id": "5ad3af1b604f3c001a3fec6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.3 million", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "How much did the CIA pay out to an innocent man that was shot?", "id": "5ad3af1b604f3c001a3fec6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was \"suspiciously low.\" In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions."}], ["Pada tahun 2005, pemimpin kebangsaan Puerto Rico, Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos meninggal dalam pertempuran senjata dengan agen FBI pada tahun 2005 dalam apa yang dibebankan sebagai pembunuhan. Gubernur Puerto Rico, Anibal Acevedo Vil\u00e1, mengkritik serangan FBI sebagai \"tidak wajar\" dan \"sangat tidak teratur \"dan menuntut untuk mengetahui kenapa kerajaannya tidak dimaklumkan mengenainya. FBI enggan melepaskan maklumat di luar siaran akhbar rasmi, dengan menyebut isu keselamatan dan ejen privasi. Jabatan Hakim Puerto Rico memfailkan saman di mahkamah persekutuan terhadap FBI dan Peguam Negara AS, yang menuntut maklumat penting dalam penyiasatan Komanwel sendiri mengenai kejadian itu. Kes itu ditolak oleh Mahkamah Agung U. Pengebumian Ojeda Rios dihadiri oleh senarai besar para pejabat tinggi, termasuk otoritas tertinggi Gereja Katolik Roma di Puerto Rico, Uskup Agung Roberto Octavio Gonz\u00e1lez Nieves, mantan Gubernur Rafael Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n, dan banyak kepribadian lain. <> Bilakah Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos mati? || 2005 <> Siapa yang membunuh Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos? || Ejen FBI <> Bagaimana beberapa orang menggambarkan kematian Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos? || pembunuhan <> Bagaimana FBI bertindak balas kepada permintaan untuk mengeluarkan maklumat di luar siaran akhbar awal? || FBI menolak <> Apa pengadilan AS menolak kes Puerto Rican untuk maklumat penting terhadap penyiasatan mereka terhadap pembunuhan Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos? || Mahkamah Agung <> Apa pemimpin nasionalis Kuba mati dalam pertempuran senjata dengan agen FBI? || <> Apa gabenor Puerto Rico memuji serangan FBI? || <> Apakah kerajaan telah dimaklumkan mengenai serbuan itu? || <> Mengapa FBI bersetuju untuk melepaskan maklumat? || <> Siapa yang tidak menghadiri pengebumian Ojeda Rios? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos die?", "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb4", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who killed Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos?", "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb5", "answers": [{"text": "FBI agents", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos's death?", "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb6", "answers": [{"text": "assassination", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release?", "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb7", "answers": [{"text": "The FBI refused", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos's killing?", "id": "570c3599ec8fbc190045bdb8", "answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What Cuban nationalist leader died in a gun battle with FBI agents?", "id": "5ad3b698604f3c001a3fedf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\u00e1", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What Puerto Rican governor praised the FBI assault?", "id": "5ad3b698604f3c001a3fedf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Puerto Rico", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What government was informed of the raid?", "id": "5ad3b698604f3c001a3fedf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "security and agent privacy issues", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "Why did the FBI agree to release information?", "id": "5ad3b698604f3c001a3fedf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Archbishop Roberto Octavio Gonz\u00e1lez Nieves", "answer_start": 846}], "question": "Who did not attend Ojeda Rios' funeral?", "id": "5ad3b698604f3c001a3fedf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination.[citation needed] Puerto Rico Governor An\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\u00e1 criticized the FBI assault as \"improper\" and \"highly irregular\" and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it. The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident. The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court. Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Archbishop Roberto Octavio Gonz\u00e1lez Nieves, ex-Governor Rafael Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n, and numerous other personalities."}]], [["Mary juga digambarkan sebagai hadir di kalangan wanita pada penyaliban sewaktu penyaliban berdiri di dekat \"murid yang dikasihi Yesus\" bersama Mary of Clopas dan Mary Magdalene, [Jn 19: 25-26] yang mana senarai Matthew 27:56 menambah \"ibu kepada anak-anak Zebedeus\", mungkin Salome disebutkan dalam Markus 15:40. Perwakilan ini dipanggil Stabat Mater. Walaupun tidak direkodkan di dalam akaun Injil, Mary yang membenamkan mayat anaknya adalah motif yang sama dalam seni, yang disebut \"piet\u00e0\" atau \"kasihan\". <> Namakan kedua wanita yang hadir bersama Maria pada Penyalihan Yesus? || Mary of Clopas dan Mary Magdalene <> Dalam kesenian, apakah nama motif Mary yang membongkok tubuh Yesus? || piet\u00e0 <> Dalam Matius, siapa lagi selain Mary of Clopas dan Mary Magdalene bersama Mary di Penyaliban? || Salome <> Apa maksud pieta? || kasihan <> Apa representasi Mary di Penyaliban disebut? || sebuah Stabat Mater <> Apakah nama motif Yesus yang menjejakkan tubuh Mary? || <> Siapakah \"murid yang dikasihi Yesus\"? || <> Apakah representasi Yesus pada Penyaliban disebut? || <> Siapa saudara perempuan Mary of Clopas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?", "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d05d", "answers": [{"text": "Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?", "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d05e", "answers": [{"text": "piet\u00e0", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?", "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d05f", "answers": [{"text": "Salome", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does pieta mean?", "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d060", "answers": [{"text": "pity", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?", "id": "570c42fdb3d812140066d061", "answers": [{"text": "a Stabat Mater", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "piet\u00e0", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What is the name for the motif of Jesus cradling the body of Mary?", "id": "5ad14b3b645df0001a2d15f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zebedee", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "Who is \"the disciple whom Jesus loved\"?", "id": "5ad14b3b645df0001a2d15f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stabat Mater", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What is a representation of Jesus at the Crucifixion called?", "id": "5ad14b3b645df0001a2d15f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary Magdalene", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "Who was the sister of Mary of Clopas?", "id": "5ad14b3b645df0001a2d15f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near \"the disciple whom Jesus loved\" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds \"the mother of the sons of Zebedee\", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a \"piet\u00e0\" or \"pity\"."}], ["Doktrin-doktrin Assumption atau Dormition of Mary berkaitan dengan kematiannya dan asumsi tubuh ke Syurga. Gereja Roman Katolik mempunyai dogmais mendefinisikan doktrin Asumsi, yang dilakukan pada tahun 1950 oleh Paus Pius XII dalam Munificentissimus Deus. Sama ada mati Perawan atau tidak ditakdirkan secara dogmatis, bagaimanapun, walaupun rujukan kepada kematian Mary dibuat di Munificentissimus Deus. Di Gereja Ortodoks Timur, Assumption of the Virgin Mary dipercayai, dan dirayakan dengan Dormiti beliau, di mana mereka percaya dia meninggal dunia. <> Bilakah Assumption secara dogmatis ditakrifkan oleh Gereja Katolik? || 1950 <> Di mana dokumen kepausan adalah dogma Assumption ditakrifkan? || Munificentissimus Deus <> Mana paus yang menulis Munifentissimus Deus? || Paus Pius XII <> Lain daripada Gereja Katolik Roma, yang gereja memegang doktrin Asumsi itu benar? || Gereja Ortodoks Timur <> Apakah nama lain untuk Asumsi Mary? || Dormition <> Tahun apa Pope Pius XII menyertai Gereja Roman Katolik? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Maria mati? || <> Yang mana Gereja Timur yang pernah melawat Pope Pius XII pada tahun 1950? || <> Siapa yang mengarang Dormition? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?", "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1c", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?", "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1d", "answers": [{"text": "Munificentissimus Deus", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?", "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1e", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius XII", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?", "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be1f", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?", "id": "570c3f1dec8fbc190045be20", "answers": [{"text": "Dormition", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What year did Pope Pius XII join The Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "5ad163ee645df0001a2d196a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "In what year did Mary die?", "id": "5ad163ee645df0001a2d196b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Eastern Orthodox Church", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "Which Eastern Church did Pope Pius XII visit in 1950?", "id": "5ad163ee645df0001a2d196c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius XII", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Who authored the Dormition?", "id": "5ad163ee645df0001a2d196d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died."}], ["Injil Lukas memulakan kisah hidup Mary dengan Pengumuman itu, ketika malaikat Jibril menampakkan diri kepadanya dan mengumumkan pemilihan ilahi untuk menjadi ibu Yesus. Menurut kisah Injil, Mary hadir pada Penyaliban Yesus dan digambarkan sebagai anggota masyarakat Kristian awal di Yerusalem. Menurut tulisan-tulisan Apocryphal, sesaat sesudah kematiannya, tubuhnya yang tidak beradab diasumsikan langsung ke Syurga, untuk bersatu kembali dengan jiwanya, dan rasul-rasul kemudian menemukan kubur kosong; ini dikenali dalam ajaran Kristian sebagai Asumsi. <> Mana malaikat itu muncul kepada Mary? || Gabriel <> Apa yang berlaku kepada mayat Mary saat kematian? || diasumsikan langsung ke Syurga <> Apa yang Gabriel mengumumkan kepada Mary pada Pengumuman? || pilihan ilahi-Nya menjadi ibu Yesus <> Bagaimana Mary berkaitan dengan Yesus? || ibu Yesus <> Yang manakah yang memulakan kisah Mary dengan Pengumuman? || Injil Lukas <> Di manakah Maria bertemu Gabriel? || <> Di mana Gabriel pertama bertemu dengan Yesus? || <> Siapa lagi yang hadir pada Penyalihan Yesus? || <> Apa keadaan kubur ketika malaikat Jibril mendapatinya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which angel appeared to Mary?", "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be08", "answers": [{"text": "Gabriel", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Mary's body at death?", "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be09", "answers": [{"text": "assumed directly into Heaven", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?", "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be0a", "answers": [{"text": "her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Mary related to Jesus?", "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be0b", "answers": [{"text": "mother of Jesus", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?", "id": "570c3da6ec8fbc190045be0c", "answers": [{"text": "Gospel of Luke", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Where did Mary meet Gabriel?", "id": "5ad13a3c645df0001a2d12c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Where did Gabriel first meet Jesus?", "id": "5ad13a3c645df0001a2d12c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gabriel", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Who else was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus?", "id": "5ad13a3c645df0001a2d12c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "empty", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What state was the tomb in when the angel Gabriel found it?", "id": "5ad13a3c645df0001a2d12c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to gospel accounts, Mary was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Apocryphal writings, at some time soon after her death, her incorrupt body was assumed directly into Heaven, to be reunited with her soul, and the apostles thereupon found the tomb empty; this is known in Christian teaching as the Assumption."}], ["Menurut penulis Lukas, Mary adalah saudara perempuan Elizabeth, isteri imam Zakharia dari pembagian imam Abia, yang merupakan sebahagian dari keturunan Harun dan suku Lewi. [Lukas 1: 5; : 36] Sesetengah orang yang menganggap bahawa hubungan dengan Elizabeth berada di pihak ibu, anggap bahawa Maria, seperti Yusuf, yang kepadanya dia telah dijadikan pertanggungjawaban, adalah dari Rumah Daud dan sebagainya dari suku Yehuda, dan silsilah itu Yesus yang dikemukakan dalam Lukas 3 dari Nathan, anak ketiga Daud dan Batsyeba, sebenarnya adalah silsilah Mary, [perlu petikan untuk mengesahkan] sementara silsilah dari Salomo yang diberikan dalam Matius 1 ialah Yusuf. (Isteri Harun Elisheba adalah dari suku Yehuda, maka semua keturunannya adalah dari Levi dan Yehuda.) [Bilangan 1: 7 & Keluaran 6: 23] <> Apakah pekerjaan Zakharia? || imam <> suku mana yang dimiliki oleh Elizabeth? || Lewi <> Siapa isteri Harun? || Elisheba <> Yang suku mana milik Eliseba? || Yehuda <0> Anak yang ketiga dari Daud dan Batsyeba? || Nathan <> Apakah puak yang dimiliki Luke? || <> Siapa adik perempuan Mary? || <> Apakah pembahagian imam yang dimiliki Luke? || <> Siapa kakak perempuan Zakharia? || <> Suku mana yang dimiliki Matthew? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Zechariah's occupation?", "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3a", "answers": [{"text": "priest", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?", "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3b", "answers": [{"text": "Levi", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Aaron's wife?", "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3c", "answers": [{"text": "Elisheba", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?", "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3d", "answers": [{"text": "Judah", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?", "id": "570c4160ec8fbc190045be3e", "answers": [{"text": "Nathan", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Tribe of Judah", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What tribe did Luke belong to?", "id": "5ad13f29645df0001a2d1396", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who was Mary's sister?", "id": "5ad13f29645df0001a2d1397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abijah", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What priestly division did Luke belong to?", "id": "5ad13f29645df0001a2d1398", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Who was Zechariah's sister in law?", "id": "5ad13f29645df0001a2d1399", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Levi", "answer_start": 746}], "question": "What tribe did Matthew belong to?", "id": "5ad13f29645df0001a2d139a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]"}], ["Menurut Injil apokrif James, Mary adalah anak perempuan Saint Joachim dan Saint Anne. Sebelum konsep Mary, Anne telah menjadi mandul dan jauh maju dalam tahun-tahun. Mary diberikan perkhidmatan sebagai dara yang ditahbiskan di Bait Suci di Yerusalem ketika dia berusia tiga tahun, sama seperti Hannah membawa Samuel ke Bait Suci seperti yang dicatatkan dalam Perjanjian Lama. Sesetengah akaun apokrif menyatakan bahawa pada masa perkahwinannya kepada Yusuf, Mary berusia 12-14 tahun, dan dia berumur tiga puluh tahun, tetapi akaun itu tidak boleh dipercayai. <> Siapa ibu bapa Mary? || Saint Joachim dan Saint Anne <> Berapa umur Mary ketika dia disucikan sebagai dara? || tiga tahun <> Siapa yang diperintahkan oleh Maria? || Yusuf <> Ketika dia bertunangan dengan Yusuf, berapa umur Maria? || 12-14 tahun <> Di mana Mary dikuduskan sebagai dara? || Bait Suci di Yerusalem <> Berapa lama Anne ketika melahirkan Maria? || <> Berapa lamakah Hannah ketika Samuel membawanya ke Bait Suci? || <> Siapa yang Hannah bercucuran? || <> Di manakah Saint Joachim dan Saint Anne menjadi bertunang? || <> Di mana Saint Anne ditahbiskan sebagai seorang dara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were Mary's parents?", "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba4", "answers": [{"text": "Saint Joachim and Saint Anne", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?", "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba5", "answers": [{"text": "three years old", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Mary betrothed to?", "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba6", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?", "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba7", "answers": [{"text": "12\u201314 years old", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?", "id": "570c2b046b8089140040fba8", "answers": [{"text": "the Temple in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12\u201314 years old", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "How old was Anne when she gave birth to Mary?", "id": "5ad14d11645df0001a2d167e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three years old", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "How old was Hannah when Samuel took her to the Tabernacle?", "id": "5ad14d11645df0001a2d167f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Samuel", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Who was Hannah betrothed to?", "id": "5ad14d11645df0001a2d1680", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Temple in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "Where did Saint Joachim and Saint Anne become betrothed?", "id": "5ad14d11645df0001a2d1681", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Temple in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "Where was Saint Anne consecrated as a virgin?", "id": "5ad14d11645df0001a2d1682", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12\u201314 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable."}], ["Penggunaan ibu Yesus sebagai dewi maya mungkin mewakili pengenalan semula aspek penyembahan Isis. \"Ketika melihat gambar-gambar dewi Mesir Isis dan orang-orang Perawan Maria, seseorang mungkin pada awalnya mengamati persamaan ikonografi. Persamaan-persamaan ini telah menyebabkan ramai ulama menyatakan bahawa ada hubungan ikonografi yang tersendiri antara Isis dan Mary. lebih jauh lagi, dan telah mencadangkan, berdasarkan hubungan ini, hubungan langsung antara kultus Maria dan Isis. \" <> Mana dewi Mesir yang mana beberapa ulama menyamakan persamaan dengan? || Isis <> Apakah jenis dewi Isis? || Mesir <> Hubungan jenis apa yang dipercayai oleh sesetengah ulama wujud antara Isis dan Mary? || iconographic <> Apa nama dewi yang Perawan Maria bertemu di Mesir? || <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai saudara perempuan dewi Mesir Isis? || <> Apakah hubungan antara Yesus dan dewi Mesir Isis? || <> Apakah nama kultus yang dilanggan beberapa ulama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?", "id": "570c46c0b3d812140066d067", "answers": [{"text": "Isis", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of goddess is Isis?", "id": "570c46c0b3d812140066d068", "answers": [{"text": "Egyptian", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?", "id": "570c46c0b3d812140066d069", "answers": [{"text": "iconographic", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isis", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What is the name of the goddess that the Virgin Mary met in Egypt?", "id": "5ad150ee645df0001a2d172c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Virgin Mary", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Who is considered to be a sister of the Egyptian goddess Isis?", "id": "5ad150ee645df0001a2d172d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iconographic", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "What is the relationship between Jesus and the Egyptian goddess Isis?", "id": "5ad150ee645df0001a2d172e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the cult of Mary", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What is the name of the cult that some scholars subscribe to?", "id": "5ad150ee645df0001a2d172f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. \"When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis.\" "}], ["Penyembahan kepada penggambaran artistik Mary berbeza di kalangan tradisi Kristian. Terdapat tradisi seni Marian Roman Katolik yang panjang dan tidak ada imej yang menembus seni Katolik seperti imej Madonna dan Anak. Ikon Theotokos Virgin dengan Kristus adalah tanpa keraguan ikon yang paling dihormati di Gereja Ortodoks. Kedua-dua Kristian Katolik dan Ortodoks Kristian mewarisi imej dan ikon Mary, memandangkan Majlis Kedua Nicaea pada tahun 787 membenarkan penghormatan mereka dengan pemahaman bahawa mereka yang memuliakan imej itu adalah menghargai realiti orang yang diwakilinya, dan 842 Sinode Constantinople mengesahkan perkara yang sama. Menurut amalan Ortodoks dan amalan tradisional, namun orang yang beriman harus berdoa sebelum dan mengagumi hanya rata, ikon dua dimensi, dan bukan patung tiga dimensi. <> Di mana tahun itu adalah Majlis Kedua Nicea? || 787 <> Pada tahun apakah Synod of Constantinople mengesahkan penghormatan gambar Mary? || 842 <> Ikon mana yang paling dihormati di Gereja Ortodoks? || ikon Perawan Theotokos <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada gambaran seni Mary? || Marian art <> Di gereja Ortodoks, apakah jenis ikon yang dibenarkan untuk dihormati dan berdoa sebelum ini? || rata, ikon dua dimensi <> Yang percaya yang berdoa dan menghormati patung tiga dimensi? || <> Pada tahun apakah imej pertama Madonna dan Anak ditemui? || <> Pada tahun apakah imej pertama Theotokos Perawan dengan Kristus ditemui? || <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada gambaran seni Yesus sebagai orang dewasa? || <> Pada tahun apakah Gereja Ortodoks ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?", "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45843", "answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?", "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45844", "answers": [{"text": "842", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?", "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45845", "answers": [{"text": "icon of the Virgin Theotokos", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?", "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45846", "answers": [{"text": "Marian art", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?", "id": "570c49f9fed7b91900d45847", "answers": [{"text": "flat, two-dimensional icons", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "Which believers pray to and venerate three-dimensional statues?", "id": "5ad157aa645df0001a2d1800", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "In what year was the first image of the Madonna and Child found?", "id": "5ad157aa645df0001a2d1801", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "842", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "In what year was the first image of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ found?", "id": "5ad157aa645df0001a2d1802", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marian art", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What is the name given to the artistic depictions of Jesus as an adult?", "id": "5ad157aa645df0001a2d1803", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "In what year was the Orthodox Church founded?", "id": "5ad157aa645df0001a2d1804", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues."}], ["Pada abad ke-19, sebuah rumah berhampiran Ephesus di Turki ditemui, berdasarkan penglihatan Anne Catherine Emmerich, seorang biarawati Augustinian di Jerman. Sejak itu ia telah dikunjungi sebagai Rumah Perawan Maria oleh jemaah Katolik Roma yang menganggapnya sebagai tempat di mana Maria hidup sehingga dia menganggapnya. Injil Yohanes menyatakan bahawa Maria pergi untuk hidup dengan Murid yang dikasihi Yesus, [Jn 19:27] dikenal sebagai John the Evangelist. [Rujukan?] Irenaeus dan Eusebius dari Caesarea menulis dalam sejarah mereka bahawa Yohanes kemudian pergi ke Efesus, yang boleh memberikan asas untuk kepercayaan awal bahawa Maria juga tinggal di Efesus dengan John. <> Di mana negara itu adalah Efesus? || Turki <> Penglihatan yang membawa kepada pengenalan Dewan Perawan Maria? || Anne Catherine Emmerich <> Murid mana yang dikenali sebagai \"Murid yang dikasihi oleh Yesus?\" || John the Evangelist <> Dengan siapa ia percaya bahawa Maria tinggal bersama di Efesus? || John <> Dalam abad yang mana House of the Virgin Mary ditemukan? || 19 <> Di mana Anne Catherine Emmerich hidup? || <> Di manakah Irenaeus dan Eusebius Caesarea hidup? || <> Dalam abad berapa Anne Catherine Emmerich bertemu Irenaeus? || <> Dalam abad apakah Maria tinggal di Efesus dengan John? || <> Apa Evangelist melakukan pertemuan Anne Catherine Emmerich di Turki? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In which country is Ephesus?", "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45825", "answers": [{"text": "Turkey", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?", "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45826", "answers": [{"text": "Anne Catherine Emmerich", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which disciple is known as \"the Disciple whom Jesus loved?\"", "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45827", "answers": [{"text": "John the Evangelist", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?", "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45828", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?", "id": "570c481ffed7b91900d45829", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a house near Ephesus in Turkey", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Where did Anne Catherine Emmerich live?", "id": "5ad14f55645df0001a2d1706", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in Ephesus with John", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "Where did Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea live?", "id": "5ad14f55645df0001a2d1707", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 19th century", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what century did Anne Catherine Emmerich meet Irenaeus?", "id": "5ad14f55645df0001a2d1708", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 19th century", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what century did Mary live in Ephesus with John?", "id": "5ad14f55645df0001a2d1709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John the Evangelist", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "What Evangelist did Anne Catherine Emmerich meet in Turkey?", "id": "5ad14f55645df0001a2d170a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved,[Jn 19:27] identified as John the Evangelist.[citation needed] Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John."}], ["Ephesus adalah pusat kultus Mary, tapak gereja pertama yang didedikasikan kepadanya dan tempat yang dikhabarkan kematiannya. Ephesus sebelum ini menjadi pusat penyembahan Artemis dewi perawan. Kuil Artemis di Ephesus dianggap sebagai salah satu dari Tujuh Keajaiban Dunia Kuno Kultus Mary dikembangkan oleh Queen Theodora pada abad ke-6. Menurut William E. Phipps, dalam buku Survivals of Roman Religion \"Gordon Laing berhujah dengan meyakinkan bahawa penyembahan Artemis sebagai dara dan ibu di candi Agung Ephesian menyumbang kepada penghormatan Maria.\" <> Di mana tapak gereja pertama yang didedikasikan kepada Mary? || Efesus <> Dewa mana yang disembah di Efesus sebelum Maria? || Artemis <> Siapa penulis buku itu, \"Survivals of Roman Religion?\" || William E. Phipps <> Yang mana Queen memajukan kultus Mary pada abad ke-6? || Queen Theodora <> Dimana Mary dikabarkan telah meninggal dunia? || Efesus <> Di manakah tempat kematian Artemis? || <> Dalam abad apakah Ratu Theodora bertemu dengan Gordon Laing? || <> Siapa yang membaca buku itu, \"Survivals of Roman Religion\"? || <> Apa Ratu menganggap Kuil Artemis di Efesus sebagai salah satu Tujuh Keajaiban Dunia Kuno? || <> Di manakah tempat kelahiran Artemis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?", "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d089", "answers": [{"text": "Ephesus", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?", "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08a", "answers": [{"text": "Artemis", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the author of the book, \"Survivals of Roman Religion?\"", "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08b", "answers": [{"text": "William E. Phipps", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?", "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08c", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Theodora", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Mary rumored to have died?", "id": "570c4b18b3d812140066d08d", "answers": [{"text": "Ephesus", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ephesus", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where was the place of Artemis' death?", "id": "5ad15331645df0001a2d1778", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 6th Century", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "In what century did Queen Theodora meet Gordon Laing?", "id": "5ad15331645df0001a2d1779", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gordon Laing", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "Who read the book, \"Survivals of Roman Religion\"?", "id": "5ad15331645df0001a2d177a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Theodora", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What Queen regarded The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?", "id": "5ad15331645df0001a2d177b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ephesus", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where is the birthplace of Artemis?", "id": "5ad15331645df0001a2d177c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion \"Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary.\""}], ["Setelah Maria meneruskan \"darah penyuciannya\" 33 hari lagi selama 40 hari, ia membawanya korban bakaran dan korban penghapus dosa ke Bait Allah di Yerusalem, [Lukas 2:22] jadi imam dapat melakukan penebusan dosa-dosanya [Leviticus 12: 1-8] Mereka juga mempersembahkan Yesus - \"Seperti yang tertulis dalam Taurat TUHAN, setiap laki-laki yang membuka rahim akan disebut suci bagi Tuhan\" (Lukas 2: 23 ayat-ayat lain). Selepas nubuatan Simeon dan nabi perempuan Anna dalam Lukas 2: 25-38 menyimpulkan, Yusuf dan Maria membawa Yesus dan \"kembali ke Galilea, ke Nazaret kota mereka sendiri.\" [Lukas 2:39] <> Berapa lama jumlahnya adalah \"darah pembersihan\" untuk Mary? || 40 hari <> Di manakah Maria membawa korban bakaran dan korban penghapus dosa? || Bait Allah di Yerusalem <> Yang telah disampaikan di Bait Allah di Yerusalem? || Yesus <> Yang bernubuat dalam Lukas 2: 25-38? || Simeon dan nabi perempuan Anna di mana? Di mana bandar Galilea lakukan Yusuf dan Maria mengambil Yesus? || Nazareth <> Berapa banyak hari yang dibawanya Maria membawanya korban bakaran dan korban penghapus dosa ke Bait Suci di Yerusalem? || <> Di mana Simeon dan nabiess Anna pergi ke? || <> Di manakah lokasi kuil di mana Mary mendengar ramalan Simeon? || <> Di manakah letak kuil di mana Yusuf meneruskan \"darah pembersihan\"? || <> Kepada mana bandar Galilea yang dilakukan oleh Yusuf dan Maria kepada Simeon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long in total was the \"blood of her purifying\" for Mary?", "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be30", "answers": [{"text": "40 days", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?", "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be31", "answers": [{"text": "the Temple in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?", "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be32", "answers": [{"text": "Jesus", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?", "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be33", "answers": [{"text": "Simeon and the prophetess Anna in", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?", "id": "570c4097ec8fbc190045be34", "answers": [{"text": "Nazareth", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "33", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "How many days did Mary bring her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem?", "id": "5ad14498645df0001a2d1492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galilee", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "Where did Simeon and the prophetess Anna travel to?", "id": "5ad14498645df0001a2d1493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Where is the location of the temple where Mary heard Simeon prophecy?", "id": "5ad14498645df0001a2d1494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Where is the location of the temple where Joseph continued in the \"blood of her purifying\"?", "id": "5ad14498645df0001a2d1495", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazareth", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Simeon?", "id": "5ad14498645df0001a2d1496", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After Mary continued in the \"blood of her purifying\" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus \u2013  \"As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord\" (Luke 2:23other verses). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25-38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and \"returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth\".[Luke 2:39]"}], ["Beberapa gereja yang membentuk Komunikan Anglikan dan Pergerakan Anglikan yang Berlaku mempunyai pandangan yang berbeza mengenai doktrin Marian dan amalan veneratif memandangkan tidak ada gereja tunggal dengan pihak berkuasa universal di dalam Komuni dan bahawa gereja ibu (Gereja England) memahami dirinya kedua-dua \"Katolik\" dan \"Reformed\". Oleh itu, tidak seperti gereja-gereja Protestan pada umumnya, Perjamuan Anglikan (yang termasuk Gereja Episkopal di Amerika Syarikat) merangkumi segmen-segmen yang masih mengekalkan beberapa penghormatan kepada Maria. <> Apa gereja ibu Komunike Angican? || Gereja England <> Gereja manakah di Amerika Syarikat dikaitkan dengan Perjumpaan Angican? || Gereja Episcopal <> Amalan apa yang membezakan komuniti Angican dari gereja-gereja Protestan pada umumnya? || penghormatan kepada Maria <> Apa cawangan Kekristenan yang jatuh ke dalam Komunikan Angican? || Protestan <> yang mengasaskan kuasa sejagat di dalam gereja ibu (Gereja Inggeris)? || <> Di manakah gereja di Amerika Syarikat apakah Mary memberikan kuasa universal? || <> Berapa banyak gereja membentuk doktrin Marian? || <> Gereja mana yang kedua \"katolik\" dan \"Reformasi\", tetapi juga Protestan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?", "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d289", "answers": [{"text": "the Church of England", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?", "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d28a", "answers": [{"text": "the Episcopal Church", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?", "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d28b", "answers": [{"text": "veneration of Mary", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?", "id": "570cd23eb3d812140066d28c", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "Who founded the universal authority within the mother church (the Church of England)?", "id": "5ad17906645df0001a2d1da2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Episcopal Church", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Which church in the United States did Mary give universal authority to?", "id": "5ad17906645df0001a2d1da3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple churches", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "How many churches formed the Marian doctrines?", "id": "5ad17906645df0001a2d1da4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Church of England", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "Which church is both \"catholic\" and \"Reformed\", but also Protestant?", "id": "5ad17906645df0001a2d1da5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both \"catholic\" and \"Reformed\". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary."}], ["Walaupun Calvin dan Huldrych Zwingli memuliakan Maria sebagai Ibu Tuhan pada abad ke-16, mereka melakukan begitu kurang daripada Martin Luther. Oleh itu, gagasan penghormatan dan kehormatan yang tinggi untuk Maria tidak ditolak oleh Protestan pertama; tetapi, mereka datang untuk mengkritik umat Katolik Rom untuk memuliakan Maria. Berikutan Majlis Trent pada abad ke-16, ketika pengakuan Marian dikaitkan dengan Katolik, minat Protestan di Mary menurun. Semasa Zaman Pencerahan, sebarang kepentingan sisa di Mary di dalam gereja-gereja Protestan hampir hilang, walaupun Anglican dan Lutheran terus menghormatinya. <> Untuk apa amalan Protestan pertama mengkritik umat Katolik Roma? || mengutamakan Maria <> Di abad mana apakah Majlis Trent berlaku? || 16 <> Yang mana gereja-gereja Protestan masih menghormati Maria? || Anglikan dan Lutheran <> Di mana era sejarah apakah kepentingan Protestan di Mary hampir hilang? || Usia Pencerahan <> Marian penghormatan menjadi berkaitan dengan mana orang Kristian selepas Majlis Trent? || Katolik <> Dalam abad berapa Martin Luther menghormati Maria sebagai Ibu Tuhan? || <> Pada abad mana Konsep Trent berakhir? || <> Yang mana gereja-gereja Protestan mula menghormati Mary sebelum abad ke-16? || <> Semasa apa umur Calvin dan Huldrych Zwingli membentuk Majlis Trent? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?", "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29b", "answers": [{"text": "venerating Mary", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century did the Council of Trent occur?", "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29c", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?", "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29d", "answers": [{"text": "Anglicans and Lutherans", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?", "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29e", "answers": [{"text": "Age of the Enlightenment", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?", "id": "570cd44ab3d812140066d29f", "answers": [{"text": "Catholics", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 16th century", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "In what century did Martin Luther honor Mary as the Mother of God?", "id": "5ad17e8d645df0001a2d1e38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 16th century", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "In which century was the Council of Trent ended?", "id": "5ad17e8d645df0001a2d1e39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglicans and Lutherans", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "Which Protestant churches began honoring Mary before the 16th century?", "id": "5ad17e8d645df0001a2d1e3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Age of the Enlightenment", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "During what Age did Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli form the Council of Trent?", "id": "5ad17e8d645df0001a2d1e3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her."}], ["Nontrinitarian, seperti Unitarian, Christadelphians dan Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa juga mengakui Mary sebagai ibu biologi Yesus Kristus, tetapi tidak mengenali tajuk-tajuk Marian seperti \"Ibu Tuhan\" kerana kumpulan ini pada umumnya menolak ketuhanan Kristus. Oleh kerana gereja-gereja Nontrinitarian biasanya juga fana, masalah berdoa kepada Maria, yang mereka anggap sebagai \"tidur\", menunggu kebangkitan, tidak timbul. Emanuel Swedenborg mengatakan bahawa Tuhan dalam dirinya sendiri tidak dapat secara langsung menghampiri roh-roh jahat untuk menebus roh-roh itu tanpa memusnahkannya (Keluaran 33:20, Yohanes 1:18), jadi Tuhan membesarkan Maria, yang memberikan Yesus Kristus akses kepada keturunan jahat bangsa manusia, yang mana dia boleh mendekati, menebus dan menyelamatkan. <> Menurut kepercayaan Nontrinitarian, apakah hubungan Maria dengan Yesus? || ibu biologi <> Teolog Nontrinitarian yang mengatakan bahawa Tuhan tidak dapat mendekati roh-roh eveil untuk menebus mereka? || Emanuel Swedenborg <> Unittarians, Christadelphians dan Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa adalah contoh-contoh gereja macam mana? || Nontrinitarians <> \"Ibu Tuhan\" adalah contoh jenis gelaran apa? || Marian <> Mengapa jenis gereja telah melawat Emanuel Swedenborg? || <> Siapa yang Maria mengenali dirinya sebagai? || <> Yang gereja-gereja Nontrinitarian pernah mengakui Mary sebagai \"Ibu Tuhan\"? || <> Siapa yang Maria memberikan akses kepada keturunan jahat umat manusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?", "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d263", "answers": [{"text": "biological mother", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?", "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d264", "answers": [{"text": "Emanuel Swedenborg", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?", "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d265", "answers": [{"text": "Nontrinitarians", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"Mother of God\" is an example of what kind of title?", "id": "570cbdcfb3d812140066d266", "answers": [{"text": "Marian", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nontrinitarian churches", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Why type of churches did Emanuel Swedenborg visit?", "id": "5ad186c5645df0001a2d1e96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mother of God", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "Who did Mary recognize herself as?", "id": "5ad186c5645df0001a2d1e97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "Which Nontrinitarian churches once acknowledged Mary as \"Mother of God\"?", "id": "5ad186c5645df0001a2d1e98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesus Christ", "answer_start": 615}], "question": "Whom did Mary give access to the evil heredity of the human race?", "id": "5ad186c5645df0001a2d1e99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as \"Mother of God\" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider \"asleep\", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save."}], ["Sesetengah gelaran mempunyai asas Alkitabiah, misalnya tajuk Ibu Ratu telah diberikan kepada Mary sejak dia adalah ibu Yesus, yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai \"Raja Raja\" kerana keturunan Raja Daud. Dasar alkitabiah untuk Istilah Ratu dapat dilihat dalam Injil Lukas 1:32 dan Kitab Yesaya 9: 6, dan Ibu Ratu dari 1 Raja-raja 2: 19-20 dan Yeremia 13: 18-19. Gelaran lain telah timbul dari mukjizat yang dilaporkan, rayuan khas atau kesempatan untuk memanggil Maria, mis., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators atau Our Lady of Ransom yang melindungi tawanan. <> Yesus dikenal sebagai \"Raja Raja\" kerana pembohongannya dari siapa? || Raja Daud <> Mana nama diberikan kepada Mary kerana peranannya sebagai pelindung tawanan? || Lady of the Ransom <> Siapakah ibu Yesus? || Mary <> Buku Perjanjian Baru mana yang menjadi asas bagi istilah Queen ketika merujuk kepada Mary? || Lukas <> Apa yang dipanggil Daud ketika Yesus bertemu dengannya? || <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh David ketika dia bertemu dengannya? || <> Ketika Mary melindungi tawanan Raja Daud, apa yang dia panggil? || <> Ketika Maria membantu Kind David mencari jalannya kepada Yesus, apakah nama yang diberikan kepadanya? || <> Ketika Mary memberikan penasihat khusus untuk Yesus, apa nama dia diberikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Jesus was known as the \"King of Kings\" because of his lieage from who?", "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586b", "answers": [{"text": "King David", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?", "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586c", "answers": [{"text": "Our Lady of Ransom", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Jesus?", "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586d", "answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary?", "id": "570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586e", "answers": [{"text": "Luke", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"King of Kings\"", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "What did David call Jesus when he met him?", "id": "5ad15b2d645df0001a2d1888", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Mother", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What did David call Mary when he met her?", "id": "5ad15b2d645df0001a2d1889", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Our Lady of Ransom", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "When Mary protected the captives of King David, what was she called?", "id": "5ad15b2d645df0001a2d188a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Our Lady of Navigators", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "When Mary assisted Kind David in finding his way to Jesus, what was the name given to her?", "id": "5ad15b2d645df0001a2d188b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Our Lady of Good Counsel", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "When Mary provided special counsel for Jesus, what name was she given?", "id": "5ad15b2d645df0001a2d188c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the \"King of Kings\" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6, and Queen Mother from 1 Kings 2:19-20 and Jeremiah 13:18-19. Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary, e.g., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Our Lady of Navigators or Our Lady of Ransom who protects captives."}], ["Perbezaan dalam perayaan juga mungkin berasal dari isu doktrin-Perayaan Asumsi adalah contoh sedemikian. Memandangkan tidak ada kesepakatan di kalangan semua orang Kristian mengenai keadaan kematian, Dormition atau Asumsi Mary, perayaan asumsi dirayakan di kalangan beberapa denominasi dan bukan yang lain. Walaupun Gereja Katolik meraikan Perayaan Asumsi pada 15 Ogos, beberapa orang Katolik Timur merayakannya sebagai Dormition Theotokos, dan boleh melakukannya pada 28 Ogos, jika mereka mengikuti kalendar Julian. Orthodox Timur juga merayakannya sebagai Dormition Theotokos, salah satu daripada 12 Perayaan Besar mereka. Orang-orang Protestan tidak merayakannya, atau mana-mana perayaan Marian yang lain. <> Pada tarikh apakah Gereja Katolik merayakan Perayaan Asumsi? || 15 Ogos <> Apa yang disebut Katolik Timur untuk Perayaan Asumsi? || Dormasi Theotokos <> Pada tarikh kalendar Julian apakah umat Katolik Timur merayakan Domistern Theotokos? || 28 Ogos <> Berapa Banyak Perayaan Besar yang disambut oleh Gereja Ortodoks Timur? || 12 <> Adakah Protestan meraikan pesta Marian atau tidak? || Jangan <> apa nama Pesta pertama yang dihadiri oleh Maria? || <> Bilakah Maria menghadiri Perayaan Asumsi? || <> Bilakah Maria menghadiri Dormition of Theotokos? || <> Apabila Mary selesai menghadiri semua Perayaan itu, apakah perayaan-perayaan itu? || <> Siapa yang tidak dapat pergi ke Perayaan Maria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?", "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458ad", "answers": [{"text": "August 15", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?", "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458ae", "answers": [{"text": "Dormition of the Theotokos", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?", "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458af", "answers": [{"text": "August 28", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?", "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458b0", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?", "id": "570c5213fed7b91900d458b1", "answers": [{"text": "do not", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Feast of the Assumption", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is the name of the first Feast attended by Mary?", "id": "5ad15cff645df0001a2d18b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 15", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "When did Mary attend the Feast of Assumption?", "id": "5ad15cff645df0001a2d18b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 28", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "When did Mary attend the Dormition of the Theotokos?", "id": "5ad15cff645df0001a2d18b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12 Great Feasts", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "When Mary finished attending all of the Feasts, what were the Feasts referred to as?", "id": "5ad15cff645df0001a2d18b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Protestants", "answer_start": 627}], "question": "Who did Mary not get to go to Feast with?", "id": "5ad15cff645df0001a2d18ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues\u2014the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others.  While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts."}], ["The Virginity of Mary Perpetual menegaskan keperawanan Maria yang sebenar dan kekal walaupun dalam tindakan melahirkan Anak Allah yang dibuat Manusia. Istilah Ever-Virgin (Greek \u1f00\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) diterapkan dalam kes ini, menyatakan bahawa Maria kekal sebagai dara untuk sisa hidupnya, menjadikan Yesus anak biologi dan satu-satunya, yang konsep dan kelahirannya dianggap ajaib. Walaupun jemaat-jemaat Ortodoks memegang jawatan yang dinyatakan dalam Protoevangelium James bahawa saudara-saudara Yesus adalah lebih tua anak-anak Yusuf yang Betrothed, saudara kandung dari perkawinan sebelumnya yang meninggalkan dia janda, pengajaran Katolik Roma mengikuti ayah Latin Jerome dalam mempertimbangkan mereka Sepupu Yesus. <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kepercayaan bahawa Maria tetap seorang dara untuk seluruh hidupnya? || Ever-Virgin <> Ayah Latin mana yang menggambarkan kepercayaan bahawa saudara-saudara Yesus adalah sepupunya? || Jerome <> Gereja-gereja mana yang mengajar bahawa saudara lelaki dan adik perempuan adalah saudara kandung dari perkawinan Yusuf yang Betrothed sebelumnya? || Gereja-Gereja Ortodoks <> Dokumen apa yang mengajarkan bahawa saudara lelaki dan saudara perempuan Yesus adalah anak-anak Yusuf yang lebih tua dari perkawinan sebelumnya? || Protoevangelium of James <> Doktrin mana yang menggambarkan kepercayaan bahawa Maria tetap seorang dara, walaupun dia melahirkan Yesus? || The Perpetual Virginity of Mary <> Apakah nama bapa Latin yang dianggap sepupu Yesus? || <> Doktrin apa yang menegaskan keperawanan Maria yang sebenar dan kekal sebelum tindakan melahirkan Yesus? || <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk Mary sebelum melahirkan Yesus? || <> Siapa yang menulis Protoevangelium dari James? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?", "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d275", "answers": [{"text": "Ever-Virgin", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?", "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d276", "answers": [{"text": "Jerome", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?", "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d277", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Churches", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?", "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d278", "answers": [{"text": "Protoevangelium of James", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?", "id": "570cc952b3d812140066d279", "answers": [{"text": "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerome", "answer_start": 643}], "question": "What is the name of the Latin father who is considered Jesus' cousin? ", "id": "5ad16a9a645df0001a2d1a6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What doctrine asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity before the act of giving birth to Jesus?", "id": "5ad16a9a645df0001a2d1a6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ever-Virgin", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What is the term used for Mary before giving birth to Jesus?", "id": "5ad16a9a645df0001a2d1a6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph the Betrothed", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "Who wrote the Protoevangelium of James?", "id": "5ad16a9a645df0001a2d1a6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek \u1f00\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins."}], ["Kekristianan Ortodoks termasuk sebilangan besar tradisi mengenai Ever Virgin Mary, Theotokos. Orthodox percaya bahawa dia dan kekal sebagai perawan sebelum dan selepas kelahiran Kristus. Theotokia (iaitu, pujian kepada Theotokos) adalah bahagian penting dalam Perkhidmatan Ilahi di Gereja Timur dan kedudukan mereka dalam urutan liturgi secara berkesan menempatkan Theotokos di tempat yang paling menonjol selepas Kristus. Dalam tradisi Ortodoks, perintah para pekudus bermula dengan: Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, dan sebagainya. Dia juga diisytiharkan sebagai \"Lady of the Angels\". <> Dalam tradisi Ortodoks, apa yang akan datang lebih awal selepas Theotokos dalam urutan orang-orang kudus? || Angels <> Apa pujian kepada Theotokos dipanggil dalam tradisi Ortodoks? || Theotokia <> Dalam urutan liturgi Gereja Timur, yang diletakkan di samping terkenal selepas Kristus? || Theotokos <> Apa yang Maria diisytiharkan berada dalam tradisi Ortodoks? || \"Lady of the Angels\" <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh Ortodoks Maria sebelum dan sesudah dia melahirkan Kristus? || seorang perawan <> Siapa yang Maria menyatakan bahawa dia? || <> Apa gereja yang diberikan Maria kepada Theotokia? || <> Siapa yang Perawan Maria mengatakan bahawa dia lebih penting? || <> Perkhidmatan apa yang dilakukan Maria di Gereja Timur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?", "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a21", "answers": [{"text": "Angels", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?", "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a22", "answers": [{"text": "The Theotokia", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?", "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a23", "answers": [{"text": "the Theotokos", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?", "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a24", "answers": [{"text": "\"Lady of the Angels\"", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?", "id": "570cce8afed7b91900d45a25", "answers": [{"text": "a virgin", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lady of the Angels", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "Who did Mary proclaim that she was?", "id": "5ad17151645df0001a2d1bb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Eastern Church", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What church did Mary give The Theotokia to?", "id": "5ad17151645df0001a2d1bb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the angels", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "Who does the Virgin Mary say that she takes precedence over?", "id": "5ad17151645df0001a2d1bb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Divine Services", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What services did Mary perform in the Eastern Church?", "id": "5ad17151645df0001a2d1bb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\"."}], ["Al-Qur'an menceritakan kisah-kisah terperinci tentang Maryam (Mary) di dua tempat, Al-Qur'an 3: 35-47 dan 19: 16-34. Kepercayaan ini dalam kedua-dua Immaculate Conception of Mary dan Virgin Birth of Jesus. Akaun yang diberikan dalam Sura 19 hampir sama dengan yang di dalam Injil menurut Lukas, dan kedua-duanya (Lukas, Sura 19) bermula dengan suatu catatan tentang kunjungan seorang malaikat kepada Zakariya (Zechariah) dan Berita Baik tentang kelahiran Yahya (John), diikuti dengan pernyataan penyataannya. Ia menyebut bagaimana Mary dimaklumkan oleh seorang malaikat bahawa dia akan menjadi ibu kepada Yesus melalui perbuatan Tuhan sahaja. <> Dengan apa nama Mary disebut dalam Al-Qur'an? || Maryam <> Yang Sura di dalam Al-Quran menggambarkan lawatan malaikat kepada Zakariya? || 19 <> Dalam berapa banyak tempat yang Al-Qur'an memberikan akaun terperinci tentang Mary? || dua <> Injil mana yang memberikan kisah yang sama tentang Kelahiran Perawan sebagai Sura 19 dalam Al-Qur'an? || Lukas <> Siapa yang dikunjungi oleh malaikat di Sura 19 dari Al-Qur'an? || Zakariya <> Siapa yang menulis kisah naratif terperinci tentang Maryam? || <> Siapa yang menulis akaun yang diberikan dalam Sura 19? || <> Berapa banyak akaun yang ditulis dalam Al-Quran tentang Mary? || <> Siapa yang memberitahu Yesus bahawa Maria akan menjadi ibu kepada Yesus? || <> Berapa banyak kisah Injil tentang Mary? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?", "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26b", "answers": [{"text": "Maryam", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?", "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26c", "answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?", "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26d", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? ", "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26e", "answers": [{"text": "Luke", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?", "id": "570cc5e1b3d812140066d26f", "answers": [{"text": "Zakariya", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maryam", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Who wrote the detailed narrative accounts of Maryam?", "id": "5ad18acc645df0001a2d1ed8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Luke", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Who wrote the account given in Sura 19?", "id": "5ad18acc645df0001a2d1ed9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "How many accounts in the are written in the Qur'an about Mary? ", "id": "5ad18acc645df0001a2d1eda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an angel", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "Who told Jesus that Mary would be the mother of Jesus?", "id": "5ad18acc645df0001a2d1edb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "How many Gospel narratives are about Mary?", "id": "5ad18acc645df0001a2d1edc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35\u201347 and 19:16\u201334. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone."}], ["Dalam lukisan, Mary secara tradisi digambarkan dalam warna biru. Tradisi ini dapat mengesan asalnya kepada Empayar Byzantine, dari c.500 AD, di mana biru adalah \"warna permaisuri\". Penjelasan yang lebih praktikal untuk penggunaan warna ini ialah di Medieval dan Renaissance Eropah, pigmen biru berasal dari batu lapis lazuli, batu yang diimpor dari Afghanistan yang lebih besar daripada emas. Di luar pelukis pelukis, pelanggan dijangka membeli emas atau lapis lazuli untuk digunakan dalam lukisan itu. Oleh itu, ia adalah satu ungkapan kesetiaan dan pemuliaan untuk memancarkan Perawan dalam gaun biru. <> Warna mana yang secara tradisinya digunakan untuk menggambarkan Mary dalam lukisan? || biru <> Apa batu digunakan sebagai sumber pigmen biru dalam cat di zaman pertengahan dan Renaissance Eropah? || lapis lazuli <> Dari mana negara lapis lazuli diimport? || Afghanistan <> Lapis lazuli dianggap lebih bernilai daripada logam mulia? || emas <> Yang empayar purba dianggap telah memulakan tradisi menggambarkan Maria dalam lukisan menggunakan warna biru? || Byzantine Empire <> Warna apa yang Mary ingin cat dengan? || <> Tahun berapakah Maria melawat Empayar Byzantium? || <> Apakah nama batu kegemaran Mary? || <> Apa negara pelancong yang membawa Mary lapis lazuli? || <> Apa yang Maria gunakan untuk berdagang untuk lapis lazuli? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?", "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d259", "answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?", "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25a", "answers": [{"text": "lapis lazuli", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which country was lapis lazuli imported?", "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25b", "answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?", "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25c", "answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?", "id": "570cba0cb3d812140066d25d", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What color does Mary like to paint with?", "id": "5ad15e62645df0001a2d18d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 AD", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What year did Mary visit the Byzantine Empire?", "id": "5ad15e62645df0001a2d18d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lapis lazuli", "answer_start": 317}], "question": "What is the name of Mary's favorite stone?", "id": "5ad15e62645df0001a2d18da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What country were the travelers from that brought Mary the lapis lazuli?", "id": "5ad15e62645df0001a2d18db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What did Mary use to trade for the lapis lazuli?", "id": "5ad15e62645df0001a2d18dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was \"the colour of an empress\". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue."}], ["Walaupun polemik keras Martin Luther terhadap penentang Katolik Romannya mengenai isu-isu mengenai Mary dan orang-orang kudus, para teolog kelihatan setuju bahawa Luther mematuhi perintah Marian dewan ekumenikal dan dogma gereja. Dia berpegang teguh pada kepercayaan bahawa Maria adalah perawan yang kekal dan Theotokos atau Ibu Tuhan. Perhatian khusus diberikan kepada dakwaan bahawa Luther, kira-kira tiga ratus tahun sebelum dogmatisasi Immaculate Conception oleh Paus Pius IX pada tahun 1854, adalah penganut pandangan yang tegas. Lain-lain berpendapat bahawa Luther pada tahun-tahun kemudian mengubah kedudukannya pada Immaculate Conception, yang, pada masa itu tidak jelas dalam Gereja, mengekalkan apa yang tidak berdosa Mary sepanjang hidupnya. Bagi Luther, pada awal hidupnya, Assumption of Mary adalah fakta yang difahami, walaupun dia kemudian menyatakan bahawa Alkitab tidak mengatakan apa-apa tentang hal itu dan berhenti merayakan pestanya. Yang penting baginya adalah kepercayaan bahawa Maria dan para kudus hidup selepas kematian. \"Sepanjang karirnya sebagai seorang profesor-profesor-pembaharu, Luther berkhotbah, mengajar, dan membantah tentang penghormatan Maria dengan kelonggaran yang terdiri dari ketakwaan seperti kanak-kanak kepada polemik yang canggih. Pandangannya dikaitkan dengan teologi Christocentric dan akibatnya untuk liturgi dan ketakwaan. \" Luther, sambil menghormati Mary, datang untuk mengkritik \"Papists\" untuk mengaburkan garis, antara kekaguman yang tinggi dari rahmat Allah di mana pun dilihat manusia, dan pelayanan keagamaan yang diberikan kepada makhluk lain. Dia menganggap amalan Roman Katolik untuk merayakan hari-hari kudus dan membuat permintaan intercessory terutama kepada Mary dan orang-orang kudus yang lain untuk menjadi penyembah berhala. Pemikiran terakhirnya tentang kesetiaan dan penghormatan Marian dipelihara dalam khotbah yang diberitakan di Wittenberg hanya sebulan sebelum kematiannya: <> Siapa yang menulis polemik mengenai kepercayaan Katolik Roma tentang Mary? || Martin Luther <> Di mana tahun itu Immaculate Conception dogmatized? || 1854 <> Paus mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk dogmatisasi Konsep Immaculate? || Paus Pius IX <> Apa maksud Theotokos? || Ibu Tuhan <> Di mana Martin Luther berkhotbah tentang khutbah Marian sebulan sebelum kematiannya? || Wittenberg <> Berapa tahun lawan Katolik Roma mematuhi perintah Marian? || <> Tahun berapa Martin Luther berkhotbah di Wittenberg? || <> Pada tahun berapa Martin Luther berhenti merayakan pesta Marian? || <> Dengan siapa Martin Luther berhujah tentang penghormatan Maria? || <> Siapa yang mengkritik Luther untuk menghormati Mary dan untuk mengaburkan garis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary?", "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a3", "answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized?", "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a4", "answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception?", "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a5", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius IX", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Theotokos mean?", "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a6", "answers": [{"text": "Mother of God", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?", "id": "570c5057fed7b91900d458a7", "answers": [{"text": "Wittenberg", "answer_start": 1791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three-hundred years", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "For how many years were the Roman Catholic opponents adhering to the Marian decrees?", "id": "5ad1812c645df0001a2d1e72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What year did Martin Luther preach at Wittenberg?", "id": "5ad1812c645df0001a2d1e73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "In what year did Martin Luther stop celebrating Marian feasts?", "id": "5ad1812c645df0001a2d1e74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius IX", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "With whom did Martin Luther argue about the veneration of Mary?", "id": "5ad1812c645df0001a2d1e75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Papists", "answer_start": 1363}], "question": "Who criticized Luther for revering Mary and for blurring the line?", "id": "5ad1812c645df0001a2d1e76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:"}], ["Pandangan para Bapa Gereja masih memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk perspektif Marian Ortodoks. Bagaimanapun, pandangan Ortodoks terhadap Mary kebanyakannya tidak bersifat doxological, dan bukan akademik: mereka dinyatakan dalam pujian, pujian, puisi liturgi dan penghormatan ikon. Salah seorang Akathis Ortodoks yang paling disayangi (iaitu himne berdiri) dikhususkan kepada Mary dan sering dipanggil Hymn Akathist. Lima daripada dua belas Perayaan Besar dalam Orthodoksi didedikasikan kepada Mary. Ahad Orthodoksi secara langsung menghubungkan identiti Perawan Maria sebagai Ibu Tuhan dengan penghormatan ikon. Beberapa perayaan Ortodoks dihubungkan dengan ikon ajaib Theotokos. <> Apa itu Akathis? || pujian berdiri <> Berapa banyak Perayaan Besar Ortodoks yang didedikasikan untuk Maria? || Lima <> Apakah nama nyanyian Ortodoks yang ditujukan kepada Mary? || The Akathist Hymn <> Acara manakah di kalendar Ortodoks berkaitan dengan Mary dan penghormatan ikon? || Sunday of Orthodoxy <> Siapa yang menulis Hymn Akathist? || <> Berapa banyak daripada dua belas Perayaan Besar dalam Ortodoksi yang dilakukan Maria? || <> Pada hari apakah ibu Allah membenarkan penghormatan ikon? || <> Berapa banyak pesta Ortodoks yang berkaitan dengan ikon ajaib Theotokos? || <> Apa yang dipanggil Maria juga Akathis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are Akathists?", "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aab", "answers": [{"text": "standing hymns", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?", "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aac", "answers": [{"text": "Five", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?", "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aad", "answers": [{"text": "the Akathist Hymn", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?", "id": "570ce6fffed7b91900d45aae", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday of Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "Who wrote the Akathist Hymn?", "id": "5ad175a2645df0001a2d1cca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Five", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "How many of the of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy did Mary attend?", "id": "5ad175a2645df0001a2d1ccb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Sunday of Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "On what day does the Mother of God allow icon veneration?", "id": "5ad175a2645df0001a2d1ccc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Five", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "How many Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos?", "id": "5ad175a2645df0001a2d1ccd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "standing hymns", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "What does Mary also call Akathists?", "id": "5ad175a2645df0001a2d1cce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos."}], ["Di dalam Gereja Katolik, Mary diberikan gelaran \"Diberkati\", (dari bahasa Latin Latin, diberkati, melalui Greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, makarios dan Latin facere, membuat) mengiktiraf anggapan beliau ke Syurga dan kemampuannya untuk memberi syafaat bagi mereka yang berdoa kepada dia. Ajaran Katolik menjelaskan bahawa Mary tidak dianggap ilahi dan doa kepadanya tidak dijawab olehnya, mereka dijawab oleh Tuhan. Empat dogma Katolik tentang Mary adalah: Ibu Tuhan, Permaisuri Pergolakan Maria, Imakul Conception (Mary) dan Asumsi Mary. <> Apakah tajuk yang diberikan kepada Mary di Gereja Katolik? || Berbahagialah <> Apakah perkataan Latin dari mana gelaran Mary of Blessed berasal? || beatus <> Berapa banyak dogma Katolik ada mengenai Mary? || empat <> Bersama dengan Ibu Tuhan, Imaculsi Konsepsi dan Asumsi Mary, apakah dogma Katolik yang lain berkaitan dengan Maria? || Keperawanan kekal Mary <> Apakah tajuk yang diberikan Maria kepada Gereja Katolik? || <> Oleh kerana Mary menyatakan bahawa dia tidak ilahi, apa ajaran-ajaran yang dilakukannya? || <> Di manakah Maria menghantar doa ke? || <> Berapa ramai dogma Latin yang ada mengenai Mary? || <> Apakah negeri Mary sebelum melahirkan Yesus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?", "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a97", "answers": [{"text": "Blessed", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?", "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a98", "answers": [{"text": "beatus", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?", "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a9a", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?", "id": "570ce45dfed7b91900d45a9b", "answers": [{"text": "Perpetual virginity of Mary", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blessed", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What title did Mary give to the Catholic Church?", "id": "5ad16eee645df0001a2d1b18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic teachings", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Since Mary states that she is not divine, what teachings carry on her statements?", "id": "5ad16eee645df0001a2d1b19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heaven", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "Where does Mary send prayers to?", "id": "5ad16eee645df0001a2d1b1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "How many Latin dogmas are there regarding Mary?", "id": "5ad16eee645df0001a2d1b1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Perpetual virginity of Mary", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What state was Mary in before giving birth to Jesus?", "id": "5ad16eee645df0001a2d1b1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "\nIn the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title \"Blessed\", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary."}], ["Protestan pada umumnya menolak penghormatan dan penyerahan orang Saints.1174 Protestan biasanya memegang bahawa Maria adalah ibu kepada Yesus, tetapi adalah seorang wanita biasa yang dikhususkan kepada Tuhan. Oleh itu, hampir tidak ada penghormatan Marian, perayaan Marian, jemaah Marian, seni Marian, muzik Marian atau kerohanian Marian dalam komuniti Protestan hari ini. Di dalam pandangan ini, kepercayaan dan amalan Roman Katolik kadang kala ditolak, mis. Ahli teologi Karl Barth menulis bahawa \"bidaah Gereja Katolik adalah Mariologi\". <> Teolog mana yang menggambarkan Mariologi sebagai \"bidaah Gereja Katolik?\" || Karl Barth <> Protestan percaya bahawa Mary mempunyai hubungan apa dengan Yesus? || ibu <> Protestan menolak amalan apa yang berkaitan dengan Orang Suci? || penghormatan dan penyerahan <> Protestan menggambarkan Maria sebagai setia kepada siapa? || Tuhan <> Berapa banyak lagu-lagu muzik Marian yang telah dimainkan oleh ahli teologi Karl Barth? || <> Berapa ramai orang Saints menolak Protestan? || <> Mary menyatakan bahawa dia adalah ibu kepada Yesus, tetapi juga menyebut dirinya sebagai? || <> Perayaan apa yang dihadiri Karl Barth? || <> Siapa yang mengambil Ziarah Marian yang pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which theologian described Mariology as \"the heresy of the Catholic Church?\"", "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d337", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Barth", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?", "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d338", "answers": [{"text": "mother", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?", "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d339", "answers": [{"text": "veneration and invocation", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?", "id": "570cef04b3d812140066d33a", "answers": [{"text": "God", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1174", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "How many pieces of Marian music did theologian Karl Barth write?", "id": "5ad17cdb645df0001a2d1e08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1174", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "How many of the Saints reject the Protestants?", "id": "5ad17cdb645df0001a2d1e09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an ordinary woman", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Mary stated that she was the mother of Jesus, but also referred to herself as?", "id": "5ad17cdb645df0001a2d1e0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marian feasts", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What feasts did Karl Barth attend?", "id": "5ad17cdb645df0001a2d1e0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Who took the very first Marian Pilgrimage?", "id": "5ad17cdb645df0001a2d1e0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that \"the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology\"."}], ["Mary telah dihormati sejak Kristian Awal, dan dianggap oleh berjuta-juta orang sebagai orang suci paling agung dalam agama. Gereja Ortodoks Timur, Roman Katolik, Anglikan, dan Lutheran Timur dan Oriental percaya bahawa Mary, sebagai Ibu Yesus, adalah Ibu Tuhan dan Theotokos, secara harfiah \"Pemberi kelahiran kepada Tuhan\". Terdapat kepelbagaian yang ketara dalam kepercayaan Marian dan amalan ibadat tradisi Kristian utama. Gereja Roman Katolik memegang dogma Marian yang tersendiri; iaitu statusnya sebagai ibu kepada Tuhan; Konsepnya yang Tidak Berkhayal; keperawanannya yang kekal; dan Assumption ke syurga. Ramai Protestan meminimumkan peranan Mary dalam Kekristianan, berdasarkan kerangka rujukan biblikal yang berhujah. Mary (Maryam) juga mempunyai kedudukan yang dihormati dalam Islam, di mana seluruh bab Al-Qur'an dikhususkan padanya, juga menggambarkan kelahiran Yesus. <> Apakah makna literal Theotokos? || Pemberi kelahiran kepada Tuhan <> Yang mana cabang agama Kristian memberikan peranan yang berkurangan kepada Maria? || Protestan <> Apa yang dipanggil Maria dalam Islam? || Maryam <> Apakah asas peranan Mary dalam Protestantisme? || keruntuhan rujukan alkitabiah <> Yang mana dua gereja Protestan, bersama dengan gereja Katolik Roma dan Ortodoks, percaya bahawa Maria adalah Ibu Tuhan? || Anglikan, dan Lutheran <> Yang mana agama lain memberikan kesucian kepada Maria? || <> Di mana gereja mula-mula menganggap Mary seorang kudus? || <> Apa teks agama lain yang dibaca Protestan? || <> Apa kepercayaan lain yang percaya kepada orang Islam percaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?", "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a35", "answers": [{"text": "Giver of birth to God", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?", "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a36", "answers": [{"text": "Protestants", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Mary called in Islam?", "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a37", "answers": [{"text": "Maryam", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?", "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a38", "answers": [{"text": "brevity of biblical references", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?", "id": "570cdc1afed7b91900d45a39", "answers": [{"text": "Anglican, and Lutheran", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 775}], "question": "Which other religion gives sainthood to Mary?", "id": "5ad13d95645df0001a2d1360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "Which church first considered Mary a saint?", "id": "5ad13d95645df0001a2d1361", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Qur'an", "answer_start": 807}], "question": "What other religious text do Protestants read?", "id": "5ad13d95645df0001a2d1362", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Marian beliefs", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "What other belief do believers of Islam believe?", "id": "5ad13d95645df0001a2d1363", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally \"Giver of birth to God\". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus."}], ["Dia adalah satu-satunya wanita yang dinamakan secara langsung dalam Al-Quran; diisytiharkan (unik bersama dengan Yesus) menjadi Tanda Tuhan kepada manusia; sebagai seorang yang \"menjaga kesuciannya\"; seorang yang taat; dipilih ibunya dan berdedikasi kepada Allah semasa masih dalam rahim; unik (di kalangan wanita) Diterima oleh Tuhan; dijaga oleh (salah seorang nabi menurut Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); bahawa pada zaman kanak-kanaknya dia tinggal di Bait Suci dan secara eksklusif mempunyai akses kepada Al-Mihrab (difahami sebagai Yang Maha Kudus), dan disediakan dengan \"peruntukan\" dari Tuhan. <> Kepada siapa yang Mary didedikasikan semasa masih dalam rahim? || Allah <> Nabi manakah yang merawat Mary? || Zakariya <> Apa yang difahami sebagai Yang Maha Kudus dalam Islam? || Al-Mihrab <> Di manakah Maria tinggal di celahnya? || Kuil <> Apa yang Tuhan berikan untuk Maria? || syurgawi \"peruntukan\" <> Siapa yang Maria tinggal di Bait Suci dengan? || <> Siapa yang memberi Mary akses unik kepada Al-Mihrab? || <> Siapa yang menyediakan Zakariya dengan \"peruntukan\" syurga? || <> Siapa yang mendedikasikan Mary kepada Allah semasa dia masih dalam rahim ibunya? || <> Di manakah ibu Mary tinggal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?", "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2b", "answers": [{"text": "Allah", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which prophet cared for Mary?", "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2c", "answers": [{"text": "Zakariya", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?", "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2d", "answers": [{"text": "Al-Mihrab", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?", "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2e", "answers": [{"text": "the Temple", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did God provide for Mary?", "id": "570cd803fed7b91900d45a2f", "answers": [{"text": "heavenly \"provisions\"", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zakariya", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "Who did Mary reside in the Temple with?", "id": "5ad1889c645df0001a2d1eb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Allah", "answer_start": 212}], "question": " Who gave Mary unique access to Al-Mihrab?", "id": "5ad1889c645df0001a2d1eb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "God", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "Who provided Zakariya with heavenly \"provisions\"?", "id": "5ad1889c645df0001a2d1eb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zakariya", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "Who dedicated Mary to Allah while she still in her mother's womb?", "id": "5ad1889c645df0001a2d1eb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the Temple", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "Where did Mary's mother reside?", "id": "5ad1889c645df0001a2d1eb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who \"guarded her chastity\"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly \"provisions\" by God."}], ["Dalam Methodisme, Maria dihormati sebagai Ibu Tuhan. Kaedah tidak mempunyai apa-apa ajaran tambahan mengenai Perawan Maria kecuali dari apa yang disebutkan dalam Kitab Suci dan Ekumenikal Ekumenikal. Oleh itu, Methodist percaya bahawa Mary dikandung dalam kandungannya melalui Roh Kudus dan menerima doktrin Kelahiran Perawan, walaupun mereka, bersama dengan Kristian Ortodoks dan Kristian Protestan yang lain, menolak doktrin Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, pengasas utama gerakan Methodist dalam Gereja England, percaya bahawa Maria \"meneruskan dara tulen dan tidak bercucuran\", dengan itu mempertahankan ajaran keperawanan Maria yang kekal. Metodisme kontemporari berpendapat bahawa Maria adalah seorang dara sebelum, semasa, dan sejurus selepas kelahiran Kristus. Di samping itu, beberapa Methodist juga memegang doktrin Asumsi Mary sebagai pendapat yang saleh. <> Doktrin yang mana mengenai Mary melakukan Metodis? || The Immaculate Conception <> Siapa pengasas pergerakan Methodist? || John Wesley <> Apa sumber kepercayaan tentang Maria yang dipegang oleh Methodists? || Kitab Suci dan Ekumenikal Ekumenikal <> Gerakan Methodist bermula di mana gereja? || Gereja England <> Yang mana doktrin Marian John Wesley menegakkan dalam Metodisme penubuhan? || keperawanan abadi Mary <> Kumpulan apa yang mendirikan doktrin Immaculate Conception? || <> Negara apakah gereja di mana John Wesley berlepas dari? || <> Siapa yang menulis doktrin Asumsi Mary? || <> Pergerakan Methodist berakhir di mana gereja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?", "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2af", "answers": [{"text": "the Immaculate Conception", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?", "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b0", "answers": [{"text": "John Wesley", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?", "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b1", "answers": [{"text": "Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Methodist movement began in which church?", "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b2", "answers": [{"text": "the Church of England", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?", "id": "570cd692b3d812140066d2b3", "answers": [{"text": "the perpetual virginity of Mary", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Christians", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What group founded the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception?", "id": "5ad18383645df0001a2d1e7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What country was the church in that John Wesley departed from?", "id": "5ad18383645df0001a2d1e7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Wesley", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "Who wrote the the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary?", "id": "5ad18383645df0001a2d1e7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Church of England", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "The Methodist movement ended in which church?", "id": "5ad18383645df0001a2d1e7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": " In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary \"continued a pure and unspotted virgin\", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion."}], ["Kelahiran Perawan Yesus adalah kepercayaan yang hampir universal di kalangan orang Kristian dari abad kedua hingga abad ke-19. Ia termasuk dalam dua kepercayaan agama Kristian yang paling banyak digunakan, yang menyatakan bahawa Yesus \"adalah inkarnasi Roh Kudus dan Perawan Maria\" (yang Kredo Nicene dalam bentuk yang sekarang dikenali) dan Kredo Rasul. Injil Matius menggambarkan Maria sebagai seorang dara yang memenuhi nubuatan Yesaya 7:14, menafsirkan perkataan Ibrani alma (\"wanita muda\") dalam Yesaya 7:14 sebagai \"dara\", walaupun. [Rujukan?] Para pengarang Injil Matius dan Lukas menganggap konsep Yesus bukan hasil persetubuhan dan menyatakan bahawa Maria \"tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan manusia\" sebelum kelahiran Yesus. [Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] Ini merujuk Kepercayaan bahawa Maria mengandung Yesus melalui tindakan Allah Roh Kudus, dan bukan melalui persetubuhan dengan Yusuf atau orang lain. <> Injil mana yang mengatakan bahawa Maria memenuhi nubuatan Yesaya? || Matius <> Hingga abad ini adalah kelahiran Perawan Yesus yang hampir hampir universal di kalangan orang Kristian? || 19 Apakah perkataan Ibrani yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan Maria dalam Yesaya 7:14? || alma <> Ayat manakah dalam Lukas menyatakan bahawa Mary \"tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan manusia\" sebelum kelahiran Yesus? || 1:34 <> Bersama dengan Kredo Nicene, yang lain kredo Kristian menegaskan kelahiran Yesus Perawan? || The Creed of the Apostles 'Creed <> Apa abad yang ditulis oleh para Rasul? || <> Ketika Yesaya berbicara kepada Maria, dia memanggilnya dengan kata Ibrani? || <> Dalam abad apakah Maria memenuhi nubuatan ini? || <> Kepercayaan mana yang ditulis oleh Yesaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?", "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a71", "answers": [{"text": "Matthew", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?", "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a72", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?", "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a73", "answers": [{"text": "alma", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which verse in Luke states that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth?", "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a74", "answers": [{"text": "1:34", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?", "id": "570ce29dfed7b91900d45a75", "answers": [{"text": "the Apostles' Creed", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 19th century", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What century was the Apostles' Creed written in?", "id": "5ad1620b645df0001a2d1934", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alma", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "When Isaiah spoke to Mary he called her by what Hebrew word?", "id": "5ad1620b645df0001a2d1935", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 2nd", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "In what century did Mary fulfill the prophecy?", "id": "5ad1620b645df0001a2d1936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Nicene Creed", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Which creed was written by Isaiah?", "id": "5ad1620b645df0001a2d1937", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus \"was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary\" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma (\"young woman\") in Isaiah 7:14 as \"virgin\", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else."}], ["Mary tinggal di \"rumahnya sendiri\" [Lk.1: 56] di Nazareth di Galilea, mungkin dengan ibu bapanya, dan semasa pertunangannya - peringkat pertama perkahwinan Yahudi - malaikat Jibril mengumumkan kepadanya bahawa dia adalah ibu kepada Mesias yang dijanjikan dengan mengandung dia melalui Roh Kudus, dan dia menjawab, \"Saya adalah pelayan Tuhan, biarlah dilakukan kepadaku sesuai dengan firman-Mu.\" Selepas beberapa bulan, ketika Joseph diberitahu mengenai konsepnya dalam mimpi oleh \"malaikat Tuhan\", dia merencanakan untuk menceraikannya; tetapi malaikat itu memberitahunya agar tidak teragak-agak untuk membawanya sebagai isterinya, yang dilakukan oleh Yusuf, dengan itu secara formal menyelesaikan upacara pernikahan. [Mt 1: 18-25] <> Apakah tahap pertama perkawinan Yahudi? || Betrothal <> Malaikat mana yang mengumumkan kepada Maria bahawa dia menjadi ibu kepada Mesias? || Gabriel <> Apa yang direncanakan oleh Yusuf apabila diberitahu mengenai mimpi Maria dalam mimpi? || perceraiannya <> Di manakah Maria hidup ketika dia dikunjungi oleh malaikat Jibril? || di Nazareth di Galilea <> Dalam mimpinya, yang memberitahu Yusuf tentang konsepsi Mary? || Seorang malaikat Tuhan <> Apakah tahap akhir pernikahan orang Yahudi? || <> Apa malaikat telah bertemu sebelum dia bermimpi? || <> Di mana Yusuf dilahirkan? || <> Di mana Yusuf hidup ketika ia dikunjungi oleh malaikat Jibril? || <> Di mana Yusuf mengandung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?", "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2cd", "answers": [{"text": "betrothal", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?", "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2ce", "answers": [{"text": "Gabriel", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?", "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2cf", "answers": [{"text": "divorce her", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?", "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2d0", "answers": [{"text": "in Nazareth in Galilee", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?", "id": "570cdd7cb3d812140066d2d1", "answers": [{"text": "an angel of the Lord", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "betrothal", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What is the last stage of Jewish marriage?", "id": "5ad14069645df0001a2d13b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gabriel", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "What angel did Joseph meet before he had the dream?", "id": "5ad14069645df0001a2d13b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazareth in Galilee", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Where was Joseph born?", "id": "5ad14069645df0001a2d13b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazareth in Galilee", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Where did Joseph live when he was visited by the angel Gabriel?", "id": "5ad14069645df0001a2d13b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazareth in Galilee", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Where was Joseph conceived?", "id": "5ad14069645df0001a2d13ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mary resided in \"her own house\"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal \u2014 the first stage of a Jewish marriage \u2014 the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, \"I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word.\" After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by \"an angel of the Lord\", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]"}], ["Kedudukan istimewa Mary dalam tujuan keselamatan Tuhan sebagai \"pembawa Tuhan\" (Theotokos) diiktiraf dalam beberapa cara oleh beberapa orang Kristian Anglikan. Semua gereja-gereja anggota Komuniti Anglikan menegaskan dalam kredo bersejarah bahawa Yesus dilahirkan dari Perawan Maria, dan merayakan hari-hari raya Perayaan Kristus di Bait Suci. Pesta ini dipanggil dalam buku-buku doa lama Pembersihan Perawan Maria yang Diberkati pada 2 Februari. Pengumuman Tuhan kita kepada Perawan Suci pada 25 Mac adalah dari sebelum Bede hingga ke Hari Tahun Baru ke-18 di England. Pengumuman itu dipanggil \"Perisytiharan Lady kami\" dalam buku 1662 Prayer Common. Anglican juga merayakan pada Visitation of the Virgin yang Diberkati pada 31 Mei, walaupun di beberapa provinsi, tanggal 2 Juli dijaga. Perayaan St. Mary the Virgin diperhatikan pada hari tradisi Asumsi, 15 Ogos. Kelahiran Perawan Suci yang Dilahirkan pada 8 September. <> Apa nama yang diberikan kepada Pengumuman dalam Buku Umum 1662 Doa? || Pengumuman Lady kami <> Pada apa tarikh kebanyakan orang Anglikan merayakan Pengembaraan Perawan yang Diberkati? || 31 Mei <> Apa nama lain untuk pesta Persembahan Kristus di Bait Suci di Komuni Anglikan? || Pembersihan Maria Perawan yang Diberkati <> Pada tarikh apakah Penyampaian Kristus di Bait Suci yang disambut oleh Anglicans? || 2 Februari <> Pada hari apakah perisytiharan yang dirayakan secara tradisi di England hingga abad ke-18? || Tahun Baru <> Bilakah Maria mencapai kedudukan istimewa dalam maksud keselamatan Allah sebagai \"pembawa Tuhan\"? || <> Bilakah Yesus dilahirkan dari Perawan Maria? || <> Pada hari apakah Penyampaian Kristus di Bait Suci? || <> Tahun berapa adalah Pembersihan Perawan Maria yang Diberkati? || <> Siapa yang membawa Buku Doa Bersama ke England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?", "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d323", "answers": [{"text": "Annunciation of our Lady", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?", "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d324", "answers": [{"text": "31 May", "answer_start": 753}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?", "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d325", "answers": [{"text": "the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?", "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d326", "answers": [{"text": "February 2", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?", "id": "570ced9cb3d812140066d327", "answers": [{"text": "New Year's Day", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 2", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "When did Mary attain the special position within God's purpose of salvation as \"God-bearer\"?", "id": "5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1dda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 25", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "When was Jesus born of the Virgin Mary?", "id": "5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1ddb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Year's Day", "answer_start": 565}], "question": "On what day is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple?", "id": "5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1ddc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1662", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What year was the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary?", "id": "5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1ddd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglican Christians", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "Who brought Book of Common Prayer to England?", "id": "5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as \"God-bearer\" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the \"Annunciation of our Lady\" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8."}], ["Dari peringkat awal agama Kristian, kepercayaan pada keperawanan Maria dan konsep perawan Yesus, seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Injil, kudus dan supranatural, digunakan oleh pengkritik, baik politik dan agama, sebagai topik untuk perbincangan, perdebatan dan tulisan, secara khusus bertujuan untuk mencabar ketuhanan Yesus dan dengan demikian Kristian dan Kristian. Pada abad ke-2, sebagai sebahagian daripada polemik anti-Kristian terawal, Celsus mencadangkan bahawa Yesus adalah anak haram seorang askar Rom bernama Panthera. Pandangan Celsus menarik tanggapan dari Origen, Gereja Gereja di Alexandria, Mesir, yang menganggapnya sebagai cerita palsu. Sejauh mana Celsus memanfaatkan pandangannya dari sumber-sumber Yahudi masih menjadi subjek perbincangan. <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa Yesus adalah anak seorang prajurit Rom? || Celsus <> Apa nama tentera Rom yang dikatakan oleh Celsus menjadi bapa kepada Yesus? || Panthera <> Origen adalah Bapa Gereja di mana bandar Mesir? || Alexandria <> Di abad apakah Celsus mencadangkan bahawa bapa Yesus adalah seorang tentera Rom? || Kedua <> Untuk tujuan apa yang dilakukan pengkritik menggunakan idea keperawanan Maria dan konsep perawan tentang Yesus? || untuk mencabar ketuhanan Yesus <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa Panthera adalah anak haram Yesus? || <> Berapa abad Panthera menjadi askar Roman? || <> Di kota Mesir apakah Origen mengunjungi Bapa Gerejanya? || <> Di kota Mesir apakah yang ditemui oleh Yesus? || <> Siapa Celsus seorang anak haram? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?", "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c3", "answers": [{"text": "Celsus", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?", "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c4", "answers": [{"text": "Panthera", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?", "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c5", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?", "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c6", "answers": [{"text": "2nd", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?", "id": "570cda09b3d812140066d2c7", "answers": [{"text": "to challenge the divinity of Jesus", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Celsus", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "Who suggested that Panthera was the illegitimate son Jesus?", "id": "5ad19378645df0001a2d202a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2nd", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "What century did Panthera become a Roman Soldier?", "id": "5ad19378645df0001a2d202b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "In what Egyptian city did Origen visit his Church Father?", "id": "5ad19378645df0001a2d202c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "In what Egyptian city did Jesus find the Roman soldier?", "id": "5ad19378645df0001a2d202d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Roman soldier", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "Who was Celsus an illegitimate son of?", "id": "5ad19378645df0001a2d202e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion."}], ["Sejak Malaikat Jibril memberitahu Mary (menurut Lukas 1:36) bahawa Elizabeth yang sebelum ini telah mandul - kemudian hamil secara ajaib, Maria bergegas untuk melihat Elizabeth, yang tinggal bersama suaminya Zakhariah di \"Hebron, di pegunungan Yehuda \". Mary tiba di rumah dan menyapa Elizabeth yang memanggil Maria \"ibu Tuhanku\", dan Mary mengucapkan kata-kata pujian yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Magnificat dari kata pertama dalam versi Latin [Lukas 1: 46-55] Selepas kira-kira tiga bulan, Maria kembali ke rumahnya sendiri. [Lk 1: 56-57] <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan Maria? || <> Di manakah Maria pertama kali bertemu dengan malaikat Jibril? || <> Di mana Elizabeth pertama kali bertemu dengan Zakharia? || <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan Elizabeth? || <> Apa yang dikatakan malaikat Jibril kepada Elizabeth yang Mary? ||", {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What language did Mary speak?", "id": "5ad14214645df0001a2d1416", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hebron, in the hill country of Judah", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "Where did Mary first meet the angel Gabriel?", "id": "5ad14214645df0001a2d1417", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hebron, in the hill country of Judah", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "Where did Elizabeth first meet Zechariah?", "id": "5ad14214645df0001a2d1418", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What language did Elizabeth speak?", "id": "5ad14214645df0001a2d1419", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the mother of my Lord", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "What did the angel Gabriel tell Elizabeth whom Mary was?", "id": "5ad14214645df0001a2d141a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary (according to Luke 1:36) that Elizabeth\u2014having previously been barren\u2014was then miraculously pregnant, Mary hurried to see Elizabeth, who was living with her husband Zechariah in \"Hebron, in the hill country of Judah\". Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary \"the mother of my Lord\", and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the Magnificat from her first word in the Latin version.[Luke 1:46-55] After about three months, Mary returned to her own house.[Lk 1:56-57]"}], ["Injil Matius dan Lukas dalam Perjanjian Baru menggambarkan Maria sebagai seorang dara (Greek: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, parth\u00e9nos) dan orang Kristian percaya bahawa dia mengandung anaknya ketika seorang dara oleh Roh Kudus. Ini berlaku apabila dia sudah bertunang dengan Joseph dan sedang menanti upacara pernikahan yang berakhir, upacara pengambilan rumah rasmi. Dia berkahwin dengan Yusuf dan menemaninya ke Betlehem, tempat Yesus dilahirkan. Menurut adat Yahudi kuno, Mary mungkin telah diperjuangkan pada kira-kira 12, bagaimanapun, tidak ada bukti langsung tentang umur Mary pada pertunangan atau semasa kehamilan. Istilah \"pertunangan\" adalah terjemahan kiddushin yang janggal; menurut undang-undang Yahudi yang dipanggil \"bertunangan\" sebenarnya suami dan isteri. <> Berapa lama Mary ketika bertemu dengan Yusuf? || <> Di manakah Maria pertama kali bertemu dengan Yusuf? || <> Berapa lama Mary ketika dia mengandung? || <> Dimana Mary dilahirkan? ||", {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "How old was Mary when she met Joseph?", "id": "5ad138e0645df0001a2d124e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bethlehem", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "Where did Mary first meet Joseph?", "id": "5ad138e0645df0001a2d124f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "How old was Mary when she conceived?", "id": "5ad138e0645df0001a2d1250", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bethlehem", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "Where was Mary born?", "id": "5ad138e0645df0001a2d1251", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament describe Mary as a virgin (Greek: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, parth\u00e9nos) and Christians believe that she conceived her son while a virgin by the Holy Spirit. This took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. According to ancient Jewish custom, Mary could have been betrothed at about 12, however, there is no direct evidence of Mary's age at betrothal or in pregnancy. The term \"betrothal\" is an awkward translation of kiddushin; according to the Jewish law those called \"betrothed\" were actually husband and wife."}], ["Katolik Rom percaya kepada Imakul Conception of Mary, seperti yang diisytiharkan oleh Ex Cathedra oleh Paus Pius IX pada tahun 1854, iaitu bahawa dia dipenuhi dengan rahmat dari saat itu konsepnya di rahim ibunya dan dipelihara dari noda dosa asal. Ritus Latin Gereja Roman Katolik mempunyai pesta liturgi dengan nama itu, yang disimpan pada 8 Disember. Kristian Ortodoks menolak dogma Immaculate Conception terutamanya kerana pemahaman mereka tentang dosa leluhur (istilah Yunani yang berpadanan dengan \"dosa asal\" Latin) berbeza dari tafsiran Augustinian dan bahawa Gereja Roman Katolik. <> Pada tarikh apakah perayaan Immaculate Conception dalam Ritus Latin Gereja Roman Katolik? || 8 Disember <> Paus mana yang mengisytiharkan Immaculate Conception of Mary? || Paus Pius IX <> Pada tahun apakah Pope Pius IX membuat pengumuman Ex Cathedra mengenai Konsep Maria yang Tak Terhamput? || 1854 <> Menurut doktrin Immaculate Conception, di manakah Mary ketika dia pertama kali dipenuhi dengan rahmat? || dalam rahim ibunya <> Apakah istilah Yunani yang bermaksud perkara yang sama seperti \"dosa asal?\" || dosa nenek moyang <> Pada hari apakah Maria menghadiri Ritus Latin Gereja Katolik Roma pesta liturgi? || <> Bilakah Paus Pius IX menjadi Katolik Rom? || <> Bahasa apa, selain bahasa Latin, adakah Pope Pius IX bercakap? || <> Dalam tahun berapa orang Kristian Ortodoks menolak Ex Cathedra? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdb", "answers": [{"text": "December 8", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?", "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdc", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius IX", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?", "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdd", "answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?", "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bde", "answers": [{"text": "in her mother's womb", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Greek term that means the same thing as \"original sin?\"", "id": "570d078afed7b91900d45bdf", "answers": [{"text": "ancestral sin", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 8", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "On what day did Mary attend The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church liturgical feast?", "id": "5ad1671a645df0001a2d19e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "When did Pope Pius IX become a Roman Catholic?", "id": "5ad1671a645df0001a2d19e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What language, besides Latin, did Pope Pius IX speak?", "id": "5ad1671a645df0001a2d19e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "In what year did Orthodox Christians reject the Ex Cathedra?", "id": "5ad1671a645df0001a2d19e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin \"original sin\") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church."}], ["Hagiografi Maria dan Keluarga Suci dapat dikontraskan dengan bahan lain dalam Injil. Rujukan ini termasuk kejadian yang boleh ditafsirkan sebagai Yesus menolak keluarganya dalam Perjanjian Baru: \"Dan ibunya dan saudara-saudaranya tiba, dan berdiri di luar, mereka menghantar mesej yang meminta dia ... Dan melihat orang-orang yang duduk di [3: 31-35] Ayat-ayat lain mencadangkan percanggahan antara Yesus dan orang-orang yang melakukan kehendak Allah adalah saudara, saudara perempuan, dan ibu. keluarganya, termasuk percubaan untuk menahan Yesus kerana \"dia ada di dalam fikirannya\", dan kutipan yang terkenal: \"Seorang nabi tidak mempunyai kehormatan melainkan di kota sendiri, di antara keluarganya dan di rumahnya sendiri.\" Seorang ilmuwan terkemuka di Alkitab berkomentar: \"ada tanda-tanda yang jelas bukan sahaja keluarga Yesus menolak mesejnya semasa pelayanan publiknya tetapi dia pula menolaknya secara terbuka\". <> Siapa yang Yesus katakan adalah \"saudara lelaki, saudara perempuan, dan ibunya?\" || Siapa pun yang melakukan kehendak Tuhan <> Menurut Yesus, yang \"tidak terhormat kecuali di kota sendiri?\" || Seorang nabi <> Apa yang dikatakan para sarjana Alkitabiah bahawa keluarga Yesus melakukan mesejnya semasa pelayanannya? || menolak <> Siapa yang bercanggah dengan Yesus dan keluarganya? || <> Siapa yang Yesus menghantar mesej kepada sementara dia berdiri di luar? || <> Siapa yang memeluk keluarganya mengikut Perjanjian Baru? || <> Apakah Mary membaca ketika dia berdiri di luar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Jesus say were his \"brother, and sister, and mother?\"", "id": "570d0128fed7b91900d45bb7", "answers": [{"text": "Whoever does the will of God", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Jesus, who is \"without honor except in his own town?\"", "id": "570d0128fed7b91900d45bb8", "answers": [{"text": "A prophet", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?", "id": "570d0128fed7b91900d45bb9", "answers": [{"text": "rejected", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A leading Biblical scholar", "answer_start": 761}], "question": "Who had a conflict with Jesus and his family?", "id": "5ad14863645df0001a2d1550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his mother and his brothers", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "Who did Jesus send a message to while he was standing outside?", "id": "5ad14863645df0001a2d1551", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jesus", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "Who embraced his family according to the New Testament?", "id": "5ad14863645df0001a2d1552", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the New Testament", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What was Mary reading when she was standing outside?", "id": "5ad14863645df0001a2d1553", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: \"And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'.\"[3:31-35] Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because \"he is out of his mind\", and the famous quote: \"A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home.\" A leading Biblical scholar commented: \"there are clear signs not only that Jesus's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly\"."}], ["Dalam tradisi Islam, Mary dan Isa adalah satu-satunya anak yang tidak dapat disentuh oleh Syaitan pada masa kelahiran mereka, kerana Tuhan mengenakan kerudung di antara mereka dan Syaitan. Menurut penulis Shabbir Akhtar, perspektif Islam mengenai Mary Immaculate Conception kompatibel dengan doktrin Katolik mengenai topik yang sama. \"Hai Ahli Kitab, janganlah melampaui batas dalam agamamu, dan janganlah kamu mengatakan apa-apa tentang Allah melainkan kebenaran. Mesias, Isa anak Maryam, adalah seorang Rasul Allah dan Firman Allah (yang telah disampaikan kepada Maryam dan semangat dari-Nya), maka berimanlah kepada Allah (sebagai Tuhan Yang Maha Esa), dan Rasul-Nya (termasuk Isa sebagai Rasul) dan janganlah berkata: (Allah adalah) Berikanlah (pernyataan ini) \u00e2 \u20ac \"(untuk) kebaikan anda sendiri (untuk berbuat demikian). Allah adalah satu-satunya Allah; All-Glorified Dia adalah di dalam Dia benar-benar di atas memiliki seorang anak laki-laki. Kepunyaan-Nya ada apa yang ada di langit dan apa yang ada di bumi. Dan Allah Maha Kaya, Yang Maha Berkuasa, Yang Kepada Yang Harus Diperintahkan. \"Al-Quran 4/171 <> Agama mana yang percaya bahawa Allah menaruh belenggu di antara Syaitan dan Maria? || Islam Menurut Shabbir Akhtar, peranan apa Adakah Islam percaya Yesus memegang? || Rasulullah SAW <> Siapakah agama Islam yang terus menjadi Tuhan Yang Unik? || Allah <> Apa istilah digunakan untuk merujuk kepada Christains oleh pengarang Shabbir Akhtar? dari Kitab <> Siapakah anak-anak yang dapat menyentuh Syaitan? || <> Bilakah Allah menghapuskan tudung yang dikenakan antara mereka (Mary dan Isa) dan Syaitan? ? || <> Siapa yang menulis perspektif Katolik mengenai Maryam Immaculate Conception? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?", "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3af", "answers": [{"text": "Islamic", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?", "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3b0", "answers": [{"text": "a Messenger of God", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?", "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3b1", "answers": [{"text": "Allah", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?", "id": "570d0efcb3d812140066d3b2", "answers": [{"text": "People of the Book", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary and Jesus", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Who were the only children that could touch Satan?", "id": "5ad18d1c645df0001a2d1f00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the moment of their birth", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "When did God remove the veil imposed between them (Mary and Jesus) and Satan?", "id": "5ad18d1c645df0001a2d1f01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shabbir Akhtar", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who wrote that Allah is not above having a son?", "id": "5ad18d1c645df0001a2d1f02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "author Shabbir Akhtar", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Who wrote the Catholic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception?", "id": "5ad18d1c645df0001a2d1f03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. \"O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) \u00e2\u20ac\" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred.\" Quran 4/171"}], ["Isu keturunan Yesus di Talmud juga mempengaruhi pandangan ibunya. Walau bagaimanapun, Talmud tidak menyebut nama Mary dan bertimbang rasa bukan hanya polemik. Cerita mengenai Panthera juga terdapat di Toledot Yeshu, asal-usul sastera yang tidak dapat dikesan dengan pasti dan mengingatkan bahawa ia tidak mungkin berlaku sebelum abad ke-4, sudah terlambat untuk memasukkan kenangan yang otentik kepada Yesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus menyatakan bahawa Toledot Yeshu tidak mempunyai fakta-fakta sejarah seperti itu, dan mungkin diciptakan sebagai alat untuk menghapuskan penukaran kepada Kekristenan. Nama Panthera boleh menjadi penyimpangan istilah parthenos (dara) dan Raymond E. Brown menganggap kisah panthera penjelasan yang luar biasa tentang kelahiran Yesus yang termasuk bukti sejarah yang sangat sedikit. Robert Van Voorst menyatakan bahawa Toledot Yeshu adalah dokumen zaman pertengahan dan kerana kekurangan bentuk dan orientasi tetap terhadap penonton yang popular, ia \"paling tidak mungkin\" mempunyai maklumat sejarah yang boleh dipercayai. <> Di mana dalam kesusasteraan Yahudi adalah cerita mengenai Panthera yang dijumpai? || Toledot Yeshu <> Menurut Blackwell Companion kepada Yesus, untuk maksud apa Toledot Yeshu ditulis? || menangkal penukaran kepada agama Kristian <> Apakah maksud istilah \"parthenos?\" || dara <> Dalam apa tempoh sejarah yang ditulis Toledot Yeshu? || abad pertengahan <> Peristiwa apa yang Raymond E. Brown percaya Toledot Yeshu menerangkan? || kelahiran Yesus <> Siapa yang menulis dokumen abad pertengahan Toledot Yeshu? || <> Siapa yang menulis kisah Panthera? || <> Apa yang mempengaruhi bagaimana Yesus melihat ibunya? || <> Dalam abad apa yang ditulis The Blackwell Companion? || <> Siapa yang menulis The Blackwell Companion? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?", "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3b7", "answers": [{"text": "the Toledot Yeshu", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?", "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3b8", "answers": [{"text": "warding off conversions to Christianity", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the term \"parthenos?\"", "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3b9", "answers": [{"text": "virgin", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?", "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3ba", "answers": [{"text": "medieval", "answer_start": 882}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?", "id": "570d0f38b3d812140066d3bb", "answers": [{"text": "the birth of Jesus", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Van Voorst", "answer_start": 822}], "question": "Who wrote the medieval document the Toledot Yeshu?", "id": "5ad190f6645df0001a2d1fb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Raymond E. Brown", "answer_start": 680}], "question": "Who wrote the story of Panthera?", "id": "5ad190f6645df0001a2d1fb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Talmud", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What affects how Jesus views his mother?", "id": "5ad190f6645df0001a2d1fb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 4th century", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "In what century was The Blackwell Companion written?", "id": "5ad190f6645df0001a2d1fb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Raymond E. Brown", "answer_start": 680}], "question": "Who wrote The Blackwell Companion?", "id": "5ad190f6645df0001a2d1fb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is \"most unlikely\" to have reliable historical information."}], ["Protoevangelium James, buku tambahan-kanonik, telah menjadi sumber banyak kepercayaan Ortodoks pada Mary. Kisah kehidupan Mary yang dibentangkan termasuk pentahbisannya sebagai seorang dara di bait suci pada usia tiga tahun. Imam Besar Zachariah memberkati Maria dan memaklumkan kepadanya bahawa Tuhan telah membesarkan namanya di kalangan banyak generasi. Zachariah meletakkan Mary di tangga ketiga mezbah, di mana Allah memberi rahmat kepadanya. Sewaktu di dalam kuil, Maria secara ajaib diberi makan oleh seorang malaikat, sehingga dia berusia dua belas tahun. Pada ketika itu seorang malaikat memberitahu Zachariah untuk menikahi Mary kepada seorang duda di Israel, yang akan ditunjukkan. Kisah ini memberikan tema banyak pujian untuk Hari Perayaan Maria, dan ikon pesta menggambarkan cerita. Ortodoks percaya bahawa Mary memainkan peranan penting dalam pertumbuhan Kristian semasa kehidupan Yesus, dan selepas Penyalibannya, dan Teolog Ortodoks Sergei Bulgakov menulis: \"Maria Perawan adalah pusat, yang tidak kelihatan, tetapi sebenarnya, dari Gereja Apostolik.\" <> Apa buku dianggap sebagai sumber banyak kepercayaan Ortodoks mengenai Maria? || The Protoevangelium of James <> Pada usia apakah Mary dikuduskan? || Tiga imam mana yang merasmikan pentahbisan Maria? || Zachariah <> Semasa Maria tinggal di kuil, yang dikatakan telah memberi makan kepadanya? || seorang malaikat <yang memberkati Imam Besar Zakharia? || <> Di manakah langkah mezbah yang dilakukan Maria? || <> Berapa tahunkah Mary memberi makan malaikat? || <> Siapa yang menulis The Protoevangelium of James? || <> Berapa lama ketika Maria pergi ke Israel? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?", "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be5", "answers": [{"text": "The Protoevangelium of James", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age was Mary consecrated?", "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be6", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?", "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be7", "answers": [{"text": "Zachariah", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?", "id": "570d0ef2fed7b91900d45be8", "answers": [{"text": "an angel", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Who blessed The High Priest Zachariah?", "id": "5ad17748645df0001a2d1d34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the third step", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "On what step of the altar did Mary place herself on?", "id": "5ad17748645df0001a2d1d35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twelve years", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "For how many years did Mary feed angels?", "id": "5ad17748645df0001a2d1d36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Who wrote The Protoevangelium of James?", "id": "5ad17748645df0001a2d1d37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twelve years old", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "How old was Mary when she traveled to Israel?", "id": "5ad17748645df0001a2d1d38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: \"The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church.\""}], ["Mary dirujuk oleh Gereja Ortodoks Timur, Oriental Orthodoxy, Gereja Anglikan, dan semua Gereja Katolik Timur sebagai Theotokos, sebuah gelaran yang diiktiraf di Majlis Ekumenikal Ketiga (yang diadakan di Ephesus untuk menangani ajaran Nestorius, pada tahun 431). Theotokos (dan setara Latinnya, \"Deipara\" dan \"Dei genetrix\") secara harfiah bermaksud \"Godbearer\". Frasa yang setara \"Mater Dei\" (Ibu Tuhan) lebih banyak digunakan dalam bahasa Latin dan juga dalam bahasa-bahasa lain yang digunakan dalam Gereja Katolik Barat, tetapi frasa yang sama dalam bahasa Yunani (\u039c\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6), dalam bentuk ringkas dan huruf pertama huruf terakhir dua perkataan (\u039c\u03a1 \u0398\u03a5), adalah tanda yang dilampirkan pada imejnya dalam ikon Byzantine. Majlis menyatakan bahawa Bapa-bapa Gereja \"tidak teragak-agak untuk bercakap mengenai Perawan Suci sebagai Ibu Tuhan\". <> Pada tahun berapakah Majlis Ekumenikal Ketiga berlaku di Efesus? || 431 <> Siapa ajaran yang ditangani di Majlis Ekumenikal Ketiga? || Nestorius <> Apakah frasa \"Mater Dei\" bermaksud? || Ibu Tuhan <> Apa yang kedua bersamaan Latin istilah Yunani \"Theokotos?\" || \"Deipara\" dan \"Dei genetrix\" <> Apakah terjemahan literal Theokotos? || Godbearer <> Pada tahun apakah Maria menghadiri Majlis Ekumenikal Ketiga? || <> Apakah nama Majlis di mana Mary bertemu dengan Nestorius? || <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh Nestorius? || <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh Bapa Gereja? || <> Bilakah Maria bertemu dengan Bapa Gereja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?", "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bc7", "answers": [{"text": "431", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?", "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bc8", "answers": [{"text": "Nestorius", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the phrase \"Mater Dei\" mean?", "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bc9", "answers": [{"text": "Mother of God", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term \"Theokotos?\"", "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bca", "answers": [{"text": "\"Deipara\" and \"Dei genetrix\"", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of Theokotos?", "id": "570d0565fed7b91900d45bcb", "answers": [{"text": "Godbearer", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "431", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "In what year did Mary attend the Third Ecumenical Council?", "id": "5ad159a0645df0001a2d1844", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Third Ecumenical Council", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What is the name of the Council where Mary meet Nestorius?", "id": "5ad159a0645df0001a2d1845", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "What language was spoken by Nestorius?", "id": "5ad159a0645df0001a2d1846", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "What language was spoken by the Church Fathers?", "id": "5ad159a0645df0001a2d1847", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 431", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "When did Mary meet the Church Fathers?", "id": "5ad159a0645df0001a2d1848", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, \"Deipara\" and \"Dei genetrix\") literally means \"Godbearer\". The equivalent phrase \"Mater Dei\" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (\u039c\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (\u039c\u03a1 \u0398\u03a5), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers \"did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God\"."}], ["Kenyataan bahawa \"tidak mengenal dia sebelum dia melahirkan anak sulungnya\" (Matius 1:25 DouayRheims) telah diperdebatkan di kalangan para ulama, dengan beberapa mengatakan bahawa dia tidak pernah menjadi seorang dara dan ada yang mengatakan bahawa dia adalah perawan yang kekal. Para ulama lain berpendapat bahawa perkataan heos Yunani (iaitu, hingga) menandakan suatu negara sehingga satu titik, tetapi tidak bererti bahawa negara itu berakhir selepas itu, dan bahawa Matius 1:25 tidak mengesahkan atau menafikan keperawanan Maria selepas kelahiran Yesus. Menurut ulama Alkitabiah Bart Ehrman, perkataan Ibrani almah, yang artinya wanita muda usia melahirkan, diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Yunani sebagai parthenos, yang hanya berarti dara, dalam Yesaya 7:14, yang lazim dipercaya oleh orang Kristian sebagai nubuatan Perawan Maria disebut dalam Matius 1:23. Sewaktu Matius dan Lukas memberikan versi yang berbeza dari kelahiran perawan, Yohanes memetik Philip yang tidak dikenali dan orang Yahudi yang tidak percaya berkumpul di Galilea merujuk kepada Yusuf sebagai bapa Yesus. <> Siapa percaya orang Kristian yang bernubuat dalam Yesaya 7:14? || Virgin Mary <> Apakah maksud perkataan Yunani \"heos?\" || Sehingga <> Ayat manakah dalam Matius dipercayai merujuk kepada ramalan Yesaya tentang Perawan Maria? || 1:23 <> Penulis Injil mana yang menyediakan versi kelahiran perawan yang berbeza daripada Matthew? || Lukas <> Apakah translasi bahasa Inggeris dari perkataan Yunani \"parthenos?\" || dara <> Siapa tahu Maria sebelum dia melahirkan anak sulungnya? || <> Di mana Philip pertama kali berjumpa dengan Yusuf? || <> Di mana Matthew dan Luke berkumpul dengan orang-orang Yahudi yang tidak percaya? || <> Apa sarjana Alkitab yang percaya bahawa Maria adalah dara abadi? || <> Bahasa apa ulama Bible Bart Ehrmam terutamanya bercakap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?", "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d393", "answers": [{"text": "Virgin Mary", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the Greek word \"heos?\"", "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d394", "answers": [{"text": "until", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?", "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d395", "answers": [{"text": "1:23", "answer_start": 776}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?", "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d396", "answers": [{"text": "Luke", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the English tranlation of the Greek word \"parthenos?\"", "id": "570cff2cb3d812140066d397", "answers": [{"text": "virgin", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "Who knew Mary before she brought forth her first born son?", "id": "5ad18f44645df0001a2d1f4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galilee", "answer_start": 923}], "question": "Where did Philip first meet Joseph?", "id": "5ad18f44645df0001a2d1f4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galilee", "answer_start": 923}], "question": "Where did Matthew and Luke gather with the disbelieving Jews?", "id": "5ad18f44645df0001a2d1f50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bart Ehrman", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "What Biblical scholar currently believes that Mary was a perpetual virgin?", "id": "5ad18f44645df0001a2d1f51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hebrew", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What language does Biblical scholar Bart Ehrmam primarily speak?", "id": "5ad18f44645df0001a2d1f52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The statement that Joseph \"knew her not till she brought forth her first born son\" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father."}], ["Walaupun Katolik dan Ortodoks dapat menghormati dan menghormati Mary, mereka tidak memandangnya sebagai ilahi, dan tidak juga mereka menyembahnya. Katolik Rom melihat Mary sebagai bawahan kepada Kristus, tetapi unik sekali, kerana dia dilihat sebagai makhluk lain. Begitu juga Theologian Sergei Bulgakov menulis bahawa pandangan Ortodoks Mary sebagai \"lebih unggul dari semua makhluk yang diciptakan\" dan \"tanpa henti berdoa untuk syafaatnya\". Walau bagaimanapun, dia tidak dianggap sebagai \"pengganti untuk Satu Pengantara\" yang adalah Kristus. \"Marilah Maria dihormati, tetapi hendaklah disembah kepada Tuhan\", tulisnya. Begitu juga, orang Katolik tidak menyembah Maria sebagai makhluk ilahi, tetapi sebaliknya \"bersikap hiper\". Dalam teologi Katolik Roman, istilah hyperdulia dikhaskan untuk penghormatan Marian, latria untuk penyembahan Tuhan, dan penghormatan untuk penghormatan orang-orang kudus dan malaikat lain. Takrif ketiga-tiga hirarki tahap latria, hyperdulia dan dulia kembali kepada Majlis Kedua Nicaea pada 787. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk penghormatan Mary dalam teologi Katolik Roman? || hyperdulia <> Pada tahun apakah hierarki latria, hyperdulia dan dulia ditubuhkan? || 787 <> Siapa yang dihormati dalam amalan Roman Katolik dulia? || para pekudus dan malaikat lain <> Teolog mana yang menulis bahawa Mary dianggap \"lebih unggul dari semua makhluk yang diciptakan,\" tetapi tidak menjadi objek kejujuran? || Sergei Bulgakov <> Apakah istilah Roman Katolik digunakan untuk menunjukkan penyembahan Tuhan? || latria <> Bilakah Majlis Kedua Nicaea bermula? || <> Bilakah berakhirnya Majlis Kedua Nicaea? || <> Apakah istilah Ortodoks digunakan untuk menunjukkan penyembahan Tuhan? || <> Apakah istilah Ortodoks dikhaskan untuk penghormatan Marian? || <> Pada tahun apakah Sergei Bulgakov menghadiri Majlis Kedua Nicaea? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?", "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbd", "answers": [{"text": "hyperdulia", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?", "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbe", "answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 936}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?", "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbf", "answers": [{"text": "other saints and angels", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be \"superior to all created beings,\" but is not to be the object of worhip?", "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bc0", "answers": [{"text": "Sergei Bulgakov", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?", "id": "570d03b1fed7b91900d45bc1", "answers": [{"text": "latria", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "When did the the Second Council of Nicaea begin?", "id": "5ad154fd645df0001a2d17c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "When did the the Second Council of Nicaea end?", "id": "5ad154fd645df0001a2d17c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "latria", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "What is the Ortodox term used to denote the worship of God?", "id": "5ad154fd645df0001a2d17c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hyperdulia", "answer_start": 681}], "question": "What is the Ortodox term reserved for Marian veneration?", "id": "5ad154fd645df0001a2d17c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "787", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "In what year did Sergei Bulgakov attend the Second Council of Nicaea?", "id": "5ad154fd645df0001a2d17ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as \"superior to all created beings\" and \"ceaselessly pray for her intercession\". However, she is not considered a \"substitute for the One Mediator\" who is Christ. \"Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord\", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather \"hyper-venerate\" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787."}], ["Perspektif Kristian Marian termasuk banyak kepelbagaian. Walaupun sesetengah orang Kristian seperti Katolik Rom dan Ortodoks Timur mempunyai tradisi Marian yang mantap, Protestan pada masa yang sama banyak memberi perhatian kepada tema Mariologi. Roman Katolik, Ortodoks Timur, Ortodoks Oriental, Anglikan, dan Lutheran memuliakan Perawan Maria. Penghormatan ini terutama mengambil bentuk doa untuk syafaat dengan Anaknya, Yesus Kristus. Di samping itu, ia menyusun puisi dan lagu dalam kehormatan, ikon lukisan atau patung ukirannya, dan memberikan gelaran kepada Mary yang mencerminkan kedudukannya di kalangan orang-orang kudus. <> Siapa yang melukis ikon dan mengukir patung Yesus? || <> Siapa yang menulis puisi dan lagu untuk Mary? || <> Yang mana gereja mula-mula menulis tema Mariologi? || <> Siapa tafsir mengarang puisi dan lagu? ||", {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "Who did Jesus paint icons and carve statues of?", "id": "5ad16c95645df0001a2d1ab0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "her Son, Jesus Christ", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "Who wrote poems and songs for Mary?", "id": "5ad16c95645df0001a2d1ab1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholics", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Which church first wrote the Mariological themes?", "id": "5ad16c95645df0001a2d1ab2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "Who do the saints compose poems and songs about?", "id": "5ad16c95645df0001a2d1ab3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity. While some Christians such as Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions, Protestants at large pay scant attention to Mariological themes. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutherans venerate the Virgin Mary. This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally it includes composing poems and songs in Mary's honor, painting icons or carving statues of her, and conferring titles on Mary that reflect her position among the saints."}]], [["Dekad ini bermula dengan Pameran Antarabangsa Melbourne pada tahun 1880, yang diadakan di Bangunan Pameran yang dibina khas. Pada tahun 1880, sebuah pertukaran telefon ditubuhkan dan pada tahun yang sama asas-asas St Paul, telah diletakkan; pada tahun 1881 lampu elektrik dipasang di Pasaran Timur, dan pada tahun berikutnya stesen penjanaan yang mampu membekalkan 2,000 lampu pijar sedang beroperasi. Pada tahun 1885, sistem pertama sistem kabel trem Melbourne telah dibina, menjadi salah satu daripada sistem yang paling luas di dunia pada tahun 1890. <> Pada tahun apakah pertukaran telefon yang ditubuhkan di Melbourne? || 1880 <> Bilakah cahaya elektrik pertama dipasang di Pasaran Timur? || 1881 <> Pada tahun apakah garis pertama sistem trem kabel Melbourne dibina? || 1885 <> Dalam bangunan apakah pameran Melbourne Antarabangsa 1880 diadakan? || Bangunan Pameran", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?", "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f59", "answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?", "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f5a", "answers": [{"text": "1881", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built?", "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f5b", "answers": [{"text": "1885", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held?", "id": "570e50150dc6ce1900204f5c", "answers": [{"text": "Exhibition Building", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul's, were laid; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation. In 1885 the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system was built, becoming one of the worlds most extensive systems by 1890."}], ["Kemasukan migran antara negeri dan luar negara, terutamanya orang Ireland, Jerman dan Cina, menyaksikan perkembangan kemiskinan termasuk \"bandar khemah\" sementara yang ditubuhkan di tebing selatan Yarra. Pendatang Cina mendirikan Chinatown Melbourne pada tahun 1851, yang merupakan penempatan orang Cina yang paling lama di dunia Barat. Selepas Eureka Stockade, sokongan orang ramai terhadap nasib pelombong mengakibatkan perubahan politik utama ke tanah jajahan, termasuk perubahan kepada keadaan kerja di seluruh industri tempatan termasuk perlombongan, pertanian dan pembuatan. Kebangsaan yang terlibat dalam pemberontakan Eureka dan ekspedisi Burke dan Wills memberi petunjuk aliran imigresen pada separuh kedua abad kesembilan belas. <> Istilah apa yang diberikan kepada penduduk miskin yang ditubuhkan di tebing selatan Yarra? || bandar khemah <> Pada tahun apakah Melbourne Chinatown diasaskan? || 1851 <> Etnintis mana yang menyumbang kemasukan migran antara negeri dan luar negara ke Melbourne? || Ireland, Jerman dan Cina <> Komuniti mana yang merupakan penempatan orang Cina yang paling lama berterusan di Dunia Barat? || Melbourne Chinatown </ a> Pada separuh kedua abad apakah ekspedisi Burke dan Wills memberikan indikasi aliran imigrasi? || separuh kedua abad kesembilan belas", {"qas": [{"question": "What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?", "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7df9", "answers": [{"text": "tent city", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?", "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfa", "answers": [{"text": "1851", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?", "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfb", "answers": [{"text": "Irish, German and Chinese", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?", "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfc", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Chinatown", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?", "id": "570e4f8e0b85d914000d7dfd", "answers": [{"text": "second half of the nineteenth century", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary \"tent city\" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century."}], ["Sejak pertengahan 1990-an, Melbourne telah mengekalkan pertumbuhan penduduk dan pekerjaan yang ketara. Terdapat pelaburan antarabangsa yang besar di dalam industri dan pasaran hartanah di bandar ini. Pembaharuan bandar utama dalam kota telah berlaku di kawasan seperti Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands dan lebih baru-baru ini, South Wharf. Menurut Biro Perangkaan Australia, Melbourne mengekalkan peningkatan penduduk tertinggi dan kadar pertumbuhan ekonomi mana-mana ibu kota Australia dalam tiga tahun yang berakhir pada bulan Jun 2004. Faktor-faktor ini menyebabkan pertumbuhan penduduk dan pengembangan pinggir bandar yang lebih lama menjangkau tahun 2000-an. <> Kepada kawasan apakah Melbourne mendedikasikan pelaburan antarabangsa yang besar? || industri dan pasaran hartanah <> Dalam bidang apa yang berlaku pembaharuan bandar utama dalam bandar? || Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands dan lebih baru-baru ini, South Wharf <> Melbourne telah menopang peningkatan penduduk dan kadar pertumbuhan ekonomi tertinggi di mana-mana bandar Australia menurut organisasi apa? || Biro Statistik Australia <> Berapa tahunkah Melbourne mengekalkan peningkatan populasi tertinggi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi? || tiga", {"qas": [{"question": "To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?", "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e33", "answers": [{"text": "industries and property market", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?", "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e34", "answers": [{"text": "Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?", "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e35", "answers": [{"text": "Australian Bureau of Statistics", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?", "id": "570e529d0b85d914000d7e36", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s."}], ["CBD Melbourne, berbanding dengan bandar-bandar di Australia yang lain, mempunyai batas ketinggian yang relatif tidak terbatas dan akibat dari gelombang pembangunan pasca perang, terdapat lima dari enam bangunan tertinggi di Australia, yang paling tinggi adalah Menara Eureka, terletak di Southbank. Ia mempunyai dek pemerhatian berhampiran bahagian atas dari mana anda dapat melihat di atas semua struktur Melbourne. Menara Rialto, tertinggi kedua di bandar, kekal sebagai bangunan tertinggi di CBD lama; Dek pemerhatian untuk pengunjung baru-baru ini ditutup. <> Apakah menara tertinggi di Australia? || Menara Eureka <> Menara mana yang paling tinggi di Melbourne? || The Rialto <> Adakah dek pemerhatian di The Rialto sedang dibuka atau ditutup? || ditutup <> Di mana bank Melbourne terletak di Menara Eureka? || Southbank <> Bangunan apa yang paling tinggi di CBD lama? || Menara Rialto", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the tallest tower in Australia?", "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e17", "answers": [{"text": "Eureka Tower", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?", "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e18", "answers": [{"text": "The Rialto", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?", "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e19", "answers": [{"text": "closed", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?", "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e1a", "answers": [{"text": "Southbank", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?", "id": "570e51420b85d914000d7e1b", "answers": [{"text": "The Rialto tower", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from where you can see above all of Melbourne's structures. The Rialto tower, the city's second tallest, remains the tallest building in the old CBD; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed."}], ["Melbourne (/ m\u025blb\u0259rn /, AU i / m\u025blb\u0259n /) adalah ibu negara dan bandar paling ramai penduduk Australia di Victoria, dan bandar terpadat kedua di Australia dan Oceania. Nama \"Melbourne\" merujuk kepada kawasan penggumpalan bandar (serta bahagian statistik banci) yang merangkumi 9,900 km2 (3,800 meter persegi) yang terdiri daripada kawasan metropolitan yang lebih luas, dan juga nama umum untuk pusat bandarnya. Metropolitan terletak di teluk alam semulajadi Port Phillip dan berkembang ke kawasan pedalaman menuju jajaran gunung Dandenong dan Macedon, Semenanjung Mornington dan Lembah Yarra. Melbourne terdiri daripada 31 majlis perbandaran. Ia mempunyai populasi 4,347,955 sehingga 2013, dan penduduknya dipanggil Melburnians. <> Apa bandar paling ramai di negara Victoria Australia? || Melbourne <> Apa bandar paling ramai penduduk kedua di Australia? || Oceania <> Dimana Metropolis? || Teluk semulajadi yang besar di Port Phillip <> Apakah populasi Melbourne? || 4,347,955 sehingga 2013 <> Apa yang dipanggil penduduk Melbourne? || Melburnians <> Bandar manakah ibu kota Victoria? || Melbourne <> Yang bandar paling padat penduduknya di Victoria? || Melbourne <> Melbourne terdiri daripada berapa banyak majlis perbandaran? || 31 <> Apakah populasi Melbourne pada tahun 2013? || 4,347,955 <> Apa yang dipanggil penduduk Melbourne? || Melburnians", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?", "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581b", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second most populas city in Australia?", "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581c", "answers": [{"text": "Oceania", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Metropolis?", "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581d", "answers": [{"text": "large natural bay of Port Phillip", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of Melbourne?", "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581e", "answers": [{"text": "4,347,955 as of 2013", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?", "id": "570c46e9fed7b91900d4581f", "answers": [{"text": "Melburnians", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is the capital of Victoria?", "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c7d", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?", "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c7e", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?", "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c7f", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Melbourne's population in 2013?", "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c80", "answers": [{"text": "4,347,955", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?", "id": "570dfdf40b85d914000d7c81", "answers": [{"text": "Melburnians", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne (/\u02c8m\u025blb\u0259rn/, AU i/\u02c8m\u025blb\u0259n/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name \"Melbourne\" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians."}], ["Boosterisme brash yang telah menonjolkan Melbourne pada masa ini berakhir pada awal tahun 1890-an dengan kemurungan teruk ekonomi negara, menghantar industri kewangan dan hartanah tempatan ke dalam tempoh kekacauan yang selama 16 \"bank tanah\" kecil dan masyarakat bangunan runtuh, dan 133 syarikat terhad telah dibubarkan. Krisis kewangan Melbourne merupakan faktor yang menyumbang kepada kemelesetan ekonomi Australia pada tahun 1890-an dan krisis perbankan Australia pada tahun 1893. Kesan kemurungan di bandar sangat penting, dengan hampir tidak ada pembinaan baru hingga akhir 1890-an. <> Bilakah kemurungan teruk melanda bandar Melbourne? || 1890s Apa yang berlaku dalam pembubaran di Melbourne sekitar tahun 1890? || 16 \"bank tanah\" kecil dan masyarakat bangunan runtuh, dan 133 syarikat terhad <> Bilakah pembinaan baru bermula di Melbourne? || lewat 1890-an <> Bilakah Australia mempunyai krisis perbankan? || 1893. <> Selama apa dekad apakah Melbourne mengalami kemunduran ekonomi? || awal 1890-an <> Berapa banyak \"bank tanah\" dan masyarakat bangunan runtuh semasa kemurungan 1890 di Melbourne? || 16 <> Berapa banyak syarikat terhad yang terlibat dalam pembubaran semasa kemurungan pada 1890 di Melbourne? || 133 <> Krisis kewangan Melbourne merupakan faktor penyumbang kepada krisis perbankan pada tahun 1893? || Australia <> Bilakah pembinaan baru mula muncul semula selepas kemelesetan awal 1890 di Melbourne? || lewat tahun 1890-an", {"qas": [{"question": "When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?", "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d077", "answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?", "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d078", "answers": [{"text": "16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did new construction start in Melbourne?", "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d079", "answers": [{"text": "late 1890s", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Australia have a banking crisis?", "id": "570c488cb3d812140066d07a", "answers": [{"text": "1893.", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?", "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f45", "answers": [{"text": "early 1890s", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?", "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f46", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?", "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f47", "answers": [{"text": "133", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?", "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f48", "answers": [{"text": "Australian", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?", "id": "570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f49", "answers": [{"text": "late 1890s", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s."}], ["Antara 1836 dan 1842 kumpulan Orang Asli Victoria sebahagian besarnya ditahan [oleh siapa?] Tanah mereka. Menjelang Januari 1844, terdapat 675 penduduk Aborigin yang tinggal di kem-kem di Melbourne. Pejabat Kolonial British telah melantik lima Pelindung Orang Asli untuk Orang Asli di Victoria, pada tahun 1839, namun kerja mereka telah dibatalkan oleh dasar tanah yang disukai setinggan untuk mengambil alih tanah Aborigin. Menjelang 1845, kurang daripada 240 orang kaya Eropah memegang semua lesen pastoral yang dikeluarkan di Victoria dan menjadi kuasa politik dan ekonomi yang kuat di Victoria untuk generasi akan datang. <> Antara tahun apakah kumpulan berkebangsaan Victoria telah dihancurkan? || Antara tahun 1836 dan 1842 <> Pada tahun 1844, berapa penduduk Aborigine tinggal di kem-kem di Melbourne? || 675 <> Siapa yang melantik lima Pelindung Orang Asli untuk Orang Asli dari Victoria pada tahun 1839? || Pejabat Kolonial British <> Siapa orang yang kuasa politik dan ekonomi di Victoria pada tahun 1845? || 240 kaya Eropah <> Berapa ramai orang Aborigine dikatakan bermastautin di kem-kem di Melbourne pada bulan Januari 1844? || 675 <> Berapa banyak Pelindung Orang Asli untuk Orang Asli dari Victoria telah dilantik pada tahun 1839? || lima <> Dengan berapa tahun kurang daripada 240 orang kaya Eropah memegang semua lesen pastoral? || 1845 <> Semasa tahun-tahun apakah kumpulan-kumpulan Orang Asli Victoria telah berpindah dari tanah mereka? || Antara 1836 dan 1842", {"qas": [{"question": "Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?", "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bdda", "answers": [{"text": "Between 1836 and 1842", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?", "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bddb", "answers": [{"text": "675", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839?", "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bddc", "answers": [{"text": "The British Colonial Office", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?", "id": "570c376aec8fbc190045bddd", "answers": [{"text": "240 wealthy Europeans", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844?", "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c61", "answers": [{"text": "675", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839?", "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c62", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses?", "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c63", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?", "id": "570dfc730b85d914000d7c64", "answers": [{"text": "Between 1836 and 1842", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands. By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come."}], ["Melbourne juga terdedah kepada pancuran mandian terpencil yang membentuk ketika kolam sejuk melintasi negeri, terutama jika terdapat pemanasan siang hari yang cukup besar. Mandi ini sering kali berat dan boleh mengandungi hujan batu dan langit-langit dan penurunan suhu yang ketara, tetapi mereka melewati dengan sangat cepat pada masa-masa dengan trend penjelasan yang cepat untuk cuaca yang cerah dan tenang dan suhu meningkat kembali kepada apa yang sebelum mandi. Ini sering berlaku dalam beberapa minit dan boleh diulangi banyak kali dalam sehari, menjadikan Melbourne reputasi kerana mempunyai \"empat musim dalam satu hari\", frasa yang merupakan sebahagian daripada budaya popular tempatan dan biasa kepada ramai pelawat ke bandar. Suhu terendah pada rekod ialah -2.8 \u00b0 C (27.0 \u00b0 F), pada 21 Julai 1869. Suhu tertinggi yang dirakamkan di bandar Melbourne adalah 46.4 \u00b0 C (pada suhu 7.9 \u00b0 F) pada 7 Februari 2009. Walaupun salji kadang-kadang dilihat lebih tinggi Ketinggian di pinggir kota, ia tidak direkodkan di Daerah Pusat Perniagaan sejak tahun 1986. <Frase cuaca apakah yang telah menjadi sebahagian daripada budaya popular di Melbourne dan menyangkut perubahan pesat bandar dalam cuaca? || empat musim dalam satu hari <> Apakah suhu terendah di rekod Melbourne? || -2.8 \u00b0 C (27.0 \u00b0 F) <> Pada tarikh apakah suhu terendah di rekod Melbourne berlaku? || 21 Julai 1869 <> Apakah suhu tertinggi Melbourne mencatatkan? || 46.4 \u00b0 C (115.5 \u00b0 F) <> Pada tarikh berapa suhu tertinggi di Melbourne dicatatkan? || 7 Februari 2009", {"qas": [{"question": "What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?", "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e0d", "answers": [{"text": "four seasons in one day", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?", "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e0e", "answers": [{"text": "\u22122.8 \u00b0C (27.0 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?", "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e0f", "answers": [{"text": "21 July 1869", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?", "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e10", "answers": [{"text": "46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?", "id": "570e50af0b85d914000d7e11", "answers": [{"text": "7 February 2009", "answer_start": 819}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having \"four seasons in one day\", a phrase that is part of local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city. The lowest temperature on record is \u22122.8 \u00b0C (27.0 \u00b0F), on 21 July 1869. The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F), on 7 February 2009. While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986."}], ["Dengan tergesa-gesa emas sebahagian besarnya pada tahun 1860, Melbourne terus berkembang di belakang perlombongan emas yang berterusan, sebagai pelabuhan utama untuk mengeksport produk pertanian Victoria, khususnya bulu, dan sektor perkilangan yang berkembang dilindungi oleh tarif yang tinggi. Rangkaian keretapi radial yang luas yang berpusat di Melbourne dan menyebar di seluruh pinggir bandar dan ke pedalaman ditubuhkan dari akhir 1850-an. Bangunan-bangunan awam yang lebih besar telah dimulakan pada tahun 1860-an dan 1870-an seperti Mahkamah Agung, Rumah Kerajaan, dan Pasar Queen Victoria. Pusat bandar diisi dengan kedai dan pejabat, bengkel, dan gudang. Bank-bank dan hotel-hotel besar menghadapi jalan-jalan utama, dengan rumah-rumah bandar yang bagus di hujung timur Collins Street, berbeza dengan kotej kecil di lorong-lorong kecil. Penduduk Orang Asli terus menurun dengan anggaran 80% jumlah penurunan pada tahun 1863, disebabkan terutamanya oleh penyakit yang diperkenalkan, terutama cacar, kekerasan sempadan dan pemusnahan dari tanah mereka. <> Bilakah tergesa-gesa emas di Melbourne? || 1860 <> Bagaimana Melbourne berkembang sebagai pelabuhan utama untuk mengeksport produk pertanian? || perlombongan emas <> Apa yang dilindungi oleh tarrifs tinggi? || bulu <> Pada tahun 1863, kenapa penduduk Orang Asli merosot? || penyakit, terutama cacar, kekerasan sempadan dan pemusnahan dari tanah mereka. <> Dengan berapa tahun emas tergesa-gesa sebahagian besarnya? || 1860 <> Apa salah satu produk pertanian utama Victoria sekitar tahun 1860? || bulu <> Apakah beberapa sebab penduduk Orang Asli terus berlumba? || memperkenalkan penyakit, terutamanya cacar, kekerasan sempadan dan pemusnahan dari tanah mereka <> Penyakit mana yang menyebabkan penduduk Orang Asli terus menurun? || cacar <> Penduduk Orang Asli menurun sebanyak apa yang dianggarkan oleh 1863? || 80%", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?", "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc40", "answers": [{"text": "1860", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?", "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc41", "answers": [{"text": "gold mining", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was protected by high tarriffs?", "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc42", "answers": [{"text": "wool", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?", "id": "570c38b26b8089140040fc43", "answers": [{"text": "diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.", "answer_start": 924}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year was the gold rush largely over?", "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c73", "answers": [{"text": "1860", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?", "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c74", "answers": [{"text": "wool", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?", "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c75", "answers": [{"text": "introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands", "answer_start": 913}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?", "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c76", "answers": [{"text": "smallpox", "answer_start": 947}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?", "id": "570dfd4c0b85d914000d7c77", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 868}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}], ["Lapangan terbang penumpang utama yang melayani metropolis dan negeri itu adalah Lapangan Terbang Melbourne (juga dikenali sebagai Lapangan Terbang Tullamarine), yang merupakan tempat tersibuk kedua di Australia, dan Pelabuhan Melbourne adalah pelabuhan paling sibuk di Australia untuk kargo kontena dan umum. Melbourne mempunyai rangkaian pengangkutan yang luas. Terminal kereta api utama metropolitan adalah Flinders Street Station, dan terminal kereta api dan utama serantau utama adalah Stesen Southern Cross. Melbourne juga merupakan rumah kepada rangkaian lebuh raya yang paling luas di Australia dan mempunyai rangkaian trem bandar terbesar di dunia. <> Lapangan terbang apa yang melayani Melbourne? || Lapangan Terbang Melbourne (juga dikenali sebagai Lapangan Terbang Tullamarine) <> Apa terminal kereta api metropolitan utama yang dipanggil di Melbourne? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Apakah terminal kereta api dan jurulatih utama utama di Melbourne? || Southern Cross Station <> Apa bandar yang dikenali sebagai rumah ke rangkaian jalan raya yang paling luas di Australia? || Melbourne <> Negara mana yang mempunyai rangkaian trem bandar terbesar di dunia? || Australia <> Lapangan terbang penumpang apa yang melayani Melbourne? || Lapangan Terbang Melbourne (juga dikenali sebagai Lapangan Terbang Tullamarine) <> Apa pelabuhan yang paling sibuk di Melbourne? || Pelabuhan Melbourne <> Apakah nama terminal kereta api metropolitan utama yang dipanggil di Melbourne? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Apakah nama terminal jurulatih di Melbourne? || Southern Cross Station <> Siapa yang mempunyai rangkaian lebuh raya yang paling luas? || Australia <> Apa nama lain untuk Lapangan Terbang Melborne? || Lapangan Terbang Tullamarine <> Lapangan terbang mana yang paling sibuk di Australia? || Lapangan Terbang Melbourne (juga dikenali sebagai Lapangan Terbang Tullamarine) <> Pelabuhan yang mana di Melborne adalah pelabuhan yang paling sibuk untuk kargo kontena dan umum? || Pelabuhan Melbourne <> Apakah terminal kereta api utama Melborne yang utama? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Di mana rangkaian trem bandar terbesar di dunia terletak? || Melbourne", {"qas": [{"question": "What airport serves Melbourne?", "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdbe", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?", "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdbf", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne?", "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdc0", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Cross Station", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network?", "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdc1", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has the world's largest urban tram network?", "id": "570c35b9ec8fbc190045bdc2", "answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What passenger airport serves Melbourne?", "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd1", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne?", "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd2", "answers": [{"text": "Port of Melbourne", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?", "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd3", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne?", "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd4", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Cross Station", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the most extensive freeway network?", "id": "570d0642fed7b91900d45bd5", "answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Melborne Airport?", "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c4d", "answers": [{"text": "Tullamarine Airport", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airport is the second busiest in Australia?", "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c4e", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?", "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c4f", "answers": [{"text": "Port of Melbourne", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?", "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c50", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the world's largest urban tram network located?", "id": "570dfb650b85d914000d7c51", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network."}], ["Semasa lawatan pada tahun 1885, wartawan Inggeris, George Augustus Henry Sala mencipta frasa \"Melbourne yang luar biasa\", yang menempel pada abad kedua puluh dan masih digunakan hari ini oleh Melburnians. Aktiviti bangunan yang bertumbuh memuncak dalam \"ledakan tanah\" yang, pada tahun 1888, mencapai puncak perkembangan spekulatif yang dipacu oleh keyakinan pengguna dan peningkatan nilai tanah. Akibat ledakan itu, bangunan komersil yang besar, istana kopi, perumahan teres dan rumah-rumah palatial berkembang di bandar. Penubuhan kemudahan hidraulik pada tahun 1887 yang dibenarkan untuk pembuatan lif tempatan, mengakibatkan pembinaan pertama bangunan bertingkat tinggi; terutamanya Bangunan APA, di antara bangunan komersil tertinggi di dunia setelah siap pada tahun 1889. Tempoh ini juga menyaksikan pengembangan rangkaian pengangkutan berasaskan radial utama. <> Ungkapan mana yang diciptakan oleh George Augustus Henry Sala semasa lawatan ke Melbourne pada tahun 1885? || Melbourne yang mengagumkan <> Pada tahun berapakah ledakan tanah mencapai puncaknya? || 1888 <> Pada tahun apakah kemudahan hidraulik ditubuhkan? || 1887 <> Pada tahun berapa bangunan APA selesai? || 1889 <> Apa kemudahan hidraulik Melbourne membantu mencipta perkembangan tinggi yang mendorongnya? || lif", {"qas": [{"question": "Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?", "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fab", "answers": [{"text": "Marvellous Melbourne", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?", "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fac", "answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was a hydraulic facility established?", "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fad", "answers": [{"text": "1887", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the APA Building completed?", "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fae", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?", "id": "570e5daf0dc6ce1900204faf", "answers": [{"text": "elevators", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase \"Marvellous Melbourne\", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a \"land boom\" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value. As a result of the boom, large commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city. The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings; most notably the APA Building, amongst the world's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network."}], ["Melbourne sedang mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi, menjana permintaan tinggi untuk perumahan. Ledakan perumahan ini telah meningkatkan harga rumah dan sewa, serta ketersediaan semua jenis perumahan. Subdivisi sering berlaku di kawasan luar Melbourne, dengan banyak pemaju yang menawarkan pakej rumah dan tanah. Bagaimanapun, selepas 10 tahun [ketika] dasar perancangan untuk menggalakkan kepadatan menengah dan pembangunan berkepadatan tinggi di kawasan yang sedia ada dengan akses yang lebih besar ke pengangkutan awam dan perkhidmatan lain, pinggiran pinggiran tengah dan luar bandar Melbourne telah menyaksikan pembangunan semula kawasan perang yang besar. <> Apa yang menimbulkan permintaan tinggi untuk perumahan di Melbourne? || pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi <> Apakah kesannya terhadap harga rumah dan sewa rumah? || meningkat <> Yang mana di pinggiran bandaraya Melbourne telah menyaksikan pembangunan semula kawasan coklat yang besar dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan? || tengah dan luar cincin <> Apa jenis perkembangan surburban yang mempromosikan dasar Melbourne? || ketumpatan sederhana dan ketumpatan tinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?", "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3b", "answers": [{"text": "high population growth", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?", "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3c", "answers": [{"text": "increased", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?", "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3d", "answers": [{"text": "middle and outer-ring", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?", "id": "570e53690b85d914000d7e3e", "answers": [{"text": "medium-density and high-density", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment."}], ["Diasaskan oleh peneroka bebas dari koloni Mahkota British Van Diemen's Land pada 30 Ogos 1835, di kemudiannya koloni New South Wales, ia telah diperbadankan sebagai penempatan Mahkota pada tahun 1837. Ia dinamai \"Melbourne\" oleh Gabenor Baru Wales Selatan, Sir Richard Bourke, sebagai penghormatan kepada Perdana Menteri Britain hari ini, William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne kedua. Ia secara rasminya diisytiharkan sebuah bandar oleh Queen Victoria pada tahun 1847, dan selepas itu ia menjadi ibu kota koloni Victoria yang baru ditubuhkan pada tahun 1851. Semasa buru-buru emas zaman Victoria tahun 1850-an, ia berubah menjadi salah satu kota terbesar dan terkaya di dunia. Selepas persekutuan Australia pada tahun 1901, ia berfungsi sebagai kerusi pemerintahan sementara negara sehingga tahun 1927. <> Siapakah Melbourne yang dinamakan oleh? || Gabenor New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke <> Siapa Melbourne yang dinamakan sebagai penghormatan? || Perdana Menteri Britain hari ini, William Lamb, Viscount 2 Melbourne <> Apa tahun Melbourne secara rasmi mengisytiharkan sebuah bandar? || 1847 <> Berapa tahun Melbourne berhenti berfungsi sebagai kerusi kerajaan sementara? || 1927 <> Melbourne menjadi ibukota koloni pada tahun 1851? || Victoria", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Melbourne named by?", "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f61", "answers": [{"text": "the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Melbourne named in honor of?", "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f62", "answers": [{"text": "the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?", "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f63", "answers": [{"text": "1847", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?", "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f64", "answers": [{"text": "1927", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?", "id": "570e56af0dc6ce1900204f65", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen's Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named \"Melbourne\" by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847, after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the nation's interim seat of government until 1927."}], ["Dengan kekayaan yang dibawa oleh tergesa-gesa emas berikutan rapat dengan penubuhan Victoria sebagai tanah jajahan yang berasingan dan keperluan bangunan-bangunan awam yang seterusnya, program pembinaan bangunan sivik tidak lama lagi bermula. Tahun 1850-an dan 1860-an menyaksikan permulaan Dewan Parlimen, Bangunan Perbendaharaan, Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, Perpustakaan Negeri, Universiti, Pejabat Pos Besar, Kastam, Dewan Perbandaran Melbourne, katedral St Patrick, walaupun banyak yang belum selesai untuk dekad, dengan beberapa masih belum selesai. <> Apabila Victoria ditubuhkan sebagai tanah jajahan berasingan, keperluan untuk apa yang diikuti? || bangunan awam <> Dalam tempoh dua dekad apakah Dewan Parlimen, Bangunan Perbendaharaan, Victoria Barracks, Perpustakaan Negeri, dan Pejabat Pos Besar bermula? || 1850-an dan 1860-an <> Kebiasaan Melbourne disebabkan sebahagian daripada peristiwa apa? || tergesa-gesa emas", {"qas": [{"question": "When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?", "id": "570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f91", "answers": [{"text": "public buildings", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?", "id": "570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f92", "answers": [{"text": "1850s and 1860s", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?", "id": "570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f93", "answers": [{"text": "gold rush", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished."}], ["Kadar Melbourne sangat tinggi dalam pendidikan, hiburan, penjagaan kesihatan, penyelidikan dan pembangunan, pelancongan dan sukan, menjadikannya bandar paling padat di dunia - untuk tahun kelima berturut-turut pada 2015, menurut Unit Perisikan Ekonomi. Ia merupakan pusat kewangan utama di rantau Asia Pasifik, dan berada di antara 30 bandar teratas di dunia dalam Indeks Pusat Kewangan Global. Dirujuk sebagai \"budaya kebudayaan\" Australia, ia adalah tempat kelahiran impresionisme Australia, bola sepak peraturan Australia, industri filem dan televisyen Australia, dan tarian kontemporari Australia seperti Melbourne Shuffle. Ia diiktiraf sebagai Bandar Sastera UNESCO dan pusat utama seni jalanan, muzik dan teater. Ia adalah rumah kepada banyak institusi budaya terbesar dan tertua di Australia seperti Melbourne Cricket Ground, Galeri Nasional Victoria, Perpustakaan Negeri Victoria dan Bangunan Pameran Diraja yang disenaraikan oleh Warisan Dunia UNESCO. <> Melbourne adalah bandar paling padat di dunia menurut siapa? || Economist Intelligence Unit <> Selama berapa tahun telah Melbourne telah dianggap sebagai kota yang paling dapat ditandingi di dunia? || tahun kelima berturut-turut <> Bandar manakah yang disebut sebagai modal kebudayaan Australia? || Melbourne <> Apakah satu contoh tarian kontemporari Australia? || Shuffle Melbourne", {"qas": [{"question": "Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?", "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fbf", "answers": [{"text": "Economist Intelligence Unit", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?", "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc0", "answers": [{"text": "fifth year in a row", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?", "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc1", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?", "id": "570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc2", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Shuffle", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city\u2014for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Referred to as Australia's \"cultural capital\", it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism, Australian rules football, the Australian film and television industries, and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art, music and theatre. It is home to many of Australia's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building."}], ["Melbourne adalah tipikal di ibu negara Australia setelah pada abad ke-20, ia berkembang dengan tanggapan asas \"rumah dan taman suku tahun\" bagi setiap keluarga, yang sering dirujuk sebagai tempatan sebagai Dream Australia. Ini, ditambah pula dengan populariti kereta persendirian selepas tahun 1945, membawa kepada struktur bandar yang berpusatkan auto sekarang kini di pinggir tengah dan luar bandar. Kebanyakan metropolitan Melbourne sewajarnya dicirikan oleh kepadatan berkepadatan rendah, sementara kawasan bandar dalamannya mempunyai ciri-ciri bandar yang berpendapatan sederhana, berorientasikan transit. Pusat bandar, Docklands, Jalan St. Kilda dan Southbank mempunyai ciri-ciri ketumpatan tinggi. <> Apa yang disebut secara tempatan sebagai Dream Australia? || quarter acre home and garden <> Tahun mana menandakan permulaan peningkatan populariti kereta swasta? || 1945 <> Adakah kawasan Docklands, St Kilda, dan Southbank mempunyai ciri ketumpatan tinggi atau rendah? || berkepadatan tinggi <> Berapa banyak kawasan metropolitan Melbourne yang disifatkan sebagai kepencongan berkepadatan rendah atau ketegangan berkepadatan tinggi? || ketumpatan rendah", {"qas": [{"question": "What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?", "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f89", "answers": [{"text": "quarter acre home and garden", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?", "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8a", "answers": [{"text": "1945", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?", "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8b", "answers": [{"text": "high-density", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?", "id": "570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8c", "answers": [{"text": "low density", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms."}], ["Pada bulan Mei dan Jun 1835, kawasan yang kini tengah dan utara Melbourne diterokai oleh John Batman, ahli terkemuka Persatuan Pelabuhan Phillip di Van Diemen's Land (kini dikenali sebagai Tasmania), yang mendakwa telah merundingkan pembelian 600,000 ekar (2,400 km2) dengan lapan penatua Wurundjeri. Batman memilih tapak di tebing utara Sungai Yarra, mengisytiharkan bahawa \"ini akan menjadi tempat untuk sebuah kampung\". Batman kemudian kembali ke Launceston di Tasmania. Pada awal bulan Ogos 1835 kumpulan peneroka yang berlainan, termasuk John Pascoe Fawkner, meninggalkan Launceston di kapal Enterprize. Fawkner terpaksa turun ke Georgetown, Tasmania, kerana hutang terkumpul. Sisa parti itu terus dan tiba di mulut Sungai Yarra pada 15 Ogos 1835. Pada 30 Ogos 1835 parti itu turun dan mendirikan penempatan di tapak Muzium Imigresen Melbourne saat ini. Batman dan kumpulannya tiba pada 2 September 1835 dan kedua-dua kumpulan akhirnya bersetuju untuk berkongsi penyelesaian. <> Tasmania dahulunya dikenali sebagai apa? || Van Diemen's Land <> Semasa Melbourne tengah dan utara telah diterokai oleh siapa? || John Batman <> Berapa banyak ekar yang diklaim oleh John Batman untuk membeli? || 600,000 <> Berapa ramai penatua yang mengaku telah berunding dengan John Batman? || lapan <> Pada tarikh apa Batman sampai ke Melbourne? || 2 September 1835", {"qas": [{"question": "Tasmania was formerly known as what?", "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f7f", "answers": [{"text": "Van Diemen's Land", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?", "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f80", "answers": [{"text": "John Batman", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?", "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f81", "answers": [{"text": "600,000", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?", "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f82", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?", "id": "570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f83", "answers": [{"text": "2 September 1835", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that \"this will be the place for a village\". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement."}], ["Pada tahun 2012, bandar ini mengandungi sejumlah 594 bangunan bertingkat tinggi, dengan 8 bawah pembinaan, 71 dirancang dan 39 pada peringkat cadangan menjadikan kaki langit bandar kedua terbesar di Australia. CBD dikuasai bangunan-bangunan pejabat moden termasuk Rialto Towers (1986), yang dibina di atas bangunan beberapa bangunan Victoria klasik, dua daripadanya - Bangunan Rialto (1889) yang direka oleh William Pitt dan Bangunan Winfield (1890) yang direka oleh Charles D'Ebro dan Richard Speight - masih kekal hari ini dan lebih banyak bangunan apartmen baru termasuk Eureka Tower (2006), yang disenaraikan sebagai bangunan kediaman paling tinggi ke-13 di dunia pada Januari 2014. <> Siapa yang merancang Bangunan Rialto di 1889? || William Pitt <> Siapa yang merancang Bangunan Winfield pada tahun 1890? || Charles D'Ebro dan Richard Speight <> Bangunan mana yang disenaraikan sebagai bangunan kediaman paling tinggi ke-13 di dunia pada Januari 2014? || Menara Eureka <> Pada tahun apakah siapakah Eureka Tower? || 2006 <> Bagaimana kedudukan kaki langit Melbourne dari sudut langit lain di Australia? || kedua terbesar", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? ", "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f75", "answers": [{"text": "William Pitt", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?", "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f76", "answers": [{"text": "Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?", "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f77", "answers": [{"text": "Eureka Tower", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?", "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f78", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?", "id": "570e58ee0dc6ce1900204f79", "answers": [{"text": "second largest", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which \u2014 the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight \u2014 still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014."}], ["Sejarah sastera kaya dan pelbagai Melbourne diiktiraf pada tahun 2008 ketika menjadi Kota Sastra UNESCO yang kedua. Perpustakaan Negeri Victoria adalah salah satu institusi kebudayaan tertua di Australia dan salah satu daripada banyak perpustakaan awam dan universiti di seluruh bandar. Melbourne juga mempunyai pelbagai kedai buku di Australia, serta sektor penerbitan terbesar di negara ini. Bandar ini menjadi rumah kepada perayaan penulis yang penting, terutamanya Festival Penulis Melbourne. Beberapa hadiah sastera utama terbuka kepada penulis tempatan termasuk Hadiah Melbourne untuk Sastera dan Anugerah Sastera Premier Premier. Novel-novel yang terkenal di Melbourne termasuk The Mystery of a Hansom Cab Fergus Hume, Helen Garner's Monkey Grip dan Christos Tsiolkas 'The Slap. Penulis terkenal dan penyair dari Melbourne termasuk Thomas Browne, C. J. Dennis, Germaine Greer dan Peter Carey. <> Perayaan penulis mana yang menjadi rumah kepada Melbourne? || Melbourne Writers Festival <> Apa jenis pekerjaan yang Misteri daripada Hansom Cab, Monyet Grip, dan The Slap? || novel <> Apa novel Misteri Cab Hansom, Monyet Grip, dan The Slap mempunyai kesamaan? || ditetapkan di Melbourne <> Di mana Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, dan Thomas Browne dari? || Melbourne <> Apa pekerjaan kepada Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, dan Thomas Browne? || penulis dan penyair", {"qas": [{"question": "Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?", "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f97", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Writers Festival", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?", "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f98", "answers": [{"text": "novels", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?", "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f99", "answers": [{"text": "set in Melbourne", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?", "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f9a", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?", "id": "570e5ce90dc6ce1900204f9b", "answers": [{"text": "writers and poets", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne's rich and diverse literary history was recognised in 2008 when it became the second UNESCO City of Literature. The State Library of Victoria is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions and one of many public and university libraries across the city. Melbourne also has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well the nation's largest publishing sector. The city is home to significant writers' festivals, most notably the Melbourne Writers Festival. Several major literary prizes are open to local writers including the Melbourne Prize for Literature and the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Helen Garner's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas' The Slap. Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne, C. J. Dennis, Germaine Greer and Peter Carey."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas terhadap penyesuaian perubahan iklim baru-baru ini, City of Melbourne, pada tahun 2002, menetapkan sasaran untuk mengurangkan pelepasan karbon menjadi sifar bersih menjelang 2020 dan Majlis Bandar Moreland menubuhkan program Zero Moreland, namun tidak semua perbandaran metropolitan telah diikuti, dengan Bandaraya Glen Eira terutamanya memutuskan pada tahun 2009 untuk tidak menjadi neutral karbon. Melbourne mempunyai salah satu tapak kaki bandar terbesar di dunia kerana perumahan berkepadatannya yang rendah, mengakibatkan kebencian pinggir bandar yang luas, dengan tahap pergantungan kereta yang tinggi dan pengangkutan awam yang minimum di luar kawasan dalam. Kebanyakan tumbuh-tumbuhan di dalam bandar adalah spesies bukan asli, sebahagian besar dari asal-usul Eropah, dan dalam banyak kes memainkan tuan rumah kepada spesies invasif dan rumpai berbahaya. Perosak bandar diperkenalkan dengan ketara termasuklah merpati myna, merpati, tikus coklat, ular Eropah, rusa dan rubah merah yang biasa. Banyak pinggir bandar, terutamanya ke arah Lembah Yarra dan bukit-bukit di timur laut dan timur, telah lama berlarutan tanpa kebakaran semula jadi yang mengakibatkan kekurangan anak pokok dan semak belukar di kawasan semak asli perkotaan. Jabatan Kemampanan dan Alam Sekitar sebahagiannya menangani masalah ini dengan kerap membakar. Beberapa taman negara telah ditetapkan di sekitar kawasan bandar Melbourne, termasuk Taman Negara Semenanjung Mornington, Taman Negara Marin Pelabuhan Phillip Heads dan Taman Negara Point Nepean di tenggara, Taman Negara Organ Pipes di utara dan Taman Negara Dandenong Ranges ke timur. Terdapat juga beberapa taman negeri penting di luar Melbourne. Tanggungjawab untuk mengawal pencemaran terletak di bawah bidang kuasa Victoria EPA dan beberapa dewan tempatan. Pencemaran udara, mengikut piawaian dunia, diklasifikasikan sebagai baik. Musim panas dan musim luruh adalah masa terburuk tahun untuk jerebu atmosfera di kawasan bandar. <> Dalam tahun apakah Melbourne menetapkan sasaran untuk mengurangkan pelepasan karbon menjadi sifar bersih? || 2002 <> Dengan apa tahun Melbourne menyatakan ia mahu menjadi neutral karbon sepenuhnya? || 2020 <> Bandar manakah yang memilih untuk tidak menjadi neutral karbon pada tahun 2009? || City of Glen Eira <> Adakah Melbourne mempunyai salah satu tapak kaki karbon terbesar atau terkecil di dunia? || terbesar <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawal pencemaran di Melbourne? || EPA Victoria dan beberapa majlis tempatan", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?", "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6b", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?", "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6c", "answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?", "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6d", "answers": [{"text": "City of Glen Eira", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?", "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6e", "answers": [{"text": "largest", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?", "id": "570e57e50dc6ce1900204f6f", "answers": [{"text": "EPA Victoria and several local councils", "answer_start": 1660}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to attribution of recent climate change, the City of Melbourne, in 2002, set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program, however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed, with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral. Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, resulting in a vast suburban sprawl, with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds. Significant introduced urban pests include the common myna, feral pigeon, brown rat, European wasp, common starling and red fox. Many outlying suburbs, particularly towards the Yarra Valley and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland. The Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off. Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne. Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good. Summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area."}], ["Perjanjian Batman dengan Orang Aborigin telah dibatalkan oleh gabenor New South Wales (yang pada masa itu ditadbir seluruh Australia daratan timur), dengan pampasan yang dibayar kepada anggota persatuan. Pada tahun 1836, Gubernur Bourke mengisytiharkan bandar sebagai modal pentadbiran Daerah Port Phillip di New South Wales, dan menugaskan rancangan pertama untuk kota, Hoddle Grid, pada tahun 1837. Penempatan itu dinamai Batmania setelah Batman. Walau bagaimanapun, kemudian tahun itu penyelesaian itu dinamakan \"Melbourne\" selepas Perdana Menteri Britain, William Lamb, Viscount 2 Melbourne, yang kerusinya adalah Melbourne Hall di pasar bandar Melbourne, Derbyshire. Pada 13 April 1837 pejabat pos jawatan secara rasmi dibuka dengan nama itu. <> Pada tahun berapa rancangan pertama untuk bandar yang ditugaskan? || 1837 <> Apa rancangan pertama bandar itu pada tahun 1837? || Hoddle Grid <> Pada tarikh apa jawatan pejabat jawatan rasmi terbuka? || 13 April 1837 <> Apa penyelesaiannya yang asalnya dinamakan? || Batmania", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?", "id": "570e66100dc6ce190020500d", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?", "id": "570e66100dc6ce190020500e", "answers": [{"text": "the Hoddle Grid", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the official general post office open?", "id": "570e66100dc6ce190020500f", "answers": [{"text": "13 April 1837", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the settlement originally named?", "id": "570e66100dc6ce1900205010", "answers": [{"text": "Batmania", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named \"Melbourne\" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name."}], ["Melbourne mempunyai iklim lautan yang sederhana (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen Cfb) dan terkenal dengan keadaan cuaca yang berubah-ubah. Ini disebabkan terutamanya oleh lokasi Melbourne yang terletak di sempadan kawasan pedalaman yang sangat panas dan lautan selatan sejuk. Pembezaan suhu ini paling ketara pada bulan-bulan musim bunga dan musim panas dan boleh menyebabkan depan sejuk sangat kuat untuk membentuk. Hadapan sejuk ini boleh menjadi tanggung jawab untuk segala macam cuaca yang teruk dari gales hingga ribut petir dan hujan es yang besar, jatuh suhu yang besar, dan hujan lebat. <> Semasa musim mana perbezaan suhu Melbourne yang paling ketara? || musim bunga dan musim panas <> Jenis cuaca yang manakah yang bertanggungjawab terhadap cuaca yang teruk seperti gales, ribut petir, hujan batu, dan hujan lebat di Melbourne? || front cold <> Apakah klasifikasi iklim Koppen Melbourne? || Cfb <> Adakah Melbourne terkenal dengan pola cuaca yang mantap atau mantap? || boleh berubah <> Apa sebabnya untuk pola cuaca yang berubah-ubah di Melbourne? || Lokasi Melbourne terletak di sempadan kawasan pedalaman yang sangat panas dan lautan selatan sejuk", {"qas": [{"question": "During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?", "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ebf", "answers": [{"text": "spring and summer", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?", "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec0", "answers": [{"text": "cold fronts", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?", "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec1", "answers": [{"text": "Cfb", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?", "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec2", "answers": [{"text": "changeable", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?", "id": "570e6b5f0b85d914000d7ec3", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain."}], ["Dari tahun 2006, pertumbuhan bandar diperluas menjadi \"baji hijau\" dan di luar sempadan pertumbuhan bandar bandar. Ramalan penduduk bandar yang mencapai 5 juta orang mendorong kerajaan negeri untuk mengkaji semula sempadan pertumbuhan pada 2008 sebagai sebahagian daripada strategi Melbourne @ Five Million. Pada tahun 2009, Melbourne kurang terjejas oleh krisis kewangan akhir tahun 2000 berbanding dengan bandar raya lain di Australia. Pada masa ini, lebih banyak pekerjaan baru diwujudkan di Melbourne daripada mana-mana bandar raya lain di Australia-hampir sebanyak dua bandar yang paling pesat berkembang, Brisbane dan Perth, gabungan dan pasaran harta tanah Melbourne kekal kukuh, mengakibatkan harga harta tanah yang tinggi pada sejarah dan sewa yang meluas kenaikan. <> Adakah Melbourne lebih kurang terjejas oleh krisis kewangan akhir tahun 2000 berbanding dengan bandar raya lain di Australia? || kurang terjejas <> Yang pasaran di Melbourne kekal kukuh semasa krisis kewangan akhir tahun 2000 dan mengakibatkan harga harta tanah yang tinggi dan kenaikan sewa? || Pasaran hartanah <> Selepas Melbourne, yang merupakan dua bandaraya paling pesat berkembang di Australia pada tahun 2009? || Brisbane dan Perth <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada strategi populasi Melbourne yang telah disemak pada tahun 2008? || Melbourne @ Lima juta strategi", {"qas": [{"question": "Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?", "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e91", "answers": [{"text": "less affected", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases?", "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e92", "answers": [{"text": "property market", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Melbourne, which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009?", "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e93", "answers": [{"text": "Brisbane and Perth", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name given to Melbourne's population strategy that was revised in 2008? ", "id": "570e67a80b85d914000d7e94", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne @ Five Million strategy", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From 2006, the growth of the city extended into \"green wedges\" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy. In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city\u2014almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined, and Melbourne's property market remained strong, resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases."}], ["Lebih dua pertiga daripada Melburnians hanya berbahasa Inggeris di rumah (68.1%). Bahasa Cina (terutamanya Kantonis dan Mandarin) adalah bahasa kedua yang paling biasa diucapkan di rumah (3.6%), dengan bahasa Yunani ketiga, bahasa Itali keempat dan Vietnam, masing-masing dengan lebih daripada 100,000 pembicara. Walaupun penghijrahan interstate bersih Victoria telah berubah-ubah, penduduk bahagian statistik Melbourne telah berkembang sekitar 70,000 orang setahun sejak tahun 2005. Melbourne kini telah menarik sebahagian besar pendatang asing luar negeri (48,000) terbesar yang mendapati ia melebihi pengambilan migran antarabangsa Sydney pada peratusan, bersama-sama dengan penghijrahan antara negeri yang kuat dari Sydney dan ibu negara yang lain kerana lebih banyak perumahan yang mampu dimiliki dan kos sara hidup. <> Berapa peratus daripada Melburnians hanya berbahasa Inggeris di rumah? || 68.1% <> Apakah bahasa kedua yang paling biasa di Melborne? || Cina <> Penduduk bahagian statistik Melbourne telah berkembang sebanyak berapa orang setiap tahun sejak tahun 2005? || 70,000 <> Apa faktor menjadikan Melbourne lebih menarik daripada Sydney untuk pendatang asing? || lebih banyak perumahan yang mampu dimiliki dan kos sara hidup", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?", "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7ead", "answers": [{"text": "68.1%", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?", "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7eae", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?", "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7eaf", "answers": [{"text": "70,000", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?", "id": "570e6a590b85d914000d7eb0", "answers": [{"text": "more affordable housing and cost of living", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home (68.1%). Chinese (mainly Cantonese and Mandarin) is the second-most-common language spoken at home (3.6%), with Greek third, Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth, each with more than 100,000 speakers. Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living."}], ["Satu lagi persoalan alam sekitar baru-baru ini di Melbourne adalah projek kerajaan Victoria saluran mendalamkan Pelabuhan Melbourne dengan mengorek Port Phillip Bay-Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. Ia tertakluk kepada kontroversi dan peraturan yang ketat antara ketakutan bahawa pantai dan hidupan liar marin boleh terjejas oleh gangguan logam berat dan sedimen perindustrian yang lain. Masalah pencemaran utama lain di Melbourne termasuk tahap bakteria termasuk E. coli di Sungai Yarra dan anak sungai yang disebabkan oleh sistem septik, serta sampah. Sehingga 350,000 puntung rokok memasuki larian air ribut setiap hari. Beberapa program sedang dilaksanakan untuk meminimumkan pencemaran pantai dan sungai. Pada Februari 2010, Dekad Peralihan, sebuah inisiatif untuk memindahkan masyarakat, ekonomi dan persekitaran ke arah kemapanan, telah dilancarkan di Melbourne. <> Projek kerajaan mana yang bertujuan untuk mendalamkan pelabuhan Melbourne dengan pengorekan? || Projek Memperluas Saluran Phillip <> Mengapa Projek Mengurangkan Saluran Port Phillip tertakluk kepada kontroversi dan peraturan yang ketat? || kebimbangan bahawa pantai dan hidupan liar boleh terjejas <> Berapa banyak punggung rokok memasuki larian air ribut setiap hari di Melbourne? || 350,000 <> Apakah inisiatif yang dilancarkan di Melbourne pada Februari 2010 sebagai usaha untuk memindahkan masyarakat ke arah kemapanan? || The Decade Transition <> Apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan pencemaran dan tahap bakteria seperti E. coli untuk naik di Sungai Yarra dan anak sungai? || sistem septik, serta sampah", {"qas": [{"question": "Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?", "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed3", "answers": [{"text": "the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations?", "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed4", "answers": [{"text": "fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?", "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed5", "answers": [{"text": "350,000", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability?", "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed6", "answers": [{"text": "The Transition Decade", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries?", "id": "570e6d560b85d914000d7ed7", "answers": [{"text": "septic systems, as well as litter", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay\u2014the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments. Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems, as well as litter. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution. In February 2010, The Transition Decade, an initiative to transition human society, economics and environment towards sustainability, was launched in Melbourne."}], ["Melbourne terkenal sebagai bandar tuan rumah untuk Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1956 (Sukan Olimpik pertama diadakan di hemisfera selatan dan Oceania, dengan semua permainan sebelumnya yang diadakan di Eropah dan Amerika Syarikat), bersama-sama dengan Sukan Komanwel 2006. Melbourne setakat ini bandar paling selatan untuk menjadi tuan rumah permainan. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada tiga acara sukan antarabangsa tahunan utama: Terbuka Australia (salah satu daripada empat kejohanan tenis Grand Slam); Piala Melbourne (perlumbaan kuda); dan Grand Prix Australia (Formula Satu). Selain itu, kejohanan golf Masters Australia diadakan di Melbourne sejak tahun 1979, yang telah diluluskan oleh Jelajah Eropah dari tahun 2006 hingga 2009. Melbourne telah diumumkan sebagai \"City Sports Ultimate World\", pada tahun 2006, 2008 dan 2010. Kota ini adalah rumah ke Muzium Sukan Kebangsaan, sehingga tahun 2003 terletak di luar pavilion anggota di Melbourne Cricket Ground. Ia dibuka semula pada 2008 di Stand Olympic. <> Pada tahun apakah Melbourne bandar tuan rumah untuk Sukan Olimpik pertama diadakan di hemisfera selatan? || 1956 <sebelum Melbourne, di mana semua perlawanan Olimpik diadakan? || Eropah dan Amerika Syarikat <> Dalam apa tiga tahun Melbourne mengumumkan \"City Sports Ultimate World\"? || 2006, 2008 dan 2010 <> Di manakah Muzium Sukan Negara dibuka semula pada tahun 2008? || Sukan Olimpik <> Kota manakah sejauh bandar paling selatan untuk menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik? || Melbourne", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?", "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205003", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?", "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205004", "answers": [{"text": "Europe and the United States", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\"?", "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205005", "answers": [{"text": "2006, 2008 and 2010", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?", "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205006", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Stand", "answer_start": 919}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?", "id": "570e63fe0dc6ce1900205007", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand."}], ["Melbourne juga merupakan pusat kewangan yang penting. Dua daripada empat bank besar, NAB dan ANZ, beribu pejabat di Melbourne. Bandar ini mengukuhkan kedudukan sebagai pusat terkemuka di Australia untuk dana persaraan (dana pencen), dengan 40% daripada jumlah keseluruhan, dan 65% daripada super dana industri termasuk Dana Masa Depan Kerajaan Persekutuan $ 109 bilion dolar. Bandar ini dinilai ke-41 dalam 50 bandar kewangan teratas seperti yang ditinjau oleh Indeks Pusat Perdagangan MasterCard Worldwide (2008), yang kedua hanya ke Sydney (ke-12) di Australia. Melbourne adalah pusat perindustrian kedua terbesar di Australia. Ia adalah pangkalan Australia untuk beberapa pengeluar penting termasuk Boeing, pembuat trak Kenworth dan Iveco, Cadbury serta Bombardier Transportation dan Jayco, antara yang lain. Ia juga merupakan rumah kepada pelbagai pengeluar lain, dari petrokimia dan farmaseutikal hingga pakaian fesyen, pembuatan kertas dan pemprosesan makanan. Pinggir selatan Scoresby terletak di selatan ibu pejabat Nintendo di Australia. Bandar ini juga mempunyai hub penyelidikan dan pembangunan untuk Ford Australia, serta studio reka bentuk global dan pusat teknikal untuk General Motors dan Toyota masing-masing. <> Berapa banyak daripada empat bank besar yang beribu pejabat di Melbourne? || Dua <> Dua daripada empat bank besar yang beribu pejabat di Melbourne? || NAB dan ANZ <> Kota mana yang merupakan pusat perindustrian kedua terbesar di Australia? || Melbourne <> Yang pinggir selatan tenggara adalah ibu pejabat Nintendo di Australia? || Scoresby <> Melbourne adalah rumah kepada pusat penyelidikan dan pembangunan untuk pengeluar kereta mana? || Ford Australia", {"qas": [{"question": "How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?", "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503b", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?", "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503c", "answers": [{"text": "NAB and ANZ", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?", "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503d", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?", "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503e", "answers": [{"text": "Scoresby", "answer_start": 965}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?", "id": "570e69280dc6ce190020503f", "answers": [{"text": "Ford Australia", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively."}], ["Batasan ketinggian di Melbourne CBD telah diangkat pada tahun 1958, selepas pembinaan ICI House, mengubah pemandangan kota dengan pengenalan gedung pencakar langit. Perkembangan pinggir bandar kemudian dipergiatkan, diservis oleh pusat membeli-belah baru bermula dengan Chadstone Shopping Centre. Tempoh pasca perang juga menyaksikan pembaharuan utama CBD dan St Kilda Road yang telah memodenkan bandar dengan ketara. Peraturan kebakaran baru dan pembangunan semula menyaksikan kebanyakan gedung CBD pra-perang yang lebih tinggi sama ada dirobohkan atau sebahagiannya dikekalkan melalui dasar fasadisme. Banyak rumah besar pinggir bandar yang lebih besar dari era boom juga sama ada dirobohkan atau dibahagikan. <> Dalam tahun apakah had ketinggian tinggi di Melbourne CBD? || 1958 <> Di manakah pusat membeli-belah dalaman pertama di Melbourne? || Pusat Beli-Belah Chadstone <> Apa yang berlaku kepada banyak rumah-rumah pinggir bandar yang lebih besar dari era boom? || dibongkar atau dibahagikan <dua> kawasan mana yang mengalami pembaharuan yang ketara selepas tempoh pasca perang dan dengan ketara dimodernisasi bandar? || CBD dan St Kilda Road", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?", "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e7f", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?", "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e80", "answers": [{"text": "Chadstone Shopping Centre", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?", "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e81", "answers": [{"text": "demolished or subdivided", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?", "id": "570e61ce0b85d914000d7e82", "answers": [{"text": "CBD and St Kilda Road", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city. New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided."}], ["Tata letak pinggir pinggir bandar dalam corak grid sebilangan besar, dipotong oleh jalan radial yang luas, dan rentetan taman-taman di sekitar bandar pusat ditubuhkan pada tahun 1850-an dan 1860-an. Kawasan-kawasan ini telah dipenuhi dengan cepat dari pertengahan tahun 1850-an oleh rumah teres di mana-mana, serta rumah-rumah berkembar dan beberapa rumah besar di kawasan yang besar, sementara beberapa jalan utama dibangunkan sebagai jalan membeli-belah. Melbourne dengan cepat menjadi pusat kewangan utama, rumah kepada beberapa bank, Royal Mint, dan bursa saham pertama Australia pada tahun 1861. Pada tahun 1855, Melbourne Cricket Club memperoleh kepemilikan tanahnya yang terkenal sekarang, MCG. Ahli-ahli Kelab Bola Sepak Melbourne memodifikasi bola sepak Australia pada tahun 1859, dan kelab-kelab mendayung Yarra dan \"regattas\" menjadi popular pada masa yang sama. Pada tahun 1861, Melbourne Cup pertama kali dijalankan. Pada tahun 1864 Melbourne memperoleh monumen awam pertama-patung Burke dan Wills. <> Dalam masa dua dekad apakah tata letak di pinggir bandar Melbourne terbentuk? || 1850-an dan 1860-an <> Pada tahun apakah Melbourne Cricket Club memperoleh kepercayaan tanahnya yang terkenal sekarang, MCG? || 1855 <> Sekitar tahun berapa banyak kelab mendayung Yarra dan \"regattas\" menjadi popular? || 1859 <> Pada tahun apakah Melbourne pertama berlari? || 1861 <> Apakah monsum awam pertama yang diperoleh di Melbourne pada tahun 1864? || patung Burke dan Wills", {"qas": [{"question": "In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?", "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea3", "answers": [{"text": "1850s and 1860s", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?", "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea4", "answers": [{"text": "1855", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and \"regattas\" become popular?", "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea5", "answers": [{"text": "1859", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?", "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea6", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?", "id": "570e69d10b85d914000d7ea7", "answers": [{"text": "the Burke and Wills statue", "answer_start": 888}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and \"regattas\" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument\u2014the Burke and Wills statue."}], ["Sesetengah sekolah Australia yang paling menonjol dan terkenal berpusat di Melbourne. Daripada dua puluh sekolah tinggi di Australia mengikut ranking Pendidikan Lebih Baik, enam terletak di Melbourne. Terdapat juga peningkatan pesat dalam bilangan pelajar antarabangsa yang belajar di bandar. Tambahan pula, Melbourne menduduki ranking universiti tertinggi keempat dunia pada tahun 2008 selepas London, Boston dan Tokyo dalam tinjauan yang ditugaskan oleh Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Melbourne adalah rumah tujuh universiti awam: Universiti Melbourne, Universiti Monash, Institut Teknologi Royal Melbourne (Universiti RMIT), Universiti Deakin, Universiti La Trobe, Universiti Teknologi Swinburne dan Universiti Victoria. <> Berapa banyak daripada dua puluh sekolah tinggi sin perguruan tinggi Australia yang terletak di Mebourne menurut kedudukan Pendidikan Lebih Baik? || enam <> Menurut Institut Teknologi Toyal Melbourne, bagaimana kedudukan Melborne sebagai sebuah universiti terkemuka di dunia pada tahun 2008? || keempat <> Berapa banyak universiti awam yang terletak di Melbourne? || tujuh <> Adakah Universiti Melbourne sebuah institusi awam atau swasta? || awam <> Adakah terdapat kenaikan atau penurunan baru-baru ini dalam pelajar antarabangsa yang belajar di Melbourne? || peningkatan pesat", {"qas": [{"question": "How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?", "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e75", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008?", "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e76", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many public universities are located in Melbourne?", "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e77", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution?", "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e78", "answers": [{"text": "public", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne?", "id": "570e5fa90b85d914000d7e79", "answers": [{"text": "rapid increase", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some of Australia's most prominent and well known schools are based in Melbourne. Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the Better Education ranking, six are located in Melbourne. There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city. Furthermore, Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Melbourne is the home of seven public universities: the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), Deakin University, La Trobe University, Swinburne University of Technology and Victoria University."}], ["Grid Hoddle (dimensi 1 hingga 1/2 batu (1.61 hingga 0.80 km) membentuk pusat perniagaan pusat Melbourne. Depan tepi grid di tepi Yarra. Perkembangan pejabat, komersil dan awam di daerah-daerah Southbank dan Docklands yang bersebelahan telah menjadikan kawasan-kawasan yang dibangun semula ini menjadi lanjutan CBD dalam semua tetapi nama. Pusat bandar ini mempunyai reputasi untuk lorong-lorong dan arcade yang bersejarah dan terkenal (terutamanya Block Place dan Royal Arcade) yang mengandungi pelbagai kedai dan kafe dan merupakan hasil sampingan susun atur bandar. <> Apakah dimensi Grid Hoddle? || 1 by 1/2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km) <> Yang tepi Hoddle Grid menghadap ke Sungai Yarra? || selatan <> Apa nama arked yang popular yang terletak di dalam Grid Hoddle? || Royal Arcade", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?", "id": "570e72df0dc6ce190020508f", "answers": [{"text": "1 by 1\u20442 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?", "id": "570e72df0dc6ce1900205090", "answers": [{"text": "southern", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?", "id": "570e72df0dc6ce1900205091", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Arcade", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1\u20442 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades (most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and caf\u00e9s and are a byproduct of the city's layout."}], ["Majlis-majlis tempatan bertanggungjawab menyediakan fungsi yang ditetapkan dalam Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1989 seperti perancangan bandar dan pengurusan sisa. Kebanyakan perkhidmatan kerajaan yang lain disediakan atau dikawal selia oleh kerajaan negeri Victoria, yang mengawal dari Dewan Parlimen di Spring Street. Ini termasuk perkhidmatan yang berkaitan dengan kerajaan tempatan di negara lain dan termasuk pengangkutan awam, jalan utama, kawalan lalu lintas, kepolisan, pendidikan di atas peringkat prasekolah, kesihatan dan perancangan projek infrastruktur utama. Kerajaan negeri mengekalkan hak untuk mengatasi keputusan kerajaan tempatan tertentu, termasuk perancangan bandar, dan isu-isu Melburn sering muncul dalam pilihan raya negeri. <> Yang bertindak menetapkan fungsi untuk Melbourne seperti perancangan bandar dan pengurusan sisa? || Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1989 <> Dari mana kerajaan negeri Victoria beroperasi? || Rumah Parlimen di Jalan Spring <> Berbeza dengan tuduhan lain, adalah pengangkutan awam, kawalan lalu lintas, kepolisan, dan pendidikan tanggungjawab kerajaan tempatan atau negeri? || kerajaan negeri", {"qas": [{"question": "Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management?", "id": "570e72420dc6ce190020507f", "answers": [{"text": "Local Government Act 1989", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where does the Victorian state government operate?", "id": "570e72420dc6ce1900205080", "answers": [{"text": "Parliament House in Spring Street", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Contrary to other countires, are public transport, traffic control, policing, and education the responsibility of local or state government?", "id": "570e72420dc6ce1900205081", "answers": [{"text": "state government", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989 such as urban planning and waste management. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include services which are associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects. The state government retains the right to override certain local government decisions, including urban planning, and Melburnian issues often feature prominently in state election."}], ["Pengangkutan kapal merupakan komponen penting dalam sistem pengangkutan Melbourne. Pelabuhan Melbourne adalah bekas kontena dan kargo umum terbesar di Australia dan juga yang paling sibuk. Pelabuhan itu mengendalikan dua juta perkapalan perkapalan dalam tempoh 12 bulan sepanjang tahun 2007, menjadikannya salah satu daripada lima pelabuhan teratas di Hemisfera Selatan. Stesen Pier di Pelabuhan Phillip Bay adalah terminal kapal penumpang utama dengan kapal pesiar dan feri Spirit of Tasmania yang melintasi Selat Bass ke Tasmania. Feri dan teksi air berlari dari dermaga di sepanjang Sungai Yarra sejauh hulu seperti Yarra Selatan dan di seberang Port Phillip Bay. <> Pelabuhan mana pelabuhan kontena dan kargo am terbesar di Australia? || Pelabuhan Melbourne <> Seberapa jauh hulu ke taksi air berjalan di sepanjang Sungai Yarra? || Yarra Selatan <> Berapa banyak bekas perkapalan yang dilakukan oleh Pelabuhan Melbourne semasa tempoh 12 bulan pada tahun 2007, menjadikannya salah satu daripada lima pelabuhan teratas di Hemisfera Selatan? || dua juta <> Yang merupakan pelabuhan tersibuk di Australia? || Pelabuhan Melbourne <> Di mana Pier Station terletak? || Port Phillip Bay", {"qas": [{"question": "Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?", "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f21", "answers": [{"text": "The Port of Melbourne", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?", "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f22", "answers": [{"text": "South Yarra", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?", "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f23", "answers": [{"text": "two million", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is Australia's busiest port?", "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f24", "answers": [{"text": "The Port of Melbourne", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Station Pier located?", "id": "570e74830b85d914000d7f25", "answers": [{"text": "Port Phillip Bay", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay."}], ["Melbourne sering dirujuk sebagai bandar taman Australia, dan keadaan Victoria pernah dikenali sebagai negara taman. Terdapat banyak taman dan taman di Melbourne, banyak berhampiran dengan CBD dengan pelbagai spesis tumbuhan yang biasa dan jarang ditemui di tengah-tengah landskap pemandangan, laluan pejalan kaki dan jalan-jalan pokok. Taman-taman Melbourne sering dianggap taman awam terbaik di semua bandar utama di Australia. Terdapat juga banyak taman di sekitar pinggir bandar Melbourne, seperti di majlis perbandaran Stonnington, Boroondara dan Port Phillip, tenggara wilayah perniagaan pusat. Kawasan luas yang diliputi oleh bandar Melbourne secara formal dibahagikan kepada ratusan pinggir bandar (untuk tujuan dan tujuan pos), dan ditadbir sebagai daerah kerajaan daerah 31 yang terletak di dalam kawasan metropolitan. <> Bandar manakah yang sering dirujuk sebagai bandar taman Australia? || Melbourne <> Yang mana negeri Australia pernah dikenali sebagai negeri taman? || Victoria <> Mengapa Melbourne bandar dibahagikan kepada ratusan pinggir bandar? || alamat dan tujuan pos", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?", "id": "570e70c30b85d914000d7eff", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?", "id": "570e70c30b85d914000d7f00", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?", "id": "570e70c30b85d914000d7f01", "answers": [{"text": "addressing and postal purposes", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the central business district. The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area."}], ["RMIT University juga menduduki ranking antara 51-100 universiti teratas di dunia dalam subjek: perakaunan, Perniagaan dan Pengurusan, komunikasi dan kajian media, sains komputer dan sistem maklumat. Universiti Teknologi Swinburne, yang berpusat di bandar dalaman Melbourne Hawthorn menduduki ranking 76-100 di dunia untuk Fizik oleh Ranking Akademik Universiti Dunia menjadikan Swinburne satu-satunya universiti Australia di luar Kumpulan Lapan untuk mencapai kedudukan 100 teratas dalam disiplin sains. Universiti Deakin mengekalkan dua kampus utama di Melbourne dan Geelong, dan merupakan universiti ketiga terbesar di Victoria. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, bilangan pelajar antarabangsa di universiti Melbourne telah meningkat dengan pesat, hasil daripada peningkatan jumlah tempat disediakan kepada pelajar membayar yuran penuh. Pendidikan di Melbourne diawasi oleh Jabatan Pendidikan dan Pembangunan Awal Kanak-kanak (DEECD) Victoria, yang berperanan untuk 'memberikan nasihat dasar dan perancangan untuk penyampaian pendidikan'. <> Universiti mana yang mana mempunyai dua kampus utama di Melbourne dan Geelong dan merupakan universiti ketiga terbesar di Victoria? || Deakin University <> Apakah peranan DEECD? || 'memberikan nasihat dasar dan perancangan untuk penyampaian pendidikan <> Siapa yang mengawasi pendidikan di Melbourne? || Jabatan Pendidikan Victoria dan Pembangunan Awal Kanak-Kanak (DEECD)", {"qas": [{"question": "Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?", "id": "570e704e0b85d914000d7ef9", "answers": [{"text": "Deakin University", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the role of the DEECD?", "id": "570e704e0b85d914000d7efa", "answers": [{"text": "'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who oversees education in Melbourne?", "id": "570e704e0b85d914000d7efb", "answers": [{"text": "Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "RMIT University was also ranked among the top 51\u2013100 universities in the world in the subjects of: accounting, Business and Management, communication and media studies, computer science and information systems. The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn is ranked 76\u2013100 in the world for Physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities making Swinburne the only Australian university outside the Group of Eight to achieve a top 100 rating in a science discipline. Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students. Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'."}], ["Untuk mengatasi trend ke arah pertumbuhan kediaman pinggir bandar yang berkepadatan rendah, kerajaan memulakan satu siri projek perumahan awam yang kontroversi di bandar dalaman oleh Suruhanjaya Perumahan Victoria, yang mengakibatkan pembongkaran banyak kawasan dan penambahan menara bertingkat tinggi. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, dengan peningkatan pesat pemilikan kenderaan bermotor, pelaburan di lebuh raya dan pembangunan lebuh raya telah mempercepat pemisahan pinggir bandar luar bandar dan penurunan penduduk bandar dalam. Kerajaan Bolte berusaha dengan cepat mempercepatkan pemodenan Melbourne. Projek-projek jalan utama termasuk pembentukan semula St Kilda Junction, peluasan Hoddle Street dan kemudian Pelan Pengangkutan Melbourne 1969 yang banyak mengubah wajah bandar menjadi persekitaran yang dikuasai kereta. <> Pelaburan dalam apa yang mempercepatkan pengeluaran bandar pedalaman dan bandar pedalaman? || jalan raya dan pembangunan lebuh raya <> Kerajaan manakah yang cuba mempercepatkan pemodenan Melbourne? || Bolte <> Pelebaran jalan apa yang membantu mengubah wajah Melbourne ke dalam persekitaran yang dikuasai kereta? || Hoddle Street <Adakah 1969 Rancangan Pengangkutan Melbourne mengubah Melbourne ke persekitaran yang lebih didominasi atau dikuasai tram? || kereta yang dikuasai <> Adakah peningkatan pesat pemilikan kenderaan bermotor dan perkembangan lebuh raya membawa kepada peningkatan penduduk bandar dalam? || menurun", {"qas": [{"question": "Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?", "id": "570e6e990dc6ce1900205057", "answers": [{"text": "freeway and highway developments", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?", "id": "570e6e990dc6ce1900205058", "answers": [{"text": "Bolte", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?", "id": "570e6e990dc6ce1900205059", "answers": [{"text": "Hoddle Street", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?", "id": "570e6e990dc6ce190020505a", "answers": [{"text": "car-dominated", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?", "id": "570e6e990dc6ce190020505b", "answers": [{"text": "declining", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers. In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment."}], ["Port Phillip sering lebih hangat daripada lautan dan / atau jajahan di sekitarnya, terutamanya pada musim bunga dan musim luruh; ini dapat menubuhkan \"kesan teluk\" yang serupa dengan \"kesan tasik\" yang dilihat di dalam iklim yang lebih sejuk di mana hujan semakin bertambah. Aliran yang agak sempit mandi berat sering menyentuh tempat-tempat yang sama (biasanya pinggiran timur) untuk tempoh yang panjang, manakala selebihnya Melbourne dan mengelilingi tetap kering. Secara keseluruhannya, Melbourne adalah, disebabkan oleh bayangan hujan dari Rentang Otway, namun lebih kering daripada purata untuk Victoria Selatan. Di dalam bandar dan mengelilingi, bagaimanapun, hujan bervariasi, dari sekitar 425 milimeter (17 in) di Little River hingga 1,250 milimeter (49 in) di pinggir timur di Gembrook. Melbourne menerima 48.6 kali sehari. Suhu embun pada musim panas berkisar antara 9.5 \u00b0 C (49.1 \u00b0 F) hingga 11.7 \u00b0 C (53.1 \u00b0 F). <> Lebih kurang berapa hari yang cerah yang Melbourne terima setiap tahun? || 48.6 <> Berapakah suhu tepu Melbourne di musim panas? || 9.5 \u00b0 C (49.1 \u00b0 F) hingga 11.7 \u00b0 C (53.1 \u00b0 F) <> Pinggir bandar mana yang mana biasanya dipengaruhi oleh aliran air hujan yang agak sempit? || pinggir timur <> Adakah Port Phillip umumnya lebih panas atau lebih sejuk daripada lautan dan / atau jajahan darat? || panas", {"qas": [{"question": "Approximately how many sunny days does Melbourne receive annually?", "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f05", "answers": [{"text": "48.6", "answer_start": 753}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of Melbourne's dewpoint temperatures in the summer?", "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f06", "answers": [{"text": "9.5 \u00b0C (49.1 \u00b0F) to 11.7 \u00b0C (53.1 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which suburbs usually are affected by relatively narrow streams of heavy showers?", "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f07", "answers": [{"text": "eastern suburbs", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is Port Phillip generally warmer or colder than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass?", "id": "570e719b0b85d914000d7f08", "answers": [{"text": "warmer", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a \"bay effect\" similar to the \"lake effect\" seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, Melbourne is, owing to the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges, nonetheless drier than average for southern Victoria. Within the city and surrounds, however, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 millimetres (17 in) at Little River to 1,250 millimetres (49 in) on the eastern fringe at Gembrook. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 \u00b0C (49.1 \u00b0F) to 11.7 \u00b0C (53.1 \u00b0F)."}], ["Peraturan bola sepak dan kriket Australia adalah sukan paling popular di Melbourne. Ia dianggap rumah rohani dua sukan di Australia. Pertandingan kriket Ujian rasmi pertama telah dimainkan di Melbourne Cricket Ground pada bulan Mac 1877. Asal-usul bola sepak peraturan Australia dapat dikesan untuk pertandingan yang dimainkan di sebelah MCG pada tahun 1858. Liga Bola Sepak Australia berkantor pusat di Docklands Stadium. Sembilan pasukan Liga didasarkan pada kawasan metropolitan Melbourne: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Melbourne Utara, Richmond, St Kilda, dan Bulldog Barat. Sehingga lima perlawanan AFL dimainkan setiap minggu di Melbourne, menarik seramai 40,000 orang setiap perlawanan. Di samping itu, bandar ini menganjurkan akhir AFL Grand Final setiap tahun. <> Apakah dua sukan paling popular di Melbourne? || Peraturan bola sepak Australia dan kriket <> Bilakah perlawanan kriket Ujian rasmi yang pertama dimainkan di Melbourne Cricket Ground? || Mac 1877 <> Di mana Liga Bola Sepak Australia beribu pejabat? || Stadium Docklands <> Berapa banyak pasukan Liga Bola Sepak Australia yang berpusat di kawasan metropolitan Melbourne? || Sembilan <> Sehingga berapa banyak pertandingan AFL dimainkan setiap minggu di Melbourne? || lima", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two most popular sports in Melbourne?", "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f17", "answers": [{"text": "Australian rules football and cricket", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first official Test cricket match played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground?", "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f18", "answers": [{"text": "March 1877", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Australian Football League headquartered?", "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f19", "answers": [{"text": "Docklands Stadium", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the Australian Football League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area?", "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f1a", "answers": [{"text": "Nine", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne?", "id": "570e73f00b85d914000d7f1b", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne. It is considered the spiritual home of the two sports in Australia. The first official Test cricket match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. The origins of Australian rules football can be traced to matches played next to the MCG in 1858. The Australian Football League is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Up to five AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne, attracting an average 40,000 people per game. Additionally, the city annually hosts the AFL Grand Final."}], ["Bandar ini diiktiraf kerana campuran seni bina moden yang berpotongan dengan pelbagai bangunan abad kesembilan belas dan awal abad ke-20. Beberapa bangunan bersejarah yang paling arkitek termasuk Bangunan Pameran Diraja yang disenaraikan di Tapak Warisan Dunia, yang dibina selama dua tahun untuk Pameran Antarabangsa Melbourne pada tahun 1880, AC Goode House, sebuah bangunan Neo Gothic yang terletak di Collins Street yang direka oleh Wright, Reed & Beaver (1891), Gothic gaya Venice Venetian Old Stock Exchange (1888), Gothic Bank (1883) William Wardell yang mempunyai beberapa bahagian dalaman yang hebat di Melbourne, Rumah Parlimen yang tidak lengkap, Katedral St Paul (1891) dan Stesen Flinders Street 1909), yang merupakan stesen keretapi komuter paling sibuk di dunia pada pertengahan tahun 1920-an. <> Stesen keretapi mana yang paling sibuk di dunia pada pertengahan tahun 1920-an? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Pada tahun apakah pembinaan di Flinders Street Station selesai? || 1909 <> Di mana jalan itu terdapat A.C. Goode House? || Collins Street <> Siapa yang merancang A.C. Goode House? || Wright, Reed & Beaver <> Apa gaya seni bina adalah A.C. Goode House? || Neo Gothic", {"qas": [{"question": "Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s?", "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205095", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed?", "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205096", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which street is the A.C. Goode House located?", "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205097", "answers": [{"text": "Collins Street", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the A.C. Goode House?", "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205098", "answers": [{"text": "Wright, Reed & Beaver", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House?", "id": "570e737a0dc6ce1900205099", "answers": [{"text": "Neo Gothic", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is recognised for its mix of modern architecture which intersects with an extensive range of nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings. Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building, constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, A.C. Goode House, a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright, Reed & Beaver (1891), William Pitt's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange (1888), William Wardell's Gothic Bank (1883) which features some of Melbourne's finest interiors, the incomplete Parliament House, St Paul's Cathedral (1891) and Flinders Street Station (1909), which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s."}], ["Rangkaian kereta api Melbourne mempunyai asal-usulnya di dalam barisan persendirian dari era emas pada tahun 1850-an, dan hari ini rangkaian pinggir bandar terdiri daripada 209 stesen pinggir bandar di 16 laluan yang memancar dari Loop Bandar, sebahagian metro bawah tanah rangkaian di bawah Pusat Perniagaan Daerah (Hoddle Grid). Stesen Flinders Street adalah stesen keretapi yang paling sibuk di Melbourne, dan merupakan stesen penumpang yang paling sibuk di dunia pada tahun 1926. Ia tetap menjadi tempat penting dan tempat pertemuan Melbourne yang terkenal. Bandar ini mempunyai sambungan kereta api dengan bandar-bandar Victoria serantau, serta perkhidmatan kereta api antara negeri langsung ke Sydney dan Adelaide dan di luar yang berlepas dari terminal kereta api utama Melbourne, Southern Cross Station di Spencer Street. Dalam tahun kewangan 2013-2014, rangkaian kereta api Melbourne mencatatkan 232.0 juta perjalanan penumpang, yang tertinggi dalam sejarahnya. Banyak laluan kereta api, bersama-sama dengan laluan khusus dan laluan kereta api juga digunakan untuk pengangkutan. The Overland ke Adelaide berlepas Southern Cross dua kali seminggu, sementara XPT ke Sydney berangkat dua kali sehari. <> Berapa banyak rangkaian yang ada di rangkaian kereta api Melbourne? || 16 <> Stesen kereta api mana yang paling sibuk di Melbourne? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Stesen kereta api Melbourne yang mana merupakan stesen penumpang yang paling sibuk di dunia pada tahun 1926? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Di mana tahun kewangan apakah rangkaian kereta api Melbourne mencatatkan jumlah penumpang tertinggi? || 2013-2014 <> Berapa kerapkah XPT ke Sydney berlepas? || dua kali sehari", {"qas": [{"question": "How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have?", "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205061", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?", "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205062", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Melbourne rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926?", "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205063", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips?", "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205064", "answers": [{"text": "2013\u20132014", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often does the XPT to Sydney depart?", "id": "570e6f710dc6ce1900205065", "answers": [{"text": "twice a day", "answer_start": 1041}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013\u20132014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day."}], ["Selepas trend penurunan kepadatan penduduk sejak Perang Dunia II, bandar telah menyaksikan ketumpatan yang semakin meningkat di pinggir bandar dan pinggir bandar barat, dibantu sebahagiannya oleh perancangan Kerajaan Victoria, seperti Poskod 3000 dan Melbourne 2030 yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan kekurangan bandar. Menurut Biro Perangkaan Australia menjelang Jun 2013, kota dalam Melbourne mempunyai kepadatan penduduk tertinggi dengan 12,400 orang per km2. Sekitar pinggir kota bandar mengalami peningkatan kepadatan penduduk antara 2012 dan 2013; Carlton (9,000 orang per km2) dan Fitzroy (7.900). <> Apa yang terdapat di Poskod 3000 dan Melbourne 2030 bertujuan untuk dilakukan? || menghalang khalayak bandar <> Berapa ramai orang yang mempunyai Carlton per km2 antara tahun 2012 dan 2013? || 9,000 <> Berapa ramai orang yang melakukan Fitzroy setiap km2 antara tahun 2012 dan 2013? || 7,900 <> Menurut Biro Perangkaan Australia pada Jun 2013, kota dalam Melbourne mempunyai kepadatan penduduk berapa orang per km2? || 12,400", {"qas": [{"question": "What have Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 aimed to do?", "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f35", "answers": [{"text": "curtail urban sprawl", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?", "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f36", "answers": [{"text": "9,000", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people did Fitzroy have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?", "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f37", "answers": [{"text": "7,900", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had a population density of how many people per km2?", "id": "570e7b8c0b85d914000d7f38", "answers": [{"text": "12,400", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had the highest population density with 12,400 people per km2. Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013; Carlton (9,000 people per km2) and Fitzroy (7,900)."}], ["Tiga akhbar harian melayani Melbourne: Herald Sun (tabloid), The Age (dahulunya broadsheet, kini padat) dan The Australian (broadsheet nasional). Enam Melbourne (HSV), Sembilan Melbourne (GTV), Ten Melbourne (ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) - televisyen komuniti. Setiap stesen (tidak termasuk C31) menyiarkan saluran utama dan beberapa berbilang saluran. C31 hanya disiarkan dari pemancar di Gunung Dandenong dan Yarra Selatan. Syarikat-syarikat media digital / cetak hibrid seperti Broadsheet dan ThreeThousand berpusat di dan terutamanya berkhidmat di Melbourne. <> Berapa banyak akhbar harian yang melayani Melbourne? || Tiga <> Berapa banyak perkhidmatan stesen televisyen percuma ke udara Greater Melbourne dan Geelong? || Enam <> Dari mana penyiaran C31? || pemancar di Gunung Dandenong dan Selatan Yarra <> Apa jenis syarikat Broadsheet dan ThreeThousand? || Media digital / cetak hibrid", {"qas": [{"question": "How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne?", "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c3", "answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong?", "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c4", "answers": [{"text": "Six", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where is C31 broadcast?", "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c5", "answers": [{"text": "transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand?", "id": "570e79000dc6ce19002050c6", "answers": [{"text": "Hybrid digital/print media", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the Herald Sun (tabloid), The Age (formerly broadsheet, now compact) and The Australian (national broadsheet). Six free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong: ABC Victoria, (ABV), SBS Victoria (SBS), Seven Melbourne (HSV), Nine Melbourne (GTV), Ten Melbourne (ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) \u2013 community television. Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels. C31 is only broadcast from the transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra. Hybrid digital/print media companies such as Broadsheet and ThreeThousand are based in and primarily serve Melbourne."}], ["Melbourne mempunyai sistem pengangkutan awam bersepadu yang terletak di sekitar sistem kereta api, trem, bas dan teksi yang luas. Stesen Flinders Street adalah stesen penumpang paling sibuk di dunia pada tahun 1927 dan rangkaian trem Melbourne mengatasi Sydney untuk menjadi yang terbesar di dunia pada tahun 1940-an, pada masa itu 25% pelancong menggunakan pengangkutan awam tetapi pada tahun 2003 ia telah berkurangan hanya 7.6%. Sistem pengangkutan awam telah diswastakan pada tahun 1999, melambangkan kemuncak kemerosotan. Walaupun penswastaan dan kerajaan berturut-turut berterusan dengan pembangunan bandar yang berpusatkan secara automatik ke abad ke-21, sejak itu terdapat peningkatan yang besar dalam perlindungan pengangkutan awam, dengan cara mod untuk penumpang meningkat kepada 14.8% dan 8.4% dari semua perjalanan. Sasaran 20% mod pengangkutan awam untuk Melbourne pada tahun 2020 telah ditetapkan oleh kerajaan negeri pada tahun 2006. Sejak tahun 2006 perlindungan angkat umum telah meningkat lebih dari 20%. <> Stesen kereta api yang mana merupakan stesen penumpang yang paling sibuk di dunia pada tahun 1927? || Stesen Flinders Street <> Pada tahun 1940-an, berapa peratus pelancong menggunakan pengangkutan awam? || 25% <> Pada tahun 2003, berapa peratus pelancong menggunakan pengangkutan awam? || 7.6% <> Dalam tahun berapa sistem pengangkutan awam diswastakan? || 1999 <> Apakah peratusan sasaran saham mod pengangkutan awam yang ditetapkan oleh kerajaan negeri pada tahun 2006? || 20%", {"qas": [{"question": "Which rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927?", "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d3", "answers": [{"text": "Flinders Street Station", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1940s, what percentage of travellers used public transport?", "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d4", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?", "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d5", "answers": [{"text": "7.6%", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the public transport system privatised?", "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d6", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006?", "id": "570e7da40dc6ce19002050d7", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s, at which time 25% of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6%. The public transport system was privatised in 1999, symbolising the peak of the decline. Despite privatisation and successive governments persisting with auto-centric urban development into the 21st century, there have since been large increases in public transport patronage, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips. A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006. Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20%."}], ["Pertunjukan televisyen dihasilkan di Melbourne, terutamanya Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Pemenang dan Pemenang, Keturunan, Underbelly, Suami Rumah, Wentworth dan Miss Fisher Pembunuhan Misteri, bersama dengan program berasaskan berita kebangsaan seperti Projek, Insiders dan ABC News Breakfast . Melbourne juga dikenali sebagai modal pameran permainan Australia; pengeluaran seperti Juta Dollar Minute, Jutawan Hot Millionaire dan Family Feud semuanya berpangkalan di Melbourne. Pengeluaran televisyen realiti seperti Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, Blok dan Real Housewives of Melbourne semuanya difilmkan di dalam dan sekitar Melbourne. <> Di manakah Million Dollar Minute dan Feud Keluarga berdasarkan? || Melbourne <> Di mana Menari dengan Bintang, MasterChef, dan Blok difilemkan? || di dalam dan sekitar Melbourne <> Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Pemenang dan Rugi, Keturunan, dan Underbelly adalah contoh-contoh media apa yang dihasilkan di Melbourne? || Televisyen menunjukkan <> Antara program berasaskan berita nasional yang berpusat di Melbourne? || Projek, Insiders dan ABC News Sarapan <> Kota mana yang dikenali sebagai modal pameran permainan Australia? || Melbourne", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are Million Dollar Minute and Family Feud based?", "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f3d", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, and The Block filmed?", "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f3e", "answers": [{"text": "in and around Melbourne", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Winners and Losers, Offspring, and Underbelly are examples of what kind of media produced in Melbourne?", "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f3f", "answers": [{"text": "Television shows", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which national news-based programs are based in Melbourne?", "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f40", "answers": [{"text": "The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is known as the game show capital of Australia?", "id": "570e7c160b85d914000d7f41", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Television shows are produced in Melbourne, most notably Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Winners and Losers, Offspring, Underbelly , House Husbands, Wentworth and Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, along with national news-based programs such as The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast. Melbourne is also known as the game show capital of Australia; productions such as Million Dollar Minute, Millionaire Hot Seat and Family Feud are all based in Melbourne. Reality television productions such as Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, The Block and The Real Housewives of Melbourne are all filmed in and around Melbourne."}], ["Institusi prestasi hidup Melbourne bermula dari asas kota, dengan teater pertama, Pavilion, dibuka pada tahun 1841. Daerah Teater East End di kota ini termasuk teater yang juga tarikh dari 1850-an hingga 1920-an, termasuk Teater Putri, Teater Regent, Her Teater Majesty, Teater Forum, Teater Comedy, dan Teater Athenaeum. Presint Seni Melbourne di Southbank adalah rumah kepada Pusat Kesenian Melbourne, yang merangkumi Teater Negara, Hamer Hall, Playhouse dan Fairfax Studio. Melbourne Recital Centre dan Southbank Theater (rumah utama MTC, termasuk ruang prestasi Sumner dan Lawler) juga terletak di Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, yang bermula dari tahun 1955, terletak di taman Kings Domain; dan Teater Palais adalah ciri pantai St Kilda Beach. <> Teater mana yang merupakan institusi persembahan langsung pertama di Melbourne? || Pavilion <> Pada tahun berapa Pavilion dibuka? || 1841 <> The Princess Theatre, Theatre Regent, dan Teater Forum adalah ahli di mana daerah teater Melbourne? || East End Theatre District <> Di mana Melbourne Recital Centre dan Southbank Theater terletak? || Southbank <> Dari tahun berapa lagu Bowl Muzik Sidney Myer? || 1955", {"qas": [{"question": "Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?", "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050b9", "answers": [{"text": "Pavilion", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Pavilion open?", "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050ba", "answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?", "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050bb", "answers": [{"text": "East End Theatre District", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?", "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050bc", "answers": [{"text": "Southbank", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?", "id": "570e78860dc6ce19002050bd", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore."}], ["Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, Melton, Wyndham dan Casey, sebahagian daripada bahagian statistik Melbourne, telah mencatatkan kadar pertumbuhan tertinggi semua kawasan kerajaan tempatan di Australia. Melbourne boleh mengatasi penduduk Sydney menjelang 2028, ABS menjangkakan dalam dua senario bahawa Sydney akan kekal lebih besar daripada Melbourne melebihi 2056, walaupun dengan margin kurang daripada 3% berbanding dengan margin 12% hari ini. Penduduk Melbourne dapat mengatasi Sydney sebanyak 2037 atau 2039, menurut senario pertama yang diunjurkan oleh ABS; terutamanya disebabkan oleh tahap kerugian penghijrahan dalaman yang lebih besar yang diandaikan untuk Sydney. Satu lagi kajian mendakwa bahawa Melbourne akan melepasi Sydney dalam populasi pada tahun 2040. <> Penduduk Melbourne boleh mengatasi Sydney sebanyak 2037 atau 2039 terutamanya disebabkan faktor apa? || Kerugian penghijrahan dalaman yang lebih besar diandaikan untuk Sydney <> Menurut senario pertama yang diunjurkan oleh ABS, berapa lama Melbourne boleh mengatasi tahap penduduk Sydney? || 2037 atau 2039 <> Berapa banyak senario Sydney akan kekal lebih tinggi daripada Melbourne dalam populasi melebihi 2056? || dua", {"qas": [{"question": "Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?", "id": "570e779d0dc6ce19002050b3", "answers": [{"text": "larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?", "id": "570e779d0dc6ce19002050b4", "answers": [{"text": "2037 or 2039", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?", "id": "570e779d0dc6ce19002050b5", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028, The ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039, according to the first scenario projected by the ABS; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney. Another study claims that Melbourne will surpass Sydney in population by 2040."}], ["Melbourne mempunyai empat lapangan terbang. Lapangan Terbang Melbourne, di Tullamarine, merupakan gerbang antarabangsa dan domestik utama di bandar dan paling sibuk kedua di Australia. Lapangan terbang adalah pangkalan utama bagi syarikat penerbangan penumpang Jetstar Airways dan Tiger Airways Australia dan syarikat penerbangan kargo Australia Air Express and Priority Toll; dan merupakan hab utama untuk Qantas dan Virgin Australia. Lapangan Terbang Avalon, yang terletak di antara Melbourne dan Geelong, adalah hab kedua Jetstar. Ia juga digunakan sebagai kemudahan pengangkutan dan penyelenggaraan. Bas dan teksi adalah satu-satunya bentuk pengangkutan awam ke dan dari lapangan terbang utama di bandar ini. Kemudahan ambulans udara disediakan untuk pengangkutan pesakit domestik dan antarabangsa. Melbourne juga mempunyai lapangan terbang umum yang penting, Lapangan Terbang Moorabbin di timur laut bandaraya yang juga mengendalikan sejumlah kecil penerbangan penumpang. Lapangan Terbang Essendon, yang dahulunya lapangan terbang utama bandar itu juga mengendalikan penerbangan penumpang, penerbangan umum dan beberapa penerbangan kargo. <> Berapa banyak lapangan terbang yang ada di Melbourne? || empat <> Lapangan terbang mana yang merupakan pintu masuk utama antarabangsa dan domestik? || Lapangan Terbang Melbourne <> Lapangan terbang mana yang paling sibuk kedua di Australia? || Lapangan Terbang Melbourne <> Apakah satu-satunya bentuk pengangkutan awam ke dan dari lapangan terbang utama di bandar ini? || Bas dan teksi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many airports does Melbourne have?", "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f47", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airport is the city's main international and domestic gateway?", "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f48", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Airport", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia?", "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f49", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Airport", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports?", "id": "570e7ca50b85d914000d7f4a", "answers": [{"text": "Buses and taxis", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights."}], ["CSL, salah satu daripada lima syarikat bioteknologi di dunia, dan Sigma Pharmaceuticals mempunyai ibu pejabat mereka di Melbourne. Kedua-duanya adalah syarikat farmaseutikal Australia yang tersenarai. Melbourne mempunyai industri ICT penting yang mempekerjakan lebih dari 60,000 orang (satu pertiga daripada tenaga kerja ICT Australia), dengan perolehan $ 19.8 bilion dan pendapatan eksport sebanyak $ 615 juta. Di samping itu, pelancongan juga memainkan peranan penting dalam ekonomi Melbourne, dengan kira-kira 7.6 juta pelawat domestik dan 1.88 juta pelawat antarabangsa pada tahun 2004. Pada tahun 2008, Melbourne mengatasi Sydney dengan jumlah wang yang dibelanjakan oleh pelancong domestik di bandar ini, iaitu kira-kira $ 15.8 bilion setiap tahun. Melbourne telah menarik minat peningkatan pasaran persidangan domestik dan antarabangsa. Pembinaan bermula pada bulan Februari 2006 daripada pusat konvensyen antarabangsa sebanyak $ 1 bilion, $ 5 bilion, Hilton Hotel dan kawasan komersil bersebelahan dengan Pusat Pameran dan Konvensyen Melbourne untuk menghubungkan pembangunan di sepanjang Sungai Yarra dengan kawasan Southbank dan pembangunan semula Docklands multibillion dolar. <> Berapa ramai orang yang bekerja dengan industri ICT di Melbourne? || 60,000 <> Berapa peratus tenaga kerja ICT Australia ditugaskan di industri ICT Melbourne? || satu pertiga <> Pada tahun 2008, Melbourne mengatasi apa kota dengan jumlah uang yang dibelanjakan oleh wisatawan domestik di kota ini? || Sydney <> Berapa ramai pelawat antarabangsa yang pernah Melbourne pada tahun 2004? || 1.88 juta <> Pelawat domestik menghabiskan berapa banyak wang di bandar Melbourne setiap tahun? || $ 15.8 bilion", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?", "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050a9", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?", "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050aa", "answers": [{"text": "one third", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?", "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050ab", "answers": [{"text": "Sydney", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?", "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050ac", "answers": [{"text": "1.88 million", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?", "id": "570e76540dc6ce19002050ad", "answers": [{"text": "$15.8 billion", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment."}], ["Seperti banyak bandar raya di Australia, Melbourne mempunyai kebergantungan yang tinggi terhadap kereta untuk pengangkutan, terutama di kawasan pinggiran luar bandar di mana bilangan kereta terbanyak yang dibeli, dengan jumlah 3.6 juta kenderaan persendirian yang menggunakan 22,320 km (13,870 mi) jalan, dan salah satu daripada jalan per kapita tertinggi di dunia. Awal abad ke-20 menyaksikan peningkatan populariti kereta, mengakibatkan pengembangan pinggir bandar berskala besar. Menjelang pertengahan tahun 1950-an hanya terdapat di bawah 200 kenderaan penumpang setiap 1000 orang menjelang 2013 terdapat 600 penumpang kenderaan setiap 1000 orang. Hari ini ia mempunyai rangkaian laluan jalan raya dan arus yang luas yang digunakan oleh kenderaan persendirian termasuk pengangkutan dan sistem pengangkutan awam termasuk bas dan teksi. Jalan raya utama yang memasuki bandar termasuk Lebuhraya Timur, Freeway Monash dan West Gate Freeway (yang merangkumi Jambatan Gerbang Barat yang besar), sementara jalan raya lain mengalir di bandar atau membawa bandar-bandar utama lain, termasuk CityLink (yang merangkumi Jambatan Bolte yang besar) , Eastlink, Jalan Lingkaran Barat, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (pautan lapangan terbang utama) dan Hume Freeway yang menghubungkan Melbourne dan Sydney. <> Adakah Melbourne mempunyai pergantungan tinggi atau rendah pada kereta? || tinggi <> Berapa banyak kenderaan persendirian perjalanan 13,870 batu dari Melbourne? || 3.6 juta <> Jalan bebas bukit yang mana jambatan Bolte besar? || CityLink <> Yang lebuh raya menghubungkan Melbourne dan Sydney? || Hume Freeway", {"qas": [{"question": "Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile?", "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050cb", "answers": [{"text": "high", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many private vehicles travel Melbourne's 13,870 miles of road?", "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050cc", "answers": [{"text": "3.6 million", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge?", "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050cd", "answers": [{"text": "CityLink", "answer_start": 979}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney?", "id": "570e7adc0dc6ce19002050ce", "answers": [{"text": "Hume Freeway", "answer_start": 1123}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport, particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought, with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world. The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion. By the mid 1950s there was just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people by 2013 there was 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people. Today it has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways used by private vehicles including freight as well as public transport systems including bus and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large West Gate Bridge), whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities, including CityLink (which spans the large Bolte Bridge), Eastlink, the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney."}], ["Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada banyak francais / pasukan profesional dalam pertandingan kebangsaan termasuk: kelab kriket Melbourne Stars, Renegades Melbourne dan Bushrangers Victoria, yang bermain di Big Bash League dan pertandingan kriket domestik lain; kelab bola sepak Melbourne Victory dan Melbourne City FC (yang dikenali sehingga Jun 2014 sebagai Melbourne Heart), yang bermain dalam pertandingan A-League, kedua-dua pasukan bermain di rumah mereka di AAMI Park, dengan kemenangan juga bermain di rumah di Stadium Etihad. Kelab ragbi liga Melbourne Storm yang bermain dalam pertandingan NRL; kelab rugby union Melbourne Rebels dan Melbourne Rising, yang bermain dalam pertandingan Super Rugby dan Kejohanan Ragbi Kebangsaan; kelab bola jaring Melbourne Vixens, yang bermain dalam Kejohanan ANZ trofi trans-Tasman; kelab bola keranjang Melbourne United, yang bermain dalam pertandingan NBL; Bulleen Boomers dan Dandenong Rangers, yang bermain di WNBL; pasukan hoki ais Melbourne Ice dan Melbourne Mustangs, yang bermain di Liga Hoki Australia A; dan kelab besbol Melbourne Aces, yang bermain di Liga Baseball Australia. Mendayung juga merupakan sebahagian besar daripada identiti sukan Melbourne, dengan beberapa kelab yang terletak di Sungai Yarra, di mana banyak Pelumba Olimpik Australia dilatih. Bandar ini sebelum ini mengadakan acara berenang jarak jauh utama bangsa tahunan Race to Prince's Bridge, di Sungai Yarra. <> Bilakah Melbourne Heart dikenali sebagai Melbourne City FC? || Jun 2014 <> Apakah dua pasukan hoki di Melbourne yang dinamakan? || Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs <> Di mana sungai adalah Race tahunan ke Jambatan Putera yang diadakan? || Yarra <> Di manakah kelab bola sepak Melbourne Victory bermain permainan di rumah? || Stadium Etihad <> Kelab bola keranjang mana di Melbourne bermain di NBL? || Melbourne United", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Melbourne Heart become known as Melbourne City FC?", "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2b", "answers": [{"text": "June 2014", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Melbourne's two ice hockey teams named?", "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2c", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs", "answer_start": 942}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which river was the annual Race to Prince's Bridge held?", "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2d", "answers": [{"text": "Yarra", "answer_start": 1386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the soccer club Melbourne Victory play home games?", "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2e", "answers": [{"text": "Etihad Stadium", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which basketball club in Melbourne plays in the NBL?", "id": "570e79e90b85d914000d7f2f", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne United", "answer_start": 808}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including: cricket clubs Melbourne Stars, Melbourne Renegades and Victorian Bushrangers, which play in the Big Bash League and other domestic cricket competitions; soccer clubs Melbourne Victory and Melbourne City FC (known until June 2014 as Melbourne Heart), which play in the A-League competition, both teams play their home games at AAMI Park, with the Victory also playing home games at Etihad Stadium. Rugby league club Melbourne Storm which plays in the NRL competition; rugby union clubs Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising, which play in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions respectively; netball club Melbourne Vixens, which plays in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship; basketball club Melbourne United, which plays in the NBL competition; Bulleen Boomers and Dandenong Rangers, which play in the WNBL; ice hockey teams Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs, who play in the Australian Ice Hockey League; and baseball club Melbourne Aces, which plays in the Australian Baseball League. Rowing is also a large part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained. The city previously held the nation's premier long distance swimming event the annual Race to Prince's Bridge, in the Yarra River."}], ["Penemuan emas di Victoria pada pertengahan tahun 1851 membawa kepada kemunculan emas Victoria, dan Melbourne, yang berfungsi sebagai pelabuhan utama dan menyediakan kebanyakan perkhidmatan untuk rantau ini, mengalami pertumbuhan pesat. Dalam beberapa bulan, penduduk bandaraya telah meningkat hampir tiga suku, dari 25,000 hingga 40,000 penduduk. Selepas itu, pertumbuhan adalah eksponen dan pada tahun 1865, Melbourne telah mengatasi Sydney sebagai bandaraya terpadat di Australia. Di samping itu, Melbourne bersama-sama dengan bandar-bandar serantau Victoria di Ballarat dan Geelong menjadi bandar terkaya di dunia semasa era Gold Rush. <> Melbourne mengalami pertumbuhan pesat selepas tahun 1851 kerana penemuan apa? || emas <> Melbourne dan mana bandar-bandar serantau yang lain menjadi bandar terkaya di dunia semasa era Gold Rush? || Ballarat dan Geelong <> Berapa banyak penduduk Melbourne meningkat dalam beberapa bulan akibat tergesa-gesa emas? || tiga perempat, dari 25,000 hingga 40,000 penduduk <> Pada tahun apakah Melbourne telah mengatasi Sydney sebagai bandaraya terpadat di Australia? || 1865", {"qas": [{"question": "Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what?", "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f59", "answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era?", "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f5a", "answers": [{"text": "Ballarat and Geelong", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Melbourne's population increase within months of the gold rush?", "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f5b", "answers": [{"text": "three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city?", "id": "570e7ff60b85d914000d7f5c", "answers": [{"text": "1865", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Additionally, Melbourne along with the Victorian regional cities of Ballarat and Geelong became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era."}], ["Penyimpanan dan bekalan air untuk Melbourne diuruskan oleh Melbourne Water, yang dimiliki oleh Kerajaan Victoria. Organisasi ini juga bertanggungjawab untuk pengurusan pembetungan dan tadahan air utama di rantau ini serta loji penyahgaraman Wonthaggi dan Paip Utara-Selatan. Air disimpan dalam satu siri takungan yang terletak di dalam dan di luar kawasan Greater Melbourne. Empangan terbesar, Empangan Thomson River, terletak di Alps Victoria, mampu menampung kira-kira 60% daripada kapasiti air Melbourne, sementara empangan yang lebih kecil seperti Empangan Upper Yarra, Waduk Yan Yean, dan Waduk Cardinia membawa bekalan sekunder. <> Siapa yang menguruskan storan dan bekalan air untuk Melbourne? || Melbourne Water <> Siapa yang memiliki Air Melbourne? || Kerajaan Victoria <> Yang mana bendungan terbesar Melbourne? || Thomson River Dam <> Di mana Empangan Thomson River terletak? || Alps Victoria <> Berapa banyak keupayaan air Melbourne ialah Empangan Thomson River yang mampu memegang? || 60%", {"qas": [{"question": "Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?", "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f4f", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne Water", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns Melbourne Water?", "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f50", "answers": [{"text": "the Victorian Government", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is Melbourne's largest dam?", "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f51", "answers": [{"text": "Thomson River Dam", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Thomson River Dam located?", "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f52", "answers": [{"text": "Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?", "id": "570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f53", "answers": [{"text": "60%", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North\u2013South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies."}], ["Sebagai pusat \"tali pinggang karat\" Australia, Melbourne mengalami kemelesetan ekonomi antara tahun 1989 hingga 1992, berikutan kejatuhan beberapa institusi kewangan tempatan. Pada tahun 1992 kerajaan Kennett yang baru dipilih memulakan kempen untuk memulihkan ekonomi dengan kempen pembangunan agresif kerja-kerja awam ditambah dengan promosi bandar sebagai destinasi pelancongan dengan tumpuan kepada acara utama dan pelancongan sukan. Dalam tempoh ini, Grand Prix Australia berpindah ke Melbourne dari Adelaide. Projek utama termasuk pembinaan kemudahan baru untuk Muzium Melbourne, Federation Square, Pusat Pameran dan Konvensyen Melbourne, Casino Crown dan tol CityLink. Strategi lain termasuk penswastaan beberapa perkhidmatan Melbourne, termasuk kuasa dan pengangkutan awam, dan pengurangan pembiayaan kepada perkhidmatan awam seperti kesihatan, pendidikan dan infrastruktur pengangkutan awam. <> Selama mana tahun Melbourne mengalami kemerosotan ekonomi? || 1989 hingga 1992 <> Kota mana yang merupakan pusat \"karat sabuk\" Australia? || Melbourne <> Grand Prix Australia berpindah ke Melbourne dari mana? || Adelaide <> Kerajaan mana pada tahun 1992 memulakan kempen untuk memulihkan ekonomi? || Kennett", {"qas": [{"question": "During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn?", "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050dd", "answers": [{"text": "1989 to 1992", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is the center of Australia's \"rust belt\"?", "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050de", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?", "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050df", "answers": [{"text": "Adelaide", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy?", "id": "570e815b0dc6ce19002050e0", "answers": [{"text": "Kennett", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As the centre of Australia's \"rust belt\", Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism. During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure."}], ["Seni bina kediaman tidak ditakrifkan oleh gaya seni bina tunggal, melainkan campuran eklektik rumah, rumah bandar, kondominium, dan bangunan apartmen di kawasan metropolitan (terutamanya di kawasan bandar). Tempat tinggal percuma dengan taman-taman yang agak besar mungkin merupakan jenis perumahan yang paling biasa di luar bandar utama Melbourne. Perumahan teres Victorian, rumah bandar dan Italianate bersejarah, kebangkitan Tudor dan rumah-rumah Neo-Georges semuanya biasa di kawasan kejiranan seperti Toorak. <> Apakah jenis perumahan yang paling biasa di luar kota Melbourne? || Tempat tinggal percuma dengan taman yang agak besar <> Adakah seni bina perumahan di Melbourne ditakrifkan oleh satu gaya seni bina atau campuran eklektik bangunan? || gaya seni bina tunggal <> Adakah rumah bandar, kondominium, dan bangunan pangsapuri didapati lebih lazim di kawasan metropolitan atau di luar bandar? || kawasan metropolitan (terutamanya di kawasan bandar)", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne?", "id": "570e8afb0dc6ce19002050e5", "answers": [{"text": "Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is residential architecture in Melbourne defined by a single architectural style or an eclectic mix of buildings?", "id": "570e8afb0dc6ce19002050e6", "answers": [{"text": "single architectural style", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings found more prevalent in the metropolitan area or outside the city?", "id": "570e8afb0dc6ce19002050e7", "answers": [{"text": "metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl)", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings in the metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl). Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne. Victorian terrace housing, townhouses and historic Italianate, Tudor revival and Neo-Georgian mansions are all common in neighbourhoods such as Toorak."}], ["Pada masa persekutuan Australia pada 1 Januari 1901, Melbourne menjadi kerusi kerajaan persekutuan. Parlimen persekutuan pertama telah diadakan pada 9 Mei 1901 di Bangunan Pameran Diraja, kemudian berpindah ke Rumah Parlimen Victoria di mana ia terletak sehingga tahun 1927, apabila ia dipindahkan ke Canberra. Gabenor-Jeneral Australia menetap di Rumah Kerajaan di Melbourne sehingga tahun 1930 dan banyak institusi kebangsaan utama kekal di Melbourne dengan baik ke abad kedua puluh. <> Pada tarikh apakah parlimen persekutuan pertama diadakan? || 9 Mei 1901 <> Di mana parlimen persekutuan pertama diadakan pada tahun 1901? || Bangunan Pameran Diraja <> Gabenor Jeneral Australia tinggal di Rumah Kerajaan di Melbourne sehingga tahun berapa? || 1930 <> Di mana parlimen persekutuan bergerak selepas 1927? || Canberra", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was the first federal parliament convened?", "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f61", "answers": [{"text": "9 May 1901", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901?", "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f62", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Exhibition Building", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year?", "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f63", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927?", "id": "570e808e0b85d914000d7f64", "answers": [{"text": "Canberra", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the seat of government of the federation. The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927, when it was moved to Canberra. The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century."}], ["Melbourne adalah pusat kebudayaan antarabangsa, dengan usaha budaya merangkumi acara utama dan festival, drama, muzikal, komedi, muzik, seni, seni bina, kesusasteraan, filem dan televisyen. Iklim, lokasi tepi pantai dan kehidupan malam menjadikannya salah satu destinasi paling menarik di Australia. Selama lima tahun berturut-turut (sehingga 2015) ia telah memegang kedudukan teratas dalam kaji selidik oleh The Economist Intelligence Unit di bandar-bandar paling ramai di dunia berdasarkan beberapa sifat yang termasuk penawaran budaya yang luas. Bandar ini meraikan pelbagai acara dan perayaan budaya tahunan pelbagai jenis, termasuk festival komuniti terbesar Australia-Moomba, Festival Seni Antarabangsa Melbourne, Festival Filem Antarabangsa Melbourne, Festival Komedi Antarabangsa Melbourne dan Melbourne Fringe Festival. Budaya kota merupakan kad grafik penting bagi pelancong, yang mana hanya di bawah dua juta pengunjung semalaman antarabangsa dan 57.7 juta domestik semalaman yang dikunjungi pada tahun yang berakhir Mac 2014. <> Faktor-faktor yang membuat Melbourne menjadi salah satu destinasi yang meriah di Australia? || Iklim, lokasi tepi pantai dan kehidupan malam <> Berapa tahun berturut-turut telah Melbourne memegang kedudukan teratas dalam kaji selidik bandar-bandar di dunia yang paling boleh dikunjungi? || lima <> Apakah festival komuniti percuma Australia terbesar? || Moomba <> Berapa ramai pelawat bermalam antarabangsa datang ke Melbourne pada tahun yang berakhir pada Mac 2014? || hanya di bawah dua juta <> Berapa banyak pelawat bermalam dalam negeri datang ke Melbourne pada tahun yang berakhir pada Mac 2014? || 57.7 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?", "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f77", "answers": [{"text": "The climate, waterfront location and nightlife", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?", "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f78", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Australia's largest free community festival?", "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f79", "answers": [{"text": "Moomba", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?", "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f7a", "answers": [{"text": "just under two million", "answer_start": 911}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?", "id": "570e83d30b85d914000d7f7b", "answers": [{"text": "57.7 million", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival\u2014Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014."}], ["Melbourne mempunyai ekonomi yang sangat pelbagai dengan kekuatan tertentu dalam kewangan, pembuatan, penyelidikan, IT, pendidikan, logistik, pengangkutan dan pelancongan. Melbourne menempatkan ibu pejabat untuk banyak syarikat terbesar di Australia, termasuk lima dari sepuluh terbesar di negara ini (berdasarkan pendapatan), dan empat dari enam terbesar di negara ini (berdasarkan permodalan pasaran) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (terbesar di dunia syarikat perlombongan), National Australia Bank dan Telstra), serta badan-badan perwakilan dan think tank seperti Business Council of Australia dan Majlis Kesatuan Sekerja Australia. Subbandar Melbourne juga mempunyai Pejabat Ketua Wesfarmers syarikat Coles (termasuk Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. Bandar ini adalah rumah pelabuhan terbesar dan tersibuk Australia yang mengendalikan lebih daripada $ 75 bilion perdagangan setiap tahun dan 39% daripada perdagangan kontena negara. Lapangan Terbang Melbourne menyediakan pintu masuk untuk pelawat negara dan antarabangsa, dan merupakan lapangan terbang terpanjang kedua di Australia. [Rujukan?] <> Di mana bidang-bidang yang mempunyai kepelbagaian ekonomi Melbourne mempunyai kekuatan? || kewangan, pembuatan, penyelidikan, IT, pendidikan, logistik, pengangkutan dan pelancongan <> Syarikat manakah syarikat pertambangan terbesar di dunia? || BHP Billiton <> Kota manakah yang menjadi rumah bagi pelabuhan terbesar dan paling sibuk di Australia? || Melbourne <> Bandar manakah yang menjadi rumah kepada lapangan terbang kedua paling sibuk di Australia? || Melbourne <> Berapa banyak wang dalam perdagangan yang mengendalikan pelabuhan laut terbesar dan paling padat di Australia? || $ 75 bilion", {"qas": [{"question": "In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?", "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050eb", "answers": [{"text": "finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company is the world's largest mining company?", "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ec", "answers": [{"text": "BHP Billiton", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?", "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ed", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?", "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ee", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?", "id": "570e8bb10dc6ce19002050ef", "answers": [{"text": "$75 billion", "answer_start": 844}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]"}], ["Bandar ini mencapai tenggara melalui Dandenong ke koridor pertumbuhan Pakenham ke arah Gippsland Barat, dan ke arah selatan melalui lembah Dandenong Creek, Semenanjung Mornington dan bandar Frankston mengambil di puncak Olivers Hill, Mount Martha dan Arthurs Seat, memanjangkan sepanjang pantai Port Phillip sebagai conurbation tunggal untuk mencapai pinggir bandar eksklusif Portsea dan Point Nepean. Di barat, ia menyeberangi Sungai Maribyrnong dan anak-anaknya ke arah utara ke arah Sunbury dan bukit-bukit dari Banjaran Macedon, dan di sepanjang dataran gunung berapi rata ke arah Melton di barat, Werribee di bukit-bukit granit You Yangs selatan barat CBD. The Little River, dan perbandaran yang sama, menandakan sempadan antara Melbourne dan bandar Geelong yang berdekatan. <> Badan air dan perbandaran mana yang sama menandakan sempadan antara Melbourne dan Geelong? || Sungai Little <> Little River menandakan sempadan antara Melbourne dan bandar mana? || Geelong <> Little River menandakan sempadan antara Geelong dan bandar lain? || Melbourne", {"qas": [{"question": "Which body of water and township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and Geelong?", "id": "570e82630b85d914000d7f69", "answers": [{"text": "Little River", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Little River marks the boundary between Melbourne and which city?", "id": "570e82630b85d914000d7f6a", "answers": [{"text": "Geelong", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Little River marks the boundary between Geelong and which other city?", "id": "570e82630b85d914000d7f6b", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city reaches south-east through Dandenong to the growth corridor of Pakenham towards West Gippsland, and southward through the Dandenong Creek valley, the Mornington Peninsula and the city of Frankston taking in the peaks of Olivers Hill, Mount Martha and Arthurs Seat, extending along the shores of Port Phillip as a single conurbation to reach the exclusive suburb of Portsea and Point Nepean. In the west, it extends along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards Sunbury and the foothills of the Macedon Ranges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Melton in the west, Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs granite ridge south west of the CBD. The Little River, and the township of the same name, marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city."}], ["Kualiti udara Melbourne pada umumnya baik dan bertambah baik sejak tahun 1980-an. Seperti banyak persekitaran bandar, bandar menghadapi isu-isu alam sekitar yang penting, banyak daripada mereka yang berkaitan dengan jejak bandar besar bandar dan kawasan bandar dan permintaan infrastruktur dan perkhidmatan. Satu isu itu ialah penggunaan air, kemarau dan hujan yang rendah. Kemarau di Victoria, hujan lebat yang rendah dan suhu tinggi mengatasi bekalan air Melbourne dan perubahan iklim mungkin mempunyai impak jangka panjang ke atas bekalan air di Melbourne. Sebagai tindak balas kepada bekalan air yang rendah dan hujan yang rendah disebabkan oleh kemarau, kerajaan melaksanakan sekatan air dan pelbagai pilihan lain termasuk: skim kitar semula air untuk bandar, insentif untuk tangki air isi rumah, sistem air kelabu, inisiatif kesedaran penggunaan air, dan air lain inisiatif penjimatan dan penggunaan semula; Juga, pada bulan Jun 2007, Kerajaan Brak mengumumkan bahawa sebuah loji penyahgaraman Wonthaggi $ 3.1 bilion akan dibina di pantai tenggara Victoria, yang mampu merawat 150 bilion liter air setiap tahun, serta 70 km (43 batu) saluran paip dari kawasan Goulburn di utara Victoria ke Melbourne dan saluran paip air baru yang menghubungkan Melbourne dan Geelong. Kedua-dua projek sedang dijalankan di bawah Perkongsian Awam-Swasta yang kontroversial dan banyak laporan bebas telah mendapati bahawa projek tidak diperlukan untuk membekalkan air ke bandar dan Pengurusan Air Mampan adalah penyelesaian terbaik. Dalam pada itu, musim kemarau mesti berlaku. <> Adakah kualiti udara Melbourne meningkat atau merosot sejak 1980-an? || bertambah baik dengan ketara <> Apakah faktor yang membebankan bekalan air Melbourne? || Kemarau di Victoria, hujan lebat yang rendah dan suhu tinggi <> Kerajaan mana yang mengumumkan tumbuhan penyahgaraman Wonthaggi $ 3.1 bilion pada bulan Jun 2007? || Brak Kerajaan <> Berapa banyak liter air akan kilang penyahgaraman Wonthaggi menjadi capbale merawat setiap tahun? || 150 bilion liter", {"qas": [{"question": "Has Melbourne's air quality improved or declined since the 1980s?", "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f6f", "answers": [{"text": "improved significantly", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies?", "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f70", "answers": [{"text": "Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government announced a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant in June 2007?", "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f71", "answers": [{"text": "Bracks Government", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many litres of water will the Wonthaggi desalination plant be capbale of treating per year?", "id": "570e83490b85d914000d7f72", "answers": [{"text": "150 billion litres", "answer_start": 1025}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne's air quality is generally good and has improved significantly since the 1980s. Like many urban environments, the city faces significant environmental issues, many of them relating to the city's large urban footprint and urban sprawl and the demand for infrastructure and services. One such issue is water usage, drought and low rainfall. Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change may have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne. In response to low water supplies and low rainfall due to drought, the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including: water recycling schemes for the city, incentives for household water tanks, greywater systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water saving and reuse initiatives; also, in June 2007, the Bracks Government announced that a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year, as well as a 70 km (43 mi) pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong. Both projects are being conducted under controversial Public-Private Partnerships and a multitude of independent reports have found that neither project is required to supply water to the city and that Sustainable Water Management is the best solution. In the meantime, the drought must be weathered."}], ["Kisah Kelly Gang, filem pertama di dunia, ditembak di Melbourne pada tahun 1906. Pembuat filem Melbourne terus menghasilkan filem-filem bushranger sehingga mereka dilarang oleh ahli politik Victoria pada tahun 1912 untuk mempromosikan kenaikan jenayah, yang menyumbang kepada kemerosotan satu daripada industri filem yang paling produktif di era filem senyap. Satu filem yang ditonjolkan dan ditonjolkan di Melbourne semasa kesenangan sinematik Australia adalah Di Pantai (1959). Tahun 1970-an menyaksikan kebangkitan Gelombang Baru Australia dan cabang Ozploitationnya, yang ditimbulkan oleh produksi Stork dan Alvin Purple yang berpangkalan di Melbourne. Berkelah di Hanging Rock dan Mad Max, kedua-duanya ditembak di dalam dan di sekitar Melbourne, mencapai pujian di seluruh dunia. 2004 menyaksikan pembinaan kompleks studio filem dan televisyen terbesar Melbourne, Docklands Studios Melbourne, yang telah menjadi tuan rumah bagi banyak produksi domestik, serta ciri-ciri antarabangsa. Melbourne juga menjadi rumah kepada ibu pejabat Village Roadshow Pictures, syarikat pengeluaran filem terbesar di Australia. Pelakon hari moden yang terkenal dari Melbourne termasuk Cate Blanchett, Rachel Griffiths, Guy Pearce, Geoffrey Rush dan Eric Bana. <> Apa filem utama pertama di dunia? || The Story of the Kelly Gang <> Dalam apa bandar yang ditayangkan filem pertama di dunia pada tahun 1906? || Melbourne <> Mengapa filem-filem yang diharamkan oleh ahli politik Victoria pada tahun 1912? || dilihat sebagai promosi jenayah <> Tahun berapa adalah filem bushranger yang diharamkan oleh ahli politik Victoria? || 1912 <> Dalam apa yang \"membosankan\" tahun adalah Di Pantai difilemkan? || 1959", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the world's first feature film?", "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f81", "answers": [{"text": "The Story of the Kelly Gang", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was the world's first feature film shot in 1906?", "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f82", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were films banned by Victorian politicans in 1912?", "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f83", "answers": [{"text": "perceived promotion of crime", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were bushranger films banned by Victorian politicians?", "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f84", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what \"lull\" year was On the Beach filmed?", "id": "570e8a5e0b85d914000d7f85", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first feature film, was shot in Melbourne in 1906. Melbourne filmmakers continued to produce bushranger films until they were banned by Victorian politicians in 1912 for the perceived promotion of crime, thus contributing to the decline of one of the silent film era's most productive industries. A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during Australia's cinematic lull is On the Beach (1959). The 1970s saw the rise of the Australian New Wave and its Ozploitation offshoot, instigated by Melbourne-based productions Stork and Alvin Purple. Picnic at Hanging Rock and Mad Max, both shot in and around Melbourne, achieved worldwide acclaim. 2004 saw the construction of Melbourne's largest film and television studio complex, Docklands Studios Melbourne, which has hosted many domestic productions, as well as international features. Melbourne is also home to the headquarters of Village Roadshow Pictures, Australia's largest film production company. Famous modern day actors from Melbourne include Cate Blanchett, Rachel Griffiths, Guy Pearce, Geoffrey Rush and Eric Bana."}], ["Melbourne mempunyai populasi berbahasa Yunani terbesar di luar Eropah, penduduk yang setanding dengan beberapa bandar besar Yunani seperti Larissa dan Volos. Thessaloniki adalah bandar kembar Yunani di Melbourne. Nama Vietnam Nguyen adalah yang kedua paling biasa di buku telefon Melbourne selepas Smith. Bandar ini juga mempunyai ciri-ciri India, Sri Lanka, dan komuniti kelahiran Malaysia, sebagai tambahan kepada kebanjiran Afrika Selatan dan Sudan baru-baru ini. Kepelbagaian budaya dicerminkan di restoran bandar yang menyajikan hidangan antarabangsa. <> Kota manakah yang mempunyai populasi berbahasa Yunani terbesar di luar Eropah? || Melbourne <> Yang bandar di Greece adalah bandar kakak Melbourne? || Thessaloniki <> Apa nama keluarga yang paling biasa di buku telefon Melbourne? || Smith <> Apa nama keluarga paling tinggi di buku telefon Melbourne? || Nguyen", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?", "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f5", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?", "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f6", "answers": [{"text": "Thessaloniki", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?", "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f7", "answers": [{"text": "Smith", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?", "id": "570e8c260dc6ce19002050f8", "answers": [{"text": "Nguyen", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe, a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos. Thessaloniki is Melbourne's Greek sister city. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne's phone book after Smith. The city also features substantial Indian, Sri Lankan, and Malaysian-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The cultural diversity is reflected in the city's restaurants that serve international cuisines."}], ["Universiti Melbourne mempunyai kampus di seluruh Australia dan beberapa di peringkat antarabangsa. Universiti Swinburne mempunyai kampus di Malaysia, sementara Monash mempunyai pusat penyelidikan yang berpusat di Prato, Itali. Universiti Melbourne, universiti tertua kedua di Australia, menduduki tempat pertama di kalangan universiti Australia dalam ranking THES 2010 peringkat antarabangsa. Supplement Pendidikan Tinggi 2012-2013 menduduki ranking University of Melbourne sebagai universiti terbaik ke-28 (ke-30 oleh ranking QS) di dunia. Universiti Monash menduduki peringkat ke-99 (peringkat ke-60 oleh ranking QS) universiti terbaik di dunia. Kedua-dua universiti adalah ahli Kumpulan Lapan, sebuah gabungan institusi pengajian tinggi terkemuka di Australia yang menawarkan pendidikan yang komprehensif dan terkemuka. <> Yang universiti berasaskan Melbourne mempunyai kampus di Malaysia? || Swinburne University <> Kolej yang berpusat di Melbourne mempunyai pusat penyelidikan di Prato, Itali? || Monash <> Universiti mana yang kedua tertua di Australia? || Universiti Melbourne <> Apakah Kelompok Lapan? || satu gabungan institusi pengajian tinggi Australia yang menawarkan pendidikan yang komprehensif dan terkemuka", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia?", "id": "570e8c830dc6ce19002050fd", "answers": [{"text": "Swinburne University", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato, Italy?", "id": "570e8c830dc6ce19002050fe", "answers": [{"text": "Monash", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which university is the second oldest in Australia?", "id": "570e8c830dc6ce19002050ff", "answers": [{"text": "The University of Melbourne", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Group of Eight?", "id": "570e8c830dc6ce1900205100", "answers": [{"text": "a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia, was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings. The 2012\u20132013 Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 28th (30th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Monash University was ranked as the 99th (60th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education."}], ["Senarai panjang stesen radio AM dan FM disiarkan ke Melbourne. Ini termasuk \"awam\" (iaitu, ABC dan SBS) dan stesen komuniti. Banyak stesen komersial yang dimiliki rangkaian: DMG mempunyai Nova 100 dan Smooth; ARN mengawal Emas 104.3 dan KIIS 101.1; dan Southern Cross Austereo berjalan kedua Stesen Fox dan Triple M. dari bandar-bandar di wilayah Victoria juga boleh didengar (mis. 93.9 Bay FM, Geelong). Alternatif belia termasuk ABC Triple J dan SYN. Triple J, dan juga PBS dan Triple R, berusaha untuk bermain di bawah muzik yang diwakili. JOY 94.9 memenuhi keperluan penonton gay, lesbian, biseksual dan transgender. Bagi peminat muzik klasik terdapat 3MBS dan ABC Classic FM. Light FM adalah stesen Kristian kontemporari. Stesen-stesen AM termasuk ABC: 774, Radio Nasional, dan Radio Berita; juga Fairfax afiliasi 3AW (bercakap) dan Magic (mudah mendengar). Bagi peminat sukan dan peminat terdapat SEN 1116. Melbourne mempunyai banyak stesen kendalian komuniti yang berkhidmat untuk kepentingan alternatif, seperti 3CR dan 3KND (Adat). Banyak pinggir bandar mempunyai stesen kendalian komuniti yang rendah yang melayani penonton tempatan. <> Apakah contoh-contoh stesen radio Belia? || ABC Triple J dan pemuda berlari SYN <> Stesen muzik mana yang berusaha untuk bermain di bawah muzik yang diwakili? || Triple J, dan yang sama PBS dan Triple R <> Stesen radio yang manakah untuk penonton gay, lesbian, biseksual, dan transgender? || JOHN 94.9 <> Stesen manakah yang memberi khidmat kepada peminat sukan dan peminat? || SEN 1116 <> 3MBS dan ABC Classic FM memainkan apa jenis muzik? || klasik", {"qas": [{"question": "What are examples of Youth radio stations?", "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8b", "answers": [{"text": "ABC Triple J and youth run SYN", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which music stations strive to play under represented music?", "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8c", "answers": [{"text": "Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which radio station caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender audiences?", "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8d", "answers": [{"text": "JOY 94.9", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts?", "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8e", "answers": [{"text": "SEN 1116", "answer_start": 895}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music?", "id": "570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8f", "answers": [{"text": "classical", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A long list of AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include \"public\" (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: DMG has Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M. Stations from towns in regional Victoria may also be heard (e.g. 93.9 Bay FM, Geelong). Youth alternatives include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN. Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R, strive to play under represented music. JOY 94.9 caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. For fans of classical music there are 3MBS and ABC Classic FM. Light FM is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: 774, Radio National, and News Radio; also Fairfax affiliates 3AW (talk) and Magic (easy listening). For sport fans and enthusiasts there is SEN 1116. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as 3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences."}], ["Melbourne mempunyai rangkaian trem terbesar di dunia yang mempunyai asal-usulnya di bandar raya 1880-an. Dalam 2013-2014, 176.9 juta perjalanan penumpang telah dibuat oleh trem. Melbourne adalah rangkaian trem tunggal Australia yang terdiri daripada lebih daripada satu saluran dan terdiri daripada 250 km (155.3 mi) trek, 487 trem, 25 laluan, dan 1,763 tram berhenti. Kira-kira 80 peratus daripada rangkaian jalan trem saham trem Melbourne dengan kenderaan lain, manakala selebihnya rangkaian dipisahkan atau laluan kereta api ringan. Trem Melbourne diiktiraf sebagai aset budaya ikonik dan tarikan pelancong. Trem Warisan beroperasi pada laluan Circle City percuma, yang bertujuan untuk pengunjung ke Melbourne, dan trem restoran warisan bergerak melalui bandar dan kawasan sekitarnya pada waktu petang. Melbourne kini sedang membina 50 trak E Kelas baru dengan beberapa yang sudah berkhidmat pada tahun 2014. Tram E Kelas adalah kira-kira 30 meter panjang dan lebih tinggi daripada trem kelas C2 yang sama panjangnya. Rangkaian bas Melbourne terdiri daripada hampir 300 laluan yang terutama menyelenggarakan pinggir luar dan mengisi jurang dalam rangkaian antara perkhidmatan kereta api dan trem. Perjalanan penumpang sebanyak 127.6 juta dicatatkan pada bas Melbourne pada tahun 2013-2014, peningkatan sebanyak 10.2 peratus pada tahun sebelumnya. <> Apakah asal-usul rangkaian trem Melbourne? || perjalanan 1880s tanah di bandar <> Berapa banyak perjalanan penumpang yang dibuat oleh trem di Melbourne antara tahun 2013-2014? || 176.9 juta <> Berapa banyak trem berhenti di rangkaian trem Melbourne? || 1,763 <> Berapa banyak laluan yang ada di rangkaian bas Melbourne? || hampir 300 <> Berapa banyak perjalanan penumpang dicatatkan di bas Melbourne pada tahun 2013-2014 || 127.6 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the origins of Melbourne's tram network?", "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f95", "answers": [{"text": "the city's 1880s land boom", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?", "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f96", "answers": [{"text": "176.9 million", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tram stops are on Melbourne's tram network?", "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f97", "answers": [{"text": "1,763", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many routes does Melbourne's bus network consist of?", "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f98", "answers": [{"text": "almost 300", "answer_start": 990}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013-2014", "id": "570e8e700b85d914000d7f99", "answers": [{"text": "127.6 million", "answer_start": 1112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Melbourne has the largest tram network in the world which had its origins in the city's 1880s land boom. In 2013\u20132014, 176.9 million passenger trips were made by tram. Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line and consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of track, 487 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. Around 80 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes. Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and heritage restaurant trams travel through the city and surrounding areas during the evening. Melbourne is currently building 50 new E Class trams with some already in service in 2014. The E Class trams are about 30 metres long and are superior to the C2 class tram of similar length. Melbourne's bus network consists of almost 300 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services. 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013\u20132014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year."}]], [["Kerusuhan Baron di England menghalang pemergian ekspedisi 1205 yang dirancang, dan hanya satu pasukan kecil di bawah William Longesp\u00e9e yang dikerahkan ke Poitou. Pada tahun 1206 John berangkat untuk Poitou sendiri, tetapi terpaksa mengalihkan selatan untuk menentang ancaman kepada Gascony dari Alfonso VIII dari Castile. Selepas kempen yang berjaya menentang Alfonso, John kembali ke utara, mengambil bandar Angers. Philip bergerak ke selatan untuk berjumpa dengan John; kempen tahun ini berakhir dengan kebuntuan dan gencatan senjata dua tahun dibuat antara kedua-dua penguasa. <> Apa yang menghalang pemergian ekspedisi 1205 yang dirancang? || Kerusuhan Baron di England <> Bilakah Poitou berlepas? || 1206 <> Mengapa John pindah ke selatan? || untuk menentang ancaman kepada Gascony dari Alfonso VIII dari Castile <> Mengapa Philip bergerak ke selatan? || untuk berjumpa dengan John", {"qas": [{"question": "What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?", "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d5", "answers": [{"text": "Baronial unrest in England", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Poitou depart?", "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d6", "answers": [{"text": "1206", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did John divert south?", "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d7", "answers": [{"text": "to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Philip move south?", "id": "570c5109b3d812140066d0d8", "answers": [{"text": "to meet John", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longesp\u00e9e deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers."}], ["John, anak bungsu dari lima anak lelaki Raja Henry II dari England dan Eleanor of Aquitaine, pada mulanya tidak dijangka mewarisi tanah yang penting. Berikutan pemberontakan gagal saudara-saudaranya di antara 1173 dan 1174, John menjadi anak kegemaran Henry. Dia dilantik sebagai Lord of Ireland pada tahun 1177 dan diberi tanah di England dan di benua itu. Saudara lelaki John, Henry, dan Geoffrey meninggal dunia; pada masa Richard I menjadi raja pada tahun 1189, John adalah pewaris berpotensi untuk takhta. John tidak berjaya mencuba pemberontakan terhadap pentadbir kerajaan Richard sementara saudaranya telah mengambil bahagian dalam Perang Salib Ketiga. Walaupun demikian, selepas Richard meninggal pada tahun 1199, John telah diisytiharkan sebagai Raja Inggeris, dan telah mencapai persetujuan dengan Philip II dari Perancis untuk mengiktiraf kepemilikan John tanah benua Angevin di perjanjian damai Le Goulet pada 1200. <> Siapa yang Henry anak kegemaran? || John <> Bilakah John telah melantik Tuhan Ireland? || 1177 <> Bilakah Richard saya menjadi raja? || 1189 <> Siapa yang gagal mencuba pemberontakan terhadap pentadbir kerajaan Richard? || John", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Henry's favorite child?", "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589b", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland?", "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589c", "answers": [{"text": "1177", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Richard I become king?", "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589d", "answers": [{"text": "1189", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators?", "id": "570c4f4cfed7b91900d4589e", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200."}], ["Walaupun John adalah Count of Poitou dan oleh itu tuan feudal yang berhak atas orang Lusignans, mereka dapat secara sah merayu tindakan John di Perancis kepada tuan feudalnya sendiri, Philip. Hugh melakukannya betul-betul di 1201 dan Philip memanggil John untuk menghadiri mahkamah di Paris pada tahun 1202, memetik perjanjian Le Goulet untuk memperkuat kesnya. John tidak mahu melemahkan kewibawaannya di Perancis Barat dengan cara ini. Dia berpendapat bahawa dia tidak perlu menghadiri mahkamah Philip kerana status istimewanya sebagai Duke of Normandy, yang dikecualikan oleh tradisi feudal daripada dipanggil ke mahkamah Perancis. Philip menegaskan bahawa dia memanggil John bukan sebagai Duke of Normandy, tetapi sebagai Count of Poitou, yang tidak membawa status khas seperti itu. Apabila John masih enggan datang, Philip mengisytiharkan John melanggar tanggungjawab feudalnya, meletakkan semula semua tanah John yang jatuh di bawah mahkota Perancis kepada Arthur - kecuali Normandy, yang ia ambil kembali untuk dirinya sendiri - dan memulakan peperangan baru terhadap John. <> Bilakah Philip memanggil John untuk menghadiri sidang? || 1202 <> Apa yang dipanggil John? || Count of Poitou", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Philip summon John to attend court?", "id": "570c4d76fed7b91900d4587b", "answers": [{"text": "1202", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John summoned as?", "id": "570c4d76fed7b91900d4587c", "answers": [{"text": "Count of Poitou", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the Duke of Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy, but as the Count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur \u2013 with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself \u2013 and began a fresh war against John."}], ["Pada tahun 1173, saudara-saudara lelaki John, yang disokong oleh Eleanor, bangkit dalam pemberontakan terhadap Henry dalam pemberontakan lama 1173 hingga 1174. Berkembang jengkel dengan kedudukan bawahannya kepada Henry II dan semakin bimbang bahawa John mungkin diberikan tanah tambahan dan istana pada perbelanjaannya , Henry the Young King pergi ke Paris dan bersekutu dengan Louis VII. Eleanor, terkejut dengan gangguan persinggahan suaminya di Aquitaine, menggalakkan Richard dan Geoffrey untuk menyertai adik mereka Henry di Paris. Henry II menang atas gabungan anak-anaknya, tetapi memberi dermawan kepada mereka dalam penyelesaian damai yang dipersetujui di Montlouis. Henry the Young King dibenarkan untuk melakukan perjalanan secara meluas di Eropah dengan rumahnya sendiri kesatria, Richard diberikan Aquitaine kembali, dan Geoffrey dibenarkan kembali ke Brittany; hanya Eleanor yang dipenjarakan kerana peranannya dalam pemberontakan. <> Siapa yang menyokong abang-abang John? || Eleanor <> Di mana Henry pergi ke? || Paris <> Siapa yang kembali ke Brittany? || Geoffrey <> Siapa yang dipenjarakan? || Eleanor", {"qas": [{"question": "Who backed John's elder brothers?", "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d099", "answers": [{"text": "Eleanor", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Henry travel to?", "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d09a", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned to Brittany?", "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d09b", "answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey", "answer_start": 753}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was imprisoned?", "id": "570c4ce1b3d812140066d09c", "answers": [{"text": "Eleanor", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt."}], ["Sifat kerajaan di bawah raja Angevin tidak jelas dan tidak pasti. Pendahulu John memerintah menggunakan prinsip vis et voluntas, atau \"memaksa dan akan\", mengambil keputusan eksekutif dan kadang-kadang sewenang-wenang, sering dibenarkan atas dasar bahawa seorang raja berada di atas undang-undang. Kedua-dua Henry II dan Richard berhujah bahawa raja memiliki kualiti \"keagungan ilahi\"; John meneruskan trend ini dan mendakwa status \"hampir imperial\" untuk dirinya sebagai penguasa. Pada abad ke-12, terdapat pendapat yang bertentangan tentang sifat raja, dan banyak penulis kontemporari percaya bahawa raja harus memerintah sesuai dengan adat dan undang-undang, dan mengambil nasihat dari para pemimpin terkemuka dunia. Tidak ada model untuk apa yang berlaku jika seorang raja enggan berbuat demikian. Meskipun mendakwa pihak berkuasa yang unik di England, John kadang-kadang membenarkan tindakannya atas dasar bahawa dia telah mengambil majlis dengan barons. Ahli sejarah moden tetap dibahagikan sama ada John mengalami kes \"skizofrenia diraja\" dalam pendekatannya kepada kerajaan, atau jika tindakannya hanya mencerminkan model rumit pemerintahan Angevin pada awal abad ke-13. <> Prinsip apa yang digunakan oleh pendahulu John? || vis et voluntas <> Apa kualiti yang ada Henry II dan Richard? || keagungan ilahi <> Berapa abad ada pendapat pendapat yang menyatakan tentang sifat kerajaan? || Abad ke-12 <> Apa yang diderita oleh John? || skizofrenia diraja", {"qas": [{"question": "What principle did John's predecessors use?", "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d4587f", "answers": [{"text": "vis et voluntas", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?", "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d45880", "answers": [{"text": "divine majesty", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?", "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d45881", "answers": [{"text": "12th century", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John suffer from?", "id": "570c4dd0fed7b91900d45882", "answers": [{"text": "royal schizophrenia", "answer_start": 1024}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or \"force and will\", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of \"divine majesty\"; John continued this trend and claimed an \"almost imperial status\" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of \"royal schizophrenia\" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century."}], ["Apabila perang dengan Perancis meletus sekali lagi pada tahun 1202, John mencapai kemenangan awal, tetapi kekurangan sumber ketenteraan dan pengobatannya terhadap Norman, Breton dan Anjou bangsawan mengakibatkan runtuhnya empayarnya di utara Perancis pada tahun 1204. John menghabiskan banyak dekade berikutnya cuba mendapatkan semula tanah-tanah ini, menaikkan hasil yang besar, mereformasi angkatan bersenjata dan membina aliansi benua. Pembaharuan kehakiman John mempunyai kesan yang berkekalan terhadap sistem undang-undang umum Inggeris, serta menyediakan sumber pendapatan tambahan. Hujah dengan Pope Innocent III membawa kepada ekskomunikasi John pada tahun 1209, perselisihan akhirnya diselesaikan oleh raja pada tahun 1213. Percubaan John untuk mengalahkan Philip pada 1214 gagal kerana kemenangan Perancis terhadap sekutu John pada pertempuran Bouvines. Apabila dia kembali ke England, John menghadapi pemberontakan oleh ramai baronnya, yang tidak berpuas hati dengan dasar fiskalnya dan rawatannya terhadap banyak bangsawan yang paling berkuasa di England. Walaupun John dan baron bersetuju dengan perjanjian damai Magna Carta pada tahun 1215, kedua belah pihak tidak mematuhi syarat-syaratnya. Perang saudara berlaku sejurus selepas itu, dengan baron dibantu oleh Louis Perancis. Ia kemudiannya turun menjadi kebuntuan. John meninggal dunia akibat disentri yang dikontrak semasa kempen di timur England pada akhir 1216; penyokong anaknya Henry III pergi untuk mencapai kemenangan terhadap Louis dan baron pemberontak pada tahun berikutnya. <> Bilakah perang dengan Perancis keluar? || 1202 <> Bilakah John dipecat? || 1209 <> Bilakah perjanjian damai Magna Carta dipersetujui? || 1215 <> Siapa menang kemenangan ke atas Louis dan baron pemberontak? || Henry III", {"qas": [{"question": "When did war with France break out?", "id": "570c50aeb3d812140066d0c5", "answers": [{"text": "1202", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was John excommunicated?", "id": "570c50afb3d812140066d0c6", "answers": [{"text": "1209", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?", "id": "570c50afb3d812140066d0c7", "answers": [{"text": "1215", "answer_start": 1017}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?", "id": "570c50afb3d812140066d0c8", "answers": [{"text": "Henry III", "answer_start": 1296}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year."}], ["Selepas kematian Richard pada 6 April 1199, terdapat dua penuntut yang berpotensi untuk tahta Angevin: John, yang tuntutannya menjadi anak tunggal yang masih hidup dari Henry II, dan Arthur I dari Brittany, yang memegang tuntutan sebagai anak kepada adik lelaki John Geoffrey. Richard nampaknya telah mula mengenali John sebagai ahli warisnya pada tahun-tahun akhir sebelum kematiannya, tetapi perkara itu tidak jelas dan undang-undang zaman pertengahan memberikan sedikit panduan mengenai bagaimana tuntutan yang bersaing itu harus diputuskan. Dengan undang-undang Norman memihak kepada John sebagai satu-satunya anak lelaki Henry II dan undang-undang Angevin yang memihak kepada Arthur sebagai satu-satunya anak kepada anak lelaki Henry, perkara itu dengan cepat menjadi konflik terbuka. John disokong oleh sebahagian besar bangsawan Inggeris dan Norman dan dinobatkan di Westminster, disokong oleh ibunya, Eleanor. Arthur disokong oleh majoriti Breton, Maine dan Anjou bangsawan dan mendapat sokongan Philip II, yang tetap komited untuk memecahkan wilayah Angevin di benua itu. Dengan tentera Arthur mendesak lembah Loire ke arah Angers dan angkatan Philip bergerak ke lembah menuju Tours, empayar benua John berada dalam bahaya dipotong dua. <> Bilakah Richard mati? || 6 April 1199 <> Siapa anak tunggal yang masih hidup? || John <> Di mana John dinobatkan? || Westminster <> Tentera mana yang menekan lembah Loire? || Arthur", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Richard die?", "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45873", "answers": [{"text": "6 April 1199", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the sole surviving son?", "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45874", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was John crowned?", "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45875", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose army pressed up the Loire valley?", "id": "570c4d2dfed7b91900d45876", "answers": [{"text": "Arthur", "answer_start": 1004}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. With Norman law favouring John as the only surviving son of Henry II and Angevin law favouring Arthur as the only son of Henry's elder son, the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two."}], ["Watak hubungan John dengan isteri keduanya, Isabella dari Angoul\u00eame, tidak jelas. John berkahwin dengan Isabella sementara dia masih muda - tarikh kelahirannya yang jelas tidak menentu, dan perkiraan meletakkannya antara paling banyak 15 dan lebih mungkin ke arah sembilan tahun pada masa perkahwinannya. [Nb 15] Malah mengikut piawai masa , Isabella telah berkahwin sementara sangat muda. John tidak memberikan banyak wang untuk isterinya dan tidak banyak hasil dari tanahnya, sehingga ahli sejarah Nicholas Vincent menggambarkannya sebagai \"betul-betul tegas\" terhadap Isabella. Vincent menyimpulkan bahawa perkahwinan itu bukanlah sesuatu yang \"baik\". Aspek lain dari perkahwinan mereka menunjukkan hubungan yang lebih dekat dan lebih positif. Chroniclers mencatatkan bahawa John mempunyai \"kegilaan gila\" dengan Isabella, dan pastinya John mempunyai hubungan suami isteri dengan Isabella antara sekurang-kurangnya 1207 dan 1215; mereka mempunyai lima orang anak. Berbeza dengan Vincent, ahli sejarah William Chester Jordan menyimpulkan bahawa pasangan itu adalah \"pasangan yang berpengalaman\" yang mempunyai perkahwinan yang berjaya dengan standard hari itu. <> Siapa isteri kedua John? || Isabella of Angoul\u00eame <> Nicholas Vincent digambarkan sebagai apa? || betul betul <> Kapan John mempunyai hubungan suami isteri dengan Isabella? || 1207 dan 1215 <> Berapa banyak anak lelaki yang ada di John dan Isabella? || lima kanak-kanak", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was John's second wife?", "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0bd", "answers": [{"text": "Isabella of Angoul\u00eame", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Nicholas Vincent was described as what?", "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0be", "answers": [{"text": "downright mean", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella?", "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0bf", "answers": [{"text": "1207 and 1215", "answer_start": 915}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did John and Isabella have?", "id": "570c5037b3d812140066d0c0", "answers": [{"text": "five children", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young \u2013 her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.[nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being \"downright mean\" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly \"amicable\" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a \"mad infatuation\" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a \"companionable couple\" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day."}], ["Pada permulaan pemerintahan John terdapat perubahan mendadak harga, sebagai hasil yang buruk dan permintaan yang tinggi untuk makanan menyebabkan harga yang lebih tinggi untuk bijirin dan haiwan. Tekanan inflasi ini diteruskan untuk sisa kurun ke-13 dan mempunyai akibat ekonomi jangka panjang untuk England. Tekanan sosial yang dihasilkan adalah rumit oleh ledakan deflasi yang mengakibatkan kempen ketenteraan John. Sudah biasa pada masa itu untuk raja mengumpul cukai dalam bentuk perak, yang kemudiannya dimasukkan ke dalam duit syiling baru; syiling ini akan dimasukkan ke dalam barel dan dihantar ke istana kerajaan di seluruh negara, untuk digunakan untuk menyewa tentera upahan atau untuk menampung kos lain. Pada masa-masa ketika John sedang mempersiapkan kempen di Normandy, misalnya, jumlah perak yang besar harus ditarik dari ekonomi dan disimpan selama berbulan-bulan, yang secara tidak sengaja mengakibatkan masa-masa di mana koin perak hanya sulit dilalui, kredit komersial sulit untuk memperoleh dan tekanan deflasi diletakkan pada ekonomi. Hasilnya adalah pergolakan politik di seluruh negara. John cuba menangani beberapa masalah dengan mata wang Inggeris pada tahun 1204 dan 1205 dengan melakukan pembaikpulihan radikal dari duit syiling, meningkatkan kualiti dan konsistensinya. <> Apa yang berlaku pada permulaan pemerintahan John? || perubahan mendadak harga <> Berapa lama tekanan inflasi berterusan? || Abad ke-13 <> Bilakah John menangani masalah dengan mata wang Inggeris? || 1204 dan 1205 <> Bagaimana dia menangani masalah dengan mata wang Inggeris? || menjalankan rombakan radikal daripada duit syiling itu", {"qas": [{"question": "What happened at the start of John's reign?", "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ab", "answers": [{"text": "sudden change in prices", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the inflationary pressure continue?", "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ac", "answers": [{"text": "13th century", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John address problems with the English currency?", "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ad", "answers": [{"text": "1204 and 1205", "answer_start": 1134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did he address the problems with the English currency?", "id": "570c4ee1b3d812140066d0ae", "answers": [{"text": "carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage", "answer_start": 1151}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the king to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency."}], ["John dilahirkan pada Henry II dari England dan Eleanor dari Aquitaine pada 24 Disember 1166. Henry telah mewarisi wilayah-wilayah penting di sepanjang pesisir Atlantik-Anjou, Normandy dan England-dan memperluas empayarnya dengan menaklukkan Brittany. Henry berkahwin dengan Eleanor Aquitaine yang berkuasa, yang memerintah Duchy of Aquitaine dan mempunyai tuntutan yang lemah terhadap Toulouse dan Auvergne di Perancis selatan, selain menjadi bekas isteri Louis VII dari Perancis. Hasilnya ialah Angevin Empire, yang dinamakan sempena nama keluarga Henry sebagai Count of Anjou dan, lebih khusus lagi, tempat duduknya di Angers. [Nb 2] Empayar itu bagaimanapun adalah rapuh: walaupun semua negeri berhutang budi kepada Henry, bahagian masing-masing mempunyai sejarah, tradisi dan struktur tadbir mereka sendiri. Seperti yang berpindah ke selatan melalui Anjou dan Aquitaine, sejauh mana kuasa Henry di wilayah-wilayah itu berkurangan, hampir tidak menyerupai konsep moden empayar sama sekali. Beberapa hubungan tradisional antara bahagian empayar seperti Normandy dan England perlahan-lahan melaraskan dari masa ke masa. Tidak jelas apa yang akan berlaku kepada empayar pada kematian Henry. Walaupun kebiasaan primogeniture, di mana seorang anak sulung mewarisi semua tanah ayahnya, perlahan-lahan menjadi semakin meluas di seluruh Eropah, ia kurang popular di kalangan raja-raja Norman di England. Kebanyakan percaya bahawa Henry akan membahagikan empayar itu, memberikan setiap anaknya sebahagian besar, dan berharap anak-anaknya akan terus bekerja sebagai sekutu selepas kematiannya. Untuk merumitkan perkara-perkara, kebanyakan empayar Angevin telah dipegang oleh Henry hanya sebagai vassal Raja Perancis dari garis saingan House of Capet. Henry sering bersekutu dengan Kaisar Rom Suci terhadap Perancis, menjadikan hubungan feudal lebih mencabar. <> Bilakah John dilahirkan? || 24 Disember 1166 <> Siapa yang Henry berkahwin? || Eleanor of Aquitaine <> Siapa sekutu Henry? || Maharaja Suci Rom", {"qas": [{"question": "When was John born?", "id": "570c4c8ab3d812140066d093", "answers": [{"text": "24 December 1166", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Henry marry?", "id": "570c4c8ab3d812140066d094", "answers": [{"text": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Henry's ally?", "id": "570c4c8ab3d812140066d095", "answers": [{"text": "Holy Roman Emperor", "answer_start": 1708}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard\u2014Anjou, Normandy and England\u2014and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging."}], ["Surat sokongan dari pope tiba pada bulan April tetapi pada masa itu baron pemberontak telah menganjurkan. Mereka berkumpul di Northampton pada bulan Mei dan melepaskan hubungan feudal mereka ke John, melantik Robert fitz Walter sebagai ketua tentera mereka. Ini mengisytiharkan \"Tentera Tuhan\" berarak di London, mengambil modal serta Lincoln dan Exeter. Usaha John untuk menunjukkan kesederhanaan dan perdamaian telah berjaya, tetapi apabila pemberontak mengadakan London mereka menarik gelombang baru pembelot dari puak diraja John. John mengarahkan Langton untuk mengadakan rundingan damai dengan baron pemberontak. <> Di mana baron pemberontak berkumpul? || Northampton <> Siapa pemimpin baron pemberontak? || Robert fitz Walter <> Apa yang John mengarahkan Langton lakukan? || mengadakan rundingan damai dengan baron pemberontak", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the rebel barons congregate?", "id": "570c5439b3d812140066d115", "answers": [{"text": "Northampton", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the rebel baron leader?", "id": "570c5439b3d812140066d116", "answers": [{"text": "Robert fitz Walter", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John instruct Langton to do?", "id": "570c5439b3d812140066d117", "answers": [{"text": "organise peace talks with the rebel barons", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed \"Army of God\" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons."}], ["Pada 1185 John membuat lawatan pertamanya ke Ireland, disertai oleh 300 kesatria dan satu pasukan pentadbir. Henry telah cuba untuk secara rasmi mengisytiharkan Raja Ireland, tetapi Pope Lucius III tidak akan bersetuju. Tempoh pemerintahan John pertama di Ireland tidak berjaya. Ireland baru-baru ini telah ditawan oleh angkatan Anglo-Norman, dan ketegangan masih berleluasa antara Henry II, peneroka baru dan penduduk yang ada. John menyakitkan hati pemerintah Ireland setempat dengan membuat keseronokan janggut mereka yang tidak matang, gagal membuat sekutu di kalangan peneroka Anglo-Norman, mula kehilangan ketenteraan menentang orang Ireland dan akhirnya kembali ke England pada tahun itu, menyalahkan walikota, Hugh de Lacy, untuk kegagalan. <> Bilakah John membuat lawatan pertamanya ke Ireland? || 1185 <> Berapa ramai kesatria mengiringi John ke Ireland? || 300 <> Bagaimana John menyinggung raja-raja Ireland tempatan? || menghiburkan janggut panjang yang tidak boleh dipakai", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John make his first visit to Ireland?", "id": "570c52b0b3d812140066d0fd", "answers": [{"text": "1185", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?", "id": "570c52b0b3d812140066d0fe", "answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did John offend the local Irish rulers?", "id": "570c52b0b3d812140066d0ff", "answers": [{"text": "making fun of their unfashionable long beards", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco."}], ["John dibesarkan di sekitar 5 kaki 5 inci (1.68 m) tinggi, agak pendek, dengan \"badan yang kuat\", dan rambut merah gelap; dia memandang kepada sezaman seperti penduduk Poitou. John suka membaca dan, secara luar biasa untuk tempoh itu, membina perpustakaan buku perjalanan. Dia menikmati perjudian, khususnya pada backgammon, dan merupakan pemburu yang bersemangat, walaupun dengan standard zaman pertengahan. Dia suka muzik, walaupun bukan lagu. John akan menjadi \"peniaga permata\", membina koleksi yang besar, dan menjadi terkenal dengan pakaian mewahnya dan juga, menurut pencatat sejarah Perancis, kerana kesukaannya untuk wain jahat. Ketika John dibesarkan, ia menjadi terkenal dengan kadang-kadang \"ramah, sopan, murah hati dan ramah\"; pada masa-masa yang lain, dia boleh menjadi cemburu, terlalu sensitif dan cenderung sesuai dengan kemarahan, \"menggigit dan menggigit jarinya\" dalam kemarahan. [nb 3] <> Berapa tinggi ialah John? || 5 ft 5 in <> Apa yang dibina oleh John? || buku perpustakaan perjalanan <> Siapa yang menjadi ahli sihir? || John <> Apa yang dilakukan John dalam kemarahan? || menggigit dan menggigit jari-jarinya", {"qas": [{"question": "How tall was John?", "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0ef", "answers": [{"text": "5 ft 5 in", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John build up?", "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0f0", "answers": [{"text": "travelling library of books", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became a connoisseur of jewels?", "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0f1", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John do in fits of rage?", "id": "570c51f3b3d812140066d0f2", "answers": [{"text": "biting and gnawing his fingers", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a \"powerful, barrel-chested body\" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at backgammon, and was an enthusiastic hunter, even by medieval standards. He liked music, although not songs. John would become a \"connoisseur of jewels\", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. As John grew up, he became known for sometimes being \"genial, witty, generous and hospitable\"; at other moments, he could be jealous, over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage, \"biting and gnawing his fingers\" in anger.[nb 3]"}], ["Perdamaian baru hanya akan berlangsung selama dua tahun; perang bermula semula selepas keputusan John pada bulan Ogos 1200 untuk menikahi Isabella dari Angoul\u00eame. Untuk berkahwin semula, John pertama kali perlu meninggalkan Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, isteri pertamanya; John berjaya melakukannya dengan mengatakan bahawa dia telah gagal untuk mendapatkan kebenaran kepausan yang diperlukan untuk menikahi Isabel di tempat pertama - sebagai sepupu, John tidak boleh memilikinya secara sah tanpa ini. Masih tidak jelas mengapa John memilih untuk berkahwin dengan Isabella dari Angoul\u00eame. Kronik-kronik kontemporari berpendapat bahawa John telah jatuh cinta dengan Isabella, dan John mungkin telah termotivasi oleh keinginan untuk gadis yang cantik, jika lebih muda. Sebaliknya, tanah Angoumois yang datang dengan Isabella sangat penting bagi John: dengan berkahwin dengan Isabella, John memperoleh laluan darat antara Poitou dan Gascony, yang dengan ketara menguatkan cengkamannya di Aquitaine. [Nb 5] <> Berapa lama Adakah perdamaian baru terakhir? || dua tahun <> Bilakah keputusan John menikahi Isabella? || Ogos 1200 <> John memperoleh tanah utama antara Poitou dan di mana? || Gascony", {"qas": [{"question": "How long did the new peace last?", "id": "570c54a7b3d812140066d11b", "answers": [{"text": "two years", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was John's decision to marry Isabella?", "id": "570c54a7b3d812140066d11c", "answers": [{"text": "August 1200", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John acquired key land between Poitou and where?", "id": "570c54a7b3d812140066d11d", "answers": [{"text": "Gascony", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place \u2013 as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoul\u00eame. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]"}], ["Semasa zaman awal John, Henry cuba menyelesaikan persoalan penggantinya. Henry the Young King telah dinobatkan sebagai Raja Inggeris pada tahun 1170, tetapi tidak diberi sebarang kuasa rasmi oleh bapanya; dia juga dijanjikan Normandy dan Anjou sebagai sebahagian daripada warisan masa depannya. Richard akan dilantik sebagai Count of Poitou dengan kawalan Aquitaine, sementara Geoffrey menjadi Duke of Brittany. Pada masa ini nampaknya tidak mungkin John akan mewarisi tanah yang besar, dan dia bercanda berjuluk \"Lackland\" oleh bapanya. <> Bilakah Henry dinobatkan sebagai Raja Inggeris? || 1170 <> Apa yang dijanjikan oleh Henry sebagai sebahagian daripada warisan masa depannya? || Normandy dan Anjou <> Siapa yang menjadi Duke Brittany? || Geoffrey <> Apa nama panggilan John? || Lackland", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Henry crowned King of England?", "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0e7", "answers": [{"text": "1170", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance?", "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0e8", "answers": [{"text": "Normandy and Anjou", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the Duke of Brittany?", "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0e9", "answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John's nickname?", "id": "570c5164b3d812140066d0ea", "answers": [{"text": "Lackland", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed \"Lackland\" by his father."}], ["Apabila Uskup Agung Canterbury, Hubert Walter, meninggal pada 13 Julai 1205, John terlibat dalam pertikaian dengan Pope Innocent III yang akan membawa kepada pengingkaran raja. Raja-raja Norman dan Angevin secara tradisinya menjalankan banyak kuasa ke atas gereja di wilayah mereka. Dari tahun 1040-an dan seterusnya, paus berturut-turut telah mengemukakan suatu mesej pembaharuan yang menekankan pentingnya gereja itu \"ditadbir lebih rapat dan lebih hierarki dari pusat\" dan menubuhkan \"bidang otoritas dan bidang kuasa sendiri, terpisah dari dan bebas bahawa penguasa awam \", dalam kata-kata sejarawan Richard Huscroft. Selepas tahun 1140-an, prinsip-prinsip ini diterima secara besar-besaran di dalam gereja Inggeris, walaupun dengan unsur keprihatinan tentang pemusatkan otoritas di Rom. Perubahan-perubahan ini membawa hak-hak adat penguasa seperti John atas pelantikan gereja menjadi persoalan. Pope Innocent, menurut sejarawan Ralph Turner, pemimpin agama yang \"bercita-cita dan agresif\", mendesak hak dan tanggungjawabnya di dalam gereja. <> Bilakah Hubert Walter mati? || 13 Julai 1205 <> Apa yang menyebabkan pengikatan raja? || pertikaian dengan Pope Innocent III <> Siapa kata Pope Innocent adalah seorang pemimpin agama yang bercita-cita tinggi dan agresif? || ahli sejarah Ralph Turner", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Hubert Walter die?", "id": "570c5266b3d812140066d0f7", "answers": [{"text": "13 July 1205", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lead to the king's excommunication?", "id": "570c5266b3d812140066d0f8", "answers": [{"text": "a dispute with Pope Innocent III", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader?", "id": "570c5266b3d812140066d0f9", "answers": [{"text": "historian Ralph Turner", "answer_start": 974}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territories. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being \"governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre\" and established \"its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler\", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. After the 1140s, these principles had been largely accepted within the English church, albeit with an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome. These changes brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question. Pope Innocent was, according to historian Ralph Turner, an \"ambitious and aggressive\" religious leader, insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church."}], ["Henry the Young King berperang dengan saudaranya Richard pada tahun 1183 atas status England, Normandy dan Aquitaine. Henry II berpindah sokongan Richard, dan Henry Young King meninggal dunia akibat disentri pada akhir kempen. Dengan ahli warisnya yang terakhir mati, Henry menyusun semula rancangan untuk penggantian: Richard telah dijadikan Raja Inggeris, walaupun tanpa kuasa sebenar sehingga kematian bapanya; Geoffrey akan mengekalkan Brittany; dan John kini menjadi Duke of Aquitaine menggantikan Richard. Richard enggan menyerah Aquitaine; Henry II sangat marah dan memerintahkan John, dengan bantuan Geoffrey, untuk melangkah ke selatan dan merebut semula kad kuya. Kedua-dua menyerang ibu kota Poitiers, dan Richard membalas dengan menyerang Brittany. Perang berakhir dengan kebuntuan dan perdamaian keluarga yang tegang di England pada akhir tahun 1184. <<Siapa yang Henry bertempur dengan perang pendek pada tahun 1183? || Richard <> Bagaimana Henry Raja Muda mati? || disentri <> Siapa yang menjadi Duke of Aquitaine menggantikan Richard? || John <> Bilakah perang berakhir? || 1184", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?", "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458b7", "answers": [{"text": "Richard", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Henry the Young King die?", "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458b8", "answers": [{"text": "dysentery", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?", "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458b9", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the war end?", "id": "570c52fffed7b91900d458ba", "answers": [{"text": "1184", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184."}], ["Keadaan politik di England dengan cepat mula merosot. Longchamp enggan bekerja dengan Puiset dan menjadi tidak popular dengan golongan bangsawan dan pendeta Inggeris. John mengeksploitasikan ketidakpuasan ini untuk menjadikan dirinya sebagai penguasa alternatif dengan mahkamah kerajaannya sendiri, lengkap dengan jabatannya sendiri, kanselor dan jawatan kerajaan yang lain, dan dengan senang hati digambarkan sebagai seorang bupati alternatif, dan mungkin raja yang akan datang. Konfrontasi bersenjata berlaku di antara John dan Longchamp, dan pada 1191 Oktober Longchamp diasingkan di Menara London dengan John menguasai bandar London, berkat janji yang telah dibuat oleh John kepada rakyat sebagai pengiktirafan sebagai ahli waris Richard. Pada ketika ini Walter of Coutances, Uskup Agung Rouen, kembali ke England, setelah dihantar oleh Richard untuk mengembalikan pesanan. Posisi John diganggu oleh populariti Walter yang relatif dan dengan berita bahawa Richard telah menikah sementara di Cyprus, yang memperlihatkan kemungkinan bahawa Richard akan mempunyai anak-anak dan waris yang sah. <> Siapa yang enggan bekerja dengan Puiset? || Longchamp <> Bilakah Longchamp terpencil di Menara London? || Oktober 1191 <> Di mana Walter of Coutances kembali ke? || England", {"qas": [{"question": "Who refused to work with Puiset?", "id": "570c5401fed7b91900d458c5", "answers": [{"text": "Longchamp", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?", "id": "570c5401fed7b91900d458c6", "answers": [{"text": "October 1191", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Walter of Coutances return to?", "id": "570c5401fed7b91900d458c7", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king. Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive. At this point Walter of Coutances, the Archbishop of Rouen, returned to England, having been sent by Richard to restore order. John's position was undermined by Walter's relative popularity and by the news that Richard had married whilst in Cyprus, which presented the possibility that Richard would have legitimate children and heirs."}], ["Di bawah tekanan politik yang semakin meningkat, John akhirnya merundingkan syarat-syarat untuk perdamaian, dan istilah kepausan untuk penyerahan diterima di hadapan sahabat paus Pandulf Verraccio pada bulan Mei 1213 di Gereja Templar di Dover. Sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian itu, John menawarkan diri untuk menyerahkan Kerajaan England kepada kepausan untuk perkhidmatan feudal sebanyak 1,000 markah (bersamaan dengan \u00a3 666 pada masa itu) setiap tahun: 700 markah (\u00a3 466) untuk England dan 300 markah (\u00a3 200) untuk Ireland, serta memberi ganjaran kepada gereja untuk pendapatan yang hilang semasa krisis. Perjanjian itu telah diformalkan dalam Bulla Aurea, atau Golden Bull. Resolusi ini menghasilkan tindak balas bercampur. Walaupun beberapa penulis sejarah merasakan bahawa John telah dipermalukan oleh urutan peristiwa, terdapat sedikit reaksi awam. Innocent mendapat manfaat daripada penyelesaian masalah bahasa Inggerisnya yang lama, tetapi John mungkin mendapat lebih banyak lagi, kerana Innocent menjadi penyokong kuat John selama seluruh pemerintahannya, menyokongnya dalam isu dasar domestik dan kontinental. Tidak bersalah dengan segera menentang Philip, memanggilnya untuk menolak rancangan untuk menyerang England dan menuntut damai. John membayar sebahagian wang pampasan yang telah dijanjikannya kepada gereja, tetapi dia berhenti membuat bayaran pada akhir 1214, meninggalkan dua pertiga daripada jumlah yang tidak dibayar; Tidak bersalah kelihatan mudah melupakan hutang ini demi kebaikan hubungan yang lebih luas. <> Bilakah syarat-syarat kepa untuk penyerahan diterima? || Mei 1213 <> Berapa banyak markah John menyerah? || 1,000 <> Di manakah perjanjian itu diformalkan? || Bulla Aurea", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the papal terms for submission accepted?", "id": "570c5350fed7b91900d458bf", "answers": [{"text": "May 1213", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many marks did John surrender?", "id": "570c5350fed7b91900d458c0", "answers": [{"text": "1,000", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the agreement formalised?", "id": "570c5350fed7b91900d458c1", "answers": [{"text": "Bulla Aurea", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a3666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (\u00a3466) for England and 300 marks (\u00a3200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship."}], ["Kegawatan politik berterusan. John mula menjalin hubungan dengan raja Perancis Philip II, yang baru kembali dari perang salib. John berharap untuk memperoleh Normandy, Anjou dan tanah-tanah lain di Perancis yang dipegang oleh Richard dalam pertukaran untuk mengikat dirinya dengan Philip. John dipujuk untuk tidak mengejar persekutuan oleh ibunya. Longchamp, yang telah meninggalkan England selepas campur tangan Walter, kini kembali, dan berhujah bahawa dia telah dilenyapkan secara salah sebagai justiciar. John campur tangan, menindas tuntutan Longchamp sebagai balasan kepada janji-janji sokongan dari pentadbiran kerajaan, termasuk penegasan kedudukannya sebagai pewaris takhta. Apabila Richard masih tidak kembali dari perang salib, John mula menegaskan bahawa saudaranya telah mati atau hilang secara kekal. Richard sebenarnya telah ditangkap dalam perjalanan ke England oleh Duke of Austria dan diserahkan kepada Kaisar Henry VI, yang memegangnya untuk tebusan. John merampas peluang itu dan pergi ke Paris, di mana dia membentuk satu pakatan dengan Philip. Dia bersetuju untuk mengetepikan isterinya, Isabella dari Gloucester, dan berkahwin dengan kakak Philip, Alys, sebagai ganti sokongan Philip. Pertempuran berlaku di England antara pasukan yang setia kepada Richard dan mereka yang dikumpulkan oleh John. Kedudukan tentera John lemah dan dia bersetuju dengan gencatan senjata; pada awal tahun 1194 raja akhirnya kembali ke England, dan pasukan-pasukan yang tinggal John menyerah. John berundur ke Normandy, di mana Richard akhirnya menemuinya pada tahun itu. Richard mengisytiharkan bahawa adiknya - walaupun berumur 27 tahun - hanyalah \"seorang kanak-kanak yang mempunyai kaunselor yang jahat\" dan memaafkannya, tetapi memindahkan tanahnya dengan pengecualian Ireland. <> Siapa yang John menjalin hubungan dengan? || Raja Perancis Philip II <> Apa yang John lakukan ketika Richard tidak kembali dari perang salibnya? || menegaskan bahawa abangnya telah mati <> Siapa yang menangkap Richard? || Duke of Austria <> Bilakah raja kembali ke England? || 1194", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did John explore an alliance with?", "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d10d", "answers": [{"text": "French king Philip II", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?", "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d10e", "answers": [{"text": "assert that his brother was dead", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who captured Richard?", "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d10f", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Austria", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the king return to England?", "id": "570c539bb3d812140066d110", "answers": [{"text": "1194", "answer_start": 1284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, Alys, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that his younger brother \u2013 despite being 27 years old \u2013 was merely \"a child who has had evil counsellors\" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland."}], ["Selepas kematian John Marshal diisytiharkan pelindung Henry III berusia sembilan tahun. Perang saudara berterusan sehingga kemenangan diraja di pertempuran Lincoln dan Dover pada tahun 1217. Louis menyerahkan tuntutannya kepada takhta Inggeris dan menandatangani Perjanjian Lambeth. Perjanjian Magna Carta yang gagal telah disunting semula oleh pentadbiran Marshal dan diterbitkan semula dalam bentuk yang diedit pada tahun 1217 sebagai dasar untuk kerajaan masa depan. Henry III meneruskan percubaannya untuk menuntut semula Normandy dan Anjou hingga 1259, tetapi kerugian benua John dan pertumbuhan daya kekuasaan Capetian pada abad ke-13 terbukti menandakan \"titik perubahan dalam sejarah Eropah\". <> Siapa yang diisytiharkan pelindung Henry III selepas kematian John? || William Marshal <Siapa yang memberikan tuntutan mereka kepada takhta Inggeris? || Louis <> Perjanjian apa gagal? || Magna Carta <> Sehingga ketika Henry III meneruskan usahanya untuk menuntut kembali Normandia? || 1259", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?", "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d141", "answers": [{"text": "William Marshal", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave up their claim to the English throne?", "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d142", "answers": [{"text": "Louis", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agreement failed?", "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d143", "answers": [{"text": "Magna Carta", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?", "id": "570c561eb3d812140066d144", "answers": [{"text": "1259", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a \"turning point in European history\"."}], ["John sangat curiga terhadap baron, terutama yang mempunyai kuasa dan kekayaan yang mencukupi untuk berpotensi mencabar raja. Banyak baron yang tertakluk kepada malevolentia John, termasuk William Marshal, seorang ksatria terkenal dan baron yang lazimnya dipegang sebagai model kesetiaan. Kasus yang paling terkenal, yang melampaui apa pun yang dianggap dapat diterima pada masa itu, terbukti sebagai William de Braose, seorang tuan rumah yang berkuasa dengan tanah di Ireland. De Braose tertakluk kepada tuntutan hukuman, dan apabila dia enggan membayar sejumlah besar 40,000 markah (bersamaan dengan \u00a3 26,666 pada masa itu), [nb 13] isterinya dan salah seorang anaknya telah dipenjarakan oleh John, yang mengakibatkan dalam kematian mereka. De Braose mati dalam buangan pada 1211, dan cucunya kekal dalam penjara sehingga 1218. Kesanggupan dan kecemburuan John bermaksud bahawa dia jarang menikmati hubungan baik dengan baron loyalist terkemuka. <> John sangat curiga terhadap siapa? || barons <> Apa ksatria terkenal yang tertakluk kepada malevolentia John? || William Marshal <> Berapa banyak markah De Braose enggan bayar? || 40,000 <> Bilakah De Braose mati? || 1211", {"qas": [{"question": "John was deeply suspicious of who?", "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458dd", "answers": [{"text": "the barons", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia?", "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458de", "answers": [{"text": "William Marshal", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay?", "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458df", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did De Braose die?", "id": "570c57f5fed7b91900d458e0", "answers": [{"text": "1211", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which went beyond anything considered acceptable at the time, proved to be that of William de Braose, a powerful marcher lord with lands in Ireland. De Braose was subjected to punitive demands for money, and when he refused to pay a huge sum of 40,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a326,666 at the time),[nb 13] his wife and one of his sons were imprisoned by John, which resulted in their deaths. De Braose died in exile in 1211, and his grandsons remained in prison until 1218. John's suspicions and jealousies meant that he rarely enjoyed good relationships with even the leading loyalist barons."}], ["Kedudukan John di Perancis sangat diperkuat oleh kemenangan di Mirebeau, tetapi perawatan John terhadap tahanan baru dan sekutunya, William de Roches, dengan cepat meruntuhkan keuntungan ini. De Roches adalah seorang yang mulia Anjou yang mulia, tetapi John sebahagian besarnya mengabaikannya, menyebabkan kesalahan besar, sementara raja memelihara pemimpin pemberontak dalam keadaan yang buruk sehingga dua puluh dua daripadanya meninggal. Pada masa ini kebanyakan golongan bangsawan serantau dikaitkan rapat melalui persaudaraan, dan perilaku ini terhadap sanak saudara mereka dianggap tidak dapat diterima. William de Roches dan lain-lain sekutu serantau John di Anjou dan Brittany meninggalkan dia memihak kepada Philip, dan Brittany bangkit dalam pemberontakan baru. Keadaan kewangan John adalah lemah: sekali faktor-faktor seperti kos tentera kosmilik dan pasukan tentera telah diambil kira, Philip menikmati banyak, walaupun tidak banyak keuntungan, sumber daya di atas John. [Nb 6] <> Apa kemenangan memperkuat kedudukan John? || Mirebeau <Siapa yang meninggalkan John memihak kepada Philip? || William de Roches <> Bagaimana keadaan kewangan John? || lemah lembut", {"qas": [{"question": "What victory strengthened John's position?", "id": "570c55dab3d812140066d13b", "answers": [{"text": "Mirebeau", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who deserted John in favor of Philip?", "id": "570c55dab3d812140066d13c", "answers": [{"text": "William de Roches", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was John's financial situation?", "id": "570c55dab3d812140066d13d", "answers": [{"text": "tenuous", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the king kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. At this time most of the regional nobility were closely linked through kinship, and this behaviour towards their relatives was regarded as unacceptable. William de Roches and other of John's regional allies in Anjou and Brittany deserted him in favour of Philip, and Brittany rose in fresh revolt. John's financial situation was tenuous: once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account, Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John.[nb 6]"}], ["Trend ini bagi raja untuk bergantung kepada orangnya sendiri dengan mengorbankan barons itu diburukkan lagi oleh tradisi Angira kerajaan ira et malevolentia - \"kemarahan dan keganasan\" - dan personaliti John sendiri. Dari Henry II dan seterusnya, ira et malevolentia telah datang untuk menggambarkan hak raja untuk menyatakan kemarahan dan ketidaksenangannya di barons atau pastor tertentu, membina konsep Norman malevoncia - raja yang jahat. Dalam tempoh Norman, menderita kesulitan raja bermakna kesukaran memperoleh pemberian, penghormatan atau petisyen; Henry II telah menyatakan kemarahan dan kemarahan terhadap Thomas Becket; ini akhirnya mengakibatkan kematian Becket. John kini mempunyai keupayaan tambahan untuk \"melumpuhkan pengikutnya\" secara besar-besaran menggunakan langkah-langkah ekonominya dan kehakiman yang baru, yang menjadikan ancaman kemarahan diraja semakin serius. <> Siapa yang Henry II menyatakan kemarahannya dan keganasan terhadapnya? || Thomas Becket <> Apa yang diburukkan lagi oleh tradisi Angevin kerajaan ira et malevolentia? || raja untuk bergantung kepada orang-orangnya sendiri dengan mengorbankan para baron <> John mempunyai keupayaan tambahan untuk melakukan apa? || melumpuhkan pengikutnya", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?", "id": "570c5881b3d812140066d169", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Becket", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?", "id": "570c5881b3d812140066d16a", "answers": [{"text": "the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John had to additional ability to do what?", "id": "570c5881b3d812140066d16b", "answers": [{"text": "cripple his vassals", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia \u2013 \"anger and ill-will\" \u2013 and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia \u2013 royal ill-will. In the Norman period, suffering the king's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket; this ultimately resulted in Becket's death. John now had the additional ability to \"cripple his vassals\" on a significant scale using his new economic and judicial measures, which made the threat of royal anger all the more serious."}], ["Baron pemberontak bertindak balas dengan mengundang putera Perancis Louis untuk memimpin mereka: Louis mendakwa takhta Inggeris kerana perkahwinannya dengan Blanche dari Castile, cucu Henry II. Philip mungkin telah memberikannya sokongan peribadi tetapi enggan menyokong secara terbuka Louis, yang dikucilkan oleh Innocent untuk mengambil bahagian dalam peperangan melawan John. Kedatangan Louis yang dirancang di England menunjukkan masalah besar bagi John, kerana putera itu akan membawa dia kapal-kapal tentera laut dan enjin pengepungan yang penting kepada pemberontak. Sekali John terkandung Alexander di Scotland, dia berarak ke selatan untuk menghadapi cabaran serangan yang akan datang. <> Baron pemberontak menjemput siapa untuk memimpin mereka? || Putera Perancis Louis <> Siapa cucu Henry II? || Blanche of Castile <> Apa yang John lakukan setelah dia memasukkan Alexander di Scotland? || dia berarak ke selatan untuk menghadapi cabaran serangan yang akan datang", {"qas": [{"question": "The rebel barons invited who to lead them?", "id": "570c5530fed7b91900d458cb", "answers": [{"text": "French prince Louis", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Henry II's granddaughter?", "id": "570c5530fed7b91900d458cc", "answers": [{"text": "Blanche of Castile", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?", "id": "570c5530fed7b91900d458cd", "answers": [{"text": "he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John. Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as the prince would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause. Once John contained Alexander in Scotland, he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion."}], ["Pada tahun 1940-an, tafsiran baru mengenai pemerintahan John mula muncul, berdasarkan penyelidikan ke atas bukti rekod pemerintahannya, seperti pita paip, pekeliling, dokumen pengadilan dan rekod utama yang serupa. Terutama, esei oleh Vivian Galbraith pada tahun 1945 mencadangkan \"pendekatan baru\" untuk memahami penguasa. Penggunaan bukti yang direkodkan digabungkan dengan skeptisisme yang meningkat tentang dua pencatat sejarah yang paling berwarna dari pemerintahan John, Roger of Wendover dan Matthew Paris. Dalam banyak kes, perincian yang diberikan oleh penulis sejarah ini, kedua-duanya ditulis selepas kematian John, dicabar oleh ahli sejarah moden. Tafsiran Magna Carta dan peranan pemberontak pada tahun 1215 telah direvisi dengan ketara: walaupun nilai simbolik, perlembagaan untuk piagam kemudiannya tidak dapat dipertikaikan, dalam konteks pemerintahan Yohanes, kebanyakan ahli sejarah kini menganggap perjanjian keamanan yang gagal antara \"partisan\" puak. Terdapat perdebatan yang semakin meningkat mengenai sifat dasar Ireland John. Pakar dalam sejarah zaman pertengahan Ireland, seperti Sean Duffy, telah mencabar naratif konvensional yang ditubuhkan oleh Lewis Warren, menunjukkan bahawa Ireland kurang stabil pada tahun 1216 daripada sebelumnya. <> Bilakah tafsiran baru mengenai pemerintahan John mula muncul? || 1940s <Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a \"new approach?\" || Vivian Galbraith <> Siapa yang mencadangkan Ireland kurang stabil pada tahun 1216 daripada sebelumnya? || Lewis Warren", {"qas": [{"question": "When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?", "id": "570c578fb3d812140066d163", "answers": [{"text": "1940s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a \"new approach?\"", "id": "570c578fb3d812140066d164", "answers": [{"text": "Vivian Galbraith", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed?", "id": "570c578fb3d812140066d165", "answers": [{"text": "Lewis Warren", "answer_start": 1104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a \"new approach\" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded evidence was combined with an increased scepticism about two of the most colourful chroniclers of John's reign, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris. In many cases the detail provided by these chroniclers, both writing after John's death, was challenged by modern historians. Interpretations of Magna Carta and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been significantly revised: although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, in the context of John's reign most historians now consider it a failed peace agreement between \"partisan\" factions. There has been increasing debate about the nature of John's Irish policies. Specialists in Irish medieval history, such as Sean Duffy, have challenged the conventional narrative established by Lewis Warren, suggesting that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than was previously supposed."}], ["Penindasan lebih jauh dari sekutu setempat John pada awal 1203 terus mengurangkan kebebasan John untuk bergerak di rantau ini. Dia cuba meyakinkan Pope Innocent III untuk campur tangan dalam konflik itu, tetapi upaya Innocent tidak berjaya. Ketika keadaan menjadi lebih buruk bagi John, dia nampaknya telah memutuskan untuk membunuh Arthur, dengan tujuan menghapuskan saingan potensialnya dan meruntuhkan gerakan pemberontak di Brittany. Arthur pada mulanya telah dipenjarakan di Falaise dan kemudian dipindahkan ke Rouen. Selepas ini, nasib Arthur tetap tidak menentu, tetapi sejarawan moden percaya dia dibunuh oleh John. Sejarah Margam Abbey mencadangkan bahawa \"John telah menangkap Arthur dan memelihara dia hidup di penjara untuk beberapa waktu di istana Rouen ... ketika John mabuk dia membunuh Arthur dengan tangannya sendiri dan mengikat batu berat ke tubuh yang membuangnya ke dalam Seine. \"[nb 7] Khabar angin cara kematian Arthur terus mengurangkan sokongan untuk John di seluruh rantau ini. Kakak Arthur, Eleanor, yang juga ditangkap di Mirebeau, telah dipenjarakan oleh John selama bertahun-tahun, walaupun dalam keadaan yang agak baik. <> Siapa yang cuba John meyakinkan? || Paus Innocent III <> Dimana Arthur dipenjarakan? || Falaise <> Siapa yang telah dipenjarakan oleh John selama bertahun-tahun? || Eleanor", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did John attempt to convince?", "id": "570c5572fed7b91900d458d1", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Innocent III", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Arthur imprisoned?", "id": "570c5572fed7b91900d458d2", "answers": [{"text": "Falaise", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?", "id": "570c5572fed7b91900d458d3", "answers": [{"text": "Eleanor", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Arthur killed, with the aim of removing his potential rival and of undermining the rebel movement in Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of Margam Abbey suggest that \"John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine.\"[nb 7] Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister, Eleanor, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions."}], ["Pentadbiran keadilan sangat penting bagi John. Beberapa proses baru telah diperkenalkan kepada undang-undang Inggeris di bawah Henry II, termasuk novel disseisin dan leluhur dewa. Proses-proses ini bermakna mahkamah-mahkamah mempunyai peranan yang lebih penting dalam kes-kes undang-undang tempatan, yang sebelum ini ditangani oleh tuan-tuan serantau atau tempatan. John meningkatkan profesionalisme para sarjan dan bailif setempat, dan meluaskan sistem koroner yang pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Hubert Walter pada tahun 1194, mencipta koroner kelas baru. John bekerja keras untuk memastikan sistem ini beroperasi dengan baik, melalui hakim-hakim yang telah dilantiknya, dengan memupuk pakar undang-undang dan kepakaran, dan dengan campur tangan dalam kes-kesnya sendiri. John terus mencuba kes-kes kecil, walaupun semasa krisis tentera. Dilihat secara positif, Lewis Warren menganggap bahawa John telah melepaskan \"kewajiban dirajanya untuk memberikan keadilan ... dengan semangat dan ketabahan yang mana undang-undang umum Inggeris sangat terhutang budi\". Melihat dengan lebih kritikal, John mungkin telah didorong oleh potensi proses perundangan diraja untuk menaikkan yuran, bukannya keinginan untuk memberikan keadilan sederhana; Sistem undang-undang John juga hanya digunakan untuk lelaki percuma, bukan kepada semua penduduk. Walau bagaimanapun, perubahan ini popular dengan banyak penyewa percuma, yang memperoleh sistem undang-undang yang lebih boleh dipercayai yang boleh memintas barons, yang terhadapnya kes tersebut sering dibawa. Pembaharuan John kurang popular dengan para baron itu sendiri, terutama kerana mereka tetap tertakluk kepada keadilan diraja sewenang-wenang dan kerap. <> Apa yang penting bagi John? || pentadbiran keadilan <> Bilakah sistem koroner mula diperkenalkan? || 1194 <> Mengapa John bermotivasi? || potensi proses perundangan diraja untuk menaikkan yuran", {"qas": [{"question": "What was of particular importance to John?", "id": "570c572cb3d812140066d15d", "answers": [{"text": "administration of justice", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the system of coroners first introduced?", "id": "570c572cb3d812140066d15e", "answers": [{"text": "1194", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was John motivated?", "id": "570c572cb3d812140066d15f", "answers": [{"text": "potential of the royal legal process to raise fees", "answer_start": 1041}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords. John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. John worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself. John continued to try relatively minor cases, even during military crises. Viewed positively, Lewis Warren considers that John discharged \"his royal duty of providing justice ... with a zeal and a tirelessness to which the English common law is greatly endebted\". Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to deliver simple justice; John's legal system also only applied to free men, rather than to all of the population. Nonetheless, these changes were popular with many free tenants, who acquired a more reliable legal system that could bypass the barons, against whom such cases were often brought. John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice."}], ["Salah satu cabaran utama John memperoleh sejumlah besar wang yang diperlukan untuk kempennya yang dicadangkan untuk menuntut semula Normandy. Raja Angevin mempunyai tiga sumber pendapatan utama yang tersedia untuk mereka, iaitu pendapatan dari tanah peribadi mereka, atau demesne; wang yang diperoleh melalui hak mereka sebagai tuan feudal; dan pendapatan dari cukai. Hasil daripada demesne diraja adalah tidak fleksibel dan telah berkurangan perlahan sejak penaklukan Norman. Perkara-perkara tidak dibantu oleh penjualan harta rampasan Richard di 1189, dan cukai memainkan peranan yang jauh lebih kecil dalam pendapatan diraja daripada pada abad-abad kemudian. Raja-raja Inggeris mempunyai hak-hak feodal yang meluas yang boleh digunakan untuk menjana pendapatan, termasuk sistem scutage, di mana perkhidmatan tentera feudal dielakkan dengan bayaran tunai kepada raja. Beliau memperoleh pendapatan daripada denda, yuran pengadilan dan penjualan piagam dan keistimewaan lain. John memperhebatkan usaha untuk memaksimumkan semua sumber pendapatan yang mungkin, sehingga ia digambarkan sebagai \"kejam, misterius, peras ugut dan wang\". John juga menggunakan penjanaan pendapatan sebagai cara untuk mengendalikan kawalan politik ke atas baron: hutang yang terhutang kepada mahkota oleh penyokong yang disukai oleh raja mungkin diampuni; koleksi orang-orang yang ditanggung oleh musuh lebih tegas dikuatkuasakan. <> Apakah salah satu cabaran utama John? || memperoleh sejumlah besar wang yang diperlukan <> Bilakah Richard menjual banyak harta diraja? || 1189 <> Di manakah John memperoleh pendapatan? || denda, yuran pengadilan dan penjualan piagam dan keistimewaan lain", {"qas": [{"question": "What was one of John's principal challenges?", "id": "570c56adfed7b91900d458d7", "answers": [{"text": "acquiring the large sums of money needed", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Richard sell many royal properties?", "id": "570c56adfed7b91900d458d8", "answers": [{"text": "1189", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did John derive income from?", "id": "570c56adfed7b91900d458d9", "answers": [{"text": "fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from taxation. Revenue from the royal demesne was inflexible and had been diminishing slowly since the Norman conquest. Matters were not helped by Richard's sale of many royal properties in 1189, and taxation played a much smaller role in royal income than in later centuries. English kings had widespread feudal rights which could be used to generate income, including the scutage system, in which feudal military service was avoided by a cash payment to the king. He derived income from fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges. John intensified his efforts to maximise all possible sources of income, to the extent that he has been described as \"avaricious, miserly, extortionate and moneyminded\". John also used revenue generation as a way of exerting political control over the barons: debts owed to the crown by the king's favoured supporters might be forgiven; collection of those owed by enemies was more stringently enforced."}], ["Selepas penobatannya, John berpindah ke selatan ke Perancis dengan pasukan tentera dan mengamalkan sikap defensif di sepanjang sempadan timur dan selatan Normandia. Kedua-dua pihak berhenti sejenak untuk rundingan sebelum perang berakhir; Kedudukan John kini lebih kuat, terima kasih kepada pengesahan bahawa Baldwin IX dari Flanders dan Renaud Boulogne telah memperbaharui pakatan anti-Perancis yang sebelumnya mereka telah bersetuju dengan Richard. Bangsawan Anjou yang kuat William des Roches telah dipujuk untuk mengalihkan sisi dari Arthur ke John; tiba-tiba keseimbangan seolah-olah merosot dari Philip dan Arthur memihak kepada John. Kedua-dua pihak tidak berminat untuk meneruskan konflik, dan selepas gencatan senjata, kedua pemimpin itu bertemu pada Januari 1200 untuk berunding dengan syarat-syarat yang mungkin untuk damai. Dari perspektif John, apa yang kemudian diikuti mewakili peluang untuk menstabilkan kawalan ke atas hartanya dan menghasilkan kedamaian yang kekal dengan Philip di Paris. John dan Philip merundingkan Perjanjian Mei 1200 Le Goulet; oleh perjanjian ini, Philip mengiktiraf John sebagai pewaris yang sah kepada Richard berhubung dengan harta benda Perancisnya, sementara meninggalkan tuntutan yang lebih meluas daripada kliennya, Arthur. [nb 4] John, seterusnya, meninggalkan dasar bekas Richard yang mengandungi Philip melalui pakatan dengan Flanders dan Boulogne, dan menerima hak Philip sebagai tuan tanah feodal yang sah di tanah John di Perancis. Dasar John memperoleh gelaran \"John Softsword\" dari beberapa penulis sejarah Inggeris, yang membezakan tingkah lakunya dengan abangnya yang lebih agresif, Richard. <> John bergerak ke selatan ke mana? || Perancis <> Yang memperbaharui pakatan anti-Perancis? || Baldwin IX dari Flanders dan Renaud Boulogne <> Bilakah Perjanjian Le Goulet dirundingkan? || Mei 1200 <> Apa julukan dasar John yang diperolehnya? || John Softsword", {"qas": [{"question": "John moved south into where?", "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d121", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who renewed the anti-French alliances?", "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d122", "answers": [{"text": "Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?", "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d123", "answers": [{"text": "May 1200", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nickname did John's policy earn him?", "id": "570c54efb3d812140066d124", "answers": [{"text": "John Softsword", "answer_start": 1437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. The powerful Anjou nobleman William des Roches was persuaded to switch sides from Arthur to John; suddenly the balance seemed to be tipping away from Philip and Arthur in favour of John. Neither side was keen to continue the conflict, and following a papal truce the two leaders met in January 1200 to negotiate possible terms for peace. From John's perspective, what then followed represented an opportunity to stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris. John and Philip negotiated the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet; by this treaty, Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions, temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client, Arthur.[nb 4] John, in turn, abandoned Richard's former policy of containing Philip through alliances with Flanders and Boulogne, and accepted Philip's right as the legitimate feudal overlord of John's lands in France. John's policy earned him the disrespectful title of \"John Softsword\" from some English chroniclers, who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother, Richard."}], ["Sama ada John atau barisan pemberontak serius cuba untuk melaksanakan perjanjian damai. Baron pemberontak mengesyaki bahawa majlis baronial yang dicadangkan tidak boleh diterima oleh John dan dia akan mencabar kesahihan piagam itu; mereka membungkus majlis baronial dengan kekerasan mereka sendiri dan enggan memusnahkan pasukan mereka atau menyerahkan London seperti yang dipersetujui. Walaupun janji-janjinya sebaliknya, John merayu kepada Innocent untuk membantu, melihat bahawa piagam itu menjejaskan hak pope di bawah perjanjian 1213 yang telah melantiknya sebagai tuan feudal John. Tidak bersalah; dia mengisytiharkan piagam itu \"bukan sahaja memalukan dan merendahkan, tetapi haram dan tidak adil\" dan mengucilkan baron pemberontak. Kegagalan perjanjian itu diteruskan dengan cepat ke Perang Baron Pertama. <> Siapa yang mengesyaki bahawa majlis baronial yang dicadangkan itu tidak boleh diterima? || pemberontak <> John merayu kepada siapa untuk membantu? || Tidak bersalah <> Kegagalan perjanjian menyebabkan apa? || Perang Baron Pertama", {"qas": [{"question": "Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?", "id": "570c5d12b3d812140066d18b", "answers": [{"text": "rebel barons", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John appealed to who for help?", "id": "570c5d12b3d812140066d18c", "answers": [{"text": "Innocent", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The failure of the agreement lead to what?", "id": "570c5d12b3d812140066d18d", "answers": [{"text": "First Barons' War", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed. Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. Innocent obliged; he declared the charter \"not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust\" and excommunicated the rebel barons. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons' War."}], ["Bahagian pertama kempen berlangsung dengan baik, dengan John mengalahkan pasukan di bawah komando Pangeran Louis dan merebut kembali daerah Anjou pada akhir bulan Jun. John mengepung istana Roche-au-Moine, kubu kuat, memaksa Louis untuk berperang melawan tentera besar John. Bangsawan Angevin tempatan enggan memajukan raja; Sentiasa meninggalkan sesuatu yang tidak disenangi, John kembali ke La Rochelle. Tidak lama selepas itu, Philip memenangi pertempuran Bouvines yang keras di utara melawan Otto dan sekutu-sekutu lain John, yang menamatkan harapan John untuk merebut semula Normandy. Perjanjian damai ditandatangani di mana John kembali Anjou kepada Philip dan membayar pampasan raja Perancis; gencatan senjata itu bertujuan untuk bertahan selama enam tahun. John kembali ke England pada bulan Oktober. <> John mengepung istana apa? || Roche-au-Moine <> Siapa yang enggan maju dengan raja? || Bangsawan Angevin setempat <> Yang memenangi pertempuran Bouvines? || Philip <> Berapa lama gencatan senjata yang dimaksudkan untuk bertahan? || enam tahun", {"qas": [{"question": "John besieged what castle?", "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45923", "answers": [{"text": "Roche-au-Moine", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who refused to advance with the king?", "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45924", "answers": [{"text": "The local Angevin nobles", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the battle of Bouvines?", "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45925", "answers": [{"text": "Philip", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the truce intended to last for?", "id": "570c5c6ffed7b91900d45926", "answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October."}], ["Para pemberontak membuat langkah pertama dalam perang, merebut Istana Rochester yang strategik, yang dimiliki oleh Langton tetapi ditinggalkan hampir tidak disokong oleh uskup agung. John bersedia untuk konflik. Dia menyimpan simpanan untuk membayar tentera upahan dan memastikan sokongan tuan-tuan berkuasa yang kuat dengan pasukan feodal mereka sendiri, seperti William Marshal dan Ranulf dari Chester. Para pemberontak tidak mempunyai kepakaran kejuruteraan atau peralatan berat yang diperlukan untuk menyerang rangkaian istana kerajaan yang memotong baron pemberontak utara dari mereka di selatan. Strategi John adalah untuk mengasingkan baron pemberontak di London, melindungi garisan bekalannya sendiri untuk sumber utama tentera upahannya di Flanders, mencegah Perancis dari mendarat di tenggara, dan kemudian memenangkan perang melalui pergeseran yang perlahan. John menangguhkan berhadapan dengan keadaan buruk yang teruk di Wales Utara, di mana Llywelyn the Great memimpin pemberontakan terhadap penyelesaian 1211. <> Siapa yang membuat langkah pertama dalam peperangan? || Pemberontak <> Apa yang diserang oleh para pemberontak? || Istana Rochester <> Siapa yang mengetuai pemberontakan terhadap penempatan 1211? || Llywelyn the Great <> Apakah strategi John? || mengasingkan baron pemberontak di London", {"qas": [{"question": "Who made the first move in the war?", "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45931", "answers": [{"text": "rebels", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the rebels seize?", "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45932", "answers": [{"text": "Rochester Castle", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?", "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45933", "answers": [{"text": "Llywelyn the Great", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John's strategy?", "id": "570c5cdefed7b91900d45934", "answers": [{"text": "isolate the rebel barons in London", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement."}], ["John membelanjakan hampir 1205 mengamankan England menentang pencerobohan Perancis yang berpotensi. Sebagai langkah kecemasan, John mencipta versi Assisi Arms of Henry II pada tahun 1181, dengan setiap shire mencipta struktur untuk menggerakkan levi tempatan. Ketika ancaman pencerobohan pudar, John membentuk pasukan tentera yang besar di Inggris yang ditujukan untuk Poitou, dan sebuah armada besar dengan tentara di bawah perintahnya sendiri yang ditujukan untuk Normandia. Untuk mencapai ini, John mengubah sumbangan feudal Inggeris ke dalam kempennya, mewujudkan sistem yang lebih fleksibel di mana hanya satu kesatria dalam sepuluh yang sebenarnya akan digerakkan, tetapi akan disokong secara finansial oleh sembilan yang lain; Kesatria akan berkhidmat untuk tempoh yang tidak ditentukan. John membina pasukan jurutera yang kuat untuk peperangan pengepungan dan daya tampar ahli profesional. Raja disokong oleh satu pasukan barons terkemuka dengan kepakaran tentera, termasuk William Longesp\u00e9e, William the Marshal, Roger de Lacy dan, sehingga ia jatuh dari pujian, tuan marcher William de Braose. <> John menghabiskan hampir 1205 melakukan apa? || mengamankan England <> Bilakah John mencipta versi Assisi Arms Henry II? || 1181 <> Berapa banyak kesatria dari sepuluh akan digerakkan? || satu", {"qas": [{"question": "John spent much of 1205 doing what?", "id": "570c58bafed7b91900d458ef", "answers": [{"text": "securing England", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms?", "id": "570c58bafed7b91900d458f0", "answers": [{"text": "1181", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many knights out of ten would be mobilised?", "id": "570c58bafed7b91900d458f1", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended for Poitou, and a large fleet with soldiers under his own command intended for Normandy. To achieve this, John reformed the English feudal contribution to his campaigns, creating a more flexible system under which only one knight in ten would actually be mobilised, but would be financially supported by the other nine; knights would serve for an indefinite period. John built up a strong team of engineers for siege warfare and a substantial force of professional crossbowmen. The king was supported by a team of leading barons with military expertise, including William Longesp\u00e9e, William the Marshal, Roger de Lacy and, until he fell from favour, the marcher lord William de Braose."}], ["Pada 1214 John memulakan kempen terakhirnya untuk menuntut semula Normandy daripada Philip. John optimis, kerana dia berjaya membina hubungan dengan Kaisar Otto, Renaud Boulogne dan Count Ferdinand dari Flanders; dia menikmati nikmat kepausan; dan dia berjaya membina dana besar untuk membayar penggunaan tentera yang berpengalaman. Walau bagaimanapun, ketika John meninggalkan Poitou pada bulan Februari 1214, ramai baron enggan memberikan perkhidmatan ketenteraan; kesatria bayaran tentera perlu mengisi jurang. Pelan John adalah untuk memecah pasukan Philip dengan menolak ke arah timur laut dari Poitou menuju Paris, sementara Otto, Renaud dan Ferdinand, yang disokong oleh William Longesp\u00e9e, melaju ke barat laut dari Flanders. <> Bilakah John memulakan kempen terakhirnya untuk menuntut semula Normandy? || 1214 <> Siapa yang membina hubungan dengan John? || Kaisar Otto, Renaud Boulogne dan Count Ferdinand dari Flanders <> Bilakah John pergi untuk Poitou? || Februari 1214", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?", "id": "570c5c99fed7b91900d4592b", "answers": [{"text": "1214", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did John build alliances with?", "id": "570c5c99fed7b91900d4592c", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John leave for Poitou?", "id": "570c5c99fed7b91900d4592d", "answers": [{"text": "February 1214", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army. Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longesp\u00e9e, marched south-west from Flanders."}], ["John terdesak tentang apa yang dilihatnya sebagai pembatalan hak adatnya sebagai raja untuk mempengaruhi pemilihan. Dia mengadu tentang pilihan Langton sebagai individu, kerana John merasakan dia terlalu dipengaruhi oleh pengadilan Capetian di Paris, dan tentang prosesnya secara keseluruhan. Dia mengharamkan Langton dari memasuki England dan merampas tanah-tanah uskup agro dan harta kepa lainnya. Innocent menetapkan komisen di tempat untuk cuba meyakinkan John untuk mengubah fikirannya, tetapi tidak berhasil. Innocent kemudiannya membuat keputusan di England pada bulan Mac 1208, melarang pendeta dari menjalankan perkhidmatan keagamaan, kecuali pembaptisan untuk orang muda, dan pengakuan dan pengakuan untuk kematian. <> John merasakan Langton terlalu dipengaruhi oleh apa? || Mahkamah Capetian di Paris <> Siapa yang mengharamkan Langton daripada memasuki England? || England <> ketika Innocent meletakkan keputusan di England? || Mac 1208", {"qas": [{"question": "John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?", "id": "570c5be2fed7b91900d4591d", "answers": [{"text": "the Capetian court in Paris", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was barred Langton from entering England?", "id": "570c5be2fed7b91900d4591e", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did Innocent place an interdict on England?", "id": "570c5be2fed7b91900d4591f", "answers": [{"text": "March 1208", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying."}], ["Semasa baki pemerintahannya, John memberi tumpuan kepada cuba merebut semula Normandy. Bukti yang ada menunjukkan bahawa John tidak menganggap kehilangan Duchy sebagai peralihan tetap dalam kuasa Capetian. Secara strategik, John menghadapi beberapa cabaran: England sendiri harus dijamin terhadap pencerobohan Perancis yang mungkin, laluan laut ke Bordeaux diperlukan untuk dijamin setelah kehilangan laluan darat ke Aquitaine, dan harta benda yang tersisa di Aquitaine perlu dijamin setelah kematian ibunya, Eleanor, pada bulan April 1204. Pelan pilihan John adalah menggunakan Poitou sebagai pangkalan operasi, memajukan lembah Loire untuk mengancam Paris, merobohkan pasukan Prancis dan memecahkan komunikasi komunikasi Philip sebelum mendarat pasukan maritim di Duchy itu sendiri. Sebaik-baiknya, pelan ini akan mendapat manfaat daripada pembukaan depan kedua di sempadan timur Filipina dengan Flanders dan Boulogne - dengan berkesan penciptaan semula strategi lama Richard menerapkan tekanan dari Jerman. Semua ini memerlukan banyak wang dan askar. <> John memberi tumpuan kepada cuba merebut kembali apa? || Normandy <> John tidak menganggap kehilangan Duchy sebagai peralihan yang tetap dalam apa? || Capetian power <> Apakah rencana pilihan John? || gunakan Poitou sebagai pangkalan operasi", {"qas": [{"question": "John focused on trying to retake what?", "id": "570c59bbfed7b91900d458f5", "answers": [{"text": "Normandy", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?", "id": "570c59bbfed7b91900d458f6", "answers": [{"text": "Capetian power", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John's preferred plan?", "id": "570c59bbfed7b91900d458f7", "answers": [{"text": "use Poitou as a base of operations", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne \u2013 effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers."}], ["Pada abad ke-12 dan awal abad ke-13, hubungan sempadan dan politik antara England dan Scotland telah dipertikaikan, dengan raja-raja Scotland mendakwa sebahagian daripada apa yang sekarang menjadi utara England. Bapa John, Henry II, telah memaksa William the Lion untuk bersumpah kepadanya di Perjanjian Falaise pada tahun 1174. Ini telah dibatalkan oleh Richard I sebagai ganti ganti rugi kewangan pada tahun 1189, tetapi hubungan itu tetap tidak selesa. John memulakan pemerintahannya dengan menegaskan kedaulatannya di daerah-daerah utara yang dipertikaikan. Dia menolak permintaan William untuk Northumbria, tetapi tidak campur tangan di Scotland sendiri dan memberi tumpuan kepada masalah benua. Kedua-dua raja itu mengekalkan hubungan mesra, bertemu pada tahun 1206 dan 1207, sehingga dikabarkan pada tahun 1209 bahawa William bercadang untuk bersekutu dengan Philip II dari Perancis. John menyerang Scotland dan memaksa William menandatangani Perjanjian Norham, yang memberikan kawalan kepada anak-anak perempuan William dan memerlukan bayaran sebanyak \u00a3 10,000. Ini secara berkesan melumpuhkan kuasa William di utara sempadan, dan oleh 1212 John terpaksa campur tangan secara ketenteraan untuk menyokong raja Scotland terhadap saingan dalamannya. [16] John tidak berusaha untuk menghidupkan semula Perjanjian Falaise, dan William dan Alexander tetap raja-raja merdeka, disokong oleh, tetapi tidak berkekalan, John. <> Bilakah hubungan politik antara England dan Scotland dipertikaikan? || akhir abad ke 12 dan awal abad ke-13 <> Yang memaksa William the Lion untuk bersumpah kepadanya? || Henry II <> Apakah John memaksa William untuk menandatangani? || Perjanjian Norham", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?", "id": "570c5a9bfed7b91900d4590f", "answers": [{"text": "late 12th and early 13th centuries", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?", "id": "570c5a9bfed7b91900d45910", "answers": [{"text": "Henry II", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John force William to sign?", "id": "570c5a9bfed7b91900d45911", "answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Norham", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had been rescinded by Richard I in exchange for financial compensation in 1189, but the relationship remained uneasy. John began his reign by reasserting his sovereignty over the disputed northern counties. He refused William's request for the earldom of Northumbria, but did not intervene in Scotland itself and focused on his continental problems. The two kings maintained a friendly relationship, meeting in 1206 and 1207, until it was rumoured in 1209 that William was intending to ally himself with Philip II of France. John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of \u00a310,000. This effectively crippled William's power north of the border, and by 1212 John had to intervene militarily to support the Scottish king against his internal rivals.[nb 16] John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and both William and Alexander remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John."}], ["John tetap Tuhan dari Ireland sepanjang pemerintahannya. Dia menarik ke negara ini untuk mencari sumber untuk melawan perangnya dengan Philip di benua itu. Konflik berterusan di Ireland antara peneroka Anglo-Norman dan ketua-ketua Ireland asli, dengan John memanipulasi kedua-dua kumpulan untuk mengembangkan kekayaan dan kekuasaannya di negara ini. Semasa pemerintahan Richard, John berjaya meningkatkan saiz tanahnya di Ireland, dan beliau meneruskan dasar ini sebagai raja. Pada tahun 1210 raja menyeberang ke Ireland dengan tentera yang besar untuk menghancurkan pemberontakan oleh tuan-tuan Anglo-Norman; beliau menegaskan semula kawalannya ke negara ini dan menggunakan piagam baru untuk memerintahkan pematuhan dengan undang-undang dan adat resam Inggeris di Ireland. John tidak lama lagi cuba untuk menguatkuasakan piagam ini di negara-negara Ireland asli, tetapi sejarawan David Carpenter mengesyaki bahawa dia mungkin telah melakukannya, mempunyai konflik baron di England tidak campur tangan. Ketegangan semangat kekal dengan pemimpin Ireland asli walaupun selepas John pergi ke England. <> John kekal apa sepanjang pemerintahannya? || Tuhan Ireland <> Kapan raja menyeberang ke Ireland dengan tentera yang besar? || 1210 <> Semasa pemerintahan Richard, apa yang berjaya dilakukan John? || meningkatkan saiz tanahnya di Ireland", {"qas": [{"question": "John remained what throughout his reign?", "id": "570c59f8b3d812140066d179", "answers": [{"text": "Lord of Ireland", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?", "id": "570c59f8b3d812140066d17a", "answers": [{"text": "1210", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?", "id": "570c59f8b3d812140066d17b", "answers": [{"text": "increased the size of his lands in Ireland", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country. During Richard's rule, John had successfully increased the size of his lands in Ireland, and he continued this policy as king. In 1210 the king crossed into Ireland with a large army to crush a rebellion by the Anglo-Norman lords; he reasserted his control of the country and used a new charter to order compliance with English laws and customs in Ireland. John stopped short of trying to actively enforce this charter on the native Irish kingdoms, but historian David Carpenter suspects that he might have done so, had the baronial conflict in England not intervened. Simmering tensions remained with the native Irish leaders even after John left for England."}], ["John merawat larangan itu sebagai \"bersamaan dengan pengisytiharan peperangan kepausan\". Dia bertindak balas dengan cuba menghukum Innocent secara peribadi dan memacu baji antara pendeta Inggeris yang mungkin menyokongnya dan mereka yang bersatu dengan pihak berkuasa di Rom. John merampas tanah-tanah para ulama itu yang tidak mahu melakukan perkhidmatan, serta ladang-ladang yang dikaitkan dengan Innocent sendiri; dia menangkap gundik haram yang banyak ulama yang disimpan pada masa itu, hanya melepaskan mereka selepas pembayaran denda; dia merampas tanah-tanah anggota gereja yang telah melarikan diri dari England, dan dia menjanjikan perlindungan bagi para paderi yang sanggup tetap setia padanya. Dalam banyak kes, institusi individu dapat merundingkan syarat untuk mengurus harta mereka sendiri dan mengekalkan hasil ladang mereka. Menjelang 1209 keadaan tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda penyelesaian, dan Innocent mengancam untuk mengosongkan John jika dia tidak bersetuju dengan pelantikan Langton. Apabila ancaman ini gagal, Innocent mengecualikan raja pada bulan November 1209. Walaupun secara teorinya suatu tamparan yang signifikan terhadap legitimasi John, ini tidak kelihatan sangat mengkhawatirkan raja. Dua sekutu dekat John, Kaisar Otto IV dan Count Raymond VI dari Toulouse, telah pun menderita hukuman yang sama sendiri, dan pentingnya pengucilan telah agak menurunkan nilai. John hanya mengetatkan langkah-langkahnya yang sedia ada dan mengakibatkan sejumlah besar wang dari pendapatan kosong dan biara: satu anggaran 1213, misalnya, mencadangkan gereja telah kehilangan kira-kira 100,000 markah (bersamaan dengan \u00a3 66,666 pada masa itu) kepada John. Angka-angka rasmi menunjukkan bahawa sekitar 14% daripada pendapatan tahunan dari gereja Inggeris telah diperuntukkan oleh John setiap tahun. <> John merawat larangan itu sebagai apa? || bersamaan dengan pengisytiharan kepausan perang <> John merampas tanah siapa? || para paderi tidak bersedia untuk menjalankan perkhidmatan <> Bilakah Innocent mengecualikan raja? || November 1209 <> Berapa banyak tanda gereja hilang? || 100,000", {"qas": [{"question": "John treated the interdict as what?", "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d17f", "answers": [{"text": "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John seized the lands of who?", "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d180", "answers": [{"text": "those clergy unwilling to conduct services", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Innocent excommunicate the king?", "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d181", "answers": [{"text": "November 1209", "answer_start": 1018}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many marks did the church lose?", "id": "570c5b53b3d812140066d182", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 1534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John treated the interdict as \"the equivalent of a papal declaration of war\". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwilling to conduct services, as well as those estates linked to Innocent himself; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period, only releasing them after the payment of fines; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England, and he promised protection for those clergy willing to remain loyal to him. In many cases, individual institutions were able to negotiate terms for managing their own properties and keeping the produce of their estates. By 1209 the situation showed no signs of resolution, and Innocent threatened to excommunicate John if he did not acquiesce to Langton's appointment. When this threat failed, Innocent excommunicated the king in November 1209. Although theoretically a significant blow to John's legitimacy, this did not appear to greatly worry the king. Two of John's close allies, Emperor Otto IV and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, had already suffered the same punishment themselves, and the significance of excommunication had been somewhat devalued. John simply tightened his existing measures and accrued significant sums from the income of vacant sees and abbeys: one 1213 estimate, for example, suggested the church had lost an estimated 100,000 marks (equivalent to \u00a366,666 at the time) to John. Official figures suggest that around 14% of annual income from the English church was being appropriated by John each year."}], ["Malangnya, Isabella telah bertunang dengan Hugh of Lusignan, ahli penting keluarga keluarga Poitou dan saudara kandung Count Raoul dari Eu, yang memiliki tanah sepanjang perbatasan sempadan Normandia timur. Sama seperti John berdiri untuk memberi manfaat secara strategik daripada berkahwin dengan Isabella, sehingga perkahwinan itu mengancam kepentingan orang Lusignans, yang tanahnya sendiri menyediakan laluan utama untuk barang dan tentera diraja di seluruh Aquitaine. Daripada merundingkan beberapa bentuk pampasan, John merawat Hugh \"dengan penghinaan\"; ini mengakibatkan pemberontakan Lusignan yang segera dihancurkan oleh John, yang turut campur tangan untuk menekan Raoul di Normandy. <> Siapa Isabella terlibat? || Hugh of Lusignan <> Hugh of Lusignan adalah ahli penting dalam apa? || satu keluarga Poitou yang mulia utama <> John merawat Hugh dengan apa? || penghinaan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Isabella engaged to?", "id": "570c6099fed7b91900d45959", "answers": [{"text": "Hugh of Lusignan", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what?", "id": "570c6099fed7b91900d4595a", "answers": [{"text": "a key Poitou noble family", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John treated Hugh with what?", "id": "570c6099fed7b91900d4595b", "answers": [{"text": "contempt", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interests of the Lusignans, whose own lands currently provided the key route for royal goods and troops across Aquitaine. Rather than negotiating some form of compensation, John treated Hugh \"with contempt\"; this resulted in a Lusignan uprising that was promptly crushed by John, who also intervened to suppress Raoul in Normandy."}], ["Pada abad ke-16 perubahan politik dan agama mengubah sikap sejarawan ke arah John. Para sejarawan Tudor secara umumnya lebih cenderung kepada raja, dengan menumpukan kepada pembangkang John terhadap Papacy dan promosi hak-hak istimewa dan prerogatif raja. Sejarah revisionis yang ditulis oleh John Foxe, William Tyndale dan Robert Barnes menggambarkan John sebagai wira Protestan awal, dan John Foxe termasuk raja dalam Kitab Martirnya. Sejarah John Great's Great Britain pada tahun 1632 memuji \"terkenal\" John sebagai seorang raja; dia menyalahkan peniaga sejarah zaman pertengahan untuk reputasi miskin raja. <> Bilakah perubahan politik dan agama mengubah sikap sejarawan ke arah John? || Abad ke-16 <> Ahli sejarah mana yang cenderung cenderung ke arah raja? || Ahli sejarah Tudor <> Apa yang memuji \"terkenal\" John sebagai seorang raja? || Historical Great Britain dari John Speed", {"qas": [{"question": "When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?", "id": "570c5e0efed7b91900d45947", "answers": [{"text": "16th century", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?", "id": "570c5e0efed7b91900d45948", "answers": [{"text": "Tudor historians", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What praised John's \"great renown\" as a king?", "id": "570c5e0efed7b91900d45949", "answers": [{"text": "John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John Foxe, William Tyndale and Robert Barnes portrayed John as an early Protestant hero, and John Foxe included the king in his Book of Martyrs. John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine in 1632 praised John's \"great renown\" as a king; he blamed the bias of medieval chroniclers for the king's poor reputation."}], ["Pencipta sejarah kontemporari kebanyakannya kritikal terhadap prestasi John sebagai raja, dan pemerintahannya telah menjadi subjek perdebatan penting dan semakan berkala oleh para sejarawan sejak abad ke-16 dan seterusnya. Ahli sejarah Jim Bradbury telah meringkaskan pendapat sejarah kontemporari tentang kualiti positif John, mengamati bahawa John hari ini biasanya dianggap sebagai \"pentadbir keras, seorang lelaki yang mampu, seorang jeneral yang mampu\". Walau bagaimanapun, sejarawan moden bersetuju bahawa dia juga mempunyai banyak kesalahan sebagai raja, termasuk ahli sejarah Ralph Turner yang menggambarkan sebagai \"sifat keperibadian yang berbahaya, bahkan berbahaya\", seperti kesunyian, kezaliman dan kezaliman. Ciri-ciri negatif ini memberikan bahan yang luas untuk penulis fiksyen di zaman Victoria, dan John tetap menjadi watak berulang dalam budaya popular Barat, terutama sebagai penjahat dalam filem dan cerita yang menggambarkan legenda Robin Hood. <> Siapa yang kritis terhadap prestasi John sebagai raja? || Kronologi kontemporari <> Apa sejarawan menyimpulkan pendapat sejarah kontemporari tentang kualiti positif John? || Jim Bradbury <> John tetap menjadi watak berulang dalam budaya apa? || Barat", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was critical of John's performance as king?", "id": "570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a3", "answers": [{"text": "Contemporary chroniclers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?", "id": "570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a4", "answers": [{"text": "Jim Bradbury", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John remains a recurring character within what culture?", "id": "570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a5", "answers": [{"text": "Western", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a \"hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general\". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as \"distasteful, even dangerous personality traits\", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends."}], ["Untuk tahun-tahun yang tersisa dalam pemerintahan Richard, John menyokong saudaranya di benua itu, nampaknya setia. Dasar Richard di benua itu adalah untuk berusaha mendapatkan kembali melalui kempen-kempen yang mantap dan terhad, istana yang telah dia kalah kepada Philip II sementara pada perang salib. Dia bersekutu dengan para pemimpin Flanders, Boulogne dan Empayar Rom Suci untuk menerapkan tekanan terhadap Philip dari Jerman. Pada 1195 John berjaya melakukan serangan mendadak dan pengepungan kastil \u00c9vreux, dan seterusnya menguruskan pertahanan Normandy terhadap Philip. Pada tahun berikutnya, John merampas bandar Gamaches dan mengetuai pesta penyerangan dalam jarak 80 kilometer dari Paris, menangkap Uskup Beauvais. Sebagai balasan untuk perkhidmatan ini, Richard menarik balik malevolentia (jahatnya) ke arah John, memulihkannya ke daerah Gloucestershire dan menjadikannya lagi Count of Mortain. <> Bilakah John berjaya melakukan serangan mendadak dan pengepungan istana Evreux? || 1195 <> Richard menarik balik apa yang berlaku kepada John? || malevolentia <> Siapa Count of Mortain? || John", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle?", "id": "570c602dfed7b91900d45953", "answers": [{"text": "1195", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Richard withdrew what towards John?", "id": "570c602dfed7b91900d45954", "answers": [{"text": "malevolentia", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Count of Mortain?", "id": "570c602dfed7b91900d45955", "answers": [{"text": "John", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and the Holy Roman Empire to apply pressure on Philip from Germany. In 1195 John successfully conducted a sudden attack and siege of \u00c9vreux castle, and subsequently managed the defences of Normandy against Philip. The following year, John seized the town of Gamaches and led a raiding party within 50 miles (80 km) of Paris, capturing the Bishop of Beauvais. In return for this service, Richard withdrew his malevolentia (ill-will) towards John, restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain."}], ["Tafsiran sejarah John telah mengalami perubahan besar sepanjang tahun. Penulis zaman pertengahan menyediakan kontemporari pertama, atau hampir kontemporari, sejarah pemerintahan John. Satu kumpulan penulis kronik menulis pada awal kehidupan John, atau sekitar masa penyertaannya, termasuk Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden dan Ralph de Diceto. Ahli sejarah ini secara umumnya tidak simpatik terhadap tingkah laku John di bawah pemerintahan Richard, tetapi sedikit lebih positif terhadap tahun-tahun awal pemerintahan John. Akaun yang boleh dipercayai dari bahagian tengah dan kemudian zaman pemerintahan John lebih terbatas, dengan Gervase of Canterbury dan Ralph of Coggeshall menulis akaun utama; tidak ada yang positif tentang prestasi John sebagai raja. Kebanyakan reputasi John yang kemudian, negatif telah ditubuhkan oleh dua penulis sejarah yang menulis selepas kematian raja, Roger of Wendover dan Matthew Paris, yang kemudiannya mendakwa bahawa John cuba menukar agama Islam sebagai pertukaran untuk bantuan ketenteraan dari pemerintah Almohad Muhammad al-Nasir - sebuah kisah yang dianggap tidak benar oleh ahli sejarah moden. <> Sejarah mana yang ditulis awal dalam kehidupan John? || Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden dan Ralph de Diceto <> Bagaimana ahli sejarah merasakan tingkah laku John di bawah pemerintahan Richard? || tidak simpatik <> John mencuba penukaran apa yang ditukar dengan bantuan ketenteraan? || Islam", {"qas": [{"question": "Which historians wrote early in John's life?", "id": "570c5eb8b3d812140066d197", "answers": [{"text": "Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?", "id": "570c5eb8b3d812140066d198", "answers": [{"text": "unsympathetic", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?", "id": "570c5eb8b3d812140066d199", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 962}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto. These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign. Reliable accounts of the middle and later parts of John's reign are more limited, with Gervase of Canterbury and Ralph of Coggeshall writing the main accounts; neither of them were positive about John's performance as king. Much of John's later, negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king's death, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the Almohad ruler Muhammad al-Nasir - a story which is considered to be untrue by modern historians."}], ["Raja kembali ke barat tetapi dikatakan telah kehilangan sebahagian besar kereta bagasinya di sepanjang jalan. Roger of Wendover memberikan maklumat yang paling grafik tentang hal ini, yang menyatakan bahawa barang milik raja, termasuk Jewels Mahkota, hilang ketika dia melintasi salah satu muara pasang surut yang mengalir ke dalam Wash, yang disedut oleh pasir dan pusaran air. Akaun kejadian berbeza-beza antara pelbagai penulis sejarah dan lokasi sebenar kejadian itu tidak pernah disahkan; kerugian mungkin hanya melibatkan beberapa kuda-kudanya. Ahli sejarah moden menegaskan bahawa pada Oktober 1216, John menghadapi \"kebuntuan\", \"keadaan tentera yang tidak dikompromikan oleh kekalahan\". <> Apa yang raja kalah dalam perjalanan ke barat? || Sebahagian besar bagasinya <> Bilakah John menghadapi kebuntuan? || Oktober 1216 <> Bilakah Mahkota Mahkota hilang? || ketika dia melintasi salah satu muara pasang surut", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the king lose on his way to the west?", "id": "570c5d56b3d812140066d191", "answers": [{"text": "significant part of his baggage", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John face a stalemate?", "id": "570c5d56b3d812140066d192", "answers": [{"text": "October 1216", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Crown Jewels lost?", "id": "570c5d56b3d812140066d193", "answers": [{"text": "as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a \"stalemate\", \"a military situation uncompromised by defeat\"."}], ["Henry II mahu menguasai sempadan selatan Aquitaine dan memutuskan untuk mengasaskan anak bungsunya kepada Alais, anak perempuan dan pewaris Humbert III Savoy. Sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian ini, John dijanjikan warisan masa depan Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, dan harta benda lain Count Humbert. Bagi pihaknya dalam perikatan perkahwinan yang berpotensi, Henry II memindahkan istana Chinon, Loudun dan Mirebeau ke dalam nama John; kerana John hanya berumur lima tahun ayahnya akan terus mengawalnya untuk tujuan praktikal. Henry the Young King tidak terkesan dengan ini; walaupun dia masih belum diberi kawalan ke atas mana-mana istana di dalam kerajaan barunya, ini adalah hak miliknya yang akan datang dan telah diberikan tanpa perundingan. Alais melakukan perjalanan ke atas Alps dan menyertai mahkamah Henry II, tetapi dia meninggal dunia sebelum menikahi John, yang meninggalkan putera sekali lagi tanpa warisan. <> Henry II mahu menjamin sempadan selatan apa? || Aquitaine <> Siapa Alais? || anak perempuan dan pewaris Humbert III dari Savoy <> Apa kastil melakukan pemindahan Henry II ke nama John? || Chinon, Loudun dan Mirebeau", {"qas": [{"question": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?", "id": "570c5feab3d812140066d1a9", "answers": [{"text": "Aquitaine", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Alais?", "id": "570c5feab3d812140066d1aa", "answers": [{"text": "the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?", "id": "570c5feab3d812140066d1ab", "answers": [{"text": "Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance."}], ["Pada bulan September 1216 John memulakan serangan yang segar dan kuat. Dia berarak dari Cotswolds, menghina serangan untuk melepaskan Istana Windsor yang terkepung, dan menyerang timur ke London ke Cambridge untuk memisahkan daerah-daerah pemberontak yang diadakan di Lincolnshire dan East Anglia. Dari sana dia pergi ke utara untuk melepaskan pengepungan pemberontak di Lincoln dan kembali ke timur untuk Raja Lynn, mungkin untuk memerintahkan bekalan lebih jauh dari benua. [Nb 17] Di King's Lynn, John menguncup disentri, yang pada akhirnya akan membunuh. Sementara itu, Alexander II menyerang utara England sekali lagi, mengambil Carlisle pada bulan Ogos dan kemudian berarak ke selatan untuk memberi penghormatan kepada Pangeran Louis untuk harta benda Inggerisnya; John sempat terlepas memintas Alexander di sepanjang jalan. Ketegangan antara Louis dan baron Inggeris mula meningkat, mendorong gelombang penolakan, termasuk anak William Williamhal dan William Longesp\u00e9e, yang kedua-duanya kembali ke puak John. <> Bilakah John memulakan serangan yang baru dan kuat? || September 1216 <> Di mana John berjalan dari? || Cotswolds <> Di manakah disentri kontrak John? || King's Lynn <> Siapa yang menyerang utara England? || Alexander II", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?", "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d4593f", "answers": [{"text": "September 1216", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did John march from?", "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d45940", "answers": [{"text": "Cotswolds", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did John contract dysentery?", "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d45941", "answers": [{"text": "King's Lynn", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invaded northern England?", "id": "570c5dbbfed7b91900d45942", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander II", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent.[nb 17] In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longesp\u00e9e, who both returned to John's faction."}], ["Perangkaan fiksi abad ke-19 tentang John banyak dipengaruhi oleh percintaan sejarah Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe, yang mempersembahkan \"gambaran hampir tidak menyenangkan\" raja; karya ini menggambarkan sejarah zaman Victoria dan bermain Shakespeare. Kerja-kerja Scott mempengaruhi penulis buku kanak-kanak abad ke-19, Howard Pyle, The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, yang seterusnya menjadikan John sebagai penjahat utama dalam cerita tradisional Robin Hood. Semasa kurun ke-20, John biasanya digambarkan dalam buku dan filem fiksyen bersama Robin Hood. Peranan Sam De Grasse sebagai John dalam versi filem hitam-putih 1922 menunjukkan John melakukan banyak kekejaman dan tindakan penyeksaan. Claude Rains memainkan John dalam versi warna 1938 bersama Errol Flynn, memulakan trend filem-filem untuk menggambarkan John sebagai \"bersemangat ... sombong dan pengecut di rumah\". Watak John bertindak baik untuk menyerlahkan kebaikan Raja Richard, atau bertentangan dengan Sheriff Nottingham, yang biasanya merupakan \"penjahat\" yang menentang Robin. Versi melampau trend ini boleh dilihat dalam versi kartun Disney, contohnya, yang menggambarkan John, yang disuarakan oleh Peter Ustinov, sebagai \"singa pengecut, singa jempol\". Karya-karya popular yang menggambarkan John di luar legenda Robin Hood, seperti drama James Goldman dan filem yang terakhir, The Lion in Winter, yang ditetapkan pada tahun 1183, lazimnya mempersembahkannya sebagai \"lemah lembut\", dalam contoh ini berbeza dengan Henry II yang lebih maskulin, atau sebagai tiran, seperti dalam puisi AA Milne untuk kanak-kanak, \"Krismas Raja John\". <> Sebenarnya apa yang menggambarkan fiksyen abad ke-19 tentang John? || Ivanhoe <> Siapa yang bermain John pada tahun 1938? || Claude Rains <> Siapa John digambarkan bersama? || Robin Hood", {"qas": [{"question": "What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?", "id": "570c5e65fed7b91900d4594d", "answers": [{"text": "Ivanhoe", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played John in 1938?", "id": "570c5e65fed7b91900d4594e", "answers": [{"text": "Claude Rains", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was John depicted alongside?", "id": "570c5e65fed7b91900d4594f", "answers": [{"text": "Robin Hood", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented \"an almost totally unfavourable picture\" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century children's writer Howard Pyle's book The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which in turn established John as the principal villain within the traditional Robin Hood narrative. During the 20th century, John was normally depicted in fictional books and films alongside Robin Hood. Sam De Grasse's role as John in the black-and-white 1922 film version shows John committing numerous atrocities and acts of torture. Claude Rains played John in the 1938 colour version alongside Errol Flynn, starting a trend for films to depict John as an \"effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home\". The character of John acts either to highlight the virtues of King Richard, or contrasts with the Sheriff of Nottingham, who is usually the \"swashbuckling villain\" opposing Robin. An extreme version of this trend can be seen in the Disney cartoon version, for example, which depicts John, voiced by Peter Ustinov, as a \"cowardly, thumbsucking lion\". Popular works that depict John beyond the Robin Hood legends, such as James Goldman's play and later film, The Lion in Winter, set in 1183, commonly present him as an \"effete weakling\", in this instance contrasted with the more masculine Henry II, or as a tyrant, as in A. A. Milne's poem for children, \"King John's Christmas\"."}], ["Perwakilan terkenal John pertama kali muncul dalam tempoh Tudor, mencerminkan sejarah revisionis pada masa itu. Permainan tanpa nama The Kingdom of Troublesome of King John menggambarkan raja sebagai \"martir proto-Protestan\", mirip dengan yang ditunjukkan dalam akhlak John Bale yang bermain Kynge Johan, di mana John cuba menyelamatkan England dari \"agen jahat Gereja Romawi\" . Sebaliknya, King John dari Shakespeare, sebuah drama yang agak anti-Katolik yang menarik kepada The Troublesome Reign untuk bahan sumbernya, menawarkan lebih banyak \"pandangan seimbang, dual dari raja yang kompleks sebagai kedua-dua mangsa Protestan proto-komplain Rom dan sebagai lemah , penguasa yang bermotivasi mementingkan diri sendiri \". Mainan Anthony Munday The Downfall dan The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington menggambarkan banyak sifat negatif John, namun mengamalkan tafsiran positif terhadap pendirian raja melawan Gereja Katolik Romawi, seiring dengan pandangan kontemporer raja-raja Tudor. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-17, drama seperti Raja John dan Matilda Robert Davenport, walaupun sebahagian besarnya berdasarkan karya-karya Elizabeth yang awalnya, telah memindahkan peranan juara Protestan kepada para baron dan memberi tumpuan lebih kepada aspek tirani dari perilaku John. <> Bilakah perwakilan popular John mula muncul? || Tempoh Tudor <> Apakah permainan Anthony Munday? || Kejatuhan dan Kematian Robert Earl of Huntington <> Dalam Pemerintahan Yang Menyeluruh Raja John, John menggambarkan raja sebagai apa? || martir proto-Protestan", {"qas": [{"question": "When did popular representations of John begin to emerge?", "id": "570c5f39b3d812140066d19d", "answers": [{"text": "Tudor period", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Anthony Munday's play?", "id": "570c5f39b3d812140066d19e", "answers": [{"text": "The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what?", "id": "570c5f39b3d812140066d19f", "answers": [{"text": "proto-Protestant martyr", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a \"proto-Protestant martyr\", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kynge Johan, in which John attempts to save England from the \"evil agents of the Roman Church\". By contrast, Shakespeare's King John, a relatively anti-Catholic play that draws on The Troublesome Reign for its source material, offers a more \"balanced, dual view of a complex monarch as both a proto-Protestant victim of Rome's machinations and as a weak, selfishly motivated ruler\". Anthony Munday's play The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington portrays many of John's negative traits, but adopts a positive interpretation of the king's stand against the Roman Catholic Church, in line with the contemporary views of the Tudor monarchs. By the middle of the 17th century, plays such as Robert Davenport's King John and Matilda, although based largely on the earlier Elizabethan works, were transferring the role of Protestant champion to the barons and focusing more on the tyrannical aspects of John's behaviour."}], ["Kesakitan John semakin bertambah buruk dan ketika ia sampai di Newark Castle, dia tidak dapat melakukan perjalanan lebih jauh; John meninggal pada malam 18 Oktober. Banyak - mungkin fiksyen - akaun diedarkan tidak lama selepas kematiannya bahawa dia telah dibunuh oleh alac beracun, plum beracun atau \"surfeit buah persik\". Tubuhnya dikawal di selatan oleh sebuah syarikat tentera upahan dan dia dikebumikan di Katedral Worcester di hadapan mezbah St Wulfstan. Sarkofagus baru dengan patung dibuat untuknya pada tahun 1232, di mana jenazahnya sekarang berehat. <> Bilakah John mati? || 18 Oktober <> Bilakah sarkofagus baru dibuat untuknya? || 1232 <> Dimana John dikebumikan? || Katedral Worcester", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John die?", "id": "570c63d6b3d812140066d1c9", "answers": [{"text": "18 October", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a new sarcophagus made for him?", "id": "570c63d6b3d812140066d1ca", "answers": [{"text": "1232", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was John buried?", "id": "570c63d6b3d812140066d1cb", "answers": [{"text": "Worcester Cathedral", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous \u2013 probably fictitious \u2013 accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a \"surfeit of peaches\". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest."}], ["Kempen John bermula dengan baik. Pada bulan November, John mengembalikan Istana Rochester dari baron pemberontak William d'Aubigny dalam serangan yang canggih. Seorang penulis sejarah tidak pernah melihat \"pengepungan begitu sukar ditekan atau sangat ditentang\", sementara sejarawan Reginald Brown menggambarkannya sebagai \"salah satu operasi [pengepungan] terbesar di England sehingga masa itu\". Setelah kembali ke timur laut John memecah pasukannya, menghantar William Longesp\u00e9e untuk merebut sebelah utara London dan Anglia Timur, sementara John sendiri menuju ke utara melalui Nottingham untuk menyerang perkampungan baron utara. Kedua-dua operasi itu berjaya dan sebahagian besar pemberontak yang tersisa dipadamkan di London. Pada Januari 1216 John berarak ke Alexander II dari Scotland, yang telah bersekutu dengan pemberontakan. John mengembalikan harta milik Alexander di utara England dalam kempen yang pantas dan menuju ke Edinburgh selama sepuluh hari. <> Bilakah John mengambil semula Rochester Castle? || November <> John berarak dengan siapa pada Januari 1216? || Alexander II of Scotland <> John menghantar William Longespee untuk mengambil semula apa? || sebelah utara London dan East Anglia", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John retake Rochester Castle?", "id": "570c634eb3d812140066d1c3", "answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John marched against who in January 1216?", "id": "570c634eb3d812140066d1c4", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander II of Scotland", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John sent William Longespee to retake what?", "id": "570c634eb3d812140066d1c5", "answers": [{"text": "north side of London and East Anglia", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen \"a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted\", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as \"one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to that time\". Having regained the south-east John split his forces, sending William Longesp\u00e9e to retake the north side of London and East Anglia, whilst John himself headed north via Nottingham to attack the estates of the northern barons. Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland, who had allied himself with the rebel cause. John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period."}], ["John telah mula meningkatkan taraf Salurannya sebelum kehilangan Normandy dan dia dengan cepat membina keupayaan maritim lagi selepas keruntuhannya. Kebanyakan kapal-kapal ini diletakkan di sepanjang Pelabuhan Cinque, tetapi Portsmouth juga diperbesarkan. Menjelang akhir tahun 1204 dia mempunyai sekitar 50 gallei besar yang ada; 54 lagi kapal dibina antara 1209 dan 1212. William of Wrotham dilantik sebagai \"penjaga kapal api\", ketua laksamana John secara berkesan. Wrotham bertanggungjawab untuk mengepung kapal-kapal John, kapal Pelabuhan Cinque dan mendesak kapal saudagar menjadi satu armada operasi. John mengadopsi penambahbaikan baru dalam reka bentuk kapal, termasuk kapal pengangkutan besar yang baru dipanggil buisses dan ramalan yang boleh ditanggalkan untuk digunakan dalam pertempuran. <> Berapa banyak galleys yang boleh didapati pada penghujung 1204? || 50 <> 54 kapal dibina antara tahun berapa? || 1209 dan 1212 <> Siapa yang dilantik sebagai \"penjaga kapal?\" || William of Wrotham", {"qas": [{"question": "How many galleys were available by the end of 1204?", "id": "570c61e4b3d812140066d1bd", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "54 vessels were built between what years?", "id": "570c61e4b3d812140066d1be", "answers": [{"text": "1209 and 1212", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was appointed \"keeper of the galleys?\"", "id": "570c61e4b3d812140066d1bf", "answers": [{"text": "William of Wrotham", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available; another 54 vessels were built between 1209 and 1212. William of Wrotham was appointed \"keeper of the galleys\", effectively John's chief admiral. Wrotham was responsible for fusing John's galleys, the ships of the Cinque Ports and pressed merchant vessels into a single operational fleet. John adopted recent improvements in ship design, including new large transport ships called buisses and removable forecastles for use in combat."}], ["Kuasa diraja di Wales tidak digunakan secara saksama, dengan negara dibahagikan antara tuan-tuan marcher di sepanjang sempadan, wilayah diraja di Pembrokeshire dan tuan-tuan Wales yang lebih bebas dari Wales Utara. John menarik minat di Wales dan mengenali negara dengan baik, melawat setiap tahun antara 1204 dan 1211 dan berkahwin dengan anak perempuannya yang tidak sah, Joan, kepada Putera Welsh Llywelyn the Great. Raja menggunakan tuan-tuan marcher dan Welsh asli untuk meningkatkan wilayah dan kekuasaannya sendiri, menyaksikan urutan tawaran yang semakin tepat yang disokong oleh kuasa ketenteraan diraja dengan raja-raja Welsh. Ekspedisi kerajaan utama untuk menguatkuasakan perjanjian ini berlaku pada tahun 1211, selepas Llywelyn cuba mengeksploitasi ketidakstabilan yang disebabkan oleh penyingkiran William de Braose, melalui pemberontakan Welsh pada 1211. Pencerobohan John, yang memasuki Wlandh, merupakan kejayaan ketenteraan. Llywelyn datang dengan istilah yang termasuk pengembangan kuasa John di seluruh Wales, walaupun hanya untuk sementara waktu. <> Di manakah John melawat setiap tahun antara 1204 dan 1211? || Wales <> Siapa yang John berkahwin dengan Joan? || Llywelyn the Great <> Apa yang John gunakan untuk meningkatkan wilayah dan kuasa sendiri? || penguasa marcher dan Welsh asli <> Bilakah ekspedisi diraja untuk menguatkuasakan perjanjian berlaku? || 1211", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?", "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d45967", "answers": [{"text": "Wales", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did John marry Joan to?", "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d45968", "answers": [{"text": "Llywelyn the Great", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John use to increase his own territory and power?", "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d45969", "answers": [{"text": "marcher lords and the native Welsh", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?", "id": "570c625dfed7b91900d4596a", "answers": [{"text": "1211", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily."}], ["Innocent memberi beberapa pemberhentian apabila krisis berkembang. Komuniti biarawan dibenarkan untuk meraikan Misa secara peribadi dari tahun 1209 dan seterusnya pada 1212 Viaticum Suci untuk kematian itu dibenarkan. Kaedah pengebumian dan akses ke gereja kelihatannya telah dielakkan, sekurang-kurangnya secara tidak rasmi. Walaupun penghakiman itu menjadi beban kepada banyak penduduk, ia tidak menyebabkan pemberontakan terhadap John. Menjelang tahun 1213, John semakin bimbang tentang ancaman pencerobohan Perancis. Beberapa kronik kontemporari mencadangkan bahawa pada bulan Januari Philip II dari Perancis telah dituduh dengan menggulingkan John bagi pihak kepausan, walaupun nampaknya Innocent hanya menyediakan surat rahsia jika Inocent diperlukan untuk menuntut kredit jika Philip berjaya menyerang England. <> Di mana komuniti Monastik dibenarkan untuk meraikan Misa secara peribadi? || 1209 <> Bilakah Viaticum Suci untuk yang dibenarkan? || 1212 <> Apa ancaman yang John bimbang? || Pencerobohan Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?", "id": "570c62a1fed7b91900d4596f", "answers": [{"text": "1209", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?", "id": "570c62a1fed7b91900d45970", "answers": [{"text": "1212", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What threat was John worried about?", "id": "570c62a1fed7b91900d45971", "answers": [{"text": "French invasion", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. Although the interdict was a burden to much of the population, it did not result in rebellion against John. By 1213, though, John was increasingly worried about the threat of French invasion. Some contemporary chroniclers suggested that in January Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that Innocent merely prepared secret letters in case Innocent needed to claim the credit if Philip did successfully invade England."}], ["Kehidupan peribadi John sangat menjejaskan pemerintahannya. Pengkhotbah kontemporari menyatakan bahawa John bersikap sombong dan tidak mempunyai ketakwaan. Adalah perkara biasa bagi raja-raja dan para bangsawan pada masa itu untuk menjaga wanita simpanan, tetapi penjenayah mengadu bahawa perempuan simpanan John telah berkahwin dengan wanita bangsawan, yang dianggap tidak dapat diterima. John mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya lima orang anak perempuan dengan perempuan simpanan semasa perkahwinan pertamanya kepada Isabelle of Gloucester, dan dua daripada perempuan simpanan itu diketahui telah menjadi wanita bangsawan. Tingkah laku John selepas perkahwinannya yang kedua kepada Isabella dari Angoul\u00eame tidak jelas, bagaimanapun. Tiada seorang pun dari kanak-kanak yang tidak dikenali John dilahirkan selepas dia berkahwin semula, dan tidak ada bukti dokumentari sebenar perzinahan selepas itu, walaupun John pastinya mempunyai teman wanita di kalangan mahkamah sepanjang tempoh itu. Tuduhan khusus yang dibuat terhadap John semasa pemberontakan baronial kini secara amnya dianggap telah dicipta untuk tujuan membenarkan pemberontakan itu; Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan sezaman John seolah-olah telah membuat pendapat yang kurang baik tentang tingkah laku seksualnya. [nb 14] <> Banyak daripada perempuan simpanan John adalah apa? || berkahwin wanita bangsawan <> Berapa banyak anak lelaki yang pernah bersama John dengan perempuan simpanan semasa perkahwinan pertamanya? || lima <> Berapa banyak anak-anak tidak sah yang dikenali John selepas dia berkahwin? || Tiada", {"qas": [{"question": "Many of John's mistresses were what?", "id": "570c6186b3d812140066d1b7", "answers": [{"text": "married noblewomen", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage?", "id": "570c6186b3d812140066d1b8", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried?", "id": "570c6186b3d812140066d1b9", "answers": [{"text": "None", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage to Isabelle of Gloucester, and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen. John's behaviour after his second marriage to Isabella of Angoul\u00eame is less clear, however. None of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried, and there is no actual documentary proof of adultery after that point, although John certainly had female friends amongst the court throughout the period. The specific accusations made against John during the baronial revolts are now generally considered to have been invented for the purposes of justifying the revolt; nonetheless, most of John's contemporaries seem to have held a poor opinion of his sexual behaviour.[nb 14]"}], ["Menjelang zaman Victoria pada abad ke-19 ahli sejarah lebih cenderung untuk mengambil keputusan penghakiman dan memusatkan perhatian pada personaliti moral John. Sebagai contoh, Kate Norgate berpendapat bahawa kejatuhan John tidak disebabkan kegagalannya dalam peperangan atau strategi, tetapi disebabkan oleh \"kejahatannya yang paling luar biasa\", sementara James Ramsay menyalahkan latar belakang keluarga John dan keperibadiannya yang kejam untuk kejatuhannya. Ahli sejarah dalam tradisi \"Whiggish\", memberi tumpuan kepada dokumen-dokumen seperti Domesday Book dan Magna Carta, mengesan perkembangan progresif politik dan ekonomi di England pada zaman pertengahan. Ahli sejarah ini sering cenderung untuk melihat pemerintahan John, dan penandatanganan Magna Carta khususnya, sebagai langkah positif dalam perkembangan perlembagaan England, walaupun kekurangan raja sendiri. Sebagai contoh, Winston Churchill berpendapat bahawa \"[w] hen penambahan panjang itu, akan dilihat bahawa negara Inggeris dan dunia berbahasa Inggeris berhutang lebih jauh dari kejahatan John daripada kerja keras kerajaan berdaulat\". <> Siapa yang menyalahkan latar belakang keluarga John kerana personaliti kejamnya? || James Ramsay <> Apa dokumen mengesan perkembangan progresif dan universalistik politik dan ekonomi di England? || Buku Domesday dan Magna Carta <> Apa tempoh pada abad ke-19 yang ahli sejarah lebih cenderung untuk menarik perhatian penghakiman para penulis sejarah? || Victoria", {"qas": [{"question": "Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?", "id": "570c6499fed7b91900d4597b", "answers": [{"text": "James Ramsay", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?", "id": "570c6499fed7b91900d4597c", "answers": [{"text": "Domesday Book and Magna Carta", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?", "id": "570c6499fed7b91900d4597d", "answers": [{"text": "Victorian", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his \"almost superhuman wickedness\", whilst James Ramsay blamed John's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall. Historians in the \"Whiggish\" tradition, focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. These historians were often inclined to see John's reign, and his signing of Magna Carta in particular, as a positive step in the constitutional development of England, despite the flaws of the king himself. Winston Churchill, for example, argued that \"[w]hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns\"."}], ["Dalam masa beberapa bulan selepas penyertaan John, baron pemberontak di utara dan timur England menganjurkan perlawanan terhadap pemerintahannya. John mengadakan majlis di London pada bulan Januari 1215 untuk membincangkan pembaharuan yang berpotensi dan perbincangan yang ditaja di Oxford antara agennya dan pemberontak pada musim bunga. John nampaknya telah bermain untuk masa sehingga Pope Innocent III boleh menghantar surat memberinya sokongan paus yang jelas. Ini sangat penting bagi John, sebagai cara untuk menekan barons tetapi juga sebagai cara mengawal Stephen Langton, Ketua Biskop Canterbury. Sementara itu, John mula mengambil pasukan tentera bayaran baru dari Poitou, walaupun ada yang kemudiannya dihantar kembali untuk mengelakkan memberi kesan bahawa raja semakin meningkat konflik itu. John mengumumkan niatnya untuk menjadi seorang pejuang salib, satu langkah yang memberi perlindungan politik tambahan di bawah undang-undang gereja. <> Di mana John mengadakan majlis pada Januari 1215? || London <> Di manakah John merekrut pasukan askar dari? || Poitou <> John mengumumkan maksudnya untuk menjadi apa? || seorang salib", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did John hold a council in January 1215?", "id": "570c62e8fed7b91900d45975", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?", "id": "570c62e8fed7b91900d45976", "answers": [{"text": "Poitou", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John announced his intent to become what?", "id": "570c62e8fed7b91900d45977", "answers": [{"text": "a crusader", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support. This was particularly important for John, as a way of pressuring the barons but also as a way of controlling Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict. John announced his intent to become a crusader, a move which gave him additional political protection under church law."}], ["Hasilnya adalah urutan langkah-langkah kewangan yang inovatif tetapi tidak popular. [Nb 10] John membebaskan pembayaran scut\u00e9 sebelas kali dalam tujuh belas tahun sebagai raja, berbanding sebelas kali dalam jumlah semasa pemerintahan tiga raja terdahulu. Dalam banyak kes, ini telah dilevi kerana tidak ada sebarang kempen ketenteraan yang sebenarnya, yang bertentangan dengan gagasan asal bahawa scutage adalah alternatif kepada perkhidmatan ketenteraan sebenar. John memaksimumkan haknya untuk menuntut bayaran pelepasan apabila estet dan istana diwarisi, kadang-kadang mengecil jumlah wang yang sangat besar, di luar kemampuan baron untuk membayar. Membina kejayaan jualan pelantikan sheriff pada tahun 1194, John memulakan perlantikan baru, dengan penyandang baru membuat pelaburan mereka melalui peningkatan denda dan penalti, terutama di hutan. Satu lagi inovasi Richard, peningkatan caj yang dikenakan ke atas janda-janda yang ingin tetap tunggal, diperluaskan di bawah John. John terus menjual poket untuk bandar-bandar baru, termasuk bandar Liverpool yang dirancang, dan pekelilingnya dijual untuk pasaran di seluruh kerajaan dan di Gascony. [11] Raja memperkenalkan cukai baru dan memperluaskan yang sedia ada. Orang-orang Yahudi, yang memegang kedudukan terdedah di England zaman pertengahan, dilindungi hanya oleh raja, tertakluk kepada cukai yang besar; \u00a3 44,000 telah diekstrak daripada komuniti dengan peningkatan sebanyak 1210; kebanyakannya telah diserahkan kepada penghutang Kristian dari pemberi pinjaman wang orang Yahudi. [nb 12] John mencipta cukai baru ke atas pendapatan dan barang bergerak di 1207 - dengan berkesan versi cukai pendapatan moden - yang menghasilkan \u00a3 60,000; dia mencipta satu set baru import dan eksport yang kena dibayar terus ke mahkota. John mendapati bahawa langkah-langkah ini membolehkannya meningkatkan sumber-sumber selanjutnya melalui rampasan tanah baron yang tidak dapat membayar atau enggan membayar. <> Berapa kali bayaran scooter John levi? || sebelas <> Bilakah John memulakan pelantikan baru? || 1194 <> Siapa yang tertakluk kepada cukai yang besar? || Orang-orang Yahudi <> Bilakah John mencipta cukai baru ke atas pendapatan dan barangan bergerak? || 1207", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times did John levi scutage payments?", "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1af", "answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John initiate a new round of appointments?", "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1b0", "answers": [{"text": "1194", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were subject to huge taxes?", "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1b1", "answers": [{"text": "The Jews", "answer_start": 1155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods?", "id": "570c612fb3d812140066d1b2", "answers": [{"text": "1207", "answer_start": 1473}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service. John maximised his right to demand relief payments when estates and castles were inherited, sometimes charging enormous sums, beyond barons' abilities to pay. Building on the successful sale of sheriff appointments in 1194, John initiated a new round of appointments, with the new incumbents making back their investment through increased fines and penalties, particularly in the forests. Another innovation of Richard's, increased charges levied on widows who wished to remain single, was expanded under John. John continued to sell charters for new towns, including the planned town of Liverpool, and charters were sold for markets across the kingdom and in Gascony.[nb 11] The king introduced new taxes and extended existing ones. The Jews, who held a vulnerable position in medieval England, protected only by the king, were subject to huge taxes; \u00a344,000 was extracted from the community by the tallage of 1210; much of it was passed on to the Christian debtors of Jewish moneylenders.[nb 12] John created a new tax on income and movable goods in 1207 \u2013 effectively a version of a modern income tax \u2013 that produced \u00a360,000; he created a new set of import and export duties payable directly to the crown. John found that these measures enabled him to raise further resources through the confiscation of the lands of barons who could not pay or refused to pay."}], ["Pada akhir 1203, John cuba melegakan Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, yang walaupun dikepung oleh Philip menjaga kawasan timur Normandy. John mencuba operasi yang disegerakan melibatkan kuasa berasaskan darat dan air, yang dianggap oleh kebanyakan ahli sejarah hari ini telah menjadi imaginatif dalam konsep, tetapi terlalu rumit untuk kuasa-kuasa tempoh itu telah berjaya dilaksanakan. Operasi bantuan John disekat oleh angkatan Philip, dan John kembali ke Brittany dalam usaha untuk menarik Philip dari Normandia timur. John berjaya menghancurkan Brittany, tetapi tidak memaksakan teras utama Philip ke timur Normandy. Pendapat berbeza-beza di kalangan ahli sejarah mengenai kemahiran ketenteraan yang ditunjukkan oleh John dalam kempen ini, dengan para ahli sejarah paling terkini yang berpendapat bahawa prestasinya dapat dilalui, walaupun tidak mengagumkan. [Nb 8] Keadaan John mula merosot dengan cepat. Wilayah sempadan timur Normandy telah dibiakkan secara luas oleh Philip dan para pendahulunya selama beberapa tahun, sementara otoritas Angevin di selatan telah dilemahkan oleh Richard menyampaikan berbagai istana utama beberapa tahun sebelumnya. Penggunaannya sebagai tentera upahan di rantau pusat telah dengan cepat memakan sokongannya yang tersisa di kawasan ini juga, yang menetapkan tahap keruntuhan kuasa Angevin secara tiba-tiba. [Nb 9] John berundur kembali di Saluran pada bulan Disember, menghantar pesanan untuk penubuhan garis pertahanan baru di barat Chateau Gaillard. Pada bulan Mac 1204, Gaillard jatuh. Ibu John, Eleanor meninggal pada bulan berikutnya. Ini bukan sekadar pukulan peribadi untuk John, tetapi mengancam untuk mengatasi persekutuan Angevin yang meluas di selatan Perancis. Philip berpindah ke selatan sekitar garis pertahanan baru dan memukul ke atas di tengah-tengah Duchy, kini menghadapi sedikit perlawanan. Menjelang bulan Ogos, Philip telah mengambil Normandy dan maju ke selatan untuk menduduki Anjou dan Poitou juga. Pemilikan John hanya tersisa di benua itu kini adalah Duchy of Aquitaine. <> Apa yang cuba dilakukan oleh John pada lewat 1203? || Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard <> Siapa yang menyekat operasi bantuan John? || Pasukan Philip <> Bilakah Gaillard jatuh? || Mac 1204 <> Apakah yang dimiliki John hanya di Benua? || Duchy of Aquitaine", {"qas": [{"question": "What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203?", "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d4595f", "answers": [{"text": "Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who blocked John's relief operation?", "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d45960", "answers": [{"text": "Philip's forces", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Gaillard fall?", "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d45961", "answers": [{"text": "March 1204", "answer_start": 1458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent?", "id": "570c60d7fed7b91900d45962", "answers": [{"text": "Duchy of Aquitaine", "answer_start": 1947}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully. John's relief operation was blocked by Philip's forces, and John turned back to Brittany in an attempt to draw Philip away from eastern Normandy. John successfully devastated much of Brittany, but did not deflect Philip's main thrust into the east of Normandy. Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive.[nb 8] John's situation began to deteriorate rapidly. The eastern border region of Normandy had been extensively cultivated by Philip and his predecessors for several years, whilst Angevin authority in the south had been undermined by Richard's giving away of various key castles some years before. His use of routier mercenaries in the central regions had rapidly eaten away his remaining support in this area too, which set the stage for a sudden collapse of Angevin power.[nb 9] John retreated back across the Channel in December, sending orders for the establishment of a fresh defensive line to the west of Chateau Gaillard. In March 1204, Gaillard fell. John's mother Eleanor died the following month. This was not just a personal blow for John, but threatened to unravel the widespread Angevin alliances across the far south of France. Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance. By August, Philip had taken Normandy and advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou as well. John's only remaining possession on the Continent was now the Duchy of Aquitaine."}], ["Pada mulanya John mengamalkan sikap defensif yang serupa dengan 1199: mengelakkan pertempuran terbuka dan berhati-hati mempertahankan istana utamanya. Operasi John menjadi lebih huru-hara ketika kempen berlangsung, dan Philip mula membuat kemajuan yang mantap di timur. John sedar pada bulan Julai bahawa pasukan Arthur mengancam ibunya, Eleanor, di Istana Mirebeau. Diiringi oleh William de Roches, seneschalnya di Anjou, dia mengayun tentera upahannya ke selatan untuk melindunginya. Pasukannya menangkap Arthur dengan kejutan dan menangkap seluruh kepimpinan pemberontak di pertempuran Mirebeau. Dengan kelemahan selatannya, Philip terpaksa berundur di timur dan berpaling ke selatan untuk menangkap tentera John. <> Siapa yang mengiringi John? || William de Roches <> Mengapa Philip terpaksa berundur di timur? || kelemahan selatan <<Siapa yang ditangkap oleh terkejut? || Arthur", {"qas": [{"question": "Who accompanied John?", "id": "570c672cb3d812140066d1d5", "answers": [{"text": "William de Roches", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?", "id": "570c672cb3d812140066d1d6", "answers": [{"text": "southern flank weakening", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was caught by surprised?", "id": "570c672cb3d812140066d1d7", "answers": [{"text": "Arthur", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army."}], ["John (24 Disember 1166 - 19 Oktober 1216), juga dikenali sebagai John Lackland (Norman Perancis: Johan sanz Terre), adalah Raja England dari 6 April 1199 sehingga kematiannya pada tahun 1216. John kehilangan duke Normandy kepada Raja Philip II Perancis, yang mengakibatkan keruntuhan sebagian besar Empayar Angevin dan menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan seterusnya kuasa dinasti Capetian pada abad ke-13. Pemberontakan baronial pada akhir pemerintahan John menyebabkan penyegelan Magna Carta, sebuah dokumen yang kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai langkah awal dalam evolusi perlembagaan United Kingdom. <> John kehilangan ibu kota Normandy kepada siapa? || Raja Philip II dari Perancis <> Apa yang menyebabkan kedap Magna Carta? || pemberontakan baronial <> Keruntuhan Empayar Angevin menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan kuasa dinasti apa? || Capetian", {"qas": [{"question": "John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?", "id": "570c6526b3d812140066d1cf", "answers": [{"text": "King Philip II of France", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?", "id": "570c6526b3d812140066d1d0", "answers": [{"text": "baronial revolt", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?", "id": "570c6526b3d812140066d1d1", "answers": [{"text": "Capetian", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John (24 December 1166 \u2013 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom."}], ["Tidak lama selepas kelahirannya, John diluluskan dari Eleanor ke dalam penjagaan seorang jururawat basah, sebuah amalan tradisional untuk keluarga bangsawan zaman pertengahan. Eleanor kemudian pergi ke Poitiers, ibu kota Aquitaine, dan menghantar John dan kakaknya Joan utara ke Fontevrault Abbey. Ini mungkin telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengemudi anak bungsunya, tanpa warisan yang jelas, ke arah kerjaya eklesias masa depan. Eleanor menghabiskan beberapa tahun akan datang bersekongkol terhadap suaminya Henry dan tidak ada ibu bapa memainkan peranan dalam kehidupan awal John. John mungkin, seperti saudara-saudaranya, menugaskan seorang magister sementara dia berada di Fontevrault, seorang guru yang dipertanggungjawabkan dengan pendidikan awalnya dan dengan menguruskan hamba-hamba rumah tangga terdekatnya; John kemudian diajarkan oleh Ranulph Glanville, seorang pentadbir Inggeris terkemuka. John meluangkan sedikit masa sebagai ahli keluarga saudara sulungnya, Henry the Young King, di mana dia mungkin menerima arahan dalam memburu dan kemahiran ketenteraan. <> Di manakah pergi ke Eleanor? || Poitiers <> John diajar oleh siapa? || Ranulph Glanville <> John ditugaskan ketika dia berada di Fontevrault? || magister", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Eleanor leave to?", "id": "570c6560fed7b91900d4598b", "answers": [{"text": "Poitiers", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John was taught by who?", "id": "570c6560fed7b91900d4598c", "answers": [{"text": "Ranulph Glanville", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?", "id": "570c6560fed7b91900d4598d", "answers": [{"text": "magister", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against her husband Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills."}], ["John telah menghabiskan konflik dengan bapanya, dan diberikan harta benda meluas di empayar Angevin sebagai sebahagian daripada penyelesaian Montlouis; Sejak saat itu, kebanyakan pemerhati menganggap anak lelaki John sebagai anak kesayangan Henry II, walaupun ia jauh terlepas dari pengganti diraja. Henry II mula mencari lebih banyak tanah untuk John, kebanyakannya dengan perbelanjaan para bangsawan. Pada tahun 1175, beliau memperuntukkan ladang-ladang Earl of Cornwall dan memberikannya kepada John. Pada tahun berikutnya, Henry memecat saudara-saudara perempuan Isabelle of Gloucester, bertentangan dengan adat undang-undang, dan bertudung John kepada Isabelle sekarang yang kaya. Pada tahun 1177, di Majlis Oxford, Henry menolak William FitzAldelm sebagai Tuhan Ireland dan menggantikannya dengan John berusia sepuluh tahun. <> John menghabiskan konflik dengan siapa? || ayahnya <> Bilakah Henry II sesuai ladang Earl of Cornwall? || 1175 <Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as Lord of Ireland? || Henry", {"qas": [{"question": "John spent the conflict traveling alongside who?", "id": "570c65bcfed7b91900d45991", "answers": [{"text": "his father", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?", "id": "570c65bcfed7b91900d45992", "answers": [{"text": "1175", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland?", "id": "570c65bcfed7b91900d45993", "answers": [{"text": "Henry", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabelle of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabelle. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John."}], ["Peperangan di Normandy pada masa itu dibentuk oleh potensi istana pertahanan dan peningkatan kos menjalankan kempen. Frontier Norman mempunyai pertahanan alam yang terbatas tetapi sangat diperkuat dengan istana, seperti Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, pada titik strategis, dibina dan dikelola dengan biaya yang besar. Adalah sukar bagi seorang komander untuk memajukan jauh ke dalam kawasan yang baru tanpa mendapat garis komunikasi dengan menangkap kubu-kubu ini, yang memperlahankan kemajuan sebarang serangan. Tentera masa itu boleh dibentuk dari mana-mana kuasa feudal atau bayaran tentera. Levi feudal hanya boleh dibangkitkan untuk jangka masa yang tetap sebelum mereka pulang ke rumah, memaksa berakhirnya kempen; pasukan tentera bayaran, yang sering dipanggil Braban\u00e7ons selepas Duchy of Brabant tetapi sebenarnya direkrut dari seluruh Eropah utara, boleh beroperasi sepanjang tahun dan memberikan komander dengan pilihan yang lebih strategik untuk mengejar kempen, tetapi lebih mahal daripada pasukan feudal yang sama. Akibatnya, para komander zaman itu semakin menarik pada jumlah yang lebih besar dari tentera upahan. <> Peperangan di Normandy dibentuk oleh apa? || potensi pertahanan istana <> Apakah pasukan mercenary dipanggil? || Braban\u00e7ons <> Apa istana dibina pada titik strategik? || Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard", {"qas": [{"question": "Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what?", "id": "570c66a0fed7b91900d459a7", "answers": [{"text": "defensive potential of castles", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were mercenary forces called?", "id": "570c66a0fed7b91900d459a8", "answers": [{"text": "Braban\u00e7ons", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What castle was built at a strategic point?", "id": "570c66a0fed7b91900d459a9", "answers": [{"text": "Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. Armies of the period could be formed from either feudal or mercenary forces. Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign; mercenary forces, often called Braban\u00e7ons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces. As a result, commanders of the period were increasingly drawing on larger numbers of mercenaries."}], ["Semasa gencatan senjata 1206-1208, John memberi tumpuan untuk membina sumber kewangan dan tenteranya sebagai persiapan untuk percubaan lain untuk menawan semula Normandy. John menggunakan sebahagian wang ini untuk membayar pakatan baru di sempadan timur Filipina, di mana pertumbuhan kuasa Capetian mula membimbangkan negara-negara Perancis. Pada 1212 John telah berjaya membuat kesepakatan dengan keponakannya Otto IV, pesaing untuk mahkota Kaisar Rom Suci di Jerman, serta dengan menghitung Renaud Boulogne dan Ferdinand dari Flanders. Rancangan pencerobohan untuk 1212 ditangguhkan kerana kerusuhan baron Inggeris yang baru mengenai perkhidmatan di Poitou. Philip merampas inisiatif itu pada tahun 1213, menghantar anak sulungnya, Louis, untuk menyerang Flanders dengan niat untuk melancarkan serangan ke atas England. John terpaksa menangguhkan rancangan pencerobohan sendiri untuk menentang ancaman ini. Dia melancarkan armada baru untuk menyerang Perancis di pelabuhan Damme. Serangan itu berjaya, memusnahkan kapal Philip dan kemungkinan berlakunya serangan ke England pada tahun itu. John berharap dapat mengeksploitasikan kelebihan ini dengan menyerang dirinya pada lewat 1213, tetapi ketidakpuasan baronial sekali lagi menunda rancangan pencerobohannya hingga awal 1214, dalam apa yang akan menjadi kempen terakhirnya di Benua. <> Apa yang John lakukan semasa gencatan senjata 1206-1208? || memberi tumpuan kepada membina sumber kewangan dan ketenteraannya <> Menjelang tahun 1212, John telah berjaya membuat kesepakatan dengan siapa? || Otto IV <> John melancarkan armada barunya untuk melampirkan Perancis di mana? || pelabuhan Damme", {"qas": [{"question": "What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?", "id": "570c68b4b3d812140066d1e1", "answers": [{"text": "focused on building up his financial and military resources", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?", "id": "570c68b4b3d812140066d1e2", "answers": [{"text": "Otto IV", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?", "id": "570c68b4b3d812140066d1e3", "answers": [{"text": "the harbour of Damme", "answer_start": 910}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the truce of 1206\u20131208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what would prove to be his final Continental campaign."}], ["Rumah diraja John didasarkan sekitar beberapa kumpulan pengikut. Satu kumpulan adalah regi familiares, rakan-rakan dan ksatria John yang mengembara di seluruh negara dengannya. Mereka juga memainkan peranan penting dalam menganjurkan dan mengetuai kempen ketenteraan. Bahagian lain pengikut kerajaan adalah regia curia; curiales ini adalah pegawai kanan dan ejen raja dan penting untuk pemerintahannya sehari-hari. Menjadi anggota dari lingkaran-lingkaran batin ini membawa kelebihan yang besar, kerana lebih mudah untuk mendapatkan kebaikan dari raja, mengajukan tuntutan hukum, menikahi seorang pewaris yang kaya atau memiliki utang seseorang yang dikirimkan. Pada masa Henry II, jawatan ini semakin dipenuhi oleh \"orang baru\" dari luar baron biasa. Ini dipergiatkan di bawah pemerintahan John, dengan banyak bangsawan yang kurang dari benua untuk mengambil jawatan di mahkamah; ramai pemimpin tentera bayaran dari Poitou. Lelaki ini termasuk askar yang akan terkenal di England kerana tingkah laku mereka yang tidak bertamadun, termasuk Falkes de Breaut\u00e9, Geard d'Athies, Engelard de Cigong\u00e9 dan Philip Marc. Ramai baron melihat isi rumah Raja sebagai apa yang Ralph Turner mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai \"kumpulan sempit menikmati nikmat diraja di perbelanjaan barons\" yang dikendalikan oleh lelaki yang lebih rendah status. <> Rumah diraja John didasarkan pada apa? || beberapa kumpulan pengikut <> Siapa yang regia curia? || pegawai kanan dan ejen raja <> Para pemimpin tentera bayaran menjadi terkenal di England untuk apa? || tingkah laku mereka yang tidak bertamadun", {"qas": [{"question": "John's royal household was based around what?", "id": "570c67dcfed7b91900d459b3", "answers": [{"text": "several groups of followers", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the curia regis?", "id": "570c67dcfed7b91900d459b4", "answers": [{"text": "senior officials and agents of the king", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?", "id": "570c67dcfed7b91900d459b5", "answers": [{"text": "their uncivilised behaviour", "answer_start": 965}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regis; these curiales were the senior officials and agents of the king and were essential to his day-to-day rule. Being a member of these inner circles brought huge advantages, as it was easier to gain favours from the king, file lawsuits, marry a wealthy heiress or have one's debts remitted. By the time of Henry II, these posts were increasingly being filled by \"new men\" from outside the normal ranks of the barons. This intensified under John's rule, with many lesser nobles arriving from the continent to take up positions at court; many were mercenary leaders from Poitou. These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour, including Falkes de Breaut\u00e9, Geard d'Athies, Engelard de Cigong\u00e9 and Philip Marc. Many barons perceived the king's household as what Ralph Turner has characterised as a \"narrow clique enjoying royal favour at barons' expense\" staffed by men of lesser status."}], ["John mewarisi sistem pentadbiran canggih di England, dengan pelbagai ejen diraja yang menjawab Royal Household: Chancery menyimpan rekod dan komunikasi tertulis; Perbendaharaan dan Exchequer dibahagikan dengan pendapatan dan perbelanjaan; dan pelbagai hakim telah digunakan untuk menyampaikan keadilan di seluruh kerajaan. Terima kasih kepada usaha lelaki seperti Hubert Walter, trend ini ke arah pencapaian rekod yang lebih baik terus ke dalam pemerintahannya. Seperti raja-raja yang terdahulu, John mengurus mahkamah yang bergerak di sekitar kerajaan, menangani perkara-perkara tempatan dan kebangsaan ketika dia pergi. John sangat aktif dalam pentadbiran England dan terlibat dalam setiap aspek kerajaan. Sebagian dia mengikuti tradisi Henry I dan Henry II, tetapi pada abad ke-13, jumlah kerja pentadbiran telah meningkat dengan sangat, yang memberikan tekanan lebih kepada seorang raja yang ingin memerintah dalam gaya ini. John berada di England untuk tempoh lebih lama daripada pendahulunya, yang membuat pemerintahannya lebih personal daripada raja-raja sebelumnya, terutamanya di kawasan yang tidak diendahkan sebelumnya seperti utara. <> Apa yang diwarisi oleh John di England? || sistem pentadbiran yang canggih <> Siapa yang menguruskan pendapatan dan perbelanjaan? || Perbendaharaan dan Exchequer <> John mengikuti tradisi siapa? || Henry I dan Henry II", {"qas": [{"question": "What did John inherit in England?", "id": "570c6790fed7b91900d459ad", "answers": [{"text": "sophisticated system of administration", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dealt with income and expenditure?", "id": "570c6790fed7b91900d459ae", "answers": [{"text": "the Treasury and the Exchequer", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John followed in the tradition of who?", "id": "570c6790fed7b91900d459af", "answers": [{"text": "Henry I and Henry II", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom. Thanks to the efforts of men like Hubert Walter, this trend towards improved record keeping continued into his reign. Like previous kings, John managed a peripatetic court that travelled around the kingdom, dealing with both local and national matters as he went. John was very active in the administration of England and was involved in every aspect of government. In part he was following in the tradition of Henry I and Henry II, but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased, which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style. John was in England for much longer periods than his predecessors, which made his rule more personal than that of previous kings, particularly in previously ignored areas such as the north."}], ["Kurangnya keyakinan agama John telah dicatat oleh penulis kronologi kontemporari dan sejarawan kemudian, dengan beberapa orang mengesyaki bahawa John adalah yang paling tidak beriman, atau bahkan ateis, masalah yang sangat serius pada masa itu. Kronik-kronik kontemporari membezakan pelbagai tabiat anti-agamanya, termasuk kegagalannya untuk mengambil persekutuan, ucapan penghinaannya, dan jenaka yang menggelikannya tentang doktrin gereja, termasuk jenaka tentang ketidakmungkinan Kebangkitan. Mereka mengulas mengenai kekurangan sumbangan amal John kepada gereja. Ahli sejarah Frank McLynn berhujah bahawa tahun-tahun awal John di Fontevrault, digabungkan dengan pendidikannya yang agak maju, mungkin telah mengubahnya melawan gereja. Ahli sejarah lain lebih berhati-hati dalam menafsirkan bahan ini, dengan catatan bahawa penulis sejarah juga melaporkan minat peribadi John dalam kehidupan St Wulfstan of Worcester dan persahabatannya dengan beberapa ulama senior, terutama sekali dengan Hugh of Lincoln, yang kemudiannya diisytiharkan sebagai seorang kudus. Rekod-rekod kewangan menunjukkan rumah tangga diraja biasa yang terlibat dalam perayaan-perayaan biasa dan pemujaan yang mesra - walaupun dengan banyak rekod menunjukkan persembahan John kepada orang miskin untuk menebus secara rutin memecah peraturan dan bimbingan gereja. Ahli sejarah Lewis Warren telah mendakwa bahawa akaun kronik tertakluk kepada kecenderungan yang besar dan Raja \"sekurang-kurangnya secara konvensional\", mengutip ziarah dan minatnya dalam kitab suci dan ulasan. <> Ahli sejarah mengesyaki bahawa John adalah yang terbaik? || yang jahat <> Siapa yang kemudian diisytiharkan sebagai orang suci? || Hugh of Lincoln <> Banyak rekod menunjukkan apa? || Persembahan John kepada orang miskin", {"qas": [{"question": "Historians suspected that John was at best what?", "id": "570c6868b3d812140066d1db", "answers": [{"text": "impious", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was later declared a saint?", "id": "570c6868b3d812140066d1dc", "answers": [{"text": "Hugh of Lincoln", "answer_start": 953}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many records showed what?", "id": "570c6868b3d812140066d1dd", "answers": [{"text": "John's offerings to the poor", "answer_start": 1135}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take communion, his blasphemous remarks, and his witty but scandalous jokes about church doctrine, including jokes about the implausibility of the Resurrection. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the church. Historian Frank McLynn argues that John's early years at Fontevrault, combined with his relatively advanced education, may have turned him against the church. Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material, noting that chroniclers also reported John's personal interest in the life of St Wulfstan of Worcester and his friendships with several senior clerics, most especially with Hugh of Lincoln, who was later declared a saint. Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances \u2013 albeit with many records showing John's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance. The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was \"at least conventionally devout,\" citing his pilgrimages and interest in religious scripture and commentaries."}], ["Apabila saudara kandung John menjadi raja pada bulan September 1189, dia telah menyatakan hasratnya untuk menyertai Perang Salib Ketiga. Richard menetapkan untuk menaikkan sejumlah besar wang yang diperlukan untuk ekspedisi ini melalui penjualan tanah, tajuk dan pelantikan, dan cuba memastikan bahawa dia tidak akan menghadapi pemberontakan sementara jauh dari empayarnya. John telah dijadikan Count of Mortain, telah berkahwin dengan Isabel of Gloucester kaya, dan diberi tanah berharga di Lancaster dan daerah Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham dan Somerset, semuanya dengan tujuan untuk membeli kesetiaannya kepada Richard sementara Raja sedang berperang. Richard mengekalkan kawalan diraja istana-istana utama di daerah-daerah ini, dengan itu menghalang John daripada mengumpul terlalu banyak kuasa ketenteraan dan politik, dan, pada masa ini, raja menamakan Arthur dari Brittany yang berusia empat tahun sebagai pewaris takhta. Sebagai balasan, John berjanji tidak akan melawat England untuk tiga tahun akan datang, dengan itu secara teori memberi Richard masa yang mencukupi untuk melakukan perang salib yang berjaya dan kembali dari Levant tanpa takut kepada John merebut kuasa. Richard meninggalkan kuasa politik di England - jawatan justiciar - bersama-sama di tangan Bishop Hugh de Puiset dan William Mandeville, dan menjadikan William Longchamp, Uskup Ely, canselornya. Mandeville segera meninggal dunia, dan Longchamp mengambil alih sebagai justiciar bersama Puiset, yang akan terbukti menjadi perkongsian yang kurang memuaskan. Eleanor, ibu ratu, yakin Richard membenarkan John ke England tanpa kehadirannya. <> Bilakah Richard menjadi raja? || September 1189 <> Siapa yang mengambil alih sebagai justiciar bersama Puiset selepas Mandeville meninggal? || Longchamp <> Siapa yang yakin Richard membenarkan John untuk menyertai England? || Eleanor", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Richard become king?", "id": "570c660afed7b91900d45997", "answers": [{"text": "September 1189", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?", "id": "570c660afed7b91900d45998", "answers": [{"text": "Longchamp", "answer_start": 1329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?", "id": "570c660afed7b91900d45999", "answers": [{"text": "Eleanor", "answer_start": 1443}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabel of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the king was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power, and, for the time being, the king named the four-year-old Arthur of Brittany as the heir to the throne. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power. Richard left political authority in England \u2013 the post of justiciar \u2013 jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and William Mandeville, and made William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership. Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence."}], ["Prince Louis ditujukan untuk mendarat di selatan England pada bulan Mei 1216, dan John mengumpulkan pasukan tentera laut untuk memintasnya. Malangnya untuk John, armadanya disebarkan oleh badai buruk dan Louis mendarat tanpa henti di Kent. John teragak-agak dan memutuskan untuk tidak menyerang Louis dengan segera, sama ada disebabkan risiko pertempuran terbuka atau kebimbangan mengenai kesetiaan orangnya sendiri. Louis dan baron pemberontak maju ke barat dan John berundur, menghabiskan musim panas menyusun semula pertahanannya di seluruh kerajaan. John menyaksikan beberapa gurun rumah ketenteraannya kepada pemberontak, termasuk saudara kandungnya, William Longesp\u00e9e. Menjelang akhir musim panas pemberontak telah kembali ke tenggara tenggara England dan sebahagian utara. <> Bilakah Prince Louis int mendarat di selatan England? || Mei 1216 <> Mengapa John teragak-agak untuk menyerang Louis? || kerana risiko pertempuran terbuka <> Bilakah pemberontak kembali ke timur laut England? || akhir musim panas", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?", "id": "570c69eafed7b91900d459c5", "answers": [{"text": "May 1216", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?", "id": "570c69eafed7b91900d459c6", "answers": [{"text": "due to the risks of open battle", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?", "id": "570c69eafed7b91900d459c7", "answers": [{"text": "end of the summer", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longesp\u00e9e. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north."}], ["John bertemu dengan pemimpin pemberontak di Runnymede, berhampiran Windsor Castle, pada 15 Jun 1215. Usaha Langton di pengantaraan membuat piagam menangkap perjanjian damai yang dicadangkan; ia kemudiannya dinamakan Magna Carta, atau \"Piagam Besar\". Piagam itu melampaui sekadar menangani aduan baron tertentu, dan membentuk usul yang lebih luas untuk pembaharuan politik, walaupun yang memfokuskan pada hak-hak orang bebas, bukan serf dan buruh yang tidak adil. Ia menjanjikan perlindungan hak gereja, perlindungan daripada penjara haram, akses ke keadilan cepat, cukai baru hanya dengan kebenaran baronial dan batasan pada scutage dan bayaran feudal lain. Sebuah dewan yang terdiri daripada dua puluh lima baron akan diwujudkan untuk memantau dan memastikan kepatuhan masa depan Yohanes terhadap piagam itu, sementara tentera pemberontak akan berdiri dan London akan diserahkan kepada raja. <> Bilakah John bertemu dengan pemimpin pemberontak di Runnymede? || 15 Jun 1215 <> Sebuah dewan berapa banyak baron dicipta untuk memantau kepatuhan masa depan Yohanes terhadap piagam itu? || dua puluh lima <> Perjanjian damai itu dinamakan semula? || Magna Carta", {"qas": [{"question": "When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?", "id": "570c69aeb3d812140066d1e7", "answers": [{"text": "15 June 1215", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?", "id": "570c69aeb3d812140066d1e8", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-five", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The peace agreement was renamed what?", "id": "570c69aeb3d812140066d1e9", "answers": [{"text": "Magna Carta", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or \"Great Charter\". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king."}], ["John menginginkan John de Grey, Uskup Norwich dan salah seorang penyokongnya, yang akan dilantik sebagai Uskup Agung Canterbury selepas kematian Walter, tetapi bab gereja Katedral Canterbury mengklaim hak eksklusif untuk memilih pengganti Walter. Mereka menyukai Reginald, sub bab sebelum ini. Untuk merumitkan perkara, uskup wilayah Canterbury juga mendakwa hak untuk melantik uskup yang akan datang. Bab ini secara rahsia memilih Reginald dan dia pergi ke Rom untuk disahkan; uskup mencabar pelantikan itu dan perkara itu diambil sebelum Innocent. John memaksa bab Canterbury untuk menukar sokongan mereka kepada John de Grey, dan utusan dihantar ke Rom untuk memaklumkan kepausan keputusan baru itu. Innocent menolak kedua Reginald dan John de Grey, dan sebaliknya melantik calonnya sendiri, Stephen Langton. John menolak permintaan Innocent bahawa dia bersetuju dengan pelantikan Langton, tetapi paus itu disucikan Langton pada bulan Jun 1207. <> Siapa yang John mahu dilantik sebagai Uskup Agung Canterbury? || John de Grey <> Siapa yang tidak disalahkan Innocent? || Reginald dan John de Grey <> Siapa yang berkuasa John untuk menukar sokongan mereka kepada John de Grey? || Bab Canterbury", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?", "id": "570c6902fed7b91900d459b9", "answers": [{"text": "John de Gray", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Innocent disavow?", "id": "570c6902fed7b91900d459ba", "answers": [{"text": "Reginald and John de Gray", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?", "id": "570c6902fed7b91900d459bb", "answers": [{"text": "Canterbury chapter", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207."}], ["Kebanyakan ahli sejarah hari ini, termasuk ahli biografi John yang baru-baru ini, Ralph Turner dan Lewis Warren, berhujah bahawa John adalah raja yang tidak berjaya, tetapi perhatikan bahawa kegagalannya telah dibesar-besarkan oleh pencerita abad ke-12 dan ke-13. Jim Bradbury menyenaraikan persetujuan semasa bahawa John adalah \"pentadbir yang bekerja keras, seorang lelaki yang mampu, seorang jeneral yang mampu\", walaupun, seperti yang diperkatakan oleh Turner, dengan \"sifat keperibadian yang berbahaya, bahkan berbahaya\", termasuk kesunyian, kezaliman dan kezaliman. John Gillingham, penulis biografi utama Richard I, mengikuti garis ini juga, walaupun dia menganggap John seorang jeneral yang kurang berkesan daripada melakukan Turner atau Warren, dan menggambarkannya sebagai \"salah satu raja terburuk yang pernah memerintah England\". Bradbury mengambil garis yang sederhana, tetapi mencadangkan bahawa pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini ahli sejarah moden telah terlalu lembut terhadap banyak kesalahan John. Ahli sejarah terkenal Frank McLynn mengekalkan perspektif balas revisi terhadap John, dengan alasan bahawa reputasi moden raja di kalangan ahli sejarah adalah \"pelik\", dan sebagai raja John \"gagal hampir semua [ujian] yang dapat ditetapkan secara sah\". <> Apa ahli biografi berhujah bahawa John adalah raja yang tidak berjaya? || Ralph Turner dan Lewis Warren <> Para sejarawan moden telah melampau ke arah apa? || John banyak kesalahan <> John Gillingham menganggap John apa? || jeneral yang kurang berkesan", {"qas": [{"question": "What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?", "id": "570c6b74fed7b91900d459cb", "answers": [{"text": "Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?", "id": "570c6b74fed7b91900d459cc", "answers": [{"text": "John's numerous faults", "answer_start": 807}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "John Gillingham considers John what?", "id": "570c6b74fed7b91900d459cd", "answers": [{"text": "a less effective general", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a \"hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general\", albeit, as Turner suggests, with \"distasteful, even dangerous personality traits\", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him \"one of the worst kings ever to rule England\". Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is \"bizarre\", and that as a monarch John \"fails almost all those [tests] that can be legitimately set\"."}], ["Isteri pertama John, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, telah dibebaskan daripada hukuman penjara 1214; dia berkahwin dua kali dan meninggal pada 1217. Isabella dari Angoul\u00eame, isteri kedua John, meninggalkan England untuk Angoul\u00eame tidak lama selepas kematian raja; dia menjadi pemimpin serantau yang kuat, tetapi sebahagian besarnya meninggalkan anak-anak yang dia miliki oleh John. John mempunyai lima anak yang sah, semuanya oleh Isabella. Anak sulungnya, Henry III, memerintah sebagai raja untuk majoriti abad ke-13. Richard menjadi pemimpin Eropah yang terkenal dan akhirnya Raja Rom di Empayar Rom Suci. Joan berkahwin dengan Alexander II dari Scotland untuk menjadi permaisuri ratu. Isabella berkahwin dengan Maharaja Suci Rom Frederick II. Anak bungsunya, Eleanor, berkahwin dengan anak lelaki William Marshal, yang juga dikenali sebagai William, dan kemudian pemberontak Inggeris terkenal Simon de Montfort. John mempunyai beberapa anak perempuan yang tidak sah oleh pelbagai wanita simpanan, termasuk sembilan anak lelaki - Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew dan mungkin Philip - dan tiga anak perempuan - Joan, Maud dan mungkin Isabel. Daripada jumlah ini, Joan menjadi yang paling terkenal, berkahwin dengan Putera Llywelyn yang Agung dari Wales. <> Bilakah Isabel dibebaskan dari penjara? || 1214 <> Siapa yang berkahwin dengan Joan untuk menjadi permaisuri ratu? || Alexander II of Scotland <> Berapa banyak anak yang sah mempunyai John? || lima <> Siapa anak sulung John? || Henry III", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Isabel released from imprisonment?", "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ed", "answers": [{"text": "1214", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?", "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ee", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander II of Scotland", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many legitimate children did John have?", "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ef", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was John's eldest son?", "id": "570c6a8cb3d812140066d1f0", "answers": [{"text": "Henry III", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoul\u00eame, left England for Angoul\u00eame soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort. Isabella married the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses, including nine sons \u2013 Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip \u2013 and three daughters \u2013 Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales."}], ["Ketegangan antara John dan baron telah berkembang selama beberapa tahun, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh plot 1212 terhadap raja. Kebanyakan baron yang tidak disukai datang dari utara England; puak itu sering dilabel oleh sezaman dan sejarawan sebagai \"Utara\". Baron utara jarang mempunyai kepentingan peribadi dalam konflik di Perancis, dan banyak daripada mereka berhutang sejumlah besar wang kepada John; pemberontakan telah dicirikan sebagai \"pemberontakan penghutang raja\". Banyak rumah ketenteraan John bergabung dengan pemberontak, terutamanya di antara mereka yang telah dilantik John untuk peranan pentadbiran di seluruh England; pautan tempatan dan kesetiaan mereka melebihi kesetiaan peribadi mereka kepada John. Ketegangan juga tumbuh di seluruh Wales Utara, di mana pembangkang untuk 1211 perjanjian antara John dan Llywelyn telah berubah menjadi konflik terbuka. Bagi sesetengah pelantikan Peter des Roches sebagai justiciar adalah faktor penting, kerana dia dianggap sebagai \"asing yang kasar\" oleh banyak baron. Kegagalan kempen tentera Perancis John di 1214 mungkin merupakan jerami terakhir yang mempercepatkan pemberontakan baronial semasa tahun-tahun terakhir John sebagai raja; James Holt menggambarkan jalan menuju perang saudara sebagai \"langsung, pendek dan tidak dapat dielakkan\" berikutan kekalahan di Bouvines. <> Di manakah banyak baron yang tidak disukai? || utara England <> Siapa yang dilantik justici? || Peter des Roches <> Apakah jerami terakhir yang mempercepatkan pemberontakan baronial semasa zaman akhir John sebagai raja? || Kegagalan kempen tentera Perancis John", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?", "id": "570c695efed7b91900d459bf", "answers": [{"text": "north of England", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was appointed justiciar?", "id": "570c695efed7b91900d459c0", "answers": [{"text": "Peter des Roches", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?", "id": "570c695efed7b91900d459c1", "answers": [{"text": "The failure of John's French military campaign", "answer_start": 978}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as \"the Northerners\". The northern barons rarely had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John; the revolt has been characterised as \"a rebellion of the king's debtors\". Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. Tension also grew across North Wales, where opposition to the 1211 treaty between John and Llywelyn was turning into open conflict. For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an \"abrasive foreigner\" by many of the barons. The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as \"direct, short and unavoidable\" following the defeat at Bouvines."}]], [["Apple membelanjakan $ 2,5 juta untuk membeli semua 39 halaman pengiklanan dalam terbitan khas Newsweek selepas pilihan raya, dan menjalankan promosi \"Test Drive a Macintosh\", di mana pembeli berpotensi dengan kad kredit boleh membawa pulang Macintosh selama 24 jam dan mengembalikannya kepada seorang peniaga selepas itu. Walaupun 200,000 orang menyertai, para peniaga tidak menyukai promosi itu, bekalan komputer tidak mencukupi untuk permintaan, dan banyak yang dikembalikan dalam keadaan yang buruk sehingga mereka tidak lagi boleh dijual. Kempen pemasaran ini menyebabkan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif John Sculley menaikkan harga dari US $ 1,995 kepada AS $ 2,495 (kira-kira $ 5,200 apabila diselaraskan untuk inflasi pada tahun 2010). Komputer ini dijual dengan baik, bagaimanapun, dilaporkan mengumumkan PCjr IBM yang juga mula diperkenalkan pada awal tahun itu. Menjelang April 1984 syarikat itu menjual 50,000 Macintosh, dan berharap untuk 70,000 pada awal Mei dan hampir 250,000 menjelang akhir tahun ini. <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Apple untuk mengiklankan dalam isu berita pilihan raya khas Newsweek? || $ 2.5 juta <> Apakah nama promosi besar Apple berlari dalam edisi khas Newsweek? || \"Test Drive a Macintosh\" <> Apa yang Apple membenarkan pembeli berpotensi dibawa pulang dan cuba selama 24 jam? || Macintosh <> Berapa banyak komputer yang kembali semasa Ujian Memandu promosi Macintosh yang membuat mereka tidak dapat diselamatkan? || keadaan buruk <> Siapa yang menjadi Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Apple semasa Test Drive adalah promosi Macintosh? || John Sculley", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek?", "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a5", "answers": [{"text": "$2.5 million", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek?", "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a6", "answers": [{"text": "\"Test Drive a Macintosh\"", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours?", "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a7", "answers": [{"text": "a Macintosh", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable?", "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a8", "answers": [{"text": "a bad condition", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion?", "id": "570cd5d7b3d812140066d2a9", "answers": [{"text": "John Sculley", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Apple spent $2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special, post-election issue of Newsweek, and ran a \"Test Drive a Macintosh\" promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad condition that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 to US$2,495 (about $5,200 when adjusted for inflation in 2010). The computer sold well, nonetheless, reportedly outselling the IBM PCjr which also began shipping early that year. By April 1984 the company sold 50,000 Macintoshes, and hoped for 70,000 by early May and almost 250,000 by the end of the year."}], ["Dengan pemproses Motorola 68030 baru datang Macintosh IIx pada tahun 1988, yang telah mendapat manfaat daripada penambahbaikan dalaman, termasuk MMU papan atas. Ia diikuti pada tahun 1989 oleh Macintosh IIcx, versi yang lebih padat dengan slot kurang dan versi Mac SE yang dikuasai oleh 16 MHz 68030, Macintosh SE / 30. Pada tahun itu, Macintosh IIci, yang berjalan pada 25 MHz, adalah Mac pertama yang menjadi \"32-bit bersih.\" Ini membolehkan ia secara asal menyokong lebih daripada 8 MB RAM, tidak seperti pendahulunya, yang mempunyai \"ROM kotor 32-bit\" (8 daripada 32 bit yang tersedia untuk menangani digunakan untuk bendera peringkat OS). Sistem 7 adalah sistem operasi Macintosh yang pertama untuk menyokong pengalamatan 32-bit. Pada tahun berikutnya, Macintosh IIfx, bermula pada AS $ 9,900, telah diumumkan. Selain daripada pemproses 40 MHz 68030 yang cepat, ia mempunyai penambahbaikan seni bina dalaman yang ketara, termasuk memori yang lebih cepat dan dua CPU II II (6502s) yang didedikasikan untuk pemprosesan I / O. <> Apa Macintosh mula-mula memasukkan MMU on-board? || Macintosh IIx <> Apakah Mac pertama menjadi \"32-bit bersih\"? || Macintosh IIci <> Apakah harga permulaan Macintosh llfx apabila ia dibentangkan? || US $ 9,900 <> Berapa banyak Apple II CPUS yang menyertakan Macintosh llfx baru? || dua <> Seberapa pantas pemproses pada Macintosh llfx baru? || 40 MHz <> Apa Macintosh mula-mula memasukkan MUM on-board? || <> Apa Mac pertama menjadi \"23-bit bersih\"? || <> Berapakah bilangan Apple I CPUS yang dilakukan oleh Macintosh llfx baru? || <> Apakah harga permulaan Macintosh llf apabila ia diumumkan? || <> Seberapa cepat pemproses di llx Macintosh baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?", "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a53", "answers": [{"text": "the Macintosh IIx", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first Mac to be \"32-bit clean\"?", "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a54", "answers": [{"text": "the Macintosh IIci", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?", "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a55", "answers": [{"text": "US$9,900", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?", "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a56", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?", "id": "570ce035fed7b91900d45a57", "answers": [{"text": "40 MHz", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Macintosh IIx", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What Macintosh first included an on-board MUM?", "id": "5ad548db5b96ef001a10ac34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh IIcx", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What was the first Mac to be \"23-bit clean\"?", "id": "5ad548db5b96ef001a10ac35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 879}], "question": "How many Apple I CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?", "id": "5ad548db5b96ef001a10ac36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$9,900", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh llf when it was unveiled?", "id": "5ad548db5b96ef001a10ac37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40 MHz", "answer_start": 771}], "question": "How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llx?", "id": "5ad548db5b96ef001a10ac38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots  and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be \"32-bit clean.\" This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had \"32-bit dirty\" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing."}], ["Bagi Mac OS, System 7 adalah menulis semula 32-bit dari Pascal ke C ++ yang memperkenalkan memori maya dan menambah baik pengendalian grafik warna, serta alamat memori, rangkaian, dan multitasking koperasi. Juga pada masa ini, Macintosh mula menumpahkan bahasa reka bentuk \"Snow White\", bersama dengan bayaran perundingan yang mahal yang mereka bayar kepada Frogdesign. Apple sebaliknya membawa reka bentuk kerja secara dalaman dengan menubuhkan Apple Design Group Design, menjadi bertanggungjawab untuk membuat penampilan baru untuk semua produk Apple. <> Mac mana yang dikenali untuk meningkatkan pengendalian grafik warna? || Mac OS, Sistem 7 <> Siapa yang Apple membayar yuran perundingan mahal sebelum melakukan kerja dalaman? || Frogdesign <> Apa yang ditubuhkan untuk membawa kerja reka bentuk Apple di rumah? || Apple Design Group Design <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk membuat penampilan baru untuk semua produk Apple? || Kumpulan Reka Bentuk Perindustrian Apple <> Bagaimana sistem Mac 7 meningkatkan multitasking? || multitasking koperasi <> Mac mana yang dikenali untuk meningkatkan pengendalian grafik bukan warna? || <> Siapa yang Microsoft bayar yuran perundingan mahal sebelum melakukan kerja dalaman? || <> Apa yang telah ditetapkan untuk membawa kerja reka bentuk Microsoft secara dalaman? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk membuat penampilan baru untuk semua produk Microsoft? || <> Bagaimana Mac System 6 meningkatkan multitasking? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?", "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2d7", "answers": [{"text": "Mac OS, System 7", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?", "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2d8", "answers": [{"text": "Frogdesign", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?", "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2d9", "answers": [{"text": "the Apple Industrial Design Group", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?", "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2da", "answers": [{"text": "Apple Industrial Design Group", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?", "id": "570ce1a4b3d812140066d2db", "answers": [{"text": "co-operative multitasking", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac OS, System 7", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Which Mac is known for improving the handling of non-color graphics?", "id": "5ad55c955b96ef001a10acbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frogdesign", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "Who did Microsoft pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?", "id": "5ad55c955b96ef001a10acbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple Industrial Design Group", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What was established for bringing Microsoft's design work in-house?", "id": "5ad55c955b96ef001a10acbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple Industrial Design Group", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Microsoft products?", "id": "5ad55c955b96ef001a10acbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "co-operative multitasking", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "How did the Mac System 6 improve multitasking?", "id": "5ad55c955b96ef001a10acc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the \"Snow White\" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products."}], ["Apabila Steve Jobs kembali ke Apple pada tahun 1997 berikutan pembelian syarikat NeXT, beliau mengarahkan bahawa OS yang telah dipratonton sebagai versi 7.7 akan menjadi jenama Mac OS 8 (sebagai pengganti Copland OS yang tidak akan kelihatan). Memandangkan Apple hanya melesenkan Sistem 7 kepada pihak ketiga, langkah ini berkesan mengakhiri garisan klon. Keputusan itu menyebabkan kerugian kewangan yang ketara bagi syarikat-syarikat seperti Motorola, yang menghasilkan StarMax; Umax, yang menghasilkan SuperMac; dan Pengkomputeran Kuasa, yang menawarkan beberapa baris klon Mac, termasuk PowerWave, PowerTower, dan PowerTower Pro. Syarikat-syarikat ini telah melabur sumber yang besar dalam mewujudkan perkakasan Mac-serasi mereka sendiri. Apple membeli lesen Pengkomputeran Kuasa, tetapi membenarkan Umax untuk terus menjual klon Mac sehingga lesen mereka tamat tempoh, kerana mereka mempunyai kehadiran yang besar di segmen bawah-bawah yang tidak dilakukan oleh Apple. Pada bulan September 1997 Apple memperluaskan lesen Umax 'membolehkan mereka menjual klon dengan Mac OS 8, satu-satunya pembuat klon untuk melakukannya, tetapi dengan sekatan bahawa mereka hanya menjual sistem low-end. Tanpa margin keuntungan tinggi sistem high-end, bagaimanapun, Umax menilai ini tidak akan menguntungkan dan keluar dari pasaran clone Mac pada bulan Mei 1998, setelah kehilangan $ 36 juta pada program tersebut. <> Siapa yang kembali ke Apple pada tahun 1997? || Steve Jobs <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Steve Jobs untuk versi OS 7.7 untuk dicap sebagai? || Mac OS 8 <> Apakah tanda pencapaian Mac OS 8 berkesan? || baris klon <> Apa kesan keputusan Mac untuk merekodkan Mac OS8 pada syarikat seperti Motorola? || kerugian kewangan yang ketara <> Berapa banyak wang yang hilang Umax apabila ia keluar dari pasaran klon Mac rendah? || USD $ 36 juta <> Siapa yang kembali ke Apple pada tahun 1990? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Steve Jobs untuk versi OS 7.8 untuk dicap sebagai? || <> Apakah tanda pencapaian Mac OS 7 berkesan? || <> Apa kesan keputusan Mac untuk merekod Mac OS7 ada pada syarikat-syarikat seperti Motorola? || <> Berapakah jumlah wang yang hilang Umax apabila ia keluar dari pasaran klon Mac mewah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who returned to Apple in 1997?", "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7b", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?", "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7c", "answers": [{"text": "Mac OS 8", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?", "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7d", "answers": [{"text": "the clone line", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?", "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7e", "answers": [{"text": "significant financial losses", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?", "id": "570ce2e6fed7b91900d45a7f", "answers": [{"text": "USD$36 million", "answer_start": 1211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Who returned to Apple in 1990?", "id": "5ad55e9a5b96ef001a10acda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac OS 8", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.8 to be branded as?", "id": "5ad55e9a5b96ef001a10acdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the clone line", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What did the branding of the Mac OS 7 effectively end?", "id": "5ad55e9a5b96ef001a10acdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "significant financial losses", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS7 have on companies such as Motorola?", "id": "5ad55e9a5b96ef001a10acdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "USD$36 million", "answer_start": 1211}], "question": "How much money did Umax lose when it exited the high-end Mac clone market?", "id": "5ad55e9a5b96ef001a10acde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program."}], ["Apple mengeluarkan Macintosh Plus pada 10 Januari 1986, dengan harga AS $ 2,600. Ia menawarkan satu megabyte RAM, mudah diperkembangkan kepada empat megabyte dengan menggunakan papan RAM dibentung. Ia juga memaparkan antara muka selari SCSI, yang membolehkan sehingga tujuh peranti-seperti cakera keras dan pengimbas-dilampirkan pada mesin. Pemacu floppynya telah meningkat kepada kapasiti 800 kB. Mac Plus adalah satu kejayaan segera dan kekal dalam pengeluaran, tidak berubah, sehingga 15 Oktober 1990; dijual lebih dari empat tahun dan sepuluh bulan, ia adalah Macintosh yang paling lama dalam sejarah Apple. Pada bulan September 1986, Apple memperkenalkan Bengkel Programmer Macintosh, atau MPW, sebuah aplikasi yang membenarkan pemaju perisian untuk membuat perisian untuk Macintosh pada Macintosh, dan bukannya menyusun dari Lisa. Pada Ogos 1987, Apple melancarkan HyperCard dan MultiFinder, yang menambah multitasking koperasi kepada Macintosh. Apple mula mengikat kedua-duanya dengan setiap Macintosh. <> Apa Macintosh yang paling lama dalam sejarah Apple semasa ia dihasilkan? || Mac Plus <> Berapa lamakah Mac Plus kekal dalam pengeluaran, tidak berubah? || lebih dari empat tahun dan sepuluh bulan <> Pada tahun 1986, apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple untuk membenarkan pemaju membuat perisian untuk Macintosh pada Macintosh? || Bengkel Programmer Macintosh <> Apa yang dilakukan HyerCard dan MultiFinder Apple untuk Macintosh? || multitasking koperasi <> Selepas pembukaan mereka pada tahun 1987, apakah Apple mula mengikat dengan setiap Macintosh? || HyperCard dan MultiFinder <> Apakah Macintosh paling singkat dalam sejarah Apple semasa ia dikeluarkan? || <> Berapa lamakah Mac Minus kekal dalam pengeluaran, tidak berubah? || <> Pada tahun 1984, apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple untuk membenarkan pemaju membuat perisian untuk Macintosh pada Macintosh? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh HyerCard dan MultiFinder Microsoft untuk menambah Macintosh? || <> Selepas pembukaan mereka pada tahun 1978, apakah Apple mula mengikat dengan setiap Macintosh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?", "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2b9", "answers": [{"text": "The Mac Plus", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?", "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2ba", "answers": [{"text": "just over four years and ten months", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?", "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2bb", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh Programmer's Workshop", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?", "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2bc", "answers": [{"text": "cooperative multitasking", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?", "id": "570cd73cb3d812140066d2bd", "answers": [{"text": "HyperCard and MultiFinder", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Mac Plus", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What was the shortest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?", "id": "5ad50c675b96ef001a10aad6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "just over four years and ten months", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "How long did the Mac Minus remain in production, unchanged?", "id": "5ad50c675b96ef001a10aad7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh Programmer's Workshop", "answer_start": 623}], "question": "In 1984, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?", "id": "5ad50c675b96ef001a10aad8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cooperative multitasking", "answer_start": 870}], "question": "What did Microsoft's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?", "id": "5ad50c675b96ef001a10aad9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HyperCard and MultiFinder", "answer_start": 831}], "question": "After their unveiling in 1978, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?", "id": "5ad50c675b96ef001a10aada", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals\u2014such as hard drives and scanners\u2014to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 kB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history. In September 1986, Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW, an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross compiling from a Lisa. In August 1987, Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. Apple began bundling both with every Macintosh."}], ["Mac OS terus berkembang ke versi 9.2.2, termasuk perubahan seperti penambahan nanokernel dan sokongan untuk Multiprocessing Services 2.0 di Mac OS 8.6, walaupun senario bertarikhnya dibuat penggantian yang diperlukan. Pada mulanya dibangunkan dalam bahasa pengaturcaraan Pascal, ia telah ditulis semula dalam C ++ untuk Sistem 7. Dari permulaannya pada mesin 8 MHz dengan 128 KB RAM, ia telah berkembang untuk menyokong Mac terbaru 1 GHz G4 yang dilengkapi dengan Mac. Sejak seni bina itu dibentangkan, ciri-ciri yang sudah biasa di persaingan Apple, seperti memori multitasking dan memori terlindung, telah menjadi layak untuk jenis perkakasan Apple yang dihasilkan. Oleh itu, Apple memperkenalkan Mac OS X, pengganti berasaskan Unix berasaskan sepenuhnya kepada Mac OS 9. OS X menggunakan Darwin, XNU, dan Mach sebagai asas, dan berdasarkan kepada NeXTSTEP. Ia telah dikeluarkan kepada orang ramai pada bulan September 2000, sebagai Mac OS X Public Beta, memaparkan antara muka pengguna yang dipanggil \"Aqua\". Pada US $ 29,99, ia membenarkan pengguna Mac mencabar untuk mencontohi sistem operasi baru Apple dan memberikan maklum balas untuk pelepasan sebenar. Versi awal Mac OS X, 10.0 \"Cheetah\", dikeluarkan pada 24 Mac 2001. Aplikasi Mac OS yang lebih tua masih boleh berjalan di bawah versi Mac OS X awal, menggunakan persekitaran yang disebut \"Klasik\". Keluaran seterusnya Mac OS X termasuk 10.1 \"Puma\" (2001), 10.2 \"Jaguar\" (2002), 10.3 \"Panther\" (2003) dan 10.4 \"Tiger\" (2005). <> Apa arsitektur bertarikh pada baris Mac OS yang diperlukan? || penggantian <> Bahasa pengaturcaraan apa yang Mac OS awalnya dibangunkan? || Pascal <> Bahasa apa yang menggantikan Pascal untuk Sistem 7? || C ++ <> Apakah pengganti yang telah diubahsuai untuk Mac OS 9? || Mac OS X <> Apabila dibebaskan, antaramuka apa yang membolehkan pengguna Mac mencontohi sistem operasi baru Apple dan memberikan maklum balas untuk pelepasan sebenar? || Aqua <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh seni bina baru pada baris Mac OS? || <> Apa bahasa yang dituturkan adalah Mac OS pada awalnya dibangunkan? || <> Bahasa apa yang menggantikan Pascal untuk Sistem 8? || <> Apakah pengganti yang telah diubahsuai untuk Mac OS 8? || <> Selepas pelepasan, antaramuka apa yang membolehkan pengguna Mac mencontohi sistem operasi baru Microsoft dan memberikan maklum balas untuk pelepasan sebenar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?", "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f5", "answers": [{"text": "replacement", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?", "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f6", "answers": [{"text": "Pascal", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language replaced Pascal for System 7?", "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f7", "answers": [{"text": "C++", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?", "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f8", "answers": [{"text": "Mac OS X", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?", "id": "570ce4c0b3d812140066d2f9", "answers": [{"text": "Aqua", "answer_start": 950}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "replacement", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What did new architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?", "id": "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pascal", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What spoken language was the Mac OS initially developed in?", "id": "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "C++", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What language replaced Pascal for System 8?", "id": "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac OS X", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 8?", "id": "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aqua", "answer_start": 950}], "question": "Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Microsoft's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?", "id": "5ad55fe75b96ef001a10ad06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called \"Aqua\". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 \"Cheetah\", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called \"Classic\". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 \"Puma\" (2001), 10.2 \"Jaguar\" (2002), 10.3 \"Panther\" (2003) and 10.4 \"Tiger\" (2005)."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, Macintosh adalah mahal, yang menghalang keupayaannya untuk menjadi kompetitif dalam pasaran yang telah dikuasai oleh Commodore 64 untuk pengguna, serta Komputer Peribadi IBM dan pasaran klon yang disertakan untuk perniagaan. Sistem Macintosh masih mendapat kejayaan dalam pendidikan dan penerbitan desktop dan menjadikan Apple sebagai pengeluar PC kedua terbesar untuk dekad yang akan datang. Pada tahun 1990-an, peningkatan dalam platform Wintel saingan, terutamanya dengan pengenalan Windows 3.0, kemudian Windows 95, secara beransur-ansur mengambil bahagian pasaran daripada sistem Macintosh yang lebih mahal. Kelebihan prestasi sistem Macintosh berdasarkan 68000 telah terhakis oleh Pentium Intel, dan pada tahun 1994 Apple telah diturunkan ke tempat ketiga sebagai Compaq menjadi pengeluar PC teratas. Walaupun selepas peralihan kepada PowerPC yang unggul Power Macintosh (kemudiannya dinamakan semula PowerMac, sejajar dengan siri PowerBook) pada 1994, harga kejatuhan komoditi komponen PC dan pembebasan Windows 95 menyaksikan penurunan asas pengguna Macintosh. <> Apa yang menghalang keupayaan kompetitif Apple apabila diperkenalkan? || mahal <> Di mana Macintosh pada mulanya mencari kejayaan di pasaran? || pendidikan dan penerbitan desktop <> Platform mana, ketika bertambah pada tahun 1990-an, mengambil pangsa pasar dari Macintosh? || Wintel <> Apakah kelebihan jenis Pentium Intel terhadap sistem Macintosh pada tahun 1990? || prestasi <> Siapa yang menjadi pengilang PC atas pada tahun 1994, meninggalkan Apple di tempat ke-3? || Compaq <> Apakah yang menghalang keupayaan kompeten Microsoft apabila diperkenalkan? || <> Di mana Macintosh pada mulanya gagal di pasaran? || <> Platform mana, ketika bertambah baik pada tahun 1980-an, mengambil pangsa pasar dari Macintosh? || <> Keuntungan jenis apakah Pentium Intel ke atas sistem Macintosh pada tahun 1980-an? || <> Siapa yang menjadi pengilang PC terbaik pada tahun 1984, meninggalkan Apple di tempat ke-3? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?", "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d27f", "answers": [{"text": "expensive", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?", "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d280", "answers": [{"text": "education and desktop publishing", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?", "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d281", "answers": [{"text": "Wintel", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?", "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d282", "answers": [{"text": "performance", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?", "id": "570cd0bbb3d812140066d283", "answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expensive", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What hindered the competetive ability of Microsoft when it was introduced?", "id": "5ad5006e5b96ef001a10a8fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "education and desktop publishing", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "Where did Macintosh initially fail in the market?", "id": "5ad5006e5b96ef001a10a8ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wintel", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "Which platform, when improved in the 1980's, took market share from Macintosh?", "id": "5ad5006e5b96ef001a10a900", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "performance", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1980's?", "id": "5ad5006e5b96ef001a10a901", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1984, leaving Apple in 3rd place?", "id": "5ad5006e5b96ef001a10a902", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline."}], ["Pada mulanya, seni bina perkakasan sangat rapat dengan sistem operasi Mac OS yang mustahil untuk boot sistem operasi alternatif. Penyelesaian yang paling biasa, adalah untuk boot ke Mac OS dan kemudian menyerahkan kawalan kepada aplikasi bootloader berasaskan Mac OS. Digunakan walaupun oleh Apple untuk A / UX dan MkLinux, teknik ini tidak lagi diperlukan sejak pengenalan Mac PCI yang berasaskan Open Firmware, walaupun sebelumnya digunakan untuk kemudahan pada banyak sistem ROM Dunia Lama disebabkan oleh bug dalam pelaksanaan firmware. [ petikan diperlukan] Sekarang, kasut perkakasan Mac langsung dari Open Firmware di kebanyakan Mac berasaskan PowerPC atau EFI di semua Mac berasaskan Intel. <> Teknik mana yang pernah digunakan untuk boot sistem operasi alternatif daripada Mac OS? || boot ke Mac OS dan kemudian menyerahkan kawalan ke aplikasi bootloader berasaskan Mac <> Apa yang diperkenalkan yang dibuat dengan menggunakan sistem operasi alternatif Mac OS lebih mudah? || Mac PCI berasaskan Firmware Terbuka <> Apakah Mac PCI yang berasaskan Open Firmware digunakan sebagai kemudahan kerana? || bug dalam pelaksanaan firmware <> Di manakah boot hardware Mac terus ke dalam semua Mac berasaskan Intel? || EFI <> Di manakah Mac harware boot terus ke kebanyakan Mac berasaskan PowerPC? || Buka Firmware <> Teknik manakah yang pernah digunakan untuk boot sistem operasi alternatif daripada Mac SO? || <> Apa yang diperkenalkan yang dibuat dengan menggunakan sistem operasi alternatif Mac OP lebih mudah? || <> Apakah Mac PIC berasaskan Open Firmware digunakan sebagai kemudahan kerana? || <> Di manakah boot hardware Mac secara tidak langsung ke dalam semua Mac berasaskan Intel? || <> Di mana Mac harware boot secara tidak langsung ke dalam kebanyakan Mac berasaskan PowerPC? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?", "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b19", "answers": [{"text": "boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?", "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1a", "answers": [{"text": "Open Firmware-based PCI Macs", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?", "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1b", "answers": [{"text": "bugs in the firmware implementation", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?", "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1c", "answers": [{"text": "EFI", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?", "id": "570cf06efed7b91900d45b1d", "answers": [{"text": "Open Firmware", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac SO?", "id": "5ad563615b96ef001a10ad76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Open Firmware-based PCI Macs", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What was introduced that made using Mac OP alternative operating systems easier?", "id": "5ad563615b96ef001a10ad77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bugs in the firmware implementation", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "What were Open Firmware-based PIC Macs used as a convenience because of?", "id": "5ad563615b96ef001a10ad78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EFI", "answer_start": 628}], "question": "Where does Mac hardware boot indirectly to in all Intel-based Macs?", "id": "5ad563615b96ef001a10ad79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Open Firmware", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "Where does Mac harware boot indirectly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?", "id": "5ad563615b96ef001a10ad7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs."}], ["Papan pertama Macintosh Smith dibina untuk spesifikasi reka bentuk Raskin: ia mempunyai 64 kilobytes (kB) RAM, menggunakan mikropemproses Motorola 6809E, dan mampu menyokong paparan bitmap hitam dan putih 256-pixel. Bud Tribble, ahli pasukan Mac, berminat untuk menjalankan program grafik Apple Lisa pada Macintosh, dan bertanya kepada Smith sama ada dia boleh memasukkan mikropemproses Motorola 68000 Lisa ke Mac sementara masih mengekalkan kos pengeluaran. Menjelang Disember 1980, Smith telah berjaya merancang sebuah lembaga yang bukan sahaja menggunakan 68000 tetapi meningkatkan kelajuannya dari 5 MHz hingga 8 MHz; papan ini juga mempunyai kapasiti untuk menyokong paparan 384 \u00d7 256 piksel. Reka bentuk Smith menggunakan cip RAM yang lebih sedikit daripada Lisa, yang membuat pengeluaran papan jauh lebih cekap. Reka bentuk Mac akhir adalah mandiri dan mempunyai bahasa gambar dan jurufoto QuickDraw lengkap dalam 64 kB ROM - jauh lebih banyak daripada kebanyakan komputer lain; ia mempunyai 128 kB RAM, dalam bentuk enam belas 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips dipasangkan ke papan logik. Walaupun tiada slot ingatan, RAMnya diperkembangkan hingga 512 kB dengan menggunakan enam belas IC untuk menyerap 256 kb RAM untuk menggantikan cip yang dipasang kilang. Skrin produk akhir adalah paparan monokrom 9 inci, 512x342 piksel, melebihi saiz skrin yang dirancang. <> Berapa banyak RAM yang terdapat pada papan Maciuntosh yang pertama? || 64 kilobytes (kB) <> Orang yang mempunyai idea untuk menjalankan program grafis Apple Lisa pada Macintosh? || Bud Tribble, ahli pasukan Mac <> Apa yang Tribble pertama kali dimasukkan ke dalam Mac? || Ciri-ciri reka bentuk Motorola Lyle's 68000 <> Ciri reka bentuk yang akhirnya digunakan oleh Smith untuk menghasilkan papan yang baru direka lebih cekap untuk kos? || kurang cip RAM daripada Lisa <> Ciri apa yang hilang dari reka bentuk Mac akhir dihasilkan oleh Smith? || slot ingatan <> Berapa banyak ROM yang ada pada papan Macintosh yang pertama? || <> Nasihat siapa untuk menjalankan program grafis Microsoft Lisa pada Macintosh? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Tribble yang terakhir dimasukkan ke dalam Mac? || <> Ciri reka bentuk mana yang Smith akhirnya gunakan untuk membuat pengeluaran papan yang baru direka kurang efisien kos? || <> Ciri apa yang terdapat dalam reka bentuk Mac akhir yang dihasilkan oleh Smith? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?", "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d291", "answers": [{"text": "64 kilobytes (kB)", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?", "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d292", "answers": [{"text": "Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?", "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d293", "answers": [{"text": "Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?", "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d294", "answers": [{"text": "fewer RAM chips than the Lisa", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?", "id": "570cd2e4b3d812140066d295", "answers": [{"text": "memory slots", "answer_start": 1092}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "64 kilobytes", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "How much ROM did the first Macintosh board have?", "id": "5ad502305b96ef001a10a94a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bud Tribble", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Whose idea was it to run Microsoft Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?", "id": "5ad502305b96ef001a10a94b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "What did Tribble last incorporate into the Mac?", "id": "5ad502305b96ef001a10a94c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fewer RAM chips than the Lisa", "answer_start": 713}], "question": "Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board less cost-efficient?", "id": "5ad502305b96ef001a10a94d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "memory slots", "answer_start": 1092}], "question": "What feature was present in the final Mac design produced by Smith?", "id": "5ad502305b96ef001a10a94e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Smith's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin's design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (kB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256\u00d7256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team, was interested in running the Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384\u00d7256-pixel display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 kB of ROM \u2013 far more than most other computers; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the size of the planned screen."}], ["Keluarga produk Mac kini menggunakan pemproses Intel x86-64. Apple memperkenalkan emulator semasa peralihan dari cip PowerPC (dipanggil Rosetta), seperti yang dilakukan semasa peralihan dari seni bina Motorola 68000 sedekad lebih awal. Macintosh adalah satu-satunya platform komputer arus perdana yang telah berjaya beralih ke seni bina CPU baru, dan telah melakukannya dua kali. Semua model Mac semasa menghantar dengan sekurang-kurangnya 8 GB RAM sebagai standard selain dari Mac Mini 1.4 GHz, MacBook Pro (tanpa Retina Display), dan MacBook Air. Komputer Mac semasa menggunakan kad grafik ATI Radeon atau nVidia GeForce serta grafik Intel yang dibina ke dalam CPU utama. Semua Mac semasa (kecuali untuk MacBook Pro tanpa Paparan Retina) tidak dihantar dengan pemacu media optik yang termasuk pembakar dwi-fungsi DVD / CD. Apple merujuk kepada ini sebagai SuperDrive. Mac semasa merangkumi dua port pemindahan data standard: USB dan Thunderbolt (kecuali untuk MacBook (versi 2015), yang hanya mempunyai port USB-C dan port fon kepala). MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, dan komputer Mac Mini kini mempunyai port \"Thunderbolt\", yang dikatakan Apple boleh memindahkan data dengan kelajuan sehingga 10 gigabit sesaat. USB telah diperkenalkan pada tahun 1998 iMac G3 dan di mana-mana hari ini, manakala FireWire terutamanya disediakan untuk peranti berprestasi tinggi seperti cakera keras atau kamera video. Bermula dengan iMac G5 yang baru, dikeluarkan pada bulan Oktober 2005, Apple mula memasukkan kamera iSight terbina dalam pada model yang sesuai, dan antara muka media yang dipanggil Front Row yang boleh dikendalikan oleh Apple Remote atau papan kekunci untuk mengakses media yang disimpan pada komputer. Barisan Hadapan telah dihentikan pada tahun 2011, bagaimanapun, dan Remote Apple tidak lagi dibundel dengan Mac baru. <> Apakah satu-satunya platform komputer arus perdana untuk berjaya beralih ke seni bina CPU baru? || Macintosh <> Apakah jumlah standard RAM yang disertakan dengan hampir semua model Mac semasa? || 8 GB <> Port MacBook Pro mana yang boleh memindahkan data pada kelajuan sehingga 10 gigabit sesaat? || Thunderbolt <> Kapan iMac G5 dibebaskan? || Oktober 2005 <> Antara muka yang manakah Apple memperkenalkan yang mampu dioperasikan oleh Apple Remote atau keyboard untuk mengakses media yang disimpan di komputer? || Barisan Depan <> Apakah jumlah standard RAM yang dihantar dengan kebanyakan model Mac? || 8 GB <> Apa pemproses yang digunakan oleh keluarga produk Mac semasa? || Intel x86-64 <> Berapa banyak pelabuhan pemindahan data dimasukkan ke dalam Mac paling banyak? || dua <> Menurut Apple, seberapa pantas data pemindahan port Thunderbolt? || sehingga 10 gigabit sesaat. <> Apakah satu-satunya platform komputer arus perdana yang tidak berjaya beralih kepada seni bina CPU baru? || <> Apakah jumlah standard ROM yang disertakan dengan hampir semua model Mac semasa? || <> MacBook Pro mana yang boleh memindahkan data pada kelajuan sehingga 20 gigabit sesaat? || <> Bilakah iMac G6 dibebaskan? || <> Antara muka yang manakah yang Apple memperkenalkan yang mampu dioperasikan oleh Microsoft Remote atau papan kekunci untuk mengakses media yang disimpan di komputer? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?", "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa1", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?", "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa2", "answers": [{"text": "8 GB", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?", "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa3", "answers": [{"text": "Thunderbolt", "answer_start": 1084}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the iMac G5 released?", "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa4", "answers": [{"text": "October 2005", "answer_start": 1391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?", "id": "570ce659fed7b91900d45aa5", "answers": [{"text": "Front Row", "answer_start": 1513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?", "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b0", "answers": [{"text": "8 GB", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What processors are used by the current Mac product family?", "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b1", "answers": [{"text": "Intel x86-64", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?", "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b2", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 864}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?", "id": "570d3c29b3d812140066d5b3", "answers": [{"text": "up to 10 gigabits per second.", "answer_start": 1148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What is the only mainstream computer platform to unsuccessfully transition to a new CPU architecture?", "id": "5ad561af5b96ef001a10ad32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8 GB", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What is the standard amount of ROM included with almost all current Mac models?", "id": "5ad561af5b96ef001a10ad33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thunderbolt", "answer_start": 906}], "question": "Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 20 gigabits per second?", "id": "5ad561af5b96ef001a10ad34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2005", "answer_start": 1391}], "question": "When was the iMac G6 released?", "id": "5ad561af5b96ef001a10ad35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Front Row", "answer_start": 1513}], "question": "Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Microsoft Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?", "id": "5ad561af5b96ef001a10ad36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors. Apple introduced an emulator during the transition from PowerPC chips (called Rosetta), much as it did during the transition from Motorola 68000 architecture a decade earlier. The Macintosh is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture, and has done so twice. All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini, MacBook Pro (without Retina Display), and MacBook Air. Current Mac computers use ATI Radeon or nVidia GeForce graphics cards as well as Intel graphics built into the main CPU. All current Macs (except for the MacBook Pro without Retina Display) do not ship with an optical media drive that includes a dual-function DVD/CD burner. Apple refers to this as a SuperDrive. Current Macs include two standard data transfer ports: USB and Thunderbolt (except for the MacBook (2015 version), which only has a USB-C port and headphone port). MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini computers now also feature the \"Thunderbolt\" port, which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. USB was introduced in the 1998 iMac G3 and is ubiquitous today, while FireWire is mainly reserved for high-performance devices such as hard drives or video cameras. Starting with the then-new iMac G5, released in October 2005, Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models, and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer. Front Row has been discontinued as of 2011, however, and the Apple Remote is no longer bundled with new Macs."}], ["Macintosh (Mac / 1997) adalah siri komputer peribadi (PC) yang direka, dibangunkan, dan dipasarkan oleh Apple Inc. Steve Jobs memperkenalkan komputer Macintosh yang asal pada 24 Januari 1984. Ini adalah komputer peribadi pasaran besar pertama yang memaparkan antara muka pengguna grafik dan tetikus yang penting. Model pertama ini kemudian dinamakan semula sebagai \"Macintosh 128k\" untuk keunikan di kalangan keluarga penduduk yang modelnya yang baru dikemas kini yang juga berdasarkan seni bina milik Apple yang sama. Sejak tahun 1998, Apple telah memansuhkan nama Macintosh yang memihak kepada \"Mac\", walaupun keluarga produk telah digelar \"Mac\" atau \"Mac\" sejak pembangunan model pertama. <> Bilakah Macintosh berjenama sebagai Mac? || 1997 <> Siapa yang merancang, mengembangkan, dan memasarkan komputer Mac? || Apple Inc. <> Apa yang diperkenalkan Steve Jobs pada 24 Januari 1984? || komputer Macintosh asal <> Jenis antara muka apa jenis Macintosh yang asal termasuk? || pengguna grafik yang bersepadu <> Bilakah Apple mula menghapus Macintosh memihak kepada \"Mac\"? || Sejak 1998 <> Bilakah jenama Microsoft sebagai Mac? || <> Siapa yang merancang, mengembangkan, dan memasarkan komputer IBM? || <> Apa yang diperkenalkan Steve Jobs pada 24 Januari 1988? || <> Jenis antara muka apa yang tidak termasuk Macintosh yang asal? || <> Bilakah Microsoft mula memisahkan Macintosh memihak kepada \"Mac\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?", "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bad", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?", "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bae", "answers": [{"text": "Apple Inc.", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?", "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45baf", "answers": [{"text": "original Macintosh computer", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What interface type did the original Macintosh include?", "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bb0", "answers": [{"text": "integral graphical user", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of \"Mac\"?", "id": "570cfff3fed7b91900d45bb1", "answers": [{"text": "Since 1998", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "When was the Microsoft branded as Mac?", "id": "5ad4ffc25b96ef001a10a8e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple Inc.", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Who designed, develped, and marketed the IBM computers?", "id": "5ad4ffc25b96ef001a10a8e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "original Macintosh computer", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1988?", "id": "5ad4ffc25b96ef001a10a8e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "integral graphical user interface and mouse", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What interface type did the original Macintosh exclude?", "id": "5ad4ffc25b96ef001a10a8e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "When did Microsoft begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of \"Mac\"?", "id": "5ad4ffc25b96ef001a10a8e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Macintosh (/\u02c8m\u00e6k\u1d7bnt\u0252\u0283/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1997) is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was later renamed to \"Macintosh 128k\" for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apple's same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of \"Mac\", though the product family has been nicknamed \"Mac\" or \"the Mac\" since the development of the first model."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas, Apple memperkenalkan pelbagai Mac yang agak murah pada bulan Oktober 1990. Macintosh Classic, yang pada dasarnya adalah versi Macintosh SE yang lebih murah, adalah Mac paling murah yang ditawarkan sehingga awal tahun 2001. Macintosh LC yang berkuasa 68020, dalam \" peti kotak \", menawarkan grafik berwarna dan disertakan dengan monitor 512 \u00d7 384 piksel yang baru. Macintosh IIsi pada asasnya adalah 20 MHz IIci dengan hanya satu slot pengembangan. Ketiga-tiga mesin dijual dengan baik, walaupun margin keuntungan Apple pada mereka jauh lebih rendah daripada model sebelumnya. <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple pada tahun 1990 untuk memerangi persaingan daripada telefon pintar? || Mac yang agak murah <> Apakah versi Macintosh SE yang lebih murah yang ditawarkan sehingga tahun 2001? || Macintosh Classic <> Mana Macintosh mempunyai kes \"kotak pizza\" tersendiri? || LC <> Berapa banyak slot pengembangan yang dilakukan oleh Macintosh IIsi? || hanya satu <> Bagaimana margin keuntungan Apple pada kos yang lebih rendah Mac berbanding dengan margin keuntungan model yang lebih awal? || jauh lebih rendah <> Apa yang diperkenalkan Apple pada tahun 1991 untuk memerangi persaingan dari telefon pintar? || <> Apakah versi yang lebih mahal daripada Macintosh SE yang ditawarkan sehingga tahun 2001? || <> Yang mana IBM mempunyai kes \"kotak pizza\" tersendiri? || <> Berapa banyak slot pengembangan yang dimiliki Macintosh Isi? || <> Bagaimana margin keuntungan Apple pada kos yang lebih tinggi Mac dibandingkan dengan margin keuntungan pada model terdahulu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?", "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d375", "answers": [{"text": "relatively inexpensive Macs", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?", "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d376", "answers": [{"text": "The Macintosh Classic", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Macintosh had a distinctive \"pizza box\" case?", "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d377", "answers": [{"text": "LC", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?", "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d378", "answers": [{"text": "only one", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?", "id": "570cfb78b3d812140066d379", "answers": [{"text": "considerably lower", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "relatively inexpensive Macs", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What did Apple introduce in 1991 to combat competition from smartphones?", "id": "5ad55bd45b96ef001a10aca8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Macintosh Classic", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What was the more expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?", "id": "5ad55bd45b96ef001a10aca9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "LC,", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "Which IBM had a distinctive \"pizza box\" case?", "id": "5ad55bd45b96ef001a10acaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "How many expansion slots did the Macintosh Isi have?", "id": "5ad55bd45b96ef001a10acab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "considerably lower", "answer_start": 527}], "question": "How did Apple's profit margin on the higher cost Mac's compare to the profit margin on earlier models?", "id": "5ad55bd45b96ef001a10acac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response, Apple introduced a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh SE, was the least expensive Mac offered until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive \"pizza box\" case, offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512\u00d7384 pixel monitor. The Macintosh IIsi was essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot. All three machines sold well, although Apple's profit margin on them was considerably lower than that on earlier models."}], ["Macintosh SE dikeluarkan pada masa yang sama dengan Macintosh II untuk $ 2900 (atau $ 3900 dengan cakera keras), sebagai Mac kompak pertama dengan cakera keras dalaman 20 MB dan slot pengembangan. Slot pengembangan SE terletak di dalam kes bersama dengan CRT, yang berpotensi mendedahkan peningkatan kepada voltan tinggi. Atas sebab ini, Apple mengesyorkan pengguna membawa SE mereka kepada peniaga Apple yang diberi kuasa untuk melakukan penambahbaikan. The SE juga mengemas kini reka bentuk asli Jerry Manock dan Terry Oyama dan berkongsi bahasa reka bentuk Snow White Macintosh II, serta papan kekunci dan papan kekunci Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) baru yang mula-mula muncul di AppleGS Apple beberapa bulan lebih awal. <> Bilakah Macintosh SE dikeluarkan pada masa yang sama? || Macintosh II <> Apakah Mac kompak pertama dengan cakera keras dalaman 20 MB dan slot pengembangan? || Macintosh SE <> Apakah harga permulaan Macintosh SE? || $ 2900 <> Apakah lokasi slot pengembangan SE berpotensi mendedahkan peningkatan? || voltan tinggi <> Siapa yang Apple mencadangkan pengguna pergi untuk melakukan kemas kini pada SE mereka? || peniaga Apple yang sah <> Bilakah Macintosh ES dikeluarkan pada masa yang sama? || <> Apakah Mac padat terakhir dengan cakera keras dalaman 20 MB dan slot pengembangan? || <> Apa Mac kompak pertama dengan cakera keras dalaman 40 MB dan slot pengembangan? || <> Apakah harga permulaan dari Macintosh ES? || <> Apakah lokasi slot pengembangan ES berpotensi untuk mendedahkan peningkatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?", "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b85", "answers": [{"text": "the Macintosh II", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?", "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b86", "answers": [{"text": "The Macintosh SE", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?", "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b87", "answers": [{"text": "$2900", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?", "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b88", "answers": [{"text": "high voltage", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?", "id": "570cf8e1fed7b91900d45b89", "answers": [{"text": "an authorized Apple dealer", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh II", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "When was the Macintosh ES released at the same time as?", "id": "5ad53b0a5b96ef001a10abb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Macintosh SE", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the last compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?", "id": "5ad53b0a5b96ef001a10abb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Macintosh SE", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the first compact Mac with a 40 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?", "id": "5ad53b0a5b96ef001a10abb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$2900", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh ES?", "id": "5ad53b0a5b96ef001a10abb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high voltage", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What did the location of the ES's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?", "id": "5ad53b0a5b96ef001a10abb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $2900 (or $3900 with hard drive), as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot. The SE's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT, potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage. For this reason, Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier."}], ["Pada tahun 1982, Regis McKenna dibawa masuk untuk membentuk pemasaran dan pelancaran Macintosh. Kemudian pasukan Regis McKenna berkembang termasuk Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan dan Andy Cunningham, yang akhirnya memimpin akaun Apple untuk agensi itu. Cunningham dan Anderson adalah penulis utama pelan pelancaran Macintosh. Pelancaran Macintosh mempelopori banyak taktik yang digunakan hari ini dalam melancarkan produk teknologi, termasuk pemasaran acara \"pelbagai eksklusif\" (dikreditkan kepada John Sculley, yang membawa konsep dari Pepsi), mencipta mistik di sekeliling produk dan memberi melihat ke dalam penciptaan produk. <> Siapa yang dibawa masuk untuk membentuk pemasaran Macintosh pada tahun 1982? || Regis McKenna <> Apakah peranan Andy Cunningham dan Jane Anderson dalam pelan pelancaran Macintosh? || pengarang utama <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan konsep pemasaran \"pelbagai eksklusif\" kepada Apple? || John Sculley <> Syarikat mana yang pertama kali menggunakan konsep pemasaran pelbagai \"eksklusif\"? || Pepsi <> Apa konsep pemasaran pelbagai \"eksklusif\" mencipta produk? || seorang mistik <> yang dibawa masuk untuk membentuk pemasaran Macintosh pada tahun 1928? || <> Apakah peranan Andy Cunningham dan Jane Anderson dalam pelan pelancaran Microsoft? || <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan konsep pemasaran acara \"pelbagai eksklusif\" kepada Microsoft? || <> Syarikat mana yang terakhir menggunakan konsep pemasaran pelbagai \"eksklusif\"? || <> Apa konsep pemasaran acara \"berbilang eksklusif\" mengelilingi produk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?", "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b2d", "answers": [{"text": "Regis McKenna", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?", "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b2e", "answers": [{"text": "primary authors", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept to Apple?", "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b2f", "answers": [{"text": "John Sculley", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company first used the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept?", "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b30", "answers": [{"text": "Pepsi", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept create around a product?", "id": "570cf1b5fed7b91900d45b31", "answers": [{"text": "a mystique", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Regis McKenna", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1928?", "id": "5ad505055b96ef001a10a9ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "primary authors", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Microsoft launch plan?", "id": "5ad505055b96ef001a10a9eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Sculley", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "Who introduced the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept to Microsoft?", "id": "5ad505055b96ef001a10a9ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pepsi", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "Which company last used the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept?", "id": "5ad505055b96ef001a10a9ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a mystique", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "What didn't the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept create around a product?", "id": "5ad505055b96ef001a10a9ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and Andy Cunningham, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products, including the \"multiple exclusive,\" event marketing (credited to John Sculley, who brought the concept over from Pepsi), creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product's creation."}], ["Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, Apple telah menyaksikan peningkatan yang signifikan dalam penjualan Mac. Ini telah dikaitkan, sebahagiannya, untuk kejayaan iPod dan iPhone, kesan halo di mana kepuasan pemilik iPod atau iPhone membeli lebih banyak produk Apple, dan Apple telah memaksimumkannya dengan perkhidmatan awan iCloud yang membolehkan pengguna menyegerakkan dengan lancar data antara peranti dan Mac ini. Walau bagaimanapun, seperti pengeluar komputer peribadi yang lain, garisan Macintosh telah dicederakan oleh trend pengguna ke arah komputer pintar dan tablet (khususnya iPhone dan iPad Apple sendiri) sebagai peranti pengkomputeran pilihan di kalangan pengguna. <> Apa sebahagiannya dikreditkan untuk rangsangan penting dalam penjualan Mac dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan? || kejayaan iPod dan iPhone <> Apa yang membolehkan pengguna menyelaras data dengan mudah antara iPhone dan Mac? || Perkhidmatan awan iCloud <> Apakah trend pengguna telah menyakiti banyak pengeluar komputer peribadi? || telefon pintar dan komputer tablet <> Telefon pintar manakah yang menyakiti pembuat komputer peribadi yang paling? || Apple sendiri iPhone <> Apakah dua alat pengkomputer teratas yang dipilih oleh pengguna? || iPhone dan iPad <> Apa yang sebahagiannya dikreditkan untuk rangsangan yang tidak penting dalam penjualan Mac dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || <> Apa yang membolehkan pengguna menyelaras data dengan mudah antara iPhone dan PC? || <> Apakah tren pengguna telah menyakiti banyak pengeluar komputer perniagaan? || <> Telefon pintar manakah yang menyakiti pembuat komputer peribadi sekurang-kurangnya? || <> Apakah tiga alat pengkomputer teratas yang dipilih oleh pengguna? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?", "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b8f", "answers": [{"text": "the success of the iPod and the iPhone", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?", "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b90", "answers": [{"text": "iCloud cloud service", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?", "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b91", "answers": [{"text": "smartphones and tablet computers", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?", "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b92", "answers": [{"text": "Apple's own iPhone", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?", "id": "570cfa75fed7b91900d45b93", "answers": [{"text": "iPhone and iPad", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the success of the iPod and the iPhone", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is partially credited for the insignificant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?", "id": "5ad567b85b96ef001a10adfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iCloud cloud service", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a PC?", "id": "5ad567b85b96ef001a10adff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "smartphones and tablet computers", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What consumer trend has hurt many business computer manufacturers?", "id": "5ad567b85b96ef001a10ae00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple's own iPhone", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the least?", "id": "5ad567b85b96ef001a10ae01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iPhone and iPad", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "What are the top three computing devices consumers are choosing?", "id": "5ad567b85b96ef001a10ae02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. This has been attributed, in part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers."}], ["Compaq, yang sebelum ini memegang tempat ketiga di kalangan pengilang PC pada tahun 1980-an dan awal pertengahan tahun 1990-an, telah memulakan perang harga yang berjaya pada tahun 1994 yang menjatuhkan mereka kepada yang terbesar menjelang akhir tahun, mengatasi IBM yang bergelut dan menjatuhkan Apple ke tempat ketiga . Penguasaan pasaran Apple terus bergelut disebabkan pelepasan sistem operasi Windows 95, yang menyatukan produk-produk MS-DOS dan Windows yang sebelumnya berasingan Microsoft. Windows 95 meningkatkan keupayaan dan prestasi multimedia komputer IBM PC yang serasi, dan membawa keupayaan Windows ke pariti dengan GUI Mac OS. <> Siapa yang memulakan perang harga yang berjaya di kalangan pengilang PC pada tahun 1994? || Compaq <> Siapa yang telah mengatasi Compaq dalam perang harga tahun 1994? || IBM <> Apa yang berlaku kepada bahagian pasaran Apple dengan pembebasan Windows 95? || bergelut <> Apa yang bersatu dengan produk MS-DOS dan Windows Microsoft? || Windows 95 <> Apa yang dipertingkatkan keupayaan multimedia IBM PC yang serasi? || Windows 95 <> Siapa yang memulakan perang harga yang berjaya di kalangan pengilang PC pada tahun 1995 || <> Siapa yang telah mengatasi Compaq dalam perang harga 1993? || <> Apa yang berlaku dengan bahagian pasaran Apple dengan pembebasan Windows 98? || <> Apa yang bersatu dengan produk MS-DOS dan Windows Apple? || <> Apa yang ketara meningkatkan keupayaan multimedia komputer PC IBM yang tidak serasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?", "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b3f", "answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?", "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b40", "answers": [{"text": "IBM", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?", "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b41", "answers": [{"text": "struggled", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?", "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b42", "answers": [{"text": "Windows 95", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?", "id": "570cf2c1fed7b91900d45b43", "answers": [{"text": "Windows 95", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1995", "id": "5ad564915b96ef001a10ad9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IBM", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1993?", "id": "5ad564915b96ef001a10ad9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "struggled", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 98?", "id": "5ad564915b96ef001a10ada0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Windows 95", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What unified Apple's MS-DOS and Windows products?", "id": "5ad564915b96ef001a10ada1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Windows 95", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC incompatible computers?", "id": "5ad564915b96ef001a10ada2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI."}], ["Statistik sejak akhir tahun 2003 menunjukkan bahawa Apple mempunyai 2.06 peratus daripada bahagian desktop di Amerika Syarikat yang meningkat kepada 2.88 peratus pada Q4 2004. Sehingga Oktober 2006, firma penyelidikan IDC dan Gartner melaporkan bahawa bahagian pasaran Apple di Amerika Syarikat meningkat kepada kira-kira 6 peratus. Angka dari Disember 2006, menunjukkan pangsa pasaran sekitar 6 peratus (IDC) dan 6.1 peratus (Gartner) didasarkan pada kenaikan lebih daripada 30 peratus dalam unit jualan dari tahun 2005 hingga 2006. Pangkalan komputer Mac yang terpasang sukar ditentukan, dengan Bilangannya berkisar antara 5% (dianggarkan pada tahun 2009) hingga 16% (dianggarkan pada tahun 2005). <> Sebanyak peratus perkongsian desktop di A.S. lakukan Apple pada tahun 2003? || 2.06 <> Siapa yang IDC dan Gartner? || firma penyelidikan <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Apple di A.S. pada tahun 2006? || 6.1 peratus <> Berapakah peratusan kenaikan harga unit Apple dilihat dari tahun 2005 hingga 2006? || 30 <> Apa asas komputer yang dianggarkan pada komputer Mac 2009? || 16% <> Sebanyak peratus perkongsian desktop di A.S. telah Apple pada tahun 2004? || <> Siapa CID dan Gartner? || <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Apple di AS pada tahun 2005? || <> Berapakah peratusan kenaikan unit jualan yang dilakukan Apple dari tahun 2005 hingga 2007? || <> Apakah anggaran asas komputer yang dianggarkan pada tahun 2010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?", "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b67", "answers": [{"text": "2.06", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are IDC and Gartner?", "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b68", "answers": [{"text": "research firms", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?", "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b69", "answers": [{"text": "6.1 percent", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?", "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b6a", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?", "id": "570cf3e5fed7b91900d45b6b", "answers": [{"text": "16%", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.06", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2004?", "id": "5ad565d65b96ef001a10adc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "research firms", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Who are CID and Gartner?", "id": "5ad565d65b96ef001a10adc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6.1 percent", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2005?", "id": "5ad565d65b96ef001a10adc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2007?", "id": "5ad565d65b96ef001a10adc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16%", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2010?", "id": "5ad565d65b96ef001a10adc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005)."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 2006, reka bentuk perindustrian Apple beralih untuk memihak kepada aluminium, yang digunakan dalam pembinaan MacBook Pro pertama. Kaca telah ditambah pada tahun 2008 dengan pengenalan unibody MacBook Pro. Bahan-bahan ini dibilkan sebagai mesra alam. Talian iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, dan Mac Mini kini menggunakan semua aluminium, dan kini terbuat dari unibody tunggal. Ketua pereka Jonathan Ive terus membimbing produk ke arah rasa minimalis dan mudah, termasuk menghapuskan bateri yang boleh diganti dalam buku nota. Gerak isyarat pelbagai sentuhan dari antara muka iPhone telah digunakan pada baris Mac dalam bentuk pad sentuhan pada komputer riba dan Magic Mouse dan Magic Trackpad untuk desktop. <> Bilakah Apple mula memihak kepada aluminium dalam reka bentuk mereka? || 2006 <> Yang Mac menggunakan aluminium dalam pembinaannya? || MacBook Pro <> Bahan manakah yang ditambah Apple dengan MacBrook Pro unibody 2008? || Kaca <> Adakah aluminium dan kaca dianggap mesra alam atau berbahaya? || alam sekitar <> Apa yang mempunyai Pereka Ketua Jonathan Ive dapat menghapuskan dalam buku nota Mac? || bateri boleh diganti <> Bilakah Apple mula tidak memihak kepada aluminium dalam reka bentuk mereka? || <> Mana Mac yang menggunakan timah dalam pembinaannya? || <> Bahan manakah yang ditambah Apple dengan MacBrook Pro unibody 2009? || <> Adakah timah dan kaca dianggap sebagai mesra alam atau berbahaya? || <> Apa yang telah Ketua Pereka Jonathan Ive dapat menghapuskan dalam buku nota HP? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?", "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b99", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?", "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9a", "answers": [{"text": "MacBook Pro", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?", "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9b", "answers": [{"text": "Glass", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?", "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9c", "answers": [{"text": "environmentally friendly", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?", "id": "570cfcdffed7b91900d45b9d", "answers": [{"text": "replaceable batteries", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did Apple begin not to favor aluminum in their design?", "id": "5ad5612c5b96ef001a10ad28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacBook Pro", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Which Mac used tin in it's construction?", "id": "5ad5612c5b96ef001a10ad29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glass", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "Which material did Apple add with the 2009 unibody MacBrook Pro?", "id": "5ad5612c5b96ef001a10ad2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmentally friendly", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "Are tin and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?", "id": "5ad5612c5b96ef001a10ad2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "replaceable batteries", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in HP notebooks?", "id": "5ad5612c5b96ef001a10ad2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro. These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. The iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini lines currently all use aluminum enclosures, and are now made of a single unibody. Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks. Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad for desktops."}], ["Selepas pengumuman Lisa, John Dvorak membincangkan khabar angin mengenai projek \"MacIntosh\" yang misteri di Apple pada Februari 1983. Syarikat itu mengumumkan Macintosh 128K yang dihasilkan di kilang Apple di Fremont, California pada Oktober 1983, diikuti dengan brosur 18 muka surat disertakan dengan pelbagai majalah pada bulan Disember. Macintosh diperkenalkan oleh komersil televisyen Ridley Scott bernilai AS $ 1.5 juta, \"1984\". Ia paling disiarkan pada suku ketiga Super Bowl XVIII pada 22 Januari 1984, dan kini dianggap sebagai \"acara perairan\" dan \"karya\". Regis McKenna memanggil iklan itu \"lebih berjaya daripada Mac itu sendiri.\" \"1984\" menggunakan heroin yang tidak bernama untuk mewakili kedatangan Macintosh (ditandakan dengan gambar bergaya komputer Picasso pada atas tangki putihnya) sebagai cara menyelamatkan manusia daripada \"kesesuaian\" percubaan IBM untuk menguasai industri komputer . Iklan itu merujuk kepada novel George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, yang menggambarkan masa depan yang tidak dapat dikawal oleh \"Big Brother\" yang disiarkan di televisyen. <> Siapa yang membincangkan khabar angin mengenai projek \"MacIntosh\" yang misterius pada tahun 1983? || John Dvorak <> Dimana dibuat oleh Macintosh 128K? || Kilang Apple di Fremont, California <> Berapa harga iklan televisyen \"1984\"? || US $ 1.5 juta <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh televisyen televisyen \"1984\"? || Macintosh 128K <> Apa yang disebut Regis McKenna sebagai iklan \"1984\" yang disiarkan semasa Super Bowl? || \"lebih berjaya daripada Mac sendiri.\" <> Siapa yang membincangkan khabar angin mengenai projek \"MacIntosh\" yang misterius pada tahun 1938? || <> Dimana dibuat Microsoft 128K? || <> Berapa harga iklan televisyen \"1948\"? || <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh televisyen televisyen \"1948\"? || <> Apa yang disebut Regis McKenna sebagai iklan \"1948\" yang disiarkan semasa Super Bowl? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project in 1983?", "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba3", "answers": [{"text": "John Dvorak", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?", "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba4", "answers": [{"text": "Apple factory in Fremont, California", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the television commercial \"1984\" cost?", "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba5", "answers": [{"text": "US$1.5 million", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the television commercial \"1984\" introduce?", "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba6", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh 128K", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Regis McKenna call the \"1984\" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?", "id": "570cfee1fed7b91900d45ba7", "answers": [{"text": "\"more successful than the Mac itself.\"", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Dvorak", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project in 1938?", "id": "5ad505a45b96ef001a10aa10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple factory in Fremont, California", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Where was the Microsoft 128K manufactured?", "id": "5ad505a45b96ef001a10aa11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$1.5 million", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "How much did the television commercial \"1948\" cost?", "id": "5ad505a45b96ef001a10aa12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh 128K", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What did the television commercial \"1948\" introduce?", "id": "5ad505a45b96ef001a10aa13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"more successful than the Mac itself.\"", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What did Regis McKenna call the \"1948\" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?", "id": "5ad505a45b96ef001a10aa14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K\u2014manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California\u2014in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, \"1984\". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a \"watershed event\" and a \"masterpiece.\" Regis McKenna called the ad \"more successful than the Mac itself.\" \"1984\" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the \"conformity\" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised \"Big Brother.\""}], ["Projek Macintosh dimulakan pada tahun 1979 oleh Jef Raskin, pekerja Apple yang membayangkan komputer yang mudah digunakan dan kos rendah untuk pengguna biasa. Dia ingin menyebut nama komputer itu selepas jenis kegemarannya, iaitu McIntosh, tetapi ejaan itu ditukar kepada \"Macintosh\" atas alasan undang-undang kerana asalnya adalah ejaan yang sama seperti yang digunakan oleh McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., pengeluar peralatan audio. Steve Jobs meminta makmal McIntosh memberikan Apple pelepasan untuk nama itu dengan ejaannya berubah supaya Apple boleh menggunakannya, tetapi permintaan itu dinafikan, memaksa Apple akhirnya membeli hak menggunakan nama itu. Artikel Majalah 1984 Byte mencadangkan Apple menukar ejaan hanya selepas \"pengguna awal\" yang salah eja \"McIntosh\". Namun, Jef Raskin telah mengadopsi ejaan Macintosh pada tahun 1981, ketika komputer Macintosh masih satu mesin prototipe di makmal. bertengkar lagi dengan penjelasan pertama yang diberikan di atas bahawa perubahan dibuat untuk \"sebab undang-undang.\") <> Siapa yang memulakan projek Macintosh pada tahun 1979? || Jef Raskin <> Apakah profesi Jef Raskin? || pekerja Apple <> Apa yang Jef Raskin membayangkan komputer untuk pengguna biasa? || mudah digunakan, kos rendah <> Mengapa ejaan McIntosh berubah kepada Macintosh? || untuk alasan undang-undang <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Makmal McIntosh, Inc.? || peralatan audio <> Siapa yang memulakan projek Macintosh pada tahun 1997? || <> Apa yang tidak profesion Jef Raskin? || <> Apa yang Jef Raskin membayangkan komputer untuk perniagaan purata? || <> Kenapa tidak ejaan McIntosh berubah menjadi Macintosh? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh MacIntosh Laboratory, Inc.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?", "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d389", "answers": [{"text": "Jef Raskin", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Jef Raskin's profession?", "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38a", "answers": [{"text": "an Apple employee", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?", "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38b", "answers": [{"text": "easy-to-use, low-cost", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?", "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38c", "answers": [{"text": "for legal reasons", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?", "id": "570cfdd0b3d812140066d38d", "answers": [{"text": "audio equipment", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jef Raskin", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "Who began the Macintosh project in 1997?", "id": "5ad5016e5b96ef001a10a92c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an Apple employee", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What wasn't Jef Raskin's profession?", "id": "5ad5016e5b96ef001a10a92d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "easy-to-use, low-cost", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average business?", "id": "5ad5016e5b96ef001a10a92e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for legal reasons", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "Why wasn't the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?", "id": "5ad5016e5b96ef001a10a92f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "audio equipment", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What did MacIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?", "id": "5ad5016e5b96ef001a10a930", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to \"Macintosh\" for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., the audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested that McIntosh Laboratory give Apple a release for the name with its changed spelling so that Apple could use it, but the request was denied, forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name. (A 1984 Byte Magazine article suggested Apple changed the spelling only after \"early users\" misspelled \"McIntosh\". However, Jef Raskin had adopted the Macintosh spelling by 1981, when the Macintosh computer was still a single prototype machine in the lab. This explanation further clashes with the first explanation given above that the change was made for \"legal reasons.\")"}], ["Ingatan minimum Macintosh menjadi jelas, bahkan dibandingkan dengan komputer peribadi lain pada tahun 1984, dan tidak dapat berkembang dengan mudah. Ia juga tidak mempunyai cakera keras atau cara untuk melampirkannya dengan mudah. Banyak syarikat kecil yang muncul untuk menangani masalah ingatan. Cadangan berputar sama ada menaik taraf memori ke 512 KB atau mengeluarkan cip memori 16 komputer dan menggantikannya dengan cip kapasiti yang lebih besar, operasi yang membosankan dan sukar. Pada bulan Oktober 1984, Apple memperkenalkan Macintosh 512K, dengan memori empat kali ganda daripada asal, dengan harga AS $ 3,195. Ia juga menawarkan peningkatan untuk 128k Mac yang melibatkan penggantian papan logik. <> Apa bahagian Mac tidak dapat diperkembangkan dengan mudah pada tahun 1984? || ingatan <> Apa yang kekurangan Mac pada 1984 dan tidak ada cara untuk mudah melampirkan? || pemacu cakera keras <> Apa beberapa syarikat kecil mencadangkan cip memori 16 Mac diganti dengan? || cip kapasiti yang lebih besar <> Berapa banyak lagi memori yang dilakukan Apple Macintosh 512K, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1984, mempunyai lebih daripada yang asal? || quadruple <> Apa yang digantikan dalam peningkatan yang ditawarkan untuk Mac 128k? || papan logik <> Apa bahagian Mac tidak boleh berkembang dengan mudah pada tahun 1994? || <> Apa yang kekurangan Mac pada tahun 1994 dan tidak ada cara untuk mudah dilampirkan? || <> Apakah beberapa syarikat kecil mencadangkan cip memori 32 Mac diganti dengan? || <> Berapa banyak lagi memori yang dilakukan Apple Macintosh 512K, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1994, mempunyai yang asli? || <> Apa yang digantikan dalam peningkatan yang ditawarkan untuk Mac 256k? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?", "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f3", "answers": [{"text": "memory", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?", "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f4", "answers": [{"text": "a hard disk drive", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?", "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f5", "answers": [{"text": "larger-capacity chips", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?", "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f6", "answers": [{"text": "quadruple", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?", "id": "570d1595b3d812140066d3f7", "answers": [{"text": "the logic board", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "memory", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1994?", "id": "5ad50bed5b96ef001a10aab8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a hard disk drive", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What did Mac's lack in 1994 and have no means to easily attach?", "id": "5ad50bed5b96ef001a10aab9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "larger-capacity chips", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What did some small companies suggest Mac's 32 memory chips be replaced with?", "id": "5ad50bed5b96ef001a10aaba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quadruple", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1994, have than the original?", "id": "5ad50bed5b96ef001a10aabb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the logic board", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 256k Macs?", "id": "5ad50bed5b96ef001a10aabc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board."}], ["Dari tahun 2001 hingga 2008, jualan Mac meningkat secara berterusan setiap tahun. Apple melaporkan jualan di seluruh dunia sebanyak 3.36 juta Mac semasa musim cuti 2009. Sehingga pertengahan 2011, Macintosh terus menikmati peningkatan bahagian pasaran yang pesat di AS, meningkat daripada 7.3% daripada semua penghantaran komputer pada tahun 2010 kepada 9.3% pada tahun 2011. Menurut pengesan PC suku tahunan IDC, secara global, pada suku ketiga tahun 2014, Penguasaan pasaran Apple PC meningkat 5.7 peratus tahun ke tahun, dengan jualan rekod sebanyak 5.5 juta unit. Apple kini berada di tempat kelima, dengan bahagian pasaran global kira-kira 6% pada tahun 2014, di belakang Lenovo, HP, Dell dan Acer. <> Berapa banyak Mac yang Apple menjual di seluruh dunia pada musim cuti 2009? || 3.36 juta <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Apples dari semua penghantaran komputer pada tahun 2010? || 7.3% <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Apples dari semua penghantaran komputer pada tahun 2011? || 9.3% <> Kedudukan apa Apple dalam pasaran global PC pada tahun 2014? || kira-kira 6% <> Siapa yang mengungguli Apple dalam bahagian pasaran global PC 2014? || Lenovo, HP, Dell dan Acer <> Berapa banyak Mac yang Apple menjual di seluruh dunia pada musim cuti 2008? || <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Epal semua penghantaran komputer pada tahun 2000? || <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Epal semua penghantaran komputer pada tahun 2001? || <> Apakah ranking Apple dalam pasaran global PC pada 2016? || <> Siapa yang mengatasi Apple dalam bahagian pasaran global PC 2017? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?", "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bed", "answers": [{"text": "3.36 million", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010?", "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bee", "answers": [{"text": "7.3%", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011?", "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bef", "answers": [{"text": "9.3%", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014?", "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bf0", "answers": [{"text": "about 6%", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?", "id": "570d0f33fed7b91900d45bf1", "answers": [{"text": "Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3.36 million", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2008 holiday season?", "id": "5ad566455b96ef001a10add6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7.3%", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2000?", "id": "5ad566455b96ef001a10add7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9.3%", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2001?", "id": "5ad566455b96ef001a10add8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 6%", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2016?", "id": "5ad566455b96ef001a10add9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "Who outperformed Apple in the 2017 PC global market share?", "id": "5ad566455b96ef001a10adda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 2001 to 2008, Mac sales increased continuously on an annual basis. Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season. As of Mid-2011, the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US, growing from 7.3% of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3% in 2011. According to IDC's quarterly PC tracker, globally, in 3rd quarter of 2014, Apple's PC market share increased 5.7 percent year over year, with record sales of 5.5 million units. Apple now sits in the number five spot, with a global market share of about 6% during 2014, behind Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer."}], ["Raskin diberi kuasa untuk memulakan kerja untuk projek itu pada September 1979, dan dia segera meminta rakan sekerjanya, Brian Howard, untuk bergabung dengannya. Pasukan awalnya akhirnya akan terdiri daripada dirinya, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, dan Bud Tribble. Selebihnya pasukan Mac asalnya termasuk Bill Atkinson, Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Chris Espinosa, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Susan Kare, Larry Kenyon, dan Caroline Rose dengan Steve Jobs yang mengetuai projek itu. <> Tahun apa Raskin disewa oleh Apple? || September 1979 <> Siapa yang Raskin segera menyewa untuk membantunya dalam projek Apple pada tahun 1979? || rakan sekerja lamanya, Brian Howard <> Siapa yang merangkumi pasukan Mac asal selain Raskin? || Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, dan Bud Tribble <> Siapa yang akhirnya memimpin projek itu pada pasukan Mac? || Steve Jobs <> Tahun apakah Raskin dipecat oleh Apple? || <> Siapa yang Raskin segera menyalakannya untuk membantunya pada projek Apple pada tahun 1979? || <> Siapa yang Raskin segera menyewa untuk membantunya dalam projek Apple pada tahun 1997? || <> Siapa yang merangkumi pasukan Microsoft asal selain Raskin? || <> Siapa yang akhirnya memimpin projek itu pada pasukan Microsoft? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was Raskin hired by Apple?", "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3a7", "answers": [{"text": "September 1979", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?", "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3a8", "answers": [{"text": "his long-time colleague, Brian Howard", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?", "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3a9", "answers": [{"text": "Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?", "id": "570d0654b3d812140066d3aa", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What year was Raskin fired by Apple?", "id": "5ad501c15b96ef001a10a936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brian Howard", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "Who did Raskin immediately fire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?", "id": "5ad501c15b96ef001a10a937", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brian Howard", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1997?", "id": "5ad501c15b96ef001a10a938", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Who comprised the original Microsoft team besides Raskin?", "id": "5ad501c15b96ef001a10a939", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "Who eventually lead the project on the Microsoft team?", "id": "5ad501c15b96ef001a10a93a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979, and he immediately asked his long-time colleague, Brian Howard, to join him. His initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. The rest of the original Mac team would include Bill Atkinson, Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Chris Espinosa, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Susan Kare, Larry Kenyon, and Caroline Rose with Steve Jobs leading the project."}], ["Pada tahun 1988, Apple menyaman Microsoft dan Hewlett-Packard dengan alasan bahawa mereka melanggar GUI berhak cipta Apple, yang memetik (antara lain) penggunaan tetingkap segi empat tepat, bertindih, dan resizable. Selepas empat tahun, kes telah diputuskan terhadap Apple, seperti yang kemudiannya dirayu. Tindakan Apple dikritik oleh beberapa orang dalam komuniti perisian, termasuk Yayasan Perisian Bebas (FSF), yang merasakan Apple cuba memonopoli pada GUI secara umum, dan memboikot perisian GNU untuk platform Macintosh selama tujuh tahun. <> Berdasarkan alasan apa Apple menuntut Microsoft dan Hewlett-Packard pada tahun 1988? || mereka melanggar GUI berhak cipta Apple <> Bagaimana tuntutan mahkamah untuk Apple vs Microsoft dan Hewlett-Packard? || terhadap Apple <> Apa yang FSF merasakan bahawa Apple cuba memonopoli? || GUI secara umumnya <> Berapa lama FICF memboikot perisian GNU untuk platform Macintosh? || tujuh tahun <> Apa beberapa isu Apple yang dipetik dalam tuntutan mahkamah terhadap Microsoft dan HP? || penggunaan tetingkap segi empat tepat, bertindih, dan resizable <> Berdasarkan alasan apa Apple menuntut Microsoft dan Hewlett-Packard pada tahun 1998? || <> Bagaimana tuntutan mahkamah untuk Apple vs. Compaq dan Hewlett-Packard? || <> Apa yang FSF merasakan bahawa Microsoft cuba memonopoli? || <> Berapa lama FICF memboikot perisian GUN untuk platform Macintosh? || <> Apa yang tidak beberapa isu Apple yang dipetik dalam tuntutan mahkamah terhadap Microsoft dan HP? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?", "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d411", "answers": [{"text": "they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?", "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d412", "answers": [{"text": "against Apple", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?", "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d413", "answers": [{"text": "GUIs in general", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?", "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d414", "answers": [{"text": "seven years", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?", "id": "570d1a97b3d812140066d415", "answers": [{"text": "the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1998?", "id": "5ad548965b96ef001a10ac20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "against Apple", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Compaq and Hewlett-Packard?", "id": "5ad548965b96ef001a10ac21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GUIs in general", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "What did the FSF feel that Microsoft was trying to monopolize on?", "id": "5ad548965b96ef001a10ac22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven years", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "How long did the FSF boycott GUN software for the Macintosh platform?", "id": "5ad548965b96ef001a10ac23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What aren't some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?", "id": "5ad548965b96ef001a10ac24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple's actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years."}], ["Tambahan pula, Apple telah mencipta terlalu banyak model serupa yang membingungkan bakal pembeli. Pada satu ketika, barisan produknya dibahagikan kepada model Klasik, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, dan Centris, dengan komputer yang sama dijual di bawah beberapa nama berbeza. Model-model ini bersaing dengan klon Macintosh, perkakasan yang dihasilkan oleh pihak ketiga yang menjalankan Sistem 7. Sistem ini berjaya meningkatkan bahagian pasaran Macintosh, dan memberikan perkakasan yang lebih murah kepada pengguna, tetapi menyakiti Apple secara kewangan sebagai pelanggan Apple yang sedia ada mula membeli klon yang lebih murah yang dapat dikandung penjualan sistem Macintosh margin Apple yang lebih tinggi, namun Apple masih menanggung beban mengembangkan platform Mac OS. <> Apakah penciptaan model terlalu banyak Apple yang serupa kepada pembeli berpotensi? || bingung pembeli berpotensi <> Apa perkakasan yang dihasilkan oleh pihak ketiga untuk Sistem 7 Apple yang dikenali sebagai? || Klon Macintosh <> Apa yang disediakan klon Macintosh untuk pengguna? || perkakasan murah <> Apa yang dilakukan klon Macintosh berjaya dalam peningkatan untuk Macintosh? || bahagian pasaran <> Siapa yang membuat klon Macintosh menyakiti kewangan? || Apple <> Apa ciptaan model terlalu banyak yang serupa dengan Microsoft kepada pembeli yang berpotensi? || <> Apakah perkakasan yang dihasilkan oleh pihak ketiga untuk Sistem Apple 6 dikenali sebagai? || <> Apa yang disediakan klon Microsoft untuk pengguna? || <> Apa yang dilakukan klon Macintosh berjaya mengurangkan Macintosh? || <> Siapa yang membuat klon Macintosh membantu kewangan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?", "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d42f", "answers": [{"text": "confused potential buyers", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?", "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d430", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh clones", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?", "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d431", "answers": [{"text": "cheaper hardware", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?", "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d432", "answers": [{"text": "market share", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?", "id": "570d1dc0b3d812140066d433", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "confused potential buyers", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What did Microsoft's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?", "id": "5ad55dab5b96ef001a10acd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh clones", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 6 known as?", "id": "5ad55dab5b96ef001a10acd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cheaper hardware", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What did the Microsoft clones provide for consumers?", "id": "5ad55dab5b96ef001a10acd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "market share", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "What did Macintosh clones succeed in decreasing for Macintosh?", "id": "5ad55dab5b96ef001a10acd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "Who did the Macintosh clones help financially?", "id": "5ad55dab5b96ef001a10acd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform."}], ["Pada awal tahun 2001, Apple mula menghantar komputer dengan pemacu CD-RW dan menekankan keupayaan Mac untuk memainkan DVD dengan memasukkan pemacu DVD-ROM dan DVD-RAM sebagai standard. Steve Jobs mengakui bahawa Apple telah \"terlambat untuk parti\" pada teknologi CD yang boleh ditulis, tetapi merasakan bahawa Mac boleh menjadi \"hab digital\" yang menghubungkan dan membolehkan \"gaya hidup digital yang muncul\". Apple kemudiannya akan memperkenalkan kemas kini kepada perisian pemutar muzik iTunes yang membolehkannya membakar CD, bersama dengan kempen iklan \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" kontroversial yang beberapa merasakan cetak rompak media. Ini disertakan dengan pelepasan iPod, peranti pegang tangan pertama Apple yang berjaya. Apple terus melancarkan produk, seperti Power Mac G4 Cube yang tidak berjaya, eMac berorientasikan pendidikan, dan titanium (dan kemudian aluminium) komputer riba PowerBook G4 untuk profesional. <> Bilakah Apple mula menghantar komputer dengan pemacu CD-RW? || awal 2001 <> Apa yang Apple mula menawarkan sebagai ciri standard yang dimaksudkan untuk bermain DVD? || Pemacu DVD-ROM dan DVD-RAM <> Siapa yang mengakui bahawa Apple terlambat menyertai pesta dengan teknologi CD yang boleh ditulis? || Steve Jobs <> Yang kempen Apple yang mana ada yang merasa merasakan pembajakan media? || \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" <> Apakah nama salah satu produk yang tidak berjaya di Apple? || Power Mac G4 Cube <> Bilakah Microsoft mula menghantar komputer dengan pemacu CD-RW? || <> Apa yang Microsoft mula menawarkan sebagai ciri standard yang dimaksudkan untuk bermain DVD? || <> Siapa mengakui bahawa Microsoft terlambat ke pesta dengan teknologi CD yang boleh ditulis? || <> Kempen Apple mana yang membuatkan sesetengah orang berasa curang dengan cetak rompak media? || <> Apakah nama salah satu produk yang berjaya di Apple? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?", "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c29", "answers": [{"text": "early 2001", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?", "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2a", "answers": [{"text": "DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?", "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2b", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?", "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2c", "answers": [{"text": "\"Rip, Mix, Burn\"", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?", "id": "570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2d", "answers": [{"text": "Power Mac G4 Cube", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 2001", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Microsoft begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?", "id": "5ad55f655b96ef001a10acf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What did Microsoft begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?", "id": "5ad55f655b96ef001a10acf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "Who admitted that Microsoft was late to the party with writable CD technology?", "id": "5ad55f655b96ef001a10acfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rip, Mix, Burn", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "Which Apple campaign did some people feel discouraged media piracy?", "id": "5ad55f655b96ef001a10acfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Power Mac G4 Cube", "answer_start": 708}], "question": "What is the name of one of Apple's successful products?", "id": "5ad55f655b96ef001a10acfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been \"late to the party\" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a \"digital hub\" that linked and enabled an \"emerging digital lifestyle\". Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs, along with a controversial \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy. This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device. Apple continued to launch products, such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube, the education-oriented eMac, and the titanium (and later aluminium) PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals."}], ["Pada tahun 1987, Apple berputar perniagaan perisiannya sebagai Claris. Ia telah diberikan kod dan hak kepada beberapa aplikasi, terutamanya MacWrite, MacPaint, dan MacProject. Pada akhir 1980-an, Claris melancarkan beberapa tajuk perisian yang dirombak; hasilnya adalah siri \"Pro\", termasuk MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, dan FileMaker Pro. Untuk menyediakan suite pejabat yang lengkap, Claris membeli hak untuk program spreadsheet Informix Wingz pada Mac, menamakannya Claris Resolve, dan menambah perisian persembahan baru Claris Impact. Pada awal tahun 1990-an, aplikasi Claris telah dihantar dengan majoriti Macintoshes tahap pengguna dan sangat popular. Pada tahun 1991, Claris mengeluarkan ClarisWorks, yang kemudiannya menjadi aplikasi laris kedua mereka. Apabila Claris telah dikorporatkan semula ke Apple pada tahun 1998, ClarisWorks telah dinamakan semula AppleWorks bermula dengan versi 5.0. <> Pada tahun 1987, apakah Apple berputar perniagaan perisiannya? || Claris <> Aplikasi siri yang mana Claris bertanggungjawab untuk mencipta? || \"Pro\" siri <> Apa yang Claris menamakan semula program spreadsheet Informix Wingz? || Claris Selesaikan <> Apakah ClarisWorks dinamakan semula dengan versi 5.0? || AppleWorks <> Bilakah ClarisWorks dikorporatkan kembali ke Apple? || 1998 <> Pada tahun 1978, apakah Apple berputar perniagaan perisiannya? || <> Aplikasi siri yang mana Claris tidak bertanggungjawab untuk mencipta? || <> Apa yang tidak ditukar nama Claris kepada program spreadsheet Informix Wingz? || <> Apakah ClarisWorks dinamakan semula dengan versi 4.0? || <> Bilakah ClarisWorks dikorporatkan semula ke Microsoft? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1987, what did Apple spin off its software business as?", "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c1", "answers": [{"text": "Claris", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing?", "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c2", "answers": [{"text": "\"Pro\" series", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?", "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c3", "answers": [{"text": "Claris Resolve", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0?", "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c4", "answers": [{"text": "AppleWorks", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple?", "id": "570d1089b3d812140066d3c5", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Claris", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In 1978, what did Apple spin off its software business as?", "id": "5ad53b545b96ef001a10abbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Pro\" series", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "Which series of applications was Claris not responsible for inventing?", "id": "5ad53b545b96ef001a10abbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Claris Resolve", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "What didn't Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?", "id": "5ad53b545b96ef001a10abc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AppleWorks", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 4.0?", "id": "5ad53b545b96ef001a10abc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 802}], "question": "When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Microsoft?", "id": "5ad53b545b96ef001a10abc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications, most notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the \"Pro\" series, including MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker Pro. To provide a complete office suite, Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program on the Mac, renaming it Claris Resolve, and added the new presentation software Claris Impact. By the early 1990s, Claris applications were shipping with the majority of consumer-level Macintoshes and were extremely popular. In 1991, Claris released ClarisWorks, which soon became their second best-selling application. When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998, ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0."}], ["Dua hari selepas \"1984\" disiarkan, Macintosh dijual, dan dibundel dengan dua aplikasi yang direka untuk memaparkan antara muka: MacWrite dan MacPaint. Ini pertama kali ditunjukkan oleh Steve Jobs pada pertama ucapan utama Macnya yang terkenal, dan walaupun Mac memperolehi segera, bersemangat berikut, ada yang melabelnya sebagai \"mainan\" semata-mata. Kerana sistem pengendalian direka sebahagian besarnya di sekitar GUI, aplikasi teks-mod dan aplikasi yang didorong oleh perintah perlu direka bentuk semula dan kod pengaturcaraan ditulis semula. Ini adalah tugas yang memakan masa yang banyak pemaju perisian memilih untuk tidak melakukan, dan boleh dianggap sebagai alasan untuk kurangnya perisian awal untuk sistem baru. Pada April 1984, Microsoft MultiPlan bermigrasi dari MS-DOS, dengan Microsoft Word berikut pada bulan Januari 1985. Pada tahun 1985, Lotus Software memperkenalkan Lotus Jazz untuk platform Macintosh selepas kejayaan Lotus 1-2-3 untuk PC IBM, walaupun ia sebahagian besarnya adalah kegagalan. Apple memperkenalkan suite Office Macintosh pada tahun yang sama dengan iklan \"Lemmings\". Sudah terkenal kerana menghina pelanggan potensinya sendiri, iklan itu tidak berjaya. <> Apa dua aplikasi yang dibundel dengan Macs 2 hari selepas \"1984\" disiarkan? || MacWrite dan MacPaint <> Mengapa banyak pemaju perisian memilih untuk tidak mengubah reka bentuk sistem operasi Mac dan menulis semula kod pengaturcaraan? || Ini adalah tugas yang memakan waktu <> Tahun berapakah Microsoft MultiPlan berhijrah dari MS-DOS? || 1984 <> Tahun apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Macintosh Office Apple? || 1985 <> Apa iklan \"Lemmings\" Apple, yang memperkenalkan Office Macintosh, adakah itu membuat iklan tidak berjaya? || menghina pelanggan potensinya sendiri <> Apa dua aplikasi yang dibundel dengan Macs 2 hari setelah \"1948\" disiarkan? || <> Mengapa banyak pembangun perkakasan memilih untuk tidak mengubah reka bentuk sistem operasi Mac dan menulis semula kod pengaturcaraan? || <> Tahun berapa telah MultiPlan Apple berhijrah dari MS-DOS? || <> Tahun apakah suite Microsoft Office Macintosh diperkenalkan? || <> Apakah iklan \"Lemmings\" Microsoft yang memperkenalkan Office Macintosh, adakah itu membuat iklan tidak berjaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after \"1984\" was aired?", "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3df", "answers": [{"text": "MacWrite and MacPaint", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?", "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e0", "answers": [{"text": "This was a time-consuming task", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Microsoft's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?", "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e1", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Apple's Macintosh Office suite introduced?", "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e2", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple's \"Lemmings\" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?", "id": "570d12d8b3d812140066d3e3", "answers": [{"text": "insulting its own potential customers", "answer_start": 1045}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacWrite and MacPaint", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after \"1948\" was aired?", "id": "5ad507d85b96ef001a10aa56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "This was a time-consuming task", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "Why did many hardware developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?", "id": "5ad507d85b96ef001a10aa57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "What year did Apple's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?", "id": "5ad507d85b96ef001a10aa58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 799}], "question": "What year was Microsoft's Macintosh Office suite introduced?", "id": "5ad507d85b96ef001a10aa59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "insulting its own potential customers", "answer_start": 1045}], "question": "What did Microsoft's \"Lemmings\" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?", "id": "5ad507d85b96ef001a10aa5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Two days after \"1984\" aired, the Macintosh went on sale, and came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. It was first demonstrated by Steve Jobs in the first of his famous Mac keynote speeches, and though the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, some labeled it a mere \"toy.\" Because the operating system was designed largely around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten. This was a time-consuming task that many software developers chose not to undertake, and could be regarded as a reason for an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984, Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, with Microsoft Word following in January 1985. In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz for the Macintosh platform after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop. Apple introduced the Macintosh Office suite the same year with the \"Lemmings\" ad. Infamous for insulting its own potential customers, the ad was not successful."}], ["Pada tahun 1985, gabungan Mac, pencetak LaserWriter Apple, dan perisian khusus Mac seperti MacPublisher Boston Software dan Aldus PageMaker membolehkan pengguna untuk merancang, mempratonton dan mencetak susun atur halaman yang lengkap dengan teks dan grafik-suatu aktiviti untuk dikenali sebagai penerbitan desktop . Pada mulanya, penerbitan desktop adalah unik kepada Macintosh, tetapi akhirnya menjadi tersedia untuk platform lain. Kemudian, aplikasi seperti Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, dan Adobe Photoshop dan Illustrator mengukuhkan kedudukan Mac sebagai komputer grafik dan membantu mengembangkan pasaran penerbitan desktop yang baru muncul. <> Bilakah aktiviti penerbitan desktop digunakan dahulu? || 1985 <> Apa syarikat itu penerbitan desktop yang unik pada permulaannya? || Macintosh <> Apa tiga perkara yang digabungkan untuk membangunkan penerbitan desktop? || Mac, pencetak LaserWriter Apple, dan perisian khusus Mac seperti MacPublisher Boston Software <> Apa penerbitan desktop yang membolehkan pengguna lakukan? || reka bentuk, pratonton dan susun atur halaman cetak lengkap dengan teks dan grafik <> Aplikasi apa yang menguatkan kedudukan Mac sebagai komputer grafik? || Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, dan Adobe Photoshop dan Illustrator <> Bilakah aktiviti penerbitan desktop digunakan dahulu? || <> Apa syarikat itu penerbitan desktop yang tidak unik pada permulaannya? || <> Apa dua perkara digabungkan untuk membangun penerbitan desktop? || <> Apa penerbitan desktop melumpuhkan pengguna daripada melakukan? || <> Aplikasi apa yang melemahkan kedudukan Mac sebagai komputer grafik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?", "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d39d", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?", "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d39e", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?", "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d39f", "answers": [{"text": "Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did desktop publishing enable users to do?", "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d3a0", "answers": [{"text": "design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?", "id": "570d0581b3d812140066d3a1", "answers": [{"text": "Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was the activity of desktop publishing last used?", "id": "5ad50b865b96ef001a10aa9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What company was desktop publishing not unique to at it's beginning?", "id": "5ad50b865b96ef001a10aa9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What two things were combined to develop desktop publishing?", "id": "5ad50b865b96ef001a10aa9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What did desktop publishing disable users from doing?", "id": "5ad50b865b96ef001a10aa9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What applications weakened Mac's position as a graphics computer?", "id": "5ad50b865b96ef001a10aa9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics\u2014an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for other platforms. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator strengthened the Mac's position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market."}], ["Apple pada umumnya menguasai pasaran PC premium, yang mempunyai pangsa pasar 91 peratus untuk PC berharga lebih daripada $ 1,000 pada tahun 2009, menurut NPD. Macintosh mengambil 45 peratus daripada keuntungan operasi dalam industri PC pada Q4 2012, berbanding 13 peratus untuk Dell, tujuh peratus untuk Hewlett Packard, enam peratus untuk Lenovo dan Asus, dan satu peratus untuk Acer. Walaupun jualan Macintosh sebahagian besarnya mantap, berbanding dengan jualan Apple dan iPhone Apple yang meningkat dengan ketara pada tahun 2010, komputer Macintosh masih menikmati margin yang tinggi secara per unit, dengan majoriti menjadi MacBooks mereka yang memberi tumpuan kepada niche ultraportable yang merupakan segmen PC yang paling menguntungkan dan hanya berkembang. Ia juga membantu bahawa barisan Macintosh adalah mudah, dikemas kini pada jadual tahunan, dan konsisten merentasi kedua-dua kedai runcit Apple, dan penjual semula yang diberi kuasa di mana mereka mempunyai bahagian khas \"kedai dalam stor\" untuk membezakannya daripada Windows PC. Sebaliknya, pengeluar Windows PC umumnya mempunyai pelbagai penawaran, hanya menjual sebahagian melalui runcit dengan pemilihan penuh di web, dan sering dengan model masa terhad atau rantau tertentu. Macintosh menduduki tempat ketiga pada \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\" untuk musim cuti 2011, kemudian bergerak ke tahap kedua pada tahun 2012 dengan menggantikan Hewlett Packard, dan pada tahun 2013 mengambil tempat teratas di hadapan Dell. <> Menurut NPD, yang pada umumnya menguasai pasaran PC premium? || Apple <> Apakah Macintosh berada di peringkat \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\" untuk musim cuti 2011? || ketiga <> Siapa yang Macintosh menggantikan tempat ke-2 pada musim cuti 2012 \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\"? || Hewlett Packard <> Siapa yang Macintosh menggantikan tempat pertama pada musim cuti 2013 \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\"? || Dell <> Produk mana manakah yang memberi tumpuan kepada niche PC yang boleh dilepaskan? || MacBooks <> Menurut NDP, yang umumnya menguasai pasaran PC premium? || <> Apakah Macintosh berada di peringkat \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\" untuk musim cuti 2010? || <> Siapa yang Macintosh menggantikan tempat ke-2 pada musim cuti 2011 \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\"? || <> Siapa yang Macintosh menggantikan tempat pertama pada musim cuti 2012 \"senarai jenama yang dimaksudkan untuk pembelian desktop\"? || <> Antara produk Microsoft yang manakah yang memberi tumpuan kepada niche PC yang boleh dilepaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?", "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3e9", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Macintosh ranked on the \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\" for the 2011 holiday season?", "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3ea", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 1206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?", "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3eb", "answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 1342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?", "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3ec", "answers": [{"text": "Dell", "answer_start": 1398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?", "id": "570d143eb3d812140066d3ed", "answers": [{"text": "MacBooks", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "According to NDP, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?", "id": "5ad569225b96ef001a10ae2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 1206}], "question": "What was Macintosh ranked on the \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\" for the 2010 holiday season?", "id": "5ad569225b96ef001a10ae2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 1342}], "question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2011 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?", "id": "5ad569225b96ef001a10ae2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell", "answer_start": 1398}], "question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2012 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?", "id": "5ad569225b96ef001a10ae2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacBooks", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "Which of Microsoft's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?", "id": "5ad569225b96ef001a10ae30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Apple has generally dominated the premium PC market, having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000 in 2009, according to NPD. The Macintosh took 45 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, compared to 13 percent for Dell, seven percent for Hewlett Packard, six percent for Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer. While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady, in comparison to Apple's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs. It also helped that the Macintosh lineup is simple, updated on a yearly schedule, and consistent across both Apple retail stores, and authorized resellers where they have a special \"store within a store\" section to distinguish them from Windows PCs. In contrast, Windows PC manufacturers generally have a wide range of offerings, selling only a portion through retail with a full selection on the web, and often with limited-time or region-specific models. The Macintosh ranked third on the \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\" for the 2011 holiday season, then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard, and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell."}], ["Pada tahun 1998, selepas kembalinya Steve Jobs, Apple menyatukan pelbagai model desktop peringkat pengguna ke dalam iMac G3 all-in-one, yang menjadi kejayaan komersil dan merevitalisasi jenama. Sejak peralihan mereka ke pemproses Intel pada tahun 2006, barisan lengkap sepenuhnya berdasarkan pemproses dan sistem yang berkaitan. Barisan semasa terdiri daripada tiga komputer meja (iMac all-in-one, mini Mac peringkat kemasukan, dan stesen kerja grafik menara Mac Pro), dan empat komputer riba (MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, dan MacBook Pro dengan paparan Retina) . Pelayan Xservenya telah dihentikan pada tahun 2011 memihak kepada Mac Mini dan Mac Pro. <> Apa yang disatukan oleh Apple pada tahun 1998? || model desktop peringkat berbilang pengguna <> Apa produk all-in-one dibuat pada tahun 1998 melalui penyatuan Apple? || iMac G3 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh iMac G3 kepada reputasi Mac? || mencergaskan semula jenama <> Bilakah pelayan Xserve Mac dihentikan? || 2011 <> Apa yang mengambil tempat pelayan Xserve Mac? || Mac Mini dan Mac Pro <> Apa yang disatukan oleh Apple pada tahun 1989? || <> Apa produk all-in-one dibuat pada tahun 1989 melalui penggabungan Apple? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh iMac G2 kepada reputasi Mac? || <> Bilakah pelayan Mac Xserve terus? || <> Apa yang mengambil tempat pelayan iserve Mac? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Apple consolidate in 1998?", "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb1", "answers": [{"text": "its multiple consumer-level desktop models", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?", "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb2", "answers": [{"text": "iMac G3", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?", "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb3", "answers": [{"text": "revitalized the brand", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?", "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb4", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?", "id": "570d2cb4fed7b91900d45cb5", "answers": [{"text": "Mac Mini and Mac Pro", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its multiple consumer-level desktop models", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What did Apple consolidate in 1989?", "id": "5ad500c15b96ef001a10a908", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iMac G3", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "What all-in-one product was created in 1989 through Apple's consolidations?", "id": "5ad500c15b96ef001a10a909", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "revitalized the brand", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What did the iMac G2 do to the Mac reputation?", "id": "5ad500c15b96ef001a10a90a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 592}], "question": "When was Mac's Xserve server continued?", "id": "5ad500c15b96ef001a10a90b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac Mini and Mac Pro", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "What took the place of Mac's iserve server?", "id": "5ad500c15b96ef001a10a90c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand. Since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops (the all-in-one iMac, entry-level Mac mini, and the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation), and four laptops (the MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Pro with Retina display). Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro."}], ["Tidak lama sebelum Apple mengeluarkan komputer mudah alih pertama mereka, Macintosh Portable pada tahun 1989. Walaupun disebabkan oleh isu reka bentuk yang cukup, ia tidak lama lagi digantikan pada tahun 1991 dengan yang pertama dalam PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, mudah alih mini; 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; dan 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. Mereka adalah komputer mudah alih yang pertama dengan papan kekunci di belakang rest palm dan alat penunjuk terbina dalam (trackball) di hadapan papan kekunci. The 1993 Powerbook 165c adalah komputer mudah alih pertama Apple untuk menampilkan skrin warna, memaparkan 256 warna dengan resolusi 640 x 400-piksel. Generasi kedua PowerBooks, siri 500 yang dilengkapkan dengan 68040, memperkenalkan trackpads, penceramah stereo bersepadu, dan Ethernet terbina dalam kepada faktor bentuk laptop pada tahun 1994. <> Apa nama komputer mudah alih pertama Apple? || Macintosh Portable <> Bilakah Macintosh Portable pertama dibebaskan? || 1989 <> Apa yang menggantikan Macintosh Portable pada tahun 1991? || baris Powerbook <> Apakah 1993 PowerBook 165c komputer mudah alih pertama Apple untuk memaparkan? || skrin warna <> Yang generasi PowerBooks memperkenalkan trackpads? || kedua <> Apa nama komputer mudah alih terakhir Apple? || <> Bilakah Macintosh Portable dibebaskan? || <> Apa yang menggantikan Macintosh Portable pada tahun 1992? || <> Apa itu komputer mudah alih pertama Apple PowerBook 165c? || <> Yang generasi PowerMacs memperkenalkan trackpads? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?", "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d453", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh Portable", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Macintosh Portable first released?", "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d454", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?", "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d455", "answers": [{"text": "the PowerBook line", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?", "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d456", "answers": [{"text": "a color screen", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?", "id": "570d1fc0b3d812140066d457", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh Portable", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What was the name of Apple's last portable computer?", "id": "5ad55c385b96ef001a10acb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "When was the Macintosh Portable last released?", "id": "5ad55c385b96ef001a10acb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the PowerBook line", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1992?", "id": "5ad55c385b96ef001a10acb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a color screen", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "What was the 1992 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?", "id": "5ad55c385b96ef001a10acb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "Which generation of PowerMacs introduced trackpads?", "id": "5ad55c385b96ef001a10acb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer, the Macintosh Portable in 1989. Although due to considerable design issues, it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple's first portable computer to feature a color screen, displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution. The second generation of PowerBooks, the 68040-equipped 500 series, introduced trackpads, integrated stereo speakers, and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994."}], ["Walaupun kejayaan teknikal dan komersil pada platform Macintosh, sistem mereka tetap agak mahal, menjadikannya kurang kompetitif memandangkan kos komponen yang jatuh yang membuat kompatibel IBM PC lebih murah dan mempercepat penerimaan mereka. Pada tahun 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e enggan menurunkan margin keuntungan pada komputer Mac, maka terdapat kekurangan komponen yang menggegarkan industri PC yang berkembang pesat pada tahun itu, memaksa ketua Apple USA Allan Loren memotong harga yang menurunkan margin Apple. Microsoft Windows 3.0 dikeluarkan pada bulan Mei 1990, lelaran pertama Windows yang mempunyai set ciri dan prestasi setanding dengan Macintosh yang lebih mahal. Tambahan pula, Apple telah mencipta terlalu banyak model serupa yang membingungkan bakal pembeli; pada satu titik barisan produk dibahagikan kepada model Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performance, dan Centris, dengan komputer yang sama dijual di bawah beberapa nama yang berlainan. <> Siapa yang enggan menurunkan margin keuntungan pada komputer Mac pada tahun 1989? || Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e <> Masalah apa yang menggegarkan industri PC pada tahun 1989? || kekurangan komponen <> Apakah kekurangan komponen pada 1989 yang memaksa Allan Loren untuk dilakukan dengan Mac? || harga yang dipotong <> Siapa Allan Loren? || Apple USA head <> Bilakah Microsoft Windows 3.0 dikeluarkan? || Mei 1990 <> Siapa yang enggan menurunkan margin keuntungan pada komputer Mac pada tahun 1998? || <> Masalah apa yang menggegarkan industri PC pada tahun 1998? || <> Apakah ramalan kekurangan komponen pada 1998 oleh Allan Loren terhadap Mac? || <> Siapa Eric Loren? || <> Bilakah Microsoft Windows 2.0 dikeluarkan? Mei 1990 ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?", "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c7f", "answers": [{"text": "Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?", "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c80", "answers": [{"text": "a component shortage", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?", "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c81", "answers": [{"text": "cut prices", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Allan Loren?", "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c82", "answers": [{"text": "Apple USA head", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?", "id": "570d2954fed7b91900d45c83", "answers": [{"text": "May 1990", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1998?", "id": "5ad564345b96ef001a10ad8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a component shortage", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What problem rocked the PC industry in 1998?", "id": "5ad564345b96ef001a10ad8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cut prices", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What did the component shortage of 1998 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?", "id": "5ad564345b96ef001a10ad8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple USA head", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "Who was Eric Loren?", "id": "5ad564345b96ef001a10ad8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May 1990", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "When was Microsoft Windows 2.0 released?  May 1990", "id": "5ad564345b96ef001a10ad8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names."}], ["Pada tahun 2000, Apple mengeluarkan Power Mac G4 Cube, desktop pertama mereka sejak Power Macintosh G3 yang dihentikan, ke slot antara iMac G3 dan Power Mac G4. Walaupun dengan reka bentuk yang inovatif, ia pada mulanya berharga AS $ 200 lebih tinggi berbanding dengan asas yang lengkap dan boleh diperkembangkan Power Mac G4, sementara juga tidak termasuk monitor, menjadikannya terlalu mahal dan mengakibatkan jualan perlahan. Apple dijual hanya 29,000 Kiub pada Q4 2000 yang merupakan satu pertiga daripada jangkaan, berbanding 308,000 Mac pada suku yang sama, dan jualan Cube turun kepada 12,000 unit pada Q1 2001. Penurunan harga dan peningkatan perkakasan tidak dapat mengimbangi persepsi awal nilai Cube yang dikurangkan berbanding barisan iMac dan Power Mac G4, dan ia telah dihentikan pada bulan Julai 2001. <> Apakah desktop yang dilancarkan oleh Apple selepas Power Macintosh G3 yang dihentikan? || Power Mac G4 Cube <> Mengapa penjualan Power Mac G4 Cube perlahan? || terlalu mahal <> Apa kuasa Mac G4 mempunyai masalah mengatasi setelah mereka menurunkan harga mereka dan meningkatkan perkakasan mereka? || persepsi awal <> Bilakah kuasa Mac G4 tidak dihentikan? || Julai 2001 <> Bagaimana penjualan sebenar G4 berbanding dengan jangkaan jualan? || satu pertiga daripada ekspektasi <> Apa desktop yang dilancarkan Apple selepas Power Macintosh G2 yang dihentikan? || <> Mengapa jualan Power Mac G5 Cube perlahan? || <> Apa kuasa Mac G5 mempunyai masalah mengatasi selepas mereka menurunkan harga mereka dan meningkatkan perkakasan mereka? || <> Bilakah kuasa Mac G5 tidak dihentikan? || <> Bagaimana penjualan sebenar G5 berbanding dengan jangkaan jualan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?", "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d471", "answers": [{"text": "Power Mac G4 Cube", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?", "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d472", "answers": [{"text": "too expensive", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?", "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d473", "answers": [{"text": "earlier perception", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?", "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d474", "answers": [{"text": "July 2001", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?", "id": "570d229ab3d812140066d475", "answers": [{"text": "one third of expectations", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Power Mac G4 Cube", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G2?", "id": "5ad564fc5b96ef001a10ada8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "too expensive", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Why were sales of the Power Mac G5 Cube slow?", "id": "5ad564fc5b96ef001a10ada9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "earlier perception", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "What did the Power Mac G5 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?", "id": "5ad564fc5b96ef001a10adaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 2001", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "When was the Power Mac G5 discontinued?", "id": "5ad564fc5b96ef001a10adab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one third of expectations", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "How did the actual sales of the G5's compare to the sales expectations?", "id": "5ad564fc5b96ef001a10adac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube, their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3, to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4. Even with its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales. Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations, compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter, and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001. A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup, and it was discontinued in July 2001."}], ["Dari segi sejarah, Mac OS X menikmati hampir tidak ada jenis malware dan spyware yang mempengaruhi pengguna Microsoft Windows. Mac OS X mempunyai bahagian penggunaan yang lebih kecil berbanding dengan Microsoft Windows (kira-kira 5% dan 92%, masing-masing), tetapi ia juga mempunyai akar UNIX yang lebih tradisional. Worms, serta potensi kelemahan, telah diperhatikan pada bulan Februari 2006, yang menyebabkan beberapa penganalisis industri dan syarikat anti-virus mengeluarkan amaran bahawa Apple Mac OS X tidak kebal terhadap perisian hasad. Peningkatan pangsa pasar bertepatan dengan laporan tambahan pelbagai serangan. Apple mengeluarkan kemas kini keselamatan untuk perisiannya. Pada awal tahun 2011, Mac OS X mengalami peningkatan besar dalam serangan malware, dan malware seperti Mac Defender, MacProtector, dan MacGuard dilihat sebagai masalah yang semakin meningkat untuk pengguna Mac. Pada mulanya, pemasang perisian jahat memerlukan pengguna untuk memasukkan kata laluan pentadbiran, tetapi versi kemudian dapat dipasang tanpa input pengguna. Pada mulanya, kakitangan sokongan Apple diarahkan supaya tidak membantu dalam penyingkiran malware atau mengakui kewujudan isu perisian hasad, tetapi apabila penyebaran malware, dokumen sokongan dikeluarkan. Apple mengumumkan kemas kini OS X untuk membetulkan masalah itu. Anggaran 100,000 pengguna telah terjejas. <> Secara sejarah, apa yang hampir tidak hadir dalam Mac OS X berbanding dengan Microsoft Windows? || malware dan spyware <> Bilakah Mac OS X mengalami peningkatan besar dalam serangan malware? || awal 2011 <> Bagaimana malware Mac dilihat oleh ramai pengguna Mac pada tahun 2011? || masalah yang semakin meningkat <> Apakah kakitangan sokongan Apple pada mulanya diarahkan untuk tidak membantu dengan malware? || penyingkiran <> Berapa banyak pengguna yang terjejas oleh peningkatan dalam malware? || 100,000 <> Secara sejarah, apa yang hampir tidak hadir di Mac OS XX berbanding Microsoft Windows? || <> Bilakah Mac OS X mengalami penurunan besar dalam serangan perisian hasad? || <> Bagaimana malware Mac dilihat oleh ramai pengguna Mac pada tahun 2012? || <> Apakah kakitangan sokongan Microsoft pada mulanya diarahkan untuk tidak membanteras tentang perisian hasad? || <> Berapa banyak pengguna yang terjejas oleh penurunan dalam malware? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?", "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c59", "answers": [{"text": "malware and spyware", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?", "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5a", "answers": [{"text": "early 2011", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?", "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5b", "answers": [{"text": "an increasing problem", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?", "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5c", "answers": [{"text": "the removal", "answer_start": 1001}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many users were affected by the increase in malware?", "id": "570d260cfed7b91900d45c5d", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 1195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "malware and spyware", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS XX compared to Microsoft Windows?", "id": "5ad562de5b96ef001a10ad62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 2011", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "When did Mac OS X experience a large decrease in malware attacks?", "id": "5ad562de5b96ef001a10ad63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an increasing problem", "answer_start": 752}], "question": "How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2012?", "id": "5ad562de5b96ef001a10ad64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the removal", "answer_start": 1001}], "question": "What were Microsoft support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?", "id": "5ad562de5b96ef001a10ad65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 1195}], "question": "How many users were affected by the decrease in malware?", "id": "5ad562de5b96ef001a10ad66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 2002, Apple berpindah untuk menghilangkan paparan CRT dari barisan produknya sebagai sebahagian daripada reka bentuk estetik dan penjimatan ruang dengan iMac G4. Walau bagaimanapun, iMac baru dengan monitor skrin rata LCD fleksibelnya jauh lebih mahal pada debutnya daripada iMac G3 yang sebelumnya, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan kos teknologi LCD yang lebih tinggi pada masa itu. Untuk memastikan Macintosh mampu untuk pasaran pendidikan dan disebabkan oleh uskup iMac G3, Apple mencipta eMac pada bulan April 2002 sebagai pengganti yang dimaksudkan; walau bagaimanapun, CRT eMac menjadikannya agak besar dan agak ketinggalan zaman, sementara pembinaannya dalam satu-satunya bermakna ia tidak dapat diperluas untuk memenuhi permintaan pengguna untuk monitor yang lebih besar. Harga iMac G4 yang agak tinggi menghampiri komputer riba yang mudah alih dan mempunyai skrin LCD resolusi yang lebih tinggi. Sementara itu, pengeluar Windows PC boleh menawarkan konfigurasi desktop dengan monitor panel rata LCD pada harga yang setanding dengan eMac dan pada kos yang lebih rendah daripada iMac G4. Kekurangan Power Mac G4 Cube, bersama-sama dengan iMac G4 yang lebih mahal dan eMac berat, bermakna jualan desktop Macintosh tidak pernah mencapai bahagian pasaran yang dicapai oleh iMac G3 yang sebelumnya. Sepanjang dekad yang akan datang, sementara jualan Macintosh tetap stabil, ia akan menjadi pemain muzik mudah alih iPod dan perkhidmatan muat turun muzik iTunes yang akan memacu pertumbuhan jualan Apple. <> Apa yang Apple mula menghilangkan pada tahun 2002? || Memaparkan CRT <> Mengapa iMac G4 baru jauh lebih mahal daripada G3? || kos yang lebih tinggi daripada teknologi LCD <> Siapa yang membuat Apple membuat eMac lebih murah pada April 2002? || pasaran pendidikan <> Apakah masalah utama dengan CRT eMac? || agak besar dan agak ketinggalan zaman <Selepas jualan desktop Apple yang gagal, apakah produk yang mendorong pertumbuhan jualan mereka? || pemain muzik mudah alih iPod dan perkhidmatan muat turun muzik iTunes <> Apa yang Apple mula menghapuskan pada tahun 2012? || <> Mengapa iMac G4 baru jauh lebih mahal daripada G5? || <> Siapa yang membuat Apple membuat eMac lebih murah pada bulan April 2003? || <> Apakah masalah utama dengan CRT iMac? || <> Selepas jualan desktop Microsoft yang gagal, produk apa yang mendorong pertumbuhan jualan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?", "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c89", "answers": [{"text": "CRT displays", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?", "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8a", "answers": [{"text": "higher cost of the LCD technology", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?", "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8b", "answers": [{"text": "the education market", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?", "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8c", "answers": [{"text": "relatively bulky and somewhat outdated", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?", "id": "570d2ad5fed7b91900d45c8d", "answers": [{"text": "the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service", "answer_start": 1276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CRT displays", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2012?", "id": "5ad5657c5b96ef001a10adba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "higher cost of the LCD technology", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G5?", "id": "5ad5657c5b96ef001a10adbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the education market", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2003 for?", "id": "5ad5657c5b96ef001a10adbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "relatively bulky and somewhat outdated", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "What was the main problem with the iMac's CRT?", "id": "5ad5657c5b96ef001a10adbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iPod portable music player", "answer_start": 1280}], "question": "After Microsoft's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?", "id": "5ad5657c5b96ef001a10adbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting in 2002, Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4. However, the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3, largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time. In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3, Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor; however the eMac's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated, while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors. The iMac G4's relatively high prices were approaching that of laptops which were portable and had higher resolution LCD screens. Meanwhile, Windows PC manufacturers could offer desktop configurations with LCD flat panel monitors at prices comparable to the eMac and at much lower cost than the iMac G4. The flop of the Power Mac G4 Cube, along with the more expensive iMac G4 and heavy eMac, meant that Macintosh desktop sales never reached the market share attained by the previous iMac G3. For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady, it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple's sales growth."}], ["Menjelang Mac 2011, bahagian pasaran OS X di Amerika Utara meningkat kepada sedikit lebih 14%. Sama ada saiz bahagian pasaran Mac dan asas dipasang adalah relevan, dan kepada siapa, adalah isu yang dibahaskan dengan hangat. Penganalisis industri sering memberi perhatian kepada bahagian pasaran yang agak kecil di Mac untuk meramalkan azab Apple yang akan datang, terutamanya pada awal dan pertengahan tahun 1990-an apabila masa depan syarikat kelihatannya paling teruk. Orang lain berpendapat bahawa bahagian pasaran adalah cara yang salah untuk menilai kejayaan Mac. Apple telah meletakkan Mac sebagai komputer peribadi yang lebih tinggi, dan oleh itu ia mungkin mengelirukan untuk membandingkannya dengan PC bajet. Oleh kerana pasaran keseluruhan untuk komputer peribadi telah berkembang dengan pesat, bilangan jualan yang semakin meningkat di Mac secara efektif dipenuhi oleh peningkatan jumlah jualan industri secara menyeluruh. Penguasaan pasaran kecil Apple, kemudian memberi kesan bahawa semakin sedikit orang menggunakan Mac berbanding sepuluh tahun yang lalu, ketika sebaliknya sebaliknya adalah benar. Peningkatan jualan iPhone dan iPad bermakna bahagian keuntungan Apple yang diwakili oleh Macintosh telah menurun pada tahun 2010, jatuh kepada 24% daripada 46% dua tahun sebelumnya. Orang lain cuba untuk menekankan penguasaan pasaran, dengan menyebut bahawa ia jarang dibesarkan dalam industri lain. Terlepas dari pangsa pasar Mac, Apple tetap menguntungkan sejak kembali Steve Jobs dan penyusunan semula syarikat itu. Terutama, laporan yang diterbitkan pada suku pertama tahun 2008 mendapati bahawa Apple mempunyai pangsa pasar 14% dalam pasaran komputer peribadi di Amerika Syarikat, termasuk 66% daripada semua komputer lebih daripada $ 1,000. Penyelidikan pasaran menunjukkan bahawa Apple menarik pangkalan pelanggan dari demografi berpendapatan tinggi berbanding pasaran komputer peribadi arus perdana. <> Apakah bahagian pasaran OS X di Amerika Utara menjelang Mac 2011? || sedikit lebih 14% <> Menjadi diletakkan sebagai PC akhir yang lebih tinggi, apakah ini mengelirukan untuk membandingkan Mac ke? || PC bajet <> Apple tetap menguntungkan sejak masa apa? || Kembalinya Steve Jobs <> Menurut penyelidikan pasaran, yang manakah Apple menarik pelanggannya? || sebuah demografi berpendapatan tinggi <> Yang kembali ke Apple mengakibatkan penyusunan semula syarikat? || Steve Jobs <> Apa bahagian pasaran OS X di Amerika Utara menjelang Mac 2012? || <> Dengan kedudukan sebagai PC akhir yang lebih rendah, apakah itu mengelirukan untuk membandingkan Mac ke? || <> Apple tetap tidak menguntungkan sejak masa apa? || <> Menurut penyelidikan pasaran, siapa yang membuat Microsoft menarik pangkalan pelanggannya? || <> Kepulangan siapa ke Microsoft menyebabkan penyusunan semula syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?", "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d499", "answers": [{"text": "slightly over 14%", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?", "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49a", "answers": [{"text": "a budget PC", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apple has remained profitable since what time?", "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49b", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs' return", "answer_start": 1284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?", "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49c", "answers": [{"text": "a higher-income demographic", "answer_start": 1598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?", "id": "570d282fb3d812140066d49d", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 1284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "slightly over 14%", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2012?", "id": "5ad566cc5b96ef001a10ade0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a budget PC", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "Being positioned as a lower end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?", "id": "5ad566cc5b96ef001a10ade1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs' return", "answer_start": 1284}], "question": "Apple has remained unprofitable since what time?", "id": "5ad566cc5b96ef001a10ade2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a higher-income demographic", "answer_start": 1598}], "question": "According to market research, who does Microsoft draw it's customer base from?", "id": "5ad566cc5b96ef001a10ade3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steve Jobs", "answer_start": 1284}], "question": "Whose return to Microsoft resulted in the company's reorganization?", "id": "5ad566cc5b96ef001a10ade4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market."}], ["Kerosakan jualan Macintosh telah menyaksikan jualan Mac desktop tetap kebanyakannya berterusan sementara dilepasi oleh notebook Mac yang kadar jualannya telah meningkat dengan ketara; tujuh daripada sepuluh Mac yang dijual adalah komputer riba pada tahun 2009, nisbah dijangka meningkat kepada tiga daripada empat menjelang tahun 2010. Perubahan dalam jualan faktor bentuk adalah disebabkan oleh iMac desktop yang bergerak dari yang mampu dimiliki (iMac G3) hingga kelas atas (iMac G4) dan siaran seterusnya dianggap premium semua-dalam-orang. Sebaliknya MSRP talian komputer riba MacBook telah menurunkan generasi berturut-turut seperti MacBook Air dan MacBook Pro yang membentuk harga kemasukan yang paling rendah ke Mac, kecuali Mac Mini yang lebih murah (satu-satunya tawaran sub $ $ 1000 dari Apple, walaupun tanpa monitor dan papan kekunci), tidak menghairankan MacBooks adalah faktor bentuk terlaris dari platform Macintosh hari ini. Penggunaan mikropemproses Intel telah membantu Mac lebih bersaing langsung dengan rakan-rakan Windows mereka mengenai harga dan prestasi, dan oleh 2010 Apple telah menerima CPU terbaru Intel pertama sebelum pengeluar PC lain. <> Pada tahun 2009, berapa Mac yang dijual adalah komputer riba? || tujuh dari sepuluh <> Apa yang telah membantu Mac lebih bersaing langsung dengan Windows mengenai harga dan prestasi? || Penggunaan mikropemproses Intel <> Pada tahun 2010, apa yang diterima oleh Apple sebelum pengeluar PC lain? || CPU terbaru Intel <> Apakah faktor bentuk terlaris platform Mac hari ini? || MacBooks <> Apakah nama Mac paling murah yang ditawarkan? || Mac Mini <> Pada tahun 2008, berapa Mac yang dijual adalah komputer riba? || <> Apa yang telah membantu Mac lebih tidak langsung bersaing dengan Windows pada harga dan prestasi? || <> Pada tahun 2012, apa yang diterima oleh Apple sebelum pengeluar PC lain? || <> Apakah faktor bentuk jualan rendah pada platform Mac hari ini? || <> Apakah nama Mac paling mahal yang ditawarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?", "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45c9d", "answers": [{"text": "seven out of ten", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?", "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45c9e", "answers": [{"text": "The use of Intel microprocessors", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?", "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45c9f", "answers": [{"text": "Intel's latest CPUs", "answer_start": 1044}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?", "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45ca0", "answers": [{"text": "MacBooks", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?", "id": "570d2bfafed7b91900d45ca1", "answers": [{"text": "Mac Mini", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven out of ten", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "In 2008, how many Macs sold were laptops?", "id": "5ad5674d5b96ef001a10adf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The use of Intel microprocessors", "answer_start": 878}], "question": "What has helped Macs more indirectly compete with Windows on price and performance?", "id": "5ad5674d5b96ef001a10adf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intel's latest CPUs", "answer_start": 1044}], "question": "In 2012, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?", "id": "5ad5674d5b96ef001a10adf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacBooks", "answer_start": 803}], "question": "What are the low-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?", "id": "5ad5674d5b96ef001a10adf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac Mini", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "What is the name of the most expensive Mac offered?", "id": "5ad5674d5b96ef001a10adf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The sales breakdown of the Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs stayed mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009, a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010. The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable (iMac G3) to upscale (iMac G4) and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac, with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini (the only sub-$1000 offering from Apple, albeit without a monitor and keyboard), not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today. The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance, and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers."}], ["Pada tahun 2001, Apple memperkenalkan Mac OS X, berdasarkan Darwin dan NEXTSTEP; ciri-ciri barunya termasuk antara muka Dock dan Aqua pengguna. Semasa peralihan, Apple memasukkan subsistem mesin maya yang dikenali sebagai Klasik, yang membolehkan pengguna menjalankan aplikasi Mac OS 9 di bawah Mac OS X 10.4 dan lebih awal pada mesin PowerPC. Apple memperkenalkan Mac OS X 10.8 pada bulan Februari, dan ia telah disediakan pada musim panas tahun 2012. Mountain Lion termasuk banyak ciri baru, seperti Kawalan Misi, Mac App Store (tersedia untuk Mac OS X v10.6.6 \"Snow Leopard.\" pengguna dengan kemas kini perisian), Launchpad, pemapar aplikasi dan pelancar serupa dengan Skrin Utama iOS dan Resume, ciri yang serupa dengan fungsi hibernat yang terdapat di Microsoft Windows. Versi terbaru ialah OS X El Capitan. Sebagai tambahan kepada Mavericks, semua Mac baru digabungkan dengan pelbagai aplikasi yang dihasilkan oleh Apple, termasuk iLife, pelayar web Safari dan pemain media iTunes. Apple memperkenalkan Mavericks di WWDC 2013 pada bulan Jun, dan mengeluarkannya pada 15 Oktober tahun itu. Ia percuma untuk semua orang yang menjalankan Snow Leopard atau yang lebih baru dan serasi dengan kebanyakan Mac dari tahun 2007 dan kemudiannya. Mavericks membawa banyak aplikasi iOS, fungsi, dan rasa kepada Mac serta sokongan multi paparan yang lebih baik, iBooks, Maps, app nap, dan peningkatan lain untuk meningkatkan prestasi dan hayat bateri. <> Apakah Mac OS X Apple berdasarkan? || Darwin dan NEXTSTEP <> Siapa yang Apple membuat Maverick percuma? || semua orang yang menjalankan Snow Leopard atau yang lebih lama <> Apa komputer yang sesuai dengan Mac? || kebanyakan Mac dari tahun 2007 dan seterusnya <> Apa yang membawa sokongan multi paparan yang lebih baik kepada Mac? || Mavericks <> Ketika Mavericks diperkenalkan? || 2013 <> Apakah Mac OS XX berasaskan? || <> Siapa yang membuat Microsoft membuat Maverick percuma? || <> Apa komputer yang tidak sesuai dengan Maverick? || <> Apa yang membawa sokongan paparan yang lebih baik kepada Mac? || <> Bilakah Mavericks dibatalkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?", "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d467", "answers": [{"text": "Darwin and NEXTSTEP", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Apple make Maverick free to?", "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d468", "answers": [{"text": "everyone running Snow Leopard or later", "answer_start": 1047}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What computers is Maverick compatible with?", "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d469", "answers": [{"text": "most Macs from 2007 and later", "answer_start": 1109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brought better multi display support to Mac?", "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d46a", "answers": [{"text": "Mavericks", "answer_start": 1140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Mavericks introduced?", "id": "570d2104b3d812140066d46b", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 965}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Darwin and NEXTSTEP", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What was Apple's Mac OS XX based on?", "id": "5ad5627e5b96ef001a10ad58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "everyone running Snow Leopard or later", "answer_start": 1047}], "question": "Who did Microsoft make Maverick free to?", "id": "5ad5627e5b96ef001a10ad59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "most Macs from 2007 and later", "answer_start": 1109}], "question": "What computers is Maverick incompatible with?", "id": "5ad5627e5b96ef001a10ad5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mavericks", "answer_start": 1140}], "question": "What brought better single display support to Mac?", "id": "5ad5627e5b96ef001a10ad5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 965}], "question": "When was Mavericks scrapped?", "id": "5ad5627e5b96ef001a10ad5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple introduced Mac OS X 10.8 in February, and it was made available in the summer of 2012. Mountain Lion includes many new features, such as Mission Control, the Mac App Store (available to Mac OS X v10.6.6 \"Snow Leopard.\" users by software update), Launchpad, an application viewer and launcher akin to the iOS Home Screen, and Resume, a feature similar to the hibernate function found in Microsoft Windows. The most recent version is OS X El Capitan . In addition to Mavericks, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player. Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June, and released it on October 15 of that year. It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later. Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps, functions, and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support, iBooks, Maps, app nap, and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life."}], ["Reka bentuk inovatif Burrel, yang menggabungkan kos pengeluaran rendah Apple II dengan kuasa pengkomputeran CPU Lisa, Motorola 68K, menerima perhatian Steve Jobs, pengasas bersama Apple. Menyedari bahawa Macintosh lebih mudah dipasarkan daripada Lisa, dia mula menumpukan perhatiannya pada projek itu. Raskin meninggalkan pasukan pada tahun 1981 atas konflik keperibadian dengan Jobs. Ahli pasukan Andy Hertzfeld berkata bahawa reka bentuk Macintosh akhir lebih hampir dengan idea Jobs daripada Raskin. Setelah mendengar teknologi GUI perintis yang sedang dibangunkan di Xerox PARC, Jobs telah merundingkan lawatan untuk melihat komputer Xerox Alto dan alat pembangunan Smalltalk sebagai pertukaran untuk pilihan saham Apple. Antara muka pengguna Lisa dan Macintosh dipengaruhi oleh teknologi yang dilihat di Xerox PARC dan digabungkan dengan idea-idea sendiri kumpulan Macintosh. Pekerjaan juga menugaskan pereka perindustrian Hartmut Esslinger untuk bekerja pada baris Macintosh, mengakibatkan bahasa reka bentuk \"Snow White\"; walaupun ia terlambat untuk Mac paling awal, ia telah dilaksanakan pada kebanyakan komputer Apple pertengahan hingga akhir 1980-an. Walau bagaimanapun, kepimpinan Jobs di projek Macintosh tidak berakhir; selepas perjuangan kuasa dalaman dengan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif baru John Sculley, Jobs meletak jawatan dari Apple pada tahun 1985. Dia terus menemui NeXT, satu lagi syarikat komputer yang menyasarkan pasaran pendidikan, dan tidak kembali sehingga 1997, ketika Apple membeli NeXT. <> Mengapa Raskin meninggalkan pasukan Apple pada tahun 1981? || atas konflik keperibadian dengan Pekerjaan <> Menurut Andy Hertzfeld, yang ideanya adalah reka bentuk akhir Mac lebih dekat? || Pekerjaan <> Apa yang ditawarkan Steve Jobs Xerox untuk melawat dan melihat teknologi terkini mereka? || Opsyen saham Apple <> Teknologi siapa yang mempengaruhi antara muka pengguna Lisa dan Macintosh? || Xerox PARC <> Apa yang menyebabkan Steve Jobs meletak jawatan dari Apple pada tahun 1985? || perjuangan kuasa dalaman <> Mengapa Raskin meninggalkan pasukan Apple pada tahun 1918? || <> Menurut Andy Hertzfeld, yang ideanya adalah reka bentuk Mac pertama yang lebih dekat? || <> Apa yang tidak ditawarkan Steve Jobs Xerox untuk melawat dan melihat teknologi terkini mereka? || <> Teknologi siapa yang mempengaruhi antara muka pengguna Lisa dan Microsoft? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan Steve Jobs meletak jawatan dari Apple pada tahun 1958? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?", "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4f7", "answers": [{"text": "over a personality conflict with Jobs", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?", "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4f8", "answers": [{"text": "Jobs", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?", "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4f9", "answers": [{"text": "Apple stock options", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?", "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4fa", "answers": [{"text": "Xerox PARC", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?", "id": "570d2dfdb3d812140066d4fb", "answers": [{"text": "an internal power struggle", "answer_start": 1165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a personality conflict with Jobs", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1918?", "id": "5ad5029e5b96ef001a10a968", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jobs", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the first Mac design closer to?", "id": "5ad5029e5b96ef001a10a969", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple stock options", "answer_start": 672}], "question": "What didn't Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?", "id": "5ad5029e5b96ef001a10a96a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xerox PARC", "answer_start": 770}], "question": "Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Microsoft?", "id": "5ad5029e5b96ef001a10a96b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an internal power struggle", "answer_start": 1165}], "question": "What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1958?", "id": "5ad5029e5b96ef001a10a96c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Burrel's innovative design, which combined the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisa's CPU, the Motorola 68K, received the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began to focus his attention on the project. Raskin left the team in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs. Team member Andy Hertzfeld said that the final Macintosh design is closer to Jobs' ideas than Raskin's. After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC, Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and its Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group's own ideas. Jobs also commissioned industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh line, resulting in the \"Snow White\" design language; although it came too late for the earliest Macs, it was implemented in most other mid- to late-1980s Apple computers. However, Jobs' leadership at the Macintosh project did not last; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley, Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985. He went on to found NeXT, another computer company targeting the education market, and did not return until 1997, when Apple acquired NeXT."}], ["Apple pada awalnya enggan untuk merangkul tikus dengan pelbagai butang dan roda tatal. Mac tidak menyokong peranti penunjuk yang menonjolkan beberapa butang, walaupun dari pihak ketiga, sehingga Mac OS X tiba pada tahun 2001. Apple terus menawarkan hanya tikus butang tunggal, dalam kedua-dua versi tanpa wayar berwayar dan Bluetooth, sehingga Ogos 2005, apabila ia memperkenalkan Mighty Mouse. Walaupun ia kelihatan seperti tetikus satu butang tradisional, ia sebenarnya mempunyai empat butang dan bola skrol, yang mampu pergerakan x- dan paksi y bebas. Versi Bluetooth diikuti pada bulan Julai 2006. Pada bulan Oktober 2009, Apple memperkenalkan Magic Mouse, yang menggunakan pengiktirafan isyarat multi-touch (mirip dengan iPhone) dan bukan roda atau bola tatal fizikal. Ia hanya boleh didapati dalam konfigurasi tanpa wayar, tetapi Tetikus Mighty berwayar (semula berjenama sebagai \"Apple Mouse\") masih boleh didapati sebagai alternatif. Sejak 2010, Apple juga menawarkan Magic Trackpad sebagai cara untuk mengawal komputer desktop Macintosh dengan cara yang sama seperti komputer riba. <> Siapa pada mulanya keberatan untuk merangkul tikus dengan banyak butang dan roda tatal? || Apple <> Apakah nama tetikus butang berbilang 1 yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple? || Mouse Mighty <> Berapa banyak butang yang dilakukan oleh Mighty Mouse? || empat <> Apa yang Apple memperkenalkan untuk mengambil tempat roda tatal fizikal pada tahun 2009? || pengiktirafan isyarat multi-sentuhan <> Apakah tetikus Apple pertama menggunakan pengiktirafan isyarat multi-sentuhan? || Magic Mouse <> Siapa pada mulanya enggan memeluk keyboard dengan banyak butang dan roda tatal? || <> Apakah nama tetikus butang berganda terakhir yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple? || <> Berapa banyak trackball yang dilakukan oleh Mighty Mouse? || <> Apa yang Apple memperkenalkan untuk mengambil tempat roda skrol fizikal pada tahun 2008? || <> Apakah tetikus Apple pertama menggunakan pengiktirafan isyarat sentuhan tunggal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?", "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d3d", "answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?", "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d3e", "answers": [{"text": "Mighty Mouse", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?", "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d3f", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?", "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d40", "answers": [{"text": "multi-touch gesture recognition", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?", "id": "570d3848fed7b91900d45d41", "answers": [{"text": "Magic Mouse", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was initially reluctant to embrace keyboards with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?", "id": "5ad5621e5b96ef001a10ad46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mighty Mouse", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "What was the name of the last multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?", "id": "5ad5621e5b96ef001a10ad47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "How many trackballs did the Mighty Mouse have?", "id": "5ad5621e5b96ef001a10ad48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multi-touch gesture recognition", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2008?", "id": "5ad5621e5b96ef001a10ad49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magic Mouse", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "What Apple mouse 1st used single-touch gesture recognition?", "id": "5ad5621e5b96ef001a10ad4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels. Macs did not natively support pointing devices that featured multiple buttons, even from third parties, until Mac OS X arrived in 2001. Apple continued to offer only single button mice, in both wired and Bluetooth wireless versions, until August 2005, when it introduced the Mighty Mouse. While it looked like a traditional one-button mouse, it actually had four buttons and a scroll ball, capable of independent x- and y-axis movement. A Bluetooth version followed in July 2006. In October 2009, Apple introduced the Magic Mouse, which uses multi-touch gesture recognition (similar to that of the iPhone) instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball. It is available only in a wireless configuration, but the wired Mighty Mouse (re-branded as \"Apple Mouse\") is still available as an alternative. Since 2010, Apple has also offered the Magic Trackpad as a means to control Macintosh desktop computers in a way similar to laptops."}], ["Pekerjaan yang dinyatakan semasa pengenalan Macintosh \"kami menjangkakan Macintosh menjadi standard industri ketiga\", selepas Apple II dan IBM PC. Walaupun menjual setiap komputer lain, ia tidak memenuhi jangkaan pada tahun pertama, terutamanya di kalangan pelanggan perniagaan. Hanya kira-kira sepuluh aplikasi termasuk MacWrite dan MacPaint yang tersedia secara meluas, walaupun banyak pemaju perisian bukan Apple mengambil bahagian dalam pengenalan dan Apple berjanji bahawa 79 syarikat termasuk Lotus, Digital Research, dan Ashton-Tate telah mencipta produk untuk komputer baru. Selepas satu tahun, ia mempunyai kurang daripada satu perempat daripada pemilihan perisian yang ada berbanding PC PC termasuk hanya satu pemproses kata, dua pangkalan data, dan satu spreadsheet-walaupun Apple telah menjual 280,000 Macintosh berbanding dengan jualan tahun pertama IBM yang kurang dari 100,000 PC. <> Apa yang dikatakan Jobs bahawa dia menjangkakan Macintosh menjadi? || standard industri ketiga <> Berapa banyak aplikasi yang tersedia secara meluas semasa pengenalan Macintosh? || Hanya kira-kira sepuluh <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang telah berjanji Apple memajukan produk untuk komputer baru? || 79 <> Berapa banyak Macintosh telah Apple dijual selepas satu tahun? || 280,000 <> Berapa banyak pangkalan data yang telah dibuat Apple pada tahun pertama? || dua <> Apa yang dikatakan Gates bahawa dia menjangkakan Macintosh menjadi? || <> Berapa banyak aplikasi yang tidak tersedia secara meluas semasa pengenalan Macintosh? || <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang telah berjanji Microsoft memajukan produk untuk komputer baru? || <> Berapa banyak Macintosh telah menjual Microsoft selepas satu tahun? || <> Berapa banyak pangkalan data yang telah dibuat Apple pada tahun lepas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?", "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d51d", "answers": [{"text": "the third industry standard", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?", "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d51e", "answers": [{"text": "Only about ten", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?", "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d51f", "answers": [{"text": "79", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?", "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d520", "answers": [{"text": "280,000", "answer_start": 762}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many databases did Apple have available the first year?", "id": "570d307eb3d812140066d521", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the third industry standard", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What did Gates state that he expected Macintosh to become?", "id": "5ad50a005b96ef001a10aa86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Only about ten", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "How many applications were widely unavailable during Macintosh's introduction?", "id": "5ad50a005b96ef001a10aa87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "79", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "How many companies did Microsoft promise were develping products for the new computer?", "id": "5ad50a005b96ef001a10aa88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "280,000", "answer_start": 762}], "question": "How many Macintoshes had Microsoft sold after one year?", "id": "5ad50a005b96ef001a10aa89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 703}], "question": "How many databases did Apple have available the last year?", "id": "5ad50a005b96ef001a10aa8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction \"we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard\", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC\u2014including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet\u2014although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs."}], ["Berikutan pelepasan Mac berasaskan Intel, perisian virtualisasi platform pihak ketiga seperti Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, dan VirtualBox mula muncul. Program ini membolehkan pengguna menjalankan perisian Microsoft Windows atau sebelumnya Windows pada Mac pada kelajuan asli yang berhampiran. Apple juga mengeluarkan Boot Camp dan Mac-spesifik pemacu Windows yang membantu pengguna untuk memasang Windows XP atau Vista dan native dual boot antara Mac OS X dan Windows. Walaupun tidak dikecualikan oleh Apple, adalah mungkin untuk menjalankan sistem operasi Linux menggunakan kem Boot atau kerja-kerja virtualisasi lain. Tidak seperti kebanyakan PC, Mac tidak dapat menjalankan banyak sistem operasi PC warisan. Khususnya, mac berasaskan Intel tidak mempunyai pintu A20. <> Jenis jenis perisian mula muncul selepas pembebasan Mac berasaskan Intel? || platform virtualisasi pihak ketiga <> Pada kelajuan apa program seperti VirtualBox membenarkan Microsoft Windows berjalan pada Mac? || di dekat kelajuan asli <> Apa yang mungkin untuk dijalankan dengan menggunakan kem Boot, walaupun ia tidak disetujui oleh Apple? || sistem operasi Linux <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekurangan Mac yang membuat mereka tidak dapat menjalankan banyak sistem operasi PC warisan? || Pintu A20 <> Jenis jenis perkakasan yang mula muncul setelah pembebasan Mac berasaskan Intel? || <> Pada kelajuan apa program seperti VirtualBox membenarkan Microsoft DOS dijalankan pada Mac? || <> Apa yang mungkin dilakukan dengan menggunakan Boot camp, walaupun ia tidak disetujui oleh Microsoft? || <> Apakah kekurangan Mac yang membuat mereka dapat menjalankan banyak sistem operasi PC warisan? || <> Apakah yang terdapat pada Mac yang membuat mereka tidak dapat menjalankan banyak sistem operasi PC warisan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?", "id": "570d395db3d812140066d57f", "answers": [{"text": "third-party platform virtualization", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?", "id": "570d395db3d812140066d580", "answers": [{"text": "at near native speed", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?", "id": "570d395db3d812140066d581", "answers": [{"text": "the Linux operating system", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?", "id": "570d395db3d812140066d582", "answers": [{"text": "the A20 gate", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third-party platform virtualization", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What type of hardware began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?", "id": "5ad563b95b96ef001a10ad80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at near native speed", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft DOS to run on Macs?", "id": "5ad563b95b96ef001a10ad81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Linux operating system", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Microsoft?", "id": "5ad563b95b96ef001a10ad82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A20 gate", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "What do Macs lack that makes them able to run many legacy PC operating systems?", "id": "5ad563b95b96ef001a10ad83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A20 gate", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "What do Macs have that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?", "id": "5ad563b95b96ef001a10ad84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the release of Intel-based Macs, third-party platform virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, and VirtualBox began to emerge. These programs allow users to run Microsoft Windows or previously Windows-only software on Macs at near native speed. Apple also released Boot Camp and Mac-specific Windows drivers that help users to install Windows XP or Vista and natively dual boot between Mac OS X and Windows. Though not condoned by Apple, it is possible to run the Linux operating system using Boot camp or other virtualization workarounds. Unlike most PCs, however, Macs are unable to run many legacy PC operating systems. In particular, Intel-based macs lack the A20 gate."}], ["Pada tahun 1998, Apple memperkenalkan iMac baru yang, seperti Mac 128K yang asal, adalah komputer dalam-satu. Kasus plastik lutunya, asalnya Bondi biru dan kemudian pelbagai warna tambahan, dianggap sebagai mercu tanda reka bentuk perindustrian pada akhir 1990-an. IMac menjauhkan diri dengan sebahagian besar sambungan standard (dan biasanya berpemilik) Apple, seperti SCSI dan ADB, memihak kepada dua port USB. Ia menggantikan pemacu cakera liut dengan pemacu CD-ROM untuk memasang perisian, tetapi tidak mampu menulis ke CD atau media lain tanpa perkakasan pihak ketiga luaran. IMac terbukti berjaya, dengan 800,000 unit dijual dalam 139 hari. Ia menjadikan syarikat keuntungan tahunan sebanyak US $ 309 juta, tahun pertama yang menguntungkan Apple sejak Michael Spindler mengambil alih sebagai CEO pada tahun 1995. Estetik ini digunakan pada Power Macintosh dan kemudian iBook, komputer riba pengguna tahap pertama Apple, mengisi yang hilang kuadran \"matriks produk empat persegi\" Apple (produk desktop dan mudah alih untuk kedua-dua pengguna dan profesional). Lebih daripada 140,000 pra-tempahan telah diletakkan sebelum ia memulakan penghantaran pada bulan September, dan pada Oktober terbukti menjadi satu kejayaan besar. <> Apa warna iMac baru Apples, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1998? || Bondi blue <> Apakah iMac menggantikan kebanyakan sambungan standard Apple dengan? || dua port USB <> Apakah iMac menggantikan pemacu cakera liut dengan? || pemacu CD-ROM <> Apa yang perlu digunakan oleh iMac untuk menulis CD atau media lain? || perkakasan pihak ketiga luar <> Berapa banyak unit iMac yang dijual dalam 139 hari pertama? || 800,000 <> Apa warna iMac baru Apples, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1999? || <> Apakah iMac menggantikan kebanyakan sambungan standard Microsoft dengan? || <> Apa yang digantikan oleh iMac dengan pemacu cakera keras? || <> Apa yang perlu digunakan oleh iMac untuk membaca CD atau media lain? || <> Berapa banyak unit iMac yang dijual dalam 193 hari pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?", "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d15", "answers": [{"text": "Bondi blue", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?", "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d16", "answers": [{"text": "two USB ports", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?", "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d17", "answers": [{"text": "a CD-ROM drive", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?", "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d18", "answers": [{"text": "external third-party hardware", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?", "id": "570d35c0fed7b91900d45d19", "answers": [{"text": "800,000", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bondi blue", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1999?", "id": "5ad55eed5b96ef001a10acee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two USB ports", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What did the iMac replace most of Microsoft's standard connections with?", "id": "5ad55eed5b96ef001a10acef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a CD-ROM drive", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What did the iMac replace the hard disk drive with?", "id": "5ad55eed5b96ef001a10acf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "external third-party hardware", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What did the iMac need to use in order to read CDs or other media?", "id": "5ad55eed5b96ef001a10acf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "800,000", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "How many iMac units sold in the first 193 days?", "id": "5ad55eed5b96ef001a10acf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1998, Apple introduced its new iMac which, like the original 128K Mac, was an all-in-one computer. Its translucent plastic case, originally Bondi blue and later various additional colors, is considered an industrial design landmark of the late 1990s. The iMac did away with most of Apple's standard (and usually proprietary) connections, such as SCSI and ADB, in favor of two USB ports. It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software, but was incapable of writing to CDs or other media without external third-party hardware. The iMac proved to be phenomenally successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days. It made the company an annual profit of US$309 million, Apple's first profitable year since Michael Spindler took over as CEO in 1995. This aesthetic was applied to the Power Macintosh and later the iBook, Apple's first consumer-level laptop computer, filling the missing quadrant of Apple's \"four-square product matrix\" (desktop and portable products for both consumers and professionals). More than 140,000 pre-orders were placed before it started shipping in September, and by October proved to be a large success."}], ["Microsoft Windows 3.0 dilancarkan pada bulan Mei 1990, dan menurut pepatah pada masa itu \"Windows tidak sebaik Macintosh, tetapi ia cukup baik untuk pengguna biasa\". Walaupun masih pembalut graf yang bergantung kepada MS-DOS, 3.0 adalah lelaran pertama Windows yang mempunyai set ciri dan prestasi setanding dengan platform Macintosh yang lebih mahal. Ia juga tidak membantu perkara-perkara yang pada tahun sebelumnya Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e enggan menolak menurunkan margin keuntungan pada komputer Mac. Akhirnya, terdapat kekurangan komponen yang menggegarkan industri PC yang berkembang pesat pada tahun 1989, memaksa ketua Apple USA Allan Loren memotong harga yang menurunkan margin Apple. <> Apabila Microsfot Windows 3.0 dilancarkan, apakah yang biasa dikatakan tidak sebaik? || Macintosh <> Siapa Microsoft Windows 3.0 biasanya dikatakan cukup baik? || pengguna purata <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk penurunan margin Apple pada tahun 1989? || kekurangan komponen <> Siapa yang membuat keputusan pada tahun 1989 untuk mengurangkan harga pada komputer Mac? || Ketua Apple Amerika Syarikat Allan Loren <> Apakah prestasi Microsoft Windows 3.0 sebanding? || Platform Macintosh <> Apabila Microsoft Windows 4.0 dibebaskan, apa yang lazimnya dikatakan tidak sebaik? || <> Siapa yang Microsoft Windows 4.0 biasanya dikatakan cukup baik? || <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk penurunan margin Apple pada tahun 1998? || <> Siapa yang membuat keputusan pada tahun 1998 untuk mengurangkan harga pada komputer Mac? || <> Apakah prestasi Microsoft Windows 3.1 sebanding dengannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?", "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d531", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?", "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d532", "answers": [{"text": "the average user", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?", "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d533", "answers": [{"text": "a component shortage", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?", "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d534", "answers": [{"text": "Apple USA head Allan Loren", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?", "id": "570d32d5b3d812140066d535", "answers": [{"text": "Macintosh platform", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "When Microsoft Windows 4.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?", "id": "5ad5493b5b96ef001a10ac3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the average user", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Who was Microsoft Windows 4.0 commonly said to be good enough for?", "id": "5ad5493b5b96ef001a10ac3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a component shortage", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1998?", "id": "5ad5493b5b96ef001a10ac40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Allan Loren", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "Who made the decision in 1998 to cut prices on Mac computers?", "id": "5ad5493b5b96ef001a10ac41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh platform", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What was Microsoft Windows 3.1's performance comparable to?", "id": "5ad5493b5b96ef001a10ac42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, and according to a common saying at the time \"Windows was not as good as Macintosh, but it was good enough for the average user\". Though still a graphical wrapper that relied upon MS-DOS, 3.0 was the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the much more expensive Macintosh platform. It also did not help matters that during the previous year Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers. Finally, there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry in 1989, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins."}], ["Apple menghentikan penggunaan mikropemproses PowerPC pada tahun 2006. Pada WWDC 2005, Steve Jobs mengumumkan peralihan ini, mendedahkan bahawa Mac OS X sentiasa dibangunkan untuk menjalankan kedua-dua seni bina Intel dan PowerPC. Semua Mac baru kini menggunakan pemproses x86 yang dibuat oleh Intel, dan beberapa telah dinamakan semula sebagai hasilnya. Mac berasaskan Intel yang menjalankan OS X 10.6 dan ke bawah (sokongan telah dihentikan sejak 10.7) boleh menjalankan perisian sedia ada yang dibangunkan untuk PowerPC menggunakan emulator yang dipanggil Rosetta, walaupun pada kelajuan yang lebih perlahan daripada program asli. Walau bagaimanapun, persekitaran Klasik tidak tersedia pada seni bina Intel. Intel chips memperkenalkan potensi untuk menjalankan sistem operasi Microsoft Windows secara asli pada perkakasan Apple, tanpa perangkat emulasi seperti Virtual PC. Pada bulan Mac 2006, sekumpulan penggodam mengumumkan bahawa mereka dapat menjalankan Windows XP pada Mac berasaskan Intel. Kumpulan itu mengeluarkan perisian mereka sebagai sumber terbuka dan telah mempostingnya untuk dimuat turun di laman web mereka. Pada 5 April 2006, Apple mengumumkan adanya beta awam Kem Boot, perisian yang membolehkan pemilik komputer berasaskan Intel untuk memasang Windows XP pada mesin mereka; versi terkini menambah sokongan untuk Windows Vista dan Windows 7. Classic telah dihentikan pada Mac OS X 10.5, dan Boot Camp menjadi ciri standard pada Mac berasaskan Intel. <> Bilakah Apple menghentikan penggunaan mikropemproses PowerPC? || 2006 <> Siapa yang mengumumkan kemampuan untuk menjalankan Windows XP pada Mac berasaskan Intel pada tahun 2006? || sekumpulan penggodam <> Bagaimana penggodam membebaskan perisian mereka untuk menjalankan Windows pada Mac? || untuk dimuat turun di laman web mereka <> Bilakah Apple mengumumkan perisian yang akan membolehkan Windows XP dijalankan pada Mac berasaskan Intel? || April 5, 2006 <> Apakah nama perisian yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple untuk menjalankan Windows XP? || Boot Camp <> Bilakah Microsoft menghentikan penggunaan mikropemproses PowerPC? || <> Siapa yang mengumumkan kemampuan untuk menjalankan Windows XP pada Mac berasaskan Intel pada tahun 2007? || <> Bagaimana peretas melepaskan perisian mereka untuk menjalankan MacOS pada Mac? || <> Bilakah Apple mengumumkan perisian yang akan membolehkan Windows Vista dijalankan pada Mac berasaskan Intel? || <> Apakah nama perisian yang diperkenalkan oleh Apple untuk menjalankan Windows 98? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?", "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d29", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?", "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2a", "answers": [{"text": "a group of hackers", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?", "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2b", "answers": [{"text": "for download on their website", "answer_start": 936}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?", "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2c", "answers": [{"text": "April 5, 2006", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?", "id": "570d3734fed7b91900d45d2d", "answers": [{"text": "Boot Camp", "answer_start": 1040}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "When did Microsoft discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?", "id": "5ad560785b96ef001a10ad14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a group of hackers", "answer_start": 779}], "question": "Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2007?", "id": "5ad560785b96ef001a10ad15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for download on their website", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "How did hackers release their software for running MacOS on Macs?", "id": "5ad560785b96ef001a10ad16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 5, 2006", "answer_start": 970}], "question": "When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows Vista to be run on Intel-based Macs?", "id": "5ad560785b96ef001a10ad17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Boot Camp", "answer_start": 1040}], "question": "What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows 98?", "id": "5ad560785b96ef001a10ad18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Apple discontinued the use of PowerPC microprocessors in 2006. At WWDC 2005, Steve Jobs announced this transition, revealing that Mac OS X was always developed to run on both the Intel and PowerPC architectures. All new Macs now use x86 processors made by Intel, and some were renamed as a result. Intel-based Macs running OS X 10.6 and below (support has been discontinued since 10.7) can run pre-existing software developed for PowerPC using an emulator called Rosetta, although at noticeably slower speeds than native programs. However, the Classic environment is unavailable on the Intel architecture. Intel chips introduced the potential to run the Microsoft Windows operating system natively on Apple hardware, without emulation software such as Virtual PC. In March 2006, a group of hackers announced that they were able to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac. The group released their software as open source and has posted it for download on their website. On April 5, 2006, Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp, software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7. Classic was discontinued in Mac OS X 10.5, and Boot Camp became a standard feature on Intel-based Macs."}], ["Diperbaharui CPU Motorola membuat mesin lebih pantas, dan pada tahun 1987 Apple mengambil kesempatan daripada teknologi Motorola baru dan memperkenalkan Macintosh II pada $ 5500, yang dikuasakan oleh pemproses Motorola 68020 16 MHz. Peningkatan utama dalam Macintosh II adalah Warna QuickDraw dalam ROM, versi warna bahasa grafik yang merupakan jantung mesin. Antara inovasi dalam Color QuickDraw adalah keupayaan untuk mengendalikan sebarang saiz paparan, mana-mana kedalaman warna, dan pelbagai monitor. Macintosh II menandakan permulaan arah baru untuk Macintosh, kini buat kali pertama ia mempunyai seni bina terbuka dengan beberapa slot pengembangan NuBus, sokongan untuk grafik warna dan monitor luaran, dan reka bentuk modular yang serupa dengan PC IBM . Ia mempunyai pemacu keras dalaman dan bekalan kuasa dengan peminat, yang pada awalnya agak kuat. Satu pemaju pihak ketiga menjual peranti untuk mengawal kelajuan kipas berdasarkan sensor haba, tetapi ia mengurangkan jaminan. Komputer Macintosh kemudian mempunyai bekalan kuasa yang lebih senyap dan pemacu keras. <> Teknologi yang manakah Apple memanfaatkan ketika memperkenalkan Macintosh II? || Motorola <> Apa yang menggunakan Macintosh II? || pemproses Motorola 68020 16 MHz <> Berapa banyak yang dijual Macintosh II? || $ 5500 <> Apa yang menandakan permulaan arah baru untuk Macintosh? || Macintosh II <> Apa reka bentuk modular baru Macintosh II yang sama? || IBM PC <> Teknologi yang manakah Apple memanfaatkan apabila memperkenalkan Macintosh I? || <> Apa yang menguasai Macintosh I? || <> Berapa banyak yang Macintosh saya jual? || <> Apa yang menandakan hujung arah baru untuk Macintosh || <> Apakah reka bentuk modular baru Macintosh saya serupa dengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?", "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45ced", "answers": [{"text": "Motorola", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What powered the Macintosh II?", "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cee", "answers": [{"text": "a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the Macintosh II sell for?", "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cef", "answers": [{"text": "$5500", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?", "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cf0", "answers": [{"text": "The Macintosh II", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?", "id": "570d3164fed7b91900d45cf1", "answers": [{"text": "the IBM PC", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Motorola", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh I?", "id": "5ad50cc15b96ef001a10aaf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What powered the Macintosh I?", "id": "5ad50cc15b96ef001a10aaf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$5500", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "How much did the Macintosh I sell for?", "id": "5ad50cc15b96ef001a10aaf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Macintosh II", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "What marked the end of a new direction for Macintosh", "id": "5ad50cc15b96ef001a10aaf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IBM PC", "answer_start": 742}], "question": "What was the Macintosh I's new modular design similar to?", "id": "5ad50cc15b96ef001a10aaf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives."}], ["Walaupun pasaran PC merosot, Apple masih berjaya mengangkut 2.8 juta MacBooks pada Q2 2012 (majoriti diantaranya ialah MacBook Air) berbanding dengan 500,000 total Ultrabooks, walaupun terdapat banyak Ultrabooks dari pelbagai pengeluar di pasaran manakala Apple hanya menawarkan 11 model inci dan 13-inci daripada MacBook Air. The Air telah menjadi ultra-mudah alih terlaris di negara-negara tertentu melalui Windows Ultrabooks, terutamanya Amerika Syarikat. Walaupun beberapa Ultrabook dapat menuntut perbezaan individu seperti yang paling ringan atau nipis, Air dianggap oleh pengulas sebagai buku subnotebook / ultraportable terbaik dalam hal \"pengalaman OS X, papan kekunci penuh, trackpad unggul, penyambung Thunderbolt dan pembinaan unibody aluminium yang berkualiti tinggi, \". Air adalah antara yang pertama yang menerima CPU terbaru Intel sebelum pengeluar PC lain, dan OS X telah mendapat bahagian pasaran pada Windows dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Melalui 1 Julai 2013, MacBook Air mengambil 56 peratus daripada semua jualan Ultrabook di Amerika Syarikat, walaupun menjadi salah satu pesaing yang lebih mahal, walaupun beberapa Ultrabooks dengan ciri yang lebih baik sering lebih mahal daripada MacBook Air. Harga kompetitif MacBooks adalah sangat berkesan apabila pesaing dikenakan lebih banyak untuk Ultrabooks yang seolah-olah setara, kerana ini bercanggah dengan persepsi \"elitist aura\" yang ditubuhkan bahawa produk Apple lebih mahal tetapi lebih tinggi kualiti, yang menjadikan Ultrabooks yang paling mahal kelihatan terlalu tinggi tidak kira betapa sahnya harga yang lebih tinggi adalah. <> Apa yang telah terlaris ultra-mudah alih melalui Windows Ultrabooks di A.S.? || MacBook Air <> Apa yang mendapat tajuk sebagai buku subnotebook / ultraportable terbaik? || MacBook Air <> Apakah yang diterima oleh Air sebelum pengeluar PC lain? || CPU terkini Intel <> Melalui 7/1/13, berapa peratus daripada semua jualan Ultrabook di A.S. ialah MacBook Air? || 56 <> Bilakah harga kompetitif MacBooks amat berkesan? || apabila pesaing dikenakan lebih banyak untuk Ultrabooks seolah-olah setara <> Apa yang telah menjadi laris ultra-mudah alih melalui Windows Ultrabooks di U.K.? || <> Apa yang mendapat tajuk itu sebagai buku terbitan yang paling teruk di sekeliling? || <> Apakah yang diterima oleh Air sebelum pengeluar Mac yang lain? || <> Melalui 7/1/14, berapa peratus jualan Ultrabook di A.S. adalah MacBook Air? || <> Bilakah harga kompetitif MacBooks terutamanya tidak berkesan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?", "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5b", "answers": [{"text": "MacBook Air", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?", "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5c", "answers": [{"text": "MacBook Air", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?", "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5d", "answers": [{"text": "Intel's latest CPUs", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?", "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5e", "answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 991}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?", "id": "570d3ac0fed7b91900d45d5f", "answers": [{"text": "when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks", "answer_start": 1258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacBook Air", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.K.?", "id": "5ad568d45b96ef001a10ae22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MacBook Air", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What earned the title as worst all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?", "id": "5ad568d45b96ef001a10ae23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intel's latest CPUs", "answer_start": 833}], "question": "What did the Air receive before other Mac manufacturers?", "id": "5ad568d45b96ef001a10ae24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 991}], "question": "Through 7/1/14, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?", "id": "5ad568d45b96ef001a10ae25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks", "answer_start": 1258}], "question": "When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially ineffective?", "id": "5ad568d45b96ef001a10ae26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air. The Air has been the best-selling ultra-portable in certain countries over Windows Ultrabooks, particularly the United States. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable in regard to \"OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction\". The Air was among the first to receive Intel's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers, and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, although being one of the higher-priced competitors, though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air. The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established \"elitist aura\" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were."}], ["Intel telah cuba tidak berjaya untuk menolak Apple untuk memindahkan platform Macintosh ke cip Intel. Apple menyimpulkan bahawa arsitektur Intel CISC (Kompleks Arahan Tetapkan Komputer) akhirnya tidak dapat bersaing dengan pemproses RISC (Pengurangan Arahan Set Komputer). Walaupun Motorola 68040 menawarkan ciri-ciri yang sama seperti Intel 80486 dan boleh secara jam secara tepat mengatasi cip Intel, 486 mempunyai keupayaan untuk dikecas dengan lebih pantas tanpa mengalami masalah terlalu panas, terutamanya jam-i486DX2 yang menjalankan logik CPU pada dua kali kelajuan bas luaran, memberikan sistem serasi IBM yang dilengkapi dengan prestasi prestasi yang ketara ke atas setara Macintosh mereka. Reka bentuk dan kejuruteraan produk Apple tidak membantu masalah kerana mereka menyekat penggunaan '040 untuk Quadras mahal mereka untuk sementara waktu manakala 486 sudah tersedia untuk OEM serta peminat yang mengumpulkan mesin mereka sendiri. Pada akhir tahun 1991, sebagai barisan desktop Macintosh yang lebih tinggi beralih ke '040, Apple tidak dapat menawarkan' 040 di PowerBooks mereka yang paling canggih sehingga awal 1994 dengan siri PowerBook 500, beberapa tahun selepas yang pertama Komputer riba IBM yang berkomputer 486 memukul pasaran yang menelan jualan Apple yang banyak. Pada tahun 1993 Intel melancarkan pemproses Pentium sebagai pengganti kepada 486, manakala Motorola 68050 tidak pernah dilepaskan, meninggalkan platform Macintosh sebagai generasi di belakang IBM yang kompatibel dalam teknologi CPU terkini. Pada tahun 1994, Apple meninggalkan CPU Motorola untuk seni bina RISC PowerPC yang dibangunkan oleh pakatan AIM Apple Computer, IBM, dan Motorola. Barisan Power Macintosh, yang pertama menggunakan cip baru, terbukti sangat berjaya, dengan lebih dari satu juta unit PowerPC dijual dalam sembilan bulan. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam masa yang lama, memaksa Intel untuk PowerPC adalah kesilapan kerana pengkomersialan keratan arkitek Intel bermakna Apple tidak dapat bersaing dengan harga berbanding \"Lembah-lembah Dunia\". <> Apa yang tidak berjaya Intel cuba menolak Apple untuk berhijrah? || Cip Intel <> Platform mana yang Apple memilih untuk digunakan? || Motorola 68040 <> Siapa yang mula-mula melancarkan pemproses Pentium pada tahun 1993? || Intel <> Berapa jauh di belakang adalah Macintosh yang ditetapkan berbanding dengan kompatibel IBM yang baru? || satu generasi <> Kapan Apple meninggalkan CPU Motorola? || 1994 <> Apa yang berjaya oleh Intel untuk mendorong Apple untuk berhijrah ke? || <> Platform mana yang Apple memilih untuk tidak menggunakan? || <> Siapa yang mula-mula melancarkan pemproses Pentium pada tahun 1992? || <> Seberapa jauh di belakang adalah Microsoft kembali berbanding dengan kompatibel IBM baru? || <> Bilakah Apple meninggalkan CPU AMD? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?", "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0b", "answers": [{"text": "Intel chips", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which platform did Apple choose to use?", "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0c", "answers": [{"text": "Motorola 68040", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?", "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0d", "answers": [{"text": "Intel", "answer_start": 1299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?", "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0e", "answers": [{"text": "a generation", "answer_start": 1444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?", "id": "570d34b3fed7b91900d45d0f", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 1513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intel chips", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What did Intel successfully try to push Apple to migrate to?", "id": "5ad55d205b96ef001a10acc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Motorola 68040", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "Which platform did Apple choose not to use?", "id": "5ad55d205b96ef001a10acc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intel", "answer_start": 1299}], "question": "Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1992?", "id": "5ad55d205b96ef001a10acc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a generation behind", "answer_start": 1444}], "question": "How far behind was Microsoft set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?", "id": "5ad55d205b96ef001a10acc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 1513}], "question": "When did Apple abandon AMD CPU's?", "id": "5ad55d205b96ef001a10acca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips. Apple concluded that Intel's CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture ultimately would not be able to compete against RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip, the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems, especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed, giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents. Apple's product design and engineering didn't help matters as they restricted the use of the '040 to their expensive Quadras for a time while the 486 was readily available to OEMs as well as enthusiasts who put together their own machines. In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the '040 in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series, several years after the first 486-powered IBM compatible laptops hit the market which cost Apple considerable sales. In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486, while the Motorola 68050 was never released, leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology. In 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. However, in the long run, spurning Intel for the PowerPC was a mistake as the commoditization of Intel-architecture chips meant Apple couldn't compete on price against \"the Dells of the world\"."}]], [["Semasa tahun 1930-an roket bahan api pepejal sedang dibangunkan di Kesatuan Soviet dan Britain. Di Britain, minat adalah untuk kebakaran anti-pesawat, dengan cepat menjadi jelas bahawa bimbingan akan diperlukan untuk ketepatan. Walau bagaimanapun, roket, atau 'projektil yang tidak dilindungi' sebagaimana yang dipanggil boleh digunakan untuk barrage anti-pesawat. Roket 2-inci menggunakan kepala heliks atau bebola hambatan diperkenalkan terlebih dahulu untuk menangani serangan pengeboman peringkat rendah atau menyelam pada sasaran yang lebih kecil seperti lapangan terbang. The 3-inci sedang dibangunkan pada akhir tempoh antara perang. <> Apa yang sedang dibangunkan di kedua-dua Kesatuan Soviet dan Britain pada tahun 1930-an? || roket bahan api pepejal <> Mengapa Britain terutamanya berminat dengan roket bahan api pepejal? || untuk api anti-pesawat <> Apa yang dipanggil roket pada masa ini? || unjuran protes <> Seberapa besar roket yang diperkenalkan untuk menangani serangan pengeboman menyelam? || 2 inci <> Apa saiz roket sedang dibangunkan pada akhir perang? || 3 inci", {"qas": [{"question": "What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?", "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db3", "answers": [{"text": "solid fuel rockets", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?", "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db4", "answers": [{"text": "for anti-aircraft fire", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were rockets called at this time?", "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db5", "answers": [{"text": "unrotated projectiles", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?", "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db6", "answers": [{"text": "2-inch", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?", "id": "570d410afed7b91900d45db7", "answers": [{"text": "3-inch", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period."}], ["Gunnery AA adalah perniagaan yang sukar. Masalahnya adalah dengan berjaya mensasarkan shell untuk meletup dekat dengan kedudukan masa depan sasarannya, dengan pelbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi trajektori yang diramalkan oleh peluru. Ini dipanggil peluru pistol peletakan, sudut 'luar' yang ditetapkan untuk jarak dan ketinggian ditetapkan pada senjata api dan dikemas kini apabila sasaran mereka bergerak. Dalam kaedah ini apabila sasaran berada pada sasaran, tong ditunjuk pada kedudukan masa depan sasaran. Julat dan ketinggian sasaran ditentukan panjang fius. Kesukaran meningkat apabila prestasi pesawat bertambah baik. <> Apakah masalah dengan senapang AA? || berjaya mensasarkan shell untuk meletup dekat kedudukan masa depan sasarannya <> Perkara yang berbeza boleh mempengaruhi apa dengan shell? || trajektori yang diramalkan <> Apa yang telah dikemas kini pada senjata api sebagai sasaran yang dipindahkan? || 'off-set' sudut untuk jarak dan ketinggian <> Di manakah tong menunjuk ketika pemandangan berada pada sasaran? || kedudukan masa depan sasaran <> Apa dua perkara yang menganggap panjang sekering? || Julat dan ketinggian sasaran", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the problem with AA gunnery?", "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5b9", "answers": [{"text": "successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Different things could affect what with the shell?", "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5ba", "answers": [{"text": "predicted trajectory", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?", "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5bb", "answers": [{"text": "'off-set' angles for range and elevation", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?", "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5bc", "answers": [{"text": "the target's future position", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things figured the fuse length?", "id": "570d3c44b3d812140066d5bd", "answers": [{"text": "Range and height of the target", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "AA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as their target moved. In this method when the sights were on the target, the barrel was pointed at the target's future position. Range and height of the target determined fuse length. The difficulties increased as aircraft performance improved."}], ["Kes yang paling melampau adalah Kesatuan Soviet, dan model ini masih boleh diikuti di beberapa negara: ia adalah perkhidmatan yang berasingan, setanding dengan tentera laut atau pasukan darat. Di Uni Soviet, ini dipanggil Voyska PVO, dan mempunyai kedua-dua pesawat pejuang dan sistem berasaskan darat. Ini dibahagikan kepada dua senjata, PVO Strany, Perkhidmatan Pertahanan Udara Strategik yang bertanggungjawab untuk Pertahanan Udara di Tanah Air, diwujudkan pada tahun 1941 dan menjadi perkhidmatan bebas pada 1954, dan PVO SV, Pertahanan Udara Angkatan Tentera. Seterusnya ini menjadi sebahagian daripada angkatan udara dan pasukan tanah masing-masing <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai kes paling teruk? || Soviet Union <> Perkhidmatan yang berasingan ini dikenali sebagai apa di Kesatuan Soviet? || Voyska PVO <> Apa dua sistem yang ada Voyska PVO? || pesawat pejuang dan sistem berasaskan darat <> Tahun berapa PVO Strany menjadi bebas? || 1954 <> Apa lengan yang Pertahanan Udara Angkatan Tentera? || PVO SV", {"qas": [{"question": "Which country had the most severe case?", "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d51", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?", "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d52", "answers": [{"text": "Voyska PVO", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two systems did Voyska PVO have?", "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d53", "answers": [{"text": "fighter aircraft and ground-based systems", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the PVO Strany become independent?", "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d54", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?", "id": "570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d55", "answers": [{"text": "PVO SV", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively"}], ["Sehingga kali ini British, dalam desakan RAF, meneruskan Perang Dunia I menggunakan senjata mesin, dan memperkenalkan pemasangan kembar MG untuk AAAD. Tentera dilarang mempertimbangkan apa-apa yang lebih besar daripada .50 inci. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1935 ujian mereka menunjukkan bahawa pusingan minimum yang berkesan adalah kesan menyeberang 2 lb HE shell. Pada tahun berikutnya mereka mengambil keputusan untuk mengadopsi Bofors 40 mm dan tong kembar Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) pada gunung laut yang diubah suai. Bofors yang disejukkan oleh udara jauh lebih unggul untuk penggunaan tanah, lebih ringan daripada pom-pom yang disejukkan dengan air, dan pengeluaran Bofors 40 mm UK dilesenkan. Predictor AA No 3, sebagaimana yang diketahui secara rasminya oleh Kerrison Predictor, diperkenalkan dengannya. <> Siapa yang mahu Inggeris terus menggunakan senjata mesin dalam Perang Dunia I? || RAF <> Tentera tidak dibenarkan menggunakan apa-apa yang lebih besar dari apa? || .50-inch <> Apa yang ditentukan untuk menjadi pusingan efektif yang paling kecil pada tahun 1935? || kesan yang menyerang 2 lb HE shell <> Apa yang lebih ringan daripada pom-pom yang disejukkan dengan air? || Air sejuk Bofors <> Apakah nama rasmi Kerrison Predictor? || Predictor AA No 3", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?", "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5e9", "answers": [{"text": "RAF", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?", "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5ea", "answers": [{"text": ".50-inch", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?", "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5eb", "answers": [{"text": "an impact fused 2 lb HE shell", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?", "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5ec", "answers": [{"text": "The air-cooled Bofors", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?", "id": "570d4027b3d812140066d5ed", "answers": [{"text": "The Predictor AA No 3", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it."}], ["Istilah bukan bahasa Inggeris untuk pertahanan udara termasuk Flak Jerman (Fliegerabwehrkanone, \"pesawat pertahanan meriam\", juga disebut sebagai Flugabwehrkanone), di mana bahasa Inggeris flak, dan istilah Rusia Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430), terjemahan literal \"anti- pertahanan udara \", disingkat sebagai PVO. Di Rusia, sistem AA dipanggil zenitnye (iaitu \"menunjuk ke zenith\") sistem (senjata api, peluru berpandu dll). Dalam bahasa Perancis, pertahanan udara dipanggil DCA (D\u00e9fense contre les a\u00e9ronefs, \"a\u00e9ronef\" adalah istilah generik untuk semua jenis peranti udara (kapal terbang, kapal udara, belon, peluru berpandu, roket, dan sebagainya). <> Apakah istilah Rusia untuk pertahanan udara? || Protivovozdushnaya oborona <> Bagaimana istilah Rusia untuk pertahanan udara disingkat? || PVO <> Apakah sistem AA dipanggil dalam bahasa Rusia? || zenitnye <> Apakah pertahanan udara dipanggil dalam bahasa Perancis? || DCA <> Apakah istilah generik untuk kapal terbang atau roket di Perancis? || a\u00e9ronef", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Russian term for air defence?", "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cb", "answers": [{"text": "Protivovozdushnaya oborona", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?", "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cc", "answers": [{"text": "PVO", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the AA systems called in Russian?", "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cd", "answers": [{"text": "zenitnye", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is air defence called in French?", "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3ce", "answers": [{"text": "DCA", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?", "id": "570d118ab3d812140066d3cf", "answers": [{"text": "a\u00e9ronef", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, \"aircraft defence cannon\", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0301\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0301\u043d\u0430), a literal translation of \"anti-air defence\", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. \"pointing to zenith\") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (D\u00e9fense contre les a\u00e9ronefs, \"a\u00e9ronef\" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.))."}], ["Pertempuran anti-pesawat atau pertahanan balas udara ditakrifkan oleh NATO sebagai \"semua langkah yang dirancang untuk membatalkan atau mengurangkan keberkesanan aksi udara bermusuhan.\" Ia termasuk sistem senjata berasaskan darat dan udara, sistem sensor yang berkaitan, susunan perintah dan kawalan dan langkah pasif (mis. Belon berarak). Ia boleh digunakan untuk melindungi tentera laut, tanah, dan udara di mana-mana lokasi. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi kebanyakan negara usaha utama cenderung 'pertahanan tanah air'. NATO merujuk kepada pertahanan udara di udara sebagai pertahanan udara udara dan pertahanan tentera laut sebagai peperangan anti pesawat. Pertahanan peluru berpandu adalah lanjutan pertahanan udara seperti inisiatif untuk mengadaptasi pertahanan udara ke tugas memintas mana-mana peluru dalam penerbangan. <> Apa istilah lain untuk peperangan anti pesawat? || Pertahanan balas pertahanan <> NATO mendefinisikan perang anti-pesawat sebagai langkah untuk mengurangkan apa? || keberkesanan aksi udara bermusuhan <> Belon barrage adalah contoh jenis sistem senjata apa? || langkah-langkah pasif <> Apakah usaha utama untuk kebanyakan negara ketika perang anti-pesawat? || pertahanan tanah air <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh NATO sebagai pertahanan udara angkatan laut? || peperangan anti pesawat", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?", "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d37f", "answers": [{"text": "counter-air defence", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?", "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d380", "answers": [{"text": "the effectiveness of hostile air action", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?", "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d381", "answers": [{"text": "passive measures", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?", "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d382", "answers": [{"text": "homeland defence", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?", "id": "570cfb92b3d812140066d383", "answers": [{"text": "anti-aircraft warfare", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as \"all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action.\" They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight."}], ["Dari awal tahun 1930-an lapan negara membangunkan radar, perkembangan ini telah cukup maju pada akhir 1930-an untuk kerja-kerja pembangunan pada bunyi locating peranti akustik untuk secara umum terhenti, walaupun peralatan disimpan. Tambahan pula, di Britain sukarelawan Observer Corp yang dibentuk pada tahun 1925 menyediakan rangkaian jawatan pemerhatian untuk melaporkan pesawat bermusuhan yang terbang ke atas Britain. Pada mulanya radar digunakan untuk pengawasan udara untuk mengesan menghampiri pesawat bermusuhan. Walau bagaimanapun, radar Jerman W\u00fcrzburg mampu menyediakan data yang sesuai untuk mengawal senjata AA dan radar British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL direka untuk digunakan pada kedudukan pistol AA. <> Berapa banyak negara yang berbeza membangunkan radar bermula pada tahun 1930-an? || lapan <> Di manakah Observer Corps? || Britain <> Bilakah terbentuknya Observer Corps? || 1925 <> Apa yang diamati dan dilaporkan oleh Pemerhati Kor? || pesawat bermusuhan terbang di Britain <> Apa yang asalnya digunakan untuk melihat pesawat bermusuhan mendekati? || radar", {"qas": [{"question": "How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?", "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d95", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Observer Corps based?", "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d96", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Observer Corps formed?", "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d97", "answers": [{"text": "1925", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?", "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d98", "answers": [{"text": "hostile aircraft flying over Britain", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?", "id": "570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d99", "answers": [{"text": "radar", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain. Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft. However, the German W\u00fcrzburg radar was capable of providing data suitable for controlling AA guns and the British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL radar was designed to be used on AA gun positions."}], ["Pada mulanya sensor adalah alat optik dan akustik yang dibangunkan semasa Perang Dunia Pertama dan terus ke tahun 1930-an, tetapi dengan cepat digantikan oleh radar, yang kemudiannya ditambah oleh optronics pada tahun 1980-an. Perintah dan kawalan tetap primitif hingga akhir tahun 1930-an, ketika Britain mencipta sistem bersepadu untuk ADGB yang menghubungkan pertahanan udara berasaskan darat untuk Perintah AA tentera, walaupun pertahanan udara yang digunakan di lapangan bergantung pada pengaturan yang kurang canggih. NATO kemudian memanggil pengaturan ini sebagai \"persekitaran tanah pertahanan udara\", yang ditakrifkan sebagai \"rangkaian tapak radar darat dan pusat arahan dan kawalan dalam teater tertentu operasi yang digunakan untuk kawalan taktikal operasi pertahanan udara\". <> Bilakah sensor mula dibangunkan? || semasa Perang Dunia Pertama <> Radar telah ditambah dengan apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1980-an? || optronics <> Apa negara mencipta sistem bersepadu untuk ADGB? || Britain <> Apakah sistem bersepadu untuk pautan ADGB? || pertahanan udara berasaskan darat Tentera AA tentera <> Agensi apa yang menyatakan bahawa pengaturan itu adalah persekitaran tanah pertahanan udara? || NATO", {"qas": [{"question": "When were sensors initially developed?", "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d47", "answers": [{"text": "during the First World War", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?", "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d48", "answers": [{"text": "optronics", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country created an integrated system for ADGB?", "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d49", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the integrated system for ADGB link?", "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d4a", "answers": [{"text": "the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?", "id": "570d3941fed7b91900d45d4b", "answers": [{"text": "NATO", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an \"air defence ground environment\", defined as \"the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations\"."}], ["Pada 30 September 1915, tentera Tentera Serbia memerhatikan tiga pesawat musuh menghampiri Kragujevac. Askar-askar menembak mereka dengan senapang dan senapang mesin tetapi gagal menghalang mereka daripada menjatuhkan 45 bom ke atas bandar, memukul pemasangan tentera, stesen keretapi dan banyak lagi, kebanyakan orang awam, sasaran di bandar. Semasa serangan pengeboman, Radoje Ljutovac swasta menembak meriamnya di pesawat musuh dan berjaya menembak jatuh. Ia terhempas di bandar dan kedua-dua juruterbang meninggal dunia akibat kecederaan mereka. Meriam Ljutovac yang digunakan tidak direka sebagai senjata anti-pesawat, ia adalah meriam Turki sedikit diubahsuai yang ditangkap semasa Perang Balkan Pertama pada tahun 1912. Ini adalah peristiwa pertama dalam sejarah tentera yang pesawat tentera ditembak jatuh dengan ground-to- api udara. <> Bilakah tentera Serbia melihat pesawat musuh menghampiri Kragujevac? || 30 September 1915 <> Berapa banyak bom membuat tiga pesawat jatuh di bandar? || 45 <> Yang swasta menembak jatuh satu pesawat dengan meriam? || Radoje Ljutovac <> Apa yang berlaku kepada juruterbang yang ditembak jatuh? || kedua-dua juruterbang meninggal <> Perang yang manakah meriam yang digunakan sebelum peristiwa ini? || Perang Balkan Pertama pada tahun 1912", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? ", "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59b", "answers": [{"text": "30 September 1915", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?", "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59c", "answers": [{"text": "45", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?", "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59d", "answers": [{"text": "Radoje Ljutovac", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?", "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59e", "answers": [{"text": "both pilots died", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?", "id": "570d3b05b3d812140066d59f", "answers": [{"text": "First Balkan War in 1912", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots died from their injuries. The cannon Ljutovac used was not designed as an anti-aircraft gun, it was a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured during the First Balkan War in 1912. This was the first occasion in military history that a military aircraft was shot down with ground-to-air fire."}], ["Perang Dunia I menunjukkan bahawa pesawat boleh menjadi bahagian penting dalam medan perang, tetapi di beberapa negara ia menjadi prospek serangan udara strategik yang menjadi isu utama, menyampaikan ancaman dan peluang. Pengalaman serangan udara selama empat tahun di London oleh pengebom Zeppelins dan Gotha G.V amat mempengaruhi British dan merupakan salah satu daripada jika pemandu utama untuk membentuk angkatan udara bebas. Memandangkan keupayaan pesawat dan enjin mereka bertambah baik, jelas sekali peranan mereka dalam perang pada masa akan datang akan menjadi lebih kritikal kerana beban rangkaian dan senjata mereka meningkat. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun-tahun selepas Perang Dunia I prospek perang utama yang lain kelihatannya jauh, terutamanya di Eropah di mana negara-negara yang paling ketenteraan berkemampuan, dan sedikit pembiayaan yang ada. <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa pesawat boleh menjadi sumbangan penting ke medan perang? || Perang Dunia I <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Zeppelins, apa yang menyerang London selama empat tahun dengan serangan udara? || Gotha G.V bombers <> Serangan udara empat tahun itu penting di Britain membentuk apa? || sebuah angkatan udara yang bebas <> Masa depan pesawat dalam situasi perang adalah penting kerana pertumbuhan di mana dua bidang? || julat dan beban senjata mereka <> Di manakah kebanyakan negara yang mempunyai tentera terkuat selepas Perang Dunia I? || Eropah", {"qas": [{"question": "What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?", "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d83", "answers": [{"text": "World War I", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?", "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d84", "answers": [{"text": "Gotha G.V bombers", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?", "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d85", "answers": [{"text": "an independent air force", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?", "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d86", "answers": [{"text": "their range and weapon load", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?", "id": "570d3e82fed7b91900d45d87", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force. As the capabilities of aircraft and their engines improved it was clear that their role in future war would be even more critical as their range and weapon load grew. However, in the years immediately after World War I the prospect of another major war seemed remote, particularly in Europe where the most militarily capable nations were, and little financing was available."}], ["Pertahanan udara pasif ditakrifkan oleh NATO sebagai \"langkah-langkah pasif yang diambil untuk pertahanan fizikal dan perlindungan kakitangan, pemasangan dan peralatan penting untuk meminimumkan keberkesanan serangan udara dan / atau peluru berpandu\". Ia tetap merupakan aktiviti penting oleh pasukan darat dan termasuk penyamaran dan penyembunyian untuk mengelakkan pengesanan oleh peninjauan dan menyerang pesawat. Langkah-langkah seperti penyamaran bangunan penting adalah perkara biasa dalam Perang Dunia Kedua. Semasa Perang Dingin, landasan pacu dan taksiran beberapa lapangan terbang dicat hijau. <> Apa yang dimaksud NATO sebagai langkah pasif untuk melindungi orang, bangunan dan peralatan dari serangan udara atau peluru berpandu? || Pertahanan udara pasif <> Kumpulan mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk pertahanan udara pasif? || kuasa darat <> Pertahanan udara pasif merangkumi penyamaran dan apa? || penyembunyian <> Apa yang disamarkan semasa Perang Dunia II? || bangunan penting <> Sesetengah landasan lapangan udara dicat hijau semasa peperangan apa? || Perang Dingin", {"qas": [{"question": "What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?", "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea3", "answers": [{"text": "Passive air defence", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?", "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea4", "answers": [{"text": "ground forces", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?", "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea5", "answers": [{"text": "concealment", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was camouflaged during World War II?", "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea6", "answers": [{"text": "important buildings", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?", "id": "570d5301fed7b91900d45ea7", "answers": [{"text": "the Cold War", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Passive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green."}], ["Unit pertahanan udara asas biasanya adalah bateri dengan 2 hingga 12 senjata atau pelancar peluru berpandu dan elemen kawalan kebakaran. Bateri ini, terutamanya dengan senjata api, biasanya digunakan di kawasan kecil, walaupun bateri boleh dibahagikan; ini biasa untuk beberapa sistem peluru berpandu. Bateri peluru berpandu SHORAD sering digunakan di kawasan dengan peluncur individu beberapa kilometer. Apabila MANPADS dikendalikan oleh pakar, bateri mungkin mempunyai beberapa dozen pasukan yang menggerakkan secara berasingan di bahagian kecil; Senjata pertahanan udara sendiri boleh digerakkan secara berpasangan. <> Berapa banyak senjata atau peluru berpandu biasanya dalam bateri? || 2 hingga 12 <> Selain senjata api atau pelancar peluru berpandu, apa lagi yang terdiri daripada bateri? || elemen kawalan kebakaran <> Di mana bateri biasanya digunakan? || di dalam kawasan kecil <> Bateri peluru berpandu mana yang sering mempunyai pelancar individu beberapa kilometer dari satu sama lain? || SHORAD <> Beberapa dozen pasukan boleh menyusun secara individu dalam bahagian kecil apabila apa yang ditangani oleh pakar? || MANPADS", {"qas": [{"question": "How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?", "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6cf", "answers": [{"text": "2 to 12", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?", "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d0", "answers": [{"text": "fire control elements", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do batteries typically get deployed?", "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d1", "answers": [{"text": "in a small area", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?", "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d2", "answers": [{"text": "SHORAD", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?", "id": "570d5502b3d812140066d6d3", "answers": [{"text": "MANPADS", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs."}], ["Satu lagi sistem senjata yang berpotensi untuk penggunaan anti-pesawat adalah laser. Walaupun perancang udara telah membayangkan laser dalam pertempuran sejak akhir tahun 1960-an, hanya sistem laser yang paling moden pada masa ini mencapai apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai \"kegunaan eksperimen\". Khususnya Laser Tenaga Tinggi Taktikal boleh digunakan dalam peranan anti-pesawat dan anti-peluru berpandu. Sekiranya perkembangan semasa berterusan, sesetengah [siapa? Percaya ia munasabah untuk mencadangkan bahawa laser akan memainkan peranan utama dalam pertahanan udara bermula pada sepuluh tahun akan datang. <> Apa gunanya yang lain untuk penggunaan anti pesawat? || laser <> Kapan personel pertama mula berfikir tentang menggunakan laser dalam pertempuran? || akhir 1960-an <> Apa laser yang kini boleh digunakan dalam jenis peranan yang pertama kali difikirkan pada akhir 1960-an? || Laser Tenaga Tinggi Taktikal <> Penggunaan laser dalam peperangan anti-pesawat sedang dipertimbangkan? || kegunaan eksperimen <> Apabila ada orang percaya bahawa laser boleh memainkan peranan yang lebih menonjol dalam pertahanan udara? || dalam sepuluh tahun akan datang", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?", "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d64f", "answers": [{"text": "the laser", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?", "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d650", "answers": [{"text": "the late 1960s", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?", "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d651", "answers": [{"text": "Tactical High Energy Laser", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?", "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d652", "answers": [{"text": "experimental usefulness", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?", "id": "570d4bd6b3d812140066d653", "answers": [{"text": "in the next ten years", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years."}], ["Pesawat pemintas (atau hanya pemintas) adalah jenis pesawat pejuang yang direka khusus untuk memintas dan memusnahkan pesawat musuh, terutamanya pengebom, biasanya bergantung pada keupayaan berkelajuan tinggi dan ketinggian. Sejumlah pencegat jet seperti F-102 Delta Dagger, F-106 Delta Dart, dan MiG-25 telah dibina pada tempoh yang bermula selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia II dan berakhir pada akhir 1960-an, ketika mereka menjadi kurang penting kerana peralihan peranan strategik ke ICBM. Selalunya jenis itu dibezakan dari reka bentuk pesawat pejuang lain dengan kelajuan yang lebih tinggi dan jarak operasi yang lebih pendek, serta banyak muatan tayar. <> Jenis pesawat apa yang digunakan untuk memintas dan memusnahkan pesawat lain? || Pesawat pencegat <> Apa pesawat yang paling ditakrifkan oleh penyintas? || pengebom <> Bilakah pencegat seperti F-102 Delta Dagger pertama dibina? || selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia II <> Bilakah pencegat seperti F-106 Delta Dart tidak dibina lagi? || akhir tahun 1960an <> Para pencegat tidak lagi dibina kerana peralihan peranan pengeboman ke apa? || ICBMs", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?", "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d607", "answers": [{"text": "The interceptor aircraft", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?", "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d608", "answers": [{"text": "bombers", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?", "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d609", "answers": [{"text": "after the end of World War II", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?", "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d60a", "answers": [{"text": "the late 1960s", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?", "id": "570d4501b3d812140066d60b", "answers": [{"text": "ICBMs", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs. Invariably the type is differentiated from other fighter aircraft designs by higher speeds and shorter operating ranges, as well as much reduced ordnance payloads."}], ["Pertahanan udara kawasan, pertahanan udara di kawasan atau lokasi tertentu, (bertentangan dengan titik pertahanan), secara historis telah dikendalikan oleh kedua-dua tentera (Komando Anti Pesawat Udara dalam Tentera British misalnya) dan Angkatan Udara (Udara Amerika Syarikat Pasukan CIM-10 Bomarc). Sistem pertahanan kawasan mempunyai jarak sederhana hingga panjang dan boleh terdiri daripada pelbagai sistem lain dan dijalinkan ke dalam sistem pertahanan kawasan (di mana ia mungkin terdiri daripada beberapa sistem jarak pendek digabungkan untuk melindungi wilayah secara berkesan). Contoh pertahanan kawasan adalah pertahanan Arab Saudi dan Israel oleh bateri peluru berpandu MIM-104 Patriot semasa Perang Teluk pertama, di mana tujuannya adalah untuk menampung kawasan penduduk. <> Apakah pertahanan udara sesuatu kawasan tertentu dipanggil? || Pertahanan udara kawasan <> Tentera dan kumpulan apa yang telah mengendalikan pertahanan udara kawasan? || Angkatan Udara <> Apa Angkatan Udara A.S. yang dikendalikan oleh pertahanan udara kawasan? || CIM-10 Bomarc <> Apakah pelbagai sistem pertahanan kawasan? || sederhana hingga jangka panjang <> Apakah matlamat bateri peluru MIM-104 Patriot semasa Perang Teluk pertama? || untuk menampung kawasan penduduk", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the air defence of a certain area called?", "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d689", "answers": [{"text": "Area air defence", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?", "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68a", "answers": [{"text": "Air Forces", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?", "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68b", "answers": [{"text": "CIM-10 Bomarc", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What range do area defence systems have?", "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68c", "answers": [{"text": "medium to long range", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?", "id": "570d4f6bb3d812140066d68d", "answers": [{"text": "to cover populated areas", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system (in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area). An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War, where the objective was to cover populated areas."}], ["Istilah pertahanan udara mungkin pertama kali digunakan oleh Britain ketika Pertahanan Udara Great Britain (ADGB) diwujudkan sebagai perintah Royal Air Force pada tahun 1925. Namun, pengaturan di Inggris juga disebut 'anti-pesawat', disingkat AA, sebuah istilah yang kekal digunakan umum pada tahun 1950-an. Selepas Perang Dunia Pertama kadangkala kadangkala diberi prefixed oleh 'Light' atau 'Heavy' (LAA atau HAA) untuk mengklasifikasikan jenis senjata atau unit. Nama samaran untuk senjata anti-pesawat termasuk AA, AAA atau triple-A, singkatan artileri anti pesawat; \"ack-ack\" (dari abjad ejaan yang digunakan oleh Inggeris untuk penghantaran suara \"AA\"); dan archie (istilah Perang Dunia I Inggeris mungkin dicipta oleh Amyas Borton dan dipercayai berasal dari Royal Flying Corps dari komedi muzik dewan George Robey, \"Archibald, tentu tidak!\"). <> Negara manakah yang mungkin mencipta istilah pertahanan udara? || Britain <> Apa yang ADGB berdiri untuk? || Pertahanan Udara Great Britain <> Berapa tahun ADGB dibuat? || 1925 <> Siapa yang mungkin yang menciptakan istilah archie untuk senjata anti-pesawat? || Amyas Borton <> Apakah garis George Robey dipercayai telah memulakan nama samaran? || \"Archibald, sudah tentu tidak!\"", {"qas": [{"question": "Which country probably coined the term air defence?", "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b1", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ADGB stand for?", "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b2", "answers": [{"text": "Air Defence of Great Britain", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the ADGB created?", "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b3", "answers": [{"text": "1925", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?", "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b4", "answers": [{"text": "Amyas Borton", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?", "id": "570d5163b3d812140066d6b5", "answers": [{"text": "\"Archibald, certainly not!\"", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; \"ack-ack\" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of \"AA\"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line \"Archibald, certainly not!\")."}], ["Inti pertahanan udara adalah untuk mengesan pesawat bermusuhan dan memusnahkannya. Isu kritikal adalah untuk mencapai sasaran bergerak dalam ruang tiga dimensi; serangan tidak boleh hanya sepadan dengan tiga koordinat ini, tetapi harus melakukannya pada saat target berada pada posisi itu. Ini bermakna bahawa projektil sama ada harus dibimbing untuk memukul sasaran, atau bertujuan untuk meramalkan target sasaran pada saat peluru mencapainya, dengan mengambil kira kecepatan dan arah sasaran dan peluru. <> Apakah tujuan pertahanan udara pertama? || mengesan pesawat bermusuhan <> Apakah tujuan kedua pertahanan udara? || memusnahkan mereka <> Apakah isu kritikal dalam pertahanan udara? || untuk memukul sasaran yang bergerak dalam ruang tiga dimensi <> Projektil mestilah berpandukan kepada sasaran atau ditujukan ke mana? || pada kedudukan yang diramalkan sasaran pada saat peluru mencapainya <> Apa dua hal yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam hal peluru dan target? || kelajuan dan arah", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the first purpose of air defence?", "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e99", "answers": [{"text": "detect hostile aircraft", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second purpose of air defence?", "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9a", "answers": [{"text": "destroy them", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the critical issue in air defence?", "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9b", "answers": [{"text": "to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?", "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9c", "answers": [{"text": "at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?", "id": "570d5228fed7b91900d45e9d", "answers": [{"text": "speed and direction", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target, or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it, taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile."}], ["British sudahpun mengatur pembinaan lesen Bofors 40 mm, dan memperkenalkannya ke dalam perkhidmatan. Ini mempunyai kuasa untuk mengetuk pesawat dari sebarang saiz, namun cukup ringan untuk bergerak dan mudah berayun. Pistol itu menjadi sangat penting untuk usaha perang British yang bahkan menghasilkan filem, The Gun, yang menggalakkan para pekerja di barisan pemasangan untuk bekerja lebih keras. Lukisan pengeluaran ukuran Imperial yang dibangunkan oleh British telah dibekalkan kepada orang Amerika yang menghasilkan salinannya sendiri (tidak berlesen) 40 mm pada permulaan perang, bergerak ke pengeluaran berlesen pada pertengahan 1941. <> Apa yang British mendapat lesen untuk membina? || Bofors 40 mm <> Walaupun cahaya, Bofors 40mm cukup berkuasa untuk menurunkan saiz pesawat apa? || pesawat apa-apa saiz <> Apa yang dihasilkan untuk memberi inspirasi kepada orang di barisan pemasangan untuk bekerja lebih keras? || sebuah filem <> Apa filem yang dibuat untuk memberi inspirasi kepada pekerja barisan pemasangan yang dipanggil? || The Gun <> Siapa mula membuat versi 40mm yang tidak berlesen pada permulaan perang? || Amerika", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the British get a license to build?", "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45deb", "answers": [{"text": "the Bofors 40 mm", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?", "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45dec", "answers": [{"text": "aircraft of any size", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?", "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45ded", "answers": [{"text": "a movie", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?", "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45dee", "answers": [{"text": "The Gun", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?", "id": "570d43f9fed7b91900d45def", "answers": [{"text": "Americans", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941."}], ["Dua andaian menyokong pendekatan British terhadap kebakaran HAA; Pertama, kebakaran bertujuan adalah kaedah utama dan ini didayakan dengan meramalkan data senjata dari pengesanan visual sasaran dan mempunyai ketinggiannya. Kedua, sasaran itu akan mengekalkan kursus yang mantap, kelajuan dan ketinggian. HAA ini adalah untuk melibatkan sasaran sehingga 24,000 kaki. Mekanikal, yang bertentangan dengan halus, sekatan waktu diperlukan kerana kelajuan pembakaran serbuk bervariasi dengan ketinggian jadi panjang sekering bukanlah fungsi mudah masa penerbangan. Kebakaran automatik memastikan kadar kebakaran berterusan yang menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk meramalkan di mana setiap shell perlu dituju secara individu. <> Apakah kaedah utama kebakaran HAA? || bertujuan api <> Bersama dengan meramalkan data pistol dari menjejaki sasaran, apa lagi yang perlu diketahui tentang sasaran untuk membolehkan api yang bertujuan? || Ketinggiannya <> Satu lagi andaian adalah bahawa sasaran akan mengekalkan kursus mantap bersama dengan apa dua faktor lain? || kelajuan dan ketinggian <> Sasaran boleh berapa kaki bagi HAA untuk melibatkan mereka? || 24,000 kaki <> Apa jenis fius diperlukan? || Mekanikal", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the primary method for HAA fire?", "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fbf", "answers": [{"text": "aimed fire", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?", "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc0", "answers": [{"text": "its height", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?", "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc1", "answers": [{"text": "speed and height", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?", "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc2", "answers": [{"text": "24,000 feet", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of fuses were needed?", "id": "570d656efed7b91900d45fc3", "answers": [{"text": "Mechanical", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,000 feet. Mechanical, as opposed to igniferous, time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight. Automated fire ensured a constant rate of fire that made it easier to predict where each shell should be individually aimed."}], ["Isu pertama adalah peluru. Sebelum perang diketahui bahawa peluru diperlukan untuk meletup di udara. Kedua-dua bahan letupan tinggi (HE) dan serpihan digunakan, kebanyakannya bekas. Sekering airburst sama ada igniferious (berdasarkan fius api) atau mekanik (clockwork). Sekering Igniferious tidak sesuai untuk penggunaan anti-pesawat. Panjang fius ditentukan oleh masa penerbangan, tetapi kadar serbuk bubur dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian. Pom-pom British hanya mempunyai peluru bersentuhan sentuhan. Zeppelins, yang merupakan belon hidrogen yang diisi, adalah sasaran untuk kerang pembakaran dan British memperkenalkannya dengan sekering airburst, kedua-dua jenis peluru berpunca ke atas 'periuk' dan peletupan asas aliran yang menyala. British juga memasang pelacak untuk kerang mereka untuk digunakan pada waktu malam. Cangkang asap juga disediakan untuk beberapa senjata api AA, pecah ini digunakan sebagai sasaran semasa latihan. <> Difahamkan bahawa peluru diperlukan untuk meletup di mana? || di udara <> Selain bahan peledak yang tinggi, apa lagi yang digunakan? || serpihan <> Airburst sekering mungkin dua hal? || igniferious (berdasarkan fius api) atau mekanikal (jam kerja) <> Apakah belon yang dipenuhi hidrogen dipanggil? || Zeppelins <> Apa yang digunakan sebagai sasaran dalam amalan latihan? || Cangkang asap", {"qas": [{"question": "It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?", "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eb7", "answers": [{"text": "in the air", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to high explosive, what else was used?", "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eb8", "answers": [{"text": "shrapnel", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Airburst fuses could be which two things?", "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eb9", "answers": [{"text": "igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were hydrogen filled balloons called?", "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45eba", "answers": [{"text": "Zeppelins", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used as targets in training practices?", "id": "570d55affed7b91900d45ebb", "answers": [{"text": "Smoke shells", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training."}], ["Keperluan ketinggian tinggi Jerman pada asalnya akan diisi oleh senapang 75 mm dari Krupp, yang direka dengan kerjasama rakan sejawatannya dari Bofors Sweden, tetapi spesifikasi itu kemudian dipinda untuk memerlukan prestasi yang lebih tinggi. Sebagai tindak balas jurutera Krupp menyampaikan reka bentuk 88mm baru, FlaK 36. Pertama kali digunakan di Sepanyol semasa Perang Saudara Sepanyol, pistol itu terbukti menjadi salah satu senapang anti-pesawat terbaik di dunia, serta sangat mematikan terhadap cahaya, sederhana, dan juga tangki berat awal. <> Ketinggian yang tinggi di Jerman akan dikendalikan oleh apa? || senapang 75 mm dari Krupp yang juga bekerjasama dalam reka bentuk pistol 75 mm itu? || Bofors <> Oleh kerana prestasi yang lebih tinggi diperlukan, para pekerja Krupp merancang apa? || reka bentuk 88 mm baru, FlaK 36 <> Di manakah tempat pertama FlaK 36 digunakan? || Sepanyol <> Perang apa yang pertama kali digunakan FlaK? || perang saudara Sepanyol", {"qas": [{"question": "High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?", "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b7", "answers": [{"text": "a 75 mm gun from Krupp", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?", "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b8", "answers": [{"text": "Bofors", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?", "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b9", "answers": [{"text": "a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?", "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8ba", "answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war was the FlaK first used in?", "id": "570d6b2bb3d812140066d8bb", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish Civil War", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as particularly deadly against light, medium, and even early heavy tanks."}], ["Di sesetengah negara, seperti Britain dan Jerman semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, Kesatuan Soviet dan NATO's Allied Command Europe, pertahanan udara berasaskan udara dan pesawat udara pertahanan telah berada di bawah perintah dan kawalan bersepadu. Walau bagaimanapun, sementara pertahanan udara secara keseluruhan mungkin untuk pertahanan tanah air termasuk kemudahan tentera, pasukan di lapangan, di mana sahaja mereka berada, selalu menggunakan kemampuan pertahanan udara mereka sendiri jika ada ancaman udara. Keupayaan pertahanan udara berasaskan permukaan juga boleh digunakan secara meluas untuk menafikan penggunaan ruang udara kepada lawan. <> Pertahanan udara dan pesawat udara negara mana yang berada di bawah komando dan kawalan bersepadu? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Apakah kumpulan lain yang ada di bawah arahan dan kawalan bersepadu ini? || NATO's Allied Command Europe <> Siapa yang akan menggunakan pertahanan udara sendiri jika mereka adalah ancaman udara? || tentera di padang <> Apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai langkah yang menyinggung untuk menolak penggunaan ruang udara kepada lawan? || Keupayaan pertahanan udara berasaskan permukaan", {"qas": [{"question": "Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?", "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ff9", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?", "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ffa", "answers": [{"text": "NATO's Allied Command Europe", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?", "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ffb", "answers": [{"text": "forces in the field", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?", "id": "570d6767fed7b91900d45ffc", "answers": [{"text": "A surface-based air defence capability", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent."}], ["Amerika Syarikat mengakhiri Perang Dunia I dengan dua pistol AA 3-inci dan penambahbaikan telah dibangunkan sepanjang tempoh inter-perang. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1924 kerja bermula pada pistol AA statik pemasangan 105 mm baru, tetapi hanya sedikit dihasilkan pada pertengahan tahun 1930-an kerana pada masa ini kerja telah dimulakan pada pistol AA 90 mm, dengan kereta bergerak dan pemasangan statik yang dapat terlibat sasaran udara, laut dan tanah. Versi M1 telah diluluskan pada tahun 1940. Pada tahun 1920-an terdapat beberapa kerja pada 4.7 inci yang berlalu, tetapi dihidupkan kembali pada tahun 1937, yang membawa kepada pistol baru pada tahun 1944. <> Senjata macam apa yang pernah dilakukan oleh Amerika Syarikat akhir WW I ? || dua pistol AA 3-inci <> Bilakah pembaikan yang dibuat untuk senapang ini? || sepanjang tempoh peperangan <> Bilakah kerja bermula pada pistol AA pemasangan statik 105 mm? || 1924 Hanya beberapa daripada 105 mm statik pelekap AA senjata yang dihasilkan kerana kerja telah bermula di mana senjata lain? || 90 mm AA gun <> Tahun apakah versi M1 diluluskan? || 1940", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?", "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d813", "answers": [{"text": "two 3-inch AA guns", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were improvements developed for these guns?", "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d814", "answers": [{"text": "throughout the inter-war period", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?", "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d815", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?", "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d816", "answers": [{"text": "90 mm AA gun", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the M1 version approved?", "id": "570d6620b3d812140066d817", "answers": [{"text": "1940", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944."}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia I, Tentera Amerika Syarikat mula membangunkan meriam 37mm dua peranan (AA / ground) secara automatik, yang direka oleh John M. Browning. Ia telah diseragamkan pada tahun 1927 sebagai meriam T9 AA, tetapi percubaan dengan cepat menunjukkan bahawa ia tidak bernilai dalam peranan tanah. Bagaimanapun, walaupun cangkangnya agak ringan (kurang dari 2 kg) ia mempunyai siling yang baik dan menembusi 125 pusingan seminit; pengangkutan AA telah dibangunkan dan ia memasuki perkhidmatan pada tahun 1939. Browning 37mm terbukti terdedah kepada kesesakan, dan akhirnya digantikan dalam unit AA oleh Bofors 40 mm. Bofors telah menarik perhatian dari Tentera Laut AS, tetapi tidak ada yang diperoleh sebelum 1939. Juga, pada tahun 1931, Tentera AS bekerja pada sebuah gunung mesin pesawat anti-pesawat bergerak di belakang trak berat yang mempunyai senapan mesin berkaliber air berkayak empat .30 dan pengarah optik. Ia terbukti tidak berjaya dan ditinggalkan. <> Apakah Tentera Amerika Syarikat mula berkembang selepas Perang Dunia pertama? || meriam 37mm automatik (AA / ground) automatik <> Yang merancang meriam ini? || John M. Browning <> Berapa banyak pusingan meriam api ini sesaat? || 125 <> Apa yang menggantikan Browning 37nn kerana masalah jamming? || Bofors 40 mm <> Apakah kumpulan AS yang lain berminat dengan Bofors? || Tentera Laut AS", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?", "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46011", "answers": [{"text": "a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed this cannon?", "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46012", "answers": [{"text": "John M. Browning", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?", "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46013", "answers": [{"text": "125", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?", "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46014", "answers": [{"text": "Bofors 40 mm", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other US group was interested in the Bofors?", "id": "570d67fafed7b91900d46015", "answers": [{"text": "US Navy", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned."}], ["Tidak seperti senapang yang lebih berat, senjata yang lebih kecil ini digunakan secara meluas kerana kos rendah dan keupayaan mereka untuk segera mengikut sasaran. Contoh-contoh klasik autocannons dan senjata berkaliber besar adalah autocannon 40 mm dan 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 pistol, kedua-duanya direka oleh Bofors of Sweden. Senjata artileri semacam ini telah digantikan oleh sistem peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara yang berkesan yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1950-an, walaupun masih dikekalkan oleh banyak negara. Pengembangan peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara bermula di Nazi Jerman pada akhir Perang Dunia II dengan peluru berpandu seperti Wasserfall, walaupun sistem kerja tidak digunakan sebelum perang berakhir, dan mewakili percubaan baru untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan sistem anti-pesawat berhadapan dengan ancaman yang semakin meningkat dari [pengebom]. SAM berasaskan tanah boleh digunakan dari pemasangan tetap atau pelancar mudah alih, sama ada beroda atau dijejaki. Kenderaan yang dilacak biasanya kenderaan perisai yang direka khusus untuk membawa SAM. <> Senjata yang lebih kecil boleh digunakan kerana kos rendah mereka serta faktor lain? || keupayaan untuk pantas mengikuti sasaran <> Siapa yang merancang autocannon 40 mm? || Bofors of Sweden <> Bilakah sistem peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara diperkenalkan? || 1950-an <> Di manakah peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara pertama kali dibangunkan? || di Nazi Jerman <> Bagaimana cara SAM berasaskan tanah dikerahkan? || dari pemasangan tetap atau pelancar mudah alih", {"qas": [{"question": "Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?", "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d46159", "answers": [{"text": "ability to quickly follow the target", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?", "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615a", "answers": [{"text": "Bofors of Sweden", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?", "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615b", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?", "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615c", "answers": [{"text": "in Nazi Germany", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can land-based SAMs be deployed?", "id": "570d7592fed7b91900d4615d", "answers": [{"text": "from fixed installations or mobile launchers", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for the most part been superseded by the effective surface-to-air missile systems that were introduced in the 1950s, although they were still retained by many nations. The development of surface-to-air missiles began in Nazi Germany during the late World War II with missiles such as the Wasserfall, though no working system was deployed before the war's end, and represented new attempts to increase effectiveness of the anti-aircraft systems faced with growing threat from [bomber]s. Land-based SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers, either wheeled or tracked. The tracked vehicles are usually armoured vehicles specifically designed to carry SAMs."}], ["Satu lagi aspek pertahanan anti-pesawat adalah penggunaan belon berarak untuk bertindak sebagai halangan fizikal pada mulanya untuk mengebom pesawat ke atas bandar dan kemudian untuk pesawat serangan darat ke atas armada serangan Normandy. Belon, belalang sederhana yang ditambatkan ke tanah, bekerja dengan dua cara. Pertama, ia dan kabel keluli adalah bahaya bagi mana-mana pesawat yang cuba terbang di antara mereka. Kedua, untuk mengelakkan belon, pengebom harus terbang pada ketinggian yang lebih tinggi, yang lebih baik untuk senjata. Belon barrage terhad dalam aplikasi, dan mempunyai kejayaan minimum untuk menurunkan pesawat, yang sebahagian besarnya tidak bergerak dan pertahanan pasif. <> Apa yang bertindak sebagai halangan fizikal terhadap pertahanan anti pesawat? || belon berarak <> Berapakah belon barah yang pada mulanya digunakan sebagai penghalang kepada? || pesawat pengebom ke atas bandar-bandar <> Bagaimana belon berarak bertaburan ke tanah? || kabel keluli <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh juruterbang untuk mengelakkan belon berarak? || terbang di ketinggian yang lebih tinggi <> Apa kejayaan yang dilakukan oleh belon berarak sejauh menerbangkan pesawat? || yang minimum", {"qas": [{"question": "What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?", "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c1", "answers": [{"text": "barrage balloons", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?", "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c2", "answers": [{"text": "bomber aircraft over cities", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?", "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c3", "answers": [{"text": "steel cable", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?", "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c4", "answers": [{"text": "fly at a higher altitude", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?", "id": "570d6dfefed7b91900d460c5", "answers": [{"text": "minimal", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences."}], ["Jarak maksimum di mana pistol atau peluru berpandu boleh melibatkan pesawat adalah angka penting. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak definisi yang berbeza digunakan tetapi kecuali definisi yang sama digunakan, prestasi senjata atau peluru berpandu yang berbeza tidak boleh dibandingkan. Untuk senapang AA hanya bahagian menaik lintasan yang boleh digunakan dengan berguna. Satu istilah adalah 'siling', siling maksimum yang tinggi peluru akan mencapai jika ditembusi secara menegak, tidak praktikal berguna dalam dirinya sendiri kerana beberapa senjata api AA dapat menembak secara menegak, dan durian fius maksimum mungkin terlalu pendek, tetapi berpotensi berguna sebagai standard untuk membandingkan senjata yang berlainan. <> Apakah nombor penting yang berkaitan dengan senjata yang melibatkan pesawat? || Jarak maksimum <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan jarak maksimum untuk pistol AA? || hanya bahagian menaik dari trajektori <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan ketinggian yang peluru akan pergi jika ia dipecat secara menegak? || maksimum siling <> Beberapa senapang AA dapat api dengan cara mana? || menegak", {"qas": [{"question": "What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?", "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d94f", "answers": [{"text": "The maximum distance", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?", "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d950", "answers": [{"text": "only the ascending part of the trajectory", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?", "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d951", "answers": [{"text": "maximum ceiling", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Few AA guns are able to fire which way?", "id": "570d7217b3d812140066d952", "answers": [{"text": "vertically", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One term is 'ceiling', maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically, not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically, and maximum fuse duration may be too short, but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons."}], ["Apabila proses ini diteruskan, peluru berpandu mendapati dirinya digunakan untuk lebih banyak peranan yang sebelum ini dipenuhi oleh senjata api. Pertama untuk pergi adalah senjata yang besar, diganti oleh sistem peluru berpandu sama besar dengan prestasi yang lebih tinggi. Peluru berpandu yang lebih kecil tidak lama lagi diikuti, akhirnya menjadi cukup kecil untuk dipasang pada kereta perisai dan casis tangki. Ini bermula menggantikan, atau sekurang-kurangnya menggantikan, sistem SPAAG berasaskan senjata yang serupa pada tahun 1960-an, dan pada tahun 1990-an telah menggantikan hampir semua sistem sedemikian dalam tentera moden. Peluru berpandu manusia, MANPAD seperti yang diketahui hari ini, telah diperkenalkan pada tahun 1960-an dan telah digantikan atau bahkan diganti walaupun senjata terkecil di tentera yang paling maju. <> Peluru berpandu mula digunakan lebih kerap daripada senjata apa? || senjata <> Rudal kecil direka bentuk yang boleh dipasang pada apa? || kereta berperisai dan casis tangki <> Bilakah peluru berpandu ini mula menggantikan sistem SPAAG berasaskan senjata? || di tahun 1960-an <> Apakah peluru berpandu manusia yang lebih dikenali sebagai? || MANPADs <> Bilakah MANPADs diperkenalkan? || tahun 1960-an", {"qas": [{"question": "The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?", "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46131", "answers": [{"text": "guns", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?", "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46132", "answers": [{"text": "armored cars and tank chassis", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?", "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46133", "answers": [{"text": "in the 1960s", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are man-portable missiles better known as?", "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46134", "answers": [{"text": "MANPADs", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were MANPADs introduced?", "id": "570d72ecfed7b91900d46135", "answers": [{"text": "the 1960s", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies."}], ["Perahu-perahu dan kapal-kapal kecil biasanya mempunyai senapang mesin atau meriam cepat, yang sering boleh mematikan pesawat terbang rendah jika dikaitkan dengan meriam radar dikendalikan oleh radar yang dikawal oleh radar untuk pertahanan titik. Beberapa kapal seperti kapal penjelajah Aegis adalah ancaman kepada pesawat sebagai mana-mana sistem pertahanan udara berasaskan darat. Pada amnya, kapal tentera laut harus diperlakukan dengan hormat oleh pesawat, namun sebaliknya adalah sama. Pertempuran kumpulan pembawa terutama dipertahankan, bukan sahaja mereka biasanya terdiri daripada banyak kapal dengan persenjataan pertahanan udara berat tetapi mereka juga dapat melancarkan jet pejuang untuk overhead peronda udara pertempuran untuk memintas ancaman bawa udara yang masuk. <> Jenis senjata apa yang biasanya boleh didapati di kapal kecil dan kapal? || senapang mesin atau meriam cepat <> Senjata ini boleh mematikan kepada pesawat yang rendah jika ia berkaitan dengan apa? || sebuah sistem kawalan kawalan radar yang diarahkan meriam radar untuk pertahanan titik <> Apa jenis kapal yang dipertahankan dengan baik? || Kumpulan pertempuran pembawa <> Kumpulan pertempuran pembawa boleh melancarkan apa yang dapat memintas ancaman masuk? || jet pejuang", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?", "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9af", "answers": [{"text": "machine-guns or fast cannons", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?", "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9b0", "answers": [{"text": "a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of ships are particularly well defended?", "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9b1", "answers": [{"text": "Carrier battle groups", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?", "id": "570d7708b3d812140066d9b2", "answers": [{"text": "fighter jets", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In general, naval vessels should be treated with respect by aircraft, however the reverse is equally true. Carrier battle groups are especially well defended, as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats."}], ["Sebilangan besar sistem senapang anti-pesawat yang berkaliber lebih kecil disediakan untuk pasukan gabungan Jerman Wehrmacht, dan di antaranya sistem senjata antikircraft Flakvierling yang berkembar 20 mm-senjata antikircraft adalah salah satu senjata paling sering dilihat, melihat perkhidmatan pada kedua-dua tanah dan laut. Sistem senjata pertahanan udara yang bersekutu yang lebih kecil di Amerika juga mempunyai kemampuan, walaupun mereka mendapat sedikit perhatian. Keperluan mereka boleh dipenuhi dengan alat berkaliber yang lebih kecil di luar menggunakan pistol mesin berkaliber M2 .50 yang biasa dipasang di atas turret tangki, kerana empat senjata berat \"Gun heavy\" (M2HB) digunakan di Amerika bersama Sistem senjata M45 Quadmount firma Maxson (sebagai jawapan langsung kepada Flakvierling), yang sering dipasang di belakang trek separuh untuk membentuk Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Pesawat. Walaupun kuasa kurang daripada sistem 20 mm Jerman, bateri khas 4 atau 5 tempur batalion AAA Tentera sering menyebarkan banyak kilometer selain antara satu sama lain, dengan cepat melampirkan dan melenyapkan ke unit pertempuran darat yang lebih besar untuk memberikan pertahanan selamat datang dari pesawat musuh. <> Apakah salah satu senjata paling sering dilihat yang digunakan di darat dan laut? || 1940-asal Flakvierling sistem persenjataan 20 mm-gun sistem senjata antiaircraft <> Sistem persenjataan apa yang digunakan oleh tentera Amerika tetapi mendapat perhatian semata-mata? || Sistem senjata pertahanan udara bersekutu yang lebih kecil <<Berapa banyak senjata M2HB dipasang bersama pada sistem senjata M45 Quadmount? || empat <> Sistem ini adalah jawapan langsung kepada apa? || the Flakvierling <> bateri tempur batalion AAA Tentera sering menyebar sejauh mana antara satu sama lain? || banyak kilometer", {"qas": [{"question": "What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?", "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8dd", "answers": [{"text": "1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?", "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8de", "answers": [{"text": "Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?", "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8df", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This system was a direct answer to what?", "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8e0", "answers": [{"text": "the Flakvierling", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?", "id": "570d6cecb3d812140066d8e1", "answers": [{"text": "many kilometers", "answer_start": 994}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable, although they receive little attention. Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank's turret, as four of the ground-used \"heavy barrel\" (M2HB) guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm's M45 Quadmount weapons system (as a direct answer to the Flakvierling),which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Aircraft. Although of less power than Germany's 20 mm systems, the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other, rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, masalah tetapan pesongan - 'matlamat' - diperlukan mengetahui kadar perubahan dalam kedudukan sasaran. Kedua-dua Perancis dan UK memperkenalkan alat tachymetric untuk mengesan sasaran dan menghasilkan sudut pesongan menegak dan mendatar. Sistem Brocq Perancis adalah elektrik, pengendali memasuki julat sasaran dan memaparkan pada senjata; ia digunakan dengan 75mm mereka. Pengarah British Wilson-Dalby menggunakan sepasang pelacak dan tachymetry mekanikal; pengendali memasuki panjang fius, dan sudut pesongan dibaca dari instrumen. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh alat tachymetric? || menjejaki sasaran dan menghasilkan sudut pesongan menegak dan mendatar <> Sistem mana yang mempunyai pengesanan elektrik? || Brocq Perancis <> Pistol apa yang digunakan oleh sistem Perancis Brocq? || 75 mm <> Sistem mana yang digunakan sepasang pelacak? || Pengarah pistol British Wilson-Dalby <> Persekitaran pensel juga dipanggil apa? || matlamat", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the tachymetric devices do?", "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46231", "answers": [{"text": "track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which system had electrical tracking?", "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46232", "answers": [{"text": "French Brocq", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gun was the French Brocq system used with?", "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46233", "answers": [{"text": "75 mm", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which system used a pair of trackers?", "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46234", "answers": [{"text": "British Wilson-Dalby gun director", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Deflection settings were also called what?", "id": "570d9275fed7b91900d46235", "answers": [{"text": "aim-off", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, the problem of deflection settings \u2014 'aim-off' \u2014 required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments."}], ["Perjanjian Versailles menghalang Jerman memiliki senjata AA, dan sebagai contoh, pereka Krupps menyertai Bofors di Sweden. Beberapa senjata Perang Dunia I telah dikekalkan dan latihan AA rahsia bermula pada akhir 1920-an. Jerman memperkenalkan 8.8 cm FlaK 18 pada tahun 1933, 36 dan 37 model yang diikuti dengan pelbagai peningkatan tetapi prestasi balistik tidak berubah. Pada akhir 1930-an, 10.5 cm FlaK 38 muncul tidak lama kemudian diikuti oleh 39, ini direka terutamanya untuk tapak statik tetapi mempunyai pemasangan mudah alih dan unit mempunyai 220v 24 kW penjana. Reka bentuk pada tahun 1938 bermula pada FlaK 12.8 cm. <> Perjanjian apa yang sepatutnya menghentikan Jerman daripada memiliki senjata antiaircraft? || Perjanjian Versailles <> Bilakah latihan antiaircraft bersembunyi bermula di Jerman? || di akhir 1920-an <> Bilakah 10.5 sentimeter FlaK 38 muncul di Jerman? || Pada akhir 1930-an <> Kapan reka bentuk bermula untuk Flask 12.8 sentimeter? || 1938 <> Apa itu FlaK 39? || 220v 24 kW penjana", {"qas": [{"question": "What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?", "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da47", "answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Versailles", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?", "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da48", "answers": [{"text": "in the late 1920s", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?", "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da49", "answers": [{"text": "In the late 1930s", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?", "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da4a", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FlaK 39 have?", "id": "570d9187b3d812140066da4b", "answers": [{"text": "220v 24 kW generators", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but ballistic performance was unchanged. In the late 1930s the 10.5 cm FlaK 38 appeared soon followed by the 39, this was designed primarily for static sites but had a mobile mounting and the unit had 220v 24 kW generators. In 1938 design started on the 12.8 cm FlaK."}], ["Sehingga senapang 1950-an yang melancarkan amaran balistik adalah senjata standard; rudal berpandu kemudian menjadi dominan, kecuali pada jarak yang paling pendek. Walau bagaimanapun, jenis shell atau warhead dan fuzingnya dan, dengan peluru berpandu susunan panduan, telah dan diubah. Sasaran tidak selalunya mudah dimusnahkan; Walau bagaimanapun, pesawat yang rosak mungkin dipaksa untuk membatalkan misi mereka dan, walaupun mereka berjaya kembali dan mendarat di kawasan yang mesra, mungkin tidak dapat dilakukan selama beberapa hari atau secara kekal. Mengabaikan senjata kecil dan senapang mesin yang lebih kecil, senjata pertahanan udara yang berasaskan tanah bervariasi berkaliber dari 20 mm ke sekurang-kurangnya 150 mm. <> Apa senjata standard hingga tahun 1950-an? || senjata api menembak amaran balistik <> Selepas senjata api menembak amaran balistik hilang rayuan mereka, apa senjata yang mengambil tempat mereka? || peluru berpandu berpandu <> Antara yang tidak menggunakan peluru berpandu? || julat yang paling pendek <> Pesawat yang rosak boleh beralih dari hari ke hari atau apa? || secara kekal <> Apakah senjata pertahanan udara yang berasaskan tanah berkaliber terbesar? || sekurang-kurangnya 150 mm", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?", "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461f9", "answers": [{"text": "guns firing ballistic munitions", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?", "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fa", "answers": [{"text": "guided missiles", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which range did not use guided missiles?", "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fb", "answers": [{"text": "the very shortest ranges", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?", "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fc", "answers": [{"text": "permanently", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?", "id": "570d8943fed7b91900d461fd", "answers": [{"text": "at least 150 mm", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm."}], ["British mengendalikan pengukuran pelbagai terlebih dahulu, apabila ia menyedari bahawa pelbagai adalah kunci untuk menghasilkan tetapan sekering yang lebih baik. Ini membawa kepada Ketinggian / Range Finder (HRF), model pertama ialah Barr & Stroud UB2, sebuah rangefinder serasi optik 2 meter dipasang pada tripod. Ia mengukur jarak ke sasaran dan sudut ketinggian, yang bersama-sama memberi ketinggian pesawat. Ini adalah instrumen yang kompleks dan pelbagai kaedah lain juga digunakan. HRF tidak lama lagi disertai oleh Petunjuk Ketinggian / Fuse (HFI), ini ditandai dengan sudut ketinggian dan garis ketinggian yang dilapisi dengan lengkung panjang fius, dengan menggunakan ketinggian yang dilaporkan oleh pengendali HRF, panjang fius yang diperlukan dapat dibaca. <> Apa yang membantu dengan tetapan sekering yang lebih baik? || pengukuran pelbagai <> Apakah model pertama HRF (Pencari Tinggi Ketinggian) yang digunakan oleh orang Inggeris? || Barr & Stroud UB2 <> HRF diukur jarak sasaran dan apa lagi? || sudut ketinggian <> Apakah HRF digunakan untuk menetapkan fius? || Petunjuk Ketinggian / Petunjuk (HFI) <> Panjang fius boleh ditetapkan menggunakan ketinggian yang dilaporkan oleh siapa? || Pengendali HRF", {"qas": [{"question": "What helped with better fuse setting?", "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da29", "answers": [{"text": "range measurement", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?", "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2a", "answers": [{"text": "Barr & Stroud UB2", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The HRF measured target distance and what else?", "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2b", "answers": [{"text": "elevation angle", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the HRF used with to set fuses?", "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2c", "answers": [{"text": "Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?", "id": "570d8d82b3d812140066da2d", "answers": [{"text": "HRF operator", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and the elevation angle, which together gave the height of the aircraft. These were complex instruments and various other methods were also used. The HRF was soon joined by the Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI), this was marked with elevation angles and height lines overlaid with fuse length curves, using the height reported by the HRF operator, the necessary fuse length could be read off."}], ["Bom tangan yang boleh digerakkan oleh roket boleh dan sering digunakan untuk melepaskan helikopter (contohnya, oleh militia Somalia semasa Pertempuran Mogadishu (1993)). Menembak RPG pada sudut curam menimbulkan bahaya kepada pengguna, kerana backblast dari menembak mencerminkan dari tanah. Di Somalia, ahli-ahli militia kadangkala dikimpal dengan plat keluli di hujung tiub RPG untuk memesongkan tekanan dari penembak apabila menembak di helikopter AS. RPG digunakan dalam peranan ini hanya apabila senjata yang lebih berkesan tidak tersedia. <> Apa jenis senjata yang boleh digunakan untuk melepaskan helikopter? || Bom tangan roket <> Apabila RPG dipecat pada sudut yang curam, siapa yang berada dalam bahaya? || pengguna <> RPG yang dipecat pada sudut yang curam mempunyai apa yang mencerminkan tanah? || backblast <> Apa beberapa anggota militia di Somalia mengasah di ekzos tiub RPG untuk melindungi penembak? || plat keluli <> Apakah ahli-ahli milisi Somalia menembak RPG di? || Helikopter AS", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?", "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d46177", "answers": [{"text": "Rocket-propelled grenades", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?", "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d46178", "answers": [{"text": "the user", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?", "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d46179", "answers": [{"text": "the backblast", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?", "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d4617a", "answers": [{"text": "a steel plate", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?", "id": "570d77d0fed7b91900d4617b", "answers": [{"text": "US helicopters", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rocket-propelled grenades can be\u2014and often are\u2014used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available."}], ["British mengguna pakai \"siling berkesan\", yang bermaksud ketinggian di mana senapang dapat menyampaikan serangkaian peluru terhadap sasaran bergerak; ini boleh dikekang oleh masa maksimum fius dan juga kemampuan senjata. Menjelang akhir tahun 1930-an definisi British adalah \"ketinggian di mana sasaran yang hampir mendekati 400 mph (= 643.6 km / j) boleh dilakukan selama 20 saat sebelum senapang mencapai 70 darjah ketinggian\". Walau bagaimanapun, siling berkesan untuk senjata api berat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor yang tidak ballistik: <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan ketinggian untuk meriam untuk menembak peluru terhadap sasaran yang bergerak? || \"siling berkesan\" <> Siapa yang mengguna pakai istilah ini, siling berkesan? || The British <> Bersama dengan faktor-faktor lain, berapa lama sasaran harus dilibatkan untuk mempunyai siling yang berkesan? || selama 20 saat <> Apa yang mempengaruhi siling berkesan untuk senjata api berat AA? || faktor bukan balistik", {"qas": [{"question": "What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?", "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e1", "answers": [{"text": "\"effective ceiling\"", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?", "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e2", "answers": [{"text": "The British", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?", "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e3", "answers": [{"text": "for 20 seconds", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?", "id": "570d8477fed7b91900d461e4", "answers": [{"text": "non-ballistic factors", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The British adopted \"effective ceiling\", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was \"that height at which a directly approaching target at 400 mph (=643.6 km/h) can be engaged for 20 seconds before the gun reaches 70 degrees elevation\". However, effective ceiling for heavy AA guns was affected by non-ballistic factors:"}], ["Semua pasukan tidak lama lagi mengerahkan senjata api AA secara kerap berdasarkan kepingan lapangan mereka yang lebih kecil, terutamanya 75 mm Perancis dan 76.2 mm Rusia, biasanya hanya disandarkan pada beberapa jenis tambak untuk mendapatkan muncung yang menunjuk ke langit. Tentera British mengguna pakai 13 pukulan dengan cepat menghasilkan pemasangan baru yang sesuai untuk kegunaan AA, 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III dikeluarkan pada tahun 1915. Ia tetap berkhidmat sepanjang perang tetapi pistol 18-pdr telah dibarisi untuk mengambil 13 -pdr shell dengan kartrij yang lebih besar yang menghasilkan 13-pr QF 9 cwt dan ini terbukti lebih memuaskan. Walau bagaimanapun, secara umumnya, penyelesaian ad-hoc ini terbukti tidak berguna. Dengan sedikit pengalaman dalam peranan, tidak ada cara untuk mengukur sasaran, julat, ketinggian atau mempercepatkan kesulitan mengamati pecutan shell mereka berbanding dengan sasaran penembak terbukti terbukti tidak dapat menetapkan tetapan fius mereka dan kebanyakan pusingan pecah jauh di bawah sasaran mereka. Pengecualian kepada peraturan ini adalah senjata yang melindungi belon yang menonjol, yang mana ketinggian dapat diukur dengan tepat dari panjang kabel yang memegang belon itu. <> Apa dua senjata disandarkan di atas bukit untuk mendapatkan teka-teki yang ditunjukkan? || Perancis 75 mm dan Rusia 76.2 mm <> Apakah senjata anti pesawat yang digunakan oleh Tentera British mula digunakan? || 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III <> Apakah saiz senjata bersambung untuk mengambil 13 cangkerang? || 18-pdr gun <> Apa yang sukar untuk diset pada senapang baru? || dapatkan tetapan fius mereka betul <> Di manakah kebanyakan tembakan pada pesawat biasanya meletup? || jauh di bawah sasaran mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?", "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da33", "answers": [{"text": "French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?", "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da34", "answers": [{"text": "13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?", "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da35", "answers": [{"text": "18-pdr guns", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?", "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da36", "answers": [{"text": "get their fuse setting correct", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?", "id": "570d8ff5b3d812140066da37", "answers": [{"text": "well below their targets", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III was issued in 1915. It remained in service throughout the war but 18-pdr guns were lined down to take the 13-pdr shell with a larger cartridge producing the 13-pr QF 9 cwt and these proved much more satisfactory. However, in general, these ad-hoc solutions proved largely useless. With little experience in the role, no means of measuring target, range, height or speed the difficulty of observing their shell bursts relative to the target gunners proved unable to get their fuse setting correct and most rounds burst well below their targets. The exception to this rule was the guns protecting spotting balloons, in which case the altitude could be accurately measured from the length of the cable holding the balloon."}], ["Pihak British mengiktiraf keperluan untuk keupayaan anti pesawat beberapa minggu sebelum Perang Dunia I tercetus; pada 8 Julai 1914, New York Times melaporkan bahawa kerajaan British telah membuat keputusan untuk 'mengusung pantai Kepulauan British dengan satu siri menara, masing-masing bersenjata dengan dua senjata api dengan reka bentuk khas,' sementara 'bulatan lengkap menara 'akan dibina di sekitar' pemasangan tentera laut 'dan' di tempat lain yang mudah terjejas. ' Menjelang Disember 1914 Rizab Sukarelawan Angkatan Laut Diraja (RNVR) adalah senjata api AA dan lampu carian berkumpul dari pelbagai sumber di sembilan pelabuhan. Artileri Garrison Diraja (RGA) telah diberikan tanggungjawab untuk pertahanan AA di lapangan, menggunakan bahagian dua senapang bermotor. Yang pertama dibentuk secara rasmi pada bulan November 1914. Pada mulanya mereka menggunakan QF 1-poner \"pom-pom\" (versi 37 mm dari Maxim Gun). <> Bilakah Inggeris melihat keperluan untuk menambah keupayaan anti pesawat? || 8 Julai 1914 <> Di mana laporan Times New York mengatakan menara dengan senjata harus pergi? || pantai di Kepulauan British <> Apa yang dibina di sekitar pemasangan tentera laut? || bulatan menara yang lengkap <> Siapa yang mengendalikan senapang AA dan lampu sorot? || Rizab Sukarelawan Naval Diraja (RNVR) <> Siapa yang menggunakan seksyen dua senapang bermotor? || Artileri Garrison Diraja (RGA)", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?", "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da15", "answers": [{"text": "8 July 1914", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?", "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da16", "answers": [{"text": "the coasts of the British Isles", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was built around naval installations?", "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da17", "answers": [{"text": "complete circle of towers", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who manned AA guns and searchlights?", "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da18", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used motorised two-gun sections?", "id": "570d8b5bb3d812140066da19", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a complete circle of towers' was to be built around 'naval installations' and 'at other especially vulnerable points.' By December 1914 the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) was manning AA guns and searchlights assembled from various sources at some nine ports. The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) was given responsibility for AA defence in the field, using motorised two-gun sections. The first were formally formed in November 1914. Initially they used QF 1-pounder \"pom-pom\" (a 37 mm version of the Maxim Gun)."}], ["Menjelang belon awal abad ke-20, atau kapal udara, senjata api, untuk kegunaan darat dan laut telah menarik perhatian. Pelbagai jenis peluru dicadangkan, bahan peledak yang tinggi, pembakar, rantai peluru, peluru rod dan peluru berputar. Keperluan untuk beberapa bentuk jejak pengesan atau asap telah diartikulasikan. Pilihan Fuzing juga diperiksa, kedua-dua kesan dan jenis masa. Pemasangan biasanya jenis kekaki, tetapi boleh di atas padang. Rancangan sedang dijalankan di kebanyakan negara di Eropah tetapi hanya Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, dan Schneider telah menerbitkan apa-apa maklumat pada tahun 1910. Reka bentuk Krupp termasuk penyesuaian 65 mm 9-pounder mereka, 75 mm 12-pemikat, dan juga 105 mm senjata api. Erhardt juga mempunyai 12 pukulan, manakala Vickers Maxim menawarkan 3-pukulan dan Schneider 47 mm. Pistol belon Perancis muncul pada tahun 1910, ia adalah 11-pounder tetapi dipasang pada sebuah kenderaan, dengan berat total 2 ton. Bagaimanapun, sejak belon bergerak lambat, pemandangannya mudah. Namun, cabaran-cabaran pesawat terbang yang lebih cepat diiktiraf. <> Senjata jenis apa yang mula menarik perhatian? || belon, atau kapal udara, senjata <> Selain cadangan amunisi, apa keperluan lain yang dinyatakan? || Keperluan untuk beberapa bentuk jejak atau jejak asap <> Kesan dan jenis masa apa yang dianalisis? || Pilihan Fuzing <> Sehingga tahun 1910, yang telah menerbitkan maklumat tersedia untuk reka bentuk senjata api? || Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, dan Schneider <> Apa gunanya membuat kejadian pada 1910? || Pistol belon Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of guns started attracting attention?", "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620b", "answers": [{"text": "balloon, or airship, guns", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?", "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620c", "answers": [{"text": "The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The impact and time types of what were analyzed?", "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620d", "answers": [{"text": "Fuzing options", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?", "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620e", "answers": [{"text": "Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gun made the scene in 1910?", "id": "570d8eabfed7b91900d4620f", "answers": [{"text": "French balloon gun", "answer_start": 762}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both impact and time types. Mountings were generally pedestal type, but could be on field platforms. Trials were underway in most countries in Europe but only Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider had published any information by 1910. Krupp's designs included adaptations of their 65 mm 9-pounder, a 75 mm 12-pounder, and even a 105 mm gun. Erhardt also had a 12-pounder, while Vickers Maxim offered a 3-pounder and Schneider a 47 mm. The French balloon gun appeared in 1910, it was an 11-pounder but mounted on a vehicle, with a total uncrewed weight of 2 tons. However, since balloons were slow moving, sights were simple. But the challenges of faster moving airplanes were recognised."}], ["Di Britain dan beberapa pasukan lain, cawangan artileri tunggal telah bertanggungjawab untuk pertahanan udara berasaskan tanah dan luar negara, walaupun terdapat tanggungjawab yang sama dengan Angkatan Laut Diraja untuk pertahanan udara Kepulauan British dalam Perang Dunia I. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa Perang Dunia Kedua Rejimen RAF dibentuk untuk melindungi lapangan terbang di mana-mana, dan ini termasuk pertahanan udara ringan. Dalam dekad yang lalu dalam Perang Dingin ini termasuk pangkalan operasi Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat di UK. Walau bagaimanapun, semua pertahanan udara berasaskan tanah telah dialih keluar daripada bidang kuasa Angkatan Udara Diraja (RAF) pada tahun 2004. Perintah Anti-Pesawat Angkatan Tentera British telah dibubarkan pada bulan Mac 1955, tetapi pada 1960-an dan 1970-an Komando Perisai RAF mengendalikan jarak jauh - peluru berpandu pertahanan untuk melindungi kawasan utama di UK. Semasa Perang Dunia II, Marin Diraja juga menyediakan unit pertahanan udara; secara rasmi merupakan bahagian pertahanan pangkalan tentera laut pertahanan, mereka ditangani sebagai bahagian integral dari pertahanan udara yang berasaskan tentera. <> Siapa yang menyediakan sebahagian pertahanan udara Kepulauan British di WWI || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Siapa yang melindungi lapangan terbang di WWII? || Rejimen RAF <> Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat membantu melindungi UK semasa 'peperangan'? || Perang Dingin <> Berapa tahun pertahanan udara berasaskan darat yang diambil dari RAF? || 2004 <> Apa yang dibubarkan pada tahun 1955? || Perintah Anti-Pesawat Tentera Darat British", {"qas": [{"question": "Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI", "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da1f", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who protected airfields in WWII?", "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da20", "answers": [{"text": "RAF Regiment", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?", "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da21", "answers": [{"text": "Cold War", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?", "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da22", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was disbanded in 1955?", "id": "570d8c74b3d812140066da23", "answers": [{"text": "British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences."}], ["Walaupun senjata api yang digunakan oleh infantri, terutamanya senjata mesin, boleh digunakan untuk melibatkan sasaran udara ketinggian rendah, kadang kala dengan kejayaan yang ketara, keberkesanannya biasanya terhad dan kilauan muncung mengungkap kedudukan infantri. Kelajuan dan ketinggian pesawat jet moden menghadkan peluang sasaran, dan sistem kritikal boleh berperisai dalam pesawat yang direka untuk peranan serangan darat. Adaptasi autokannon piawai, yang pada asalnya digunakan untuk penggunaan udara ke tanah, dan sistem artileri yang lebih berat biasanya digunakan untuk kebanyakan senapang anti-pesawat, bermula dengan kepingan standard pada pemasangan baru, dan berkembang menjadi senapang yang direka khas dengan prestasi yang lebih tinggi sebelum Perang Dunia II. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh siasatan senjata api yang digunakan oleh infantri itu? || kedudukan infantri <> Bersama dengan kelajuan jet moden, apa lagi yang membatasi peluang sasaran? || altitud <> Sistem artileri yang lebih berat biasanya digunakan untuk apa? || gunnery yang paling anti-pesawat", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?", "id": "570d9b3e16d0071400510bd3", "answers": [{"text": "infantry positions", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?", "id": "570d9b3e16d0071400510bd4", "answers": [{"text": "altitude", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?", "id": "570d9b3e16d0071400510bd5", "answers": [{"text": "most anti-aircraft gunnery", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II."}], ["Penyelesaiannya ialah automasi, dalam bentuk komputer mekanikal, Predictor Kerrison. Pengendali terus menunjuk pada sasaran, dan Predictor kemudian mengira titik matlamat yang betul secara automatik dan dipaparkan sebagai penunjuk dipasang pada pistol. Pengendali senjata hanya mengikut penunjuk dan memuatkan kerang. The Kerrison adalah agak mudah, tetapi ia menunjukkan cara untuk generasi akan datang yang memasukkan radar, pertama untuk berkisar dan kemudian untuk menjejaki. Sistem peramal yang sama telah diperkenalkan oleh Jerman semasa perang, juga menambah radar sejak peperangan berkembang. <> Apakah nama komputer mekanikal yang menggunakan automasi? || Predictor Kerrison <> Apa yang dikira oleh Predictor selepas ia ditunjuk pada sasaran? || titik matlamat yang sepatutnya secara automatik <> Bagaimanakah Predictor memaparkan maklumat yang diperlukan? || sebagai penunjuk dipasang pada pistol <> Apa dua perkara yang perlu dilakukan oleh pengendali senjata? || mengikuti penuding dan memuatkan kerang <> Apa negara lain yang merancang sistem serupa dengan Predictor? || Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?", "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed00e", "answers": [{"text": "the Kerrison Predictor", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?", "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed00f", "answers": [{"text": "the proper aim point automatically", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Predictor display the information needed?", "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed010", "answers": [{"text": "as a pointer mounted on the gun", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?", "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed011", "answers": [{"text": "followed the pointer and loaded the shells", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?", "id": "570d9a31df2f5219002ed012", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed."}], ["Percubaan perkhidmatan membuktikan masalah lain bagaimanapun: yang menjangkau dan menjejaki sasaran kelajuan tinggi baru adalah hampir mustahil. Pada jarak pendek, kawasan sasaran yang jelas agak besar, trajektori itu adalah rata dan masa penerbangan adalah pendek, membolehkan untuk membetulkan plumbum dengan menonton tracers. Pada jarak jauh, pesawat masih berada dalam jarak penembakan untuk jangka masa yang panjang, jadi pengiraan yang diperlukan secara teori boleh dilakukan oleh peraturan slaid - walaupun, kerana ralat kecil di jarak menyebabkan kesilapan yang besar dalam ketinggian jatuh shell dan masa peledakan, jarak tepat adalah sangat penting . Untuk julat dan kelajuan yang dijalankan oleh Bofors, jawapan tidak cukup baik. <> Apa yang ditunjukkan secara praktikal tidak mungkin semasa ujian perkhidmatan? || antara dan menjejaki sasaran berkelajuan tinggi baru <> Kawasan sasaran agak besar pada apa julatnya? || jarak pendek <> Bagaimana sasaran sasaran ditonton pada jarak pendek? || dengan memerhatikan pengayun <> Dalam jangka panjang apa, secara teori, boleh digunakan untuk menetapkan pengiraan yang berkisar? || peraturan slaid <> Apakah kesilapan kecil yang menyebabkan kesilapan besar dalam ketinggian shell jatuh dan masa sehingga meletup? || kesilapan kecil dalam jarak", {"qas": [{"question": "What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?", "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b91", "answers": [{"text": "ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Target area is relatively large at what range?", "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b92", "answers": [{"text": "short range", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was target lead watched at short range?", "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b93", "answers": [{"text": "by watching the tracers", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?", "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b94", "answers": [{"text": "slide rules", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?", "id": "570d972b16d0071400510b95", "answers": [{"text": "small errors in distance", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough."}], ["Orang Jerman membangunkan blok rumah konkrit bertetulang besar, lebih daripada enam tingkat tinggi, yang dikenali sebagai menara flak-vert Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\" atau \"Flakt\u00fcrme\", di mana mereka meletakkan artileri anti pesawat. Mereka di bandar-bandar yang diserang oleh kekuatan tanah Bersekutu menjadi kubu. Beberapa di Berlin adalah beberapa bangunan terakhir yang jatuh ke Soviet semasa Pertempuran Berlin pada tahun 1945. Bangunan-bangunan British yang dibina seperti Maunsell Forts di Laut Utara, Muara Thames dan kawasan-kawasan pasang surut yang mana mereka berasaskan senjata. Selepas perang yang paling banyak ditinggalkan untuk reput. Ada yang berada di luar perairan wilayah, dan mempunyai kehidupan kedua pada tahun 1960-an sebagai platform untuk stesen radio lanun. <> Apakah blok rumah besar yang dipanggil orang Jerman? || Hochbunker \"Bunker Tinggi\" <> Nama lain untuk Bunker Tinggi adalah apa? || \"Flakt\u00fcrme\" menara flak <> Apa yang ditempatkan di rumah blok oleh orang Jerman? || artileri anti-pesawat <> Apa bandar yang mempunyai beberapa bangunan terakhir jatuh pada tahun 1945? || Berlin <> Struktur apa yang dibina oleh British di Laut Utara? || Maunsell Forts", {"qas": [{"question": "What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?", "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed004", "answers": [{"text": "Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\"", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Another name for the High Bunkers was what?", "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed005", "answers": [{"text": "\"Flakt\u00fcrme\" flak towers", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?", "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed006", "answers": [{"text": "anti-aircraft artillery", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?", "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed007", "answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What structure did the British build in the North Sea?", "id": "570d98dddf2f5219002ed008", "answers": [{"text": "Maunsell Forts", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\" or \"Flakt\u00fcrme\" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations."}], ["Britain berjaya menguji senjata HAA baru, 3.6 inci, pada tahun 1918. Pada tahun 1928 3.7 inci menjadi penyelesaian pilihan, tetapi ia mengambil masa 6 tahun untuk mendapatkan pembiayaan. Pengeluaran QF 3.7 inci (94 mm) bermula pada tahun 1937; pistol ini digunakan kedua-dua kereta bergerak dengan tentera lapangan dan senjata yang boleh diangkut pada pemasangan tetap untuk kedudukan statik. Pada masa yang sama Angkatan Laut Diraja mengguna pakai senapang 4.5 inci (114 mm) baru dalam kubah berkembar, yang digunakan angkatan tentera dalam pelepasan senapang tunggal mudah untuk kedudukan statik, kebanyakannya di sekitar pelabuhan di mana amunisi laut telah disediakan. Bagaimanapun prestasi kedua-dua 3,7 dan 4.5 dalam senjata dibatasi oleh fius standard No 199, dengan waktu berjalan 30 detik, walaupun sekuat tenaga mekanik baru yang memberikan 43 detik sudah dekat kesiapan. Pada tahun 1939, Mesin Setet Mesin telah diperkenalkan untuk menghilangkan tetapan fius manual. <> Bilakah ujian berjaya senjata HAA 3.6 inci? || 1918 <> Bilakah senapang HAA 3,7 inci lebih disukai? || 1928 <> Pistol apa yang digunakan oleh Tentera Laut Diraja? || Pistol 4.5-inci (114 mm) dalam turet berkembar <> Berapa lama masa berlalu melakukan nombor 199 fius? || Masa berjalan 30 saat <> Apa yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1939? || Mesin Fuse Setter", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?", "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da83", "answers": [{"text": "1918", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?", "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da84", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gun did the Royal Navy start using?", "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da85", "answers": [{"text": "4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?", "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da86", "answers": [{"text": "30-second running time", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was introduced in 1939?", "id": "570d95f0b3d812140066da87", "answers": [{"text": "Machine Fuse Setter", "answer_start": 767}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting."}], ["Pengenalan peluru berpandu berpandu mengakibatkan peralihan yang ketara dalam strategi anti pesawat. Walaupun Jerman terdesak untuk memperkenalkan sistem peluru berpandu anti-pesawat, tiada yang beroperasi semasa Perang Dunia II. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas beberapa tahun pembangunan pasca perang, sistem ini mula matang menjadi sistem senjata yang berdaya maju. AS memulakan peningkatan pertahanan mereka menggunakan peluru berpandu Nike Ajax, dan tidak lama lagi senjata anti-pesawat yang lebih besar menghilang. Hal yang sama berlaku di USSR selepas pengenalan sistem Garis Panduan SA-2 mereka. <> Senjata mana yang menyebabkan perubahan utama dalam strategi anti pesawat? || Peluru berpandu berpandu <> Syarikat mana yang ingin memperkenalkan sistem peluru berpandu semasa Perang Dunia kedua tetapi tidak berjaya? || Jerman <> Apakah peluru berpandu Amerika Syarikat menaikkan pertahanan mereka? || peluru berpandu Nike Ajax <> Pengenalan peluru berpandu Nike Ajax menyebabkan apa yang hilang? || senjata anti pesawat yang lebih besar <> Pengenalan apa yang menyebabkan senjata anti pesawat yang lebih besar hilang di USSR? || Sistem garis panduan SA-2", {"qas": [{"question": "Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?", "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed036", "answers": [{"text": "guided missile", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?", "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed037", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?", "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed038", "answers": [{"text": "the Nike Ajax missile", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?", "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed039", "answers": [{"text": "the larger anti-aircraft guns", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?", "id": "570d9ca3df2f5219002ed03a", "answers": [{"text": "SA-2 Guideline systems", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems."}], ["Beberapa negara memulakan penyelidikan roket sebelum Perang Dunia II, termasuk penggunaan anti pesawat. Kajian lanjut bermula semasa perang. Langkah pertama adalah sistem peluru berpandu seperti British 2-inch RP dan 3-inci, yang dipecat dalam jumlah besar dari bateri Z, dan juga dipasang pada kapal perang. Penembakan salah satu alat ini semasa serangan udara disyaki telah menyebabkan bencana alam Bethnal Green pada tahun 1943. Menghadapi ancaman serangan Kamikaze Jepun terhadap roket permukaan-ke-udara British dan Amerika Syarikat seperti British Stooge atau Lark Amerika sebagai kaunter langkah-langkah, tetapi tidak ada yang siap pada akhir perang. Penyelidikan peluru berpandu Jerman adalah yang paling maju dalam perang kerana Jerman meletakkan usaha yang besar dalam penyelidikan dan pembangunan sistem roket untuk semua tujuan. Antaranya ialah beberapa sistem berpandu dan tidak dibimbing. Sistem yang diketuai melibatkan Fliegerfaust (secara literal \"penumbuk pesawat\") sebagai MANPADS pertama. Sistem berpandu adalah roket berpandu radio, wayar, atau radar yang canggih seperti roket Wasserfall (\"air terjun\"). Kerana situasi peperangan yang teruk untuk Jerman semua sistem itu hanya dihasilkan dalam bilangan kecil dan kebanyakannya hanya digunakan oleh unit latihan atau percubaan. <> Roket penyelidikan bermula sebelum perang di beberapa negara? || Perang Dunia II <> Sistem peluru berpandu apa yang digunakan untuk kapal perang? || The British 2-inch RP and 3-inch <> Bilakah bencana Hijau Bethnal berlaku? || 1943 <> Apakah rakan sejawatan tentera AS kepada British Stooge untuk menentang serangan oleh Kamikaze? || American Lark <> Kajian mana negara di hadapan semua negara lain untuk peluru berpandu? || Penyelidikan peluru berpandu Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?", "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed022", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?", "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed023", "answers": [{"text": "the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?", "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed024", "answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?", "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed025", "answers": [{"text": "American Lark", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?", "id": "570d9bebdf2f5219002ed026", "answers": [{"text": "Germans missile research", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally \"aircraft fist\") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall (\"waterfall\") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units."}], ["Perkembangan semasa Perang Dunia II berterusan untuk masa yang singkat ke dalam tempoh pasca perang. Khususnya Tentera A.S. menubuhkan rangkaian pertahanan udara yang besar di sekitar bandar-bandar besarnya berdasarkan senjata 90 mm dan 120 mm yang dibimbing oleh radar. Usaha AS terus ke tahun 1950-an dengan sistem Skysweeper 75 mm, sistem yang hampir sepenuhnya automatik termasuk radar, komputer, kuasa, dan pistol auto-loading pada satu platform berkuasa tunggal. Skysweeper menggantikan semua senjata yang lebih kecil kemudian digunakan dalam Angkatan Tentera, terutamanya Bofors 40 mm. Di Eropah, Pertubuhan Sekutu NATO mengembangkan sistem pertahanan udara bersepadu, NATO Air Ground Ground Environment Defense (NADGE), yang kemudiannya menjadi Sistem Pertahanan Udara Bersepadu NATO. <> Tentera mana yang menubuhkan rangkaian pertahanan udara yang besar di sekitar bandar besarnya? || Tentera A.S. <> Sistem AS apa yang dicipta pada tahun 1950-an yang termasuk radar dan komputer? || Sistem Skysweeper 75 mm <> Skysweeper menggantikan senjata kecil yang digunakan oleh Tentera, termasuk yang mana? || Bofors 40 mm <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh NADGE? || Pertahanan Udara NATO Environment Environment <> Apa yang menjadi NADGE? || Sistem Pertahanan Udara Bersepadu NATO", {"qas": [{"question": "Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?", "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bbf", "answers": [{"text": "the U.S. Army", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?", "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc0", "answers": [{"text": "the 75 mm Skysweeper system", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?", "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc1", "answers": [{"text": "the 40 mm Bofors", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NADGE stand for?", "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc2", "answers": [{"text": "NATO Air Defence Ground Environment", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did NADGE become?", "id": "570d999c16d0071400510bc3", "answers": [{"text": "the NATO Integrated Air Defence System", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System."}], ["Pertahanan AA Poland tidak sepadan dengan serangan Jerman dan situasi serupa di negara-negara Eropah yang lain. Peperangan AA yang penting bermula dengan Battle of Britain pada musim panas tahun 1940. HAA 3.7-inci memberikan tulang belakang pertahanan AA di bawah tanah, walaupun pada mulanya angka yang signifikan 3-inci 20-cwt juga digunakan. Perintah Anti-pesawat Angkatan Darat, yang berada di bawah perintah organisasi Pertahanan Udara Belanda, berkembang menjadi 12 bahagian AA dalam 3 korps AA. Bofors 40-mm memasuki perkhidmatan dalam jumlah yang semakin meningkat. Di samping itu, rejimen RAF ditubuhkan pada tahun 1941 dengan tanggungjawab untuk pertahanan udara lapangan terbang, akhirnya dengan Bofors 40mm sebagai persenjataan utama mereka. Pertahanan AA yang tetap, menggunakan HAA dan LAA, ditubuhkan oleh Angkatan Darat di tempat-tempat utama di luar negara, terutamanya Malta, Suez Canal dan Singapura. <> Poland dan negara-negara Eropah lain tidak dapat mempertahankan apa? || Serangan Jerman <> Peperangan apa yang menandakan permulaan perang antiaircraft yang penting? || Pertempuran Britain <> Apa yang di bawah komando pertahanan Air Defense UK? || Perintah Anti-pesawat Angkatan Darat <> Pertahanan Udara UK berkembang dengan berapa banyak korps antiaircraft? || 3 <> Apa yang telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1941 untuk melindungi lapangan terbang? || Rejimen RAF", {"qas": [{"question": "Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?", "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da69", "answers": [{"text": "German attack", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?", "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6a", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Britain", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?", "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6b", "answers": [{"text": "Army's Anti-aircraft command", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?", "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6c", "answers": [{"text": "3", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?", "id": "570d94dfb3d812140066da6d", "answers": [{"text": "RAF regiment", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore."}], ["Rheinmetall di Jerman membangunkan 20 mm automatik pada tahun 1920-an dan Oerlikon di Switzerland telah memperoleh paten untuk senapang 20 mm automatik yang direka di Jerman semasa Perang Dunia I. Jerman memperkenalkan Flame-2 cm api cepat dan kemudian dalam dekad ia direka semula oleh Mauser-Werke dan menjadi 2 cm FlaK 38. Walau bagaimanapun, manakala 20 mm lebih baik daripada pistol mesin dan dipasang pada treler yang sangat kecil yang memudahkan untuk bergerak, keberkesanannya terhad. Oleh itu Jerman menambah 3.7 cm. Yang pertama, FlaK 3.7 cm yang dibangunkan oleh Rheinmetall pada awal 1930-an, pada dasarnya adalah 2 cm FlaK 30 yang diperbesar. Ia diperkenalkan pada tahun 1935 dan pengeluaran berhenti pada tahun berikutnya. Pistol direka semula 3.7 cm FlaK 36 memasuki perkhidmatan pada tahun 1938, ia juga mempunyai kereta roda dua. Bagaimanapun, pada pertengahan tahun 1930-an Luftwaffe menyedari bahawa masih ada jurang liputan antara senjata 3.7 cm dan 8.8 cm. Mereka memulakan pembangunan senapang 5 cm pada kereta pacuan empat roda. <> Pada tahun 1920-an, syarikat mana yang membangunkan 20 mm automatik? || Rheinmetall <> Yang mana syarikat Swiss memperoleh paten untuk pistol 20mm automatik semasa Perang Dunia pertama? || Oerlikon <> Syarikat mana yang direka semula api cepat 2 cm FlaK 30? || Mauser-Werke <> Apa yang Jerman menambah pada 20 mm untuk menjadikannya lebih berkesan? || a 3.7 cm <> Bilakah yang diperkenalkan oleh FlaK 18 3.7 pertama? || 1935", {"qas": [{"question": "In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?", "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffa", "answers": [{"text": "Rheinmetall", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?", "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffb", "answers": [{"text": "Oerlikon", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?", "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffc", "answers": [{"text": "Mauser-Werke", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?", "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffd", "answers": [{"text": "a 3.7 cm", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?", "id": "570d9860df2f5219002ecffe", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nevertheless, while 20 mm was better than a machine gun and mounted on a very small trailer made it easy to move, its effectiveness was limited. Germany therefore added a 3.7 cm. The first, the 3.7 cm FlaK 18 developed by Rheinmetall in the early 1930s, was basically an enlarged 2 cm FlaK 30. It was introduced in 1935 and production stopped the following year. A redesigned gun 3.7 cm FlaK 36 entered service in 1938, it too had a two-wheel carriage. However, by the mid-1930s the Luftwaffe realised that there was still a coverage gap between 3.7 cm and 8.8 cm guns. They started development of a 5 cm gun on a four-wheel carriage."}], ["Israel, dan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat, bersama-sama dengan anggota NATO, telah mengembangkan taktik penting untuk penindasan pertahanan udara. Senjata khusus seperti peluru berpandu anti radiasi dan kecerdasan elektronik lanjutan dan platform penangguhan elektronik berusaha untuk menindas atau menafikan keberkesanan sistem pertahanan udara yang menentang. Ia adalah perlumbaan senjata; seperti yang lebih baik, penangkapan dan penangkapan anti-radiasi yang lebih baik dibangunkan, jadi sistem SAM yang lebih baik dengan keupayaan ECCM dan keupayaan menembak peluru berpandu anti-radiasi dan lain-lain amunisi yang bertujuan mereka atau sasaran mereka mempertahankan. <> Persetujuan dengan anggota NATO, Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat dan negara mana yang telah mencipta taktik untuk penindasan pertahanan udara? || Israel <> Matlamat untuk menindas sistem pertahanan udara yang bertentangan? || Senjata khusus <> Sebagaimana senjata yang lebih baik dicipta, sistem apa yang terus bertambah baik untuk menentangnya? || Sistem SAM dengan keupayaan ECCM", {"qas": [{"question": "In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?", "id": "570da4a616d0071400510c35", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?", "id": "570da4a616d0071400510c36", "answers": [{"text": "Dedicated weapons", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?", "id": "570da4a616d0071400510c37", "answers": [{"text": "SAM systems with ECCM capabilities", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending."}], ["NATO mendefinisikan perang anti-pesawat (AAW) sebagai \"langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mempertahankan pasukan maritim terhadap serangan oleh senjata udara yang dilancarkan dari pesawat, kapal, kapal selam dan tapak berasaskan darat.\" Dalam sesetengah tentera istilah All-Arms Air Defense (AAAD) digunakan untuk pertahanan udara oleh tentera yang tidak khusus. Istilah lain dari abad ke-20 termasuk GBAD (Ground Based AD) dengan istilah yang berkaitan SHORAD (Jangkauan Jarak Jauh AD) dan MANPADS (\"Sistem AD Mudah Alih Manusia\": biasanya peluru berpandu bahu yang dilancarkan). Peluru berpandu anti pesawat adalah pelbagai peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara, disingkat dan diucapkan \"SAM\" dan Surface to Weapon Guided Air (SAGW). <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh AAAD? || All-Arms Air Defense <> Apa yang dimaksud GBAD? || AD Berdasarkan Ground <> Apa yang SHORAD berdiri? || Jangkauan Jarak AD <> Apa yang MANPADS berdiri? || Man AD AD Systems <> What does SAGW stand for? || Permukaan kepada Senjata Terpandu Udara", {"qas": [{"question": "What does AAAD stand for?", "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0a8", "answers": [{"text": "All-Arms Air Defence", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does GBAD stand for?", "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0a9", "answers": [{"text": "Ground Based AD", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does SHORAD stand for?", "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0aa", "answers": [{"text": "Short Range AD", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MANPADS stand for?", "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0ab", "answers": [{"text": "Man Portable AD Systems", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does SAGW stand for?", "id": "570da4f7df2f5219002ed0ac", "answers": [{"text": "Surface to Air Guided Weapon", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as \"measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites.\" In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS (\"Man Portable AD Systems\": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced \"SAM\" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW)."}], ["Tentera biasanya mempunyai pertahanan udara secara mendalam, dari MANPADS yang integral seperti RBS 70, Stinger dan Igla pada tahap kekuatan yang lebih kecil sehingga sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu ketenteraan seperti Angara dan Patriot. Sering kali, sistem peluru berpandu jarak jauh tinggi memaksa pesawat terbang ke tahap rendah, di mana senjata anti pesawat boleh membawa mereka turun. Serta sistem kecil dan besar, untuk pertahanan udara yang berkesan mesti ada sistem perantaraan. Ini boleh digunakan di peringkat rejimen dan terdiri daripada platun platform anti-pesawat sendiri, sama ada mereka adalah senapang anti-pesawat sendiri (SPAAG), sistem pertahanan udara bersepadu seperti Tunguska atau semua-dalam-satu permukaan- platform peluru berpandu ke udara seperti Roland atau SA-8 Gecko. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh tentera yang mendalam? || pertahanan udara <> Angara dan Patriot adalah dua contoh jenis sistem apa? || sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu ketenteraan <> Stinger dan Igla adalah dua contoh jenis sistem apa? || tahap daya yang lebih kecil <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh SPAAG? || pistol anti-pesawat yang digerakkan sendiri <> Platform jenis apa yang Roland dan SA-8 Gecko? || platform peluru berpandu permukaan-ke-udara semua-dalam-satu", {"qas": [{"question": "What do armies tend to have in depth?", "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed094", "answers": [{"text": "air defence", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?", "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed095", "answers": [{"text": "army-level missile defence systems", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?", "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed096", "answers": [{"text": "smaller force levels", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does SPAAG stand for?", "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed097", "answers": [{"text": "self-propelled anti-aircraft guns", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?", "id": "570da3fadf2f5219002ed098", "answers": [{"text": "all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring them down. As well as the small and large systems, for effective air defence there must be intermediate systems. These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms, whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAGs), integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko."}], ["Pertahanan udara dalam taktik tentera laut, terutamanya dalam kumpulan pengangkut, sering dibina di sekitar sistem lapisan sepusat dengan kapal terbang pesawat di pusat. Lapisan luar biasanya akan disediakan oleh pesawat pengangkut, khususnya pesawat AEW & C yang digabungkan dengan CAP. Sekiranya penyerang dapat menembusi lapisan ini, maka lapisan seterusnya akan datang dari peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara yang dibawa oleh pengiring pengangkut; peluru berpandu kawasan, seperti RIM-67 Standard, dengan rangkaian sehingga 100 nmi, dan peluru berpandu titik pelindung, seperti RIM-162 ESSM, dengan rangkaian sehingga 30 nmi. Akhirnya, hampir setiap kapal perang moden akan dipasang dengan senapang berkaliber kecil, termasuk CIWS, yang biasanya merupakan pistol Gatling dikawal radar antara 20mm dan 30mm berkaliber yang mampu menembak beberapa ribu pusingan seminit. <> Pertahanan udara di tempat-tempat seperti kumpulan pembawa dibina di sekeliling? || satu sistem lapisan sepusat <> Apa yang melindungi lapisan luar? || Pesawat AEW & C dikombinasikan dengan CAP <> Peluru berpandu permukaan ke udara yang dilancarkan oleh apa? || pengangkut pengangkut <> Apa julat dalam batu nautika dari RIM-67 Standard? || 100 <> Apakah kadar kebakaran untuk senjata Gatling yang dikawal radar pada 20 dan 30 milimeter? || beberapa ribu pusingan seminit", {"qas": [{"question": "Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?", "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c0d", "answers": [{"text": "a system of concentric layers", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What protects the outer layer?", "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c0e", "answers": [{"text": "AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?", "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c0f", "answers": [{"text": "the carrier's escorts", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?", "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c10", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?", "id": "570da01f16d0071400510c11", "answers": [{"text": "several thousand rounds per minute", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi. Finally, virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns, including a CIWS, which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute."}], ["Masa depan senjata berasaskan peluru boleh didapati di kereta api. Pada masa ini ujian sedang dijalankan untuk membangunkan sistem yang boleh mencipta kerosakan yang banyak seperti Tomahawk (rudal), tetapi pada sebahagian kecil daripada kos. Pada bulan Februari 2008 Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat menguji kereta api; ia menembakkan cangkang pada 5,600 km (9,000 km) sejam menggunakan 10 megajoules tenaga. Prestasinya dijangka lebih dari 13,000 mil (21,000 km) sejam halaju muncung, cukup tepat untuk mencapai target 5 meter dari 200 batu nautika (370 km) jauhnya manakala menembak pada 10 tembakan seminit. Ia dijangka siap pada tahun 2020 hingga 2025. [pengesahan diperlukan] Sistem-sistem ini semasa sedang dirancang untuk sasaran statik hanya memerlukan keupayaan untuk dijadikan ulang untuk menjadi generasi sistem AA yang akan datang. <> Di manakah masa depan senjata berasaskan peluru boleh didapati? || kereta api <> Ujian sedang dilakukan pada senjata untuk membuat kerosakan sebanyak apa peluru berpandu pada kos yang lebih rendah? || sebuah Tomahawk <> Bilakah Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat menguji kereta api? || Februari 2008 <> Seberapa cepat shell yang Angkatan Laut dipecat dari kereta api? || 5,600 km (9,000 km) sejam <> Bilakah rel kereta api dijangka siap? || 2020 hingga 2025", {"qas": [{"question": "Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?", "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed046", "answers": [{"text": "the railgun", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?", "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed047", "answers": [{"text": "a Tomahawk", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the United States Navy test a railgun?", "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed048", "answers": [{"text": "February 2008", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?", "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed049", "answers": [{"text": "5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the railgun expected to be ready?", "id": "570d9d71df2f5219002ed04a", "answers": [{"text": "2020 to 2025", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 megajoules of energy. Its expected performance is over 13,000 miles (21,000 km) per hour muzzle velocity, accurate enough to hit a 5-meter target from 200 nautical miles (370 km) away while shooting at 10 shots per minute. It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025.[verification needed] These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system."}], ["Sepanjang pertahanan udara abad ke-20 adalah salah satu bidang teknologi ketenteraan yang paling cepat berkembang, menanggapi evolusi pesawat dan mengeksploitasi pelbagai teknologi yang membolehkan, khususnya radar, peluru berpandu dan pengkomputeran berpandu (mula-mula pengkomputeran analog elektromekanikal dari tahun 1930-an, seperti peralatan terangkan di bawah). Evolusi pertahanan udara meliputi kawasan sensor dan kawalan api teknikal, senjata, dan perintah dan kawalan. Pada permulaan abad ke-20 ini sama ada sangat primitif atau tidak wujud. <> Apakah salah satu kawasan terpantas untuk berkembang dalam teknologi ketenteraan pada abad ke-20? || pertahanan udara <> Evolusi pertahanan udara adalah sebagai balasan kepada evolusi apa? || pesawat <> Sebagai tambahan kepada radar dan pengkomputeran, apa lagi yang mahu mengeksploitasi udara? || peluru berpandu <> Selain sensor dan kawalan api teknikal, dan senjata, apa lagi yang membuktikan evolusi pertahanan udara? || arahan dan kawalan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?", "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b2", "answers": [{"text": "air defence", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?", "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b3", "answers": [{"text": "aircraft", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?", "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b4", "answers": [{"text": "guided missiles", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?", "id": "570da5c6df2f5219002ed0b5", "answers": [{"text": "command and control", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies, particularly radar, guided missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on, as with equipment described below). Air defence evolution covered the areas of sensors and technical fire control, weapons, and command and control. At the start of the 20th century these were either very primitive or non-existent."}], ["Sistem pertahanan udara yang paling moden adalah mudah alih. Malah sistem yang lebih besar cenderung dipasang pada treler dan direka untuk dipecahkan atau ditubuhkan dengan cepat. Pada masa lalu, ini tidak selalu berlaku. Sistem peluru berpandu awal adalah rumit dan memerlukan banyak infrastruktur; ramai yang tidak dapat bergerak sama sekali. Dengan kepelbagaian pertahanan udara, terdapat lebih banyak penekanan terhadap mobiliti. Kebanyakan sistem moden biasanya sama-sama bergerak sendiri (iaitu senjata api atau peluru berpandu dipasang pada trak atau casis yang dikesan) atau dengan mudah ditunda. Malah sistem yang terdiri daripada banyak komponen (transporter / erector / pelancar, radar, jawatan pos dll) mendapat faedah daripada dipasang pada armada kenderaan. Secara umumnya, sistem tetap boleh dikenal pasti, diserang dan dimusnahkan manakala sistem mudah alih boleh muncul di tempat yang tidak dijangka. Sistem Soviet terutamanya menumpukan pada mobiliti, selepas pelajaran yang dipelajari dalam perang Vietnam antara Amerika Syarikat dan Vietnam. Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai bahagian konflik ini, lihat Panduan SA-2. <> Sistem pertahanan udara kontemporari biasanya apa? || mobile <> Apakah sistem senjata yang lebih besar biasanya dipasang? || treler <> Radar, jawatan pos dan perkara-perkara lain yang lain biasanya dipasang pada apa? || sebuah armada kenderaan <> Sistem senjata mudah alih mungkin muncul di mana? || tempat di mana ia tidak dijangka <> Sistem apa yang benar-benar ditujukan ke arah mobiliti? || Soviet", {"qas": [{"question": "Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?", "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c21", "answers": [{"text": "mobile", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?", "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c22", "answers": [{"text": "trailers", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?", "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c23", "answers": [{"text": "a fleet of vehicles", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?", "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c24", "answers": [{"text": "places where it is not expected", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What systems are really geared toward mobility?", "id": "570da1ea16d0071400510c25", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With the diversification of air defence there has been much more emphasis on mobility. Most modern systems are usually either self-propelled (i.e. guns or missiles are mounted on a truck or tracked chassis) or easily towed. Even systems that consist of many components (transporter/erector/launchers, radars, command posts etc.) benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles. In general, a fixed system can be identified, attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected. Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility, after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam. For more information on this part of the conflict, see SA-2 Guideline."}], ["Peluru dan peluru yang dipecat oleh senjata ini biasanya dilengkapi dengan pelbagai jenis fius (barometric, delay time, atau proximity) untuk meletup dekat dengan sasaran udara, melepaskan potongan potongan logam cepat. Untuk kerja yang lebih pendek, senjata yang lebih ringan dengan kadar api yang lebih tinggi diperlukan, untuk meningkatkan kemungkinan kebarangkalian pada sasaran udara yang cepat. Senjata antara kaliber 20 mm dan 40 mm telah digunakan secara meluas dalam peranan ini. Senjata yang lebih kecil, senapang berkaliber berkaliber 50 sen atau senapan berkaliber 8 mm telah digunakan dalam kenderaan terkecil. <> Apakah dua jenis fius yang digunakan untuk cengkerang? || barometrik, kelewatan masa, atau kedekatan <> Pada jarak pendek senjata ringan dengan apa yang digunakan pada sasaran pantas? || kadar api yang lebih tinggi <> Berapakah saiz senjata api yang lebih baik memukul pada sasaran pantas jarak pendek? || antara kaliber 20 mm dan 40 mm <> Lebih kecil .50 kaliber dan senjata 8 milimeter telah digunakan dalam apa? || kenderaan terkecil", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two types of fuses used for shells?", "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06a", "answers": [{"text": "barometric, time-delay, or proximity", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?", "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06b", "answers": [{"text": "a higher rate of fire", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?", "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06c", "answers": [{"text": "between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?", "id": "570d9efadf2f5219002ed06d", "answers": [{"text": "smallest mounts", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts."}], ["Sebahagian besar militan Barat dan Komanwel mengintegrasikan pertahanan udara semata-mata dengan perkhidmatan tradisional, tentera (iaitu tentera, angkatan laut dan angkatan udara), sebagai lengan berasingan atau sebagai sebahagian daripada artileri. Di Tentera Amerika Syarikat misalnya, pertahanan udara adalah sebahagian daripada senjata artileri, sedangkan di Angkatan Darat Pakistan, ia dipecah dari Artillery untuk membentuk lengannya sendiri sendiri pada tahun 1990. Ini adalah berbeza dengan beberapa (sebahagian besar komunis atau negara-negara di mana bukan sahaja terdapat peruntukan bagi pertahanan udara di angkatan tentera, tentera laut dan angkatan udara tetapi terdapat cawangan khusus yang hanya berkaitan dengan pertahanan udara wilayah, contohnya, Soviet PVO Strany. USSR juga mempunyai pasukan roket strategik yang berasingan yang bertanggungjawab terhadap peluru berpandu balistik antara benua nuklear. <> Apa pasukan tentera biasanya menggabungkan defnce udara sebagai lengan berasingan atau sebahagian daripada artileri? || Pertahanan Barat dan Komanwel <> Pertahanan udara di Tentara AS adalah sebahagian daripada apa senjata? || lengan artileri <> Pertahanan udara di Pakistan telah dipisahkan dari Angkatan Darat pada tahun berapa? || 1990 <> Apa jenis negara telah menetapkan cawangan untuk pertahanan udara wilayah? || sebahagian besar komunis atau bekas komunis <> Siapa yang mempunyai pasukan tentera yang berasingan untuk mengawal ICBM nuklear? || USSR", {"qas": [{"question": "What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?", "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2b", "answers": [{"text": "Western and Commonwealth militaries", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?", "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2c", "answers": [{"text": "artillery arm", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?", "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2d", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?", "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2e", "answers": [{"text": "largely communist or ex-communist", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?", "id": "570da2de16d0071400510c2f", "answers": [{"text": "USSR", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most Western and Commonwealth militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional services, of the military (i.e. army, navy and air force), as a separate arm or as part of artillery. In the United States Army for instance, air defence is part of the artillery arm, while in the Pakistan Army, it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990. This is in contrast to some (largely communist or ex-communist) countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army, navy and air force but there are specific branches that deal only with the air defence of territory, for example, the Soviet PVO Strany. The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles."}], ["Jika trend terkini diteruskan, peluru berpandu akan menggantikan sistem senjata sepenuhnya dalam \"baris pertama\" perkhidmatan. [Rujukan?] Senjata semakin ditekan ke dalam peranan khusus seperti Penjaga Penjaga Belanda CIWS, yang menggunakan tujuh barel GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm Pistol Gatling untuk pertahanan anti-peluru berpandu dan pertahanan anti pesawat. Bahkan senjata barisan hadapan ini kini digantikan oleh sistem peluru berpandu baru, seperti Rudal Airframe Rolling RIM-116, yang lebih kecil, lebih cepat, dan membenarkan pembetulan kursus tengah (panduan) untuk memastikan kejutan. Untuk merapatkan jurang antara senjata dan peluru berpandu, Rusia khususnya menghasilkan Kashtan CIWS, yang menggunakan kedua-dua senjata dan peluru berpandu untuk pertahanan akhir. Dua enam barisan casis 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling dan peluru berpandu 9M311 permukaan ke udara menyediakan keupayaan pertahanannya. <> Apa yang mungkin menggantikan sepenuhnya sistem senjata? || peluru berpandu <> Apa yang membawa kepada peranan khusus? || Guns <> Pistol apa yang digunakan dalam CIWS Penjaga Belanda? || GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm tujuh barel Gatling gun <> Apa senjata RIM membenarkan pelarasan kursus pertengahan penerbangan? || RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile <> Sistem senjata apakah yang menggunakan senjata api dan peluru berpandu? || Kashtan CIWS", {"qas": [{"question": "What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?", "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c17", "answers": [{"text": "missiles", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is being lead to specialty roles?", "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c18", "answers": [{"text": "Guns", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?", "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c19", "answers": [{"text": "GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?", "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c1a", "answers": [{"text": "RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?", "id": "570da0f416d0071400510c1b", "answers": [{"text": "Kashtan CIWS", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in \"first line\" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities."}], ["Batalion AAA juga digunakan untuk membantu menindas sasaran tanah. Pistol 90 mm M3 yang lebih besar akan membuktikan, seperti yang dilakukan lapan puluh lapan, untuk membuat pistol anti tangki yang sangat baik juga digunakan secara meluas dalam peperangan dalam peranan ini. Juga tersedia untuk orang Amerika pada permulaan perang adalah gun stratosfer senapan 120 mm M1, yang merupakan pistol AA paling kuat dengan keupayaan ketinggian 60,000 kaki (18 km) yang mengagumkan. Tiada 120 M1 pernah ditembak di pesawat musuh. Senapang 90 mm dan 120 mm akan terus digunakan pada tahun 1950-an. <> Apa juga yang digunakan untuk mengawal sasaran tanah? || Bajet AAA <> Bersama dengan 88, apakah senjata batalion AAA yang lain membuat senjata anti tangki yang baik? || 90 mm M3 gun <> Apa yang digunakan Amerika pada permulaan perang? || Pistol stratosfer 120 mm M1 <> Berapakah jarak ketinggian di kaki pistol stratosfera? || 60,000 kaki <> Apa dekad yang digunakan oleh senapang 90 dan 120 milimeter? || 1950-an", {"qas": [{"question": "What was also utilized to control ground targets?", "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c99", "answers": [{"text": "AAA battalions", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?", "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9a", "answers": [{"text": "90 mm M3 gun", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?", "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9b", "answers": [{"text": "120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?", "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9c", "answers": [{"text": "60,000 ft", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?", "id": "570dac5916d0071400510c9d", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets. Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove, as did the eighty-eight, to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well, and was widely used late in the war in this role. Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun, which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft (18 km) altitude capability. No 120 M1 was ever fired at an enemy aircraft. The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s."}], ["Selepas serbuan Dambusters pada tahun 1943 satu sistem yang baru telah dibangunkan yang diperlukan untuk mengetuk setiap pesawat terbang rendah dengan hit tunggal. Percubaan pertama untuk menghasilkan sistem sedemikian menggunakan senapang 50 mm, tetapi ini tidak tepat dan senjata baru 55 mm menggantikannya. Sistem ini menggunakan sistem kawalan terpusat termasuk radar carian dan penargetan, yang mengira titik sasaran senjata api selepas mempertimbangkan penggantungan dan balistik, dan kemudian menghantar arahan elektrik kepada senjata api, yang menggunakan hidraulik untuk menunjuk pada kelajuan tinggi. Pengendali hanya memberi makan senjata dan memilih sasaran. Sistem ini, moden walaupun oleh piawaian hari ini, adalah dalam perkembangan lewat ketika perang berakhir. <> Pada tahun apakah serangan Dambusters berlaku? || 1943 <> Apa sistem baru yang direka selepas serbuan Dambusters yang sepatutnya dilakukan? || ketuk mana-mana pesawat terbang rendah dengan satu hit <> Apa yang menggantikan pistol 50 milimeter yang tidak tepat? || pistol 55mm baru <> Sistem jenis jenis apa yang menggunakan 55mm gun menggunakan? || sistem kawalan berpusat <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menembak senjata selepas arahan elektrik dihantar? || hidraulik", {"qas": [{"question": "When year did the Dambusters raid happen?", "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c85", "answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?", "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c86", "answers": [{"text": "knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?", "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c87", "answers": [{"text": "a new 55 mm gun", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?", "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c88", "answers": [{"text": "a centralised control system", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?", "id": "570dab4216d0071400510c89", "answers": [{"text": "hydraulics", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, apabila teknologi stealth berkembang, begitu juga dengan teknologi anti-stealth. Radar pemancar berbilang seperti radar bistatik dan radar frekuensi rendah dikatakan mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengesan pesawat stealth. Bentuk kamera termometer yang lebih maju seperti yang menggabungkan QWIP akan dapat melihat pesawat Stealth tanpa mengira RCS pesawat. Di samping itu, radar mencari sisi, satelit optik berkuasa tinggi, dan pengimbasan langit, aperture tinggi, radar kepekaan yang tinggi seperti teleskop radio, semuanya akan dapat mengecilkan lokasi pesawat stealth di bawah parameter tertentu. SAM terbaru mempunyai keupayaan mendakwa untuk dapat mengesan dan melibatkan sasaran tersembunyi, dengan yang paling ketara ialah S-400, yang dikatakan dapat mengesan sasaran dengan RCS kuadratik 0,05 meter dari 90 km jauhnya. <> Apa yang terus berkembang bersama dengan teknologi senyap? || teknologi anti-senyap <> Apa yang boleh mengesan pesawat stealth? || Pelbagai radar pemancar <> Apa yang boleh melihat pesawat stealth walaupun dengan RCS? || Bentuk kamera thermographic yang lebih maju <> Apakah SAM paling terkenal yang dapat mengesan sasaran sembunyi? || S-400 <> Seberapa jauh boleh S-400 mengesan sasaran? || 90 km jauhnya", {"qas": [{"question": "What continues to grow along with stealth technology?", "id": "570db07b16d0071400510ceb", "answers": [{"text": "anti-stealth technology", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can detect stealth aircraft?", "id": "570db07b16d0071400510cec", "answers": [{"text": "Multiple transmitter radars", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?", "id": "570db07b16d0071400510ced", "answers": [{"text": "Advanced forms of thermographic cameras", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?", "id": "570db07b16d0071400510cee", "answers": [{"text": "the S-400", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far away can the S-400 detect a target?", "id": "570db07b16d0071400510cef", "answers": [{"text": "90 km away", "answer_start": 836}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, as stealth technology grows, so does anti-stealth technology. Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft. Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft's RCS. In addition, Side looking radars, High-powered optical satellites, and sky-scanning, high-aperture, high sensitivity radars such as radio telescopes, would all be able to narrow down the location of a stealth aircraft under certain parameters. The newest SAM's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets, with the most notable being the S-400, which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away."}], ["Serangan udara Jerman ke Kepulauan British meningkat pada tahun 1915 dan usaha AA dianggap agak tidak berkesan, jadi seorang ahli perisikan Diraja Tentera Laut, Laksamana Sir Percy Scott, dilantik untuk membuat penambahbaikan, terutamanya pertahanan AA bersepadu untuk London. Pertahanan udara diperluas dengan lebih banyak senjata RNVR AA, 75 mm dan 3 inci, pom-poms tidak berkesan. Tentera laut 3-inci juga diterima pakai oleh tentera, QF 3 inci 20 cwt (76 mm), pemasangan medan baru diperkenalkan pada tahun 1916. Sejak kebanyakan serangan pada waktu malam, lampu carian telah lama digunakan, dan kaedah pengesanan akustik dan mencari telah dibangunkan. Menjelang Disember 1916 terdapat 183 bahagian AA yang mempertahankan Britain (kebanyakannya dengan 3 inci), 74 dengan BEF di Perancis dan 10 di Timur Tengah. <> Serangan udara yang diketuai oleh Jerman meningkat pada tahun 1915 di kawasan apa? || Kepulauan British <> Siapa yang ditugaskan dengan pekerjaan itu untuk membuat penambahbaikan terhadap AA akibat serangan Jerman? || Pakar permaidani Tentera Laut Diraja, Admiral Sir Percy Scott <> Apa yang digunakan kerana serangan malam? || searchlights <> Berapa banyak Bahagian AA mempertahankan Britain pada Disember 1916? || 183 <> Berapa banyak Bahagian AA dengan BEF di Perancis pada masa yang sama? || 74", {"qas": [{"question": "Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?", "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c4", "answers": [{"text": "the British Isles", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?", "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c5", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used because of night attacks?", "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c6", "answers": [{"text": "searchlights", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?", "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c7", "answers": [{"text": "183", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?", "id": "570da764df2f5219002ed0c8", "answers": [{"text": "74", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective, so a Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, was appointed to make improvements, particularly an integrated AA defence for London. The air defences were expanded with more RNVR AA guns, 75 mm and 3-inch, the pom-poms being ineffective. The naval 3-inch was also adopted by the army, the QF 3 inch 20 cwt (76 mm), a new field mounting was introduced in 1916. Since most attacks were at night, searchlights were soon used, and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed. By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain (most with the 3-inch), 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East."}], ["Pada Perang Falklands 1982, angkatan bersenjata Argentina mengerahkan senjata Eropah barat terbaru termasuk meriam kembar Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm dan SAM Roland. Sistem peluru berpandu Rapier adalah sistem GBAD utama, yang digunakan oleh kedua-dua artileri British dan rejimen RAF, beberapa jenama baru FIM-92 Stinger yang digunakan oleh pasukan khas British. Kedua-dua pihak juga menggunakan peluru berpandu Blowpipe. Peluru berpandu tentera laut British digunakan termasuk Sea Dart dan Laut Slug lebih tua sistem pelbagai jarak, Laut Cat dan sistem jarak jauh Laut Wolf baru. Senapang mesin di pemasangan AA digunakan di darat dan bertahan. <> Dalam perang apa pasukan tentera dari Argentina menggunakan SAM Roland? || 1982 Falklands War <> Apakah dua unit menggunakan sistem peluru berpandu Rapier? || Artileri British dan rejimen RAF <> Apakah sistem lama yang digunakan oleh angkatan laut British? || Sea Slug sistem pelbagai lagi <> Apakah sistem jarak pendek baru yang digunakan oleh angkatan laut British? || Sea Wolf <> Apa yang digunakan di AA pemasangan di kedua-dua tanah dan air? || Mesin menembak", {"qas": [{"question": "In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?", "id": "570daef116d0071400510ccf", "answers": [{"text": "1982 Falklands War", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two units used the Rapier missile system?", "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd0", "answers": [{"text": "British artillery and RAF regiment", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What older system did the British naval use?", "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd1", "answers": [{"text": "Sea Slug longer range systems", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new short range systems did the British naval use?", "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd2", "answers": [{"text": "Sea Wolf", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?", "id": "570daef116d0071400510cd3", "answers": [{"text": "Machine guns", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentine armed forces deployed the newest west European weapons including the Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon and SAM Roland. The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces. Both sides also used the Blowpipe missile. British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems, Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems. Machine guns in AA mountings was used both ashore and afloat."}], ["SAM lebih besar boleh digunakan dalam pelancar tetap, tetapi boleh ditarik / dikerahkan semula mengikut kehendak. SAM yang dilancarkan oleh individu diketahui di Amerika Syarikat sebagai Sistem Pertahanan Udara Manusia Mudah Alih (MANPADS). MANPADS dari bekas Kesatuan Soviet telah dieksport ke seluruh Dunia, dan dapat dijumpai digunakan oleh banyak angkatan bersenjata. Sasaran untuk bukan ManPAD SAM biasanya akan diperolehi oleh radar pencarian udara, kemudian dijejaki sebelum / sementara SAM adalah \"terkunci\" dan kemudian dipecat. Sasaran berpotensi, jika mereka adalah pesawat tentera, akan dikenal pasti sebagai kawan atau musuh sebelum terlibat. Perkembangan dalam peluru berpandu jarak pendek dan agak murah telah mula menggantikan autokannon dalam peranan ini. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan dalam pelancar tetap tetapi menggunakan semula pada kehendak? || SAM lebih besar <> Apakah SAM disebut yang dilancarkan oleh individu di Amerika Syarikat? || MANPADS <> Apa artinya MANPADS? || Sistem Pertahanan Udara Manusia Mudah Alih <> Bagaimana sasaran untuk mendapatkan bukan SAMPAD SAMP? || radar pencarian udara <> Peluru berpandu pendek menggantikan apa senjata? || autocannons", {"qas": [{"question": "What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?", "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ec", "answers": [{"text": "Larger SAMs", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?", "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ed", "answers": [{"text": "MANPADS", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MANPADS mean?", "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ee", "answers": [{"text": "Man-Portable Air Defence Systems", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?", "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0ef", "answers": [{"text": "air-search radar", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?", "id": "570daf76df2f5219002ed0f0", "answers": [{"text": "autocannons", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is \"locked-on\" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role."}], ["Bateri biasanya dikumpulkan ke dalam batalion atau setaraf. Dalam tentera lapangan senjata ringan atau batalion SHORAD sering ditugaskan ke bahagian manuver. Senjata api yang lebih tinggi dan peluru berpandu jarak jauh mungkin berada di briged pertahanan udara dan berada di bawah korps atau perintah yang lebih tinggi. Pertahanan udara tanah air mungkin mempunyai struktur ketenteraan penuh. Contohnya, Perintah Anti Pesawat Udara UK, yang diperintahkan oleh seorang jeneral Tentera Darat British sepenuhnya adalah sebahagian daripada ADGB. Pada kemuncaknya pada tahun 1941-42 ia terdiri daripada tiga korps AA dengan 12 bahagian AA di antara mereka. <> Bagaimana bateri biasanya dikumpulkan? || ke dalam batalion <> Bentuk apa jenis batalion biasanya ditugaskan ke bahagian manuver di tentera lapangan? || pistol cahaya atau SHORAD <> Bahagian ketenteraan mana yang boleh mempunyai struktur ketenteraan penuh? || Pertahanan udara dalam negeri <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Komando Anti Pesawat Udara Inggeris? || sebuah pangkalan tentera British yang penuh <> Berapa banyak korps adalah Perintah Anti Pesawat Pesawat Inggeris? || tiga korps AA", {"qas": [{"question": "How are batteries typically grouped?", "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0ba", "answers": [{"text": "into battalions", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?", "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0bb", "answers": [{"text": "light gun or SHORAD", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which military section could have a full military structure?", "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0bc", "answers": [{"text": "Homeland air defence", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?", "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0bd", "answers": [{"text": "a full British Army general", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?", "id": "570da669df2f5219002ed0be", "answers": [{"text": "three AA corps", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941\u201342 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them."}], ["Pada tahun 1925, British menggunakan alat baru yang dibangunkan oleh Vickers. Ia adalah komputer analog mekanikal Prediktor AA Tidak 1. Memandangkan ketinggian sasaran pengendalinya menjejaki sasaran dan prediktor yang dihasilkan galas, ketinggian kuadran dan tetapan fius. Ini telah dilepaskan secara elektrik ke senjata di mana mereka dipaparkan pada panggilan repeater ke lapisan yang 'sepadan dengan petunjuk' (data sasaran dan data sebenar senjata) untuk meletakkan senjata api. Sistem panggilan repeater elektrik ini dibina atas pengaturan yang diperkenalkan oleh artileri pantai British pada tahun 1880an, dan artileri pantai adalah latar belakang ramai pegawai AA. Sistem yang sama digunakan di negara-negara lain dan contohnya peranti Sperry yang kemudian, yang ditetapkan M3A3 di Amerika Syarikat juga digunakan oleh Britain sebagai Predictor AA No 2. Pencari ketinggian juga meningkat dalam saiz, di Britain, Perang Dunia I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 kaki asas optik) digantikan oleh UB 7 (asas optik 9 kaki) dan UB 10 (asas optik 18 kaki, hanya digunakan di laman statik AA). Goertz di Jerman dan Levallois di Perancis mengeluarkan instrumen 5 meter. Walau bagaimanapun, di kebanyakan negara usaha utama dalam senjata HAA sehingga pertengahan tahun 1930-an telah memperbaiki yang sedia ada, walaupun pelbagai reka bentuk baru berada pada papan penggambaran. <> Tahun apakah British menggunakan alat Vickers baru? || 1925 <> Apakah peranti Vickers yang diterima pakai oleh British? || Predictor AA No 1 <> Apakah nama perantaraan peranti Sperry di AS? || M3A3 <> Apa yang British menamakan peranti Sperry sebagai? || Predictor AA No 2 <> Apa yang menggantikan UB 2? || UB 7", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?", "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0d8", "answers": [{"text": "1925", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?", "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0d9", "answers": [{"text": "Predictor AA No 1", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?", "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0da", "answers": [{"text": "M3A3", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the British designate the Sperry device as?", "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0db", "answers": [{"text": "Predictor AA No 2", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced the UB 2?", "id": "570da9dadf2f5219002ed0dc", "answers": [{"text": "UB 7", "answer_start": 914}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards."}], ["Apabila pesawat mula digunakan untuk menentang sasaran tanah di medan perang, senjata api AA tidak dapat dilalui dengan cepat pada sasaran yang dekat dan, yang agak sedikit, tidak selalu berada di tempat yang tepat (dan sering tidak popular dengan tentara lain), jadi berubah kedudukan kerap. Tidak lama kemudian, kuasa-kuasa telah menambah pelbagai senjata berasaskan mesin yang dipasang di atas tiang. Senjata pendek ini terbukti lebih berbahaya, dan \"Baron Merah\" dipercayai ditembak jatuh oleh senjata mesin Vickers anti-pesawat. Apabila peperangan berakhir, adalah jelas bahawa keupayaan pesawat yang semakin meningkat akan memerlukan cara yang lebih baik untuk memperoleh sasaran dan menyasarkan mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, corak telah ditetapkan: senjata anti-pesawat akan didasarkan di sekitar senjata berat yang menyerang sasaran ketinggian tinggi dan senjata yang lebih ringan untuk digunakan apabila mereka sampai ke ketinggian yang lebih rendah. <> Apa yang sering tidak popular dengan pasukan lain? || Pistol AA <> Apa yang dipasang pada tiang oleh pasukan? || senjata berasaskan mesin <> Apa jenis senjata yang dipercayai telah menembak jatuh Baron Merah? || anti-pesawat Vickers gun mesin <> Apa yang membuat sasaran dan sasaran lebih diperlukan? || meningkatkan keupayaan pesawat <> senjata berat ditembak pada sasaran ketinggian tinggi dan apa yang ditembak pada sasaran ketinggian rendah? || senjata ringan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was many times unpopular with other troops?", "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c67", "answers": [{"text": "AA guns", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was mounted on poles by forces?", "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c68", "answers": [{"text": "machine-gun based weapons", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?", "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c69", "answers": [{"text": "anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?", "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c6a", "answers": [{"text": "increasing capabilities of aircraft", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?", "id": "570da8a816d0071400510c6b", "answers": [{"text": "lighter weapons", "answer_start": 782}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As aircraft started to be used against ground targets on the battlefield, the AA guns could not be traversed quickly enough at close targets and, being relatively few, were not always in the right place (and were often unpopular with other troops), so changed positions frequently. Soon the forces were adding various machine-gun based weapons mounted on poles. These short-range weapons proved more deadly, and the \"Red Baron\" is believed to have been shot down by an anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun. When the war ended, it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them. Nevertheless, a pattern had been set: anti-aircraft weapons would be based around heavy weapons attacking high-altitude targets and lighter weapons for use when they came to lower altitudes."}], ["Teknologi paling canggih sekutunya telah dipamerkan oleh pertahanan anti pesawat terhadap peluru berpandu pelayaran V-1 Jerman (V bermaksud Vergeltungswaffe, \"senjata balas\"). Batalion Gun 419th dan 601th Battalions dari Angkatan Darat Amerika Syarikat pertama kali diperuntukkan ke pantai Folkestone-Dover untuk mempertahankan London, dan kemudian pindah ke Belgium untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada projek \"Antwerp X\". Dengan pembebasan Antwerp, bandar pelabuhan itu segera menjadi sasaran keutamaan tertinggi, dan menerima jumlah terbesar roket V-1 dan V-2 di mana-mana bandar. Unit taktikal terkecil dalam operasi itu adalah bateri senjata yang terdiri daripada empat tembakan menembak empat sen 90 mm yang dilengkapi dengan sekering jarak radio. Sasaran yang akan datang diperoleh dan secara automatik dijejaki oleh radar SCR-584, yang dibangunkan di MIT Rad Lab. Output dari radar penembak senjata diserahkan kepada pengarah M-9, sebuah komputer analog elektronik yang dibangunkan di Laboratorium Bell untuk mengira pembetulan dan ketinggian ketinggian untuk senjata. Dengan bantuan tiga teknologi ini, hampir 90% peluru berpandu V-1, di landasan ke zon pertahanan di sekitar pelabuhan, telah musnah. <> Apa yang mempamerkan teknologi sekutu maju yang dapat mempertahankannya? || Jerman V-1 peluru berpandu pelayaran <> Di mana Tentera Amerika Syarikat 419th dan 601 mencari tempat untuk mempertahankan London? || Folkestone-Dover coast <> Di mana Angkatan Tentera AS 419 dan 601 berpindah ke sebagai sebahagian daripada projek Antwerp X? || Belgium <> Apa bandar yang diserang oleh lebih banyak peluru berpandu V-1 dan V-2 daripada yang lain? || Antwerp <> Apa yang diperoleh dan secara automatik menjejaki sasaran masuk? || Radar SCR-584", {"qas": [{"question": "What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?", "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb3", "answers": [{"text": "German V-1 cruise missiles", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?", "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb4", "answers": [{"text": "Folkestone-Dover coast", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?", "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb5", "answers": [{"text": "Belgium", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?", "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb6", "answers": [{"text": "Antwerp", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?", "id": "570daddb16d0071400510cb7", "answers": [{"text": "SCR-584 radar", "answer_start": 745}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, \"retaliation weapon\"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the \"Antwerp X\" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed."}]], [["CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) India, bersama dengan beberapa lembaga pendidikan negeri lain, telah menjadikan Sanskrit sebagai pilihan alternatif untuk bahasa rasmi negara itu sebagai pilihan bahasa kedua atau ketiga di sekolah-sekolah yang dikuasainya. Di sekolah sedemikian, pembelajaran Sanskrit adalah pilihan untuk gred 5 hingga 8 (Kelas V hingga VIII). Ini berlaku kepada kebanyakan sekolah yang bersekutu dengan lembaga ICSE, terutama di negara-negara tersebut di mana bahasa rasmi bahasa Hindi. Sanskrit juga diajar dalam gurukulas tradisional di seluruh India. <> Kepada apa yang telah Dewan Pusat Pendidikan India menundukkan Sanskrit? || pilihan alternatif <> Di mana Lembaga Pendidikan menduduki Sanskrit sebagai pilihan bahasa? || kedua atau ketiga <> Apa gred di sekolah India mempunyai pilihan untuk belajar Sanskrit? || 5 hingga 8 <> Dalam bahasa apa bahasa Sanskrit dianggap pilihan? || Hindi <> Dalam apa jenis sekolah lain yang diajar oleh Sanskrit? || gurukulas <> Dewan apa yang enggan melihat Sanskrit sebagai pilihan alternatif? || <> Apakah satu-satunya lembaga pendidikan India? || <> Bahasa apa bahasa rasmi negara India? || <> Dalam mana gred belajar bahasa Sanskrit diperlukan? || <> Gurukulas tradisional tidak lagi mengajar bahasa apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? ", "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e61", "answers": [{"text": "alternative option", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?", "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e62", "answers": [{"text": "second or third", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?", "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e63", "answers": [{"text": "5 to 8", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?", "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e64", "answers": [{"text": "Hindi", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?", "id": "570e59e00b85d914000d7e65", "answers": [{"text": "gurukulas", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The CBSE", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What board refused to see Sanskrit as an alternative option?", "id": "5a2ac1e45b078a001a2f06f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Central Board of Secondary Education", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What is the only India board of education?", "id": "5a2ac1e45b078a001a2f06f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What language is the state official language of India?", "id": "5a2ac1e45b078a001a2f06f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "grades 5 to 8", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "In which grades is learning Sanskrit required?", "id": "5a2ac1e45b078a001a2f06f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hindi", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "Traditional gurukulas no longer teach what language?", "id": "5a2ac1e45b078a001a2f06f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII). This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board, especially in those states where the official language is Hindi. Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India."}], ["Sekolah Rendah St James di London, England, menawarkan Sanskrit sebagai sebahagian daripada kurikulum. Di Amerika Syarikat, sejak September 2009, pelajar sekolah menengah telah dapat menerima kredit sebagai Kajian Bebas atau ke arah keperluan Bahasa Asing dengan mempelajari Sanskrit, sebagai sebahagian daripada program \"SAFL: Samskritam sebagai bahasa Asing\" yang diselaraskan oleh Samskrita Bharati. Di Australia, Sydney Grammar School sekolah menengah Sydney swasta lelaki menawarkan Sanskrit dari 7 hingga 12 tahun, termasuk untuk Sijil Tinggi Sekolah. <> Sekolah Inggeris apa yang menawarkan Sanskrit sebagai kajian bahasa? || Sekolah Rendah St James <> Sejak tarikh apa Sanskrit telah ditawarkan sebagai pilihan bahasa di A.S.? || September 2009 <> Apakah kredit ke arah pengajian di A.S.? || Bahasa Asing <> Siapa yang menyelaraskan program pengajian Samskritam sebagai Bahasa Asing? || Samskrita Bharati. <> Sekolah apa di Australia menawarkan Sanskrit sebagai satu kajian? || Sydney Grammar School <> Apa yang ditawarkan oleh St. Johns Junior School di London? || <> Di mana pelajar sekolah menengah dibenarkan menerima kredit ke Bahasa Asing sejak tahun 2006? || <> Berapa tahun sekolah di Australia adalah pelajar yang diperlukan untuk mempelajari bahasa Sanskrit? || <> Siapa yang menyelaraskan Sanskrit sebagai bahasa asing? || <> Apa yang pelajar dapat di sekolah menengah swasta Sydney untuk mempelajari Sanskrit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study?", "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6b", "answers": [{"text": "St James Junior School", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.?", "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6c", "answers": [{"text": "September 2009", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.?", "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6d", "answers": [{"text": "Foreign Language", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language?", "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6e", "answers": [{"text": "Samskrita Bharati.", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study?", "id": "570e5bf50b85d914000d7e6f", "answers": [{"text": "Sydney Grammar School", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What does St. Johns Junior School in London offer?", "id": "5a2ad2a55b078a001a2f0707", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Where have high school students been allowed to receive credits toward a Foreign Language since 2006?", "id": "5a2ad2a55b078a001a2f0708", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "from years 7 through to 12", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What school years in Australia are students required to study Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ad2a55b078a001a2f0709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Samskrita Bharati", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "Who coordinated Sanskrit as a foreign language?", "id": "5a2ad2a55b078a001a2f070a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Higher School Certificate", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What does a student get at the Sydney private middle school for studying Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ad2a55b078a001a2f070b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "St James Junior School in London, England, offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum. In the United States, since September 2009, high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit, as part of the \"SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language\" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. In Australia, the Sydney private boys' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12, including for the Higher School Certificate."}], ["Dari Rigveda sampai masa P\u0101\u1e47ini (abad keempat BCE) perkembangan bahasa Veda awal dapat diperhatikan dalam teks Vedic lain: Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, dan Upanishad. Pada masa ini, prestij bahasa, penggunaannya untuk tujuan suci, dan kepentingan yang dilampirkan pada pengucapan yang betul semuanya berkhidmat sebagai kuasa konservatif yang kuat yang menentang proses normal perubahan bahasa. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perkembangan linguistik lima tahap yang jelas dari Rigveda kepada bahasa Upanishad dan sutra-sutra terawal seperti sutra Baudhayana. <> Bilakah masa Panini? || abad keempat BCE <> Apa jenis teks yang Samaveda? || Teks Vedic <> Apa gunanya Sanskrit? || Tujuan kudus <> Bagaimana bahasa Sanskrit dilihat sebagai berhubung dengan mengekalkan kelas? || konservatif <> Kepada apa yang digunakan oleh Sanskrit sebagai bahasa kelas atas menghasilkan perlawanan? || Tukar <> Bilakah Samaveda witten? || <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan untuk tujuan philisophical? || <> Apa yang dibenarkan oleh sanskrit untuk diubah secara linguistik? || <> berapa banyak perkembangan linguistik yang ada di Riveda dari Vedic? || <> Berapa abad dapatkah perkembangan bahasa Veda awal dapat dikesan? || <> Apakah faktor yang menyokong proses perubahan linguistik? || <> Yang awal sutras tidak mengikuti perkembangan linguistik lima tahap? || <> Apa yang dikatakan golongan konservatif kelas atas dalam penggunaan bahasa? || <> Apakah tahap perkembangan linguistik yang melangkaui bahasa Sanskerta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the time of Panini?", "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e5f", "answers": [{"text": "fourth century BCE", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of text is the Samaveda?", "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e60", "answers": [{"text": "Vedic texts", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Sanskrit used for?", "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e61", "answers": [{"text": "sacred purposes", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?", "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e62", "answers": [{"text": "conservative", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?", "id": "570e31310dc6ce1900204e63", "answers": [{"text": "change", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth century BCE", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "When was the Samaveda witten?", "id": "5a299b2003c0e7001a3e183c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vedic", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What language was used for philisophical purposes?", "id": "5a299b2003c0e7001a3e183d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the prestige of the language", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What allowed sanskrit to change linguistically?", "id": "5a299b2003c0e7001a3e183e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "how many linguistic developments are there of Riveda from Vedic?", "id": "5a299b2003c0e7001a3e183f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fourth century", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What century can the development of the early Vedic language be traced to?", "id": "5a2af5f25b078a001a2f076b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What factors supported the process of linguistic change?", "id": "5a2af5f25b078a001a2f076c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Baudhayana sutras", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "Which early sutras did not follow the five-level linguistic development?", "id": "5a2af5f25b078a001a2f076d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "linguistic change", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "What did upper class conservatives advocate in the use of language? ", "id": "5a2af5f25b078a001a2f076e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five-level linguistic development", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "What levels of linguistic development did Sanskrit bypass?", "id": "5a2af5f25b078a001a2f076f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the Rigveda until the time of P\u0101\u1e47ini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras."}], ["Sheldon Pollock berhujah bahawa \"kebanyakan pemerhati akan bersetuju bahawa, dalam beberapa cara yang penting, bahasa Sanskrit telah mati\".: 393 Pollock telah menegaskan bahawa, sementara Sanskrit terus digunakan dalam budaya sastera di India, ia tidak pernah disesuaikan untuk menyatakan bentuk yang berubah subjektiviti dan sosialiti seperti termaktub dan dikonseptualisasikan dalam zaman moden. 446 Sebaliknya, ia dikurangkan menjadi \"reinscription dan restatements\" idea-idea yang telah dieksplorasi, dan sebarang kreativiti terhad kepada himne dan ayat-ayat.:398 Pengecualian yang ketara adalah rujukan tentera ulasan N\u0101laka\u1e47\u1e6dha Caturdhara pada abad ke-17 mengenai Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata. <> Siapa kata Sanskrit sudah mati? || Sheldon Pollock <> Menurut Pollock, bagaimana bahasa Sanskrit digunakan semata-mata? || budaya sastera <> Apakah Sanskrit tidak dapat menyatakan? || zaman moden <> Bagaimana Sanskrit terhad di dalamnya berfungsi ke arah idea? || restatements <> Kepada apa yang terhad oleh Sanskrit? || hymns <> Apa kata Andrew Pollock tentang Sanskrit? || <> Apakah komentar abad ke-18 yang dikatakan oleh Caturdhara? || <> Sanskrit tidak sering digunakan dalam bentuk penggunaan kreatif? || <> Di manakah Sanskrit tidak lagi digunakan? || <> Dengan cara bagaimana bahasa Sanskrit disesuaikan dalam zaman moden? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?", "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e57", "answers": [{"text": "Sheldon Pollock", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?", "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e58", "answers": [{"text": "literary cultures", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Sanskrit not  able to express?", "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e59", "answers": [{"text": "the modern age", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?", "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e5a", "answers": [{"text": "restatements", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what is Sanskrit restricted?", "id": "570e580d0b85d914000d7e5b", "answers": [{"text": "hymns", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit is dead", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What did Andrew Pollock say of Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2abd485b078a001a2f06df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "What 18th century commentary did Caturdhara's speak about?", "id": "5a2abd485b078a001a2f06e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hymns and verses", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "Sanskrit is not often used in what forms of creative uses?", "id": "5a2abd485b078a001a2f06e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "literary cultures in India", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "Where is Sanskrit no longer used?", "id": "5a2abd485b078a001a2f06e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to express the changing forms of subjectivity", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "In what way has Sanskrit adapted in the modern age?", "id": "5a2abd485b078a001a2f06e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sheldon Pollock argues that \"most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead\".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to \"reinscription and restatements\" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of N\u012blaka\u1e47\u1e6dha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata."}], ["Selama hampir 2000 tahun, Sanskrit adalah bahasa suatu tatanan budaya yang memberikan pengaruh di seluruh Asia Selatan, Asia Dalam, Asia Tenggara, dan ke tahap tertentu Asia Timur. Suatu bentuk signifikan pasca-Vedic Sanskrit ditemui dalam Sanskrit puisi epik India-Ramayana dan Mahabharata. Penyimpangan dari P\u0101\u1e47ini dalam epik umumnya dianggap sebagai gangguan daripada Prakrits, atau inovasi, dan bukan kerana mereka pra-Paninian. Para ulama Sanskerta tradisional menyebut penyimpangan seperti \u0101r\u1e63a (\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0937), yang bermaksud '\u1e5b\u1e63is', tajuk tradisional untuk penulis purba. Dalam beberapa konteks, terdapat juga lebih banyak \"prakritisme\" (peminjaman daripada ucapan umum) daripada dalam Sanskrit Klasik yang sesuai. Sanskrit Hibrida Buddha adalah bahasa sastera yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Indo-Aryan Tengah, berdasarkan teks-teks awal Prakrit Buddha yang kemudiannya diasimilasikan kepada standard Sanskrit Klasik dalam pelbagai peringkat. <> Apakah dua contoh puisi epik yang ditulis dalam bahasa Sanskrit? || Ramayana dan Mahabharata <> Apa itu prakritisme? || pinjaman dari ucapan umum <> Bahasa Sanskrit yang mana bahasa kesusasteraan telah dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Indo-Aryan Tengah? || Sanskrit Hibrida Buddha <> Berapa lamakah Sanskrit bahasa budaya? || 2000 tahun <> Di manakah terdapat bentuk pasca-Vedic dari bahasa Sanskrit? || Puisi epik India <> Apa puisi epik ditulis dalam bahasa Sanskrit pasca-Vedic? || Ramayana dan Mahabharata <> Apa penyimpangan dalam epik yang dianggap sebagai pengaruh? || Prakrits <> Apa yang didapati kurang dalam Sanskrit Klasik? || prakritisme <> Bahasa apa yang mempengaruhi sebahagian besar EurAsia selama hampir 2000 tahun? || <> Apa bentuk bahasa Sanskrit yang terdapat di peotry Asia? || <> Apa yang dianggap bukti bahawa pra-Panini digunakan dalam epik? || <> Jenis bahasa Sanskrit yang mempengaruhi bahasa Middle AIndo-Aryan? || <> Apa Sanskrit klasik mengasimilasikan? || <> Di manakah pengaruh Sanskrit kurang daripada 1000 tahun? || <> Sanskrit tidak berpengaruh di mana bahagian Asia? || <> Dalam puisi apa yang akan anda dapati awal Vedic Sanskrit? || <> Siapa yang menyebabkan penyelewengan dari Panini kerana kurangnya campur tangan mereka? || <> Bahasa klasik apakah yang dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Indo-Aryan Tengah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?", "id": "570d1ebdb3d812140066d443", "answers": [{"text": "the Ramayana and Mahabharata", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are prakritisms?", "id": "570d1ebdb3d812140066d444", "answers": [{"text": "borrowings from common speech", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?", "id": "570d1ebdb3d812140066d445", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?", "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4b", "answers": [{"text": "2000 years", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?", "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4c", "answers": [{"text": "Indian epic poetry", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?", "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4d", "answers": [{"text": "Ramayana and Mahabharata", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?", "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4e", "answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?", "id": "570e2f430dc6ce1900204e4f", "answers": [{"text": "prakritisms", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What Language influenced a large part of EurAsia for nearly 2000 years?", "id": "5a298cb103c0e7001a3e17da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vedic Sanskrit", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What form of Sanskrit is found in Asian peotry?", "id": "5a298cb103c0e7001a3e17db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deviations", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What is considered proof that pre-Panini was used in epics?", "id": "5a298cb103c0e7001a3e17dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit", "answer_start": 714}], "question": "What type of Sanskrit influenced Middle aIndo-Aryan languages?", "id": "5a298cb103c0e7001a3e17dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buddhist Prakrit", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "What did Classic Sanskrit assimilate to?", "id": "5a298cb103c0e7001a3e17de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Asia", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Where did Sanskrit exert influence for less than 1000 years?", "id": "5a2ab00c5b078a001a2f06ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Asia", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "Sanskrit was not influential in which part of Asia?", "id": "5a2ab00c5b078a001a2f06ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian epic poetry", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "In what poetry will you find early Vedic Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ab00c5b078a001a2f06af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "Who caused deviations from Panini due to their lack of interference?", "id": "5a2ab00c5b078a001a2f06b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit", "answer_start": 714}], "question": "What classical language is influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?", "id": "5a2ab00c5b078a001a2f06b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry\u2014the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from P\u0101\u1e47ini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations \u0101r\u1e63a (\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0937), meaning 'of the \u1e5b\u1e63is', the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more \"prakritisms\" (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees."}], ["Lebih 90 minggu, dua minggu dan suku tahunan diterbitkan dalam bahasa Sanskrit. Sudharma, akhbar harian di Sanskrit, telah diterbitkan dari Mysore, India, sejak tahun 1970, manakala Sanskrit Vartman Patram dan Vishwasya Vrittantam bermula di Gujarat dalam tempoh lima tahun yang lalu. Sejak tahun 1974, terdapat siaran berita harian pendek di All India Radio yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan. Siaran ini juga disediakan di internet di laman web AIR. Berita Sanskrit disiarkan di TV dan di internet melalui saluran DD Kebangsaan pada jam 6:55 pagi. <> Pada tahun apakah akhbar Sudharma pertama kali diterbitkan? || 1970 <> Dimana Sanskrit Vartman Patram dan Vishwasya Vrittantam diterbitkan? || Gujarat <> Pada tahun apakah siaran berita harian di Sankrit bermula pada Radio India All-run? || 1974 <> Lebih kurang berapa banyak mingguan, dua minggu dan suku tahunan yang diterbitkan dalam bahasa Sanskrit? || Lebih dari 90 <> Berapa masa siaran untuk berita Sanskrit pada saluran DD Kebangsaan? || 6:55 AM IST <> Apakah penerbitan, Sudharma? || akhbar harian <> Bahasa apa yang banyak terbitan berkala diterbitkan di India? || Sanskrit <> Dimana akhbar Sudharma diterbitkan? || Mysore, India <> Sejak tahun berapa penyiaran harian di All India Radio? || 1974 <> Di mana siaran Sanskerta boleh ditemui dalam talian? || Laman web AIR <> Berapa banyak mingguan diterbitkan dalam bahasa Sanskrit? || <> Kertas berita apa yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1974? || <> Apa yang pertama muncul dalam Sanskrit di All India Radio pada tahun 1970? || <> Apakah penerbitan apa yang telah diterbitkan daripada Myrosa sejak tahun 1970? || <> Apa yang telah diterbitkan di Mumbai India sejak tahun 1970? || <> Penerbitan yang mana di Gujarat bermula lebih dari lima tahun yang lalu? || <> Tahun apa siaran mingguan bermula di All India Radio? || <> Siaran apa yang hanya terdapat di internet? || <> Saluran apa yang boleh ditemui di Sanskrit pada pukul 9:55 pagi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?", "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bf7", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?", "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bf8", "answers": [{"text": "Gujarat", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?", "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bf9", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?", "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bfa", "answers": [{"text": "Over 90", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?", "id": "570d146cfed7b91900d45bfb", "answers": [{"text": "6:55 AM IST", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the publication, Sudharma?", "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df1", "answers": [{"text": "daily newspaper", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language are many periodicals published in in India?", "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df2", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?", "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df3", "answers": [{"text": "Mysore, India", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?", "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df4", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?", "id": "570e25080dc6ce1900204df5", "answers": [{"text": "AIR's website", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "How many weeklies are published in Sanskrit?", "id": "5a298deb03c0e7001a3e17e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sudharma", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What news paper was first published in 1974?", "id": "5a298deb03c0e7001a3e17e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "short daily news broadcast", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What first appeared in Sanskrit on All India Radio in 1970?", "id": "5a298deb03c0e7001a3e17e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What publications have been published out of Myrosa since 1970?", "id": "5a298deb03c0e7001a3e17e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sudharma", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What has been published out of Mumbai India since 1970?", "id": "5a2ab26e5b078a001a2f06b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vartman Patram", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Which publication in Gujarat started more than five years ago?", "id": "5a2ab26e5b078a001a2f06b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What year did weekly broadcasts start on All India Radio?", "id": "5a2ab26e5b078a001a2f06b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit news", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "What broadcast is only found on the internet?", "id": "5a2ab26e5b078a001a2f06ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DD National channel", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "What channel can the Sanskrit news be found on a 9:55 AM IST?", "id": "5a2ab26e5b078a001a2f06bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio. These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR's website. Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST."}], ["Brahmi berevolusi menjadi skrip Brahmik yang banyak, yang banyak digunakan untuk menulis Sanskrit. Kasar kontemporari dengan Brahmi, Kharosthi digunakan di barat laut subkontinenya. Kadang-kadang antara abad keempat dan kelapan, skrip Gupta, yang berasal dari Brahmi, menjadi berleluasa. Sekitar abad kelapan, skrip \u015a\u0101rad\u0101 berkembang daripada skrip Gupta. Yang terakhir digantikan oleh Devanagari pada abad ke-11 atau ke-12, dengan tahap perantaraan seperti skrip Siddha\u1e43. Di India Timur, abjad Bengali, dan, kemudian, abjad Odia, telah digunakan. <> Jenis skrip yang digunakan untuk menulis Sanskrit di bahagian barat laut Indai? || Kharosthi <> Sekitar masa apa skrip Gupta menjadi lebih luas untuk menulis Sanskrit? || antara abad keempat dan kelapan <> Skrip mana yang berkembang dari skrip Gupta pada abad ke-8? || \u015a\u0101rad\u0101 <> Skrip mana yang menggantikan skrip Gupta? || Devanagari <> Dalam apa tempoh masa skrip Devangari menjadi lazim? || Abad ke-11 atau ke-12 <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menulis Sanskrit? || Skrip Brahmik <> Skrip apa yang digunakan di barat laut India? || Kharosthi <> Antara abad ke-8 dan lapan, apa skrip yang berkembang? || Gupta <> Dari apa yang diperoleh Gupta? || Brahmi <> Skrip apa yang berkembang dari skrip Gupta? || \u015a\u0101rad\u0101 <> Apa skrip yang digunakan di timur laut? || <> Dalam berabad-abad apa skrip Brahmik digunakan? || <> Apakah skrip Brahmi berasal? || <> Skrip apa skrip Devanagari digantikan dengan pada abad ke-12? || <> Abjad apa yang digunakan terutamanya di India Barat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?", "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c15", "answers": [{"text": "Kharosthi", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?", "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c16", "answers": [{"text": "between the fourth and eighth centuries", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?", "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c17", "answers": [{"text": "\u015a\u0101rad\u0101", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which script replaced the Gupta script?", "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c18", "answers": [{"text": "Devanagari", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?", "id": "570d1aeafed7b91900d45c19", "answers": [{"text": "11th or 12th century", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were used to write Sanskrit?", "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e23", "answers": [{"text": "Brahmic scripts", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What script was used in the northwest of India?", "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e24", "answers": [{"text": "Kharosthi", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?", "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e25", "answers": [{"text": "Gupta", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what was Gupta derived?", "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e26", "answers": [{"text": "Brahmi", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What script evolved from the Gupta script?", "id": "570e2a730dc6ce1900204e27", "answers": [{"text": "\u015a\u0101rad\u0101", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kharosthi", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What script was used in the northeast?", "id": "5a2adee65b078a001a2f0725", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between the fourth and eighth centuries", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "In what centuries were the Brahmic scripts used?", "id": "5a2adee65b078a001a2f0726", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Gupta script", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What was the Brahmi script derived from?", "id": "5a2adee65b078a001a2f0727", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gupta script", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What script was the Devanagari script replace with in the 12th century?", "id": "5a2adee65b078a001a2f0728", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bengali alphabet", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What alphabet was mainly used in West India?", "id": "5a2adee65b078a001a2f0729", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the \u015a\u0101rad\u0101 script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddha\u1e43 script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used."}], ["Ahli bahasa Sanskrit Madhav Deshpande mengatakan bahawa apabila istilah \"Sanskrit\" muncul, ia tidak dianggap sebagai bahasa tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh bahasa-bahasa lain, melainkan sebagai cara bercakap yang sangat halus atau sempurna. Pengetahuan tentang bahasa Sanskrit adalah penanda kelas sosial dan pencapaian pendidikan di India kuno, dan bahasa itu diajarkan terutama kepada anggota kasta yang lebih tinggi melalui analisis dekat Vy\u0101kara\u1e47ins seperti P\u0101\u1e47ini dan Patanjali, yang mengucapkan Sanskrit yang tepat sepanjang masa, terutama ketika upacara. Sanskrit, sebagai bahasa yang dipelajari dari India Purba, dengan demikian wujud bersama Prakrits bahasa-bahasa, yang merupakan bahasa Indo-Aryan Tengah. Walau bagaimanapun, perubahan linguistik telah menyebabkan kehilangan kecerdasan bersama. <> Dalam India Purba, bahasa mana yang bersifat vernakular wujud bersama Sanskrit? || Prakrits <> Karya yang mana dua ulama digunakan untuk mengajar bahasa Sanskrit ke kasta yang lebih tinggi di India? || P\u0101\u1e47ini dan Patanjali <> Penggunaan bahasa Sanskrit dianggap sebagai penanda dalam bahasa India Kuno? || kelas sosial dan pencapaian pendidikan <> Jenis bahasa apa yang Prakrits? || Middle Indo-Aryan <> Yang ahli bahasa Sanskrit menggambarkan bahasa Sanskrit sebagai \"cara bercakap yang paling halus atau sempurna?\" || Madhav Deshpande <> Apa gaya pidato yang dilakukan oleh linguistik Madhav Deshpande mengatakan Sanskrit bermula? || Cara sempurna <> Dari apa yang pernah dianggap Sanskrit sebagai pembahagi? || kelas sosial <> Bagaimana bahasa Sanskrit asalnya digunakan? || ritual <> Di manakah Sanskrit bahasa yang dipelajari dari kelas tinggi? || India Purba <> Dengan apa yang Sanskrit ada di sebelahnya? || Prakrits vernakular <> Siapa kata bahawa Sanskrit adalah bahasa tertentu yang ditetapkan? || <> Di negara apa kajian Sanskrit kelas rendah? || <> Bahasa apa yang wujud bersama Sanskrit di India moden? || <> Apa dua ulama memainkan peranan penting dalam mengajar bahasa Sanskrit ke kelas yang lebih rendah? || <> Apakah bahasa vernakular hanya digunakan oleh kelas sosial atas di India? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?", "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c01", "answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?", "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c02", "answers": [{"text": "P\u0101\u1e47ini and Patanjali", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?", "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c03", "answers": [{"text": "social class and educational attainment", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of language were Prakrits?", "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c04", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Indo-Aryan", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a \"particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?\"", "id": "570d1983fed7b91900d45c05", "answers": [{"text": "Madhav Deshpande", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?", "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e0f", "answers": [{"text": "perfected manner", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?", "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e10", "answers": [{"text": "social class", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Sanskrit originally used?", "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e11", "answers": [{"text": "ritual", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?", "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e12", "answers": [{"text": "Ancient India", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what did Sanskrit exist beside?", "id": "570e291c0dc6ce1900204e13", "answers": [{"text": "vernacular Prakrits", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Madhav Deshpande", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Who said that Sanskrit was a specific language set apart?", "id": "5a2ab8595b078a001a2f06cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "In what country did the lower class study Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ab8595b078a001a2f06cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 617}], "question": "What language exists alongside Sanskrit in modern India?", "id": "5a2ab8595b078a001a2f06cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "P\u0101\u1e47ini and Patanjali", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "What two scholars were instrumental in teaching Sanskrit to the lower class? ", "id": "5a2ab8595b078a001a2f06ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 617}], "question": "What vernacular language was used only by the upper social class in India?", "id": "5a2ab8595b078a001a2f06cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term \"Sanskrit\" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vy\u0101kara\u1e47ins such as P\u0101\u1e47ini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility."}], ["Banyak kata pinjaman Sanskrit juga terdapat dalam bahasa Austronesia, seperti bahasa Jawa, khususnya bentuk yang lebih tua di mana hampir separuh perbendaharaan dipinjam. Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia yang lain, seperti bahasa Melayu tradisional dan moden, juga memperoleh banyak perbendaharaan kata mereka dari bahasa Sanskrit, walaupun pada tahap yang lebih rendah, dengan sebahagian besarnya berasal dari bahasa Arab. Begitu juga, bahasa Filipina seperti Tagalog mempunyai beberapa kata pinjaman Sanskrit, walaupun lebih banyak berasal dari bahasa Sepanyol. Kata suntikan bahasa Sanskrit yang ditemui di banyak bahasa Asia Tenggara adalah perkataan bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, atau bahasa lisan, yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada nama-nama banyak bahasa. <> Bahasa Tagalog adalah jenis bahasa apa? || Filipina <> Dari bahasa apakah sebilangan besar bahasa Tagalog berasal? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Apakah satu contoh kata pinjaman Sanskrit yang digunakan dalam bahasa Asia Tenggara? || bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101 <> Apa maksud perkataan pinjaman Sanskrit \"bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101?\" || bahasa lisan <> Apakah satu contoh bahasa tradisional yang membedakan banyak perbendaharaan kata dari bahasa Sanskrit? || Bahasa Melayu <> Di manakah terdapat banyak perkataan Sanskrit? || Bahasa Austronesia <> Dalam apa yang lebih tua dari bahasa mana lebih daripada separuh kata-kata yang dipinjam dari bahasa Sanskrit? || Jawa <> Apa perkataan pinjaman Sanskrit yang terdapat di banyak bahasa Asia? || bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101 <> Apakah makna bhasa? || bahasa lisan <> Di mana bahasa Melayu tradisional mendapat banyak kata pinjamannya? || Sanskrit <> Dalam bahasa apakah perkataan pinjaman bahasa Tagalog dijumpai? || <> Bahasa manakah dari bahasa Indonesia tidak berasal dari bahasa Sanskrit? || <> Bahasa apa bahasa dari bahasa Austronesia tidak berasal dari bahasa Arab? || <> Kata pinjaman bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh Arab? || <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari bahasa Sepanyol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Tagalog is what kind of language?", "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d425", "answers": [{"text": "Philippine", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?", "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d426", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?", "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d427", "answers": [{"text": "bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword \"bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101?\"", "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d428", "answers": [{"text": "spoken language", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?", "id": "570d1d42b3d812140066d429", "answers": [{"text": "Malay", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were many Sanskrit words found?", "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2d", "answers": [{"text": "Austronesian languages", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?", "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2e", "answers": [{"text": "Javanese", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?", "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2f", "answers": [{"text": "bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the meaning of bhasa?", "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e30", "answers": [{"text": "spoken language", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?", "id": "570e2c350dc6ce1900204e31", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austronesian languages", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "In what languages are Tagalog loan words found?", "id": "5a2af14b5b078a001a2f0757", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malay", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Which language from Indonesia is not derived from Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2af14b5b078a001a2f0758", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traditional Malay and modern Indonesian", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What languages from the Austronesian languages is not derived from Arabic?", "id": "5a2af14b5b078a001a2f0759", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit loanwords", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What language loan words does Arabic use?", "id": "5a2af14b5b078a001a2f075a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tagalog", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What language is Spanish derived from?", "id": "5a2af14b5b078a001a2f075b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages."}], ["Sanskrit (s\u00e6nskr\u026at /; Sanskrit: sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam [s\u0259mskr\u0329t\u032a\u0259m] atau sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta, pada asalnya sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bt\u0101 v\u0101k, \"ucapan halus\") adalah bahasa suci utama Hindu, bahasa falsafah dalam Buddhisme, Hinduisme, Sikhisme dan Jainisme digunakan sebagai lingua franca di Greater India. Ia adalah dialek standard Indo-Aryan Lama, yang berasal dari bahasa Sanskrit Vedic dan menelusuri keturunan linguistiknya kembali ke Proto-Indo-Iran dan Proto-Indo-Eropah. Hari ini ia disenaraikan sebagai salah satu daripada 22 bahasa yang dijadualkan di India dan merupakan bahasa rasmi negeri Uttarakhand. Sebagai salah satu bahasa Indo-Eropah tertua yang mempunyai dokumentasi bertulis yang substansial, Sanskrit memegang kedudukan penting dalam kajian Indo-Eropah. <> Sanskrit adalah bahasa suci utama agama mana? || Hindu <> Berapa banyak bahasa berjadual yang ada di India sekarang ini? || 22 <> Manakah negara India mempunyai Sanskrit sebagai bahasa rasminya? || Uttarakhand <> Sanskrit digunakan sebagai bahasa pkilsosophical dalam agama Hindu, Buddhisme, Jainisme dan agama lain? || Sikhisme <> Sanskrit adalah dialek yang bersistem dengan bahasa mana? || Lama Indo-Aryan <> Bahasa apa bahasa agama Hindu? || Sanskrit <> Selain penggunaannya sebagai bahasa agama, apa aplikasi lain yang boleh digunakan oleh Sanskrit? || lingua franca <> Di mana bahasa Sanskrit biasanya dijumpai? || India <> Dari apa Sanskrit adalah adaptasi? || Lama Indo-Aryan <> Dari bahasa apa bahasa Sanskrit berasal? || Vedic Sanskrit <> Apa bahasa falsafah sastera digunakan di Greater India? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai bahasa suci dalam Buddhisme? || <> Berapa banyak bahasa yang digunakan di India? || <> Manakah negara India yang tidak mengiktiraf Sanskirt secara rasmi? || <> Apa Indo [bahasa Eropah hanya mempunyai sedikit dokumentasi bertulis? || <> Apakah bahasa suci utama Buddhisme? || <> Apakah bahasa falsafah dalam Islam? || <> Di manakah Sanskrit bahasa klasik? || <> Apa yang disenaraikan sebagai salah satu daripada 25 bahasa di India? || <> Di mana kajian bahasa Sanskrit memegang kedudukan yang lebih rendah daripada yang menonjol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?", "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d5", "answers": [{"text": "Hinduism", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?", "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d6", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?", "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d7", "answers": [{"text": "Uttarakhand", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?", "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d8", "answers": [{"text": "Sikhism", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?", "id": "570d1264b3d812140066d3d9", "answers": [{"text": "Old Indo-Aryan", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?", "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204ddd", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?", "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204dde", "answers": [{"text": "lingua franca", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Sanskrit usually found?", "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204ddf", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what is Sanskrit an adaption?", "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204de0", "answers": [{"text": "Old Indo-Aryan", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what language did Sanskrit originate?", "id": "570e22010dc6ce1900204de1", "answers": [{"text": "Vedic Sanskrit", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What literary philosophical language was used in Greater India?", "id": "5a29495603c0e7001a3e1770", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is concidered a sacred language in Buddhism?", "id": "5a29495603c0e7001a3e1771", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "How many lanuages are spoken in India?", "id": "5a29495603c0e7001a3e1772", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uttarakhand", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "Which Indian state does not formally reckognize Sanskirt?", "id": "5a29495603c0e7001a3e1773", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What Indo[European language only has a small amount of written documentation?", "id": "5a29495603c0e7001a3e1774", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the primary sacred language of Buddhism?", "id": "5a2aac7b5b078a001a2f0699", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a philosophical language in Islam?", "id": "5a2aac7b5b078a001a2f069a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greater India", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "Where was Sanskrit a classical language?", "id": "5a2aac7b5b078a001a2f069b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is listed as one of the 25 languages of India?", "id": "5a2aac7b5b078a001a2f069c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indo-European studies", "answer_start": 727}], "question": "Where does the study of Sanskrit hold a less than prominent position?", "id": "5a2aac7b5b078a001a2f069d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sanskrit (/\u02c8s\u00e6nskr\u026at/; Sanskrit: sa\u1e43sk\u1e5btam [s\u0259mskr\u0329t\u032a\u0259m] or sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta, originally sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bt\u0101 v\u0101k, \"refined speech\") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies."}], ["Sanskrit berasal dari masyarakat lisan, dan tradisi lisan dikekalkan melalui perkembangan kesusasteraan Sanskrit awal klasik. Penulisan tidak diperkenalkan ke India sehingga selepas Sanskrit telah berkembang menjadi Prakrits; apabila ditulis, pilihan sistem penulisan telah dipengaruhi oleh skrip serantau para ahli tulis. Oleh itu, bahasa Sanskrit tidak mempunyai naskah asli sendiri. Oleh itu, hampir semua sistem penulisan utama Asia Selatan telah digunakan untuk pengeluaran manuskrip Sanskrit. <> Di bawah apa jenis tradisi yang dimulakan oleh Sanskrit? || Tradisi lisan <> Selepas apa bahasa berkembang, tulisan yang diperkenalkan? || Prakrits <> Apa ciri teks bertulis yang mempengaruhi penggunaan skrip? || skrip serantau <> Apa Sanskrit tidak mempunyai sendiri? || skrip asal <> Sistem tulisan mana yang digunakan untuk menulis Sanskrit? || semua <> Apa yang berasal dari masyarakat progresif? || <> Apa tradisi tertulis dikekalkan dalam kesusasteraan awal? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Prakrits? || <> Apa yang mempengaruhi skrip asal penulis? || <> Apa yang digunakan dalam sistem penulisan yang sangat sedikit di Asia Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?", "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa1", "answers": [{"text": "oral tradition", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what language evolved was writing introduced?", "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa2", "answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?", "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa3", "answers": [{"text": "regional scripts", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Sanskrit not have of its own?", "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa4", "answers": [{"text": "native script", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?", "id": "570e5d860dc6ce1900204fa5", "answers": [{"text": "all", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What originated in a progressive society?", "id": "5a2ad6af5b078a001a2f0711", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What written tradition was maintained in early literature?", "id": "5a2ad6af5b078a001a2f0712", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What did Prakrits evolve into?", "id": "5a2ad6af5b078a001a2f0713", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What influenced the original scripts of the scribes?", "id": "5a2ad6af5b078a001a2f0714", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit manuscripts", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What was used in very few writing systems in South Asia?", "id": "5a2ad6af5b078a001a2f0715", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts."}], ["Tradisi tatabahasa Sanskrit, Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a, salah satu dari enam Vedangas, bermula pada masa akhir Veda dan memuncak dalam A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b P\u0101\u1e47ini, yang terdiri dari 3990 sutra (sekitar abad kelima BCE). Kira-kira satu abad selepas P\u0101\u1e47ini (kira-kira 400 SM), K\u0101ty\u0101yana terdiri daripada V\u0101rtikas pada p\u0101\u1e47ini s\u0113tras. Patanjali, yang hidup tiga abad selepas P\u0101\u1e47ini, menulis Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63ya, \"Komentar Agung\" pada A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b dan V\u0101rtikas. Kerana tiga Vy\u0101kara\u1e47ins kuno (tatabahasa), tatabahasa ini disebut Trimuni Vy\u0101karana. Untuk memahami makna sutra, Jayaditya dan V\u0101mana menulis komentar, K\u0101sik\u0101, pada 600 CE. Tata Bahasa India berasaskan 14 sastera Shiva (aphorisms), di mana seluruh m\u0101trika (abjad) disingkat. Singkatan ini dipanggil Praty\u0101hara. <> Apakah tradisi tatabahasa Sanskerta? || Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a <> Pada masa apa Vyakarana bermula? || akhir Vedic <> Berapa banyak sutra dalam Astadhyayi? || 3990 sutra <> Siapa yang menulis Vartikas pada sutera Panini? || K\u0101ty\u0101yana <> Apa abjad abjad yang dipanggil? || Praty\u0101hara <> Apa yang ditulis kira-kira satu abad sebelum Panini? || <> Siapa yang tinggal tiga abad sebelum Panini? || <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Panini? || <> Apa yang berdasarkan 12 sutra Shiva? || <> Apa itu Pratyahara singkatan separa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?", "id": "570e66e60dc6ce190020501d", "answers": [{"text": "Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what period did Vyakarana begin?", "id": "570e66e60dc6ce190020501e", "answers": [{"text": "late Vedic", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?", "id": "570e66e60dc6ce190020501f", "answers": [{"text": "3990 sutras", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?", "id": "570e66e60dc6ce1900205020", "answers": [{"text": "K\u0101ty\u0101yana", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the abbreviated alphabet called? ", "id": "570e66e60dc6ce1900205021", "answers": [{"text": "Praty\u0101hara", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "V\u0101rtikas", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What was composed about a century before Panini?", "id": "5a2ae6a35b078a001a2f0739", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Patanjali", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "Who lived three centuries before Panini?", "id": "5a2ae6a35b078a001a2f073a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63ya", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What did Panini write?", "id": "5a2ae6a35b078a001a2f073b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "K\u0101sik\u0101", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "What is based on 12 Shiva sutras?", "id": "5a2ae6a35b078a001a2f073c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "m\u0101trika (alphabet)", "answer_start": 706}], "question": "What is Pratyahara a partial abbreviation of?", "id": "5a2ae6a35b078a001a2f073d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Sanskrit grammatical tradition, Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a, one of the six Vedangas, began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b of P\u0101\u1e47ini, which consists of 3990 sutras (ca. fifth century BCE). About a century after P\u0101\u1e47ini (around 400 BCE), K\u0101ty\u0101yana composed V\u0101rtikas on the P\u0101\u1e47ini s\u0169tras. Patanjali, who lived three centuries after P\u0101\u1e47ini, wrote the Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63ya, the \"Great Commentary\" on the A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b and V\u0101rtikas. Because of these three ancient Vy\u0101kara\u1e47ins (grammarians), this grammar is called Trimuni Vy\u0101karana. To understand the meaning of the sutras, Jayaditya and V\u0101mana wrote a commentary, the K\u0101sik\u0101, in 600 CE. P\u0101\u1e47inian grammar is based on 14 Shiva sutras (aphorisms), where the whole m\u0101trika (alphabet) is abbreviated. This abbreviation is called the Praty\u0101hara."}], ["Sanskrit sangat mempengaruhi bahasa India yang berkembang dari asas perbendaharaan kata dan tatabahasa; contohnya, Hindi adalah \"daftar bahasa Sanskrit\" dari dialek Khariboli. Semua bahasa moden Indo-Aryan, serta bahasa Munda dan Dravidian, telah meminjam banyak perkataan sama ada secara langsung dari bahasa Sanskrit (kata-kata tatsama), atau secara tidak langsung melalui bahasa Indo-Aryan tengah (kata-kata tadbhava). Perkataan yang berasal dari bahasa Sanskrit dianggarkan kira-kira lima puluh peratus dari perbendaharaan kata bahasa Indo-Aryan moden, serta bentuk-bentuk kesusasteraan Malayalam dan Kannada. Teks-teks sastera dalam bahasa Telugu adalah Sanskrit atau Sanskrit leksikal dengan tahap yang besar, mungkin tujuh puluh peratus atau lebih. <> Bahasa apa yang mempengaruhi bahasa India? || Sanskrit <> Daripada apa yang Hindi dianggap sebagai berkaitan dengan bahasa Sanskrit? || Daftar bahasa Sanskrit <<Dari dialek apa bahasa Hindi? || Khariboli <> Berapakah peratusan perkataan Sanskrit yang dikatakan dalam bahasa Indo-Aryan moden? || lima puluh peratus <> Apa teks bahasa sebanyak 70% Sanskrit? || Telugu <> Apa pengaruh bahasa India? || <> Apakah dialek Khariboli dalam daftar Sanskrit? || <> Di mana Sanskrit meminjam perkataan? || <> Sebanyak perbendaharaan kata berasal dari bahasa India? || <> Apa tempat teks-teks sastera jarang dianggap leksikal Sanskerta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What language has influenced the languages of India?", "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ff9", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?", "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffa", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskritised register", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what dialect is Hindi descended?", "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffb", "answers": [{"text": "Khariboli", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?", "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffc", "answers": [{"text": "fifty percent", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?", "id": "570e63780dc6ce1900204ffd", "answers": [{"text": "Telugu", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did the languages of India greatly influence?", "id": "5a2ae9bb5b078a001a2f0743", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hindi", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What is the Khariboli dialect a Sanskritised register of?", "id": "5a2ae9bb5b078a001a2f0744", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "Where has Sanskrit borrowed words from?", "id": "5a2ae9bb5b078a001a2f0745", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "roughly fifty percent", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What percent of vocabulary comes from languages of India?", "id": "5a2ae9bb5b078a001a2f0746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Telugu", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What place are literary texts rarely considered lexically Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ae9bb5b078a001a2f0747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a \"Sanskritised register\" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more."}], ["Untuk menjelaskan ciri-ciri umum yang dikongsi oleh Sanskrit dan bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah yang lain, banyak ulama telah mencadangkan teori penghijrahan Indo-Aryan, menegaskan bahawa penceramah asal apa yang menjadi Sanskrit tiba di India dan Pakistan sekarang dari barat laut beberapa ketika pada milenium kedua awal SM. Bukti bagi teori semacam ini termasuk hubungan erat antara lidah Indo-Iran dan bahasa Baltik dan Slavik, pertukaran kosakata dengan bahasa Uralic bukan Indo-Eropah, dan sifat kata-kata Indo-Eropah yang ditegaskan untuk flora dan fauna. <> Bilakah difikirkan bahawa penceramah Sanskrit awal datang ke India? || awal milenium kedua BCE <> Apakah hubungan antara bahasa Indo-Iran dan Baltik? || Tutup <> Dari arah mana perjalanan Sanskrit ke India? || utara-barat <> Sanskrit datang dari barat laut dan pergi ke negara-negara hari ini? || India dan Pakistan <> Apakah teori yang disebut berurusan dengan pemindahan Sanskrit ke India? || Teori penghijrahan Indo-Aryan <> Apa arti teori penghijrahan Ino-Eropah? || <> Bilakah penceramah asal bahasa Sanskrit berhijrah ke barat laut? || <> Apa yang tiba di rantau Batic semasa milenium kedua BCE? || <> Apakah migrasi Indo-Aryan membuktikan? || <> Teori apa yang menerangkan ciri-ciri yang berbeza dari bahasa Sanskrit dan bahasa Indo-Eropah yang lain? || <> Ke mana penceramah awal dari utara-timur membawa bahasa Sanskrit? || <> Siapa yang tiba di India semasa milenium pertama BCE? || <> Bahasa manakah yang tidak berkongsi sama dengan satu sama lain? || <> Sedikit bukti wujud untuk menyokong teori mana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?", "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb5", "answers": [{"text": "early second millennium BCE", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?", "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb6", "answers": [{"text": "close", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?", "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb7", "answers": [{"text": "north-west", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?", "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb8", "answers": [{"text": "India and Pakistan", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?", "id": "570e6b020b85d914000d7eb9", "answers": [{"text": "Indo-Aryan migration theory", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages,", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What does the Ino-European migration theory explain?", "id": "5a2994e803c0e7001a3e17ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early second millennium BCE", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "When did the original speakers of Sanskrit migrate to the north-west?", "id": "5a2994e803c0e7001a3e17ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What arrived in the Batic region during the second millenium BCE?", "id": "5a2994e803c0e7001a3e17ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What does Indo-Aryan migration disprove?", "id": "5a2994e803c0e7001a3e17ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indo-Aryan migration theory", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What theory explains the different features of Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages?", "id": "5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India and Pakistan", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "To where did early speakers from the north-east bring Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "original speakers", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "Who arrived in India during the first millennium BCE?", "id": "5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Which languages share nothing in common with each other? ", "id": "5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indo-Aryan migration theory", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "Little evidence exists to support which theory?", "id": "5a2ab45c5b078a001a2f06c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna."}], ["Samskrita Bharati adalah organisasi yang bekerja untuk kebangkitan Sanskrit. \"Pesta Sansekerta All-India\" (sejak 2002) memegang pertandingan komposisi. Banci India tahun 1991 melaporkan 49.736 penutur fasih bahasa Sanskrit. Program pembelajaran bahasa Sanskrit juga menampilkan senarai pusat penyiaran AIR yang paling banyak. Kampung Mattur di pusat Karnataka mendakwa mempunyai penceramah asli Sanskrit di kalangan penduduknya. Penduduk semua kasta belajar bahasa Sanskrit bermula pada zaman kanak-kanak dan bercakap dalam bahasa. Malah umat Islam tempatan juga bercakap dalam bahasa Sanskrit. Secara sejarah, kampung itu diberikan oleh raja Krishnadevaraya dari Empayar Vijayanagara kepada para ulama Vedic dan keluarga mereka, sementara orang-orang di kerajaannya berbicara Kannada dan Telugu. Usaha lain menumpukan pada memelihara dan melewati tradisi oral Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in adalah salah satu organisasi yang berasaskan Hyderabad yang telah mendigitalkan Vedas dengan merakamkan bacaan Vedic Pandits. <> Organisasi apa yang cuba menghidupkan semula bahasa Sanskrit? || Samskrita Bharati <> Apa jenis pertandingan yang ada dalam Festival Sanskrit Semua-India? || peraduan komposisi <> Berapa banyak penceramah Sanskrit yang ada di banci 1991? || 49,736 <> Di mana di India Sanskrit masih dituturkan oleh penduduk? || Kampung Mattur <> Yang asalnya memberi desa Mattur kepada ulama Sanskrit? || raja Krishnadevaraya <> Organisasi apa yang berfungsi untuk menyingkirkan penggunaan bahasa Sanskerta? || <> Berapa banyak penutur bahasa Sanskrit yang fasih dilaporkan pada tahun 2002? || <> Apa kampung mendakwa bahawa ia tidak lagi mempunyai penceramah Sanskerta asli? || <> Penduduk tempatan mana yang enggan menggunakan Sanskrit sebagai bahasa? || <> Kampung mana yang telah diberikan oleh para ulama Vedic kepada raja Krishnadevaraya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?", "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee5", "answers": [{"text": "Samskrita Bharati", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?", "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee6", "answers": [{"text": "composition contests", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?", "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee7", "answers": [{"text": "49,736", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?", "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee8", "answers": [{"text": "Mattur village", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?", "id": "570e6e890b85d914000d7ee9", "answers": [{"text": "king Krishnadevaraya", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Samskrita Bharati", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What organization is working to get rid of the use of the Sanskrit language?", "id": "5a2abee65b078a001a2f06e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "49,736", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "How many fluent Sanskrit speakers were reported in 2002?", "id": "5a2abee65b078a001a2f06ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mattur village", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What village claims that it no longer has native Sanskrit speakers?", "id": "5a2abee65b078a001a2f06eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muslims", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "Which local population refuses to use Sanskrit as a language?", "id": "5a2abee65b078a001a2f06ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mattur village", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "Which village did Vedic scholars give to king Krishnadevaraya?", "id": "5a2abee65b078a001a2f06ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The \"All-India Sanskrit Festival\" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Inhabitants of all castes learn Sanskrit starting in childhood and converse in the language. Even the local Muslims converse in Sanskrit. Historically, the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families, while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu. Another effort concentrates on preserving and passing along the oral tradition of the Vedas, www.shrivedabharathi.in is one such organisation based out of Hyderabad that has been digitising the Vedas by recording recitations of Vedic Pandits."}], ["Banyak drama Sanskrit juga menunjukkan bahawa bahasa itu wujud bersama dengan Prakrits, yang digunakan oleh penceramah berbilang bahasa dengan pendidikan yang lebih luas. Penceramah Sanskrit hampir selalu berbilang bahasa. Dalam era zaman pertengahan, bahasa Sanskrit terus diterjemah dan ditulis, terutamanya oleh Brahmana yang belajar untuk komunikasi ilmiah. Ini adalah lapisan tipis masyarakat India, tetapi meliputi geografi yang luas. Pusat seperti Varanasi, Paithan, Pune dan Kanchipuram mempunyai kehadiran institusi pengajaran dan perdebatan yang kuat, dan Sanskrit klasik yang tinggi dikekalkan sehingga zaman British. <> Apakah bentuk ucapan menunjukkan bahawa Sanskrit dan Prakrits wujud bersama? || Drama Sanskrit <> Jenis pembesar suara yang bercakap Sanskrit? || pelbagai bahasa <> Untuk apa yang Brahmins menggunakan Sanskrit? || komunikasi ilmiah <> Sehingga tempoh apa yang digunakan Sanskrit tinggi? || British times <> Seberapa besar kumpulan dalam masyarakat menggunakan bahasa Sanskrit? || lapisan nipis <> Apakah jenis drama yang digunakan secara eksklusif dalam bahasa Sanskrit? || <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan oleh kurang berpendidikan? || <> Ciri-ciri apa yang berlaku dalam era pencerahan yang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan penceramah Sanskerta? || <> Siapa yang menggunakan bahasa Sanskrit untuk komunikasi biasa? || <> Di mana lokasi tunggal Sanskrit berpusat dan dikekalkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?", "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ec9", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit dramas", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?", "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7eca", "answers": [{"text": "multilingual", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?", "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ecb", "answers": [{"text": "scholarly communication", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until what period was high Sanskrit used?", "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ecc", "answers": [{"text": "British times", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?", "id": "570e6cc60b85d914000d7ecd", "answers": [{"text": "thin layer", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit dramas", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What kind of dramas used exclusively the Sanskrit language?", "id": "5a2abad95b078a001a2f06d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrits", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What language was spoken by the less educated?", "id": "5a2abad95b078a001a2f06d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multilingual", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What trait in the enlightened era did most Sanskrit speakers pocess?", "id": "5a2abad95b078a001a2f06d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brahmins", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "Who used Sanskrit for common communication?", "id": "5a2abad95b078a001a2f06d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Varanasi", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "In what single location was Sanskrit centralized and maintained? ", "id": "5a2abad95b078a001a2f06d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times."}], ["Sanskrit juga telah mempengaruhi bahasa-bahasa Tibet melalui penyebaran teks-teks Buddha dalam terjemahan. Buddhisme tersebar ke China oleh para mubaligh Mahayana yang dihantar oleh Ashoka, kebanyakannya melalui terjemahan Sanskrit Hibrid Buddha. Banyak istilah diterjemahkan secara langsung dan ditambah kepada perbendaharaan kata Cina. Kata-kata Cina seperti \u524e\u90a3 ch\u00e0n\u00e0 (Devanagari: \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 k\u1e63a\u1e47a 'masa seketika') dipinjam dari bahasa Sanskrit. Banyak teks Sanskrit bertahan hanya dalam koleksi koleksi Tibet kepada ajaran Buddha, Tengyur. <> Apa dalam penggunaan bahasa Sansekerta telah mempengaruhi bahasa Sino-Tibet? || Teks Buddha <> Siapa yang menghantar mubaligh ke China? || Ashoka <> Agama apakah yang tersebar ke China melalui terjemahan Sanskrit? || Buddhisme <> Apa yang ditransliterasi dan ditambah kepada bahasa Cina? || Banyak istilah <> Di mana banyak teks Sanskrit masih hidup? || Koleksi Tibet <> Apa yang mempunyai pengaruh bahasa Sino-Tibet? || <> Bahasa apa yang telah dipengaruhi oleh penyebaran teks bahasa Hindi? || <> Apa mubaligh menyebarkan Islam ke China? || <> Siapa yang menghantar para mubaligh Mahayana ke India? || <> Apa teks Sanskrit yang bertahan dalam koleksi Mesir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?", "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdb", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhist texts", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sent missionaries to China?", "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdc", "answers": [{"text": "Ashoka", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?", "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdd", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?", "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fde", "answers": [{"text": "Many terms", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?", "id": "570e61b00dc6ce1900204fdf", "answers": [{"text": "Tibetan collections", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What have Sino-Tibetan languages influenced?", "id": "5a2aeb5c5b078a001a2f074d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sino-Tibetan languages", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What languages have been influenced through the spread of Hindi texts? ", "id": "5a2aeb5c5b078a001a2f074e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mahayana missionaries", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What missionaries spread Islam to China?", "id": "5a2aeb5c5b078a001a2f074f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ashoka", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Who sent Mahayana missionaries to India?", "id": "5a2aeb5c5b078a001a2f0750", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Tengyur", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What Sanskrit texts survive in Egyptian collections?", "id": "5a2aeb5c5b078a001a2f0751", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka, mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese words like \u524e\u90a3 ch\u00e0n\u00e0 (Devanagari: \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 k\u1e63a\u1e47a 'instantaneous period') were borrowed from Sanskrit. Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, the Tengyur."}], ["Sanskrit, seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh P\u0101\u1e47ini, berkembang daripada bentuk Vedic yang terdahulu. Bentuk Vedic Sanskrit sekarang dapat dikesan kembali seawal milenium kedua BCE (untuk Rig-vedic). Ulama sering membezakan Sanskrit Vedic dan Sanskerta Klasik atau \"India\" sebagai dialek yang terpisah. Walaupun mereka agak serupa, mereka berbeza dalam beberapa perkara penting fonologi, kosa kata, tatabahasa dan sintaksis. Vedic Sanskrit adalah bahasa Veda, kumpulan besar pujian, mantra (Samhitas) dan perbincangan teologi dan agama-falsafah dalam Brahmanas dan Upanishad. Ahli bahasa moden menganggap lagu-lagu hymn dari Rigveda Samhita menjadi yang paling awal, yang ditulis oleh banyak penulis selama beberapa abad tradisi lisan. Akhir zaman Vedic ditandai oleh komposisi Upanishad, yang membentuk bahagian akhir dari korpus Vedic tradisional; Namun, Sutra awal adalah Vedic, baik dalam bahasa maupun isi. <> Menurut Panini, dari manakah Sanskrit berubah? || Vedic terdahulu <> Pada masa apa bolehkah bentuk Sanskrit sekarang dikesan? || milenium kedua BCE <> Seperti mana yang sering dilihat oleh Sanskrit Klasik dan Veda? || dialek berasingan <> Apa itu Vedic Sanskrit dimaksudkan untuk digunakan sebagai? || Vedas <> Apa yang dipanggil sebagai pujian yang paling awal? || Rigveda Samhita <> Apa yang digambarkan sebagai Vedic dan berkembang dari sebelumnya Panini? || <> Apa yang dapat ditelusuri kembali ke abad kedua A.D || <> Apa yang sering dianggap sebagai dialek yang sama? || <> Apa dua dialek yang berbeza? || <> Apakah permulaan tempoh Vedic ditandakan oleh? || <> Apa yang dapat dikesan semula ke milenium pertama? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk Sanskrit Vedic? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada pujian kemudian oleh pakar bahasa moden? || <> Apa yang dibuat oleh hanya satu pengarang? || <> Apa yang menandakan permulaan tempoh Vedic? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?", "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e99", "answers": [{"text": "earlier Vedic", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?", "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9a", "answers": [{"text": "second millennium BCE", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?", "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9b", "answers": [{"text": "separate dialects", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?", "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9c", "answers": [{"text": "the Vedas", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hymns are thought to be the earliest?", "id": "570e68a80b85d914000d7e9d", "answers": [{"text": "Rigveda Samhita", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is described as Vedic and evolved outof earlier Panini?", "id": "5a296fa403c0e7001a3e177a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What can be traced back to the second century A.D", "id": "5a296fa403c0e7001a3e177b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or \"P\u0101\u1e47inian\" Sanskrit", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What are often considered the same dialects?", "id": "5a296fa403c0e7001a3e177c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or \"P\u0101\u1e47inian\" Sanskrit", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What two dialects are vastly different?", "id": "5a296fa403c0e7001a3e177d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the composition of the Upanishads,", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "What is the begining of the Vedic period marked by?", "id": "5a296fa403c0e7001a3e177e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vedic Sanskrit", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What can be traced back to the first millennium?", "id": "5a2aae235b078a001a2f06a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"P\u0101\u1e47inian\" Sanskrit", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What is another name for Vedic Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2aae235b078a001a2f06a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "metrical hymns", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What are considered to be some of the later hymns by modern linguists?", "id": "5a2aae235b078a001a2f06a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rigveda Samhita", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "What was composed by only one author?", "id": "5a2aae235b078a001a2f06a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "composition of the Upanishads", "answer_start": 790}], "question": "What marked the beginning of Vedic period?", "id": "5a2aae235b078a001a2f06a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sanskrit, as defined by P\u0101\u1e47ini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or \"P\u0101\u1e47inian\" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content."}], ["Sejak akhir abad ke-18, Sanskrit telah diterjemahkan menggunakan abjad Latin. Sistem yang paling biasa digunakan hari ini ialah IAST (Alphabet Antarabangsa Sanskrit Transliteration), yang telah menjadi standard akademik sejak 1888. Skema transliterasi yang berasaskan ASCII juga telah berkembang kerana kesulitan mewakili aksara Sanskrit dalam sistem komputer. Ini termasuk Harvard-Kyoto dan ITRANS, skema transliterasi yang digunakan secara meluas di Internet, terutamanya dalam Usenet dan e-mel, untuk pertimbangan mengenai kelajuan kemasukan serta masalah penyajian. Dengan adanya penyemak imbas web Unicode yang luas, IAST telah menjadi umum dalam talian. Ia juga mungkin untuk menaip menggunakan papan kekunci alfanumerik dan transliterate kepada Devanagari menggunakan perisian seperti sokongan antarabangsa Mac OS X. <> Sejak masa apakah abjad Latin digunakan untuk menyalin Sanskrit? || akhir abad ke 18 <> Sistem transliterasi apa yang paling biasa hari ini? || IAST <> Berapa lama IAST telah menjadi sistem standard yang digunakan untuk transliterasi bahasa Sanskrit? || sejak 1888 <> Apa yang digunakan dalam transliterasi untuk sistem komputer? || ASCII <> Apa skema transliterasi yang sering digunakan di internet? || ITRANS <> Apa abjad Yunani diterjemahkan sejak abad ke-18? || <> Sistem apa yang biasa digunakan pada abad ke-18 untuk melafalkan Sanskrit? || <> Apakah standard akademik yang digunakan sebelum 1888? || <> Perisian apa yang hanya boleh digunakan pada pelayar web yang menyedari Unicode? || <> Sistem transliterasi apa yang tidak biasa digunakan di internet atau e-mel? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?", "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fc7", "answers": [{"text": "late 18th century", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What transliteration system is most common today?", "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fc8", "answers": [{"text": "IAST", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?", "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fc9", "answers": [{"text": "since 1888", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used in transliteration for computer systems? ", "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fca", "answers": [{"text": "ASCII", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?", "id": "570e5ffb0dc6ce1900204fcb", "answers": [{"text": "ITRANS", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What Greek alphabet has been transliterated since the 18th century?", "id": "5a2ae2765b078a001a2f072f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration)", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What system was commonly used in the 18th century to transliterate Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ae2765b078a001a2f0730", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration)", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What academic standard had been used before 1888?", "id": "5a2ae2765b078a001a2f0731", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mac OS X's", "answer_start": 774}], "question": "What software can only be used on Unicode-aware web browsers?", "id": "5a2ae2765b078a001a2f0732", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ITRANS", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What system of transliteration is not commonly used on the internet or e-mail?", "id": "5a2ae2765b078a001a2f0733", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties representing Sanskrit characters in computer systems. These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS, a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet, especially in Usenet and in email, for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues. With the wide availability of Unicode-aware web browsers, IAST has become common online. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support."}], ["Prasasti paling awal yang diketahui dalam bahasa Sanskrit pada abad pertama SM. [Rujukan?] Mereka ada dalam skrip Brahmi, yang pada asalnya digunakan untuk Prakrit, bukan Sanskrit. Ia telah digambarkan sebagai paradoks bahawa bukti pertama bahasa Sanskrit ditulis berlaku berabad-abad kemudian daripada bahasa Prakrit yang merupakan keturunan linguistiknya. Di India utara, terdapat prasasti Brahm\u012b yang berasal dari abad ketiga BCE dan seterusnya, yang tertua muncul di prasasti pilar Prakrit terkenal raja Ashoka. Prasasti India Selatan terawal di Tamil Brahmi, yang ditulis di Tamil awal, adalah dalam tempoh yang sama. Apabila bahasa Sanskrit ditulis, ia mula-mula digunakan untuk teks bersifat pentadbiran, sastera atau saintifik. Teks suci dipelihara secara lisan, dan diturunkan secara bertulis \"dengan berat hati\" (menurut seorang pengulas), dan pada tarikh yang agak lewat. <> Dari mana asalnya tulisan insani Sanskrit yang paling awal? || abad pertama BCE <> Dalam skrip apakah tulisan-tulisan Sanskrit terawal? || Brahmi <> Dalam bahasa mana yang digunakan Brahmi dulu? || Prakrit <> Bahasa apakah keturunan Sanskrit? || Prakrit <> Bagaimana teks suci awal ditawarkan? || lisan <> Bilakah inskripsi terbaru dalam bahasa Sanskrit diketahui wujud? || <> Bilakah skrip Vedic terawal diketahui wujud? || <> Apa bahasa tulisan yang diketahui berlaku berabad-abad kemudian daripada Sanskrit? || <> Di manakah prasasti Prakrit yang berasal dari abad ketiga? || <> Apakah tiang raja apakah yang terdapat dalam prasasti Brahmi yang paling baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?", "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e87", "answers": [{"text": "first century BCE", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?", "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e88", "answers": [{"text": "Brahmi", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what language was Brahmi first used?", "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e89", "answers": [{"text": "Prakrit", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?", "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e8a", "answers": [{"text": "Prakrit", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were early sacred texts offered?", "id": "570e65050b85d914000d7e8b", "answers": [{"text": "orally", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first century BCE", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "When were the latest inscriptions in Sanskrit known to exist? ", "id": "5a2ad97b5b078a001a2f071b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first century", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "When was the earliest Vedic script known to exist? ", "id": "5a2ad97b5b078a001a2f071c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prakrit", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "What written language is known to occur centuries later than Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2ad97b5b078a001a2f071d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "northern India", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "Where are there Prakrit inscriptions dating from the third century?", "id": "5a2ad97b5b078a001a2f071e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "king Ashoka", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What king's pillar is the most recent Brahmi inscription found on?", "id": "5a2ad97b5b078a001a2f071f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Br\u0101hm\u012b inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing \"reluctantly\" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date."}], ["Satyagraha, opera oleh Philip Glass, menggunakan teks dari Bhagavad Gita, dinyanyikan dalam bahasa Sanskrit. Kredit penutup The Matrix Revolutions mempunyai doa dari Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Lagu \"Cyber-raga\" dari Music album Madonna termasuk nyanyian Sanskrit, dan Shanti / Ashtangi dari albumnya 1998 Ray of Light, yang memenangi Grammy, adalah nyanyian yoga ashtanga vinyasa. Liriknya termasuk mantra Om shanti. Komposer John Williams memaparkan penyanyi singa di Sanskrit untuk Indiana Jones dan Temple of Doom dan dalam Star Wars: Episod I - The Phantom Menace. Lagu tema Battlestar Galactica 2004 adalah Gayatri Mantra, diambil dari Rigveda. Lirik \"Anak Dalam Kita\" oleh Enigma juga mengandungi ayat-ayat Sanskrit. [Sumber yang lebih baik diperlukan]. <> Siapa yang menulis opera dalam bahasa Sanskrit? || Philip Glass <> Apa opera Philip Glass berdasarkan? || Bhagavad Gita <> Yang pelaku yang terkenal telah menggunakan lagu Sanskrit dalam muziknya? || Madonna <> Komposisi mana yang menampilkan muzik Sanskrit dalam filemnya? || John Williams <> Apakah sumber lagu tema Battlestar Galactica? || Rigveda <> Apakah opera yang dicipta oleh Steven Glass yang menggunakan bahasa Sanskrit? || <> Siapa yang menulis Bhagavad Gita? || <> Apa penyanyi moden menyanyikan lagu-lagu dari Satyagraha? || <> Di manakah Mantra Gayatri diambil dari Rigveda? || <> Apa lagu yang dinyanyikan oleh Enigma adalah nyanyian yoga vinyasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?", "id": "570e73c20dc6ce190020509f", "answers": [{"text": "Philip Glass", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what was the Philip Glass opera based?", "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a0", "answers": [{"text": "Bhagavad Gita", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?", "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a1", "answers": [{"text": "Madonna", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?", "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a2", "answers": [{"text": "John Williams", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?", "id": "570e73c20dc6ce19002050a3", "answers": [{"text": "Rigveda", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Satyagraha", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the opera created by Steven Glass that uses Sanskrit?", "id": "5a2af3a95b078a001a2f0761", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philip Glass", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Who wrote the Bhagavad Gita?", "id": "5a2af3a95b078a001a2f0762", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Madonna", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What modern singer sang chants from Satyagraha?", "id": "5a2af3a95b078a001a2f0763", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battlestar Galactica 2004", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "Where did the Gayatri Mantra taken from Rigveda come from?", "id": "5a2af3a95b078a001a2f0764", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Child In Us", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "What song sung by Enigma is a vinyasa yoga chant?", "id": "5a2af3a95b078a001a2f0765", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song \"Cyber-raga\" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of \"The Child In Us\" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed]."}], ["Para ulama Orientalis abad ke-18 seperti Sir William Jones menandakan gelombang semangat untuk budaya India dan bahasa Sanskrit. Menurut Thomas Trautmann, selepas tempoh \"Indomania\" ini, permusuhan tertentu terhadap Sanskrit dan kebudayaan India pada umumnya mula menegaskan dirinya pada awal abad ke-19 Britain, yang ditunjukkan oleh pengabaian Sanskrit dalam akademik Inggris. Inilah permulaan satu usaha umum yang memihak kepada gagasan bahawa India harus bersifat kultural, religius dan linguistik yang disatukan ke Britain sejauh mungkin. Trautmann menganggap dua sumber yang berlawanan dan logik berlawanan untuk permusuhan yang semakin membesar: satu ialah \"Indofobia British\", yang ia sebut sebagai asas kritik perkembangan, progresivis, liberal, dan non-perkauman bagi tamadun Hindu sebagai bantuan untuk peningkatan India bersama Garisan Eropah; yang lain adalah perkauman saintifik, teori \"pandangan akal\" dalam bahasa Inggeris yang kaum India membentuk \"bangsa yang terpisah, rendah dan tidak terkawal\". <> Bilakah budaya Sanskrit dan India popular? || Abad ke-18 <> Dalam abad apa budaya India memberikan sambutan yang lebih bermusuhan? || awal abad ke-19 <> Bagaimana akademisi British menunjukkan perasaan mereka tentang bahasa Sanskrit? || > Apa yang British pada abad ke-19 mahu India menjadi secepat mungkin? || diasimilasikan ke Britain <> Selain daripada asimilasi budaya British, apa lagi yang dianggap oleh orang-orang India untuk menjadi India? || kurang ajar <> Apakah Sir William Jones menimbulkan semangat tentang abad ke-17? || <> Apa yang ada permusuhan ke arah abad ke-19 India? || <> Siapa yang berpegang teguh pada pengajaran bahasa Sanskrit di Britain? || <> Dengan cara bagaimana Britain percaya bahawa India dan Britain perlu dipisahkan? || <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh Trautmann adalah punca India percaya bahawa ada kebudayaan yang lebih unggul? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?", "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f0d", "answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?", "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f0e", "answers": [{"text": "early 19th century", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?", "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f0f", "answers": [{"text": "neglect", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?", "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f10", "answers": [{"text": "assimilated to Britain", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?", "id": "570e71fb0b85d914000d7f11", "answers": [{"text": "inferior", "answer_start": 966}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for Indian culture and for Sanskrit", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What did Sir William Jones create enthusiasm about in the 17th century?", "id": "5a2ad0825b078a001a2f06fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 217}], "question": " What was there a hostility towards in 19th century India?", "id": "5a2ad0825b078a001a2f06fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British academia", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Who held fast to the teaching of Sanskrit in Britain?", "id": "5a2ad0825b078a001a2f06ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "culturally, religiously and linguistically", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "In what ways did Britain believe that India and Britain needed to be separated? ", "id": "5a2ad0825b078a001a2f0700", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific racism", "answer_start": 865}], "question": "What did Trautmann believe was the cause of India believing that there culture was superior?", "id": "5a2ad0825b078a001a2f0701", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit. According to Thomas Trautmann, after this period of \"Indomania\", a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain, manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia. This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally, religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible. Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility: one was \"British Indophobia\", which he calls essentially a developmentalist, progressivist, liberal, and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines; the other was scientific racism, a theory of the English \"common-sense view\" that Indians constituted a \"separate, inferior and unimprovable race\"."}]], [["Pengangkutan awam disediakan oleh Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), yang mengendalikan Metrovalencia dan perkhidmatan kereta api dan bas yang lain. Estaci\u00f3 del Nord (Stesen Utara) adalah terminal keretapi utama di Valencia. Stesen sementara baru, Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla, telah dibina di atas tanah bersebelahan dengan terminal ini untuk menampung kereta api AVE berkelajuan tinggi ke dan dari Madrid, Barcelona, Seville dan Alicante. Lapangan Terbang Valencia terletak 9 km (5.6 mi) di barat pusat bandar Valencia. Lapangan Terbang Alicante terletak kira-kira 170 km (110 batu) di selatan Valencia. <> Lapangan terbang apa yang paling dekat dengan Valencia? || Lapangan Terbang Valencia <> Apa lapangan terbang di selatan Valencia? || Lapangan Terbang Alicante <> Apa stesen kereta api utama di Valencia? || Estaci\u00f3 del Nord <> Kumpulan apa yang menjalankan transit awam Valencia? || Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana <> Stesen apa di Valencia dibina untuk kereta api berkelajuan tinggi? || Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla", {"qas": [{"question": "What airport is closest to Valencia?", "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0b", "answers": [{"text": "Valencia Airport", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What airport is south of Valencia?", "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0c", "answers": [{"text": "Alicante Airport", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main train station in Valencia?", "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0d", "answers": [{"text": "Estaci\u00f3 del Nord", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group runs Valencia's public transit?", "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0e", "answers": [{"text": "Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?", "id": "570d1a25fed7b91900d45c0f", "answers": [{"text": "Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estaci\u00f3 del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia."}], ["Bermula pada pertengahan 1990-an, Valencia, yang dahulu merupakan pusat perindustrian, menyaksikan perkembangan pesat yang meluaskan kemungkinan kebudayaan dan pelancongannya, dan mengubahnya menjadi sebuah bandar yang baru bertenaga. Banyak mercu tanda tempatan telah dipulihkan, termasuk Menara kuno bandar zaman pertengahan (Menara Serrano dan Menara Quart), dan biara San Miguel de los Reyes, yang kini memegang perpustakaan pemuliharaan. Bahagian keseluruhan bandar lama, contohnya Quarent Carmen, telah diubahsuai secara meluas. Paseo Mar\u00edtimo, sebuah poket yang dipenuhi dengan pokok palma sepanjang 4 km (2 mi) telah dibina di sepanjang pantai di sebelah utara pelabuhan (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Caba\u00f1al dan Playa de la Malvarrosa). <> Persiaran apa yang dibina di utara pelabuhan Valencia? || The Paseo Mar\u00edtimo <> Berapa lama Paseo Maritimo? || 4 km (2 mi) <> Apa tanda tempat Valencia mengandungi perpustakaan pemuliharaan? || San Miguel de los Reyes monastery <> Bilakah perkembangan pesat Valencia bermula? || pertengahan 1990-an <> Apakah contoh seksyen Valencia yang telah diubahsuai secara besar-besaran? || yang Carmen Quarter", {"qas": [{"question": "What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?", "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c1f", "answers": [{"text": "The Paseo Mar\u00edtimo", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the Paseo Maritimo?", "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c20", "answers": [{"text": "4 km (2 mi)", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?", "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c21", "answers": [{"text": "San Miguel de los Reyes monastery", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Valencia's rapid development begin?", "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c22", "answers": [{"text": "the mid-1990s", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?", "id": "570d1b93fed7b91900d45c23", "answers": [{"text": "the Carmen Quarter", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the ancient Towers of the medieval city (Serrano Towers and Quart Towers), and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. The Paseo Mar\u00edtimo, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port (Playa Las Arenas, Playa Caba\u00f1al and Playa de la Malvarrosa)."}], ["Valencia (/ v\u0259l\u025bnsi\u0259 /; Sepanyol: [balen\u03b8ja]), atau Val\u00e8ncia (Valencian: [valensia]), adalah ibu kota komunitas otonomi Valencia dan bandar terbesar ketiga di Spanyol setelah Madrid dan Barcelona, dengan sekitar 800.000 penduduk di pusat pentadbiran. Kawasan bandarnya melangkaui batas bandar pentadbiran dengan penduduk sekitar 1.5 juta orang. Valencia adalah kawasan metropolitan ketiga terbesar di Sepanyol, dengan populasi antara 1.7 hingga 2.5 juta. Bandar ini mempunyai status bandar global. Pelabuhan Valencia adalah pelabuhan kontena tersibuk ke-5 di Eropah dan pelabuhan kontena tersibuk di Laut Mediterranean. <> Negara apakah Valencia? || Sepanyol <> Apakah populasi kawasan bandar Valencia? || 1.5 juta <> Di mana Valencia berada di antara bandar terbesar di Sepanyol? || ketiga <> Apa badan air yang terletak di Valencia? || Laut Mediterranean <> Apa bandar Valencia ibu kota? || komuniti autonomi Valencia", {"qas": [{"question": "What country is Valencia in?", "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d3fd", "answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of Valencia's urban area?", "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d3fe", "answers": [{"text": "1.5 million", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?", "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d3ff", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body of water is Valencia located on?", "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d400", "answers": [{"text": "the Mediterranean Sea", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the city of Valencia the capital of?", "id": "570d162cb3d812140066d401", "answers": [{"text": "the autonomous community of Valencia", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia (/v\u0259\u02c8l\u025bnsi\u0259/; Spanish: [ba\u02c8len\u03b8ja]), or Val\u00e8ncia (Valencian: [va\u02c8lensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea."}], ["The vicereine Germaine of Foix secara brutal menindas pemberontakan dan pemimpinnya, dan ini mempercepat pemusatan otoriter kerajaan Charles I. Ratu Germaine menyukai perlakuan keras terhadap agemanats. Dia dianggap telah menandatangani waran kematian 100 bekas pemberontak secara peribadi, dan sumber menunjukkan bahawa sebanyak 800 hukuman mati telah berlaku. Agemanat adalah setanding dengan comuneros jiran Castile, yang berjuang sama dengan pemberontakan terhadap Charles dari 1520-1522. <> Siapa yang menindas pemberontakan agemanats? || Germaine of Foix <> Bilakah pemberontakan yang sama berlaku di Castile? || 1520-1522 <> Apa kumpulan di Castile sama dengan agemanats? || comuneros <> Sehingga berapa banyak hukuman mati selepas pemberontakan agemanats? || 800 <> Siapa yang memberontak terhadap pemberontak? || Charles", {"qas": [{"question": "Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?", "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d45d", "answers": [{"text": "Germaine of Foix", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?", "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d45e", "answers": [{"text": "1520\u20131522", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?", "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d45f", "answers": [{"text": "comuneros", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?", "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d460", "answers": [{"text": "800", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom did the comuneros rebel against?", "id": "570d2095b3d812140066d461", "answers": [{"text": "Charles", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520\u20131522."}], ["Bandar ini kekal di tangan tentera Kristiani hingga tahun 1102, ketika Almoravids merebut kembali kota itu dan memulihkan agama Islam. Walaupun 'Kaisar Semua Sepanyol', Alfonso VI dari Le\u00f3n dan Castile, yang memandu sendiri dari bandar, tidak cukup kuat untuk memegangnya. Orang-orang Kristian telah menyerangnya sebelum meninggalkannya, dan Almoravid Masdali mengambil alih pada 5 Mei 1109. Acara ini diperingati dalam puisi oleh Ibn Khafaja di mana beliau mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Yusuf ibn Tashfin atas pembebasan kota. Kekuatan menurun dari Almoravid ini bertepatan dengan kebangkitan dinasti baru di Afrika Utara, Almohads, yang menguasai semenanjung dari tahun 1145, walaupun mereka masuk ke Valencia dihalang oleh Ibn Mardanis, Raja Valencia dan Murcia hingga 1171, pada waktu itu kota akhirnya jatuh kepada orang-orang Afrika Utara. Dua dinasti Muslim akan memerintah Valencia selama lebih dari satu abad. <> Pada tahun berapa tentera Kristian kehilangan kawalan Valencia? || 1102 <> Yang memanggil dirinya Kaisar Semua Sepanyol? || Alfonso VI dari Le\u00f3n dan Castile <> Siapa menulis puisi tentang penangkapan Valencia oleh Almoravids? || Ibn Khafaja <> Bilakah Almohads menguasai Semenanjung? || 1145 <> Siapa yang menghalangi Almohads masuk ke Valencia? || Ibn Mardanis", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?", "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d439", "answers": [{"text": "1102", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?", "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43a", "answers": [{"text": "Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?", "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43b", "answers": [{"text": "Ibn Khafaja", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?", "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43c", "answers": [{"text": "1145", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?", "id": "570d1e05b3d812140066d43d", "answers": [{"text": "Ibn Mardanis", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century."}], ["Abad ke-15 adalah masa perkembangan ekonomi Islam, yang dikenali sebagai Zaman Emas Valencian, di mana budaya dan seni berkembang. Pertumbuhan populasi serentak menjadikan Valencia sebagai bandar terpadat di Crown of Aragon. Industri tempatan, yang diketuai oleh pengeluaran tekstil, mencapai pembangunan yang hebat, dan institusi kewangan, Canvi de Taula, diwujudkan untuk menyokong operasi perbankan perbandaran; Bank-bank Valencia meminjamkan dana kepada Permaisuri Isabella I of Castile untuk pelayaran Columbus pada tahun 1492. Pada penghujung abad, bangunan Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) didirikan sebagai kota menjadi sebuah emporium komersial yang menarik para pedagang dari seluruh Eropah. <> Bilakah Zaman Emas Valencian? || Abad ke-15 <> Dari kawasan apa yang Valencia adalah bandar terbesar? || Crown of Aragon <> Apa bangunan yang menarik para pedagang dari negara lain ke Valencia? || Sutera Pertukaran <> Yang meminjam wang dari bankir Valencia pada tahun 1492? || Ratu Isabella I of Castile <> Apa industri terkemuka Valencia? || pengeluaran tekstil", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Valencian Golden Age?", "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d449", "answers": [{"text": "15th century", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what area was Valencia the largest city?", "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44a", "answers": [{"text": "Crown of Aragon", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?", "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44b", "answers": [{"text": "Silk Exchange", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?", "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44c", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Isabella I of Castile", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Valencia's leading industry?", "id": "570d1f63b3d812140066d44d", "answers": [{"text": "textile production", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, in which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Local industry, led by textile production, reached a great development, and a financial institution, the Canvi de Taula, was created to support municipal banking operations; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus's voyage in 1492. At the end of the century the Silk Exchange (Llotja de la Seda) building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe."}], ["Purata suhu tahunannya ialah 18.4 \u00b0 C (65.1 \u00b0 F). 22.8 \u00b0 C (73.0 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 13.8 \u00b0 C (56.8 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam. Pada bulan yang paling sejuk - Januari, suhu maksimum biasanya pada hari antara 13 hingga 21 \u00b0 C (55 hingga 70 \u00b0 F), suhu minimum biasanya pada malam antara 4 hingga 12 \u00b0 C (39 hingga 54 \u00b0 F). Pada bulan paling panas - Ogos, suhu maksimum pada siang hari biasanya berkisar dari 28-34 \u00b0 C (82-93 \u00b0 F), kira-kira 23 \u00b0 C (73 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam. Pada amnya, suhu yang sama seperti yang dialami di bahagian utara Eropah pada musim panas lepas kira-kira 8 bulan, dari April hingga November. Mac adalah peralihan, suhu sering melebihi 20 \u00b0 C (68 \u00b0 F), dengan suhu purata 19.0 \u00b0 C (66 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 10.0 \u00b0 C (50 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam. Disember, Januari dan Februari adalah bulan paling sejuk, dengan suhu purata sekitar 17 \u00b0 C (63 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 7 \u00b0 C (45 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam. Valencia mempunyai salah satu musim sejuk yang paling ringan di Eropah, kerana lokasi selatannya di Laut Mediterranean dan fenomena Foehn. Purata Januari adalah setanding dengan suhu yang dijangka untuk bulan Mei dan September di bandar-bandar utama Eropah utara. <> Apakah suhu tahunan purata Valencia? || 18.4 \u00b0 C <> Bulan mana yang paling panas di Valencia? || Ogos <> Bulan mana yang paling cerah di Valencia? || Januari <> Di Eropah utara, yang bulan mempunyai suhu yang sama dengan Valencia pada bulan Januari? || Mei dan September <> Apakah purata suhu siang hari maksimum pada bulan Ogos di Valencia? || 28-34 \u00b0 C", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?", "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6b", "answers": [{"text": "18.4 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which month is the hottest in Valencia?", "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6c", "answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?", "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6d", "answers": [{"text": "January", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?", "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6e", "answers": [{"text": "May and September", "answer_start": 1101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?", "id": "570d26d2fed7b91900d45c6f", "answers": [{"text": "28\u201334 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Its average annual temperature is 18.4 \u00b0C (65.1 \u00b0F). 22.8 \u00b0C (73.0 \u00b0F) during the day and 13.8 \u00b0C (56.8 \u00b0F) at night. In the coldest month \u2013 January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 \u00b0C (55 to 70 \u00b0F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 \u00b0C (39 to 54 \u00b0F). In the warmest month \u2013 August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28\u201334 \u00b0C (82\u201393 \u00b0F), about 23 \u00b0C (73 \u00b0F) at night. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F), with an average temperature of 19.0 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F) during the day and 10.0 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 \u00b0C (63 \u00b0F) during the day and 7 \u00b0C (45 \u00b0F) at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe."}], ["Valencia menikmati pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kukuh sejak sedekad yang lalu, sebahagian besarnya didorong oleh pelancongan dan industri pembinaan, [rujukan?] Dengan pembangunan serentak dan pengembangan telekomunikasi dan pengangkutan. Ekonomi bandaraya adalah berorientasikan perkhidmatan, kerana hampir 84% daripada penduduk bekerja digunakan dalam pekerjaan sektor perkhidmatan [rujukan?]. Walau bagaimanapun, bandar ini masih mengekalkan asas perindustrian penting, dengan 5.5% penduduk yang bekerja di sektor ini. Aktiviti pertanian masih dijalankan di perbandaran, walaupun dengan kepentingan yang agak kecil dengan hanya 1.9% penduduk bekerja dan 3973 hektar yang ditanam kebanyakannya dalam kebun dan jeruk jeruk. <> Apakah jenis pekerjaan utama di Valencia? || pekerjaan sektor perkhidmatan <> Berapa peratuskah pekerja Valencia yang bekerja dalam industri? || 5.5 <> Sebanyak peratus pekerja Valencia bekerja di sektor pertanian? || 1.9 <> Berapa banyak tanah Valencia digunakan untuk pertanian? || 3973 hektar <> Apa kawasan pertanian Valencia terutamanya ditanam? || kebun dan jeruk sitrus", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main type of employment in Valencia?", "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d407", "answers": [{"text": "service sector occupations", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?", "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d408", "answers": [{"text": "5.5", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?", "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d409", "answers": [{"text": "1.9", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?", "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d40a", "answers": [{"text": "3973 hectares", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?", "id": "570d1780b3d812140066d40b", "answers": [{"text": "orchards and citrus groves", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves."}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, Valencia adalah sebuah bandar perindustrian. Industri sutera telah hilang, tetapi terdapat pengeluaran besar kulit dan kulit, kayu, logam dan bahan makanan, yang terakhir dengan eksport yang besar, terutama wain dan sitrus. Perniagaan kecil didominasi, tetapi dengan mekanisasi pesat industri besar industri sedang dibentuk. Ungkapan dinamik yang terbaik adalah di pameran serantau, termasuk 1909 yang diadakan bersebelahan dengan saluran pejalan kaki L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), yang menggambarkan kemajuan pertanian dan industri. Di antara bangunan yang paling arsitektural di era ini adalah mereka yang direka dalam gaya Art Nouveau, seperti Stesen Utara (Gare du Nord) dan pasaran Central dan Columbus. <> Apakah eksport makanan utama Valencia pada awal abad ke-20? || wain dan sitrus <> Bilakah pameran diadakan yang menunjukkan kemajuan pertanian dan perindustrian? || 1909 <> Apa gaya arkitek yang berjaya? || Art Nouveau <> Stesen apa yang dibina dalam gaya Art Nouveau? || Stesen Utara (Gare du Nord) <> Pasar apa yang dibina dalam gaya Art Nouveau? || Central dan Columbus", {"qas": [{"question": "What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?", "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d485", "answers": [{"text": "wine and citrus", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?", "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d486", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What architectural style was particularly successful?", "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d487", "answers": [{"text": "Art Nouveau", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?", "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d488", "answers": [{"text": "North Station (Gare du Nord)", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?", "id": "570d257ab3d812140066d489", "answers": [{"text": "Central and Columbus", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station (Gare du Nord) and the Central and Columbus markets."}], ["Bahasa Inggeris mengadakan bandar selama 16 bulan dan mengalahkan beberapa percubaan untuk mengusir mereka. Tentera Inggeris maju sejauh Requena di jalan ke Madrid. Selepas kemenangan Bourbons di Pertempuran Almansa pada 25 April 1707, tentera Inggeris mengalihkan Valencia dan Philip V mengarahkan pemansuhan keistimewaan Valencia sebagai hukuman atas sokongan kerajaan Charles of Austria. Dengan keputusan Nueva Planta (Decretos de Nueva Planta), Balai Lama Valencia telah dimansuhkan dan bandar ini dikuasai oleh Piagam Castilian. Pasukan Bourbon membakar bandar-bandar penting seperti Xativa, di mana gambar-gambar Bourbons Sepanyol di tempat awam digantung terbalik sebagai protes hingga ke hari ini. Ibukota Kerajaan Valencia dipindahkan ke Orihuela, suatu kemarahan kepada warga Valencia. Philip mengarahkan Cortes untuk bertemu dengan Viceroy dari Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, yang menentang perubahan modal kerana dekat Orihuela, sebuah pusat agama, budaya dan politik sekarang, ke Murcia (ibu kota kepengurusan yang lain dan keuskupannya) . Kerana kebenciannya terhadap bandar Orihuela, yang telah membombardir dan menjarah Valencia semasa Perang Succession, kardinal itu meletakkan jawatannya sebagai pemberontak sebagai protes terhadap tindakan Philip, yang akhirnya menyesal dan memulangkan ibukota ke Valencia. <> Berapa lama Inggeris menduduki Valencia? || 16 bulan <> Pada pertempuran apa yang Bourbon menang? || Pertempuran Almansa <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Valencia dihukum kerana menyokong Charles? || Philip V <> Apa yang telah dihapuskan pensyarah purba Valencia? || Nueva Planta dekri <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan dalam protes terhadap Philip? || Cardinal Luis de Belluga", {"qas": [{"question": "How long did the English occupy Valencia?", "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41b", "answers": [{"text": "16 months", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?", "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41c", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Almansa", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?", "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41d", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?", "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41e", "answers": [{"text": "Nueva Planta decrees", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resigned in protest against Philip?", "id": "570d1cafb3d812140066d41f", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Luis de Belluga", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia."}], ["Arkitek Santiago Calatrava yang terkenal dengan dunia (dan bandar raya) menghasilkan City of Arts and Sciences yang futuristik (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), yang mengandungi pusat opera rumah / pusat persembahan, muzium sains, pawagam / planetarium IMAX, sebuah taman oseanografi dan struktur lain seperti jalan raya yang panjang dan restoran. Calatrava juga bertanggungjawab untuk jambatan yang dinamakan sempena dia di pusat bandar. Istana Muzik (Palau De La M\u00fasica) adalah satu lagi contoh seni bina moden di Valencia. <> Siapa yang merancang City of Arts and Sciences? || Santiago Calatrava <> Di manakah jambatan yang bernama Calatrava terletak? || pusat bandar <> Apa jenis seni bina yang ada di Istana Muzik? || moden <> Manakah dari ciptaan Calatrava yang mengandungi teater IMAX? || City of Arts and Sciences", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?", "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d611", "answers": [{"text": "Santiago Calatrava", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?", "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d612", "answers": [{"text": "centre of the city", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?", "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d613", "answers": [{"text": "modern", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?", "id": "570d45acb3d812140066d614", "answers": [{"text": "City of Arts and Sciences", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La M\u00fasica) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia."}], ["Seorang pengikut pengikut penyokong absolut, El\u00edo memainkan peranan penting dalam penindasan para penyokong Perlembagaan tahun 1812. Untuk ini, dia ditangkap pada tahun 1820 dan dibunuh pada tahun 1822 oleh garroting. Konflik antara para absolut dan liberal diteruskan, dan dalam tempoh peraturan konservatif yang dipanggil Dekade Ominous (1823-1833), yang mengikuti Trienio Liberal, terdapat penindasan kejam oleh pasukan pemerintah dan Pasitan Katolik. Korban terakhir Penyiasatan itu adalah Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli, seorang guru yang dituduh menjadi deist dan seorang Mason yang digantung di Valencia pada tahun 1824. <Siapakah yang membantu menindas penyokong Perlembagaan dan kemudian dieksekusi? || El\u00edo <> Kapan Elio dibunuh? || 1822 <> Bagaimana Elio dilaksanakan? || dengan garroting <> Berapa tahun dari 1823-1833 dipanggil? || Ominous Decade <> Siapa yang terakhir dibunuh oleh Pasitan? || Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli", {"qas": [{"question": "Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?", "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5df", "answers": [{"text": "El\u00edo", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Elio killed?", "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e0", "answers": [{"text": "1822", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Elio executed?", "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e1", "answers": [{"text": "by garroting", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the years from 1823-1833 called?", "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e2", "answers": [{"text": "Ominous Decade", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?", "id": "570d3fa3b3d812140066d5e3", "answers": [{"text": "Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, El\u00edo had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823\u20131833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824."}], ["Di antara gereja-gereja paroki adalah Saints John (Baptist dan Evangelist), dibina semula pada tahun 1368, yang kubahnya, dihiasi oleh Palonino, mengandungi beberapa freskoan terbaik di Sepanyol; El Templo (Bait Suci), gereja kuno Knights Templar, yang diluluskan ke tangan Perintah Montesa dan dibina semula dalam pemerintahan Ferdinand VI dan Charles III; bekas biarawan Dominika, pada satu-satu masa ibu pejabat Jeneral Modal, barisan yang mempunyai sayap Gothik yang indah dan ruang bab, lajur besar meniru pokok palma; Colegio del Corpus Christi, yang dikhususkan untuk Sakramen Mahakudus, dan di mana penyembahan kekal berterusan; kolej Jesuit, yang telah musnah pada tahun 1868 oleh Jawatankuasa Revolusioner Barisan Popular, tetapi kemudian dibina semula; dan Colegio de San Juan (juga Persatuan), bekas kolej para bangsawan, kini sebuah institut provinsi untuk pengajaran menengah. <> Apa gereja memegang beberapa freskoan terbesar di Sepanyol? || Orang Suci John <> Yang menghiasi kubah Saints John? || Palonino <> Siapa yang memusnahkan kolej Jesuit? || yang revolusioner Jawatankuasa Barisan Popular <> Apa yang pernah beribu pejabat di bekas biara Dominika? || Ibukota Umum <> Apa yang pernah menjadi kuliah untuk bangsawan dan kini menjadi tempat pendidikan menengah? || Colegio de San Juan", {"qas": [{"question": "What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?", "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e09", "answers": [{"text": "Saints John", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decorated the Saints John's dome?", "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0a", "answers": [{"text": "Palonino", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who destroyed the Jesuit college?", "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0b", "answers": [{"text": "the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?", "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0c", "answers": [{"text": "Capital General", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?", "id": "570d49abfed7b91900d45e0d", "answers": [{"text": "Colegio de San Juan", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction."}], ["Pelabuhan Valencia adalah yang terbesar di pantai barat Mediterranean, yang pertama di Sepanyol dalam kontena lalu lintas pada tahun 2008 dan yang kedua di Sepanyol dalam jumlah lalu lintas, mengendalikan 20% dari eksport Spanyol. Eksport utama adalah makanan dan minuman. Eksport lain termasuk jeruk, perabot, jubin seramik, peminat, tekstil dan produk besi. Sektor perkilangan Valencia memberi tumpuan kepada metalurgi, bahan kimia, tekstil, pembinaan kapal dan pembuatan bir. Industri kecil dan sederhana merupakan bahagian penting dalam ekonomi tempatan, dan sebelum pengangguran krisis semasa lebih rendah daripada purata Sepanyol. <> Berapa peratus eksport Sepanyol mengendalikan pelabuhan Valencia? || 20 <> Valencia mempunyai pelabuhan terbesar di pantai mana? || Pantai barat Mediterranean <> Di mana pelabuhan Valencia berada di kalangan pelabuhan Sepanyol dari segi jumlah lalu lintas? || kedua <> Apa jenis buah yang dieksport dari Valencia? || oren", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?", "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8d", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Valencia has the largest port on which coast?", "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8e", "answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean western coast", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?", "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8f", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?", "id": "570d3ebefed7b91900d45d90", "answers": [{"text": "oranges", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average."}], ["Pada 9 Julai 2006, semasa Misa di Katedral Valencia, Our Lady of the Basilica Forsaken, Paus Benedict XVI digunakan, pada Hari Dunia Keluarga, Santo Caliz, artifak Tengah Timur abad ke-1 yang beberapa orang Katolik percaya adalah Holy Grail . Ia konon dibawa ke gereja itu oleh Kaisar Valerian pada abad ke-3, setelah dibawa oleh St Peter ke Rom dari Yerusalem. Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) adalah cawan batu kecil yang mudah. Pangkalannya ditambah pada zaman pertengahan dan terdiri dari emas halus, alabaster dan batu permata. <> Apakah nama cawan yang difikirkan oleh beberapa orang Katolik ialah Grail? || Santo Caliz <Paus mana yang digunakan Santo Caliz untuk jisim di Valencia? || Benedict XVI <> Berapa abad apakah Santo Caliz? || Pertama <> Bilakah Santo Caliz digunakan secara massal di Valencia? || 9 Julai 2006 <> Menurut lagenda, yang membawa Santo Caliz ke Rom? || St Peter", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?", "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45da9", "answers": [{"text": "Santo Caliz", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?", "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45daa", "answers": [{"text": "Benedict XVI", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century is the Santo Caliz from?", "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45dab", "answers": [{"text": "1st", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?", "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45dac", "answers": [{"text": "9 July 2006", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?", "id": "570d40f5fed7b91900d45dad", "answers": [{"text": "St. Peter", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones."}], ["Semasa Revolusi Cantonal pada tahun 1873, pemberontakan cantonalis yang berlaku semasa Republik Sepanyol Pertama, bandar ini disatukan dengan kebanyakan bandar-bandar berdekatan di Kantonis Valencia Wilayah Persekutuan (diisytiharkan pada 19 Julai dan dibubarkan pada 7 Ogos). Ia tidak mempunyai semangat revolusioner pergerakan di bandar seperti Alcoy, kerana ia telah dimulakan oleh borjuasi, tetapi kerajaan Madrid menghantar Jeneral Martinez-Campos untuk menahan pemberontakan dengan kekuatan senjata dan menundukkan Valencia untuk pengeboman yang sengit. Bandar menyerah pada 7 Ogos; Alfonso XII telah diisytiharkan sebagai raja pada 29 Disember 1874, dan tiba di Valencia pada 11 Januari 1875 dalam perjalanan ke Madrid, menandakan berakhirnya republik pertama. Meskipun pemulihan Bourbon, keseimbangan antara konservatif dan liberal dalam kerajaan telah dikekalkan di Valencia sehingga pemberian hak pengundi lelaki sejagat pada tahun 1890, dan selepas itu Republik yang diketuai oleh Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, memperoleh lebih banyak undi popular. <> Dalam tahun apakah kebangkitan cantonalist berlaku? || 1873 <> Siapa yang dihantar untuk menghentikan pemberontakan Valencia? || Ketua Martinez-Campos <> Siapa yang menjadi raja pada tahun 1874? || Alfonso XII <> Bilakah Alfonso XXII sampai Valencia? || 11 Januari 1875 <> Siapa pemimpin Republikan selepas pemberian hak pilih laki-laki? || Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?", "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dc7", "answers": [{"text": "1873", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?", "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dc8", "answers": [{"text": "General Martinez-Campos", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became king in 1874?", "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dc9", "answers": [{"text": "Alfonso XII", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?", "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dca", "answers": [{"text": "11 January 1875", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?", "id": "570d4227fed7b91900d45dcb", "answers": [{"text": "Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, gained considerably more of the popular vote."}], ["Valencia telah mengalami lonjakan dalam pembangunan kebudayaannya selama tiga puluh tahun terakhir, yang ditunjukkan oleh pameran dan persembahan di institusi ikonik seperti Palau de la M\u00fasica, Palacio de Congresos, Metro, Kota Seni dan Sains (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), Muzium Pencerahan dan Modernitas Valencia (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), dan Institut Seni Moden (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). Berbagai hasil produksi Santiago Calatrava, seorang jurutera struktur, arkitek dan pemahat yang terkenal dan arkitek F\u00e9lix Candela telah menyumbang kepada reputasi antarabangsa Valencia. Kerja-kerja awam dan pemulihan berterusan Kota Lama (Ciutat Vella) telah membantu meningkatkan daya hidup bandar dan pelancongan terus meningkat. <> Selama apa tempoh Valencia mempunyai lonjakan budaya? || tiga puluh tahun yang lalu <> Yang kerja jurutera struktur mana yang telah membantu reputasi Valencia? || Santiago Calatrava <arkitek mana yang selain daripada Calatrava telah membantu reputasi Valencia? || F\u00e9lix Candela <> Apa bahagian Valencia sedang mengalami peningkatan? || Bandar Lama", {"qas": [{"question": "During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?", "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d641", "answers": [{"text": "the last thirty years", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?", "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d642", "answers": [{"text": "Santiago Calatrava", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?", "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d643", "answers": [{"text": "F\u00e9lix Candela", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?", "id": "570d489cb3d812140066d644", "answers": [{"text": "Old City", "answer_start": 724}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la M\u00fasica, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect F\u00e9lix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing."}], ["Ekonomi Valencian pulih pada abad ke-18 dengan peningkatan pembuatan sutera tenunan dan jubin seramik. Palau de Just\u00edcia adalah contoh kekayaan yang dimanifestasikan pada zaman Bourbon yang paling makmur (1758-1802) semasa pemerintahan Charles III. Abad ke-18 adalah zaman Pencerahan di Eropah, dan cita-cita kemanusiaannya mempengaruhi orang-orang seperti Gregory Maians dan Perez Bayer di Valencia, yang mengekalkan koresponden dengan pemikir Perancis dan Jerman yang terkemuka pada masa itu. Di dalam suasana pengagunan idea Persatuan Ekonomi Kawan Negara (Societat Econ\u00f2mica d'Amics del Pa\u00eds) ditubuhkan pada tahun 1776; ia memperkenalkan banyak penambahbaikan dalam bidang pertanian dan industri dan mempromosikan pelbagai institusi budaya, sivik, dan ekonomi di Valencia. <> Bilakah umur Pencerahan? || Abad ke-18 <> Siapa di Valencia telah dipengaruhi oleh usia idea-idea Pencerahan? || Gregory Maians dan Perez Bayer <> Bilakah Persatuan Ekonomi Kawan dibuat? || 1776 <> Apa yang dihasilkan yang membantu ekonomi Valencian bertambah baik? || sutera tenunan dan jubin seramik <> Yang memerintah semasa tempoh Bourbon paling mewah? || Charles III", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the age of Enlightenment?", "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d65", "answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment's ideas?", "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d66", "answers": [{"text": "Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Economic Society of Friends created?", "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d67", "answers": [{"text": "1776", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve?", "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d68", "answers": [{"text": "woven silk and ceramic tiles", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule?", "id": "570d3bd1fed7b91900d45d69", "answers": [{"text": "Charles III", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The Palau de Just\u00edcia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758\u20131802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time. In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country (Societat Econ\u00f2mica d'Amics del Pa\u00eds) was founded in 1776; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural, civic, and economic institutions in Valencia."}], ["Valencia adalah sebuah bandar dwibahasa: Valencian dan Sepanyol adalah dua bahasa rasmi. Sepanyol adalah rasmi di seluruh Sepanyol, sedangkan Valencian adalah rasmi di Negara Valencian, serta di Catalonia dan Kepulauan Balearic, di mana ia menerima nama Catalan. Walaupun denominasi yang dibezakan, ciri-ciri dialektal yang berbeza dan ketegangan politik antara Catalonia dan Negara Valencian, Katalan dan Valencian saling difahami dan dianggap dua jenis bahasa yang sama.\nValencian telah ditindas secara historis memihak kepada Sepanyol. Kesannya lebih ketara di bandar yang betul, sedangkan bahasa itu tetap aktif di kawasan luar bandar dan metropolitan. Selepas penyatuan Castille-Aragon, elit berbahasa Sepanyol menubuhkan dirinya di bandar. Dalam sejarah yang lebih baru, penubuhan alat ketenteraan dan pentadbiran Franco di Valencia seterusnya mengecualikan Valencian dari kehidupan awam. Valencian pulih status rasmi, prestij dan penggunaannya dalam pendidikan selepas peralihan kepada demokrasi pada tahun 1978. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan perindustrian dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, Valencia telah menarik imigresen dari kawasan lain di Sepanyol, dan oleh itu terdapat juga faktor demografi untuk sosialnya yang menurun gunakan. Disebabkan gabungan dari sebab-sebab ini, Valencia telah menjadi kubu blavanisme anti-Katalan, yang meraikan Valencian sebagai hanya folkloric, tetapi menolak standard sedia ada yang disesuaikan dari ortografi Catalan.\nBahasa Sepanyol kini merupakan bahasa utama di bandar yang betul tetapi, terima kasih kepada sistem pendidikan, kebanyakan orang Valenians mempunyai pengetahuan asas tentang bahasa Sepanyol dan Valencian, dan sama ada boleh digunakan di bandar. Oleh itu, Valencia adalah bandar kedua terbesar berbahasa Catalonia selepas Barcelona. Bangunan institusi dan jalanan dinamakan di Valencian. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada banyak organisasi politik dan sivil pro-Valencian. Selain itu, pendidikan sepenuhnya di Valencian ditawarkan di lebih daripada 70 sekolah milik negara di bandar, serta oleh University of Valencia di semua bidang. <> Berapa banyak bahasa rasmi yang ada di Valencia? || dua <> Apa yang sangat serupa dengan Valencian dan dianggap pelbagai bahasa yang sama? || Bahasa Catalan <> Bahasa apa yang rasmi di Valencia selain Valencia? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Berapa banyak sekolah menawarkan pendidikan sepenuhnya di Valencian? || lebih daripada 70 <> Bilakah Valencian mendapat status semula jadi? || 1978", {"qas": [{"question": "How many official languages does Valencia have?", "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df5", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?", "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df6", "answers": [{"text": "Catalan", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?", "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df7", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?", "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df8", "answers": [{"text": "more than 70", "answer_start": 1966}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Valencian regain its offical status?", "id": "570d478afed7b91900d45df9", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 1060}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.\nValencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.\nSpanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines."}], ["Pemerintahan diktator Franco melarang pihak-pihak politik dan mula penindasan ideologi dan budaya yang keras diimbangi dan kadang-kadang dipimpin oleh Gereja. Pasaran kewangan tidak stabil, menyebabkan krisis ekonomi yang teruk yang membawa kepada catuan. Pasaran hitam dalam barang yang dicatatkan wujud lebih dari satu dekad. Pentadbiran Franco di Valencia membungkam publisiti akibat bencana banjir tahun 1949 dengan puluhan kematian, tetapi tidak dapat melakukan perkara yang sama selepas banjir yang lebih teruk pada tahun 1957 ketika sungai Turia meluap lagi banknya, membunuh banyak orang Valenzuela ( secara rasminya, lapan puluh satu mati, angka sebenarnya tidak diketahui). Untuk mengelakkan bencana lebih lanjut, sungai akhirnya dialihkan ke kursus baru. Katil sungai lama telah ditinggalkan selama bertahun-tahun, dan datuk Francoist berturut-turut mencadangkan menjadikannya sebuah lebuh raya, tetapi pilihan itu akhirnya ditolak dengan kemunculan demokrasi dan protes kejiranan yang sungguh-sungguh. Sungai ini dibahagikan kepada dua di sempadan bandar raya barat (Plan Sur de Valencia), dan dialihkan ke selatan sepanjang jalan baru yang meratakan bandar, sebelum bertemu Mediterranean. Jalan lama sungai terus, kering, melalui pusat bandar, hampir ke laut. Sungai lama kini menjadi taman yang sunyi yang dikenali sebagai 'Taman Turia' (Jard\u00ed del T\u00faria atau Jard\u00edn del Turia) yang membolehkan para penunggang basikal dan pejalan kaki melintasi sebahagian besar bandar tanpa menggunakan jalan raya; jambatan overhead membawa lalu lintas motor melintasi taman. <> Rejimen siapa yang melarang parti politik? || Franco <> Menurut angka rasmi, berapa orang meninggal dunia dalam banjir tahun 1957? || lapan puluh satu <> Apa sungai yang dibanjiri pada tahun 1957? || Turia <> Taman apa yang terletak di katil sungai dahulu? || Taman Turia <> Apa yang dicadangkan untuk katil sungai ditolak? || jalan raya", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose regime prohibited political parties?", "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d79", "answers": [{"text": "Franco", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?", "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7a", "answers": [{"text": "eighty-one", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river flooded in 1957?", "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7b", "answers": [{"text": "Turia", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What park is located in the previous river bed?", "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7c", "answers": [{"text": "Garden of the Turia", "answer_start": 1285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?", "id": "570d3d19fed7b91900d45d7d", "answers": [{"text": "motorway", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jard\u00ed del T\u00faria or Jard\u00edn del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park."}], ["Kemerosotan kota mencapai nadirnya dengan Perang Suara Spanyol (1702-1709) yang menandakan berakhirnya kemerdekaan politik dan hukum Kerajaan Valencia. Semasa Perang Suara Sepanyol, Valencia berpihak kepada Charles dari Austria. Pada 24 Januari 1706, Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough, Earl of Monmouth ke-3, mengetuai segelintir pasukan berkuda Inggeris ke bandar itu selepas menunggang selatan dari Barcelona, menangkap benteng berhampiran di Sagunt, dan menangkis tentera Bourbon Sepanyol ke dalam pengeluaran. <> Perang apa yang berlaku dari 1702-1709? || Perang Suara Sepanyol <> Dengan siapa pihak Valencia berpihak pada Perang Suara Sepanyol? || Charles of Austria <> Bilakah pasukan berkuda Inggeris memasuki Valencia? || 24 Januari 1706 <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan berkuda Inggeris ke Valencia? || Charles Mordaunt, Earl 3 Peterborough, Earl 1st Monmouth <> Apa yang ditangkap Mordaunt dalam perjalanan dari Barcelona? || kubu di Sagunt", {"qas": [{"question": "What war took place from 1702-1709?", "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6d9", "answers": [{"text": "War of Spanish Succession", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?", "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6da", "answers": [{"text": "Charles of Austria", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did English cavalry enter Valencia?", "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6db", "answers": [{"text": "24 January 1706", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?", "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6dc", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?", "id": "570d5555b3d812140066d6dd", "answers": [{"text": "fortress at Sagunt", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702\u20131709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal."}], ["Pada tahun 1238, King James I dari Aragon, dengan pasukan yang terdiri daripada Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese dan tentera salib dari Order of Calatrava, mengepung Valencia dan pada 28 September mendapat penyerahan. Lima puluh ribu Moors terpaksa berangkat. Penyair seperti Ibn al-Abbar dan Ibn Amira meratapi pengasingan ini dari Valencia yang mereka cintai. Selepas kemenangan Kristian dan pengusiran penduduk Islam kota itu dibahagi antara mereka yang telah mengambil bahagian dalam penaklukan, menurut keterangan dalam Llibre del Repartiment (Buku Pembahagian). James Saya memberikan undang-undang baru kota, Furs of Valencia, yang kemudiannya diperluaskan ke seluruh kerajaan Valencia. Setakat ini bandar memasuki tahap sejarah baru di mana sebuah masyarakat baru dan bahasa baru dibangunkan, membentuk asas watak orang Valencian seperti yang mereka ketahui hari ini. <> Penguasa apa yang menyerang Valencia pada tahun 1238? || Raja James I dari Aragon <> Bilakah Valencia menyerah? || 28 September <> Siapa yang diusir dari Valencia selepas kemenangan James saya? || penduduk Islam <> Apa yang dipanggil piagam baru Valencia? || Bulu Valencia <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan oleh tentera salib yang menyerang Valencia? || Perintah Calatrava", {"qas": [{"question": "What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?", "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e57", "answers": [{"text": "King James I of Aragon", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Valencia surrender?", "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e58", "answers": [{"text": "28 September", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?", "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e59", "answers": [{"text": "the Muslim population", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Valencia's new charters called?", "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e5a", "answers": [{"text": "Furs of Valencia", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?", "id": "570d4e88fed7b91900d45e5b", "answers": [{"text": "Order of Calatrava", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today."}], ["Krisis semakin mendalam pada abad ke-17 dengan pengusiran pada tahun 1609 dari orang-orang Yahudi dan Morisco, keturunan penduduk Islam yang memeluk agama Kristian di bawah ancaman pengasingan dari Ferdinand dan Isabella pada tahun 1502. Dari tahun 1609 hingga 1614, pemerintah Sepanyol secara sistematis memaksa Morisco untuk meninggalkan kerajaan untuk Muslim Afrika Utara. Mereka tertumpu di bekas Kerajaan Aragon, di mana mereka membentuk seperlima penduduk, dan kawasan Valencia secara khusus, di mana mereka kira-kira sepertiga dari jumlah penduduk. Pengusiran itu mengakibatkan kehancuran kewangan beberapa bangsawan dan kebangkrutan Taula de Canvi pada tahun 1613. Mahkota berusaha untuk mengimbangi para bangsawan, yang telah kehilangan banyak tenaga kerja pertaniannya; ini merosakkan ekonomi bandar untuk generasi akan datang. Kemudian, semasa yang dipanggil Catalan Revolt (1640-1652), Valencia menyumbang kepada penyebab Philip IV dengan milisi dan wang, mengakibatkan tempoh kesulitan ekonomi yang lebih lama diperburuk oleh kedatangan tentera dari bahagian lain di Spanyol. <> Apakah kumpulan orang yang diturunkan daripada orang Islam yang menjadi agama Kristian? || Moriscos <> Bilakah orang-orang Yahudi diusir? || 1609 <> Di manakah Moriscos pergi ketika mereka dipaksa keluar dari Sepanyol? || Afrika Utara <> Berapa bahagian penduduk di kawasan Valencia adalah Moriscos? || satu pertiga <> Bilakah Taula de Canvi dipinggirkan? || 1613", {"qas": [{"question": "What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?", "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f05", "answers": [{"text": "Moriscos", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Jews expelled?", "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f06", "answers": [{"text": "1609", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?", "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f07", "answers": [{"text": "North Africa", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?", "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f08", "answers": [{"text": "a third", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?", "id": "570d5aabfed7b91900d45f09", "answers": [{"text": "1613", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640\u20131652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain."}], ["Dalam sejarahnya yang panjang, Valencia telah memperoleh banyak tradisi dan festival tempatan, diantaranya adalah Jatuh, yang diisytiharkan Perayaan Interaksi Pelancong Antarabangsa (Fiestas de Inter\u00e9s Tur\u00edstico Internacional) pada 25 Januari 1965, dan Tribunal Air Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), yang diisytiharkan warisan kebudayaan manusia yang tidak ketara (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) pada tahun 2009. Sebagai tambahan kepada Valencia ini telah menjadi tuan rumah acara bertaraf dunia yang membantu membentuk reputasi bandar dan meletakkannya di perhatian antarabangsa, mis. , Pameran Serantau 1909, ke-32 dan ke-33 Piala Dunia, perlumbaan kereta Formula Satu Grand Prix Eropah, kejohanan tenis tenis Valencia Terbuka, dan Kejohanan Juara-juara Global untuk sukan ekuestrian. <> Persaingan Piala Amerika mana yang menjadi tuan rumah Valencia? || yang ke-32 dan ke-33 <> Apa acara ekuestrian yang diselenggarakan oleh Valencia? || Global Champions Tour <> Apa acara tenis yang diselenggarakan Valencia? || Valencia Terbuka 500 pertandingan tenis <> Bilakah Tribunal Air mengisytiharkan warisan kebudayaan manusia? || 2009 <> Apa perayaan Valencian diisytiharkan Perayaan Interaksi Pelancong Antarabangsa? || Jatuh", {"qas": [{"question": "Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?", "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e69", "answers": [{"text": "the 32nd and the 33rd", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?", "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6a", "answers": [{"text": "Global Champions Tour", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tennis event has Valencia hosted?", "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6b", "answers": [{"text": "Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?", "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6c", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?", "id": "570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6d", "answers": [{"text": "Falles", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Inter\u00e9s Tur\u00edstico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports."}], ["Semasa separuh kedua abad ke-19 borjuasi menggalakkan pembangunan bandar dan sekitarnya; Pemilik tanah diperkaya dengan pengenalan tanaman oren dan pengembangan ladang anggur dan tanaman lain ,. Ledakan ekonomi ini bersesuaian dengan kebangkitan semula tradisi tempatan dan bahasa Valencian, yang telah ditindas secara kejam dari masa Philip V. Sekitar tahun 1870, Renaissance Valencian, gerakan yang komited untuk kebangkitan semula bahasa dan tradisi Valencian, mula mendapat kenaikan. Pada peringkat awal gerakan itu cenderung kepada romantisisme penyair Teodor Llorente, dan menentang penekanan yang lebih tegas dari Constantine Llombart, pengasas masyarakat budaya yang masih ada, Lo Rat Penat, yang didedikasikan untuk mempromosikan dan menyebar bahasa Valencian dan budaya. <> Siapa yang telah menindas bahasa Valencian? || Philip V <> Kumpulan apa yang masih wujud dan mempromosikan budaya Valencia? || Lo Rat Penat <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Lo Rat Penat? || Constantine Llombart <> Penyair mana pun pengaruh awal pada Renaissance Valencian? || Teodor Llorente <> Siapa yang kaya dengan tanaman jeruk dan kebun anggur Valencia? || pemilik tanah", {"qas": [{"question": "Who had suppressed the Valencian language?", "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d725", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?", "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d726", "answers": [{"text": "Lo Rat Penat", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded Lo Rat Penat?", "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d727", "answers": [{"text": "Constantine Llombart", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?", "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d728", "answers": [{"text": "Teodor Llorente", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?", "id": "570d5ba3b3d812140066d729", "answers": [{"text": "land-owners", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture."}], ["Ledakan ini tercermin dalam perkembangan seni dan budaya. Beberapa bangunan yang paling lambang di bandar ini dibina pada masa ini, termasuk Menara Serranos (1392), Lonja (1482), Miguelete dan Kapel Raja-raja Konvensyen Santo Domingo. Dalam lukisan dan patung, aliran Flemish dan Itali mempunyai pengaruh pada artis seperti Llu\u00eds Dalmau, Peris Gon\u00e7al dan Dami\u00e0 Formen. Sastera berkembang dengan pengawal pengadilan Alfonso the Magnanimous, yang menyokong penulis seperti Ausias March, Roi\u00e7 de Corella, dan Isabel de Villena. Menjelang 1460 Joanot Martorell menulis Tirant lo Blanch, novel inovatif kebanggaan yang mempengaruhi banyak penulis kemudian, dari Cervantes ke Shakespeare. Ausias Mac adalah salah satu penyair pertama yang menggunakan bahasa sehari-hari Valencian, bukan bahasa pemecahan, Occitan. Di sekitar waktu ini, antara tahun 1499 dan 1502, University of Valencia ditubuhkan di bawah nama Estudio Jeneral (\"studium generale\", tempat pengajian am). <> Bilakah Towers Serranos dibina? || 1392 <> Apa novel yang berpengaruh yang ditulis Joanot Martorell? || Tirant lo Blanch <> Siapa seorang penyair awal untuk menggunakan Valencian? || Ausias March <> Bilakah University of Valencia diasaskan? || antara 1499 dan 1502 <> Apakah nama asal University of Valencia? || Estudio General", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the Serranos Towers constructed?", "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c5", "answers": [{"text": "1392", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?", "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c6", "answers": [{"text": "Tirant lo Blanch", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an early poet to use Valencian?", "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c7", "answers": [{"text": "Ausi\u00e0s March", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the University of Valencia founded?", "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c8", "answers": [{"text": "between 1499 and 1502", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the University of Valencia's original name?", "id": "570d53f9b3d812140066d6c9", "answers": [{"text": "Estudio General", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Llu\u00eds Dalmau, Peris Gon\u00e7al and Dami\u00e0 Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausi\u00e0s March, Roi\u00e7 de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausi\u00e0s March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General (\"studium generale\", place of general studies)."}], ["The mutineers merampas Citadel, kerajaan Junta Agung mengambil alih, dan pada 26-28 Jun, Marshal Moncey Napoleon menyerang kota itu dengan lajur 9.000 pasukan kekaisaran Perancis di Pertempuran Pertama Valencia. Dia gagal mengambil bandar itu dalam dua serangan dan berundur ke Madrid. Marshal Suchet memulakan pengepungan lama bandar ini pada bulan Oktober 1811, dan setelah pengeboman yang kuat memaksanya menyerah pada 8 Januari 1812. Setelah penarikan, Perancis melakukan reformasi di Valencia, yang menjadi ibukota Spanyol ketika Bonapartist pretender ke takhta , Jos\u00e9 I (Joseph Bonaparte, abang Napoleon), memindahkan Mahkamah di sana pada musim panas tahun 1812. Bencana Pertempuran Vitoria pada 21 Jun 1813 memaksa Suchet untuk keluar dari Valencia, dan tentera Perancis menarik diri pada bulan Julai. <> Siapa yang menyerang Valencia dengan tentera Perancis tetapi gagal menangkapnya? || Moncey <> Bilakah Valencia menyerah diri ke Perancis? || 8 Januari 1812 <> Siapa yang berjaya menyerang Valencia? || Suchet <> Apa yang dipaksa Suchet untuk meninggalkan Valencia? || Pertempuran Vitoria <> Kota apa yang saya buat di ibu kota Sepanyol? || Valencia", {"qas": [{"question": "Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?", "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f5", "answers": [{"text": "Moncey", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Valencia surrender to the French?", "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f6", "answers": [{"text": "8 January 1812", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the successful attack against Valencia?", "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f7", "answers": [{"text": "Suchet", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?", "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f8", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Vitoria", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?", "id": "570d5673b3d812140066d6f9", "answers": [{"text": "Valencia", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26\u201328 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, Jos\u00e9 I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July."}], ["Bandar telah menyerah tanpa pertarungan kepada Moors (Berbers dan Arab) yang menyerang oleh 714 AD, dan katedral Saint Vincent menjadi masjid. Abd al-Rahman I, emir pertama Cordoba, mengarahkan bandar raya itu dimusnahkan pada tahun 755 semasa peperangannya melawan golongan bangsawan lain, tetapi beberapa tahun kemudian anaknya, Abdullah, mempunyai bentuk pemerintahan autonomi di wilayah Valencia. Antara perbuatan pentadbirannya, beliau mengarahkan pembinaan istana mewah, Russafa, di pinggir kota di kawasan kejiranan dengan nama yang sama. Sejauh ini tiada mayat ditemui. Juga pada masa ini Valencia menerima nama Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). Ketika kebudayaan Islam diselesaikan, Valencia, yang kemudiannya dipanggil Balansiyya, makmur dari abad ke-10, disebabkan oleh perdagangan, kertas, sutera, kulit, keramik, kaca dan perak. Warisan seni bina tempoh ini banyak di Valencia dan masih dapat dihargai hari ini di sisa-sisa tembok lama, rumah mandi Ba\u00f1os del Almirante, jalan Portal de Valldigna dan juga Katedral dan menara, El Micalet (El Miguelete) yang merupakan menara masjid lama. <> Siapa yang memerintahkan agar Valencia dimusnahkan? || Abd al-Rahman I <> Apa yang Abdullah telah membina di luar Valencia? || Russafa <> Apa yang dinamakan Valencia pada masa Abdullah? || Medina al-Turab <> Bilakah Valencia menyerahkan diri kepada Moors? || oleh 714 AD <> Ciri apa yang digunakan oleh Valencia sebagai menara? || El Micalet", {"qas": [{"question": "Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?", "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6a7", "answers": [{"text": "Abd al-Rahman I", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?", "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6a8", "answers": [{"text": "the Russafa", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?", "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6a9", "answers": [{"text": "Medina al-Turab", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?", "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6aa", "answers": [{"text": "by 714 AD", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?", "id": "570d512ab3d812140066d6ab", "answers": [{"text": "El Micalet", "answer_start": 1062}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Ba\u00f1os del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque."}], ["Beberapa abad kemudian, bersamaan dengan gelombang pertama orang-orang Jerman yang menyerang (Suevi, Vandals dan Alans, dan kemudiannya Visigoths) dan kekosongan kuasa yang ditinggalkan oleh kematian pemerintahan kekaisaran Rom, gereja menganggap kekuatan kuasa dalam bandar dan menggantikan kuil lama Rom dengan bangunan agama. Dengan pencerobohan Byzantine semenanjung Iberia barat daya di 554 bandar itu memperoleh kepentingan strategik. Selepas pengusiran Bizantium pada tahun 625, kontinjen ketenteraan Visigothic diposting di sana dan amfiteater Rom kuno diperkuat. Sedikit diketahui sejarahnya selama hampir seratus tahun; walaupun tempoh ini hampir tidak didokumenkan oleh arkeologi, penggalian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat sedikit perkembangan di bandar. Semasa masa Visigothic, Valencia adalah Gereja Episcopal dari Gereja Katolik, walaupun keuskupan suffragan yang bersifat bawahan ke keuskupan Toledo, yang terdiri daripada wilayah Rom purba Carthaginensis di Hispania. <> Bilakah Byzantine menyerang semenanjung Iberia? || 554 <> Bilakah orang Byzantine diusir? || 625 <> Keuskupan apa keanggunan Valencia semasa zaman Visigoths? || Toledo <> Siapa yang mengambil kuasa di Valencia selepas pentadbiran Rom hilang? || gereja <> Selepas meninggalkan Byzantine, yang ditempatkan di Valencia? || Kontinjen ketenteraan Visigothic", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?", "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d659", "answers": [{"text": "554", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Byzantines expelled?", "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65a", "answers": [{"text": "625", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?", "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65b", "answers": [{"text": "Toledo", "answer_start": 917}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?", "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65c", "answers": [{"text": "the church", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?", "id": "570d4ca0b3d812140066d65d", "answers": [{"text": "Visigothic military contingents", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania."}], ["Pada abad ke-15, kubah itu ditambah dan naves diperpanjang kembali paduan suara, menyatukan bangunan ke menara dan membentuk pintu masuk utama. Uskup Agung Luis Alfonso de los Cameros memulakan pembinaan gereja utama pada tahun 1674; dinding dihiasi dengan kelereng dan gangsa dalam gaya Baroque pada tempoh itu. Pada permulaan abad ke-18, Conrad Rudolphus Jerman membina fa\u00e7ade pintu masuk utama. Dua pintu lain membawa ke dalam transept; satu, dari para rasul dalam Gothik yang tulen tulen, bermula dari abad ke-14, yang lain adalah dari Pal\u00e1u. Penambahan yang dibuat ke belakang katedral itu mengurangkan ketinggiannya. Pemulihan abad ke-18 membulatkan gerbang yang tajam, menutup lajur Gothik dengan tiang Corinth, dan menghias semula dinding. Kubah tidak mempunyai tanglung, siling biasa yang ditembusi oleh dua tingkap sisi besar. Terdapat empat kapel di kedua-dua belah pihak, selain itu pada akhir dan mereka yang membuka ke dalam paduan suara, transept, dan tempat kudus. Ia mengandungi banyak lukisan oleh artis terkenal. Reros perak, yang berada di belakang mezbah, telah dibawa dalam perang 1808, dan ditukar menjadi duit syiling untuk memenuhi perbelanjaan kempen. Terdapat dua lukisan oleh Francisco Goya di gereja San Francesco. Dibalik Kapel Sakramen Mahakudus adalah sebuah kapel Renaissance kecil yang dibina oleh Calixtus III. Di sebelah katedral adalah kapel yang didedikasikan kepada Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados atau Mare de D\u00e9u dels Desamparats). <> Bilakah kubah dibina? || Abad ke-15 <> Siapa yang memulakan pembinaan gereja utama? || Uskup Agung Luis Alfonso de los Cameros <> Kapan pintu utama dibina? || permulaan abad ke-18 <> Dalam gaya apa yang menjadi pintu para Rasul? || Gothic <> Siapa yang melukis gambar-gambar yang ada di gereja San Francesco? || Francisco Goya", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the dome built?", "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e4d", "answers": [{"text": "15th century", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who started the construction of the main chapel?", "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e4e", "answers": [{"text": "Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the main entrance constructed?", "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e4f", "answers": [{"text": "beginning of the 18th century", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what style is the door of the Apostles?", "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e50", "answers": [{"text": "Gothic", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?", "id": "570d4d9efed7b91900d45e51", "answers": [{"text": "Francisco Goya", "answer_start": 1220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the fa\u00e7ade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Pal\u00e1u. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados or Mare de D\u00e9u dels Desamparats)."}], ["Bandar ketiga terbesar di Sepanyol dan perbandaran ke-24 yang paling ramai penduduk di Kesatuan Eropah, Valencia mempunyai populasi 809,267 dalam batas pentadbirannya di kawasan tanah seluas 134.6 km2 (52 mil persegi). Kawasan bandar Valencia yang melangkaui batas bandar pentadbiran mempunyai penduduk antara 1,561,000 dan 1,564,145. 1,705,742 atau 2,300,000 atau 2,516,818 orang tinggal di kawasan metropolitan Valencia. Antara tahun 2007 dan 2008 terdapat kenaikan 14% penduduk asing dengan peningkatan angka terbesar oleh negara dari Bolivia, Romania dan Itali. <> Berapa banyak penduduk tinggal dalam lingkungan Valencia? || 809,267 <> Berapa banyak penduduk asing Valencia meningkat dari 2007 hingga 2008? || 14% <> Di manakah populasi Valencia berada di kalangan majlis perbandaran EU? || 24 <> Berapa banyak tanah dalam lingkungan Valencia? || 134.6 km2 <> Dari negara-negara apakah peningkatan terbesar penduduk asing Valencia datang? || Bolivia, Romania dan Itali", {"qas": [{"question": "How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?", "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d885", "answers": [{"text": "809,267", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?", "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d886", "answers": [{"text": "14%", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?", "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d887", "answers": [{"text": "24th", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much land is within Valencia's limits?", "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d888", "answers": [{"text": "134.6 km2", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?", "id": "570d6968b3d812140066d889", "answers": [{"text": "Bolivia, Romania and Italy", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy."}], ["Valencia terletak di tebing Sungai Turia, yang terletak di pantai timur Semenanjung Iberia dan bahagian barat Laut Mediterranean, menghadap Teluk Valencia. Pada penubuhannya oleh orang Rom, ia berdiri di sebuah pulau sungai di Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) dari laut. Albufera, laguna dan muara air tawar kira-kira 11 km (7 mi) di selatan bandar, adalah salah satu tasik terbesar di Sepanyol. Majlis Bandaraya membeli tasik dari Mahkota Sepanyol untuk 1,072,980 pesetas pada tahun 1911, dan hari ini ia membentuk bahagian utama Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), dengan luas permukaan 21,120 hektar (52,200 ekar). Pada tahun 1986, kerana nilai budaya, sejarah, dan ekologinya, Generalitat Valenciana mengisytiharkannya sebagai taman semulajadi. <> Seberapa jauh dari Valencia adalah Albufera? || 11 km <> Di taman apa Albufera terletak? || Parc Natural de l'Albufera <> Seberapa jauh dari laut adalah Valencia apabila ia diasaskan? || 6.4 km <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Valencia? || Roma <> Dari apa entiti yang dibeli Albufera? || Mahkota Sepanyol", {"qas": [{"question": "How far from Valencia is the Albufera?", "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46001", "answers": [{"text": "11 km", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what park is the Albufera located?", "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46002", "answers": [{"text": "Parc Natural de l'Albufera", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?", "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46003", "answers": [{"text": "6.4 km", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded Valencia?", "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46004", "answers": [{"text": "Romans", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what entity was the Albufera bought?", "id": "570d67b0fed7b91900d46005", "answers": [{"text": "Crown of Spain", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park."}], ["Semasa kabupaten Maria Cristina, Espartero memerintah Spanyol selama dua tahun sebagai Perdana Menteri ke-18 dari 16 September 1840 hingga 21 Mei 1841. Di bawah pemerintahannya yang progresif, rezim lama ragu-ragu dengan kebijakan liberalnya. Semasa tempoh pergolakan di wilayah itu, beliau mengisytiharkan bahawa semua ladang Jemaat, jemaahnya, dan perintah keagamaannya adalah harta negara - walaupun di Valencia, kebanyakan harta ini kemudiannya diperoleh oleh borjuasi tempatan. Kehidupan bandar di Valencia dijalankan dalam iklim revolusioner, dengan kerapangan antara liberal dan republik, dan ancaman pembalasan yang berterusan oleh pasukan Cablera General Carrier. <> Siapa Perdana Menteri ke-18 Sepanyol? || Espartero <> Bilakah peraturan Espartero? || 16 September 1840 hingga 21 Mei 1841 <> Apakah jenis pemerintahan yang dilakukan Espartero? || progresif <> Yang akhirnya mendapat sebahagian besar harta gereja Valencia? || pasukan borjuasi tempatan <> Tentera yang mengancam balas balas di Valencia? || Ketua Cabrera", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?", "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f35", "answers": [{"text": "Espartero", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Espartero rule?", "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f36", "answers": [{"text": "16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of government did Espartero have?", "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f37", "answers": [{"text": "progressive", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?", "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f38", "answers": [{"text": "local bourgeoisie", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?", "id": "570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f39", "answers": [{"text": "General Cabrera", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property\u2014though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera."}], ["Valencia juga terkenal di peringkat antarabangsa dengan kelab bola sepaknya, Valencia CF, yang memenangi liga Sepanyol pada tahun 2002 dan 2004 (tahun itu juga memenangi Piala UEFA), sebanyak enam kali, dan merupakan juara Liga Juara-Juara UEFA 2000 dan 2001. Stadion pasukan adalah Mestalla; saingannya Levante UD juga bermain di bahagian tertinggi selepas mendapat promosi pada tahun 2010, stadium mereka adalah Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia. Dari tahun 2011 terdapat pasukan ketiga di bandar, Hurac\u00e1n Valencia, yang bermain permainan mereka di Municipal de Manises, di Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B. <> Ketika Valencia C.F. memenangi Piala UEFA? || 2004 <> Berapa kali ValenciaCF. memenangi liga Sepanyol? || enam <> Apakah stadium Levante UD? || Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia <> Di mana bahagiannya bermain Huracan Valencia? || Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B <> Dimana bermain Huracan Valencia? || Perbandaran de Manises", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?", "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fc9", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?", "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fca", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Levante UD's stadium?", "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fcb", "answers": [{"text": "Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which division does Huracan Valencia play?", "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fcc", "answers": [{"text": "Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Huracan Valencia play?", "id": "570d65c3fed7b91900d45fcd", "answers": [{"text": "Municipal de Manises", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Hurac\u00e1n Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B."}], ["Pada bulan Mac 2012, akhbar El Mundo menyiarkan cerita yang menurut FGV telah mengarahkan pekerja yang memberi keterangan pada siasatan komisen mogok, menyediakan satu set soalan dan garis panduan yang mungkin untuk menyediakan jawapan. Pada April 2013, program televisyen Salvados mempersoalkan versi rasmi kejadian itu kerana terdapat tanda-tanda bahawa Kerajaan Valencia telah cuba menurunkan kemalangan itu, yang bertepatan dengan lawatan pope ke Valencia, atau bahkan untuk menyembunyikan bukti, sebagai buku Kerosakan keretapi tidak pernah dijumpai. Sehari selepas penyiaran laporan ini, yang menerima liputan media yang luas, beberapa suara menyeru pembukaan semula siasatan. Penyiasatan itu dibuka semula dengan berkesan dan kemalangan itu kini sedang menjalani pemeriksaan semula. <> Apakah program TV yang mempersoalkan akaun rasmi kemalangan itu? || Salvados <> Apa yang berlaku pada masa yang sama seperti kemalangan, yang mungkin menyumbang kepada kerajaan yang kurang memainkannya? || lawatan paus ke Valencia <> Apa bukti yang berkaitan dengan kemalangan itu masih hilang? || buku keretapi keretapi <> Kertas manakah yang menerbitkan artikel yang menimbulkan persoalan tentang penanganan siasatan? || El Mundo <> Kapan artikel El Mundo dengan maklumat tentang penyiasatan nahas keluar? || Mac 2012", {"qas": [{"question": "What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?", "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a5", "answers": [{"text": "Salvados", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?", "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a6", "answers": [{"text": "visit of the pope to Valencia", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What evidence related to the crash remains missing?", "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a7", "answers": [{"text": "book of train breakdowns", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?", "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a8", "answers": [{"text": "El Mundo", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?", "id": "570d61a5b3d812140066d7a9", "answers": [{"text": "March 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident, which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia, or even to hide evidence, as the book of train breakdowns was never found. The day after the broadcast of this report, which received extensive media coverage, several voices called for the reopening of the investigation. The investigation was effectively reopened and the accident is currently under re-examination."}], ["Gangguan Metro Valencia berlaku pada 3 Julai 2006 pukul 1 petang. CEST (1100 UTC) antara stesen Jesu dan Pla\u00e7a d'Espanya di Jalur 1 dari sistem transit massa Metrovalencia. 43 orang terbunuh dan lebih daripada sepuluh orang cedera parah. Ia tidak segera menjelaskan apa yang menyebabkan kemalangan itu. Kedua-dua jurucakap kerajaan Valencia, Vicente Rambla dan Datuk Bandar Rita Barber\u00e1 menamakan kejadian itu sebagai \"kebuntuan\". Bagaimanapun, kesatuan sekerja CC.OO. menuduh pihak berkuasa \"bergegas\" untuk mengatakan apa-apa tetapi mengakui bahawa Line 1 berada dalam keadaan \"kemerosotan berterusan\" dengan \"kegagalan untuk menjalankan penyelenggaraan\". <> Berapa ramai orang yang mati ketika metro Valencia tergelincir? || 43 <> Bilakah kereta api Valencia menjejaskan? || 3 Julai 2006 <> Siapa kata kecelakaan Valencia adalah kebetulan? || Vicente Rambla dan Datuk Bandar Rita Barber\u00e1 <> Di mana garis metro Valencia berlaku kegagalan? || 1 <> Berapa banyak orang yang cedera akibat kecederaan? || lebih daripada sepuluh", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?", "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d755", "answers": [{"text": "43", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Valencia metro derail?", "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d756", "answers": [{"text": "3 July 2006", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?", "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d757", "answers": [{"text": "Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barber\u00e1", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?", "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d758", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?", "id": "570d5dadb3d812140066d759", "answers": [{"text": "more than ten", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jes\u00fas and Pla\u00e7a d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barber\u00e1 called the accident a \"fortuitous\" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of \"rushing\" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of \"constant deterioration\" with a \"failure to carry out maintenance\"."}], ["Valencia diasaskan sebagai koloni Rom pada tahun 138 SM. Bandar ini terletak di tebing Turia, di pantai timur Semenanjung Iberia, menghadap ke Teluk Valencia di Laut Mediterranean. Pusat bersejarahnya adalah salah satu yang terbesar di Sepanyol, dengan kira-kira 169 hektar; warisan monumen kuno, pemandangan dan tarikan budaya menjadikan Valencia sebagai salah satu destinasi pelancongan paling popular di negara ini. Tugu-tugu utama termasuk Katedral Valencia, Torres de Serrans, Torres de Quart, Llotja de la Seda (mengisytiharkan Tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO pada tahun 1996), dan Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciensies (City of Arts and Sciences) kompleks budaya dan seni bina berasaskan hiburan yang direka oleh Santiago Calatrava dan F\u00e9lix Candela. Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia menempatkan lukisan besar dari abad ke-14 hingga abad ke-18, termasuk karya-karya Vel\u00e1zquez, El Greco, dan Goya, serta siri penting ukiran oleh Piranesi. Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern (Institut Seni Moden Valencia) menempatkan koleksi tetap dan pameran sementara seni dan fotografi kontemporari. <> Bilakah penubuhan Valencia? || 138 SM <> Di sungai apakah Valencia terletak? || Turia <> Berapa besar pusat bersejarah Valencia? || 169 hektar <> Apa muzium Valencian mengandungi kepingan oleh Velazquez dan artis terkenal lain? || Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia <> Apa muzium Valencia mempunyai koleksi fotografi? || Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Valencia's founding?", "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45fef", "answers": [{"text": "138 BC", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what river is Valencia located?", "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff0", "answers": [{"text": "Turia", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big is Valencia's historic centre?", "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff1", "answers": [{"text": "169 hectares", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?", "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff2", "answers": [{"text": "Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia", "answer_start": 766}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Valencian museum has a photography collection?", "id": "570d66c6fed7b91900d45ff3", "answers": [{"text": "Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern", "answer_start": 987}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ci\u00e8ncies (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and F\u00e9lix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Vel\u00e1zquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography."}], ["Pertempuran yang tidak dapat dielakkan untuk perang saudara dan pertempuran di Madrid mengakibatkan penghapusan ibu kota Republik ke Valencia. Pada 6 November 1936, bandar itu menjadi ibu kota Republik Sepanyol di bawah kawalan Perdana Menteri Manuel Azana; kerajaan berpindah ke Palau de Benicarl\u00f3, kementeriannya menduduki pelbagai bangunan lain. Bandar ini banyak dibombardir oleh udara dan laut, yang memerlukan pembinaan lebih dari dua ratus bom tempat perlindungan untuk melindungi penduduk. Pada 13 Januari 1937, bandar itu pertama kali dibongkar oleh kapal Tentera Laut Itali Fascist, yang menghalang pelabuhan oleh perintah Benito Mussolini. Pengeboman menguatkan dan menimbulkan kemusnahan besar-besaran beberapa kali; pada akhir perang bandar itu telah terselamat 442 pengeboman, meninggalkan 2,831 mayat dan 847 cedera, walaupun dianggarkan angka kematian lebih tinggi, kerana data yang diberikan adalah yang diiktiraf oleh pemerintah Francisco Franco. Kerajaan Republik meluluskan Juan Negr\u00edn pada 17 Mei 1937 dan pada 31 Oktober tahun itu berpindah ke Barcelona. Pada 30 Mac 1939 Valencia menyerah dan tentera Kebangsaan memasuki bandar. Tahun-tahun selepas perang adalah masa kesusahan bagi orang-orang Valenzuela. Semasa rejim Franco bercakap atau mengajar Valencian adalah dilarang; dalam pembalikan yang signifikan ia kini diwajibkan untuk setiap anak sekolah di Valencia. <> Siapa perdana menteri pada tahun 1936? || Manuel Azana <> Apa bangunan kerajaan pindah ke tahun 1936? || Palau de Benicarl\u00f3 <> Berapa banyak tempat perlindungan bom dibina? || lebih dua ratus <> Bilakah serangan Tentera Laut Itali pertama Valencia? || 13 Januari 1937 <> Dimana kerajaan berpindah ke tahun 1937? || Barcelona", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was prime minister in 1936?", "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f67", "answers": [{"text": "Manuel Azana", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building did the government move to in 1936?", "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f68", "answers": [{"text": "Palau de Benicarl\u00f3", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bomb shelters were built?", "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f69", "answers": [{"text": "over two hundred", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?", "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f6a", "answers": [{"text": "13 January 1937", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the government relocate to in 1937?", "id": "570d6008fed7b91900d45f6b", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 1051}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarl\u00f3, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negr\u00edn on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia."}], ["Pada abad ke-20 Valencia kekal sebagai bandar terpadat ketiga Sepanyol apabila populasinya meningkat tiga kali ganda, meningkat daripada 213,550 penduduk pada tahun 1900 menjadi 739,014 pada tahun 2000. Valencia juga ketiga dalam pembangunan perindustrian dan ekonomi; pencapaian penting termasuk perkembangan bandar raya pada tahun 1800-an, penciptaan Banco de Valencia pada tahun 1900, pembinaan pasaran Central dan Columbus, dan pembinaan stesen keretapi Gare du Nord, yang siap pada tahun 1921. Abad baru ditandai di Valencia dengan acara utama, pameran serantau Valencian 1909 (La Exposici\u00f3n Regional Valenciana de 1909), yang mencontohkan eksposisi nasional dan universal yang diadakan di kota-kota lain. Pengeluaran ini dipromosikan oleh Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), terutama oleh pengerusi, Tom\u00e1s Tr\u00e9nor y Palavicino, dan mendapat sokongan Kerajaan dan Mahkota; ia secara rasminya dirasmikan oleh Raja Alfonso XIII sendiri. <> Apa populasi Valencia pada tahun 2000? || 739,014 <> Di manakah kedudukan Valencia dalam pembangunan ekonomi di kalangan bandar-bandar Sepanyol pada tahun 1900-an? || ketiga <> Di manakah kedudukan Valencia di kalangan bandaraya Sepanyol pada tahun 1900-an? || ketiga <> Bilakah stesen Gare du Nord selesai? || 1921 <> Bilakah pameran serantau Valencian diadakan? || 1909", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Valencia's population in 2000?", "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d77d", "answers": [{"text": "739,014", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?", "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d77e", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?", "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d77f", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Gare du Nord station finished?", "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d780", "answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?", "id": "570d5f41b3d812140066d781", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposici\u00f3n Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tom\u00e1s Tr\u00e9nor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself."}], ["Pada 1409, sebuah hospital telah diasaskan dan diletakkan di bawah naungan Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes; untuk ini telah dilampirkan persempadanan yang dikhaskan untuk memulihkan mayat mati yang tidak berkawan di bandar dan dalam radius tiga batu (4.8 km) di sekelilingnya. Pada penghujung abad ke-15, perselisihan ini dipisahkan dari hospital, dan meneruskan kerja di bawah nama \"Cofradia untuk el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados\". Raja Philip IV dari Sepanyol dan Duke of Arcos mencadangkan pembinaan kapel baru, dan pada tahun 1647 Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, yang telah dipelihara dari wabak bubonic, berkeras untuk melaksanakan projek mereka. The Blessed Virgin telah diisytiharkan sebagai pelindung kota di bawah gelaran Virgen de los desamparados (Perawan yang Diloloskan), dan Uskup Agung Pedro de Urbina, pada 31 Jun 1652, meletakkan asas pokok kapel baru nama ini. Istana archiepiscopal, pasar bijirin pada masa Moors, adalah mudah dalam reka bentuk, dengan sebuah tembok dalaman dan sebuah gereja yang tampan. Pada tahun 1357, gerbang yang menghubungkannya dengan gereja itu dibina. Dalam dewan dewan itu dipelihara potret semua pelopor di Valencia. <> Siapa patroness hospital? || Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes <> Apakah persidangan yang dipanggil selepas perpisahannya dari hospital? || Cofradia para el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados <> Siapa yang meletakkan tonggak kapel itu? || Uskup Agung Pedro de Urbina <> Apakah istana archiepiscopal semasa zaman Moor? || pasar gandum <> yang berkeras untuk membina gereja baru? || Conde de Oropesa", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the hospital's patroness?", "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e3", "answers": [{"text": "Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?", "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e4", "answers": [{"text": "Cofradia para el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?", "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e5", "answers": [{"text": "Archbishop Pedro de Urbina", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?", "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e6", "answers": [{"text": "a grain market", "answer_start": 899}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who insisted on building the new chapel?", "id": "570d64bbb3d812140066d7e7", "answers": [{"text": "Conde de Oropesa", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of \"Cofradia para el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados\". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia."}], ["Ferdinand menolak dan pergi ke Valencia bukannya Madrid. Di sini, pada 17 April, Jeneral Elio menjemput Raja untuk menuntut kembali hak mutlaknya dan menempatkan tenteranya pada kedudukan Raja. Raja memansuhkan Perlembagaan 1812. Dia mengikuti akta ini dengan membubarkan dua dewan Parlimen Sepanyol pada 10 Mei. Oleh itu, sejak enam tahun (1814-1820) pemerintahan absolut, tetapi perlembagaan telah dikembalikan semula semasa Trienio Liberal, satu tempoh tiga tahun pemerintahan liberal di Sepanyol dari 1820-1823. <> Di mana Ferdinand pergi daripada Madrid? || Valencia <> Berapa lamakah peraturan absolut yang terakhir? || enam tahun <> Bilakah Trieno Liberal? || 1820-1823 <> Bilakah Perlembagaan dimansuhkan? || 1812 <> Siapa yang menawarkan tentera kepada Raja? || Ketua Elio", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?", "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93b", "answers": [{"text": "Valencia", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did absolutist rule last?", "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93c", "answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Trieno Liberal?", "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93d", "answers": [{"text": "1820\u20131823", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Constitution abolished?", "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93e", "answers": [{"text": "1812", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who offered troops to the King?", "id": "570d7049b3d812140066d93f", "answers": [{"text": "General Elio", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814\u20131820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820\u20131823."}], ["Plaza terbesar di Valencia adalah Plaza del Ayuntamiento; ia adalah rumah kepada Dewan Bandaraya (Ayuntamiento) di sebelah baratnya dan pejabat pos tengah (Edificio de Correos) di sebelah timur, sebuah panggung wayang yang memperlihatkan filem-filem klasik, dan banyak restoran dan bar. Plaza berbentuk segitiga, dengan banyak simen besar di hujung selatan, biasanya dikelilingi oleh vendor bunga. Ia berfungsi sebagai tanah sifar semasa Les Falles apabila kembang api Mascleta dapat didengar setiap petang. Terdapat mata air besar di hujung utara. <> Di mana terdapat Dewan Bandaraya Valencia? || Plaza del Ayuntamiento <> Apa di sebelah timur dataran terbesar Valencia? || post office pusat <> Apa bentuknya adalah Plaza del Ayuntamiento? || segi tiga <> Apa yang ada di bahagian utara plaza? || mata air yang besar <> Bilakah firewords mendengar setiap hari? || semasa Les Falles", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Valencia's City Hall located?", "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96b", "answers": [{"text": "Plaza del Ayuntamiento", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is on the eastern side of Valencia's largest plaza?", "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96c", "answers": [{"text": "the central post office", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento?", "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96d", "answers": [{"text": "triangular", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is in the north part of the plaza?", "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96e", "answers": [{"text": "a large fountain", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are firewords heard every day?", "id": "570d7360b3d812140066d96f", "answers": [{"text": "during the Les Falles", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Masclet\u00e0 can be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end."}], ["Dengan penghapusan piagam Valencia dan sebahagian besar institusinya, dan penyesuaian kerajaan dan modalnya kepada undang-undang dan adat istiadat Castile, pegawai-pegawai awam tertinggi tidak lagi dipilih, tetapi sebaliknya dilantik secara langsung dari Madrid, mahkamah raja bandar, pejabat yang sering diisi oleh aristokrat asing. Valencia terpaksa menjadi biasa menjadi bandar yang diduduki, tinggal dengan kehadiran tentera yang ditempatkan di kuil dekat biara Santo Domingo dan di bangunan-bangunan lain seperti Lonja, yang berkhidmat sebagai barak hingga 1762. <> Jenis orang sering mengadakan pejabat Valencia? || bangsawan asing <> Dari mana pegawai-pegawai Valencia dipilih? || Madrid <> Biara apa yang dekat dengan kawasan di mana tentera tinggal? || Santo Domingo <> Sampai kapan Lonja digunakan untuk pasukan suku? || 1762", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of people often held Valencia's offices?", "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460f7", "answers": [{"text": "foreign aristocrats", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where were Valencia's officials chosen?", "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460f8", "answers": [{"text": "Madrid", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What convent was close to the area where troops lived?", "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460f9", "answers": [{"text": "Santo Domingo", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?", "id": "570d6f53fed7b91900d460fa", "answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762."}], ["Rangkaian bekalan air awam telah siap pada tahun 1850, dan pada tahun 1858 arkitek Sebasti\u00e1n Monle\u00f3n Estell\u00e9s, Antonino Sancho, dan Timoteo Calvo menyusun satu projek pengembangan umum untuk bandar yang termasuk merobohkan tembok purba (versi kedua dicetak pada tahun 1868). Projek yang dicadangkan tidak mendapat kelulusan akhir, tetapi mereka menjadi panduan, walaupun tidak diikuti dengan baik, untuk pertumbuhan masa depan. Pada tahun 1860 perbandaran itu mempunyai 140,416 penduduk, dan bermula pada tahun 1866 tembok kota purba hampir seluruhnya dirobohkan untuk memudahkan pengembangan bandar. Elektrik diperkenalkan ke Valencia pada tahun 1882. <> Bilakah rancangan untuk pengembangan bandar dibuat? || 1858 <> Apa yang telah siap pada tahun 1850? || rangkaian bekalan air awam <> Bilakah Valencia mendapat bekalan elektrik? || 1882 <> Apa yang ditebang pada tahun 1866? || dinding kota <> Apa populasi Valencia pada tahun 1860? || 140,416", {"qas": [{"question": "When were plans for city expansion drawn?", "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d46109", "answers": [{"text": "1858", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was finished in 1850?", "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610a", "answers": [{"text": "public water supply network", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Valencia get electricity?", "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610b", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was knocked down in 1866?", "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610c", "answers": [{"text": "city walls", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Valencia's population in 1860?", "id": "570d710ffed7b91900d4610d", "answers": [{"text": "140,416", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebasti\u00e1n Monle\u00f3n Estell\u00e9s, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882."}], ["Sekitar dua ribu penjajah Rom diletakkan di sana pada tahun 138 SM semasa pemerintahan konsul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. Ahli sejarah Rom Florus mengatakan bahawa Brutus memindahkan tentera yang telah berjuang di bawahnya ke wilayah itu. Ini adalah bandar Rom yang tipikal dalam konsepnya, kerana ia terletak di lokasi strategik berhampiran laut di pulau sungai yang dilalui oleh Via Augusta, jalan kerajaan yang menghubungkan wilayah itu ke Rom, ibukota kerajaan. Pusat bandar terletak di kawasan kejiranan Plaza de la Virgen. Berikut adalah forum dan penyebaran Cardo Maximus dan Decumanus Maximus, yang kekal sebagai dua paksi utama bandar. The Cardo sepadan dengan Calle de Salvador yang sedia ada, Almoina, dan Decumanus sepadan dengan Calle de los Caballeros. <> Siapa penguasa Valencia pada 138 SM? || Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico Berapa banyak orang Roma yang tinggal di Valencia pada tahun 138 SM? || dua ribu <> Jalan mana yang melintasi pulau Valencia di zaman Rom? || Via Augusta <> Apa yang kini terletak di pusat bekas Valencia? || Plaza de la Virgen <> Pada masa Rom, apa dua jalan yang bertemu di pusat Valencia? || Cardo Maximus dan Decumanus Maximus", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?", "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8ad", "answers": [{"text": "Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?", "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8ae", "answers": [{"text": "two thousand", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?", "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8af", "answers": [{"text": "Via Augusta", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?", "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8b0", "answers": [{"text": "Plaza de la Virgen", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?", "id": "570d6ae3b3d812140066d8b1", "answers": [{"text": "Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros."}], ["Balansiyya memiliki kelahiran semula dengan permulaan Taifa kerajaan Valencia pada abad ke-11. Bandar ini berkembang, dan semasa pemerintahan Abd al-Aziz sebuah tembok kota baru dibina, sisa-sisa yang dikekalkan di seluruh Kota Lama (Ciutat Vella) hari ini. Bangsawan Castilian, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, yang dikenal sebagai El Cid, yang berniat untuk memiliki kerajaannya sendiri di Mediterania, memasuki wilayah itu sebagai komandan pasukan gabungan Kristian dan Moor dan mengepung kota itu bermula pada tahun 1092. Pada masa pengepungan berakhir pada Mei 1094, dia telah mengukir fiefdomnya sendiri - yang mana dia memerintah dari 15 Jun 1094 hingga 1099 Julai. Kemenangan ini telah diabadikan di Lay of the Cid. Semasa pemerintahannya, beliau memeluk sembilan masjid ke dalam gereja-gereja dan memasang kaisar Perancis J\u00e9r\u00f4me sebagai uskup dari Valencia. El Cid terbunuh pada bulan Julai 1099 ketika mempertahankan bandar dari pengepungan Almoravid, yang mana Ximena D\u00edaz isterinya memerintah di tempatnya selama dua tahun. <> Apa nama sebenar El Cid? || Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar <> Bilakah El Cid mati? || Julai 1099 <> Siapa yang mengambil kedudukan El Cid selepas kematiannya? || Ximena D\u00edaz <> Bilakah El Cid memerintah? || 15 Jun 1094 hingga Julai 1099 <> Siapakah pemerintah ketika tembok kota baru dibina? || Abd al-Aziz", {"qas": [{"question": "What was El Cid's real name?", "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c1", "answers": [{"text": "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did El Cid die?", "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c2", "answers": [{"text": "July 1099", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took El Cid's position after his death?", "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c3", "answers": [{"text": "Ximena D\u00edaz", "answer_start": 914}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did El Cid rule?", "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c4", "answers": [{"text": "15 June 1094 to July 1099", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?", "id": "570d6bb6b3d812140066d8c5", "answers": [{"text": "Abd al-Aziz", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom\u2014which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk J\u00e9r\u00f4me as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena D\u00edaz ruled in his place for two years."}], ["Menghadapi kehilangan perniagaan ini, Valencia mengalami krisis ekonomi yang teruk. Ini diwujudkan pada awal 1519-1523 apabila ahli-ahli kesatuan kaum yang dikenali sebagai orang Jerman memberontak terhadap pemerintah Habsburg, raja Charles I di Valencia, kini menjadi sebahagian daripada Mahkota Aragon, dengan kebanyakan pertempuran yang dilakukan pada 1521. Pemberontakan itu adalah anti gerakan perantau autonomis anti-feudal yang diilhami oleh republik Itali, dan pemberontakan sosial terhadap bangsawan yang melarikan diri dari bandar sebelum wabak wabak pada 1519. Ia juga menimbulkan aspek anti-Islam yang kuat, ketika pemberontak merosakkan penduduk Aragon daripada mudejars dan dikenakan penukaran paksa kepada Kristian. <> Kepunyaan kerajaan mana yang memberontak? || Charles I <> Bilakah pemberontakan guild berlaku? || 1519-1523 <> Apa yang menyebabkan bangsawan meninggalkan Valencia? || wabah <> Dari mana anti-monarkis mendapat inspirasi? || Republik Itali <> Apa yang dipanggil ahli kesatuan kaum? || orang Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose government did the guilds rebel against?", "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460b7", "answers": [{"text": "Charles I", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the guilds' rebellion take place?", "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460b8", "answers": [{"text": "1519\u20131523", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?", "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460b9", "answers": [{"text": "plague", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?", "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460ba", "answers": [{"text": "Italian republics", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the artisan guilds called?", "id": "570d6de5fed7b91900d460bb", "answers": [{"text": "the Germanies", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519\u20131523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mud\u00e9jars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity."}], ["Ekonomi mula pulih pada awal tahun 1960-an, dan bandar ini mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk yang meletup melalui imigrasi yang didorong oleh pekerjaan yang dibuat dengan pelaksanaan proyek-proyek bandar besar dan penambahbaikan infrastruktur. Dengan kemunculan demokrasi di Sepanyol, kerajaan kuno Valencia telah ditubuhkan sebagai entiti autonomi baru, Komuniti Valencia, Statuta Autonomi 1982 yang menunjuk Valencia sebagai modalnya. Pada malam 23 Februari 1981, sejurus selepas Antonio Tejero telah menyerbu Kongres, Kapten Jeneral Wilayah Ketenteraan Ketiga, Jaime Milans del Bosch, bangkit di Valencia, meletakkan kereta kebal di jalanan, menyatakan keadaan kecemasan dan cuba meyakinkan tokoh tentera kanan lain untuk menyokong rampasan kuasa. Selepas mesej televisyen Raja Juan Carlos I, mereka yang berada dalam tentera yang belum menyelaraskan diri mereka memutuskan untuk tetap setia kepada kerajaan, dan rampasan kuasa itu gagal. Walaupun kekurangan sokongan ini, Milans del Bosch hanya menyerah pada jam 5 pagi pada hari berikutnya, 24 Februari. <> Apabila demokrasi bermula di Sepanyol, apa yang menjadi kerajaan Valencia menjadi? || Komuniti Valencia <> Siapa yang mengetuai rampasan kuasa di Valencia? || Jaime Milans del Bosch <> Mesej siapa yang meyakinkan kebanyakan tentera untuk tetap setia? || Raja Juan Carlos I <> Bilakah Milans del Bosch menyerah? || 24 Februari <> Apa undang-undang menjadikan Valencia ibu kota rantau itu? || Statut Autonomi", {"qas": [{"question": "When democracy began in Spain, what did the kingdom of Valencia become?", "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d957", "answers": [{"text": "the Valencian Community", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led a coup in Valencia?", "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d958", "answers": [{"text": "Jaime Milans del Bosch", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal?", "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d959", "answers": [{"text": "King Juan Carlos I", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Milans del Bosch surrender?", "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d95a", "answers": [{"text": "24 February", "answer_start": 1012}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law made Valencia the capital of its region?", "id": "570d7229b3d812140066d95b", "answers": [{"text": "Statute of Autonomy", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. On the night of 23 February 1981, shortly after Antonio Tejero had stormed Congress, the Captain General of the Third Military Region, Jaime Milans del Bosch, rose up in Valencia, put tanks on the streets, declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup. After the televised message of King Juan Carlos I, those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government, and the coup failed. Despite this lack of support, Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day, 24 February."}], ["Katedral Valencia dipanggil Iglesia Mayor pada hari-hari awal Reconquista, kemudian Iglesia de la Seo (Seo adalah dari seda Latin, iaitu, (archiepiscopal) Lihat), dan berdasarkan konsesi kepausan pada 16 Oktober 1866, yang dipanggil Basilika Metropolitana. Ia terletak di tengah-tengah kota Rom kuno di mana beberapa percaya kuil Diana berdiri. Dalam zaman Gothic, nampaknya telah didedikasikan kepada Juruselamat Suci; Cid mendedikasikannya kepada Perawan Suci; Raja James I dari Aragon juga begitu, meninggalkan di kapel utama imej Perawan Suci, yang ia bawa dengannya dan terkenal sebagai yang sekarang dipelihara dalam sacristy. Masjid Moor, yang telah diubah menjadi Gereja Kristian oleh penakluk, dianggap sebagai tidak layak untuk gelaran katedral Valencia, dan pada tahun 1262 Bishop Andr\u00e9s de Albalat meletakkan asas bangunan Gothic yang baru, dengan tiga tukul; ini hanya boleh dicapai dengan koir bangunan sekarang. Bishop Vidal de Blanes membina dewan bab, dan James I menambah menara, yang dipanggil El Miguelete kerana diberkati pada hari St. Michael pada 1418. Menara ini adalah kira-kira 58 m tinggi dan diikat dengan belfry (1660-1736). <> Apakah Katedral Valencia dipanggil dari 1866? || Basilika Metropolitana <> Apa agama dewa pagan mungkin mempunyai sebuah kuil di mana Katedral Valencia sekarang? || Diana <> Berapa tinggi menara katedral? || 58 m <> Apa menara yang dipanggil? || El Miguelete <> Apa nama Katedral sejak awal di Reconquista? || Datuk Bandar Iglesia", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?", "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d989", "answers": [{"text": "Basilica Metropolitana", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?", "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98a", "answers": [{"text": "Diana", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall is the cathedral's tower?", "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98b", "answers": [{"text": "58 m", "answer_start": 1143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the tower called?", "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98c", "answers": [{"text": "El Miguelete", "answer_start": 1058}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista? ", "id": "570d74d0b3d812140066d98d", "answers": [{"text": "Iglesia Mayor", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista, then Iglesia de la Seo (Seo is from the Latin sedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the Basilica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood. In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King James I of Aragon did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andr\u00e9s de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called El Miguelete because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418. The tower is about 58 m high and topped with a belfry (1660\u20131736)."}], ["Bandar ini mengalami masalah yang serius pada pertengahan abad ke-14. Di satu pihak adalah penghabisan penduduk oleh Kematian Hitam 1348 dan tahun-tahun wabak berikutnya - dan pada yang lain, siri peperangan dan rusuhan yang diikuti. Di antaranya adalah Perang Kesatuan, pemberontakan rakyat terhadap keterlaluan monarki, yang dipimpin oleh Valencia sebagai ibu kota kerajaan - dan perang dengan Castile, yang memaksa penggalian dinding baru untuk melawan serangan Castilian pada tahun 1363 dan 1364. Pada tahun-tahun ini, kewujudan bersama dari tiga komuniti yang menduduki kota-Kristian, Yahudi dan Islam - agak kontroversi. Orang-orang Yahudi yang menduduki kawasan sekitar tepi pantai telah berkembang secara ekonomi dan sosial, dan suku mereka secara beransur-ansur mengembangkan sempadannya dengan mengorbankan gereja-gereja yang berdekatan. Sementara itu, orang Islam yang tinggal di bandar selepas penaklukan itu telah bertapak di kawasan kejiranan Moor di sebelah pasaran masa kini, Mosen Sorel. Pada tahun 1391, kumpulan orang yang tidak terkawal menyerang suku Yahudi, menyebabkan hilangnya maya dan membawa kepada penukaran paksa ahli-ahlinya yang masih hidup kepada Kristian. Suku kaum Muslim diserang semasa keributan yang sama di kalangan penduduk pada tahun 1456, tetapi akibatnya adalah kecil. <> Bilakah Valencia mengalami Kematian Hitam? || 1348 <> Tiga kumpulan agama mana yang tinggal di Valencia? || Kristian, Yahudi dan Muslim <> Orang-orang Islam tinggal di dekat pasaran semasa? || Mosen Sorel <> Kapan bahagian Yahudi diserang? || 1391 <> Bilakah bahagian Islam diserang? || 1456", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?", "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cb", "answers": [{"text": "1348", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?", "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cc", "answers": [{"text": "Christian, Jewish and Muslim", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Muslims lived near what current market?", "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cd", "answers": [{"text": "Mosen Sorel", "answer_start": 968}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Jewish section attacked?", "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8ce", "answers": [{"text": "1391", "answer_start": 984}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Muslim section attacked?", "id": "570d6c96b3d812140066d8cf", "answers": [{"text": "1456", "answer_start": 1229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics \u2014 and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom \u2014 and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city\u2014Christian, Jewish and Muslim \u2014 was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighbouring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor."}], ["Sekali setahun antara 2008-2012 Formula Satu Grand Prix Eropah berlangsung di Litar Jalan Valencia. Valencia adalah antara Barcelona, Porto dan Monte Carlo satu-satunya bandar Eropah yang pernah menjadi tuan rumah Grands Prix Formula Satu Kejohanan Dunia di jalan-jalan awam di tengah-tengah bandaraya. Perlumbaan terakhir pada 2012 Grand Prix Eropah menyaksikan pemenang yang sangat popular, memandangkan pemandu asal Fernando Alonso memenangi Ferrari walaupun bermula separuh ke bawah padang. Grand Prix motosikal Komuniti Valencia (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) adalah sebahagian daripada perlumbaan motosikal Grand Prix di Circuit Ricardo Tormo (juga dikenali sebagai Circuit de Valencia). Secara berkala pusingan Sepanyol Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters Touring Racing Championship (DTM) diadakan di Valencia. <> Siapa yang memenangi perlumbaan terakhir Grand Prix Eropah pada tahun 2012? || Fernando Alonso <> Apa acara motosikal yang diadakan di Valencia? || Grand Prix Motosikal Komuniti Valencia <> Di mana tahun itu Grand Prix Formula Satu Eropah di Valencia? || 2008-2012 <> Apakah nama lain untuk Litar Recardo Tormo? || Circuit de Valencia", {"qas": [{"question": "Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?", "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d99d", "answers": [{"text": "Fernando Alonso", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?", "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d99e", "answers": [{"text": "Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?", "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d99f", "answers": [{"text": "2008\u20132012", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?", "id": "570d75ccb3d812140066d9a0", "answers": [{"text": "Circuit de Valencia", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Once a year between 2008\u20132012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia). Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia."}]], [["Oleh kerana lebih separuh daripada pendapatan GE diperoleh daripada perkhidmatan kewangan, ia boleh dikatakan sebuah syarikat kewangan dengan lengan pembuatan. Ia juga merupakan salah satu peminjam terbesar di negara-negara selain Amerika Syarikat, seperti Jepun. Walaupun gelombang konglomerat pertama (seperti ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, dan lain-lain) jatuh di tepi jalan pada pertengahan 1980-an, pada akhir 1990-an, gelombang lain (yang terdiri daripada Westinghouse, Tyco, ) mencuba dan gagal untuk mencontohi kejayaan GE. [rujukan?] <> Apakah sumber perniagaan majoriti hasil GE? || perkhidmatan kewangan <> Di negara lain selain Amerika Syarikat apakah GE menyediakan perkhidmatan pemberian pinjaman? || Jepun <> Berapa pendapatan GE diperoleh daripada perkhidmatan kewangan yang disediakannya? || Lebih separuh <> Selain ITT Corporation, yang mana dua syarikat cuba mencontohkan GE, tetapi gagal pada pertengahan 1980-an? || Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco <> Dalam dekad apa yang diasaskan GE? || <> Di negara apakah Tenneco beribu pejabat? || <> Dalam apa dekad apa ITT Corporation dapat diasaskan? || <> Dalam apa dekad yang ditubuhkan Westinghouse? || <> Dalam negara mana yang ditubuhkan Ling-Temco-Vought? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the business source of the majority of GE's revenues?", "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c51", "answers": [{"text": "financial services", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services?", "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c52", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of GE's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides?", "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c53", "answers": [{"text": "over half", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides ITT Corporation, which two companies tried to emulate GE, but failed by the mid-1980's?", "id": "570d2598fed7b91900d45c54", "answers": [{"text": "Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "In what decade was GE founded?", "id": "59d289ab2763a6001828407f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan.", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "In what country was Tenneco headquartered?", "id": "59d289ab2763a60018284080", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "In what decade did ITT Corporation get founded?", "id": "59d289ab2763a60018284081", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "In what decade was Westinghouse established?", "id": "59d289ab2763a60018284082", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "In what nation was Ling-Temco-Vought established?", "id": "59d289ab2763a60018284083", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since over half of GE's revenue is derived from financial services, it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm. It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States, such as Japan. Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc.) fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s, in the late 1990s, another wave (consisting of Westinghouse, Tyco, and others) tried and failed to emulate GE's success.[citation needed]"}], ["Dari tahun 1932 hingga 1977, General Electric mencemarkan Sungai Housatonic dengan pelepasan PCB dari kilang General Electric di Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 dan Aroclor 1260, yang dibuat oleh Monsanto adalah pencemar utama pencemaran. Kepekatan tertinggi PCB di Sungai Housatonic terdapat di Woods Pond di Lenox, Massachusetts, di selatan Pittsfield, di mana mereka telah diukur sehingga 110 mg / kg di dalam sedimen. Kira-kira 50% daripada semua PCB yang ada di dalam sungai dianggarkan disimpan dalam sedimen di belakang empangan Woods Pond. Ini dianggarkan kira-kira 11,000 paun PCB. Bekas lembu yang penuh juga tercemar. Flora dan ikan yang hidup di dalam dan di sekitar sungai mengandungi paras PCB yang tinggi dan boleh membahayakan kesihatan jika digunakan. <> Sungai mana yang dicemari GE dengan PCB dari kilangnya di Pittsfield, MA? || Sungai Housatonic <> Apakah bahan pencemar utama yang terkandung dalam pencemaran yang dilepaskan ke Sungai Housatonic? || Aroclor 1254 dan Aroclor 1260 <> Syarikat mana yang menghasilkan Aroctor 1254 dan Aroctor 1260? || Monsanto <> Berapa banyak paun PCB dianggarkan disimpan dalam sedimen di belakang empangan Woods Pond? || 11,000 <> Berapakah tahap PCB di sedimen di belakang empangan Woods Pond diukur? || 110 mg / kg <> Pada tahun apakah Monsanto diasaskan? || <> Berapa banyak Aroclor 1254 ditemui di Pittsfield? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Monsanto mencipta Aroclor 1260? || <> Berapa banyak pound PCB yang terdapat di Pittsfield? || <> Berapa banyak PCB yang terdapat dalam unggas air dan ikan di Sungai Housatonic? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?", "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e3", "answers": [{"text": "Housatonic River", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?", "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e4", "answers": [{"text": "Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?", "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e5", "answers": [{"text": "Monsanto", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?", "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e6", "answers": [{"text": "11,000", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?", "id": "570d2c0bb3d812140066d4e7", "answers": [{"text": "110 mg/kg", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "In what year was Monsanto founded?", "id": "59d28ef42763a600182840b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "110 mg/kg", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "How much Aroclor 1254 was found in Pittsfield?", "id": "59d28ef42763a600182840b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "In what year did Monsanto create Aroclor 1260?", "id": "59d28ef42763a600182840b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11,000", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "How many pounds of PCBs are found in Pittsfield?", "id": "59d28ef42763a600182840b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "110 mg/kg", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "How much PCBs is found in waterfowl and fish in the Housatonic River?", "id": "59d28ef42763a600182840b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed."}], ["GE (General Electric) Perniagaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui Tenaga telah berkembang dengan pesat, untuk bersaing dengan peningkatan permintaan A.S. dan global untuk tenaga bersih. Sejak memasuki industri tenaga boleh diperbaharui pada tahun 2002, GE telah melaburkan lebih daripada $ 850 juta dalam pengkomersilan tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Pada bulan Ogos 2008, ia memperoleh Kelman Ltd, sebuah syarikat Ireland Utara yang mengkhusus dalam teknologi pengawasan dan diagnostik yang lebih maju untuk transformer yang digunakan dalam penjanaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui, dan mengumumkan pengembangan perniagaannya di Ireland Utara pada Mei 2010. Pada tahun 2009, inisiatif tenaga diperbaharui GE, yang termasuk tenaga solar, kuasa angin dan enjin gas GE Jenbacher menggunakan gas berasaskan metana yang boleh diperbaharui dan tidak boleh diperbaharui, menggunakan lebih daripada 4,900 orang di seluruh dunia dan telah mewujudkan lebih daripada 10,000 pekerjaan sokongan. <> Dalam tahun apakah GE memasuki industri tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || 2002 <> Berapa banyak wang yang GE melabur dalam pengkomersilan tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || Lebih daripada $ 850 juta <> Dalam tahun apakah GE memperoleh Kelman Ltd.? || 2008 <> Sehingga tahun 2009, berapa orang yang menggunakan GE dalam inisiatif tenaga terbarukannya? || lebih daripada 4,900 <> Bilakah GE mengumumkan pengembangan perniagaannya di Ireland Utara? || Mei 2010 <> Dalam tahun apakah Kelman Ltd dibentuk? || <> Berapa ramai yang menggunakan GE secara keseluruhan pada 2009? || <> Berapa banyak orang yang bekerja untuk Kelman Ltd pada tahun 2008 apabila ia diperolehi oleh GE? || <> Berapa nilai GE pada tahun 2002? || <> Berapakah bayaran GE untuk memperoleh Kelman Ltd? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry?", "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4ed", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization?", "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4ee", "answers": [{"text": "more than $850 million", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd.?", "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4ef", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2009, how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives?", "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4f0", "answers": [{"text": "more than 4,900", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland?", "id": "570d2d61b3d812140066d4f1", "answers": [{"text": "May 2010", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "In what year was Kelman Ltd. formed?", "id": "59d291ec2763a600182840cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,900 people", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "How many people did GE employ overall as of 2009?", "id": "59d291ec2763a600182840d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,900 people", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "How many people worked for Kelman Ltd. as of 2008 when it was acquired by GE?", "id": "59d291ec2763a600182840d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$850 million", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "How much was GE worth as of 2002?", "id": "59d291ec2763a600182840d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$850 million", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "How much did GE pay to acquire Kelman Ltd?", "id": "59d291ec2763a600182840d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "GE (General Electric) Energy's renewable energy business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for clean energy. Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in renewable energy commercialization. In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2005, GE mengumumkan pelancaran program yang dipanggil \"Ecomagination,\" yang dimaksudkan dengan kata-kata Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Jeff Immelt \"untuk membangunkan penyelesaian esok seperti tenaga solar, lokomotif hibrid, sel bahan api, enjin pesawat pelepasan rendah, lebih ringan dan lebih kuat bahan tahan lama, pencahayaan yang cekap, dan teknologi penulenan air \". Pengumuman itu memunculkan sekeping opsyen di The New York Times untuk memerhatikan bahawa, \"sementara penekanan General Electric terhadap teknologi bersih mungkin akan menghasilkan produk yang lebih baik dan memberi manfaat kepada garis bawahnya, kredibiliti Encik Immelt sebagai jurucakap dasar alam sekitar negara adalah kecurangan secara fizikal kerana ketabahan syarikatnya dalam membersihkan warisan beracun sendiri. \" <> Bilakah GE mengumumkan program Ecoimaginationnya? || Mei 2005 <> Siapa Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif GE ketika mengumumkan program Ecoimagination? || Jeff Immelt <> Apakah jenis teknologi yang berkaitan dengan air yang akan dibangunkan di bawah program Ecoimagination? || teknologi penulenan air <> Akhbar mana yang mencetak sekeping op-ed yang mempersoalkan kredibiliti Immelt sebagai jurucakap mengenai dasar alam sekitar? || The New York Times <> Apa jenis teknologi lokomotif yang akan dibangunkan oleh GE di bawah program Ecoimaginationnya? || hibrida <> Siapa yang menulis sekeping maklumat di New York Times mengenai Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif GE pada bulan Mei 2005? || <> Dalam tahun apakah GE mula mencemarkan alam sekitar? || <> Pada tahun apakah tenaga solar diperkenalkan sebagai cara untuk menjana elektrik? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Jeff Immelt menjadi Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif GE? || <> Pada tahun apakah lokomotif hibrid pertama yang diperkenalkan ke pasaran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program?", "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d509", "answers": [{"text": "May 2005", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program?", "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50a", "answers": [{"text": "Jeff Immelt", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of technology related to water was to be developed under the Ecoimagination program?", "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50b", "answers": [{"text": "water purification technology", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which newspaper printed an op-ed piece that questioned Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on environmental policy?", "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50c", "answers": [{"text": "The New York Times", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program?", "id": "570d2f3db3d812140066d50d", "answers": [{"text": "hybrid", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jeff Immelt", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Who wrote an op-ed piece in the New York Times about GE's CEO in May 2005?", "id": "59d28fe52763a600182840bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year did GE start polluting the environment?", "id": "59d28fe52763a600182840bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year was solar energy introduced as a way to generate electricity?", "id": "59d28fe52763a600182840bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year did Jeff Immelt become the CEO of GE?", "id": "59d28fe52763a600182840be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year was the first hybrid locomotive introduced onto the market?", "id": "59d28fe52763a600182840bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2005, GE announced the launch of a program called \"Ecomagination,\" intended, in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt \"to develop tomorrow's solutions such as solar energy, hybrid locomotives, fuel cells, lower-emission aircraft engines, lighter and stronger durable materials, efficient lighting, and water purification technology\". The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, \"while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy.\""}], ["Pada masa yang sama, Charles Coffin, yang mengetuai Syarikat Elektrik Thomson-Houston, memperoleh beberapa pesaing dan mendapat akses kepada paten utama mereka. General Electric dibentuk menerusi penggabungan Edison General Electric Company dari 1892 Schenectady, New York, dan Syarikat Elektrik Thomson-Houston Lynn, Massachusetts, dengan sokongan Drexel, Morgan & Co. Kedua-dua tumbuhan terus beroperasi di bawah spanduk GE hari ini. Syarikat ini diperbadankan di New York, dengan kilang Schenectady yang digunakan sebagai ibu pejabat selama bertahun-tahun selepas itu. Sekitar masa yang sama, rakan sejawatannya dari General Electric, Kanada, General Electric, dibentuk. <> Pada tahun apakah dibentuk oleh General Electric? || 1892 <> Di mana negara AS adalah GE diperbadankan? || New York <> Bandar manakah yang menjadi ibu pejabat pertama GE? || Schenectady <> Yang mengetuai Syarikat Elektrik Thomson-Houston ketika GE dibentuk? || Charles Coffin <> Di mana syarikat Thomson-Houston Electric? || Lynn, Massachusetts <> Dimana Drexel, Morgan & Co diperbadankan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Kanada dibentuk? || <> Ketika Drexel, Morgan & Co menggabungkan> || <> Di manakah Kanada General Electric berasaskan? || <> Di mana Thomson-Houston Electric Company beribu pejabat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was General Electric formed?", "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d1", "answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which US state was GE incorporated?", "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d2", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city was the home of GE's first headquarters?", "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d3", "answers": [{"text": "Schenectady", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed?", "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d4", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Coffin", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based?", "id": "570d2a80b3d812140066d4d5", "answers": [{"text": "Lynn, Massachusetts", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lynn, Massachusetts", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Where was Drexel, Morgan & Co incorporated?", "id": "59d283ce2763a6001828404f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "In what year was Canadian General Electric formed?", "id": "59d283ce2763a60018284050", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "When was Drexel, Morgan & Co incorporated>", "id": "59d283ce2763a60018284051", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Schenectady, New York", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "Where was Canadian General Electric based?", "id": "59d283ce2763a60018284052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lynn, Massachusetts", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Where was Thomson-Houston Electric Company headquartered?", "id": "59d283ce2763a60018284053", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed."}], ["Telah dikatakan bahawa GE masuk ke dalam pembuatan komputer kerana pada tahun 1950-an mereka adalah pengguna komputer terbesar di luar kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat, selain daripada menjadi perniagaan pertama di dunia untuk memiliki komputer. Perkakas perkakas utamanya, \"Appliance Park\" adalah tapak bukan kerajaan yang pertama untuk menjadi tuan rumah. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1970, GE menjual bahagian komputernya kepada Honeywell, keluar dari industri pengilangan komputer, walaupun ia mengekalkan operasi pengendalian masa untuk beberapa tahun selepas itu. GE adalah pembekal utama perkhidmatan penghantaran jarak jauh komputer, menerusi Perkhidmatan Maklumat Umum (GEIS, kini GXS), menawarkan perkhidmatan pengkomputeran dalam talian yang termasuk GEnie. <> Sepanjang mana dekad GE memulakan pembuatan komputer? || 1950-an <> Apa nama loji perkilangan utama GE? || Appliance Park <> Pada tahun apakah GE menjual bahagian komputernya ke Honeywell? || 1970 <> Apakah pembahagian GE menyediakan perkhidmatan penghantaran jarak jauh komputer? || GXS <> Apakah nama perniagaan pertama di dunia memiliki komputer? || GE <> Berapa tahun melihat pembebasan GEnie? || <> Dalam tahun apakah \"Appliance Park\" GE mula mengendalikan komputer? || <> Dalam apa dekad apakah Honeywell mula memasuki industri pengilangan komputer? || <> Siapa yang menguruskan tapak hosting komputer bukan kerajaan kedua? || <> Apa perniagaan kedua memiliki komputer selepas GE? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers?", "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c33", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?", "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c34", "answers": [{"text": "Appliance Park", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?", "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c35", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?", "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c36", "answers": [{"text": "GXS", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?", "id": "570d223afed7b91900d45c37", "answers": [{"text": "GE", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What year saw the release of GEnie?", "id": "59d286102763a60018284063", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "In what year did GE's \"Appliance Park\" begin hosting computers?", "id": "59d286102763a60018284064", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "In what decade did Honeywell first enter the computer manufacturing industry?", "id": "59d286102763a60018284065", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Honeywell", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "Who managed the second non-governmental computer hosting site?", "id": "59d286102763a60018284066", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Honeywell", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What was the second business to own a computer after GE?", "id": "59d286102763a60018284067", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government, aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer. Its major appliance manufacturing plant \"Appliance Park\" was the first non-governmental site to host one. However, in 1970, GE sold its computer division to Honeywell, exiting the computer manufacturing industry, though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards. GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie."}], ["Perubahan ini termasuk palet warna korporat baru, pengubahsuaian kecil kepada logo GE, fon disesuaikan baru (GE Inspira) dan slogan baru, \"Imagination at work\", yang dikarang oleh David Lucas, untuk menggantikan slogan \"Kami Membawa Perkara Baik kepada Kehidupan \"yang digunakan sejak 1979. Standard memerlukan banyak tajuk utama untuk menurunkan dan menambahkan\" ruang putih \"visual kepada dokumen dan pengiklanan. Perubahan itu direka oleh Wolff Olins dan digunakan dalam pemasaran, kesusasteraan dan laman web GE. Pada tahun 2014, keluarga penerbitan kedua telah diperkenalkan: GE Sans dan Serif oleh Isnin Bold yang dibuat di bawah arahan seni oleh Wolff Olins. <> Siapa yang menerbitkan slogan GE \"Imagination at work?\"? || David Lucas <> Apakah slogan GE sebelum \"Imagination at work?\" || Kami Bawa Perkara Yang Baik Untuk Kehidupan <> Pada tahun apakah slogan \"Kami Membawa Perkara Baik untuk Hidup\" yang pertama digunakan? || 1979 <> Syarikat mana yang merancang format standard untuk sastera pemasaran dan laman web GE? || Wolff Olins <> Apakah nama keluarga jenis huruf yang dibuat untuk GE pada tahun 2014? || GE Sans dan Serif oleh Bold Isnin <> Dalam tahun apakah GE mula menggunakan slogan, \"Imagination at work\"? || <> Apakah kegunaan keluarga typeface pertama oleh GE? || <> Siapa yang menyusun slogan, \"Kami Membawa Perkara Baik untuk Hidup\"? || <> Apa jenis huruf yang digunakan untuk, \"Kami Membawa Perkara Baik untuk Hidup\"? || <> Siapa yang membuat fon GE Inspira? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who composed GE's slogan \"Imagination at work?\"?", "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c75", "answers": [{"text": "David Lucas", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was GE's slogan prior to \"Imagination at work?\"", "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c76", "answers": [{"text": "We Bring Good Things to Life", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the slogan \"We Bring Good Things to Life\" first used?", "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c77", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?", "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c78", "answers": [{"text": "Wolff Olins", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?", "id": "570d2733fed7b91900d45c79", "answers": [{"text": "GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "In what year did GE start using the slogan, \"Imagination at work\"?", "id": "59d28a992763a60018284089", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GE Sans and Serif", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "What was the first typeface family use by GE?", "id": "59d28a992763a6001828408a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Lucas", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "Who composed the slogan, \"We Bring Good Things to Life\"?", "id": "59d28a992763a6001828408b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GE Sans", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "What was the typeface used for, \"We Bring Good Things to Life\"?", "id": "59d28a992763a6001828408c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wolff Olins", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "Who created the GE Inspira font?", "id": "59d28a992763a6001828408d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The changes included a new corporate color palette, small modifications to the GE logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira) and a new slogan, \"Imagination at work\", composed by David Lucas, to replace the slogan \"We Bring Good Things to Life\" used since 1979. The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual \"white space\" to documents and advertising. The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE's marketing, literature and website. In 2014, a second typeface family was introduced: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins."}], ["GE mempunyai sejarah beberapa aktiviti yang menimbulkan pencemaran udara dan air berskala besar. Berdasarkan data tahun 2000, penyelidik di Institut Penyelidikan Ekonomi Politik menyenaraikan perbadanan itu sebagai pengeluar korporat pencemaran udara keempat terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dengan lebih daripada 4.4 juta paun (2,000 tan) bahan kimia toksik yang dilepaskan ke udara . GE juga terlibat dalam penciptaan sisa toksik. Menurut dokumen EPA, hanya Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, Honeywell, dan Chevron Corporation bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan lebih banyak tapak sisa racun Superfund. <> Berdasarkan data tahun 2000, di manakah GE berada di kalangan pengeluar korporat terbesar pencemaran udara di Amerika Syarikat? || keempat terbesar <> Berapa banyak tan bahan kimia toksik yang dikeluarkan GE ke atmosfera setiap tahun? || 2,000 <> Mengikut agensi kerajaan mana yang merupakan pengeluar utama Superfund buangan racun? || EPA <> Yang mana dua perniagaan komersil menghasilkan lebih banyak tapak sisa Superfund daripada GE? || Honeywell, dan Chevron Corporation <> Organisasi mana yang dikenal pasti GE sebagai pengeluar korporat keempat terbesar pencemaran udara di Amerika Syarikat? || Institut Penyelidikan Ekonomi Politik <> Berapa banyak pencemaran udara yang dibuang oleh semua tapak sisa toksik Superfund setiap tahun? || <> Berapa banyak pencemaran udara di Chevron Corporation yang bertanggungjawab untuk setiap tahun? || <> Siapa pengeluar korporat terbesar pencemaran udara setiap tahun? || <> Siapa yang membuat senarai Institut Penyelidikan Ekonomi Politik sebagai pengeluar pencemaran udara ketiga terbesar? || <> Berapa banyak pencemaran udara yang dibuat oleh GE pada tahun 1980? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Based on year 2000 data, where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US?", "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b3", "answers": [{"text": "fourth-largest", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year?", "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b4", "answers": [{"text": "2,000", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites?", "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b5", "answers": [{"text": "EPA", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE?", "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b6", "answers": [{"text": "Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US?", "id": "570d295cb3d812140066d4b7", "answers": [{"text": "Political Economy Research Institute", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.4 million pounds", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "How much air pollution is spewed out by all of the Superfund toxic waste sites each year?", "id": "59d28bcd2763a60018284093", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.4 million pounds", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "How much air pollution in Chevron Corporation responsible for each year?", "id": "59d28bcd2763a60018284094", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chevron Corporation", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "Who is the largest corporate producer of air pollution each year?", "id": "59d28bcd2763a60018284095", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Government", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Who did the Political Economy Research Institute list as the third-largest producer of air pollution?", "id": "59d28bcd2763a60018284096", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,000 tons", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "How much air pollution did GE create in 1980?", "id": "59d28bcd2763a60018284097", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites."}], ["Sejarah GE bekerja dengan turbin di bidang generasi kuasa memberi mereka pengetahuan kejuruteraan untuk bergerak ke bidang baru turbosupercharger pesawat. [Rujukan?] Dipimpin oleh Sanford Alexander Moss, GE memperkenalkan supercharger pertama semasa Perang Dunia I, dan terus membangunkan mereka semasa tempoh Interwar. Superchargers menjadi sangat diperlukan pada tahun-tahun sebelum Perang Dunia II, dan GE adalah pemimpin dunia dalam supercharging yang digerakkan oleh ekzos apabila perang bermula. Pengalaman ini menjadikan GE sebagai pilihan semula jadi untuk membangunkan enjin jet Whittle W.1 yang ditunjukkan di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1941. GE menduduki tempat kesembilan di kalangan syarikat Amerika Syarikat dalam nilai kontrak pengeluaran perang. Walaupun kerja awal mereka dengan reka bentuk Whittle kemudian diserahkan kepada Allison Engine Company, GE Aviation muncul sebagai salah satu pengeluar enjin terbesar di dunia, kedua hanya untuk syarikat British, Rolls-Royce plc. <> Siapa yang mengetuai usaha GE untuk membina turbosupercharges pertama semasa Perang Dunia I? || Sanford Alexander Moss <> Yang enjin jet yang GE memperkenalkan pada tahun 1941? || Whittle W.1 <> Apakah kedudukan GE dalam kalangan syarikat AS dalam nilai kontrak pengeluaran perang semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || kesembilan <> Kepada syarikat mana yang GE membatalkan kerja mereka pada enjin jet Whittle? || Allison Engine Engine <> Syarikat mana yang mana kedudukannya sebagai pengeluar enjin terbesar di dunia? || Rolls-Royce plc <> Dalam tahun apakah Sanford Alexander Moss dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Perang Dunia II bermula? || <> Dalam tahun apakah GE Terbit diasaskan? || <> Pada tahun apakah yang diperkenalkan supercharger pertama? || <> Enjin apa yang dilakukan Rolls-Royce plc. membina? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who led GE's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I?", "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d527", "answers": [{"text": "Sanford Alexander Moss", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941?", "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d528", "answers": [{"text": "Whittle W.1", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was GE's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II?", "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d529", "answers": [{"text": "ninth", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle's jet engines?", "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d52a", "answers": [{"text": "Allison Engine Company", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world?", "id": "570d30b8b3d812140066d52b", "answers": [{"text": "Rolls-Royce plc", "answer_start": 931}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1941", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "In what year was Sanford Alexander Moss born?", "id": "59d284cc2763a60018284059", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1941", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "In what year did World War II start?", "id": "59d284cc2763a6001828405a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1941", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "In what year was GE Aviation founded?", "id": "59d284cc2763a6001828405b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1941", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "In what year was the first superchargers introduced?", "id": "59d284cc2763a6001828405c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Whittle W.1 jet engine", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "What engines did Rolls-Royce plc. build?", "id": "59d284cc2763a6001828405d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "GE's history of working with turbines in the power-generation field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers.[citation needed] Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, and continued to develop them during the Interwar period. Superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941. GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. Although their early work with Whittle's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company, GE Aviation emerged as one of the world's largest engine manufacturers, second only to the British company, Rolls-Royce plc."}], ["Pada tahun 1889, Thomas Edison mempunyai kepentingan perniagaan dalam banyak syarikat yang berkaitan dengan elektrik: Edison Lamp Company, sebuah pengeluar lampu di East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, pengilang dynamos dan motor elektrik besar di Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, pengeluar peralatan lampu elektrik, soket, dan alat lampu elektrik lain; dan Edison Electric Light Company, syarikat induk paten dan lengan kewangan yang disokong oleh J.P. Morgan dan keluarga Vanderbilt untuk eksperimen pencahayaan Edison. Pada tahun 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., sebuah syarikat yang diasaskan oleh JP Morgan dan Anthony J. Drexel, membiayai penyelidikan Edison dan membantu menggabungkan syarikat-syarikat tersebut di bawah satu perbadanan untuk membentuk Edison General Electric Company yang diperbadankan di New York pada 24 April 1889 Syarikat baru juga memperoleh Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company pada tahun yang sama. <> Apakah nama pengilang lampu di East Newark yang Thomas Edison minat? || Edison Lamp Company <> Di mana Edison Machine Works terletak? || Schenectady, New York <> Siapa yang menyediakan sokongan kewangan untuk Syarikat Pencahayaan Edison? || J.P. Morgan dan keluarga Vanderbilt <> Pada tahun apakah Drexel, Morgan & Co. mula membiayai penyelidikan Edison dan membentuk Edison General Electric Company? || 1889 <> Apa nama syarikat yang memegang paten daripada penyelidikan Edison? || Edison Electric Light Company <> Pada tahun apakah Thomas Edison dilahirkan? || <> Di mana bandar Bergmann & Syarikat beribu pejabat? || <> Di bandar apakah Drexel, Morgan & Co? || <> Dalam tahun apakah J.P. Morgan pertama kali bertemu dengan Thomas Edison? || <> Di bandar apakah yang diperbadankan oleh Edison Electric Light Company? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in?", "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47b", "answers": [{"text": "Edison Lamp Company", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Edison Machine Works located?", "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47c", "answers": [{"text": "Schenectady, New York", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company?", "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47d", "answers": [{"text": "J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Drexel, Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison's research and form Edison General Electric Company?", "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47e", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison's research?", "id": "570d23d4b3d812140066d47f", "answers": [{"text": "Edison Electric Light Company", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year was Thomas Edison born?", "id": "59d282622763a60018284045", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Newark", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "In what city was Bergmann & Company headquartered?", "id": "59d282622763a60018284046", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Schenectady, New York", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "In what city was Drexel, Morgan & Co based?", "id": "59d282622763a60018284047", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year did J.P. Morgan first meet Thomas Edison?", "id": "59d282622763a60018284048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Newark", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "In what city was Edison Electric Light Company incorporated?", "id": "59d282622763a60018284049", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and Edison Electric Light Company, the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments. In 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel, financed Edison's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24, 1889. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year."}], ["GE adalah konglomerat multinasional yang beribu pejabat di Fairfield, Connecticut. Pejabat utamanya terletak di 30 Rockefeller Plaza di Rockefeller Center di New York City, yang kini dikenali sebagai Bangunan Comcast. Ia dahulunya dikenali sebagai Bangunan GE untuk logo GE terkemuka di atas bumbung; Ibu pejabat NBC dan studio utama juga terletak di bangunan itu. Melalui anak syarikat RCA, ia telah dikaitkan dengan pusat sejak pembinaannya pada tahun 1930-an. GE memindahkan ibu pejabat korporatnya dari Bangunan GE di Lexington Avenue ke Fairfield pada tahun 1974. <> Di manakah ibu pejabat GE terletak? || Fairfield, Connecticut <> Di mana jalan di New York GE beribu pejabat sebelum beralih ke Fairfield? || Lexington Avenue <> Pada tahun apakah GE memindahkan ibu pejabatnya ke Fairfield? || 1974 <> Syarikat siaran televisyen mana yang terletak di bangunan yang sama dengan pejabat utama GE di New York City? || NBC <> Apa nama nama Bangunan Comcast, lokasi pejabat utama GE? || 30 Rockefeller Plaza di Rockefeller Center <> Dalam apa dekad apakah NBC menjadikan Comcast Membangun markas mereka? || <> Dalam tahun apakah GE diperbadankan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah NBC memulakan penyiaran dari bangunan Comcast? || <> Dalam tahun apakah 30 Rockefeller Plaza di Rockefeller Centre menukar namanya ke bangunan Comcast? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is GE's headquarters located?", "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d587", "answers": [{"text": "Fairfield, Connecticut", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what street in New York was GE headquartered before moving to Fairfield?", "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d588", "answers": [{"text": "Lexington Avenue", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did GE move its headquarters to Fairfield?", "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d589", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which television broadcast company is located in the same building as GE's main offices in New York City?", "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d58a", "answers": [{"text": "NBC", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Comcast Building, location of GE's main offices?", "id": "570d3a4ab3d812140066d58b", "answers": [{"text": "30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "In what decade did NBC makes the Comcast Building their headquarters?", "id": "59d288272763a60018284077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "In what year was GE incorporated?", "id": "59d288272763a60018284078", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "In what year did NBC begin broadcasting from the Comcast building?", "id": "59d288272763a60018284079", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "In what year did 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center change its name to the Comcast building?", "id": "59d288272763a6001828407a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974."}], ["Filem Pendek, Ide Big telah dilancarkan pada Festival Filem Antarabangsa Toronto 2011 dengan kerjasama cinelan. Cerita termasuk terobosan dalam Slingshot (sistem penyulingan wap air), penyelidikan kanser, pengeluaran tenaga, pengurusan kesakitan dan akses makanan. Setiap 30 filem menerima siasatan perdana di festival filem utama antarabangsa, termasuk Festival Filem Sundance dan Festival Filem Tribeca. Filem pengarah amatur yang menang, The Cyborg Foundation, telah dianugerahkan hadiah bernilai AS $ 100,000 pada 2013 di Festival Filem Sundance. Menurut GE, kempen itu memperoleh lebih daripada 1.5 bilion jumlah tayangan media, 14 juta pandangan dalam talian, dan dilihat di 156 buah negara. [rujukan?] <> Apakah nama projek yang diperkenalkan oleh GE pada Festival Filem Antarabangsa Toronto 2011? || Filem Pendek, Ide Besar <> Syarikat manakah yang menjadi rakan kongsi GE dalam Short Fils, projek Big Ideas? || cinelan <> Apa jenis sistem Sligshot? || penyulingan wap air <> Hadiah apa yang dianugerahkan kepada filem pemenang amatur pemenang dalam Festival Filem Sundance 2013? || US $ 100,000 <> Berapa banyak pandangan dalam talian yang dihasilkan oleh Filem Pendek, Ide Big Ideas? || 14 juta <> Berapa harga untuk menghasilkan filem, \"The Cyborg Foundation\"? || <> Pada tahun apakah Festival Filem Sundance yang pertama diadakan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah cinelan diasaskan? || <> Berapa ramai orang melihat filem itu, \"The Cyborg Foundation\", pada Festival Filem Sundance 2013? || <> Di bandar apakah Festival Filem Tribeca yang diadakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?", "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d33", "answers": [{"text": "Short Films, Big Ideas", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?", "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d34", "answers": [{"text": "cinelan", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of system is Sligshot?", "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d35", "answers": [{"text": "water vapor distillation", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?", "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d36", "answers": [{"text": "US$100,000", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?", "id": "570d3780fed7b91900d45d37", "answers": [{"text": "14 million", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$100,000", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "How much did it cost to produce the movie, \"The Cyborg Foundation\"?", "id": "59d293572763a600182840d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "In what year was the first Sundance Film Festival held?", "id": "59d293572763a600182840da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "In what year was cinelan founded?", "id": "59d293572763a600182840db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.5 billion", "answer_start": 619}], "question": "How many people saw the movie, \"The Cyborg Foundation\", at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?", "id": "59d293572763a600182840dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Toronto", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "In what city is the Tribeca Film Festival held?", "id": "59d293572763a600182840dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.[citation needed]"}], ["Pada tahun 1983, Peguam Negara New York Robert Abrams memfailkan saman di Mahkamah Daerah Amerika Syarikat untuk Daerah Utara New York untuk memaksa GE untuk membayar pembersihan yang dikatakan lebih daripada 100,000 tan bahan kimia yang dibuang dari kilang mereka Waterford, New York. Pada tahun 1999, syarikat itu bersetuju untuk membayar penyelesaian $ 250 juta berkaitan dengan tuntutan yang mencemarkan Sungai Housatonic (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) dan tapak lain dengan biphenyls polychlorinated (PCBs) dan bahan berbahaya yang lain. <> Yang Peguam Negara New York memfailkan guaman di Mahkamah Daerah AS untuk memaksa GE untuk membayar pembersihan bahan kimia yang dibuang oleh kilang mereka di Waterford, NY? || Robert Abrams <> Berapakah GE bersetuju untuk membayar tuntutan untuk pencemaran yang disebabkan di Sungai Housatonic dan tapak lain? || $ 250 juta <> Berapa banyak tan PCB yang dituntut telah dibuang oleh GE Waterford Plant pada tahun 1983? || lebih daripada 100,000 <> Pada tahun apakah penyelesaian yang dicapai mengenai pencemaran GE di Sungai Housatonic? || 1999 <> Apakah lokasi pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh GE di Sungai Housatonic? || Pittsfield, Massachusetts <> Pada tahun apakah saman terhadap GE oleh Peguam Negara New York Robert Abrams diselesaikan? || <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibayar GE untuk menyelesaikan tuntutan yang difailkan oleh Peguam Negara New York State in 1983? || <> Sungai apa berhampiran loji GE di Waterford, New York? || <> Di manakah tuntutan mahkamah yang difailkan terhadap GE berkaitan dengannya mencemarkan Sungai Housatonic? || <> Apakah nama peguam yang memfailkan saman terhadap GE kerana ia mencemarkan Sungai Housatonic? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which New York State Attorney General filed suit in US District Court to force GE to pay for the cleanup of chemicals dumped by their plant in Waterford, NY?", "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d6f", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Abrams", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did GE agree to pay in claims for the pollution it caused in the Housatonic River and other sites?", "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d70", "answers": [{"text": "$250 million", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit?", "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d71", "answers": [{"text": "more than 100,000", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year was a settlement reached regarding GE's pollution of the Housatonic River?", "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d72", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the location of the pollution caused by GE in the Housatonic River?", "id": "570d3cf6fed7b91900d45d73", "answers": [{"text": "Pittsfield, Massachusetts", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "In what year was the suit against GE by New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams settled?", "id": "59d28ca72763a6001828409d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$250 million", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "How much money did GE pay to settle the lawsuit filed against it by the New York State Attorney General in 1983?", "id": "59d28ca72763a6001828409e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Housatonic River", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What river is near GE's plant in Waterford, New York?", "id": "59d28ca72763a6001828409f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States District Court for the Northern District of New York", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Where was the lawsuit filed against GE in connection to it polluting the Housatonic River?", "id": "59d28ca72763a600182840a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Abrams", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What was the name of the attorney general who filed a suit against GE for it polluting the Housatonic River?", "id": "59d28ca72763a600182840a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1983, New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford, New York. In 1999, the company agreed to pay a $250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous substances."}], ["GE berkata bahawa ia akan melabur $ 1.4 bilion dalam penyelidikan dan pembangunan teknologi bersih pada 2008 sebagai sebahagian daripada inisiatif Ecomagination. Sehingga Oktober 2008, skim itu telah menghasilkan 70 produk hijau yang dibawa ke pasaran, dari lampu halogen kepada enjin biogas. Pada tahun 2007, GE menaikkan sasaran pendapatan tahunan untuk inisiatif Ecomagination daripada $ 20 bilion pada tahun 2010 kepada $ 25 bilion berikutan tindak balas pasaran positif terhadap barisan produk barunya. Pada tahun 2010, GE terus meningkatkan pelaburannya dengan menambahkan $ 10 bilion ke dalam Ecomagination dalam tempoh lima tahun akan datang. <> Berapa banyak wang yang dikatakan GE akan melabur pada tahun 2008 untuk teknologi R & D bersih? || $ 1.4 bilion <> Berapa banyak produk hijau yang dibawa oleh GE ke pasaran menerusi program Ecoimaginationnya pada Oktober 2008? || 70 <> Apakah sasaran pendapatan baru GE untuk program Ecoimagination pada tahun 2010? || $ 25 bilion <> Apa jenis lampu yang diperkenalkan oleh GE sebagai sebahagian daripada inisiatif Ecoimaginationnya? || halogen <> Apa jenis enjin yang GE dibawa ke pasaran sebagai sebahagian daripada projek Ecoimaginationnya? || biogas <> Pada tahun apakah inisiatif Ecomagination yang diperkenalkan oleh GE? || <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh GE terhadap inisiatif Ecomagination pada tahun 2009? || <> Berapa banyak produk hijau yang dibawa GE ke pasaran pada tahun 2009? || <> Berapakah jumlah produk hijau yang dilepaskan ke pasaran oleh GE pada tahun 2010? || <> Berapa banyakkah GE melabur dalam inisiatif Penolakan pada tahun 2016? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D?", "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d557", "answers": [{"text": "$1.4 billion", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008?", "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d558", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was GE's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010?", "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d559", "answers": [{"text": "$25 billion", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?", "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d55a", "answers": [{"text": "halogen", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project?", "id": "570d35c7b3d812140066d55b", "answers": [{"text": "biogas", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "In what year was the Ecomagination initiative introduced by GE?", "id": "59d290b72763a600182840c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1.4 billion", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "How much did GE spend on its Ecomagination initiative in 2009?", "id": "59d290b72763a600182840c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "How many green products did GE bring onto the market in 2009?", "id": "59d290b72763a600182840c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What were the number of green products released onto the market by GE in 2010?", "id": "59d290b72763a600182840c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$10 billion", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "How much did GE invest in it Ecomagination initiative in 2016?", "id": "59d290b72763a600182840c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20 billion in 2010 to $25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines. In 2010, GE continued to raise its investment by adding $10 billion into Ecomagination over the next five years."}], ["General Electric sangat tercemar Sungai Hudson dengan biphenyls polychlorinated (PCBs) antara tahun 1947-77. Pencemaran ini menyebabkan pelbagai kesan berbahaya kepada hidupan liar dan orang yang makan ikan dari sungai atau minum air. Sebagai tindak balas terhadap pencemaran ini, aktivis membantah dalam pelbagai cara. Pemuzik Pete Seeger mengasaskan Sungai Hudson Sloop Clearwater dan Festival Clearwater untuk menarik perhatian kepada masalah itu. Aktivisme ini membawa kepada tapak yang ditetapkan oleh EPA sebagai salah satu tapak superfund yang memerlukan pembersihan yang luas. Sumber pencemaran lain, termasuk pencemaran merkuri dan pembuangan kumbahan, turut menyumbang kepada masalah di perairan DAS Hudson. <> Dalam tempoh masa berapa GE mencemarkan Sungai Hudson dengan PCB? || 1947-77 <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Hudson River Sloop Clearwater dan Festival Clearwater untuk memberi perhatian kepada pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh GE? || Pete Seeger <> Apakah PCB berdiri? || biphenyls polychlorinated <> Apa yang diberikan oleh EPA ke tapak pencemaran Sungai Hudson || superfund <> Apakah jenis pencemaran yang lain mencemarkan aliran air Hudson? || pencemaran merkuri dan pembuangan kumbahan <> Dalam tahun apakah Pete Seeger menemui Sungai Hudson Sloop Clearwater? || <> Dalam tahun apakah EPA menunjuk loji GE di Sungai Hudson sebagai tapak superfund? || <> Pada tahun apakah penyanyi Peter Singer dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah GE mulai mencemarkan Sungai Hudson dengan merkuri? || <> Dalam tahun apakah pembuangan kumbahan di Sungai Hudson menjadi masalah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?", "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cf7", "answers": [{"text": "1947-77", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?", "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cf8", "answers": [{"text": "Pete Seeger", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does PCB stand for?", "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cf9", "answers": [{"text": "polychlorinated biphenyls", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution", "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cfa", "answers": [{"text": "superfund", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?", "id": "570d32cffed7b91900d45cfb", "answers": [{"text": "mercury contamination and sewage dumping", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "In what year did Pete Seeger found the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater?", "id": "59d28db72763a600182840a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "In what year did the EPA designate GE's plant on the Hudson River as a superfund site?", "id": "59d28db72763a600182840a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "In what year was musician Peter Singer born?", "id": "59d28db72763a600182840a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "In what year did GE start polluting the Hudson River with mercury?", "id": "59d28db72763a600182840aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "In what year did sewage dumping in the Hudson River become a problem?", "id": "59d28db72763a600182840ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947-77. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup. Other sources of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed."}], ["Pada April 2014, diumumkan bahawa GE sedang berunding untuk memperoleh bahagian kuasa global kumpulan kejuruteraan Perancis Alstom untuk angka sekitar $ 13 bilion. Tawaran bersama bersama telah diserahkan pada bulan Jun 2014 oleh Siemens dan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) dengan Siemens berusaha mendapatkan perniagaan turbin gas Alstom untuk \u20ac 3.9 bilion, dan MHI mencadangkan usaha sama dalam turbin stim, ditambah dengan pelaburan tunai \u20ac 3.1 bilion. Pada bulan Jun 2014 tawaran rasmi Daripada GE bernilai $ 17 bilion telah dipersetujui oleh lembaga Alstom. Sebahagian daripada transaksi itu melibatkan kerajaan Perancis mengambil 20% kepentingan dalam Alstom untuk membantu mendapatkan tenaga dan kepentingan pengangkutan Perancis, dan pekerjaan Perancis. Tawaran saingan dari Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ditolak. Pengambilalihan itu dijangka selesai pada tahun 2015. <> Bilakah GE mengumumkan bahawa ia sedang berbincang untuk memperoleh kumpulan kejuruteraan Perancis Alstom? || April 2014 <> Apakah harga pengambilalihan akhir yang dibayar oleh GE untuk Alstom? || $ 17000000000 <> Berapa besar kepentingan dalam Alstom yang diambil oleh kerajaan Perancis sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian pengambilalihan? || 20% <> Bilakah perolehan GE dari Alstom disetujui oleh lembaga Alstom? || Jun 2014 <> Dari mana syarikat itu membuat lembaga Alstom menolak cadangan pengambilalihan saingan? || Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries <> Dalam tahun apakah Alstom ditubuhkan? || <> Berapa nilai GE pada April 2014? || <> Berapa harga Siemens dan Mitsubishi Heave Industries pada Jun 2014? || <> Berapakah tawaran saingan Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries? || <> Pada tahun apakah turbin stim dicipta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom?", "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56b", "answers": [{"text": "April 2014", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom?", "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56c", "answers": [{"text": "$17 billion", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal?", "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56d", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was GE's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom's board?", "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56e", "answers": [{"text": "June 2014", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal?", "id": "570d38f2b3d812140066d56f", "answers": [{"text": "Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "In what year was Alstom established?", "id": "59d2870d2763a6001828406d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$13 billion", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "How much was GE worth as of April 2014?", "id": "59d2870d2763a6001828406e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u20ac3.9 billion", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "How much was Siemens and Mitsubishi Heave Industries worth as of June 2014?", "id": "59d2870d2763a6001828406f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$17 billion", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "How much was was Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries rival offer?", "id": "59d2870d2763a60018284070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "In what year was steam turbines invented?", "id": "59d2870d2763a60018284071", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. A rival joint bid was submitted in June 2014 by Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) with Siemens seeking to acquire Alstom's gas turbine business for \u20ac3.9 billion, and MHI proposing a joint venture in steam turbines, plus a \u20ac3.1 billion cash investment. In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests, and French jobs. A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015."}]], [["Selepas perang, bagaimanapun, Tentara Kontinental dengan cepat diberikan sijil tanah dan dibubarkan dengan mencerminkan ketidakpercayaan republikan tentera berdiri. Pasukan militia negara menjadi tentera satu-satunya negara baru, kecuali sebuah rejimen untuk menjaga Frontier Barat dan satu bateri artileri yang menjaga senjata West Point. Walau bagaimanapun, kerana konflik berterusan dengan Orang Asli Amerika, tidak lama kemudian menyedari bahawa perlu untuk melatih tentera berdiri terlatih. Tentera Reguler pada mulanya sangat kecil, dan selepas kekalahan Umum St. Clair di Pertempuran Wabash, Tentera Reguler disusun semula sebagai Legion Amerika Syarikat, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1791 dan dinamakan semula sebagai \"Tentera Amerika Syarikat\" dalam 1796. <> Apa parti politik tidak mempunyai kepercayaan terhadap tentera yang berdiri? || republikan <> Siapa yang militia negeri mempunyai konflik yang berterusan? || Orang asli Amerika <> Yang kalah dalam Pertempuran Wabash? || General St. Clair <> Pada tahun apakah Legion Amerika Syarikat ditubuhkan? || 1791 <> Pada tahun apa Legiun Amerika Syarikat ditukar nama kepada Tentera Amerika Syarikat? || 1796 <> Apa orang tidak percaya tentera berdiri? || <> Siapa militia negara mempunyai perjanjian damai yang sedang berjalan? || <> Siapa yang terbunuh di Pertempuran Wabash? || <> Dalam tahun apakah kerajaan Amerika Syarikat ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What political party did not have trust in standing armies?", "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d561", "answers": [{"text": "republican", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?", "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d562", "answers": [{"text": "Native Americans", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?", "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d563", "answers": [{"text": "General St. Clair", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Legion of the United States established?", "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d564", "answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?", "id": "570d386cb3d812140066d565", "answers": [{"text": "1796", "answer_start": 724}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "republican", "answer_start": 117}], "question": " What person did not trust the standing armies?", "id": "5acebf2832bba1001ae4b299", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Native Americans", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "Who did the state militia have an ongoing peace treaty with?", "id": "5acebf2832bba1001ae4b29a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General St. Clair", "answer_start": 529}], "question": "Who was killed at the Battle of the Wabash?", "id": "5acebf2832bba1001ae4b29b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 679}], "question": "In what year was the the government of the United States established?", "id": "5acebf2832bba1001ae4b29c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The Regular Army was at first very small, and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the \"United States Army\" in 1796."}], ["Tentara Kontinental dibentuk pada 14 Jun 1775 oleh Kongres Continental sebagai tentera bersatu untuk jajahan untuk memerangi Great Britain, dengan George Washington dilantik sebagai komandernya. Tentera pada mulanya dipimpin oleh lelaki yang telah berkhidmat di Tentara British atau milisi penjajah dan yang membawa banyak warisan tentera British dengan mereka. Ketika Perang Revolusi berkembang, bantuan Perancis, sumber daya, dan pemikiran tentera mempengaruhi tentera baru. Sejumlah tentera Eropah datang sendiri untuk membantu, seperti Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, yang mengajar taktik tentera Prussia dan kemahiran organisasi. <> Bilakah Tentera Darat Benua dibuat? || 14 Jun 1775 <> Siapa yang menjadi komander Tentara Kontinental? || George Washington <> Dari negara apa Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben berasal? || Eropah <> Apa yang Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben mengajar Tentera Darat? || Taktik Prusia dan kemahiran organisasi <> Bagaimanakah Tentara Kontinental dibuat? || <> Bilakah komander Tentara Benua yang dilantik? || <> Apa yang Eropah lakukan dari Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben? || <> Bilakah Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben mengajar taktik Prusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Continental Army created?", "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c63", "answers": [{"text": "14 June 1775", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the Continental Army?", "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c64", "answers": [{"text": "George Washington", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what country did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?", "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c65", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach the Continental Army?", "id": "570d2681fed7b91900d45c66", "answers": [{"text": "Prussian tactics and organizational skills", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "How was the Continental Army created?", "id": "5aceb6d132bba1001ae4b135", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 June 1775", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "When was the commander of the Continental Army appointed?", "id": "5aceb6d132bba1001ae4b136", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussian", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "What European did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?", "id": "5aceb6d132bba1001ae4b137", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 June 1775", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "When did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach Prussian tactics?", "id": "5aceb6d132bba1001ae4b138", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander. The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, and military thinking influenced the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught the army Prussian tactics and organizational skills."}], ["Akhir Perang Dunia II menetapkan pentas untuk konfrontasi Timur-Barat yang dikenal sebagai Perang Dingin. Dengan pecahnya Perang Korea, kebimbangan mengenai pertahanan Eropah Barat meningkat. Dua korps, V dan VII, telah diaktifkan semula di bawah Angkatan Tentera Amerika Ketujuh pada tahun 1950 dan kekuatan Amerika di Eropah meningkat dari satu bahagian ke empat. Beratus-ratus ribu tentera A.S. tetap ditempatkan di Jerman Barat, dengan yang lain di Belgium, Belanda dan United Kingdom, sehingga tahun 1990-an dengan harapan kemungkinan serangan Soviet. <> Perang apa yang berlaku selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia II? || Perang Dingin <> Pada tahun apakah korps V dan kor VII diaktifkan semula? || 1950 <> Berapa banyak bahagian Angkatan Tentera A.S. berada di Eropah? || empat <> Perang apa yang berlaku selepas berakhirnya Perang Teror? || <> Pada tahun apakah korps V dan kor VII dibubarkan? || <> Berapa banyak bahagian Angkatan Tentera A.S. berada di Jerman? || <> Apa yang menetapkan pentas untuk konfrontasi Utara-Selatan? || <> Dengan perebutan perang mana yang menjadi kebimbangan untuk mempertahankan pengurangan Eropah Barat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What war occurred after the end of World War II?", "id": "570d4299fed7b91900d45dd1", "answers": [{"text": "Cold War", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?", "id": "570d4299fed7b91900d45dd2", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?", "id": "570d4299fed7b91900d45dd3", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cold War", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What war occurred after the end of War on Terror?", "id": "5acec7dd32bba1001ae4b3c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "In what year were corps V and corps VII disbanded?", "id": "5acec7dd32bba1001ae4b3ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Germany?", "id": "5acec7dd32bba1001ae4b3cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The end of World War II", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What set the stage for the North-South confrontation?", "id": "5acec7dd32bba1001ae4b3cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Korean War", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "With the outbreak of which war did concerns for the defense of Western Europe decrease?", "id": "5acec7dd32bba1001ae4b3cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The end of World War II set the stage for the East\u2013West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack."}], ["Latihan kolektif di peringkat unit berlaku di stesen yang ditugaskan unit, tetapi latihan paling intensif di eselon yang lebih tinggi dijalankan di tiga pusat latihan pertempuran (CTC); Pusat Latihan Kebangsaan (NTC) di Fort Irwin, California, Pusat Latihan Kesediaan Bersama (JRTC) di Fort Polk, Louisiana, dan Pusat Latihan Multinasional Bersama (JMRC) di Kawasan Latihan Hohenfels di Hohenfels, Jerman. ARFORGEN adalah proses Penjanaan Angkatan Tentera yang diluluskan pada tahun 2006 untuk memenuhi keperluan untuk terus menambah daya untuk penempatan, di peringkat unit, dan untuk eselon lain seperti yang diperlukan oleh misi. Pengisian semula peringkat individu masih memerlukan latihan di peringkat unit, yang dijalankan di pusat gantian Amerika Syarikat (CONUS) di Fort Bliss, di New Mexico dan Texas, sebelum penempatan individu mereka. <> Di mana Pusat Latihan Negara terletak? || Fort Irwin, California <> Di mana Pusat Latihan Kesediaan Bersama terletak? || Fort Polk, Louisiana <> Di mana Pusat Latihan Multinasional Bersama terletak? || Hohenfels, Jerman <> Dalam tahun apakah ARFORGEN diluluskan? || 2006 <> Dalam negeri apakah Fort Bliss terletak? || New Mexico dan Texas <> Di mana Pusat Latihan Antarabangsa terletak? || <> Di mana Pusat Latihan Kesediaan Double terletak? || <> Di mana Pusat Latihan Antarabangsa Bersama terletak? || <> Berapa tahun ARFORGEN ditolak? || <> Di bandar apakah Fort Bliss terletak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the National Training Center located?", "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a5", "answers": [{"text": "Fort Irwin, California", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?", "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a6", "answers": [{"text": "Fort Polk, Louisiana", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?", "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a7", "answers": [{"text": "Hohenfels, Germany", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was ARFORGEN approved?", "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a8", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what states is Fort Bliss located?", "id": "570d3c0eb3d812140066d5a9", "answers": [{"text": "New Mexico and Texas", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fort Irwin, California", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Where is the International Training Center located?", "id": "5aced70932bba1001ae4b6cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fort Polk, Louisiana", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Where is the Double Readiness Training Center located?", "id": "5aced70932bba1001ae4b6d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hohenfels, Germany", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "Where is the Joint International Training Center located?", "id": "5aced70932bba1001ae4b6d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "What year was ARFORGEN rejected?", "id": "5aced70932bba1001ae4b6d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Mexico and Texas", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "In what cities is Fort Bliss located?", "id": "5aced70932bba1001ae4b6d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels, Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level, and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental US (CONUS) replacement center at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas, before their individual deployment."}], ["Tentera Amerika Syarikat (AS) adalah cawangan terbesar Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat dan menjalankan operasi ketenteraan berasaskan darat. Ia adalah salah satu daripada tujuh perkhidmatan seragam Amerika Syarikat dan ditetapkan sebagai Tentera Amerika Syarikat dalam Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, Perkara 2, Seksyen 2, Klausa 1 dan Kod Amerika Syarikat, Tajuk 10, Subtitle B, Bab 301, Seksyen 3001. Sebagai cawangan tentera AS yang terbesar dan kanan, Tentera Darat AS moden mempunyai akarnya di Tentara Kontinental, yang dibentuk (14 Jun 1775) untuk melawan Perang Revolusi Amerika (1775-83) - sebelum AS ditubuhkan sebagai sebuah negara. Selepas Perang Revolusi, Kongres Konfederasi mewujudkan Tentera Amerika Syarikat pada 3 Jun 1784, untuk menggantikan Tentera Darat Continental yang dibubarkan. Tentera Amerika Syarikat menganggap dirinya berasal dari Tentera Darat Benua, dan menubuhkan permulaan institusinya dari asal angkatan bersenjata itu pada tahun 1775. <> Apa cabang Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat yang terbesar? || Tentera Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak perkhidmatan seragam yang ada di AS? || tujuh <> Berapa tahun perang Amerika Revolusi Perang? || 1775-83 <> Apa tarikh Tentera A.S. dibuat? || 3 Jun 1784 <> Apa yang diganti oleh U.S. Army? || Continental Army <> Apa cawangan Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat yang terkecil? || <> Berapa banyak perkhidmatan seragam yang ada di Kanada? || <> Berapa tahunkah perang Revolusi Perancis? || <> Apa yang diganti oleh Tentera Laut A.S.? || <> Bilakah Tentera Laut A.S. dibubarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest?", "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d513", "answers": [{"text": "The United States Army", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many uniformed services are there in the US?", "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d514", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did the American Revolutionary War span?", "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d515", "answers": [{"text": "1775\u201383", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date was the U.S. Army created?", "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d516", "answers": [{"text": "3 June 1784", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the U.S Army replace?", "id": "570d3003b3d812140066d517", "answers": [{"text": "Continental Army", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Army", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the smallest?", "id": "5aceb7e032bba1001ae4b16f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "How many uniformed services are there in Canada?", "id": "5aceb7e032bba1001ae4b170", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1775\u201383", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "What years did the French Revolutionary War span?", "id": "5aceb7e032bba1001ae4b171", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Continental Army", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What did the U.S. Navy replace?", "id": "5aceb7e032bba1001ae4b172", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3 June 1784", "answer_start": 723}], "question": "When was the U.S.  Navy disbanded?", "id": "5aceb7e032bba1001ae4b173", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383)\u2014before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775."}], ["Perang Vietnam sering dianggap sebagai titik rendah bagi Angkatan Tentera A.S. disebabkan penggunaan personel yang direkrut, ketidakpastian perang dengan masyarakat Amerika, dan sekatan yang mengecewakan yang diletakkan pada tentera oleh pemimpin politik Amerika. Walaupun pasukan Amerika telah ditempatkan di Republik Vietnam sejak tahun 1959, dalam perisikan & peranan menasihati / latihan, mereka tidak menggunakan sejumlah besar sehingga tahun 1965, selepas Insiden Teluk Tonkin. Angkatan Amerika secara efektif menubuhkan dan mengekalkan kawalan medan perang \"tradisional\", namun mereka berjuang untuk menentang taktik gerila dan taktik Vietnam komunis Viet Cong dan Tentera Vietnam Utara. Pada tahap taktikal, tentera Amerika (dan tentera A.S. secara keseluruhan) tidak kehilangan pertempuran yang cukup besar. <> Tahun apa pasukan Amerika mula ditempatkan di Vietnam? || 1959 <> Apa yang menyebabkan pasukan Amerika untuk menggunakan sejumlah besar pada tahun 1965? || Gulf of Tonkin Incident <> Apa struktur politik Vietnam? || komunis <> Tahun berapa tentera Soviet mula ditempatkan di Vietnam? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan pasukan Soviet untuk menggunakan sejumlah besar pada tahun 1965? || <> Apakah struktur politik yang ada di Amerika? || <> Apa jenis perang tentera yang digunakan oleh pasukan Rusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam?", "id": "570d2929b3d812140066d4ad", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965?", "id": "570d2929b3d812140066d4ae", "answers": [{"text": "Gulf of Tonkin Incident", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political structure did Vietnam have?", "id": "570d2929b3d812140066d4af", "answers": [{"text": "communist", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What year did Soviet forces start being stationed in Vietnam?", "id": "5acec95832bba1001ae4b3ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gulf of Tonkin Incident", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What caused Soviet forces to deploy in large number in 1965?", "id": "5acec95832bba1001ae4b400", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communist", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What political structure did America have?", "id": "5acec95832bba1001ae4b401", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"traditional\" battlefield", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "What type of military warfare did Russian forces use?", "id": "5acec95832bba1001ae4b402", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the \"traditional\" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle."}], ["Menjelang abad kedua puluh, Angkatan Tentera A.S. telah menggerakkan Sukarelawan A.S. pada empat kesempatan berasingan pada setiap peperangan utama abad kesembilan belas. Semasa Perang Dunia I, \"Tentera Nasional\" telah dianjurkan untuk memerangi konflik, menggantikan konsep Sukarelawan A.S.. Ia telah demobilized pada akhir Perang Dunia I, dan digantikan oleh Tentera Reguler, Kor Rizab Organisasikan, dan Militias Negara. Pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, tentera \"karier\" dikenali sebagai \"Tentera Biasa\" dengan \"Kor Rizab yang Disenaraikan\" dan \"Kor Rizab Pegawai\" yang ditambah untuk mengisi kekosongan apabila diperlukan. <> Apa yang dianjurkan untuk menggantikan konsep Sukarelawan A.S.? || \"Tentera Kebangsaan\" <> Bilakah Tentera Nasional demobilized? || akhir Perang Dunia I <> Yang mengisi kekosongan di Tentera Reguler? || \"Kor Rizab yang Disenaraikan\" dan \"Kor Rizab Pegawai\" <> Apa yang dianjurkan untuk menggantikan konsep milisi? || <> Bilakah Tentera Nasional bermula? || <> Apa yang telah ditambah kepada Tentera Darat Nasional? || <> Siapa yang mengisi kekosongan jawatan militia? || <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai askar sementara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?", "id": "570d2b46b3d812140066d4db", "answers": [{"text": "the \"National Army\"", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the National Army demobilized?", "id": "570d2b46b3d812140066d4dc", "answers": [{"text": "end of World War I", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army?", "id": "570d2b46b3d812140066d4de", "answers": [{"text": "\"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\"", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Army", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What was organized to replace the concept of the militias?", "id": "5acecfac32bba1001ae4b4f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "end of World War I", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "When was the National Army started?", "id": "5acecfac32bba1001ae4b4fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Regular Army", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "What was added to the National Army?", "id": "5acecfac32bba1001ae4b4fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Who filled vacancies for militias?", "id": "5acecfac32bba1001ae4b4fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Regular Army", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What were temporary soldiers known as?", "id": "5acecfac32bba1001ae4b4fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the \"National Army\" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers. It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the \"career\" soldiers were known as the \"Regular Army\" with the \"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\" augmented to fill vacancies when needed."}], ["Perang 1812, peperangan Amerika kedua dan terakhir melawan United Kingdom, kurang berjaya untuk A.S. daripada Revolusi dan Perang India Barat Laut melawan penduduk asli, walaupun ia berakhir dengan catatan yang tinggi untuk orang Amerika juga. Selepas mengambil alih Tasik Erie pada tahun 1813, orang Amerika berjaya merampas bahagian Upper Canada barat, membakar York dan mengalahkan Tecumseh, yang menyebabkan Konfederasi Indianya runtuh. Berikutan berakhirnya kemenangan di wilayah Upper Canada, yang dijuluki Tentera A.S. \"Regulars, oleh Tuhan!\", Tentera British berjaya menawan dan membakar Washington. Bagaimanapun, tentera tetap membuktikan mereka profesional dan mampu mengalahkan tentera British semasa serangan Plattsburgh dan Baltimore, mendorong perjanjian British mengenai syarat-syarat yang telah ditolak sebelumnya dari status quo ante bellum. Dua minggu selepas perjanjian ditandatangani (tetapi tidak disahkan), Andrew Jackson mengalahkan British dalam Pertempuran New Orleans dan menjadi wira negara. Dalam perjanjian kedua-dua pihak kembali ke status quo tanpa kemenangan. <> Perang 1812 terdiri daripada U.S terhadap siapa? || United Kingdom <> Dalam tahun apakah AS menguasai Lake Eerie? || 1813 <> Siapa yang kekalahan A.S. untuk meruntuhkan Konfederasi India? || Tecumseh <> Dalam Pertempuran New Orleans, yang mengalahkan pihak British? || Andrew Jackson <> Pengepungan tahun 1812 telah bertempur? || <> Tahun berapakah A.S. mengawal Lake Superior? || <> Apakah kekalahan bahasa Inggeris untuk meruntuhkan Konfederasi India? || <> Dalam Pertempuran New Orleans, yang mengalahkan Amerika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?", "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53b", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?", "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53c", "answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?", "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53d", "answers": [{"text": "Tecumseh", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?", "id": "570d3412b3d812140066d53e", "answers": [{"text": "Andrew Jackson", "answer_start": 888}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "The Siege of 1812 was fought against?", "id": "5acec19832bba1001ae4b2db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What year did the U.S. take control of Lake Superior?", "id": "5acec19832bba1001ae4b2dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tecumseh", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What did the English defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?", "id": "5acec19832bba1001ae4b2dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "In the Battle of the New Orleans, who defeated the Americans?", "id": "5acec19832bba1001ae4b2de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The War of 1812, the second and last American war against the United Kingdom, was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been, though it ended on a high note for Americans as well. After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada, burn York and defeat Tecumseh, which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse. Following ending victories in the province of Upper Canada, which dubbed the U.S. Army \"Regulars, by God!\", British troops were able to capture and burn Washington. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and became a national hero. Per the treaty both sides returned to the status quo with no victor."}], ["Untuk dua tahun pertama pasukan Konfederasi berjaya dalam pertempuran yang ditetapkan tetapi hilang kawalan di negeri-negeri sempadan. The Confederates mempunyai kelebihan untuk mempertahankan negara yang sangat besar di kawasan di mana penyakit menyebabkan dua kali lebih banyak kematian sebagai pertempuran. Kesatuan mengejar strategi merampas pantai, menghalang pelabuhan, dan mengawal sistem sungai. Menjelang 1863 Konfederasi sedang dicekik. Tentera timurnya bertempur dengan baik, tetapi tentera barat dikalahkan satu demi satu sehingga pasukan Union merampas New Orleans pada tahun 1862 bersama dengan Sungai Tennessee. Dalam Kempen Vicksburg yang terkenal pada tahun 1862-63, Ulysses Grant merampas Sungai Mississippi dan memusnahkan Barat Daya. Grant mengambil komando pasukan Kesatuan pada tahun 1864 dan selepas beberapa siri pertempuran dengan mangsa yang sangat berat, beliau telah dirobohkan di Lee Richmond ketika William T. Sherman menawan Atlanta dan melancarkan melalui Georgia dan Carolinas. Modal Confederate telah ditinggalkan pada April 1865 dan Lee kemudian menyerahkan tenteranya di Appomattox Court House; semua pasukan Confederate yang lain menyerah diri dalam masa beberapa bulan. <> Dalam tahun apakah pasukan Angkatan Tentera menangkap New Orleans? || 1862 <> Yang menguasai Sungai Mississippi pada tahun 1862-63? || Ulysses Grant <> Siapa yang menawan Atlanta? || William T. Sherman <> Di mana Lee menyerahkan tenteranya? || Appomattox Court House <> Dalam tahun apakah pasukan Atlanta menawan Atlanta? || <> Siapa yang menguasai Sungai Ular pada tahun 1862-63? || <> Siapa yang melepaskan Atlanta? || <> Di mana Grant menyerahkan tenteranya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Union Forces capture New Orleans?", "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5cd", "answers": [{"text": "1862", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63?", "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5ce", "answers": [{"text": "Ulysses Grant", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who captured Atlanta?", "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5cf", "answers": [{"text": "William T. Sherman", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Lee surrender his army?", "id": "570d3df1b3d812140066d5d0", "answers": [{"text": "Appomattox Court House", "answer_start": 1007}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1862", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "In what year did the Union Forces capture Atlanta?", "id": "5acec4b532bba1001ae4b34b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ulysses Grant", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "Who took control of the Snake River in 1862-63?", "id": "5acec4b532bba1001ae4b34c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William T. Sherman", "answer_start": 827}], "question": "Who released Atlanta?", "id": "5acec4b532bba1001ae4b34d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Appomattox Court House", "answer_start": 1007}], "question": "Where did Grant surrender his army?", "id": "5acec4b532bba1001ae4b34e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For the first two years Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states. The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862\u201363, Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months."}], ["Tentera diketuai oleh Setiausaha awam Tentera Darat, yang mempunyai kewenangan berkanun untuk menjalankan semua urusan tentera di bawah otoritas, arahan dan pengawalan Setiausaha Pertahanan. Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat, yang merupakan pegawai militer tertinggi dalam tentera, berfungsi sebagai penasihat militer utama dan agen eksekutif untuk Sekretaris Angkatan Darat, yaitu ketua pelayanannya; dan sebagai anggota Ketua Staf Bersama, sebuah badan yang terdiri daripada ketua-ketua perkhidmatan dari setiap empat perkhidmatan ketenteraan milik Jabatan Pertahanan yang menasihati Presiden Amerika Syarikat, Setiausaha Pertahanan, dan Majlis Keselamatan Negara mengenai perkara ketenteraan operasi, di bawah bimbingan Pengerusi dan Wakil Pengerusi Ketua Staf Bersama. Pada tahun 1986, Akta Goldwater-Nichols memberi mandat bahawa kawalan operasi perkhidmatan mengikuti rantaian perintah dari Presiden kepada Setiausaha Pertahanan secara langsung kepada komander pejuang yang bersatu, yang mempunyai kawalan ke atas semua unit bersenjata di kawasan geografi atau fungsinya tanggungjawab. Oleh itu, setiausaha jabatan ketenteraan (dan ketua perkhidmatan masing-masing di bawahnya) hanya mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk mengatur, melatih dan melengkapkan komponen perkhidmatan mereka. Tentera menyediakan tenaga terlatih kepada komandan pejuang untuk digunakan seperti yang diarahkan oleh Setiausaha Pertahanan. <> Siapa pegawai tentera tertinggi dalam tentera? || Ketua Staf <> Siapa yang Kepala Staf berfungsi sebagai penasihat ketenteraan utama? || Setiausaha Tentera <> Berapa banyak perkhidmatan ketenteraan yang ditujukan kepada Jabatan Pertahanan? || empat <> Dalam tahun apakah aksi Goldwater-Nichols berlaku? || 1986 <> Orang awam yang mengetuai Tentera Laut? || <> Siapa pegawai tentera tertinggi di Tentera Laut? || <> Berapa banyak perkhidmatan ketenteraan Eropah milik Jabatan Pertahanan? || <> Tahun apakah Akta Goldwater-Nichols ditolak? || <> Apa cawangan ketenteraan adakah Setiausaha Perbendaharaan mengarahkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?", "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d501", "answers": [{"text": "The Chief of Staff", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?", "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d502", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of the Army", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?", "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d503", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?", "id": "570d2e5bb3d812140066d504", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Secretary of the Army", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Which civilian leads the Navy?", "id": "5aced26232bba1001ae4b5cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Chief of Staff", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the Navy?", "id": "5aced26232bba1001ae4b5cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "How many European military services belong to the Department of Defense?", "id": "5aced26232bba1001ae4b5cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 790}], "question": "What year was the Goldwater-Nichols Act rejected?", "id": "5aced26232bba1001ae4b5ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The army", "answer_start": 1279}], "question": "What branch of military does the Secretary of the Treasury direct?", "id": "5aced26232bba1001ae4b5cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1986, the Goldwater\u2013Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense."}], ["Pada masa ini, tentera dibahagikan kepada Tentera Reguler, Rizab Tentera Darat, dan Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera. Tentera juga dibahagikan kepada cawangan utama seperti Artileri Pertahanan Udara, Infantri, Penerbangan, Kor Isyarat, Kor Jurutera, dan Armor. Sebelum 1903 ahli-ahli Pengawal Kebangsaan dianggap tentera negeri melainkan federalized (iaitu, diaktifkan) oleh Presiden. Sejak Akta Militia 1903 semua askar Pengawal Kebangsaan telah memegang status dua: sebagai Pengawal Kebangsaan di bawah kuasa gabenor negeri atau wilayah mereka dan, apabila diaktifkan, sebagai simpanan Angkatan Tentera A.S. di bawah kuasa Presiden. <> Apakah ahli-ahli kebangsaan yang dipertimbangkan sebelum 1903? || tentera negeri <> Dalam tahun apakah Akta Milita berlaku? || 1903 <> Artileri Pertahanan Udara adalah cabang dari apa? || Tentera <> Pengawal Kebangsaan berada di bawah kuasa siapa? || gabenor <> Apakah Angkatan Tentera A.S. dipertimbangkan sebelum 1903? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Akta Milita dibubarkan? || <> Apakah Artileri Pertahanan Negeri cawangan? || <> Siapa yang mentadbir Tentera Laut A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were National Guard members considered before 1903?", "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d6ff", "answers": [{"text": "state soldiers", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Milita Act take place?", "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d700", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?", "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d701", "answers": [{"text": "the Army", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?", "id": "570d58c8b3d812140066d702", "answers": [{"text": "the governor", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "state soldiers", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What was the U.S. Navy considered before 1903?", "id": "5aced07732bba1001ae4b53f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "In what year did the Milita Act disband?", "id": "5aced07732bba1001ae4b540", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Army", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What is the State Defense Artillery a branch of?", "id": "5aced07732bba1001ae4b541", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the governor", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "Who governs the U.S. Navy?", "id": "5aced07732bba1001ae4b542", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President."}], ["Pentagon membeli 25,000 kenderaan MRAP sejak 2007 dalam 25 variasi melalui pemerolehan pantas tanpa pelan jangka panjang untuk platform. Tentera merancang untuk melupuskan 7,456 kenderaan dan mengekalkan 8,585. Daripada jumlah keseluruhan kenderaan Tentera Darat akan disimpan, 5,036 akan dimasukkan ke dalam simpanan, 1,073 akan digunakan untuk latihan, dan bakinya akan tersebar di seluruh pasukan yang aktif. Oshkosh M-ATV akan dipertahankan paling banyak pada 5,681 kenderaan, kerana ia lebih kecil dan lebih ringan daripada MRAP lain untuk pergerakan di luar jalan. Kenderaan lain yang paling tersimpan adalah Navistar MaxxPro Dash dengan 2,633 kenderaan, ditambah 301 ambulans Maxxpro. Beribu-ribu MRAP lain seperti Cougar, BAE Caiman, dan MaxxPros yang lebih besar akan dilupuskan. <> Berapa banyak kenderaan MRAP yang telah dibeli oleh Pentagon sejak tahun 2007? || 25,000 <> Berapa banyak daripada 25,000 kenderaan yang mereka merancang untuk menyingkirkan? || 7,456 <> Berapa banyak kenderaan yang akan digunakan untuk latihan? || 1,073 <> Tentera akan menjaga 5,681 kenderaan apa? || Oshkosh M-ATV <> Apa jenis ambulans yang akan Tentera mempunyai 301? || Maxxpro <> Berapa banyak kenderaan MRAP yang telah dibeli pentagon sejak tahun 2000? || <> Berapa banyak daripada 25,00 kenderaan yang mereka merancang untuk dijual? || <> Berapa banyak kenderaan yang merancang untuk tidak menggunakan latihan? || <> Berapa banyak kenderaan yang akan dilakukan oleh Angkatan Laut? || <> Apa jenis tangki yang akan Tentera mempunyai 301? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?", "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46145", "answers": [{"text": "25,000", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?", "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46146", "answers": [{"text": "7,456", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the vehicles will be used for training?", "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46147", "answers": [{"text": "1,073", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?", "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46148", "answers": [{"text": "Oshkosh M-ATV", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?", "id": "570d7376fed7b91900d46149", "answers": [{"text": "Maxxpro", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25,000", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "How many MRAP vehicles has the pentagon bought since 2000? ", "id": "5aceda0232bba1001ae4b75f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7,456", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "How many of the 25,00 vehicles does they plan on selling?", "id": "5aceda0232bba1001ae4b760", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,073", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "How many vehicles does the Army plan on not using for training?", "id": "5aceda0232bba1001ae4b761", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8,585", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "How many vehicles will the Navy be keeping?", "id": "5aceda0232bba1001ae4b762", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maxxpro", "answer_start": 591}], "question": "What type of tank will the the Army have 301 of?", "id": "5aceda0232bba1001ae4b763", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms. The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles the Army will keep, 5,036 will be put in storage, 1,073 will be used for training, and the remainder will be spread across the active force. The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles, plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances. Thousands of other MRAPs like the Cougar, BAE Caiman, and larger MaxxPros will be disposed of."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangan 11 September, dan sebagai sebahagian daripada Perang Global mengenai Keganasan, pasukan A.S. dan NATO menyerang Afghanistan pada Oktober 2001, menggulingkan kerajaan Taliban. Tentera A.S. juga mengetuai gabungan serangan A.S. dan bersekutu ke Iraq pada tahun 2003. Ia berfungsi sebagai sumber utama untuk kekuatan darat dengan keupayaannya untuk mengekalkan operasi pengendalian jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, misi itu berubah daripada konflik antara tentera biasa kepada penyelundupan, mengakibatkan kematian lebih daripada 4,000 anggota perkhidmatan U (pada Mac 2008) dan kecederaan kepada ribuan lagi. 23,813 pemberontak terbunuh di Iraq antara tahun 2003-2011. <> Negara manakah yang diserang oleh A.S. pada Oktober 2001? || Afghanistan <> Tentera A.S. menyerbu Iraq pada tahun berapa? || 2003 <> Berapa banyak tentera A.S. meninggal dunia pada bulan Mac 2008 akibat penanggulangan balas? || lebih daripada 4,000 <> Berapa ramai pemberontak Iraq terbunuh dari 2003-2011? || 23,813 <> Negara mana yang dibebaskan oleh A.S. pada Oktober 2001? || <> Tahun apakah negara Eropah menyerang Iraq? || <> Berapa banyak tentera Eropah meninggal dunia pada Mac 2008 akibat penanggulangan balas? || <> Berapa ramai pemberontak Palestin terbunuh sejak 2003-2011? || <> Tahun apakah Cina memimpin gabungan gabungan ke Iraq? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?", "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e61", "answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?", "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e62", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?", "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e63", "answers": [{"text": "more than 4,000", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?", "id": "570d4faffed7b91900d45e64", "answers": [{"text": "23,813", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Which country was liberated by the U.S. in October 2001?", "id": "5acece4032bba1001ae4b4b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What year did the  European country invade Iraq?", "id": "5acece4032bba1001ae4b4b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 4,000", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "How many European soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?", "id": "5acece4032bba1001ae4b4b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23,813", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "How many Palestinian insurgents were killed from 2003-2011? ", "id": "5acece4032bba1001ae4b4b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What year did the Chinese lead a combined coalition into Iraq?", "id": "5acece4032bba1001ae4b4b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003\u20132011."}], ["Beret hitam Angkatan A.S. (telah diganti secara kekal dengan topi patroli) tidak lagi dipakai dengan ACU baru untuk tugas garnison. Selepas bertahun-tahun aduan bahawa ia tidak sesuai untuk kebanyakan keadaan kerja, Ketua Umum Kakitangan Tentera Martin Dempsey menghapuskannya untuk dipakai dengan ACU pada bulan Jun 2011. Askar masih memakai berets yang kini berada dalam unit dalam status lompat, sama ada pemakai bertanding parasut, atau tidak (maroon beret), Anggota Resimen Ranger ke-75 dan Brigade Latihan Udara dan Ranger (tan beret), dan Angkatan Khas (beret hijau rifle) dan boleh memakainya dengan Uniform Service Army - fungsi ceremonial. Komander unit mungkin masih mengarahkan memakai topi patroli dalam unit ini dalam persekitaran latihan atau kolam motor. <> Apa pakaian seragam yang telah diganti oleh topi patroli? || beret hitam <> Siapa Ketua Staf Angkatan Darat pada masa ini? || Jeneral Martin Dempsey <> Berapa bulan dan tahun beret hitam diganti? || Jun 2011 <> Jika seorang askar berada dalam unit dalam status lompat, apakah warna beret yang mereka pakai? || Maroon <> Beret hijau senapan dipakai oleh siapa? || Angkatan Khas <> Apa pakaian seragam yang telah diganti oleh atas rondaan? || <> Siapa Ketua Staf Angkatan Laut pada masa ini? || <> Bulan dan tahun apa baju hitam diganti? || <> Apa warna beret seorang askar dalam unit dengan memakai status tetap? || <> Beret warna apakah yang dipakai oleh anggota Regimen Ranger ke-76? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?", "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d97f", "answers": [{"text": "black beret", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?", "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d980", "answers": [{"text": "General Martin Dempsey", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month and year was the black beret replaced?", "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d981", "answers": [{"text": "June 2011", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?", "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d982", "answers": [{"text": "maroon", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rifle green beret is worn by whom?", "id": "570d7463b3d812140066d983", "answers": [{"text": "Special Forces", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black beret", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What piece of uniform has been replaced by the patrol top?", "id": "5aced7a832bba1001ae4b6ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Martin Dempsey", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "Who is the Navy Chief of Staff at this time?", "id": "5aced7a832bba1001ae4b6ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2011", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What month and year was the black shirt replaced?", "id": "5aced7a832bba1001ae4b6ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "maroon", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What color beret does a soldier in a unit with permanent status wear?", "id": "5aced7a832bba1001ae4b6f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rifle green", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "What color beret does the member of the 76th Ranger Regiment wear?", "id": "5aced7a832bba1001ae4b6f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified, or not (maroon beret), Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret), and Special Forces (rifle green beret) and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools."}], ["Ramai unit dilengkapi dengan pelbagai senjata khusus, termasuk M249 SAW (Senjata Automatik Skuad), untuk memberi api menindas pada tahap pasukan api. Kebakaran tidak langsung disediakan oleh pelancar bom tangan M203. Shotgun Combat Service Bersama M1014 atau Shotgun Mossberg 590 digunakan untuk pelanggaran pintu dan pertempuran jarak dekat. M14EBR digunakan oleh penanda yang ditetapkan. Sniper menggunakan M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, dan M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle. <> Apa yang SAW di M249 SAW berdiri? || Skuad Senjata Automatik <> Jenis tembakan jenis apa yang digunakan oleh M249 SAW? || api menindas <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Mossberg 590? || pelanggaran pintu dan pertempuran jarak dekat <> Apa gunanya yang ditakrifkan menggunakan penanda? || M14EBR <> Apa sniper separa automatik menggunakan Snipers? || M110 <> Apa yang SAW di M248 berdiri? || <> Jenis tembakan jenis apa yang digunakan oleh M248 SAW? || <> Pistol apa yang ditakrifkan menggunakan penanda yang paling sedikit? || <> Jenis senjata automatik apa yang digunakan penembak tepat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?", "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460ed", "answers": [{"text": "Squad Automatic Weapon", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?", "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460ee", "answers": [{"text": "suppressive fire", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Mossberg 590 used for?", "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460ef", "answers": [{"text": "door breaching and close-quarters combat", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gun do designated marksmen use?", "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460f0", "answers": [{"text": "M14EBR", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?", "id": "570d6f14fed7b91900d460f1", "answers": [{"text": "M110", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Squad Automatic Weapon", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What does SAW in M248 stand for?", "id": "5aced8cd32bba1001ae4b73d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "suppressive fire", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What kind of gunfire is the M248 SAW generally used for?", "id": "5aced8cd32bba1001ae4b73e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "M14EBR", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What gun do designated marksmen use the least?", "id": "5aced8cd32bba1001ae4b73f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "M110", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What type of automatic weapon do snipers use?", "id": "5aced8cd32bba1001ae4b740", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level. Indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle."}], ["Tentera A.S. kini terdiri daripada 10 bahagian aktif dan beberapa unit bebas. Kekuatan itu sedang dalam proses kontrak selepas beberapa tahun pertumbuhan. Pada bulan Jun 2013, Tentera Darat mengumumkan rancangan untuk mengecilkan 32 pasukan pasukan tempur aktif menjelang 2015 untuk memadankan pengurangan kekuatan tugas aktif kepada 490,000 tentera. Ketua Staf Angkatan Darat, Raymond Odierno memproyeksikan bahawa menjelang 2018, Tentera Darat akan menyusut kepada \"450,000 komponen aktif, 335,000 di Pengawal Kebangsaan dan 195,000 di Rizab Tentera A.S..\" <> Berapa bahagian di Tentera A.S.? || 10 <> Berapa banyak pasukan briged yang Tentera menurunkan pada tahun 2015? || 32 <> Siapa Ketua Staf Angkatan Tentera? || Raymond Odierno <> Menjelang 2018, berapa ramai anggota Tentera yang aktif akan berada di sana? || 450,000 <> Berapa ramai anggota Rizab Tentera yang ada pada 2018? || 195,000 <> Berapa banyak bahagian di Tentera Laut A.S.? || <> Berapa banyak pasukan briged yang Tentera Laut berkurang pada tahun 2015? || <> Siapa Ketua Staf Angkatan Laut? || <> Berapa ramai ahli Tentera Laut aktif akan berada di 2018? || <> Berapa ramai anggota Rizab Tentera Laut akan ada pada 2018? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71b", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?", "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71c", "answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Army Chief of Staff?", "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71d", "answers": [{"text": "Raymond Odierno", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?", "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71e", "answers": [{"text": "450,000", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?", "id": "570d5adeb3d812140066d71f", "answers": [{"text": "195,000", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "How many divisions are there in the U.S. Navy?", "id": "5aced4bf32bba1001ae4b643", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "How many brigade teams did the Navy downsize to by 2015?", "id": "5aced4bf32bba1001ae4b644", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Raymond Odierno", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "Who is the Navy Chief of Staff?", "id": "5aced4bf32bba1001ae4b645", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "450,000", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "How many active Navy members will there be in 2018?", "id": "5aced4bf32bba1001ae4b646", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "195,000", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "How many Navy Reserve members will there be by 2018?", "id": "5aced4bf32bba1001ae4b647", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to \"450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve.\""}], ["Sebagai sebuah perkhidmatan tentera seragam, Angkatan Tentera adalah sebahagian daripada Jabatan Tentera, yang merupakan salah satu daripada tiga jabatan ketenteraan Jabatan Pertahanan. Tentara AS diketuai oleh seorang pegawai kanan awam yang dilantik awam, Setiausaha Tentera (SECARMY), dan oleh seorang ketua pegawai tentera, Ketua Staf Tentera (CSA) yang juga anggota Kepala Staf Bersama . Pada tahun fiskal 2016, kekuatan akhir yang diunjurkan untuk Tentera Biasa (AS) adalah 475,000 tentera; Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera Darat (ARNG) mempunyai 342,000 tentera, dan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat (USAR) mempunyai 198,000 askar; kekuatan gabungan komponen Tentera A.S. ialah 1,015,000 askar. Sebagai cawangan angkatan bersenjata, misi Angkatan Darat Amerika Syarikat adalah \"untuk memerangi dan memenangi peperangan bangsa kita, dengan menyediakan dominasi tanah yang cepat dan mampan, di seluruh rangkaian operasi ketenteraan dan spektrum konflik, untuk menyokong pejuang komander. \" Perkhidmatan ini terlibat dalam konflik di seluruh dunia dan merupakan serangan ofensif dan pertahanan berasaskan darat utama. <> Berapa banyak jabatan ketenteraan yang ada di Jabatan Pertahanan? || tiga <> Apa yang SECARMY berdiri? || Setiausaha Tentera <> Apakah yang dimaksud CSA? || Ketua Staf Angkatan Darat <> Pada akhir tahun 2016, berapa tentara berada di Tentara Biasa? || 475,000 <> Berapa banyak askar yang ada di seluruh Tentera A.S. pada akhir tahun 2016? || 1,015,000 <> Berapa banyak jabatan ketenteraan yang ada di Jabatan Pertanian? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh SAACRMY? || <> Apakah CSS berdiri? || <> Pada akhir tahun 2016, berapa wanita berada dalam Tentera Reguler? || <> Berapa ramai askar wanita di seluruh Angkatan A.S. pada akhir tahun 2016? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?", "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d5", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does SECARMY stand for?", "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d6", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of the Army", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does CSA stand for?", "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d7", "answers": [{"text": "Chief of Staff of the Army", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?", "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d8", "answers": [{"text": "475,000", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?", "id": "570d7b58b3d812140066d9d9", "answers": [{"text": "1,015,000", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three military departments", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "How many military departments does the Department of Agriculture have?", "id": "5aceb52432bba1001ae4b0f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Secretary of the Army", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What does SAACRMY stand for?", "id": "5aceb52432bba1001ae4b0f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chief of Staff of the Army", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What does CSS stand for?", "id": "5aceb52432bba1001ae4b0f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "475,000", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "At the end of 2016,how many women were in the Regular Army?", "id": "5aceb52432bba1001ae4b0f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,015,000", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "How many women soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?", "id": "5aceb52432bba1001ae4b0f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a uniformed military service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the Secretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chief military officer, the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the fiscal year 2016, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 475,000 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 342,000 soldiers, and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) had 198,000 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers. As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is \"to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders.\" The service participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force."}], ["Polisi Tentera Jumlah telah diadopsi oleh Kepala Staf Tentara Umum Creighton Abrams setelah Perang Vietnam dan melibatkan merawat tiga komponen tentara - Tentara Biasa, Pengawal Tentara Nasional dan Tentara Angkatan Darat sebagai satu pasukan. Percaya bahawa tidak ada presiden AS yang dapat mengambil Amerika Serikat (dan lebih khusus Tentara AS) untuk berperang tanpa dukungan rakyat Amerika, Jenderal Abrams saling menghubungkan struktur tiga komponen tentera itu sedemikian rupa untuk membuat operasi lanjutan tidak mungkin, tanpa penglibatan kedua Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera dan Rizab Tentera. <> Siapa yang mengguna pakai Polisi Jumlah Angkatan? || General Creighton Abrams <> Apa perang yang bertanggungjawab untuk penciptaan Polisi Jumlah Angkatan? || Perang Vietnam <> Berapa banyak komponen tentera yang terjejas oleh Polisi Jumlah Angkatan? || tiga <> yang menolak dasar tentera keseluruhan? || <> Perang apakah yang bertanggungjawab untuk penarikan balik Polisi Jumlah Angkatan? || <> Berapa banyak komponen Tentera Laut yang terjejas oleh Polisi Jumlah Angkatan? || <> Apa tiga komponen Angkatan Laut adalah satu pasukan tunggal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who adopted the Total Force Policy?", "id": "570d4b28b3d812140066d649", "answers": [{"text": "General Creighton Abrams", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?", "id": "570d4b28b3d812140066d64a", "answers": [{"text": "Vietnam War", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?", "id": "570d4b28b3d812140066d64b", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Army General Creighton Abrams", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Who rejected the Total Force Policy?", "id": "5acecba032bba1001ae4b44d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vietnam War", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What war was responsible for the recall of the Total Force Policy?", "id": "5acecba032bba1001ae4b44e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "How many Navy components were affected by the Total Force Policy?", "id": "5acecba032bba1001ae4b44f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What three components of the Navy are a single force?", "id": "5acecba032bba1001ae4b450", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army \u2013 the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force. Believing that no U.S. president should be able to take the United States (and more specifically the U.S. Army) to war without the support of the American people, General Abrams intertwined the structure of the three components of the army in such a way as to make extended operations impossible, without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve."}], ["Amerika Syarikat menyertai Perang Dunia II pada Disember 1941 selepas serangan Jepun ke Pearl Harbor. Di Eropah, pasukan Tentera A.S. membentuk sebahagian besar pasukan yang menawan Afrika Utara dan Sicily, dan kemudian berperang di Itali. Pada D-Day, 6 Jun 1944, dan dalam pembebasan seterusnya Eropah dan kekalahan Nazi Jerman, berjuta-juta pasukan Angkatan Tentera A.S. memainkan peranan utama. Di dalam Perang Pasifik, tentara Tentera A.S. mengambil bahagian bersama Kor Amerika Marin dalam menangkap Kepulauan Pasifik dari kawalan Jepun. Berikutan penyerahan Axis pada bulan Mei (Jerman) dan Ogos (Jepun) 1945, pasukan tentera ditugaskan ke Jepun dan Jerman untuk menduduki dua negara yang kalah. Dua tahun selepas Perang Dunia II, Angkatan Udara Angkatan Tentera dipisahkan dari tentera untuk menjadi Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat pada September 1947 selepas beberapa dekad cuba memisahkannya. Juga, pada tahun 1948, tentera telah disegregasi oleh perintah Presiden Harry S. Truman. <> Berapa bulan dan tahun apakah A.S. menyertai Perang Dunia II? || Disember 1941 <> Yang pasukan tentera menyerang Pearl Harbor? || Jepun <> Apakah bulan, hari dan tahun \"D-Day\"? || 6 Jun 1944 <> Perang apa yang membawa kepada penangkapan Kepulauan Pasifik oleh A.S.? || Perang Pasifik <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk desegregasi tentera? || Harry S. Truman <> Berapa bulan dan tahun apakah Cina menyertai Perang Dunia II? || <> Daya tentera mana yang dibantu semasa Pearl Harbor? || <> Apakah V-Day bulan, hari, dan tahun? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pengasingan tentera? || <> Siapa yang menyertai bersama dengan tentera Tentera A.S. dalam Perang Perancis-India? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What month and year did the U.S. join World War II?", "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45dff", "answers": [{"text": "December 1941", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor?", "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e00", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the month, day and year of \"D-Day\"?", "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e01", "answers": [{"text": "June 6, 1944", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S.?", "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e02", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific War", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army?", "id": "570d48a6fed7b91900d45e03", "answers": [{"text": "Harry S. Truman", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 1941", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What month and year did the Chinese join World War II?", "id": "5acec6d432bba1001ae4b3ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "Which military force aided  during Pearl Harbor?", "id": "5acec6d432bba1001ae4b3ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 6, 1944", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What is month, day, and year V-Day?", "id": "5acec6d432bba1001ae4b3af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President Harry S. Truman", "answer_start": 925}], "question": "Who was responsible for the segregation of the army?", "id": "5acec6d432bba1001ae4b3b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Marine Corps", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Who participated along with U.S. Army soldiers in the French-Indian War?", "id": "5acec6d432bba1001ae4b3b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily, and later fought in Italy. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman."}], ["Latihan di Tentera A.S. secara amnya dibahagikan kepada dua kategori - individu dan kolektif. Latihan asas terdiri daripada 10 minggu untuk kebanyakan rekrut yang diikuti oleh Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) di mana mereka menerima latihan untuk kepakaran pekerjaan tentera mereka (MOS). Sesetengah individu MOS berada di mana-mana dari 14-20 minggu Latihan Unit Satu Stesen (OSUT), yang menggabungkan Latihan Asas dan AIT. Panjang sekolah AIT berbeza-beza oleh MOS Panjang masa yang dihabiskan di AIT bergantung kepada MOS askar, dan beberapa latihan MOS yang sangat teknikal mungkin memerlukan banyak bulan (mis., Penterjemah bahasa asing). Bergantung pada keperluan tentera, Latihan Pertempuran Asas untuk askar-askar senjata tempur dijalankan di beberapa lokasi, tetapi dua yang paling lama berjalan ialah Sekolah Armor dan Sekolah Infanteri, kedua-duanya di Fort Benning, Georgia. <> Kategori apakah latihan Tentera A.S. yang dibahagikan kepada? || individu dan kolektif <> Berapa lama latihan asas yang terakhir? || 10 minggu <> Berapa lama latihan kepakaran tentera pendudukan terakhir? || 14-20 minggu <> Apa OSUT berdiri? || Satu Unit Latihan Unit <> Di manakah Sekolah Armor dan Sekolah Infanteri kedua-duanya terletak? || Fort Benning, Georgia <> Kategori apa yang dibahagikan kepada Tentera Laut A.S.? || <> Berapa lama latihan artileri asas yang terakhir? || <> Berapa lama kelas memasak tentera yang terakhir? || <> Berapa lamakah latihan kepakaran tentera Naval yang terakhir? || <> Apa yang ASUT berdiri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?", "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460ad", "answers": [{"text": "individual and collective", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does basic training last?", "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460ae", "answers": [{"text": "10 weeks", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does military occupation specialties training last?", "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460af", "answers": [{"text": "14\u201320 weeks", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does OSUT stand for?", "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460b0", "answers": [{"text": "One Station Unit Training", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?", "id": "570d6db3fed7b91900d460b1", "answers": [{"text": "Fort Benning, Georgia", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "individual and collective", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What categories are the U.S. Navy divided into?", "id": "5aced57a32bba1001ae4b673", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 weeks", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "How long does basic artillery training last for?", "id": "5aced57a32bba1001ae4b674", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14\u201320 weeks", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "How long does a military cooking class last?", "id": "5aced57a32bba1001ae4b675", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14\u201320 weeks", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "How long does Naval military occupation specialties training last?", "id": "5aced57a32bba1001ae4b676", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One Station Unit Training", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What does ASUT stand for?", "id": "5aced57a32bba1001ae4b677", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories \u2013 individual and collective. Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14\u201320 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier, and some highly technical MOS training may require many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia."}], ["Tugas menyelenggara Tentera A.S. bermula pada tahun 1775. Pada seratus tahun pertama kewujudannya, Angkatan Tentera Amerika Syarikat dikekalkan sebagai kuasa damai kecil untuk manusia benteng kekal dan melakukan tugas bukan perang lain seperti kerja-kerja kejuruteraan dan pembinaan. Semasa perang, Tentera A.S. telah diperkuat oleh sukarelawan Amerika Syarikat yang lebih besar yang dibangkitkan secara bebas oleh pelbagai kerajaan negeri. Negara-negara juga mengekalkan milisi sepenuh masa yang juga boleh dipanggil ke perkhidmatan tentera. <> Berapa tahun tentera A.S. terorganisir? || 1775 <> Kumpulan apa yang digabungkan dengan Tentera A.S.? || Sukarelawan Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang menaikkan Sukarelawan Amerika Syarikat? || pelbagai kerajaan negeri <> Tahun berapa tentera Kanada dianjurkan? || <> Kumpulan apa yang digabungkan dengan Tentera Laut A.S.? || <> Yang membongkar Sukarelawan Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apakah bandar-bandar dapat diselenggarakan sepenuh masa? || <> Apa juga yang dipanggil ke dalam perkhidmatan Tentera Laut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the U.S. army organized?", "id": "570d875efed7b91900d461e9", "answers": [{"text": "1775", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group combined with the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d875efed7b91900d461ea", "answers": [{"text": "United States Volunteers", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who raised the United States Volunteers?", "id": "570d875efed7b91900d461eb", "answers": [{"text": "various state governments", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1775", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What year was the Canadian army organized?", "id": "5acecedc32bba1001ae4b4bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Volunteers", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What group combined with the U.S. Navy?", "id": "5acecedc32bba1001ae4b4c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "various state governments", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "Who dismantled the United States Volunteers?", "id": "5acecedc32bba1001ae4b4c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "militias", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What did cities maintain full-time?", "id": "5acecedc32bba1001ae4b4c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "militias", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What is also called into the service of the Navy?", "id": "5acecedc32bba1001ae4b4c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army."}], ["Tentera telah sangat bergantung pada khemah untuk menyediakan pelbagai kemudahan yang diperlukan semasa penggunaan. Khemah yang paling biasa digunakan untuk tentera ialah barak sementara (bangunan tidur), bangunan DFAC (kemudahan makan), pangkalan operasi ke hadapan (FOB), selepas kajian tindakan (AAR), pusat operasi taktikal (TOC), semangat, kebajikan, dan kemudahan rekreasi (MWR), dan pusat pemeriksaan keselamatan. Selain itu, kebanyakan khemah ini ditubuhkan dan dikendalikan melalui sokongan Pusat Sistem Natick Soldier. <> Apa yang digunakan tentera untuk kemudahan semasa mereka digunakan? || khemah <> Apakah kru yang digunakan? || tidur tidur <> Di mana kemudahan makan dipanggil? || Bangunan DFAC <> Apa FOB berdiri? || asas operasi ke hadapan <> Apakah singkatan untuk pusat operasi taktikal? || TOC <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Pengawal Pantai untuk kemudahan semasa mereka digunakan? || <> Apakah kapal-kapal DFAC digunakan? || <> Apa FAB berdiri? || <> Di mana kuda ditahan? || <> Yang membongkar khemah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the army use for facilities while they are deployed?", "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da3d", "answers": [{"text": "tents", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the barracks used for?", "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da3e", "answers": [{"text": "sleeping quarters", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the dining facilities called?", "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da3f", "answers": [{"text": "DFAC buildings", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does FOB stand for?", "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da40", "answers": [{"text": "forward operating bases", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center?", "id": "570d90eeb3d812140066da41", "answers": [{"text": "TOC", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tents", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What does the Coast Guard use for facilities while they are deployed?", "id": "5aced40a32bba1001ae4b627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sleeping quarters", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What are DFAC ships used for?", "id": "5aced40a32bba1001ae4b628", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forward operating bases", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What does FAB stand for?", "id": "5aced40a32bba1001ae4b629", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "barracks", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Where are horses stabled?", "id": "5aced40a32bba1001ae4b62a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Natick Soldier Systems Center", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Who dismantles tents?", "id": "5aced40a32bba1001ae4b62b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment. The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities), forward operating bases (FOBs), after action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) facilities, and security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center."}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1910, tentera mula memperoleh pesawat sayap tetap. Pada tahun 1910, Mexico sedang menjalani perang saudara, pemberontak petani yang memerangi tentera kerajaan. Tentera telah ditugaskan ke bandar-bandar Amerika berhampiran sempadan untuk memastikan keselamatan hidup dan harta benda. Pada 1916, Pancho Villa, seorang pemimpin pemberontak utama, menyerang Columbus, New Mexico, mendorong campur tangan Amerika Syarikat di Mexico sehingga 7 Februari 1917. Mereka berperang dengan pemberontak dan pasukan persekutuan Mexico sehingga 1918. Amerika Syarikat menyertai Perang Dunia I pada tahun 1917 sebelah Britain, Perancis, Rusia, Itali dan sekutu lain. Tentera A.S. dihantar ke Front Barat dan terlibat dalam peperangan terakhir yang menamatkan perang. Dengan gencatan senjata pada November 1918, tentera sekali lagi menurunkan tenteranya. <> Dalam tahun berapa tentera mula menggunakan pesawat sayap tetap? || 1910 <> Siapa yang menyerang New Mexico pada tahun 1916? || Pancho Villa <> Berapa tahun A.S. menyertai Perang Dunia I? || 1917 <> Apa tarikh campur tangan A.S. di New Mexico berakhir? || 7 Februari 1917 <> Tahun berapa tentera memulakan pesawat sayap kiri? || <> Siapa yang menyerahkan New Mexico pada tahun 1916? || <> Tahun apakah orang Cina menyertai Perang Dunia I? || <> Apa tarikh campur tangan A.S. di New York berakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?", "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da61", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?", "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da62", "answers": [{"text": "Pancho Villa", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the U.S. join World War I?", "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da63", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?", "id": "570d94bdb3d812140066da64", "answers": [{"text": "7 February 1917", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What year did the army start the left-wing aircraft?", "id": "5acec5db32bba1001ae4b367", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pancho Villa", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Who surrendered New Mexico in 1916?", "id": "5acec5db32bba1001ae4b368", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "What year did the Chinese join World War I?", "id": "5acec5db32bba1001ae4b369", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7 February 1917", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What date did the U.S. intervention in New York end?", "id": "5acec5db32bba1001ae4b36a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces."}], ["Semasa Perang Dingin, tentara Amerika dan sekutu mereka berperang dengan pasukan Komunis di Korea dan Vietnam. Perang Korea bermula pada 1950, ketika Soviet keluar dari pertemuan Keamanan U.N, menghapus veto mereka. Di bawah payung Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu, beratus-ratus ribu tentera A.S. berjuang untuk menghalang pengambilalihan Korea Selatan oleh Korea Utara, dan kemudian, untuk menyerang negara utara. Selepas kemajuan dan retret berulang-ulang oleh kedua-dua belah pihak, dan kemasukan Tentera Sukarelawan Rakyat RRC ke dalam perang, Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata Korea mengembalikan semenanjung ke status quo pada tahun 1953. <> Tahun apakah Perang Korea bermula? || 1950 <> Siapa yang keluar dari mesyuarat keselamatan U.N? || Soviet <> Dalam apa dua negara pasukan Amerika melawan pasukan Komunis? || Korea dan Vietnam <> Pada tahun apakah perang Korea berakhir? || 1953 <> Tahun apakah Perang Vietnam bermula? || <> Siapa yang memasuki mesyuarat keselamatan U.N. || <> Dalam apa dua negara apakah tentera Amerika berjuang untuk pasukan Komunis? || <> Pada tahun apakah Perang Vietnam berakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Korean War start?", "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da05", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?", "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da06", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviets", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?", "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da07", "answers": [{"text": "Korea and Vietnam", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Korean war end?", "id": "570d7ed6b3d812140066da08", "answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What year did the Vietnam War begin?", "id": "5acec88e32bba1001ae4b3dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Soviets", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "Who entered the U.N. security meeting?", "id": "5acec88e32bba1001ae4b3de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Korea and Vietnam", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "In what two countries did the American troops fight for Communist forces?", "id": "5acec88e32bba1001ae4b3df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "In what year did the Vietnam War end?", "id": "5acec88e32bba1001ae4b3e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea, and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the PRC People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953."}], ["Menjelang 1989 Jerman mendekatkan semula dan Perang Dingin semakin dekat. Kepimpinan tentera bertindak balas dengan merancang untuk mengurangkan kekuatan. Menjelang November 1989, para penasihat Pentagon meletakkan rancangan untuk mengurangkan kekuatan akhir tentera sebanyak 23%, dari 750,000 hingga 580,000. Sejumlah insentif seperti persaraan awal digunakan. Pada tahun 1990 Iraq menyerang jirannya yang lebih kecil, Kuwait, dan tentera darat A.S., dengan cepat digunakan untuk menjamin perlindungan Arab Saudi. Pada Januari 1991 Operasi Desert Storm bermula, sebuah gabungan yang diketuai A.S. yang mengerahkan lebih 500,000 tentera, sebahagian besarnya daripada pembentukan Angkatan Tentera A.S., untuk mengusir pasukan Iraq. Kempen itu berakhir dengan kemenangan total, ketika pasukan gabungan Barat mengarahkan Tentara Iraq, yang dianjurkan sepanjang garis Soviet, hanya dalam seratus jam. <> Pada tahun 1989, apakah rancangan Pentagon untuk mengurangkan kekuatan akhir tentera? || 580,000 <> Negara mana yang Iraq menyerbu pada tahun 1990? || Kuwait <> Operasi apa yang bermula pada Januari 1991? || Desert Storm <> Berapa banyak tentera yang terbabit dalam Operasi Desert Desert? || 500,000 <> Berapa lamakah Operasi Desert Storm lepas? || seratus jam <> Apa pan pentagon untuk meningkatkan kekuatan tentera? || <> Apa negeri Iraq menyerbu pada tahun 1990? || <> Operasi apa yang berakhir pada Januari 1991? || <> Berapa banyak bulan Operasi Desert Storm lepas? || <> Berapa banyak pasukan pimpinan Kanada yang dikerahkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?", "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461d7", "answers": [{"text": "580,000", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?", "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461d8", "answers": [{"text": "Kuwait", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What operation began in January 1991?", "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461d9", "answers": [{"text": "Desert Storm", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?", "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461da", "answers": [{"text": "500,000", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Operation Desert Storm last?", "id": "570d80d7fed7b91900d461db", "answers": [{"text": "one hundred hours", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "580,000", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What did the Pentagon pan to increase the army strength to?", "id": "5acecc4b32bba1001ae4b469", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kuwait", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What state did Iraq invade in 1990?", "id": "5acecc4b32bba1001ae4b46a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Operation Desert Storm", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What operation ended in January 1991?", "id": "5acecc4b32bba1001ae4b46b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one hundred hours.", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "How many months did Operation Desert Storm last?", "id": "5acecc4b32bba1001ae4b46c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500,000 troops", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "How many Canadian-led troops were deployed?", "id": "5acecc4b32bba1001ae4b46d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000. A number of incentives such as early retirement were used. In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces, quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army, organized along Soviet lines, in just one hundred hours."}], ["Perang Saudara Amerika adalah perang paling mahal bagi A.S. dari segi kecederaan. Selepas kebanyakan negara hamba, yang terletak di A.S. selatan, membentuk Negara Gabungan, pasukan AS yang diketuai oleh bekas pegawai Tentera A.S., menggerakkan sebahagian besar tenaga manusia Selatan Selatan. Angkatan Amerika Syarikat (\"Kesatuan\" atau \"Utara\") membentuk Tentera Kesatuan yang terdiri daripada unit kecil unit tentera biasa dan unit sukarelawan besar yang dibangkitkan dari setiap negeri, utara dan selatan, kecuali Carolina Selatan. [ petikan yang diperlukan] <> Peperangan mana yang mempunyai kecederaan yang paling AS berkaitan dengannya? || Perang Saudara Amerika <> Apakah pasukan A.S. yang disebut? || \"Kesatuan\" atau \"Utara\" <> Negara apakah yang tidak menyumbang sebarang tentera ke Tentera Kesatuan? || South Carolina <> Perang yang manakah mempunyai kecederaan sekurang-kurangnya A.S. dengannya? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh pasukan Selatan? || <> Apa negeri menyumbang tentera yang paling kepada Tentera Kesatuan? || <> Apa perang paling rendah untuk A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it?", "id": "570d9363b3d812140066da5b", "answers": [{"text": "The American Civil War", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the U.S. forces referred to as?", "id": "570d9363b3d812140066da5c", "answers": [{"text": "the \"Union\" or \"the North\"", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army?", "id": "570d9363b3d812140066da5d", "answers": [{"text": "South Carolina", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Civil War", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which war had the least U.S. casualties with it?", "id": "5acec34832bba1001ae4b317", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"Union\" or \"the North", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What were the Southern forces referred to as?", "id": "5acec34832bba1001ae4b318", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Carolina", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What state contributed the most troops to the Union Army?", "id": "5acec34832bba1001ae4b319", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Civil War", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was the least expensive war for the U.S.?", "id": "5acec34832bba1001ae4b31a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, C.S. troops led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a very large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the \"Union\" or \"the North\") formed the Union Army consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except South Carolina.[citation needed]"}], ["Semasa tahun 1960-an Jabatan Pertahanan terus meneliti pasukan rizab dan mempersoalkan bilangan bahagian dan briged serta kelebihan mengekalkan dua komponen rizab, Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera dan Rizab Tentera. Pada 1967 Setiausaha Pertahanan Robert McNamara memutuskan bahawa 15 bahagian pertempuran di Tentera Darat Nasional tidak diperlukan dan memotong angka itu kepada 8 bahagian (1 infantri mekanik, 2 berperisai, dan 5 infantri), tetapi meningkatkan jumlah briged dari 7 hingga 18 ( 1 udara, 1 berperisai, 2 infantri mekanik, dan 14 infantri). Kehilangan bahagian tidak baik dengan negeri-negeri. Bantahan mereka termasuk campuran elemen manuver yang tidak mencukupi bagi mereka yang masih kekal dan akhir kepada amalan berputar perintah bahagian di kalangan negeri-negeri yang menyokong mereka. Di bawah cadangan itu, para komander bahagian yang tinggal akan tinggal di bahagian asas bahagian. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada pengurangan kekuatan pasukan Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera yang berlaku, yang meyakinkan para gabenor untuk menerima rancangan itu. Negeri-negeri itu menyusun semula pasukan mereka dengan sewajarnya antara 1 Disember 1967 dan 1 Mei 1968. <> Siapa Setiausaha Pertahanan pada tahun 1967? || Robert McNamara <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang Setiausaha Pertahanan memotong asal 15 ke bawah? || 8 <> Berapa banyak briged yang Setiausaha Pertahanan meningkatkan bilangannya? || 18 <> Siapa Presiden Pertahanan pada tahun 1967? || <> Berapakah bilangan pembahagian yang dibuat Setiausaha Pertahanan memotong 10 asal? || <> Berapakah jumlah briged yang dibuat oleh Setiausaha Pertahanan menurunkan bilangannya? || <> Apakah cadangan yang ada terhadap negeri-negeri mengenai peningkatan pembahagian? || <> Tahun apakah kerajaan persekutuan menyusun semula pasukan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967?", "id": "570d95b5b3d812140066da7d", "answers": [{"text": "Robert McNamara", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to?", "id": "570d95b5b3d812140066da7e", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to?", "id": "570d95b5b3d812140066da7f", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert McNamara", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Who was the President of Defense in 1967?", "id": "5acecadc32bba1001ae4b41f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "How many division did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 10 down to?", "id": "5acecadc32bba1001ae4b420", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense decrease the number to?", "id": "5acecadc32bba1001ae4b421", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "What suggestions did the states have regarding increase of division?", "id": "5acecadc32bba1001ae4b422", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 1967 and 1 May 1968", "answer_start": 1109}], "question": "What year did the federal government reorganize their forces? ", "id": "5acecadc32bba1001ae4b423", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions (1 mechanized infantry, 2 armored, and 5 infantry), but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 (1 airborne, 1 armored, 2 mechanized infantry, and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not set well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. No reduction, however, in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968."}], ["Kempen utama tentera melawan kaum India diperjuangkan di Florida melawan Seminoles. Ia mengambil peperangan yang panjang (1818-58) untuk akhirnya mengalahkan Seminoles dan memindahkan mereka ke Oklahoma. Strategi biasa dalam peperangan India adalah untuk mengawal bekalan makanan musim sejuk India, tetapi itu tidak digunakan di Florida di mana tidak ada musim sejuk. Strategi kedua adalah untuk membentuk pakatan dengan suku kaum India yang lain, tetapi juga tidak berguna kerana Seminoles telah menghancurkan semua kaum India ketika mereka memasuki Florida pada akhir abad kelapan belas. <> Apa suku kaum India adalah kempen utama Tentera terhadap? || Seminoles <> Selama bertahun-tahun perang antara Tentara dan Seminoles berlaku? || 1818-58 <> Apakah negeri Seminoles berpindah ke? || Oklahoma <> Apa yang tradisional Tentera menguasai untuk mengalahkan kaum India? || bekalan makanan musim sejuk <> Semasa abad apa yang Seminoles memasuki Florida? || kelapan belas <> Apa suku Amerika adalah kempen utama Tentera terhadap? || <> Selama bertahun-tahun perang antara Tentara dan British berlaku? || <> Apakah keadaan yang dilakukan oleh para peziarah? || <> Apa yang Tentera Laut secara tradisinya mengawal untuk mengalahkan kaum India? || <> Semasa abad apa Seminoles memasuki Texas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?", "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461c7", "answers": [{"text": "Seminoles", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?", "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461c8", "answers": [{"text": "1818\u201358", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state were the Seminoles moved to?", "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461c9", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?", "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461ca", "answers": [{"text": "winter food supply", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?", "id": "570d7c81fed7b91900d461cb", "answers": [{"text": "eighteenth", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seminoles", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What American tribe was the Army's major campaign against?", "id": "5acec28832bba1001ae4b307", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1818\u201358", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "During what years did the wars between the Army and British take place? ", "id": "5acec28832bba1001ae4b308", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What state did the Pilgrims move to?", "id": "5acec28832bba1001ae4b309", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "winter food supply", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What did the Navy traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?", "id": "5acec28832bba1001ae4b30a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eighteenth", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "During what century did the Seminoles enter Texas?", "id": "5acec28832bba1001ae4b30b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818\u201358) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century."}], ["Berikutan latihan asas dan lanjutan mereka di peringkat individu, askar boleh memilih untuk meneruskan latihan mereka dan memohon \"pengenalan kemahiran tambahan\" (ASI). ASI membolehkan tentera mengambil MOS yang luas dan memfokuskannya ke MOS yang lebih spesifik. Sebagai contoh, seorang doktor tempur, yang tugasnya menyediakan rawatan kecemasan pra-hospital, boleh menerima latihan ASI untuk menjadi pakar kardiovaskular, pakar dialisis, atau juga jururawat praktikal berlesen. Bagi pegawai yang bertauliah, latihan ASI termasuk latihan pra-komisyen sama ada di USMA, atau melalui ROTC, atau dengan melengkapkan OCS. Selepas pentauliahan, pegawai menjalani latihan khusus cawangan di Kursus Pemimpin Pegawai Asas, (dahulu dikenali sebagai Kursus Asas Pegawai), yang berbeza-beza mengikut masa dan lokasi mengikut tugas masa depan mereka. Pembangunan kerjaya lebih lanjut boleh didapati melalui Program Kursus Surat Khabar Tentera. <> Apa yang ASI tahan? || pengenalan kemahiran tambahan <> Apakah tugas medik tempur? || menyediakan rawatan kecemasan pra-hospital <> Di mana pegawai pergi untuk menyiapkan latihan khusus cawangan mereka? || Kursus Ketua Pegawai Asas <> Jika para pegawai ingin memajukan kerjaya mereka lebih jauh, di manakah yang tersedia? || Program Latihan Tentera Darat <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh ISI? || <> Di manakah penjaga pergi untuk menyelesaikan latihan khusus cawangan mereka? || <> Di mana latihan selepas pentauliahan berlaku? || <> Apakah latihan ISi ditawarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does ASI stand for?", "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46203", "answers": [{"text": "additional skill identifier", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is are combat medics duties?", "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46204", "answers": [{"text": "provide pre-hospital emergency treatment", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training?", "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46205", "answers": [{"text": "Basic Officer Leaders Course", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the officers want to advance their careers even further, where is that available?", "id": "570d8c85fed7b91900d46206", "answers": [{"text": "Army Correspondence Course Program", "answer_start": 863}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "additional skill identifier", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What does ISI stand for?", "id": "5aced68932bba1001ae4b6ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Basic Officer Leaders Course", "answer_start": 671}], "question": "Where do ensigns go to complete their branch specific training?", "id": "5aced68932bba1001ae4b6ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at USMA, or via ROTC", "answer_start": 557}], "question": "Where does post-commissioning training take place?", "id": "5aced68932bba1001ae4b6af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What does ISi training is offered?", "id": "5aced68932bba1001ae4b6b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following their basic and advanced training at the individual-level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an \"additional skill identifier\" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide ranging MOS and focus it into a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, ASI training includes pre-commissioning training either at USMA, or via ROTC, or by completing OCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according their future assignments. Further career development is available through the Army Correspondence Course Program."}], ["Tentera Amerika Syarikat terdiri daripada tiga komponen: komponen aktif, Tentera Biasa; dan dua komponen rizab, Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera dan Rizab Tentera Darat. Kedua-dua komponen rizab ini terdiri daripada askar sambilan yang melatih sebulan sekali, dikenali sebagai perhimpunan pertempuran atau perhimpunan latihan unit (UTA), dan mengadakan latihan selama dua hingga tiga minggu setiap tahun. Kedua-dua Tentera Reguler dan Rizab Tentera Darat dianjurkan di bawah Tajuk 10 Kanun Amerika Syarikat, manakala Pengawal Kebangsaan dianjurkan di bawah Tajuk 32. Walaupun Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera dianjurkan, terlatih dan dilengkapi sebagai komponen Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat, apabila ia tidak dalam perkhidmatan persekutuan ia berada di bawah arahan pemerintah negeri dan wilayah masing-masing; Pengawal Kebangsaan Daerah Columbia, bagaimanapun, melaporkan kepada Presiden A.S., bukan walikota kabupaten, bahkan ketika tidak federal. Mana-mana atau semua Pengawal Kebangsaan boleh dipupuk oleh perintah presiden dan menentang kehendak gabenor. <> Apakah komponen aktif Tentera A.S.? || Tentera biasa <> Apakah dua komponen simpanan Tentera A.S.? || Pengawal Kebangsaan Tentera dan Rizab Tentera <> Apakah UTAs? || perhimpunan latihan unit <> Tentera A.S. dianjurkan di bawah tajuk Kod Amerika Syarikat? || 10 <> Siapa yang melaporkan D. Guardian Nasional? || Presiden A.S. <> Apakah komponen Angkatan A.S. yang tidak aktif? || <> Apakah dua komponen rizab Tentera Laut A.S.? || <> Tentera A.S. dianjurkan di bawah tajuk Kod Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || <> Siapa yang melaporkan kepada Tentera Laut Nasional D.C? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the active component of the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461ef", "answers": [{"text": "Regular Army", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f0", "answers": [{"text": "Army National Guard and the Army Reserve", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are UTAs?", "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f1", "answers": [{"text": "unit training assemblies", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?", "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f2", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?", "id": "570d88cdfed7b91900d461f3", "answers": [{"text": "the U.S. President", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Regular Army", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What is the inactive component of the U.S. Army?", "id": "5aced13232bba1001ae4b577", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Army National Guard and the Army Reserve", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Navy?", "id": "5aced13232bba1001ae4b578", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United Nations Code?", "id": "5aced13232bba1001ae4b579", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. President", "answer_start": 807}], "question": "Who does the D.C. National Navy report to?", "id": "5aced13232bba1001ae4b57a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs), and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized under Title 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors; the District of Columbia National Guard, however, reports to the U.S. President, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes."}], ["Tentera juga menukar unit dasarnya dari bahagian ke briged. Keturunan bahagian akan dikekalkan, tetapi ibu pejabat bahagian akan dapat memerintah mana-mana briged, bukan hanya briged yang membawa keturunan mereka divisi. Bahagian tengah pelan ini adalah bahawa setiap briged akan menjadi modular, iaitu semua briged jenis yang sama akan sama persis, dan oleh itu mana-mana brigade boleh diperintahkan oleh mana-mana bahagian. Sebagaimana dinyatakan sebelum definisi semula akhir kekuatan 2013, ketiga-tiga jenis utama pasukan penggalian tanah adalah: <> Apakah tentera menggantikan bahagian dengan? || briged <> Bagaimana briged akan disusun? || modular <> Siapa yang boleh memerintahkan mana-mana briged? || ibu pejabat bahagian <> Apakah Pengawal Pantai menggantikan bahagian? || <> Bagaimana pasukan briged akan dibina semula? || <> Siapa yang boleh memerintahkan mana-mana cawangan Tentera Darat? || <> Apa yang dibuang kerja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the army replacing divisions with?", "id": "570d9cecdf2f5219002ed040", "answers": [{"text": "brigades", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How will the brigades be structured?", "id": "570d9cecdf2f5219002ed041", "answers": [{"text": "modular", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can command any brigade?", "id": "570d9cecdf2f5219002ed042", "answers": [{"text": "divisional headquarters", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brigades", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What is the Coast Guard replacing divisions with?", "id": "5aced34532bba1001ae4b60f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modular", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "How will the brigades be deconstructed?", "id": "5aced34532bba1001ae4b610", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "divisional headquarters", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Who can command any branch of the Army?", "id": "5aced34532bba1001ae4b611", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Division lineage", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What is being dismissed?", "id": "5aced34532bba1001ae4b612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The army is also changing its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of ground combat brigades are:"}], ["Kenderaan yang paling biasa ialah kenderaan bermotor serba guna tinggi (HMMWV) yang biasa disebut Humvee, yang mampu berkhidmat sebagai pembawa kargo / tentera, platform senjata, dan ambulans, di antara banyak peranan lain. Walaupun mereka mengendalikan pelbagai jenis kenderaan sokongan tempur, salah satu daripada jenis yang paling biasa adalah pada keluarga kenderaan HEMTT. M1A2 Abrams adalah tangki pertempuran tentera utama, manakala M2A3 Bradley adalah kenderaan tempur infantri biasa. Kenderaan lain termasuk Stryker, dan pengangkut personil berperisai M113, dan pelbagai jenis kenderaan Perlindungan Tebing Ranjau Mangkuk (MRAP). <> Apakah yang dimaksud HMMWV? || Kenderaan Beroda Serbaguna Bergerak Tinggi <> Apakah HMMWV juga dikenali sebagai? || Humvee <> The M1A2 Abrams adalah contoh dari apa? || tangki pertempuran <> Apakah MRAP berdiri? || Perlindungan Tahan Hentakan Tambang Saya <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh HMMWA? || <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai HMMWA? || <> Apa itu MRAA? || <> Apakah jenis kenderaan sokongan tempur yang paling biasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does HMMWV stand for?", "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed062", "answers": [{"text": "High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the HMMWV also known as?", "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed063", "answers": [{"text": "Humvee", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?", "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed064", "answers": [{"text": "battle tank", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MRAP stand for?", "id": "570d9e64df2f5219002ed065", "answers": [{"text": "Mine Resistant Ambush Protected", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What does HMMWA stand for?", "id": "5aced94e32bba1001ae4b74d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Humvee", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What is the HMMWA also known as?", "id": "5aced94e32bba1001ae4b74e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mine Resistant Ambush Protected", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "What does MRAA stand for?", "id": "5aced94e32bba1001ae4b74f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HEMTT vehicles", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "What is the least common type of combat support vehicles?", "id": "5aced94e32bba1001ae4b750", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles. While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank, while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle. Other vehicles include the Stryker, and the M113 armored personnel carrier, and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles."}], ["Tentera mempekerjakan pelbagai senjata individu untuk menyediakan senjata api pada jarak pendek. Senjata yang paling biasa digunakan oleh tentera adalah varian kompak senapang M16, karbohidrat M4, serta varian 7.62 \u00d7 51mm FN SCAR untuk Rangers Angkatan Darat. Sidearm utama dalam Tentera A.S. adalah pistol 9 mm M9; Pistol M11 juga digunakan. Kedua-dua pistol itu akan digantikan melalui program Sistem Pistol Modular. Prajurit juga dilengkapi dengan pelbagai bom tangan, seperti bom tangan pemecahan M67 dan bom bom M18. <> Apakah litar utama yang digunakan oleh Tentera A.S.? || Pistol 9 mm M9 <> Apa jenis bom tangan patah yang digunakan oleh Tentera A.S.? || M67 <> M18 adalah jenis granat jenis apa? || asap <> Melalui apa sistem pistol diganti oleh Tentera A.S.? || Sistem Handgun Modular <> Apakah sidearm utama yang digunakan oleh Pengawal Pantai? || <> Apa jenis bom tangan patah yang digunakan oleh Pengawal Pantai? || <> Apa jenis granat ialah M17? || <> Sistem apa yang menggantikan topi dalam Tentera A.S.? || <> Apakah senjata yang paling biasa digunakan oleh Angkatan Laut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed050", "answers": [{"text": "9 mm M9 pistol", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed051", "answers": [{"text": "M67", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?", "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed052", "answers": [{"text": "smoke", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?", "id": "570d9d86df2f5219002ed053", "answers": [{"text": "Modular Handgun System", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9 mm M9 pistol", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What is the primary sidearm used by the Coast Guard?", "id": "5aced85832bba1001ae4b721", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "M67", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What type of frag grenade is used by the Coast Guard?", "id": "5aced85832bba1001ae4b722", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "smoke", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "What type of grenade is the M17?", "id": "5aced85832bba1001ae4b723", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modular Handgun System program", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What system is replacing hats in the U.S. Army?", "id": "5aced85832bba1001ae4b724", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "M16 rifle, the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62\u00d751mm variant of the FN SCAR", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What are the most common weapons used by the Navy?", "id": "5aced85832bba1001ae4b725", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62\u00d751mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program. Soldiers are also equiped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade."}], ["Pada 11 September 2001, 53 orang awam Tentera Darat (47 pekerja dan enam kontraktor) dan 22 askar adalah antara 125 mangsa yang terbunuh dalam Pentagon dalam serangan pengganas apabila Penerbangan Amerika Syarikat Penerbangan 77 yang disusun oleh lima perampas Al-Qaeda menyelar ke bahagian barat bangunan itu, sebagai sebahagian daripada serangan 11 September. Leftenan Jeneral Timothy Maude adalah pegawai tentera tertinggi yang terbunuh di Pentagon, dan pegawai tentera AS paling kanan yang dibunuh oleh tindakan asing sejak kematian Letnan Jenderal Simon B. Buckner, Jr pada 18 Jun 1945, dalam Pertempuran Okinawa semasa Perang Dunia II. <> Berapa banyak mangsa terbunuh dalam serangan ke atas Pentagon? || 125 <> Pesawat apa yang dirampas? || Penerbangan American Airlines 77 <> Adakah mereka menerjunkan ke bahagian timur atau timur Pentagon. || barat <> Siapa pegawai tertinggi terbunuh dalam serangan itu? || Leftenan Jeneral Timothy Maude <> Berapa banyak mangsa terbunuh dalam serangan Gedung Putih? || <> Pesawat apa yang dibebaskan oleh pengganas? || <> Adakah pesawat nahas ke bahagian timur atau barat dari White HOuse? || <> Siapa pegawai peringkat terendah terbunuh dalam serangan itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many victims were killed in the attack on the Pentagon?", "id": "570d965afed7b91900d4624d", "answers": [{"text": "125", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aircraft was hijacked?", "id": "570d965afed7b91900d4624e", "answers": [{"text": "American Airlines Flight 77", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon.", "id": "570d965afed7b91900d4624f", "answers": [{"text": "west", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack?", "id": "570d965afed7b91900d46250", "answers": [{"text": "Lieutenant General Timothy Maude", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "125", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "How many victims were killed in the attack of the White House?", "id": "5acecd5532bba1001ae4b49b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Airlines Flight 77", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What aircraft was released by terrorists?", "id": "5acecd5532bba1001ae4b49c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "western side", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Did the plane crash into the eastern or western part of the White HOuse?", "id": "5acecd5532bba1001ae4b49d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr.", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "Who was the lowest ranking official killed in the attack?", "id": "5acecd5532bba1001ae4b49e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On September 11, 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks. Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon, and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr. on June 18, 1945, in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II."}]], [["Tentera masih dilengkapi dengan senjata Dreyse jarum Pertempuran K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz kemasyhuran, yang pada masa ini menunjukkan usia reka bentuk berusia 25 tahun. Senapang itu mempunyai jarak hanya 600 m (2,000 kaki) dan tidak mempunyai meterai brek getah yang membenarkan tembakan bertujuan. Kekurangan jarum jarum lebih banyak dikompensasikan oleh meriam brek pemunggahan Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) yang dikeluarkan kepada bateri artileri Prusia. Menembak sebuah shell yang diletupkan, senjata Krupp mempunyai jarak yang lebih panjang dan kadar api yang lebih tinggi daripada tembakan meriam tembaga meriam gangsa, yang bergantung kepada sekatan masa yang rosak. <> Dalam pertempuran mana senjata pistol Dreyse mendapat kemasyhurannya? || Pertempuran K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz <> Pada permulaan Perang Franco-Prussian, apakah umur reka bentuk senjata Dreyse? || Reka bentuk 25 tahun <> Apakah pelbagai taktikal Dreyse senapang? || 600 m (2000 kaki) <> Apakah nama meriam terkenal yang dikeluarkan kepada tentera Prusia pada masa itu? || Krupp <> Jenis shell apakah senjata api Krupp? || sebuah shell yang diletupkan", {"qas": [{"question": "In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?", "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cd9", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?", "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cda", "answers": [{"text": "25-year-old design", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?", "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdb", "answers": [{"text": "600 m (2,000 ft)", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?", "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdc", "answers": [{"text": "Krupp", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?", "id": "570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdd", "answers": [{"text": "a contact-detonated shell", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses."}], ["Walaupun pandangan umum di Paris sangat menentang sebarang bentuk penyerahan atau konsesi kepada orang Prusia, Kerajaan menyedari bahawa ia tidak dapat memegang bandar itu lebih lama, dan pasukan-pasukan provinsi Gambetta mungkin tidak akan dapat melepaskan diri untuk melepaskan Paris. Presiden Trochu meletak jawatan pada 25 Januari dan digantikan oleh Favre, yang menandatangani penyerahan dua hari kemudian di Versailles, dengan gencatan senjata berkuatkuasa pada tengah malam. Beberapa sumber mendakwa bahawa dalam perjalanannya dalam perjalanan pulang ke Paris, Favre memecahkan air mata, dan jatuh ke dalam tangan anak perempuannya ketika senjata di sekitar Paris berhenti di tengah malam. Di Tours, Gambetta menerima perkataan dari Paris pada 30 Januari bahawa Kerajaan telah menyerah diri. Marah, dia enggan menyerah dan melancarkan serangan segera ke atas tentera Jerman di Orleans yang, dengan mudah diramal, gagal. Satu delegasi diplomat Paris tiba di Tours dengan kereta api pada 5 Februari untuk berunding dengan Gambetta, dan pada keesokan harinya Gambetta meletak jawatan dan menyerahkan kawalan tentera provinsi kepada Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional, yang segera memerintahkan gencatan senjata di seluruh Perancis. <> Apa pandangan umum di Paris yang sangat menentang? || apa-apa bentuk penyerahan <> Pada apa tarikh Presiden Trochu mengundurkan diri? || 25 Januari <> Siapa yang menggantikan Presiden Trochu? || Favre <> Di mana bandar Perancis adalah penyerahan rasmi? || Versailles <> Siapa yang tidak menghiraukan penyerahan dan melancarkan serangan gagal terhadap orang Jerman? || Gambetta", {"qas": [{"question": "What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?", "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d623", "answers": [{"text": "any form of surrender", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did president Trochu resign?", "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d624", "answers": [{"text": "25 January", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced President Trochu?", "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d625", "answers": [{"text": "Favre", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which French city was the surrender made official?", "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d626", "answers": [{"text": "Versailles", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?", "id": "570d46d1b3d812140066d627", "answers": [{"text": "Gambetta", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre, who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles, with the armistice coming into effect at midnight. Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight. At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed. A delegation of Parisian diplomats arrived in Tours by train on 5 February to negotiate with Gambetta, and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence, which promptly ordered a cease-fire across France."}], ["Tindakan pertama perang Franco-Prussian berlaku pada 4 Ogos 1870. Pertempuran ini menyaksikan bahagian Douay I Corps yang tidak disokong, dengan beberapa kavaleri yang dilampirkan, yang dipamerkan untuk menyaksikan sempadan, diserang dengan fleksibel tetapi tidak teratur oleh Tentera Jerman ke-3. Pada siang hari, elemen-elemen dari Bavarian dan dua korpus Prusia telah terlibat dan dibantu oleh artileri Prusia, yang meletupkan lubang di pertahanan bandar. Douay memegang kedudukan yang sangat kuat pada mulanya, terima kasih kepada kebakaran jarak jauh yang tepat dari Chassepots tetapi angkatannya terlalu tipis menjangkau untuk memegangnya. Douay terbunuh pada waktu lewat pagi apabila seketul bateri mitrailleuse meletup dekat dia; pengepungan bandar oleh orang Prusia mengancam jalan berundur Perancis. <> Apakah tarikh tindakan pertama Perang Franco-Prusia? || 4 Ogos 1870 <> Pada tarikh itu, elemen mana yang dibantu oleh pasukan meriam Prusia? || Bavarian dan dua korp Prussian <> Yang pada mulanya memegang kedudukan yang kuat semasa pertempuran di sempadan? || Ketua Douay of I Corps <> Kejayaan awal Douay telah dikreditkan oleh apa? || api jarak jauh dari Chassepots <> Apa yang mengancam jalan berundur Perancis? || pengepungan bandar oleh orang Prusia", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?", "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d1f", "answers": [{"text": "4 August 1870", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?", "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d20", "answers": [{"text": "Bavarian and two Prussian corps", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? ", "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d21", "answers": [{"text": "General Douay of I Corps", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Douay's initial success was credited by what?", "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d22", "answers": [{"text": "long-range fire of the Chassepots", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What threatened the French avenue of retreat?", "id": "570d367efed7b91900d45d23", "answers": [{"text": "the encirclement of the town by the Prussians", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat."}], ["Pertempuran Gravelotte, atau Gravelotte-St. Privat (18 Ogos), adalah pertempuran terbesar semasa Perang Franco-Prusia. Ia berperang kira-kira 6 km (9.7 km) di barat Metz, di mana pada hari sebelumnya, telah memintas retret pasukan tentera Perancis ke barat di Pertempuran Mars-La-Tour, orang Prussian kini sedang tutup untuk menyelesaikan kemusnahan tentera Perancis. Pasukan gabungan Jerman, di bawah Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, adalah Prussia Pertama dan Kedua Armies Konfederasi Jerman Utara yang berjumlah kira-kira 210 batalion infantri, 133 skuadron berkuda, dan 732 meriam berat berjumlah 188,332 pegawai dan lelaki. Tentera Perancis dari Rhine, yang diperintah oleh Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine, berjumlah kira-kira 183 batalion infantri, 104 pasukan skuad berkuda, disokong oleh 520 meriam berat, berjumlah 112.800 pegawai dan lelaki, digali di sepanjang tanah tinggi dengan sayap kiri selatan mereka di bandar daripada Rozerieulles, dan sayap utara mereka di St Privat. <> Pada tarikh mana Pertempuran Gravelotte? || 18 Ogos <> Pertempuran mana yang dianggap paling besar dalam perang? || Pertempuran Gravelotte <> Dimana lokasi Pertempuran Gravelotte? || 6 batu (9.7 km) barat Metz <> Di mana Field Marshall adalah pasukan gabungan Jerman yang diperintahkan? || Count Helmuth von Moltke <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Tentara Perancis di Rhine? || Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine", {"qas": [{"question": "On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?", "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c3", "answers": [{"text": "18 August", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?", "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c4", "answers": [{"text": "The Battle of Gravelotte", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? ", "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c5", "answers": [{"text": "6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?", "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c6", "answers": [{"text": "Count Helmuth von Moltke", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?", "id": "570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c7", "answers": [{"text": "Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte\u2013St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined German forces, under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men. The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions, 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannons, totaling 112,800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat."}], ["Apabila peperangan telah bermula, pendapat orang Eropah sangat memihak kepada orang-orang Jerman; ramai orang Itali cuba mendaftar sebagai sukarelawan di kedutaan Prusia di Florence dan diplomat Prussia melawat Giuseppe Garibaldi di Caprera. Permintaan Bismarck untuk kembalinya Alsace menyebabkan pergeseran dramatik dalam sentimen itu di Itali, yang paling baik dicontohkan oleh reaksi Garibaldi tidak lama selepas revolusi di Paris, yang memberitahu Movimento of Genoa pada 7 September 1870 bahawa \"Semalam saya berkata kepadamu : Perang mati Bonaparte Hari ini saya katakan kepada anda: menyelamatkan Republik Perancis dengan segala cara. \" Garibaldi pergi ke Perancis dan mengamalkan perintah Tentera Vosges, yang mana dia beroperasi di sekitar Dijon sehingga akhir perang. <> Pada permulaan perang, negara mana yang menjadi juara pendapat orang Eropah? || The Germans <> Di mana bandar itu telah banyak percubaan orang Itali untuk memberikan layanan mereka kepada kedutaan Prusia? || Florence <> Apa yang menyebabkan peralihan dramatik dalam sentimen Itali terhadap perang? || Permintaan Bismarck untuk kembalinya Alsace <> Kepada siapa petikannya, \"Menyelamatkan Republik Perancis dengan segala cara\" dikaitkan? || Garibaldi <> Tentera apa yang dilakukan oleh Garibaldi di Perancis? || Tentera Vosges", {"qas": [{"question": "At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?", "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f3", "answers": [{"text": "the Germans", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?", "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f4", "answers": [{"text": "Florence", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?", "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f5", "answers": [{"text": "Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom is the quote, \"Rescue the French Republic by every means\" attributed?", "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f6", "answers": [{"text": "Garibaldi", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?", "id": "570d4103b3d812140066d5f7", "answers": [{"text": "the Army of the Vosges", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that \"Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means.\" Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war."}], ["Telegram Ems betul-betul memberi kesan kepada pendapat orang Perancis yang dikatakan oleh Bismarck. \"Teks ini menghasilkan kesan bendera merah di lembu Gallic\", Bismarck kemudian menulis. Gramont, menteri luar Perancis, mengumumkan bahawa dia merasakan \"dia baru saja menerima tamparan\". Pemimpin monarkis di Parlimen, Adolphe Thiers, bercakap untuk kesederhanaan, dengan mengatakan bahwa Perancis telah memenangi pertempuran diplomatik dan tidak ada alasan untuk perang, tetapi dia tenggelam dengan menangis bahawa dia adalah pengkhianat dan seorang Prusia. Perdana menteri Napoleon, Emile Ollivier, mengisytiharkan bahawa Perancis telah melakukan semua yang boleh dilakukan secara manusia dan terhormat untuk mencegah perang, dan dia menerima tanggungjawab \"dengan hati yang ringan.\" Seramai 15-20,000 orang, membawa bendera dan sepanduk patriotik, bergerak melalui jalan-jalan di Paris, menuntut perang. Pada 19 Julai 1870 perisytiharan perang telah dihantar kepada kerajaan Prusia. Negeri-negeri Jerman selatan segera berpihak kepada Prusia. <> Apakah telegram mempunyai kesan yang diinginkan terhadap pendapat orang Perancis? || Ems telegram <> Selepas telegram Ems, reaksi apa yang dilaporkan oleh menteri luar Perancis yang dia rasa? || dia merasakan \"dia baru menerima tamparan\" <> Di Parlimen, yang merupakan pemimpin monarkis? || Adolphe Thiers <> Yang perdana menteri Perancis percaya dia telah melakukan semua yang dia dapat untuk mencegah perang? || Emile Ollivier <> Pada tarikh apakah Perancis mengeluarkan perisytiharan perang kepada kerajaan Prusia? || 19 Julai 1870", {"qas": [{"question": "What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?", "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc5", "answers": [{"text": "Ems telegram", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?", "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc6", "answers": [{"text": "he felt \"he had just received a slap\"", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?", "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc7", "answers": [{"text": "Adolphe Thiers", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?", "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc8", "answers": [{"text": "Emile Ollivier", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?", "id": "570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc9", "answers": [{"text": "19 July 1870", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. \"This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull\", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt \"he had just received a slap\". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Adolphe Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility \"with a light heart.\" A crowd of 15\u201320,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia."}], ["Pada 10 Oktober, permusuhan bermula antara pasukan republikan Jerman dan Perancis berhampiran Orl\u00e9ans. Pada mulanya, orang Jerman menang tetapi pasukan Perancis menarik bala bantuan dan mengalahkan orang Jerman di Pertempuran Coulmiers pada 9 November. Selepas penyerahan Metz, lebih daripada 100,000 tentera Jerman yang terlatih dan berpengalaman menyertai pasukan 'Tentera Darat' Jerman. Orang Perancis terpaksa meninggalkan Orl\u00e9ans pada 4 Disember, dan akhirnya dikalahkan di Pertempuran Le Mans (10-12 Januari). Tentera Perancis kedua yang beroperasi di utara Paris telah dipulihkan pada Pertempuran Amiens (27 November), Pertempuran Bapaume (3 Januari 1871) dan Pertempuran St. Quentin (13 Januari). <> Pada tarikh mana permusuhan antara tentera Jerman dan Perancis bermula di dekat Orleans? || 10 Oktober <> Sisi mana pada mulanya berjaya di Pertempuran Coulmiers? || The Germans <> Pada tarikh mana Perancis menang atas Jerman di Pertempuran Coulmiers? || 9 November <> Pada tarikh yang mana Perancis terpaksa meninggalkan Orleans? || 4 Disember <Dari tiga pertempuran yang berlaku di utara Paris, yang merupakan yang pertama yang memaksa tentera Perancis berundur? || Pertempuran Amiens", {"qas": [{"question": "On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?", "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de1", "answers": [{"text": "10 October", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?", "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de2", "answers": [{"text": "the Germans", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?", "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de3", "answers": [{"text": "9 November", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?", "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de4", "answers": [{"text": "4 December", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?", "id": "570d43dafed7b91900d45de5", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Amiens", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orl\u00e9ans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops joined the German 'Southern Army'. The French were forced to abandon Orl\u00e9ans on 4 December, and were finally defeated at the Battle of Le Mans (10\u201312 January). A second French army which operated north of Paris was turned back at the Battle of Amiens (27 November), the Battle of Bapaume (3 January 1871) and the Battle of St. Quentin (13 January)."}], ["Dengan kekalahan Tentera Marshal Bazaine di Rhine di Gravelotte, orang Perancis terpaksa bersara ke Metz, di mana mereka dikepung oleh lebih 150,000 tentera Prusia dari Tentera Pertama dan Kedua. Napoleon III dan MacMahon membentuk Tentera Perancis baru Ch\u00e2lons, untuk berangkat ke Metz untuk menyelamatkan Bazaine. Napoleon III secara peribadi memimpin tentera dengan Marshal MacMahon kehadiran. Tentera Ch\u00e2lons berarak ke arah timur laut ke sempadan Belgium untuk mengelakkan orang Prusia sebelum menyerang selatan untuk menghubungkan dengan Bazaine. Prusia, di bawah komando Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, memanfaatkan manuver ini untuk menangkap Perancis dalam cengkaman penggemar. Dia meninggalkan Tentera Prusia Pertama dan Kedua yang mengepung Metz, kecuali tiga korps terpisah untuk membentuk Tentera Meuse di bawah Putera Mahkota Saxony. Dengan tentera ini dan Tentera Ketiga Prusia, Moltke bergerak ke utara dan terjebak dengan Perancis di Beaumont pada 30 Ogos. Selepas perjuangan yang tajam di mana mereka kehilangan 5,000 orang dan 40 meriam, Perancis menarik diri ke Sedan. Setelah diperbaharui di bandar, Tentera Chlons segera diasingkan oleh tentera Prusia yang menumpu. Napoleon III mengarahkan tentera untuk keluar dari penjara segera. Dengan MacMahon cedera pada hari sebelumnya, General Auguste Ducrot menguasai tentera Perancis di lapangan. <> Faktor apa yang memaksa Perancis berundur ke Metz? || kekalahan Marshal Bazaine's Army <> Di Metz, berapa jumlah askar Prusia? || lebih 150,000 <> yang membentuk Tentera Perancis Chalons baru? || Napoleon III dan MacMahon <> Bersama dengan Angkatan Tentera Meuse, apa yang dilakukan oleh tentera yang lain dengan Moltke ke utara? || Tentera Ketiga Prusia <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang meninggal di Beaumont? || 5,000 lelaki", {"qas": [{"question": "What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?", "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d5", "answers": [{"text": "the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?", "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d6", "answers": [{"text": "over 150,000", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?", "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d7", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III and MacMahon", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?", "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d8", "answers": [{"text": "the Prussian Third Army", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?", "id": "570d3e52b3d812140066d5d9", "answers": [{"text": "5,000 men", "answer_start": 977}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Ch\u00e2lons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance. The Army of Ch\u00e2lons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine. The Prussians, under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony. With this army and the Prussian Third Army, Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August. After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons, the French withdrew toward Sedan. Having reformed in the town, the Army of Ch\u00e2lons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies. Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately. With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field."}], ["Negara-negara Jerman mengisytiharkan kesatuan mereka sebagai Empayar Jerman di bawah raja Prusia, Wilhelm I, menyatukan Jerman sebagai negara bangsa. Perjanjian di Frankfurt pada 10 Mei 1871 memberikan Jerman yang paling banyak Alsace dan beberapa bahagian Lorraine, yang menjadi wilayah Imperial Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen). Penaklukan Jerman terhadap Perancis dan penyatuan Jerman mengganggu keseimbangan Eropa kuasa yang telah wujud sejak Kongres Vienna pada tahun 1815 dan Otto von Bismarck mengekalkan kuasa besar dalam urusan antarabangsa selama dua dekad. Kesungguhan Perancis untuk memulihkan Alsace-Lorraine dan takut perang Perancis-Jerman yang lain, bersama-sama dengan kebimbangan Inggeris tentang keseimbangan kuasa, menjadi faktor penyebab Perang Dunia I. <> Di bawah apa yang raja Prussian melakukan kerajaan Jerman bersatu sebagai sebuah negara -state? || Wilhelm I <> Apa tarikh Perjanjian Frankfurt? || 10 Mei 1871 <> Perjanjian di Frankfurt memberi Jerman yang wilayah Imperial? || Alsace-Lorraine <> Berikutan penyatuan Jerman, yang mengekalkan kuasa besar dalam urusan antarabangsa selama dua dekad? || Otto von Bismarck <> Ketakutan spesifik mana yang menjadi faktor dalam menyebabkan Perang Dunia I? || satu lagi perang Franco-Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?", "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4c7", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm I", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?", "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4c8", "answers": [{"text": "10 May 1871", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?", "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4c9", "answers": [{"text": "Alsace-Lorraine", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?", "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4ca", "answers": [{"text": "Otto von Bismarck", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?", "id": "570d2a29b3d812140066d4cb", "answers": [{"text": "another Franco-German war", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen).The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power, that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, became factors in the causes of World War I."}], ["Orang Perancis tidak menyedari keunggulan berangka Jerman pada permulaan pertempuran kerana Tentera 2 Jerman tidak menyerang sekaligus. Merawat serangan yang akan datang sebagai semata-mata pertempuran, Frossard tidak meminta sokongan tambahan daripada unit lain. Pada masa dia menyedari apa jenis kekuatan yang dia lawan, sudah terlambat. Komunikasi yang sangat cerah di antara Frossard dan mereka yang berada di bawah Bazaine sangat perlahan sehingga pada masa rizab itu menerima pesanan untuk berpindah ke Spicheren, tentera Jerman dari pasukan 1 dan ke-2 telah menaikkan ketinggian. Kerana rizab itu tidak tiba, Frossard dengan keliru percaya bahawa dia berada dalam bahaya besar yang menjadi outflanked sebagai tentera Jerman di bawah General von Glume telah dikesan di Forbach. Daripada terus mempertahankan ketinggian, dengan penutupan pertempuran selepas senja, dia berundur ke selatan. Korban Jerman relatif tinggi disebabkan oleh kemajuan dan keberkesanan senapang chassepot. Mereka terkejut pada waktu pagi apabila mereka mendapati bahawa usaha mereka tidak sia-sia-Frossard telah meninggalkan kedudukannya di puncak. <> Apakah faktor Perancis yang tidak menyedari pada permulaan pertempuran? || Keunggulan berangka Jerman <> Yang komander Perancis salah mengira keterukan peperangan itu? || Frossard <> Apa faktor utama dalam mundur di Frossard di selatan? || Komunikasi yang cacat serius <> Faktor apa yang dikreditkan kepada sejumlah besar mangsa Jerman? || keberkesanan senapang chassepot <> Apa hasilnya mengejutkan orang Jerman pada hari berikutnya? || Frossard telah meninggalkan kedudukannya", {"qas": [{"question": "What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?", "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d591", "answers": [{"text": "German numerical superiority", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?", "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d592", "answers": [{"text": "Frossard", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?", "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d593", "answers": [{"text": "Seriously flawed communications", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?", "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d594", "answers": [{"text": "effectiveness of the chassepot rifle", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?", "id": "570d3aa2b3d812140066d595", "answers": [{"text": "Frossard had abandoned his position", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was too late. Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren, German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights. Because the reserves had not arrived, Frossard erroneously believed that he was in grave danger of being outflanked as German soldiers under General von Glume were spotted in Forbach. Instead of continuing to defend the heights, by the close of battle after dusk he retreated to the south. The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the chassepot rifle. They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain\u2014Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights."}], ["Di Pertempuran Mars-la-Tours, Briged Kavalen Ke-12 Prussian, yang diarahkan oleh Jeneral Adalbert von Bredow, melakukan pertuduhan terhadap bateri artileri Perancis. Serangan itu adalah kejayaan yang sangat mahal dan dikenali sebagai \"Death Ride von Bredow\", yang diadakan untuk membuktikan bahawa caj kavaleri masih boleh diguna pakai di medan perang. Penggunaan kavaleri tradisional di medan perang pada tahun 1914 terbukti bencana, kerana api senapang, senapang mesin dan artileri yang tepat. Serangan Von Bredow telah berjaya hanya kerana pengeboman artileri yang luar biasa berkesan sebelum tuduhan, bersama dengan medan yang menguntungkan yang menindas pendekatannya. <> Siapa yang mengarahkan Briged Prussian 12 Cavalry? || Umum Adalbert von Bredow <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh von Bredow mengetuai pertarungan di Battle of Mars-la-Tour? || bateri artileri Perancis <> Apa yang telah diketahui oleh kemenangan Victory von Bredow? || von Bredow's Death Ride <> Apa taktik tentera terbukti tidak berjaya di medan perang 1914? || Penggunaan kavaleri tradisional <> Apa salah satu daripada dua faktor yang membawa kejayaan sempit von Bredow di medan perang? || rupa bumi yang menguntungkan yang menutupi pendekatannya", {"qas": [{"question": "Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade?", "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e27", "answers": [{"text": "General Adalbert von Bredow", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour?", "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e28", "answers": [{"text": "a French artillery battery", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as?", "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e29", "answers": [{"text": "von Bredow's Death Ride", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields?", "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e2a", "answers": [{"text": "Use of traditional cavalry", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield?", "id": "570d4c0efed7b91900d45e2b", "answers": [{"text": "favorable terrain that masked his approach", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as \"von Bredow's Death Ride\", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the battlefield. Use of traditional cavalry on the battlefields of 1914 proved to be disastrous, due to accurate, long-range rifle fire, machine-guns and artillery. Von Bredow's attack had succeeded only because of an unusually effective artillery bombardment just before the charge, along with favorable terrain that masked his approach."}], ["Pertempuran di dalam bandar telah menjadi sangat sengit, menjadi pintu ke pintu pertempuran hidup. Walaupun serangan infanteri Prussia yang tidak berkesudahan, tentera Bahagian 2 terus berada di kedudukan mereka. Orang-orang di bandar Wissembourg akhirnya menyerah kepada Jerman. Tentera Perancis yang tidak menyerah kalah ke arah barat, meninggalkan 1,000 orang mati dan cedera dan 1,000 lagi tahanan dan kesemua baki amuninya. Serangan terakhir oleh tentera Prusia juga kos c. 1,000 korban. Kaum berkuda Jerman kemudian gagal mengejar Perancis dan hilang sentuhan dengan mereka. Penyerang mempunyai keunggulan angka awal, satu penyebaran luas yang membuat penyelamatan sangat mungkin tetapi keberkesanan senapang Perancis Chassepot menimbulkan reaksi yang mahal pada serangan infanteri, sehingga infanteri Perancis telah dibombardir secara meluas oleh artileri Prusia. <> Orang bandar mana yang menyerah diri ke Jerman? || Wissembourg <> Di manakah tentera Prancis yang tidak menyerahkan kepala? || ke arah barat <> Berapa ramai tentera yang mati meninggalkan? || 1,000 mati <> Berapa banyak tahanan yang meninggalkan Perancis? || 1,000 tahanan <> Apa senjata sekali lagi meningkatkan keberkesanan serangan infanteri? || Chassepot Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?", "id": "570d5a0cfed7b91900d45ef1", "answers": [{"text": "Wissembourg", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?", "id": "570d5a0cfed7b91900d45ef2", "answers": [{"text": "westward", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many dead troops leave behind?", "id": "570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef3", "answers": [{"text": "1,000 dead", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many prisoners did the French leave behind?", "id": "570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef4", "answers": [{"text": "1,000 prisoners", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?", "id": "570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef5", "answers": [{"text": "French Chassepot", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward, leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition. The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost c.\u20091,000 casualties. The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them. The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers, a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle-fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks, until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery."}], ["Di provinsi Posen Prussia, dengan penduduk Poland yang besar, terdapat sokongan kuat untuk demonstrasi Perancis dan marah pada berita kemenangan Prusia-Jerman-suatu manifestasi jelas perasaan nasionalis Polandia. Panggilan juga dibuat untuk perekrut Poland ke padang pasir dari Angkatan Tentera Prusia - walaupun ini kebanyakannya tidak didengar. Laporan yang membimbangkan mengenai keadaan Posen, yang dikirimkan ke Bismarck pada 16 Ogos 1870, membawa kepada perbatasan pasukan kontinjen di provinsi bergolak. Perang Franco-Prussian itu menjadi peristiwa yang penting juga dalam hubungan Jerman-Poland, menandakan permulaan tempoh yang lama untuk tindakan penindasan oleh pihak berkuasa dan usaha Jermanisation. <> Di mana provinsi Prusia telah membuat populasi Poland yang besar? || Posen <> Apa sokongan kuat di Posen? || Perancis <> Apa panggilan dibuat untuk rekrut Poland? || ke padang pasir dari Tentara Prusia <> Pada apa tarikh Bismarkck menerima laporan yang mengganggu pada keadaan Posen? || 16 Ogos 1870 <> Apa akibat penting yang berlaku akibat hubungan Jerman-Poland? || tempoh yang berpanjangan dari langkah-langkah penindasan", {"qas": [{"question": "In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?", "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e43", "answers": [{"text": "Posen", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was there strong support of in Posen?", "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e44", "answers": [{"text": "the French", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What calls were made for the Polish recruits?", "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e45", "answers": [{"text": "to desert from the Prussian Army", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?", "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e46", "answers": [{"text": "16 August 1870", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?", "id": "570d4d53fed7b91900d45e47", "answers": [{"text": "prolonged period of repressive measures", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories\u2014a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army\u2014though these went mainly unheeded. An alarming report on the Posen situation, sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870, led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province. The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German\u2013Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation."}], ["Penyebab Perang Franco-Prusia sangat berakar pada peristiwa-peristiwa yang menyatukan Jerman. Selepas Perang Austro-Prusia pada tahun 1866, Prussia telah menggubal pelbagai wilayah dan membentuk Konfederasi Jerman Utara. Kuasa baru ini menjejaskan keseimbangan kuasa Eropah yang ditubuhkan oleh Kongres Vienna pada tahun 1815 selepas Perang Napoleon. Napoleon III, kemudian maharaja Perancis, menuntut pampasan di Belgium dan di tebing kiri Rhine untuk menjamin kedudukan strategik Perancis, yang dikatakan oleh canselor Prusia, Otto von Bismarck, dengan tegas menolak. Prussia kemudian mengalihkan perhatiannya ke arah selatan Jerman, di mana ia berusaha untuk menggabungkan kerajaan-kerajaan Jerman selatan, Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg, Baden dan Hesse-Darmstadt, ke Jerman yang dikuasai Prusia yang bersatu. Perancis sangat menentang sebarang perikatan di negeri-negeri Jerman, yang akan mengukuhkan tentera Prusia dengan ketara. <> Apakah sebab-sebab Perang Franco-Prussian berakar dalam? || penyatuan Jerman <> Selepas perang Austro-Prusia, membentuk kumpulan apa? || Konfederasi Jerman Utara <> Apakah kesan kumpulan baru mengenai keseimbangan kuasa Eropah? || kuasa baru yang tidak stabil <> Apa yang menubuhkan keseimbangan kuasa Eropah pada tahun 1815? || Kongres Vienna <> Sebagai Prussia berusaha untuk menggabungkan beberapa kerajaan Jerman, apakah sikap yang dipertimbangkan Perancis? || sangat menentang sebarang persekutuan negara-negara Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?", "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d677", "answers": [{"text": "the unification of Germany", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?", "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d678", "answers": [{"text": "North German Confederation", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?", "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d679", "answers": [{"text": "new power destabilized", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What established the European balance of power in 1815?", "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d67a", "answers": [{"text": "the Congress of Vienna", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?", "id": "570d4eb5b3d812140066d67b", "answers": [{"text": "strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro\u2013Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon III, then the emperor of France, demanded compensations in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine to secure France's strategic position, which the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, flatly refused. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to incorporate the southern German kingdoms, Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, into a unified Prussia-dominated Germany. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military."}], ["Menurut sesetengah ahli sejarah, Bismarck mengkritik krisis diplomatik atas penggantian takhta Sepanyol, kemudian menyunting pengumuman tentang pertemuan antara Raja William dari Prusia dan Duta Perancis, untuk memperlihatkan bahwa Perancis telah dihina. Akhbar Perancis dan parlemen menuntut perang, yang mana jenderal Napoleon III meyakinkan dia bahwa Perancis akan menang. Napoleon dan Perdana Menterinya, \u00c9mile Ollivier, untuk bahagian mereka mencari perang untuk menyelesaikan masalah mereka dengan perpecahan politik di Perancis. Pada 16 Julai 1870, Parlimen Perancis mengundi untuk mengisytiharkan perang terhadap Kerajaan Jerman Prusia dan permusuhan bermula tiga hari kemudian. Gabungan Jerman mengerahkan tenteranya lebih cepat daripada Perancis dan dengan cepat menyerang timur laut Perancis. Pasukan Jerman lebih unggul dalam jumlah, mempunyai latihan dan kepemimpinan yang lebih baik dan menggunakan teknologi moden yang lebih berkesan, terutamanya kereta api dan artileri. <> Apakah krisis diplomatik yang Bismarck dikreditkan dengan mencipta dengan mahir? || Penggantian kepada takhta Sepanyol <> Pengiriman telah diedit mengenai pertemuan antara Duta Besar Perancis dan apa yang menjadi raja Prusia? || Raja William <> Apakah maksud menyunting penghantaran? || untuk membuatnya kelihatan bahawa orang Perancis telah dihina <> Pada tarikh mana undi parlimen Perancis mengisytiharkan perang terhadap Prusia? || 16 Julai 1870 <> Di mana pasukan yang cepat digerakkan menyerang pertama di Perancis? || Perancis timur laut", {"qas": [{"question": "What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? ", "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45ee7", "answers": [{"text": "succession to the Spanish throne", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?", "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45ee8", "answers": [{"text": "King William", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?", "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45ee9", "answers": [{"text": "to make it appear that the French had been insulted", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?", "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45eea", "answers": [{"text": "16 July 1870", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?", "id": "570d5904fed7b91900d45eeb", "answers": [{"text": "northeastern France", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. Napoleon and his Prime Minister, \u00c9mile Ollivier, for their parts sought war to solve their problems with political disunity in France. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery."}], ["Tentera Prusia dikuasai oleh Staf Umum, di bawah Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. Tentera Prusia adalah unik di Eropah kerana mempunyai satu-satunya organisasi yang wujud, yang bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan masa damai untuk mempersiapkan strategi perang keseluruhan, dan pada masa perang untuk mengarahkan pergerakan operasi dan mengatur logistik dan komunikasi. Pegawai Kakitangan Am terpilih dari Prussian Kriegsakademie (Akademi Perang). Moltke memeluk teknologi baru, terutama kereta api dan telegraf, untuk menyelaraskan dan mempercepatkan pengerahan pasukan besar. <> Entiti mana yang menguasai tentera Prusia? || Staf Umum <> Siapa yang mengarahkan Staf Umum? || Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke <> Apa tujuan unik Tentera Prusia semasa masa aman? || untuk menyediakan strategi perang keseluruhan <> Pegawai-Pegawai Kakitangan Am dipilih dari mana? || Prussian Kriegsakademie (Akademi Perang) <> Apa teknologi baru khususnya yang dikemukakan oleh Moltke? || kereta api dan telegraf", {"qas": [{"question": "What entity controlled the Prussian army?", "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e3", "answers": [{"text": "the General Staff", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the General Staff?", "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e4", "answers": [{"text": "Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?", "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e5", "answers": [{"text": "to prepare the overall war strategy", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?", "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e6", "answers": [{"text": "Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?", "id": "570d5595b3d812140066d6e7", "answers": [{"text": "the railroad and telegraph", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications. The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy). Moltke embraced new technology, particularly the railroad and telegraph, to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces."}], ["Korps Ketua Frossard dan Marshal Bazaine III Corps melintasi sempadan Jerman pada 2 Ogos, dan mula memaksa Rejimen ke-40 Prussia ke-16 Bahagian Infantri dari bandar Saarbr\u00fccken dengan beberapa serangan langsung. Senjata Chassepot membuktikan nilai senjatanya terhadap senapang Dreyse, dengan gerombolan Perancis kerap mengasingkan rakan-rakan Prussia mereka dalam pertempuran di sekitar Saarbr\u00fccken. Bagaimanapun orang Prusia menentang dengan kuat, dan Perancis menderita 86 orang korban kepada 83 orang Prusia. Saarbr\u00fccken juga terbukti menjadi halangan utama dari segi logistik. Hanya satu kereta api di sana yang membawa ke pedalaman Jerman tetapi dapat dengan mudah dipertahankan oleh kekuatan tunggal, dan satu-satunya sistem sungai di rantau ini berlari di sepanjang sempadan bukan pedalaman. Sementara Perancis mengutuk pencerobohan itu sebagai langkah pertama ke arah Rhineland dan kemudian Berlin, Jeneral Le B\u0153uf dan Napoleon III menerima laporan yang membimbangkan dari sumber-sumber berita asing pasukan Prusia dan Bavaria yang berkumpul di tenggara selain pasukan di utara dan timur laut . <> Pada tarikh yang mana pasukan Frossard dan Bazaines menyeberangi sempadan Jerman? || 2 Ogos <> Rejimen yang mana pasukan pasukan masing-masing dari bandar Saarbrucken? || Rejimen Prusia ke-40 dari Bahagian Infantri ke-16 <> Apa yang terbukti bernilai terhadap senapang Dreyse? || Roket Chassepot <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang menimpa Perancis di Saarbrucken? || 86 kecederaan <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang ditimpa orang Prussia di Saarbrucken? || 83 kecederaan", {"qas": [{"question": "On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?", "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec1", "answers": [{"text": "2 August", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?", "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec2", "answers": [{"text": "the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?", "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec3", "answers": [{"text": "The Chassepot rifle", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?", "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec4", "answers": [{"text": "86 casualties", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?", "id": "570d567ffed7b91900d45ec5", "answers": [{"text": "83 casualties", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbr\u00fccken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbr\u00fccken. However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties. Saarbr\u00fccken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics. Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force, and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland. While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin, General Le B\u0153uf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast."}], ["Kemenangan Jerman cepat terhadap Perancis mengejutkan pemerhati neutral, yang kebanyakannya menjangkakan kemenangan Perancis dan sebahagian besarnya mengharapkan perang panjang. Kelebihan strategik yang dimiliki oleh orang Jerman tidak dihargai di luar Jerman sehingga selepas permusuhan telah dihentikan. Negara lain dengan cepat melihat kelebihan yang diberikan kepada orang Jerman oleh sistem ketenteraan mereka, dan mengadopsi banyak inovasi mereka, terutamanya Kakitangan Am, penjenakan sejagat dan sistem mobilisasi yang sangat terperinci. <> Apa yang mengejutkan pemerhati neutral tentang akhir perang? || Kemenangan Jerman cepat <> Apa hasilnya yang diharapkan oleh kebanyakan orang dari perang? || Kemenangan Perancis <> Kelebihan strategik siapa yang tidak dihargai sehingga selepas perang berakhir? || Jerman <> Apa kelebihan Jerman dilihat oleh negara lain selepas itu? || sistem ketenteraan mereka <> Apa sekurang-kurangnya satu inovasi Jerman yang kemudian diadopsi oleh negara-negara lain dalam peperangan lain? || sistem penggerak yang terperinci", {"qas": [{"question": "What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?", "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d637", "answers": [{"text": "The quick German victory", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What outcome had most people expected from the war?", "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d638", "answers": [{"text": "French victory", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?", "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d639", "answers": [{"text": "the Germans", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? ", "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d63a", "answers": [{"text": "their military system", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?", "id": "570d4876b3d812140066d63b", "answers": [{"text": "highly detailed mobilization systems", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system, and adopted many of their innovations, particularly the General Staff, universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems."}], ["Kesan perbezaan ini ditekankan oleh persiapan pra-perang. Kakitangan Am Prusia telah membuat rancangan mobilisasi yang terperinci dengan menggunakan sistem keretapi, yang pada gilirannya telah dibentangkan sebagai tindak balas kepada cadangan-cadangan dari Seksyen Kereta Api di dalam Kakitangan Am. Sistem keretapi Perancis, dengan beberapa syarikat bersaing, telah berkembang semata-mata dari tekanan komersial dan banyak perjalanan ke bahagian depan di Alsace dan Lorraine melibatkan pelarian yang panjang dan kerap perubahan antara kereta api. Selain itu, tidak ada sistem yang telah disediakan untuk kawalan tentera kereta api, dan para pegawai hanya menyerang keretapi yang mereka lihat patut. Pagar keretapi dan lapangan marshalling telah tercekik dengan gerabak yang dimuatkan, dengan tiada siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk memunggahnya atau mengarahkannya ke destinasi. <> Kesan kemenangan Jerman dan pengaruh yang berpunca kembali kepada faktor apa? || Persiapan pra-perang <> Apakah kakitangan Am Prusia yang cepat digunakan pada permulaan peperangan? || rancangan mobilisasi terperinci menggunakan sistem keretapi <> Apa salah satu faktor di sebalik ketidakcekapan sistem kereta api Perancis? || pelbagai syarikat bersaing <> Faktor apa yang terutamanya terjejas perjalanan ke depan di Alsace dan Lorraine? || perubahan yang kerap di antara kereta api <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menangani jambatan keretapi dan gerabak yang dibongkar? || tiada siapa", {"qas": [{"question": "The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor?", "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1d", "answers": [{"text": "pre-war preparations", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war?", "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1e", "answers": [{"text": "detailed mobilization plans using the railway system", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system?", "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1f", "answers": [{"text": "multiple competing companies", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine?", "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e20", "answers": [{"text": "frequent changes between trains", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons?", "id": "570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e21", "answers": [{"text": "nobody", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway system, with multiple competing companies, had developed purely from commercial pressures and many journeys to the front in Alsace and Lorraine involved long diversions and frequent changes between trains. Furthermore, no system had been put in place for military control of the railways, and officers simply commandeered trains as they saw fit. Rail sidings and marshalling yards became choked with loaded wagons, with nobody responsible for unloading them or directing them to the destination."}], ["Angkatan Tentera Perancis terdiri dari waktu bersayap kira-kira 400,000 askar, beberapa di antaranya tetap, yang lain mengabdikan hingga tahun 1869 berkhidmat selama tujuh tahun dengan warna-warna. Sebahagian daripada mereka adalah veteran kempen Perancis sebelum Perang Krimea, Algeria, Perang Franco-Austria di Itali, dan Perang Franco-Mexico. Bagaimanapun, selepas \"Perang Tujuh Puluh\" antara Prussia dan Austria empat tahun terdahulu, telah dikira bahawa Tentara Perancis hanya boleh menaja 288,000 orang untuk menghadapi Tentera Prusia ketika mungkin 1,000,000 diperlukan. Di bawah Marshal Adolphe Niel, pembaharuan segera dibuat. Perundingan sejagat (bukannya melalui undi, seperti yang dahulu) dan tempoh perkhidmatan yang lebih pendek memberi peningkatan bilangan askar, yang akan membengkak tentera dengan kekuatan yang dirancang sebanyak 800,000 pada mobilisasi. Mereka yang atas sebab apa pun tidak diperakui akan didaftarkan di Garde Mobile, sebuah milisi dengan kekuatan nominal 400,000. Walau bagaimanapun, Perang Franco-Prussian berlaku sebelum pembaharuan ini dapat dilaksanakan sepenuhnya. Penggerakan reservists adalah huru-hara dan mengakibatkan sejumlah besar stragglers, manakala Garde Mobile umumnya tidak terlatih dan sering mutinous. <> Pada masa aman, berapa bilangan askar Perancis? || 400,000 <> Veteran Tentera Perancis telah jelas berjuang di mana perang di Itali? || Perang Franco-Austria <> Perang \"Tujuh Minggu\" di antara mana dua negara? || Prussia dan Austria <> Siapa yang merumuskan bilangan askar yang rendah dengan melaksanakan pengikatan universal? || Marshal Adolphe Niel <> Jika seorang warganegara atas sebab tertentu tidak diperakui, dalam mana militia mereka telah didaftarkan? || Mobile Garde", {"qas": [{"question": "In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?", "id": "570d502db3d812140066d69d", "answers": [{"text": "400,000", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?", "id": "570d502db3d812140066d69e", "answers": [{"text": "the Franco-Austrian War", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The \"Seven Weeks War\" was between which two countries?", "id": "570d502db3d812140066d69f", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia and Austria", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?", "id": "570d502db3d812140066d6a0", "answers": [{"text": "Marshal Adolphe Niel", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?", "id": "570d502db3d812140066d6a1", "answers": [{"text": "the Garde Mobile", "answer_start": 910}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Franco-Mexican War. However, following the \"Seven Weeks War\" between Prussia and Austria four years earlier, it had been calculated that the French Army could field only 288,000 men to face the Prussian Army when perhaps 1,000,000 would be required. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made. Universal conscription (rather than by ballot, as previously) and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, a militia with a nominal strength of 400,000. However, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented. The mobilisation of reservists was chaotic and resulted in large numbers of stragglers, while the Garde Mobile were generally untrained and often mutinous."}], ["Di sebelah Perancis, perancangan selepas bencana di Wissembourg telah menjadi penting. Ketua Le B\u0153uf, dengan kemarahan, berniat untuk melakukan serangan terhadap Saar dan mengatasi kerugian mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, perancangan untuk pertemuan seterusnya adalah lebih berdasarkan realiti peristiwa-peristiwa yang berlaku daripada emosi atau kebanggaan, seperti Intan Jeneral Wolff memberitahunya dan kakitangannya bahawa bekalan di luar Saar tidak mungkin. Oleh itu, tentera Perancis akan mengambil kedudukan bertahan yang akan melindungi dari setiap titik serangan yang mungkin, tetapi juga meninggalkan tentera yang tidak dapat saling menyokong. <> Bencana yang membuat perancangan Perancis sangat penting? || bencana di Wissembourg <> Yang mana jeneral bertekad untuk menyerang Saar? || Ketua Le B\u0153uf <> Perancangan untuk pertempuran seterusnya kurang berdasarkan emosi dan lebih fokus pada apa? || realiti peristiwa yang berlaku <> Siapa yang memberitahu LeBoeuf bahawa bekalan di luar Saar tidak mungkin? || Jenderal Wolff <> Apakah pasukan Perancis memutuskan untuk melindungi dari setiap titik serangan yang mungkin? || kedudukan bertahan", {"qas": [{"question": "Which disaster made French planning supremely essential?", "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa3", "answers": [{"text": "the disaster at Wissembourg", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar?", "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa4", "answers": [{"text": "General Le B\u0153uf", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Planning for the next battle was less based on emotion and more focused on what?", "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa5", "answers": [{"text": "the reality of unfolding events", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who told LeBoeuf that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible?", "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa6", "answers": [{"text": "General Wolff", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the French armies decide on to protect against every possible attack point?", "id": "570d63cdfed7b91900d45fa7", "answers": [{"text": "a defensive position", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On the French side, planning after the disaster at Wissembourg had become essential. General Le B\u0153uf, flushed with anger, was intent upon going on the offensive over the Saar and countering their loss. However, planning for the next encounter was more based upon the reality of unfolding events rather than emotion or pride, as Intendant General Wolff told him and his staff that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible. Therefore, the armies of France would take up a defensive position that would protect against every possible attack point, but also left the armies unable to support each other."}], ["Pelan pra-perang yang dibentangkan oleh Marsekal Niel lewat meminta serangan Perancis yang kuat dari Thionville menuju Trier dan masuk ke Rhineland Prussia. Pelan ini dibuang untuk memihak kepada pelan pertahanan oleh Jenderal Charles Frossard dan Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun, yang menyeru Tentera Rhine untuk tetap berada di posisi bertahan di sempadan Jerman dan menolak sebarang serangan Prussia. Seperti Austria bersama Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg dan Baden dijangka menyertai perang balas dendam terhadap Prussia, I Corps akan menyerang Palatinate Bavarian dan meneruskan \"bebas\" negara-negara Jerman Selatan bersama-sama dengan pasukan Austro-Hungary. Kor Corps akan mengukuhkan tentera sama ada diperlukan. <> Pra Perang, yang merancang untuk serangan Perancis yang kuat? || Marshal Niel <> Dari Thionville ke arah Trier, apakah destinasi terakhir serangan itu? || rancangan Prussian Rhineland <> Niel telah diketepikan memihak kepada rancangan oleh Jeneral Frossard dan apa yang umum lagi ?? || Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun <> Rancangan baru ini meminta pasukan mana yang akan tetap berada dalam kumpulan pertahanan di sempadan Jerman? || Tentera Rhine", {"qas": [{"question": "Pre-war, who planned for a strong French offensive?", "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7bf", "answers": [{"text": "Marshal Niel", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From Thionville towards Trier, what was the final destination of the offensive?", "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7c0", "answers": [{"text": "the Prussian Rhineland", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Niel's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general??", "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7c1", "answers": [{"text": "Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border?", "id": "570d62aab3d812140066d7c2", "answers": [{"text": "Army of the Rhine", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A pre-war plan laid out by the late Marshal Niel called for a strong French offensive from Thionville towards Trier and into the Prussian Rhineland. This plan was discarded in favour of a defensive plan by Generals Charles Frossard and Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun, which called for the Army of the Rhine to remain in a defensive posture near the German border and repel any Prussian offensive. As Austria along with Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg and Baden were expected to join in a revenge war against Prussia, I Corps would invade the Bavarian Palatinate and proceed to \"free\" the South German states in concert with Austro-Hungarian forces. VI Corps would reinforce either army as needed."}], ["Infantri Perancis dilengkapi dengan senapang Chassepot breech, salah satu senjata api yang paling moden yang dihasilkan di dunia pada masa itu. Dengan meterai cincin getah dan peluru yang lebih kecil, Chassepot mempunyai jarak maksimum maksimum kira-kira 1,500 meter (4,900 kaki) dengan masa memuat semula pendek. Taktik Perancis menekankan penggunaan pertahanan senapang Chassepot dalam pertempuran gaya peperangan parit-yang dipanggil feu de bataillon. Artileri itu dilengkapi senapang La Hitte yang dimusnahkan, bersiaran dengan muncung. Tentera juga memiliki pendahulunya untuk senjata mesin: mitrailleuse, yang dapat melepaskan tembakan yang signifikan, tetapi tidak mempunyai jangkauan dan relatif tidak bergerak, dan dengan mudah terdedah. Rakanilleuse dipasang pada kereta api meriam artileri dan dikumpulkan dalam bateri dengan cara yang sama dengan meriam. <> Apa senjata moden yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran adalah infantri Perancis yang disediakan? || Rangkaian Chassepot <> Apakah julat maksimum maksimum senapang Chassepot? || 1,500 meter (4,900 kaki) <> Di mana jenis peperangan yang terbaik Perancis menggunakan Chassepot? || perang parit <> Apakah preseden senapang mesin yang dimiliki pasukan Perancis juga? || yang mitrailleuse <> Pada apa yang dipasang di mitrailleuse? || pada kereta api meriam artileri", {"qas": [{"question": "What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?", "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f71", "answers": [{"text": "Chassepot rifle", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?", "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f72", "answers": [{"text": "1,500 metres (4,900 ft)", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?", "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f73", "answers": [{"text": "trench-warfare", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?", "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f74", "answers": [{"text": "the mitrailleuse", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?", "id": "570d604afed7b91900d45f75", "answers": [{"text": "on an artillery gun carriage", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "French infantry were equipped with the breech-loading Chassepot rifle, one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time. With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet, the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) with a short reloading time. French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench-warfare style fighting\u2014the so-called feu de bataillon. The artillery was equipped with rifled, muzzle-loaded La Hitte guns. The army also possessed a precursor to the machine-gun: the mitrailleuse, which could unleash significant, concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile, and thus prone to being easily overrun. The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon."}], ["Berikutan tentera kekalahan Loire, Gambetta berpaling kepada Tentera Darat Besar Faidherbe. Tentera telah mencapai beberapa kemenangan kecil di bandar-bandar seperti Ham, La Hallue, dan Amiens dan dilindungi oleh sabuk kubu di utara Perancis, yang membolehkan orang Faidherbe melancarkan serangan cepat terhadap unit-unit Prusia yang terpencil, kemudian berundur di belakang kubu-kubu. Walaupun akses ke kilang-kilang senjata Lille, Tentera Utara mengalami kesulitan bekalan yang teruk, yang sememangnya tertekan. Pada Januari 1871, Gambetta memaksa Faidherbe memarakkan tenteranya di luar kubu-kubu dan melibatkan orang Prussia dalam pertempuran terbuka. Tentera sangat teruk oleh semangat yang rendah, masalah bekalan, cuaca musim sejuk yang teruk dan kualiti pasukan yang rendah, sementara Faidherbe umum tidak dapat memerintah kerana kesihatannya yang buruk, akibat beberapa dekad berkempen di Afrika Barat. Di Pertempuran St. Quentin, Tentera Utara mengalami kekalahan yang menghancurkan dan bertaburan, melepaskan ribuan askar Prusia untuk dipindahkan ke Timur. <> Kekalahan tentera apa yang menjadi Gambetta kepada Tentera Utara? || Tentera di Loire <> Yang mengetuai Tentera Utara? || Ketua Faidherbe <> Beberapa kejayaan yang lebih kecil telah mendapat perlindungan oleh apa? || sabuk kubu <> Sabuk kubu berada di kawasan Perancis? || utara Perancis <> Kedudukan ini di utara membolehkan orang-orangnya untuk melancarkan serangan pantas terhadap unit Prusia? || Faidherbe's", {"qas": [{"question": "What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?", "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7ed", "answers": [{"text": "Army of the Loire's", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Army of the North?", "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7ee", "answers": [{"text": "General Faidherbe", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?", "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7ef", "answers": [{"text": "belt of fortresses", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?", "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7f0", "answers": [{"text": "northern France", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?", "id": "570d64fcb3d812140066d7f1", "answers": [{"text": "Faidherbe's", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the Army of the Loire's defeats, Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe's Army of the North. The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham, La Hallue, and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France, allowing Faidherbe's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units, then retreat behind the fortresses. Despite access to the armaments factories of Lille, the Army of the North suffered from severe supply difficulties, which depressed morale. In January 1871, Gambetta forced Faidherbe to march his army beyond the fortresses and engage the Prussians in open battle. The army was severely weakened by low morale, supply problems, the terrible winter weather and low troop quality, whilst general Faidherbe was unable to command due to his poor health, the result of decades of campaigning in West Africa. At the Battle of St. Quentin, the Army of the North suffered a crushing defeat and was scattered, releasing thousands of Prussian soldiers to be relocated to the East."}], ["Perang Franco-Prusia atau Perang Franco-Jerman (Jerman: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, menyerang Perang Jerman-Perancis, Perancis: Guerre franco-allemande, dinyalakan Perang Franco-Jerman) sering disebut di Perancis sebagai Perang 1870 (19 Julai 1870 - 10 Mei 1871), adalah konflik antara Empayar Perancis Kedua dan negara-negara Jerman Konfederasi Jerman Utara yang diketuai oleh Kerajaan Prusia. Konflik itu disebabkan oleh cita-cita Prusia untuk memperluaskan penyatuan Jerman. Sesetengah ahli sejarah berpendapat bahawa canselor Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, merancang untuk mencetuskan serangan Perancis untuk menarik negara-negara Jerman selatan-Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria dan Hesse-Darmstadt-menjadi perikatan dengan Konfederasi Jerman Utara yang dikuasai oleh Prussia, sementara yang lain bertanding bahawa Bismarck tidak merancang apa-apa dan semata-mata mengeksploitasi keadaan semasa mereka terbongkar. <> Apakah Perang Franco-Prusia juga dikenali sebagai? || Perang Franco-Jerman <> Apa perang yang sering dirujuk di Perancis sebagai? || Perang 1870 <> Dalam konflik, yang memimpin negara-negara Jerman Konfederasi Jerman Utara? || Kerajaan Prusia <> Yang cita-citanya dikreditkan dengan menyebabkan konflik itu? || Cita-cita Prussian <> Apa motif canselor Prussian dalam konflik masih dipertikaikan? || Otto von Bismarck", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as?", "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f0f", "answers": [{"text": "Franco-German War", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the war often referred to in France as?", "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f10", "answers": [{"text": "the War of 1870", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation?", "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f11", "answers": [{"text": "the Kingdom of Prussia", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict?", "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f12", "answers": [{"text": "Prussian ambitions", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?", "id": "570d5b15fed7b91900d45f13", "answers": [{"text": "Otto von Bismarck", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 \u2013 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states\u2014Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt\u2014into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded."}], ["Penyebab segera perang itu tinggal di pencalonan Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, seorang putera Prusia, ke takhta Sepanyol. Perancis takut dengan pengepungan oleh persekutuan antara Prusia dan Sepanyol. Pencalonan putera Hohenzollern ditarik di bawah tekanan diplomatik Perancis, tetapi Otto von Bismarck mengusir orang Perancis untuk mengisytiharkan perang dengan mengubah telegram yang dikirim oleh William I. Melepaskan Ems Dispatch kepada orang awam, Bismarck membuatnya seolah-olah raja telah merawat Perancis utusan dalam fesyen yang merendahkan, yang meradang pendapat umum di Perancis. <> Di mana cadidacy yang menyebabkan penyebab segera peperangan? || Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen <> Apakah Perancis takut dengan persekutuan antara Prusia dan Sepanyol? || pengepungan <> Siapa yang mengusir orang Perancis ke dalam perang dengan menyunting telegram yang dihantar oleh William I? || Otto von Bismarck <> Apa nama telelgram yang terkenal? || Ems Dispatch <> Apakah tindak balas rakyat Perancis terhadap kesalahan yang dibuat secara menipu di Ems Dispatch? || pendapat awam yang meradang", {"qas": [{"question": "In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?", "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f21", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?", "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f22", "answers": [{"text": "encirclement", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?", "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f23", "answers": [{"text": "Otto von Bismarck", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the famous telelgram?", "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f24", "answers": [{"text": "Ems Dispatch", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?", "id": "570d5c15fed7b91900d45f25", "answers": [{"text": "inflamed public opinion", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France."}], ["Di Prussia, sesetengah pegawai menganggap perang melawan Perancis tidak dapat dielakkan dan diperlukan untuk membangkitkan kebangsaan Jerman di negara-negara tersebut yang akan membolehkan penyatuan empayar Jerman yang hebat. Matlamat ini dicontohi oleh kenyataan Canselor Prussian Otto von Bismarck: \"Saya tidak ragu bahawa perang Franco-Jerman mesti berlaku sebelum pembinaan United Germany dapat direalisasikan.\" Bismarck juga tahu bahawa Perancis harus menjadi penyerang dalam konflik itu untuk membawa negara-negara Jerman Selatan bersatu dengan Prusia, dengan itu memberikan keunggulan Jerman angka. Ramai orang Jerman juga melihat Perancis sebagai pengganggu tradisional di Eropah, dan cuba melemahkan Perancis untuk mengelakkan pelanggaran damai. <> Di mana negara adalah perang melawan Perancis yang dianggap wajar? || Prussia <> Apa motif Prussia yang menyeluruh dalam memulakan perang dengan Perancis? || penyatuan empayar Jerman yang hebat <> Yang tidak meragui perang Perancis-Jerman sangat diperlukan? || Canselor Otto von Bismarck <> Siapa yang Bismarck merasa diperlukan untuk dilihat sebagai penyerang dalam konflik itu? || Perancis <> Dalam membawa negara-negara Jerman selatan untuk bersatu dengan Prusia, apakah hasil taktikal yang dicapai? || Jerman keunggulan berangka", {"qas": [{"question": "In which country was a war against France condsidered desirable?", "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d75f", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France?", "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d760", "answers": [{"text": "unification of a great German empire", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary?", "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d761", "answers": [{"text": "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict?", "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d762", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia, what tactical outcome was achieved?", "id": "570d5e41b3d812140066d763", "answers": [{"text": "Germans numerical superiority", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: \"I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised.\" Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace."}], ["Pertempuran W\u00f6rth (juga dikenali sebagai Fr\u00f6schwiller atau Reichshoffen) bermula ketika dua pasukan bertempur lagi pada 6 Ogos berhampiran W\u00f6rth di kota Fr\u00f6schwiller, sekitar 10 km (16 km) dari Wissembourg. Tentera Ketiga Putera Mahkota dari Prussia telah, atas reaksi cepat Kepala Stafnya von Blumenthal, ditarik bala bantuan yang membawa kekuatannya kepada 140.000 pasukan. Orang Perancis secara perlahan diperkuat dan kuasa mereka hanya berjumlah 35,000. Walaupun kalah banyak, Perancis mempertahankan kedudukan mereka di luar Fr\u00f6schwiller. Menjelang petang, orang Jerman telah menderita c. 10,500 terbunuh atau cedera dan orang Perancis telah kehilangan bilangan mangsa yang sama dan satu lagi c. 9,200 lelaki ditawan, kehilangan kira-kira 50%. Orang Jerman menawan Fr\u00f6schwiller yang duduk di puncak bukit di tengah garisan Perancis. Setelah kehilangan harapan untuk kemenangan dan menghadapi pembunuhan beramai-ramai, tentera Perancis melepaskan diri dan berundur dalam arah barat ke arah Bitche dan Saverne, dengan harapan untuk bergabung dengan pasukan Perancis di seberang gunung Vosges. Tentera Jerman ketiga tidak mengejar Perancis tetapi tetap di Alsace dan bergerak perlahan ke selatan, menyerang dan memusnahkan garnisun Perancis di sekitar. <> Peperangan apa yang bermula apabila dua tentera bertembung di bandar Froschwiller? || Pertempuran W\u00f6rth <> Pada tarikh apakah Battle of Worth bermula? || 6 Ogos <> Berapakah bilangan tentera di Tentera 3 Prusia? || 140,000 tentera <> Berapa banyak tentera Perancis yang perlu dipertaruhkan? || 35,000 <> Daripada mengejar Perancis ketika mereka berundur, Jerman memutuskan untuk tetap berada di mana? || Alsace", {"qas": [{"question": "What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?", "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f3f", "answers": [{"text": "The Battle of W\u00f6rth", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?", "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f40", "answers": [{"text": "6 August", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?", "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f41", "answers": [{"text": "140,000 troops", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What number of troops did France have to contend with?", "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f42", "answers": [{"text": "35,000", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?", "id": "570d5cf5fed7b91900d45f43", "answers": [{"text": "Alsace", "answer_start": 1104}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Battle of W\u00f6rth (also known as Fr\u00f6schwiller or Reichshoffen) began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near W\u00f6rth in the town of Fr\u00f6schwiller, about 10 miles (16 km) from Wissembourg. The Crown Prince of Prussia's 3rd army had, on the quick reaction of his Chief of Staff General von Blumenthal, drawn reinforcements which brought its strength up to 140,000 troops. The French had been slowly reinforced and their force numbered only 35,000. Although badly outnumbered, the French defended their position just outside Fr\u00f6schwiller. By afternoon, the Germans had suffered c.\u200910,500 killed or wounded and the French had lost a similar number of casualties and another c.\u20099,200 men taken prisoner, a loss of about 50%. The Germans captured Fr\u00f6schwiller which sat on a hilltop in the centre of the French line. Having lost any hope for victory and facing a massacre, the French army disengaged and retreated in a westerly direction towards Bitche and Saverne, hoping to join French forces on the other side of the Vosges mountains. The German 3rd army did not pursue the French but remained in Alsace and moved slowly south, attacking and destroying the French garrisons in the vicinity."}], ["Pada 18 Ogos, pertempuran bermula pada pukul 08:00, Moltke mengarahkan Tentera Pertama dan Kedua untuk memajukan kedudukan Perancis. Menjelang 12:00, Ketua Manstein membuka pertempuran sebelum kampung Amanvillers dengan meriam dari Divisyen Infantri ke-25. Tetapi orang Perancis telah menghabiskan malam dan awal pagi menggali parit dan lubang rifle sambil meletakkan artileri mereka dan rakan-rakan mereka dalam posisi tersembunyi. Akhirnya menyedari pendahuluan Prusia itu, Perancis membuka tembakan besar-besaran terhadap massa memajukan Jerman. Pertempuran pada mulanya muncul untuk memihak kepada Perancis dengan senapang Chassepot yang unggul. Walau bagaimanapun, artileri Prusia lebih hebat daripada pistol paku brek Krupp semua keluli. Menjelang 14:30, General Steinmetz, komander Tentera Pertama, secara unilateral melancarkan Korinya VIII melintasi Mance Ravine di mana infantri Prusia tidak lama kemudian disematkan oleh senapang pembunuhan dan rakanilleuse api dari jawatan Perancis. Pada pukul 15:00, senjata besar Kor VII dan VIII melepaskan tembakan untuk menyokong serangan itu. Tetapi pada pukul 16:00, dengan serangan dalam bahaya menimpa, Steinmetz mengarahkan ke hadapan VII Corps, diikuti oleh Bahagian Kavalen Pertama. <> Pada tarikh apakah pertempuran bermula? || 18 Ogos <> Siapa yang memerintahkan tentera Pertama dan Kedua untuk maju melawan Perancis? || Moltke <> Yang umum membuka pertempuran dengan artileri dari Bahagian Infantri ke-25? || General Manstein <> Siapa yang pertama kali berperang? || Perancis <> Siapa komander Tentera Pertama? || Ketua Steinmetz", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the battle begin?", "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f5d", "answers": [{"text": "18 August", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who order the First and Second armies to advance against the French?", "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f5e", "answers": [{"text": "Moltke", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which general opened the battle with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division?", "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f5f", "answers": [{"text": "General Manstein", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the battle first appear to favor?", "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f60", "answers": [{"text": "the French", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the First Army?", "id": "570d5f08fed7b91900d45f61", "answers": [{"text": "General Steinmetz", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 18 August, the battle began when at 08:00 Moltke ordered the First and Second Armies to advance against the French positions. By 12:00, General Manstein opened up the battle before the village of Amanvillers with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division. But the French had spent the night and early morning digging trenches and rifle pits while placing their artillery and their mitrailleuses in concealed positions. Finally aware of the Prussian advance, the French opened up a massive return fire against the mass of advancing Germans. The battle at first appeared to favor the French with their superior Chassepot rifle. However, the Prussian artillery was superior with the all-steel Krupp breech-loading gun. By 14:30, General Steinmetz, the commander of the First Army, unilaterally launched his VIII Corps across the Mance Ravine in which the Prussian infantry were soon pinned down by murderous rifle and mitrailleuse fire from the French positions. At 15:00, the massed guns of the VII and VIII Corps opened fire to support the attack. But by 16:00, with the attack in danger of stalling, Steinmetz ordered the VII Corps forward, followed by the 1st Cavalry Division."}], ["Pada 1 September 1870, pertempuran dibuka dengan Angkatan Tentera Ch\u00e2lons, dengan 202 batalion infantri, 80 pasukan berkuda kavaleri dan 564 senjata api, menyerang sekitar Prusia Ketiga dan Meuse Armies yang berjumlah 222 batalion infantri, 186 pasukan skuad berkuda dan 774 pistol. Jeneral De Wimpffen, komander Perancis V Corps dalam simpanan, berharap untuk melancarkan serangan infanteri dan pasukan berkuda melawan Prusia XI Corps. Tetapi pada jam 11:00, artileri Prussian mengambil tol di Perancis manakala tentera Prusia lebih banyak tiba di medan perang. Pasukan berkuda Perancis, yang diperintahkan oleh Jeneral Marguerite, melancarkan tiga serangan terdesak di kampung Floing di mana Prusia XI Corps tertumpu. Marguerite terbunuh yang membawa pertuduhan pertama dan dua pertuduhan tambahan menyebabkan tiada kerugian besar. Pada penghujung hari, tanpa harapan untuk melepaskan diri, Napoleon III melepaskan serangan. Orang Perancis kehilangan lebih 17,000 orang, terbunuh atau cedera, dengan 21,000 ditangkap. Prusia melaporkan kehilangan mereka pada 2,320 terbunuh, 5,980 cedera dan 700 ditangkap atau hilang. Pada keesokan harinya, pada 2 September, Napoleon III menyerah dan ditawan dengan 104,000 askarnya. Ia adalah kemenangan besar bagi orang Prusia, kerana mereka bukan sahaja menawan seluruh tentera Perancis, tetapi juga pemimpin Perancis. Kekalahan Perancis di Sedan telah memutuskan perang dalam usaha Prussia. Satu tentera Perancis kini tidak bergerak dan mengepung di bandar Metz, dan tiada pasukan lain berdiri di tanah Perancis untuk mencegah pencerobohan Jerman. Walau bagaimanapun, perang akan berterusan. <> Pada tarikh mana pertempuran bermula dengan Tentara Chalons menyerang berbagai bahagian Prusia? || 1 September 1870 <> Siapa yang memerintahkan V Corps Perancis dalam simpanan? || Jeneral De Wimpffen <> Seperti orang Perancis yang dilanda keras oleh artileri Prussian, apa yang terus muncul di medan perang? || lebih banyak tentera Prussia <> Komander mana yang diarahkan oleh Perancis ke atas tiga serangan terdesak di Floing? || General Marguerite <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang ditimpa oleh Perancis? || lebih 17,000 lelaki", {"qas": [{"question": "On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions?", "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f83", "answers": [{"text": "1 September 1870", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve?", "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f84", "answers": [{"text": "General De Wimpffen", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery, what continued to show up to the battlefield?", "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f85", "answers": [{"text": "more Prussian troops", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing?", "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f86", "answers": [{"text": "General Marguerite", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many casualties did the French suffer?", "id": "570d615efed7b91900d45f87", "answers": [{"text": "over 17,000 men", "answer_start": 913}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 1 September 1870, the battle opened with the Army of Ch\u00e2lons, with 202 infantry battalions, 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns, attacking the surrounding Prussian Third and Meuse Armies totaling 222 infantry battalions, 186 cavalry squadrons and 774 guns. General De Wimpffen, the commander of the French V Corps in reserve, hoped to launch a combined infantry and cavalry attack against the Prussian XI Corps. But by 11:00, Prussian artillery took a toll on the French while more Prussian troops arrived on the battlefield. The French cavalry, commanded by General Marguerite, launched three desperate attacks on the nearby village of Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated. Marguerite was killed leading the very first charge and the two additional charges led to nothing but heavy losses. By the end of the day, with no hope of breaking out, Napoleon III called off the attacks. The French lost over 17,000 men, killed or wounded, with 21,000 captured. The Prussians reported their losses at 2,320 killed, 5,980 wounded and 700 captured or missing. By the next day, on 2 September, Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner with 104,000 of his soldiers. It was an overwhelming victory for the Prussians, for they not only captured an entire French army, but the leader of France as well. The defeat of the French at Sedan had decided the war in Prussia's favour. One French army was now immobilised and besieged in the city of Metz, and no other forces stood on French ground to prevent a German invasion. Nevertheless, the war would continue."}], ["Tentera Prusia, di bawah syarat gencatan senjata, mengadakan perarakan kemenangan ringkas di Paris pada 17 Februari; bandar itu diam dan dibungkus dengan hitam dan orang Jerman dengan cepat mengundurkan diri. Bismarck menghormati gencatan senjata itu, dengan membenarkan banyak makanan kereta api ke Paris dan menarik pasukan Prusia ke timur kota, sebelum penarikan penuh setelah Perancis sepakat untuk membayar ganti rugi perang lima miliar franc. Pada masa yang sama, pasukan Prusia berpusat di wilayah-wilayah Alsace dan Lorraine. Pengeluaran berlaku dari Paris kerana kira-kira 200,000 orang, kebanyakannya kelas menengah, pergi ke kawasan pedalaman. <> Apa yang berlaku di Tentera Prusia di Paris pada 17 Februari? || perarakan kemenangan ringkas <> Di bawah peruntukan apa yang Tentera Prusia dibenarkan untuk mengadakan perarakan kemenangan? || syarat-syarat gencatan senjata <> Untuk menggerakkan gencatan senjata, Bismarck membenarkan banyak kereta api ke Paris? || Makanan <> Perancis sepatutnya membayar untuk membayar ganti rugi perang? || Lima bilion franc <> Pengeluaran besar-besaran dari Paris menyaksikan berapa ramai orang yang pergi ke kawasan luar bandar? || 200,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?", "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90b", "answers": [{"text": "a brief victory parade", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?", "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90c", "answers": [{"text": "the terms of the armistice", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?", "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90d", "answers": [{"text": "food", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?", "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90e", "answers": [{"text": "five billion franc", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?", "id": "570d6dfbb3d812140066d90f", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside."}], ["Pertempuran Spicheren, pada 5 Ogos, merupakan yang kedua dari tiga kekalahan Perancis yang kritikal. Moltke pada asalnya merancang untuk memelihara tentera Bazaine di Sungai Saar sehingga dia dapat menyerangnya dengan Tentara ke-2 di depan dan Tentara ke-1 di sayap kiri, sementara Tentara ke-3 menutup ke arah belakang. Penuaan umum von Steinmetz membuat gerakan yang tidak terancang, memimpin Tentera 1 ke selatan dari kedudukannya di Moselle. Dia bergerak lurus ke arah bandar Spicheren, memotong Prince Frederick Charles dari unit kavaleri ke hadapannya dalam proses itu. <> Pertarungan mana yang kedua adalah tiga kerugian utama Perancis? || Pertempuran Spicheren <> Pada tarikh apa pertempuran Spicheren berlaku? || 5 Ogos <> Moltke pada asalnya merancang untuk menangkap pasukan Bazaine di sungai apa? || Sungai Saar <> Yang semangat jeneral dan kekurangan perancangan menyebabkan memotong Putera Charles dari jirannya? || General von Steinmetz <> Bandar manakah yang menjadi lokasi kesalahan kubur General von Steinmetz? || Spicheren", {"qas": [{"question": "Which battle was the second of three key French losses?", "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46033", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Spicheren", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?", "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46034", "answers": [{"text": "5 August", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?", "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46035", "answers": [{"text": "the Saar River", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?", "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46036", "answers": [{"text": "General von Steinmetz", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?", "id": "570d69bafed7b91900d46037", "answers": [{"text": "Spicheren", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Battle of Spicheren, on 5 August, was the second of three critical French defeats. Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear. The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous, unplanned move, leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle. He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren, cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process."}], ["Satu siri kemenangan Prussian dan Jerman yang cepat di Perancis timur, yang memuncak di Pengepungan Metz dan Pertempuran Sedan, menyaksikan tentera Empayar Kedua ditumpaskan secara tegas (Napoleon III telah ditangkap di Sedan pada 2 September). Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional mengisytiharkan Republik Ketiga di Paris pada 4 September dan meneruskan perang dan selama lima bulan lagi, pasukan Jerman berjuang dan mengalahkan tentera Perancis baru di utara Perancis. Berikutan Pengepungan Paris, ibukota jatuh pada 28 Januari 1871 dan kemudian pemberontakan revolusi yang dipanggil Komune Paris merampas kuasa di ibu kota dan memegangnya selama dua bulan, sehingga ia ditindas oleh tentera Perancis biasa pada akhir bulan Mei 1871 . <> Satu siri kemenangan Prusia dan Jerman berlaku di bahagian Perancis? || timur Perancis <> Apa kejayaan yang membawa kemenangan ini? || Pengepungan Metz <> Peperangan apa yang menyebabkan kemenangan Prusia dan Jerman di timur Perancis? || Pertempuran Sedan <> Tentera mana yang pasti mengalahkan Napoleon III? || tentera Empayar Kedua <> Pada tarikh apakah Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional mengisytiharkan Republik Ketiga di Paris? || 4 September", {"qas": [{"question": "A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?", "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d931", "answers": [{"text": "eastern France", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What seige did these victories lead to?", "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d932", "answers": [{"text": "Siege of Metz", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?", "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d933", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Sedan", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?", "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d934", "answers": [{"text": "the army of the Second Empire", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?", "id": "570d7002b3d812140066d935", "answers": [{"text": "4 September", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871."}], ["Pada 16:50, dengan serangan selatan Prusia dalam bahaya putus, Briged Infantri Penjaga Prusia Ketiga Prusia telah membuka serangan terhadap kedudukan Perancis di St Privat yang diperintahkan oleh Jeneral Canrobert. Pada pukul 17:15, Briged Infantri Pengawal 4 Prussian menyertai pendahuluan diikuti pukul 17:45 oleh Briged Infantri Penjaga Prusia 1 Prussian. Kesemua serangan Pengawal Prusia telah disematkan oleh tembakan tembakan mematikan dari lubang senapang dan parit. Pada pukul 18:15 Briged Infantri Penjaga Prusia II, yang terakhir dari Bahagian Infanteri Pengawal Pertama, berkomitmen untuk menyerang St Privat sementara Steinmetz mengarahkan rizab terakhir Tentera Pertama melintasi Mance Ravine. Menjelang pukul 18.30, sebahagian besar Kor VII dan VIII terlepas dari pertempuran dan menarik diri ke kedudukan Prusia di Rezonville. <> Menjelang lewat petang, apakah serangan selatan Prusia yang berisiko? || berpecah <> Yang umum Prussian memerintahkan serangan terhadap Perancis di St Privat? || General Canrobert <> Apakah faktor yang melumpuhkan Pengawal Prusia? || tembakan api maut Perancis <> Pada malam hari, komponen utama Kor VII dan VII menarik diri ke arah kedudukan Prusia? || Rezonville", {"qas": [{"question": "By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?", "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a5", "answers": [{"text": "breaking up", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?", "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a6", "answers": [{"text": "General Canrobert", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?", "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a7", "answers": [{"text": "lethal French gunfire", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?", "id": "570d6cf1fed7b91900d460a8", "answers": [{"text": "Rezonville", "answer_start": 845}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville."}], ["Kakitangan Am Prusia yang dibangunkan oleh Moltke terbukti sangat berkesan, berbeza dengan sekolah Perancis tradisional. Ini sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa Kakitangan Am Prusia telah dicipta untuk mengkaji operasi Prusia sebelumnya dan belajar untuk mengelakkan kesilapan. Struktur ini juga sangat memperkuat keupayaan Moltke untuk mengawal formasi besar yang tersebar di jarak yang jauh. Kepala Staf Umum, secara efektif komandan kepala tentera Prusia, bebas dari menteri perang dan hanya menjawab kepada raja. Kakitangan Umum Perancis-bersama-sama dengan setiap tentera Eropah yang lain-lebih baik daripada kumpulan pembantu untuk komander garis. Penyelewengan ini menghalang keupayaan komander Perancis untuk menjalankan kawalan tentera mereka. <> Kakitangan Am yang dibangunkan oleh Moltke terbukti menjadi apa? || sangat berkesan <> Apa faktor utama yang dilakukan oleh Staf Am Prusia? || operasi Prusia sebelumnya <> Apakah matlamat dalam Kakitangan Am mengkaji operasi masa lalu? || belajar untuk mengelakkan kesilapan <> Struktur juga memperkuat keupayaan Moltke kawalan formasi besar yang tersebar di atas apa? || jarak yang ketara <> Yang pada asasnya dianggap sebagai panglima ketua tentera Prusia? || Ketua Staf Umum", {"qas": [{"question": "The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?", "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d4604f", "answers": [{"text": "extremely effective", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?", "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46050", "answers": [{"text": "previous Prussian operations", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?", "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46051", "answers": [{"text": "learn to avoid mistakes", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?", "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46052", "answers": [{"text": "significant distances", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?", "id": "570d6ae5fed7b91900d46053", "answers": [{"text": "The Chief of the General Staff", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances. The Chief of the General Staff, effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army, was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch. The French General Staff\u2014along with those of every other European military\u2014was little better than a collection of assistants for the line commanders. This disorganization hampered the French commanders' ability to exercise control of their forces."}], ["Walaupun kemungkinan empat hingga satu, Kor III melancarkan serangan berisiko. Orang Perancis dihalau dan Kor III merampas Vionville, menghalang sebarang cubaan melarikan diri ke barat. Setelah dihalang dari berundur, Perancis di kubu Metz tidak mempunyai pilihan selain untuk bertempur yang akan melihat pertunangan berkuda utama terakhir di Eropah Barat. Pertempuran itu tidak lama lagi meletus, dan III Corps telah hancur oleh tentera berkuda tanpa henti, kehilangan lebih separuh askarnya. Sejarah Rasmi Jerman mencatatkan 15,780 kematian dan kecacatan Perancis sebanyak 13.761 lelaki. <> Apa kemungkinan yang dipertaruhkan untuk serangan yang dilancarkan oleh Kor III? || empat hingga satu <> Bandar apakah yang terdapat di Kor III? || Vionville <> Dalam menangkap Vionville, apa lagi yang disekat di barat? || melarikan diri percubaan <> Dengan pertempuran di Metz, faktor apa yang menghancurkan usaha-usaha Kor III? || tentera berkuda tak henti-henti <> Jerman mencatatkan berapa banyak kaitan dalam pertempuran? || 15,780", {"qas": [{"question": "What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps?", "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdb", "answers": [{"text": "four to one", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What town were the III Corps able to capture?", "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdc", "answers": [{"text": "Vionville", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In capturing Vionville, what was further blocked in the west?", "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdd", "answers": [{"text": "escape attempts", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With battle at Metz, what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps?", "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fde", "answers": [{"text": "incessant cavalry charges", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle?", "id": "570d65fafed7b91900d45fdf", "answers": [{"text": "15,780", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite odds of four to one, the III Corps launched a risky attack. The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville, blocking any further escape attempts to the west. Once blocked from retreat, the French in the fortress of Metz had no choice but to engage in a fight that would see the last major cavalry engagement in Western Europe. The battle soon erupted, and III Corps was shattered by incessant cavalry charges, losing over half its soldiers. The German Official History recorded 15,780 casualties and French casualties of 13,761 men."}], ["Orang-orang Jerman dijangka merundingkan berakhirnya perang tetapi segera mengarahkan pendahuluan ke Paris; menjelang 15 September, Moltke mengeluarkan arahan untuk pelaburan Paris dan pada 20 September pengepungan itu selesai. Bismarck bertemu dengan Favre pada 18 September di Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res dan menuntut keterlaluan perang terhadap perang dendam Perancis, termasuk Strasbourg, Alsace dan kebanyakan jabatan Moselle di Lorraine yang mana Metz adalah ibukota. Sebagai balasan untuk gencatan senjata untuk Perancis memilih Dewan Negara, Bismarck menuntut penyerahan Strasbourg dan bandar kubu Toul. Untuk membenarkan bekalan ke Paris, salah satu daripada kubu perimeter terpaksa diserahkan. Favre tidak sedar bahawa matlamat sebenar Bismarck dalam menuntut tuntutan yang memuja adalah untuk mewujudkan keamanan yang teguh di perbatasan barat Jerman yang baru, lebih disukai dengan damai dengan kerajaan yang ramah, berdasarkan istilah yang dapat diterima oleh pendapat orang Perancis. Frontier ketenteraan yang tidak dapat dikalahkan adalah alternatif yang lebih rendah daripadanya, disukai hanya oleh kaum nasionalis militan di sebelah Jerman. <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh orang Jerman untuk berunding? || akhir perang <> Pada tarikh apakah pengepungan Paris selesai? || 20 September <> Bismarck dan Favre bertemu pada tarikh apa? || 18 September <> Apakah lokasi mesyuarat Bismarck dan Favre? || Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res <> Bismarck menuntut penyerahan Strasbourg dan kota kubu apa? || Toul", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Germans expect to negotiate?", "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606b", "answers": [{"text": "an end to the war", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?", "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606c", "answers": [{"text": "20 September", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bismarck and Favre met on what date?", "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606d", "answers": [{"text": "18 September", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?", "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606e", "answers": [{"text": "the Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?", "id": "570d6ba1fed7b91900d4606f", "answers": [{"text": "Toul", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete. Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge, which included Strasbourg, Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital. In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly, Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul. To allow supplies into Paris, one of the perimeter forts had to be handed over. Favre was unaware that the real aim of Bismarck in making such extortionate demands was to establish a durable peace on the new western frontier of Germany, preferably by a peace with a friendly government, on terms acceptable to French public opinion. An impregnable military frontier was an inferior alternative to him, favoured only by the militant nationalists on the German side."}], ["Apabila berita itu tiba di Paris menyerah diri di Sedan Napoleon III dan 80,000 orang, Empayar Kedua digulingkan oleh pemberontakan popular di Paris, yang memaksa pengisytiharan Kerajaan Sementara dan Republik Ketiga oleh umum Trochu, Favre dan Gambetta di Paris pada 4 September, kerajaan baru menyebut dirinya sebagai Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional. Selepas kemenangan Jerman di Sedan, kebanyakan tentera berdiri Perancis sama ada mengepung di Metz atau tawanan Jerman, yang mengharapkan gencatan senjata dan berakhirnya perang. Bismarck mahukan perdamaian awal tetapi sukar untuk mencari pihak berkuasa Perancis yang sah untuk berunding. Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional tidak mempunyai mandat pilihan raya, Maharaja adalah tawanan dan Maharani di pengasingan tetapi tidak ada abdication de jure dan tentera masih terikat dengan sumpah setia kepada rezim imperial yang tidak berfungsi. <> Yang menyerah kalah kepada Paris sebagai berita besar? || Napoleon III <> Empayar mana yang digulingkan oleh pemberontakan yang popular di Paris? || Empayar Kedua <> Pemberontakan memaksa pengisytiharan apa? || Kerajaan Sementara dan Republik Ketiga <> Bagaimana kerajaan baru merujuk kepada dirinya sendiri? || Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional <> Bismarck menginginkan bahagian awal tetapi kekurangan apa dalam proses perundingan? || kuasa Perancis yang sah", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose surrender hit Paris as big news?", "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460d9", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?", "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460da", "answers": [{"text": "the Second Empire", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The uprising forced a proclamation of what?", "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460db", "answers": [{"text": "Provisional Government and a Third Republic", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the new government refer to itself?", "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460dc", "answers": [{"text": "Government of National Defence", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?", "id": "570d6edcfed7b91900d460dd", "answers": [{"text": "a legitimate French authority", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men, the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September, the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence. After the German victory at Sedan, most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans, who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war. Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate. The Government of National Defence had no electoral mandate, the Emperor was a captive and the Empress in exile but there had been no abdication de jure and the army was still bound by an oath of allegiance to the defunct imperial r\u00e9gime."}], ["Apabila perang bermula, kerajaan Perancis mengarahkan sekatan pantai Jerman Utara, yang mana laut Tentera Laut Jerman Utara (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) dengan hanya lima kelab besi tidak boleh melakukan sedikit untuk menentang. Bagi sebahagian besar perang, tiga klasemen besi terbesar di Jerman tidak berfungsi dengan masalah enjin; hanya kapal menara SMS Arminius yang sedia untuk menjalankan operasi. Pada masa pembaikan enjin telah selesai, armada Perancis telah pun berlepas. Sekatan ini terbukti hanya berjaya kerana sebahagian besarnya oleh pihak perancang di Paris. Tempahan yang sepatutnya siap dalam kes perang, bekerja di perikanan Newfoundland atau di Scotland. Hanya sebahagian daripada 470-kapal Tentera Laut Perancis yang diletakkan di laut pada 24 Julai. Tidak lama kemudian, angkatan laut Perancis berkurang arang batu, memerlukan 200 tan pendek (180 t) sehari dan mempunyai kapasiti bunker dalam armada hanya 250 tan pendek (230 t). Satu sekatan Wilhelmshaven gagal dan perintah yang bertentangan mengenai operasi di Laut Baltik atau kembali ke Perancis, menjadikan usaha angkatan laut Perancis sia-sia. Menyamar seorang pelari sekatan menjadi tidak diingini kerana soalan du charbon; Mengejar kapal-kapal Prusia cepat habis rizab arang batu dari kapal-kapal Perancis. <> Sekatan apa yang telah diperintahkan oleh kerajaan Perancis pada permulaan perang? || Pantai Jerman Utara <> Tentera laut Jerman Utara yang kecil mempunyai berapa besi di dalamnya? || hanya lima <> Apa nama satu-satunya kapal turret yang dapat menjalankan operasi? || SMS Arminius <> Berapa banyak kapal angkatan laut Perancis yang dapat dihantar ke laut? || 470 <> Dalam mengejar kapal-kapal Prusia, apa sumbernya habis dengan cepat? || rizab arang batu", {"qas": [{"question": "A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?", "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46023", "answers": [{"text": "North German coasts", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?", "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46024", "answers": [{"text": "only five", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?", "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46025", "answers": [{"text": "SMS Arminius", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?", "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46026", "answers": [{"text": "470", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?", "id": "570d6878fed7b91900d46027", "answers": [{"text": "coal reserves", "answer_start": 1183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships."}], ["Dengan kekalahan Tentera Pertama, Putera Frederick Charles mengarahkan serangan artileri beramai-ramai terhadap kedudukan Canrobert di St Privat untuk menghalang serangan Pengawal dari gagal juga. Pada pukul 19:00, Bahagian 3 Pasukan Fransecky II dari Tentera Kedua melangkah ke Ravine sementara Kor XII membersihkan bandar berdekatan Roncourt dan dengan mangsa yang terselamat di Bahagian Penjaga Infanteri 1 melancarkan serangan baru terhadap runtuhan St Privat . Pada pukul 20:00, kedatangan Divisyen Infantri Prusia ke-4 Kor II dan dengan peranan kanan Prusia di Mance Ravine, garis itu stabil. Pada masa itu, orang Prussia Bahagian Infanteri Pengawal Pertama dan Kor XII dan II menangkap St Privat memaksa pasukan Perancis yang dihancurkan untuk menarik diri. Dengan orang Prusia yang lelah dari pertempuran, Perancis kini dapat melancarkan serangan balas. Bagaimanapun, Ketua Bourbaki enggan membuat rizab Pengawal Lama Perancis untuk pertempuran kerana, pada masa itu, beliau menganggap keadaan keseluruhan sebagai 'kekalahan'. Menjelang jam 22:00, menembak sebahagian besarnya meninggal dunia di medan perang untuk malam itu. Keesokan harinya, Tentera Perancis di Rhine, bukannya menyambung semula pertempuran dengan serangan sendiri terhadap tentera Jerman yang letih peperangan, berundur ke Metz di mana mereka dikepung dan dipaksa menyerah dua bulan kemudian. <> Mana pangeran yang memerintahkan serangan artileri terhadap Canrobert? || Putera Frederick Charles <> Kekalahan tentera mana yang memaksa Putera Charles menyerang? || kekalahan Tentera Pertama, <> Ketika Tentara Kedua ditolak ke Ravine, Kor XII membersihkan kota mana yang bersebelahan? || Roncourt <> Pasukan tentera Suruhanjaya Infanteri yang pertama melancarkan serangan baru terhadap apa? || Runtuhan St Privat <> Tentera mana yang terpaksa berundur ke Metz dan menyerah dua bulan kemudian? || Tentera Perancis di Rhine", {"qas": [{"question": "Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?", "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84b", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Frederick Charles", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?", "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84c", "answers": [{"text": "defeat of the First Army,", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?", "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84d", "answers": [{"text": "Roncourt", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?", "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84e", "answers": [{"text": "ruins of St. Privat", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?", "id": "570d675db3d812140066d84f", "answers": [{"text": "French Army of the Rhine", "answer_start": 1115}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later."}], ["Semasa tentera Perancis di bawah Ketua MacMahon terlibat Tentera Jerman ke-3 di Pertempuran W\u00f6rth, Tentera 1 Jerman di bawah Steinmetz menamatkan kemajuan mereka di barat dari Saarbr\u00fccken. Rondaan dari Tentara ke-2 Jerman di bawah Pangeran Friedrich Karl dari Prussia melihat kebakaran menusuk dan tentera Frossard jauh di dataran tinggi di selatan bandar Spicheren, dan mengambil ini sebagai tanda pengunduran Frossard. Mengabaikan rancangan Moltke sekali lagi, kedua-dua tentera Jerman menyerang Frossard's French 2nd Corps, yang diperkuatkan di antara Spicheren dan Forbach. <> Siapa yang memerintahkan tentera Perancis pada pertempuran Worth? || Jeneral MacMahon <> Yang divisi Jerman mana yang MacMahon terlibat? || Tentera Jerman ke-3 <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Tentera 1 Jerman? || Steinmetz <> Apa tempat rondaan Jerman yang menyebabkan mereka percaya bahawa Frossard telah mundur? || api menyakitkan <> Rancangan siapa yang dilakukan oleh tentera Jerman dalam menyerang Frossard? || Moltke", {"qas": [{"question": "Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?", "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9b7", "answers": [{"text": "General MacMahon", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?", "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9b8", "answers": [{"text": "German 3rd Army", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the German 1st Army?", "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9b9", "answers": [{"text": "Steinmetz", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?", "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9ba", "answers": [{"text": "decoy fires", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?", "id": "570d77cdb3d812140066d9bb", "answers": [{"text": "Moltke's", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of W\u00f6rth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbr\u00fccken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach."}], ["Angkatan Tentera Prusia telah ditubuhkan bukan dari reguler tetapi wajib. Perkhidmatan adalah wajib bagi semua lelaki zaman tentera, dan oleh itu Prussia dan sekutu-sekutunya dari Utara dan Selatan Jerman dapat memobilisasi dan mengerahkan kira-kira 1,000,000 askar dalam masa perang. Taktik Jerman menekankan pertempuran pengepungan seperti Cannae dan menggunakan artileri secara offensif apabila memungkinkan. Daripada memajukan pembentukan lajur atau garis, infantri Prussian bergerak dalam kumpulan kecil yang lebih sukar untuk disasarkan oleh artileri atau api pertahanan Perancis. Jumlah bilangan tentera yang ada membuat pengepungan beramai-ramai dan pemusnahan pembentukan Perancis agak mudah. <> Apakah Tentera Prusia yang terdiri daripada, bukannya tetap? || conscripts <> Perkhidmatan adalah wajib untuk semua orang yang berkongsi ciri yang? || umur tentera <> Bersama, Prusia dan Jerman dijangka mengumpulkan jumlah askar? || 1,000,000 <> taktik Jerman bergantung pada jenis strategi pertempuran apa? || pertempuran pengepungan <> Apakah contoh pertempuran Jerman? || Cannae", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?", "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d961", "answers": [{"text": "conscripts", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?", "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d962", "answers": [{"text": "of military age", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?", "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d963", "answers": [{"text": "1,000,000", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?", "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d964", "answers": [{"text": "encirclement battles", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a German encirclement battle?", "id": "570d72f3b3d812140066d965", "answers": [{"text": "Cannae", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy."}], ["Rifle-loading rifle Perancis, Chassepot, mempunyai jarak yang lebih jauh daripada senjata jarum Jerman; 1,500 meter (1,400 m) berbanding 600 yd (550 m). Orang Perancis juga mempunyai senjata jenis senjata awal, yang mitrailleuse, yang boleh menembak tiga puluh tujuh barel pada jarak sekitar 1,200 yd (1,100 m). Ia telah dibangunkan dalam kerahsiaan sedemikian, bahawa latihan kecil dengan senjata telah berlaku, meninggalkan penembak Perancis yang tidak mempunyai pengalaman; pistol itu dirawat seperti artileri dan dalam peranan ini ia tidak berkesan. Lebih buruk lagi, apabila sejumlah kecil askar yang telah dilatih bagaimana menggunakan senjata baru itu menjadi mangsa, tidak ada pengganti yang tahu cara mengendalikan mitrailleuse itu. <> Apa aspek Chassepot lebih hebat daripada senjata jarum Jerman? || jajaran yang lebih lama <> Apa senjata Perancis dianggap sebagai prototaip kasar pistol mesin pertama? || yang mitrailleuse <> Berapa banyak barel yang mempunyai ciri mitrailleuse? || Tiga puluh tujuh tong <> Apakah rangkaian mitrailleuse itu? || 1,200 yd (1,100 m) <> Memperlakukan mitrailleuse seperti apa yang diberikannya kurang berkesan || artileri", {"qas": [{"question": "What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?", "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d4614f", "answers": [{"text": "longer range", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? ", "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46150", "answers": [{"text": "the mitrailleuse", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?", "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46151", "answers": [{"text": "thirty-seven barrels", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the range of the mitrailleuse?", "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46152", "answers": [{"text": "1,200 yd (1,100 m)", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective", "id": "570d74e0fed7b91900d46153", "answers": [{"text": "artillery", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed in such secrecy, that little training with the weapon had occurred, leaving French gunners with no experience; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective. Worse still, once the small number of soldiers who had been trained how to use the new weapon became casualties, there were no replacements who knew how to operate the mitrailleuse."}], ["Semasa perang, Pengawal Kebangsaan Paris, khususnya di kawasan kejiranan kelas pekerja Paris, telah menjadi sangat dipolitikkan dan unit pegawai yang dipilih; ramai yang enggan memakai pakaian seragam atau mematuhi arahan dari kerajaan negara. Unit pengawal kebangsaan cuba merampas kuasa di Paris pada 31 Oktober 1870 dan 22 Januari 1871. Pada 18 Mac 1871, ketika tentera biasa cuba menghilangkan meriam dari sebuah taman artileri di Montmartre, unit Pengawal Nasional menentang dan membunuh dua jeneral tentera. Kerajaan kebangsaan dan pasukan tentera tetap mundur ke Versailles dan kerajaan revolusioner telah diumumkan di Paris. Sebuah komuni dipilih, yang dikuasai oleh sosialis, anarkis dan revolusioner. Bendera merah menggantikan tricolor Perancis dan perang saudara bermula antara Komune dan tentera reguler, yang menyerang dan menawan semula Paris dari 21-28 Mei di La Semaine Sanglante (Minggu berdarah). <> Apa yang menjadi sangat dipolitikkan semasa perang? || Paris National Guard <> Dalam apa jenis kejiranan yang berlaku? || kerja-kelas kejiranan <> Apa yang Pengawal Kebangsaan enggan memakai? || pakaian seragam <> Apa yang Pengawal Kebangsaan enggan patuh? || Perintah dari kerajaan kebangsaan <> Pada mana tarikh La Semaine Sanglante berlaku di Paris? || 21-28 Mei", {"qas": [{"question": "What became highly politicised during the war?", "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d4616d", "answers": [{"text": "Paris National Guard", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?", "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d4616e", "answers": [{"text": "working-class neighbourhoods", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the National Guard refuse to wear?", "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d4616f", "answers": [{"text": "uniforms", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the National Guard refuse to obey?", "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d46170", "answers": [{"text": "commands from the national government", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?", "id": "570d76f1fed7b91900d46171", "answers": [{"text": "21\u201328 May", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre, National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21\u201328 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week)."}], ["Untuk melegakan tekanan dari serangan Jerman dijangka ke Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III dan perintah tinggi Perancis merancang serangan seaborne di utara Jerman sebaik sahaja perang bermula. Perancis menjangkakan pencerobohan itu untuk mengalihkan tentera Jerman dan menggalakkan Denmark untuk menyertai perang, dengan tentera 50.000 yang kuat dan Tentera Laut Diraja Denmark. Telah diketahui bahawa Prusia baru-baru ini membina pertahanan di sekitar pelabuhan-pelabuhan Jerman Utara yang besar, termasuk bateri artileri pesisir dengan artileri berat Krupp, yang dengan jarak 4.000 meter (3,700 m), telah melipatgandakan pelbagai senjata tentera laut Perancis. Tentera Laut Perancis tidak mempunyai senjata berat untuk melibatkan pertahanan pantai dan topografi pantai Prusia membuat serangan seaborne ke utara Jerman tidak mungkin. <> Apa rancangan Napoleon III untuk melegakan tekanan daripada serangan Jerman yang dijangka? || pencerobohan di utara Jerman <> Apa negara Perancis yang ingin dikaitkan dengannya? || Denmark <> Apa kekuatan ketenteraan dapat Denmark ke Perancis dalam perang? || Tentera Laut Diraja Denmark <> Apakah Prusia telah ditemui membina pelabuhan utara Jerman besar? || pertahanan <> Apakah kelemahan tentera laut Perancis dalam pertahanan pantai? || senjata berat", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?", "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d46127", "answers": [{"text": "invasion of northern Germany", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country were the French hoping to be allied with?", "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d46128", "answers": [{"text": "Denmark", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?", "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d46129", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Danish Navy", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?", "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d4612a", "answers": [{"text": "defences", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?", "id": "570d724bfed7b91900d4612b", "answers": [{"text": "heavy guns", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible."}], ["Marin Perancis dan infantri tentera laut yang bertujuan untuk pencerobohan Jerman utara dihantar untuk memperkuat Tentera Perancis Ch\u00e2lons dan jatuh ke dalam penangkapan di Sedan bersama dengan Napoleon III. Kekurangan pegawai, berikutan penangkapan sebahagian besar tentera Perancis profesional di Pengepungan Metz dan di Pertempuran Sedan, mengetuai pegawai tentera laut yang dihantar dari kapal mereka untuk memerintahkan penggandeng rombongan Garde Mobile. Ketika ribut musim gugur Laut Utara memaksa kembalinya lebih banyak kapal-kapal Perancis, sekatan pelabuhan Jerman utara berkurangan dan pada bulan September 1870 angkatan laut Perancis meninggalkan sekatan untuk musim sejuk. Selebihnya tentera laut bersara ke pelabuhan di sepanjang Saluran Bahasa Inggeris dan kekal di pelabuhan untuk seluruh perang. <> Marin Perancis dan infantri tentera laut dihantar untuk memperkuat apa? || Tentera Perancis Ch\u00e2lons <> Angkatan Laut Perancis jatuh di mana? || di Sedan <> Yang juga ditangkap di Sedan? || Napoleon III <> Ribut musim gugur dari apa yang memaksa laut kembali kapal Perancis lagi? || Laut Utara <> Di mana tarikh yang sukar dilakukan angkatan laut Perancis meninggalkan blokade mereka? || September 1870", {"qas": [{"question": "The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?", "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d993", "answers": [{"text": "French Army of Ch\u00e2lons", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The French navy fell captive where?", "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d994", "answers": [{"text": "at Sedan", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who also was captured at Sedan?", "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d995", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?", "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d996", "answers": [{"text": "the North Sea", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?", "id": "570d75b4b3d812140066d997", "answers": [{"text": "September 1870", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Ch\u00e2lons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war."}], ["Di samping itu, sistem pendidikan ketenteraan Prusia lebih hebat daripada model Perancis; Pegawai kakitangan Prusia telah dilatih untuk mempamerkan inisiatif dan pemikiran bebas. Sesungguhnya ini adalah jangkaan Moltke. Sementara itu, Perancis mengalami sistem pendidikan dan promosi yang menghalang perkembangan intelektual. Menurut ahli sejarah ketenteraan Dallas Irvine, sistem ini \"hampir sepenuhnya berkesan dalam mengecualikan kuasa otak tentera dari kakitangan dan perintah tinggi. Keadaan kecerdasan yang diakui di atas boleh dianggap semua kecacatan yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan dasar ketenteraan Perancis.\" <> Apakah sistem Prussian lebih unggul daripada contoh bahasa Perancis? || pendidikan ketenteraan <> pegawai tentera Prusia telah dilatih untuk memunculkan pemikiran jenis apa? || Pemikiran bebas <> Apa yang menjadi komander Staf Jeneral yang mengharapkan pemikiran bebas di dalam pegawainya? || Moltke <> Apakah kelemahan bahasa Perancis terhadap sistem pendidikan dan promosi? || perkembangan intelektual <> Yang sejarawan ketenteraan mengkritik sistem Perancis sebagai cacat? || Dallas Irvine", {"qas": [{"question": "What Prussian system was superior to the French example?", "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d975", "answers": [{"text": "military education", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?", "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d976", "answers": [{"text": "independent thinking", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?", "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d977", "answers": [{"text": "Moltke", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?", "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d978", "answers": [{"text": "intellectual development", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?", "id": "570d73eeb3d812140066d979", "answers": [{"text": "Dallas Irvine", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system \"was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy.\""}], ["Marshal MacMahon, yang kini paling dekat dengan Wissembourg, menyebarkan empat bahagiannya lebih daripada 20 km (32 km) untuk bertindak balas terhadap sebarang pencerobohan Prusia. Pertubuhan kuasa ini disebabkan oleh kekurangan bekalan, memaksa setiap bahagian untuk mencari peruntukan asas bersama dengan wakil-wakil tentera bekalan lengan yang sepatutnya membantu mereka. Apa yang membuat keadaan buruk lebih teruk ialah tingkah laku General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, komander Bahagian 1. Beliau memberitahu Ketua Umum Bahagian 2, Abel Douay, pada 1 Ogos bahawa \"Maklumat yang saya terima membuat saya mengandaikan bahawa musuh tidak mempunyai pasukan yang sangat dekat dengan jawatan terdahulu, dan tidak mempunyai keinginan untuk mengambil serangan\". Dua hari kemudian, beliau memberitahu MacMahon bahawa dia tidak menemui \"jawatan musuh tunggal ... ia kelihatan kepada saya seolah-olah ancaman Bavarians hanya sekadar menipu\". Walaupun Ducrot mengangkat bahaya kemungkinan serangan oleh orang-orang Jerman, MacMahon cuba memberi peringatan kepada bahagian lain tenteranya, tanpa kejayaan. <> Yang marshal yang paling dekat dengan Wissembourg? || Marshal MacMahon <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang membuat arahan MacMahon? || empat bahagian <> Berapa banyak batu yang membahagikan bahagian MacMahon? || 20 batu <> Kelakuan mana yang membuat keadaan buruk lebih buruk? || General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot <> Apakah kumpulan yang melakukan perintah General Ducrot? || Bahagian 1", {"qas": [{"question": "Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?", "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a5", "answers": [{"text": "Marshal MacMahon", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many divisions did MacMahon command?", "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a6", "answers": [{"text": "four divisions", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?", "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a7", "answers": [{"text": "20 miles", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?", "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a8", "answers": [{"text": "General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did General Ducrot command?", "id": "570d7649b3d812140066d9a9", "answers": [{"text": "the 1st Division", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid them. What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, commander of the 1st Division. He told General Abel Douay, commander of the 2nd Division, on 1 August that \"The information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts, and has no desire to take the offensive\". Two days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found \"a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff\". Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans, MacMahon tried to warn the other divisions of his army, without success."}], ["Sesetengah ahli sejarah berpendapat bahawa Napoleon III juga berperang, terutamanya untuk kekalahan diplomatik pada tahun 1866 dengan memanfaatkan sebarang faedah dari Perang Austro-Prusia, dan dia percaya bahawa dia akan memenangi konflik dengan Prussia. Mereka juga berhujah bahawa dia mahukan perang untuk menyelesaikan masalah politik domestik yang semakin meningkat. Ahli sejarah lain, terutamanya ahli sejarah Perancis, Pierre Milza, mempertikaikan perkara ini. Pada 8 Mei 1870, sejurus sebelum perang, pengundi Perancis telah menyokong program Napoleon III dalam pungutan suara nasional, dengan 7,358,000 undi daripada 1,582,000 undi tidak, peningkatan sokongan dua juta undi sejak pilihan raya legislatif pada tahun 1869. Menurut Milza , Maharaja tidak memerlukan perang untuk meningkatkan popularitinya. <> Beberapa ahli sejarah menentang Napoleon III mencari apa? || perang <> Napoleon III belive dia akan memenangi perang Astro-Prusia dan memenangkan konflik dengan negara apa? || Prussia <> Ia juga berpendapat bahawa Napoleon III menganggap peperangan akan menyelesaikan isu yang semakin membesar? || Masalah politik domestik <> Sebelum perang, pengundi Perancis mengatasi apa program Napoleon III? || sebuah plebisit nasional <> Siapa yang mencadangkan agar Maharaja tidak memerlukan peperangan untuk meningkatkan rayuan awamnya? || Milza", {"qas": [{"question": "Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?", "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46113", "answers": [{"text": "war", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?", "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46114", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?", "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46115", "answers": [{"text": "domestic political problems", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?", "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46116", "answers": [{"text": "a national plebiscite", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?", "id": "570d7143fed7b91900d46117", "answers": [{"text": "Milza", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war, particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War, and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems. Other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. On 8 May 1870, shortly before the war, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a national plebiscite, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity."}], ["Mangsa yang mengerikan, terutama sekali untuk menyerang pasukan Prusia. Sejumlah 20,163 tentera Jerman terbunuh, cedera atau hilang dalam aksi semasa pertempuran pada 18 Ogos. Kerugian Perancis adalah 7,855 terbunuh dan cedera bersama 4,420 tahanan perang (separuh daripada mereka cedera) untuk sejumlah 12,275. Ketika sebahagian besar orang Prusia jatuh di bawah senapang Perancis Chassepot, kebanyakan orang Perancis jatuh di bawah kerang Prussian Krupp. Dalam pecahan korban, Corp Frossard dari Tentera Darat Rhine menderita 621 orang yang menewaskan 4,300 orang tentera Tentera Prusia Pertama di bawah Steinmetz sebelum Pointe du Jour. Pengawal Prussian Guards Infantry Division lebih mengejutkan dengan 8,000 orang daripada 18,000 orang. Pengawal Khas J\u00e4ger kehilangan 19 orang pegawai, seorang pakar bedah dan 431 orang daripada jumlah 700 orang. Brigade Infantri Pengawal Kedua kehilangan 39 pegawai dan 1,076 lelaki. Briged Infantri Penjaga Ke-3 kehilangan 36 pegawai dan 1,060 orang. Di sebelah Perancis, unit yang memegang St Privat kehilangan lebih daripada separuh jumlah mereka di kampung. <> Siapa korban yang sangat dahsyat? || serangan pasukan Prusia <> Apakah jumlah kematian besar Jerman dan mereka yang hilang dalam aksi? || 20,163 <> Berapakah bilangan orang Perancis yang terbunuh dan cedera? || 7,855 <> Berapakah jumlah tahanan Perancis? || 4,420 <> Apa yang kebanyakan orang Prussia jatuh? || Senapang chassepot Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the casualties especially terrible for?", "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c1", "answers": [{"text": "the attacking Prussian forces", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?", "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c2", "answers": [{"text": "20,163", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the number of French killed and wounded?", "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c3", "answers": [{"text": "7,855", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the number of French prisoners?", "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c4", "answers": [{"text": "4,420", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did most Prussians fall under?", "id": "570d785cb3d812140066d9c5", "answers": [{"text": "French Chassepot rifles", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles, most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells. In a breakdown of the casualties, Frossard's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour. The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men. The Special Guards J\u00e4ger lost 19 officers, a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700. The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men. The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men. On the French side, the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village."}], ["Albrecht von Roon, Menteri Perang Prusia dari 1859 hingga 1873, melaksanakan siri pembaharuan sistem ketenteraan Prusia pada tahun 1860-an. Antaranya ialah dua pembaharuan besar yang meningkatkan kuasa tentera Jerman. Yang pertama adalah penyusunan semula tentera yang menggabungkan tentera tetap dan rizab Landwehr. Yang kedua adalah peruntukan bagi penjenamaan setiap Prusia lelaki zaman tentera dalam hal pengerahan. Oleh itu, walaupun penduduk Perancis lebih besar daripada populasi semua negara Jerman yang mengambil bahagian dalam peperangan, Jerman mengerahkan lebih banyak askar untuk berperang. <> Siapa Menteri Perang Prusia? || Albrecht von Roon <> Berapa rentang masa bahawa von Roon bertindak sebagai menteri? || 1859 hingga 1873 <> Dia memulakan satu siri tentang tentera Prusia? || pembaharuan <> Apakah langkah pertama dalam pembaharuan? || penyusunan semula askar <> Apa pembaharuan kedua? || penjaga setiap lelaki", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Prussian Minister of War?", "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46195", "answers": [{"text": "Albrecht von Roon", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?", "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46196", "answers": [{"text": "1859 to 1873", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?", "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46197", "answers": [{"text": "reforms", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first step in the reforms?", "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46198", "answers": [{"text": "a reorganization of the army", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the second reform?", "id": "570d79d0fed7b91900d46199", "answers": [{"text": "the conscription of every male", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves. The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization. Thus, despite the population of France being greater than the population of all of the German states that participated in the war, the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle."}], ["Pada 28 Januari 1871, Kerajaan Pertahanan Negara yang berpusat di Paris telah mengadakan perundingan dengan orang Prusia. Dengan kelaparan Paris, dan pasukan-pasukan provinsi Gambetta yang bergolak dari satu bencana ke arah yang lain, menteri luar Perancis Favre pergi ke Versailles pada 24 Januari untuk membincangkan istilah damai dengan Bismarck. Bismarck bersetuju untuk mengakhiri pengepungan itu dan membolehkan konvoi makanan segera masuk ke Paris (termasuk kereta yang membawa jutaan tentera Jerman), dengan syarat Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional menyerahkan beberapa kubu utama di luar Paris kepada orang Prusia. Tanpa kubu-kubu, Tentera Perancis tidak lagi dapat mempertahankan Paris. <> Pada tarikh apakah Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional merundingkan sebuah gencatan senjata? || 28 Januari 1871 <> Dengan siapa kerajaan Perancis berunding? || orang Prussians <> Apa akibat dari perang yang orang Paris menderita? || kelaparan <> Yang mana menteri Perancis pergi ke Versailles untuk membincangkan keamanan? || Favre <> Apakah tarikh jFarve dan Bismarck bertemu? || 24 Januari", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?", "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b3", "answers": [{"text": "28 January 1871", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did the French government negotiate?", "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b4", "answers": [{"text": "the Prussians", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?", "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b5", "answers": [{"text": "starving", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?", "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b6", "answers": [{"text": "Favre", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?", "id": "570d7b36fed7b91900d461b7", "answers": [{"text": "24 January", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians. Without the forts, the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris."}], ["Pada awal Perang Perancis-Prusia, 462,000 askar Jerman menumpukan perhatian kepada perbatasan Perancis manakala hanya 270,000 tentera Perancis yang dapat dipindahkan untuk menghadapi mereka, tentera Perancis yang kehilangan 100,000 penunjuk perasaan sebelum tembakan dipecat melalui perancangan dan pentadbiran yang lemah. Ini sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh organisasi-organisasi tentera yang selamat. Setiap Kor Prusia telah didasarkan dalam sebuah Kreis (secara literal \"bulatan\") di sekitar bandar utama di suatu kawasan. Tempahan jarang tinggal lebih dari satu hari perjalanan dari depot rejimen mereka. Sebaliknya, rejimen Perancis umumnya berkhidmat jauh dari depot mereka, yang pada gilirannya tidak berada di kawasan Perancis yang mana tentera mereka ditarik. Pengembara sering menghadapi perjalanan beberapa hari untuk melaporkan ke depot mereka, dan kemudian satu lagi perjalanan panjang untuk menyertai rejim mereka. Sebilangan besar rejim menenggelamkan stesen keretapi, dengan sia-sia mencari rayuan dan pesanan. <> Pada permulaan perang, berapa pasukan Jerman bertumpu pada sempadan Perancis? || 462,000 <> Berapa ramai tentera Perancis yang dapat berdiri semula untuk menentang Jerman? || 270,000 <> Apa arti harfiah perkataan Prussian \"Kreis?\" || Secara harfiah \"bulatan\" <> Apakah jumlah tentera Perancis paling menderita? || setelah kehilangan 100,000 penyerang", {"qas": [{"question": "At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?", "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9e9", "answers": [{"text": "462,000", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?", "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ea", "answers": [{"text": "270,000", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word \"Kreis?\"", "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9eb", "answers": [{"text": "literally \"circle\"", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?", "id": "570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ec", "answers": [{"text": "having lost 100,000 stragglers", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies. Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis (literally \"circle\") around the chief city in an area. Reservists rarely lived more than a day's travel from their regiment's depot. By contrast, French regiments generally served far from their depots, which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn. Reservists often faced several days' journey to report to their depots, and then another long journey to join their regiments. Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations, vainly seeking rations and orders."}], ["Orang Perancis dilengkapi dengan tembaga, meriam pengangkut muncung, manakala orang Prusia menggunakan senjata pengangkut breek baru, yang mempunyai jarak jauh dan kadar api yang lebih cepat. Pemberontak Prusia mengejar kadar api yang tinggi, yang tidak digalakkan dalam tentera Perancis dengan kepercayaan bahawa ia membazir peluru. Di samping itu, bateri meriam Prussia mempunyai 30% lebih banyak senjata daripada rakan sejawat Perancis mereka. Senjata Prusia biasanya dibakar pada jarak 2-3 kilometer (1.2-1.9 mi), di luar julat artileri Perancis atau senapang Chassepot. Oleh itu, bateri Prussian boleh memusnahkan artileri Perancis tanpa sewenang-wenangnya, sebelum dipindahkan ke hadapan untuk terus menyokong serangan infanteri. <> Apa jenis artileri yang dilengkapi Perancis? || gangsa, rifled muzzle-loading <> Apakah artileri baru yang digunakan Prussian? || pistol pelekat breek keluli <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh orang Perancis terlalu dibazirkan dalam artileri dengan kadar api yang lebih tinggi? || amunisi <> Bateri meriam Prussian mempunyai lebih banyak senjata berbanding Perancis? || 30% lebih <> Apakah jenis khas yang boleh dimainkan oleh senjata Prusia? || 2-3 kilometer", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of artillery were the French equipped with?", "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461a9", "answers": [{"text": "bronze, rifled muzzle-loading", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What newer artillery were Prussians using?", "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461aa", "answers": [{"text": "steel breech-loading guns", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?", "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461ab", "answers": [{"text": "ammunition", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?", "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461ac", "answers": [{"text": "30% more", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?", "id": "570d7a98fed7b91900d461ad", "answers": [{"text": "2\u20133 kilometres", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In addition, the Prussian artillery batteries had 30% more guns than their French counterparts. The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2\u20133 kilometres (1.2\u20131.9 mi), beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle. The Prussian batteries could thus destroy French artillery with impunity, before being moved forward to directly support infantry attacks."}], ["Penciptaan Empayar Jerman bersatu mengakhiri keseimbangan kuasa yang telah dibuat dengan Kongres Vienna selepas berakhirnya Perang Napoleon. Jerman telah menubuhkan dirinya sebagai kuasa utama di benua Eropah dengan tentera yang paling berkuasa dan profesional di dunia. [Rujukan?] Walaupun Great Britain kekal sebagai kuasa dunia dominan, penglibatan British dalam hal ehwal Eropah pada abad ke-19 telah sangat terhad, membenarkan Jerman untuk melaksanakan pengaruh besar di tanah besar Eropah. [Rujukan?] Selain itu, perkahwinan Mahkota Putera dengan putri Queen Victoria hanya merupakan yang paling menonjol dari beberapa hubungan Jerman-British. <> Empayar Jerman yang bersatu mengakhiri keseimbangan kuasa di mana kongres? || Kongres Vienna <> Pada akhir peperangan Napoleon, Jerman telah menetapkan dirinya sebagai apa, di benua Eropah? || kuasa utama <> Siapa yang kekal sebagai kuasa dunia dominan pada masa ini? || Great Britain <> Penglibatan British dalam perkara Eropah pada akhir abad ke-19 dianggap apa? || sangat terhad <> Perkahwinan Mahkota Putera yang dianggap paling terkenal di kalangan bangsawan Jerman-Inggeris? || anak perempuan Queen Victoria", {"qas": [{"question": "A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?", "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fb", "answers": [{"text": "Congress of Vienna", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?", "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fc", "answers": [{"text": "the main power", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who remained the dominant world power at this time?", "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fd", "answers": [{"text": "Great Britain", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?", "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fe", "answers": [{"text": "very limited", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?", "id": "570d7e8bb3d812140066d9ff", "answers": [{"text": "the daughter of Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power, British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited, allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland.[citation needed] Besides, the Crown Prince's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria was only the most prominent of several German\u2013British relationships."}], ["Peristiwa Perang Franco-Prusia mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap pemikiran ketenteraan selama empat puluh tahun ke depan. Pelajaran yang diambil dari perang termasuk keperluan untuk sistem kakitangan umum, skala dan tempoh peperangan masa depan dan penggunaan taktikal artileri dan berkuda. Penggunaan berani artileri oleh orang Prussia, untuk menyenyapkan senapan Perancis pada jarak jauh dan kemudian untuk menyokong serangan infanteri secara dekat, terbukti lebih unggul dari doktrin pertahanan yang digunakan oleh penembak Perancis. Taktik Prusia telah diadopsi oleh tentera Eropah menjelang tahun 1914, dicontohkan dalam 75 Perancis, sekeping artileri yang dioptimumkan untuk memberikan sokongan api langsung kepada infantri. Kebanyakan tentera Eropah mengabaikan keterangan Perang Russo-Jepun pada tahun 1904-05 yang mencadangkan bahawa infantri bersenjata dengan senapang serbuk tanpa asap baru boleh melibatkan kru pistol dengan berkesan. Ini memaksa penembak untuk api pada jarak yang lebih lama menggunakan api tidak langsung, biasanya dari kedudukan penutup. <> Peristiwa Perang Franco-Prusia mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap apa? || Pemikiran ketenteraan <> Pelajaran yang diperoleh dari perang termasuk mengiktiraf keperluan untuk jenis sistem apa? || sistem kakitangan umum <> Siapa yang mengamalkan taktik artileri Prussian pada tahun 1914? || Tentera Eropah <> Apakah Perancis 75 dioptimumkan untuk menyokong secara langsung? || memajukan infanteri <> Bukti dari perang apa yang mencadangkan peningkatan faedah senapang poweder tanpa asap? || Perang Russo-Jepun", {"qas": [{"question": "The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?", "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f1", "answers": [{"text": "military thinking", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?", "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f2", "answers": [{"text": "general staff system", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?", "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f3", "answers": [{"text": "European armies", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?", "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f4", "answers": [{"text": "advancing infantry", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?", "id": "570d7d86b3d812140066d9f5", "answers": [{"text": "Russo-Japanese War", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904\u201305 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover."}], ["Walaupun kerajaan republik itu bersetuju dengan reparasi perang atau menyerang wilayah kolonial di Afrika atau di Asia Tenggara ke Prusia, Favre bagi pihak Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional, mengumumkan pada 6 September bahawa Perancis tidak akan \"menghasilkan satu inci dari wilayahnya atau batu bentengnya. \" Republik itu kemudian memperbaharui perisytiharan perang, yang dipanggil untuk rekrut di semua bahagian negara dan berjanji untuk memimpin tentera Jerman keluar dari Perancis oleh gerilya. Di bawah keadaan ini, orang-orang Jerman terpaksa meneruskan peperangan, tetapi tidak dapat menolak mana-mana pembangkang ketenteraan yang betul di sekitar mereka. Oleh kerana sebahagian besar pasukan tentera Perancis yang sedang digali di dekat Paris, pemimpin Jerman memutuskan untuk memberi tekanan kepada musuh dengan menyerang Paris. Menjelang 15 September, tentera Jerman mencapai pinggir bandar yang berkubu. Pada 19 September, Jerman mengepungnya dan mendirikan sekatan, seperti yang telah ditubuhkan di Metz. <> Apa yang kerajaan republik boleh terima? || Reparasi perang <> Yang menyatakan bahawa Perancis tidak akan menghasilkan \"satu inci dari wilayahnya?\" || Favre <> Siapa Favre bercakap bagi pihak? || Kerajaan Pertahanan Nasional <> Bilakah Favre membuat pengisytiharan mengenai wilayah kolonial? || 6 September <> Apa yang menyebabkan Republik memperbaharui? || pengisytiharan perang", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the republican government amenable to?", "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618b", "answers": [{"text": "war reparations", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who declared that France would not yield \"an inch of its territory?\"", "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618c", "answers": [{"text": "Favre", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?", "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618d", "answers": [{"text": "Government of National Defense", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?", "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618e", "answers": [{"text": "6 September", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did this cause the Republic to renew?", "id": "570d7908fed7b91900d4618f", "answers": [{"text": "declaration of war", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not \"yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses.\" The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre \u00e0 outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz."}], ["Semasa pertempuran, Komunis membunuh c. 500 orang, termasuk Uskup Agung Paris, dan membakar banyak bangunan kerajaan, termasuk Tuileries Palace dan Hotel de Ville. Komunis ditangkap dengan senjata secara rawak ditembak oleh tentera dan tentera kerajaan yang dibunuh dari 7,000-30,000 Komunis dalam pertempuran dan pembunuhan lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak semasa dan selepas Komun. Sejarah yang lebih baru, berdasarkan kajian nombor yang dikebumikan di tanah perkuburan Paris dan di kuburan massal selepas kejatuhan Komune, meletakkan jumlah yang dibunuh di antara 6,000 dan 10,000. Dua puluh enam mahkamah ditubuhkan untuk mencuba lebih daripada 40,000 orang yang telah ditangkap, yang mengambil masa sehingga 1875 dan mengenakan 95 hukuman mati, di mana 23 telah dikenakan. Buruh paksa untuk kehidupan telah dikenakan ke atas 251 orang, 1,160 orang diangkut ke \"tempat yang diperkuat\" dan 3,417 orang diangkut. Kira-kira 20,000 Komunis telah ditahan di penjara sehingga dibebaskan pada tahun 1872 dan ramai Komunis melarikan diri ke luar negara ke England, Switzerland, Belgium atau Amerika Syarikat. Mereka yang terselamat telah amnestied oleh rang undang-undang diperkenalkan oleh Gambetta pada tahun 1880 dan dibenarkan untuk kembali. <> Berapa banyak yang dibunuh oleh Komunis? || 500 orang <> Pegawai agama mana yang juga dibunuh semasa pertempuran? || Uskup Agung Paris <> Apa jenis bangunan yang terutama disasarkan untuk dibakar? || bangunan kerajaan <> Apa istana yang terkenal juga dibakar? || Istana Tuileries <> Apakah perkiraan kasar jumlah orang terbunuh? || antara 6,000 dan 10,000", {"qas": [{"question": "How many were killed by the Communards?", "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9df", "answers": [{"text": "500 people", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?", "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e0", "answers": [{"text": "Archbishop of Paris", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?", "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e1", "answers": [{"text": "government buildings", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous palace was also burned down?", "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e2", "answers": [{"text": "Tuileries Palace", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?", "id": "570d7be1b3d812140066d9e3", "answers": [{"text": "between 6,000 and 10,000", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the fighting, the Communards killed c.\u2009500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000\u201330,000 Communards in the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune. More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000. Twenty-six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences, of which 23 were inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people, 1,160 people were transported to \"a fortified place\" and 3,417 people were transported. About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to England, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return."}]], [["Kebijaksanaan, atau keupayaan untuk wawasan dan penghakiman yang dibangunkan melalui pengalaman, peningkatan antara usia empat belas dan dua puluh lima, kemudian menurunkan. Oleh itu, semasa peralihan remaja-dewasa ini individu memperoleh jenis kebijaksanaan yang dikaitkan dengan usia. Kebijaksanaan tidak sama dengan kecerdasan: remaja tidak banyak memperbaiki ujian IQ kerana skor mereka relatif kepada orang lain dalam kumpulan umur yang sama, dan kedudukan relatif biasanya tidak berubah-semua orang matang pada kira-kira kadar yang sama dengan cara ini. <> Bagaimana kebijaksanaan ditakrifkan? || keupayaan untuk wawasan dan pertimbangan yang dikembangkan melalui pengalaman <> Kebijaksanaan meningkat antara umur empat belas tahun dan apa? || dua puluh lima <> Adakah kebijaksanaan perkara yang sama seperti kecerdasan? || tidak <> Adakah remaja menunjukkan prestasi yang lebih baik dengan ujian IQ daripada kumpulan umur yang lain? || tidak <> Kata apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai keupayaan untuk wawasan dan penghakiman yang dibangunkan melalui pengalaman? || Kebijaksanaan", {"qas": [{"question": "How is wisdom defined?", "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d81d", "answers": [{"text": "capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?", "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d81e", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-five", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?", "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d81f", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?", "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d820", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?", "id": "570d6669b3d812140066d821", "answers": [{"text": "Wisdom", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is not the same as intelligence: adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group, and relative standing usually does not change\u2014everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way."}], ["Pemahaman menyeluruh tentang remaja di dalam masyarakat bergantung kepada maklumat dari pelbagai perspektif, termasuk psikologi, biologi, sejarah, sosiologi, pendidikan, dan antropologi. Dalam semua perspektif ini, remaja dianggap sebagai tempoh peralihan antara zaman kanak-kanak dan dewasa, yang tujuan kebudayaannya adalah penyediaan anak-anak untuk peranan dewasa. Ia adalah tempoh pelbagai peralihan yang melibatkan pendidikan, latihan, pekerjaan dan pengangguran, serta peralihan dari satu keadaan hidup kepada yang lain. <> Apakah tujuan budaya masa remaja? || penyediaan kanak-kanak untuk peranan dewasa <> Apakah tempoh peralihan antara kanak-kanak dan dewasa dilihat sebagai? || remaja <> Adakah masa remaja satu peralihan atau beberapa peralihan? || pelbagai peralihan <> Apa peralihan berlaku semasa baligh selain daripada keadaan hidup? || pendidikan, latihan, pekerjaan dan pengangguran", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?", "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d743", "answers": [{"text": "preparation of children for adult roles", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?", "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d744", "answers": [{"text": "adolescence", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?", "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d745", "answers": [{"text": "multiple transitions", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?", "id": "570d5d0cb3d812140066d746", "answers": [{"text": "education, training, employment and unemployment", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another."}], ["Pembangunan pubertal juga mempengaruhi sistem peredaran dan pernafasan sebagai jantung dan paru-paru remaja yang meningkat dalam saiz dan kapasiti. Perubahan ini membawa kepada peningkatan kekuatan dan toleransi untuk senaman. Perbezaan seks adalah jelas kerana lelaki cenderung untuk mengembangkan \"hati dan paru-paru yang lebih besar, tekanan darah sistolik yang lebih tinggi, kadar denyut jantung yang lebih rendah, kapasiti yang lebih besar untuk membawa oksigen ke darah, kuasa yang lebih besar untuk meneutralkan produk kimia dari latihan otot, hemoglobin dan lebih banyak sel darah merah \". <> Bagaimana jantung dan paru-paru seseorang berubah semasa baligh? || peningkatan dalam kedua-dua saiz dan kapasiti <> Peningkatan saiz dan keupayaan jantung dan paru-paru mengakibatkan perubahan kepada badan? || peningkatan kekuatan dan toleransi untuk senaman <> seks mana yang cenderung untuk mengembangkan hati dan paru-paru yang lebih besar? || lelaki <? Yang seks cenderung mempunyai lebih banyak sel darah merah daripada yang lain? || lelaki <> Sistem tubuh mana yang paru-paru seseorang penyokong utama? || pernafasan", {"qas": [{"question": "How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?", "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f53", "answers": [{"text": "increase in both size and capacity", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?", "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f54", "answers": [{"text": "increased strength and tolerance for exercise", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?", "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f55", "answers": [{"text": "males", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?", "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f56", "answers": [{"text": "males", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?", "id": "570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f57", "answers": [{"text": "respiratory", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells\"."}], ["Masa pubertas boleh membawa kesan penting psikologi dan sosial. Budak matang awal biasanya lebih tinggi dan lebih kuat daripada rakan-rakan mereka. Mereka mempunyai kelebihan dalam menangkap perhatian rakan kongsi yang berpotensi dan menjadi terpilih untuk sukan. Kanak-kanak lelaki cenderung sering mempunyai imej badan yang baik, lebih yakin, aman, dan lebih bebas. Kanak-kanak yang matang dewasa boleh kurang percaya diri kerana imej badan yang lemah apabila membandingkan diri dengan rakan-rakan dan rakan sebaya yang sudah maju. Walau bagaimanapun, akil baligh awal tidak selalu positif untuk kanak-kanak lelaki; Pematangan seksual awal pada kanak-kanak lelaki boleh disertai oleh peningkatan agresif kerana lonjakan hormon yang memberi kesan kepada mereka. Kerana mereka kelihatan lebih tua daripada rakan-rakan mereka, anak lelaki pubescent mungkin menghadapi peningkatan tekanan sosial untuk mematuhi norma dewasa; Masyarakat mungkin memandang mereka sebagai lebih maju secara emosi, meskipun fakta bahawa pembangunan kognitif dan sosial mereka mungkin tertinggal di belakang penampilan mereka. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak lelaki matang lebih cenderung aktif secara seksual dan lebih cenderung untuk mengambil bahagian dalam tingkah laku berisiko. <> Adakah kelakuan seksual dan tingkah laku berisiko lebih cenderung kepada kanak-kanak lelaki yang matang awal atau lewat? || Awal <> Peningkatan aggresiveness dan kematangan seksual awal dalam remaja lelaki adalah disebabkan oleh peningkatan? || hormon <> Adakah kanak-kanak awal atau lewat matang umumnya lebih tinggi dan lebih kuat daripada rakan-rakan mereka? || Awal <> Apa sebabnya budak lelaki lewat mungkin kurang percaya diri ketika membandingkan diri dengan orang lain? || imej badan yang lemah", {"qas": [{"question": "Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?", "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d801", "answers": [{"text": "early", "answer_start": 975}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?", "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d802", "answers": [{"text": "hormones", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?", "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d803", "answers": [{"text": "Early", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?", "id": "570d6596b3d812140066d804", "answers": [{"text": "poor body image", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent. Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their cognitive and social development may lag behind their appearance. Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors."}], ["Otak manusia tidak sepenuhnya dibangunkan oleh masa seseorang mencapai akil baligh. Antara usia 10 dan 25, otak menjalani perubahan yang mempunyai implikasi penting untuk tingkah laku (lihat perkembangan kognitif di bawah). Otak mencapai 90% saiz orang dewasa pada masa seseorang berusia enam tahun. Oleh itu, otak tidak banyak berkembang semasa remaja. Walau bagaimanapun, lipatan di otak terus menjadi lebih kompleks sehingga remaja terlambat. Perubahan terbesar dalam lipatan otak pada masa ini berlaku di bahagian-bahagian korteks yang memproses maklumat kognitif dan emosi. <> Adakah otak seseorang telah dibangunkan sepenuhnya pada masa mereka mencapai akil baligh? || tidak <> Otak mencapai berapa peratus saiz dewasanya pada masa seseorang berusia enam tahun? || 90% <> Perubahan terbesar dalam otak semasa pubertas berlaku di bahagian-bahagian korteks yang memproses apa jenis maklumat? || kognitif dan emosi <> Apa bahagian otak terus menjadi lebih rumit ke dalam remaja? || lipatan <> Otak mencapai 90% saiz dewasanya pada saat seseorang mencapai usia berapa tahun? || enam", {"qas": [{"question": "Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?", "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d773", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?", "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d774", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?", "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d775", "answers": [{"text": "cognitive and emotional", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?", "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d776", "answers": [{"text": "creases", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?", "id": "570d5ecfb3d812140066d777", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information."}], ["Pemikiran remaja kurang terikat pada peristiwa konkrit daripada anak-anak: mereka dapat merenungkan kemungkinan di luar bidang apa yang ada saat ini. Satu manifestasi kemudahan meningkat remaja dengan berfikir tentang kemungkinan adalah peningkatan kemahiran dalam penalaran deduktif, yang membawa kepada perkembangan pemikiran hipotetis. Ini memberikan keupayaan untuk merancang lebih awal, melihat akibat masa depan sesuatu tindakan dan memberi penjelasan alternatif peristiwa. Ia juga menjadikan remaja lebih banyak pembicara yang berkemahiran, kerana mereka boleh membuat alasan terhadap anggapan rakan atau ibu bapa. Remaja juga membangunkan kebarangkalian pemahaman yang lebih canggih. <> Adakah remaja atau anak lebih terikat pada acara konkrit? || kanak-kanak <> Deductive penalaran membawa kepada perkembangan jenis pemikiran apa? || hipotetikal <> Jenis pemikiran apa yang memberi keupayaan untuk merancang lebih awal dan menjadikan remaja lebih debat lebih mahir? || hipotesis <> Remaja membangunkan pemahaman yang lebih canggih tentang apa konsep matematik terima kasih kepada peningkatan hipotesis pemikiran hipotetik mereka? || kebarangkalian", {"qas": [{"question": "Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?", "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7db", "answers": [{"text": "children", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?", "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7dc", "answers": [{"text": "hypothetical", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?", "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7dd", "answers": [{"text": "hypothetical", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?", "id": "570d6464b3d812140066d7de", "answers": [{"text": "probability", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability."}], ["Serotonin adalah neuromodulator yang terlibat dalam peraturan mood dan tingkah laku. Pembangunan dalam sistem limbik memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan ganjaran dan hukuman dan memproses pengalaman emosi dan maklumat sosial. Perubahan dalam tahap neurotransmitter dopamin dan serotonin dalam sistem limbik menjadikan remaja lebih emosi dan lebih responsif terhadap ganjaran dan tekanan. Peningkatan yang sama dalam kelainan emosi juga boleh meningkatkan kelemahan remaja. Kesan serotonin tidak terhad kepada sistem limbik: Beberapa reseptor serotonin mempunyai ekspresi gen mereka berubah secara dramatik semasa remaja, terutamanya dalam korteks frontal dan prefrontal manusia. <> Mana neuromodulator yang terlibat dalam peraturan mood dan tingkah laku? || Serotonin <> Adakah kesan serotonin terhad kepada sistem limbik? || tidak <> Serotonin adalah neuromodulator yang terlibat dalam pengawalan apa? || mood dan tingkah laku <> Sistem mana dalam otak menentukan ganjaran dan hukuman, pengalaman emosi, dan maklumat sosial? || limbic <> Yang mana dua neurotransmiter menyebabkan remaja menjadi lebih emosi dan lebih responsif terhadap ganjaran dan tekanan? || dopamin dan serotonin", {"qas": [{"question": "Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?", "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d791", "answers": [{"text": "Serotonin", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?", "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d792", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?", "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d793", "answers": [{"text": "mood and behavior", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?", "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d794", "answers": [{"text": "limbic", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?", "id": "570d5fd0b3d812140066d795", "answers": [{"text": "dopamine and serotonin", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex ."}], ["Pembawaan berlaku melalui proses yang panjang dan bermula dengan peningkatan pengeluaran hormon, yang seterusnya menyebabkan beberapa perubahan fizikal. Ini adalah tahap kehidupan yang dicirikan oleh penampilan dan perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder (contohnya, suara yang lebih mendalam dan epal adam yang lebih besar pada kanak-kanak lelaki, dan perkembangan payudara dan pinggang yang lebih melengkung dan menonjol dalam kanak-kanak perempuan) dan peralihan yang kuat dalam keseimbangan hormon ke arah keadaan dewasa. Ini dipicu oleh kelenjar pituitari, yang merangsang lonjakan agen hormon ke dalam aliran darah, memulakan tindak balas rantai berlaku. Gonad lelaki dan wanita kemudiannya diaktifkan, yang menjadikan mereka menjadi keadaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pesat; gonad yang dicetuskan kini memulakan pengeluaran besar-besaran bahan kimia yang diperlukan. Ujian ini terutamanya melepaskan testosteron, dan ovari didominasi oleh estrogen. Pengeluaran hormon ini bertambah secara berperingkat sehingga pematangan seksual dipenuhi. Sesetengah kanak-kanak lelaki mungkin mengalami gynecomastia disebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon seks, respons tisu atau obesiti. <> Peningkatan pengeluaran hormon mencetuskan beberapa perubahan fizikal pada peringkat kehidupan apa? || Puberty <> Kelenjar mana yang membesarkan lonjakan agen hormon ke dalam aliran darah? || pituitari <> Bahagian mana yang melepaskan testosteron pada lelaki? || testis <> Bahagian manakah yang meresapi estrogen pada wanita? || ovari <> Ketidakseimbangan dalam hormon seks, respons tisu, atau obesiti boleh menyebabkan apa yang berlaku pada lelaki? || gynecomastia", {"qas": [{"question": "A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?", "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d739", "answers": [{"text": "Puberty", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?", "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73a", "answers": [{"text": "pituitary", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?", "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73b", "answers": [{"text": "testes", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?", "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73c", "answers": [{"text": "ovaries", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?", "id": "570d5cb5b3d812140066d73d", "answers": [{"text": "gynecomastia", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur. The male and female gonads are subsequently activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity."}], ["Dalam mengkaji perkembangan remaja, remaja boleh ditakrifkan secara biologi, sebagai peralihan fizikal yang ditandai dengan permulaan baligh dan penamatan pertumbuhan fizikal; secara kognitif, sebagai perubahan kemampuan untuk berfikir secara abstrak dan multi-dimensi; atau sosial, sebagai satu tempoh penyediaan untuk peranan dewasa. Perubahan pubertal dan perubahan biologi utama termasuk perubahan pada organ seks, ketinggian, berat badan, dan jisim otot, serta perubahan besar dalam struktur dan organisasi otak. Kemajuan kognitif merangkumi peningkatan dalam pengetahuan dan kemampuan untuk berfikir secara abstrak dan untuk membuat alasan dengan lebih berkesan. Kajian tentang perkembangan remaja sering melibatkan kerjasama antara disiplin. Sebagai contoh, penyelidik dalam bidang neurosains atau kesihatan bio-tingkah laku mungkin memberi tumpuan kepada perubahan pubertal dalam struktur otak dan kesannya pada kognisi atau hubungan sosial. Para ahli sosiologi yang berminat untuk remaja mungkin memberi tumpuan kepada perolehan peranan sosial (contohnya, pekerja atau rakan kongsi romantis) dan bagaimana ia berbeza mengikut budaya atau keadaan sosial. Pakar psikologi pembangunan mungkin memberi tumpuan kepada perubahan hubungan dengan ibu bapa dan rakan sebaya sebagai fungsi struktur sekolah dan status pubertas. <> Bagaimana remaja ditakrifkan secara biologi? || peralihan fizikal yang ditandakan dengan permulaan baligh dan penamatan pertumbuhan fizikal <> Bagaimana remaja ditakrifkan secara kognitif? || Perubahan keupayaan untuk berfikir secara abstrak dan pelbagai dimensi <> Perubahan kepada organ seks, ketinggian, berat badan, dan jisim otot adalah contoh jenis perubahan? || biologi <> Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keupayaan untuk berfikir secara abstrak adalah contoh-contoh perubahan yang mana? || Kognitif", {"qas": [{"question": "How is adolescence defined biologically?", "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d837", "answers": [{"text": "the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is adolescence defined cognitively?", "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d838", "answers": [{"text": "changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?", "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d83a", "answers": [{"text": "biological", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?", "id": "570d672cb3d812140066d83b", "answers": [{"text": "Cognitive", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as major changes in brain structure and organization. Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations. For example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles (e.g., worker or romantic partner) and how this varies across cultures or social conditions. Developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status."}], ["Jean Macfarlane mengasaskan Universiti California, Institut Pembangunan Manusia Berkeley, yang dahulunya dikenali sebagai Institut Kebajikan Kanak-Kanak, pada tahun 1927. Institut ini memainkan peranan penting dalam memulakan kajian pembangunan yang sihat, berbeza dengan karya sebelumnya yang telah dikuasai oleh teori-teori berdasarkan patologi personaliti. Kajian-kajian ini mengkaji pembangunan manusia semasa Kemelesetan Besar dan Perang Dunia II, keadaan sejarah unik di mana generasi anak-anak membesar. Kajian Oakland Growth, yang dimulakan oleh Harold Jones dan Herbert Stolz pada tahun 1931, bertujuan untuk mempelajari perkembangan fizikal, intelektual, dan sosial anak-anak di kawasan Oakland. Pengumpulan data bermula pada tahun 1932 dan diteruskan sehingga tahun 1981, yang membolehkan para penyelidik untuk mengumpulkan data membujur pada individu yang meluaskan masa remaja ke dewasa. Jean Macfarlane melancarkan Kajian Panduan Berkeley, yang mengkaji perkembangan anak-anak dari segi latar belakang sosioekonomi dan keluarga mereka. Kajian-kajian ini memberikan latar belakang untuk Glen Elder pada tahun 1960-an, untuk mencadangkan perspektif kehidupan perkembangan remaja. Penatua merumuskan beberapa prinsip deskriptif perkembangan remaja. Prinsip waktu dan tempat sejarah menyatakan bahawa perkembangan individu dibentuk oleh tempoh dan lokasi di mana mereka membesar. Prinsip pentingnya masa dalam kehidupan seseorang merujuk kepada kesan yang berbeza yang pernah terjadi pada kehidupan berdasarkan pembangunan ketika hidup seseorang itu terjadi. Idea berkaitan kehidupan menyatakan bahawa perkembangan seseorang dibentuk oleh rangkaian hubungan yang saling berkaitan dengan mana satu bahagian; dan prinsip agensi manusia menegaskan bahawa kursus kehidupan seseorang dibina melalui pilihan dan tindakan individu dalam konteks tempoh sejarah dan rangkaian sosial mereka. <> Siapakah yang mengasaskan University of California, Instansi Pembangunan Manusia Berkeley? || Jean Macfarlane <> Tahun berapa adalah Universiti California, Pengembangan Kemajuan Manusia Berkeley? || 1927 <> Apakah Univerity of California, Institut Kemajuan Manusia Berkeley dahulu dipanggil? || Institut Kebajikan Kanak-kanak <> Berapa tahunkah Kajian Pertumbuhan Oakland dimulakan? || 1931 <> Tahun apa data untuk Kajian Pertumbuhan Oakland berhenti dikumpulkan? || 1981", {"qas": [{"question": "Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?", "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d869", "answers": [{"text": "Jean Macfarlane", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?", "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86a", "answers": [{"text": "1927", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?", "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86b", "answers": [{"text": "Institute of Child Welfare", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?", "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86c", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?", "id": "570d6819b3d812140066d86d", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s, to propose a life-course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part; and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network."}], ["Pada wanita, perubahan dalam ciri seks utama melibatkan pertumbuhan rahim, vagina, dan aspek lain dari sistem pembiakan. Menarche, permulaan haid, adalah perkembangan yang agak lewat yang mengikuti siri panjang perubahan hormon. Secara umum, seorang gadis tidak subur sepenuhnya sehingga beberapa tahun selepas menarche, sebagai ovulasi tetap mengikuti menarche oleh kira-kira dua tahun. Oleh itu, tidak seperti lelaki, wanita biasanya muncul secara fizikal sebelum mereka mampu hamil. <> Istilah apa yang dimaksudkan dengan permulaan haid? || Menarche <> Berapa tahun ovulasi biasa mengikuti menarche? || dua tahun <> Adakah lelaki atau perempuan muncul secara fizikal sebelum mereka mampu membiak? || wanita <> Apakah dua bidang sistem pembiakan yang mengalami pertumbuhan pada wanita semasa pubertas? || rahim, vagina", {"qas": [{"question": "What term is the beginning of menstruation given?", "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da0d", "answers": [{"text": "Menarche", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?", "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da0e", "answers": [{"text": "two years", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?", "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da0f", "answers": [{"text": "females", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?", "id": "570d80ccb3d812140066da10", "answers": [{"text": "uterus, vagina", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant."}], ["Keuntungan ketiga dalam keupayaan kognitif melibatkan pemikiran tentang pemikiran sendiri, suatu proses yang disebut sebagai metakognisi. Ia sering melibatkan pemantauan aktiviti kognitif seseorang semasa proses pemikiran. Peningkatan remaja dalam pengetahuan pola pemikiran mereka sendiri membawa kepada kawalan diri yang lebih baik dan pembelajaran yang lebih berkesan. Ia juga relevan dalam kognisi sosial, mengakibatkan peningkatan introspeksi, kesedaran diri, dan intelektualisasi (dalam pemikiran pemikiran tentang pemikiran sendiri, bukannya definisi Freudian sebagai mekanisme pertahanan). Remaja lebih mampu daripada kanak-kanak untuk memahami bahawa orang tidak mempunyai kawalan sepenuhnya terhadap aktiviti mental mereka. Mampu untuk introspek boleh membawa kepada dua bentuk egosentrisme remaja, yang menghasilkan dua masalah yang berbeza dalam pemikiran: khalayak khayalan dan fabel peribadi. Kemungkinan besar pada umur lima belas tahun, bersama dengan kesedaran diri secara umum. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan pemikiran tentang pemikiran sendiri? || metakognisi <> Adakah remaja atau kanak-kanak lebih mampu memahami bahawa orang tidak mempunyai kawalan sepenuhnya terhadap pemikiran mereka? || Para remaja <> Penonton khayalan dan puncak fabel peribadi pada usia apa? || Lima belas <> Pada usia apakah kesedaran diri pada puncak umum? || lima belas", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the term used to describe thinking about thinking itself?", "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510bfd", "answers": [{"text": "metacognition", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts?", "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510bfe", "answers": [{"text": "Adolescents", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age?", "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510bff", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 892}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?", "id": "570d9f0316d0071400510c00", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 892}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general."}], ["Tanda utama baligh untuk lelaki adalah ejakulasi pertama, yang berlaku, secara purata, pada usia 13. Bagi wanita, ia adalah menarche, permulaan haid, yang berlaku, secara purata, antara umur 12 dan 13. Umur menarche dipengaruhi oleh keturunan, tetapi diet dan gaya hidup gadis turut menyumbang. Terlepas dari gen, seorang gadis mesti mempunyai bahagian tertentu lemak tubuh untuk mencapai menarche. Akibatnya, wanita yang mempunyai diet lemak tinggi dan yang tidak aktif secara fizikal mula menstruasi lebih awal, secara purata, daripada wanita yang dietnya kurang lemak dan kegiatannya melibatkan latihan menurunkan lemak (mis. Balet dan gimnastik). Kanak-kanak perempuan yang mengalami kekurangan zat makanan atau berada di dalam masyarakat di mana kanak-kanak dijangka melakukan kerja fizikal juga mula menstruasi pada usia kemudian. <> Apa gunanya baligh utama lelaki? || ejakulasi pertama <> Pada umur berapa purata ejakulasi pertama lelaki berlaku? || 13 <> Apa gunanya baligh utama wanita? || haid <> Selain keturunan, apakah faktor-faktor lain yang menyumbang apabila menustration bermula? || diet dan gaya hidup <> Adakah kanak-kanak perempuan yang kurang sihat menanam awal atau lebih lambat daripada mereka yang mempunyai diet tinggi lemak? || kemudian", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a male's major landmark of puberty?", "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cb", "answers": [{"text": "first ejaculation", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur?", "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cc", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a female's major landmark of puberty?", "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cd", "answers": [{"text": "menstruation", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins?", "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9ce", "answers": [{"text": "diet and lifestyle", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?", "id": "570d7b4db3d812140066d9cf", "answers": [{"text": "later", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless of genes, a girl must have a certain proportion of body fat to attain menarche. Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics). Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages."}], ["Para remaja dapat mengkonseptualisasikan pelbagai \"kemungkinan diri\" yang boleh menjadi dan kemungkinan jangka panjang dan akibat dari pilihan mereka. Menerokai kemungkinan ini boleh menyebabkan perubahan mendadak dalam pembentangan diri sebagai remaja yang memilih atau menolak sifat dan tingkah laku, cuba membimbing diri yang sebenar ke arah diri yang ideal (yang dikehendaki oleh remaja) dan jauh dari diri yang ditakuti (yang remaja tidak mahu menjadi). Bagi kebanyakan orang, perbezaan ini tidak selesa, tetapi mereka juga kelihatan memotivasi pencapaian melalui tingkah laku yang konsisten dengan yang ideal dan berbeza dari yang mungkin ditakuti. <> Bagaimanakah diri ideal dapat diterangkan dari segi remaja? || yang remaja ingin menjadi <> Bagaimana diri boleh ditakrifkan dari segi remaja? || yang remaja tidak mahu menjadi <> Adakah remaja menunjukkan tingkah laku yang dituju ke arah diri yang ideal atau yang ditakuti? || ideal", {"qas": [{"question": "How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?", "id": "570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d1", "answers": [{"text": "who the adolescent wishes to be", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?", "id": "570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d2", "answers": [{"text": "who the adolescent does not want to be", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?", "id": "570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d3", "answers": [{"text": "ideal", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescents can conceptualize multiple \"possible selves\" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self (who the adolescent wishes to be) and away from the feared self (who the adolescent does not want to be). For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves."}], ["Bidang-bidang pertama otak yang dipotong adalah yang melibatkan fungsi-fungsi utama, seperti motor dan kawasan deria. Bidang otak yang terlibat dalam proses yang lebih kompleks akan kehilangan masalah kemudian dalam pembangunan. Ini termasuk korteks sisi dan prefrontal, antara kawasan lain. Sesetengah perubahan ketara yang paling penting dalam otak berlaku dalam korteks prefrontal, yang terlibat dalam membuat keputusan dan kawalan kognitif, serta fungsi kognitif yang lain yang lebih tinggi. Semasa remaja, pemangkasan myelinasi dan sinaptik dalam korteks prefrontal meningkat, meningkatkan kecekapan pemprosesan maklumat, dan sambungan saraf antara korteks prefrontal dan kawasan otak lain diperkukuhkan. Ini membawa kepada penilaian risiko dan ganjaran yang lebih baik, serta kawalan yang lebih baik terhadap impuls. Khususnya, perkembangan dalam korteks prefrontal dorsolateral adalah penting untuk mengawal impuls dan merancang ke hadapan, sementara perkembangan dalam korteks prefrontal ventrenedial adalah penting untuk membuat keputusan. Perubahan dalam korteks orbitofrontal adalah penting untuk menilai ganjaran dan risiko. <> Bahagian otak mana yang terlibat dalam membuat keputusan dan kawalan kognitif? || korteks prefrontal <> Kawasan manakah otak yang penting untuk mengawal impuls dan merancang ke hadapan? || korteks prefrontal dorsolateral <> Bahagian otak mana yang penting untuk menilai ganjaran dan risiko? || korteks orbitofrontal <> Yang manakah kawasan pertama dipotong semasa pubertas? || yang melibatkan fungsi utama <> Motor dan kemahiran deria adalah contoh fungsi otak apa? || utama", {"qas": [{"question": "Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?", "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bc9", "answers": [{"text": "prefrontal cortex", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?", "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bca", "answers": [{"text": "dorsolateral prefrontal cortex", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?", "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bcb", "answers": [{"text": "orbitofrontal cortex", "answer_start": 1050}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?", "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bcc", "answers": [{"text": "those involving primary functions", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?", "id": "570d9a1c16d0071400510bcd", "answers": [{"text": "primary", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks."}], ["Terdapat sekurang-kurangnya dua pendekatan utama untuk memahami perubahan kognitif semasa remaja. Satu adalah pandangan konstruktivis perkembangan kognitif. Berdasarkan karya Piaget, ia mengambil pendekatan kuantitatif, teori-teori, hipotesis bahawa peningkatan kognitif remaja secara mendadak dan drastik. Yang kedua adalah perspektif pemprosesan maklumat, yang berasal dari kajian kecerdasan buatan dan percubaan untuk menerangkan perkembangan kognitif dari segi pertumbuhan komponen tertentu dalam proses pemikiran. <> Apa pandangan ke arah perkembangan kognitif semasa remaja yang diambil Piaget? || konstruktivist <> Adakah Piaget percaya bahawa peningkatan kognitif tiba-tiba dan drastik atau perlahan dan stabil? || tiba-tiba dan drastik <> Selain perspektif pemprosesan maklumat, apakah pendekatan utama lain untuk memahami perubahan kognitif semasa remaja? || kuantitatif, teori-teori <> Perspektif pemprosesan maklumat ke arah pembangunan kognitif berasal daripada kajian tentang apa? || kecerdasan buatan", {"qas": [{"question": "What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?", "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510beb", "answers": [{"text": "constructivist", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?", "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510bec", "answers": [{"text": "sudden and drastic", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?", "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510bed", "answers": [{"text": "quantitative, state-theory", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?", "id": "570d9c7616d0071400510bee", "answers": [{"text": "artificial intelligence", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process."}], ["Ciri-ciri seks utama adalah mereka yang berkaitan secara langsung dengan organ seks. Pada lelaki, peringkat pertama akil baligh melibatkan pertumbuhan testis dan skrotum, diikuti oleh pertumbuhan zakar. Pada masa zakar berkembang, vesikel mani, prostat, dan kelenjar bulbourethral juga membesarkan dan berkembang. Ejakulasi pertama cecair mani biasanya berlaku kira-kira satu tahun selepas permulaan pertumbuhan zakar dipercepat, walaupun ini sering ditentukan secara kultural dan bukannya secara biologi, kerana bagi banyak lelaki ejakulasi pertama berlaku akibat melancap. Anak lelaki biasanya subur sebelum mereka mempunyai penampilan dewasa. <> Aktiviti apa yang sering menyebabkan ejakulasi pertama kanak-kanak? || melancap <> Apakah ciri-ciri seks utama? || yang secara langsung berkaitan dengan organ seks <> Apakah tahap pertama baligh melibatkan lelaki? || Pertumbuhan testis dan skrotum <> Selepas pertumbuhan testis dan skrotum, manakala bahagian badan lelaki mengalami pertumbuhan seterusnya? || zakar yang mana bahagian badan laki-laki membesarkan dan berkembang pada masa yang sama dengan zakar? || vesikel mani, prostat, dan kelenjar bulbourethral", {"qas": [{"question": "What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?", "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba5", "answers": [{"text": "masturbation", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are primary sex characteristics?", "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba6", "answers": [{"text": "those directly related to the sex organs", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?", "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba7", "answers": [{"text": "growth of the testes and scrotum", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?", "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba8", "answers": [{"text": "penis", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?", "id": "570d97d816d0071400510ba9", "answers": [{"text": "seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance."}], ["Masa remaja menandakan masa pematangan seksual, yang juga ditunjukkan dalam interaksi sosial. Walaupun remaja mungkin terlibat dalam pertemuan seksual biasa (sering disebut sebagai hookups), kebanyakan pengalaman seksual dalam tempoh perkembangan ini berlaku dalam hubungan romantis. Para remaja boleh menggunakan teknologi dan media sosial untuk mencari hubungan romantis kerana mereka merasa ia adalah tempat yang selamat untuk mencuba penjelajahan identiti dan temu bual. Dari pertemuan media sosial ini, hubungan selanjutnya mungkin bermula. Mencium, memegang tangan, dan memeluk menandakan kepuasan dan komitmen. Di kalangan remaja muda, aktiviti seksual \"berat\" yang ditandai dengan rangsangan alat kelamin, sering dikaitkan dengan keganasan, kemurungan, dan kualiti hubungan yang lemah. Kesan ini tidak berlaku untuk aktiviti seksual di akhir remaja yang berlaku dalam hubungan romantis. Sesetengah penyelidikan mencadangkan bahawa terdapat punca genetik aktiviti seksual awal yang juga faktor risiko untuk kenakalan, menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kumpulan yang berisiko untuk kedua-dua aktiviti seksual awal dan kesusahan emosi. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi remaja yang lama, aktiviti seksual dalam konteks hubungan romantis sebenarnya dikaitkan dengan tingkah laku menyimpang yang lebih rendah selepas mengawal risiko genetik, berbanding dengan hubungan seks di luar hubungan (hook-up). untuk apa? || hookups <> Adakah kebanyakan pengalaman seksual semasa remaja berlaku dalam atau berasingan daripada hubungan romantis? || di <> Di manakah rasa sesetengah remaja adalah tempat yang selamat untuk mencari hubungan romantis, mencuba penjelajahan indentiti dan temu janji? || media sosial <> Apa yang memisahkan aktiviti seksual \"berat\" daripada bentuk kasih sayang yang lain? || rangsangan genital <> Untuk remaja yang lebih tua, adalah aktiviti seksual dalam hubungan romantis yang dikaitkan dengan tingkah laku menyimpang yang lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi? || lebih rendah", {"qas": [{"question": "Casual sexual encounters are often referred to as what?", "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed058", "answers": [{"text": "hookups", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships?", "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed059", "answers": [{"text": "within", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships, try out dating and indentity exploration?", "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed05a", "answers": [{"text": "social media", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What seperates \"heavy\" sexual activity from other forms of affection?", "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed05b", "answers": [{"text": "genital stimulation", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For older adolescents, is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior?", "id": "570d9dfadf2f5219002ed05c", "answers": [{"text": "lower", "answer_start": 1206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation, which manifests in social interactions as well. While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters (often referred to as hookups), most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships. Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration. From these social media encounters, a further relationship may begin. Kissing, hand holding, and hugging signify satisfaction and commitment. Among young adolescents, \"heavy\" sexual activity, marked by genital stimulation, is often associated with violence, depression, and poor relationship quality. This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship. Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for delinquency, suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress. For old adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups)"}], ["Remaja menandakan perubahan pesat dalam peranan seseorang dalam keluarga. Kanak-kanak kecil cenderung untuk menegaskan diri mereka dengan kuat, tetapi tidak dapat menunjukkan banyak pengaruh terhadap keputusan keluarga sehingga awal remaja, ketika mereka semakin dipandang oleh orang tua sebagai sama. Remaja menghadapi tugas meningkatkan kemerdekaan sambil memelihara hubungan yang peduli dengan ibu bapanya. Apabila kanak-kanak mengalami masa akil baligh, terdapat peningkatan yang signifikan dalam konflik ibu bapa dan kanak-kanak dan bon keluarga yang kurang kohesif. Argumen sering menyangkut isu-isu kecil kawalan seperti jam malam, pakaian yang boleh diterima, dan hak remaja untuk privasi, yang remaja sebelum ini dilihat sebagai isu di mana ibu bapa mereka mempunyai kuasa yang lengkap. Perselisihan orangtua-remaja juga meningkat apabila rakan-rakan menunjukkan kesan yang lebih besar kepada satu sama lain, pengaruh baru pada remaja yang mungkin bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai ibu bapa. Media sosial juga telah memainkan peranan yang semakin meningkat dalam perselisihan remaja dan ibu bapa. Walaupun ibu bapa tidak perlu bimbang tentang ancaman media sosial pada masa lalu, ia telah menjadi tempat yang berbahaya untuk kanak-kanak. Walaupun remaja berusaha untuk kebebasan mereka, yang tidak diketahui kepada ibu bapa tentang apa yang dilakukan anak mereka di laman media sosial adalah subjek yang mencabar, disebabkan oleh peningkatan bilangan pemangsa di laman media sosial. Ramai ibu bapa mempunyai pengetahuan yang sangat sedikit tentang laman rangkaian sosial di tempat pertama dan ini meningkatkan lagi ketidakpercayaan mereka. Cabaran penting untuk hubungan antara ibu bapa dan remaja adalah memahami bagaimana untuk meningkatkan peluang komunikasi dalam talian semasa menguruskan risiko mereka. Walaupun konflik antara kanak-kanak dan ibu bapa meningkat semasa remaja, ini hanya masalah yang agak kecil. Mengenai isu kehidupan penting mereka, kebanyakan remaja masih berkongsi sikap dan nilai yang sama seperti ibu bapa mereka. <> Pada peringkat apakah ibu bapa melihat anak-anak mereka sama seperti? || awal remaja <> Semasa apa peringkat pembangunan ada konflik ibu bapa dan kanak-kanak yang semakin meningkat dan ikatan kekeluargaan yang kurang kohesif? || Akil baligh <> Semasa akil baligh dan remaja, adakah kebanyakan kanak-kanak berkongsi sikap dan nilai yang sama atau berbeza sebagai ibu bapa mereka? || sama", {"qas": [{"question": "At what stage do parents see their children as equals?", "id": "570d995c16d0071400510bb9", "answers": [{"text": "early adolescence", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond?", "id": "570d995c16d0071400510bba", "answers": [{"text": "puberty", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents?", "id": "570d995c16d0071400510bbb", "answers": [{"text": "same", "answer_start": 1833}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with his or her parents. When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent\u2013child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and the adolescent's right to privacy, which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority. Parent-adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents' values. Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreements. While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, the unknowns to parents of what their child is doing on social media sites is a challenging subject, due to the increasing amount of predators on social media sites. Many parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites in the first place and this further increases their mistrust. An important challenge for the parent\u2013adolescent relationship is to understand how to enhance the opportunities of online communication while managing its risks. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, these are just relatively minor issues. Regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents."}], ["Komunikasi dalam kumpulan sebaya membolehkan para remaja untuk meneroka perasaan dan identiti mereka serta mengembangkan dan menilai kemahiran sosial mereka. Kumpulan rakan sebaya menawarkan peluang kepada ahli untuk membangunkan kemahiran sosial seperti empati, perkongsian, dan kepimpinan. Remaja memilih kumpulan sebaya berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang serupa juga ditemui dalam diri mereka sendiri. Dengan menggunakan hubungan ini, remaja menjadi semakin menerima siapa mereka menjadi. Norma dan nilai-nilai kumpulan dimasukkan ke dalam konsep kendiri remaja sendiri. Melalui membangunkan kemahiran komunikasi baru dan mencerminkan kepada rakan-rakan mereka, serta pandangan dan nilai-nilai diri sendiri, seorang remaja dapat berkongsi dan menyatakan emosi dan kebimbangan lain tanpa rasa takut penolakan atau penghakiman. Kumpulan rakan sekerja boleh mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap individu, seperti motivasi dan prestasi akademik. Bagaimanapun, sementara rakan sebaya boleh memudahkan perkembangan sosial untuk satu sama lain, mereka mungkin juga menghalangnya. Rakan-rakan boleh mempunyai pengaruh negatif, seperti menggalakkan eksperimen dengan ubat, minum, vandalisme, dan mencuri melalui tekanan rakan sebaya. Kerentanan terhadap tekanan rakan sebaya meningkat semasa awal remaja, puncak sekitar usia 14, dan menurun selepas itu. Bukti lanjut rakan sebaya menghalang perkembangan sosial telah ditemui di kalangan remaja Sepanyol, di mana reaksi emosi (bukannya berasaskan penyelesaian) terhadap masalah dan ketidakstabilan emosi telah dikaitkan dengan pencerobohan fizikal terhadap rakan sebaya. Kedua-dua pencerobohan fizikal dan hubungan dikaitkan dengan sejumlah besar kesukaran psikologi yang berterusan, terutamanya kemurungan, seperti penolakan sosial. Oleh sebab itu, remaja yang sering dibuli sering membangkitkan masalah yang membawa kepada pembaziran lanjut. Remaja yang dibuli kedua-duanya lebih cenderung untuk terus dibuli dan membuli orang lain pada masa akan datang. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan ini kurang stabil dalam kes-kes pembaziran siber, satu isu yang agak baru di kalangan remaja. <> Apakah satu kawasan di mana kumpulan rakan sebaya boleh mempunyai pengaruh positif pada individu? || motivasi dan prestasi akademik <> Apakah beberapa pengalaman negatif yang mempengaruhi rakan sebaya semasa remaja? || percubaan dengan ubat-ubatan, minum, vandalisme, dan mencuri <> Pada usia berapakah kesederhanaan untuk tekanan tekanan rakan sebaya? || 14 <> Apakah beberapa kemahiran sosial yang kumpulan rakan sebaya menawarkan peluang untuk berkembang? || empati, perkongsian, dan kepimpinan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual?", "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bd9", "answers": [{"text": "academic motivation and performance", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence?", "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bda", "answers": [{"text": "experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing", "answer_start": 998}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak?", "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bdb", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some social skills that peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop?", "id": "570d9b8216d0071400510bdc", "answers": [{"text": "empathy, sharing, and leadership", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Communication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on characteristics similarly found in themselves. By utilizing these relationships, adolescents become more accepting of who they are becoming. Group norms and values are incorporated into an adolescent\u2019s own self-concept. Through developing new communication skills and reflecting upon those of their peers, as well as self-opinions and values, an adolescent can share and express emotions and other concerns without fear of rejection or judgment. Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual, such as on academic motivation and performance. However, while peers may facilitate social development for one another they may also hinder it. Peers can have negative influences, such as encouraging experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing through peer pressure. Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence, peaks around age 14, and declines thereafter. Further evidence of peers hindering social development has been found in Spanish teenagers, where emotional (rather than solution-based) reactions to problems and emotional instability have been linked with physical aggression against peers. Both physical and relational aggression are linked to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, especially depression, as is social rejection. Because of this, bullied adolescents often develop problems that lead to further victimization. Bullied adolescents are both more likely to continued to be bullied and to bully others in the future. However, this relationship is less stable in cases of cyberbullying, a relatively new issue among adolescents."}], ["Penyelidikan sejak mendedahkan pemeriksaan diri bermula pada awal remaja, namun pencapaian identiti jarang berlaku sebelum usia 18 tahun. Tahun baru mahasiswa kolektif mempengaruhi perkembangan identiti dengan ketara, tetapi sebenarnya boleh memanjangkan moratorium psikososial dengan menggalakkan pemeriksaan semula terhadap komitmen sebelumnya dan penjelajahan lanjut kemungkinan alternatif tanpa menggalakkan resolusi. Sebahagian besar bukti telah menyokong tahap Erikson: masing-masing berkait rapat dengan ciri-ciri keperibadiannya yang diramalkannya pada awalnya. Kajian juga mengesahkan ketidaksempurnaan peringkat; tiada titik akhir dalam pembangunan identiti. <> Pencapaian identiti jarang berlaku sebelum umur berapa? || 18 <> Adakah terdapat titik akhir dalam perkembangan identiti? || tidak <> Bukti telah menyokong ide teorist mengenai tahap pembangunan? || Erikson <> Adakah pemeriksaan diri bermula pada awal atau lewat pada masa remaja? || awal", {"qas": [{"question": "Identity achievement rarely occurs before what age?", "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c55", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is there a final endpoint in identity development?", "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c56", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evidence has supported which theorist's idea concerning stages of development?", "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c57", "answers": [{"text": "Erikson", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence?", "id": "570da71c16d0071400510c58", "answers": [{"text": "early", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence, but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18. The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly, but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution. For the most part, evidence has supported Erikson's stages: each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted. Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages; there is no final endpoint in identity development."}], ["Banyak kajian telah dijalankan mengenai kesan psikologi imej badan pada remaja. Remaja hari moden terdedah kepada lebih banyak media setiap hari berbanding generasi sebelum mereka. Kajian terkini menunjukkan bahawa remaja purata menonton kira-kira 1500 jam televisyen setiap tahun. Oleh itu, remaja zaman moden terdedah kepada banyak perwakilan kecantikan ideal, masyarakat. Konsep seseorang yang tidak berpuas hati dengan imej atau rupa mereka sendiri telah ditakrifkan sebagai \"ketidakpuasan badan\". Pada remaja, ketidakpuasan badan sering dikaitkan dengan jisim badan, harga diri yang rendah, dan corak makan biasa. Ulama terus membahaskan kesan media terhadap ketidakpuasan badan pada remaja. <> Adakah remaja zaman moden terdedah kepada lebih kurang media daripada generasi lain? || lebih banyak <> Berapa jam televisyen menonton purata remaja setiap tahun? || 1500 <> Penonton remaja mengenai jisim badan, harga diri sendiri, dan corak makan yang tipikal menghasilkan apa? || ketidakpuasan badan <> Bagaimana \"ketidakpuasan badan\" ditakrifkan? || Konsep seseorang yang tidak berpuas hati dengan imej atau rupa mereka sendiri", {"qas": [{"question": "Are modern day teenagers exposed to more or less media than other generations?", "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cc7", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many hours of television does the average teenager watch per year?", "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cc8", "answers": [{"text": "1500", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Teenagers' views on body mass, loe self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns results in what?", "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cc9", "answers": [{"text": "body dissatisfaction", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is \"body dissatisfaction\" defined?", "id": "570dae6016d0071400510cca", "answers": [{"text": "The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much research has been conducted on the psychological ramifications of body image on adolescents. Modern day teenagers are exposed to more media on a daily basis than any generation before them. Recent studies have indicated that the average teenager watches roughly 1500 hours of television per year. As such, modern day adolescents are exposed to many representations of ideal, societal beauty. The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as \"body dissatisfaction\". In teenagers, body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns. Scholars continue to debate the effects of media on body dissatisfaction in teens."}], ["Penyelidikan seolah-olah memihak kepada hipotesis bahawa remaja dan orang dewasa berfikir tentang risiko dalam cara yang sama, tetapi memegang nilai yang berbeza dan dengan itu datang kepada kesimpulan yang berbeza. Ada yang berpendapat bahawa mungkin terdapat faedah evolusi untuk kecenderungan meningkat untuk mengambil risiko pada masa remaja. Sebagai contoh, tanpa kesediaan untuk mengambil risiko, remaja tidak akan mempunyai motivasi atau keyakinan yang diperlukan untuk meninggalkan keluarganya. Di samping itu, dari perspektif populasi, terdapat kelebihan untuk mempunyai sekelompok individu yang bersedia mengambil lebih banyak risiko dan mencuba kaedah baru, mengimbangi unsur-unsur yang lebih konservatif yang lebih tipikal dari pengetahuan yang diterima oleh orang dewasa yang lebih tua. Risiko juga mungkin mempunyai kelebihan pembiakan: remaja mempunyai keutamaan baru dalam daya tarikan seksual dan dating, dan pengambilan risiko diperlukan untuk menarik perhatian pasangan yang berpotensi. Penyelidikan juga menunjukkan bahawa pencarian sensasi asas boleh menjejaskan perilaku mengambil risiko sepanjang hayat. <> Adakah penyelidikan menyokong atau menolak hipotesis bahawa remaja dan orang dewasa berfikir tentang risiko sama tetapi memegang nilai yang berbeza dan oleh itu datang kepada kesimpulan yang berbeza? || memihak <> Keutamaan dalam daya tarikan seksual dan dating boleh membuktikan membantu untuk menyelesaikan apa kelebihan pembiakan? || terkesan rakan-rakan berpotensi <> Apa yang menunjukkan penyelidikan boleh mempengaruhi perilaku mengambil risiko sepanjang hayat? || mencari sensasi asas", {"qas": [{"question": "Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?", "id": "570da4e916d0071400510c3b", "answers": [{"text": "favor", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?", "id": "570da4e916d0071400510c3c", "answers": [{"text": "impress potential mates", "answer_start": 837}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?", "id": "570da4e916d0071400510c3d", "answers": [{"text": "baseline sensation seeking", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults. Risktaking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan."}], ["Kuesioner yang dipanggil jadual waktu remaja telah digunakan untuk mengukur umur di mana individu percaya remaja harus dapat terlibat dalam tingkah laku yang berkaitan dengan autonomi. Soal selidik ini telah digunakan untuk mengukur perbezaan dalam persepsi budaya dari autonomi remaja, mencari, contohnya, bahawa orang tua dan remaja White cenderung mengharapkan autonomi lebih awal daripada keturunan Asia. Oleh itu, jelas bahawa perbezaan budaya wujud dalam persepsi tentang autonomi remaja, dan perbezaan tersebut mempunyai implikasi untuk gaya hidup dan perkembangan remaja. Di belia Afrika sub-Sahara, tanggapan tentang keperibadian dan kebebasan mungkin tidak berguna dalam memahami perkembangan remaja. Sebaliknya, tanggapan-tanggapan Afrika zaman kanak-kanak dan perkembangan remaja adalah hubungan dan saling bergantung. <> Apa soalan yang digunakan untuk mengukur umur di mana remaja harus dapat melibatkan diri dalam tingkah laku autonomi? || jadwal remaja <> Adakah orang-orang Putih atau Asia cenderung mengharapkan autonomi lebih awal dari yang lain? || White <> Apakah jadual soal selidik remaja digunakan untuk rujukan? || perbezaan dalam persepsi budaya terhadap autonomi remaja", {"qas": [{"question": "What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?", "id": "570da031df2f5219002ed072", "answers": [{"text": "teen timetable", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?", "id": "570da031df2f5219002ed073", "answers": [{"text": "White", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?", "id": "570da031df2f5219002ed074", "answers": [{"text": "differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent."}], ["Memandangkan kemungkinan akibatnya, melibatkan diri dalam tingkah laku seksual agak berisiko, terutamanya untuk remaja. Mempunyai seks tanpa perlindungan, menggunakan kaedah kawalan kelahiran yang kurang baik (contohnya pengeluaran), mempunyai banyak pasangan seksual, dan komunikasi yang kurang baik adalah beberapa aspek kelakuan seksual yang meningkatkan risiko individu dan / atau sosial. Sesetengah sifat kehidupan remaja yang sering dikaitkan dengan tingkah laku seksual berisiko termasuk kadar penyalahgunaan yang berpengalaman, kadar sokongan dan pemantauan ibu bapa yang lebih rendah. Remaja juga lazimnya mempersoalkan seksualiti dan jantina. Ini mungkin melibatkan eksperimen intim dengan orang yang mengenal pasti sebagai jantina yang sama dan juga dengan orang yang berbeza jantina. Tingkah laku seksual seperti itu dapat dilihat sebagai serupa dengan aspek identiti lain, termasuk penerokaan identiti kejuruan, sosial, dan rekreasi, yang semuanya melibatkan risiko. <> Apa contoh kaedah kawalan kelahiran yang buruk? || pengunduran <> Adakah tahap sokongan ibu bapa yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah dikaitkan dengan tingkah laku seksual yang berisiko? || rendah <> Adakah tingkah laku seksual eksplorasi dilihat sebagai sama atau berasingan kepada aspek identiti lain? || sama <> Adakah seks yang tidak dilindungi, pasangan seksual yang banyak, dan peningkatan komunikasi yang kurang atau mengurangkan risiko individu dan sosial? || meningkat", {"qas": [{"question": "What is an example of a poor birth control method?", "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed082", "answers": [{"text": "withdrawal", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior?", "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed083", "answers": [{"text": "lower", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity?", "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed084", "answers": [{"text": "similar", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk?", "id": "570da297df2f5219002ed085", "answers": [{"text": "increase", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Given the potential consequences, engaging in sexual behavior is somewhat risky, particularly for adolescents. Having unprotected sex, using poor birth control methods (e.g. withdrawal), having multiple sexual partners, and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk. Some qualities of adolescents' lives that are often correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of experienced abuse, lower rates of parental support and monitoring. Adolescence is also commonly a time of questioning sexuality and gender. This may involve intimate experimentation with people identifying as the same gender as well as with people of differing genders. Such exploratory sexual behavior can be seen as similar to other aspects of identity, including the exploration of vocational, social, and leisure identity, all of which involve some risk."}], ["Walaupun mengubah peranan keluarga semasa remaja, persekitaran rumah dan ibu bapa masih penting untuk tingkah laku dan pilihan remaja. Remaja yang mempunyai hubungan yang baik dengan ibu bapa mereka kurang berkemungkinan melibatkan diri dalam pelbagai tingkah laku risiko, seperti merokok, minum, bertempur, dan / atau hubungan seks tanpa perlindungan. Di samping itu, ibu bapa mempengaruhi pendidikan remaja. Kajian yang dijalankan oleh Adalbjarnardottir dan Blondal (2009) menunjukkan bahawa remaja pada usia 14 yang mengenal pasti ibu bapa mereka sebagai tokoh berwibawa lebih cenderung untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan menengah oleh umur 22 tahun-sebagai sokongan dan dorongan dari ibu bapa yang berwibawa memotivasi remaja untuk bersekolah untuk mengelakkan diri daripada mengecewakan ibu bapa. <> Adakah remaja dengan ibu bapa berwibawa kurang berkemampuan menyelesaikan pendidikan menengah oleh umur 22 tahun? || lebih <> adakah remaja yang mempunyai hubungan yang baik dengan ibu bapa mereka lebih cenderung merokok, minum, bertarung, atau terlibat dalam seks yang tidak dilindungi? || kurang kemungkinan <> Yang penyelidik menjalankan kajian tahun 2009 yang membabitkan remaja, ibu bapa mereka, dan pendidikan menengah yang siap? || Adalbjarnardottir dan Blondal", {"qas": [{"question": "Are adolescents with authoritative parents more or less likely to complete secondary education by age 22?", "id": "570dad1d16d0071400510cad", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are adolescents that have a good relationship with their parents more or less likely to smoke, drink, fight, or engage in unprotected sex?", "id": "570dad1d16d0071400510cae", "answers": [{"text": "less likely", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which researchers conducted a 2009 study that concerned adolescents, their parents, and secondary education completion?", "id": "570dad1d16d0071400510caf", "answers": [{"text": "Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite changing family roles during adolescence, the home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors and choices of adolescents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, parents influence the education of adolescence. A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal (2009) showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22\u2014as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent."}], ["Dari segi identiti seksual, remaja adalah ketika kebanyakan remaja gay / lesbian dan transgender mula mengenali dan memahami perasaan mereka. Ramai remaja boleh memilih untuk keluar semasa tempoh hidup mereka apabila identiti telah terbentuk; ramai yang lain boleh melalui tempoh soal jawab atau penafian, yang boleh merangkumi eksperimen dengan kedua-dua pengalaman homoseksual dan heteroseksual. Satu kajian terhadap 194 belia lesbian, gay dan biseksual di bawah umur 21 tahun mendapati bahawa kesedaran tentang orientasi seksual seseorang berlaku secara purata kira-kira 10 tahun tetapi proses keluar untuk rakan sebaya dan orang dewasa berlaku sekitar umur 16 dan 17 , masing-masing. Menjalin hubungan dengan dan mewujudkan identiti LGBT positif boleh menjadi sukar bagi beberapa pemuda untuk pelbagai sebab. Tekanan rakan sebaya adalah faktor yang besar apabila pemuda yang mempersoalkan seksualiti atau identiti jantina dikelilingi oleh rakan sebaya heteronatif dan boleh menyebabkan kecemasan yang besar disebabkan perasaan yang berbeza dari orang lain. Semasa keluar juga boleh memupuk pelarasan psikologi yang lebih baik, risiko yang berkaitan adalah nyata. Memang, di tengah-tengah persekitaran rakan sebaya heteronormatif sering kali datang dengan risiko keganasan, jenaka yang menyakitkan, dan juga keganasan. Oleh itu, statistik kadar bunuh diri di kalangan remaja LGBT adalah sehingga empat kali lebih tinggi daripada rakan heteroseksual mereka akibat buli dan penolakan dari rakan sebaya atau ahli keluarga. <> Pada usia apakah kesedaran mengenai orientasi seks seseorang berlaku secara purata? || 10 <> Pada umur apa yang berlaku kepada rakan sebaya? || 16 <> Pada umur apa yang berlaku kepada orang dewasa berlaku secara purata? || 17 <> Berapa kali lebih tinggi adalah kadar bunuh diri di kalangan remaja LGBT daripada rakan heteroseksual mereka? || empat <> Apakah faktor yang menyebabkan kadar bunuh diri di kalangan remaja LGBT? || buli dan penolakan dari rakan sebaya atau ahli keluarga", {"qas": [{"question": "At what age does awareness of one's sexual orientation occur on average?", "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7b", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age does coming out to one's peers occur on average?", "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7c", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age does coming out to adults occur on average?", "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7d", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers?", "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7e", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 1324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents?", "id": "570daaea16d0071400510c7f", "answers": [{"text": "bullying and rejection from peers or family members", "answer_start": 1387}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In terms of sexual identity, adolescence is when most gay/lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings. Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial, which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A study of 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one's sexual orientation occurred, on average, around age 10, but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17, respectively. Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons. Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else. While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment, the risks associated are real. Indeed, coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism, hurtful jokes, and even violence. Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members."}], ["Aspek utama pembentukan identiti terakhir adalah harga diri. Nilai diri ditakrifkan sebagai pemikiran dan perasaan seseorang tentang konsep dan identiti diri seseorang. Kebanyakan teori tentang harga diri menyatakan bahawa terdapat keinginan besar, merentas semua jantina dan usia, untuk mengekalkan, melindungi dan meningkatkan harga diri mereka. Bertentangan dengan kepercayaan popular, tidak terdapat bukti empirikal untuk kejatuhan harga diri dalam jangka masa remaja. \"Barometric self-esteem\" berfluktuasi dengan cepat dan boleh menyebabkan kesusahan dan kecemasan yang teruk, tetapi harga diri dasar tetap stabil di seluruh masa remaja. Kesahan skala keberanian diri global telah dipersoalkan, dan ramai yang mencadangkan bahawa skala yang lebih spesifik mungkin menunjukkan lebih banyak tentang pengalaman remaja. Gadis-gadis mungkin akan menikmati harga diri yang tinggi apabila terlibat dalam hubungan yang menyokong dengan rakan-rakan, fungsi persahabatan yang paling penting kepada mereka adalah mempunyai seseorang yang dapat memberikan sokongan sosial dan moral. Apabila mereka gagal untuk memenangi persetujuan rakan-rakan atau tidak dapat mencari seseorang yang berkongsi kegiatan bersama dan kepentingan bersama, dalam kes-kes ini, gadis-gadis mengalami rendah diri. Sebaliknya, lelaki lebih prihatin dengan menubuhkan dan menegaskan kemerdekaan mereka dan menentukan hubungan mereka dengan pihak berkuasa. Oleh itu, mereka lebih cenderung untuk memperolehi harga diri yang tinggi dari kemampuan mereka untuk berjaya mempengaruhi rakan-rakan mereka; Sebaliknya kekurangan kecenderungan romantis, misalnya, kegagalan untuk memenangi atau mengekalkan kasih sayang yang bertentangan atau sama-sama (bergantung kepada orientasi seksual), adalah penyumbang utama terhadap harga diri rendah dalam remaja lelaki. Oleh kerana hakikat bahawa lelaki dan wanita mempunyai harga diri yang rendah selepas mengakhiri hubungan romantis, mereka cenderung kepada gejala lain yang disebabkan oleh keadaan ini. Kemurungan dan keputusasaan hanya dua daripada pelbagai gejala dan dikatakan bahawa wanita dua kali lebih mungkin mengalami kemurungan dan lelaki adalah tiga hingga empat kali lebih cenderung untuk membunuh diri (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995). <> Istilah mana yang dimaksudkan sebagai pemikiran dan perasaan seseorang tentang konsep dan identiti diri seseorang? || Harga diri <> Adakah terdapat bukti untuk menyokong penurunan harga diri semasa remaja? || tidak <> jenis harga diri yang mana turun naik dengan pesat dan boleh menyebabkan kecemasan dan kebimbangan yang teruk? || Barometric self-esteem <> Yang jenis harga diri tetap stabil sepanjang masa remaja? || harga diri asas <> Apakah fungsi persahabatan yang paling penting? || mempunyai seseorang yang dapat memberikan sokongan sosial dan moral", {"qas": [{"question": "Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?", "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c71", "answers": [{"text": "Self-esteem", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?", "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c72", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?", "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c73", "answers": [{"text": "Barometric self-esteem", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?", "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c74", "answers": [{"text": "baseline self-esteem", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most important function of friendship?", "id": "570da9c916d0071400510c75", "answers": [{"text": "having someone who can provide social and moral support", "answer_start": 896}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. \"Barometric self-esteem\" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. When they fail to win friends' approval or couldn't find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls suffer from low self-esteem. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995)."}], ["Pembangunan identiti adalah tahap dalam kitaran hidup remaja. Paling banyak, pencarian identiti bermula pada tahun-tahun remaja. Selama bertahun-tahun, remaja lebih terbuka untuk 'mencuba' tingkah laku dan penampilan yang berbeza untuk mengetahui siapa mereka. Dalam erti kata lain, dalam usaha untuk mencari identiti mereka dan mengetahui siapa mereka remaja suka mencuba melalui beberapa identiti untuk mencari yang sesuai dengan mereka yang terbaik. Tetapi, membangun dan mengekalkan identiti (pada tahun-tahun remaja) adalah tugas yang sukar disebabkan oleh pelbagai faktor seperti kehidupan keluarga, alam sekitar, dan status sosial. Kajian empiris menunjukkan bahawa proses ini mungkin lebih tepat digambarkan sebagai pembangunan identiti, bukannya pembentukan, tetapi mengesahkan proses perubahan normatif dalam kedua-dua kandungan dan struktur pemikiran seseorang tentang diri sendiri. Dua aspek utama perkembangan identiti adalah kejelasan diri dan harga diri. Oleh kerana pilihan yang dibuat semasa tahun-tahun remaja boleh mempengaruhi kehidupan kemudian, tahap kesedaran diri dan kawalan kendiri pada peringkat pertengahan remaja akan membawa kepada keputusan yang lebih baik semasa peralihan kepada dewasa. [Rujukan?] Penyelidik telah menggunakan tiga pendekatan umum untuk memahami perkembangan identiti : konsep diri, rasa identiti, dan harga diri. Tahun-tahun remaja membuat kumpulan dewasa yang lebih teliti. Remaja menaruh perhatian dan memberi lebih banyak masa dan usaha untuk penampilan mereka kerana tubuh mereka melalui perubahan. Tidak seperti kanak-kanak, remaja berusaha untuk kelihatan cantik (1991). Persekitaran di mana remaja bertumbuh juga memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan identiti mereka. Kajian yang dijalankan oleh Persatuan Psikologi Amerika menunjukkan bahawa remaja dengan pendidikan kurang bernasib baik mempunyai masa yang lebih sukar untuk mengembangkan identiti mereka. <> Bilakah mencari identiti bermula untuk kebanyakan individu? || tahun remaja <> Apakah beberapa faktor yang membuat pembangunan dan mengekalkan identiti semasa tahun remaja adalah tugas yang sukar? || kehidupan keluarga, alam sekitar, dan status sosial <> Apakah dua aspek utama pembangunan identiti? || kejelasan diri dan harga diri <> Apakah tiga pendekatan umum untuk memahami perkembangan identiti? || konsep diri, rasa identiti, dan harga diri <> Adakah remaja dengan pendidikan kurang berkemampuan mempunyai masa yang lebih sukar untuk mengembangkan identiti mereka? || lebih sukar", {"qas": [{"question": "When does the search for identity begin for most individuals?", "id": "570da64516d0071400510c41", "answers": [{"text": "adolescent years", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?", "id": "570da64516d0071400510c42", "answers": [{"text": "family life, environment, and social status", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two main aspects of identity development?", "id": "570da64516d0071400510c43", "answers": [{"text": "self-clarity and self-esteem", "answer_start": 871}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?", "id": "570da64516d0071400510c44", "answers": [{"text": "self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem", "answer_start": 1209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?", "id": "570da64516d0071400510c45", "answers": [{"text": "more difficult", "answer_start": 1756}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle. For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are. In other words, in an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are adolescents are liking to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. But, developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self. The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem. Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood.[citation needed] Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity."}], ["Egocentrism pada remaja membentuk keinginan diri yang sadar untuk merasa penting dalam kumpulan rakan sebaya mereka dan menikmati penerimaan sosial. Tidak seperti aspek yang bertentangan konsep diri, identiti mewakili perasaan yang stabil dalam diri sendiri dalam semua keadaan dan termasuk pengalaman masa lalu dan matlamat masa depan. Setiap orang mempunyai konsep diri, sedangkan Erik Erikson berpendapat bahawa tidak semua orang sepenuhnya mencapai identitas. Tinjauan peringkat teori Erikson termasuk krisis identiti di mana remaja harus meneroka kemungkinan yang berbeza dan menggabungkan bahagian-bahagian yang berbeza dari diri mereka sebelum melakukan kepercayaan mereka. Beliau menyifatkan resolusi proses ini sebagai tahap \"pencapaian identiti\" tetapi juga menegaskan bahawa cabaran identiti \"tidak pernah diselesaikan sepenuhnya sekali dan untuk semua pada satu masa dalam masa\". Remaja bermula dengan mendefinisikan diri mereka berdasarkan keahlian orang ramai. \"Pakaian membantu remaja meneroka identiti baru, terpisah dari ibu bapa, dan ikatan dengan rakan sebaya.\" Fesyen telah memainkan peranan utama ketika datang kepada remaja \"mencari diri mereka\"; Fesyen sentiasa berubah, sesuai dengan evolusi perubahan dalam keperibadian remaja. Remaja berusaha untuk menentukan identiti mereka dengan sengaja menggayakan diri mereka dalam cara yang berbeza untuk mencari apa yang sesuai dengan mereka. Percubaan dan kesilapan dalam memadankan kedua-dua imej mereka yang dilihat dan imej yang lain bertindak balas kepada dan melihat, membolehkan remaja memahami pemahaman tentang siapa mereka Sama seperti fesyen sedang berkembang untuk mempengaruhi remaja begitu juga media. \"Kehidupan moden berlaku di tengah-tengah daging yang tidak berkesudahan di skrin, halaman, dan papan iklan.\" Berjuang ini secara sadar atau tidak sedar mencatat ke dalam pikiran yang menimbulkan masalah dengan imej diri merupakan faktor yang menyumbang kepada identitas remaja remaja. Penyelidik James Marcia membangunkan kaedah semasa untuk menguji kemajuan individu di sepanjang peringkat ini. Soalan-soalannya dibahagikan kepada tiga kategori: pekerjaan, ideologi, dan hubungan interpersonal. Jawapan dijaringkan berdasarkan sejauh mana individu itu telah dijelajah dan sejauh mana dia telah membuat komitmen. Hasilnya ialah klasifikasi individu menjadi a) penyebaran identiti di mana semua kanak-kanak bermula, b) Perebutan Identiti di mana komitmen dibuat tanpa penerokaan alternatif, c) Moratorium, atau proses penerokaan, atau d) Pencapaian Identiti di mana Moratorium telah berlaku dan mengakibatkan komitmen. <> Teori teori mana yang mengatakan bahawa tidak semua orang sepenuhnya mencapai identiti? || Erik Erikson <> Bagaimana remaja mula mendefinisikan diri mereka sendiri? || keahlian orang ramai <> Bagaimana Moratorium ditakrifkan? || proses penerokaan <> Penyelidik mana yang membangunkan kaedah semasa untuk menguji proses individu di sepanjang peringkat identiti? || James Marcia <> James Marcia membahagikan soalan ke dalam berapa kategori? || tiga", {"qas": [{"question": "Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?", "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0ce", "answers": [{"text": "Erik Erikson", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do adolescents initially define themselves?", "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0cf", "answers": [{"text": "crowd membership", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Moratorium defined?", "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0d0", "answers": [{"text": "process of exploration", "answer_start": 2330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual's process along the stages of identity?", "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0d1", "answers": [{"text": "James Marcia", "answer_start": 1786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "James Marcia divides questions into how many categories?", "id": "570da8e2df2f5219002ed0d2", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 1916}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Egocentrism in adolescents forms a self-conscious desire to feel important in their peer groups and enjoy social acceptance. Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self stable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Erikson's theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of \"identity achievement\" but also stressed that the identity challenge \"is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time\". Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. \"Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers.\" Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers \"finding their selves\"; Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers. Adolescents attempt to define their identity by consciously styling themselves in different manners to find what best suits them. Trial and error in matching both their perceived image and the image others respond to and see, allows for the adolescent to grasp an understanding of who they are Just as fashion is evolving to influence adolescents so is the media. \"Modern life takes place amidst a never-ending barrage of flesh on screens, pages, and billboards.\" This barrage consciously or subconsciously registers into the mind causing issues with self-image a factor that contributes to an adolescence sense of identity. Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual's progress along these stages. His questions are divided into three categories: occupation, ideology, and interpersonal relationships. Answers are scored based on extent to which the individual has explored and the degree to which he has made commitments. The result is classification of the individual into a) identity diffusion in which all children begin, b) Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives, c) Moratorium, or the process of exploration, or d) Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments."}], ["Tabiat minum dan motif di belakang mereka sering menggambarkan aspek tertentu dari personaliti individu; Malah, empat dimensi Model Lima Faktor keperibadian memperlihatkan persatuan dengan motif minum (semua kecuali 'Keterbukaan'). Motif penambahbaikan yang lebih besar untuk penggunaan alkohol cenderung mencerminkan tahap kerumitan dan sensasi yang tinggi pada individu; Motivasi keseronokan seperti ini juga sering menunjukkan keberanian yang rendah, dimanifestasikan dalam perencatan yang lebih rendah dan kecenderungan yang lebih besar terhadap pencerobohan. Sebaliknya, minum untuk menangani keadaan emosi negatif berkorelasi kuat dengan neurotikisme yang tinggi dan kesesuaian yang rendah. Penggunaan alkohol sebagai mekanisme kawalan emosi negatif sering dikaitkan dengan banyak kelakuan perilaku dan emosi yang lain, seperti kebimbangan, kemurungan, dan harga diri yang rendah. <> Antara dimensi Model Lima Faktor yang tidak menunjukkan persatuan dengan motif minum? || Keterbukaan <> Adakah alkohol menggunakan mekanisme kawalan emosi positif atau negatif? || Negatif <> Motivasi yang mana untuk minum alkohol menyebabkan rendah hati, menghalang perencatan, dan kecenderungan yang lebih besar terhadap pencerobohan? || kesenangan <> Minum untuk mengatasi keadaan emosi negatif berkorelasi dengan kualiti perilaku apa? || neurotikisme yang tinggi dan kesesuaian yang rendah", {"qas": [{"question": "Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives?", "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d59", "answers": [{"text": "Openness", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism?", "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d5a", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression?", "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d5b", "answers": [{"text": "enjoyment", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities?", "id": "570dc39016d0071400510d5c", "answers": [{"text": "high neuroticism and low agreeableness", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem."}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada perkongsian kerja rumah, budaya tertentu mengharapkan remaja untuk berkongsi tanggungjawab kewangan keluarga mereka. Mengikut pakar ekonomi dan kewangan keluarga keluarga, remaja mengembangkan kemahiran pengurusan wang yang baik melalui amalan menyimpan dan membelanjakan wang, serta melalui perancangan ke depan untuk tujuan ekonomi masa depan. Perbezaan antara keluarga dalam pengagihan tanggungjawab kewangan atau penyediaan elaun mungkin mencerminkan pelbagai latar belakang sosial dan proses intrafamilial, yang selanjutnya dipengaruhi oleh norma-norma dan nilai-nilai budaya, serta oleh sektor perniagaan dan ekonomi pasar masyarakat tertentu. Sebagai contoh, di banyak negara sedang membangun adalah perkara biasa bagi kanak-kanak untuk menghadiri sekolah formal yang lebih sedikit sehingga apabila mereka mencapai masa remaja, mereka boleh mula bekerja. <> Di negara-negara membangun, adakah perkara biasa bagi kanak-kanak untuk menghadiri sekolah formal yang kurang atau lebih besar? || Kurangnya <> Kenapa, dalam negara maju, adakah anak-anak sering menghadiri sekolah formal kurang? || supaya apabila mereka mencapai usia remaja, mereka boleh mula bekerja <> Menurut pakar ekonomi ekonomi dan kewangan keluarga, bagaimana remaja mengembangkan kemahiran pengurusan wang yang baik? || menjimatkan dan membelanjakan wang", {"qas": [{"question": "In developing countries, is it common for children to attend fewer or greater years of formal schooling?", "id": "570db90fdf2f5219002ed120", "answers": [{"text": "fewer", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why, in developting countries, do children often attend fewer years of formal schooling?", "id": "570db90fdf2f5219002ed121", "answers": [{"text": "so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to family economic and financial education specialists, how do adolescents develop sound money management skills?", "id": "570db90fdf2f5219002ed122", "answers": [{"text": "saving and spending money", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition to the sharing of household chores, certain cultures expect adolescents to share in their family's financial responsibilities. According to family economic and financial education specialists, adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money, as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals. Differences between families in the distribution of financial responsibilities or provision of allowance may reflect various social background circumstances and intrafamilial processes, which are further influenced by cultural norms and values, as well as by the business sector and market economy of a given society. For instance, in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working."}], ["Apabila membincangkan hubungan rakan sebaya di kalangan remaja, penting juga untuk memasukkan maklumat mengenai bagaimana mereka berkomunikasi dengan satu sama lain. Aspek komunikasi yang penting ialah saluran yang digunakan. Saluran, dalam hal ini, merujuk kepada bentuk komunikasi, sama ada secara bersemuka, e-mel, mesej teks, telefon atau lain-lain. Remaja adalah pengguna berat bentuk komunikasi baru seperti mesej teks dan laman web rangkaian sosial seperti Facebook, terutama ketika berkomunikasi dengan rakan sebaya. Para remaja menggunakan teknologi dalam talian untuk bereksperimen dengan identiti yang muncul dan untuk memperluas kumpulan rakan sebaya mereka, seperti meningkatkan jumlah kawan yang diperoleh di Facebook dan laman media sosial yang lain. Sesetengah remaja menggunakan saluran baru ini untuk meningkatkan hubungan dengan rakan sebaya namun ada kemungkinan penggunaan negatif seperti cyberbullying, seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini, dan kesan negatif terhadap keluarga. <> Bagaimana remaja menggunakan teknologi dalam talian? || bereksperimen dengan identiti yang muncul dan meluaskan kumpulan rakan sebaya mereka <> Kepada apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"saluran\" dalam istilah jika komunikasi remaja? || bentuk komunikasi <> Apakah potensi kesan negatif menggunakan saluran komunikasi dalam talian yang lebih baru? || cyberbullying", {"qas": [{"question": "How do adolescents use online technology?", "id": "570db50f16d0071400510d1b", "answers": [{"text": "experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what does \"channel\" refer in terms if adolescent communication?", "id": "570db50f16d0071400510d1c", "answers": [{"text": "form of communication", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?", "id": "570db50f16d0071400510d1d", "answers": [{"text": "cyberbullying", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When discussing peer relationships among adolescents it is also important to include information in regards to how they communicate with one another. An important aspect of communication is the channel used. Channel, in this respect, refers to the form of communication, be it face-to-face, email, text message, phone or other. Teens are heavy users of newer forms of communication such as text message and social-networking websites such as Facebook, especially when communicating with peers. Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites. Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family."}], ["Masa remaja adalah tempoh yang sering ditandakan dengan peningkatan hak dan keistimewaan untuk individu. Walaupun variasi budaya wujud untuk hak-hak undang-undang dan umurnya yang sesuai, konsistensi yang cukup terdapat di seluruh budaya. Lebih-lebih lagi, sejak kedatangan Konvensyen Hak Kanak-kanak pada tahun 1989 (kanak-kanak di sini ditakrifkan sebagai di bawah 18), hampir setiap negara di dunia (kecuali Amerika Syarikat dan Sudan Selatan) telah komited secara sah untuk memajukan pendirian anti-diskriminasi ke arah anak muda dari semua peringkat umur. Ini termasuk melindungi kanak-kanak daripada buruh kanak-kanak yang tidak diperiksa, pendaftaran dalam tentera, pelacuran, dan pornografi. Dalam banyak masyarakat, mereka yang mencapai usia tertentu (sering kali 18, walaupun ini berbeza) dianggap telah mencapai usia majoriti dan secara sah dianggap sebagai orang dewasa yang bertanggungjawab atas tindakan mereka. Orang di bawah umur ini dianggap sebagai kanak-kanak bawah umur atau kanak-kanak. Seseorang di bawah usia majoriti boleh mendapat hak dewasa melalui pembebasan undang-undang. <> Pada tahun apakah Konvensyen tentang Hak Kanak-kanak dicipta? || 1989 <> Apa dua negara tidak komited secara sah untuk memajukan pendirian anti-diskriminasi terhadap golongan muda? || A.S. dan South Sudan <> Seseorang di bawah umur majoriti mungkin mendapat hak dewasa melalui proses apa? || pembebasan undang-undang <> Apa yang berlaku secara sah bagi individu yang telah mencapai umur majoriti? || dianggap sebagai orang dewasa yang bertanggungjawab atas tindakan mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?", "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d3d", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?", "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d3e", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. and South Sudan", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?", "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d3f", "answers": [{"text": "legal emancipation", "answer_start": 962}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?", "id": "570db83c16d0071400510d40", "answers": [{"text": "regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions", "answer_start": 782}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor, enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography. In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation."}], ["Beberapa contoh upacara peralihan sosial dan keagamaan yang boleh ditemui di A.S., serta budaya lain di seluruh dunia, adalah Pengesahan, Bar dan Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, enam belas manis, cotillions, dan bola d\u00e9butante. Di negara-negara lain, upacara pemulaan memainkan peranan penting, menandakan peralihan menjadi dewasa atau masuk ke dalam remaja. Peralihan ini mungkin disertai dengan perubahan fizikal yang jelas, yang boleh berubah dari perubahan pakaian ke tatu dan penjiplakan. Selain itu, peralihan ke dalam masa dewasa juga boleh berbeza mengikut jantina, dan ritual khusus mungkin lebih biasa bagi lelaki atau perempuan. Ini menerangkan sejauh mana remaja, sekurang-kurangnya sebahagiannya, pembinaan sosial; ia dibentuk secara berbeza bergantung pada konteks budaya, dan dapat dikuatkuasakan lebih banyak oleh amalan budaya atau peralihan daripada perubahan fisik fisik atau biologi sejagat. <> Apakah beberapa contoh upacara peralihan sosial dan agama? || Pengesahan, Bar dan Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, enamteen manis, cotillion, dan bebe dumbut <> Apakah beberapa cara fizikal yang sesetengah budaya menandakan peralihan menjadi dewasa? || tato dan scarification <> Adakah peralihan kebudayaan menjadi dewasa bervariasi, atau adakah mereka sama? || berbeza-beza", {"qas": [{"question": "What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies?", "id": "570db299df2f5219002ed0fc", "answers": [{"text": "Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some physical ways that some cultures mark the transition into adulthood?", "id": "570db299df2f5219002ed0fd", "answers": [{"text": "tattoos and scarification", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do cultural transitions into adulthood vary, or are they the same?", "id": "570db299df2f5219002ed0fe", "answers": [{"text": "vary", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S., as well as in other cultures around the world, are Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls. In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes, which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification. Furthermore, transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender, and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females. This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is, at least in part, a social construction; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context, and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes."}], ["Dalam masyarakat kontemporari, remaja juga menghadapi beberapa risiko apabila seksualiti mereka mula berubah. Walaupun sesetengah daripada ini, seperti tekanan emosi (ketakutan terhadap penyalahgunaan atau eksploitasi) dan jangkitan / penyakit menular seksual (STIs / STDs), termasuk HIV / AIDS, tidak semestinya wujud pada masa remaja, yang lain seperti kehamilan remaja (melalui penggunaan yang tidak digunakan atau kegagalan kontraseptif) dilihat sebagai masalah sosial di kebanyakan masyarakat barat. Satu daripada empat remaja aktif seksual akan mengikat STI. Remaja di Amerika Syarikat sering memilih \"apa-apa tetapi hubungan seks\" untuk aktiviti seksual kerana mereka keliru percaya ia mengurangkan risiko STI. Di seluruh negara, pakar klinik melaporkan peningkatan diagnosis herpes dan human papillomavirus (HPV), yang boleh menyebabkan ketuat kemaluan, dan kini dianggap mempengaruhi 15 peratus daripada populasi remaja. Gadis-gadis 15 hingga 19 mempunyai kadar gonorea yang lebih tinggi daripada kumpulan umur yang lain. Satu perempat daripada semua kes HIV baru terjadi pada mereka yang berusia di bawah 21 tahun. Multrine juga menyatakan dalam artikelnya bahawa menurut kaji selidik Mac oleh Kaiser Family Foundation, lapan puluh satu peratus ibu bapa mahukan sekolah untuk membincangkan penggunaan kondom dan kontrasepsi dengan anak-anak mereka. Mereka juga percaya pelajar harus dapat diuji untuk STI. Tambahan pula, guru ingin menangani topik-topik seperti itu dengan pelajar mereka. Tetapi, walaupun 9 dalam 10 pengajar pendidikan seks di seluruh negara percaya bahawa pelajar harus diajar mengenai kontraseptif di sekolah, lebih daripada satu laporan pada suku tahun menerima arahan jelas dari papan sekolah dan pentadbir supaya tidak melakukannya. Menurut ahli antropologi Margaret Mead, kekacauan yang ditemui dalam remaja di masyarakat Barat mempunyai kebudayaan dan bukannya sebab fizikal; mereka melaporkan bahawa masyarakat di mana wanita muda yang terlibat dalam aktiviti seksual bebas tidak mempunyai pergolakan remaja sedemikian. <> Berapa peratus remaja aktif seksual akan mengikat STI? || Satu dalam empat <> Sebanyak peratus daripada populasi remaja terjejas oleh herpes dan HPV? || 15 <> Gadis umur 15 hingga 19 mempunyai kadar STD yang lebih tinggi daripada kumpulan umur lain? || gonorrhea <> Apakah nisbah kes HIV baru berlaku pada mereka yang berusia di bawah 21 tahun? || Satu perempat <> Menurut kaji selidik oleh Kaiser Family Foundation, berapa peratus ibu bapa mahu sekolah membincangkan kontrasepsi dengan anak-anak mereka? || lapan puluh satu peratus", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?", "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d21", "answers": [{"text": "One in four", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?", "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d22", "answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?", "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d23", "answers": [{"text": "gonorrhea", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?", "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d24", "answers": [{"text": "One-quarter", "answer_start": 913}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?", "id": "570db64c16d0071400510d25", "answers": [{"text": "eighty-one percent", "answer_start": 1084}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose \"anything but intercourse\" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil."}], ["Terdapat ciri-ciri tertentu perkembangan remaja yang lebih berakar dalam budaya daripada dalam biologi manusia atau struktur kognitif. Budaya telah ditakrifkan sebagai \"warisan simbolik dan tingkah laku yang diterima dari masa lalu yang menyediakan rangka kerja masyarakat untuk apa yang dihargai\". Budaya dipelajari dan berkongsi sosial, dan ia memberi kesan kepada semua aspek kehidupan seseorang. Misalnya, tanggungjawab sosial, ekspresi seksual, dan sistem kepercayaan, adalah semua hal yang mungkin bervariasi oleh budaya. Selain itu, ciri-ciri belia, termasuk pakaian, muzik dan lain-lain penggunaan media, pekerjaan, seni, pilihan makanan dan minuman, rekreasi, dan bahasa, semuanya membentuk budaya pemuda. Atas sebab-sebab ini, budaya adalah kehadiran yang berleluasa dan berkuasa dalam kehidupan remaja, dan oleh itu kita tidak dapat memahami sepenuhnya remaja hari ini tanpa mempelajari dan memahami budaya mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, \"budaya\" tidak boleh dilihat sebagai sinonim dengan bangsa atau etnik. Banyak kebudayaan hadir dalam mana-mana negara tertentu dan kumpulan kaum atau sosioekonomi. Selain itu, untuk mengelakkan etnosentrisme, penyelidik mesti berhati-hati untuk tidak menentukan peranan budaya dalam remaja dari segi kepercayaan budaya mereka sendiri. <> Bagaimana budaya ditakrifkan? || warisan simbolik dan tingkah laku yang diterima dari masa lalu yang menyediakan rangka kerja komuniti untuk apa yang dihargai <> Adakah budaya mempengaruhi semua, segelintir, atau tidak ada aspek kehidupan individu? || semua <> Apakah tantangan para penyelidik menghadapi ketika mempelajari budaya dan remaja? || tidak menentukan peranan budaya dalam masa remaja dari segi kepercayaan budaya mereka <> Seharusnya budaya secara langsung berkaitan dengan negara atau etnik? || tidak", {"qas": [{"question": "How is culture defined?", "id": "570db44716d0071400510d09", "answers": [{"text": "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?", "id": "570db44716d0071400510d0a", "answers": [{"text": "all", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?", "id": "570db44716d0071400510d0b", "answers": [{"text": "not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs", "answer_start": 1157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?", "id": "570db44716d0071400510d0c", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 954}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the \"symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued\". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, \"culture\" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs."}], ["Pengaruh berpotensi penting pada masa remaja adalah perubahan dinamik keluarga, perceraian khusus. Dengan kadar perceraian sehingga kira-kira 50%, perceraian adalah perkara biasa dan menambah jumlah perubahan yang sudah ada dalam masa remaja. Pertikaian jagaan tidak lama selepas perceraian sering mencerminkan bermain dari pertempuran kawalan dan ambivalensi antara ibu bapa. Perceraian biasanya mengakibatkan kurang hubungan antara remaja dan ibu bapa mereka yang tidak kusta. Dalam kes ketidakstabilan dan penyalahgunaan di rumah, perceraian boleh memberi kesan positif kepada keluarga akibat kurang konflik di rumah. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan penyelidikan mencadangkan kesan negatif terhadap remaja dan perkembangan masa depan. Satu kajian baru-baru ini mendapati bahawa, berbanding dengan rakan sebaya yang membesar dalam keluarga pasca perceraian yang stabil, kanak-kanak perceraian yang mengalami peralihan keluarga tambahan semasa remaja lewat, membuat kemajuan dalam matematik dan prestasi sosial mereka dari masa ke masa. Satu lagi kajian baru-baru ini membentangkan teori baru yang bertajuk teori trauma epistemologi remaja, yang menimbulkan peristiwa-peristiwa kehidupan traumatik seperti perceraian ibu bapa semasa tempoh formatif lewat remaja menunjukkan kesan sepanjang hayat terhadap tingkah laku konflik dewasa yang dapat dikurangkan dengan penilaian dan latihan tingkah laku yang berkesan. Perceraian ibu bapa semasa zaman kanak-kanak atau remaja terus memberi kesan negatif apabila seseorang berusia dua puluhan dan awal tiga puluhan. Kesan negatif ini termasuk hubungan romantik dan gaya konflik, yang bermaksud sebagai orang dewasa, mereka lebih cenderung menggunakan gaya mengelakkan dan bersaing dalam pengurusan konflik. <> Apakah kadar perceraian semasa? || kira-kira 50% <> Perceraian biasanya mengakibatkan lebih kurang hubungan dengan ibu bapa yang tidak amanah? || kurang <> Apa teori baru menyatakan bahawa peristiwa traumatik semasa remaja mempunyai kesan sepanjang hayat? || teori trauma epistemologi <> Adakah perceraian ibu bapa semasa zaman kanak-kanak atau dewasa mempunyai kesan positif atau negatif pada orang semasa dewasa dewasa? || negatif", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the current divorce rate?", "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cd9", "answers": [{"text": "about 50%", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent?", "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cda", "answers": [{"text": "less", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects?", "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cdb", "answers": [{"text": "epistemological trauma theory", "answer_start": 987}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood?", "id": "570dafb616d0071400510cdc", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 1408}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic, specifically divorce. With the divorce rate up to about 50%, divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence. Custody disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents. Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent. In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes, divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home. However, most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development. A recent study found that, compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence, make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time. Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory, which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training. A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties. These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style, meaning as adults, they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management."}], ["Hubungan romantik cenderung meningkat dalam kesedaran sepanjang masa remaja. Pada usia 15, 53% remaja mempunyai hubungan romantis yang berlangsung sekurang-kurangnya satu bulan selama 18 bulan sebelumnya. Dalam satu kajian pada tahun 2008 yang dijalankan oleh YouGov untuk Channel 4, 20% daripada 14-17 tahun yang dikaji mendedahkan bahawa mereka mempunyai pengalaman seksual pertama mereka di 13 atau di bawah di United Kingdom. Kajian Amerika 2002 mendapati bahawa mereka yang berusia 15-44 melaporkan bahawa purata umur persetubuhan pertama adalah 17.0 untuk lelaki dan 17.3 untuk wanita. Tempoh tipikal hubungan meningkat sepanjang tahun-tahun remaja juga. Peningkatan yang berterusan dalam kemungkinan hubungan jangka panjang dapat dijelaskan oleh kematangan seksual dan perkembangan kemahiran kognitif yang diperlukan untuk mengekalkan ikatan romantis (contohnya pengasuhan, lampiran yang sesuai), walaupun kemahiran ini tidak dikembangkan dengan kuat hingga akhir remaja. Hubungan jangka panjang membolehkan para remaja mendapat kemahiran yang diperlukan untuk hubungan berkualiti tinggi di kemudian hari dan mengembangkan perasaan bernilai diri. Secara keseluruhan, hubungan romantis positif di kalangan remaja boleh menyebabkan manfaat jangka panjang. Hubungan romantis yang berkualiti tinggi dikaitkan dengan komitmen yang lebih tinggi pada dewasa awal dan secara positif dikaitkan dengan harga diri, keyakinan diri, dan kecekapan sosial. Sebagai contoh, remaja yang mempunyai keyakinan diri yang positif mungkin menganggap diri mereka pasangan yang lebih berjaya, sedangkan pengalaman negatif dapat menyebabkan keyakinan rendah sebagai pasangan romantis. Remaja sering kali berada dalam demografi mereka berkaitan dengan kaum, etnik, populariti, dan daya fizikal. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat ciri-ciri di mana individu tertentu, terutamanya gadis remaja, mencari kepelbagaian. Walaupun kebanyakan remaja berpesan pada orang kira-kira usia mereka sendiri, anak lelaki biasanya berkahwin pada usia yang sama atau lebih muda; kanak-kanak perempuan biasanya berkahwin pada umur yang sama atau lebih tua. <> Adakah hubungan romantis cenderung meningkat atau berkurangan sepanjang masa remaja? || tambah <> Berapa peratus remaja mempunyai hubungan romantis yang berlangsung selama satu bulan atau lebih lama oleh umur 15? || 53% <> Pada usia berapa purata lelaki Amerika melaporkan hubungan seks pertama mereka berlaku? || 17.0 <> Pada umur berapa umur wanita Amerika melaporkan hubungan seks pertama mereka berlaku? || 17.3 <> Adakah tempoh hubungan yang biasa meningkat atau berkurang sepanjang tahun remaja? || kenaikan", {"qas": [{"question": "Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?", "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed102", "answers": [{"text": "increase", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?", "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed103", "answers": [{"text": "53%", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?", "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed104", "answers": [{"text": "17.0", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?", "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed105", "answers": [{"text": "17.3", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?", "id": "570db375df2f5219002ed106", "answers": [{"text": "increases", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14\u221217-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15\u201344 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older."}], ["Banyak budaya menentukan peralihan ke dalam seksualiti dewasa dengan pencapaian biologi atau sosial tertentu dalam kehidupan remaja. Sebagai contoh, menarche (tempoh haid pertama wanita), atau semenarche (ejakulasi pertama lelaki) adalah titik pendefinisian seks yang kerap bagi banyak budaya. Sebagai tambahan kepada faktor biologi, sosialisasi seksual remaja sangat bergantung kepada sama ada budaya mereka mengambil sikap yang ketat atau permisif terhadap remaja atau aktiviti seksual sebelum berzina. Budaya yang membatasi secara terang-terangan menghalang aktiviti seksual di kalangan remaja yang belum berkahwin atau sehingga remaja menjalani ritus formal. Budaya-budaya ini boleh cuba untuk menyekat aktiviti seksual dengan memisahkan lelaki dan perempuan sepanjang perkembangan mereka, atau melalui penzinaan awam dan hukuman fizikal apabila aktiviti seksual berlaku. Dalam budaya yang kurang ketat, terdapat lebih banyak toleransi untuk mempamerkan seksualiti remaja, atau interaksi antara lelaki dan wanita di ruang awam dan swasta. Budaya yang kurang ketat boleh bertolak ansur dengan beberapa aspek seksualiti remaja, sambil menentang aspek lain. Sebagai contoh, sesetengah budaya mendapati aktiviti seksual remaja boleh diterima tetapi kehamilan remaja sangat tidak diingini. Budaya lain tidak membantah aktiviti seksual remaja atau kehamilan remaja, selagi mereka berlaku selepas perkahwinan. Dalam masyarakat yang permisif, tingkah laku seksual yang melampau di kalangan remaja yang belum berkahwin dianggap sebagai diterima, dan kadang-kadang juga digalakkan. Tidak kira sama ada budaya adalah ketat atau permisif, mungkin ada percanggahan bagaimana kaum perempuan dan laki-laki diharapkan untuk mengekspresikan seksualiti mereka. Kebudayaan berbeza-beza dengan bagaimana standard dua kali ini-dalam sesetengahnya adalah tertulis secara sah, manakala yang lain disampaikan melalui konvensyen sosial. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual dan transeksual remaja menghadapi banyak diskriminasi melalui buli daripada mereka yang tidak seperti mereka dan mungkin mendapati orang lain yang mereka gay adalah pengalaman traumatik. Pelbagai sikap seksual yang dianggap oleh budaya dapat dilihat mempengaruhi kepercayaan, gaya hidup, dan persepsi masyarakat terhadap remaja. <> Apa perkataan merujuk kepada ejakulasi pertama lelaki? || semenarche <> Apa perkataan merujuk kepada tempoh haid pertama wanita? || menarche <> Apakah istilah untuk budaya yang tidak menggalakkan aktiviti seksual di kalangan remaja yang belum berkahwin? || Terlarang <> Apakah istilah untuk budaya yang menganggap tingkah laku seksual di kalangan remaja yang belum berkahwin sebagai diterima atau digalakkan? || Permissive <> Adakah lelaki dan perempuan dijangka menyatakan seksualiti mereka dengan cara yang sama atau adakah terdapat percanggahan antara jantina dan budaya? || percanggahan", {"qas": [{"question": "What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?", "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d4f", "answers": [{"text": "semenarche", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?", "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d50", "answers": [{"text": "menarche", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?", "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d51", "answers": [{"text": "Restrictive", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?", "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d52", "answers": [{"text": "permissive", "answer_start": 1352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?", "id": "570dbdab16d0071400510d53", "answers": [{"text": "discrepancies", "answer_start": 1565}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is\u2014in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents."}], ["Berbanding dengan kanak-kanak, remaja lebih cenderung untuk mempersoalkan dakwaan orang lain, dan kurang mungkin menerima fakta sebagai kebenaran mutlak. Melalui pengalaman di luar lingkungan keluarga, mereka belajar bahawa peraturan yang mereka diajar sebagai mutlak sebenarnya relativistik. Mereka mula membezakan antara peraturan-peraturan yang dimulakan dengan akal-tidak menyentuh kompor panas-dan mereka yang berdasarkan kepada standard relatif budaya (kod etika, tidak bertarikh sehingga usia tertentu), garis besar yang tidak dibuat oleh anak-anak muda. Ini boleh membawa kepada suatu tempoh kuasa yang mempersoalkan dalam semua domain. <> Adakah kanak-kanak atau remaja lebih cenderung bertanya soalan dan kurang berkemungkinan menerima fakta? || remaja <> Tidak bertarikh sehingga umur tertentu mempunyai akal atau budaya relatif? || kultur saudara <> Adakah menahan diri daripada menyentuh kepalanya yang sihat atau biasa dengan budaya? || akal", {"qas": [{"question": "Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?", "id": "570de0480dc6ce1900204ce1", "answers": [{"text": "adolescents", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?", "id": "570de0480dc6ce1900204ce2", "answers": [{"text": "culturally-relative", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?", "id": "570de0480dc6ce1900204ce3", "answers": [{"text": "common sense", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense\u2014not touching a hot stove\u2014and those that are based on culturally-relative standards (codes of etiquette, not dating until a certain age), a delineation that younger children do not make. This can lead to a period of questioning authority in all domains."}], ["Sehingga pertengahan hingga akhir remaja, lelaki dan perempuan menunjukkan perbezaan yang sedikit dalam motif minum. Kepelbagaian antara sebab penggunaan alkohol lelaki dan wanita mula muncul sekitar usia 14-15; secara keseluruhan, budak lelaki cenderung melihat minum dalam cahaya yang lebih sosial daripada perempuan, yang melaporkan secara purata penggunaan alkohol yang lebih kerap sebagai mekanisme penanggulangan. Kesan yang sama nampaknya beralih ke akhir remaja dan permulaan umur dewasa (18-19 tahun); Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun trend ini, usia cenderung untuk membawa keinginan yang lebih besar untuk diminum untuk keseronokan daripada mengatasi kedua-dua kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan. <> Semasa umur berapa alasan penggunaan alkohol antara lelaki dan wanita mula menyimpang? || 14-15 <> Adakah lelaki atau perempuan melihat minum dalam cahaya yang lebih sosial? || lelaki <> Yang mana laporan jantina paling kerap menggunakan alkohol sebagai mekanisme mengatasi? || kanak-kanak perempuan <> Adakah usia membawa keinginan yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil untuk diminum untuk keseronokan daripada mengatasi? || lebih besar", {"qas": [{"question": "During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge?", "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b63", "answers": [{"text": "14\u201315", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light?", "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b64", "answers": [{"text": "boys", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism?", "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b65", "answers": [{"text": "girls", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping?", "id": "570dcc300b85d914000d7b66", "answers": [{"text": "greater", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Until mid-to-late adolescence, boys and girls show relatively little difference in drinking motives. Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14\u201315; overall, boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls, who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism. The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood (18\u201319 years of age); however, despite this trend, age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls."}], ["Satu lagi perubahan fizikal penting semasa baligh berlaku dalam pengagihan lemak dan otot. Proses ini berbeza untuk wanita dan lelaki. Sebelum akil baligh, hampir tiada perbezaan seks dalam pengedaran lemak dan otot; semasa baligh, lelaki membesar otot lebih cepat daripada kanak-kanak perempuan, walaupun kedua-dua jantina mengalami perkembangan otot yang pesat. Sebaliknya, walaupun kedua-dua jantina mengalami peningkatan dalam lemak badan, peningkatan ini lebih bermakna bagi perempuan. Lazimnya, peningkatan lemak untuk kanak-kanak perempuan berlaku pada tahun-tahun sebelum akil baligh. Nisbah antara otot dan lemak antara kanak-kanak lelaki pasca-pubertal adalah sekitar tiga hingga satu, sedangkan untuk perempuan adalah sekitar lima hingga empat. Ini boleh membantu menjelaskan perbezaan seks dalam prestasi sukan. <> Adakah perubahan dalam pengagihan lemak dan otot yang sama atau berbeza antara lelaki dan wanita semasa pubertas? || berbeza <> Adakah kanak-kanak lelaki atau perempuan membesar otot lebih cepat semasa pubertas? || lelaki <> Adakah lelaki atau perempuan mengalami peningkatan yang lebih tinggi dalam lemak badan? || kanak-kanak perempuan <> Apakah nisbah antara otot dan lemak di kalangan budak lelaki pasca-pubertal? || tiga hingga satu <> Apakah rasio antara otot dan fat amoung perempuan pasca-pubertal? || lima hingga empat", {"qas": [{"question": "Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?", "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd7", "answers": [{"text": "different", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?", "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd8", "answers": [{"text": "boys", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?", "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cd9", "answers": [{"text": "girls", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?", "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cda", "answers": [{"text": "three to one", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?", "id": "570ddd9c0dc6ce1900204cdb", "answers": [{"text": "five to four", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance."}], ["Bagi kanak-kanak perempuan, kematangan awal kadang-kadang boleh membawa kepada kesedaran diri yang meningkat, walaupun aspek tipikal dalam wanita yang matang. Kerana perkembangan badan mereka terlebih dahulu, gadis-gadis pubescent boleh menjadi lebih tidak selamat dan bergantung. Akibatnya, kanak-kanak perempuan yang mencapai kematangan seksual awal lebih cenderung daripada rakan-rakan mereka untuk mengembangkan gangguan makan (seperti anoreksia nervosa). Hampir separuh daripada semua diet Amerika Syarikat sekolah menengah akan menurunkan berat badan. Di samping itu, kanak-kanak perempuan mungkin perlu berhadapan dengan kemajuan seksual daripada lelaki yang lebih tua sebelum mereka matang secara emosi dan mental. Di samping mengalami pengalaman seksual yang lebih awal dan kehamilan yang tidak diingini daripada wanita dewasa yang lewat, wanita dewasa awal lebih terdedah kepada penyalahgunaan alkohol dan dadah. Mereka yang mempunyai pengalaman sedemikian cenderung untuk melakukan tidak juga di sekolah sebagai rakan mereka yang \"tidak berpengalaman\". <> Adakah kanak-kanak perempuan mencapai kematangan seksual lebih awal atau mungkin kurang berkembang? || lebih cenderung <> Hampir separuh daripada pelajar sekolah tinggi Amerika berharap untuk mencapai matlamat dengan diet mereka? || menurunkan berat badan <> Adakah kanak-kanak perempuan awal atau lewat matang lebih terdedah kepada penyalahgunaan alkohol dan dadah? || Awal matang <> Adakah kanak-kanak awal atau lewat matang mempunyai kehamilan yang tidak diingini? || Awal yang matang <> Siapa yang melakukan lebih baik di sekolah: wanita remaja yang berpengalaman atau tidak berpengalaman? || tidak berpengalaman", {"qas": [{"question": "Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers?", "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204ccd", "answers": [{"text": "more likely", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet?", "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204cce", "answers": [{"text": "lose weight", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse?", "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204ccf", "answers": [{"text": "early maturing", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies?", "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204cd0", "answers": [{"text": "early maturing", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?", "id": "570ddc210dc6ce1900204cd1", "answers": [{"text": "inexperienced", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For girls, early maturation can sometimes lead to increased self-consciousness, though a typical aspect in maturing females. Because of their bodies' developing in advance, pubescent girls can become more insecure and dependent. Consequently, girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa). Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight. In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature. In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls, early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse. Those who have had such experiences tend to perform not as well in school as their \"inexperienced\" peers."}], ["Dalam tempoh sepuluh tahun yang lalu, jumlah laman rangkaian sosial kepada orang ramai telah banyak meningkat dan juga jumlah remaja menggunakannya. Beberapa sumber melaporkan sebahagian besar daripada remaja yang menggunakan media sosial: 73% daripada kanak-kanak berumur 12-17 tahun dilaporkan mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu profil rangkaian sosial; dua pertiga (68%) daripada teks remaja setiap hari, separuh (51%) melawat laman rangkaian sosial setiap hari, dan 11% menghantar atau menerima tweet sekurang-kurangnya sekali setiap hari. Malah, lebih daripada satu pertiga (34%) daripada remaja melawat laman sosial beberapa kali utama mereka sehari. Satu daripada empat (23%) remaja adalah pengguna media sosial \"berat\", bermakna mereka menggunakan sekurang-kurangnya dua jenis media sosial setiap hari. <> Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, mempunyai jumlah tapak rangkaian sosial yang tersedia untuk orang ramai yang meningkat atau menurun? || sangat meningkat <> Berapa peratus daripada 12-17 tahun mendakwa memiliki sekurang-kurangnya satu profil rangkaian sosial? || 73% <> Berapa peratus remaja mengatakan bahawa mereka teks setiap hari? || 68% <> Berapa peratuskah laporan remaja yang melawat laman penyelenggaraan sosial setiap hari? || 51% <> Apakah nisbah remaja adalah pengguna media sosial yang \"berat\", menggunakan dua jenis media setiap hari? || Satu dalam empat (23%)", {"qas": [{"question": "In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?", "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc3", "answers": [{"text": "greatly increased", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?", "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc4", "answers": [{"text": "73%", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of teens say they text every day?", "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc5", "answers": [{"text": "68%", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?", "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc6", "answers": [{"text": "51%", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ratio of teens are \"heavy\" social media users, using two types of media daily?", "id": "570ddac40dc6ce1900204cc7", "answers": [{"text": "One in four (23%)", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Within the past ten years, the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them. Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media: 73% of 12\u201317 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens text every day, half (51%) visit social networking sites daily, and 11% send or receive tweets at least once every day. In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens are \"heavy\" social media users, meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day."}], ["Remaja (dari bahasa latin Latin, yang bermaksud \"membesar\") adalah peringkat peralihan perkembangan manusia fizikal dan psikologi yang umumnya berlaku dalam tempoh dari akil baligh hingga dewasa yang sah (umur majoriti). Masa remaja adalah paling berkaitan dengan tahun-tahun remaja, walaupun ekspresi fizikal, psikologi dan kebudayaannya mungkin bermula lebih awal dan akhirnya kemudian. Sebagai contoh, walaupun akil baligh telah dikaitkan secara bersejarah dengan permulaan perkembangan remaja, ia biasanya bermula sebelum tahun remaja dan terdapat peralihan normatif yang berlaku dalam masa lampau, terutamanya pada wanita (lihat akil baligh yang matang). Pertumbuhan fizikal, seperti yang berbeza dari akil baligh (terutamanya pada lelaki), dan pembangunan kognitif yang umumnya dilihat pada masa remaja, juga boleh berkembang hingga awal tahun dua puluhan. Oleh itu, usia kronologi hanya memberi penanda kasar untuk remaja, dan para sarjana mendapati sukar untuk bersetuju dengan definisi remaja yang tepat. <> Dari bahasa manakah perkataan \"remaja\" berasal? || Latin <> Apakah makna Latin perkataan \"adolescere\"? || untuk membesar <> Apakah istilah lain untuk dewasa undang-undang? || umur majoriti <> Pertumbuhan fizikal dan perkembangan kognitif yang umumnya diperhatikan pada remaja boleh mencapai umur berapa? || dua puluhan awal", {"qas": [{"question": "From which language does the word \"adolescence\" originate?", "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b75", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Latin meaning of the word \"adolescere\"?", "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b76", "answers": [{"text": "to grow up", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for legal adulthood?", "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b77", "answers": [{"text": "age of majority", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age?", "id": "570dcd700b85d914000d7b78", "answers": [{"text": "early twenties", "answer_start": 818}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning \"to grow up\") is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, though its physical, psychological and cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of adolescent development, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and there has been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence, particularly in females (see precocious puberty). Physical growth, as distinct from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can also extend into the early twenties. Thus chronological age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence."}], ["Perubahan dalam ciri seks sekunder termasuk setiap perubahan yang tidak berkaitan langsung dengan pembiakan seksual. Pada lelaki, perubahan ini melibatkan penampilan rambut kemaluan, wajah, dan rambut, pendalaman suara, pengerasan kulit di sekitar lengan atas dan paha, dan peningkatan perkembangan kelenjar peluh. Pada wanita, perubahan seks sekunder melibatkan ketinggian payudara, pelebaran pinggul, perkembangan rambut kemaluan dan ketiak, pelebaran isolae, dan ketinggian puting. Perubahan sifat seks sekunder yang berlaku semasa baligh sering dirujuk dari segi lima peringkat Tanner, yang dinamakan sempena ahli pediatrik British yang merangka sistem pengkategorian. <> Apakah perubahan sifat seks sekunder? || setiap perubahan yang tidak berkaitan secara langsung dengan pembiakan seksual <> Berapa banyak peringkat Tanner di sana? || lima <> Apa pekerjaan orang yang merangka sistem pengkategorian Tanner? || Pediatrik <> Ketinggian payudara, perkembangan rambut kemaluan, dan peningkatan ketiak adalah contoh jenis perubahan apa? || Perubahan dalam ciri seks sekunder <> Adakah suara mendalam lelaki dalam ciri seks primer atau sekunder? || sekunder", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a secondary sex characteristic change?", "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b87", "answers": [{"text": "every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Tanner stages are there?", "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b88", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?", "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b89", "answers": [{"text": "pediatrician", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?", "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b8a", "answers": [{"text": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?", "id": "570ddf530b85d914000d7b8b", "answers": [{"text": "secondary", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system."}], ["Berikutan penurunan yang stabil, bermula pada akhir 1990-an sehingga pertengahan 2000-an, penggunaan dadah haram di kalangan remaja telah meningkat di A.S. Selain dari alkohol, marijuana adalah tabiat ubat yang paling sering ditangani pada tahun-tahun remaja. Data yang dikumpul oleh Institut Kebangsaan Penyalahgunaan Dadah menunjukkan bahawa antara tahun 2007 dan 2011, penggunaan ganja meningkat daripada 5.7% kepada 7.2% di kalangan pelajar kelas 8; antara pelajar kelas 10, dari 14.2% hingga 17.6%; dan di kalangan graduan ke-12, dari 18.8% hingga 22.6%. Tambahan, tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini telah melihat peningkatan populariti MDMA; antara 2010 dan 2011, penggunaan MDMA meningkat dari 1.4% kepada 2.3% di kalangan warga senior sekolah. Penggunaan keghairahan ekstasi yang paling berkemungkinan besar dalam sekurang-kurangnya beberapa tahap dengan peningkatan populariti budaya rave. <> Apakah bahan yang paling disalahgunakan semasa tahun remaja di A.S.? || alkohol <> Selain daripada alkohol, apakah kebiasaan ubat yang paling sering ditangani pada tahun-tahun remaja? || ganja <> Penggunaan ubat apa yang paling tinggi mungkin disebabkan oleh sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian dari populariti kebudayaan yang meningkat? || Ekstasi <Dari akhir 1990-an hingga pertengahan tahun 2000, adakah penggunaan dadah pada remaja meningkat atau menurun? || penurunan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S.?", "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbb", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from alcohol, what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years?", "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbc", "answers": [{"text": "marijuana", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture?", "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbd", "answers": [{"text": "ecstasy", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From the late 1990s to mid 2000s, was drug use in teens on the rise or decline?", "id": "570dcb0c0dc6ce1900204cbe", "answers": [{"text": "decline", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following a steady decline, beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s, illicit drug use among adolescents has been on the rise in the U.S. Aside from alcohol, marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years. Data collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows that between the years of 2007 and 2011, marijuana use grew from 5.7% to 7.2% among 8th grade students; among 10th grade students, from 14.2% to 17.6%; and among 12th graders, from 18.8% to 22.6%. Additional, recent years have seen a surge in popularity of MDMA; between 2010 and 2011, the use of MDMA increased from 1.4% to 2.3% among high school seniors. The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of rave culture."}], ["Kajian formal psikologi remaja bermula dengan penerbitan karya \"Stanley Hall\" pada tahun 1904. \" Hall, yang merupakan presiden pertama Persatuan Psikologi Amerika, melihat remaja terutamanya sebagai masa pergolakan dalaman dan pergolakan (sturm und drang). Pemahaman pemuda ini berdasarkan dua cara baru memahami perilaku manusia: teori evolusi Darwin dan teori psikodinamik Freud. Beliau percaya bahawa remaja adalah perwakilan perubahan filosofi nenek moyang manusia dari menjadi primitif untuk menjadi bertamadun. Kenyataan Hall berdiri agak tidak bertanding sehingga tahun 1950-an ketika ahli psikologi seperti Erik Erikson dan Anna Freud mula merumuskan teori mereka tentang masa remaja. Freud percaya bahawa gangguan psikologi yang berkaitan dengan belia adalah secara biologi dan budaya universal manakala Erikson memberi tumpuan kepada dikotomi antara pembentukan identiti dan pemenuhan peranan. Walaupun teori-teori mereka berbeza, ketiga ahli psikologi itu bersetuju bahawa masa remaja adalah sememangnya masa kekacauan dan kekeliruan psikologi. Aspek remaja yang kurang bergelora, seperti hubungan rakan sebaya dan pengaruh kebudayaan, sebahagian besarnya telah diabaikan sehingga tahun 1980-an. Dari '50-an hingga 80-an, tumpuan bidang itu adalah terutamanya menerangkan corak tingkah laku berbanding dengan menjelaskannya. <> Siapa presiden pertama Persatuan Psikologi Amerika? || G. Stanley Hall <> Apakah tajuk penerbitan yang memulakan kajian formal psikologi remaja? || Masa remaja pada tahun 1904 <Dari '50-an hingga 80-an, apakah tumpuan bidang yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan corak tingkah laku atau menjelaskannya? || menggambarkan <> teori manakah yang diketahui oleh kepercayaannya tentang evolusi? || Darwin", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?", "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce7", "answers": [{"text": "G. Stanley Hall", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?", "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce8", "answers": [{"text": "Adolescence in 1904", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?", "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204ce9", "answers": [{"text": "describing", "answer_start": 1305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?", "id": "570de1cb0dc6ce1900204cea", "answers": [{"text": "Darwin", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's \"Adolescence in 1904.\" Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them."}], ["Walaupun penyelidikan tidak dapat disimpulkan, beberapa penemuan telah menunjukkan bahawa komunikasi elektronik secara negatif mempengaruhi pembangunan sosial remaja, menggantikan komunikasi tatap muka, merosakkan kemahiran sosial mereka, dan kadang-kadang boleh membawa kepada interaksi yang tidak selamat dengan orang yang tidak dikenali. Kajian pada tahun 2015 melaporkan bahawa \"remaja kurang kesedaran mengenai strategi untuk menangani cyberbullying, yang secara konsisten dikaitkan dengan kemungkinan peningkatan kemurungan.\" Kajian telah menunjukkan perbezaan dalam cara internet memberi kesan negatif terhadap fungsi sosial remaja. Perjumpaan secara dalam talian cenderung menjadikan gadis-gadis sangat lemah, sementara bersosial di kafe internet kelihatannya hanya menjejaskan pencapaian akademik lelaki. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian lain menunjukkan bahawa komunikasi Internet membawa rakan-rakan lebih dekat dan bermanfaat untuk remaja yang cemas, yang merasa lebih mudah untuk berinteraksi dalam talian secara sosial. Penemuan yang lebih konklusif adalah bahawa penggunaan Internet mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap kesihatan fizikal remaja, kerana masa yang digunakan menggunakan Internet menggantikan masa melakukan aktiviti fizikal. Walau bagaimanapun, Internet boleh menjadi sangat berguna dalam mendidik remaja kerana akses mereka mempunyai maklumat mengenai pelbagai topik. <> Menurut penemuan penyelidikan, apakah penggunaan Internet mempunyai kesan positif atau negatif terhadap kesihatan fizikal remaja? || negatif <> Mengapa penemuan penyelidikan percaya bahawa Internet mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap kesihatan fizikal remaja? || masa yang dihabiskan dengan menggunakan Internet menggantikan masa melakukan aktiviti fizikal <> Bagaimana Internet boleh memberi manfaat kepada remaja yang cemas? || lebih mudah untuk berinteraksi dalam talian secara sosial <> Aktiviti dalam talian mana yang mana secara konsisten dikaitkan dengan meningkatnya kecenderungan kemurungan? || cyberbullying", {"qas": [{"question": "According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?", "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5b", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 959}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?", "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5c", "answers": [{"text": "time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities", "answer_start": 1017}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?", "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5d", "answers": [{"text": "easier to interact socially online", "answer_start": 862}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?", "id": "570dc90a0b85d914000d7b5e", "answers": [{"text": "cyberbullying", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that \u201cadolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression.\u201d Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts the adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet caf\u00e9s seems only to affect boys academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online. The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents, as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities. However, the Internet can be significantly useful in educating teens because of the access they have to information on many various topics."}], ["Selain itu, jumlah masa remaja yang dibelanjakan untuk aktiviti kerja dan masa lapang berbeza-beza oleh budaya sebagai akibat dari norma dan harapan budaya, serta faktor sosioekonomi. Remaja Amerika menghabiskan lebih sedikit masa di sekolah atau bekerja dan lebih banyak masa untuk aktiviti riadah-termasuk bermain sukan, bersosial, dan menjaga penampilan mereka-daripada remaja di banyak negara lain. Perbezaan ini mungkin dipengaruhi oleh nilai-nilai budaya pendidikan dan jumlah tanggungjawab remaja dijangka akan diambil alih dalam keluarga atau masyarakat mereka. <> Adakah remaja Amerika menghabiskan lebih banyak masa untuk berkhidmat dengan remaja daripada yang lain? || kurang <> Adakah remaja Amerika menghabiskan lebih banyak masa untuk aktiviti riadah daripada remaja di negara lain? || lebih banyak <> Adakah jumlah masa remaja yang dibelanjakan untuk kerja dan masa lapang berbeza dari budaya ke budaya atau reman agak tetap? || sangat berbeza <> Apakah dua sebab yang berpotensi yang remaja di dalam budaya yang berbeza menghabiskan masa yang bervariasi untuk kegiatan kerja dan masa lapang? || norma dan harapan budaya, serta pelbagai faktor sosioekonomi", {"qas": [{"question": "Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires?", "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bcb", "answers": [{"text": "less", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries?", "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bcc", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant?", "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bcd", "answers": [{"text": "varies greatly", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities?", "id": "570dea310b85d914000d7bce", "answers": [{"text": "cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Furthermore, the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors. American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities\u2014which include playing sports, socializing, and caring for their appearance\u2014than do adolescents in many other countries. These differences may be influenced by cultural values of education and the amount of responsibility adolescents are expected to assume in their family or community."}], ["Penyelidikan secara amnya menunjukkan keseragaman yang ketara di seluruh budaya yang berlainan dalam motif di sebalik penggunaan alkohol remaja. Penglibatan sosial dan keseronokan peribadi kelihatan memainkan peranan yang sangat universal dalam keputusan remaja untuk diminum dalam konteks budaya yang terpisah. Survei yang dijalankan di Argentina, Hong Kong, dan Kanada masing-masing menunjukkan sebab yang paling biasa untuk minum di kalangan remaja berkaitan dengan keseronokan dan rekreasi; 80% remaja Argentina melaporkan minum untuk keseronokan, sementara hanya 7% minum untuk memperbaiki mood yang tidak baik. Jawapan yang paling lazim di kalangan remaja Kanada ialah \"masuk suasana hati pihak,\" 18%; \"kerana saya menikmatinya,\" 16%; dan \"untuk mabuk,\" 10%. Di Hong Kong, peserta wanita paling sering melaporkan minum untuk keseronokan sosial, sementara lelaki yang paling sering melaporkan minum merasakan kesan alkohol. <> Adakah motif di sebalik penggunaan alkohol remaja bervariasi atau seragam di pelbagai budaya? || seragam <> Apa dua sebab untuk minum-minum remaja dikongsi di seluruh konteks budaya? || Penglibatan sosial dan keseronokan peribadi <> Apakah sebab yang paling biasa untuk minum di kalangan remaja mengikut kaji selidik di Argentina, Hong Kong, dan Kanada? || keseronokan dan rekreasi <> Berapa peratuskah remaja Argentenian melaporkan minum untuk meningkatkan mood yang tidak baik? || 7% <> Di Hong Kong, adakah lelaki atau perempuan paling sering melaporkan minum merasakan kesan alkohol? || lelaki", {"qas": [{"question": "Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?", "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d01", "answers": [{"text": "uniform", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?", "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d02", "answers": [{"text": "Social engagement and personal enjoyment", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?", "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d03", "answers": [{"text": "pleasure and recreation", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?", "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d04", "answers": [{"text": "7%", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?", "id": "570debd40dc6ce1900204d05", "answers": [{"text": "males", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to \"get in a party mood,\" 18%; \"because I enjoy it,\" 16%; and \"to get drunk,\" 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol."}], ["Idea konsep diri dikenali sebagai keupayaan seseorang untuk mempunyai pendapat dan kepercayaan yang jelas, konsisten dan stabil. Awal remaja, perkembangan kognitif menghasilkan kesedaran diri yang lebih tinggi, kesedaran yang lebih tinggi terhadap orang lain dan pemikiran dan pertimbangan mereka, keupayaan untuk memikirkan abstrak, kemungkinan masa depan, dan keupayaan untuk mempertimbangkan pelbagai kemungkinan sekaligus. Akibatnya, remaja mengalami peralihan yang ketara dari gambaran sederhana, konkrit, dan global yang tipikal anak-anak muda; sebagai kanak-kanak, mereka mendefinisikan diri mereka dengan ciri-ciri fizikal sedangkan sebagai remaja, mereka menentukan diri mereka berdasarkan nilai, fikiran, dan pendapat mereka. <> Bagaimana kanak-kanak cenderung untuk menentukan sendiri? || dengan ciri-ciri fizikal <> Adakah kanak-kanak atau remaja menentukan sendiri berdasarkan nilai, fikiran, dan pendapat? || remaja <> Idea mana yang dikenali sebagai keupayaan seseorang untuk mempunyai pendapat dan kepercayaan yang jelas, konsisten, dan stabil? || konsep diri <> Kesedaran diri yang lebih tinggi, kesedaran yang lebih tinggi terhadap orang lain, dan keupayaan untuk mempertimbangkan pelbagai kemungkinan sekaligus adalah contoh perkembangan yang berlaku? || kognitif", {"qas": [{"question": "How do children tend to define themselves?", "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cef", "answers": [{"text": "by physical traits", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?", "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf0", "answers": [{"text": "adolescents", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?", "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf1", "answers": [{"text": "self-concept", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?", "id": "570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf2", "answers": [{"text": "cognitive", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions."}], ["Cara luas menentukan masa remaja ialah peralihan dari anak ke dewasa. Menurut Hogan & Astone (1986), peralihan ini boleh termasuk penanda seperti meninggalkan sekolah, memulakan pekerjaan sepenuh masa, meninggalkan rumah asal, menikah, dan menjadi ibu bapa buat kali pertama. Bagaimanapun, tempoh masa peralihan ini berbeza secara drastik oleh budaya. Di sesetengah negara, seperti Amerika Syarikat, remaja boleh bertahan hampir sedekad, tetapi di lain-lain, peralihan-sering dalam bentuk upacara-boleh bertahan hanya beberapa hari. <> Peralihan dari anak ke dewasa boleh didefinisikan secara meluas seperti apa? || remaja <> Berapa lama masa percintaan Amerika Syarikat? || hampir satu dekad <> Adakah kerangka masa remaja berbeza dari budaya ke budaya atau tetap dipersetujui secara universal? || Berbeza secara drastik oleh budaya <> Meninggalkan sekolah, memulakan pekerjaan sepenuh masa, menikah, dan menjadi ibu bapa buat kali pertama adalah penanda pada tahap perkembangan seseorang, menurut Hogan & Astone? || remaja", {"qas": [{"question": "The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?", "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be5", "answers": [{"text": "adolescence", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?", "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be6", "answers": [{"text": "nearly a decade", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?", "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be7", "answers": [{"text": "varies drastically by culture", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?", "id": "570dec870b85d914000d7be8", "answers": [{"text": "adolescence", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition\u2014often in the form of a ceremony\u2014can last for only a few days."}], ["Sesetengah penyelidik kini memberi tumpuan kepada pembelajaran tentang bagaimana remaja melihat hubungan dan seksualiti mereka sendiri; mereka ingin berpindah dari sudut pandang penyelidikan yang memberi tumpuan kepada masalah yang berkaitan dengan seksualiti remaja [mengapa?] Profesor Kolej Lucia O'Sullivan dan rakan-rakannya mendapati bahawa tidak terdapat sebarang perbezaan jantina yang signifikan dalam peristiwa hubungan remaja lelaki dan perempuan dari gred 7-12 dilaporkan. Kebanyakan remaja berkata mereka telah mencium rakan mereka, berpegang dengan mereka, memikirkan diri mereka sebagai pasangan dan memberitahu orang yang mereka ada dalam hubungan. Ini bermakna bahawa pemikiran peribadi tentang hubungan serta pengiktirafan perhubungan awam adalah penting kepada remaja dalam sampel. Peristiwa seksual (seperti sentuhan seksual, hubungan seksual) kurang biasa daripada peristiwa romantis (memegang tangan) dan peristiwa sosial (dengan rakan kongsi dalam persekitaran kumpulan). Para penyelidik menyatakan bahawa keputusan ini adalah penting kerana hasilnya memberi tumpuan kepada aspek-aspek yang lebih positif dari remaja dan interaksi sosial dan romantis mereka daripada berfokus pada tingkah laku seksual dan akibatnya. <> Adakah remaja melaporkan lebih banyak peristiwa seksual atau sosial kepada penyelidik? || peristiwa sosial <> Mengapa para penyelidik percaya pelaporan acara sosial oleh remaja (bukan aktiviti seksual) adalah penting? || memberi tumpuan kepada aspek-aspek yang lebih positif remaja <> Memegang tangan dengan rakan kongsi dan memberitahu orang lain tentang hubungan adalah contoh-contoh peristiwa remaja apa? || romantik", {"qas": [{"question": "Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?", "id": "570de8a70b85d914000d7bb1", "answers": [{"text": "social events", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?", "id": "570de8a70b85d914000d7bb2", "answers": [{"text": "focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents", "answer_start": 1001}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?", "id": "570de8a70b85d914000d7bb3", "answers": [{"text": "romantic", "answer_start": 829}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7-12 reported. Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching, sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences."}], ["Penggunaan ubat alkohol remaja adalah pada masa yang paling rendah. Di luar badan pelajar yang ditinjau, 4.4% daripada pelajar kelas 8 yang dilaporkan telah sekurang-kurangnya sekali telah mabuk dalam bulan sebelumnya; untuk graduan ke-10, jumlah itu adalah 13.7%, dan untuk graduan ke-12, 25%. Lebih drastik, rokok telah menjadi aktiviti yang jauh lebih rendah di kalangan pelajar tengah dan sekolah tinggi Amerika; Malah, sejumlah besar remaja kini merokok ganja daripada rokok asap, dengan satu kajian baru-baru ini menunjukkan 15.2% masing-masing berbanding 11.7% pelajar yang ditinjau. Kajian baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahawa lelaki lewat remaja lebih cenderung merokok rokok berbanding wanita. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan gender di kalangan pelajar. Penemuan kajian menunjukkan bahawa lebih ramai lelaki daripada wanita mula merokok apabila mereka berada di sekolah rendah dan tinggi manakala kebanyakan wanita mula merokok selepas sekolah menengah. Ini mungkin dikaitkan dengan pandangan sosial dan politik baru-baru ini terhadap ganja; isu-isu seperti penggunaan perubatan dan pengesahan telah cenderung untuk melukis dadah dalam cahaya yang lebih positif daripada sejarah, manakala rokok terus dikecilkan kerana risiko kesihatan yang berkaitan. <> Adakah penggunaan ubat alkohol remaja di semua peringkat tinggi atau rendah? || rendah <> Adakah remaja merokok ganja atau rokok lebih kerap? || ganja <> Adakah remaja lelaki atau perempuan lewat lebih cenderung merokok? || lelaki <> Apakah satu penjelasan yang mungkin untuk pergeseran ke arah marijuana dan jauh dari rokok? || baru-baru ini mengubah pandangan sosial dan politik terhadap ganja", {"qas": [{"question": "Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low?", "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7bdd", "answers": [{"text": "low", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?", "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7bde", "answers": [{"text": "marijuana", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?", "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7bdf", "answers": [{"text": "male", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?", "id": "570deb1f0b85d914000d7be0", "answers": [{"text": "recent changing social and political views towards marijuana", "answer_start": 979}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low. Out of a polled body of students, 4.4% of 8th graders reported having been on at least one occasion been drunk within the previous month; for 10th graders, the number was 13.7%, and for 12th graders, 25%. More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 15.2% versus 11.7% of surveyed students. Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. The study indicated that there was a discernible gender difference in the prevalence of smoking among the students. The finding of the study show that more males than females began smoking when they were in primary and high schools whereas most females started smoking after high school. This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically, while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks."}], ["Tahap yang mana remaja dianggap sebagai makhluk autonomi berbeza secara meluas oleh budaya, seperti juga tingkah laku yang mewakili autonomi baru muncul ini. Ahli psikologi telah mengenal pasti tiga jenis autonomi utama: kemerdekaan emosi, autonomi tingkah laku, dan autonomi kognitif. Otonomi emosi ditakrifkan dari segi hubungan remaja dengan orang lain, dan selalunya termasuk perkembangan hubungan emosi yang lebih matang dengan orang dewasa dan rakan sebaya. Otonomi kelakuan merangkumi keupayaan membangunkan remaja untuk mengawal selia tingkah lakunya sendiri, bertindak atas keputusan peribadi, dan mengawal diri sendiri. Perbezaan budaya amat terlihat dalam kategori ini kerana ia melibatkan isu-isu dating, masa sosial dengan rakan sebaya, dan keputusan pengurusan masa. Otonomi kognitif menggambarkan keupayaan seorang remaja untuk mengambil bahagian dalam proses penalaran bebas dan membuat keputusan tanpa pergantungan berlebihan terhadap pengesahan sosial. Mempengaruhi pengaruh dari perkembangan kognitif remaja, mengembangkan hubungan sosial, penampilan yang semakin dewasa, dan penerimaan lebih banyak hak dan tanggungjawab meningkatkan perasaan otonomi untuk remaja. Pembangunan autonomi yang betul telah terikat kepada kesihatan mental yang baik, harga diri yang tinggi, kecenderungan diri yang bermotivasi, konsep diri yang positif, dan perilaku diri dan mengawal selia tingkah laku. Selain itu, didapati bahawa kesihatan mental remaja adalah yang terbaik apabila perasaan mereka mengenai perlawanan autonomi rapat dengan ibu bapa mereka. <> Apakah tiga jenis autonomi utama? || kemerdekaan emosi, autonomi tingkah laku, dan autonomi kognitif <> Bagaimana autonomi tingkah laku ditakrifkan? || merangkumi keupayaan membangun remaja untuk mengawal selia tingkah lakunya sendiri, untuk bertindak atas keputusan peribadi, dan untuk memerintah sendiri <> Perbezaan budaya remaja jelas kelihatan di mana jenis autonomi? || Behavioral <> Bagaimana autonomi kognitif ditakrifkan? || keupayaan untuk remaja untuk mengambil bahagian dalam proses penalaran bebas dan membuat keputusan tanpa pergantungan berlebihan pada pengesahan sosial <> Adalah kesihatan mental remaja yang terbaik ketika perasaan autonomi mereka rapat dengan ibu bapa mereka atau ketika mereka bertentangan? || perlawanan rapat", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the three main types of autonomy?", "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc1", "answers": [{"text": "emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is behavioral autonomy defined?", "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc2", "answers": [{"text": "encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?", "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc3", "answers": [{"text": "Behavioral", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is cognitive autonomy defined?", "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc4", "answers": [{"text": "the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation", "answer_start": 798}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?", "id": "570de9870b85d914000d7bc5", "answers": [{"text": "match closely", "answer_start": 1468}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents."}], ["Kumpulan sebaya adalah penting untuk pembangunan sosial dan umum. Komunikasi dengan rakan sebaya meningkat dengan ketara semasa hubungan remaja dan rakan sebaya menjadi lebih sengit daripada pada peringkat lain dan lebih berpengaruh kepada remaja, yang mempengaruhi kedua-dua keputusan dan pilihan yang dibuat. Persahabatan berkualiti tinggi boleh meningkatkan perkembangan kanak-kanak tanpa mengira ciri-ciri rakan-rakan. Apabila kanak-kanak mula mengikat dengan pelbagai orang dan membuat persahabatan, ia kemudian membantu mereka ketika mereka remaja dan menetapkan rangka kerja untuk remaja dan kumpulan rakan sebaya. Kumpulan-kumpulan sebaya adalah sangat penting semasa remaja, tempoh perkembangan yang dicirikan oleh peningkatan dramatik dalam masa yang dihabiskan dengan rakan-rakan dan penurunan pengawasan orang dewasa. Remaja juga bersekutu dengan rakan-rakan seks yang bertentangan lebih daripada pada zaman kanak-kanak dan cenderung untuk mengenal pasti dengan kumpulan yang lebih besar daripada rakan sebaya berdasarkan ciri-ciri berkongsi. Adalah juga biasa bagi remaja untuk menggunakan rakan sebagai alat mengatasi dalam situasi yang berbeza. Struktur tiga faktor menangani rakan termasuk pencegahan, penguasaan, dan ketidakpastian telah menunjukkan bahawa remaja menggunakan rakan sebagai alat yang mengatasi tekanan sosial. <> Adakah komunikasi dengan rakan sebaya meningkat atau berkurangan semasa remaja? || meningkatkan <> Adakah kanak-kanak atau remaja cenderung untuk bekerjasama dengan rakan-rakan seks yang bertentangan lebih? || Remaja <> Bagaimana remaja ditakrifkan secara sosial? || tempoh perkembangan yang dicirikan oleh peningkatan dramatik dalam masa yang dihabiskan dengan rakan sebaya dan penurunan pengawasan orang dewasa", {"qas": [{"question": "Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?", "id": "570de6db0b85d914000d7ba1", "answers": [{"text": "increases", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?", "id": "570de6db0b85d914000d7ba2", "answers": [{"text": "Adolescents", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is adolescence defined socially?", "id": "570de6db0b85d914000d7ba3", "answers": [{"text": "a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Peer groups are essential to social and general development. Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages  and more influential to the teen, affecting both the decisions and choices being made. High quality friendships may enhance children's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to bond with various people and create friendships, it later helps them when they are adolescent and sets up the framework for adolescence and peer groups. Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision. Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics. It is also common for adolescents to use friends as coping devices in different situations. A three-factor structure of dealing with friends including avoidance, mastery, and nonchalance has shown that adolescents use friends as coping devices with social stresses."}], ["Persekitaran remaja memainkan peranan besar dalam pembangunan identiti mereka. Walaupun kebanyakan kajian remaja dijalankan di kalangan kanak-kanak kelas pertengahan dan putih, kajian menunjukkan bahawa lebih banyak orang yang dibesarkan mempunyai hak istimewa, semakin berjaya mereka mengembangkan identiti mereka. Pembentukan identiti remaja adalah masa yang penting dalam kehidupan mereka. Baru-baru ini didapati bahawa pola demografi menunjukkan bahawa peralihan kepada dewasa kini berlaku dalam tempoh yang lebih lama daripada kes pada pertengahan abad ke-20. Oleh itu, belia, satu tempoh yang berlanjutan lewat remaja dan dewasa dewasa, telah menjadi tahap yang lebih menonjol dalam kehidupan seharian. Oleh itu, telah menyebabkan pelbagai faktor menjadi penting semasa perkembangan ini. Banyak faktor yang menyumbang kepada identiti sosial yang sedang membangun remaja daripada komitmen, untuk mengatasi peranti, ke media sosial. Kesemua faktor ini dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran yang ditanggung oleh remaja. Seorang kanak-kanak dari pembesaran yang lebih istimewa didedahkan kepada lebih banyak peluang dan situasi yang lebih baik pada umumnya. Seorang remaja dari bandar dalaman atau kejiranan yang didorong jenayah lebih cenderung terdedah kepada persekitaran yang boleh menjejaskan perkembangan mereka. Masa remaja adalah masa yang sensitif dalam proses pembangunan, dan pendedahan kepada perkara-perkara yang salah pada waktu itu boleh memberi kesan besar kepada keputusan masa depan. Walaupun kanak-kanak yang membesar di komuniti pinggiran bandar tidak terdedah kepada persekitaran yang buruk, mereka lebih cenderung untuk mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti yang boleh memberi manfaat kepada identiti mereka dan menyumbang kepada pembangunan identiti yang lebih berjaya. <> Yang etnintesis remaja mana yang paling sering dikaji? || putih <> Apakah kelas sosial remaja paling kerap dipelajari? || kelas menengah <> Tempoh kehidupan seseorang yang berlanjutan lewat remaja dan dewasa dewasa dikenali sebagai apa? || belia <> Adakah bandar dalam atau kejiranan yang didorong jenayah lebih kurang mungkin menjejaskan perkembangan seseorang? || Lebih berkemungkinan <> Mengapa kanak-kanak dari masyarakat pinggir bandar lebih cenderung untuk menyertai aktiviti yang memberi manfaat kepada identiti mereka? || terdedah kepada lebih banyak peluang dan situasi yang lebih baik pada umumnya", {"qas": [{"question": "Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied?", "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b91", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What social class of adolescents is most often studied?", "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b92", "answers": [{"text": "middle class", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?", "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b93", "answers": [{"text": "youth", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?", "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b94", "answers": [{"text": "more likely", "answer_start": 1142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?", "id": "570de4770b85d914000d7b95", "answers": [{"text": "exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general", "answer_start": 1011}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This therefore has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major effect on future decisions. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development."}], ["Hubungan remaja dengan rakan sebaya, keluarga, dan ahli-ahli sfera sosial mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam perkembangan sosial seorang remaja. Sebagai sfera sosial remaja berkembang pesat kerana mereka membezakan perbezaan antara rakan dan kenalan, mereka sering menjadi sangat emosional dilaburkan dalam kawan-kawan. Ini tidak membahayakan; Walau bagaimanapun, jika rakan-rakan ini mendedahkan individu kepada situasi yang berpotensi membahayakan, ini adalah aspek tekanan rakan sebaya. Masa remaja adalah masa kritikal dalam pembangunan sosial kerana remaja dapat dengan mudah dipengaruhi oleh orang-orang yang mereka kembangkan hubungan rapat dengannya. Ini adalah kali pertama individu benar-benar boleh membuat keputusan mereka sendiri, yang juga menjadikan tempoh sensitif ini. Hubungan sangat penting dalam perkembangan sosial seorang remaja kerana pengaruh rakan-rakan yang melampau boleh mempunyai seorang individu. Hubungan ini menjadi penting kerana mereka mula membantu remaja memahami konsep keperibadian, bagaimana mereka membentuk dan mengapa seseorang mempunyai keperibadian jenis tertentu. \"Penggunaan perbandingan psikologi dapat berfungsi sebagai indeks pertumbuhan teori personaliti yang tersirat dan sebagai proses komponen yang menyatukan penciptaannya. Dengan kata lain, dengan membandingkan ciri personaliti seseorang dengan yang lain, kita akan menubuhkan kerangka kerja untuk mencipta teori umum keperibadian (dan ... teori sebegini akan berfungsi sebagai rangka kerja yang berguna untuk memahami orang tertentu). \" Ini dapat disamakan dengan penggunaan perbandingan sosial dalam membangunkan identiti dan konsep diri seseorang, termasuk keperibadian, dan menggariskan kepentingan komunikasi, dan dengan itu hubungan, dalam perkembangan seseorang. Dalam perbandingan sosial kita menggunakan kumpulan rujukan, berkenaan dengan perkembangan psikologi dan identiti. Kumpulan rujukan ini adalah rakan sebaya remaja. Ini bermakna bahawa siapa yang memilih / menerima remaja sebagai rakan dan mereka berkomunikasi secara kerap sering membuat kumpulan rujukan mereka dan dengan itu boleh memberi kesan besar kepada siapa mereka menjadi. Penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa hubungan mempunyai pengaruh terbesar ke atas perkembangan sosial individu. <> Apa yang paling menjejaskan perkembangan sosial seseorang? || hubungan <> Adakah rakan-rakan remaja mempunyai kesan besar atau kecil terhadap pembangunan sosial mereka? || besar <> Adakah remaja menjadi sangat emosional dilaburkan dalam rakan-rakan atau adakah mereka umumnya anti-sosial? || sangat emosi dilaburkan dalam kawan-kawan", {"qas": [{"question": "What has the largest affect over one's social development?", "id": "570de5f70b85d914000d7b9b", "answers": [{"text": "relationships", "answer_start": 2120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?", "id": "570de5f70b85d914000d7b9c", "answers": [{"text": "large", "answer_start": 2143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?", "id": "570de5f70b85d914000d7b9d", "answers": [{"text": "heavily emotionally invested in friends", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends. This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of peer pressure. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual. These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality. \"The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons).\" This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one\u2019s identity and self-concept, which includes ones personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one\u2019s development. In social comparison we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development. These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual."}], ["Pemisahan lanjut dalam konsep diri, yang dipanggil \"pembezaan,\" berlaku apabila remaja menyedari pengaruh kontekstual terhadap tingkah laku mereka sendiri dan persepsi orang lain, dan mula melayakkan sifat mereka apabila diminta menggambarkan diri mereka sendiri. Pembezaan muncul sepenuhnya dibangunkan oleh pertengahan remaja. Meningkat pada gred 7 hingga 9, ciri-ciri keperibadian remaja digunakan untuk menggambarkan diri mereka merujuk kepada konteks tertentu, dan oleh itu mungkin bercanggah antara satu sama lain. Pengiktirafan kandungan yang tidak konsisten dalam konsep kendiri adalah sumber penderitaan yang biasa pada tahun-tahun ini (lihat kekecohan Kognitif), tetapi kesusahan ini dapat memberi manfaat kepada remaja dengan menggalakkan pembangunan struktur. <> Bilakah pembezaan muncul sepenuhnya? || oleh pertengahan remaja <> Apabila remaja mula memenuhi sifat mereka, apa yang mereka menunjukkan? || Pembezaan <> Adakah pengiktirafan kandungan yang tidak konsisten dalam konsep diri seseorang biasanya membawa kesusahan atau kedamaian kepada remaja? || kesusahan", {"qas": [{"question": "When does differentiation appear fully developed?", "id": "570df2080dc6ce1900204d37", "answers": [{"text": "by mid-adolescence", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?", "id": "570df2080dc6ce1900204d38", "answers": [{"text": "differentiation", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?", "id": "570df2080dc6ce1900204d39", "answers": [{"text": "distress", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Further distinctions in self-concept, called \"differentiation,\" occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development."}], ["Kemunculan pemikiran yang lebih sistematik dan abstrak adalah satu lagi aspek perkembangan kognitif yang penting semasa remaja. Sebagai contoh, remaja mendapati lebih mudah daripada kanak-kanak untuk memahami jenis logik abstrak yang lebih tinggi yang wujud dalam pun, peribahasa, metafora, dan analogi. Kemudahan peningkatan mereka membolehkan mereka untuk menghargai cara bahasa digunakan untuk menyampaikan pelbagai mesej, seperti satira, metafora, dan sindiran. (Kanak-kanak yang berusia kurang dari sembilan tahun seringkali tidak dapat memahami sindiran sama sekali.) Ini juga membolehkan penerapan proses penalaran dan logik maju kepada perkara-perkara sosial dan ideologi seperti hubungan interpersonal, politik, falsafah, agama, moral, persahabatan, iman, demokrasi, keadilan , dan kejujuran. <> Adakah remaja atau kanak-kanak memahami pun, peribahasa, metafora, dan analogi yang paling berkesan? || remaja <> Kanak-kanak di bawah umur berapa sering tidak dapat memahami sindiran? || sembilan <> Adakah pun, peribahasa, metafora, dan analogi susunan yang lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi? || Perintah yang lebih tinggi <> Penampilan pemikiran yang lebih sistematik dan abstrak adalah aspek yang ketara mengenai jenis pembangunan semasa remaja? || kognitif", {"qas": [{"question": "Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?", "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c17", "answers": [{"text": "adolescents", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?", "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c18", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?", "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c19", "answers": [{"text": "higher-order", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?", "id": "570df0740b85d914000d7c1a", "answers": [{"text": "cognitive", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits them to appreciate the ways in which language can be used to convey multiple messages, such as satire, metaphor, and sarcasm. (Children younger than age nine often cannot comprehend sarcasm at all.) This also permits the application of advanced reasoning and logical processes to social and ideological matters such as interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, morality, friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty."}], ["Sepanjang masa remaja, jumlah bahan putih di otak meningkat secara linear, manakala jumlah bahan kelabu di otak mengikuti corak U terbalik. Melalui proses yang dipanggil pemangkasan synaptik, sambungan neuron yang tidak perlu di dalam otak dihapuskan dan jumlah bahan kelabu dikurangkan. Bagaimanapun, ini tidak bermakna otak kehilangan fungsinya; Sebaliknya, ia menjadi lebih cekap disebabkan peningkatan myelination (penebatan akson) dan pengurangan laluan yang tidak digunakan. <> Adakah jumlah bahan putih dalam otak meningkat atau berkurang sepanjang masa remaja? || meningkatkan <> Adakah jumlah bahan kelabu dalam otak meningkat secara linear atau mengikuti corak terbalik-U selama masa remaja? || corak terbalik-U <> Semasa proses itu koneksi neuron yang tidak perlu di dalam otak dihapuskan? || pemangkasan sinaptik <> Adakah otak menjadi lebih atau kurang cekap hasil daripada pemangkasan sinaptik? || lebih cekap", {"qas": [{"question": "Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?", "id": "570def080b85d914000d7bfd", "answers": [{"text": "increases", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?", "id": "570def080b85d914000d7bfe", "answers": [{"text": "inverted-U pattern", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?", "id": "570def080b85d914000d7bff", "answers": [{"text": "synaptic pruning", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?", "id": "570def080b85d914000d7c00", "answers": [{"text": "more efficient", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways."}], ["Masa remaja juga merupakan masa untuk perkembangan kognitif yang pesat. Piaget menerangkan remaja sebagai tahap kehidupan di mana pemikiran individu mula mengambil lebih banyak bentuk abstrak dan pemikiran egosentrik berkurangan. Ini membolehkan individu berfikir dan membuat alasan dalam perspektif yang lebih luas. Gabungan kajian tingkah laku dan fMRI telah menunjukkan perkembangan fungsi eksekutif, iaitu kemahiran kognitif yang membolehkan kawalan dan penyelarasan fikiran dan tingkah laku, yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan korteks prefrontal. Fikiran, idea dan konsep yang dibangunkan pada masa kehidupan ini sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan masa depan seseorang, memainkan peranan utama dalam pembentukan watak dan keperibadian. <> Siapa yang menggambarkan remaja sebagai peringkat kehidupan di mana pemikiran individu mula mengambil lebih banyak bentuk abstrak? || Piaget <> Apakah istilah lain untuk kemahiran congkis yang membolehkan kawalan dan koordinasi pemikiran dan tingkah laku? || fungsi eksekutif <> Korteks manakah yang biasanya berkaitan dengan penyelarasan fikiran dan tingkah laku? || korteks prefrontal <> Adakah Piaget percaya bahawa pemikiran egosentrik berkurangan atau meningkat semasa remaja? || penurunan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?", "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c0f", "answers": [{"text": "Piaget", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?", "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c10", "answers": [{"text": "executive functions", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?", "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c11", "answers": [{"text": "prefrontal cortex", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?", "id": "570defaa0b85d914000d7c12", "answers": [{"text": "decrease", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation."}], ["Akhir remaja dan permulaan dewasa berubah mengikut negara dan oleh fungsi. Selain itu, walaupun dalam satu negara atau budaya negara boleh ada usia yang berbeza di mana seorang individu dianggap (secara kronologi dan sah) cukup matang untuk masyarakat untuk mengamanahkan mereka dengan keistimewaan dan tanggungjawab tertentu. Kejayaan itu termasuk memacu kenderaan, mempunyai hubungan seksual yang sah, berkhidmat di angkatan bersenjata atau di juri, membeli dan minum alkohol, mengundi, memasuki kontrak, menyelesaikan pendidikan tertentu, dan perkahwinan. Kegiatan remaja biasanya disertai dengan peningkatan kemerdekaan yang dibenarkan oleh ibu bapa atau penjaga yang sah, termasuk pengawasan yang kurang dibandingkan dengan masa lampau. <> Adakah remaja biasanya disertai dengan peningkatan pengawasan orang tua atau peningkatan kemerdekaan? || kemerdekaan <> Adakah akhir remaja dan permulaan umur dewasa mudah disepakati atau adakah ia berbeza mengikut negara? || bervariasi mengikut negara <> Adakah pencapaian seperti memandu vechile, berkhidmat pada juri, mengundi, dan perkawinan semuanya memiliki usia yang sama tanggung jawab? || umur yang berbeza", {"qas": [{"question": "Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?", "id": "570ded450dc6ce1900204d15", "answers": [{"text": "independence", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?", "id": "570ded450dc6ce1900204d16", "answers": [{"text": "varies by country", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?", "id": "570ded450dc6ce1900204d17", "answers": [{"text": "different ages", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, finishing certain levels of education, and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence."}], ["Pada tahun 1989, Troiden mencadangkan model empat peringkat untuk pembangunan identiti seks homoseksual. Tahap pertama, dikenali sebagai pemekaan, biasanya bermula pada zaman kanak-kanak, dan ditandai oleh kanak-kanak yang menyedari tarikan seks yang sama. Tahap kedua, kekeliruan identiti, cenderung berlaku beberapa tahun kemudian. Pada peringkat ini, golongan muda dibanjiri oleh perasaan kegawatan dalaman mengenai orientasi seksual mereka, dan mula melibatkan pengalaman seks dengan pasangan seks yang sama. Di peringkat ketiga andaian identiti, yang biasanya berlaku beberapa tahun selepas remaja telah meninggalkan rumah, remaja mula keluar untuk keluarganya dan rakan-rakan rapat, dan menganggap definisi diri sebagai gay, lesbian, atau biseksual. Di peringkat akhir, dikenali sebagai komitmen, dewasa muda mengamalkan identiti seksual mereka sebagai gaya hidup. Oleh itu, model ini menganggarkan bahawa proses keluar bermula pada zaman kanak-kanak, dan terus melalui awal hingga pertengahan 20-an. Model ini telah dipertandingkan, dan idea alternatif telah diterokai pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. <> Pada tahun berapa Troiden mencadangkan model empat peringkat untuk pembangunan identiti seks homoseksual? || 1989 <> Apakah perkembangan tahap pertama Troiden yang dikenali sebagai? || pemekaan <> Bilakah pemekaan biasanya bermula? || kanak-kanak <> Tahap kedua Troiden dirujuk sebagai apa? || kekeliruan identiti <> Dalam peringkat apakah golongan belia tergenang oleh perasaan kegawatan dalaman mengenai orientasi seksual mereka? || kekeliruan identiti", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?", "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3d", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?", "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3e", "answers": [{"text": "sensitization", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does sensitization usually start?", "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d3f", "answers": [{"text": "childhood", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?", "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d40", "answers": [{"text": "identity confusion", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?", "id": "570df27f0dc6ce1900204d41", "answers": [{"text": "identity confusion", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years."}], ["Kerana kebanyakan kecederaan yang dialami oleh remaja berkaitan dengan tingkah laku berisiko (kemalangan kereta, alkohol, seks tanpa perlindungan), banyak penyelidikan telah dilakukan terhadap proses kognitif dan emosi yang mendasari pengambilan risiko remaja. Dalam menangani soalan ini, adalah penting untuk membezakan sama ada remaja lebih cenderung terlibat dalam tingkah laku berisiko (kelaziman), sama ada mereka membuat keputusan berkaitan risiko sama atau berbeza daripada orang dewasa (perspektif pemprosesan kognitif), atau sama ada mereka menggunakan proses yang sama tetapi nilai perkara yang berbeza dan dengan itu sampai pada kesimpulan yang berbeza. Teori membuat keputusan tingkah laku mencadangkan bahawa remaja dan orang dewasa kedua-duanya menimbang potensi ganjaran dan akibat tindakan. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan telah menunjukkan bahawa remaja nampaknya memberi lebih banyak berat kepada ganjaran, terutamanya ganjaran sosial, daripada orang dewasa. <> Kebanyakan kecederaan yang dialami oleh remaja berkaitan dengan apa? || tingkah laku yang berisiko <> Adakah remaja atau orang dewasa nampaknya memberikan lebih banyak berat kepada ganjaran? || remaja <> Adakah remaja, orang dewasa, atau kedua-duanya menimbang potensi ganjaran dan akibat sesuatu tindakan? || kedua-dua <> teori mana yang mencadangkan bahawa orang dewasa dan remaja kedua-duanya menimbang potensi ganjaran dan akibat tindakan? || teori membuat keputusan tingkah laku", {"qas": [{"question": "Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what?", "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d25", "answers": [{"text": "risky behavior", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?", "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d26", "answers": [{"text": "adolescents", "answer_start": 766}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?", "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d27", "answers": [{"text": "both", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?", "id": "570df13e0dc6ce1900204d28", "answers": [{"text": "behavioral decision-making theory", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions. The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults."}], ["Spurt pertumbuhan remaja adalah peningkatan yang pesat dalam ketinggian individu dan berat badan semasa baligh disebabkan oleh pelepasan serentak hormon pertumbuhan, hormon tiroid, dan androgen. Lelaki mengalami peningkatan pertumbuhan mereka kira-kira dua tahun kemudian, secara purata, daripada wanita. Semasa kemuncak tinggi puncaknya (masa pertumbuhan yang paling pesat), remaja tumbuh pada kadar pertumbuhan yang hampir sama dengan anak kecil-kira-kira 4 inci (10.3 cm) setahun untuk lelaki dan 3.5 inci (9 cm) untuk wanita. Selain perubahan ketinggian, remaja juga mengalami peningkatan berat badan yang ketara (Marshall, 1978). Berat yang diperoleh semasa remaja adalah hampir separuh daripada berat badan dewasa seseorang. Remaja lelaki dewasa dan awal boleh terus mendapat pertumbuhan otot semulajadi walaupun selepas akil baligh. <> Adakah lelaki atau wanita mengalami pertumbuhan spurts terlebih dahulu? || Wanita <> Berapa banyak lelaki kemudian mengalami spurt pertumbuhan? || dua tahun kemudian <> Berapakah kadar pertumbuhan semasa halaju tinggi puncak untuk remaja lelaki? || 4 inci (10.3 cm) setahun <> Berapa kadar pertumbuhan semasa halaju tinggi puncak untuk remaja wanita? || 3.5 inci (9 cm) <> Kadar pertumbuhan semasa remaja dibandingkan dengan tahap hidup yang lain? || kanak-kanak kecil", {"qas": [{"question": "Do males or females experience growth spurts first?", "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf3", "answers": [{"text": "females", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?", "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf4", "answers": [{"text": "two years later", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?", "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf5", "answers": [{"text": "4 inches (10.3 cm) a year", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?", "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf6", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 inches (9 cm)", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?", "id": "570dee850b85d914000d7bf7", "answers": [{"text": "toddler", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler\u2014about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty."}], ["Rambut muka pada lelaki biasanya muncul dalam urutan tertentu semasa baligh: Rambut muka pertama yang muncul cenderung berkembang di sudut bibir atas, biasanya antara 14 hingga 17 tahun. Ia kemudiannya merebak untuk membentuk misai di seluruh bibir atas. Ini diikuti dengan penampilan rambut pada bahagian atas pipi, dan kawasan di bawah bibir bawah. Rambut akhirnya merebak ke sisi dan sempadan bawah dagu, dan seluruh bahagian bawah muka membentuk janggut penuh. Seperti kebanyakan proses biologi manusia, urutan khusus ini mungkin berbeza-beza antara sesetengah individu. Rambut wajah sering terdapat pada lewat remaja, sekitar usia 17 dan 18, tetapi mungkin tidak kelihatan sehingga kemudian. Sesetengah lelaki tidak mengalami rambut muka penuh selama 10 tahun selepas akil baligh. Rambut wajah terus menjadi lebih kasar, lebih gelap dan lebih tebal selama 2-4 tahun selepas akil baligh. <> Bilakah rambut muka pertama yang terdapat pada lelaki pubescent? || antara 14 hingga 17 tahun <> Berapa lama rambut muka terus menjadi lebih gelap, kasar, dan tebal? || 2-4 tahun selepas akil baligh <> Di manakah rambut muka pertama kali berlaku semasa baligh? || sudut bibir atas", {"qas": [{"question": "When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?", "id": "570dedf10b85d914000d7bed", "answers": [{"text": "between 14 to 17 years of age", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?", "id": "570dedf10b85d914000d7bee", "answers": [{"text": "2\u20134 years after puberty", "answer_start": 842}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does facial hair first present during puberty?", "id": "570dedf10b85d914000d7bef", "answers": [{"text": "corners of the upper lip", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip. The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. Facial hair continues to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2\u20134 years after puberty."}], ["Semasa zaman kanak-kanak, adik-beradik adalah sumber konflik dan kekecewaan serta sistem sokongan. Masa remaja boleh menjejaskan hubungan ini dengan berbeza, bergantung kepada jantina saudara. Dalam pasangan saudara lelaki yang sama, peningkatan keintiman semasa remaja awal, kemudian kekal stabil. Pasangan beradik bercampur bertindak secara berbeza; adik-beradik tersendat semasa tahun-tahun awal remaja, tetapi mengalami peningkatan keintiman bermula pada remaja tengah. Interaksi saudara adalah pengalaman hubungan pertama kanak-kanak, yang membentuk kehidupan sosial dan pemahaman diri mereka untuk kehidupan. Mengekalkan hubungan saudara yang positif dapat membantu remaja dalam beberapa cara. Adik-beradik mampu bertindak sebagai rakan sebaya, dan boleh meningkatkan keramahtamahan satu sama lain dan perasaan bernilai diri. Saudara kandung yang lebih tua boleh memberikan bimbingan kepada adik-beradik yang lebih muda, walaupun kesannya boleh positif atau negatif bergantung kepada aktiviti saudara yang lebih tua. <> Adakah keintiman antara adik-adik lelaki yang sama meningkat atau berkurangan semasa remaja? || Meningkatkan <> Apabila saudara kandung bertindak sebagai rakan sebaya, apakah kesan positif yang mungkin? || meningkatkan hubungan sosial dan perasaan yang bernilai diri <> Pada tahap mana untuk adik beradik bercampur umumnya mengalami peningkatan keintiman? || remaja tengah", {"qas": [{"question": "Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence?", "id": "570df36e0b85d914000d7c1f", "answers": [{"text": "increases", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible?", "id": "570df36e0b85d914000d7c20", "answers": [{"text": "increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy?", "id": "570df36e0b85d914000d7c21", "answers": [{"text": "middle adolescence", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During childhood, siblings are a source of conflict and frustration as well as a support system. Adolescence may affect this relationship differently, depending on sibling gender. In same-sex sibling pairs, intimacy increases during early adolescence, then remains stable. Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years, but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence. Sibling interactions are children's first relational experiences, the ones that shape their social and self-understanding for life. Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. Older siblings can give guidance to younger siblings, although the impact of this can be either positive or negative depending on the activity of the older sibling."}], ["Di peringkat membuat keputusan dalam kehidupan mereka, belia mudah terdedah kepada ketagihan dadah, penderaan seksual, tekanan rakan sebaya, jenayah ganas dan aktiviti haram lain. Sains Intervensi Pembangunan (DIS) adalah perpaduan kesusasteraan kedua-dua sains pembangunan dan intervensi. Persatuan ini menjalankan campur tangan belia yang saling membantu kedua-dua keperluan masyarakat serta belia psikologis terkandas dengan memberi tumpuan kepada tingkah laku yang berisiko dan tidak sesuai sambil mempromosikan perkembangan diri yang positif bersama dengan harga diri di kalangan remaja. <> Apakah DIS? || perpaduan kesusasteraan kedua-dua sains pembangunan dan intervensi <> Apakah beberapa perkara negatif yang remaja terdedah kepada? || penagihan dadah, penderaan seksual, tekanan rakan sebaya, jenayah kekerasan dan lain-lain aktiviti haram <> Apa yang DIS fokus pada remaja? || tingkah laku yang berisiko dan tidak sesuai", {"qas": [{"question": "What is DIS?", "id": "570df8950b85d914000d7c41", "answers": [{"text": "a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?", "id": "570df8950b85d914000d7c42", "answers": [{"text": "drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?", "id": "570df8950b85d914000d7c43", "answers": [{"text": "risky and inappropriate behaviors", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents."}], ["Usia persetujuan terhadap aktiviti seksual bervariasi di antara bidang kuasa, antara 12 hingga 20 tahun, sebagaimana juga usia di mana orang dibenarkan berkahwin. Umur undang-undang khusus untuk remaja yang juga berbeza mengikut budaya adalah mendaftar dalam tentera, perjudian, dan pembelian alkohol, rokok atau barangan dengan label nasihat ibu bapa. Harus diingat bahawa undang-undang zaman kanak-kanak sering tidak sesuai dengan realiti mendadak autonomi; ramai remaja yang telah mencapai usia dewasa secara sah masih bergantung kepada penjaga atau rakan sebaya mereka untuk sokongan emosi dan kewangan. Walau bagaimanapun, keistimewaan undang-undang baru berkumpul dengan perubahan harapan sosial untuk memasuki fasa kemerdekaan yang lebih tinggi atau tanggungjawab sosial untuk kebanyakan remaja yang sah. <> Apakah pelbagai perbezaan umur persetujuan antara bidang kuasa? || 12 hingga 20 tahun <> Adakah umur yang dibenarkan untuk berkahwin secara kolektif ditentukan secara kolektif? || Tidak <> Apakah kawasan-kawasan lain di mana usia masyarakat undang-undang berbeza-beza? || mendaftarkan diri dalam tentera, perjudian, dan pembelian alkohol, rokok atau barangan dengan label nasihat ibu bapa", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?", "id": "570dfa320b85d914000d7c47", "answers": [{"text": "12 to 20 years", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?", "id": "570dfa320b85d914000d7c48", "answers": [{"text": "No", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?", "id": "570dfa320b85d914000d7c49", "answers": [{"text": "enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents."}], ["Gaya hidup seorang remaja dalam budaya tertentu sangat dibentuk oleh peranan dan tanggungjawab yang diharapkannya. Tahap yang diharapkan oleh remaja untuk berkongsi tanggungjawab keluarga adalah satu faktor penentu yang besar dalam tingkah laku remaja normatif. Sebagai contoh, remaja dalam budaya tertentu dijangka memberi sumbangan besar kepada tugas dan tanggungjawab rumah tangga. Kerja rumah tangga sering dibahagikan kepada tugas penjagaan diri dan tugas penjagaan keluarga. Walau bagaimanapun, tanggungjawab rumah tangga khusus untuk remaja mungkin berbeza mengikut budaya, jenis keluarga, dan umur remaja. Sesetengah kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa penyertaan remaja dalam kerja keluarga dan rutin mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap perkembangan perasaan, perhatian, dan keprihatinan diri remaja terhadap orang lain. <> Adakah penyertaan remaja dalam kerja keluarga dan rutin mempunyai pengaruh positif atau negatif terhadap perasaan berhati-hati, peduli, dan perhatian kepada orang lain? || positif <> Apakah satu faktor penentu yang besar dalam tingkah laku remaja normatif? || Tahap yang diharapkan oleh remaja untuk berkongsi tanggungjawab keluarga <> Bagaimana kerja rumah tangga sering dibahagikan? || tugas penjagaan diri dan tugas penjagaan keluarga", {"qas": [{"question": "Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?", "id": "570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6d", "answers": [{"text": "positive", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?", "id": "570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6e", "answers": [{"text": "The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are household chores frequently divided?", "id": "570df5a00dc6ce1900204d6f", "answers": [{"text": "self-care tasks and family-care tasks", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others."}], ["Keganasan dating agak berleluasa dalam hubungan remaja. Apabila disurvei, 10-45% remaja dilaporkan mengalami keganasan fizikal yang berpengalaman dalam konteks hubungan sementara satu perempat hingga satu pertiga remaja dilaporkan mengalami pencerobohan psikologi. Pelanggaran yang dilaporkan ini termasuk memukul, membuang benda, atau menampar, walaupun kebanyakan pencerobohan fizikal ini tidak menyebabkan lawatan perubatan. Pencerobohan fizikal dalam hubungan cenderung menurun dari sekolah menengah melalui kolej dan dewasa dewasa. Dalam pasangan heteroseksual, tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara kadar penceroboh lelaki dan perempuan, tidak seperti hubungan dewasa. <> Berapa peratuskah remaja yang melaporkan mengalami keganasan fizikal dalam hubungan? || 10-45% <> Berapa peratus remaja dilaporkan mengalami pencerobohan psikologi? || satu perempat ke ketiga <> Memukul, membuang objek, dan menampar adalah contoh jenis agresi apa? || Fizikal <> Dalam pasangan remaja heteroseksual, adakah terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam kadar penyerang laki-laki dan perempuan? || tidak <> Adakah pencerobohan fizikal merosot atau meningkat semasa sekolah tinggi, kolej, dan dewasa dewasa? || penurunan", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?", "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d63", "answers": [{"text": "10-45%", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?", "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d64", "answers": [{"text": "a quarter to a third", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?", "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d65", "answers": [{"text": "Physical", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?", "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d66", "answers": [{"text": "no", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?", "id": "570df4f00dc6ce1900204d67", "answers": [{"text": "decline", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships."}], ["Penerimaan rakan dan norma sosial mendapat perhatian yang jauh lebih besar dalam mengarahkan tingkah laku pada permulaan masa remaja; oleh itu, alkohol dan tabiat dadah yang menyalahi undang-undang remaja cenderung dibentuk sebahagian besarnya oleh penggunaan bahan kawan dan rakan sekelas lain. Malah, kajian menunjukkan bahawa lebih banyak daripada norma ubat sebenarnya, persepsi individu mengenai penggunaan dadah haram oleh rakan dan rakan sebaya sangat dikaitkan dengan tabiatnya sendiri dalam penggunaan bahan semasa kedua-dua sekolah menengah dan tinggi, hubungan yang meningkatkan kekuatan lebih masa. Sedangkan pengaruh sosial terhadap kegunaan alkohol dan kegunaan ganja cenderung untuk bekerja secara langsung dalam jangka pendek, norma rakan sebaya dan kawan-kawan terhadap rokok merokok di sekolah menengah mempunyai kesan yang mendalam terhadap kemungkinan seseorang untuk merokok dengan baik ke sekolah menengah. Mungkin korelasi yang kuat antara pengaruh rakan sebaya di sekolah menengah dan merokok di sekolah tinggi boleh dijelaskan oleh sifat ketagihan rokok, yang boleh menyebabkan ramai pelajar meneruskan tabiat merokok dari sekolah menengah ke akhir remaja. <> Apakah tabiat alkohol dan tabiat remaja yang cenderung dibentuk? || penggunaan bahan kawan dan rakan sekelas yang lain <> Apa salah satu alasan yang mungkin di belakang ramai pelajar memilih untuk meneruskan tabiat merokok mereka dari sekolah menengah ke akhir remaja? || sifat ketagihan rokok <> Adakah penerimaan rakan sebaya dan norma-norma sosial mempunyai kesan yang lebih besar atau kurang pada tingkah laku pada permulaan masa remaja? || ketara lebih besar", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?", "id": "570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7d", "answers": [{"text": "the substance use of friends and other classmates", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?", "id": "570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7e", "answers": [{"text": "addictive nature of cigarettes", "answer_start": 934}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?", "id": "570df9a50dc6ce1900204d7f", "answers": [{"text": "significantly greater", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence."}], ["Masa remaja sering dicirikan oleh transformasi kefahaman remaja terhadap dunia, arah rasional ke arah kehidupan, dan mencari idea baru secara aktif dan bukannya penerimaan pihak berkuasa dewasa yang tidak dipersoalkan. Seorang remaja mula membangun sistem kepercayaan yang unik melalui interaksinya dengan persekitaran sosial, keluarga, dan kebudayaan. Walaupun agama yang dianjurkan tidak semestinya menjadi sebahagian daripada pengalaman hidup setiap remaja, pemuda masih bertanggungjawab untuk membentuk satu set kepercayaan tentang diri mereka, dunia di sekeliling mereka, dan apa pun kuasa yang lebih tinggi yang mereka mungkin atau tidak boleh percaya. Proses ini sering diiringi atau dibantu oleh tradisi budaya yang berniat untuk memberikan peralihan bermakna kepada dewasa melalui upacara, upacara, pengesahan, atau upacara. <> Melalui apa cara seorang remaja membangunkan sistem kepercayaan yang unik? || interaksi dengan persekitaran sosial, keluarga, dan kebudayaan <> Pencarian aktif idea-idea baru dan bukan penerimaan yang tidak disenangi oleh pihak berkuasa dewasa dikenali sebagai tahap perkembangan? || Remaja <> Apakah perkara-perkara yang menjadi tanggungjawab remaja untuk membentuk satu set kepercayaan tentang masa remaja? || diri sendiri, dunia di sekeliling mereka, dan apa jua kuasa yang lebih tinggi yang mereka mungkin atau tidak percaya pada <> Upacara, ritual, dan pengesahan adalah contoh dari apa? || tradisi budaya yang berniat untuk memberikan peralihan bermakna kepada dewasa", {"qas": [{"question": "Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?", "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c25", "answers": [{"text": "interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?", "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c26", "answers": [{"text": "Adolescence", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?", "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c27", "answers": [{"text": "themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?", "id": "570df6e20b85d914000d7c28", "answers": [{"text": "cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent's understanding of the world, the rational direction towards a life course, and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority. An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments. While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent's life experience, youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in. This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony, ritual, confirmation, or rite of passage."}], ["Oleh kerana pendedahan kepada media telah meningkat sejak dekad yang lalu, penggunaan komputer, telefon bimbit, stereo dan televisyen untuk mendapatkan akses kepada pelbagai medium budaya popular telah meningkat. Hampir semua isi rumah Amerika mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu televisyen, lebih daripada tiga perempat dari semua rumah remaja mempunyai akses ke Internet, dan lebih daripada 90% remaja Amerika menggunakan Internet sekurang-kurangnya sesekali. Hasil daripada menghabiskan masa remaja menggunakan peranti ini, pendedahan media keseluruhannya tinggi. Dalam dekad yang lalu, jumlah masa yang digunakan oleh remaja di komputer meningkat. Aktiviti dalam talian dengan kadar tertinggi penggunaan di kalangan remaja adalah permainan video (78% remaja), e-mel (73%), mesej segera (68%), laman rangkaian sosial (65%), sumber berita (63% 59%), dan video (57%). <> Berapa peratuskah rumah remaja mempunyai akses ke internet? || lebih daripada tiga perempat <> Berapa peratuskah remaja menggunakan internet sekurang-kurangnya sekali-sekala? || 90% <> Dalam dekad yang lalu, adakah jumlah masa remaja yang dibelanjakan pada komputer meningkat atau dereased? || sangat meningkat <> Sebanyak peratus remaja melaporkan menggunakan laman rangkaian sosial? || (65%) <> Apakah aktiviti dalam talian mempunyai jumlah terbesar yang dilaporkan oleh remaja? || permainan video", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?", "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c37", "answers": [{"text": "more than three-quarters", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?", "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c38", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?", "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c39", "answers": [{"text": "greatly increased", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?", "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3a", "answers": [{"text": "(65%)", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?", "id": "570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3b", "answers": [{"text": "video games", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally. As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%)."}], ["Remaja cenderung untuk mengaitkan dengan \"cliques\" pada skala kecil dan \"orang ramai\" pada skala yang lebih besar. Semasa remaja awal, remaja sering bersekutu dalam kelompok-kelompok, kumpulan eksklusif, kumpulan seks tunggal yang mereka sangat rapat. Walaupun tanggapan umum bahawa cliques adalah pengaruh negatif, mereka boleh membantu remaja menjadi aklimat sosial dan membentuk rasa identiti yang lebih kuat. Di dalam sekumpulan orang-orang yang sangat bersikap atlet, contohnya, kumpulan itu boleh mewujudkan rasa kesetiaan dan persaingan yang lebih kuat. Cliques juga menjadi \"ibu bapa kolektif,\" iaitu memberitahu remaja tentang apa yang perlu dilakukan dan tidak dilakukan. Menjelang remaja lewat, cliques sering bergabung dalam kumpulan bercampur-campur apabila remaja mula bersuara romantis dengan satu sama lain. Kumpulan-kumpulan rakan kecil ini kemudian memecah lebih lanjut apabila sosialisasi semakin berorientasi pasangan. Pada skala yang lebih besar, remaja sering mengaitkan dengan orang ramai, kumpulan individu yang berkongsi minat atau aktiviti bersama. Selalunya, identiti orang ramai mungkin menjadi asas untuk stereotaip orang muda, seperti jocks atau nerds. Di sekolah-sekolah menengah, banyak etnik, terdapat kerumunan orang yang ditentukan secara etnik. Walaupun orang ramai sangat berpengaruh semasa remaja awal dan menengah, mereka kehilangan keterujaan semasa sekolah menengah kerana pelajar mengenal pasti lebih individu. <> Adakah remaja dikaitkan dengan \"cliques\" pada skala besar atau kecil? || kecil <> Bagaimana klise ditakrifkan? || eksklusif, kumpulan seks tunggal dengan rakan-rakan mereka yang sangat rapat <> Apakah kesan-kesan positif yang ada pada remaja? || membantu remaja menjadi aklimat sosial dan membentuk rasa identiti yang lebih kuat <> Adakah remaja bergaul dengan \"orang ramai\" pada skala besar atau kecil? || lebih besar", {"qas": [{"question": "Do adolescents associate with \"cliques\" on a large or small scale?", "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d51", "answers": [{"text": "small", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are cliques defined?", "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d52", "answers": [{"text": "exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?", "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d53", "answers": [{"text": "help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do adolescents associate with \"crowds\" on a large or small scale?", "id": "570df3f10dc6ce1900204d54", "answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Adolescents tend to associate with \"cliques\" on a small scale and \"crowds\" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a \"collective parent,\" i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-determined crowds. While crowds are very influential during early and middle adolescence, they lose salience during high school as students identify more individually."}]], [["Ketebalan rak ais terapung (ais yang berasal dari tanah) tidak menyumbang banyak kepada kenaikan paras laut (kerana ais memindahkan hanya jisim airnya sendiri). Walau bagaimanapun ia adalah aliran keluar ais dari tanah untuk membentuk rak ais yang menyebabkan peningkatan paras laut global. Kesan ini diimbangi oleh salji jatuh ke benua. Beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini telah menyaksikan beberapa runtuhan dramatik besar ais di sekitar pantai Antartika, terutama sepanjang Semenanjung Antartika. Kebimbangan telah dinaikkan bahawa gangguan rak ais boleh menyebabkan aliran keluar glasi meningkat dari jisim ais kontinental. <> Apa jenis ais yang berasal dari darat dan terapung ke laut? || rak ais terapung <> Apakah peristiwa-peristiwa yang berlaku dalam dekad-dekad kebelakangan ini ke rak-rak ais di sekitar Antartika? || runtuh <> Di sepanjang kawasan apa lagi yang telah runtuh rak ais? || Semenanjung Antartika <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan anjakan ais? || aliran keluar glasi <> Apa peristiwa cuaca akan mengimbangi kehilangan rak ais? || salji jatuh <> Di mana ais di darat berasal? || <> Apakah hasil daripada rak ais terapung dari tanah? || <> Apakah salji mengimbangi rak di benua? || <> Di mana kebimbangan mengenai gangguan pencairan ais? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?", "id": "570da87816d0071400510c5d", "answers": [{"text": "floating ice shelves", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?", "id": "570da87816d0071400510c5e", "answers": [{"text": "collapses", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?", "id": "570da87816d0071400510c5f", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Peninsula", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could the displacement of ice cause?", "id": "570da87816d0071400510c60", "answers": [{"text": "glacial outflow", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?", "id": "570da87816d0071400510c61", "answers": [{"text": "snow falling", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "floating ice shelves", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Where did ice on land originate? ", "id": "5ad2d9a8d7d075001a42a474", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a rise in global sea level", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What is the result of floating ice shelves melting from the land?", "id": "5ad2d9a8d7d075001a42a475", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "outflow of the ice", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What does snow offset on the continent shelves?", "id": "5ad2d9a8d7d075001a42a476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "Where is the concern with regard to disruption of ice melts?", "id": "5ad2d9a8d7d075001a42a477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass."}], ["Pada 6 September 2007, Yayasan Polar Antarabangsa yang berpusat di Belgium melancarkan stesen Puteri Elisabeth, stesen sains polar sifar pelepasan sifar pertama di dunia untuk meneliti perubahan iklim. Menelan $ 16.3 juta, stesen pasang siap, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Tahun Polar Antarabangsa, telah dihantar ke Kutub Selatan dari Belgium menjelang akhir tahun 2008 untuk memantau kesihatan daerah kutub. Penjelajah kutub Belgium, Alain Hubert menyatakan: \"Pangkalan ini akan menjadi yang pertama seumpamanya untuk menghasilkan pelepasan sifar, menjadikannya model unik bagaimana tenaga harus digunakan di Antartika.\" Johan Berte adalah pemimpin pasukan reka bentuk stesen dan pengurus projek yang menjalankan penyelidikan dalam klimatologi, glaciologi dan mikrobiologi. <> Apa jenis penyelidikan yang dibina oleh Princess Elizabeth station untuk belajar? || perubahan iklim <> Berapakah harga stesen Puteri Elizabeth? || $ 16.3 juta <> Ciri unik apa ciri stesen Puteri Elizabeth? || pelepasan sifar <> Dari negara apa yang dihantar ke stesen Puteri Elizabeth? || Belgium <> Siapa pemimpin pasukan reka bentuk stesen? || Johan Berte <> Apa yang berlaku pada 7 September 2006? || <> Apa yang telah diumumkan pada 7 September 2006? || <> Siapa yang melancarkan Princess Elisabeth pada 7 September 2006? || <> Apa kos $ 13.6 juta? || <> Siapa Alain Berte? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?", "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4b", "answers": [{"text": "climate change", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?", "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4c", "answers": [{"text": "$16.3 million", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?", "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4d", "answers": [{"text": "zero-emissions", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?", "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4e", "answers": [{"text": "Belgium", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the leader of the station design team?", "id": "570da68e16d0071400510c4f", "answers": [{"text": "Johan Berte", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What happened on 7 September 2006?", "id": "5ad2d616d7d075001a42a3fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Princess Elisabeth", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What was unveiled on 7 September 2006?", "id": "5ad2d616d7d075001a42a3fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International Polar Foundation", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Who unveiled the Princess Elisabeth on 7 September 2006?", "id": "5ad2d616d7d075001a42a3fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Princess Elisabeth station", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What cost $13.6 million?", "id": "5ad2d616d7d075001a42a3fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "leader of the station design team and manager of the project", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "Who is Alain Berte?", "id": "5ad2d616d7d075001a42a3fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: \"This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic.\" Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology."}], ["Pelancongan ekspedisi berskala kecil telah wujud sejak tahun 1957 dan kini tertakluk kepada peruntukan Antartika dan Protokol Alam Sekitar, tetapi berkuatkuasa sendiri oleh Persatuan Pelancong Antarabangsa Antarctica (IAATO). Tidak semua kapal yang berkaitan dengan pelancongan Antartika adalah anggota IAATO, tetapi ahli IAATO menyumbang 95% daripada aktiviti pelancongan. Perjalanan adalah sebahagian besarnya oleh kapal kecil atau sederhana, memfokuskan pada lokasi-lokasi indah yang spesifik dengan kepekatan hidupan ikonik yang boleh diakses. Sebanyak 37,506 pelancong melawat semasa musim 2006-07 Australia Austral dengan hampir semua daripadanya datang dari kapal komersial. Jumlah itu dijangka meningkat kepada lebih 80,000 menjelang 2010. <> Sejak tahun apakah pelancongan telah berjalan ke Antartika? || 1957 <> Apa itu pelancongan ekspedisi ke Antartika? || Perjanjian Antartika dan Protokol Alam Sekitar <> Berapa banyak pengendali pelancongan Antartika milik IAATO? || 95% <> Apakah mod perjalanan untuk lawatan Antartika? || kapal kecil atau sederhana <> Berapa banyak pelancong yang pergi ke Antartika semasa musim 2006-07? || 37,506 <> Apa yang telah wujud sejak tahun 1975? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh IATAO? || <> Berapa peratus daripada pelancongan yang membuat ahli akaun IATAO untuk? || <> Berapa ramai pelancong yang melawat pada tahun 2006? || <> Berapakah jumlah pelancong yang dijangka meningkat pada tahun 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?", "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08a", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?", "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08b", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?", "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08c", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?", "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08d", "answers": [{"text": "small or medium ship", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?", "id": "570da377df2f5219002ed08e", "answers": [{"text": "37,506", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Small-scale \"expedition tourism\"", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has existed since 1975?", "id": "5ad2ce93d7d075001a42a2e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What does IATAO stand for?", "id": "5ad2ce93d7d075001a42a2e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What percentage of tourism do members of the IATAO account for?", "id": "5ad2ce93d7d075001a42a2e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "37,506", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "How many tourists visited in 2006?", "id": "5ad2ce93d7d075001a42a2e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "80,000", "answer_start": 671}], "question": "What was the number of tourists predicted to increase to in 2007?", "id": "5ad2ce93d7d075001a42a2e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Small-scale \"expedition tourism\" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006\u201307 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010."}], ["Sumber mineral utama yang diketahui di benua adalah arang batu. Ia mula-mula direkodkan berhampiran Glasier Beardmore oleh Frank Wild pada Ekspedisi Nimrod, dan kini arang batu kelas rendah diketahui di banyak bahagian Pergunungan Transantarctic. Putera Charles Mountains mengandungi bijih besi yang besar. Sumber yang paling berharga di Antartika terletak di luar pesisir, iaitu ladang minyak dan gas alam yang ditemui di Laut Ross pada tahun 1973. Pengeksploitasian semua sumber mineral dilarang sehingga 2048 oleh Protokol Perlindungan Alam Sekitar terhadap Perjanjian Antartika. <> Apakah mineral utama yang terdapat di Antartika? || arang <> Di manakah arang batu pertama ditemui di Antartika? || Beardmore Glacier <> Ekspedisi apa yang menemui arang batu di Antartika? || Ekspedisi Nimrod <> Di mana bijih besi ditemui di Antartika? || Pegunungan Putera Charles <> Di mana terdapat simpanan minyak dan gas yang terletak berhampiran Antartika? || Ross Sea <> Apakah sumber mineral paling jarang di benua itu? || <> Siapa yang pertama menemui arang batu di Hemisfera Selatan? || <> Apa bijih yang terdapat berhampiran Glasier Beardmore? || <> Apa sumber-sumber berharga yang dilakukan oleh Nimrod Expodition di Laut Ross? || <> Apa jenis sumber hanya boleh diterokai sehingga tahun 2048? || <> Apakah sumber mineral utama di Prince Charles Glacier? || <> Apakah rekod pertama Frank Beardmore semasa Ekspedisi Nimrod? || <> Apakah deposit penting yang terdapat dalam Pergunungan Transantarctic? || <> Apa yang terdapat di Laut Ross pada tahun 1937? || <> Apa yang diharamkan sehingga tahun 2084? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?", "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed09e", "answers": [{"text": "coal", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was coal first found on Antarctica?", "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed09f", "answers": [{"text": "Beardmore Glacier", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?", "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed0a0", "answers": [{"text": "Nimrod Expedition", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?", "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed0a1", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Charles Mountains", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?", "id": "570da494df2f5219002ed0a2", "answers": [{"text": "Ross Sea", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What is the rarest mineral resource on the continent?", "id": "5ad25953d7d075001a428e02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frank Wild", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "Who first discovered coal in the Southern Hemisphere?", "id": "5ad25953d7d075001a428e03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iron ore", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What ore was found near the Beardmore Glacier?", "id": "5ad25953d7d075001a428e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil and natural gas", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What valuable resources did the Nimrod Expodition find in the Ross Sea?", "id": "5ad25953d7d075001a428e05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mineral", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What type od resources can only be explored until 2048?", "id": "5ad25953d7d075001a428e06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal.", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What is the main mineral resource of the Prince Charles Glacier?", "id": "5ad2b73fd7d075001a42a02c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What did Frank Beardmore first record during the Nimrod Expedition?", "id": "5ad2b73fd7d075001a42a02d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iron ore", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What significant deposits are found in the Transantarctic Mountains?", "id": "5ad2b73fd7d075001a42a02e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil and natural gas fields", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What was found in the Ross Sea in 1937?", "id": "5ad2b73fd7d075001a42a02f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Exploitation of all mineral resources", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What is banned until 2084?", "id": "5ad2b73fd7d075001a42a030", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty."}], ["Perlaksanaan Akta Pemuliharaan Antartika (1978) di A.S. membawa beberapa sekatan ke aktiviti A.S. di Antartika. Pengenalan tumbuhan atau haiwan alien boleh membawa hukuman jenayah, seperti yang dapat dilakukan pengekstrakan dari setiap spesies asli. Overfishing krill, yang memainkan peranan besar dalam ekosistem Antartika, mengetuai para pegawai untuk memberlakukan peraturan perikanan. Konvensyen untuk Pemuliharaan Sumber Hidup Hidupan Laut Antartika (CCAMLR), sebuah perjanjian yang mula berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1980, menghendaki peraturan-peraturan yang menguruskan semua perikanan laut di selatan mempertimbangkan kesan-kesan berpotensi terhadap seluruh ekosistem Antartika. Walaupun tindakan baru ini, penangkapan ikan tidak sah dan tidak sah, terutamanya ikan lapis Patagonia (dipasarkan sebagai Bass Laut Chile di A.S.), masih menjadi masalah yang serius. Penangkapan ikan haram telah meningkat dengan anggaran sebanyak 32,000 tan metrik (35,300 tan pendek) pada tahun 2000. <Kali terakhir Akta Pemuliharaan Antartika yang diluluskan oleh A.S.? || 1978 <> Jenis penalti apa yang boleh mengimport tumbuhan dan haiwan ke Antartika? || jenayah <> Lebih banyak memancing di mana spesies ikan membantu mempromosikan peraturan memancing? || krill <> Berapa banyak tan ikan lapuk Patagonia yang secara haram dipanaskan pada tahun 2000? || 32,000 <> Bilakah Konvensyen untuk Pemuliharaan Sumber Hidup Laut Antartika berkuatkuasa? || 1980 <> Apa yang diluluskan pada tahun 1987? || <> Di mana Akta Pemuliharaan Antartika 1987 diluluskan? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh CMACLR? || <> Tahun apakah CMACLR berkuatkuasa? || <> Apa tahun yang menyaksikan memancing ikan haram mengukur 32,000 tan pendek? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?", "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed078", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?", "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed079", "answers": [{"text": "criminal", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?", "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed07a", "answers": [{"text": "krill", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?", "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed07b", "answers": [{"text": "32,000", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?", "id": "570da18bdf2f5219002ed07c", "answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Conservation Act", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What passed in 1987?", "id": "5ad2caa7d7d075001a42a272", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the U.S", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "Where was the 1987 Antarctic Conservation Act passed?", "id": "5ad2caa7d7d075001a42a273", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What does CMACLR stand for?", "id": "5ad2caa7d7d075001a42a274", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What year did the CMACLR come into force?", "id": "5ad2caa7d7d075001a42a275", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 897}], "question": "What year saw illegal fishing of toothfish measure 32,000 short tons?", "id": "5ad2caa7d7d075001a42a276", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000."}], ["Terkenal dengan kisah asal nama \"Antartika\" adalah bagaimana ia tidak dinamakan Terra Australis-nama ini diberikan kepada Australia sebaliknya, dan itu disebabkan oleh kesilapan yang dibuat oleh orang-orang yang memutuskan bahawa landasan yang penting tidak akan dijumpai jauh lebih jauh dari Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, khususnya, telah dikreditkan dengan mempopularkan pemindahan nama Terra Australis ke Australia. Dia membenarkan pengisahan buku A Voyage kepada Terra Australis (1814) dengan menulis dalam pengantar: <> Apa yang pernah orang percaya tidak dapat dijumpai lebih jauh dari selatan Australia? || Landmass yang ketara <> Apa peneroka yang memberikan nama Terra Australis ke Australia? || Matthew Flinders <> Apa nama buku Flinders tentang perjalanannya ke Australia? || Pelayaran ke Terra Australis <> Bilakah Flinders menulis buku penemuannya? || 1814 <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan orang menamakan Antartika? || kesilapan <> Apakah jisim tanah yang diberi nama selepas Australia? || <> Apakah jisim tanah yang dipercayai lebih selatan daripada Australia? || <> Apa peneroka menentang Australia selepas Terra Australis? || <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Matthew Flinders pada abad ke-18? || <> Apa benua diberi nama Australis Terra? || <> Apa yang dikreditkan oleh Flinder Matthews? || <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Flinders pada tahun 1841? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?", "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff0", "answers": [{"text": "significant landmass", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?", "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff1", "answers": [{"text": "Matthew Flinders", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?", "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff2", "answers": [{"text": "A Voyage to Terra Australis", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Flinders write his book of discovery?", "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff3", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused people to misname Antarctica?", "id": "570d9730df2f5219002ecff4", "answers": [{"text": "mistake", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Terra Australis", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What land mass was named after after Australia?", "id": "5ad23a42d7d075001a42884c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Terra Australis", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What land mass was believed to be further south than Australia?", "id": "5ad23a42d7d075001a42884d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Matthew Flinders", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What explorer opposed naming Australia  after Terra Australis?", "id": "5ad23a42d7d075001a42884e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A Voyage to Terra Australis", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What book did Matthew Flinders write in the 18th century?", "id": "5ad23a42d7d075001a42884f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What continent was given the name Australis Terra?", "id": "5ad2a888d7d075001a429e1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What was Flinder Matthews credited with?", "id": "5ad2a888d7d075001a429e1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A Voyage to Terra Australis", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What book did Flinders write in 1841?", "id": "5ad2a888d7d075001a429e1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Integral to the story of the origin of the name \"Antarctica\" is how it was not named Terra Australis\u2014this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:"}], ["Secara geologi, Antartika Barat hampir menyerupai pegunungan Andes dari Amerika Selatan. Semenanjung Antartika dibentuk dengan menaikkan dan metamorfosis sedimen tempat tidur laut semasa zaman Paleozoic dan awal zaman Mesozoik. Peningkatan sedimen ini disertai oleh pencerobohan dan gunung berapi yang tidak sesuai. Batu-batu paling biasa di Antartika Barat adalah gunung berapi andesit dan rhyolite yang terbentuk semasa tempoh Jurassic. Terdapat juga bukti aktiviti gunung berapi, walaupun selepas lembaran ais terbentuk, di Marie Byrd Land dan Alexander Island. Satu-satunya kawasan anomali Antartika Barat ialah rantau Ellsworth Mountains, di mana stratigrafi lebih mirip dengan Antartika Timur. <> Untuk apa kawasan pergunungan Antartika serupa dengan geologi? || Andes <> Peningkatan apa yang membentuk Antartika? || sedimen katil laut <> Bermula dari era Paleozoic lewat, bilakah Antartika selesai dibentuk? || Awal Mesozoik <> Apakah batu-batu yang paling sering ditemukan di Antartika? || andesit dan rhyolite <> Apakah jenis aktiviti geologi yang berlaku walaupun selepas pembentukan lapisan ais? || gunung berapi <> Apa yang pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada pergunungan Andes di Amerika Selatan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan Semenanjung Antartika sebelum sebelum zaman Paleozoic? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan gunung berapi di Semenanjung Antartika? || <> Apakah batu-batu yang paling jarang di Antartika Barat? || <> Kegiatan apa yang berhenti selepas lembaran ais terbentuk? || <> Apa yang rapat menyerupai kawasan Antartika di Andes? || <> Apa yang telah dibentuk semasa zaman Paleozoic dan zaman Mesozoik awal? || <> Apakah batu-batu yang paling biasa di Antartika? || <> Bilakah oresit dan rhyolite terbentuk di Antartika Barat? || <> Apakah terdapat bukti di Alexander Byrd Land dan Pulau Marie? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?", "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46243", "answers": [{"text": "Andes", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An uplift of what formed Antarctica?", "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46244", "answers": [{"text": "sea bed sediments", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?", "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46245", "answers": [{"text": "early Mesozoic", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?", "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46246", "answers": [{"text": "andesite and rhyolite", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?", "id": "570d94c3fed7b91900d46247", "answers": [{"text": "volcanic", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Antarctica", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What was once part of the Andes mountains of South America?", "id": "5ad256b8d7d075001a428d7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What caused the Antarctic Peninsula to for prior to the Paleozoic era?", "id": "5ad256b8d7d075001a428d7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uplift and metamorphism of sea bed", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What caused volcanism on the Antarctic Peninsula?", "id": "5ad256b8d7d075001a428d7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "andesite and rhyolite volcanics", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What are the rarest rocks in Western Antarctica?", "id": "5ad256b8d7d075001a428d7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "volcanic activity", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What activity stopped after the ice sheet formed?", "id": "5ad256b8d7d075001a428d80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Antarctica", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What closely resembles the Andes mountain range of Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2b664d7d075001a42a006", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Antarctic Peninsula", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What was formed during the early Paleozoic and the late Mesozoic eras?", "id": "5ad2b664d7d075001a42a007", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "andesite and rhyolite", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What are the most common rocks in Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2b664d7d075001a42a008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jurassic period", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "When were the andesite and rhyolite formed in West Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2b664d7d075001a42a009", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "volcanic activity", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What is there evidence of in Alexander Byrd Land and Marie Island?", "id": "5ad2b664d7d075001a42a00a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to East Antarctica."}], ["Satu banci kehidupan laut yang dijalankan semasa Tahun Polar Antarabangsa dan yang melibatkan kira-kira 500 penyelidik telah dikeluarkan pada tahun 2010. Penyelidikan ini merupakan sebahagian daripada Banci Amfat global (CoML) dan telah mendedahkan beberapa penemuan luar biasa. Lebih dari 235 organisma marin tinggal di kedua-dua kawasan kutub, dengan jambatan jurang 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Haiwan besar seperti beberapa ikan cetaceans dan burung membuat perjalanan pulang setiap tahun. Lebih mengejutkan adalah bentuk kehidupan yang kecil seperti cacing mudu, timun laut dan siput beku bebas yang terdapat di kedua lautan kutub. Pelbagai faktor boleh membantu dalam pengedaran mereka - suhu yang agak seragam lautan dalam di kutub dan khatulistiwa yang berbeza tidak lebih dari 5 \u00b0 C, dan sistem semasa utama atau tali pinggang penghantar laut yang mengangkut telur dan peringkat larva. <> Sebahagian daripada kajian yang mana adalah banci kehidupan laut Antartika? || Banci Kehidupan Laut <> Bilakah banci kehidupan laut dilakukan di Antartika? || Tahun Kutub Antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak haiwan laut hidup di kawasan kutub bumi? || 235 <> Selain burung, apa haiwan besar yang bergerak dari satu kutub ke yang lain? || cetaceans <> Berapakah perbezaan suhu dalam lautan dalam? || 5 \u00b0 C <> Siapa yang menjalankan censuslife di Antartika pada tahun 2010? || <> Berapa banyak organisma marin yang tinggal di rantau Pole Selatan? || <> Apa haiwan hidup di Kutub Selatan sepanjang tahun? || <> Di mana terdapat variasi yang besar dalam suhu lautan dalam? || <> Apa yang telah dilakukan semasa Tahun Polar Antarabangsa? || <> Berapa ramai penyelidik terlibat dalam banci Antarabangsa Polar Tahun? || <> Apa yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2001? || <> Berapa banyak organisma marin yang ditemui dalam 12,000 batu dikaji? || <> Berapa banyak spesies marin yang dijumpai dalam 7,456 km dipelajari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?", "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed018", "answers": [{"text": "Census of Marine Life", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?", "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed019", "answers": [{"text": "International Polar Year", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?", "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01a", "answers": [{"text": "235", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?", "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01b", "answers": [{"text": "cetaceans", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?", "id": "570d9a8ddf2f5219002ed01c", "answers": [{"text": "5 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 researchers", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Who conducted a censuslife on Antarctica in 2010?", "id": "5ad26375d7d075001a429108", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "235", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "How many marine organism live in the South Pole region?", "id": "5ad26375d7d075001a429109", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some cetaceans and birds", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What animals live at the South Pole all year?", "id": "5ad26375d7d075001a42910a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the poles and the equator", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "Where is there a large variatio in temperatures of the deep ocean?", "id": "5ad26375d7d075001a42910b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A census of sea life", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was conducted during the Polar Year International?", "id": "5ad2c424d7d075001a42a148", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "How many researchers were involved in the Polar Year International census?", "id": "5ad2c424d7d075001a42a149", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A census of sea life", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was released in 2001?", "id": "5ad2c424d7d075001a42a14a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "235", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "How many marine organisms were found in the 12,000 miles studied?", "id": "5ad2c424d7d075001a42a14b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "235", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "How many marine species were found within the 7,456 km studied?", "id": "5ad2c424d7d075001a42a14c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution \u2013 fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 \u00b0C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages."}], ["Semasa Ekspedisi Nimrod yang diketuai oleh Ernest Shackleton pada tahun 1907, parti yang diketuai oleh Edgeworth David menjadi yang pertama mendaki Gunung Erebus dan mencapai Kutub Magnet Selatan. Douglas Mawson, yang mengambil alih kepimpinan parti Magnetic Pole atas kepulangan mereka yang berbahaya, terus memimpin beberapa ekspedisi sehingga bersara pada tahun 1931. Selain itu, Shackleton sendiri dan tiga ahli ekspedisinya membuat beberapa kali pada Disember 1908 - Februari 1909: mereka adalah manusia pertama yang melintasi Ross Ice Shelf, yang pertama melintasi Pergunungan Transantarctic (melalui Glazier Bearmillore), dan yang pertama menjejakkan kaki di Dataran Tinggi Polar Selatan. Ekspedisi yang diketuai oleh penjelajah kutub Norway Roald Amundsen dari kapal Fram menjadi yang pertama menjangkau Kutub Selatan geografi pada 14 Disember 1911, menggunakan laluan dari Teluk Paus dan naik Axel Heiberg Glacier. Satu bulan kemudian, Ekspedisi Scott yang ditakdirkan mencapai tiang. <> Apa peneroka memimpin Ekspedisi Nimrod ke Antartika? || Ernest Shackleton <> Yang mengetuai parti untuk mendaki Gunung Erebus? || Edgeworth David <> Siapa yang mengetuai ekspedisi pulang untuk mencari tiang Magnet? || Douglas Mawson <> Bilakah Mawson bersara setelah memimpin beberapa ekspedisi? || 1931 <> Bilakah Roald Amundsen sampai ke kutub selatan geografi? || 14 Disember 1911 <> Apa pengumuman yang diketuai oleh Shackleton pada abad ke-19? || <> Apa parti yang dipimpin oleh Shckleton mendaki? || <> Ekspedisi apa yang sampai ke Kutub Magnet Utara? || <> Apakah Edgeworth David melintasi? || <> Apa kapal yang digunakan Shackelton untuk menjangkau Kutub Selatan geografi? || <> Ekspedisi apa yang diketuai oleh Edgeworth Shackleton? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai Ekspedisi Nimrod ke Antartika? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai parti Magnetic Pole pada tahun 1931? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai ekspedisi yang akan sampai ke Kutub Selatan geografi pada 11 Disember 1914? || <> Bilakah Plateau Selatan Polar pertama dilalui? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?", "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02c", "answers": [{"text": "Ernest Shackleton", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?", "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02d", "answers": [{"text": "Edgeworth David", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?", "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02e", "answers": [{"text": "Douglas Mawson", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?", "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed02f", "answers": [{"text": "1931", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?", "id": "570d9c48df2f5219002ed030", "answers": [{"text": "14 December 1911", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nimrod Expedition", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What expitition was led by Shackleton in the 19th century?", "id": "5ad24023d7d075001a428918", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mount Erebus", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What did the party led by Shckleton climb?", "id": "5ad24023d7d075001a428919", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nimrod Expedition", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What expedition reached the North Magnetic Pole?", "id": "5ad24023d7d075001a42891a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ross Ice Shelf", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "What did Edgeworth David traverse?", "id": "5ad24023d7d075001a42891b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fram", "answer_start": 723}], "question": "What ship did Shackelton use to reach the geographic South Pole?", "id": "5ad24023d7d075001a42891c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nimrod Expedition", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton?", "id": "5ad2ac0ad7d075001a429e86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ernest Shackleton", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "Who led Nimrod Expedition to Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad2ac0ad7d075001a429e87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Douglas Mawson", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Who led the Magnetic Pole party in 1931?", "id": "5ad2ac0ad7d075001a429e88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roald Amundsen", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "Who led the expedition that would first reach the geographic South Pole on 11 December 1914?", "id": "5ad2ac0ad7d075001a429e89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 1908 \u2013 February 1909", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "When was the South Polar Plateau first traversed?", "id": "5ad2ac0ad7d075001a429e8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 \u2013 February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole."}], ["Antartika, secara purata, adalah benua yang paling sejuk, paling kering, dan paling tidak, dan mempunyai ketinggian purata tertinggi di semua benua. Antartika dianggap padang pasir, dengan hujan tahunan hanya 200 mm (8 inci) di sepanjang pantai dan jauh lebih rendah daratan. Suhu di Antartika telah mencapai -89.2 \u00b0 C (-128.6 \u00b0 F), walaupun purata bagi suku ketiga (bahagian paling sejuk tahun ini) ialah -63 \u00b0 C (-81 \u00b0 F). Tiada penghuni manusia kekal, tetapi di mana-mana 1,000 hingga 5,000 orang tinggal sepanjang tahun di stesen penyelidikan yang tersebar di seluruh benua. Organisma yang berasal dari Antartika termasuk banyak jenis alga, bakteria, kulat, tumbuhan, protista, dan haiwan tertentu, seperti tungau, nematoda, penguin, anjing laut dan tardigrade. Vegetasi, di mana ia berlaku, adalah tundra. <> Benua mana yang paling tinggi dalam ketinggian? || Antartika <> Apakah kadar pemendakan tahunan Antartika pantai? || 200 mm <> Apakah suhu purata paling sejuk? || -63 \u00b0 C <> Apakah suhu tercatat paling sejuk? || -89.2 \u00b0 C <> Apa jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan di Antartika? || tundra <> Apa rata-rata adalah benua yang paling sejuk, paling basah, dan paling tidak? || <> Apa yang ada mempunyai ketinggian purata yang paling rendah? || <> Di mana suhu mencapai 89.2 degress Celsius || <> Berapa ramai manusia tinggal di Antartika? || <> Apakah jenis organisma yang tidak dapat ditemui di Antartika? || <> Apa benua hanya mempunyai 200 kali pemendakan tahunan? || <> Di mana suhu mencapai -89.2 \u00b0 F? || <> Berapa ramai penduduk tetap tinggal di stesen penyelidikan? || <> Apakah suhu purata tahunan di Antartika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which continent is the highest in elevation?", "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da51", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?", "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da52", "answers": [{"text": "200 mm", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average coldest temperature?", "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da53", "answers": [{"text": "\u221263 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the coldest recorded temperature?", "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da54", "answers": [{"text": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? ", "id": "570d9260b3d812140066da55", "answers": [{"text": "tundra", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is on average is the coldest, wetest, and windiest continent?", "id": "5ad213d7d7d075001a42835a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What coninent has lowest average elevation?", "id": "5ad213d7d7d075001a42835b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Where has the temperature reached 89.2 degress Celsius ", "id": "5ad213d7d7d075001a42835c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,000 to 5,000", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "How many humans live in Antarctica?", "id": "5ad213d7d7d075001a42835d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vegetation", "answer_start": 748}], "question": "What type of organism can not be found in Antarctica?", "id": "5ad213d7d7d075001a42835e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What continent has only 200 in of annual precipitation?", "id": "5ad29038d7d075001a429a8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Where has the temperature reached -89.2\u00b0F?", "id": "5ad29038d7d075001a429a8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "How many permanent residents are living in research stations?", "id": "5ad29038d7d075001a429a8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u221263 \u00b0C (\u221281 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What is the yearly average temperature in Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad29038d7d075001a429a8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is \u221263 \u00b0C (\u221281 \u00b0F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra."}], ["Sejak tahun 1970-an, tumpuan penting kajian telah menjadi lapisan ozon di atmosfer di atas Antartika. Pada tahun 1985, tiga saintis Inggeris yang bekerja pada data yang mereka kumpul di Stesen Halley di Shelter Ice Brunt mendapati kewujudan lubang dalam lapisan ini. Akhirnya ditentukan bahawa pemusnahan ozon disebabkan oleh klorofluorokarbon (CFC) yang dipancarkan oleh produk manusia. Dengan pengharaman CFC dalam Protokol Montreal tahun 1989, unjuran iklim menunjukkan bahawa lapisan ozon akan kembali ke tahap 1980 antara 2050 dan 2070. <> Apa yang telah menjadi kajian atmosfera penting sejak tahun 1970-an? || lapisan ozon <> Di mana di Antartika adalah Stesen Halley? || Brunt Ice Shelf <> Bilakah para saintis menemui lubang di lapisan ozon? || 1985 <> Apakah bahan kimia yang telah menyebabkan lubang di ozon? || chlorofluorocarbons <> Perjanjian apa yang mengharamkan penggunaan CFC? || Protokol Montreal <> Apa yang diteliti pada tahun 1970? || <> Apa yang ditemui pada tahun 1985 di ozon di Stesen Brunt di Halle Ice Shelf? || <> Apakah CCF berdiri? || <> Apa yang diharamkan pada tahun 1998? || <> Apa yang akan berlaku kepada ozon menjelang tahun 2050? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?", "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf7", "answers": [{"text": "ozone layer", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?", "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf8", "answers": [{"text": "Brunt Ice Shelf", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?", "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cf9", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?", "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfa", "answers": [{"text": "chlorofluorocarbons", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agreement banned the use of CFC s?", "id": "570de6bd0dc6ce1900204cfb", "answers": [{"text": "Montreal Protocol", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ozone layer", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What was studied in 1970?", "id": "5ad2d3f3d7d075001a42a3c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a hole", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What was discovered in 1985 in the ozone at the Brunt Station on the Halley Ice Shelf?", "id": "5ad2d3f3d7d075001a42a3c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chlorofluorocarbons", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What does CCF stand for?", "id": "5ad2d3f3d7d075001a42a3c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CFCs", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What were banned in 1998?", "id": "5ad2d3f3d7d075001a42a3c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ozone layer will return to 1980 levels", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "What will happen to the ozone by 2050?", "id": "5ad2d3f3d7d075001a42a3c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070."}], ["Beberapa kajian saintifik menunjukkan bahawa pengurangan ozon mungkin mempunyai peranan dominan dalam mengawal perubahan iklim di Antartika (dan kawasan yang lebih luas di Hemisfera Selatan). Ozon menyerap sejumlah besar radiasi ultraviolet dalam stratosfera. Penurunan ozon ke Antartika boleh menyebabkan penyejukan kira-kira 6 \u00b0 C dalam stratosfera tempatan. Penyejukan ini mempunyai kesan menguatkan angin barat yang mengalir di sekitar benua (vortex kutub) dan dengan itu menghalang aliran keluar udara sejuk berhampiran Kutub Selatan. Akibatnya, jisim benua ais ais Antartika Timur diadakan pada suhu yang lebih rendah, dan kawasan periferal Antartika, terutamanya Semenanjung Antartika, tertakluk kepada suhu yang lebih tinggi, yang menggalakkan peleburan dipercepatkan. Model juga menunjukkan bahawa pengurangan ozon / kesan polar vortex yang dipertingkatkan juga menyumbang kepada kenaikan baru-baru ini dalam lautan laut di lepas pantai benua. <> Dalam apa yang dikatakan beberapa ahli sains percaya bahawa penipisan ozon mungkin mempunyai peranan? || perubahan iklim <> Apakah cahaya yang menyerap ozon? || radiasi ultraviolet <> Berapakah penyejukan ozon boleh menyebabkan Antartika? || 6 \u00b0 C <> Apa yang boleh berubah oleh angin akibat penyejukan di ais Antartika? || lebur dipercepat <> Apa yang menyebabkan penipisan ozon di atmosfera selatan? || vortex kutub yang dipertingkatkan <> Apa yang telah memainkan peranan yang dominan dalam perubahan iklim di Antartika? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan penyejukan sekitar 6 \u00b0 C di udara tempatan? || <> Apakah vorteks tiang? || <> Apa yang dipertingkatkan pusaran kutub? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?", "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1b", "answers": [{"text": "climatic change", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What light does ozone absorb?", "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1c", "answers": [{"text": "ultraviolet radiation", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?", "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1d", "answers": [{"text": "6 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?", "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1e", "answers": [{"text": "accelerated melting", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?", "id": "570dedb80dc6ce1900204d1f", "answers": [{"text": "enhanced polar vortex", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ozone depletion", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What has played a dominant role in the climate change in Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad2dc64d7d075001a42a51e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ozone depletion", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What can cause a cooling of around 6\u00b0C in the local air?", "id": "5ad2dc64d7d075001a42a51f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "westerly winds which flow around the continent", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What is a pole vortex?", "id": "5ad2dc64d7d075001a42a520", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ozone depletion", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "What enhanced the pole vortex?", "id": "5ad2dc64d7d075001a42a521", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 \u00b0C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent."}], ["Beberapa kerajaan mengekalkan stesen penyelidikan tetap di benua. Bilangan orang yang menjalankan dan menyokong penyelidikan saintifik dan kerja lain di benua dan pulau-pulau berdekatannya berbeza-beza dari kira-kira 1,000 pada musim sejuk hingga kira-kira 5,000 pada musim panas, menjadikannya kepadatan penduduk antara 70 dan 350 penduduk per juta kilometer persegi (180 dan 900 setiap juta batu persegi) pada masa ini. Kebanyakan stesen kakitangan sepanjang tahun, kakitangan musim sejuk biasanya tiba dari negara asal mereka untuk tugasan satu tahun. Sebuah gereja Ortodoks-Gereja Tritunggal, yang dibuka pada tahun 2004 di Stesen Bellingshausen Rusia-dikendalikan sepanjang tahun oleh satu atau dua orang imam, yang sama-sama diputar setiap tahun. <> Siapa yang mempunyai stesen penyelidikan di Antartika? || Beberapa kerajaan <> Berapa rentang kepadatan penduduk per juta kilometer persegi penyelidik di Antartika? || antara 70 dan 350 <> Berapa lama penyelidik tinggal ketika meneliti di Antartika? || satu tahun <> Stesen apa mempunyai wakil gereja Ortodoks? || Stesen Bellingshausen <> Bilakah Gereja Trinity memulakan pengumuman di stesen Bellinshausen? || 2004 <> Yang mengekalkan penempatan tetap di benua itu? || <> Apa gereja Antartika ditutup pada tahun 2004? || <> Di mana terdapat 5,000 penduduk sepanjang tahun? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang menjalankan penyelidikan di pulau-pulau berhampiran di musim sejuk? || <> Berapa ramai orang sedang menjalankan penyelidikan di pulau-pulau berdekatan pada musim panas? || <> Apakah kepadatan populasi kepulauan sekitar? || <> Tahun apakah bukaan Trinity Orthodox? || <> Stesen apa yang dibuka Tritunggal Ortodoks? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has research stations in Antarctica?", "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c05", "answers": [{"text": "Several governments", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?", "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c06", "answers": [{"text": "between 70 and 350", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?", "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c07", "answers": [{"text": "one-year", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What station has an Orthodox church representative?", "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c08", "answers": [{"text": "Bellingshausen Station", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?", "id": "570def870b85d914000d7c09", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Several governments", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who maintains perminent settlements on the continent?", "id": "5ad25ca5d7d075001a428ec0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trinity Church", "answer_start": 577}], "question": "What Antartcic Church closed in 2004?", "id": "5ad25ca5d7d075001a428ec1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on the continent and its nearby islands", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "Where are there 5,000 year round residents?", "id": "5ad25ca5d7d075001a428ec2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,000", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the winter?", "id": "5ad2bd17d7d075001a42a0b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,000", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the summer?", "id": "5ad2bd17d7d075001a42a0b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What is the population density of the surrounding islands?", "id": "5ad2bd17d7d075001a42a0ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "What year did Trinity Orthodox open?", "id": "5ad2bd17d7d075001a42a0bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian Bellingshausen Station", "answer_start": 615}], "question": "What station opened Trinity Orthodox?", "id": "5ad2bd17d7d075001a42a0bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church\u2014Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station\u2014is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year."}], ["Antartika (Inggeris Inggeris / \u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0rkt\u026ak\u0259 /, Inggeris Inggeris / \u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0kt\u026ak\u0259 / atau / \u00e6nt\u0251\u02d0t\u026ak\u0259 / atau / \u00e6n\u0251\u02d0t\u026ak\u0259 /) [Nota 1] ialah benua selatan bumi, yang mengandungi Kutub Selatan geografi. Ia terletak di rantau Antartika Hemisfera Selatan, hampir seluruhnya di selatan Antartika, dan dikelilingi oleh Lautan Selatan. Di 14,000,000 kilometer persegi (5,400,000 batu persegi), ia adalah benua kelima terbesar di kawasan selepas Asia, Afrika, Amerika Utara, dan Amerika Selatan. Sebagai perbandingan, Antartika hampir dua kali ganda saiz Australia. Sekitar 98% Antartika diliputi oleh ais yang rata-rata ketebalan 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 kaki), yang meluas ke semua tetapi paling utara di Semenanjung Antartika. <> Apakah benua bumi yang paling selatan? || Antartika <> Kutub mana yang terletak di Antartika? || Kutub Selatan <> Apa lautan mengelilingi Antartika? || Lautan Selatan <> Apakah saiz Antartika? || 14,000,000 kilometer persegi <> Berapa banyak Antartika yang diliputi oleh ais? || 98% <> Apakah benua utara bumi? || <> Apa benua yang hampir sepenuhnya di selatan Bulatan Artik? || <> Apa lautan yang mengelilingi Antartika? || <> Apa benua Antartika lebih besar daripada? || <> Betapa tebal adalah ais di hujung utara Semenanjung Antartika? || <> Apakah benua itu 14,000,000 batu persegi? || <> Apakah benua yang terbesar selepas Antartika? || <> Apakah benua Australia dua kali saiz? || <> Berapakah purata 1.9 mi dalam ketebalan? || <> Berapa banyak Australia dilindungi oleh ais? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Earth's most southern continent?", "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bb7", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which pole is located in Antarctica?", "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bb8", "answers": [{"text": "South Pole", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ocean surrounds Antarctica?", "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bb9", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Ocean", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the size of Antarctica?", "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bba", "answers": [{"text": "14,000,000 square kilometres", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Antarctica is ice covered?", "id": "570de9330b85d914000d7bbb", "answers": [{"text": "98%", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Pole", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What is the earths northernmost continent?", "id": "5ad20d99d7d075001a428286", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What continent is almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle?", "id": "5ad20d99d7d075001a428287", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern Ocean", "answer_start": 317}], "question": "What Ocean does Antarctica surround?", "id": "5ad20d99d7d075001a428288", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asia, Africa, North America, and South America", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "What continents is Antarctica larger than?", "id": "5ad20d99d7d075001a428289", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft)", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "How thick is the ice at the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula?", "id": "5ad20d99d7d075001a42828a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?", "id": "5ad28f30d7d075001a429a64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asia, Africa, North America, and South America.", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "What continents are largest after Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad28f30d7d075001a429a65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What continent is Australia twice the size of?", "id": "5ad28f30d7d075001a429a66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ice", "answer_start": 591}], "question": "What averages 1.9 mi in thickness?", "id": "5ad28f30d7d075001a429a67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "98%", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "How much of Australia is covered by ice?", "id": "5ad28f30d7d075001a429a68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Antarctica (US English i/\u00e6nt\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rkt\u026ak\u0259/, UK English /\u00e6n\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0kt\u026ak\u0259/ or /\u00e6n\u02c8t\u0251\u02d0t\u026ak\u0259/ or /\u00e6n\u02c8\u0251\u02d0t\u026ak\u0259/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula."}], ["Iklim Antartika tidak membenarkan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang luas untuk membentuk. Gabungan suhu beku, kualiti tanah yang lemah, kekurangan kelembapan, dan kekurangan cahaya matahari menghalang pertumbuhan tanaman. Hasilnya, kepelbagaian kehidupan tumbuhan adalah sangat rendah dan terhad dalam pengagihan. Flora benua itu sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada bryophytes. Terdapat kira-kira 100 spesies lumut dan 25 spesies hati, tetapi hanya tiga spesies tumbuhan berbunga, yang semuanya terdapat di Semenanjung Antartika: Deschampsia antarctica (rumput rambut Antartika), Colobanthus quitensis (Antartika pearlwort) dan bukan asli Poa annua (bluegrass tahunan). Pertumbuhan adalah terhad kepada beberapa minggu pada musim panas. <> Apa yang tidak boleh berkembang secara meluas di Antartika? || tumbuhan <> Apakah iklim Antartika menghalang? || pertumbuhan tumbuhan <> topi rendah dan terhad di Antartika? || kepelbagaian kehidupan tumbuhan <> Berapa banyak spesies Mosses di Antartika? || 100 <> Apa yang membolehkan vegitation berlaku? || <> Apa yang menggalakkan pertumbuhan tumbuhan? || <> Apa yang pelbagai dan diedarkan secara meluas? || <> Di manakah terdapat 25 spesies lumen? || <> Iklim apa yang membolehkan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang luas untuk membentuk? || <> Apa ada 105 spesies? || <> Apakah terdapat 20 spesies? || <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan yang ada di sana? || <> Di mana semua tumbuhan dijumpai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?", "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b53", "answers": [{"text": "vegetation", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?", "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b54", "answers": [{"text": "plant growth", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "hat is low and limited in Antarctica?", "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b55", "answers": [{"text": "diversity of plant life", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?", "id": "570dc8720b85d914000d7b56", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The climate of Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What allows extensive vegitation to occur?", "id": "5ad26784d7d075001a429224", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What promotes plant growth?", "id": "5ad26784d7d075001a429225", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "plant life", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What is diverse and widely distributed?", "id": "5ad26784d7d075001a429226", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Where are there 25 species of mosses?", "id": "5ad26784d7d075001a429227", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "climate of Antarctica", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What climate allows extensive vegetation to form?", "id": "5ad2c5bfd7d075001a42a19e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mosses", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What are there 105 species of?", "id": "5ad2c5bfd7d075001a42a19f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "liverworts", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What are there 20 species of?", "id": "5ad2c5bfd7d075001a42a1a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "How many species of plants are there?", "id": "5ad2c5bfd7d075001a42a1a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Peninsula", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Where are all of the plants found?", "id": "5ad2c5bfd7d075001a42a1a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer."}], ["Antartika adalah yang paling sejuk di benua bumi. Suhu alam yang paling sejuk pernah dicatatkan di bumi ialah -89.2 \u00b0 C (-128.6 \u00b0 F) di Stesen Vostok Soviet (sekarang Rusia) di Antartika pada 21 Julai 1983. Sebagai perbandingan, ini adalah 10.7 \u00b0 C (20 \u00b0 F) lebih sejuk daripada memancarkan ais kering pada satu suasana tekanan separa, tetapi sejak CO2 hanya menghasilkan 0.039% udara, suhu kurang dari -150 \u00b0 C (-238 \u00b0 F) akan diperlukan untuk menghasilkan salji ais kering di Antartika. Antartika adalah padang pasir beku dengan sedikit hujan; Kutub Selatan sendiri menerima kurang daripada 10 cm (4 in) setahun, secara purata. Suhu mencapai minimum antara -80 \u00b0 C (-112 \u00b0 F) dan -89.2 \u00b0 C (-128.6 \u00b0 F) di kawasan pedalaman pada musim sejuk dan mencapai maksimum antara 5 \u00b0 C (41 \u00b0 F) dan 15 \u00b0 C (59 \u00b0 F) berhampiran pantai pada musim panas. Selaran matahari sering merupakan masalah kesihatan kerana permukaan salji mencerminkan hampir semua cahaya ultraviolet yang jatuh di atasnya. Memandangkan latitud, tempoh panjang kegelapan berterusan atau cahaya matahari yang berterusan mewujudkan iklim yang tidak dikenali kepada manusia di kebanyakan negara lain. <> Di mana suhu paling sejuk direkodkan di Bumi? || Antartika <> Apakah suhu paling sejuk pernah dicatatkan? || -89.2 \u00b0 C <> Pada tarikh berapa suhu terkecil di Bumi dicatatkan? || 21 Julai 1983 <> Apakah Antartika topografi? || padang pasir beku <> Apa keadaan cahaya yang menyebabkan masalah serius bagi manusia di Antartika? || Sunburn <> Apa yang paling sejuk yang dicatatkan di Rusia? || <> Apa yang menerima kurang daripada 10 cm hujan setiap tahun? || <> Apa yang menampakkan kebanyakan cahaya yang jatuh di atasnya? || <> Suhu apa dicatatkan di Rusia pada 21 Julai 1983? || <> Apakah CO2 membentuk 0.39% daripada? || <> Apa yang dihasilkan di Antartika dengan suhu kurang dari -150 \u00b0 F || <> Apa yang menerima purata 10 inci hujan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?", "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd3", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?", "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd4", "answers": [{"text": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?", "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd5", "answers": [{"text": "21 July 1983", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Antarctica topographically ?", "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd6", "answers": [{"text": "frozen desert", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?", "id": "570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd7", "answers": [{"text": "Sunburn", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is the coldest temerature recorded in Russia?", "id": "5ad25a9ed7d075001a428e3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Pole", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "What recieves less than 10 cm of rain per year?", "id": "5ad25a9ed7d075001a428e3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "snow", "answer_start": 822}], "question": "What relflects most of the light falling on it?", "id": "5ad25a9ed7d075001a428e3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983?", "id": "5ad2b9cdd7d075001a42a05c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "air,", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What does CO2 make up 0.39% of?", "id": "5ad2b9cdd7d075001a42a05d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dry ice snow", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What be produced in Antarctica with temperatures less than -150\u00b0F", "id": "5ad2b9cdd7d075001a42a05e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Pole", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "What receives 10 inches of precipitation on average?", "id": "5ad2b9cdd7d075001a42a05f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 \u00b0C (20 \u00b0F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than \u2212150 \u00b0C (\u2212238 \u00b0F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between \u221280 \u00b0C (\u2212112 \u00b0F) and \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F) and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world."}], ["Tuntutan baru di Antartika telah digantung sejak tahun 1959 walaupun Norway pada tahun 2015 secara rasmi menamakan tanah Queen Maud sebagai termasuk kawasan yang tidak dituntut di antaranya dan Kutub Selatan. Status Antartika dikawal selia oleh Perjanjian Antartika 1959 dan perjanjian lain yang berkaitan, yang dinamakan Sistem Perjanjian Antartika secara kolektif. Antartika ditakrifkan sebagai semua rak tanah dan ais di selatan 60 \u00b0 S untuk tujuan Sistem Perjanjian. Perjanjian itu ditandatangani oleh dua belas negara termasuk Kesatuan Soviet (dan kemudian Rusia), United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, dan Amerika Syarikat. Ia mengetepikan Antartika sebagai pemeliharaan saintifik, menubuhkan kebebasan penyiasatan saintifik dan perlindungan alam sekitar, dan mengharamkan kegiatan ketenteraan di Antartika. Ini adalah perjanjian kawalan senjata pertama yang ditubuhkan semasa Perang Dingin. <> Sejak tahun apakah tuntutan telah digantung di Antartika? || 1959 <> Dokumen apa yang mengawal status Antartika? || Sistem Perjanjian Antartika <> Apa latitudnya ditakrifkan sebagai sempadan Antartika? || selatan dari 60 \u00b0 S <Berapa banyak negara menandatangani perjanjian yang melindungi Antartika dari tuntutan? || dua belas <> Apa perjanjian yang ditetapkan oleh Antartika sebagai? || pemeliharaan saintifik <> Apa yang telah digantung sejak tahun 1995? || <> Tahun apakah Norway secara rasmi menentukan Maud Queen Land? || <> Apa perjanjian 1995 adalah status Antartika yang dikawal oleh? || <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai semua rak tanah dan ais di selatan 59 \u00b0 S? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?", "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6b", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What document regulates Antarctica's status?", "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6c", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Treaty System", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?", "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6d", "answers": [{"text": "south of 60\u00b0 S", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?", "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6e", "answers": [{"text": "twelve", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?", "id": "570dccdd0b85d914000d7b6f", "answers": [{"text": "scientific preserve", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New claims on Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has been suspended since 1995?", "id": "5ad2cb60d7d075001a42a27c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What year did Norway formally define Maud Queen Land?", "id": "5ad2cb60d7d075001a42a27d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Treaty", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What 1995 treaty is Antarctica's status regulated by?", "id": "5ad2cb60d7d075001a42a27e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 317}], "question": "What is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 59\u00b0 S?", "id": "5ad2cb60d7d075001a42a27f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60\u00b0 S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War."}], ["Aristotle menulis dalam bukunya Meteorology tentang rantau Antartika di c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre dilaporkan menggunakan nama itu di peta dunia yang tidak tersimpan dari abad ke-2 AD. Pengarang Rom Hyginus dan Apuleius (1-2 abad AD) yang digunakan untuk Kutub Selatan yang diberi nama Yunani polus antarcticus, yang berasal dari kutub Perancis Lama yang berlawanan (p\u00f4le antarctique moden) dibuktikan pada tahun 1270, dan dari sana politik antartik Bahasa Inggeris Tengah dalam risalah teknikal 1391 oleh Geoffrey Chaucer (Pole Antartika moden). <> Siapa yang menulis buku yang menggambarkan rantau sejuk di 350 B.C.? || Aristotle <> Apa pembuat peta menggunakan nama Antartika dalam petanya pada abad ke-2 A.D.? || Marinus of Tyre <> Apa yang ditulis oleh penulis Hyginus dan Apuleious di Kutub Selatan? || polus antarcticus <> Apa yang Chaucer memanggil kawasan itu pada tahun 1391? || pol antartik <> Apakah perkataan Perancis lama untuk Antartika? || tiang antartike <> Siapa yang menulis tentang rantau Antartika pada abad ketiga B.C? || <> Siapa peta masih dipelihara dari abad ke-2 A.D || <> Apa pengarang Yunani menggunakan istilah anarcticus polus? || <> Siapa yang merujuk kepada Kutub Selatan sebagai Kutub Antartika pada abad ke-13? || <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Aristoteles pada abad ke-3 B.C. || <> Apa yang ditulis Aristotle dalam 530 SM? || <> Apakah nama Rom untuk Kutub Selatan? || <> Siapa yang menggunakan Meteorologi dalam peta dunia yang dipelihara? || <> Apa yang dihasilkan oleh Tayar Marinus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?", "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0b", "answers": [{"text": "Aristotle", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?", "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0c", "answers": [{"text": "Marinus of Tyre", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?", "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0d", "answers": [{"text": "polus antarcticus", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?", "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0e", "answers": [{"text": "pol antartik", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the old French words for the Antarctic?", "id": "570dec460dc6ce1900204d0f", "answers": [{"text": "pole antartike", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aristotle", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who wrote about an Antarctic region in the third century B.C?", "id": "5ad221f5d7d075001a4284e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marinus of Tyre", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Who's map is still preserved from the 2nd century A.D", "id": "5ad221f5d7d075001a4284e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hyginus and Apuleius", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What Greek authors used the term polus anarcticus?", "id": "5ad221f5d7d075001a4284e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1391", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "Who refered to the South Pole as Antarctic Pole in the 13th century?", "id": "5ad221f5d7d075001a4284e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Meteorology", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What book did Aristotle write in the 3rd century B.C.", "id": "5ad221f5d7d075001a4284ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Meteorology", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What did Aristotle write in 530 B.C.?", "id": "5ad2a31ad7d075001a429d38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polus antarcticus", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What is the Roman name for the South Pole?", "id": "5ad2a31ad7d075001a429d39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marinus of Tyre", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Who used Meteorology in his preserved world map?", "id": "5ad2a31ad7d075001a429d3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unpreserved world map", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What did Tyre of Marinus produce?", "id": "5ad2a31ad7d075001a429d3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1\u20132 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern p\u00f4le antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole)."}], ["Dalam tempoh Cambrian, Gondwana mempunyai iklim yang sederhana. Antartika Barat sebahagiannya berada di Hemisfera Utara, dan dalam tempoh ini sejumlah besar batu pasir, limau dan syal diletakkan. Antartika Timur berada di khatulistiwa, di mana invertebrata lantai laut dan trilobit berkembang di laut tropika. Pada permulaan tempoh Devonian (416 Ma), Gondwana berada di lintang selatan dan iklimnya lebih sejuk, walaupun fosil tumbuhan tanah diketahui dari masa ini. Pasir dan lumpur terletak pada apa yang sekarang adalah Ellsworth, Horlick dan Pensacola Mountains. Glasiasi bermula pada akhir tempoh Devon (360 Ma), kerana Gondwana menjadi berpusat di Kutub Selatan dan iklim sejuk, walaupun flora kekal. Dalam tempoh Permian, tanah itu dikuasai oleh tumbuhan benih seperti Glossopteris, sebuah pteridosperm yang tumbuh di rawa-rawa. Lama kelamaan paya ini menjadi deposit arang batu di Pergunungan Transantarctic. Menjelang akhir tempoh Permian, pemanasan berterusan membawa kepada iklim yang kering dan panas di kebanyakan Gondwana. <> Apa jenis iklim yang dilakukan Gondwana semasa tempoh Kemboja? || sederhana <> Dalam bahagian hemisfera apa bahagian barat Antartika semasa Kemboja? || Utara <> Di manakah Antartika timur semasa tempoh Kemboja? || khatulistiwa <> Apakah iklim Gondwana pada permulaan tempoh Devon? || sejuk <> Di manakah Gondwana terletak pada akhir tempoh Devon? || Kutub Selatan <> Apa bahagian Antartika sedang berada di Hemispher Utara? || <> Apa yang disimpan di Antartika Barat semasa berada di Hemisfera Selatan || <> Kehidupan apa yang berlaku di laut tropika Timur Antartika? || <> Apa yang mendominasi tanah semasa tempoh Devion? || <> Bilakah Antartika membangunkan iklim kering yang panas? || <> Apa iklim sederhana dalam tempoh Devon? || <> Apa yang bermula 461 Ma? || <> Semasa tempoh Devon, di manakah Antartika Timur? || <> Apa yang bermula 306 Ma? || <> Apakah jenis tumbuhan yang menguasai tempoh Devon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?", "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7ba7", "answers": [{"text": "mild", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?", "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7ba8", "answers": [{"text": "Northern", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?", "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7ba9", "answers": [{"text": "equator", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?", "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7baa", "answers": [{"text": "cooler", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?", "id": "570de84b0b85d914000d7bab", "answers": [{"text": "South Pole", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Antarctica", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What part of Antarctica is currently in the Northern Hemispher?", "id": "5ad24ee3d7d075001a428c6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sandstones, limestones and shales", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What was deposited in Western Antarctica while it was in the Southern Hemisphere", "id": "5ad24ee3d7d075001a428c6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "invertebrates and trilobites", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What life florishes in East Antarctica's tropical seas?", "id": "5ad24ee3d7d075001a428c6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seed plants", "answer_start": 792}], "question": "What dominated the land during the Devion period?", "id": "5ad24ee3d7d075001a428c6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "end of the Permian period", "answer_start": 955}], "question": "When did Antarctica develop a hot dry climate?", "id": "5ad24ee3d7d075001a428c6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gondwana", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What had a mild climate during the Devonian period?", "id": "5ad2b042d7d075001a429f32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Devonian period", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What started 461 Ma?", "id": "5ad2b042d7d075001a429f33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the equator", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "During the Devonian period, where was East Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2b042d7d075001a429f34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glaciation", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What began 306 Ma?", "id": "5ad2b042d7d075001a429f35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seed plants", "answer_start": 792}], "question": "What type of plants dominated the Devonian period?", "id": "5ad2b042d7d075001a429f36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana."}], ["Peta-peta Eropah terus memperlihatkan tanah hipotesa ini sehingga Kapal Kapten James Cook, HMS Resolution and Adventure, melintasi Bulatan Antartika pada 17 Januari 1773, pada 1773 Disember dan sekali lagi pada Januari 1774. Masak datang sekitar 120 km (75 mi) dari Antartika pantai sebelum berundur dalam menghadapi ais lapangan pada Januari 1773. Penglihatan Antartika pertama yang dikonfirmasikan dapat dikurangkan kepada kru kapal kapten oleh tiga individu. Menurut pelbagai organisasi (Yayasan Sains Nasional, NASA, University of California, San Diego, dan sumber-sumber lain), kapal-kapal yang dipimpin oleh tiga orang yang melihat Antartika atau rak esnya pada tahun 1820: von Bellingshausen (kapten di Tentera Laut Imperial Rusia) , Edward Bransfield (kapten di Tentera Laut Diraja), dan Nathaniel Palmer (seorang pemburu anjing laut dari Stonington, Connecticut). Ekspedisi yang diketuai oleh von Bellingshausen dan Lazarev pada kapal-kapal Vostok dan Mirny mencapai titik dalam jarak 32 km (20 mi) dari Queen Maud's Land dan merekodkan pemandangan rak ais di 69 \u00b0 21'28 \"S 2 \u00b0 14'50\" W / 69.35778 \u00b0 S 2.24722 \u00b0 W / -69.35778; -2.24722, yang dikenali sebagai rak ais Fimbul. Ini berlaku tiga hari sebelum Bransfield melihat tanah, dan sepuluh bulan sebelum Palmer melakukannya pada November 1820. Pendaratan yang pertama didokumentasikan di Antartika adalah oleh anjing laut Amerika John Davis, nampaknya di Hughes Bay, dekat Cape Charles, di Antartika Barat pada 7 Februari 1821 , walaupun sesetengah ahli sejarah membantah tuntutan ini. Pendaratan pertama yang direkodkan dan disahkan adalah di Cape Adair pada tahun 1895. <> Bilakah kapal-kapal Cook melintasi bulatan Antartika? || 17 Januari 1773 <> Apa yang membuatkan Kapten Cook terlalu dekat dengan Antartika? || ais lapangan <> Berapa ramai lelaki yang melihat Antartika pada tahun 1820? || tiga <> Seberapa dekat von von Bellingshausen dan Lazarev datang ke Antartika? || 32 km <> Bilakah pendaratan dirakam pertama di Antartika? || 1895 <> Siapa kapal melintasi Bulatan Antartika pada abad ke-17? || <> Apa kapal yang digunakan oleh Cook untuk melingkari Bulatan Antartika? || <> Siapa yang melihat Antartika atau rak aisnya pada abad ke-18? || <> Kapal apa yang diketuai oleh Bransfield dan Lazarev? || <> Siapa yang melihat tanah sepuluh bulan sebelum Bransfield? || <> Apa kapal melintasi Bulatan Artik pada 17 Januari 1773? || <> Apa yang melintasi Bulatan Antartika pada Disember 1774? || <> Siapa yang datang dalam 120 mi dari pantai Antartika pada tahun 1773? || <> Apa yang boleh dilihat oleh tiga pada 1802? || <> Apa rak ais dikesan dalam lingkungan 32 mi dari Tanah Queen Maud? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?", "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b7d", "answers": [{"text": "17 January 1773", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?", "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b7e", "answers": [{"text": "field ice", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?", "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b7f", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?", "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b80", "answers": [{"text": "32 km", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?", "id": "570dce860b85d914000d7b81", "answers": [{"text": "1895", "answer_start": 1518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Captain James Cook", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Who's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle in the 17th century?", "id": "5ad23e7bd7d075001a4288c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HMS Resolution and Adventure", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What ships did Cook use to circle the Antarctic Circle?", "id": "5ad23e7bd7d075001a4288c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "Who sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in the 18th century?", "id": "5ad23e7bd7d075001a4288c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vostok and Mirny", "answer_start": 901}], "question": "What ships were captained by Bransfield and Lazarev?", "id": "5ad23e7bd7d075001a4288c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Palmer", "answer_start": 1213}], "question": "Who sighted land ten months before Bransfield?", "id": "5ad23e7bd7d075001a4288c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HMS Resolution and Adventure", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What ships crossed the Arctic Circle on 17 January 1773?", "id": "5ad2aac9d7d075001a429e40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HMS Resolution and Adventure", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What crossed the Antarctic Circle in December 1774?", "id": "5ad2aac9d7d075001a429e41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cook", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "Who came within 120 mi of the Antarctic coast in 1773?", "id": "5ad2aac9d7d075001a429e42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica or its ice shelf", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "What did three might sight in 1802?", "id": "5ad2aac9d7d075001a429e43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fimbul ice shelf", "answer_start": 1116}], "question": "What ice shelf was spotted within 32 mi from Queen Maud's Land?", "id": "5ad2aac9d7d075001a429e44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69\u00b021\u203228\u2033S 2\u00b014\u203250\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff69.35778\u00b0S 2.24722\u00b0W\ufeff / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895."}], ["Disebabkan lokasinya di Kutub Selatan, Antartika menerima sinaran suria yang agak sedikit. Ini bermakna ia adalah benua yang sangat sejuk di mana air kebanyakannya dalam bentuk ais. Pemendakan adalah rendah (kebanyakan Antartika adalah padang pasir) dan hampir selalu dalam bentuk salji, yang berkumpul dan membentuk lembaran ais gergasi yang merangkumi tanah. Sebahagian daripada bentuk lembaran ais ini bergerak glasier dikenali sebagai aliran ais, yang mengalir ke arah pinggir benua. Di sebelah pantai benua terdapat banyak rak es. Ini adalah sambungan terapung dari glasier keluar dari jisim ais kontinental. Di luar pesisir, suhu juga rendah sehingga ais dibentuk dari air laut sepanjang tahun. Adalah penting untuk memahami pelbagai jenis ais Antartika untuk memahami kesan yang mungkin pada paras laut dan implikasi penyejukan global. <> Lokasi apakah yang bermaksud bahawa Antartika mendapat sedikit radiasi matahari? || Kutub Selatan <> Dalam keadaan apakah kebanyakan air di Antartika? || ais <> Apakah keadaan biasa hujan di Antartika? || salji <> Apa salji berlebihan di Antartika menghasilkan? || helaian gergasi ais <> Apa arus ais lain dipanggil? || glasier <> Mengapa Antartika menerima radiasi matahari? || <> Apa benua adalah padang pasir lengkap? || <> Apa yang ada di sebelah rak kontinental? || <> Apakah suhu seperti luar pesisir mempengaruhi penyejukan global? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?", "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c69", "answers": [{"text": "South Pole", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?", "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6a", "answers": [{"text": "ice", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?", "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6b", "answers": [{"text": "snow", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?", "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6c", "answers": [{"text": "giant ice sheet", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are ice streams otherwise called?", "id": "570dfd080b85d914000d7c6d", "answers": [{"text": "glaciers", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Due to its location at the South Pole", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why does Antarctica receive solar radiation?", "id": "5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a444", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What continent is a complete desert? ", "id": "5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a445", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ice shelves.", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "What is next to the continental shelves?", "id": "5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a446", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "low", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "What are temperatures like offshore to effect global cooling?", "id": "5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a447", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling."}], ["Vinson Massif, puncak tertinggi di Antartika pada 4,892 m (16,050 kaki), terletak di Pergunungan Ellsworth. Antartika mengandungi banyak gunung lain, di kedua-dua benua utama dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya. Gunung Erebus di Pulau Ross adalah gunung berapi aktif paling selatan di dunia. Satu lagi gunung berapi terkenal ditemui di Pulau Deception, yang terkenal dengan letusan gergasi pada tahun 1970. Letusan kecil adalah kerap dan aliran lava telah diperhatikan pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. Gunung berapi tidak aktif mungkin berpotensi aktif. Pada tahun 2004, sebuah gunung berapi di bawah air yang berpotensi aktif ditemui di Semenanjung Antartika oleh penyelidik Amerika dan Kanada. <> Apakah puncak tertinggi di Antartika? || Vinson Massif <> Berapa tinggi gunung Vinson Massif Antartika? || 4,892 m <> Di kawasan pergunungan Antartika adalah Vinson Massif? || Pergunungan Ellsworth <> Apakah gunung berapi paling selatan di dunia? || Gunung Erebus <> Apa jenis gunung berapi yang terdapat pada tahun 2004 oleh penyelidik? || bawah air <> Apakah puncak tertinggi di dunia? || <> Pergunungan mana yang tinggi 4,892 kaki? || <> Apa gunung berapi yang paling aktif di dunia? || <> Pulau Wha mempunyai gunung berapi paling selatan di dunia? || <> Siapa yang menemui gunung berapi di bawah air? || <> Apakah puncak tertinggi di Antartika pada 4,892 kaki? || <> Berapa tinggi ialah Massif Vinson? || <> Di mana Massif Vinson terletak? || <> Apakah Mount Ross dianggap? || <> Pulau apa yang telah letusan gunung berapi pada tahun 1907? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the highest peak in Antarctica?", "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d59", "answers": [{"text": "Vinson Massif", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?", "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5a", "answers": [{"text": "4,892 m", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?", "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5b", "answers": [{"text": "Ellsworth Mountains", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Earth's most southern volcano?", "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5c", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Erebus", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?", "id": "570df47a0dc6ce1900204d5d", "answers": [{"text": "underwater", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vinson Massif", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the highest peak in the world?", "id": "5ad249f8d7d075001a428bae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ellsworth Mountains", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What mountains are 4,892 ft high?", "id": "5ad249f8d7d075001a428baf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mount Erebus", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "What is the worlds most active volcano?", "id": "5ad249f8d7d075001a428bb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ross Island", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "Wha island has the southern most volcano in the world?", "id": "5ad249f8d7d075001a428bb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American and Canadian researchers", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "Who found the forst underwater volcano?", "id": "5ad249f8d7d075001a428bb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vinson Massif", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 ft?", "id": "5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,892 m (16,050 ft)", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "How tall is Massif Vinson?", "id": "5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ellsworth Mountains", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "Where is Massif Vinson located?", "id": "5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the world's southernmost active volcano", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What is Mount Ross considered to be?", "id": "5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deception Island", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What island had a volcanic eruption in 1907?", "id": "5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers."}], ["Meteorit dari Antartika adalah bidang kajian penting bahan yang terbentuk pada awal sistem solar; kebanyakannya dianggap berasal dari asteroid, tetapi beberapa mungkin berasal dari planet-planet yang lebih besar. Meteorit pertama ditemui pada tahun 1912, dan menamakan meteorit Adelie Land. Pada tahun 1969, ekspedisi Jepun menemui sembilan meteorit. Kebanyakan meteorit ini telah jatuh ke lembaran ais dalam juta tahun lalu. Gerakan lembaran ais cenderung menumpukan meteorit di lokasi yang menghalang seperti gunung, dengan hakisan angin membawa mereka ke permukaan selepas berabad-abad di bawah salji terkumpul. Berbanding dengan meteorit yang dikumpulkan di kawasan yang lebih sederhana di Bumi, meteorit Antartika dipelihara dengan baik. <> Apa kajian astronomi yang penting untuk penyelidikan Antartika? || Meteorit <> Apa sumber yang paling banyak meteorit Antartika? || asteroid <> Bilakah meteorit pertama ditemui di Antartika? || 1912 <> Ekspedisi apa yang menemui sembilan meteorit pada tahun 1969? || Jepun <> Apa itu meteorit Antartika yang bermacam bentuk meteorit yang terdapat di tempat lain? || terpelihara dengan baik. <> Apa yang pertama kali dijumpai pada tahun 1921? || <> Apa nama meteorit tahun 1921? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1996? || <> Berapa banyak meteorit yang dilakukan oleh ekspedisi Jepun tahun 1996? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?", "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c57", "answers": [{"text": "Meteorites", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?", "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c58", "answers": [{"text": "asteroids", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?", "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c59", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?", "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5a", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?", "id": "570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5b", "answers": [{"text": "well-preserved.", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The first meteorite", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What was first found in 1921?", "id": "5ad2d663d7d075001a42a418", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adelie Land meteorite", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What was the name of the 1921 meteorite?", "id": "5ad2d663d7d075001a42a419", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What happened in 1996?", "id": "5ad2d663d7d075001a42a41a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "How many meteorites did the 1996 Japanese expedition find?", "id": "5ad2d663d7d075001a42a41b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites. Most of these meteorites have fallen onto the ice sheet in the last million years. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth, the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved."}], ["Terletak secara asymmetrically di sekitar Kutub Selatan dan sebahagian besar di selatan Antartika, Antartika adalah benua paling selatan dan dikelilingi oleh Lautan Selatan; Sebagai alternatif, ia mungkin dianggap dikelilingi oleh lautan Pasifik, Atlantik, dan India Selatan, atau oleh perairan selatan Lautan Dunia. Ia meliputi lebih daripada 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 meter persegi), menjadikannya benua kelima terbesar, kira-kira 1.3 kali lebih besar daripada Eropah. Pantai ini berukuran 17,968 km (11,165 mi) dan kebanyakannya dicirikan oleh pembentukan ais, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual berikut: <> Apa yang paling selatan benua? || Antartika <> Apakah saiz Antartika dalam batu persegi? || 5,400,000 <> Apakah kedudukan Antartika di antara benua? || kelima terbesar <> Berapa batu panjangnya garis pantai Antartika? || 11,165 <> Apa benua yang sebahagian besarnya di utara Antartika? || <> Apa lautan yang mengelilingi Antartika? || <> Apa lautan lain lautan Selatan mengelilingi Antartika? || <> Apakah benua itu 14,000,000 batu persegi? || <> Apa yang kononnya 1.3 kali lebih kecil daripada Eropah? || <> Apa yang mengelilingi Lautan Selatan? || <> Apa benua meliputi lebih daripada 14,000,000 meter persegi? || <> Apa benua adalah 3.1 kali lebih besar daripada Eropah? || <> Berapa langkah 17,968 batu persegi? || <> Apa kedudukan secara simetri di sekitar Kutub Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the southern most continent?", "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d2d", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?", "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d2f", "answers": [{"text": "5,400,000", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?", "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d30", "answers": [{"text": "fifth-largest", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?", "id": "570df1970dc6ce1900204d31", "answers": [{"text": "11,165", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What continent is largely north of the Antarctic Circle?", "id": "5ad2415cd7d075001a42895e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southern Ocean", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What ocean does Antarctica surround?", "id": "5ad2415cd7d075001a42895f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What other oceansbesides the Southern Ocean does Antarctica surround?", "id": "5ad2415cd7d075001a428960", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?", "id": "5ad2415cd7d075001a428961", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What coninent is 1.3 times smaller than Europe?", "id": "5ad2415cd7d075001a428962", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What surrounds the Southern Ocean?", "id": "5ad2ad0bd7d075001a429ebe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What continent covers more than 14,000,000 sq mi?", "id": "5ad2ad0bd7d075001a429ebf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What continent is 3.1 times as large as Europe?", "id": "5ad2ad0bd7d075001a429ec0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The coastline", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What measures 17,968 square miles?", "id": "5ad2ad0bd7d075001a429ec1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What is positioned symmetrically around the South Pole?", "id": "5ad2ad0bd7d075001a429ec2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:"}], ["Beberapa Antartika telah menjadi panas; terutamanya pemanasan kuat telah diperhatikan di Semenanjung Antartika. Satu kajian oleh Eric Steig yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2009 mencatatkan buat pertama kalinya bahawa trend suhu rata-rata permukaan rata-rata di seluruh benua Antartika sedikit positif pada> 0.05 \u00b0 C (0.09 \u00b0 F) setiap dekad dari tahun 1957 hingga 2006. Kajian ini juga menyatakan bahawa Barat Antartika telah menghangat lebih dari 0.1 \u00b0 C (0.2 \u00b0 F) setiap dekad dalam tempoh 50 tahun yang lalu, dan pemanasan ini paling kuat pada musim sejuk dan musim bunga. Ini sebahagiannya diimbangi oleh penyejukan musim luruh di Antartika Timur. Terdapat bukti dari satu kajian bahawa Antartika sedang memanaskan akibat pelepasan karbon dioksida manusia, tetapi ini tetap samar-samar. Jumlah pemanasan permukaan di Antartika Barat, sementara yang besar, tidak menimbulkan pencairan yang mencukupi di permukaan, dan tidak secara langsung mempengaruhi sumbangan Lembaran Es Antartika Barat ke paras laut. Sebaliknya kenaikan baru-baru ini dalam aliran keluar glasier dipercayai disebabkan oleh aliran masuk air hangat dari laut dalam, hanya dari landas benua. Sumbangan bersih ke paras laut dari Semenanjung Antartika lebih cenderung menjadi hasil langsung daripada pemanasan atmosfera yang lebih besar di sana. <> Di mana di Antartika telah dipanaskan pemanasan? || Semenanjung Antartika <> Berapa banyak yang telah dihidupkan di Antartika Barat setiap dekad dalam 5o tahun yang lalu? || 0.1 \u00b0 C <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh sesetengah penyelidik yang menyebabkan pemanasan ini? || pelepasan karbon dioksida <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai punca aliran keluar glasier? || aliran air suam <> Apa pemikiran penyebab paras laut Semenanjung Antartika. || pemanasan atmosfera <> yang menerbitkan kajian 2007? || <> Apa yang menjadi trend suhu Antartika setiap dekad dari tahun 1959 hingga 2006? || <> Apa catatan kajian mengenai suhu di Antartika Timur? || <> Apakah pemanasan di Antartika Timur telah diimbangi di Antartika Barat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?", "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8d", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Peninsula", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?", "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8e", "answers": [{"text": "0.1 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?", "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8f", "answers": [{"text": "carbon dioxide emissions", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?", "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d90", "answers": [{"text": "inflow of warm water", "answer_start": 963}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the thinking of the cause  of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.", "id": "570e06f60dc6ce1900204d91", "answers": [{"text": "atmospheric warming", "answer_start": 1157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eric Steig", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "Who published a 2007 study?", "id": "5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What has been the temperature trend of Antarctica per decade from 1959 to 2006?", "id": "5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "has warmed by more than 0.1 \u00b0C (0.2 \u00b0F) per decade in the last 50 years", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What did the study note about the temperatures in East Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "autumn cooling", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "What has the warming in East Antarctica been offset by in West Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 \u00b0C (0.09 \u00b0F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 \u00b0C (0.2 \u00b0F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there."}], ["Penghuni separa kekal yang pertama di kawasan berhampiran Antartika (kawasan yang terletak di selatan Antartika Konvergensi) adalah anjing laut British dan Amerika yang digunakan untuk menghabiskan setahun atau lebih di Georgia Selatan, dari tahun 1786 dan seterusnya. Semasa era paus, yang berlangsung sehingga tahun 1966, penduduk pulau itu berubah dari lebih 1,000 pada musim panas (lebih daripada 2,000 dalam beberapa tahun) hingga kira-kira 200 pada musim sejuk. Kebanyakan pemburu paus adalah orang Norway, dengan peningkatan jumlah orang Inggeris. Penduduk termasuk Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbor, Ocean Harbour dan Godthul. Pengurus dan pegawai kanan stesen paus sering hidup bersama keluarga mereka. Antaranya adalah pengasas Grytviken, Kapten Carl Anton Larsen, seorang pembajak dan penjelajah Norway terkemuka yang bersama-sama keluarganya mengamalkan kewarganegaraan British pada tahun 1910. Di manakah penduduk separuh kekal pertama di kawasan Antartika hidup? || Georgia Selatan <> Apa profesi penduduk Georgia Selatan? || tukang periuk <> Dalam tahun apakah batu permata mula tinggal di Georgia Selatan? || 1786 <> Apa kewarganegaraan dari kebanyakan ikan paus? || Norwegian <> Bilakah explorer Carl Anton Larsen menjadi warganegara Inggeris? || 1910 <> Siapakah penduduk permenat pertama di kawasan berhampiran Antartika? || <> Bilakah penempatan permandian pertama ditubuhkan di Georgia Selatan? || <> Siapa yang menetap Georgia Selatan pada tahun 1966? || <> Apakah penempatan di Antartika? || <> Apakah warga Inggeris menubuhkan Grtviken di Antartika? || <> Siapa penduduk tetap Antartika yang pertama? || <> Apa yang berlaku sehingga 1696? || <> Apakah penempatan di Norway? || <> Apa yang Kapten Anon Carl Larsen dijumpai? || <> Siapa yang mengambil kewarganegaraan British pada tahun 1901? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?", "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d83", "answers": [{"text": "South Georgia", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?", "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d84", "answers": [{"text": "sealers", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?", "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d85", "answers": [{"text": "1786", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nationality of most whalers?", "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d86", "answers": [{"text": "Norwegian", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?", "id": "570dffe80dc6ce1900204d87", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 874}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British and American sealers", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica?", "id": "5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1786", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "When was the first perminant settlment established on South Georgia?", "id": "5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Norwegian", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "Who settled South Georgia in 1966?", "id": "5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "What settlements were established on Antarctica?", "id": "5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Captain Carl Anton Larsen", "answer_start": 746}], "question": "What British citizens established Grtviken on Antarctica?", "id": "5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British and American sealers", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Who were the first permanent inhabitants of Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2c147d7d075001a42a104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whaling era", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What lasted until 1696?", "id": "5ad2c147d7d075001a42a105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "What were the Norwegian settlements?", "id": "5ad2c147d7d075001a42a106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grytviken", "answer_start": 735}], "question": "What did Captain Anon Carl Larsen found?", "id": "5ad2c147d7d075001a42a107", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Captain Carl Anton Larsen", "answer_start": 746}], "question": "Who adopted British citizenship in 1901?", "id": "5ad2c147d7d075001a42a108", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910."}], ["Meter bulu Antartika sangat diburu pada abad ke 18 dan ke-19 untuk peltinya oleh anjing laut dari Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom. Meterai Weddell, \"meterai sejati\", dinamakan sempena Sir James Weddell, komander ekspedisi kedap British di Laut Weddell. Krill Antartika, yang berkumpul di sekolah-sekolah besar, adalah spesies utama ekosistem di Lautan Selatan, dan merupakan organisma makanan penting untuk ikan paus, anjing laut, anjing laut, anjing laut, anjing laut, penguin, alurrossa dan banyak burung lain. <> Apa haiwan yang sangat diburu pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19? || Sehelai bulu Antartika <> Bagi siapa yang nama meterai Weddell dinamakan? || Sir James Weddell <> Apa perintah Sir James Weddell? || Ekspedisi kedap British <> Apakah spesies yang sangat penting di Lautan Selatan? || Kriket Antartika <> Mengapa krill sangat penting di kawasan Antartika? || Makanan penting <> Apakah haiwan yang diburu pada tahun 18 dan 1900? || <> Apa meterai yang diberi nama selepas komander ekspotsi kedap Amerika? || <> Apa whaler mempunyai meterai yang dinamakan sempena dia? || <> Apakah spesies utama di Lautan Artik? || <> Burung apa yang membuat suapan leapard makan? || <> Apa yang diburu pada tahun 1819? || <> Negara apakah yang berasal dari 1819 sealers? || <> Apa yang dinamakan selepas James Sir Weddell? || <> Apakah komander James Sir Weddell? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?", "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d97", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctic fur seal", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom is the Weddell seal named ?", "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d98", "answers": [{"text": "Sir James Weddell", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did  Sir James Weddell command?", "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d99", "answers": [{"text": "British sealing expeditions", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?", "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d9a", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctic krill", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?", "id": "570e08690dc6ce1900204d9b", "answers": [{"text": "important food", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fur seal", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's?", "id": "5ad2623cd7d075001a429088", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Weddell seal", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions?", "id": "5ad2623cd7d075001a429089", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir James Weddell", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What whaler had a seal named after him?", "id": "5ad2623cd7d075001a42908a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic krill", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean?", "id": "5ad2623cd7d075001a42908b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "albatrosses", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "What bird do leapard seals feed on?", "id": "5ad2623cd7d075001a42908c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic fur seal", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What was hunted during 1819?", "id": "5ad2c367d7d075001a42a132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States and the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What countries did the 1819 sealers come from?", "id": "5ad2c367d7d075001a42a133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Weddell seal", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What is named after James Sir Weddell?", "id": "5ad2c367d7d075001a42a134", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What was James Sir Weddell commander of?", "id": "5ad2c367d7d075001a42a135", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a \"true seal\", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds."}], ["Pada tahun 1983, Parti Perjanjian Antartika memulakan rundingan mengenai konvensyen untuk mengawal perlombongan di Antartika. Gabungan organisasi antarabangsa melancarkan kempen tekanan awam untuk menghalang sebarang pembangunan mineral di rantau ini, yang diketuai sebahagian besarnya oleh Greenpeace International, yang menubuhkan stesen saintifiknya-World Park Base-di rantau Laut Ross dan mengadakan ekspedisi tahunan untuk mendokumenkan kesan-kesan alam sekitar manusia di Antartika. Pada tahun 1988, Konvensyen mengenai Peraturan Sumber Mineral Antartika (CRAMRA) telah diterima pakai. Namun tahun berikutnya, Australia dan Perancis mengumumkan bahawa mereka tidak akan mengesahkan konvensyen itu, menjadikannya mati untuk semua niat dan tujuan. Mereka mencadangkan supaya rejim yang komprehensif untuk melindungi persekitaran Antartika akan dirundingkan di tempatnya. Protokol mengenai Perlindungan Alam Sekitar terhadap Perjanjian Antartika (\"Protokol Madrid\") telah dirundingkan sebagai negara lain yang diikuti dan pada 14 Januari 1998 ia mula berkuatkuasa. Protokol Madrid melarang semua perlombaan di Antartika, yang menamakan Antartika sebagai \"rizab semulajadi yang dikhaskan untuk keamanan dan sains\". <> Bilakah rundingan mula mengawal perlombongan di Antartika? || 1983 <> Kumpulan apa yang mengetuai perjuangan untuk menghalang pembangunan mineral di Antartika? || Greenpeace International, <> Bilakah perjanjian untuk mengatur perlombongan dipersetujui? || 1988 <> Dua negara mana yang enggan mengesahkan perjanjian untuk mengatur penggunaan mineral di Antartika? || Australia dan Perancis <> Apakah perjanjian alternatif yang ditawarkan oleh Australia dan Perancis? || Protokol Madrid <> Apa yang bermula pada tahun 1938? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh CARMAR? || <> Tahun apa yang digunakan oleh CARMAR? || <> Siapa yang mengumumkan bahawa mereka tidak akan mengesahkan CARMAR? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada 14 Januari 1983? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?", "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d73", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?", "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d74", "answers": [{"text": "Greenpeace International,", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?", "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d75", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?", "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d76", "answers": [{"text": "Australia and France", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?", "id": "570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d77", "answers": [{"text": "Madrid Protocol", "answer_start": 886}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What began in 1938?", "id": "5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "What does CARMAR stand for?", "id": "5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What year was the CARMAR adopted?", "id": "5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia and France", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR?", "id": "5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic Treaty", "answer_start": 863}], "question": "What was entered into force on 14 January 1983?", "id": "5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific station\u2014World Park Base\u2014in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the \"Madrid Protocol\") was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining in Antarctica, designating Antarctica a \"natural reserve devoted to peace and science\"."}], ["Sesetengah spesies haiwan marin wujud dan bergantung, secara langsung atau tidak langsung, pada fitoplankton. Kehidupan laut Antartika termasuk penguin, ikan paus biru, orcas, cecair kolosal dan anjing laut bulu. Penguin emperor adalah satu-satunya penguin yang membiak semasa musim sejuk di Antartika, sementara penguin Ad\u00e9lie berkembang jauh lebih selatan daripada penguin lain. Penguin rockhopper mempunyai bulu tersendiri di sekeliling mata, memberikan rupa bulu mata yang rumit. Penguin raja, penguin chinstrap, dan penguin gentoo juga membiak di Antartika. <> Apa plankton laut yang membuat banyak makhluk laut bergantung kepada hidup? || phytoplankton <> Apa jenis penguin hidup di Antartika? || penguin emperor <> Semasa musim apa yang dimiliki oleh penguin empayar? || musim sejuk <> Ciri apa penguin rockhopper ada di sekeliling matanya? || bulu <> Penguin mana yang membiak di selatan yang terkuat di semua baka penguin? || Ad\u00e9lie <> Apa yang bergantung kepada phytolankton? || <> Haiwan apa yang hidup di benua Antartika? || <> Apa satu-satunya penguin yang membiak di Antartika? || <> Apa yang membiak baka penguin di selatan Antartika? || <> Apa jenis bulu yang ada raja penguin? || <> Apakah haiwan laut terus bergantung? || <> Apakah penguin Adelie satu-satunya yang perlu dilakukan semasa musim sejuk di Antartika? || <> Apakah arahan penguin Kaisar lebih jauh daripada yang lain untuk membiak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?", "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d47", "answers": [{"text": "phytoplankton", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?", "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d48", "answers": [{"text": "emperor penguin", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what season does the emperor penguin breed?", "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d49", "answers": [{"text": "winter", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?", "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d4a", "answers": [{"text": "feathers", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?", "id": "570df3470dc6ce1900204d4b", "answers": [{"text": "Ad\u00e9lie", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marine animals", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What do the phytolankton depend on?", "id": "5ad2612bd7d075001a42900e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What animals live on the continent of Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2612bd7d075001a42900f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emperor penguin", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What is the only penguin that breeds on Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2612bd7d075001a429010", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Ad\u00e9lie penguin", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What penguin breeds south of Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2612bd7d075001a429011", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "feathers around the eyes", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What type of feathers do king penguins have?", "id": "5ad2612bd7d075001a429012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phytoplankton", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What do marine animals directly rely on?", "id": "5ad2c2a7d7d075001a42a122", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "breeds", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What is the Adelie penguin the only one to do during winter in Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad2c2a7d7d075001a42a123", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "south", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What direction does the Emperor penguin go further than any other to breed?", "id": "5ad2c2a7d7d075001a42a124", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Ad\u00e9lie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic."}], ["Akibat pemanasan berterusan, topi ais kutub meleleh dan banyak Gondwana menjadi padang pasir. Di Antartika Timur, pakis benih atau pteridosperma menjadi banyak dan banyak batu pasir dan syal diletakkan pada masa ini. Synapsids, yang dikenali sebagai \"reptilia seperti mamalia\", adalah biasa di Antartika semasa Triassic Awal dan termasuk bentuk-bentuk seperti Lystrosaurus. Semenanjung Antartika mula terbentuk semasa tempoh Jurassic (206-146 Ma), dan pulau-pulau secara beransur-ansur meningkat dari lautan. Pokok ginkgo, konifer, bennettit, ekor kuda, paku dan cycad banyak pada masa ini. Di Antartika Barat, hutan konifer menguasai seluruh zaman Kretaceous (146-66 Ma), walaupun benteng selatan menjadi lebih menonjol pada akhir tempoh ini. Ammon adalah biasa di laut di sekitar Antartika, dan dinosaur juga hadir, walaupun hanya tiga generik dinosaur Antartika (Cryolophosaurus dan Glacialisaurus, dari Formasi Hanson, dan Antartopelta) telah diterangkan setakat ini. Pada masa ini Gondwana mula berpisah. <> Apa yang kebanyakan Gondwana menjadi apabila es kutub cair? || padang pasir <> Apa tumbuhan yang banyak terdapat pada masa ini? || pteridosperms <> Apakah jenis reptilia yang biasa berlaku semasa Triassic awal? || Synapsids <> Bilakah Semenanjung Antartika terbentuk? || Jurassic period <> Dalam apa tempoh Gondwana mula pecah? || Cretaceous <> Apa yang menyebabkan topi ais polar terbentuk di Gondwana? || <> Apa jenis plamdt yang menjadi banyak di Gondwana? || <> Apakah haiwan jenis apa yang sedang coomon semasa Triassic Akhir? || <> Apa penninsula dibentuk semasa tempoh Trias? || <> Mengapa Antartika Timur menjadi? || <> Apa jenis batu yang diletakkan di Gondwana Timur? || <> Apa yang mula terbentuk semasa tahun 204-166 Ma? || <> Apa jenis pokok dan tumbuhan yang muncul semasa tempoh Trias? || <> Tempoh apa yang ditandakan oleh tahun 166-46 Ma? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?", "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c2d", "answers": [{"text": "desert", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What plants were abundant during this time?", "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c2e", "answers": [{"text": "pteridosperms", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?", "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c2f", "answers": [{"text": "Synapsids", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Antarctic peninsula form?", "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c30", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic period", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?", "id": "570df7950b85d914000d7c31", "answers": [{"text": "Cretaceous", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "continued warming", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana?", "id": "5ad252ddd7d075001a428d04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seed ferns", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana?", "id": "5ad252ddd7d075001a428d05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synapsids", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic?", "id": "5ad252ddd7d075001a428d06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Antarctic Peninsula", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What penninsula formed during the Triassic period?", "id": "5ad252ddd7d075001a428d07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a desert", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "Why did Eastern Antarctica become?", "id": "5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sandstone and shale", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana?", "id": "5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Antarctic Peninsula", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma?", "id": "5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period?", "id": "5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cretaceous period", "answer_start": 674}], "question": "What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma?", "id": "5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206\u2013146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146\u201366 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up."}], ["Kira-kira 98% Antartika dilindungi oleh lembaran ais Antartika, sekurang-kurangnya kira-kira 1.6 km (1.0 batu) ais. Benua ini mempunyai kira-kira 90% daripada ais di dunia (dan dengan demikian kira-kira 70% daripada air segar di dunia). Jika semua ais ini cair, paras laut akan naik kira-kira 60 m (200 kaki). Di kebanyakan pedalaman benua, hujan sangat rendah, sehingga 20 mm (0.8 in) setahun; dalam beberapa kawasan \"ais biru\" pemendakan adalah lebih rendah daripada kehilangan massa dengan penyejukan dan jadi keseimbangan massa tempatan adalah negatif. Di lembah kering, kesan yang sama berlaku di atas pangkalan batu, yang membawa kepada landskap kering. <> Berapa banyak Antartika dilindungi oleh ais? || 98% <> Betapa tebal adalah ais yang merangkumi Antartika? || 1.6 km <> Berapa banyak ais di Antartika? || 90% <> Berapa banyak air tawar bumi yang diadakan di Antartika? || 70% <> Berapa jumlah hujan setahun di pedalaman Antartika? || 20 mm <> Apakah helaian ais merangkumi semua Antartika? || <> Apa lembaran ais purata sekurang-kurangnya 1 kilometer tebal? || <> Apa benua mempunyai 90% air tawar di dunia? || <> Apa benua mempunyai 70% daripada ais dunia? || <> Di mana di Antartika adalah ppercipitation serendah 0,8 mm? || <> Apakah purata rata-rata 1.6 m? || <> Apakah 90% daripada Antartika dilindungi? || <> Apa Antartika mempunyai 98% bagi dunia? || <> Berapa banyak Antartika air tawar? || <> Bagaimana paras laut naik 200 m? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?", "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db5", "answers": [{"text": "98%", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?", "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db6", "answers": [{"text": "1.6 km", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?", "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db7", "answers": [{"text": "90%", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?", "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db8", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?", "id": "570e11f30dc6ce1900204db9", "answers": [{"text": "20 mm", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Antarctic ice sheet", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What ice sheet covers all of Antarctica?", "id": "5ad242ecd7d075001a4289ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic ice sheet", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick?", "id": "5ad242ecd7d075001a4289af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What continent has 90% of the worlds fresh water?", "id": "5ad242ecd7d075001a4289b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What continent has 70% of the worlds ice?", "id": "5ad242ecd7d075001a4289b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the interior", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "Where on Antarctica is the ppercipitation as low as .8 mm?", "id": "5ad242ecd7d075001a4289b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic ice sheet", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What is, on average, 1.6 mi thick?", "id": "5ad2ae2ed7d075001a429eea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic ice sheet", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What is 90% of Antarctica covered by?", "id": "5ad2ae2ed7d075001a429eeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "world's ice", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What does Antarctica have 98% of for the world?", "id": "5ad2ae2ed7d075001a429eec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "How much of Antarctica is fresh water?", "id": "5ad2ae2ed7d075001a429eed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "If all of this ice were melted", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "How would the sea levels rise 200 m?", "id": "5ad2ae2ed7d075001a429eee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few \"blue ice\" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape."}], ["Walaupun batubara, hidrokarbon, bijih besi, platinum, tembaga, kromium, nikel, emas dan lain-lain mineral didapati, mereka tidak mempunyai jumlah yang cukup besar untuk mengeksploitasi. Protokol 1991 tentang Perlindungan Alam Sekitar terhadap Perjanjian Antartika juga menyekat perjuangan untuk sumber. Pada tahun 1998, perjanjian kompromi telah dicapai untuk mengharamkan larangan perlombongan yang tidak terbatas, untuk dikaji semula pada tahun 2048, seterusnya membatasi pembangunan ekonomi dan eksploitasi. Aktiviti ekonomi utama adalah perdagangan menawan dan luar pesisir ikan. Perikanan Antartika pada tahun 2000-01 dilaporkan mendarat 112,934 tan metrik. <> Apa Protokol Perlindungan Alam Sekitar berusaha untuk mengawal selia? || sumber <> Pada tahun berapa perjanjian telah sampai ke larangan perlombongan di Antartika? || 1998 <> Bilakah larangan pertambangan ditinjau semula? || 2048 <> Apakah aktiviti ekonomi utama berhampiran Antartika? || dagangan ikan <> Berapa banyak tan ikan yang dilaporkan ditangkap pada 2000-01? || 112,934 tan <> Apakah mineral yang terdapat dalam kuantiti yang cukup besar untuk mengeksploitasi? || <> Apakah Protokol 1919 tentang Perlindungan Alam Sekitar terhadap Perjanjian Antartika mengehadkan? || <> Apa yang telah dicapai pada tahun 1989? || <> Berapa banyak tan yang melaporkan laporan perikanan Antartika pada tahun 2000? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?", "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c91", "answers": [{"text": "resources", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?", "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c92", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When will the mining ban be reviewed?", "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c93", "answers": [{"text": "2048", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?", "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c94", "answers": [{"text": "trading of fish", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?", "id": "570e0bb30b85d914000d7c95", "answers": [{"text": "112,934 tonnes", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What minerals have been found in quantities large enough to exploit?", "id": "5ad2ce11d7d075001a42a2d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a struggle for resources", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "What does the 1919 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty restrict?", "id": "5ad2ce11d7d075001a42a2d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What was reached in 1989?", "id": "5ad2ce11d7d075001a42a2da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "112,934", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "How many tonnes did Antarctic fisheries report in 2000?", "id": "5ad2ce11d7d075001a42a2db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000\u201301 reported landing 112,934 tonnes."}], ["Afrika dipisahkan dari Antartika di Jurassic, kira-kira 160 Ma, diikuti oleh anak benua India pada awal Cretaceous (kira-kira 125 Ma). Menjelang akhir Cretaceous, kira-kira 66 Ma, Antartika (kemudian dihubungkan ke Australia) masih mempunyai iklim dan flora subtropika, lengkap dengan fauna marsupial. Di zaman Eocene, kira-kira 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea dipisahkan dari Antartika, sehingga arus latitudina dapat mengasingkan Antartika dari Australia, dan es pertama mula muncul. Semasa peristiwa kepupusan Eocene-Oligocene kira-kira 34 juta tahun yang lalu, paras CO2 didapati kira-kira 760 ppm dan telah berkurang dari peringkat sebelumnya dalam ribuan ppm. <> Dalam apa tempoh Afrika ditinggalkan dari Antartika? || Jurassic <> Bilakah Antartika masih menyertai Australia? || end of the Cretaceous <> Apa jenis iklim yang ada di Antartika dalam periode Cretaceous? || subtropika <> Bilakah Australia terpisah dari Antartika? || Eocene epoch <> Selepas pembahagian dari Australia, apa yang mula muncul? || ais <> Apa yang dipisahkan dari Antartika di dalam Cretaceous? || <> Apa yang dihubungkan Antactica ke dalam Jurassic? || <> Bilakah Antartika mempunyai cemeti tropika? || <> Apa arus mula mengasingkan Australia dalam 66 Ma || <> Apa yang berlaku sekitar 106 Ma? || <> Bilakah New Guinea Australia terpisah dari Antartika? || <> Apa yang berlaku sekitar 43 juta tahun yang lalu? || <> Apa yang didapati 670ppm sekitar 34 juta tahun yang lalu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?", "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7caf", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?", "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb0", "answers": [{"text": "end of the Cretaceous", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?", "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb1", "answers": [{"text": "subtropical", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Australia separate from Antarctica?", "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb2", "answers": [{"text": "Eocene epoch", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the division from Australia, what began to appear?", "id": "570e152a0b85d914000d7cb3", "answers": [{"text": "ice", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Africa", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What seperated from Antarctica in the Cretaceous?", "id": "5ad255b3d7d075001a428d50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What did Antactica connect to in the Jurassic?", "id": "5ad255b3d7d075001a428d51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cretaceous", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "When did Antarctica have a tropical cimate?", "id": "5ad255b3d7d075001a428d52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "latitudinal currents", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What currents began isolating Australia in 66 Ma", "id": "5ad255b3d7d075001a428d53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Africa separated from Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happened around 106 Ma?", "id": "5ad2b4f1d7d075001a429fd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In the Eocene epoch", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "When did New-Australia Guinea separate from Antarctica? ", "id": "5ad2b4f1d7d075001a429fd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eocene\u2013Oligocene extinction event", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "What took place about 43 million years ago?", "id": "5ad2b4f1d7d075001a429fda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CO2 levels", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "What was found to be 670ppm about 34 million years ago?", "id": "5ad2b4f1d7d075001a429fdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene\u2013Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm."}], ["Antartika lebih sejuk daripada Artik kerana tiga sebab. Pertama, banyak benua adalah lebih dari 3,000 m (9,800 kaki) di atas permukaan laut, dan suhu berkurang dengan ketinggian di troposfera. Kedua, Lautan Artik merangkumi zon polar utara: kehangatan relatif lautan dipindahkan melalui icepack dan menghalang suhu di wilayah Artik dari mencapai ketinggian yang tipikal permukaan tanah Antartika. Ketiga, Bumi berada pada aphelion pada bulan Julai (iaitu, Bumi adalah terjauh dari Matahari di musim sejuk Antartika), dan Bumi berada pada perihelion pada bulan Januari (iaitu Bumi paling dekat dengan Matahari di musim panas Antartika). Jarak orbit menyumbang kepada musim sejuk Antartik yang lebih sejuk (dan musim panas Antartik yang lebih panas) tetapi dua kesan pertama mempunyai kesan yang lebih besar. <> Antara pokok yang lebih sejuk? || Antartika <> Seberapa tinggi benua Antartika di atas paras laut? || 3,000 m <> Bagaimana lautan Arktik memanaskan Artik? || kehangatan dipindahkan <> Apa yang menyumbang kepada sejuk Antartika? || jarak orbital <> Apa suhu dilakukan dengan ketinggian? || berkurang <> Apa salah satu sebab Actric lebih sejuk daripada Antartika? || <> Seberapa jauh di atas paras laut adalah Artik? || <> Apa yang meningkat dengan ketinggian di tropasphere? || <> Bagaimana Antartika memanaskan Lautan Arktik? || <> Berapa banyak sebab yang diberikan untuk Arctic yang lebih sejuk daripada Antartika? || <> Apa benua adalah 3,000 kaki di atas paras laut? || <> Apakah orbit jarak menyumbang? || <> Apa benua 9,800 m di atas paras laut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which of the the poles is colder?", "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cb9", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?", "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cba", "answers": [{"text": "3,000 m", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?", "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cbb", "answers": [{"text": "warmth is transferred", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What contributes to the Antarctic cold?", "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cbc", "answers": [{"text": "orbital distance", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does temperature do with elevation?", "id": "570e16ea0b85d914000d7cbd", "answers": [{"text": "decreases", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What is one reason the Actric colder than Antarctica?", "id": "5ad25bbed7d075001a428e82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3,000 m (9,800 ft)", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "How far above sea level is the Arctic?", "id": "5ad25bbed7d075001a428e83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperature", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What increases with elevation in the tropasphere?", "id": "5ad25bbed7d075001a428e84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "How does the Arctic Ocean warm Antarctica?", "id": "5ad25bbed7d075001a428e85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "How many reasons are given for the Arctic being colder than Antarctica?", "id": "5ad2bbf1d7d075001a42a094", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What continent is 3,000 ft above sea level?", "id": "5ad2bbf1d7d075001a42a095", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a colder Antarctic winter", "answer_start": 681}], "question": "What does the distance orbital contribute to?", "id": "5ad2bbf1d7d075001a42a096", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What continent is 9,800 m above sea level?", "id": "5ad2bbf1d7d075001a42a097", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact."}], ["Antartika tidak mempunyai penduduk asli dan tidak ada bukti bahawa ia dilihat oleh manusia sehingga abad ke-19. Walau bagaimanapun, kepercayaan terhadap kewujudan Terra Australis-sebuah benua yang luas di selatan dunia untuk \"mengimbangi\" tanah utara Eropah, Asia dan Afrika Utara-telah wujud sejak zaman Ptolemy (abad ke-1 Masihi), yang mencadangkan idea untuk memelihara simetri semua landmasses yang diketahui di dunia. Walaupun di akhir abad ke-17, selepas penjelajah mendapati bahawa Amerika Selatan dan Australia bukan sebahagian daripada \"Antartika\", para geografer percaya bahawa benua itu jauh lebih besar daripada saiz sebenarnya. <> Bilakah kali pertama manusia melawat Antartika? || Abad ke-19 <> Apa Antartika dianggap oleh pemikir purba? || keseimbangan <> Apa yang Ptolemy menunjukkan bahawa jisim selatan akan dilakukan untuk memelihara? || simetri <> Daripada apa yang diterokai awal memikirkan Australia dan Amerika Selatan adalah sebahagian? || Antartika <> Geografi awal berpendapat bahawa Antartika adalah ukurannya? || lebih besar <> Bilakah Antartika terakhir dilihat oleh manusia? || <> Apakah benua yang luas di utara? || <> Siapa yang mencadangkan idea Terrs Australis dalam B.C. || <> Apa yang ditemui pada tahun 1700? || <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa Antartika lebih kecil maka saiz sebenarnya? || <> Apakah benua mempunyai penduduk asli yang datang pada abad ke-19? || <> Apa itu Australis Terra? || <> Siapa yang mencadangkan Australis Terra? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?", "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9b", "answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?", "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9c", "answers": [{"text": "balance", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? ", "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9d", "answers": [{"text": "symmetry", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?", "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9e", "answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?", "id": "570e10d20b85d914000d7c9f", "answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19th century", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "When was Antarctica last seen by humans?", "id": "5ad23535d7d075001a4287e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Terra Australis", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What is the vast continent in the far north?", "id": "5ad23535d7d075001a4287e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Who suggested the idea of Terrs Australis in the 1st cuntury B.C.?", "id": "5ad23535d7d075001a4287e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled \"Antarctica\",", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What was discovered in the 1700's?", "id": "5ad23535d7d075001a4287e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "geographers", "answer_start": 557}], "question": "Who believed thet Antarctica was smaller then its actual size?", "id": "5ad23535d7d075001a4287e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What continent has an indigenous population that arrived in the 19th century?", "id": "5ad2a781d7d075001a429e0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a vast continent in the far south of the globe to \"balance\" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What is Australis Terra?", "id": "5ad2a781d7d075001a429e0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Who suggested Australis Terra?", "id": "5ad2a781d7d075001a429e0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis\u2014a vast continent in the far south of the globe to \"balance\" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa\u2014had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled \"Antarctica\", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size."}], ["Koleksi besar meteorit ini membolehkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang kelimpahan jenis meteorit dalam sistem suria dan bagaimana meteorit berkaitan dengan asteroid dan komet. Jenis baru meteorit dan meteorit jarang ditemui. Antaranya adalah kepingan yang meletup dari Bulan, dan mungkin Marikh, dengan kesan. Spesimen-spesimen ini, terutama ALH84001 yang ditemui oleh ANSMET, berada di tengah-tengah kontroversi mengenai kemungkinan bukti kehidupan mikrob di Marikh. Kerana meteorit di angkasa menyerap dan merakam sinaran kosmik, masa berlalu sejak meteorit melanda Bumi boleh ditentukan dari kajian makmal. Masa yang berlalu sejak jatuh, atau usia kediaman daratan, meteorit mewakili lebih banyak maklumat yang mungkin berguna dalam kajian persekitaran lembaran ais Antartika. <> Bagaimana meteorit yang terdapat di Antartika menambah pengetahuan tentang sistem solar? || Pemahaman yang lebih baik <> Selain jenis-jenis meteorit yang jarang berlaku, apa jenis meteorit lain yang terdapat di Antartika? || Jenis-jenis baru <> Dari mana di dalam sistem solar boleh meteorit telah datang? || Bulan <> Mengenai apa planet berhampiran yang boleh meteorit Antartika memegang data? || Mars <> Apa meteorit menyerap yang boleh digunakan untuk memahami berapa lama meteorit itu? || radiasi kosmik <> Apakah AHL84010? || <> Siapa yang menemui meteorit AHL84010? || <> Apakah kontroversi mengelilingi AHL84010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?", "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da1", "answers": [{"text": "better understanding", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?", "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da2", "answers": [{"text": "New types", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?", "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da3", "answers": [{"text": "Moon", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?", "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da4", "answers": [{"text": "Mars", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?", "id": "570e0da70dc6ce1900204da5", "answers": [{"text": "cosmic radiation", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "meteorites", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What is AHL84010?", "id": "5ad2d7a2d7d075001a42a42e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ANSMET", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Who discovered the AHL84010 meteorite? ", "id": "5ad2d7a2d7d075001a42a42f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "possible evidence of microbial life on Mars.", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "What controversy surrounds the AHL84010?", "id": "5ad2d7a2d7d075001a42a430", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets."}], ["Terdapat beberapa bukti, dalam bentuk teras ais yang dibor ke kira-kira 400 m (1,300 kaki) di atas garis air, perairan Lake Vostok mungkin mengandungi kehidupan mikroba. Permukaan beku tasik itu menyerupai persamaan dengan bulan Jupiter, Europa. Jika kehidupan ditemui di Tasik Vostok, ia akan menguatkan hujah untuk kemungkinan hidup di Europa. Pada 7 Februari 2008, sebuah pasukan NASA memulakan misi ke Lake Untersee, mencari extremophiles di perairan yang sangat beralkali. Sekiranya didapati, makhluk-makhluk yang berdaya tahan ini dapat meningkatkan hujah kehidupan makhluk luar angkasa dalam persekitaran yang sangat sejuk, metana. <> Tasik apa yang dikatakan mengandung kehidupan mikroba? || Lake Vostok <> Kepada apa yang menyerupai permukaan Lake Tasik Vostok? || Europa <> Dengan apa yang dikaitkan dengan Europa? || Bulan janet <> Bilakah NASA pergi ke ekspedisi ke Lake Untersee? || 7 Februari 2008 <> Untuk apa yang dicari oleh NASA? || extremophiles <> Tasik apa di Eropah boleh menimbulkan kehidupan mikroba? || <> Planet apa yang mungkin mengandungi kehidupan? || <> Tasik apa yang mempunyai permukaan beku yang mirip dengan Musytari? || <> Siapa yang memasuki sebuah misi ke Lake Vostok pada tahun 2008? || <> Apa yang dicari oleh NASA di Lake Vostok? || <> Apa yang dibor ke kira-kira 400 kaki? || <> Apa yang mungkin mengandungi Tasik Vostok? || <> Apakah perairan di dalam tasik berkongsi persamaan dengan? || <> Di mana pasukan NASA pergi pada 8 Februari 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What lake is thought to contain microbial life?", "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca5", "answers": [{"text": "Lake Vostok", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?", "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca6", "answers": [{"text": "Europa", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what is Europa associated??", "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca7", "answers": [{"text": "Jupiter's moon", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?", "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca8", "answers": [{"text": "7 February 2008", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what was NASA searching?", "id": "570e13df0b85d914000d7ca9", "answers": [{"text": "extremophiles", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lake Vostok's", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What lake on Europe may conatin microbial life?", "id": "5ad24b36d7d075001a428bda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jupiter", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What planet might contain life?", "id": "5ad24b36d7d075001a428bdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lake Vostok", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What lake has a frozen surface similar to Jupiter?", "id": "5ad24b36d7d075001a428bdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NASA team", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "Who emberked on a mission to Lake Vostok in 2008?", "id": "5ad24b36d7d075001a428bdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "extremophiles", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "What was NASA searching for in Lake Vostok?", "id": "5ad24b36d7d075001a428bde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ice cores", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What was drilled to about 400 ft?", "id": "5ad2af74d7d075001a429f08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microbial life", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What might Vostok's Lake contain?", "id": "5ad2af74d7d075001a429f09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jupiter's moon, Europa", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What do the waters in the lake share similarities with?", "id": "5ad2af74d7d075001a429f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lake Untersee", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "Where did a NASA team go on 8 February 2007?", "id": "5ad2af74d7d075001a429f0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments."}], ["Protokol Perlindungan Alam Sekitar terhadap Perjanjian Antartika (juga dikenali sebagai Protokol Alam Sekitar atau Protokol Madrid) mula berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1998, dan merupakan instrumen utama yang berkaitan dengan pemuliharaan dan pengurusan biodiversiti di Antartika. Mesyuarat Perundingan Perjanjian Antartika disarankan mengenai isu alam sekitar dan pemuliharaan di Antartika oleh Jawatankuasa Perlindungan Alam Sekitar. Kebimbangan utama dalam jawatankuasa ini adalah risiko Antartika dari pengenalan spesies bukan asli dari luar wilayah. <> Bilakah Protokol Alam Sekitar menjadi berkesan? || 1998 <> Apa kebimbangan utama Protokol? || pemuliharaan <> Apa yang dilihat sebagai risiko utama di Antartika? || spesies bukan asli <> Kumpulan apa yang menasihati Mesyuarat Perundingan Perjanjian Antartika? || Jawatankuasa Perlindungan Alam Sekitar <> Selain pemuliharaan, apakah matlamat Protokol Alam Sekitar untuk mengurus? || biodiversiti <> Apakah Protokol Perlindungan Environomental ke Antartika Perjanjian yang juga dikenali sebagai? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1988? || <> Apakah Protokol Perlindungan Alam Sekitar terhadap Antartika Perjanjian? || <> Di manakah kebimbangan utama tentang spesies asli dari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?", "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c87", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main concern of the Protocol?", "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c88", "answers": [{"text": "conservation", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?", "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c89", "answers": [{"text": "non-native species", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?", "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c8a", "answers": [{"text": "Committee for Environmental Protection", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?", "id": "570e0a430b85d914000d7c8b", "answers": [{"text": "biodiversity", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What is the Environomental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic also known as?", "id": "5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Madrid Protocol", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What came into force in 1988?", "id": "5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What is the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic?", "id": "5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "outside the region.", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "Where is the main concern about native species from?", "id": "5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region."}], ["Pada tahun 2002, peti ais Larsen-B Semenanjung Antartika runtuh. Antara 28 Februari dan 8 Mac 2008, kira-kira 570 km2 (220 meter persegi) ais dari Wilkins Ice Shelf di bahagian barat daya semenanjung runtuh, meletakkan baki ais 15,000 km2 (5,800 meter persegi). Es itu ditahan oleh \"benang\" ais kira-kira 6 km (4 mi) luas, sebelum runtuhnya pada 5 April 2009. Menurut NASA, leburan permukaan Antartik yang paling meluas sejak 30 tahun yang lalu berlaku pada tahun 2005, apabila kawasan yang setanding dengan saiz ais ke California secara ringkas dicairkan dan diperbetulkan; ini mungkin disebabkan oleh suhu yang meningkat hingga setinggi 5 \u00b0 C (41 \u00b0 F). <> Bilakah rak ais Larsen-B runtuh? || 2002 <> Apa stok es Antartika runtuh pada tahun 2008? || Wilkins Ice Shelf <> Bilakah berlakunya ais lebur yang paling meluas? || 2005 <> Seberapa besar bahagian ais yang dicairkan dan diperbuat semula? || California <> Berapa tinggi bolehkah suhu meningkat untuk menyebabkan lebur? || 5 \u00b0 C <> Apa yang berlaku pada rak ais B-larsen pada tahun 2002? || <> Bilakah 570 meter persegi ais dari runtuhan Shelf Ice Wilkins? || <> Di manakah 15,000 meter persegi ais kekal? || <> Apa yang tersisa ais runtuh pada 9 April 2005? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?", "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dab", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?", "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dac", "answers": [{"text": "Wilkins Ice Shelf", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?", "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dad", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?", "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204dae", "answers": [{"text": "California", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?", "id": "570e0f250dc6ce1900204daf", "answers": [{"text": "5 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "collapsed", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What happened to the B-larsen ice shelf in 2002?", "id": "5ad2db41d7d075001a42a4e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Between 28 February and 8 March 2008", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "When did 570 sq mi of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf collapse?", "id": "5ad2db41d7d075001a42a4e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wilkins Ice Shelf", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Where did 15,000 sq mi of ice remain?", "id": "5ad2db41d7d075001a42a4e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What remaining ice collapsed on 9 April 2005?", "id": "5ad2db41d7d075001a42a4e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F)."}], ["Emilio Marcos Palma adalah orang pertama yang lahir di selatan selatan ke-60 (sempadan kontinental mengikut Perjanjian Antartika), dan juga yang pertama dilahirkan di tanah besar Antartika, pada tahun 1978 di Pangkalan Esperanza, di ujung Semenanjung Antartika ; ibu bapanya dihantar bersama dengan tujuh keluarga lain oleh kerajaan Argentina untuk menentukan sama ada benua itu sesuai untuk kehidupan keluarga. Pada tahun 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho dilahirkan di Stesen Frei Montalva, menjadi Chile pertama yang lahir di Antartika. Beberapa pangkalan kini menjadi rumah kepada keluarga dengan anak-anak yang menghadiri sekolah di stesen. Sehingga tahun 2009, sebelas kanak-kanak dilahirkan di Antartika (selatan selatan ke-60): lapan di Pangkalan Esperanza Argentina dan tiga di Stesen Frei Montalva Chili. <> Siapa orang pertama yang lahir di selatan selari ke-60? || Emilio Marcos Palma <> Di manakah batas kontinental Antartika? || 60 paralel selatan <> Bilakah Palma dilahirkan? || 1978 <> Apakah keluarga Palma dihantar ke Antartika untuk menentukan? || sesuai untuk kehidupan keluarga <> Apakah had kontinental ditetapkan di bawah selekoh ke-60? || <> Siapa yang dilahirkan pada tahun 20009 || <> Di mana Juan Pablo Camacho dilahirkan pada tahun 1978? || <> Apakah Marcos Emilio Palma yang pertama buat? || <> Apa tanah besarnya Marcos Emilio Palma yang pertama dilahirkan? || <> Siapa yang dilahirkan pada tahun 1987? || <> Siapa dilahirkan pada 1948 di Stesen Frei Monalva? || <> Berapa banyak anak dilahirkan di Antartika pada tahun 2011? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?", "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc3", "answers": [{"text": "Emilio Marcos Palma", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?", "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc4", "answers": [{"text": "60th parallel south", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Palma born?", "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc5", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?", "id": "570e18430b85d914000d7cc6", "answers": [{"text": "suitable for family life", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 651}], "question": "What continental limit is set below the 60th parallel?", "id": "5ad25febd7d075001a428fa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emilio Marcos Palma", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was born in 20009", "id": "5ad25febd7d075001a428fa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frei Montalva Station", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "Where was Juan Pablo Camacho born in 1978?", "id": "5ad25febd7d075001a428faa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "born south of the 60th parallel south", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What was Marcos Emilio Palma the first to do?", "id": "5ad2c209d7d075001a42a10e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctic", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What mainland was Marcos Emilio Palma the first to be born on?", "id": "5ad2c209d7d075001a42a10f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emilio Marcos Palma", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was born in 1987?", "id": "5ad2c209d7d075001a42a110", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Juan Pablo Camacho", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "Who was born in 1948 at the Frei Monalva Station?", "id": "5ad2c209d7d075001a42a111", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "How many children were born in Antarctica as of 2011?", "id": "5ad2c209d7d075001a42a112", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station."}], ["Argentine, British dan Chile mendakwa semua pertindihan, dan telah menyebabkan geseran. Pada 18 Disember 2012, Pejabat Luar dan Komanwel British menamakan kawasan sebelum ini yang tidak dinamakan Queen Elizabeth Land sebagai penghormatan kepada Diamond Jubilee Ratu Elizabeth II. Pada 22 Disember 2012, duta besar Inggeris ke Argentina, John Freeman, dipanggil kepada kerajaan Argentina sebagai bantahan terhadap tuntutan itu. Hubungan Argentina-UK sebelum ini telah rosak sepanjang tahun 2012 disebabkan pertikaian mengenai kedaulatan Kepulauan Falkland yang berhampiran, dan ulang tahun ke-30 Perang Falkland. <> Apakah tuntutan British pada tahun 2012? || Queen Elizabeth Land <> Untuk apa tuntutan tanah sebagai penghormatan? || <Br> Apakah tanggapan tanggapan Argentina terhadap tuntutan tanah Britain? || protes <> Apa perang tahun 2012 ulang tahun? || Perang Falklands <> Bilakah British mendakwa Queen Elizabeth Land di Antartika? || 18 Disember 2012 <> Apa yang berlaku pada 12 Disember 2018? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada 12 Disember 2012? || <> Apa pulau-pulau yang diperjuangkan dalam Perang Falklands ke-30? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the British claim in 2012?", "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7ccd", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth Land", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what was the claim of land in tribute?", "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7cce", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?", "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7ccf", "answers": [{"text": "protest", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?", "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7cd0", "answers": [{"text": "Falklands War", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?", "id": "570e1bd10b85d914000d7cd1", "answers": [{"text": "18 December 2012", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What happened on 12 December 2018?", "id": "5ad2cd08d7d075001a42a2b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What happened on 12 December 2012?", "id": "5ad2cd08d7d075001a42a2b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Falkland Islands", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What islands were fought over in the 30th Falklands War?", "id": "5ad2cd08d7d075001a42a2b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine\u2013UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War."}], ["Terdapat beberapa kebimbangan mengenai potensi kesan alam sekitar dan ekosistem yang buruk yang disebabkan oleh kemasukan pelawat. Sesetengah ahli alam sekitar dan saintis telah membuat panggilan untuk peraturan yang lebih ketat untuk kapal dan kuota pelancongan. Sambutan utama oleh Pihak Perjanjian Antartika telah dibangunkan, melalui Jawatankuasa Perlindungan Alam Sekitar mereka dan dengan kerjasama IAATO, \"garis panduan penggunaan tapak\" menetapkan had pendaratan dan zon tertutup atau terhad pada tapak yang lebih sering dikunjungi. Penerbangan bersiar-siar Antartika (yang tidak mendarat) dioperasikan dari Australia dan New Zealand sehingga kemalangan maut Air New Zealand Flight 901 pada tahun 1979 di Gunung Erebus, yang membunuh semua 257 kapal. Qantas menyambung semula kekayaan komersial ke Antartika dari Australia pada pertengahan 1990-an. <> Kemasukannya telah menyebabkan beberapa bimbang tentang kebajikan Antartika? || pengunjung <> Apa yang ingin dikuatkuasakan oleh alam sekitar? || peraturan yang ketat <> Apa jenis batas pelancongan yang diminta oleh ahli alam sekitar? || kuota pelancongan <> Apa yang dihasilkan pihak berkuasa sebagai tindak balas kepada permintaan ini? || Panduan penggunaan tapak <> Bilakah pesawat Air New Zealand runtuh di Gunung Erebus? || 1979 <> Apa penerbangan terhempas pada tahun 1997? || <> Berapa banyak orang yang meninggal dalam nahas Penerbangan 901 1997? || <> Siapa yang meneruskan lampau komersial ke Antartika ke Australia pada tahun 1990? || <> Di manakah penerbangan bersiar-siar yang beroperasi di luar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?", "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cd7", "answers": [{"text": "visitors", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do environmentalists want enacted?", "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cd8", "answers": [{"text": "stricter regulations", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?", "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cd9", "answers": [{"text": "tourism quota", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?", "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cda", "answers": [{"text": "site use guidelines", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?", "id": "570e1d420b85d914000d7cdb", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Air New Zealand Flight 901", "answer_start": 622}], "question": "What flight crashed in 1997?", "id": "5ad2cf2cd7d075001a42a2fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "257", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "How many people died in the 1997 Flight 901 crash?", "id": "5ad2cf2cd7d075001a42a2ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Qantas", "answer_start": 703}], "question": "Who resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica to Australia in 1990?", "id": "5ad2cf2cd7d075001a42a300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia and New Zealand", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "Where did sightseeing flights that did land operate out of?", "id": "5ad2cf2cd7d075001a42a301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, \"site use guidelines\" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s."}], ["Penyelidik merangkumi ahli biologi, ahli geologi, ahli laut, ahli fizik, ahli astronomi, ahli glasiologi, dan ahli meteorologi. Ahli geologi cenderung mempelajari tectonics plat, meteorit dari luar angkasa, dan sumber-sumber dari pemisahan supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists di Antartika bimbang dengan kajian sejarah dan dinamik ais terapung, salji bermusim, glasier, dan lembaran ais. Para ahli biologi, selain meneliti hidupan liar, berminat dengan suhu yang keras dan kehadiran orang ramai mempengaruhi strategi penyesuaian dan survival dalam pelbagai organisma. Pakar perubatan telah membuat penemuan mengenai penyebaran virus dan tindak balas badan terhadap suhu bermusim yang melampau. Astrophysicists di Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station mengkaji kubah celestial dan sinaran latar gelombang mikro kosmik. Banyak pemerhatian astronomi lebih baik dibuat dari pedalaman Antartika daripada dari kebanyakan lokasi permukaan kerana ketinggian yang tinggi, yang menghasilkan suasana yang tipis; suhu rendah, yang mengurangkan jumlah wap air di atmosfera; dan ketiadaan pencemaran cahaya, dengan itu membolehkan pandangan ruang yang lebih jelas dari mana-mana tempat di Bumi. Es Antartika berfungsi sebagai perisai dan medium pengesanan untuk teleskop neutrino terbesar di dunia, yang dibina 2 km (1.2 mi) di bawah stesen Amundsen-Scott. <> Apakah kumpulan saintis mempelajari tektonik? || Ahli geologi <> Sains mana yang berkaitan dengan kajian dinamik ais? || Glaciologists <> Siapa yang berminat dengan kesan persekitaran yang keras pada manusia? || Ahli biologi <> Apakah jenis pemerhatian menggunakan ketinggian tinggi dan suasana nipis untuk ruang tontonan? || astronomi <> Di manakah teleskop neutrino terbesar di Bumi? || Stesen Amundsen-Scott. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh astrophysicists di Scott-Aumundsen South Pole Station? || <> Apa yang dibina 2 mi di bawah stesen Amundsen-Scott? || <> Mengapa pemerhatian astronomi lebih baik dibuat dari kebanyakan lokasi permukaan? || <> Apakah 2 mil ais berfungsi sebagai teleskop? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group of scientists study tectonics?", "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dc9", "answers": [{"text": "Geologists", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?", "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dca", "answers": [{"text": "Glaciologists", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?", "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcb", "answers": [{"text": "Biologists", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?", "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcc", "answers": [{"text": "astronomical", "answer_start": 851}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?", "id": "570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcd", "answers": [{"text": "Amundsen\u2013Scott station.", "answer_start": 1347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation", "answer_start": 788}], "question": "What do astrophysicists at the Scott-Aumundsen South Pole Station study?", "id": "5ad2d28ed7d075001a42a388", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the largest neutrino telescope in the world", "answer_start": 1276}], "question": "What was built 2 mi below the Amundsen-Scott station?", "id": "5ad2d28ed7d075001a42a389", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "because of the high elevation", "answer_start": 958}], "question": "Why are astronomical observations better made from most surface locations?", "id": "5ad2d28ed7d075001a42a38a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the shield and the detection medium", "answer_start": 1236}], "question": "What does the 2 mile ice serve as for the telescope?", "id": "5ad2d28ed7d075001a42a38b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen\u2013Scott station."}], ["Kira-kira 1150 spesis kulat telah direkodkan dari Antartika, di mana kira-kira 750 tidak membentuk lichen dan 400 pembentukan lichen. Sesetengah spesies ini adalah cryptoendoliths sebagai akibat daripada evolusi di bawah keadaan yang melampau, dan telah menyumbang secara signifikan untuk membentuk formasi batuan yang mengesankan McMurdo Dry Valleys dan pegunungan di sekitarnya. Morfologi nampaknya mudah, struktur yang jarang dibezakan, sistem metabolik dan enzim masih aktif pada suhu yang sangat rendah, dan mengurangkan kitaran hidup yang ditunjukkan oleh kulat itu menjadikannya sangat sesuai untuk persekitaran yang keras seperti McMurdo Dry Valleys. Khususnya, sel-sel yang berdinding tebal dan sangat melanis menjadikannya tahan terhadap cahaya UV. Ciri-ciri ini juga boleh diperhatikan dalam alga dan cyanobacteria, menunjukkan bahawa ini adalah penyesuaian kepada keadaan yang berlaku di Antartika. Ini telah membawa kepada spekulasi bahawa, jika kehidupan yang pernah berlaku di Marikh, mungkin kelihatan serupa dengan kulat Antartika seperti Cryomyces minteri. Sebahagian daripada kulat ini juga nampaknya endemik ke Antartika. Kulat Endemik Antartika juga termasuk spesies kuman yang menghuni hidung yang perlu berubah sebagai tindak balas kepada cabaran berganda yang melampau sejuk semasa tumbuh kotoran, dan keperluan untuk terus hidup melalui usus haiwan berdarah panas. <> Berapa banyak spesies kulat telah ditemui di Antartika? || 1150 <> Berapa banyak kulat yang ada di Antartika yang membentuk lichen? || 400 <> Jenis jamur yang membantu membentuk formasi batu di Antartika? || cryptoendoliths <> Apakah kajian kulat di Antartika yang ditunjukkan tentang organisma ini? || penyesuaian <> Bagaimana ia mengumumkan bahawa kehidupan Marikh mungkin telah berkembang? || serupa dengan Antartika <> Berapa banyak spesies kulat ada di Kutub Selatan? || <> Di manakah 400 kulat bukan kulat membentuk? || <> Di manakah terdapat 750 kulat membentuk kulat? || <> Apakah jenis kulat yang membantu memecah batu di Antartika? || <> Di manakah terdapat kulat yang membentuk 750 lichen? || <> Di manakah terdapat 400 kulat yang tidak berbentuk lichen? || <> Apa yang menyumbang dengan ketara untuk membentuk Lembah McMurdo kering? || <> Apa jenis persekitarannya ialah Dr McMurdo Valleys? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?", "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dbf", "answers": [{"text": "1150", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?", "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc0", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?", "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc1", "answers": [{"text": "cryptoendoliths", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?", "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc2", "answers": [{"text": "adaptations", "answer_start": 818}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?", "id": "570e1a2a0dc6ce1900204dc3", "answers": [{"text": "similar to Antarctic", "answer_start": 960}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1150 species", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "How many species of fungi are there at the South Pole?", "id": "5ad26518d7d075001a429198", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where are there 400 non-lichen forming fungi?", "id": "5ad26518d7d075001a429199", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where are there 750 lichen-forming fungi?", "id": "5ad26518d7d075001a42919a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cryptoendoliths", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What type of fungi help break down rock in Antarctica?", "id": "5ad26518d7d075001a42919b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where were 750 lichen-forming fungi found?", "id": "5ad2c4c7d7d075001a42a178", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antarctica", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where were 400 non-lichen-forming fungi found?", "id": "5ad2c4c7d7d075001a42a179", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cryptoendoliths", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What has significantly contributed to shaping the Dry McMurdo Valleys?", "id": "5ad2c4c7d7d075001a42a17a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "harsh", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "What type of environment is the Dr McMurdo Valleys?", "id": "5ad2c4c7d7d075001a42a17b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals."}]], [["Eritrea adalah ahli Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, Kesatuan Afrika, dan merupakan ahli pemerhati Liga Arab. Negara itu memegang jawatan pada Jawatankuasa Penasihat Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu mengenai Pertanyaan Pentadbiran dan Belanjawan (ACABQ). Eritrea juga memiliki keahlian di Bank Antarabangsa untuk Pembinaan Semula dan Pembangunan, Perbadanan Kewangan Antarabangsa, Organisasi Politik Jenayah Antarabangsa (INTERPOL), Gerakan Non-Blok, Organisasi Larangan Senjata Kimia, Mahkamah Timbang Tara Tetap, dan Organisasi Kastam Sedunia. <> Apakah singkatan bagi Jawatankuasa Penasihat Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu mengenai Pertanyaan Pentadbiran dan Belanjawan? || ACABQ <> Apa arti INTERPOL untuk akronim? || Organisasi Polis Jenayah Antarabangsa <> Liga mana yang merupakan ahli pemerhati Eritrea? || Liga Arab <> Apakah akronim bagi Pergerakan Tidak Selaras? || <> Apakah akronim bagi Organisasi Larangan Senjata Kimia? || <> Apakah akronim bagi Bank Antarabangsa bagi Semula dan Pembangunan? || <> Apakah akronim bagi Mahkamah Timbang Tara Tetap? || <> Apakah akronim bagi Organisasi Kastam Sedunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?", "id": "570db0b7df2f5219002ed0f6", "answers": [{"text": "ACABQ", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?", "id": "570db0b7df2f5219002ed0f7", "answers": [{"text": "International Criminal Police Organization", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?", "id": "570db0b7df2f5219002ed0f8", "answers": [{"text": "Arab League", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ACABQ", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What is the acronym for the Non-aligned Movement?", "id": "5ad0cde4645df0001a2d0406", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "INTERPOL", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What is the acronym for the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons?", "id": "5ad0cde4645df0001a2d0407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "INTERPOL", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What is the acronym for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development?", "id": "5ad0cde4645df0001a2d0408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ACABQ", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What is the acronym for the Permanent Court of Arbitration?", "id": "5ad0cde4645df0001a2d0409", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "INTERPOL", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What is the acronym for the World Customs Organization?", "id": "5ad0cde4645df0001a2d040a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization."}], ["Kerajaan itu disebutkan dalam Periplus Laut Erythraean sebagai tempat pasar penting untuk gading, yang diekspor ke seluruh dunia kuno. Aksum pada masa itu diperintah oleh Zoskales, yang juga menguasai pelabuhan Adulis. Penguasa Aksumite memfasilitasi perdagangan dengan memalsukan mata wang Aksumite mereka sendiri. Negara ini juga membentuk hegemoni atas Kerajaan Kush yang menurun dan kerap memasuki politik kerajaan di semenanjung Arab, akhirnya memperluas pemerintahannya di rantau ini dengan penaklukan Kerajaan Himyarit. <> Siapa yang memerintah Aksum dan juga memerintah pelabuhan Adulis? || Zoskales <> Bagaimana penguasa Aksumite memudahkan perdagangan? || dengan memalsukan mata wang Aksumite mereka sendiri <> Yang mana kerajaan Aksum kerap memasuki politik? || di Semenanjung Arab <> Siapa yang menakluki Aksum untuk memperpanjang pemerintahannya di semenanjung Arab? || Kerajaan Himyarite <> Di mana Ivory dieksport mengikut Periplus dari Laut Erythraean? || di seluruh dunia kuno <> Yang wajahnya ada pada mata wang Aksumite? || <> Apa politik negara apakah penguasa Aksumite enggan terlibat? || <> Siapa penguasa Kerajaan Himyarite pada masa itu? || <> Di negara apakah Periplus dari Laut Erythraean ditulis? || <> Produk apa yang dilakukan oleh eksport Kerajaan Kush? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?", "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf5", "answers": [{"text": "Zoskales", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?", "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf6", "answers": [{"text": "by minting their own Aksumite currency", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?", "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf7", "answers": [{"text": "on the Arabian peninsula", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?", "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf8", "answers": [{"text": "Himyarite Kingdom", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?", "id": "570db26616d0071400510cf9", "answers": [{"text": "throughout the ancient world", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zoskales", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Whose face was on the Aksumite currency?", "id": "5ad0afdc645df0001a2d0048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kingdom of Kush", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What country politics did the Aksumite rulers refuse to get involved with?", "id": "5ad0afdc645df0001a2d0049", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zoskales", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Who was the ruler of the Himyarite Kingdom at the time?", "id": "5ad0afdc645df0001a2d004a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Himyarite Kingdom", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "In what country was the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written?", "id": "5ad0afdc645df0001a2d004b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ivory", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What product did the Kingdom of Kush export?", "id": "5ad0afdc645df0001a2d004c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom."}], ["Aksumites mendirikan beberapa stelae besar, yang melayani tujuan keagamaan di zaman pra-Kristian. Salah satu tiang granit, obelisk Aksum, adalah struktur yang terbesar di dunia, berdiri pada 90 kaki. Di bawah Ezana (ms 320-360), Aksum kemudian mengadopsi kekristenan. Pada abad ke-7, umat Islam awal dari Mekah juga mencari perlindungan dari penganiayaan Quraysh dengan perjalanan ke kerajaan, sebuah perjalanan yang dikenali dalam sejarah Islam sebagai Hijrah Pertama. Ia juga merupakan tempat berehat yang dikatakan Ark Perjanjian dan rumah Ratu Sheba yang dikatakan. <> Tujuan apa yang dilakukan oleh stelae? || agama <> yang mendirikan beberapa stelae besar di zaman pra-kristen? || The Aksumites <> Yang stelae dianggap terbesar di dunia, berdiri pada 90 kaki? || obelisk Aksum <> yang akhirnya mengadopsi kekristenan di bawah Ezana? || Aksum <> Di mana Tabut Perjanjian itu dipercayai sedang berehat? || Aksum <> Dalam tahun apakah obelisk Aksum diukir? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Aksum menjadi Kristian? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Mekah ditubuhkan? || <> Seberapa jauh di atas paras laut adalah Mekah? || <> Apa yang umat Islam membina pada abad ke-7 untuk tujuan keagamaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What purpose did stelae serve?", "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce1", "answers": [{"text": "religious", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?", "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce2", "answers": [{"text": "The Aksumites", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?", "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce3", "answers": [{"text": "the obelisk of Aksum", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?", "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce4", "answers": [{"text": "Aksum", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?", "id": "570db00216d0071400510ce5", "answers": [{"text": "Aksum", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "360", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "In what year was the obelisk of Aksum carved?", "id": "5ad0af09645df0001a2d003e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "320", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "In what year did the Aksum become Christians?", "id": "5ad0af09645df0001a2d003f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "320", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "In what year was Mecca founded?", "id": "5ad0af09645df0001a2d0040", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90 feet", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "How far above sea level is Mecca?", "id": "5ad0af09645df0001a2d0041", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "large stelae", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What did Muslims build in the 7th century for religious purposes?", "id": "5ad0af09645df0001a2d0042", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320\u2013360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba."}], ["Pengembara Scotland, James Bruce melaporkan pada tahun 1770 bahawa Medri Bahri adalah entiti politik yang berbeza dari Abyssinia, dengan menyatakan bahawa kedua-dua wilayah sering berkonflik. The Bahre-Nagassi (\"Kings of the Sea\") secara bergantian bertarung dengan atau terhadap Abyssinians dan jiran Kesultanan Adal Muslim bergantung kepada keadaan geopolitik. Medri Bahri adalah sebahagian dari perlawanan Kristen terhadap Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi dari pasukan Adal, tetapi kemudian bergabung dengan negara-negara Adalite dan Front Ottoman terhadap Abyssinia pada tahun 1572. Abad ke-16 juga menandakan kedatangan Uthmaniyyah, yang mulai menembusi kawasan Laut Merah. <> Siapa yang James Bruce? || Pengembara Scotland <> Pada 1770, yang melaporkan bahawa Medri Bahri adalah entiti politik yang berbeza dari Abyssinia? || James Bruce <> Bagaimana Bahre-Nagassi diterjemahkan? || \"Raja-raja Laut\" <> Apa yang ditentukan sama ada Bahre-Nagassi berjuang dengan atau terhadap orang Abyssinian? || keadaan geopolitik <> Yang abad menandakan kedatangan Uthmaniyyah? || 16 <> Dari manakah Uthmania datang? || <> Bilakah James Bruce dilahirkan? || <> Siapa penguasa Bahre-Nagassi? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Abyssinia runtuh? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi dari Adal mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was James Bruce?", "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca3", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish traveler", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?", "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca4", "answers": [{"text": "James Bruce", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?", "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca5", "answers": [{"text": "\"Kings of the Sea\"", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?", "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca6", "answers": [{"text": "geopolitical circumstances", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?", "id": "570dacc916d0071400510ca7", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abyssinia", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "Where did the Ottomans come from?", "id": "5ad0b2a0645df0001a2d00ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1770", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "When was James Bruce born?", "id": "5ad0b2a0645df0001a2d00ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "Who was the ruler of Bahre-Nagassi?", "id": "5ad0b2a0645df0001a2d00ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1572", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "In what year did Abyssinia collapse?", "id": "5ad0b2a0645df0001a2d00af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1572", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "In what year did Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal die?", "id": "5ad0b2a0645df0001a2d00b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi (\"Kings of the Sea\") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area."}], ["Penggalian di dan berhampiran Agordat di pusat Eritrea menghasilkan sisa tamadun pra-Aksumite purba yang dikenali sebagai Kumpulan Gash. Seramik ditemui yang berkaitan dengan budaya pastoral C-Group (Temehu), yang mendiami Lembah Nil antara 2500-1500 SM. Beberapa sumber sejak tahun 3500 SM. Shal yang serupa dengan kebudayaan Kerma, komuniti lain yang berkembang di Lembah Nil sepanjang tempoh yang sama, juga terdapat di tapak arkeologi tempatan yang lain di lembah Barka milik Kumpulan Gash. Menurut Peter Behrens (1981) dan Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), bukti linguistik menunjukkan bahawa orang C-Group dan Kerma bercakap bahasa Afroasiatik dari cabang Berber dan Cushitic. <> Apakah Kumpulan Gash itu? || sebuah tamadun pra-Aksumite kuno <> Apa penggalian di sekitar Agordat menghasilkan jenazah? || Kumpulan Gash <> Di mana Agordat terletak? || tengah Eritrea <> Bilakah C-Group mendiami Lembah Nil? || antara 2500-1500 SM <> Bukti jenis apa yang menunjukkan bahawa C-Group bercakap bahasa Afroasiatik cabang Berber? || linguistik <> Apa bandar yang terletak di utara Eritrea? || <> Bilakah Berber boleh bertarikh kembali? || <> Di manakah Berber hidup pada zaman purbakala? || <> Kota apa terletak di selatan Eritrea? || <> Negara apakah Peter Behrens? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Gash Group?", "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e2", "answers": [{"text": "an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?", "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e3", "answers": [{"text": "the Gash Group", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Agordat located?", "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e4", "answers": [{"text": "central Eritrea", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?", "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e5", "answers": [{"text": "between 2500\u20131500 BC", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?", "id": "570daf12df2f5219002ed0e6", "answers": [{"text": "linguistic", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Agordat", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What city is located in northern Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0adef645df0001a2d0034", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1500 BC", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "When can the Berber be dated back to?", "id": "5ad0adef645df0001a2d0035", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nile Valley", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "Where did the Berber live in ancient times?", "id": "5ad0adef645df0001a2d0036", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Agordat", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What city lies in southern Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0adef645df0001a2d0037", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What country is Peter Behrens from?", "id": "5ad0adef645df0001a2d0038", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500\u20131500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively."}], ["Di Buya di Eritrea, salah satu hominid tertua yang mewakili kemungkinan hubungan antara Homo erectus dan Homo sapiens kuno yang ditemui oleh saintis Itali. Bertarikh hingga lebih dari 1 juta tahun, ia adalah penemuan rangka tertua dari jenisnya dan menyediakan hubungan antara hominid dan manusia zaman moden anatomik yang paling awal. Dipercayai bahawa bahagian Depresi Danakil di Eritrea juga merupakan pemain utama dari segi evolusi manusia, dan mungkin mengandungi kesan evolusi lain dari Homo erectus hominids kepada manusia moden secara anatomis. <> Di mana di Eritrea apakah saintis Itali menemui salah satu hominid tertua? || Buya <> Berapa lama hominid yang terdapat di Eritrea? || Lebih dari 1 juta tahun <> Apa tempat di Eritrea dipercayai telah memainkan peranan penting dalam evolusi manusia? || seksyen Depresi Danakil <> Apa kemungkinan pautan yang diwakili oleh hominid yang terdapat di Eritrea? || hominid dan manusia moden anatom yang paling awal <> Apakah penting yang berkaitan dengan umur hominid yang terdapat di Eritrea? || ia adalah penemuan tulang tertua jenisnya <> Apa yang ditemui ahli-ahli sains Jerman di Eritrea? || <> Berapa lama kerangka terbaru Homo sapiens kuno yang terdapat di Eretria? || <> Di mana di Eritrea ia percaya bahawa tiada kesan evolusi kepada manusia moden secara anatomis akan dapat dijumpai? || <> Seberapa jauh boleh didapati tulang manusia moden anatomi? || <> Seberapa jauh ahli sains berfikir bahawa Homo sapiens kuno telah beralih ke manusia moden secara anatomik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?", "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c8f", "answers": [{"text": "Buya", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?", "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c90", "answers": [{"text": "over 1 million years", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?", "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c91", "answers": [{"text": "section of the Danakil Depression", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?", "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c92", "answers": [{"text": "hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?", "id": "570dabef16d0071400510c93", "answers": [{"text": "it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Homo sapiens", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What did German scientists find in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0a8a5645df0001a2cffd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 million years old", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "How old was the newest archaic Homo sapiens skeleton found in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0a8a5645df0001a2cffd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Danakil Depression", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "Where in Eritrea is it believed that no traces of evolution to anatomically modern humans will ever be found?", "id": "5ad0a8a5645df0001a2cffd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 million years", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "How far back can anatomically modern human bones be found?", "id": "5ad0a8a5645df0001a2cffd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 million years", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "How far back do scientists think archaic Homo sapiens transitioned to anatomically modern humans?", "id": "5ad0a8a5645df0001a2cffd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans."}], ["Penciptaan zaman moden Eritrea adalah hasil penggabungan kerajaan-kerajaan yang independen dan kesultanan (contohnya, Medri Bahri dan Kesultanan Aussa) akhirnya mengakibatkan pembentukan Eritrea Itali. Pada tahun 1947 Eritrea menjadi sebahagian daripada persekutuan dengan Ethiopia, Persekutuan Ethiopia dan Eritrea. Penguatkuasaan selanjutnya ke Ethiopia membawa kepada Perang Eritrea Kemerdekaan, berakhir dengan kemerdekaan Eritrean selepas referendum pada April 1993. Pertikaian antara Eritrea dan Ethiopia terus berlaku, yang membawa kepada Perang Eritrea-Ethiopia 1998-2000 dan pertempuran lebih lanjut dengan kedua-dua Djibouti dan Ethiopia. <> Apakah hasil penggabungan kerajaan dan kesultanan merdeka? || Eritrea moden <> Bilakah Eritrea menyertai persekutuan dengan Ethiopia, Persekutuan Etipi dan Eritrea? || 1947 <> Apa hasil Perang Kemerdekaan? || Kemerdekaan Eritrea <> Apa yang berterusan dan membawa kepada Perang Eritrea-Ethiopia 1998-2000? || Permusuhan antara Eritrea dan Ethiopia <> Apa yang seterusnya membawa kepada Perang Kemerdekaan Eritran? || annexation <> Dalam tahun berapa adalah Kesultanan Aussa diasaskan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Perang Eritrea Kemerdekaan bermula? || <> Siapa yang memenangi perang Eritrea-Ethiopia pada tahun 1998-2000? || <> Dalam tahun berapa Eritrea mula pertikaian dengan Djibouti? || <> Dalam apa tahun yang ditubuhkan Eritrea Itali? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?", "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cbd", "answers": [{"text": "modern-day Eritrea", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?", "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cbe", "answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the result of the War of Independence?", "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cbf", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrean independence", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?", "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cc0", "answers": [{"text": "Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?", "id": "570dae0816d0071400510cc1", "answers": [{"text": "annexation", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "In what year was the Sultanate of Aussa founded?", "id": "5ad0a651645df0001a2cff8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "In what year did the Eritrean War of Independence start?", "id": "5ad0a651645df0001a2cff8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who won the Eritrean-Ethiopian war of 1998-2000?", "id": "5ad0a651645df0001a2cff8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "In what year did Eritrea first skirmish with Djibouti?", "id": "5ad0a651645df0001a2cff8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "In what year did Italian Eritrea get founded?", "id": "5ad0a651645df0001a2cff8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean\u2013Ethiopian War of 1998\u20132000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia."}], ["Di samping itu, pentadbiran Eritrea Itali membuka beberapa kilang baru, yang menghasilkan butang, minyak masak, pasta, bahan binaan, pembungkusan daging, tembakau, menyembunyikan dan komoditi isi rumah yang lain. Pada tahun 1939, terdapat kira-kira 2,198 kilang dan sebahagian besar pekerja adalah warga Eritrea. Penubuhan industri juga meningkatkan jumlah orang Itali dan Eritrean yang tinggal di bandar-bandar. Bilangan orang Itali yang tinggal di wilayah itu meningkat daripada 4,600 hingga 75,000 dalam tempoh lima tahun; dan dengan penglibatan Eritreans dalam industri, perdagangan dan perladangan buah diperluaskan ke seluruh negara, sementara sebahagian ladang dimiliki oleh Eritrea. <> Apa pentadbiran Eritrea terbuka untuk menghasilkan produk seperti butang dan bahan binaan? || beberapa kilang baru <> Berapa banyak kilang di Eritrea menjelang tahun 1939? || sekitar 2,198 <> Siapa pegawai utama di kilang-kilang Eritrea? || Rakyat eritrean <> Selain Eritrean, yang kewarganegaraan lain meningkatkan penduduk bandarnya kerana industri baru? || Itali <> Berapakah bilangan orang Itali yang menetap di Eritrea meningkat dalam tempoh 5 tahun kerana kilang dibina? || dari 4,600 hingga 75,000 <> Berapa banyak orang Itali tinggal di Eretria pada tahun 1939? || <> Berapa banyak ladang dimiliki oleh Eritrea? || <> Apa kilang pertama di Eritrea Itali dihasilkan? || <> Berapa banyak orang Eritreans yang bekerja di kilang-kilang pada tahun 1939? || <> Apa eksport utama Eritrea Itali pada tahun 1939? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?", "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10c", "answers": [{"text": "a number of new factories", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?", "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10d", "answers": [{"text": "around 2,198", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?", "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10e", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrean citizens", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?", "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed10f", "answers": [{"text": "Italians", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?", "id": "570db606df2f5219002ed110", "answers": [{"text": "from 4,600 to 75,000", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,600", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "How many Italians lived in Eretria in 1939?", "id": "5ad0b8c2645df0001a2d0168", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,198", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "How many plantations were owned by Eritreans?", "id": "5ad0b8c2645df0001a2d0169", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cooking oil", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What did the first factory in Italian Eritrea produce?", "id": "5ad0b8c2645df0001a2d016a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "75,000", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "How many Eritreans worked in the factories in 1939?", "id": "5ad0b8c2645df0001a2d016b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pasta", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What was the main export of Italian Eritrea in 1939?", "id": "5ad0b8c2645df0001a2d016c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans."}], ["Pada tahun 1888, pentadbiran Itali melancarkan projek pembangunan pertamanya di koloni baru. Kereta Api Eritrean telah siap ke Saati pada tahun 1888, dan mencapai Asmara di dataran tinggi pada tahun 1911. Asmara-Massawa Cableway adalah garis terpanjang di dunia pada masa itu, tetapi kemudiannya dibongkar oleh British dalam Perang Dunia II. Selain projek infrastruktur utama, pihak berkuasa penjajah melabur dengan ketara dalam sektor pertanian. Ia juga menyelia penyediaan kemudahan perkotaan di Asmara dan Massawa, dan menggunakan banyak Eritreans dalam perkhidmatan awam, khususnya di jabatan polis dan jabatan awam. Beribu-ribu orang Eritrea secara serentak terdaftar dalam tentera, berkhidmat semasa Perang Italo-Turki di Libya serta Wars Italo-Abyssinian Pertama dan kedua. <> Bilakah Keretapi Eritrean siap di Saati? || 1888 <> Bilakah Keretapi Eritrean sampai ke dataran tinggi Asmara? || 1911 <> Apakah garis terpanjang di dunia pada masa itu? || The Asmara-Massawa Cableway <> Yang membongkar Asmara-Massawa Cableway? || British <> Dalam bidang perkhidmatan awam apa Eritrea terutamanya bekerja? || polis dan jabatan kerja awam <> Dalam tahun berapakah Asmara-Massawa Cableway selesai? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Perang Italo-Turki bermula? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Perang Pertama Italo-Abyssinian bermula? || <> Kebangsaan apa yang memulakan perang Italo-Turki? || <> Di manakah Keretapi Eritrean berasal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?", "id": "570db36a16d0071400510cff", "answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?", "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d00", "answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the longest line in the world during its time?", "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d01", "answers": [{"text": "The Asmara\u2013Massawa Cableway", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?", "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d02", "answers": [{"text": "the British", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?", "id": "570db36a16d0071400510d03", "answers": [{"text": "police and public works departments", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "In what year was the Asmara-Massawa Cableway completed?", "id": "5ad0b728645df0001a2d0138", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "In what year did the Italo-Turkish War start?", "id": "5ad0b728645df0001a2d0139", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "In what year did the First Italo-Abyssinian War start?", "id": "5ad0b728645df0001a2d013a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italian", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What nationality started the Italo-Turkish war?", "id": "5ad0b728645df0001a2d013b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Massawa", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "Where did the Eritrean Railway originate?", "id": "5ad0b728645df0001a2d013c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara\u2013Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars."}], ["Berikutan penerimaan Resolusi PB 390A (V) pada bulan Disember 1950, Eritrea telah bersekutu dengan Ethiopia di bawah pendirian Amerika Syarikat. Resolusi menggesa Eritrea dan Ethiopia dikaitkan melalui struktur persekutuan yang longgar di bawah kedaulatan Maharaja. Eritrea mempunyai struktur pentadbiran dan kehakiman sendiri, bendera sendiri, dan kawalan ke atas urusan domestiknya, termasuk polis, pentadbiran tempatan, dan perpajakan. Kerajaan persekutuan, yang untuk semua tujuan dan tujuannya adalah kerajaan kerajaan yang sedia ada, adalah untuk mengawal hal ehwal luar negeri (termasuk perdagangan), pertahanan, kewangan, dan pengangkutan. Resolusi ini mengabaikan kehendak Eritrea untuk kemerdekaan, tetapi menjamin hak demokratik penduduk dan ukuran otonomi. <> Siapa yang mendorong Eritrea menjadi bersekutu dengan Ethiopia pada tahun 1950? || Amerika Syarikat <> Yang Resolusi PBB menggesa Eritrea dan Ethiopia dikaitkan melalui struktur persekutuan yang longgar di bawah kedaulatan Maharaja? || 390A (V) <> Apa yang akan dikawal oleh kerajaan persekutuan di Eritrea mengikut Resolusi 390A (V) ?? || hal ehwal luar negeri (termasuk perdagangan), pertahanan, kewangan, dan pengangkutan <> Permintaan Eritrean mana yang disangkal oleh Resolusi 390A (V)? || > Apa Resolusi 390A (V) menjamin penduduk Eritrea? || hak demokratik dan ukuran otonomi <> Negara mana yang dipimpin oleh Maharaja pada tahun 1950? || <> Apakah kehendak Eritrean yang dilakukan UN Resolusi 390A (V)? || <> Apakah Resolusi PBB diadopsi pada bulan November 1950? || <> Hak-hak apa yang diberikan PBB Resolusi 390A (V) kepada orang-orang Ethiopia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?", "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d11", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?", "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d12", "answers": [{"text": "390A(V)", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??", "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d13", "answers": [{"text": "foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?", "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d14", "answers": [{"text": "independence", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?", "id": "570db4b716d0071400510d15", "answers": [{"text": "democratic rights and a measure of autonomy", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United States", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What country was being led by an Emperor in 1950?", "id": "5ad0c1be645df0001a2d01e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "independence", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "What Eritrean wishes did UN Resolution 390A(V) fulfill?", "id": "5ad0c1be645df0001a2d01e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "390A(V)", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What UN Resolution was adopted in November 1950?", "id": "5ad0c1be645df0001a2d01e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "democratic", "answer_start": 733}], "question": "What rights did UN Resolution 390A(V) give to Ethiopians?", "id": "5ad0c1be645df0001a2d01e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy."}], ["Dianggarkan terdapat kira-kira 100 ekor gajah yang ditinggalkan di Eritrea, yang paling utara dari gajah Afrika Timur. Anjing liar Afrika yang terancam (Lycaon pictus) sebelum ini ditemui di Eritrea, tetapi kini dianggap telah dihancurkan dari seluruh negara. Di Gash Barka, ular-ular berbisa seperti ular sawung berskala biasa. Penambah puff dan merah meludah cobra tersebar luas dan boleh ditemui walaupun di dataran tinggi. Di kawasan pesisiran pantai spesies marin yang biasa termasuk lumba-lumba, dugong, hiu paus, kura-kura, marlin / swordfish, dan sinar manta. <> Berapa banyak gajah dipercayai ditinggalkan di Eritrea? || sekitar 100 <> Apa jenis ular yang biasa di Gash Barka? || maut <> Di manakah di Eritrea dapat menimbulkan kecanduan dan merah meludah kobra ditemui? || meluas <> Di mana di Eritrea ada spesies laut seperti ikan lumba-lumba, penyu dan sinar manta? || kawasan pesisir <> anjing mana yang pernah ditemui di Eritrea, kini dianggap diburukkan dari seluruh negara? || Anjing liar Afrika (Lycaon pictus) <> Di mana yang paling selatan Afrika gajah ditemui? || <> Berapa banyak anjing liar Afrika yang tinggal di sana? || <> Apa ular tidak boleh dijumpai di Eritrea? || <> Apakah spesies daratan boleh didapati di kawasan pantai? || <> Apa spesies laut yang jarang ditemui di kawasan pesisir Eritrea? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?", "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed116", "answers": [{"text": "around 100", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?", "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed117", "answers": [{"text": "deadly", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?", "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed118", "answers": [{"text": "widespread", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?", "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed119", "answers": [{"text": "coastal areas", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?", "id": "570db8dedf2f5219002ed11a", "answers": [{"text": "African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Where are the most southerly of East Africa's elephants to be found?", "id": "5ad0c500645df0001a2d029e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "around 100", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "How many African wild dog are there left?", "id": "5ad0c500645df0001a2d029f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red spitting cobra", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What nonpoisonous snake can be found in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0c500645df0001a2d02a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "saw-scaled viper", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What land species can be found in the coastal areas?", "id": "5ad0c500645df0001a2d02a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manta ray", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "What rare marine species can be found in the coastal areas of Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0c500645df0001a2d02a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray."}], ["Malah semasa perang, Eritrea mengembangkan infrastruktur pengangkutannya dengan cara menghidupkan jalan baru, meningkatkan pelabuhannya, dan memperbaiki jalan dan jambatan yang rosak perang sebagai sebahagian daripada Program Warsay Yika'alo. Yang paling penting dari projek-projek ini ialah pembinaan lebuh raya pantai lebih dari 500 km yang menghubungkan Massawa dengan Asseb, serta pemulihan Keretapi Eritrean. Laluan kereta api telah dipulihkan antara pelabuhan Massawa dan Asmara modal, walaupun perkhidmatannya adalah sporadis. Lokomotif wap kadang-kadang digunakan untuk penggemar kumpulan. <> Di bawah program mana yang dilakukan Eritrea dan membaiki infrastruktur pengangkutannya semasa perang? || Warsay Yika'alo <> Berapa lama jalan raya pesisir antara Massawa dan Asseb? || lebih daripada 500 km <> Apa jenis lokomotif yang kadang-kadang digunakan di Keretapi Eritrean untuk memenuhi kumpulan peminat? || Steam <> Apakah ibu kota Eritrea? || Asmara <> Kereta api mana yang telah dipulihkan di bawah Program Warsay Yika'alo? || Eritrean <> Berapa lama Keretapi Eritrean? || <> Berapa banyak kilometer jalan rosak perang yang telah ditetapkan Eritrea? || <> Bagaimana kebanyakan lokomotif berkuasa di Eritrea? || <> Apakah jarak antara Asseb dan Asmara? || <> Apakah jarak antara Asmara dan Massawa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?", "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd3", "answers": [{"text": "Warsay Yika'alo", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?", "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd4", "answers": [{"text": "more than 500 km", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?", "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd5", "answers": [{"text": "Steam", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capital of Eritrea?", "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd6", "answers": [{"text": "Asmara", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?", "id": "570e21540dc6ce1900204dd7", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrean", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 km", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "How long is the Eritrean Railway?", "id": "5ad0d041645df0001a2d04aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 km", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "How many km of war-damaged roads has Eritrea fixed?", "id": "5ad0d041645df0001a2d04ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Steam", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "How are most locomotives powered in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0d041645df0001a2d04ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 km", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What is the distance between Asseb and Asmara?", "id": "5ad0d041645df0001a2d04ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 km", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What is the distance between Asmara and Massawa?", "id": "5ad0d041645df0001a2d04ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts."}], ["Eritrea boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga ekoregion. Di sebelah timur dataran tinggi adalah dataran pantai yang panas dan lembap yang menghala ke tenggara negara. Tanah tinggi yang lebih subur, mencapai sehingga 3000m mempunyai habitat yang berbeza. Habitat di sini berbeza-beza dari hutan hujan sub-tropika di Filfil Solomona ke tebing tebing dan tebing di dataran tinggi selatan. Segitiga Afar atau Danakil Kemurungan Eritrea adalah lokasi yang mungkin terdapat simpang tiga di mana tiga plat tektonik menarik diri dari satu sama lain. Titik tertinggi negara ini, Emba Soira, terletak di pusat Eritrea, pada 3,018 meter (9,902 ft) di atas paras laut. <> Berapa banyak ekoregion yang membentuk Eritrea? || tiga <> Apa titik tertinggi di Eritrea? || Emba Soira <> Di mana Emba Soira terletak? || di tengah Eritrea <> Seberapa tinggi Emba Soira? || 3,018 meter (9,902 kaki) di atas paras laut <> Apakah lokasi yang mungkin di Eritrea di mana tiga plat tektonik menjauh dari satu sama lain? || Segitiga Afar atau Depresi Danakil <> Berapa tinggi Filfil Solomona di atas paras laut? || <> Apakah titik rendah Eritrea? || <> Apa yang terletak di Kemurungan Danakil? || <> Apakah iklim Segitiga Afrika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?", "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d33", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest point in Eritrea?", "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d34", "answers": [{"text": "Emba Soira", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Emba Soira located?", "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d35", "answers": [{"text": "in the center of Eritrea", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high is Emba Soira?", "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d36", "answers": [{"text": "3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?", "id": "570db7e416d0071400510d37", "answers": [{"text": "The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3000m", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "How high is Filfil Solomona above sea level?", "id": "5ad0c351645df0001a2d0232", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emba Soira", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "What is the low point of Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0c351645df0001a2d0233", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rainforest", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What is located in the Danakil Depression?", "id": "5ad0c351645df0001a2d0235", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hot, arid", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What is the climate of the Afar Triangle?", "id": "5ad0c351645df0001a2d0236", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level."}], ["Dalam Indeks Kebebasan Tekan 2014, Reporters Without Sorders menduduki persekitaran media di Eritrea di bahagian paling bawah senarai 178 negara, tepat di bawah jumlah Korea Utara. Menurut BBC, \"Eritrea adalah satu-satunya negara Afrika yang tidak memiliki media berita swasta\", dan Reporters Without Borders mengatakan kepada media publik, \"[mereka] tidak melakukan apa-apa tetapi menyampaikan wacana yang berperang dan ultra nasionalis. .. Tidak seorang pun [koresponden asing] kini tinggal di Asmara. \" Berita berita agensi milik negara menyensor berita mengenai peristiwa luaran. Media bebas telah diharamkan sejak tahun 2001. Pada tahun 2015, The Guardian menerbitkan satu kenyataan yang mendakwa, <> Dalam Indeks Kebebasan Media 2014, organisasi apa yang menyenaraikan persekitaran media di Eritrea sebagai lebih buruk dari 178 negara? || Wartawan Tanpa Sempadan <> Bagaimana Wartawan Tanpa Sempadan memantau persekitaran media Eritrea berbanding dengan Korea Utara totalitarian? || betul-betul di bawah <> Apa jenis media yang telah diharamkan dari Eritrea sejak tahun 2001? || Bebas <> Menurut BBC, negara manakah negara Afrika yang tidak memiliki media berita swasta? || Eritrea <> Menurut Reporters Without Borders, di mana tidak ada koresponden berita asing tunggal? || Asmara <> Pada tahun apakah yang ditubuhkan oleh Wartawan Tanpa Batas? || <> Negara mana yang disenaraikan di bahagian atas senarai persekitaran media yang disusun oleh Reporters Without Borders? || <> Apa yang dikatakan The Guardian mengenai Eritrea pada tahun 2015? || <> Berapa banyak koresponden berita asli di Asmara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?", "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce1", "answers": [{"text": "Reporters Without Borders", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?", "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce2", "answers": [{"text": "just below", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?", "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce3", "answers": [{"text": "Independent", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?", "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce4", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?", "id": "570e1feb0b85d914000d7ce5", "answers": [{"text": "Asmara", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year was Reporters Without Borders founded?", "id": "5ad0cd2c645df0001a2d03ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What country was ranked at the top of the media environment list put together by Reporters Without Borders?", "id": "5ad0cd2c645df0001a2d03cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What did The Guardian claim about Eritrea in 2015?", "id": "5ad0cd2c645df0001a2d03d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "178", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "How many native news correspondents are there in Asmara?", "id": "5ad0cd2c645df0001a2d03d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, \"Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media\", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, \"[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara.\" The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,"}], ["Eritrea adalah satu-satu pihak di mana pilihan raya perundangan kebangsaan telah ditangguhkan berulang kali. Menurut Human Rights Watch, rekod hak asasi kerajaan dianggap antara yang paling teruk di dunia. Kebanyakan negara-negara Barat telah menuduh pihak berkuasa Eritrea menangkap dan menahan sewenang-wenangnya, dan menahan sejumlah orang yang tidak dikenali tanpa pertuduhan terhadap aktivisme politik mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan Eritrea terus menafikan tuduhan sebagai bermotivasi politik. Laporan Jun 30, 2015, sebuah laporan Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) menuduh kerajaan Eritrea melakukan hukuman mati, penyeksaan, perkhidmatan kebangsaan yang tidak berkesudahan dan kerja paksa, dan menunjukkan bahawa gangguan seksual, perkosaan dan perhambaan seksual oleh pegawai negeri juga meluas. <> Menurut Human Rights Watch, bagaimana hak asasi manusia di Eritrea berbanding dengan seluruh dunia? || Antara yang paling teruk <> Menurut laporan Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB yang mengandungi 500 muka surat, apakah perilaku yang meluas oleh pegawai negeri di Eritrea? || gangguan seksual, rogol dan perhambaan seksual <> Apa jenis kerajaan negeri yang ada di Eritrea? || negara satu pihak <> Menurut banyak negara barat, mengapa pihak berkuasa Eritrea menahan sejumlah orang yang tidak diketahui? || untuk aktivisme politik mereka <> Pada tahun apa laporan Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia PBB ditulis? || 2015 <> Bilakah kali terakhir pilihan raya perundangan kebangsaan diadakan? || <> Negara mana yang mempunyai rekod hak asasi manusia yang lebih baik di dunia? || <> Berapa lama laporan Human Rights Watch mengenai Eritrea? || <> Bilakah laporan Human Rights Watch tentang Eritrea dibebaskan? || <> Apakah tuduhan yang dimiliki oleh kerajaan Eritrea? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?", "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed126", "answers": [{"text": "among the worst", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?", "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed127", "answers": [{"text": "sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of state government exists in Eritrea?", "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed128", "answers": [{"text": "a one-party state", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?", "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed129", "answers": [{"text": "for their political activism", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?", "id": "570dbab2df2f5219002ed12a", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2015", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "When was the last time national legislative elections were held?", "id": "5ad0ca67645df0001a2d0376", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What country has one of the better human rights records in the world?", "id": "5ad0ca67645df0001a2d0377", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500-page", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "How long was the Human Rights Watch report about Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0ca67645df0001a2d0378", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2015", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "When was the Human Rights Watch report about Eritrea released?", "id": "5ad0ca67645df0001a2d0379", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indefinitely prolonged national service", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What accusations has the Eritrean government owned up to?", "id": "5ad0ca67645df0001a2d037a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world. Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government has continually dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. In June 2015, a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea's government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread."}], ["Eritrea adalah negara berbilang bahasa. Bangsa tidak mempunyai bahasa rasmi, kerana Perlembagaan menetapkan \"persamaan semua bahasa Eritrea\". Walau bagaimanapun, Tigrinya berfungsi sebagai bahasa de facto identiti kebangsaan. Dengan 2,540,000 penceramah jumlah penduduk 5,254,000 pada tahun 2006, Tigrinya adalah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan, khususnya di bahagian selatan dan pusat Eritrea. Standard Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Inggeris moden berfungsi sebagai bahasa kerja de facto, dengan yang digunakan dalam pendidikan universiti dan banyak bidang teknikal. Bahasa Itali, bahasa bekas penjajah, digunakan secara meluas dalam perdagangan dan diajar sebagai bahasa kedua di sekolah-sekolah, dengan beberapa orang yang berumur panjang. <> Apakah bahasa rasmi Eritrea? || Bangsa tidak mempunyai bahasa rasmi <> Apa Perlembagaan menubuhkan semua bahasa Eritrea? || persamaan <> Apakah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan di Eritrea pada tahun 2006? || Tigrinya <> Bahasa apa yang berfungsi sebagai bahasa kerja de facto di Eritrea? || Bahasa Moden Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Inggeris <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan dalam pendidikan universiti Eritrean dan banyak bidang teknikal? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Bahasa kedua apa yang paling banyak digunakan di Eritrea? || <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Inggeris di Eritrea? || <> Berapa banyak penceramah Tigrinya ada di dunia? || <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Itali di Eritrea? || <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan untuk perniagaan di Eritrea? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the official language of Eritrea?", "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204de7", "answers": [{"text": "The nation has no official language", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?", "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204de8", "answers": [{"text": "equality", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?", "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204de9", "answers": [{"text": "Tigrinya", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?", "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204dea", "answers": [{"text": "Modern Standard Arabic and English", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?", "id": "570e22860dc6ce1900204deb", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "What is the second most spoken language in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0d0e9645df0001a2d04d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,540,000", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "How many people speak English in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0d0e9645df0001a2d04d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,254,000", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "How many speakers of Tigrinya are there in the world?", "id": "5ad0d0e9645df0001a2d04da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2,540,000", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "How many people speak Italian in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0d0e9645df0001a2d04db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Modern Standard Arabic", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What language is used for business in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0d0e9645df0001a2d04dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the \"equality of all Eritrean languages\". However, Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity. With 2,540,000 total speakers of a population of 5,254,000 in 2006, Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language, particularly in the southern and central parts of Eritrea. Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages, with the latter used in university education and many technical fields. Italian, the former colonial language, is widely used in commerce and is taught as a second language in schools, with a few elderly monolinguals."}], ["Eritrea telah mencapai peningkatan yang ketara dalam penjagaan kesihatan dan merupakan salah satu daripada beberapa negara yang menjadi sasaran untuk memenuhi sasaran Millennium Development Goal (MDG) dalam kesihatan, khususnya kesihatan anak. Jangka hayat ketika kelahiran telah meningkat dari 39.1 pada tahun 1960 kepada 59.5 tahun pada tahun 2008, kadar kematian ibu dan anak telah menurun secara dramatik dan infrastruktur kesihatan telah berkembang. Oleh sebab pengasingan relatif Eritrea, maklumat dan sumber sangat terhad dan menurut Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) yang dijumpai pada tahun 2008 purata jangka hayat kurang dari 63 tahun. Imunisasi dan pemakanan kanak-kanak telah ditangani dengan bekerja rapat dengan sekolah dalam pendekatan pelbagai sektor; Bilangan kanak-kanak yang divaksin terhadap campak hampir dua kali ganda dalam tempoh tujuh tahun, dari 40.7% hingga 78.5% dan kelaziman kurang berat di kalangan kanak-kanak menurun sebanyak 12% pada tahun 1995-2002 (prevalensi berat badan yang teruk sebanyak 28%). Unit Perlindungan Malaria Nasional Kementerian Kesehatan telah mencatatkan peningkatan yang luar biasa dalam mengurangkan kematian malarial sebanyak 85% dan jumlah kes sebanyak 92% antara 1998 dan 2006. Pemerintah Eritrea telah mengharamkan mutasi alat kelamin perempuan (FGM), mengatakan amalan itu menyakitkan dan meletakkan wanita berisiko menghadapi masalah kesihatan yang mengancam nyawa. <> Antara bahagian matlamat penjagaan kesihatan Eritrea yang mereka paling berjaya? || kesihatan kanak-kanak <> Apakah jangkaan jangka hayat Eritrean pada tahun 1960? || 39.1 <> Apakah kelahiran hidup Eritrea yang lahir pada tahun 2008? || 59.5 <> Amalan mana yang dilarang oleh kerajaan Eritrea dengan menyatakan ia menyakitkan dan mempunyai masalah kesihatan yang mengancam jiwa bagi wanita? || Mutilasi alat kelamin perempuan <> Berapakah Unit Perlindungan Malaria Negara mengurangkan kematian malaria oleh tahun 1998 - 2006? || 85% <> Dalam tahun apakah penularan alat kelamin perempuan yang diharamkan di Eretria? || <> Berapa ramai kanak-kanak yang telah diberi vaksin terhadap campak pada tahun 2008? || <> Apakah jangka hayat pada tahun 2006 di Eretria? || <> Dalam tahun apa sasaran Matlamat Pembangunan Millenium dilaksanakan? || <> Bilakah Organisasi Kesihatan Sedunia ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?", "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7ceb", "answers": [{"text": "child health", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?", "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7cec", "answers": [{"text": "39.1", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?", "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7ced", "answers": [{"text": "59.5", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?", "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7cee", "answers": [{"text": "female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 1172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?", "id": "570e24420b85d914000d7cef", "answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 1131}], "question": "In what year was female genital mutilation banned in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0d32d645df0001a2d0576", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "78.5%", "answer_start": 810}], "question": "How many kids had been vaccinated against measles in 2008?", "id": "5ad0d32d645df0001a2d0577", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "59.5", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "What was the life expectancy in 2006 in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0d32d645df0001a2d0578", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 887}], "question": "In what year was the Millenium Development Goal targets put in place?", "id": "5ad0d32d645df0001a2d0579", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "When was the World Health Organisation established?", "id": "5ad0d32d645df0001a2d057a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in health, in particular child health. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded. Due to Eritrea's relative isolation, information and resources are extremely limited and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) found in 2008 average life expectancy to be slightly less than 63 years. Immunisation and child nutrition has been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the underweight prevalence among children decreased by 12% in 1995\u20132002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%). The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health has registered tremendous improvements in reducing malarial mortality by as much as 85% and the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006. The Eritrean government has banned female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems."}], ["Selain itu, disebabkan oleh sejarah penjajahannya, masakan di Eritrea mempunyai lebih banyak pengaruh dari Itali berbanding masakan Ethiopia, termasuk pasta dan penggunaan serbuk kari dan cumin. Masakan Eritrean Itali mula diamalkan semasa zaman kolonial Kerajaan Itali, apabila sejumlah besar orang Itali berpindah ke Eritrea. Mereka membawa penggunaan \"pasta\" ke Eritrea Itali, dan ia adalah salah satu makanan utama yang dimakan di Asmara sekarang ini. Masakan Itali Eritrean muncul, dan masakan hidangan biasa adalah 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', yang bermaksud \"Pasta dengan sos tomato dan berbere\" (rempah), tetapi terdapat banyak lagi seperti \"lasagna\" dan \"cotoletta alla milanese\" (milano cutlet). Di samping sowa, orang di Eritrea juga cenderung minum kopi. Mies adalah sejenis minuman beralkohol tempatan yang popular, yang terbuat dari madu. <> Di mana pengaruh Itali terhadap masakan Eritrea berasal? || sejarah kolonial <> Apa item makanan yang dibawa oleh orang Itali ke Eritrea semasa zaman kolonial? || pasta <> Apa minuman beralkohol terkenal Eritrea yang dibuat oleh Mies? || madu <> Bagaimana 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || \"Pasta dengan sos tomato dan berbere\" (rempah) <> Apakah makanan utama, yang dipengaruhi oleh Itali, dimakan di ibu negara Eritrea hari ini? || pasta <> Apakah salah satu makanan utama yang dimakan di Ethiopia? || <> Apakah hidangan bersama di Ethiopia? || <> Apa yang orang cenderung minum di Ethiopia? || <> Apa minuman beralkohol yang popular di Ethiopia? || <> Apakah masakan Ethiopia yang dipengaruhi oleh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?", "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfb", "answers": [{"text": "its colonial history", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?", "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfc", "answers": [{"text": "pasta", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?", "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfd", "answers": [{"text": "honey", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' translate in English?", "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dfe", "answers": [{"text": "\"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere\" (spice)", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?", "id": "570e25b30dc6ce1900204dff", "answers": [{"text": "pasta", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pasta", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What is one of the main foods eaten in Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0d8bf645df0001a2d06a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pasta al Sugo e Berbere", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What is a common dish in Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0d8bf645df0001a2d06a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coffee", "answer_start": 757}], "question": "What do people tend to drink in Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0d8bf645df0001a2d06a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mies", "answer_start": 765}], "question": "What is a popular alcoholic drink in Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0d8bf645df0001a2d06a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kingdom of Italy", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What was Ethiopia's cuisine influenced by?", "id": "5ad0d8bf645df0001a2d06aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin.The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. They brought the use of \"pasta\" to Italian Eritrea, and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara. An Italian Eritrean cuisine emerged, and dishes common dishes are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means \"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere\" (spice), but there are many more like \"lasagna\" and \"cotoletta alla milanese\" (milano cutlet). Alongside sowa, people in Eritrea also tend to drink coffee. Mies is another popular local alcoholic beverage, made out of honey."}], ["Singa dikatakan mendiami pergunungan Wilayah Gash-Barka. Terdapat juga populasi gajah kecil yang berkeliaran di beberapa bahagian negara. Dik-dik juga boleh didapati di banyak tempat. Pantat liar Afrika yang terancam dapat dilihat di Wilayah Denakalia. Hidupan liar tempatan yang lain termasuk bushbucks, duikers, kudus yang lebih besar, penyongsang klip, macan tutul Afrika, oryx dan buaya., Hyena yang tersebar luas dan cukup biasa. Antara tahun 1955 dan 2001 tidak ada laporan mengenai gajah ternak, dan mereka dianggap telah menjadi mangsa perang kemerdekaan. Pada Disember 2001, kira-kira 30 orang, termasuk 10 remaja, diperhatikan di sekitar Sungai Gash. Gajah nampaknya telah membentuk hubungan simbiotik dengan babi zaitun, dengan babi menggunakan lubang air yang digali oleh gajah, sementara gajah menggunakan babun pokok-pokok sebagai sistem amaran awal. <> Apakah kucing besar dikatakan mendiami pergunungan Wilayah Gash-Barka? || Singa <> Haiwan ternakan mana yang dikatakan telah menjadi korban kepada perang kemerdekaan? || gajah <> Pada Disember 2001, berapa gajah dilihat di sekitar Sungai Gash? || kira-kira 30 <> Apa jenis spesies gajah di Sungai Gash nampaknya membentuk hubungan simbiotik dengan? || zaitun zaitun <> Di manakah harimau Afrika paling banyak dijumpai? || <> Dalam tahun berapa perang berakhir kemerdekaan? || <> Di manakah pokok belukar kebanyakannya dijumpai? || <> Apakah topografi Wilayah Denkalia? || <> Berapa banyak keldai liar Afrika yang dianggap dibiarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?", "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2b", "answers": [{"text": "Lions", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?", "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2c", "answers": [{"text": "elephant", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?", "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2d", "answers": [{"text": "about 30", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?", "id": "570db6fb16d0071400510d2e", "answers": [{"text": "olive baboons", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gash-Barka Region", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "Where are African leopards predominantly found?", "id": "5ad0c41d645df0001a2d0258", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "In what year did the war of independence end?", "id": "5ad0c41d645df0001a2d0259", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the vicinity of the Gash River", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "Where are bushbucks mostly found?", "id": "5ad0c41d645df0001a2d025a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mountains", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is the topography of the Denkalia Region?", "id": "5ad0c41d645df0001a2d025b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "How many African wild ass are thought to be left?", "id": "5ad0c41d645df0001a2d025c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system."}], ["Dalam usaha pembaharuan, pegawai kerajaan Eritrean dan wakil NGO telah mengambil bahagian dalam banyak mesyuarat dan dialog awam. Dalam sesi-sesi ini, mereka telah menjawab soalan sebagai asas seperti, \"Apakah hak asasi manusia?\", \"Siapa yang menentukan hak asasi manusia?\", Dan \"Apa yang perlu diutamakan, hak manusia atau kaum?\" Pada tahun 2007, kerajaan Eritrea juga mengharamkan penularan alat kelamin wanita. Di Perhimpunan Serantau dan kalangan agama, kaum Eritrea sendiri bersuara secara berterusan terhadap penggunaan khitan wanita. Mereka menyebut kebimbangan kesihatan dan kebebasan individu sebagai kebimbangan utama apabila mereka mengatakannya. Selain itu, mereka meminta masyarakat luar bandar untuk melepaskan amalan kebudayaan purba ini. Di samping itu, satu gerakan baru yang dipanggil Warga Hak Demokratik di Eritrea bertujuan untuk membawa dialog antara pemerintah dan pembangkang dibentuk pada awal tahun 2009. Kumpulan ini terdiri daripada rakyat biasa dan beberapa orang yang rapat dengan kerajaan. <> Kenapa pegawai kerajaan Eritrean mengambil bahagian dalam banyak mesyuarat dengan wakil NGO? || Dalam percubaan dalam pembaharuan <> Apa larangan kerajaan Eritrea pada tahun 2007? || Mutilasi alat kelamin perempuan <> Pergerakan apa yang baru ditujukan untuk membuka dialog antara kerajaan dan pembangkang? || Warga untuk Hak Demokratik di Eritrea <> Siapa, bersama dengan rakyat biasa, membentuk Warga Hak Demokratik di Eritrea? || sesetengah orang yang rapat dengan kerajaan <> Apa kebimbangan utama Eritrean bercakap tentang dari segi sunat wanita? || kebimbangan kesihatan dan kebebasan individu <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan untuk pembaharuan di Eritrea bermula? || <> Pada tahun apakah Warganegara untuk Hak Demokratik yang dibentuk di Eretria? || <> Apakah amalan kebudayaan baru yang cuba dicuba oleh orang-orang di Eretria? || <> Apakah amalan kebudayaan purba berlaku di kawasan bandar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?", "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d45", "answers": [{"text": "In an attempt at reform", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?", "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d46", "answers": [{"text": "female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?", "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d47", "answers": [{"text": "Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?", "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d48", "answers": [{"text": "some people close to the government", "answer_start": 937}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?", "id": "570dbbe116d0071400510d49", "answers": [{"text": "health concerns and individual freedom", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "In what year did attempts at reform in Eritrea begin?", "id": "5ad0cc1d645df0001a2d03a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "In what year was Citizens for Democratic Rights formed in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0cc1d645df0001a2d03a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What new cultural practice are people trying to do away with in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0cc1d645df0001a2d03a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "female genital mutilation", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What ancient cultural practice occurs in urban areas?", "id": "5ad0cc1d645df0001a2d03a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, \"What are human rights?\", \"Who determines what are human rights?\", and \"What should take precedence, human or communal rights?\" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government."}], ["Apabila Kaisar Haile Selassie secara sepihak membubarkan parlimen Eritrean dan mencaplok negara pada tahun 1962, Front Pembebasan Eritrean (ELF) melancarkan perjuangan bersenjata untuk kemerdekaan. Perang Eritrean untuk Kemerdekaan yang berlangsung selama 30 tahun berturut-turut terhadap kerajaan Ethiopia yang berturut-turut hingga tahun 1991, ketika Front Pembebasan Rakyat Eritrean (EPLF), pengganti ELF, mengalahkan pasukan Ethiopia di Eritrea dan membantu koalisi pasukan pemberontak Ethiopia mengambil alih daripada Modal Ethiopia Addis Ababa. <> Siapa yang membubarkan Parlimen Eritrean pada tahun 1962? || Kaisar Haile Selassie <> Apa yang berlaku untuk ELF akroynm? || Front Pembebasan Eritrean <> Siapa yang melancarkan perjuangan bersenjata untuk kemerdekaan pada tahun 1962 selepas Eritrea dilampirkan? || ELF <> Berapa lama Perang Eritrean Kemerdekaan berlangsung? || 30 tahun <> Apakah akronim bagi Barisan Pembebasan Rakyat Eritrean? || EPLF <> Dalam tahun apakah Haile Selassie meletak jawatan sebagai Maharaja? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah ELF runtuh? || <> Apa nama salah satu pasukan pemberontak Ethiopia? || <> Apa ibu kota Eritrea? || <> Di bandar apakah ELF yang beribu pejabat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?", "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e55", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Haile Selassie", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acroynm ELF stand for?", "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e56", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrean Liberation Front", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?", "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e57", "answers": [{"text": "ELF", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?", "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e58", "answers": [{"text": "30 years", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?", "id": "570e30ec0dc6ce1900204e59", "answers": [{"text": "EPLF", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "In what year did Haile Selassie step down as Emperor?", "id": "5ad0c270645df0001a2d0200", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "In what year did the ELF collapse?", "id": "5ad0c270645df0001a2d0201", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrean Liberation Front", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What was the name of one of the Ethiopian rebel forces?", "id": "5ad0c270645df0001a2d0202", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Addis Ababa", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "What was the capital of Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0c270645df0001a2d0203", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Addis Ababa", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "In what city was ELF headquartered?", "id": "5ad0c270645df0001a2d0204", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa."}], ["Pada tahun 1922, peningkatan kuasa Benito Mussolini di Itali membawa perubahan yang mendalam kepada kerajaan penjajah di Eritrea Itali. Selepas il Duce mengisytiharkan kelahiran Empayar Itali pada bulan Mei 1936, Eritrea Itali (diperbesarkan dengan wilayah Ethiopia utara) dan Somaliland Itali telah digabungkan dengan Ethiopia yang baru ditawan di wilayah pentadbiran timur Itali (Afrika Orientale Italiana) yang baru. Tempoh Fasis ini dicirikan oleh pengembangan empayar atas nama \"Empayar Rom yang baru\". Eritrea dipilih oleh kerajaan Itali untuk menjadi pusat perindustrian Afrika Timur Itali. <> Kemajuan yang berkuasa pada tahun 1922 membawa perubahan profounc kepada pemerintah di Eritrea Itali? || </ B> Benite Mussolini <> Bilakah Eritrea Itali ketara diperbesar? || Selepas il Duce diisytiharkan kelahiran Empayar Itali <> Bilakah kelahiran Empayar Itali diisytiharkan? || Mei 1936 <> Apakah Eritrea dipilih oleh pemerintah Itali semasa Empayar Itali? || pusat perindustrian Afrika Timur Itali <> Apa maksud Afrika Orientale Italiana? || Itali Afrika Timur <> Pada tahun berapa Itali Somaliland ditubuhkan? || <> Apa yang terpilih menjadi pusat kerajaan Afrika Timur Itali? || <> Pada tahun apakah Benito Mussolini dijuluki il Duce? || <> Siapa penguasa Ethiopia sebelum ia ditaklukkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?", "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1d", "answers": [{"text": "Benito Mussolini's", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?", "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1e", "answers": [{"text": "After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?", "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1f", "answers": [{"text": "May 1936", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?", "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d20", "answers": [{"text": "industrial center of Italian East Africa", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?", "id": "570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d21", "answers": [{"text": "Italian East Africa", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was Italian Somaliland established?", "id": "5ad0bc02645df0001a2d018c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What was chosen to be the governmental center of Italian East Africa?", "id": "5ad0bc02645df0001a2d018d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "In what year was Benito Mussolini nicknamed il Duce?", "id": "5ad0bc02645df0001a2d018e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Benito Mussolini", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who was Ethiopia's ruler before it was conquered?", "id": "5ad0bc02645df0001a2d018f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa."}], ["Selepas penurunan Aksum, dataran tinggi Eritrean berada di bawah domain Bahr Negash yang diperintah oleh Bahr Negus. Kawasan itu kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Ma'ikele Bahr (\"antara laut / sungai,\" iaitu tanah antara Laut Merah dan sungai Mereb). Ia kemudian dinamakan semula di bawah Maharaja Zara Yaqob sebagai domain Bahr Negash, Medri Bahri (\"Tanah Laut\" di Tingrinya, walaupun ia termasuk beberapa kawasan seperti Shire di seberang Mereb, hari ini di Ethiopia). Dengan ibu kota di Debarwa, wilayah utama negara itu ialah Hamasien, Serae dan Akele Guzai. <> Domain apa yang berada di tanah tinggi Eritrean selepas penurunan Aksum? || Bahr Negash diperintah oleh Bahr Negus <> Apakah kawasan di dataran tinggi Eritrean yang dinamakan di bawah Maharaja Zaro Yaqob? || Medri Bahri <> Apakah capitol Medri Bahri? || Debarwa <> Apakah wilayah utama Medri Bahri? || Hamasien, Serae dan Akele Guzai <> Apakah terjemahan bahasa Inggeris Medri Bahri? || Tanah laut <> Yang memerintah Aksum semasa penurunannya? || <> Apa kawasan yang dikenali oleh Aksum? || <> Di provinsi apa ibukota Debarwa terletak? || <> Apa modal Aksum itu? || <> Siapa penguasa Ethiopia pada masa ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What  domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?", "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e41", "answers": [{"text": "Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?", "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e42", "answers": [{"text": "Medri Bahri", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?", "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e43", "answers": [{"text": "Debarwa", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?", "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e44", "answers": [{"text": "Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?", "id": "570e2def0dc6ce1900204e45", "answers": [{"text": "Sea land", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bahr Negus", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Who ruled Aksum during its decline?", "id": "5ad0b104645df0001a2d005c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ma'ikele Bahr", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What was the area known as by the Aksum?", "id": "5ad0b104645df0001a2d005d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hamasien", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "In what province was the capital Debarwa located?", "id": "5ad0b104645df0001a2d005e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Debarwa", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "What was the capital of the Aksum?", "id": "5ad0b104645df0001a2d005f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emperor Zara Yaqob", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "Who was the ruler of Ethiopia at this time?", "id": "5ad0b104645df0001a2d0060", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr (\"between the seas/rivers,\" i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri (\"Sea land\" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai."}], ["Eritrea (/\u02cc\u025br\u1d7btre\u026a.\u0259/ atau / \u02cc\u025br\u1d7btri\u02d0\u0259 /; secara rasmi Negeri Eritrea, adalah sebuah negara di Afrika Timur. Dengan modalnya di Asmara, ia bersempadan dengan Sudan di barat, Ethiopia di selatan, dan Djibouti di Wilayah timur laut dan timur Eritrea mempunyai garis pantai yang luas di sepanjang Laut Merah. Negara ini mempunyai keluasan kira-kira 117,600 km2 (45,406 mil persegi), termasuk Kepulauan Dahlak dan beberapa Kepulauan Hanish. berdasarkan nama Yunani untuk Laut Merah (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa), yang pertama kali diterima pakai untuk Eritrea Itali pada tahun 1890. <> Apa negara bersempadan dengan Eritrea di barat? || Sudan <> Negara apa yang bersempadan dengan Eritrea di selatan? Ethiopia <> Apa negara yang bersempadan dengan Eritrea di tenggara? || Djibouti <> Apa pantai yang luas yang membentuk sebahagian dari sempadan Timur Eritrea? || Laut Merah <> Sebanyak kawasan Eritrea ?, 117,600 km2 (45,406 meter persegi) <> Jumlah keseluruhannya a Ethiopia? || <> Apakah jumlah kawasan Djibouti? || <> Apa nama salah satu Kepulauan Hanish? || <> Pada tahun apakah Eritrea ditubuhkan? || <> Berapakah jumlah kawasan Laut Merah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What country borders Eritrea in the west?", "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e19", "answers": [{"text": "Sudan", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country borders Eritrea in the south?", "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1a", "answers": [{"text": "Ethiopia", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?", "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1b", "answers": [{"text": "Djibouti", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?", "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1c", "answers": [{"text": "Red Sea", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?", "id": "570e29460dc6ce1900204e1d", "answers": [{"text": "117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "117,600 km2", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What is the total area of Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0a5a5645df0001a2cff80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45,406 sq mi", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What is the total area of Djibouti?", "id": "5ad0a5a5645df0001a2cff81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Djibouti", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What is the name of one of the Hanish Islands?", "id": "5ad0a5a5645df0001a2cff82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 601}], "question": "In what year was Eritrea founded?", "id": "5ad0a5a5645df0001a2cff83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "117,600 km2", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What is the total area of the Red Sea?", "id": "5ad0a5a5645df0001a2cff84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea (/\u02cc\u025br\u1d7b\u02c8tre\u026a.\u0259/ or /\u02cc\u025br\u1d7b\u02c8tri\u02d0\u0259/;, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in East Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its name Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890."}], ["Bagaimanapun, Eritrea masih menghadapi banyak cabaran. Walaupun jumlah doktor meningkat daripada hanya 0.2 pada 1993 kepada 0.5 pada tahun 2004 bagi setiap 1000 penduduk, ini masih sangat rendah. Malaria dan tuberkulosis adalah perkara biasa di Eritrea. Kelaziman HIV di kalangan kumpulan 15-49 melebihi 2%. Kadar kesuburan adalah kira-kira 5 kelahiran setiap wanita. Angka kematian ibu menurun sebanyak lebih daripada separuh dari 1995 hingga 2002, walaupun angka ini masih tinggi. Begitu juga, antara 1995 dan 2002, jumlah kelahiran yang dihadiri oleh anggota kesihatan mahir telah meningkat dua kali tetapi masih hanya 28.3%. Penyebab utama kematian dalam neonat adalah dengan jangkitan yang teruk. Perbelanjaan per kapita untuk kesihatan rendah di Eritrea. <> Pada tahun 2004, berapa ramai pakar perubatan yang melakukan Eritrea setiap 1000 orang? || 0.5 <> Berapakah jangkitan HIV di antara kumpulan umur 15-49 di Eritrea? || melebihi 2% <> Apakah kadar kesuburan di Eriterea? || 5 kelahiran per wanita <> Pada tahun 2002, berapa kelahiran yang dihadiri oleh kakitangan kesihatan terampil di Eriterea? || 28.3% <> Apa sebab utama kematian dalam neonat di Eriterea? || jangkitan teruk <> Berapa peratus daripada orang di Eritrea mendapat malaria setiap tahun? || <> Sebanyak peratus orang yang mengalami jangkitan teruk mati di Eretria? || <> Berapa peratus daripada orang yang berusia lebih 49 tahun mempunyai HIV? || <> Berapa banyak pakar perubatan di sana setiap 1000 orang pada tahun 2016? || <> Berapa peratus kelahiran yang dihadiri oleh profesional kesihatan pada 2016? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?", "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d39", "answers": [{"text": "0.5", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?", "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3a", "answers": [{"text": "exceeds 2%", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?", "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3b", "answers": [{"text": "5 births per woman", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?", "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3c", "answers": [{"text": "28.3%", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?", "id": "570e334b0b85d914000d7d3d", "answers": [{"text": "severe infection", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "What percentage of people in Eritrea get malaria each year?", "id": "5ad0d3fb645df0001a2d05bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "28.3%", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What percentage of people with severe infections die in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0d3fb645df0001a2d05bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "What percentage of people over age 49 have HIV?", "id": "5ad0d3fb645df0001a2d05be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "How many physicians are there per 1000 people as of 2016?", "id": "5ad0d3fb645df0001a2d05bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "28.3%", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What percentage of births are attended by health professionals as of 2016?", "id": "5ad0d3fb645df0001a2d05c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population, this is still very low. Malaria and tuberculosis are common in Eritrea. HIV prevalence among the 15\u201349 group exceeds 2%. The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman. Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, although the figure is still high. Similarly, between 1995 and 2002, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3%. A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection. Per capita expenditure on health is low in Eritrea."}], ["Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, rantau Eritrea dikenali sebagai Medri Bahri (\"laut laut\"). Nama Eritrea berasal dari nama Yunani purba untuk Laut Merah (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa, berdasarkan kata sifat \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 erythros \"merah\"). Ia pertama kali diterima pakai pada tahun 1890, dengan pembentukan Eritrea Itali (Colonia Eritrea). Wilayah ini menjadi Gabenor Eritrea di Afrika Timur Itali pada tahun 1936. Eritrea dianugerahkan oleh Ethiopia pada tahun 1953 (secara nominal dalam persekutuan hingga tahun 1962) dan Front Pembebasan Eritrean dibentuk pada tahun 1960. Eritrea memperoleh kemerdekaan berikutan referendum 1993, dan nama Negara baru ditakrifkan sebagai Negara Eritrea dalam perlembagaan 1997. [rujukan?] <> Apa rantau Eritrean yang dikenal sebagai Zaman Pertengahan? || Medri Bahri <> Bilakah Eritrea dilampirkan oleh Ethiopia? || 1953 <> Bilakah borang Pembebasan Eritrea dibentuk? || 1960 <> Bilakah Eritrea mendapat kemerdekaan? || berikut referendum 1993 <> Apa nama Rom untuk Laut Merah? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah Operasi Pembebasan Eritrean berhenti beroperasi? || <> Bilakah Ethiopia diasaskan? || <> Pada tahun apakah Eritrea ditubuhkan Itali? || <> Apakah Ethiopia dikenali semasa Zaman Pertengahan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?", "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7cff", "answers": [{"text": "Medri Bahri", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?", "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d01", "answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?", "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d02", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Eritrea gain independence?", "id": "570e2b700b85d914000d7d03", "answers": [{"text": "following the 1993 referendum", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Medri Bahri", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What was the Roman name for the Red Sea?", "id": "5ad0a757645df0001a2cffa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 669}], "question": "In what year did the Eritrean Liberation Front cease operations?", "id": "5ad0a757645df0001a2cffa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "When was Ethiopia founded?", "id": "5ad0a757645df0001a2cffaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "In what year was Italian Eritrea founded?", "id": "5ad0a757645df0001a2cffab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italian Eritrea", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What was Ethiopia known as during the Middle Ages?", "id": "5ad0a757645df0001a2cffac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri (\"sea-land\"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (\u1f18\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1f70 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 erythros \"red\"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]"}], ["Kelompok etnik Eritrea masing-masing mempunyai gaya muzik dan tarian yang menyertainya. Di antara Tigrinya, genre muzik tradisional yang paling terkenal adalah guaila. Alat muzik tradisional Eritrean termasuk krar bertali, kebero, begena, masenqo dan wata (sepupu yang jauh / asas dari biola). Artis Eritrean yang paling popular adalah penyanyi Tigrinya, Helen Meles, yang terkenal dengan suara kuat dan pelbagai nyanyiannya. Musisi tempatan lain yang terkenal termasuk penyanyi Kunama Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, dan Abraham Afewerki akhir. <> Apa genre muzik terbaik di kalangan Tigrinya? || guaila <> Apakah instrumen tradisional Eritrean, wata? || sepupu yang jauh / asas dari biola <> Siapa artis penyanyi Eritrean yang paling popular? || Helen Meles <> Apa itu Helen Meles? || suara yang kuat dan pelbagai nyanyian yang luas <> Siapa, di Eritrea, mempunyai gaya muzik mereka sendiri dan tarian yang menyertainya? || kumpulan etnik <> Apakah krar bertopeng sepupu jauh? || <> Siapa artis Itali yang paling popular di Eritrea? || <> Alat apa yang dimainkan Abraham Afewerki? || <> Alat apa yang bermain Yemane Baria? || <> Apa alat muzik yang dimainkan Ruth Abraha? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?", "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf5", "answers": [{"text": "guaila", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?", "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf6", "answers": [{"text": "a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?", "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf7", "answers": [{"text": "Helen Meles", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Helen Meles noted for?", "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf8", "answers": [{"text": "her powerful voice and wide singing range", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and  accompanying dance?", "id": "570e2a540b85d914000d7cf9", "answers": [{"text": "ethnic groups", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "violin", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "What is the stringed krar a distant cousin of?", "id": "5ad0d964645df0001a2d06b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Helen Meles", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "Who is the most popular Italian artist in Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0d964645df0001a2d06b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "masenqo", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What instrument did Abraham Afewerki play?", "id": "5ad0d964645df0001a2d06ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "masenqo", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What instrument does Yemane Baria play?", "id": "5ad0d964645df0001a2d06bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "begena", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What musical instrument does Ruth Abraha play?", "id": "5ad0d964645df0001a2d06bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar, kebero, begena, masenqo and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, and the late Abraham Afewerki."}], ["Ketidaksepakatan berikutan perang telah mengakibatkan kebuntuan yang diserang oleh tempoh ketegangan yang tinggi dan ancaman peperangan yang diperbaharui. Kebuntuan itu memimpin Presiden Eritrea untuk mendesak PBB untuk mengambil tindakan terhadap Ethiopia dengan Surat Sebelas yang ditulis oleh Presiden ke Majlis Keselamatan PBB. Keadaan ini semakin meningkat dengan usaha berterusan para pemimpin Eritrea dan Ethiopia dalam menyokong pembangkang di negara yang lain. [Rujukan?] Pada 2011, Ethiopia menuduh Eritrea menanam bom di sidang kemuncak Kesatuan Afrika di Addis Ababa, yang kemudiannya disokong oleh laporan PBB. Eritrea menafikan tuntutan tersebut. <> Apakah perbezaan pendapat berikutan keputusan Perang Eritrean? || kebuntuan <> Apa kebuntuan memimpin Presiden Eritrea untuk mendesak agar PBB lakukan? || mengambil tindakan ke Ethiopia <> Siapa yang menuduh Eritrea menanam bom di sidang kemuncak Kesatuan Afrika? || Ethiopia <> Apa yang menyokong tuduhan bahawa bom Eritrea ditanam di sidang kemuncak Kesatuan Afrika? || Laporan PBB <> Apa yang dilakukan Eritrea ketika dituduh menanam bom di sidang Uni Afrika? || menafikan tuntutan <> Pada tahun apa perang berakhir secara teknikal? || <> Pada tahun apakah Surat Eleven dihantar ke Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu? || <> Apa ibu kota Eritrea? || <> Dalam apa bandar yang berdasarkan PBB? || <> Di manakah Sidang Kemuncak Kesatuan Afrika yang diadakan pada tahun 2010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?", "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d27", "answers": [{"text": "stalemate", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?", "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d28", "answers": [{"text": "take action on Ethiopia", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?", "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d29", "answers": [{"text": "Ethiopia", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?", "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d2a", "answers": [{"text": "a UN report", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?", "id": "570e31d70b85d914000d7d2b", "answers": [{"text": "denied the claims", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "In what year did the war technically end?", "id": "5ad0cf5b645df0001a2d0464", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "In what year was the Eleven Letters sent to United Nations Security Council?", "id": "5ad0cf5b645df0001a2d0465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Addis Ababa", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "What is the capital of Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0cf5b645df0001a2d0466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Addis Ababa", "answer_start": 558}], "question": "In what city is the UN based?", "id": "5ad0cf5b645df0001a2d0467", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "Where was the African Union summit held in 2010?", "id": "5ad0cf5b645df0001a2d0468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims."}], ["Pada tahun 2010, satu kajian genetik dijalankan pada sisa-sisa puak yang mumi yang dibawa kembali sebagai hadiah dari Punt oleh orang Mesir kuno. Diketuai oleh pasukan penyelidikan dari Muzium Mesir dan University of California, saintis menggunakan analisis isotop oksigen untuk memeriksa rambut dari dua mumi babon yang telah dipelihara di Muzium British. Salah satu daripada baboon telah menyimpang data isotop, jadi nilai isotop oksigen lain dibandingkan dengan spesimen bayi hari ini dari kawasan yang menarik. Para penyelidik mendapati bahawa mumia yang paling hampir dipadankan dengan spesimen baboon moden di Eritrea dan Ethiopia, yang mereka mencadangkan tersirat bahawa Punt mungkin wilayah sempit yang termasuk Ethiopia timur dan semua Eritrea. <> Pada tahun 2010, apa yang dilakukan pada sisa-sisa mumia? || genetik <> Apa jenis analisis yang digunakan para saintis untuk memeriksa rambut dari 2 mumi babon yang dahulunya diawetkan di Muzium British? || analisis isotop oksigen <> Siapa yang bertekad untuk menjadi perlawanan terdekat untuk mumi babon? || spesimen baboon moden di Eritrea dan Ethiopia <> Di manakah asal monyet 2 ekor itu? || Punt <> Di mana penyelidik mencadangkan bahawa Punt terletak? || rantau yang termasuk Ethiopia timur dan semua Eritrea <> Berapa banyak babi mumia telah melakukan hadiah Punt kepada orang Mesir kuno? || <> Dalam tahun apakah mummified baboons dipindahkan dari Mesir ke Muzium British? || <> Berapa ramai ibu-ibu yang mumi yang dimiliki oleh Muzium Mesir sekarang? || <> Para saintis membandingkan DNA babon dengan data isotop yang diputarbelitkan kepada apa? || <> Berapa banyak rambut pada setiap mumi babon yang dilakukan saintis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?", "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e37", "answers": [{"text": "genetic", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?", "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e38", "answers": [{"text": "oxygen isotope analysis", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?", "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e39", "answers": [{"text": "modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?", "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e3a", "answers": [{"text": "Punt", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?", "id": "570e2d360dc6ce1900204e3b", "answers": [{"text": "region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "How many mummified baboons did Punt gift to the ancient Egyptians?", "id": "5ad0ac66645df0001a2d002a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year were the mummified baboons transferred from Egypt to the British Museum?", "id": "5ad0ac66645df0001a2d002b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "How many mummified baboons does the Egyptian Museum now have on display?", "id": "5ad0ac66645df0001a2d002c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "present-day baboon specimens", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "Scientists compared the DNA of the baboon with distorted isotopic data to what?", "id": "5ad0ac66645df0001a2d002d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "How many hairs on each baboon mummy did scientists study?", "id": "5ad0ac66645df0001a2d002e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2010, a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians. Led by a research team from the Egyptian Museum and the University of California, the scientists used oxygen isotope analysis to examine hairs from two baboon mummies that had been preserved in the British Museum. One of the baboons had distorted isotopic data, so the other's oxygen isotope values were compared to those of present-day baboon specimens from regions of interest. The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia, which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea."}], ["Budaya Eritrea telah banyak dibentuk oleh lokasi negara di pantai Laut Merah. Salah satu bahagian budaya Eritrean yang paling dikenali ialah upacara kopi. Kopi (Ge'ez \u1261\u1295 b\u016bn) ditawarkan semasa melawat rakan-rakan, semasa perayaan, atau sebagai ruji kehidupan harian. Semasa upacara kopi, ada tradisi yang ditegakkan. Kopi ini dihidangkan dalam tiga pusingan: minuman pertama atau bulat dipanggil awelinya dalam makna Tigrinya yang bermakna pertama, pusingan kedua dipanggil kalaay yang berarti kedua, dan pusingan ketiga disebut bereka yang berarti \"diberkati\". Jika kopi ditolak dengan sopan, maka teh yang paling mungkin (\"shai\" \u0b09\u1202 shahee) akan dihidangkan. <> Lokasi geografi yang mana di Eritrea sebahagian besarnya membentuk budaya Eritrea? || Pantai Laut Merah <> Apa salah satu bahagian budaya Eritran yang paling dapat diiktiraf ketika melawat teman-teman serta menjadi ruji kehidupan sehari-hari? || upacara kopi <> Berapa banyak pusingan kopi yang disajikan semasa upacara kopi? || tiga <> Apa yang ditawarkan Eritrean seseorang yang menolak kopi? || teh yang paling mungkin <> Apakah pusingan pertama upacara kopi dipanggil? || awel <> Apakah pusingan pertama kopi yang dipanggil dalam bahasa Itali? || <> Apakah pusingan kedua kopi yang dipanggil dalam bahasa Itali? || <> Apakah pusingan ketiga kopi yang dipanggil dalam bahasa Itali? || <> Apakah seseorang berkhidmat jika mereka tidak minum kopi atau teh? || <> Apakah minuman minuman ringan di Eretria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?", "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e05", "answers": [{"text": "Red Sea coast", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?", "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e06", "answers": [{"text": "the coffee ceremony", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?", "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e07", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?", "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e08", "answers": [{"text": "most likely tea", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?", "id": "570e28710dc6ce1900204e09", "answers": [{"text": "awel", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "awel", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What is the first round of coffee called in Italian?", "id": "5ad0d647645df0001a2d064a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kalaay", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What is the second round of coffee called in Italian?", "id": "5ad0d647645df0001a2d064b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bereka", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "What is the third round of coffee called in Italian?", "id": "5ad0d647645df0001a2d064c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "b\u016bn", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What is someone served if they don't drink coffee or tea?", "id": "5ad0d647645df0001a2d064d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tea", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "What is one of the least drank beverages in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0d647645df0001a2d064e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez \u1261\u1295 b\u016bn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning \"to be blessed\". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea (\"shai\" \u123b\u1202 shahee) will instead be served."}], ["Sistem lebuh raya Eritrean dinamakan mengikut klasifikasi jalan raya. Tiga tahap klasifikasi adalah: primer (P), menengah (S), dan tertiari (T). Jalan raya yang paling rendah adalah tertiari dan menghidangkan kepentingan tempatan. Biasanya mereka jalan raya bertambah baik yang kadang-kadang berturap. Semasa musim basah jalan-jalan ini biasanya menjadi tidak boleh dilalui. Jalan raya yang lebih tinggi akan datang adalah jalan menengah dan biasanya merupakan jalan asfalt berlapis tunggal yang menghubungkan ibu daerah bersama-sama dan mereka ke ibu kota serantau. Jalan-jalan yang dianggap sebagai jalan utama ialah asfalt (sepanjang keseluruhan panjangnya) dan pada umumnya mereka membawa trafik antara semua bandar utama di Eritrea. <> Bagaimana sistem lebuhraya Eritrean dinamakan? || mengikut klasifikasi jalan <> Apakah tiga tingkat klasifikasi jalan di Eritrea? || utama (P), menengah (S), dan tertiari (T) <> Apakah jalan T, tahap paling rendah yang biasanya melayani kepentingan tempatan? || jalan raya bertambah baik yang kadang-kadang diturap <> Apakah jalan S, pertengahan peringkat yang menghubungkan ibu kota ke ibu kota serantau? || jalan asfalt berlapis tunggal <> Apakah jalan P, yang membawa lalu lintas antara semua bandar utama di Eritrea? || penuh asphalt (sepanjang keseluruhan panjangnya)", {"qas": [{"question": "How is the Eritrean highway system named?", "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec3", "answers": [{"text": "according to the road classification", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?", "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec4", "answers": [{"text": "primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?", "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec5", "answers": [{"text": "improved earth roads which are occasionally paved", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?", "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec6", "answers": [{"text": "single-layered asphalt road", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?", "id": "570e3c3d0dc6ce1900204ec7", "answers": [{"text": "fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea."}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-16, Kesultanan Aussa ditubuhkan di dataran rendah Denkel Eritrea. Politik itu muncul pada tahun 1577, ketika Muhammed Jasa memindahkan ibunya dari Harar ke Aussa (Asaita) dengan perpecahan Kesultanan Adal menjadi Aussa dan Kesultanan Harar. Pada satu ketika selepas 1672, Aussa menurun bersamaan dengan kenaikan yang dicatatkan oleh Imam Umar Din bin Adam. Pada 1734, ketua Afar Kedafu, ketua klan Mudaito, merampas kuasa dan menubuhkan Dinasti Mudaito. Ini menandakan permulaan yang baru dan lebih canggih yang akan berlaku dalam tempoh penjajah. <> Bilakah kesultanan Aussa ditubuhkan? || akhir abad ke-16 <> Di mana kesultanan Aussa ditubuhkan? || Tanah rendah Denkel Eritrea <> Siapa pemimpin Afar pada tahun 1734? || Kedafu, ketua klan Mudaito <> Apa yang Kedafu ditubuhkan pada tahun 1734? || Dinasti Mudaito <> Apa yang menandakan bermulanya suatu permasalahan yang baru dan canggih yang akan bertahan dalam zaman kolonial? || Dinasti Mudaito <> Pada tahun apa Muhammed Jasa dilahirkan? || <> Pada tahun berapa adalah pemimpin Afar lahir? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Imam Umar Din bin Adam naik ke takhta? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Aussa runtuh? || <> Kawasan mana yang terletak di Dinasti Mudaito? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Aussa Sultanate established?", "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d95", "answers": [{"text": "end of the 16th century", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?", "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d96", "answers": [{"text": "Denkel lowlands of Eritrea", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?", "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d97", "answers": [{"text": "Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kedafu establish in 1734?", "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d98", "answers": [{"text": "Mudaito Dynasty", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?", "id": "570e38fd0b85d914000d7d99", "answers": [{"text": "Mudaito Dynasty", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1577", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "In what year was Muhammed Jasa born?", "id": "5ad0b422645df0001a2d00e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1734", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "In what year was the Afar leader Kedafu born?", "id": "5ad0b422645df0001a2d00e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1672", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "In what year did Imam Umar Din bin Adam ascend to the throne?", "id": "5ad0b422645df0001a2d00ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1672", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "In what year did Aussa collapse?", "id": "5ad0b422645df0001a2d00eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Denkel lowlands of Eritrea", "answer_start": 75}], "question": "What area was the Mudaito Dynasty based in?", "id": "5ad0b422645df0001a2d00ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period."}], ["Hidangan tradisional Eritrean yang lazim terdiri daripada injera yang disertai dengan rebus pedas, yang kerap termasuk daging lembu, anak, kambing atau ikan. Secara keseluruhannya, masakan Eritrean sangat menyerupai orang-orang Ethiopia yang berdekatan, masakan Eritrean cenderung menampilkan lebih banyak makanan laut daripada masakan Ethiopia berdasarkan lokasi pantai mereka. Hidangan Eritrean juga sering \"lebih ringan\" dalam tekstur daripada makanan Ethiopia. Mereka juga cenderung untuk menggunakan kurang mentega berpengalaman dan rempah-rempah dan lebih banyak tomato, seperti dalam makanan tsebhi dorho. <> Apa daging yang dimasak oleh masakan tradisional Eritrean? || daging lembu, anak, kambing atau ikan <> Jiran mana yang masakan masakan Eritrea sangat menyerupai? || Ethiopia <> Mengapa masakan Eritrean cenderung mempamerkan lebih banyak makanan laut daripada masakan Ethiopia? || lokasi pantai mereka <> Bagaimana tekstur masakan Eritrea dibandingkan dengan makanan Ethiopia? || lebih ringan <> Bahan-bahan apa untuk orang Eritreans cenderung menggunakan kurang daripada orang-orang Ethiopia? || mentega berpengalaman dan rempah-rempah <> Makanan jenis apa sajalah? || <> Apa protein yang paling popular di Ethiopia? || <> Apa protein di tsebhi dorho di Eretria? || <> Apa yang kebanyakan orang Ethiopia meletakkan dalam rebus pedas mereka? || <> Apa yang kebanyakan orang Ethiopia meletakkan dalam tsebhi dorho mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?", "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dbd", "answers": [{"text": "beef, kid, lamb or fish", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?", "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dbe", "answers": [{"text": "Ethiopia", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?", "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dbf", "answers": [{"text": "their coastal location", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?", "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dc0", "answers": [{"text": "lighter", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?", "id": "570e3f550b85d914000d7dc1", "answers": [{"text": "seasoned butter and spices", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fish", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What kind of food is injera?", "id": "5ad0d822645df0001a2d0678", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beef", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What protein is most popular in Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0d822645df0001a2d0679", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lamb", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What protein is in tsebhi dorho in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0d822645df0001a2d067a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kid", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What do most Ethiopians put in their spicy stew?", "id": "5ad0d822645df0001a2d067b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "beef", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What do most Ethiopians put in their tsebhi dorho?", "id": "5ad0d822645df0001a2d067c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, kid, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia, Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. Eritrean dishes are also frequently \"lighter\" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes, as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy."}], ["Semasa tempoh interglacial yang lalu, pantai Laut Merah Eritrea telah diduduki oleh manusia moden anatomi awal. Adalah dipercayai bahawa kawasan tersebut berada di laluan keluar dari Afrika yang diandaikan oleh sesetengah ulama yang digunakan oleh manusia awal untuk menjajah seluruh Dunia Lama. Pada tahun 1999, Pasukan Projek Penyelidikan Eritrean yang terdiri daripada ahli sains Eritrean, Kanada, Amerika, Belanda dan Perancis telah menemui tapak Paleolitik dengan alat batu dan obsidian yang berusia lebih 125,000 tahun berhampiran Teluk Zula di selatan Massawa, di sepanjang pantai Laut Merah. Alat ini dipercayai telah digunakan oleh manusia awal untuk menuai sumber laut seperti kerang dan tiram. <> Siapa yang menduduki pantai Laut Merah semasa tempoh interglacial terakhir? || awal manusia anatomi moden <> Berapa lama alat obsidian yang ditemui oleh Pasukan Projek Penyelidikan Eritrean? || Lebih dari 125,000 tahun <> Di manakah Pasukan Projek Penyelidikan mencari alat obsidian? || berhampiran Bay of Zula <> Apakah alat yang dipercayai telah digunakan oleh manusia awal? || untuk menuai sumber laut seperti kerang dan tiram <> Apa Team terdiri daripada saintis Eritrean, Kanada, Amerika, Belanda dan Perancis? || Pasukan Projek Penyelidikan Eritrean <> Berapa lama dahulu tempoh interglasi terakhir? || <> Berapa lama dahulu ia percaya bahawa manusia awal meninggalkan Afrika? || <> Apakah sumber-sumber tanah yang dikatakan oleh manusia awal telah dimakan? || <> Pada tahun apakah pasukan Tim Penyelidikan Eritrean ditubuhkan? || <> Apa yang ditemui pasukan penyelidikan di Massawa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?", "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e91", "answers": [{"text": "early anatomically modern humans", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?", "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e92", "answers": [{"text": "over 125,000 years old", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?", "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e93", "answers": [{"text": "near the Bay of Zula", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?", "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e94", "answers": [{"text": "to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?", "id": "570e381a0dc6ce1900204e95", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrean Research Project Team", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "125,000", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "How long ago was the last interglacial period?", "id": "5ad0a99b645df0001a2cfff8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "125,000", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "How long ago is it believed that early humans left Africa?", "id": "5ad0a99b645df0001a2cfff9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clams", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "What land resources are the early humans thought to have eaten?", "id": "5ad0a99b645df0001a2cfffa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "In what year was the Eritrean Research Project Team formed?", "id": "5ad0a99b645df0001a2cfffb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stone and obsidian tools", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What did the research team find in Massawa?", "id": "5ad0a99b645df0001a2cfffc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters."}], ["Pakaian tradisional Eritrean agak berbeza di kalangan kumpulan etnik Eritrea. Di bandar-bandar besar, kebanyakan orang berpakaian pakaian kasual Barat seperti seluar jeans dan baju. Di pejabat, kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita sering berpakaian. Pakaian tradisional untuk Christian Tigrinya yang bertutur dalam tanah tinggi terdiri daripada gaun putih terang yang dipanggil zurias untuk wanita, dan baju putih panjang disertai oleh celana putih untuk lelaki. Dalam komuniti Islam di dataran rendah Eritrean, kaum wanita secara tradisinya berpakaian dalam pakaian berwarna terang. Hanya wanita Rashaida mengekalkan tradisi untuk menutupi separuh wajah mereka, walaupun mereka tidak menutup rambut mereka. <> Bagaimana kebanyakan orang berpakaian di bandar-bandar besar Eritrea? || Kasual Barat <> Bagaimana lelaki dan wanita sering berpakaian di kantor di Eritrea? || saman <> Apa zurias, pakaian tradisional yang masih dipakai oleh wanita Christian Highlander di Eritrea? || gaun putih yang cerah <> Bagaimana wanita dalam masyarakat Islam di kawasan tanah rendah Eritrean? || dalam pakaian berwarna terang <> Siapakah wanita yang mengikuti tradisi meliputi separuh wajah mereka, walaupun bukan rambut mereka? || Wanita Rashaida <> Apa yang dipakai umat Islam di tanah tinggi? || <> Apa yang dipakai oleh orang Kristian di dataran rendah Eritrean? || <> Apa wanita di Eritrea menutup rambut mereka? || <> Apa lelaki di Eritrea menutup rambut mereka? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada wanita Rashaida pada umumnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?", "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d53", "answers": [{"text": "Western casual", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?", "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d54", "answers": [{"text": "suits", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?", "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d55", "answers": [{"text": "bright white gowns", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?", "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d56", "answers": [{"text": "in brightly colored clothes", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?", "id": "570e349b0b85d914000d7d57", "answers": [{"text": "Rashaida women", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "casual dress such as jeans and shirts", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What do Muslims in the highlands wear?", "id": "5ad0d6d5645df0001a2d065e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "suits", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What do Christians in the Eritrean lowland wear?", "id": "5ad0d6d5645df0001a2d065f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What women in Eritrea cover their hair?", "id": "5ad0d6d5645df0001a2d0660", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muslim", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What men in Eritrea cover their hair?", "id": "5ad0d6d5645df0001a2d0661", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bright white gowns", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What do Rashaida women generally wear?", "id": "5ad0d6d5645df0001a2d0662", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women, and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair."}], ["Dalam vakum yang menyusul kematian Kaisar Yohannes II pada tahun 1889, Jeneral Oreste Baratieri menduduki dataran tinggi di sepanjang pantai Eritrean dan Itali mengisytiharkan penubuhan jajahan baru Eritrea Itali, koloni Kerajaan Itali. Dalam Perjanjian Wuchale (Ia Uccialli) menandatangani tahun yang sama, Raja Menelik of Shewa, kerajaan Ethiopia selatan, mengakui pendudukan Itali tanah saingannya di Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, dan Serae sebagai pertukaran untuk jaminan kewangan bantuan dan akses terus kepada senjata dan peluru Eropah. Kemenangan berikutnya terhadap raja-raja dan penentangan saingannya sebagai Kaisar Menelek II (r 1889-1913) menjadikan perjanjian itu secara formal mengikat seluruh wilayah. <> Bilakah Maharaja Yohannes II mati? || 1889 <> Apa yang dinyatakan oleh Gen. Oreste Baratieri di dataran tinggi di sepanjang pantai Eritrea? || jajahan baru Eritrea Itali <> Apa jajahan baru Italia Eritrea jajahan? || Kerajaan Itali <> Bilakah Perjanjian Wuchale ditandatangani? || 1889 <> Berapa tahun Perjanjian Wuchale mengikat secara formal? || 1889-1913 <> Pada tahun apakah Maharaja Yohannes II dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun berapa Raja Menelik dari Shewa mula mendapat akses ke senjata dan peluru Eropah? || <> Di negara moden hari ini adalah Wuchale? || <> Siapa yang menjadi raja Menelik dari raja-raja saingan Shewa? || <> Siapa yang menandatangani Perjanjian Wuchale untuk Itali? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Emperor Yohannes II die?", "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eaf", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?", "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb0", "answers": [{"text": "the new colony of Italian Eritrea", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?", "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb1", "answers": [{"text": "the Kingdom of Italy", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?", "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb2", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?", "id": "570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb3", "answers": [{"text": "1889\u20131913", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "In what year was Emperor Yohannes II born?", "id": "5ad0b621645df0001a2d011a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "In what year did King Menelik of Shewa first gain access to European arms and ammunition?", "id": "5ad0b621645df0001a2d011b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eritrea", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "In what modern-day country is Wuchale?", "id": "5ad0b621645df0001a2d011c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oreste Baratieri", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Who was one of King Menelik of Shewa's rival kings?", "id": "5ad0b621645df0001a2d011d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oreste Baratieri", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Who signed the Treaty of Wuchale for Italy?", "id": "5ad0b621645df0001a2d011e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen.\u2009Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889\u20131913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory."}], ["Pada tahun 1950-an, pentadbiran feudal Ethiopia di bawah Maharaja Haile Selassie cuba untuk menggantikan Eritrea dan Somaliland Itali. Dia menuntut kedua-dua wilayah dalam surat kepada Franklin D. Roosevelt pada Persidangan Keamanan Paris dan pada Sidang Pertama Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Di Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, perdebatan mengenai nasib bekas tanah jajahan Itali terus berlanjut. Orang-orang Inggeris dan Amerika lebih suka menyerahkan semua Eritrea kecuali wilayah Barat kepada orang-orang Ethiopia sebagai ganjaran atas sokongan mereka semasa Perang Dunia II. Blok Kemerdekaan parti-parti Eritrean secara konsisten meminta dari Perhimpunan Agung PBB bahawa suatu referendum diadakan segera untuk menyelesaikan pertanyaan Eritrea tentang kedaulatan. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Maharaja Haile Selassie untuk lampiran pada tahun 1950-an? || Eritrea dan Itali Somaliland <> Yang membuat tuntutan ke Eritrea dan Somaliland Itali dalam surat kepada Franklin D. Roosevelt? || Kaisar Haile Selassie <> Mengapa orang-orang Inggeris dan Amerika mahu menyerahkan sebahagian besar Eritrea kepada orang-orang Ethiopia? || sebagai ganjaran untuk sokongan mereka semasa Perang Dunia II <> Siapa yang secara konsisten meminta agar satu referendum diadakan dengan segera untuk menyelesaikan persoalan kedaulatan Eritrea? || Blok Kemerdekaan parti Eritrean <> Siapa yang menyokong Ethiopia dalam Perang Dunia II? || The British and Americans <> Dalam apa dekade apa Haile Selassie menjadi kaisar Ethiopia? || <> Negara mana yang menjadi sebahagian daripada blok Kemerdekaan Eritrean? || <> Siapa Franklin D. Roosevelt pemimpin? || <> Di bandar apakah Sesi Pertama Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai Somaliland Itali pada masa ini selepas Perang Dunia II? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?", "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db3", "answers": [{"text": "Eritrea and Italian Somaliland", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?", "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db4", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Haile Selassie", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?", "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db5", "answers": [{"text": "as a reward for their support during World War II", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?", "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db6", "answers": [{"text": "The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?", "id": "570e3b210b85d914000d7db7", "answers": [{"text": "The British and Americans", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what decade did Haile Selassie become emperor of Ethiopia?", "id": "5ad0c01e645df0001a2d01bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ethiopians", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "What nation was part of the Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties?", "id": "5ad0c01e645df0001a2d01bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The British", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt the leader of?", "id": "5ad0c01e645df0001a2d01be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "In what city was the First Session of the United Nations held?", "id": "5ad0c01e645df0001a2d01bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Haile Selassie", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who was leading Italian Somaliland during this time after World War II?", "id": "5ad0c01e645df0001a2d01c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty."}], ["Mengikut anggaran baru-baru ini, 50% penduduk berpegang kepada agama Kristian, Islam 48%, sementara 2% penduduk mengikuti agama lain termasuk agama tradisional Afrika dan animisme. Menurut satu kajian yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Pew, 63% berpegang pada Kekristianan dan 36% berpegang kepada Islam. Sejak Mei 2002, kerajaan Eritrea telah secara rasmi mengiktiraf Gereja Eritrea Ortodoks Tewahedo (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, Gereja Katolik Eritrean (Metropolitanate sui juris) dan gereja Lutheran Evangelical. Semua agama dan denominasi lain dikehendaki menjalani proses pendaftaran. Antara lain, sistem pendaftaran kerajaan memerlukan kumpulan keagamaan untuk mengemukakan maklumat peribadi keahlian mereka untuk dibenarkan beribadat. <> Berapa peratus daripada Eritrea dianggarkan mematuhi Kekristianan? || 50% <> Berapa peratus daripada Eritrea dianggarkan mematuhi Islam? || 48% <> Apakah agama dan agama yang tidak diiktiraf di Eritrea perlu menjalani? || proses pendaftaran <> Apakah sistem pendaftaran kerajaan memerlukan kumpulan keagamaan untuk mengemukakan keanggotaan mereka? || Maklumat peribadi <> Bilakah kerajaan Eritrean mula mengenali secara rasmi gereja-gereja tertentu? || Mei 2002 <> Berapa banyak orang mengikut animisme mengikut Pusat Penyelidikan Pew? || <> Menurut anggaran baru-baru ini, berapa orang yang mengikuti hanya animisme di Eretria? || <> Berapakah jumlah orang yang berada di Gereja Katolik Eritrean mengikut anggaran baru-baru ini? || <> Sehingga Mei 2002 berapa peratus penduduk Eritrea berada di gereja Lutheran Evangelical? || <> Berapa peratus daripada orang yang menghadiri Gereja Eritrea Ortodoks Tewahedo dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?", "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ecd", "answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?", "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ece", "answers": [{"text": "48%", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?", "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ecf", "answers": [{"text": "a registration process", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?", "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ed0", "answers": [{"text": "personal information", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?", "id": "570e3d930dc6ce1900204ed1", "answers": [{"text": "May 2002", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "How many people followed animism according to the Pew Research Center?", "id": "5ad0d23a645df0001a2d051a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "According to recent estimates, how many people follow just animism in Eretria?", "id": "5ad0d23a645df0001a2d051b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What percentage of people are in the Eritrean Catholic Church according to recent estimates?", "id": "5ad0d23a645df0001a2d051c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "63%", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "As of May 2002 what percentage of Eritrean people were in the Evangelical Lutheran church?", "id": "5ad0d23a645df0001a2d051d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "36%", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What percentage of people attend the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in recent years?", "id": "5ad0d23a645df0001a2d051e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship."}], ["Pendidikan di Eritrea secara rasminya diwajibkan antara tujuh dan 13 tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, infrastruktur pendidikan tidak mencukupi untuk memenuhi keperluan semasa. Perangkaan berbeza-beza di peringkat rendah, menunjukkan bahawa antara 65 dan 70% kanak-kanak sekolah berumur di sekolah rendah; Kira-kira 61% menghadiri sekolah menengah. Nisbah pelajar-guru tinggi: 45 hingga 1 di peringkat rendah dan 54 hingga 1 di peringkat menengah. Terdapat purata 63 pelajar setiap bilik darjah di peringkat rendah dan 97 setiap bilik darjah di peringkat menengah. Waktu pembelajaran di sekolah sering kurang dari enam jam sehari. Kekurangan kemahiran terdapat di semua peringkat sistem pendidikan, dan pembiayaan dan akses pendidikan jauh berbeza dengan jantina dan lokasi. Anggaran literasi untuk Eritrea berkisar dari sekitar 40% hingga setinggi 70%. <> Berapa umur secara rasmi untuk pendidikan di Eritrea? || antara tujuh dan 13 tahun <> Berapa peratuskah anak-anak sekolah yang dianggarkan menghadiri sekolah rendah? || 70% <> Berapakah peratusan anak-anak sekolah yang dianggarkan menghadiri sekolah menengah? || 61% <> Apakah nisbah pelajar-guru di sekolah rendah? || 45 hingga 1 <> Apakah nisbah pelajar-guru di sekolah menengah? || 54 hingga 1 <> Berapa peratus daripada kanak-kanak antara tujuh dan 13 boleh membaca dan menulis? || <> Berapa peratus sekolah rendah dibuka kurang daripada enam jam sehari? || <> Berapa peratus sekolah rendah dibuka kurang daripada enam jam sehari? || <> Berapa peratus sekolah rendah dibuka lebih daripada enam jam sehari? || <> Berapa peratus sekolah rendah dibuka lebih daripada enam jam sehari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?", "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed7", "answers": [{"text": "between seven and 13 years of age", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?", "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed8", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?", "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed9", "answers": [{"text": "61%", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?", "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204eda", "answers": [{"text": "45 to 1", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?", "id": "570e3e440dc6ce1900204edb", "answers": [{"text": "54 to 1", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 804}], "question": "What percentage of children between seven and 13 can read and write?", "id": "5ad0d4dc645df0001a2d0612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "61%", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What percentage of primary schools are open less than six hours per day?", "id": "5ad0d4dc645df0001a2d0613", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What percentage of elementary schools are open less than six hours per day?", "id": "5ad0d4dc645df0001a2d0614", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 804}], "question": "What percentage of elementary schools are open more than six hours per day?", "id": "5ad0d4dc645df0001a2d0615", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 822}], "question": "What percentage of primary schools are open more than six hours per day?", "id": "5ad0d4dc645df0001a2d0616", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%."}], ["Bola sepak dan berbasikal adalah sukan yang paling popular di Eritrea. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, atlet Eritrean juga menyaksikan kejayaan yang semakin meningkat di arena antarabangsa. Zersenay Tadese, seorang atlet Eritrean, kini memegang rekod dunia dalam jarak berjalan kaki separuh maraton. Tour of Eritrea, acara berbasikal berbilang peringkat antarabangsa, diadakan setiap tahun di seluruh negara. Pasukan berbasikal kebangsaan Eritrea telah mengalami banyak kejayaan, memenangi kejohanan basikal kontinental beberapa tahun berturut-turut. Enam pelumba Eritrean telah ditandatangani dengan pasukan berbasikal antarabangsa, termasuk Natnael Berhane dan Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane dinamakan Pemain Olah Raga Afrika Tahun 2013, di depan pemain bola sepak Yaya Tour\u00e9 dan Didier Drogba, sementara Teklehaimanot menjadi Eritrean pertama yang menunggang Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a pada tahun 2012. Pada 2015 Teklehaimanot memenangi klasifikasi King of the Mountains di Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphine . Teklehaimanot dan sesama Eritrean Merhawi Kudus menjadi pelumba hitam Afrika pertama yang bertanding dalam Tour de France apabila mereka dipilih oleh pasukan MTN-Qhubeka untuk edisi perlumbaan 2015, di mana, pada 9 Julai, Teklehaimanot menjadi pelumba Afrika pertama untuk memakai jaket polkadot. <> Apa sukan paling popular di Eritrea? || Bola sepak dan basikal <> Rekod dunia apa yang diadakan oleh atlet Eritrean Zersenay Tadese? || jarak separuh maraton berlari <> Apakah nama acara berbasikal antarabangsa yang diadakan di seluruh Eritrea? || Tour of Eritrea <> Siapa yang menjadi pelumba hitam Afrika pertama yang bersaing dalam Tour de France? || Teklehaimanot dan sesama Eritrean Merhawi Kudus <> Siapa yang menjadi Eritrean pertama untuk menunggang Vuelta a Espana pada tahun 2012? || Daniel Teklehaimanot <> Yang memenangi Tour lepas Eritrea? || <> Siapa yang merupakan salah seorang ahli pasukan berbasikal negara Eritrea? || <> Apakah pasukan bola sepak Didier Drogba bermain? || <> Apa yang dipakai oleh Merhawi Kudus pada akhir Tour de France 2015? || <> Siapa yang memenangi 2012 Vuelta a Espana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?", "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d81", "answers": [{"text": "Football and cycling", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?", "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d82", "answers": [{"text": "half marathon distance running", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?", "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d83", "answers": [{"text": "Tour of Eritrea", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?", "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d84", "answers": [{"text": "Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus", "answer_start": 915}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?", "id": "570e36da0b85d914000d7d85", "answers": [{"text": "Daniel Teklehaimanot", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zersenay Tadese", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "Who won the last Tour of Eritrea?", "id": "5ad0daad645df0001a2d06c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Didier Drogba", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "Who is one of the members of the Eritrea national cycling team?", "id": "5ad0daad645df0001a2d06c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MTN\u2013Qhubeka", "answer_start": 1065}], "question": "What football team does Didier Drogba play for?", "id": "5ad0daad645df0001a2d06c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polkadot jersey", "answer_start": 1191}], "question": "What was Merhawi Kudus wearing at the end of the 2015 Tour de France?", "id": "5ad0daad645df0001a2d06c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Merhawi Kudus", "answer_start": 949}], "question": "Who won the 2012 Vuelta a Espana?", "id": "5ad0daad645df0001a2d06c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena. Zersenay Tadese, an Eritrean athlete, currently holds the world record in half marathon distance running. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage international cycling event, is held annually throughout the country. The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced a lot of success, winning the continental cycling championship several years in a row. Six Eritrean riders have been signed to international cycling teams, including Natnael Berhane and Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Tour\u00e9 and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a in 2012. In 2015 Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphine. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN\u2013Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race, where, on 9 July, Teklehaimanot became the first African rider to wear the polkadot jersey."}]], [["Uranium lebih banyak daripada antimoni, timah, kadmium, merkuri, atau perak, dan ia lebih banyak seperti arsenik atau molibdenum. Uranium terdapat dalam beratus-ratus galian, termasuk uraninite (bijih uranium yang paling biasa), karnitit, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, dan keranda. Kepekatan uranium yang ketara berlaku dalam beberapa bahan seperti deposit batu fosfat, dan mineral seperti lignit, dan pasir monazite dalam bijih kaya uranium (ia pulih secara komersil dari sumber dengan hanya 0.1 uranium). <> Bersama dengan arsenik, logam apa yang lebih kasar seperti uranium? || molibdenum <> Bersama dengan perak, raksa, timah dan kadmium, apa logam uranium lebih banyak daripada? || antimoni <> Apakah bijih uranium yang paling lazim? || uraninite <> Apakah mineral yang kadang-kadang mengandungi uranium? || lignite <> Apakah jenis batu kadang-kadang mengandungi uranium? || fosfat <> Bersama dengan arsenik, apa logam kurang banyak sebagai uranium? || <> Bersama dengan perak, merkuri, timah dan kadmium, apa logam uranium kurang banyak daripada? || <> Apakah bijih uranium yang paling biasa? || <> Apa mineral yang selalu mengandungi uranium? || <> Apakah jenis batu tidak pernah mengandungi uranium? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?", "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d6d", "answers": [{"text": "molybdenum", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?", "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d6e", "answers": [{"text": "antimony", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most prevalent uranium ore?", "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d6f", "answers": [{"text": "uraninite", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mineral sometimes contains uranium?", "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d70", "answers": [{"text": "lignite", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?", "id": "570e35d20b85d914000d7d71", "answers": [{"text": "phosphate", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "molybdenum", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium?", "id": "5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antimony", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium less plentiful than?", "id": "5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uraninite", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What is the least prevalent uranium ore?", "id": "5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lignite", "answer_start": 399}], "question": "What mineral always contains uranium?", "id": "5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phosphate", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What types of rocks never contain uranium?", "id": "5ad11cee645df0001a2d0dea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium)."}], ["Interaksi anion karbonat dengan uranium (VI) menyebabkan rajah Pourbaix berubah banyak apabila medium diubah dari air ke larutan yang mengandungi karbonat. Walaupun sebahagian besar karbonat tidak larut dalam air (pelajar sering mengajar bahawa semua karbonat selain daripada logam alkali tidak larut dalam air), uranium karbonat sering larut dalam air. Ini kerana kation U (VI) dapat mengikat dua oksida terminal dan tiga atau lebih karbonat untuk membentuk kompleks anionik. <> Dalam apa medium, rajah Pourbaix berubah apabila anion karbonat berinteraksi dengan uranium (VI)? || karbonat yang mengandungi larutan <> Apa karbonat yang ketara sering larut dalam air? || uranium <> Apa bentuk kation uranium (VI) apabila ia mengikat dua oksida terminal dan tiga atau lebih karbonat? || kompleks anionik <> Dalam apa rajah apakah rajah Pourbaix berubah apabila anion karbonat berinteraksi dengan uranium (VII)? || <> Dalam apa rajah apakah rajah Pourbaix berubah apabila anion karbonat berinteraksi dengan uranium (VI)? || <> Apa karbonat yang ketara adalah larut air larut? || <> Apa bentuk kation uranium (VI) apabila ia mengikat dua dioksida terminal dan tiga atau lebih karbonat? || <> Apa bentuk kation uranium (VII) apabila ia mengikat dua oksida terminal dan tiga atau lebih karbonat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?", "id": "570e357f0b85d914000d7d67", "answers": [{"text": "carbonate containing solution", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable carbonates are often water soluble?", "id": "570e357f0b85d914000d7d68", "answers": [{"text": "uranium", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?", "id": "570e357f0b85d914000d7d69", "answers": [{"text": "anionic complexes", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate containing solution", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VII)?", "id": "5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1606", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate containing solution", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)?", "id": "5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1607", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "What notable carbonates are unoften water soluble?", "id": "5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1608", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anionic complexes", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal dioxides and three or more carbonates?", "id": "5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1609", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anionic complexes", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What does a uranium(VII) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?", "id": "5ad14b6e645df0001a2d160a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes."}], ["Uranium-235 adalah isotop pertama yang didapati fissile. Isotop semula jadi lain boleh dibuang, tetapi tidak fissile. Apabila pengeboman dengan neutron yang lambat, isotop uranium-235 akan terbahagi kepada dua nuklei yang lebih kecil, melepaskan tenaga mengikat nuklear dan lebih banyak neutron. Sekiranya terlalu banyak neutron ini diserap oleh nukleus uranium-235 yang lain, tindak balas rantai nuklear berlaku yang mengakibatkan pecah haba atau (dalam keadaan khas) letupan. Dalam reaktor nuklear, tindak balas rantai sedemikian perlahan dan dikawal oleh racun neutron, menyerap beberapa neutron bebas. Bahan penyerap neutron sedemikian adalah sebahagian daripada rod kawalan reaktor (lihat fizik reaktor nuklear untuk perihalan proses reaktor ini). <> Apakah uranium uranium yang pertama dijumpai fissile? || 235 <> Berapa banyak nukleus yang uranium-235 biasanya dibahagikan apabila dibombardir dengan neutron perlahan? || dua <> Apabila tindak balas rantai nuklear di uranium-235 tidak menyebabkan pecah haba, apakah yang menyebabkannya? || letupan <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memperlambat tindak balas rantai dalam reaktor nuklear? || racun neutron <> Apa racun neutron menyerap? || neutron bebas <> Apakah isotop uranium adalah yang terakhir dapat ditemukan fissile? || <> Berapa banyak nuklei yang uranium-245 biasanya membahagikan apabila dibombardir dengan neutron perlahan? || <> Apabila tindak balas rantai nuklear dalam uranium-245 tidak menyebabkan pecah haba, apakah yang menyebabkannya? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mempercepat tindak balas rantai dalam reaktor nuklear? || <> Apa racun neutron memberhentikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?", "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e73", "answers": [{"text": "235", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?", "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e74", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?", "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e75", "answers": [{"text": "an explosion", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?", "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e76", "answers": [{"text": "neutron poison", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a neutron poison absorb?", "id": "570e33510dc6ce1900204e77", "answers": [{"text": "free neutrons", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "235", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What isotope of uranium was the last to be found fissile?", "id": "5ad11389645df0001a2d0c80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "How many nuclei does uranium-245 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?", "id": "5ad11389645df0001a2d0c81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an explosion", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-245 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?", "id": "5ad11389645df0001a2d0c82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neutron poison", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What is used to speed a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?", "id": "5ad11389645df0001a2d0c83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free neutrons", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "What does a neutron poison give off?", "id": "5ad11389645df0001a2d0c84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control)."}], ["Secara semula jadi, uranium (VI) membentuk kompleks karbonat yang larut dalam pH alkali. Ini membawa kepada peningkatan dalam mobiliti dan ketersediaan uranium ke tanah air dan tanah dari sisa nuklear yang membawa kepada bahaya kesihatan. Walau bagaimanapun, sukar untuk mendakan uranium sebagai fosfat dengan kehadiran kelebihan karbonat pada pH alkali. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 telah didapati untuk menyatakan aktiviti phosphatase alkali (PHK) alkali yang tinggi yang telah digunakan untuk bioprecipulasi uranium sebagai spesies fosfat uranyl dari penyelesaian alkali. Keupayaan pemendakan dipertingkatkan dengan mengungkap protein PhoK di E. coli. <> Jenis kompleks apa bentuk uranium (VI) dalam alam semula jadi? || karbonat <> Kehadiran apa bahan pada pH alkali menjadikan sukar untuk mendakan uranium sebagai fosfat? || karbonat <> Apakah BSAR-1 terikan? || Sphingomonas sp. <> Jenis kompleks apa bentuk uranium (V) dalam alam semula jadi? || <> Jenis kompleks apa uranium (VI) tidak wujud dalam alam semula jadi? || <> Kehadiran apa bahan di pH alkali menjadikannya mudah untuk mendakan uranium sebagai fosfat? || <> Apakah BSAR-2 ketegangan? || <> Apakah BSAR-1 bukan ketegangan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?", "id": "570e33de0b85d914000d7d43", "answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?", "id": "570e33de0b85d914000d7d44", "answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is BSAR-1 a strain of?", "id": "570e33de0b85d914000d7d45", "answers": [{"text": "Sphingomonas sp.", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What type of complexes does uranium(V) form in nature?", "id": "5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What type of complexes does uranium(VI) not form in nature?", "id": "5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it easy to precipitate uranium as phosphate?", "id": "5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sphingomonas sp.", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What is BSAR-2 a strain of?", "id": "5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sphingomonas sp.", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What is BSAR-1 not a strain of?", "id": "5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli."}], ["Dianggarkan 5.5 juta tan uranium wujud dalam rizab bijih yang bernilai ekonomi US $ 59 per lb uranium, sementara 35 juta tan dikategorikan sebagai sumber mineral (prospek yang munasabah untuk ekstraksi ekonomi). Harga pergi dari kira-kira $ 10 / lb pada Mei 2003 kepada $ 138 / lb pada bulan Julai 2007. Ini telah menyebabkan peningkatan besar dalam perbelanjaan eksplorasi, dengan AS $ 200 juta dibelanjakan di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2005, peningkatan sebanyak 54% pada tahun sebelumnya. Trend ini berterusan sepanjang tahun 2006, apabila perbelanjaan eksplorasi roket kepada lebih dari $ 774 juta, meningkat lebih daripada 250% berbanding tahun 2004. Agensi Tenaga Nuklear OECD berkata angka eksplorasi untuk tahun 2007 sepatutnya sesuai dengan tahun 2006. <> Berapa banyak uranium ada di rizab bijih, dalam jutaan tan? || 5.5 <> Berapa berjuta-juta tan adalah uranium dianggap sebagai sumber mineral? || 35 <> Apakah harga uranium per paun pada Mei 2003? || $ 10 <> Pada tahun 2005, berapa wang yang dibelanjakan untuk penerokaan uranium? || US $ 200 juta <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan untuk mencari uranium pada tahun 2006? || $ 774 juta <> Berapa banyak uranium yang berdaya maju di rizab bijih, berbilion tan? || <> Berapa banyak bilion tan adalah uranium dianggap sebagai sumber mineral? || <> Apakah harga uranium per kilo pada Mei 2003? || <> Pada tahun 2015, berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan untuk penerokaan uranium? || <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan untuk meneroka uranium pada tahun 2016? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?", "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d49", "answers": [{"text": "5.5", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?", "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4a", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?", "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4b", "answers": [{"text": "$10", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?", "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4c", "answers": [{"text": "US$200 million", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?", "id": "570e347a0b85d914000d7d4d", "answers": [{"text": "$774 million", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5.5", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in billions of tonnes?", "id": "5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "How many billions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?", "id": "5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$10", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What was the price of uranium per kilo as of May 2003?", "id": "5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$200 million", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "In 2015, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?", "id": "5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$774 million", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2016?", "id": "5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006."}], ["Penemuan dan pengasingan radium dalam uranium bijih (pitchblende) oleh Marie Curie mencetuskan pembangunan perlombongan uranium untuk mengeluarkan radium, yang digunakan untuk membuat cat berwarna gelap untuk jam dan pesawat terbang. Ini meninggalkan kuantiti uranium yang luar biasa sebagai produk sisa, kerana ia memerlukan tiga tan uranium untuk mengeluarkan satu gram radium. Produk sisa ini dialihkan ke industri kaca, menjadikan uranium glazes sangat murah dan berlimpah. Di samping glazer tembikar, jubin ubin uranium menyumbang sebahagian besar penggunaannya, termasuk bilik mandi biasa dan jubin dapur yang boleh dihasilkan dalam warna hijau, kuning, mawar, hitam, biru, merah dan lain-lain. <> Apakah istilah lain untuk bijih uranium? || pitchblende <> Siapa yang terpencil radium dalam bijih uranium? || Marie Curie <> Dalam apa jenis cat radium yang pertama digunakan? || bercahaya-dalam-gelap <> Alat apa yang dicat dengan cat radium? || Jam dan pesawat terbang cepat <> Bersama merah, biru, hitam, kuning dan hijau, apa warna jubin ubin uranium yang terkenal? || mauve <> Apa istilah lain untuk bijih uranium? || <> Siapa radium terpencil dalam teras uranium? || <> Dalam apa jenis cat radium yang terakhir digunakan? || <> Alat apa yang tidak dicat dengan cat radium? || <> Bersama-sama dengan merah, biru, hitam, kuning dan hijau, apa yang tidak berwarna warna jubin uranium yang terkenal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for uranium ore?", "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d13", "answers": [{"text": "pitchblende", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who isolated radium in uranium ore?", "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d14", "answers": [{"text": "Marie Curie", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what types of paints was radium first used?", "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d15", "answers": [{"text": "glow-in-the-dark", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What devices were painted with radium paint?", "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d16", "answers": [{"text": "clock and aircraft dials", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?", "id": "570e2db80b85d914000d7d17", "answers": [{"text": "mauve", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pitchblende", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What isn't another term for uranium ore?", "id": "5ad1157f645df0001a2d0cec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marie Curie", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Who isolated radium in uranium core?", "id": "5ad1157f645df0001a2d0ced", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "glow-in-the-dark", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "In what types of paints was radium last used?", "id": "5ad1157f645df0001a2d0cee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clock and aircraft dials", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What devices weren't painted with radium paint?", "id": "5ad1157f645df0001a2d0cef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mauve", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what wasn't a notable color of uranium tile glaze?", "id": "5ad1157f645df0001a2d0cf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors."}], ["Uranium adalah unsur yang semulajadi yang dapat ditemui di tahap rendah dalam semua batu, tanah, dan air. Uranium adalah unsur ke-51 dalam susunan kerak bumi. Uranium juga unsur tertinggi yang dijumpai secara semulajadi dalam kuantiti yang banyak di Bumi dan hampir selalu dijumpai digabungkan dengan unsur-unsur lain. Bersama dengan semua unsur yang mempunyai berat atom lebih tinggi daripada besi, ia hanya secara semula jadi terbentuk dalam supernova. Pereputan uranium, torium, dan kalium-40 dalam mantel Bumi dianggap sebagai sumber utama haba yang memelihara cecair teras luar dan memacu perolakan mantel, yang seterusnya memacu tekton plat. <> Di mana uranium berada di antara unsur-unsur dari segi kelimpahannya di kerak Bumi? || 51st <> Di mana uranium terbentuk secara semula jadi? || dalam supernova <> Bersama dengan kalium-40 dan uranium, kerosakan unsur apa yang merupakan sumber haba utama yang memandu plat tektonik? || torium <> Dalam keadaan apakah inti bumi luar? || cecair <> Di mana uranium berada di antara unsur-unsur dari segi kelimpahannya di atmosfer bumi? || <> Di mana uranium dibentuk secara tidak wajar? || <> Bersama dengan kalium-40 dan uranium, pereputan elemen apa yang merupakan sumber penyejuk utama yang memandu plat tektonik? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah inti dalaman Bumi? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah inti tengah bumi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?", "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d31", "answers": [{"text": "51st", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is uranium naturally formed?", "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d32", "answers": [{"text": "in supernovae", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?", "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d33", "answers": [{"text": "thorium", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state is the Earth's outer core?", "id": "570e32740b85d914000d7d34", "answers": [{"text": "liquid", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "51st", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's atmosphere?", "id": "5ad11b91645df0001a2d0dac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in supernovae", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "Where is uranium unnaturally formed?", "id": "5ad11b91645df0001a2d0dad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thorium", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary cooling source driving plate tectonics?", "id": "5ad11b91645df0001a2d0dae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "liquid", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "In what state is the Earth's inner core?", "id": "5ad11b91645df0001a2d0daf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "liquid", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "In what state is the Earth's middle core?", "id": "5ad11b91645df0001a2d0db0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics."}], ["Uranium yang dibuang juga digunakan sebagai bahan perisai dalam beberapa bekas yang digunakan untuk menyimpan dan mengangkut bahan radioaktif. Walaupun logam itu sendiri adalah radioaktif, ketumpatannya yang tinggi menjadikannya lebih berkesan daripada memimpin dalam menghentikan sinaran daripada sumber yang kuat seperti radium. Kegunaan lain uranium hancur termasuk counterweights untuk permukaan kawalan pesawat, sebagai balast untuk kenderaan masuk semula rudal dan sebagai bahan perisai. Oleh kerana ketumpatannya yang tinggi, bahan ini terdapat dalam sistem bimbingan inersia dan dalam kompas gyroscopic. Pengurangan uranium lebih disukai daripada logam padat yang sama kerana keupayaannya mudah dimesin dan dibuang serta kos yang agak rendah. Risiko utama pendedahan kepada uranium hancur adalah keracunan kimia oleh uranium oksida dan bukannya radioaktiviti (uranium hanya pemancar alfa yang lemah). <> Apa jenis uranium yang kadang-kadang digunakan untuk melindungi bahan-bahan radioaktif dalam bekas? || Dikurangi <> Apakah sumber radiasi yang kuat yang disekat oleh uranium yang hancur? || radium <> Bagaimana uranium habis digunakan dalam kenderaan masuk semula peluru berpandu? || balast <> Ciri apa yang menyebabkan uranium hancur digunakan dalam kompas gyroscopic? || kepadatan tinggi <> Apa jenis pemancar alfa adalah uranium? || lemah <> Apa jenis uranium yang sentiasa digunakan untuk melindungi bahan radioaktif dalam bekas? || <> Apakah sumber radiasi yang lemah yang disekat oleh uranium yang hancur? || <> Bagaimana uranium habis tidak digunakan dalam kenderaan masuk semula peluru berpandu? || <> Ciri apa yang menyebabkan uranium haus tidak digunakan dalam kompas gyroscopic? || <> Jenis pemancar beta apakah uranium? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?", "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d09", "answers": [{"text": "Depleted", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?", "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0a", "answers": [{"text": "radium", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?", "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0b", "answers": [{"text": "ballast", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?", "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0c", "answers": [{"text": "high density", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of alpha emitter is uranium?", "id": "570e2d500b85d914000d7d0d", "answers": [{"text": "weak", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Depleted", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What kind of uranium is always used to shield radioactive materials in containers?", "id": "5ad11464645df0001a2d0cb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "radium", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What is a weak source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?", "id": "5ad11464645df0001a2d0cb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ballast", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "How is depleted uranium not used in missile re-entry vehicles?", "id": "5ad11464645df0001a2d0cb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high density", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "What trait causes depleted uranium not to be used in gyroscopic compasses?", "id": "5ad11464645df0001a2d0cb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "weak", "answer_start": 809}], "question": "What type of beta emitter is uranium?", "id": "5ad11464645df0001a2d0cb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter)."}], ["Pasukan yang diketuai oleh Enrico Fermi pada tahun 1934 mendapati bahawa pengeboman uranium dengan neutron menghasilkan pelepasan pancaran beta (elektron atau positron daripada unsur yang dihasilkan; lihat zarah beta). Produk-produk pembelahan pada mulanya telah disalah anggap unsur-unsur baru nombor atom 93 dan 94, yang mana Dekan Fakulti Rom, Orso Mario Corbino, membaptis ausonium dan hesperium masing-masing. Eksperimen yang membawa kepada penemuan keupayaan uranium untuk pembelahan (pecah) ke elemen yang lebih ringan dan melepaskan tenaga mengikat dilakukan oleh Otto Hahn dan Fritz Strassmann di makmal Hahn di Berlin. Lise Meitner dan anak saudaranya, ahli fizik Otto Robert Frisch, menerbitkan penjelasan fizikal pada Februari 1939 dan menamakan proses \"pembelahan nuklear\". Tidak lama selepas itu, Fermi menegaskan bahawa pembelahan uranium mungkin melepaskan neutron yang mencukupi untuk mengekalkan tindak balas fisi. Pengesahan hipotesis ini datang pada tahun 1939, dan kemudian kerja mendapati bahawa secara purata kira-kira 2.5 neutron dibebaskan oleh setiap pembelahan uranium jarang isotop uranium-235. Kerja lebih lanjut mendapati isotop uranium-238 yang lebih biasa boleh ditransmisikan ke plutonium, yang, seperti uranium-235, juga fisil oleh neutron haba. Penemuan ini membawa banyak negara untuk memulakan pembangunan senjata nuklear dan kuasa nuklear. <> Bilakah diperhatikan bahawa pengeboman uranium dengan neutron menghasilkan pelepasan beta ray? || 1934 <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan yang mendapati bahawa pengeboman uranium dengan neutron mencipta pelepasan rayaran beta? || Enrico Fermi <> Apakah nama yang diberikan oleh Corbino kepada nombor atom yang tidak betul yang ditetapkan 94? || hesperium <> Apakah gelaran pekerjaan Orso Mario Corbino? || Dekan Fakulti Rom <> Siapa ibu saudara Otto Robert Frisch? || Lise Meitner <> Bilakah diperhatikan bahawa pengeboman uranium dengan neutron menghasilkan pancaran sinar gamma? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan yang mendapati bahawa pengeboman uranium dengan neutron mencipta pelepasan sinar gamma? || <> Apakah nama yang diberikan oleh Corbino kepada nombor atom yang tidak betul 194? || <> Apa itu tajuk pekerjaan Orso Mario Corbino? || <> Siapa bapa saudara Otto Robert Frisch? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?", "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d5d", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?", "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d5e", "answers": [{"text": "Enrico Fermi", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?", "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d5f", "answers": [{"text": "hesperium", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?", "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d60", "answers": [{"text": "Dean of the Faculty of Rome", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?", "id": "570e35280b85d914000d7d61", "answers": [{"text": "Lise Meitner", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in gamma ray emission?", "id": "5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Enrico Fermi", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created gamma ray emissions?", "id": "5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hesperium", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 194?", "id": "5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dean of the Faculty of Rome,", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What wasn't the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?", "id": "5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lise Meitner", "answer_start": 604}], "question": "Who was the uncle of Otto Robert Frisch?", "id": "5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process \"nuclear fission\". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power."}], ["Reaktor X-10 Grafit di Makmal Kebangsaan Oak Ridge (ORNL) di Oak Ridge, Tennessee, dahulu dikenali sebagai Clinton Pile dan X-10 Pile, merupakan reaktor nuklear buatan kedua di dunia (selepas Chicago Pile Enrico Fermi) dan yang pertama reaktor yang direka dan dibina untuk operasi berterusan. Reaktor Petani Eksperimental Makmal Kebangsaan Argonne, yang terletak di Stesen Penguji Reaktor Kebangsaan Suruhanjaya Tenaga Atom berhampiran Arco, Idaho, menjadi reaktor nuklear pertama untuk mencipta elektrik pada 20 Disember 1951. Pada mulanya, empat lampu 150 watt lampu telah disalurkan oleh reaktor, tetapi penambahbaikan akhirnya membolehkannya menguasai keseluruhan kemudahan (kemudian, bandar Arco menjadi yang pertama di dunia untuk memiliki semua elektriknya berasal dari kuasa nuklear yang dihasilkan oleh BORAX-III, reaktor lain yang direka dan dikendalikan oleh Makmal Nasional Argonne). Stesen tenaga nuklir berskala komersial pertama di dunia, Obninsk di Kesatuan Soviet, mulai generasi dengan reaktornya AM-1 pada 27 Juni 1954. Tanaman tenaga nuklir awal lainnya adalah Calder Hall di England, yang bermula pada 17 Oktober 1956, dan Shipport Stesen Kuasa Atom di Pennsylvania, yang bermula pada 26 Mei 1958. Kuasa nuklear digunakan untuk pertama kali untuk pendesak oleh kapal selam, USS Nautilus, pada tahun 1954. Apa reaktor nuklear buatan pertama di dunia? || Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile <> Dalam apa keadaan yang terletak di Reaktor Grafit X-10? || Tennessee <> Bersama X-10 Pile, apakah Reaktor Grafika X-10 yang sebelum ini dikenali sebagai? || Clinton Pile <> Dalam apa keadaan yang terdapat di Reaktor Breeder Eksperimental Makmal Kebangsaan Argonne? || Idaho <> Pada tarikh apa Breeder Reactor saya mula-mula membuat elektrik? || 20 Disember 1951 <> Apakah reaktor nuklear tiruan terakhir di dunia? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah yang terletak di Reaktor Grafit X-01? || <> Bersama dengan Pile X-10, apakah Reaktor Grafik X-10 yang tidak pernah dikenali sebagai? || <> Dalam keadaan apa yang terletak di Reaktor Kebun Percubaan Eksperimental Makmal Kebangsaan Argonne? || <> Pada tarikh apa Breeder Reactor II mula membuat elektrik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?", "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e69", "answers": [{"text": "Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?", "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6a", "answers": [{"text": "Tennessee", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?", "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6b", "answers": [{"text": "the Clinton Pile", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?", "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6c", "answers": [{"text": "Idaho", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?", "id": "570e31ca0dc6ce1900204e6d", "answers": [{"text": "20 December 1951", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What was the world's last artificial nuclear reactor?", "id": "5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tennessee", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "In what state is the X-01 Graphite Reactor located?", "id": "5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Clinton Pile", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor never known as?", "id": "5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Idaho", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II located?", "id": "5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 December 1951", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "On what date did Breeder Reactor II first make electricity?", "id": "5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954."}], ["Bentuk uranium oksida yang paling biasa ialah triuranium oktoksida (U\n3O\n8) dan UO\n2. Kedua-dua bentuk oksida adalah pepejal yang mempunyai kelarutan rendah dalam air dan relatif stabil terhadap pelbagai keadaan persekitaran. Triathium oktoksida adalah (bergantung kepada keadaan) sebatian uranium yang paling stabil dan merupakan bentuk yang paling biasa ditemui dalam alam semula jadi. Uranium dioksida adalah bentuk di mana uranium paling banyak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar reaktor nuklear. Pada suhu ambien, UO\n2 secara beransur-ansur akan diubah menjadi U\n3O\n8. Kerana kestabilan mereka, uranium oksida secara amnya dianggap sebagai bahan kimia pilihan untuk penyimpanan atau pelupusan. <> Bersama dengan UO2, apakah bentuk uranium oksida yang paling biasa? || triuranium oktoksida <> Apakah sebatian uranium stablest? || Triuranium oktoksida <> Dalam bentuk apa uranium yang paling sering digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk reaktor nuklear? || Uranium dioksida <> Bersama dengan UO2, apakah bentuk uranium oksida paling tidak biasa? || <> Apakah sebatian uranium yang paling stabil? || <> Dalam bentuk apa uranium paling jarang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk reaktor nuklear? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?", "id": "570e386c0dc6ce1900204e9b", "answers": [{"text": "triuranium octoxide", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the stablest uranium compound?", "id": "570e386c0dc6ce1900204e9c", "answers": [{"text": "Triuranium octoxide", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?", "id": "570e386c0dc6ce1900204e9d", "answers": [{"text": "Uranium dioxide", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "triuranium octoxide", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "Along with UO2, what is the least commonest form of uranium oxide?", "id": "5ad14aa7645df0001a2d15b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Triuranium octoxide", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What is the least stable uranium compound?", "id": "5ad14aa7645df0001a2d15b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uranium dioxide", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "In what form is uranium least often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?", "id": "5ad14aa7645df0001a2d15b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U\n3O\n8) and UO\n2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO\n2 will gradually convert to U\n3O\n8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal."}], ["Secara semula jadi, uranium dijumpai sebagai uranium-238 (99.2742%) dan uranium-235 (0.7204%). Pemisahan isotop memfokuskan (memperkaya) uranium-235 yang boleh dibuang untuk senjata nuklear dan kebanyakan loji kuasa nuklear, kecuali reaktor yang disejukkan dengan gas dan reaktor air berat bertekanan. Kebanyakan neutron yang dilepaskan oleh atom pengisi uranium-235 mesti memberi impak atom uranium-235 yang lain untuk mengekalkan tindak balas rantai nuklear. Kepekatan dan jumlah uranium-235 yang diperlukan untuk mencapai ini dipanggil 'jisim kritikal'. <> Sebanyak peratus uranium dalam uranium adalah-235? || 0.7204% <> Apakah isotop semulajadi uranium yang paling lazim? || uranium-238 <> Apakah istilah untuk jumlah uranium-235 yang diperlukan untuk mengekalkan tindak balas rantai nuklear? || jisim genting <> Berapa peratus daripada uranium semulajadi adalah isotop 238? || 99.2742% <> Bersama dengan reaktor sejuk gas, jenis reaktor tidak menggunakan uranium-235? || air berat bertekanan <> Berapa peratus daripada uranium dalam uranium-335? || <> Apakah isotop uranium yang paling luar biasa? || <> Apakah istilah untuk jumlah uranium-335 yang diperlukan untuk mengekalkan tindak balas rantai nuklear? || <> Berapa peratus daripada uranium yang tidak asli adalah isotop 238? || <> Bersama dengan reaktor dipanaskan gas, jenis reaktor tidak menggunakan uranium-235? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?", "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204eb9", "answers": [{"text": "0.7204%", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?", "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204eba", "answers": [{"text": "uranium-238", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?", "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204ebb", "answers": [{"text": "critical mass", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?", "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204ebc", "answers": [{"text": "99.2742%", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?", "id": "570e3a8a0dc6ce1900204ebd", "answers": [{"text": "pressurised heavy water", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.7204%", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-335?", "id": "5ad14ea1645df0001a2d16e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-238", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What is the most prevalent unnatural isotope of uranium?", "id": "5ad14ea1645df0001a2d16e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "critical mass", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "What is the term for the amount of uranium-335 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?", "id": "5ad14ea1645df0001a2d16ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "99.2742%", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What percentage of unnatural uranium is isotope 238?", "id": "5ad14ea1645df0001a2d16eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pressurised heavy water", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "Along with gas heated reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?", "id": "5ad14ea1645df0001a2d16ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'."}], ["Penggunaan uranium dalam bentuk oksida semulajadi bertarikh sekurang-kurangnya pada tahun 79 CE, apabila ia digunakan untuk menambah warna kuning ke glazes seramik. Gelas kuning dengan 1% uranium oksida ditemui di sebuah villa Roman di Cape Posillipo di Bay of Naples, Itali, oleh RT Gunther dari University of Oxford pada tahun 1912. Bermula pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, pitchblende diekstrak dari lombong perak Habsburg di Joachimsthal, Bohemia (kini J\u00e1chymov di Republik Czech), dan digunakan sebagai agen pewarna dalam industri pembuatan kaca tempatan. Pada awal abad ke-19, sumber bijih uranium yang diketahui hanya di dunia adalah lombong-lombong ini. <> Apakah tahun terawal dalam sejarah yang direkodkan bahawa uranium oksida telah digunakan? || 79 CE <> Apa warna sayuran seramik diekstrak dari uranium oksida? || kuning <> Dalam apa daerah kaca dengan kandungan uranium oksida didapati? || Itali <> Dalam tahun berapa kaca kuning uranium oksida ditemui? || 1912 <> Institusi apa yang dilakukan R.T. Gunther milik? || University of Oxford <> Apakah tahun terkini dalam sejarah yang direkodkan bahawa uranium oksida telah digunakan? || <> Apa warna seramik seramik dikurangkan daripada uranium oksida? || <> Dalam apa kandungan kaca yang terdapat dengan kandungan uranium dioksida? || <> Dalam tahun berapa kaca kuning uranium oksida belum ditemui? || <> Institusi apa yang T.T. Gunther milik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?", "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea5", "answers": [{"text": "79 CE", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?", "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea6", "answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?", "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea7", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?", "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea8", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?", "id": "570e38eb0dc6ce1900204ea9", "answers": [{"text": "the University of Oxford", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "79 CE", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What was the latest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?", "id": "5ad1167a645df0001a2d0d14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What color of ceramic glaze was subtracted from uranium oxide?", "id": "5ad1167a645df0001a2d0d15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "In what county was glass with uranium dioxide content found?", "id": "5ad1167a645df0001a2d0d16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass undiscovered?", "id": "5ad1167a645df0001a2d0d17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "University of Oxford", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What institution did T.T. Gunther belong to?", "id": "5ad1167a645df0001a2d0d18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912. Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now J\u00e1chymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry. In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines."}], ["Pada 2 Disember 1942, sebagai sebahagian daripada Projek Manhattan, satu lagi pasukan yang diketuai oleh Enrico Fermi dapat memulakan tindak balas rantai nuklear tiruan yang pertama, Chicago Pile-1. Bekerja di makmal bawah Stagg Field di University of Chicago, pasukan itu mewujudkan syarat-syarat yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas sedemikian dengan menumpuk bersama 400 tan pendek (360 metrik tan) grafit, 58 tan pendek (53 metrik tan) uranium oksida, dan enam tan pendek (5.5 metrik tan) logam uranium, sebahagian besarnya dibekalkan oleh Loji Lampu Westinghouse dalam proses pengeluaran sementara. <> Apakah tindak balas rantai nuklear pertama yang ditubuhkan oleh manusia yang dipanggil? || Chicago Pile-1 <> Pada tarikh apakah reaksi rantai nuklear pertama yang mampan dibuat secara buatan? || 2 Disember 1942 <> Apa projek Fermi berfungsi? || Manhattan <> Di kampus institusi pendidikan apakah Chicago Pile-1 dibuat? || University of Chicago <> Berapa banyak tan metrik uranium oksida digunakan di Chicago Pile-1? || 53 <Apakah reaksi rantai nuklear terakhir yang dicipta oleh manusia dipanggil? || <> Pada tarikh apakah reaksi rantai nuklear terakhir yang berterusan dibuat secara buatan? || <> Projek apa yang tidak berfungsi oleh Fermi? || <> Di kampus institusi pendidikan apakah Chicago Pile-11 dibuat? || <> Berapa banyak metrik tan uranium oksida digunakan di Chicago Pile-21? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?", "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7d9f", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago Pile-1", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?", "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da0", "answers": [{"text": "2 December 1942", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What project was Fermi working for?", "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da1", "answers": [{"text": "Manhattan", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created?", "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da2", "answers": [{"text": "University of Chicago", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1?", "id": "570e39580b85d914000d7da3", "answers": [{"text": "53", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicago Pile-1", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "What was the last self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?", "id": "5ad118da645df0001a2d0d50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 December 1942", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date was the last self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?", "id": "5ad118da645df0001a2d0d51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manhattan Project", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What project wasn't Fermi working for?", "id": "5ad118da645df0001a2d0d52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "University of Chicago", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-11 created?", "id": "5ad118da645df0001a2d0d53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "53", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-21?", "id": "5ad118da645df0001a2d0d54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons (360 metric tons) of graphite, 58 short tons (53 metric tons) of uranium oxide, and six short tons (5.5 metric tons) of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process."}], ["Uranium digunakan sebagai pewarna dalam gelas uranium yang menghasilkan oren-merah kepada warna kuning limau. Ia juga digunakan untuk mewarnai dan memudar dalam fotografi awal. Penemuan uranium 1789 di pitchblende mineral dikreditkan kepada Martin Heinrich Klaproth, yang menamakan elemen baru selepas planet Uranus. Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot adalah orang pertama yang mengasingkan logam dan sifat radioaktifnya ditemui pada tahun 1896 oleh Henri Becquerel. Penyelidikan oleh Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi dan lain-lain, seperti J. Robert Oppenheimer bermula pada tahun 1934 menyebabkan kegunaannya sebagai bahan api dalam industri tenaga nuklear dan Little Boy, senjata nuklear pertama yang digunakan dalam peperangan. Perlumbaan senjata yang berlaku semasa Perang Dingin antara Amerika Syarikat dan Soviet Union menghasilkan puluhan ribu senjata nuklear yang menggunakan plutonium-239 yang berasal dari logam uranium dan uranium yang diperolehi. Keselamatan senjata dan bahan fizikal mereka berikutan pecahnya Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1991 adalah kebimbangan yang berterusan untuk kesihatan dan keselamatan awam. Lihat percambahan nuklear. <> Bersama dengan kuning lemon, warna apa yang dihasilkan dalam kaca uranium? || oren-merah <> Siapa yang menemui uranium di pitchblende? || Martin Heinrich Klaproth <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengasingkan uranium? || Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot <> Siapa tahu bahawa uranium adalah radioaktif? || Henri Becquerel <> Apa senjata nuklir yang pertama digunakan dalam perang yang dipanggil? || Little Boy <> Bersama dengan limau kuning, apa warna yang dihasilkan dalam plastik uranium? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah mendapati uranium di pitchblende? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengasingkan uranium terakhir? || <> Siapa tahu bahawa uranium tidak radioaktif? || <> Apakah senjata nuklear terakhir yang digunakan dalam perang yang dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?", "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7da9", "answers": [{"text": "orange-red", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?", "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7daa", "answers": [{"text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?", "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7dab", "answers": [{"text": "Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?", "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7dac", "answers": [{"text": "Henri Becquerel", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?", "id": "570e39bc0b85d914000d7dad", "answers": [{"text": "Little Boy", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "orange-red", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium plastic?", "id": "5ad112ae645df0001a2d0c3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "Who never discovered uranium in pitchblende?", "id": "5ad112ae645df0001a2d0c3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Who was responsible for last isolating uranium?", "id": "5ad112ae645df0001a2d0c3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henri Becquerel", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "Who discovered that uranium wasn't radioactive?", "id": "5ad112ae645df0001a2d0c3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Little Boy", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "What was the last nuclear weapon used in a war called?", "id": "5ad112ae645df0001a2d0c3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety. See Nuclear proliferation."}], ["Banyak penggunaan kontemporari uranium mengeksploitasi sifat unik nuklearnya. Uranium-235 mempunyai perbezaan yang menjadi satu-satunya isotop fisil yang semulajadi. Uranium-238 boleh dipisahkan oleh neutron cepat, dan subur, bermakna ia boleh ditransmisikan kepada futil plutonium-239 dalam reaktor nuklear. Satu lagi isotop fisil, uranium-233, boleh dihasilkan dari torium semulajadi dan juga penting dalam teknologi nuklear. Walaupun uranium-238 mempunyai kebarangkalian kecil untuk pembelahan spontan atau pembelahan yang disebabkan oleh neutron cepat, uranium-235 dan kepada uranium-233 darjah yang lebih rendah mempunyai keratan rentas yang lebih tinggi untuk neutron yang lambat. Dalam kepekatan yang mencukupi, isotop-isotop ini mengekalkan tindak balas rantai nuklear yang berterusan. Ini menghasilkan haba dalam reaktor kuasa nuklear, dan menghasilkan bahan fisil untuk senjata nuklear. Pengurangan uranium (238U) digunakan dalam penembusi tenaga kinetik dan penyaduran perisai. <> Apakah isotop tunggal fisil yang berlaku dalam alam semula jadi? || Uranium-235 <> Apa yang boleh diubah menjadi plutonium-239 dalam reaktor nuklear? || Uranium-238 <> Apakah isotop uranium dihasilkan dari thorium? || uranium-233 <> Bersama dengan uranium-235, isotop apa yang dikenali kerana mempunyai keratan rentas yang tinggi untuk neutron perlahan? || uranium-233 <> Apa itu 238U? || Uranium yang hancur <> Apakah isotop tunggal fisil yang berlaku daripada alam semula jadi? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh diubah menjadi plutonium-239 dalam reaktor nuklear? || <> Apakah isotop uranium dihasilkan ke dalam thorium? || <> Bersama dengan uranium-235, apakah isotop yang diperhatikan kerana mempunyai keratan rentas yang rendah untuk neutron perlahan? || <> Apa itu 239U? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?", "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e87", "answers": [{"text": "Uranium-235", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?", "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e88", "answers": [{"text": "Uranium-238", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?", "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e89", "answers": [{"text": "uranium-233", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?", "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e8a", "answers": [{"text": "uranium-233", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is 238U?", "id": "570e37590dc6ce1900204e8b", "answers": [{"text": "Depleted uranium", "answer_start": 829}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uranium-235", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature?", "id": "5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uranium-238", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?", "id": "5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-233", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What uranium isotope is produced into thorium?", "id": "5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-233", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons?", "id": "5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Depleted uranium", "answer_start": 829}], "question": "What is 239U?", "id": "5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating."}], ["Tambahan 4.6 bilion tan uranium dianggarkan berada di dalam air laut (saintis Jepun pada tahun 1980-an menunjukkan bahawa pengambilan uranium dari air laut menggunakan penukar ion secara teknikal boleh dilaksanakan). Terdapat eksperimen untuk mengeluarkan uranium dari air laut, tetapi hasilnya rendah kerana karbonat yang ada di dalam air. Pada tahun 2012, para penyelidik ORNL mengumumkan kejayaan pembangunan bahan penyerap baru yang dijuluki HiCap yang melakukan pengekalan permukaan molekul pepejal atau gas, atom atau ion dan juga berkesan menghilangkan logam toksik dari air, menurut hasil yang disahkan oleh para penyelidik di Makmal Kebangsaan Northwest Pasifik. <> Berapa banyak tan uranium yang berteori untuk berada di laut? || 4.6 bilion <> Kehadiran apa bahan di dalam air laut telah menghasilkan hasil yang rendah apabila cuba untuk mengeluarkan uranium? || karbonat <> Apa yang dipanggil ORNL bahan mereka yang melakukan pengekalan permukaan pada molekul padat? || HiCap <> Di manakah keputusan ORNL disahkan? || Makmal Kebangsaan Northwest Pacific <> Bilakah HiCap diumumkan? || 2012 <> Berapa tan metrik uranium ditakdirkan untuk tidak hadir di laut? || <> Kehadiran apa bahan di dalam air tawar telah menghasilkan hasil yang rendah apabila cuba untuk mengeluarkan uranium? || <> Apakah ORNL memanggil bahan mereka yang melakukan pengekalan permukaan pada molekul cecair? || <> Di manakah keputusan ORNL tidak dapat disahkan? || <> Bilakah tidak HiCap diumumkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?", "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7d", "answers": [{"text": "4.6 billion", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?", "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7e", "answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?", "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7f", "answers": [{"text": "HiCap", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were ORNL's results verified?", "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e80", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was HiCap announced?", "id": "570e36e30dc6ce1900204e81", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.6 billion", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be absent in the sea?", "id": "5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonate", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "The presence of what substance in fresh water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?", "id": "5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HiCap", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on liquid molecules?", "id": "5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory", "answer_start": 621}], "question": "Where were ORNL's results unverified?", "id": "5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "When wasn't HiCap announced?", "id": "5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory."}], ["Aplikasi utama uranium dalam sektor ketenteraan adalah penembus berkepadatan tinggi. Peluru ini terdiri daripada uranium hancur (DU) yang digabungkan dengan 1-2% unsur lain, seperti titanium atau molibdenum. Pada kelajuan tinggi, ketumpatan, kekerasan, dan pyrophoricity peluru menimbulkan kemusnahan sasaran perisai berat. Perisai tangki dan perisai kenderaan boleh tanggal lain juga boleh dikeraskan dengan plat uranium yang hancur. Penggunaan uranium yang hancur menjadi perbalahan politik dan alam sekitar selepas penggunaan amunisi oleh AS, UK dan negara-negara lain semasa peperangan di Teluk Parsi dan Balkan menimbulkan persoalan mengenai sebatian uranium yang tersisa di tanah (lihat Sindrom Perang Teluk). <> Apa uranium yang digunakan paling sering dalam tentera? || penembusan berkepadatan tinggi <> Berapa peratus penembet berkepadatan tinggi tidak terdiri daripada uranium hancur? || 1-2% <> Bersama dengan titanium, elemen apa yang kerap membentuk sebahagian penembus berkepadatan tinggi yang tidak diperbuat daripada uranium hancur? || molybdenum <> Bersama dengan Balkan, di lokasi geografis apakah peperangan berlaku di mana Inggeris menggunakan letupan uranium? || Teluk Parsi <> Apakah penyakit yang mungkin terikat dengan penggunaan amunisi uranium yang hancur? || Sindrom Perang Teluk <> Apakah uranium digunakan sekurang-kurangnya sering dalam tentera? || <> Berapakah peratus penembet berkepadatan rendah tidak terdiri daripada uranium yang hancur? || <> Bersama dengan titanium, elemen apa yang jarang membentuk bahagian penembus berkepadatan tinggi yang tidak diperbuat daripada uranium hancur? || <> Bersama dengan Balkan, di lokasi geografi apa perang terjadi di mana PBB menggunakan letupan uranium? || <> Apa penyakitnya pasti terikat pada penggunaan amunisi uranium yang hancur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is uranium used for most often in the military?", "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee1", "answers": [{"text": "high-density penetrators", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?", "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee2", "answers": [{"text": "1\u20132%", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with titanium, what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?", "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee3", "answers": [{"text": "molybdenum", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions?", "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee4", "answers": [{"text": "Persian Gulf", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?", "id": "570e432f0dc6ce1900204ee5", "answers": [{"text": "Gulf War Syndrome", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high-density penetrators", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What is uranium used for least often in the military?", "id": "5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1\u20132%", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What percentage of low-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?", "id": "5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "molybdenum", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Along with titanium, what element rarely makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?", "id": "5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Persian Gulf", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UN used depleted uranium munitions?", "id": "5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gulf War Syndrome", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "What illness is definitely tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?", "id": "5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1\u20132% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum. At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil (see Gulf War Syndrome)."}], ["Seseorang boleh terdedah kepada uranium (atau anak perempuan radioaktifnya, seperti radon) dengan menghirup debu di udara atau dengan meminum air dan makanan yang tercemar. Jumlah uranium di udara biasanya sangat kecil; Walau bagaimanapun, orang yang bekerja di kilang-kilang yang memproses baja fosfat, hidup berhampiran dengan kemudahan kerajaan yang membuat atau menguji senjata nuklear, hidup atau bekerja di dekat medan perang moden di mana senjata uranium yang habis digunakan, atau hidup atau bekerja di dekat loji kuasa arang batu, kemudahan yang melombong atau memproses bijih uranium, atau memperkayakan uranium untuk bahan bakar reaktor, mungkin meningkatkan pendedahan kepada uranium. Rumah atau struktur yang melebihi deposit uranium (sama ada deposit sanga semula jadi atau buatan manusia) mungkin mempunyai peningkatan pendedahan kepada gas radon. Pentadbiran Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (OSHA) telah menetapkan had pendedahan yang dibenarkan untuk pendedahan uranium di tempat kerja sebagai 0.25 mg / m3 berbanding hari kerja 8 jam. Institut Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Nasional (NIOSH) telah menetapkan had pendedahan yang disyorkan (REL) sebanyak 0.2 mg / m3 berbanding hari kerja 8 jam dan had jangka pendek sebanyak 0.6 mg / m3. Pada tahap 10 mg / m3, uranium akan berbahaya kepada kehidupan dan kesihatan. <> Apakah OSHA? || Pentadbiran Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan <> Apakah had pendedahan uranium OSHA untuk hari kerja 8 jam? || 0.25 mg / m3 <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh REL? || had pendedahan yang disyorkan <> Apakah standard pendedahan uranium NIOSH sepanjang hari kerja 8 jam? || 0.2 mg / m3 <> Pada tahap pendedahan apakah uranium menjadi hampir berbahaya kepada kesihatan? || 10 mg / m3 <> Apakah OHSA itu? || <> Apakah had pendedahan uranium OSHA untuk hari kerja 9 jam? || <> Apa yang tidak REL berdiri? || <> Apakah standard pendedahan plutonium NIOSH sepanjang hari kerja 8 jam? || <> Pada tahap pendedahan yang tidak uranium menjadi hampir berbahaya kepada kesihatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is OSHA?", "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8b", "answers": [{"text": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?", "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8c", "answers": [{"text": "0.25 mg/m3", "answer_start": 889}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does REL stand for?", "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8d", "answers": [{"text": "recommended exposure limit", "answer_start": 1000}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?", "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8e", "answers": [{"text": "0.2 mg/m3", "answer_start": 1036}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?", "id": "570e37d60b85d914000d7d8f", "answers": [{"text": "10 mg/m3", "answer_start": 1119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration", "answer_start": 756}], "question": "What is OHSA?", "id": "5ad15364645df0001a2d1782", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.25 mg/m3", "answer_start": 889}], "question": "What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 9-hour workday?", "id": "5ad15364645df0001a2d1783", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recommended exposure limit", "answer_start": 1000}], "question": "What doesn't REL stand for?", "id": "5ad15364645df0001a2d1784", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.2 mg/m3", "answer_start": 1036}], "question": "What is the NIOSH plutonium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?", "id": "5ad15364645df0001a2d1785", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 mg/m3", "answer_start": 1119}], "question": "At what level of exposure doesn't uranium become imminently dangerous to health?", "id": "5ad15364645df0001a2d1786", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A person can be exposed to uranium (or its radioactive daughters, such as radon) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process phosphate fertilizers, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium weapons have been used, or live or work near a coal-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium. Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At levels of 10 mg/m3, uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health."}], ["Uranium semulajadi terdiri daripada tiga isotop utama: uranium-238 (99.28% kelimpahan semula jadi), uranium-235 (0.71%), dan uranium-234 (0.0054%). Ketiga-tiganya adalah radioaktif, memancarkan zarah alfa, dengan pengecualian bahawa ketiga isotop-isotop ini mempunyai kebarangkalian kecil menjalani pembelahan spontan, bukan pelepasan alpha. Terdapat juga lima isotop jejak lain: uranium-239, yang terbentuk apabila 238U mengalami pembelahan spontan, melepaskan neutron yang ditangkap oleh atom 238U yang lain; uranium-237, yang terbentuk apabila 238U menangkap neutron tetapi memancarkan dua lagi, yang kemudiannya mereput ke neptunium-237; uranium-233, yang terbentuk dalam rantaian pereputan bahawa neptunium-237; dan akhirnya, uranium-236 dan -240, yang muncul dalam rantaian peluruhan primordial plutonium-244. Ia juga dijangka bahawa thorium-232 sepatutnya dapat mengalami kerosakan beta dua kali, yang akan menghasilkan uranium-232, tetapi ini belum dilihat secara eksperimen. <> Apakah isotop utama uranium semulajadi yang paling ketara? || uranium-234 <> Berapa banyak uranium-235? || 0.71% <> Apakah isotop uranium terbentuk apabila 238U mengalami pembelahan spontan? || uranium-239 <> Apabila isotop uranium terbentuk daripada pereputan neptunium-237? || uranium-233 <> Apakah isotop itu berteori akan membentuk uranium-2343 selepas kerosakan beta ganda? || thorium-232 <> Apakah isotop utama paling tidak lazim daripada uranium yang tidak alami? || <> Apakah uranium-235 yang tidak alami? || <> Apakah isotop uranium terbentuk apabila 239U mengalami pembelahan spontan? || <> Apabila isotop uranium terbentuk daripada pereputan neptunium-247? || <> Apakah isotop itu berteori akan membentuk uranium-2343 selepas kerosakan alfa ganda? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?", "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d77", "answers": [{"text": "uranium-234", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?", "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d78", "answers": [{"text": "0.71%", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?", "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d79", "answers": [{"text": "uranium-239", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?", "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d7a", "answers": [{"text": "uranium-233", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?", "id": "570e366b0b85d914000d7d7b", "answers": [{"text": "thorium-232", "answer_start": 808}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-234", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium?", "id": "5ad14d18645df0001a2d1688", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.71%", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What is the unnatural abundance of uranium-235?", "id": "5ad14d18645df0001a2d1689", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-239", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What isotope of uranium is formed when 239U experiences spontaneous fission?", "id": "5ad14d18645df0001a2d168a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-233", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-247?", "id": "5ad14d18645df0001a2d168b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thorium-232", "answer_start": 808}], "question": "What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double alpha decay?", "id": "5ad14d18645df0001a2d168c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally."}], ["Karbida uranium dan uranium nitrida adalah kedua-dua sebatian semimetal yang relatif tidak aktif yang tidak larut dalam asid, bertindak balas dengan air, dan boleh menyala di udara untuk membentuk U\n3O\n8. Karbida uranium termasuk uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC\n2), dan diuria tricarbide (U\n2C\n3). Kedua-dua UC dan UC\n2 dibentuk dengan menambah karbon kepada uranium cair atau dengan mendedahkan logam itu kepada karbon monoksida pada suhu tinggi. Stabil di bawah 1800 \u00b0 C, U\n2C\n3 disediakan dengan menundukkan campuran panas UC dan UC\n2 kepada tekanan mekanikal. Uranium nitrida diperolehi oleh pendedahan langsung logam ke nitrogen termasuk uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (PBB\n2), dan diuria trinitrida (U\n2N\n3). <> Bersama dengan uranium monocarbide dan uranium dicarbide, apakah karbida uranium yang ketara? || diuranium tricarbide <> Di bawah suhu apa U2C3 stabil? || 1800 \u00b0 C Bersama dengan uranium monocarbide dan uranium dicarbide, apakah karbida karbida yang tidak dapat dibezakan? || <> Di bawah suhu apa U2C3 tidak stabil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?", "id": "570e489e0b85d914000d7df0", "answers": [{"text": "diuranium tricarbide", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?", "id": "570e489e0b85d914000d7df2", "answers": [{"text": "1800 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diuranium tricarbide", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a unnotable carbide of uranium?", "id": "5ad14c7f645df0001a2d1657", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1800 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "Below what temperature is U2C3 unstable?", "id": "5ad14c7f645df0001a2d1659", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U\n3O\n8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC\n2), and diuranium tricarbide (U\n2C\n3). Both UC and UC\n2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 \u00b0C, U\n2C\n3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC\n2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN\n2), and diuranium trinitride (U\n2N\n3)."}], ["Garam banyak keadaan oksidasi uranium adalah larut dalam air dan boleh dikaji dalam larutan akueus. Bentuk ionik yang paling biasa adalah U3 + (coklat-merah), U4 + (hijau), UO +\n2 (tidak stabil), dan UO2 +\n2 (kuning), untuk U (III), U (IV), U (V), dan U (VI). Sebilangan sebatian pepejal dan semi-logam seperti UO dan AS wujud untuk keadaan pengoksidaan rasmi uranium (II), tetapi tiada ion mudah diketahui wujud dalam penyelesaian untuk keadaan itu. Ion U3 + membebaskan hidrogen dari air dan oleh itu dianggap sangat tidak stabil. UO2 +\n2 ion mewakili keadaan uranium (VI) dan dikenali untuk membentuk sebatian seperti uranyl karbonat, uranyl chloride dan uranyl sulfate. UO2 +\n2 juga membentuk kompleks dengan pelbagai agen chelating organik, yang paling sering dijumpai adalah uranyl asetat. <> Apakah warna U4 +? || hijau <> Apakah negeri yang diwakili oleh ion UO2 + 2? || uranium (VI) <> Bersama dengan uranyl sulfat dan uranyl chloride, sebatian apa yang terbentuk oleh ion UO2 + 2? || uranyl carbonate <> Apa kompleks biasa yang terbentuk oleh ion UO2 + 2 dengan agen chelating organik? || uranyl asetat <> Apakah warna U4-? || <> Apakah keadaan tidak diwakili oleh ion UO2 + 2? || <> Bersama dengan uranyl sulfat dan uranyl chloride, sebatian apa yang tidak terbentuk oleh ion UO2 + 2? || <> Kompleks yang tidak biasa terbentuk oleh ion UO2 + 2 dengan agen chelating organik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the color of U4+?", "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204eff", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?", "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204f01", "answers": [{"text": "uranium(VI)", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?", "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204f02", "answers": [{"text": "uranyl carbonate", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?", "id": "570e469c0dc6ce1900204f03", "answers": [{"text": "uranyl acetate", "answer_start": 769}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What is the color of U4-?", "id": "5ad14b13645df0001a2d15d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium(VI)", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What state isn't represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?", "id": "5ad14b13645df0001a2d15d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranyl carbonate", "answer_start": 606}], "question": "Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound isn't formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?", "id": "5ad14b13645df0001a2d15d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranyl acetate", "answer_start": 769}], "question": "What uncommon complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?", "id": "5ad14b13645df0001a2d15da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+\n2 (unstable), and UO2+\n2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+\n2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+\n2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate."}], ["Logam uranium yang dipanaskan hingga 250 hingga 300 \u00b0 C (482 hingga 572 \u00b0 F) bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk membentuk hidrida uranium. Malah suhu yang lebih tinggi akan membuang hidrogen secara terbalik. Properti ini menjadikan uranium hydrides bahan permulaan mudah untuk menghasilkan serbuk uranium reaktif bersama dengan pelbagai sebatian uranium karbida, nitrida, dan halida. Dua pengubah kristal hidrida uranium wujud: satu bentuk \u03b1 yang diperoleh pada suhu rendah dan bentuk \u03b2 yang dicipta apabila suhu pembentukan melebihi 250 \u00b0 C. <> Di manakah suhu suhu darjah Fahrenheit akan membentuk uranium logam uranium hidrida? || 482 hingga 572 <> Apakah logam uranium bereaksi dengan untuk menghasilkan hidrida uranium? || hidrogen <> Di atas suhu apa \u03b2 bentuk hidrida uran dicipta? || 250 \u00b0 C <> Bersama dengan uranium karbida dan halida, jenis kompaun yang sering dicipta dengan uranium hydride? || nitrida <> Berapa banyak pengubahsuaian kristal hidrida uranium yang ada? || Dua <> Pada suhu apa dalam darjah Fahrenheit tidak akan membentuk uranium logam hidrida uranium? || <> Apa yang tidak bereaksi dengan logam uranium untuk menghasilkan hidrida uranium? || <> Di atas suhu apa \u03b2 hidrida uranium hancur? || <> Bersama dengan uranium karbida dan halida, jenis kompaun yang sering musnah dengan uranium hydride? || <> Berapa banyak pengubahsuaian kristal plutonium hydride masih wujud? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?", "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de5", "answers": [{"text": "482 to 572", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?", "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de6", "answers": [{"text": "hydrogen", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Above what temperature is the \u03b2 form of uranium hydride created?", "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de7", "answers": [{"text": "250 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?", "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de8", "answers": [{"text": "nitride", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?", "id": "570e48100b85d914000d7de9", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "482 to 572 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit won't uranium metal form uranium hydride?", "id": "5ad14c01645df0001a2d162e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hydrogen", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What doesn't uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?", "id": "5ad14c01645df0001a2d162f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "250 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "Above what temperature is the \u03b2 form of uranium hydride destroyed?", "id": "5ad14c01645df0001a2d1630", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nitride", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often destroyed with uranium hydride?", "id": "5ad14c01645df0001a2d1631", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "How many crystal modifications of plutonium hydride are extant?", "id": "5ad14c01645df0001a2d1632", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 \u00b0C (482 to 572 \u00b0F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an \u03b1 form that is obtained at low temperatures and a \u03b2 form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 \u00b0C."}], ["Penemuan unsur itu dikreditkan kepada ahli kimia Jerman, Martin Heinrich Klaproth. Semasa dia bekerja di makmal percubaannya di Berlin pada tahun 1789, Klaproth dapat mendakan sebatian kuning (kemungkinan natrium diuranat) dengan membubarkan pitchblende dalam asid nitrik dan meneutralkan larutan dengan natrium hidroksida. Klaproth menganggap bahan kuning adalah oksida unsur yang belum ditemui dan dipanaskannya dengan arang untuk mendapatkan serbuk hitam, yang menurutnya adalah logam yang baru ditemui itu sendiri (sebenarnya serbuk itu adalah oksida uranium). Dia menamakan unsur baru yang ditemui selepas planet Uranus, (dinamakan sempena dewa Yunani kuno dari langit), yang telah ditemukan lapan tahun sebelumnya oleh William Herschel. <> Siapa yang menemui uranium? || Martin Heinrich Klaproth <> Dalam apa bandar yang ditemui uranium? || Berlin <> Dalam tahun apakah penemuan uranium berlaku? || 1789 <> Apa yang mungkin dibuat Klaproth apabila dia membubarkan pitchblende dalam asid nitrik? || natrium diuranate <> Siapa yang menemui planet Uranus? || William Herschel <> Siapa yang menemui plutonium? || <> n apa bandar yang tidak ditemui uranium? || <> Pada tahun apakah tidak terdapat penemuan uranium? || <> Apa yang pasti dibuat Klaproth apabila dia membubarkan pitchblende dalam asid nitrik? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah menjumpai planet Uranus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discovered uranium?", "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eeb", "answers": [{"text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was uranium discovered?", "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eec", "answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?", "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eed", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?", "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eee", "answers": [{"text": "sodium diuranate", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered the planet Uranus?", "id": "570e437d0dc6ce1900204eef", "answers": [{"text": "William Herschel", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Who discovered plutonium?", "id": "5ad1171b645df0001a2d0d28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "n what city wasn't uranium discovered?", "id": "5ad1171b645df0001a2d0d29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "In what year didn't the discovery of uranium occur?", "id": "5ad1171b645df0001a2d0d2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sodium diuranate", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What did Klaproth definitely create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?", "id": "5ad1171b645df0001a2d0d2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Herschel.", "answer_start": 733}], "question": "Who never discovered the planet Uranus?", "id": "5ad1171b645df0001a2d0d2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus, (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel."}], ["Bijih uranium ditambang dalam beberapa cara: melalui lubang terbuka, bawah tanah, pelupusan dalam-situ, dan pertambangan lubang (lihat perlombongan uranium). Hijau uranium rendah yang ditambang biasanya mengandungi 0.01 hingga 0.25% uranium oksida. Langkah-langkah yang meluas mesti digunakan untuk mengeluarkan logam dari bijihnya. Bijih gred tinggi yang terdapat di deposit Basin Athabasca di Saskatchewan, Kanada boleh mengandungi sehingga 23% uranium oksida secara purata. Biji uranium dihancurkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam serbuk halus dan kemudian disembur dengan sama ada asid atau alkali. Lintah tersebut tertakluk kepada salah satu daripada beberapa turutan pemendakan, pengekstrakan pelarut, dan pertukaran ion. Campuran yang dihasilkan, dipanggil yellowcake, mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya 75% uranium oksida U3O8. Yellowcake kemudian dikalsin untuk menghilangkan kekotoran dari proses penggilingan sebelum penapisan dan penukaran. <> Berapakah jumlah peratusan uranium oksida yang biasanya terkandung dalam bijih uranium bergred rendah? || 0.01 hingga 0.25% <> Bersama dengan lubang bawah tanah, lubang terbuka dan pelupusan dalam-situ, apakah jenis perlombongan yang digunakan untuk menambang uranium? || lubang bor <> Di negara apakah bijih uranium yang bermutu tinggi? || Kanada <> Dalam apa wilayah Kanada adalah Lembangan Athabasca? || Saskatchewan <> Apakah peratusan purata uranium oksida yang terkandung dalam bijih yang ditambang di Lembangan Athabasca? || 23% <> Berapa peratus peratusan uranium dioksida biasanya terkandung dalam bijih uranium yang bergred rendah? || <> Bersama dengan lubang bawah tanah, lubang terbuka dan pelupusan dalam-situ, apakah jenis perlombongan yang digunakan untuk mengusir uranium? || <> Di negara apakah bijih uranium gred tinggi yang tidak dijumpai? || <> Dalam apa negeri Kanada ialah Lembangan Athabasca? || <> Apakah peratusan purata uranium dioksida yang terkandung dalam bijih yang ditambang di Lembangan Athabasca? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?", "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef5", "answers": [{"text": "0.01 to 0.25%", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?", "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef6", "answers": [{"text": "borehole", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?", "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef7", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?", "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef8", "answers": [{"text": "Saskatchewan", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?", "id": "570e43e60dc6ce1900204ef9", "answers": [{"text": "23%", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.01 to 0.25%", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What percentage range of uranium dioxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?", "id": "5ad11e5a645df0001a2d0e20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "borehole", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to expel uranium?", "id": "5ad11e5a645df0001a2d0e21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "In what country are high-grade uranium ores not found?", "id": "5ad11e5a645df0001a2d0e22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Saskatchewan", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "In what state of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?", "id": "5ad11e5a645df0001a2d0e23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23%", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What is the average percentage of uranium dioxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?", "id": "5ad11e5a645df0001a2d0e24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining). Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion."}], ["Untuk dianggap 'diperkaya', fraksi uranium-235 mestilah antara 3% dan 5%. Proses ini menghasilkan sejumlah besar uranium yang habis dengan uranium-235 dan dengan peningkatan pecahan uranium-238, yang disebut uranium hancur atau 'DU'. Untuk dianggap 'habis', kepekatan isotop uranium-235 tidak boleh melebihi 0.3%. Harga uranium telah meningkat sejak tahun 2001, jadi pengayaan tailing yang mengandungi lebih daripada 0.35% uranium-235 sedang dipertimbangkan untuk pengayaan semula, memacu harga uranium hexafluoride habis di atas $ 130 per kilogram pada bulan Julai 2007 dari $ 5 pada tahun 2001. <> Antara berapa peratus peratus fraksi uranium-235 adalah uranium dianggap sebagai diperkaya? || 3% dan 5% <> Apakah uranium-235 kepekatan maksimum uranium untuk dianggap habis? || 0.3% <> Dalam tahun apakah kos uranium mula meningkat? || 2001 <> Apakah harga kilogram uranium heksafluorida habis pada tahun 2001? || $ 5 <> Berapakah kos kilogram terkurangi uranium hexafluoride sehingga Julai 2007? || $ 130 <> Antara peratusan peratus peratus uranium-235 adalah uranium dianggap sebagai tidak terkondensasi? || <> Apakah kepekatan isotop maksimum uranium-235 untuk plutonium dianggap kurang habis? || <> Dalam tahun apakah kos uranium mula berkurang? || <> Apakah harga satu paun daripada heksafluorida uranium habis pada tahun 2001? || <> Berapakah kos \u00a3 uranium heksafluorida yang habis pada bulan Julai 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?", "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f13", "answers": [{"text": "3% and 5%", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?", "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f14", "answers": [{"text": "0.3%", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?", "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f15", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?", "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f16", "answers": [{"text": "$5", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?", "id": "570e491b0dc6ce1900204f17", "answers": [{"text": "$130", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 3% and 5%", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched?", "id": "5ad15209645df0001a2d1746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.3%", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted?", "id": "5ad15209645df0001a2d1747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 599}], "question": "In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to decrease?", "id": "5ad15209645df0001a2d1748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$5", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "What was the price of a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?", "id": "5ad15209645df0001a2d1749", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$130", "answer_start": 557}], "question": "How much did a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?", "id": "5ad15209645df0001a2d174a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001."}], ["Dua jenis utama bom atom telah dibangunkan oleh Amerika Syarikat semasa Perang Dunia II: peranti berasaskan uranium (nama kod \"Little Boy\") yang bahan fisilnya sangat kaya dengan uranium, dan peranti berasaskan plutonium (lihat ujian Trinity dan \"Lemak Man \") yang plutoniumnya berasal dari uranium-238. Alat Little Boy yang berasaskan uranium menjadi senjata nuklir pertama yang digunakan dalam peperangan apabila ia diletupkan di bandar Hiroshima di Jepun pada 6 Ogos 1945. Meledakan dengan hasil yang bersamaan dengan 12,500 tan TNT, letupan dan gelombang haba bom dimusnahkan hampir 50,000 bangunan dan membunuh kira-kira 75,000 orang (lihat pengeboman Atom dari Hiroshima dan Nagasaki). Pada mulanya ia dipercayai bahawa uranium adalah agak jarang, dan percambahan nuklear dapat dielakkan dengan hanya membeli semua saham uranium yang diketahui, tetapi dalam satu dekade deposit besar itu ditemukan di banyak tempat di seluruh dunia. <> Apakah bom berasaskan uranium yang dibuat oleh AS dalam Perang Dunia II dipanggil? || Little Boy <> Apakah nama kod bom berasaskan plutonium yang dicipta dalam Perang Dunia Kedua? || Manusia Lemak <> Pada tarikh apakah budak kecil diletupkan? || 6 Ogos 1945 <> Apa hasil setara dalam TNT bom Little Boy, dalam tan? || 12,500 <> Lebih dari bandar apa yang diletupkan oleh Little Boy? || Hiroshima <> Apakah bom berasaskan uranium yang dibuat oleh AS dalam Perang Dunia I dipanggil? || <> Apakah nama kod bom berasaskan plutonium dimusnahkan dalam Perang Dunia Kedua? || <> Pada tarikh apa tidak budak kecil diletupkan? || <> Apa hasil setara dalam TNT bom Little Boy, dalam paun? || <> Lebih dari apa bandar yang tidak diletupkan oleh Little Boy? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called?", "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc7", "answers": [{"text": "Little Boy", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?", "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc8", "answers": [{"text": "Fat Man", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Little Boy detonated?", "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc9", "answers": [{"text": "6 August 1945", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in tonnes?", "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dca", "answers": [{"text": "12,500", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over what city was Little Boy detonated?", "id": "570e44ec0b85d914000d7dcb", "answers": [{"text": "Hiroshima", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Little Boy", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War I called?", "id": "5ad11963645df0001a2d0d62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fat Man", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb destroyed in the Second World War?", "id": "5ad11963645df0001a2d0d63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6 August 1945", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "On what date wasn't Little Boy detonated?", "id": "5ad11963645df0001a2d0d64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12,500", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in pounds?", "id": "5ad11963645df0001a2d0d65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hiroshima", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "Over what city wasn't Little Boy detonated?", "id": "5ad11963645df0001a2d0d66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world."}], ["Sesetengah organisma, seperti lichen Trapelia involuta atau mikroorganisma seperti bakteria Citrobacter, boleh menyerap kepekatan uranium yang sehingga 300 kali tahap persekitarannya. Spesies Citrobacter menyerap ion uranyl apabila diberikan gliserol fosfat (atau fosfat organik yang serupa). Selepas satu hari, satu gram bakteria boleh merebus diri dengan sembilan gram kristal fosfat uranyl; ini mencipta kemungkinan bahawa organisma ini boleh digunakan dalam bioremediasi untuk menghilangkan air tercemar uranium. Geobacter proteobacterium juga telah ditunjukkan kepada uranium bioremedi dalam air tanah. Inti kulat mycorrhizal Glomus meningkatkan kandungan uranium dalam akar tumbuhan simbiotiknya. <> Apa mikroorganisma boleh menyerap uranium yang sangat tinggi? || Citrobacter <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai lichen untuk menyerap kepekatan uranium hampir 300 kali lebih tinggi daripada jumlah dalam alam sekitar? || Trapelia involuta <> Apa yang diberikan kepada Citrobacter untuk menyebabkan ia menyerap ion uranyl? || gliserol fosfat <> Apa protobacterium terutamanya bioremediates uranium air tanah? || Geobacter <> Apakah jamur yang diketahui menyebabkan kandungan uranium dalam akar tumbuhan simbiotiknya meningkat? || Glomus intraradices <> Apa makroorganisme boleh menyerap uranium yang sangat tinggi? || <> Apakah lichen yang diketahui menyerap kepekatan uranium hampir 400 kali lebih tinggi daripada jumlah dalam alam sekitar? || <> Apa yang diambil dari Citrobacter untuk menyebabkan ia menyerap ion uranyl? || <> Apa protobacterium tidak pernah bioremediates uranium air tanah? || <> Apakah jamur yang diketahui menyebabkan kandungan uranium dalam akar tumbuhan simbiotiknya untuk menurun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?", "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f09", "answers": [{"text": "Citrobacter", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?", "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0a", "answers": [{"text": "Trapelia involuta", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?", "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0b", "answers": [{"text": "glycerol phosphate", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?", "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0c", "answers": [{"text": "Geobacter", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?", "id": "570e47250dc6ce1900204f0d", "answers": [{"text": "Glomus intraradices", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Citrobacter", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What macroorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?", "id": "5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trapelia involuta", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 400 times higher than the amount in the environment?", "id": "5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "glycerol phosphate", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What is taken from Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?", "id": "5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geobacter", "answer_start": 556}], "question": "What protobacterium never bioremediates ground water uranium?", "id": "5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Glomus intraradices", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to decrease?", "id": "5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant."}], ["Pada tahun 2005, tujuh belas negara mengeluarkan uranium oksida pekat, dengan Kanada (27.9% daripada pengeluaran dunia) dan Australia (22.8%) sebagai pengeluar terbesar dan Kazakhstan (10.5%), Rusia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5% 7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), Amerika Syarikat (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) dan China (1.7%). Kazakhstan terus meningkatkan pengeluaran dan mungkin menjadi pengeluar uranium terbesar dunia menjelang tahun 2009 dengan pengeluaran dijangka sebanyak 12.826 tan, berbanding dengan Kanada dengan 11,100 t dan Australia dengan 9,430 tan. Pada akhir 1960-an, ahli geologi PBB juga menemui deposit uranium utama dan rizab mineral langka lain di Somalia. Penemuan ini adalah yang terbesar seumpamanya, dengan para pakar industri menganggarkan deposit di lebih daripada 25% daripada rizab uranium yang diketahui di dunia sebanyak 800,000 tan. <> Pada tahun 2005, negara mana yang merupakan pengeluar terbesar uranium oksida? || Kanada <> Sebanyak peratus pengeluaran uranium oksida dunia dihasilkan oleh Argentina? || 2.1% <> Apa negara yang menghasilkan 5.5% daripada uranium oksida pekat dunia pada tahun 2005? || Uzbekistan <> Berapa banyak tan uranium yang dijangka dihasilkan oleh Australia pada tahun 2009? || 9,430 <> Berapa banyak negara mengeluarkan uranium oksida pekat pada tahun 2005? || tujuh belas <> Pada tahun 2015, negara mana yang merupakan pengeluar terbesar uranium oksida? || <> Sebanyak peratus pengeluaran uranium oksida dunia tidak dihasilkan oleh Argentina? || <> Apa negara yang menghasilkan 5.5% daripada uranium oksida pekat dunia pada 2015? || <> Berapa banyak pound uranium yang dijangka dihasilkan oleh Australia pada tahun 2009? || <> Berapa banyak negara yang dihasilkan pekat uranium oksida pada tahun 2015? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "As of 2005, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?", "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd1", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?", "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd2", "answers": [{"text": "2.1%", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005?", "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd3", "answers": [{"text": "Uzbekistan", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?", "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd4", "answers": [{"text": "9,430", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?", "id": "570e45630b85d914000d7dd5", "answers": [{"text": "seventeen", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "As of 2015, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?", "id": "5ad149ab645df0001a2d158a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.1%", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "What percentage of world uranium oxide production isn't produced by Argentina?", "id": "5ad149ab645df0001a2d158b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uzbekistan", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2015?", "id": "5ad149ab645df0001a2d158c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9,430", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "How many pounds of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?", "id": "5ad149ab645df0001a2d158d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seventeen", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2015?", "id": "5ad149ab645df0001a2d158e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons."}], ["Semasa Perang Dingin antara Kesatuan Soviet dan Amerika Syarikat, sejumlah besar uranium telah ditimbun dan puluhan ribu senjata nuklear dicipta menggunakan uranium dan plutonium yang diperbuat daripada uranium. Sejak pecahnya Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1991, kira-kira 600 tan pendek (540 tan metrik) daripada uranium gred tinggi yang diperkayakan (cukup untuk membuat 40,000 kepala peledak nuklear) telah disimpan di kemudahan yang sering dijaga dengan tidak dijaga di Persekutuan Rusia dan beberapa negeri bekas Soviet yang lain. Polis di Asia, Eropah, dan Amerika Selatan sekurang-kurangnya 16 kali dari 1993 hingga 2005 telah memintas penghantaran uranium atau plutonium gred bom yang diseludup, yang sebahagian besarnya berasal dari sumber bekas Soviet. Dari tahun 1993 hingga 2005 Program Perlindungan, Kawalan, dan Perakaunan Bahan, yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat, membelanjakan kira-kira US $ 550 juta untuk membantu melindungi stok uranium dan plutonium di Rusia. Wang ini digunakan untuk penambahbaikan dan penambahbaikan keselamatan di kemudahan penyelidikan dan penyimpanan. Scientific American melaporkan pada bulan Februari 2006 bahawa dalam beberapa kemudahan kemudahan terdiri daripada pagar pautan rantai yang berada dalam keadaan teruk yang rosak. Mengikut wawancara dari artikel itu, satu kemudahan telah menyimpan sampel uranium yang diperkayakan (gred senjata) dalam lemari penyapu sebelum projek pembaikan; yang lain telah mengesan stok kepala peledak nuklear menggunakan kad indeks yang disimpan dalam kotak kasut. <> Siapa yang menjadi lawan dari Soviet Union dalam Perang Dingin? || Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak peledak nuklear nuklear boleh dibuat dengan 540 tan metrik uranium gred tinggi yang diperkaya? || 40,000 <> Apa perbelanjaan Perlindungan Bahan, Kawalan, dan Program Perakaunan antara tahun 1993 dan 2005? || US $ 550 juta <> Apakah istilah lain untuk uranium yang diperkaya? || gred senjata <> Kira-kira berapa kali polis menangkap penghantaran plutonium gred bom atau uranium antara 1993 dan 2005? || 16 <> Siapakah sekutu Kesatuan Soviet dalam Perang Dingin? || <> Berapa banyak hulu peluru nuklear boleh dibuat dengan 450 tan metrik uranium gred tinggi yang diperkaya? || <> Apakah perbelanjaan Perlindungan Bahan, Kawalan, dan Program Perakaunan antara 1995 dan 2005? || <> Apa istilah lain untuk uranium yang tidak diperkaya? || <> Kira-kira berapa kali polis menangkap penghantaran plutonium gred bom atau uranium antara 1993 dan 2003? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?", "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddb", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?", "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddc", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?", "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddd", "answers": [{"text": "US $550 million", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for uranium that is enriched?", "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7dde", "answers": [{"text": "weapons grade", "answer_start": 1301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?", "id": "570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddf", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "Who was the Soviet Union's ally in the Cold War?", "id": "5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "How many nuclear warheads can be made with 450 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?", "id": "5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US $550 million", "answer_start": 870}], "question": "What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1995 and 2005?", "id": "5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "weapons grade", "answer_start": 1301}], "question": "What is another term for uranium that is not enriched?", "id": "5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2003?", "id": "5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box."}], ["Kepekatan purata uranium di kerak bumi adalah (bergantung kepada rujukan) 2 hingga 4 bahagian per juta, atau kira-kira 40 kali lebih banyak seperti perak. Kerak bumi dari permukaan ke 25 km (15 mi) bawah dikira mengandungi 1017 kg (2 \u00d7 1017 lb) uranium manakala lautan mungkin mengandungi 1013 kg (2 \u00d7 1013 lb). Kepekatan uranium dalam tanah adalah antara 0.7 hingga 11 bahagian per juta (sehingga 15 bahagian per juta di tanah ladang kerana penggunaan baja fosfat), dan kepekatannya dalam air laut adalah 3 bahagian satu bilion. <> Berapa kali lebih banyak daripada perak adalah uranium di kerak Bumi? || 40 <> Berapa banyak kilogram uranium yang terkandung dalam lautan? || 1013 <> Mengapa tumpuan uranium di ladang begitu tinggi? || baja fosfat <> Apakah kepekatan uranium dalam air laut? || 3 bahagian per bilion <> Berapa banyak kali kurang banyak daripada perak adalah uranium di kerak Bumi? || <> Berapa banyak uranium yang terkandung dalam lautan? || <> Mengapa tumpuan uranium di tanah ladang begitu rendah? || <> Apakah kepekatan uranium dalam air tawar? || <> Apakah kepekatan plutonium dalam air laut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?", "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2b", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?", "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2c", "answers": [{"text": "1013", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?", "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2d", "answers": [{"text": "phosphate fertilizers", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?", "id": "570e52840b85d914000d7e2e", "answers": [{"text": "3 parts per billion", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "How many times less abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?", "id": "5ad11c58645df0001a2d0dca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1013", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "How many pounds of uranium may be contained in the oceans?", "id": "5ad11c58645df0001a2d0dcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phosphate fertilizers", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so low?", "id": "5ad11c58645df0001a2d0dcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3 parts per billion", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What is the concentration of uranium in fresh water?", "id": "5ad11c58645df0001a2d0dcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3 parts per billion", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "What is the concentration of plutonium in sea water?", "id": "5ad11c58645df0001a2d0dce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2\u00d71017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2\u00d71013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion."}], ["Logam uranium bereaksi dengan hampir semua elemen bukan logam (dengan pengecualian gas mulia) dan sebatiannya, dengan kereaktifan bertambah dengan suhu. Asid hidroklorik dan asid nitrik membubarkan uranium, tetapi asid tanpa oksida selain daripada asid hidroklorik menyerang unsur sangat perlahan. Apabila dibelah dengan halus, ia boleh bertindak balas dengan air sejuk; Di udara, logam uranium dilapisi dengan lapisan gelap uranium oksida. Uranium dalam bijih diekstrak secara kimia dan diubah menjadi uranium dioksida atau bentuk kimia lain yang boleh digunakan dalam industri. <> Unsur-unsur non-logam apa yang uranium tidak bertindak balas? || gas mulia <> Bersama dengan asid nitrik, asid apa larut uranium? || Hydrochloric <> Apa mantel logam uranium di udara? || uranium oksida <> Apakah bijih uranium yang penting ditukar kepada selepas pengekstrakan? || uranium dioksida <> Apa yang bereaksi dengan uranium yang dibahagikan halus? || air sejuk <> Unsur-unsur non-logam apa yang penting untuk uranium? || <> Bersama asid nitrik, asid yang larut dalam uranium? || <> Apa mantel logam uranium dalam cecair? || <> Apakah bijih uranium yang penting ditukar kepada sebelum pengekstrakan? || <> Apa yang bereaksi dengan uranium yang banyak didarab? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?", "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3b", "answers": [{"text": "noble gases", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?", "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3c", "answers": [{"text": "Hydrochloric", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What coats uranium metal in air?", "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3d", "answers": [{"text": "uranium oxide", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?", "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3e", "answers": [{"text": "uranium dioxide", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reacts with finely divided uranium?", "id": "570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3f", "answers": [{"text": "cold water", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "noble gases", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What non-metal elements does uranium notably react to?", "id": "5ad11311645df0001a2d0c4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hydrochloric", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve in uranium?", "id": "5ad11311645df0001a2d0c4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium oxide", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What coats uranium metal in liquid?", "id": "5ad11311645df0001a2d0c50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium dioxide", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into before extraction?", "id": "5ad11311645df0001a2d0c51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cold water", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What reacts with finely multiplied uranium?", "id": "5ad11311645df0001a2d0c52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry."}], ["Uranium juga digunakan dalam bahan kimia fotografi (terutamanya uranium nitrat sebagai toner), dalam filamen lampu untuk mentol lampu panggung, untuk meningkatkan penampilan gigi palsu, dan dalam industri kulit dan kayu untuk noda dan pewarna. Garam uranium adalah morden sutera atau bulu. Asid uranyl asetat dan uranyl digunakan sebagai \"noda\" elektron dalam mikroskopi elektron penghantaran, untuk meningkatkan kontras spesimen biologi dalam bahagian ultrathin dan dalam pewarnaan negatif virus, organellasi sel terpencil dan makromolekul. <> Apa produk uranium digunakan sebagai toner? || nitrat <> Bersama dengan formalin uranyl, apakah produk uranium yang digunakan dalam mikroskop elektron penghantaran? || Uranyl acetate <> Apa mentol lampu menggunakan filamen lampu yang mengandungi uranium? || Peringkat <> Bersama kulit, industri apa yang menggunakan uranium dalam pewarna dan noda? || kayu <> Selain bulu, apa garam uranium yang menjadi mordan? || sutera <> Apa produk uranium tidak digunakan sebagai toner? || <> Bersama dengan formasi uranyl, apakah produk uranium yang digunakan dalam mikroskop proton penghantaran? || <> Apa mentol lampu tidak menggunakan filamen lampu yang mengandungi uranium? || <> Bersama kulit, apa industri tidak menggunakan uranium dalam pewarna dan noda? || <> Selain daripada bulu, apa garam uranium yang bukan morden? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What product of uranium was used as toner?", "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e03", "answers": [{"text": "nitrate", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?", "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e04", "answers": [{"text": "Uranyl acetate", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?", "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e05", "answers": [{"text": "stage", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?", "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e06", "answers": [{"text": "wood", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?", "id": "570e4fe50b85d914000d7e07", "answers": [{"text": "silk", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nitrate", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What product of uranium wasn't used as toner?", "id": "5ad115f9645df0001a2d0cf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uranyl acetate", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission proton microscopy?", "id": "5ad115f9645df0001a2d0cf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stage", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What light bulbs don't use lamp filaments containing uranium?", "id": "5ad115f9645df0001a2d0cf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wool.", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Along with leather, what industry uses no uranium in dyes and stains?", "id": "5ad115f9645df0001a2d0cf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "silk", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "In addition to wool, what isn't uranium salt a mordant of?", "id": "5ad115f9645df0001a2d0cfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense \"stains\" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules."}], ["Pada tahun 1972, ahli fizik Perancis Francis Perrin menemui lima belas purba dan tidak lagi aktif reaktor fisi nuklear semulajadi di tiga deposit bijih berasingan di lombong Oklo di Gabon, Afrika Barat, secara kolektif dikenali sebagai Oklo Fossil Reactors. Deposit bijih adalah 1.7 bilion tahun; kemudian, uranium-235 membentuk kira-kira 3% daripada jumlah uranium di Bumi. Ini cukup tinggi untuk membenarkan tindak balas rantai nuklear berterusan berlaku, dengan syarat syarat sokongan lain wujud. Kapasiti sedimen di sekitarnya yang mengandungi produk sisa nuklear telah dikutip oleh kerajaan persekutuan A.S. sebagai bukti pendukung untuk kemungkinan untuk menyimpan bahan bakar nuklear di repositori sisa nukleus Gunung Yucca. <> Daripada apa kewarganegaraannya ialah Perrin? || Bahasa Perancis <> Dalam apa daerah saya adalah lombong Oklo? || Gabon <> Berapa lamakah deposit bijih di lombong Oklo? || 1.7 bilion tahun <> Apabila deposit bijih tambang Oklo wujud, berapa peratus daripada uranium di Bumi terdiri daripada uranium-235? || 3% <> Di mana di Amerika Syarikat terdapat repositori sisa nuklear? || Yucca Mountain <> Dari apa kewarganegaraan tidak Perrin? || <> Di negara apakah lombong Oklo tidak terletak || <> Berapa lamakah deposit bijih di lombong Oslo? || <> Apabila deposit bijih tambang Oklo wujud, berapa peratus daripada uranium di Bumi terdiri daripada uranium-253? || <> Di mana di Amerika Syarikat terdapat tiada repositori sisa nuklear? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Of what nationality was Perrin?", "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e21", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what county was the Oklo mine located?", "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e22", "answers": [{"text": "Gabon", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?", "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e23", "answers": [{"text": "1.7 billion years", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?", "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e24", "answers": [{"text": "3%", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?", "id": "570e51b50b85d914000d7e25", "answers": [{"text": "Yucca Mountain", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Of what nationality wasn't Perrin?", "id": "5ad11a5c645df0001a2d0d88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gabon", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "In what country was the Oklo mine not located", "id": "5ad11a5c645df0001a2d0d89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1.7 billion years old", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "How old are the ore deposits in the Oslo mine?", "id": "5ad11a5c645df0001a2d0d8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3%", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-253?", "id": "5ad11a5c645df0001a2d0d8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yucca Mountain", "answer_start": 687}], "question": "Where in the United States is there no nuclear waste repository?", "id": "5ad11a5c645df0001a2d0d8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth. This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository."}], ["Semasa peringkat akhir Perang Dunia II, keseluruhan Perang Dingin, dan sedikit demi sedikit selepas itu, uranium-235 telah digunakan sebagai bahan letupan fisil untuk menghasilkan senjata nuklear. Pada mulanya, dua jenis bom pembiakan utama dibina: alat yang agak sederhana yang menggunakan uranium-235 dan mekanisme yang lebih rumit yang menggunakan plutonium-239 yang berasal dari uranium-238. Kemudian, jenis bom fisi / fusion yang lebih rumit dan lebih kuat (senjata thermonuclear) dibina, yang menggunakan peranti berasaskan plutonium untuk menyebabkan campuran tritium dan deuterium untuk menjalani gabungan nuklear. Bom sedemikian diletakkan di dalam kes uranium bukan fisil (tidak diisi), dan mereka memperoleh lebih daripada separuh kuasa mereka daripada pembelahan bahan ini oleh neutron cepat dari proses gabungan nuklear. <> Semasa perang apa uranium-235 pertama kali digunakan untuk membuat senjata nuklear? || Perang Dunia II <> Dari apa isotop uranium adalah plutonium-239 yang diperolehi? || 238 <> Apa bercampur dengan tritium dan mengalami gabungan nuklear dalam bom pembelahan / fusion? || deuterium <> Apakah nama lain untuk bom pembelahan / fusion? || senjata termonuklear <> Apa arti bukan fissile? || unenriched <> Semasa perang apa uranium-235 terakhir digunakan untuk membuat senjata nuklear? || <> Dari apa isotop uranium adalah plutonium-249 yang diperolehi? || <> Apa yang tidak bercampur dengan tritium dan mengalami gabungan nuklear dalam bom pembelahan / fusi? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk bot pameran / fusion? || <> Apa maksud fissile? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?", "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f4f", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?", "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f50", "answers": [{"text": "238", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?", "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f51", "answers": [{"text": "deuterium", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?", "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f52", "answers": [{"text": "thermonuclear weapon", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does non-fissile mean?", "id": "570e4f430dc6ce1900204f53", "answers": [{"text": "unenriched", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "During what war was uranium-235 last used to create nuclear weapons?", "id": "5ad114d5645df0001a2d0cc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium-238", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-249 derived?", "id": "5ad114d5645df0001a2d0cc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deuterium", "answer_start": 557}], "question": "What isn't mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?", "id": "5ad114d5645df0001a2d0cc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thermonuclear weapon", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What is another name for a fission/fusion boat?", "id": "5ad114d5645df0001a2d0cc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(unenriched", "answer_start": 635}], "question": "What does fissile mean?", "id": "5ad114d5645df0001a2d0cc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process."}], ["Uranium-238 adalah isotop uranium yang paling stabil, dengan separuh hayat sekitar 4,468 \u00d7 109 tahun, kira-kira umur Bumi. Uranium-235 mempunyai separuh hayat kira-kira 7.13 \u00d7 108 tahun, dan uranium-234 mempunyai separuh hayat kira-kira 2.48 \u00d7 105 tahun. Untuk uranium semulajadi, kira-kira 49% daripada sinar alfanya dipancarkan oleh setiap atom 238U, dan juga 49% oleh 234U (sejak dibentuk dari bekas) dan kira-kira 2.0% daripada mereka oleh 235U. Apabila bumi masih muda, mungkin kira-kira satu perlima uraniumnya ialah uranium-235, tetapi peratusan 234U mungkin lebih rendah daripada ini. <> Apakah isotop uranium mempunyai kestabilan yang paling? || Uranium-238 <> Berapa lama umur Bumi? || 4.468 \u00d7 109 tahun <> Apakah separuh hayat uranium-234? || 2.48 \u00d7 105 tahun <> Seberapa kecil uranium bumi adalah uranium-235 semasa belia Bumi? || seperlima <> Berapa peratus daripada sinar alfa uranium semula jadi yang dipancarkan oleh 234U? || 49% <> Apakah uranium mempunyai kestabilan paling rendah? || <> Tentang bagaimana emas adalah Bumi? || <> Apakah uranium-234 penuh? || <> Seberapa kecil uranium Bumi adalah uranium-237 semasa belia Bumi? || <> Berapa peratus daripada sinar gamma uranium semulajadi yang dipancarkan oleh 234U? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What isotope of uranium has the most stability?", "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e43", "answers": [{"text": "Uranium-238", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how old is the Earth?", "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e44", "answers": [{"text": "4.468\u00d7109 years", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the half-life of uranium-234?", "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e45", "answers": [{"text": "2.48\u00d7105 years", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?", "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e46", "answers": [{"text": "one-fifth", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?", "id": "570e53ae0b85d914000d7e47", "answers": [{"text": "49%", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uranium-238", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What isotope of uranium has the least stability?", "id": "5ad14d8a645df0001a2d16ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4.468\u00d7109 years", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "About how gold is the Earth?", "id": "5ad14d8a645df0001a2d16ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.48\u00d7105 years", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What is the full-life of uranium-234?", "id": "5ad14d8a645df0001a2d16ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one-fifth", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-237 during the Earth's youth?", "id": "5ad14d8a645df0001a2d16af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "49%", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "What percentage of the gamma rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?", "id": "5ad14d8a645df0001a2d16b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468\u00d7109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13\u00d7108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48\u00d7105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this."}], ["Uranium yang paling banyak dikeringkan dikeluarkan semasa penghadaman. Hanya 0.5% diserap apabila bentuk uranium yang tidak larut, seperti oksidanya, ditelan, sedangkan penyerapan uranium ion yang lebih larut dapat mencapai 5%. Walau bagaimanapun, sebatian uranium yang larut cenderung cepat melepasi badan, manakala sebatian uranium yang tidak larut, terutamanya apabila dihirup melalui debu ke dalam paru-paru, menimbulkan bahaya pendedahan yang lebih serius. Selepas memasuki aliran darah, uranium yang diserap cenderung untuk bioaccumulate dan kekal selama bertahun-tahun dalam tisu tulang kerana pertalian uranium untuk fosfat. Uranium tidak diserap melalui kulit, dan zarah alfa yang dikeluarkan oleh uranium tidak dapat menembusi kulit. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada sebahagian besar uranium tertelan? || diekskrip <> Sehingga peratusan uranium boleh diserap apabila ditelan? || 5% <> Berapa peratus daripada uranium oksida diserap apabila ditelan? || 0.5% <> Apakah uranium mempunyai pertalian? || fosfat <> Di manakah uranium terkumpul di dalam badan? || tisu tulang <> Apa yang berlaku kepada minoriti uranium yang tertelan? || <> Sehingga peratusan uranyl boleh diserap apabila dicerna? || <> Berapa peratus daripada uranium dioksida diserap apabila ditelan? || <> Apa uranium tidak mempunyai pertalian? || <> Di mana uranium tidak terkumpul di dalam badan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?", "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e4d", "answers": [{"text": "excreted", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?", "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e4e", "answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?", "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e4f", "answers": [{"text": "0.5%", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does uranium have an affinity for?", "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e50", "answers": [{"text": "phosphates", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does uranium accumulate in the body?", "id": "570e54c20b85d914000d7e51", "answers": [{"text": "bone tissue", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "excreted", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What happens to a minority of ingested uranium?", "id": "5ad1542d645df0001a2d179e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when digested?", "id": "5ad1542d645df0001a2d179f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.5%", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "About what percentage of uranium dioxide is absorbed when ingested?", "id": "5ad1542d645df0001a2d17a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phosphates", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "What does uranium not have an affinity for?", "id": "5ad1542d645df0001a2d17a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bone tissue", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "Where doesn't uranium accumulate in the body?", "id": "5ad1542d645df0001a2d17a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin."}], ["Uranium adalah unsur kimia dengan simbol U dan nombor atom 92. Ia adalah logam keperakan putih dalam siri actinide jadual berkala. Atom uranium mempunyai 92 proton dan 92 elektron, di mana 6 adalah elektron valensi. Uranium lemah radioaktif kerana semua isotopnya tidak stabil (dengan separuh hayat enam isotop yang dikenali secara semula jadi, uranium-233 hingga uranium-238, berbeza-beza antara 69 tahun dan 4.5 bilion tahun). Isotop uranium yang paling biasa adalah uranium-238 (yang mempunyai 146 neutron dan menyumbang hampir 99.3% daripada uranium yang terdapat di alam semula jadi) dan uranium-235 (yang mempunyai 143 neutron, menyumbang 0.7% daripada elemen yang didapati secara semulajadi). Uranium mempunyai berat atom kedua tertinggi dari unsur-unsur kuno, lebih ringan hanya daripada plutonium. Ketumpatannya adalah kira-kira 70% lebih tinggi daripada yang memimpin, tetapi sedikit lebih rendah daripada emas atau tungsten. Ia berlaku secara semulajadi dalam kepekatan rendah beberapa bahagian per juta dalam tanah, batu dan air, dan secara komersial diekstrak dari mineral galian uranium seperti uraninit. <> Apakah simbol uranium pada Jadual Unsur Berkala? || U <> Apakah bilangan atom uranium? || 92 <> Warna apa uranium? || perak putih <> Daripada apa siri dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur adalah uranium sebahagian? || actinide <> Berapa banyak elektron valensi yang terkandung dalam atom uranium? || 6 <> Apa yang bukan simbol uranium pada Jadual Unsur Berkala? || <> Apa itu nombor atom uranium? || <> Bentuk apa uranium? || <> Daripada apa siri dalam Unsur Jadual Berkala adalah uranium bukan sebahagian? || <> Berapa banyak elektron valensi tidak terkandung dalam atom uranium? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?", "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f31", "answers": [{"text": "U", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the atomic number of uranium?", "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f32", "answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color is uranium?", "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f33", "answers": [{"text": "silvery-white", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?", "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f34", "answers": [{"text": "actinide", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?", "id": "570e4e090dc6ce1900204f35", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What isn't uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?", "id": "5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "92", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What isn't the atomic number of uranium?", "id": "5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "silvery-white", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What shape is uranium?", "id": "5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "actinide", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium not a part?", "id": "5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "How many valence electrons aren't contained in an atom of uranium?", "id": "5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite."}], ["Proses centrifuge gas, di mana uranium hexafluoride gas (UF\n6) dipisahkan oleh perbezaan berat molekul antara 235UF6 dan 238UF6 menggunakan sentrifugal berkelajuan tinggi, adalah proses pengayaan yang paling murah dan terkemuka. Proses penyebaran gas telah menjadi kaedah utama untuk pengayaan dan digunakan dalam Projek Manhattan. Dalam proses ini, uranium hexafluoride berulang kali diffused melalui membran perak-zink, dan isotop uranium yang berbeza dipisahkan oleh kadar penyebaran (kerana uranium 238 lebih berat ia berlainan sedikit lebih perlahan daripada uranium-235). Kaedah pemisahan isotope laser molekular menggunakan rasuk laser dengan tenaga yang tepat untuk memutuskan ikatan antara uranium-235 dan fluorin. Ini meninggalkan uranium-238 terikat kepada fluorin dan membolehkan logam uranium-235 mendakan dari penyelesaian. Kaedah pengayaan laser alternatif dikenali sebagai perpisahan isotop isotop wap atom (AVLIS) dan menggunakan laser yang boleh ditala seperti laser pewarna. Kaedah lain yang digunakan ialah penyebaran haba cecair. <> Apakah nama proses pengayaan yang paling banyak digunakan? || centrifuge gas <> Apa sebatiannya adalah UF6? || uranium hexafluoride <> Apa proses pengayaan yang digunakan oleh Projek Manhattan? || Penyebaran gas <> Dalam proses penyebaran gas, apa yang tersebar melalui membran perak-zink? || uranium hexafluoride <> Bagaimana berat uranium-238 berbanding dengan uranium-235? || lebih berat <> Apakah nama proses pengayaan yang paling banyak digunakan? || <> Apa sebatiannya adalah UF5? || <> Apakah proses pengayaan apa yang tidak digunakan oleh Projek Manhattan? || <> Dalam proses penyebaran gas, apa yang tersebar melalui membran zink emas? || <> Bagaimana ketinggian uranium-238 berbanding dengan uranium-235? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?", "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f27", "answers": [{"text": "gas centrifuge", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What compound is UF6?", "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f28", "answers": [{"text": "uranium hexafluoride", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?", "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f29", "answers": [{"text": "gaseous diffusion", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?", "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2a", "answers": [{"text": "uranium hexafluoride", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?", "id": "570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2b", "answers": [{"text": "heavier", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gas centrifuge", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process?", "id": "5ad152c5645df0001a2d1764", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium hexafluoride", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What compound is UF5?", "id": "5ad152c5645df0001a2d1765", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gaseous diffusion", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "What enrichment process wasn't used by the Manhattan Project?", "id": "5ad152c5645df0001a2d1766", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uranium hexafluoride", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a gold-zinc membrane?", "id": "5ad152c5645df0001a2d1767", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heavier", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "How does the height of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?", "id": "5ad152c5645df0001a2d1768", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF\n6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion."}], ["Fungsi normal buah pinggang, otak, hati, jantung, dan sistem lain dapat dipengaruhi oleh pendedahan uranium, karena, selain menjadi radioaktif yang lemah, uranium adalah logam toksik. Uranium juga merupakan toksik pembiakan. Kesan radiologi biasanya disebabkan oleh sinaran alfa, bentuk utama pereputan 238U, mempunyai julat yang sangat pendek, dan tidak akan menembusi kulit. Uranyl (UO2 +\n2) ion, seperti dari uranium trioxide atau uranyl nitrat dan sebatian uranium heksavalen lain, telah ditunjukkan menyebabkan kerosakan kelahiran dan kerosakan sistem imun pada haiwan makmal. Walaupun CDC telah menerbitkan satu kajian yang tidak ada kanser manusia yang dilihat sebagai akibat daripada pendedahan kepada uranium semula jadi atau hancur, pendedahan kepada uranium dan produk pembusukannya, terutama radon, diketahui secara meluas dan ancaman kesihatan yang ketara. Pendedahan kepada strontium-90, iodin-131, dan produk pembelahan yang lain tidak berkaitan dengan pendedahan uranium, tetapi mungkin disebabkan oleh prosedur perubatan atau pendedahan kepada bahan bakar reaktor atau jatuhnya senjata nuklear. Walaupun pendedahan nyalaan secara tidak sengaja terhadap kepekatan uranium hexafluoride yang tinggi telah mengakibatkan kematian manusia, kematian tersebut dikaitkan dengan penjanaan asid hidrofluorik yang sangat toksik dan uransl fluorida dan bukan dengan uranium itu sendiri. Logam uranium yang dibahagi dengan sempurna membahayakan bahaya kebakaran kerana uranium adalah pyrophorik; bijirin kecil akan menyala secara spontan di udara pada suhu bilik. <> Bersama hati, otak dan hati, sistem apa yang terdedah kepada pendedahan kepada uranium? || buah pinggang <> Apakah bentuk utama pereputan 238U? || Radiasi alfa <> Apakah jenis sebatian uranium ialah uranium trioksida dan uranium nitrat? || hexavalent <> Pada suhu apa akan butiran logam uranium secara spontan menyala di udara? || bilik <> Bersama hati, otak dan hati, sistem apa yang tidak terjejas oleh pendedahan kepada uranium? || <> Apakah bentuk utama pereputan 239U? || <> Sebatian uranium apa jenis uranium dioksida dan uranium nitrat? || <> Pada suhu apakah gran logam plutonium secara spontan akan menyala di udara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?", "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1d", "answers": [{"text": "kidney", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main form of 238U decay?", "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1e", "answers": [{"text": "alpha radiation", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?", "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f20", "answers": [{"text": "hexavalent", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?", "id": "570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f21", "answers": [{"text": "room", "answer_start": 1403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kidney", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably unaffected by exposure to uranium?", "id": "5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alpha radiation", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What is the main form of 239U decay?", "id": "5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hexavalent", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "What type of uranium compounds are uranium dioxide and uranyl nitrate?", "id": "5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "room temperature", "answer_start": 1403}], "question": "At what temperature will grains of plutonium metal spontaneously ignite in air?", "id": "5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+\n2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature."}], ["Kuning uranium beralkali, seperti yang dihasilkan di banyak kilang besar, mengandungi pengedaran spesies pengoksidaan uranium dalam pelbagai bentuk mulai dari yang paling teroksidasi hingga teroksidasi. Zarah dengan masa kediaman yang singkat di calciner pada amnya akan kurang teroksida daripada mereka yang mempunyai masa pengekalan yang lama atau zarah yang pulih dalam penggosok stack. Kandungan uranium biasanya dirujuk kepada U\n3O\n8, yang bermula pada masa projek Manhattan ketika U\n3O\n8 digunakan sebagai standard pelaporan kimia analisis. <> Apa yang mengandungi sebaran spesies deoksidasi uranium dalam pelbagai bentuk antara yang paling teroksidasi hingga tidak teroksida? || <> Apa yang mengandungi sebatian spesies pengoksidaan uranium dalam bentuk tidak termasuk yang paling teroksidasi hingga tidak teroksida? || <> Apa yang umumnya akan kurang teroksida daripada yang mempunyai masa pengekalan yang singkat atau zarah yang pulih dalam penggosok stack? || <> Apa yang umumnya akan kurang teroksida daripada mereka yang mempunyai masa pengekalan yang lama atau zarah yang diganti dalam scrubber tumpukan? || <> Apa yang tidak akan pernah teroksidasi daripada mereka yang mempunyai masa pengekalan yang lama atau zarah yang pulih dalam penggosok stack? ||", {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Calcined uranium yellowcake", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What contains a distribution of uranium deoxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized?", "id": "5ad14a35645df0001a2d15a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Calcined uranium yellowcake", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in no forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized?", "id": "5ad14a35645df0001a2d15a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Particles with short residence times in a calciner", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What will generally be less oxidized than those with short retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber?", "id": "5ad14a35645df0001a2d15aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Particles with short residence times in a calciner", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles replaced in the stack scrubber?", "id": "5ad14a35645df0001a2d15ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Particles with short residence times in a calciner", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What will never be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber?", "id": "5ad14a35645df0001a2d15ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U\n3O\n8, which dates to the days of the Manhattan project when U\n3O\n8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard."}]], [["Perintah Yang Paling Cemerlang dari Empayar British adalah \"perdamaian kekejaman monarki konstitusional British\", memberi sumbangan kepada seni dan sains, bekerja dengan organisasi amal dan kebajikan dan perkhidmatan awam di luar Perkhidmatan Awam. Ia ditubuhkan pada 4 Jun 1917 oleh King George V, dan terdiri daripada lima kelas, di bahagian sivil dan ketenteraan, dua yang paling kanan yang membuat penerima sama ada seorang kuda jika lelaki, atau wanita perempuan jika perempuan. Terdapat juga Pingat Empayar Britain yang berkaitan, yang penerimanya bergabung, tetapi bukan ahli, perintah itu. <> Siapa Perintah British yang paling cemerlang? || perintah kesejahteraan monarki konstitusi British <> yang memberi ganjaran kepada seni dan sains? || \"perintah kerahasiaan monarki perlembagaan British <> Bilakah perintah kejahatan monarki perlembagaan British ditubuhkan? || 4 June 1917 <> Siapa yang menubuhkan kejahatan monarki konstitusional british? || King George V <> Siapa penerima? | | ksatria jika lelaki, atau wanita perempuan jika perempuan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?", "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205031", "answers": [{"text": "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?", "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205032", "answers": [{"text": "\"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?", "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205033", "answers": [{"text": "4 June 1917", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?", "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205034", "answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the recipient?", "id": "570e68670dc6ce1900205035", "answers": [{"text": "knight if male, or dame if female", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the \"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy\", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order."}], ["Dari tahun 1940, Sovereign boleh melantik seseorang sebagai Panglima, Pegawai atau Ahli Perintah Kerajaan British untuk keberanian untuk bertindak keberanian (bukan di hadapan musuh) di bawah tahap yang diperlukan untuk George Medal. Gred ini ditentukan oleh kriteria yang sama seperti biasa, dan bukan oleh tahap keberanian (dan dengan lebih banyak orang yang kurang muda menerima Pingat Empayar Britania). Anehnya, ini bermakna bahawa ia dianugerahkan untuk tindakan gagah yang kurang gagah daripada George Medal, tetapi, sebagai Perintah, dipakai sebelum ini dan disenaraikan sebelum ini dalam huruf awal. Dari 14 Januari 1958, anugerah ini ditetapkan sebagai Perintah Empayar British untuk Gallantry. <> Dari tahun apa bolehkah Kerajaan menunjuk seseorang sebagai Komander, Pegawai atau Ahli Perintah Kerajaan British? || 1940 <> Apa perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh Ahli-ahli Perintah Kerajaan British? || di bawah tahap yang diperlukan untuk George Medal <> Gred apa yang ditentukan? || kriteria yang sama seperti biasa, dan bukan dengan tahap keberanian <> Bilakah penghargaan yang ditetapkan Order of the British Empire untuk Gallantry? || 14 Januari 1958", {"qas": [{"question": "From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?", "id": "570e6d560dc6ce190020504f", "answers": [{"text": "1940", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?", "id": "570e6d560dc6ce1900205050", "answers": [{"text": "below the level required for the George Medal", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What grade was determined?", "id": "570e6d560dc6ce1900205051", "answers": [{"text": "same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?", "id": "570e6d560dc6ce1900205052", "answers": [{"text": "14 January 1958", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry."}], ["Kesatria kehormat dilantik untuk warga negara di mana Ratu Elizabeth II bukan Ketua Negara, dan boleh membenarkan penggunaan huruf pasca nominal tetapi bukan gelaran Sir atau Dame. Sesetengah pelantikan kehormat adalah, sebagai salah, sebagai Sir atau Dame - Bill Gates atau Bob Geldof, sebagai contoh. Tuntutan kehormat yang kemudiannya menjadi warganegara sebuah negara Komanwel boleh menukar pelantikan mereka dari penghormatan kepada substantif, kemudian menikmati semua keistimewaan keahlian perintah itu termasuk penggunaan gelaran Sir dan Dame untuk dua peringkat kanan Pesanan. Contohnya adalah penyiar Ireland Terry Wogan, yang dilantik sebagai Komander Knight kehormat Perintah pada tahun 2005 dan permohonan yang berjaya untuk kewarganegaraan dual Inggeris dan Ireland menjadi ahli substantif dan kemudian digelar sebagai \"Sir Terry Wogan KBE\". <> Siapa yang dilantik menjadi warganegara bangsa? || Kehadiran keahlian kehormat <> Di manakah Ratu Elizabeth bukan Ketua Negeri? || warga negara <> Apakah yang dilantik sebagai penghormatan kehormatan yang salah? || Sir atau Dame <> Siapa contoh Sir Dame? || Bill Gates atau Bob Geldof <> Apa contoh penyiar Ireland? || Terry Wogan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who are appointed to citizens of nations?", "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe5", "answers": [{"text": "Honorary knighthoods", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?", "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe6", "answers": [{"text": "citizens of nations", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?", "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe7", "answers": [{"text": "Sir or Dame", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are examples of Sir of Dame?", "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe8", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Gates or Bob Geldof", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of irish broadcaster?", "id": "570e62ae0dc6ce1900204fe9", "answers": [{"text": "Terry Wogan", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as \"Sir Terry Wogan KBE\"."}], ["Mana-mana individu yang membuat ahli Perintah untuk keberanian boleh memakai lambang dua daun oak perak bersilang pada riben yang sama, reben atau busur sebagai lencana. Ia tidak dapat dianugerahkan secara anumerta dan digantikan dengan berkesan pada tahun 1974 dengan Pingat Gallantry Queen. Sekiranya penerima Perintah Kerajaan British untuk Gallantry mendapat promosi dalam Order, sama ada untuk keberanian atau sebaliknya, mereka terus memakai juga lambang gred rendah dengan daun ek. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka hanya menggunakan huruf pasca nominal gred yang lebih tinggi. <> Siapa yang boleh memakai lambang dua daun oak perak bersilang? || Mana-mana individu yang membuat ahli Perintah untuk keberanian <> Apakah emblem itu? || dua daun oak perak bersilang pada riben yang sama, reben atau busur sebagai lencana <> Tahun berapa ia diganti? || 1974 <> Apa jenis pingat digantikan pada tahun 1974? || Pingat Gallantry Queen <> Mereka terus memakai apa lambang apa? || gred rendah dengan daun ek", {"qas": [{"question": "Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?", "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd1", "answers": [{"text": "Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the emblem?", "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd2", "answers": [{"text": "two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was it replaced?", "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd3", "answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?", "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd4", "answers": [{"text": "Queen's Gallantry Medal", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "They continued to wear what the insignia of what?", "id": "570e616f0dc6ce1900204fd5", "answers": [{"text": "lower grade with the oak leaves", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade."}], ["Perintah itu mempunyai enam pegawai: Prelate; Dekan; Setiausaha; Pendaftar; Raja Lengan; dan Usher. Uskup London, uskup senior di Gereja England, berfungsi sebagai Prelate Perintah. Dekan St Paul adalah ex officio Dekan Pesanan. Perintah Raja Arms bukanlah ahli Kolej Lengan, seperti banyak pegawai heraldik lain. Usher Pesanan dikenali sebagai Usher Gentleman dari Ungu Rod; dia tidak - tidak seperti Ordo yang setara dengan Garter, Usher Gentian Black Rod - melaksanakan tugas yang berkaitan dengan Dewan Pertuanan. <> Siapa enam pegawai Ordo ini? || Prelate; Dekan; Setiausaha; Pendaftar; Raja Lengan; dan Usher <> yang berfungsi sebagai Prelate Perintah? || Uskup London, uskup senior di Gereja England <> Siapa Dekan St Paul? || ex officio Dekan Perintah <> Siapa yang bukan ahli Kolej Lengan? || Perintah Raja Arms <> Apakah Usher Pesanan? || Gentleman Usher dari Ungu Rod", {"qas": [{"question": "Who are the six officials of The Order?", "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204fef", "answers": [{"text": "Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who serves as the Order's Prelate?", "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff0", "answers": [{"text": "The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was The Dean of St. Paul?", "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff1", "answers": [{"text": "ex officio the Dean of the Order", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is not a member of the College of Arms?", "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff2", "answers": [{"text": "The Order's King of Arms", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Usher of the Order?", "id": "570e63590dc6ce1900204ff3", "answers": [{"text": "Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not \u2013 unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod \u2013 perform any duties related to the House of Lords."}], ["[Sunting] Wives of Knights boleh menjadi awalan Lady kepada nama keluarga mereka, tetapi tiada keistimewaan sama ada untuk suami Knights atau pasangan Dames. Bentuk sedemikian tidak digunakan oleh rakan-rakan dan putera-putera, kecuali apabila nama-nama bekas ditulis dalam bentuk penuh mereka. Clergy of the Church of England atau Gereja Scotland tidak menggunakan gelaran Sir atau Dame kerana mereka tidak menerima penghargaan (iaitu, mereka tidak digelar \"ksatria\" dengan pedang), walaupun mereka melampirkan huruf pasca-nominal . <> Siapa yang akan menjadi prajurit Tuan, dan Dames Grand Cross? || Knights Grand Cross dan Knights Commander <> Siapa yang akan awalan Dame, kepada mereka yang berminat? || Dames Grand Cross <> Siapa yang akan awalan Lady ke nama keluarga mereka? || Isteri-isteri Ksatria <> bentuk-bentuk tersebut tidak digunakan oleh siapa? || rakan dan pangeran <> Siapa yang tidak akan menggunakan gelaran Sir Dame? || Kerabat Gereja England atau Gereja Scotland", {"qas": [{"question": "Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?", "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7eef", "answers": [{"text": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?", "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef0", "answers": [{"text": "Dames Grand Cross", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?", "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef1", "answers": [{"text": "Wives of Knights", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Such forms are not used by whom?", "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef2", "answers": [{"text": "peers and princes", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?", "id": "570e6eac0b85d914000d7ef3", "answers": [{"text": "Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed \"knight\" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters."}], ["Pelantikan kepada Perintah Empayar British telah dihentikan di alam Komanwel yang membentuk sistem penghormatan dan penghargaan kebangsaan seperti Order of Australia, Order of Canada, dan Order of Merit New Zealand. Dalam kebanyakan sistem ini, tahap penghargaan dan kehormatan yang berbeza mencerminkan sistem Imperial yang digantikannya. Kanada, Australia, dan New Zealand semuanya mempunyai tahap keutamaan yang lebih tinggi daripada para Peserta, Pegawai, dan Pesuruhjaya (bukan Pesuruh) pesanan masing-masing, dengan kedua-dua Australia dan New Zealand mempunyai Knights and Dames sebagai kelas tertinggi mereka. <> Siapa yang dihentikan di alam Komanwel? || Pelantikan kepada Perintah Kerajaan British <> Siapa yang menubuhkan sistem penghormatan dan penghargaan? || Perintah Australia, Perintah Kanada, dan Perintah Merit New Zealand <> Bagaimana tahap penghargaan dan kehormatan yang berbeza mencerminkan sistem imperialis? || Kanada, Australia, dan New Zealand <> Apakah kelas tertinggi? || Knights dan Dames", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?", "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205015", "answers": [{"text": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established a national system of honours and awards?", "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205016", "answers": [{"text": "Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?", "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205017", "answers": [{"text": "Canada, Australia, and New Zealand", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the highest class?", "id": "570e669f0dc6ce1900205018", "answers": [{"text": "Knights and Dames", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all have (in increasing level of precedence) Members of, Officers of, and Companions to (rather than Commanders of) their respective orders, with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes."}], ["Pada asas Perintah, \"Medal Orde Empayar British\" dimulakan, untuk menjadi penghargaan yang lebih rendah yang memberikan penggabungan penerima tetapi bukan keahlian. Pada tahun 1922, ini dinamakan semula sebagai \"Pingat Empayar Inggeris\". Ia berhenti dianugerahkan oleh United Kingdom sebagai sebahagian daripada pembaharuan 1993 ke sistem penghormatan, tetapi sekali lagi dianugerahkan pada awal tahun 2012, bermula dengan 293 BEM yang diberikan untuk Jubli Diamond Queen. Di samping itu, BEM dianugerahkan oleh Kepulauan Cook dan oleh beberapa negara Komanwel lain. Pada tahun 2004, laporan yang bertajuk \"Satu Kepentingan Kehormatan: Membaharui Sistem Kepujian Kami\" oleh sebuah jawatankuasa Commons yang mencadangkan untuk menghapuskan Perintah Empayar British, kerana tajuknya \"kini dianggap tidak dapat diterima, dianggap sebagai merangkumi nilai-nilai yang tidak lagi dikongsi oleh banyak penduduk negara \". <> Apa yang dimulakan untuk menjadi pemberi bantuan yang lebih rendah yang memberikan penggabungan penerima? || Pingat Perintah Empayar Britania <> Pada tahun berapa Pingat Perintah Kerajaan British ditubuhkan? || 1922 <> Apakah pingat itu dinamakan semula? || Pingat Empayar British <> Bilakah dihentikan ganjaran? || 1993 <> Berapa banyak BEM telah dianugerahkan untuk Jubli Diamond Queen? || 293", {"qas": [{"question": "What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?", "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205045", "answers": [{"text": "Medal of the Order of the British Empire", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?", "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205046", "answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the medal renamed as?", "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205047", "answers": [{"text": "British Empire Medal", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was it stopped being rewarded?", "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205048", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?", "id": "570e69cb0dc6ce1900205049", "answers": [{"text": "293", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the foundation of the Order, the \"Medal of the Order of the British Empire\" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the \"British Empire Medal\". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled \"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System\" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was \"now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country\u2019s population\"."}], ["Ahli-ahli The Beatles telah dijadikan MBE pada tahun 1965. John Lennon membenarkan perbandingan perbandingannya dengan membanding keahlian ketenteraan dalam Ordo: \"Banyak orang yang mengadu tentang kami menerima MBE [status] menerima mereka untuk kepahlawanan dalam perang - untuk membunuh orang ... Kami menerima kami untuk menghiburkan orang lain, saya katakan kami layak mendapat lebih banyak lagi. \" Lennon kemudian memulangkan lambang MBEnya pada 25 November 1969 sebagai sebahagian daripada protes keamanan yang sedang berjalan. Kritikan lain berpusat pada tuntutan bahawa ramai penerima Pesanan diberi ganjaran kerana hanya melakukan pekerjaan mereka; pengkritik mendakwa bahawa perkhidmatan awam dan badan kehakiman menerima lebih banyak pesanan dan penghormatan daripada pemimpin profesion lain. <> Siapa MBE'S? || Ahli-ahli The Beatles <> Dalam tahun apakah Beatles membuat MBE? || 1965 <> Yang membandingkan keahlian ketenteraan dalam Orde? || John Lennon <> Siapa kata \"banyak orang yang mengeluh tentang kami menerima MBE yang diterima untuk kepahlawanan dalam perang.\" | John Lennon <> Kapan John Lennon memulangkan lambang MBEnya? || 25 November 1969", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were MBE'S?", "id": "570e67880dc6ce1900205027", "answers": [{"text": "The members of The Beatles", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?", "id": "570e67880dc6ce1900205028", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who compared military membership in the Order?", "id": "570e67880dc6ce1900205029", "answers": [{"text": "John Lennon", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said \"lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.", "id": "570e67880dc6ce190020502a", "answers": [{"text": "John Lennon", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?", "id": "570e67880dc6ce190020502b", "answers": [{"text": "25 November 1969", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: \"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war \u2013 for killing people\u2026 We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more.\" Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions."}], ["Pelantikan kepada Perintah Empayar Britania pada mulanya dibuat atas pencalonan Dominion Empire, Viceroy India, dan gabenor penjajah, serta dalam pencalonan dari dalam United Kingdom. Apabila Empayar berkembang menjadi Komanwel, pencalonan terus datang dari alam Komanwel, di mana raja tetap sebagai ketua negara. Pencalonan luar negara ini telah dihentikan di alam yang telah menetapkan Pesanan mereka sendiri-seperti Perintah Australia, Perintah Kanada, dan Perintah Merit New Zealand-tetapi anggota Pesanan masih dilantik di Wilayah Luar Negeri British. <> Bagaimana janji untuk Perintah Empayar British dibuat? || penamaan diri Dominion of the Empire, Viceroy of India, dan gabenor penjajah <> Apa yang berkembang sebagai pencalonan Komanwel terus? || Empayar <> Apa yang kekal sebagai ketua negara Empayar Britania? || raja <> Mengapa penarikan luar negara berhenti? || menubuhkan Pesanan mereka sendiri <> Negara apa yang menubuhkan pesanan baru? || Perintah Australia, Perintah Kanada, dan Perintah Merit New Zealand", {"qas": [{"question": "How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?", "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb5", "answers": [{"text": "nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?", "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb6", "answers": [{"text": "Empire", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What remained the head of state of the British Empire?", "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb7", "answers": [{"text": "the monarch", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?", "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb8", "answers": [{"text": "established their own Orders", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What countries established new orders?", "id": "570e5e200dc6ce1900204fb9", "answers": [{"text": "Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms, in which the monarch remained head of state. These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders\u2014such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit\u2014but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories."}], ["Perintah ini terhad kepada 300 Knights dan Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights dan Dames Commander, dan 8,960 Komander. Tiada had dikenakan kepada jumlah ahli kelas keempat dan kelima, tetapi tidak lebih dari 858 Pegawai dan 1,464 Ahli boleh dilantik setiap tahun. Pengunjung asing, sebagai anggota kehormat, tidak menyumbang kepada angka-angka yang terhad kepada Pesanan sebagai ahli penuh lakukan. Walaupun Perintah Empayar Britania mempunyai setakat yang paling banyak bilangan ahli British Order of Chivalry, dengan lebih daripada 100,000 ahli yang tinggal di seluruh dunia, terdapat lebih sedikit pelantikan untuk ketangkasan daripada perintah lain. <> Berapa ramai Knights dalam Orde? || 300 Knights dan Dames Grand Cross <> Berapa ramai Knights dan Dames Commander? || 845 <> Berapa banyak komander di dalam Orde Baru? || 8,960 <> Berapa banyak pegawai dan ahli yang boleh dilantik setiap tahun? || 858 Pegawai dan 1,464 Ahli <> Siapa yang mempunyai bilangan tertinggi British Order of Chivalry? || Perintah Empayar British", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Knights are in The Order?", "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205075", "answers": [{"text": "300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Knights and Dames Commander?", "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205076", "answers": [{"text": "845", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many commanders are in The Order?", "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205077", "answers": [{"text": "8,960", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?", "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205078", "answers": [{"text": "858 Officers and 1,464 Members", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?", "id": "570e718c0dc6ce1900205079", "answers": [{"text": "Order of the British Empire", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders."}], ["Ahli-ahli semua kelas Pesanan ditugaskan jawatan mengikut urutan keutamaan. Isteri-isteri ahli-ahli lelaki dari semua kelas juga mempunyai urutan keutamaan, seperti anak lelaki, anak perempuan dan anak perempuan mertua Knights Grand Cross dan Komandan Kesatria; Walau bagaimanapun, saudara-saudara Ladies of the Order tidak diberi sebarang keutamaan. Sebagai peraturan umum, individu boleh memperoleh keutamaan dari bapa atau suami mereka, tetapi bukan dari ibu atau isteri mereka (lihat susunan keutamaan di England dan Wales untuk jawatan yang tepat). <> Apakah ahli-ahli kelas Orde yang ditugaskan? || kedudukan mengikut urutan keutamaan <> Siapakah daripada ahli lelaki yang memaparkan perintah itu? || Isteri-isteri ahli-ahli lelaki dari semua kelas juga mempunyai urutan keutamaan, seperti anak-anak lelaki, anak perempuan dan menantu perempuan <> Siapa yang tidak diberikan apa-apa keutamaan khusus? || saudara-saudara dari Ladies of the Order <> Siapa yang boleh mendapatkan individu keutamaan dari? || bapa atau suami <> Siapakah individu yang tidak dapat mendahului? || ibu atau isteri", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?", "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205085", "answers": [{"text": "positions in the order of precedence", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who of the male members feature on the order?", "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205086", "answers": [{"text": "Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are not assigned any special precedence?", "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205087", "answers": [{"text": "relatives of Ladies of the Order", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can individuals derive precedence from?", "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205088", "answers": [{"text": "fathers or husbands", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?", "id": "570e727b0dc6ce1900205089", "answers": [{"text": "mothers or wives", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions)."}], ["India, sambil menjadi anggota Komanwel yang aktif, memilih sebagai republik untuk mewujudkan satu set penghormatan yang dianugerahkan oleh Presiden India yang memegang kedudukan republik yang dipertimbangkan oleh beberapa orang yang serupa dengan raja di Britain. Ini biasanya dirujuk sebagai Anugerah Padma dan terdiri daripada Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan dan Padma Shri dalam urutan menurun. Ini tidak membawa apa-apa hiasan atau lencana yang boleh dipakai pada orang itu dan tidak boleh digunakan sebagai tajuk bersama dengan nama individu. <> Siapa yang telah menetapkan penghormatan yang dianugerahkan oleh Presiden India? || India <> Yang memegang kedudukan republik yang dipertimbangkan oleh beberapa raja kepada kerajaan Britain? || Presiden India <> Apa yang disebut sebagai Anugerah Padma? || Presiden India yang memegang jawatan republikan, ada yang menganggap sama dengan raja di Britain. <> Apakah Anugerah Padma terdiri daripada? || Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan dan Padma Shri <> Apa yang tidak membawa apa-apa hiasan atau lencana yang boleh dipakai pada orang itu? || Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan dan Padma Shri", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?", "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506b", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?", "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506c", "answers": [{"text": "President of India", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is referred to as the Padma Awards?", "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506d", "answers": [{"text": "President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Padma Awards consist of?", "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506e", "answers": [{"text": "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?", "id": "570e6ff20dc6ce190020506f", "answers": [{"text": "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names."}]], [["Kecacatan dalam homolog manusia dari gen Drosophila \"tempoh\" telah dikenalpasti sebagai penyebab gangguan tidur FASPS (Sindrom fase tidur lanjutan Familial), menggariskan sifat yang dipelihara dari jam circadian molekul melalui evolusi. Ramai lagi komponen genetik jam biologi kini diketahui. Interaksi mereka menghasilkan gelungan maklum balas yang saling terhubung dengan produk gen yang mengakibatkan turun naik berkala bahawa sel-sel tubuh mentafsirkan sebagai masa yang spesifik pada hari itu. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah gen Drosophila yang menyebabkan? || gangguan tidur FASPS <> Apakah gen Drosophila juga dikenali sebagai? || tempoh <> Apakah sindrom fase tidur maju keluarga? || FASPS <> Jam macam apa jenis fungsi genetik? || jam biologi <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh tubuh dari gelung umpan gen? || masa hari <> Apa yang Jean bertanggungjawab untuk irama circadian? || <> Jam jenis apa yang tidak mempunyai fungsi genetik? || <> Bagaimana sel-sel badan menafsirkan turun naik dalam cahaya? || <> Apakah kecacatan pada sebab genom tempoh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?", "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8d", "answers": [{"text": "sleep disorder FASPS", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Drosophila gene also known as?", "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8e", "answers": [{"text": "period", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?", "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8f", "answers": [{"text": "FASPS", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of clock have genetic functions?", "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e90", "answers": [{"text": "biological clock", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?", "id": "570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e91", "answers": [{"text": "time of the day", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Drosophila", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What Jean is responsible for the circadian rhythm?", "id": "5a220e23819328001af389e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biological clock", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "What kind of clock does not have genetic functions?", "id": "5a220e23819328001af389e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as a specific time of the day", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light?", "id": "5a220e23819328001af389e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FASPS", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What does a defect in the period genome cause?", "id": "5a220e23819328001af389ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila \"period\" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]"}], ["Rekod terawal yang tercatat dalam proses circadian bermula dari abad ke-4 B.C.E., ketika Androsthenes, seorang kapten kapal yang berkhidmat di bawah Alexander Agung, menggambarkan gerakan daun di pohon jamu. Pemerhatian proses circadian atau diurnal pada manusia disebut dalam teks perubatan Cina bertarikh sekitar abad ke-13, termasuk Manual Noon dan Midnight dan Rhyme Mnemonic untuk Bantuan dalam Pemilihan Mata Acu Menurut Siklus Diurnal, Hari Bulan dan Musim Terbaik. <> Apakah contoh tercatat irama circadian terawal? || Abad ke-4 B.C.E <> Kapten kapal apakah yang menggambarkan pergerakan daun setiap hari? || Androsthenes <> Apa pokok daun yang digambarkan oleh Androsthenes? || asam jawa <> Apakah jenis teks Cina menyebut proses circadian pada manusia? || perubatan <> Bilakah Cina menggunakan irama diurnal untuk mengingati Acu-points? || Abad ke-13 <> Apa yang pertama kali direkodkan pada tahun 400 SM? || <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Alexander yang hebat? || <> Apa ahli falsafah yang pertama menggambarkan proses diurnal pada manusia? || <> Apa yang dijelaskan dahulu dalam teks perubatan pada 1300-an? || <> Apa yang Androsthenes menggunakan manual tengah hari dan tengah malam untuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?", "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355b", "answers": [{"text": "4th century B.C.E", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ship captain described daily leaf movements?", "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355c", "answers": [{"text": "Androsthenes", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?", "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355d", "answers": [{"text": "tamarind", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?", "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355e", "answers": [{"text": "medical", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?", "id": "570f33ad80d9841400ab355f", "answers": [{"text": "13th century", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circadian process", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What was first recorded in 400 BC?", "id": "5a2205ce819328001af389bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diurnal leaf", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What did Alexander the great described?", "id": "5a2205ce819328001af389bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What philosophers first described the diurnal process in humans?", "id": "5a2205ce819328001af389bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diurnal process in humans", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What was first described in medical texts during the 1300s?", "id": "5a2205ce819328001af389be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aid in the Selection of Acu-points", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "What did Androsthenes use the noon and midnight manual for?", "id": "5a2205ce819328001af389bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year."}], ["Melatonin tidak hadir dari sistem atau tidak dapat dikesan pada siang hari. Permulaannya dalam cahaya malap, ringan melatonin onset (DLMO), pada kira-kira 21:00 (9 p.m.) boleh diukur dalam darah atau air liur. Metabolit utama juga boleh diukur dalam air kencing pagi. Kedua-dua DLMO dan titik tengah (dalam masa) kehadiran hormon dalam darah atau air liur telah digunakan sebagai penanda sirkadian. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan baru menunjukkan bahawa mengimbangi melatonin mungkin penanda yang lebih dipercayai. Benloucif et al. mendapati bahawa penanda fasa melatonin lebih stabil dan lebih tinggi berkorelasi dengan masa tidur daripada minimum suhu teras. Mereka mendapati bahawa kedua-dua tidur offset dan melatonin offset lebih kuat kaitan dengan penanda fasa daripada permulaan tidur. Di samping itu, fasa menurun tahap melatonin lebih dipercayai dan stabil daripada penamatan sintesis melatonin. <> Apa bahan kimia tidak hadir atau rendah semasa siang hari? || Melatonin <> Bilakah permulaan melatonin? || 9 p.m <> Pada permulaannya, apa yang boleh diukur dalam darah atau air liur? || Melatonin <> Kehadiran apa yang merupakan penanda circadian? || hormon <> Apakah penanda yang lebih dipercayai dalam menentukan masa tidur? || fasa melatonin <> Bilakah Meletonin dijumpai dalam sistem? || <> Apa yang mula berkurangan pada 9 p.m. || <> Apa yang lebih stabil daripada melatonin offset? || <> Apakah fasa melatonin bukan penanda dipercayai untuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What chemical is absent or low during daylight?", "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb3", "answers": [{"text": "Melatonin", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the melatonin onset?", "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb4", "answers": [{"text": "9 p.m", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?", "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb5", "answers": [{"text": "Melatonin", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The presence of what is a circadian marker?", "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb6", "answers": [{"text": "hormone", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?", "id": "570f40f65ab6b81900390eb7", "answers": [{"text": "melatonin phase", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Melatonin", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When is Meletonin found in the system?", "id": "5a223ceb819328001af38a47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Melatonin", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What starts to decrease at 9 p.m.", "id": "5a223ceb819328001af38a48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "core temperature minimum", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "What is more stable than the melatonin offset?", "id": "5a223cec819328001af38a49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the timing of sleep", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What is melatonin phase not a reliable marker for?", "id": "5a223cec819328001af38a4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis."}], ["Disebabkan sifat kerja juruterbang penerbangan, yang sering menyeberang beberapa kali waktu dan kawasan cahaya matahari dan kegelapan dalam satu hari, dan menghabiskan berjam-jam berjaga-jaga siang dan malam, mereka sering tidak dapat mengekalkan corak tidur yang sesuai dengan irama circadian manusia semula jadi ; keadaan ini dengan mudah boleh menyebabkan keletihan. NTSB memetik ini sebagai menyumbang kepada banyak kemalangan [sumber perubatan yang tidak boleh dipercayai?] Dan telah menjalankan beberapa kajian penyelidikan untuk mencari kaedah untuk melawan keletihan dalam juruterbang. <> Siapa kerja dan persekitaran kerja yang menghalang mereka daripada mengekalkan pola tidur biasa? || juruterbang penerbangan <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekurangan pola tidur biasa? || keletihan <> Apa organisasi mengutip gangguan pola tidur ini sebagai punca kemalangan? || NTSB <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh NTSB untuk mencari punca keletihan perintis? || kajian penyelidikan <> Daripada apa yang NTSB mahu mencari cara untuk melakukan? || memerangi keletihan <> Siapa yang mengikuti rhythem circadian manusia yang sangat alami? || <> apa yang menyebabkan radian circadian semulajadi membawa kepada? || <> Siapa yang menjalankan kajian mengenai keletihan sewardes? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?", "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e97", "answers": [{"text": "airline pilots", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?", "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e98", "answers": [{"text": "fatigue", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?", "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e99", "answers": [{"text": "NTSB", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?", "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9a", "answers": [{"text": "research studies", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?", "id": "570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9b", "answers": [{"text": "combating fatigue", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "airline pilots", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Who follows a very natural human circadian rhythem?", "id": "5a2243af819328001af38a67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fatigue", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "what does a natural circadian rhythem lead to?", "id": "5a2243af819328001af38a68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NTSB", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "Who conducted studies on sewardes fatigue?", "id": "5a2243af819328001af38a69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents[unreliable medical source?]  and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots."}], ["Penyelidik Norway di University of Troms\u00f8 telah menunjukkan bahawa beberapa haiwan Artik (ptarmigan, rusa) menunjukkan irama sirkadian hanya pada bahagian-bahagian tahun yang mempunyai matahari terbit dan matahari terbenam. Dalam satu kajian rusa, haiwan di 70 darjah Utara menunjukkan irama sirkadian pada musim gugur, musim sejuk dan musim bunga, tetapi tidak pada musim panas. Rusa di Svalbard pada 78 darjah Utara menunjukkan irama seperti hanya pada musim gugur dan musim bunga. Penyelidik mengesyaki bahawa haiwan Artik lain juga tidak dapat menunjukkan irama sirkadian dalam cahaya musim panas yang berterusan dan musim sejuk yang berterusan pada musim sejuk. <> Jenis haiwan apa yang telah ditunjukkan mempunyai irama sirkadian hanya pada masa-masa tertentu? || Haiwan Artik <> Apakah ciri-ciri harian haiwan yang menunjukkan irama circadian terhad? || sunrises dan sunsets <> Dalam kajian, ketika rusa di 70 darjah utara hanya menunjukkan irama sirkadian? || musim luruh, musim sejuk dan musim bunga <> Pada tahap utara apakah rusa menunjukkan rhythms hanya pada musim luruh dan musim panas? || 78 derajat <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh para penyelidik tentang aninemia yang mungkin juga menunjukkan variasi dalam irama sirkadian pada musim yang berbeza? || Haiwan Artik lain <> Bilakah haiwan subarctic mempunyai rythms circadian? || <> Bilakah rusa di bawah 70 darjah menunjukkan radian circadian? || <> Apa yang mengembara di 78 darjah tidak menunjukkan radian circadian? || <> Haiwan apa yang menunjukkan rythems circadian semasa cahaya kosant musim panas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?", "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab3547", "answers": [{"text": "Arctic animals", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?", "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab3548", "answers": [{"text": "sunrises and sunsets", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?", "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab3549", "answers": [{"text": "autumn, winter and spring", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?", "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab354a", "answers": [{"text": "78 degrees", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?", "id": "570f2b2b80d9841400ab354b", "answers": [{"text": "other Arctic animals", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "When do subarctic animals have circadian rythms?", "id": "5a2225ef819328001af38a0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "autumn, winter and spring", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "When do reindeer below 70 degrees show circadian rythems?", "id": "5a2225ef819328001af38a0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "autumn and spring", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "What reinder at 78 degrees do not show circadian rythems?", "id": "5a2225ef819328001af38a0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arctic animals", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "What animals show circadian rythems during the costant light of summer?", "id": "5a2225ef819328001af38a0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Norwegian researchers at the University of Troms\u00f8 have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter."}], ["Irama dikaitkan dengan kitaran cahaya gelap. Haiwan, termasuk manusia, disimpan dalam kegelapan sepenuhnya untuk tempoh yang lama akhirnya berfungsi dengan rentak berjalan bebas. Kitaran tidur mereka ditolak atau diteruskan setiap \"hari\", bergantung kepada sama ada \"hari\" mereka, tempoh endogen mereka, lebih pendek atau lebih lama daripada 24 jam. Isyarat alam sekitar yang menetapkan semula irama setiap hari dipanggil zeitgebers (dari bahasa Jerman, \"pemberi masa\"). Mamalia bawah tanah benar-benar buta (mis., Tikus buta spalax Spalax sp.) Dapat mengekalkan jam dalamannya dalam ketiadaan rangsangan luaran. Walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai mata pembentuk imej, photoreceptor mereka (yang mengesan cahaya) masih berfungsi; mereka melakukan permukaan secara berkala juga. [halaman diperlukan] <> Untuk apa rentak circadian terikat? || kitaran cahaya gelap <> Keadaan apa yang akan menghasilkan irama berjalan bebas pada manusia? || jumlah kegelapan <> Apakah faktor persekitaran yang boleh mengubah irama? || zeitgebers <> Apa tikus mol tikus mempunyai tempat penglihatan? || photoreceptors <> Apa kitaran yang berasingan daripada radian circadian? || <> Apakah jumlah cahaya yang berlaku pada manusia? || <> Apakah istilah bagi isyarat alam sekitar yang meremehkan rythems harian? || <> Apakah jenis mamalia memerlukan rangsangan luar untuk mengekalkan jam dalaman mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what is the circadian rhythm tied?", "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390eab", "answers": [{"text": "light\u2013dark cycle", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?", "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390eac", "answers": [{"text": "total darkness", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?", "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390ead", "answers": [{"text": "zeitgebers", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?", "id": "570f39c25ab6b81900390eae", "answers": [{"text": "photoreceptors", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light\u2013dark cycle", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What cycle is seperate from the circadian rythem?", "id": "5a2222d7819328001af38a03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free-running rhythm.", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What does total light cause in humans?", "id": "5a2222d7819328001af38a04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zeitgebers", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What is the term for the environmental cues that dertermine daily rythems?", "id": "5a2222d7819328001af38a05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Totally blind subterranean mammals", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What kind of mammals need external stimuli to maintain their endogenous clock?", "id": "5a2222d7819328001af38a06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The rhythm is linked to the light\u2013dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each \"day\", depending on whether their \"day\", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that reset the rhythms each day are called zeitgebers (from the German, \"time-givers\"). Totally blind subterranean mammals (e.g., blind mole rat Spalax sp.) are able to maintain their endogenous clocks in the apparent absence of external stimuli. Although they lack image-forming eyes, their photoreceptors (which detect light) are still functional; they do surface periodically as well.[page needed]"}], ["Jam circadian yang paling mudah diketahui ialah cyanobacteria prokariotik. Kajian terbaru menunjukkan bahawa jam circadian Synechococcus elongatus boleh direkabentuk secara in vitro dengan hanya tiga protein (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) dari pengayun pusat mereka. Jam ini telah ditunjukkan untuk mengekalkan irama selama 22 jam selama beberapa hari selepas penambahan ATP. Penjelasan terdahulu tentang pengawalan waktu sirkadian telah bergantung pada mekanisme umpan balik transkripsi / terjemahan DNA. [Rujukan?] <> Apa yang paling mudah diketahui jam sirkadian? || cyanobacteria prokariotik <> Dengan berapa banyak protein boleh jam sirkadian Synechococcus elongatus diperlukan untuk menghasilkan semula kesannya? || tiga protein <> Apakah jenis mekanisme umpan balik sebelum ini yang diperlukan untuk mengekalkan jam? || DNA <> Berapa lama irama penyelidik mampu mengekalkan dalam eksperimen in vitro? || 22 jam <> Apa satu-satunya protein yang diperlukan untuk eksperimen penjaga waktu sirkadian? || KaiA, KaiB, KaiC <> Apakah organisme mempunyai jam circadian yang paling kompleks? || <> Di manakah jam sirkadian dari cyanobacteriaprokariotik akan disusun semula? || <> Berapakah jumlah masa minimum jam yang dapat dikekalkan secara in vitro? || <> Apa tiga protein yang perlu dikeluarkan untuk mengekalkan jam in vitro? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has the simplest known circadian clock?", "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea1", "answers": [{"text": "prokaryotic cyanobacteria", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?", "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea2", "answers": [{"text": "three proteins", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?", "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea3", "answers": [{"text": "DNA", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?", "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea4", "answers": [{"text": "22-hour", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?", "id": "570f38055ab6b81900390ea5", "answers": [{"text": "KaiA, KaiB, KaiC", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prokaryotic cyanobacteria", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What organism has the most complex circadian clock?", "id": "5a220bcc819328001af389df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in vitro", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "Where can the circadian clock of theprokaryotic cyanobacteria be reconstituted?", "id": "5a220bcc819328001af389e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22-hour", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "What was the minimum amount of time the clock could be sustained in vitro?", "id": "5a220bcc819328001af389e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "KaiA, KaiB, KaiC", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What three proteins needed to be removed to sustain the in vitro clock?", "id": "5a220bcc819328001af389e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of ATP. Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.[citation needed]"}], ["Irama sirkadian membolehkan organisma untuk menjangka dan mempersiapkan perubahan persekitaran yang tepat dan biasa. Oleh itu, mereka membolehkan organisma memanfaatkan sepenuhnya sumber alam sekitar (mis. Cahaya dan makanan) berbanding dengan yang tidak dapat meramal ketersediaan sedemikian. Oleh itu, telah dicadangkan bahawa irama sirkadian meletakkan organisma pada kelebihan terpilih dalam istilah evolusi. Walau bagaimanapun, rhythmicity kelihatan sama penting dalam mengawal selia dan menyelaraskan proses metabolik dalaman, seperti dalam menyelaraskan dengan alam sekitar. Ini disarankan oleh penyelenggaraan (heritability) irama sirkadian dalam lalat buah selepas beberapa ratus generasi dalam keadaan makmal tetap, serta makhluk dalam kegelapan yang berterusan di alam liar, dan oleh penghapusan perilaku tingkah laku eksperimen, tetapi tidak fisiologi, irama sirkadian dalam puyuh. <> Untuk apa ritme Circadian membiarkan organisme bersedia? || Perubahan alam sekitar <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh organisme yang menggunakan irama sirkadian untuk kelebihannya yang lain tidak dapat? || sumber <> Dengan menggunakan sumber yang lebih baik, bagaimanakah ia dapat memperbaiki peluang organisma untuk terus hidup? || Kelebihan terpilih <> Dengan meningkatkan proses apa penggunaan irama sirkadian berfungsi untuk memberi manfaat kepada individu? || metabolik dalaman <> Serangga apa yang telah dikaji mengenai warisan irama? || lalat buah <> Apa yang membolehkan organisma menjangkakan dan mempersiapkan perubahan alam sekitar yang tidak dijangka? || <> Apakah jenis sumber daya yang boleh organisma tanpa irama circadian memanfaatkan? || <> Apakah irama sirkadian diberikan pada kelemahan terpilih dalam istilah evolusi? || <> Apakah rhythmicity lebih penting untuk mengawal selia maka ia adalah untuk menyelaraskan dengan alam sekitar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?", "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e83", "answers": [{"text": "environmental changes", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?", "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e84", "answers": [{"text": "resources", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?", "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e85", "answers": [{"text": "selective advantage", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?", "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e86", "answers": [{"text": "internal metabolic", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?", "id": "570f25345ab6b81900390e87", "answers": [{"text": "fruit flies", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Circadian rhythms", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What allows organisms to anticipate and prepare for unexpected environmental changes?", "id": "5a220964819328001af389cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What kind Of resources can organisms without circadian rhythms capitalize on?", "id": "5a220964819328001af389ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "organisms", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What do circadian rhythms put at a selective disadvantage in evolutionary terms?", "id": "5a220964819328001af389cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What is rhythmicity more important for regulating then it is for coordinating with the environment?", "id": "5a220964819328001af389d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral, but not physiological, circadian rhythms in quail."}], ["Ritme circadian tumbuhan memberitahu tumbuhan apa musim itu dan kapan bunga untuk peluang terbaik untuk menarik pendebunga. Kelakuan yang menunjukkan irama termasuk pergerakan daun, pertumbuhan, percambahan, pertukaran stomatal / gas, aktiviti enzim, aktiviti fotosintesis, dan pelepasan wangian, antara lain. Irama sirkadian berlaku sebagai tumbuhan yang beroperasi untuk menyegerakkan dengan kitaran cahaya persekitarannya. Irama ini dihasilkan secara endogen dan mengekalkan diri dan relatif tetap dalam pelbagai suhu ambien. Ciri-ciri penting termasuk dua gelung maklum balas terjemahan berinteraksi: protein yang mengandungi domain PAS, yang memudahkan interaksi protein-protein; dan beberapa photoreceptor yang menyempurnakan jam ke keadaan cahaya yang berbeza. Penantian perubahan dalam alam sekitar membolehkan perubahan yang sesuai dalam keadaan fisiologi tumbuhan, memberikan kelebihan penyesuaian. Pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai irama sirkadian tumbuhan mempunyai aplikasi dalam bidang pertanian, seperti membantu petani penanaman tanaman yang mencengkam untuk memperluas ketersediaan tanaman dan mengamankan terhadap kerugian besar akibat cuaca. <> Apakah ekspresi tanaman rentak circadian? || kapan bunga <> Apa yang perlu ditanam tumbuhan untuk berbunga? || penyerbuk <> Dengan ciri ciri alam sekitar yang perlu diselaraskan? || kitaran cahaya <> Apa kelebihan penyesuaian yang membolehkan tumbuhan? || Menjangkakan perubahan <> Di manakah pemahaman mengenai irama sirkadian tumbuhan menjadi kelebihan? || pertanian <> Apakah tumbuhan tumbuhan tidak dikawal oleh radian circadian ?? || <> Apa yang tetap tetapi tidak menanggung sendiri? || <> Apa yang perlu selaras dengan suhu ambien? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?", "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3565", "answers": [{"text": "when to flower", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do plants need to attract to their flowering?", "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3566", "answers": [{"text": "pollinators", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?", "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3567", "answers": [{"text": "light cycle", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?", "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3568", "answers": [{"text": "Anticipation of changes", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?", "id": "570f357e80d9841400ab3569", "answers": [{"text": "agriculture", "answer_start": 991}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What plant behavior is not controlled by circadian rythems??", "id": "5a222914819328001af38a13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rhythms", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "What are constant but not self sustaining?", "id": "5a222914819328001af38a14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a plant", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "What needs to be in sync with ambient temperatures?", "id": "5a222914819328001af38a15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are endogenously generated and self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting transcription-translation feedback loops: proteins containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather."}], ["Pengayun pusat menjana irama mandiri dan didorong oleh dua gelung maklum balas berinteraksi yang aktif pada masa yang berbeza hari ini. Gelung pagi terdiri daripada CCA1 (Circadian dan Jam-Bersekutu 1) dan LHY (Hypocotyl Elongated Late), yang menyandikan faktor transkripsi MYB yang berkaitan dengan regulasi irama sirkadian di Arabidopsis, serta PRR 7 dan 9 (Pengawal Respon Pseudo). Gelung petang terdiri daripada GI (Gigantea) dan ELF4, kedua-duanya terlibat dalam pengawalan gen-gen masa berbunga. Apabila CCA1 dan LHY terlalu tertindas (di bawah keadaan cahaya atau gelap yang berterusan), tumbuhan menjadi aritmik, dan isyarat mRNA mengurangkan, menyumbang kepada gelung maklum balas negatif. Ekspresi gen CCA1 dan LHY berayun dan puncak pada awal pagi, manakala ekspresi gen TOC1 berayun dan puncak pada awal petang. Walaupun sebelum ini telah diperkatakan bahawa ketiga-tiga gen ini menggambarkan gelung umpan balik yang negatif di mana CCA1 dan LHY yang lebih jelas menekan TOC1 dan over-expressed TOC1 adalah pengawal selia positif CCA1 dan LHY, ia ditunjukkan pada tahun 2012 oleh Andrew Millar dan yang lain yang TOC1 sebenarnya berfungsi sebagai penindas bukan sahaja dari CCA1, LHY, dan PRR7 dan 9 pada gelung pagi tetapi juga dari GI dan ELF4 pada gelung malam. Temuan ini dan pengkomputeran pengkomputeran lanjut mengenai fungsi dan interaksi gen TOC1 mencadangkan pengubahsuaian jam sirkadian tumbuhan sebagai model penindas-komponen negatif triple dan bukannya gelung umpan positif / negatif-unsur yang menandakan jam dalam mamalia. <> Apa yang menghasilkan irama yang mengekalkan diri sendiri? || osilator pusat <> Bilakah fungsi CCA1 dan LHY? || pagi <> Gelung yang mengandungi fungsi GI dan ELF4? || petang <> Apakah kepercayaan umpan balik sebelumnya dalam gelang gen? || loop maklum balas negatif <> Apa penyelidik menunjukkan bahawa gelung umpan gen berfungsi sebagai penindas? || Andrew Millar <> Apa yang dipacu oleh gelung umpan balik tunggal? || <> Bilakah fungsi CCA1 ELF4? || <> Bilakah fungsi GI dan LHY? || <> Apakah peningkatan signal mRNA untuk? || <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh Andrew Millar pada tahun 2000? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?", "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3551", "answers": [{"text": "central oscillator", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do the CCA1  and LHY function?", "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3552", "answers": [{"text": "morning", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?", "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3553", "answers": [{"text": "evening", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?", "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3554", "answers": [{"text": "negative feedback loop", "answer_start": 903}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What researcher showed that the gene  feedback loop serves as a repressor?", "id": "570f2d9b80d9841400ab3555", "answers": [{"text": "Andrew Millar", "answer_start": 1065}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "central oscillator", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What is driven by  single feedback loop?", "id": "5a222e10819328001af38a21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "morning", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "When do CCA1 ELF4 function?", "id": "5a222e10819328001af38a22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "evening", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "When do GI and LHY function?", "id": "5a222e10819328001af38a23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a negative feedback loop", "answer_start": 901}], "question": "What does increased mRNA signals contribute to?", "id": "5a222e10819328001af38a24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor", "answer_start": 1095}], "question": "What did Andrew Millar show in 2000?", "id": "5a222e10819328001af38a25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis, as well as PRR 7 and 9 (Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes. When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a negative feedback loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas TOC1 gene expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY, it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of TOC1 gene functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component repressilator model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals."}], ["Kajian yang dilakukan pada kedua-dua haiwan dan manusia menunjukkan hubungan dua arah utama antara sistem sirkadian dan ubat-ubatan yang kasar. Ia menunjukkan bahawa ubat-ubatan ini menyerang perentak pusingan pusat. Individu yang menderita paparan penyalahgunaan bahan mengganggu irama. Ini irama terganggu dapat meningkatkan risiko penyalahgunaan bahan dan kambuh. Ada kemungkinan gangguan genetik dan / atau alam sekitar ke tidur normal dan kitaran bangun boleh meningkatkan kecenderungan ketagihan. <> Apakah kajian menunjukkan mempunyai hubungan dua hala dengan sistem circadian? || ubat-ubatan yang menyalahgunakan <> Apakah kesan dadah yang berlaku dalam sistem sirkadian? || alat perentak circadian <> Apakah penyalahgunaan dadah menunjukkan dalam proses sirkadian mereka? || terganggu irama <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan sistem sirkadian terganggu? || penyalahgunaan dan kambuh <> Apa yang boleh mengganggu genetik dan alam sekitar dalam sebab siklus tidur? || kecenderungan untuk ketagihan <> Kajian apa menunjukkan hubungan kecil antara sistem circadian dan penyalahgunaan dadah? || <> Apa yang dipaparkan oleh individu apabila tidak menyalahgunakan dadah? || <> Apakah irama mantap meningkat? || <> Apa yang boleh ditingkatkan dengan tidur normal dan kitaran bangun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?", "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee5", "answers": [{"text": "abusive drugs", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?", "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee6", "answers": [{"text": "circadian pacemaker", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?", "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee7", "answers": [{"text": "disrupted rhythms", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the disrupted circadian system cause?", "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee8", "answers": [{"text": "abuse and relapse", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?", "id": "570f4f015ab6b81900390ee9", "answers": [{"text": "susceptibility to addiction", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Studies conducted on both animals and humans", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What studies show a minor relationship between the circadian system and drug abuse?", "id": "5a2244e3819328001af38a6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "disrupted rhythms", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What is displayed by individuals when not abusing drugs?", "id": "5a2244e3819328001af38a6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the risk for substance abuse and relapse", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What do steady rhythms increase?", "id": "5a2244e3819328001af38a6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "susceptibility to addiction", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What may be increased by a person's normal sleep and wake cycle?", "id": "5a2244e3819328001af38a70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction."}], ["\"Jam\" circadian utama dalam mamalia terletak di nukleus suprachiasmatic (atau nukleus) (SCN), sepasang kumpulan sel yang berlainan yang terletak di hipotalamus. Pemusnahan keputusan SCN dalam ketiadaan lengkap irama tidur bangun yang kerap. SCN menerima maklumat tentang pencahayaan melalui mata. Retina mata mengandungi photoreceptor \"klasik\" (\"rod\" dan \"kerucut\"), yang digunakan untuk penglihatan konvensional. Tetapi retina juga mengandungi sel ganglion khusus yang secara langsung fotosensitif, dan projek terus ke SCN, di mana ia membantu dalam penyambungan (sinkronisasi) jam tarian circadian ini. <> Di mana gen pusaran utama terletak pada manusia? || suprachiasmatic nucleus <> Di mana kumpulan-kumpulan sel ini terdapat pada manusia? || hipotalamus <> Apakah sel-sel SCN akan hilang dalam irama tidur-bangun? || ketiadaan lengkap <> Apa yang menyediakan maklumat kepada SCN? || mata <> Apa sel-sel khas di mata berkomunikasi secara langsung ke sel-sel SCN? || ganglion <> Di mana clocl circadian sekunder terletak? || <> Apa yang mengelilingi hipotalamus? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan sel-sel SCN di rythem tidur? || <> Apa yang SCN dapat menerimanya melalui kulit? || <> Apa yang mengandungi murid yang secara langsung fotosensitif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?", "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390eef", "answers": [{"text": "suprachiasmatic nucleus", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are these cell groups found in humans?", "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef0", "answers": [{"text": "hypothalamus", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?", "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef1", "answers": [{"text": "complete absence", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provides information to the SCN?", "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef2", "answers": [{"text": "eyes", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?", "id": "570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef3", "answers": [{"text": "ganglion", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the suprachiasmatic nucleus", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Where is the secondary circadian clocl located?", "id": "5a223053819328001af38a2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a pair of distinct groups of cells", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What surrounds the hypothalamus?", "id": "5a223053819328001af38a2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "complete absence of a regular sleep\u2013wake rhythm", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What do the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rythem?", "id": "5a223053819328001af38a2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "information about illumination", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What do the SCN recieve through the skin?", "id": "5a223053819328001af38a2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialized ganglion cells", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "What does the pupil contain that are directly photosensative?", "id": "5a223053819328001af38a2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The primary circadian \"clock\" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep\u2013wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains \"classical\" photoreceptors (\"rods\" and \"cones\"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock."}], ["Pengajian oleh Nathaniel Kleitman pada tahun 1938 dan oleh Derk-Jan Dijk dan Charles Czeisler pada tahun 1990-an meletakkan subjek manusia pada siklus tidur bangun 28-jam yang dikuatkuasakan, dalam cahaya malap dan dengan masa yang lain ditindas, selama lebih dari sebulan. Kerana orang biasa tidak dapat menelanjangi hari 28 jam dalam cahaya malap jika sama sekali, [rujukan diperlukan] ini dirujuk sebagai protokol desisan yang dipaksa. Episod tidur dan bangun tidak digenggam dari tempoh circadian endogen kira-kira 24.18 jam dan para penyelidik dibenarkan untuk menilai kesan fasa sirkadian pada aspek tidur dan terjaga termasuk latensi tidur dan fungsi lain. [Halaman yang diperlukan] <> Apa kitaran masa melakukan kajian pada tahun 1938 dan 1990s digunakan pada manusia? || 28 jam <> Apakah syarat-syarat yang ditindas dalam kajian siklus bangun 28 jam? || isyarat masa <> Berapa lamakah penekanan petunjuk petunjuk masa lalu? || bulan <> Apakah jenis pelajaran dipaksa ini dipanggil? || terpaksa menyahaktifkan <> Apabila kitaran melakukan kitaran tidur bangun dari tempoh circadian? || 24.18 jam <> Apa yang Kleitman lakukan pada tahun 1990-an? || <> Whar dir Czeisler lakukan pada tahun 1938? || <> Bilakah orang biasa boleh menyesuaikan diri dengan kitaran tidur 28 jam? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada 24.5 jam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?", "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edb", "answers": [{"text": "28-hour", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?", "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edc", "answers": [{"text": "time cues", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the suppression of time clues study last?", "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edd", "answers": [{"text": "month", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is this forced type of study called?", "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390ede", "answers": [{"text": "forced desynchrony", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?", "id": "570f4b245ab6b81900390edf", "answers": [{"text": "24.18 hours", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep\u2013wake cycles", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What did Kleitman do in the 1990's?", "id": "5a224145819328001af38a57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nathaniel Kleitman", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Whar dir Czeisler do in 1938?", "id": "5a224145819328001af38a58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in dim light", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "When can normal people adjust to a 28 hr sleep cycle?", "id": "5a224145819328001af38a59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What happens at 24.5 hours?", "id": "5a224145819328001af38a5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep\u2013wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation needed] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions.[page needed]"}], ["Cahaya adalah isyarat di mana tumbuhan menyegerakkan jam dalaman mereka ke persekitaran mereka dan dirasakan oleh pelbagai photoreceptors. Lampu merah dan biru diserap melalui beberapa phytochromes dan cryptochromes. Satu phytochrome, phyA, adalah phytochrome utama dalam benih yang ditanam dalam gelap tetapi cepat merosot dalam cahaya untuk menghasilkan Cry1. Phytochromes B-E lebih stabil dengan phyB, phytochrome utama dalam benih yang ditanam dalam cahaya. Gen cryptochrome (cry) juga merupakan komponen sensitif cahaya jam circadian dan dianggap melibatkan kedua-dua sebagai photoreceptor dan sebagai sebahagian daripada mekanisme perentak endogenous jam. Cryptochromes 1-2 (terlibat dalam biru-UVA) membantu mengekalkan tempoh masa dalam jam melalui pelbagai keadaan cahaya. <> Apa yang memberi isyarat kepada tumbuhan untuk menyegerakkan jam dalaman mereka? || Cahaya <> Apa yang digunakan oleh tumbuhan untuk merasakan cahaya? || photoreceptors <> Apa reseptor menyerap cahaya merah dan biru di dalam tumbuhan? || phytochromes dan cryptochromes <> Yang phytochrome yang terdapat dalam benih merosot dengan cahaya dan pertumbuhan? || phyA <> Apakah phytochrome utama yang terdapat dalam benih yang ditanam dalam cahaya? || phyB <> Apa yang menyerap cahaya putih untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan? || <> Apa Cry Cry menurunkan? || <> Apa Cry 1 adalah phytochtome utama? || <> Apa fotochromes kurang stabil daripada phyA? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?", "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed1", "answers": [{"text": "Light", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do plants use to sense light?", "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed2", "answers": [{"text": "photoreceptors", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?", "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed3", "answers": [{"text": "phytochromes and cryptochromes", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?", "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed4", "answers": [{"text": "phyA", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?", "id": "570f48835ab6b81900390ed5", "answers": [{"text": "phyB", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several phytochromes and cryptochromes", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What absorbes white light for plants?", "id": "5a222b52819328001af38a19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phyA", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What does Cry 1 degrade to?", "id": "5a222b52819328001af38a1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seedlings grown in the dark", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What is Cry 1 is the main phytochtome for?", "id": "5a222b52819328001af38a1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Phytochromes B\u2013E", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "What photochromes are less stable than phyA?", "id": "5a222b52819328001af38a1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades in light to produce Cry1. Phytochromes B\u2013E are more stable with phyB, the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light. The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a photoreceptor and as part of the clock's endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Cryptochromes 1\u20132 (involved in blue\u2013UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light conditions."}], ["Shift-work atau jet-lag kronik mempunyai akibat yang mendalam terhadap peristiwa circadian dan metabolik di dalam badan. Haiwan yang terpaksa makan semasa tempoh berehat mereka menunjukkan peningkatan jisim badan dan ungkapan ekspresi gen jam dan metabolik. [Petikan medik diperlukan] Pada manusia, kerja-kerja peralihan yang menguntungkan masa makan yang tidak teratur dikaitkan dengan kepekaan insulin yang diubah dan jisim badan yang lebih tinggi. Shift-work juga membawa kepada peningkatan risiko metabolik untuk sindrom kardio-metabolik, hipertensi, keradangan. <> Apa kesannya jet-lag dan pergeseran-kerja ada pada tubuh manusia? || Akibat yang mendalam <> Haiwan yang makan semasa tempoh berehat menunjukkan peningkatan badan apa? || jisim badan <> Bagaimana makan tidak teratur semasa insulin beralih-kerja kesan? || kepekaan insulin <> Selain sensitiviti insulin, apakah kesan lain yang ada pada badan? || jisim badan yang lebih tinggi <> Apakah jenis kerja yang boleh menyebabkan jantung, hipertensi dan keradangan? || Peralihan kerja <> Apakah peralihan kerja mempunyai sedikit kesan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan haiwan menurunkan jisim badan? || <> Apa yang mengurangkan sensitiviti insulin? || <> Apakah jenis kerja yang membawa kepada jisim badan yang lebih rendah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?", "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab3579", "answers": [{"text": "profound consequences", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?", "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357a", "answers": [{"text": "body mass", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?", "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357b", "answers": [{"text": "insulin sensitivity", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?", "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357c", "answers": [{"text": "higher body mass", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?", "id": "570f4d1080d9841400ab357d", "answers": [{"text": "Shift-work", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circadian and metabolic events in the body", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What does shift work have little effect on?", "id": "5a2242d9819328001af38a5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forced to eat during their resting period", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What causes animals to have decreased body mass?", "id": "5a2242d9819328001af38a60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shift-work that favors irregular eating times", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What decreases insulin sensativity?", "id": "5a2242d9819328001af38a61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shift-work", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What kind of work leads to lower body mass?", "id": "5a2242d9819328001af38a62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity and higher body mass. Shift-work also leads to increased metabolic risks for cardio-metabolic syndrome, hypertension, inflammation."}], ["Mutasi atau penghapusan gen jam dalam tikus telah menunjukkan pentingnya jam badan untuk memastikan masa yang tepat untuk kejadian selular / metabolik; tikus jam-mutan adalah hiperafagik dan obes, dan telah mengubah metabolisme glukosa. Pada tikus, penghapusan gen jam Rev-ErbA alpha memudahkan obesiti yang disebabkan oleh diet dan mengubah keseimbangan antara penggunaan glukosa dan lipid yang terdedah kepada diabetes. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak jelas sama ada terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara jam polimorfisme gen pada manusia dan kerentanan untuk membangunkan sindrom metabolik. <> Apakah gen jam badan pada haiwan diperlukan untuk memastikan? || peristiwa selular / metabolik <> Apakah tikus tanpa gen jam menjadi? || hiperfagik dan obes <> Selain obesiti, bagaimanakah kekurangan jam circadian mempengaruhi tikus? || metabolisme glukosa <> Seberapa pasti bahawa kesan jam circadian ini sama dengan manusia? || tidak jelas <> Apakah gen perlu dipadam untuk menyebabkan obesiti pada tikus? || Rev-ErbA alpha clock <> Apakah penambahan gen jam dalam tikus menunjukkan? || <> apa yang berlaku kepada tikus dengan gen jam? || <> apa yang memudahkan obesiti disebabkan oleh nondiiet pada tikus? || <> apakah kesan yang terbukti sama pada tikus dan manusia? || <> Pemadaman gen yang di mengapa menyebabkan diabetes? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?", "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab358d", "answers": [{"text": "cellular/metabolic events", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do mice without the clock gene become?", "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab358e", "answers": [{"text": "hyperphagic and obese", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?", "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab358f", "answers": [{"text": "glucose metabolism", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?", "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab3590", "answers": [{"text": "not clear", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?", "id": "570f541b80d9841400ab3591", "answers": [{"text": "Rev-ErbA alpha clock", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What does thhe addition of the clock gene in mice demonstrate?", "id": "5a221a05819328001af389f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism.", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "what happens to mice with the clock gene?", "id": "5a221a05819328001af389fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "what facilitates nondiiet induced obesity in mice?", "id": "5a221a05819328001af389fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "what effects are proven to be identical in mice and humans?", "id": "5a221a05819328001af389fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Deletion of what gene in himans causes diabetes?", "id": "5a221a05819328001af389fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome."}], ["Apa yang mendorong irama sirkadian untuk berkembang telah menjadi persoalan enigmatic. Hipotesis sebelumnya menekankan bahawa protein fotensitif dan irama sirkadian mungkin berasal dari sel-sel terawal, dengan tujuan untuk melindungi DNA mereplikasi dari paras radiasi ultraviolet yang tinggi pada siang hari. Akibatnya, replikasi diturunkan kepada kegelapan. Walau bagaimanapun, bukti untuk ini kurang, kerana organisma yang paling mudah dengan irama sirkadian, cyanobacteria, melakukan yang bertentangan dengan ini - mereka membahagi lebih banyak pada waktu siang. Kajian terbaru menonjolkan pentingnya evolusi protein redoks dengan pengayun sirkadian di ketiga-tiga kerajaan kehidupan berikutan Peristiwa Pengoksidaan Besar kira-kira 2.3 bilion tahun yang lalu. Pandangan semasa ialah perubahan circadian dalam tahap oksigen alam sekitar dan pengeluaran spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) di hadapan siang hari mungkin telah mendorong keperluan untuk mengubah irama sirkadian untuk mengecilkan, dan oleh itu menangkis, merosakkan reaksi redoks pada setiap hari asas. <> Apakah teori yang telah berevolusi dengan irama sirkadian? || protein fotosensitif <> Apa yang mengira bahawa irama circadian berkembang untuk melindungi? || mereplikasi DNA <> Daripada apa yang DNA perlu dilindungi di sel-sel paling awal? || sinaran ultraviolet <> Satu sebab yang mungkin untuk pembangunan sistem circadian adalah keperluan untuk mengatasi apa? || reaksi redoks <> Apakah peristiwa alam sekitar berlaku 2.3 juta tahun yang lalu? || Peristiwa Pengoksidaan yang Hebat <> Apakah jenis protein yang dihasilkan sebagai akibat daripada irama sirkadian? || <> Apa yang dibangunkan untuk melindungi mereplikasi DNA dari radiasi ultraviolet dan malam? || <> Apa jenis replikasi hanya dilakukan pada siang hari? || <> Apakah organisme yang mudah membuktikan bahawa DNA mereplikasi pada waktu malam? || <> Acara apa berlaku sekitar 2.3 juta tahun yang lalu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?", "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3583", "answers": [{"text": "photosensitive proteins", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?", "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3584", "answers": [{"text": "replicating DNA", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? ", "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3585", "answers": [{"text": "ultraviolet radiation", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?", "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3586", "answers": [{"text": "redox reactions", "answer_start": 1020}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?", "id": "570f51d680d9841400ab3587", "answers": [{"text": "Great Oxidation Event", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "photosensitive", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What type of proteins developed as a result of circadian rhythms?", "id": "5a220a80819328001af389d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What developed to protect replicating DNA from ultraviolet radiation and night?", "id": "5a220a80819328001af389d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DNA", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What type of replication is only done during the day?", "id": "5a220a80819328001af389d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cyanobacteria", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What simple organism provides evidence the DNA replicates at night?", "id": "5a220a80819328001af389d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Great Oxidation Event", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "What event occurred approximately 2.3 million years ago?", "id": "5a220a80819328001af389d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis."}], ["Kini diketahui bahawa jam circadian molekul boleh berfungsi dalam sel tunggal; iaitu, ia adalah sel-otonom. Ini ditunjukkan oleh Blok Gene dalam BRN moluska terisolasi. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Pada masa yang sama, sel-sel yang berbeza boleh berkomunikasi satu sama lain yang menghasilkan output disegerakan isyarat elektrik. Ini mungkin berinteraksi dengan kelenjar endokrin otak untuk menghasilkan pelepasan hormon secara berkala. Reseptor untuk hormon ini mungkin terletak jauh di seluruh badan dan menyegerakkan jam periferal pelbagai organ. Oleh itu, maklumat mengenai masa hari seperti yang disampaikan oleh mata bergerak ke jam di otak, dan, melalui itu, jam di seluruh badan boleh disegerakkan. Ini adalah bagaimana masa, sebagai contoh, tidur / bangun, suhu badan, dahaga, dan selera makan dikawal secara koordinat oleh jam biologi. Di dalam apa yang boleh dilakukan jam circadian molekul? || sel tunggal <> Dengan berfungsi dalam satu, sistem apa? || sel-otonom <> Apa bahagian otak secara berkala melepaskan hormon? || kelenjar endokrin <> Bagaimana kitaran tidur dan bangun serta fungsi badan diselaraskan? || jam biologi <> Apakah reseptor hormon badan dilakukan dengan organ-organ badan? || menyegerakkan <> Apa yang memerlukan sel berganda berfungsi? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan output disegerakkan isyarat elektrik? || <> bahagian apa otak jarang mengeluarkan hormon? || <> Di manakah badan reseptor untuk isyarat elektrik terletak? || <> Apa masa yang ditetapkan secara bebas daripada jam biologi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?", "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ec7", "answers": [{"text": "single cell", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By functioning within a single, what is the system?", "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ec8", "answers": [{"text": "cell-autonomous", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?", "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ec9", "answers": [{"text": "endocrine glands", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?", "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390eca", "answers": [{"text": "biological clock", "answer_start": 841}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?", "id": "570f46f55ab6b81900390ecb", "answers": [{"text": "synchronise", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circadian clock", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What requires multiple cells to function?", "id": "5a2215e5819328001af389ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different cells may communicate with each other", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What results in a synchronized output electrical signals?", "id": "5a2215e5819328001af389f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "endocrine", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "what section of the brain rarely releases hormones?", "id": "5a2215e5819328001af389f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "far across the body", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "Where in the body are receptors for electrical signals located?", "id": "5a2215e5819328001af389f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite", "answer_start": 755}], "question": "What is timed independently of the biological clock?", "id": "5a2215e5819328001af389f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]"}], ["Untuk kajian suhu, subjek mesti tetap terjaga tetapi tenang dan separa dibersihkan dalam kegelapan berhampiran sementara suhu rektal mereka diambil secara berterusan. Walaupun variasi besar di kalangan chronotypes biasa, suhu manusia dewasa purata mencapai minimum kira-kira pukul 05:00 (5 pagi), kira-kira dua jam sebelum waktu bangun biasa. Baehr et al. mendapati bahawa, pada orang dewasa muda, minimum suhu badan harian berlaku pada kira-kira 04:00 (4 pagi) untuk jenis pagi tetapi pada kira-kira pukul 06:00 (6 pagi) untuk jenis malam. Minimal ini berlaku pada kira-kira pertengahan lapan waktu tidur untuk jenis pagi, tetapi lebih dekat untuk bangun dalam jenis malam. <> Apakah faktor fizikal mesti dipantau secara berterusan semasa kajian suhu> || suhu <> Pada masa manakah purata manusia dewasa mencapai suhu terendahnya? || 05:00 <> Berapa lama sebelum waktu bangun adalah suhu terendah dicapai? || dua jam <> Bilakah suhu jenis pagi orang dewasa muda mencapai tahap terendah? || 04:00 <> Apakah masa suhu terendah untuk jenis petang dewasa muda? || 06:00 <> Apakah faktor fizikal mesti periodicly dipantau dalam kajian suhu? || <> Apa jenis petang sampai pada 4:00 a.m? || <> Apa yang berlaku berhampiran dengan bangun untuk jenis pagi? || <> Yang mencapai suhu minimum mereka di tengah-tengah masa masa mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> ", "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab356f", "answers": [{"text": "temperatures", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?", "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3570", "answers": [{"text": "05:00", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?", "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3571", "answers": [{"text": "two hours", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?", "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3572", "answers": [{"text": "04:00", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?", "id": "570f42aa80d9841400ab3573", "answers": [{"text": "06:00", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rectal temperatures", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What physical factor must be periodicly monitored in temperature studies?", "id": "5a223afd819328001af38a3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "body temperature minimum", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What do evening types reach at 4:00 a.m?", "id": "5a223afd819328001af38a40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "body temperature minimum", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What occurs close to waking for morning types?", "id": "5a223afd819328001af38a41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "morning types", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "Who reaches their minimum temperature in the middle of their waking hours?", "id": "5a223afd819328001af38a42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time. Baehr et al. found that, in young adults, the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 (4 a.m.) for morning types but at about 06:00 (6 a.m.) for evening types. This minimum occurred at approximately the middle of the eight hour sleep period for morning types, but closer to waking in evening types."}], ["Pada tahun 1896, Patrick dan Gilbert mengamati bahawa semasa tempoh kekurangan tidur yang berpanjangan, tidur akan meningkat dan berkurangan dengan tempoh kira-kira 24 jam. Pada tahun 1918, J.S. Szymanski menunjukkan bahawa haiwan mampu mengekalkan corak aktiviti 24 jam dengan tidak adanya isyarat luaran seperti cahaya dan perubahan suhu. Pada awal abad ke-20, ritme sirkadian telah diperhatikan dalam masa makan berirama lebah. Eksperimen yang meluas dilakukan oleh Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, dan Oskar Wahl untuk melihat apakah irama ini disebabkan oleh jam dalaman. Ron Konopka dan Seymour Benzer mengasingkan mutan jam pertama di Drosophila pada awal tahun 1970an dan memetakan \" tempoh \"gen, yang pertama ditemui penentu genetik rentak tingkah laku. Joseph Takahashi telah menemui mutasi jam circadian mamalia yang pertama (jam ^ 19) menggunakan tikus pada tahun 1994. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian terbaru menunjukkan bahawa penghapusan jam tidak membawa kepada fenotip tingkah laku (haiwan masih mempunyai irama sirkulasi normal), yang mempertanyakan kepentingannya dalam generasi irama . <> Siapa yang menyedari bahawa rasa mengantuk meningkat dan menurun dalam tempoh 24 jam? || Patrick dan Gilbert <> Siapa yang menunjukkan haiwan boleh mengekalkan aktiviti tanpa adanya perubahan cahaya dan suhu? || J.S. Szymanski <> Berapa kali makan makanan berirama dikaji pada awal abad ke-20? || lebah <> Apakah gen yang dilakukan peta Konopka dan Benzer pada awal 1970? || \"tempoh\" <> Apakah mutasi yang dilakukan oleh Takahashi pada tahun 1994? || jam circadian <> Siapa yang melihat bahawa rasa mengantuk tetap stabil selama tempoh dua puluh empat jam? || <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh Patrick dan Gilbert pada tahun 1918? || <> Apa yang diperhatikan dalam masa makan bergaul burung pada awal abad kedua puluh? || <> Apa yang diasingkan oleh Ingeborg Beling dan Oskar Wahl pada awal 1970-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?", "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ebd", "answers": [{"text": "Patrick and Gilbert", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?", "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ebe", "answers": [{"text": "J.S. Szymanski", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?", "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ebf", "answers": [{"text": "bees", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?", "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ec0", "answers": [{"text": "\"period\"", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?", "id": "570f44b95ab6b81900390ec1", "answers": [{"text": "circadian clock", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Patrick and Gilbert", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who observed that sleepiness remained steady over twenty-four hour period?", "id": "5a2207b0819328001af389c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What did Patrick and Gilbert show in 1918?", "id": "5a2207b0819328001af389c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circadian rhythms", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "What was noticed in the rhythmic feeding time of birds in the early twentieth century?", "id": "5a2207b0819328001af389c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first clock mutant in Drosophila", "answer_start": 637}], "question": "What did Ingeborg Beling and Oskar Wahl isolate in the early 1970s?", "id": "5a2207b0819328001af389c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the \"period\" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clock\u039419) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation."}], ["Irama sirkadian yang lebih atau kurang bebas didapati dalam banyak organ dan sel dalam badan di luar nukleus suprachiasmatic (SCN), \"jam induk\". Jam ini, disebut osilator periferal, terdapat dalam kelenjar adrenal, esofagus, paru-paru, hati, pankreas, limpa, timus, dan kulit. Walaupun pengayun pada kulit bertindak balas terhadap cahaya, pengaruh sistemik tidak terbukti. Terdapat juga beberapa bukti bahawa mentol olahan dan prostat mungkin mengalami ayunan apabila berbudaya, menunjukkan bahawa struktur ini juga boleh menjadi pengayun lemah. [Rujukan?] <> Di mana lagi di sebelah sel SCN adalah irama circadian bebas juga didapati? || organ dan sel <> Apakah istilah untuk jam bebas? || osilator persisian <> Apakah SCN dianggap berbanding dengan alat pengayun periferi? || jam induk <> Dalam kelenjar badan apakah peresap periferal terletak? || kelenjar adrenal <> Kepada apa yang oscillators dalam kulit bertindak balas? || cahaya <> Di mana rindiran circadian bergantung? || <> Apakah istilah untuk jam bergantung? || <> Apa dalam kulit yang bertindak balas kepada suhu? || <> Struktur apa yang pengayun kuat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?", "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390ef9", "answers": [{"text": "organs and cells", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the term for the independent clocks?", "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efa", "answers": [{"text": "peripheral oscillators", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?", "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efb", "answers": [{"text": "master clock", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?", "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efc", "answers": [{"text": "adrenal gland", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what do oscillators in the skin respond?", "id": "570f59605ab6b81900390efd", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in many organs and cells", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "Where are dependent circadian rythems found?", "id": "5a223e98819328001af38a4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "peripheral oscillators", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What is the term for dependent clocks?", "id": "5a223e98819328001af38a50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oscillators", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What in the skin responds to temperature?", "id": "5a223e98819328001af38a51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "olfactory bulb and prostate", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "What structures are strong oscillators?", "id": "5a223e98819328001af38a52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the \"master clock\". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that these structures may also be weak oscillators.[citation needed]"}], ["Penyelidikan awal pada irama circadian mencadangkan bahawa kebanyakan orang lebih suka hari lebih dekat dengan 25 jam apabila terpencil dari rangsangan luar seperti siang hari dan ketetapan waktu. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan ini rosak kerana gagal untuk melindungi para peserta dari cahaya tiruan. Walaupun subjek dilindungi dari isyarat masa (seperti jam) dan siang hari, penyelidik tidak menyedari kesan fasa yang menunda fasa lampu elektrik dalam ruangan. [Diragui - membincangkan] Subjek dibenarkan untuk menyala ketika mereka terjaga dan bertukar ia apabila mereka mahu tidur. [1] Kajian yang lebih ketat yang dijalankan pada tahun 1999 oleh Harvard University menganggarkan irama manusia semula jadi lebih dekat dengan 24 jam, 11 minit: jauh lebih dekat dengan hari solar tetapi masih tidak sempurna penyegerakan. <> Apa kajian awal menunjukkan orang lebih suka panjang hari? || 25 jam <> Apakah kesalahan yang tidak dipertimbangkan dalam teori-teori awal panjang umur? || cahaya tiruan <> Apakah pencahayaan elektrik pada petang lakukan pada subjek ujian sirkadian? || tertangguh <> Bilakah ujian yang lebih ketat menentukan manusia lebih suka 24 jam sehari? || 1999 <> Kepada apa 24 jam, 11 minit hasil penyelidikan terdekat? || hari solar <> Siapa yang lebih suka hari 25 jam apabila terdedah kepada rangsangan seperti siang? || <> Apa kajiannya melindungi para peserta? || <> Siapa yang menyedari kesan menunda fasa lampu ekektrik dalaman? || <> Bilakah ujian menentukan peple memilih 25 jam sehari? || <> Siapa yang menganggarkan rythem manusia dalam sinc sempurna dengan hari solar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did early research show people preferred as a day length?", "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab3597", "answers": [{"text": "25 hours", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?", "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab3598", "answers": [{"text": "artificial light", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?", "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab3599", "answers": [{"text": "delayed", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? ", "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab359a", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?", "id": "570f577a80d9841400ab359b", "answers": [{"text": "solar day", "answer_start": 794}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "most people", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "Who prefers a 25 hour day when exposed to stimuli like daylight?", "id": "5a223728819328001af38a35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "artificial light", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What did the research shield the participants from?", "id": "5a223728819328001af38a36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the researchers", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "Who was aware of the phase-delaying effect of indoor ekectric lights?", "id": "5a223728819328001af38a37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "When did testing determine peple preferred a 25 hour day?", "id": "5a223728819328001af38a38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harvard University", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "Who estimated the human rythem was in perfect sinc with the solar day?", "id": "5a223728819328001af38a39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious \u2013 discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync."}]], [["Pada tahun 2002, Elizabeth menandakan Jubli Emasnya. Saudara perempuan dan ibunya meninggal pada bulan Februari dan Mac masing-masing, dan media meramalkan sama ada Jubilee akan menjadi kejayaan atau kegagalan. Dia sekali lagi melakukan lawatan luas ke alamnya, yang bermula di Jamaica pada bulan Februari, di mana dia memanggil jamuan perpisahan yang \"tidak dapat dilupakan\" selepas pemotongan kuasa menjatuhkan King's House, kediaman rasmi gubernur umum, ke dalam kegelapan. Seperti pada tahun 1977, terdapat jalan-jalan dan peristiwa peringatan, dan monumen dinamakan untuk menghormati majlis itu. Satu juta orang menghadiri setiap hari sambutan Jubli utama selama tiga hari di London, dan semangat yang ditunjukkan oleh orang ramai untuk Ratu adalah lebih besar daripada yang dijangkakan oleh ramai wartawan. <> Apa yang Elizabeth meraikan pada tahun 2002? || Jubilee Emas <> Bilakah ibu Elizabeth mati pada tahun 2002? || Mac <> Apa saudara Elizabeth meninggal dunia pada Februari 2002? || Kakaknya <> Berapa ramai orang di London menghadiri setiap hari dalam acara tiga hari itu? || juta <> Apa kumpulan yang terkejut dengan persetujuan orang ramai terhadap Ratu? || wartawan <> Pada tahun apakah Rumah Raja di Jamaica dibina? || <> Apa nama ibu Elizabeth? || <> Di manakah Elizabeth menyaksikan berakhirnya tur pada tahun 2002? || <> Dalam bulan apakah lawatan Elizabeth ke alamnya berakhir pada tahun 2002? || <> Berapa ramai orang melihat Elizabeth ketika dia berada di Jamaica? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?", "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f21", "answers": [{"text": "Golden Jubilee", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?", "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f22", "answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?", "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f23", "answers": [{"text": "Her sister", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event? ", "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f24", "answers": [{"text": "million", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?", "id": "570f945f5ab6b81900390f25", "answers": [{"text": "journalists", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "In what year was the King's House in Jamaica built?", "id": "5ad377a8604f3c001a3fe371", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What was Elizabeth's mother's name?", "id": "5ad377a8604f3c001a3fe372", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jamaica", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Where did Elizabeth realms tour end in 2002?", "id": "5ad377a8604f3c001a3fe373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "In what month did Elizabeth's tour of her realms end in 2002?", "id": "5ad377a8604f3c001a3fe374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A million people", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "How many people saw Elizabeth when she was in Jamaica?", "id": "5ad377a8604f3c001a3fe375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet \"memorable\" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected."}], ["Elizabeth dan Philip telah berkahwin pada 20 November 1947 di Westminster Abbey. Mereka menerima 2500 hadiah perkahwinan dari seluruh dunia. Kerana Britain belum sepenuhnya pulih dari kehancuran perang, Elizabeth memerlukan kupon ration untuk membeli bahan untuk gaunnya, yang dirancang oleh Norman Hartnell. Dalam pasca perang Britain, ia tidak dapat diterima oleh hubungan Duke of Edinburgh di Jerman, termasuk tiga adik perempuannya yang masih hidup, yang akan dijemput untuk perkahwinan. Duke Windsor, dahulunya Raja Edward VIII, tidak diundang sama ada. <> Bilakah Elizabeth dan Philip berkahwin? || 20 November 1947 <> Di mana katedral yang terkenal Elizabeth berkahwin? || Westminster Abbey <> Berapa banyak hadiah perkahwinan yang diterima oleh Elizabeth dan Philip? || 2500 <> Siapa yang merancang gaun perkahwinan Elizabeth? || Norman Hartnell <> Apa bekas Raja tidak dijemput untuk perkahwinan? || Duke of Windsor <> Berapa banyak hadiah yang diterima oleh Elizabeth dan Philip dari warga Inggeris? || <> Berapa banyak orang yang menghadiri perkahwinan Elizabeth dan Philip? || <> Berapa banyak saudara perempuan yang pernah ada di Philip? || <> Pada tahun apakah Raja Edward VIII menyerahkan tahta? || <> Berapa banyak kupon rasional yang perlu dibeli Elizabeth untuk gaunnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When were Elizabeth and Philip married?", "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b5", "answers": [{"text": "20 November 1947", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?", "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b6", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster Abbey", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?", "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b7", "answers": [{"text": "2500", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?", "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b8", "answers": [{"text": "Norman Hartnell", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What former King was not invited to the wedding?", "id": "570f8bb680d9841400ab35b9", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Windsor", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2500", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "How many gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive from British citizens?", "id": "5ad35d9b604f3c001a3fdec1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2500", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "How many people attended Elizabeth and Philip's wedding?", "id": "5ad35d9b604f3c001a3fdec2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "How many sisters did Philip have in all?", "id": "5ad35d9b604f3c001a3fdec3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "In what year did King Edward VIII abdicate the throne?", "id": "5ad35d9b604f3c001a3fdec4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2500", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "How many ration coupons did Elizabeth need to buy for her gown?", "id": "5ad35d9b604f3c001a3fdec5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either."}], ["Nasib peribadi Elizabeth telah menjadi subjek spekulasi selama bertahun-tahun. Jock Colville, yang bekas setiausaha swastanya dan pengarah banknya, Coutts, menganggarkan kekayaannya pada tahun 1971 pada \u00a3 2 juta (bersamaan dengan kira-kira \u00a3 25 juta hari ini). Pada tahun 1993, Istana Buckingham memanggil anggaran \u00a3 100 juta \"terlalu berlebihan\". Beliau mewarisi estet bernilai \u00a3 70 juta dari ibunya pada tahun 2002. The Sunday Rich List Rich 2015 menganggarkan kekayaan persendiriannya pada \u00a3 340 juta, menjadikannya orang terkaya 302 di UK. <> Apa yang menjadi subjek spekulasi mengenai kekayaan Elizabeth? || kekayaan peribadi <> Apa kekayaan Elizabeth dimanjakan pada tahun 1971? || \u00a3 2 juta <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh istana tentang kekayaan Elizabeth pada tahun 1993? || \"terlalu berlebihan\" <> Apa yang Sunday Times menganggarkan keberuntungan Elizabeth pada tahun 2015? || \u00a3 340 juta <> Di manakah kekayaan Elizabeth menempatkannya dalam senarai terkaya di UK? || 302 <Pada tahun apakah Jock Colville menjadi setiausaha swasta Elizabeth? || <> Berapa nilai Elizabeth pada tahun 1993 mengikut Istana Buckingham? || <> Siapa yang paling kaya di UK pada 2015? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Jock Colville meninggalkan perkhidmatan Elizabeth? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Jock Colville menjadi pengarah bank Coutts? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?", "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d3", "answers": [{"text": "personal fortune", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?", "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d4", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a32 million", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?", "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d5", "answers": [{"text": "\"grossly overstated\"", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?", "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d6", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3340 million", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?", "id": "570f987980d9841400ab35d7", "answers": [{"text": "302nd", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "In what year did Jock Colville become Elizabeth's private secretary?", "id": "5ad381c2604f3c001a3fe499", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3100 million", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "How much was Elizabeth worth in 1993 according to Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5ad381c2604f3c001a3fe49a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jock Colville", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Who is the wealthiest person in the UK as of 2015?", "id": "5ad381c2604f3c001a3fe49b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "In what year did Jock Colville leave Elizabeth's service?", "id": "5ad381c2604f3c001a3fe49c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "In what year did Jock Colville become the director of the Coutts bank?", "id": "5ad381c2604f3c001a3fe49d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at \u00a32 million (equivalent to about \u00a325 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of \u00a3100 million \"grossly overstated\". She inherited an estimated \u00a370 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at \u00a3340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK."}], ["Lawatan dan pertemuan bersejarah Elizabeth termasuk lawatan kenegaraan ke Republik Ireland dan lawatan timbal balik ke dan dari Paus. Beliau telah melihat perubahan perlembagaan utama, seperti penyebaran di United Kingdom, patrias Kanada, dan dekolonisasi Afrika. Dia juga memerintah melalui pelbagai peperangan dan konflik yang melibatkan banyak alamnya. Dia adalah raja memerintah tertua di dunia dan juga Britain yang paling lama. Pada tahun 2015, dia melepasi pemerintahan neneknya yang besar, Queen Victoria, untuk menjadi ketua kerajaan Britain yang paling lama memerintah dan ratu ratu yang paling lama memerintah dalam sejarah dunia. <> Siapa yang memerintah raja tertua di dunia? || Elizabeth <> Daripada mana ratu Elizabeth telah memerintah lebih lama? || Queen Victoria <> Bagaimana Victoria berkaitan dengan Elizabeth? || nenek-nenek hebat <> Pada tahun apakah Elizabeth melewati tempoh pemerintahan Victoria? || 2015 <> Dalam sejarah apa yang Elizabeth ratu paling lama memerintah? || sejarah dunia <> Apa tahun lalu bahawa Elizabeth melakukan lawatan negara di Republik Ireland? || <> Bilakah tahun terakhir Elizabeth pergi ke Vatican untuk melawat Paus? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai pemerintahan terpendek di atas takhta British? || <> Bilakah tahun terakhir Paus mengembara ke England untuk bertemu dengan Elizabeth? || <> Siapa yang menjadi Ratu England pada usia paling muda? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?", "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a1", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?", "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a2", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?", "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a3", "answers": [{"text": "great-great-grandmother", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?", "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a4", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?", "id": "570f887880d9841400ab35a5", "answers": [{"text": "world history", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What was the last year that Elizabeth did a state visit in the Republic of Ireland?", "id": "5ad354ab604f3c001a3fdd89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "When was the last year Elizabeth traveled to the Vatican to visit the Pope?", "id": "5ad354ab604f3c001a3fdd8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "Who had the shortest reign on the British throne?", "id": "5ad354ab604f3c001a3fdd8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "When was the last year the Pope traveled to England to meet Elizabeth?", "id": "5ad354ab604f3c001a3fdd8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "Who became Queen of England at the youngest age?", "id": "5ad354ab604f3c001a3fdd8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history."}], ["Semasa peperangan, rancangan telah dibuat untuk menumbangkan nasionalisme Welsh dengan mengasaskan Elizabeth dengan lebih dekat dengan Wales. Cadangan, seperti melantiknya Konstabel Caernarfon Castle atau penaung Urdd Gobaith Cymru (Liga Pemuda Welsh), ditinggalkan kerana pelbagai sebab, termasuk ketakutan untuk mengaitkan Elizabeth dengan penolakan teliti di Urdd, ketika Britain sedang berperang. Ahli-ahli politik Welsh mencadangkan agar dia dijadikan Puteri Wales pada hari lahirnya ke-18. Setiausaha Rumah, Herbert Morrison menyokong idea itu, tetapi Raja menolaknya kerana dia merasakan gelaran semacam itu milik isteri kepada Pangeran Putera Wales dan Prince of Wales selalu menjadi pewaris. Pada tahun 1946, dia telah dimasukkan ke dalam Welsh Gorsedd of Bards di Eisteddfod Wales Wales. <> Siapa yang England mencadangkan untuk bergabung dengan Wales untuk memadamkan kebangsaan Welsh? || Elizabeth <> Kenapa Britain tidak mahu Elizabeth dikaitkan dengan penentang yang teliti? || Britain sedang berperang <> Apa yang Elizabeth bergabung pada tahun 1946? || Welsh Gorsedd of Bards <> Siapa yang selalu menjadi Pangeran Wales? || pewaris <> yang ingin menamakan Elizabeth Princess of Wales? || Herbert Morrison <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Liga Pemuda Welsh ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Herbert Morrison menjadi Setiausaha Rumah? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Welsh Gorsedd of Bards ditubuhkan? || <> Siapa yang menolak idea Elizabeth yang dilantik sebagai Konstabel Caernarfon Castle? || <> Siapa yang menolak idea Elizabeth dilantik sebagai penaung Urdd Gobaith Cymru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?", "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ab", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?", "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ac", "answers": [{"text": "Britain was at war", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth join in 1946?", "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ad", "answers": [{"text": "Welsh Gorsedd of Bards", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the always the Prince of Wales?", "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35ae", "answers": [{"text": "heir apparent", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?", "id": "570f8a9f80d9841400ab35af", "answers": [{"text": "Herbert Morrison", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "In what year was the Welsh League of Youth established?", "id": "5ad35c5e604f3c001a3fde85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "In what year did Herbert Morrison become Home Secretary?", "id": "5ad35c5e604f3c001a3fde86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "In what year was the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards established?", "id": "5ad35c5e604f3c001a3fde87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "Who rejected the idea of Elizabeth being appointed as the Constable of Caernarfon Castle?", "id": "5ad35c5e604f3c001a3fde88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the King", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "Who rejected the idea of Elizabeth being appointed as patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru?", "id": "5ad35c5e604f3c001a3fde89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales."}], ["Ratu, yang membuka Olimpik Musim Panas 1976 di Montreal, juga membuka Sukan Olimpik dan Paralimpik Musim Panas 2012 di London, menjadikannya ketua negara pertama untuk membuka dua Sukan Olimpik di dua negara yang berbeza. Untuk Olimpik London, dia bermain dalam filem pendek sebagai sebahagian daripada upacara pembukaan, bersama Daniel Craig sebagai James Bond. Pada 4 April 2013, beliau menerima BAFTA penghormatan untuk industri filemnya dan dipanggil \"gadis Bond yang paling tidak diingati\" pada majlis anugerah itu. <> Bilakah Elizabeth membuka Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas di Montreal? || 1976 <> Bilakah Queen Elizabeth membuka Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas di London? || 2012 <> Untuk apa acara Elizabeth muncul dalam filem sebagai sebahagian daripada upacara pembukaan? || London Olympics <> Apa pelakon juga muncul dengan Elizabeth dalam filem itu? || Daniel Craig <> Untuk apa aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan industri perfilman Elizabeth menerima anugerah BAFTA? || patronage <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem pendek Elizabeth muncul untuk Olimpik Musim Panas 2012? || <> Pada tarikh apakah Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas bermula pada tahun 2012? || <> Siapa pelakon ketujuh untuk menggambarkan James Bond? || <> Dalam tahun apa apakah penghargaan BAFTA bermula? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?", "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2b", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?", "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2c", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?", "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2d", "answers": [{"text": "London Olympics", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?", "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2e", "answers": [{"text": "Daniel Craig", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?", "id": "570f96935ab6b81900390f2f", "answers": [{"text": "patronage", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Daniel Craig", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Who directed the short film Elizabeth appeared in for the 2012 Summer Olympics?", "id": "5ad37a49604f3c001a3fe3c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4 April", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "On what date did the Summer Olympics start in 2012?", "id": "5ad37a49604f3c001a3fe3c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Daniel Craig", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Who was the seventh actor to portray James Bond?", "id": "5ad37a49604f3c001a3fe3c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "In what year did the BAFTA awards start?", "id": "5ad37a49604f3c001a3fe3c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called \"the most memorable Bond girl yet\" at the award ceremony."}], ["Pada tahun 1987, di Kanada, Elizabeth secara terbuka menyokong pindaan perlembagaan politik yang memecah-belah, mendorong kritikan daripada penentang perubahan yang dicadangkan, termasuk Pierre Trudeau. Tahun yang sama, kerajaan Fijian yang dipilih telah digulingkan dalam rampasan kuasa tentera. Elizabeth, sebagai raja Fiji, menyokong usaha Gubernur Jenderal, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, untuk menegaskan kuasa eksekutif dan merundingkan penyelesaian. Pemimpin kudeta Sitiveni Rabuka menggulingkan Ganilau dan mengumumkan Fiji sebuah republik. Pada awal tahun 1991, perasaan republik di Britain telah meningkat kerana perkiraan akhbar kekayaan peribadi Queen - yang bertentangan dengan Istana-dan laporan urusan dan perkelahian yang tegang di kalangan keluarganya. Penglibatan anak muda muda dalam pertunjukan permainan amal Ia Knockout Diraja dihina dan Ratu adalah sasaran satira. <> Bilakah Elizabeth menyokong pindaan perlembagaan di Kanada? || 1987 <> Apa ahli politik mengkritik perubahan yang dicadangkan? || Pierre Trudeau <> Pada tahun 1987 apakah kerajaan terpilih dikeluarkan dalam rampasan kuasa? || Kerajaan Fiji <> Apakah pemimpin kudeta Sitiveni Rabuka mengisytiharkan Fiji menjadi? || republik <> Pada tahun 1991 apakah isu wang Ratu adalah ciri kritikan umum? || kekayaan swasta <> Apa kerajaan Perdana Menteri Pierre Trudeau pada tahun 1987? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau menjadi Gubernur Jenderal Fiji? || <> Dalam tahun berapa Adakah udara Royal Knockout? || <> Siapa yang merupakan salah satu keturunan yang lebih muda yang muncul di It's a Royal Knockout? || <> Siapa dalam akhbar membuat anggaran tentang kekayaan swasta Queen itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?", "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35c9", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What politician criticized the proposed changes?", "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35ca", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Trudeau", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?", "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35cb", "answers": [{"text": "Fijian government", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?", "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35cc", "answers": [{"text": "republic", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?", "id": "570f92ba80d9841400ab35cd", "answers": [{"text": "private wealth", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fijian government", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What government was Pierre Trudeau prime minister of in 1987?", "id": "5ad3742c604f3c001a3fe2c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau become Governor-General of Fiji?", "id": "5ad3742c604f3c001a3fe2c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "In what year did It's a Royal Knockout air?", "id": "5ad3742c604f3c001a3fe2c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sitiveni Rabuka", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "Who was one of the younger royals who appeared on It's a Royal Knockout?", "id": "5ad3742d604f3c001a3fe2c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sitiveni Rabuka", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "Who in the press made estimates about the Queen's private wealth?", "id": "5ad3742d604f3c001a3fe2c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1987, in Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau. The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. Elizabeth, as monarch of Fiji, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic. By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth\u2014which were contradicted by the Palace\u2014and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. The involvement of the younger royals in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed and the Queen was the target of satire."}], ["Krisis Suez dan pilihan pengganti Eden memimpin pada tahun 1957 untuk kritikan peribadi utama pertama Ratu. Dalam sebuah majalah, yang dimilikinya dan diedit, Lord Altrincham menuduhnya sebagai \"tidak dapat disentuh\". Altrincham dikecam oleh tokoh awam dan ditampar oleh seorang anggota masyarakat yang terkejut dengan komennya. Enam tahun kemudian, pada tahun 1963, Macmillan meletak jawatan dan menasihati Ratu untuk melantik Earl of Home sebagai perdana menteri, nasihat yang diikutinya. Permaisuri sekali lagi mendapat kritikan kerana melantik Perdana Menteri atas nasihat beberapa menteri atau seorang menteri tunggal. Pada tahun 1965, Konservatif mengguna pakai mekanisme rasmi untuk memilih pemimpin, dengan itu melepaskan penglibatannya. <> Selain dari pilihannya pengganti Eden, apa krisis yang menyebabkan Elizabeth dikritik? || Suez krisis <> Apa yang Tuhan tuduh Altrincham Elizabeth? || daripada sentuhan <> Bilakah Macmillan meletak jawatan? || 1963 <> Siapa yang Elizabeth melantik sebagai Perdana Menteri selepas peletakan jawatan Macmillan? || Earl of Home <> Bilakah mekanisme rasmi untuk memilih Menteri yang diterima pakai? || 1965 <> Pada tahun apakah Tuhan Altrincham mula memiliki akhbar? || <> Siapakah salah seorang yang terkenal yang mengkritik Elizabeth untuk melantik Earl of Home sebagai perdana menteri? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Tuhan Altrincham mati? || <> Berapa banyak menteri yang pernah berkonsepkan Elizabeth sebelum menamakan Eden sebagai perdana menteri? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Earl of Home menerima gelarannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?", "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35bf", "answers": [{"text": "Suez crisis", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?", "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c0", "answers": [{"text": "out of touch", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Macmillan resign?", "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c1", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?", "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c2", "answers": [{"text": "Earl of Home", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?", "id": "570f8ec180d9841400ab35c3", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "In what year did Lord Altrincham begin to own a newspaper?", "id": "5ad36796604f3c001a3fe099", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Altrincham", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Who was one of the prominent people who criticized Elizabeth for appointing the Earl of Home as prime minister?", "id": "5ad36796604f3c001a3fe09a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "In what year did Lord Altrincham die?", "id": "5ad36796604f3c001a3fe09b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a single minister", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "How many ministers did Elizabeth consult before naming Eden as the prime minister?", "id": "5ad36796604f3c001a3fe09c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "In what year did the Earl of Home receive his title?", "id": "5ad36796604f3c001a3fe09d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being \"out of touch\". Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed. The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement."}], ["Setahun kemudian, pada ketinggian krisis perlembagaan Australia 1975, Perdana Menteri Australia, Gough Whitlam dipecat dari jawatannya oleh Gubernur Jeneral Sir John Kerr, selepas Senat yang dikendalikan oleh Oposisi menolak cadangan belanjawan Whitlam. Sebagai Whitlam mempunyai majoriti di Dewan Rakyat, Speaker Gordon Scholes merayu kepada Ratu untuk membatalkan keputusan Kerr. Beliau menolak, menyatakan bahawa dia tidak akan campur tangan dalam keputusan yang dikhaskan oleh Perlembagaan Australia untuk gabenor jeneral. Krisis ini memicu republikanisme Australia. <> Semasa krisis perlembagaan Australia, apa yang ditolak Perdana Menteri? || Gough Whitlam <> Siapa yang mengusir Whilam dari jawatan Perdana Menteri Australia? || Gabenor Jeneral Sir John Kerr <> Apakah Whitlam ada di Dewan Perwakilan? || majoriti <> yang merayu kepada Elizabeth untuk membalikkan pemecatan Whitlam? || Speaker Gordon Scholes <> Apa yang Elizabeth menolak untuk melakukan sebagai balasan kepada rayuan oleh Scholes? || mengganggu <> Dalam tahun apakah Gough Whitlam menjadi perdana menteri Australia? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Sir John Kerr menjadi gubernur jeneral Australia? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Gordon Scholes menjadi Ketua Dewan Perwakilan di Australia? || <> Siapa yang mahu Ratu Elizabeth meluluskan keputusan Sir John Kerr untuk menolak Gough Whitlam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?", "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f17", "answers": [{"text": "Gough Whitlam", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?", "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f18", "answers": [{"text": "Governor-General Sir John Kerr", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?", "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f19", "answers": [{"text": "a majority", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?", "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f1a", "answers": [{"text": "Speaker Gordon Scholes", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?", "id": "570f90975ab6b81900390f1b", "answers": [{"text": "interfere", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "In what year did Gough Whitlam become prime minister of Australia?", "id": "5ad36afc604f3c001a3fe13b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "In what year did Sir John Kerr become governor-general of Australia?", "id": "5ad36afc604f3c001a3fe13c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "In what year did Gordon Scholes become Speaker of the House of Representatives in Australia?", "id": "5ad36afc604f3c001a3fe13d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gordon Scholes", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "Who wanted Queen Elizabeth to approve of Sir John Kerr's decision to dismiss Gough Whitlam?", "id": "5ad36afc604f3c001a3fe13e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general. The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism."}], ["Di tengah-tengah persiapan untuk penobatan itu, Puteri Margaret memaklumkan adiknya bahawa dia ingin menikah dengan Peter Townsend, seorang penceraik, 16 tahun senior Margaret, dengan dua anak lelaki dari perkawinan sebelumnya. Ratu itu meminta mereka menunggu satu tahun; dalam kata-kata Martin Charteris, \"Ratu secara semulajadi bersimpati terhadap Puteri, tetapi saya fikir dia berfikir-dia berharap-diberikan masa, urusan itu akan peter keluar.\" Ahli politik kanan menentang perlawanan dan Gereja England tidak membenarkan berkahwin semula selepas perceraian. Jika Margaret telah mengikat perkahwinan sivil, dia akan dijangka meninggalkan hak penggantinya. Akhirnya, dia memutuskan untuk meninggalkan rancangannya dengan Townsend. Pada tahun 1960, dia berkahwin dengan Antony Armstrong-Jones, yang dicipta Earl of Snowdon pada tahun berikutnya. Mereka bercerai pada tahun 1978; dia tidak berkahwin semula. <> Siapa yang Princess Margaret mahu berkahwin? || Peter Townsend <> Apa yang Ratu Elizabeth meminta kepada Margaret untuk melakukan bukannya marah Townsend? || tunggu setahun <> Apa tindakan yang tidak dibenarkan oleh Gereja England? || perkahwinan semula selepas perceraian <> Siapa yang memerankan Putri Margaret pada tahun 1960? || Antony Armstrong-Jones <> Apakah gelaran Armstrong-Jones diberikan? || Earl of Snowdon <> Apa nama salah seorang anak lelaki Peter Townsend? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Putri Margaret berpecah dengan Peter Townsend? || <> Berapa lama lebih tua ialah Antony Armstrong-Jones daripada Putri Margaret? || <> Apa nama Earl of Snowdon dinamakan? || <> Apakah status perkahwinan Martin Charteris pada tahun 1960? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?", "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f0d", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Townsend", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?", "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f0e", "answers": [{"text": "wait for a year", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act would the Church of England not permit?", "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f0f", "answers": [{"text": "remarriage after divorce", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?", "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f10", "answers": [{"text": "Antony Armstrong-Jones", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title was Armstrong-Jones given?", "id": "570f8d0b5ab6b81900390f11", "answers": [{"text": "Earl of Snowdon", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What is the name of one of Peter Townsend's sons?", "id": "5ad36244604f3c001a3fdf8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 690}], "question": "In what year did Princess Margaret break up with Peter Townsend?", "id": "5ad36244604f3c001a3fdf90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 years", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "How much older was Antony Armstrong-Jones than Princess Margaret?", "id": "5ad36244604f3c001a3fdf91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peter", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What was the Earl of Snowdon named?", "id": "5ad36244604f3c001a3fdf92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "divorc\u00e9", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "What was Martin Charteris' marital status in 1960?", "id": "5ad36244604f3c001a3fdf93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorc\u00e9\u201a 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, \"the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought\u2014she hoped\u2014given time, the affair would peter out.\" Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry."}], ["Satu-satunya saudara perempuan Elizabeth, Princess Margaret, dilahirkan pada tahun 1930. Kedua-dua puteri itu dididik di rumah di bawah pengawasan ibu dan pemerintahan mereka, Marion Crawford, yang dikenali sebagai \"Crawfie\". Pelajaran tertumpu pada sejarah, bahasa, sastera dan muzik. Crawford menerbitkan sebuah biografi zaman kanak-kanak Elizabeth dan Margaret yang bertajuk The Little Princesses pada tahun 1950, banyak yang mengejutkan keluarga diraja. Buku ini menggambarkan cinta Elizabeth kuda dan anjing, keteraturannya, dan sikap tanggungjawabnya. Lain-lain bergema seperti pemerhatian: Winston Churchill menggambarkan Elizabeth ketika dia berusia dua tahun sebagai \"wataknya. Dia mempunyai kuasa dan pengertian yang mengagumkan dalam bayi.\" Sepupunya Margaret Rhodes menggambarkannya sebagai \"seorang gadis kecil yang cantik, tetapi pada dasarnya bijak dan berkelakuan baik\". <> Siapa Elizabeth hanya adik perempuan? P || Puteri Margaret <> Kapan Puteri Margaret dilahirkan? || 1930 <> Di manakah para puteri kerajaan berpendidikan? || di rumah <> Siapa Marion Crawford kepada puteri? || governess <> Apa gelaran buku yang ditulis oleh Crawford tentang puteri? || The Little Princesses <> Apa nama ibu Elizabeth dan Putri Margaret? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Princess Margaret sebagai seorang anak? || <> Apakah sikap Puteri Margaret yang dibuat oleh Marion Crawford? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Marion Crawford mati? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Margaret Rhodes dilahirkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P", "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab362f", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Margaret", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Princess Margaret born?", "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3630", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the royal princesses educated?", "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3631", "answers": [{"text": "at home", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?", "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3632", "answers": [{"text": "governess", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?", "id": "570fac3a80d9841400ab3633", "answers": [{"text": "The Little Princesses", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Margaret", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What was Elizabeth and Princess Margaret's mothers name?", "id": "5ad35849604f3c001a3fde1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "horses and dogs", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What did Princess Margaret love as a child?", "id": "5ad35849604f3c001a3fde1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "attitude of responsibility", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "What attitude of Princess Margaret did Marion Crawford wrote she had?", "id": "5ad35849604f3c001a3fde1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "In what year did Marion Crawford die?", "id": "5ad35849604f3c001a3fde1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "In what year was Margaret Rhodes born?", "id": "5ad35849604f3c001a3fde1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as \"Crawfie\". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as \"a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant.\" Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as \"a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved\"."}], ["Pada tahun 1950-an, sebagai seorang wanita muda pada permulaan pemerintahannya, Elizabeth digambarkan sebagai \"Ratu dongeng\" yang glamor. Selepas trauma Perang Dunia Kedua, ia adalah masa harapan, satu tempoh kemajuan dan pencapaian yang menyerlahkan \"zaman Elizabethan baru\". Tuduhan Tuhan Altrincham pada tahun 1957 bahawa ucapannya terdengar seperti orang-orang \"murid sekolah\" adalah kritikan yang sangat jarang berlaku. Pada akhir 1960-an, percubaan untuk menggambarkan imej yang lebih moden dari monarki telah dibuat dalam dokumentari televisyen Keluarga Diraja dan dengan menyiarkan pembebasan Putera Charles sebagai Putera Wales. Di khalayak ramai, dia memakai topi mantel berwarna topi dan topi hiasan, yang membolehkannya dilihat dengan mudah di khalayak ramai. <> Seperti apa yang digambarkan oleh Elizabeth pada tahun 1950-an? || \"dongeng dongeng\" <> Apa masa selepas Perang Dunia II disebut sebagai? || \"Umur Elizabethan baru\" <> Daripada apa yang Tuhan Altrincham mengatakan ucapan Elizabeth menyerupai? || \"murid sekolah menonjol\" <> Apa rancangan yang memaparkan Putera Charles disiarkan pada akhir 1960-an? || Putera Wales <> Pada tahun 1960-an, apa yang Elizabeth mula memakai acara? || mantel warna pepejal <> Pada tahun apakah Tuhan Altrincham menerima ketuanannya? || <> Apa yang dipakai oleh Prince Charles pada orang awam? || <> Siapa yang mengarahkan dokumentari televisyen keluarga Royal pada akhir 1960-an? || <> yang pertama memanggilnya sebagai \"zaman Elizabethan baru\"? || <> Apa yang telah dituduh oleh salah seorang pengkritiknya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?", "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f89", "answers": [{"text": "\"fairytale Queen\"", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the time after WWII heralded as?", "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8a", "answers": [{"text": "\"new Elizabethan age\"", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?", "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8b", "answers": [{"text": "\"priggish schoolgirl\"", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?", "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8c", "answers": [{"text": "Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?", "id": "570fa9745ab6b81900390f8d", "answers": [{"text": "solid-colour overcoats", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "In what year did Lord Altrincham receive his lordship?", "id": "5ad37fec604f3c001a3fe451", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "solid-colour overcoats", "answer_start": 619}], "question": "What does Prince Charles tend to wear out in public?", "id": "5ad37fec604f3c001a3fe452", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Altrincham", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "Who directed the television documentary Royal Family in the late 1960s?", "id": "5ad37fec604f3c001a3fe453", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Altrincham", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "who first called it a \"new Elizabethan age\"?", "id": "5ad37fec604f3c001a3fe454", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "speeches sounded like those of a \"priggish schoolgirl\"", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What has Prince Charles been accused of by one of his critics?", "id": "5ad37fec604f3c001a3fe455", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous \"fairytale Queen\". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a \"new Elizabethan age\". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a \"priggish schoolgirl\" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd."}], ["Walaupun kematian Ratu Mary pada 24 Mac, penobatan pada 2 Jun 1953 berjalan seperti yang dirancang, seperti yang diminta Mary sebelum dia meninggal dunia. Upacara di Westminster Abbey, dengan pengecualian pengurapan dan perhubungan, telah disiarkan untuk pertama kali. [D] Gaun pengantin Elizabeth dibordir atas arahannya dengan lambang bunga negara-negara Komanwel: Bahasa Inggeris Tudor meningkat; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Ireland shamrock; Wattle Australia; Daun maple Kanada; New Zealand silver fern; Protea Afrika Selatan; bunga lotus untuk India dan Ceylon; dan gandum, kapas, dan jut Pakistan. <> Bilakah coronasi Elizabeth sebagai Ratu? || 2 Jun 1953 <> Seberapa banyak upacara penobatan Elizabeth dikemukakan kepada orang ramai? || televised <> Apa simbol-simbol Komanwel dibahagikan pada gaun Elizabeth? || lambang bunga <> Apakah lambang England? || Tudor bangkit <> Orang-orang mempunyai tisu untuk lambang Komanwel mereka? || Scots <> Kapan majlis pertama di Westminster Abbey disiarkan di radio? || <> Apa lambang bunga yang paling tinggi pada pakaian coronasi Elizabeth? || <> Apakah lambang bunga apa yang paling rendah pada pakaian coronasi Elizabeth? || <> Apakah lambang bunga yang paling menonjol pada pakaian coronasi Elizabeth? || <> Apakah lambang bunga di belakang pakaian coronasi Elizabeth? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?", "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35ef", "answers": [{"text": "2 June 1953", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?", "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f0", "answers": [{"text": "televised", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?", "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f1", "answers": [{"text": "floral emblems", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the emblem of England?", "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f2", "answers": [{"text": "Tudor rose", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?", "id": "570fa3a280d9841400ab35f3", "answers": [{"text": "Scots", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 June 1953", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "When was the first ceremony at Westminster Abbey to be broadcast on the radio?", "id": "5ad3631c604f3c001a3fdfc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scots thistle", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What floral emblem was highest on Elizabeth's coronation dress?", "id": "5ad3631c604f3c001a3fdfc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australian wattle", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "What floral emblem was lowest on Elizabeth's coronation dress?", "id": "5ad3631c604f3c001a3fdfc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian maple leaf", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "What floral emblem was most prominent on Elizabeth's coronation dress?", "id": "5ad3631c604f3c001a3fdfc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South African protea", "answer_start": 499}], "question": "What floral emblem was on the back of Elizabeth's coronation dress?", "id": "5ad3631c604f3c001a3fdfc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died. The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries: English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute."}], ["Penglibatan itu bukan tanpa kontroversi: Philip tidak mempunyai kedudukan kewangan, adalah orang asing (walaupun subjek Inggeris yang pernah berkhidmat di Angkatan Laut Diraja sepanjang Perang Dunia Kedua), dan mempunyai saudara perempuan yang telah berkahwin dengan bangsawan Jerman dengan hubungan Nazi. Marion Crawford menulis, \"Beberapa penasihat King tidak menganggapnya cukup baik untuknya, dia adalah seorang putera tanpa rumah atau kerajaan, dan beberapa karya itu memainkan lagu-lagu yang panjang dan keras pada rentetan asal Filipina.\" Ibu Elizabeth dilaporkan, dalam biografi yang lalu, telah menentang kesatuan pada awalnya, walaupun mengisikan Philip \"The Hun\". Walau bagaimanapun, dalam kehidupan kemudian, dia memberitahu ahli biografi Tim Heald bahawa Philip adalah \"lelaki Inggeris\". <> Di mana Philip berkhidmat semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Kepada siapakah saudara perempuan Philip berkahwin? || Bangsawan Jerman <> Apakah ibu Elizabeth memanggil Philip? || \"The Hun\" <> Apa ibu Elizabeth kemudian mengatakan bahawa Philip? || \"seorang lelaki Inggeris\" <> Apa yang Crawford melaporkan bahawa beberapa penasihat Raja memikirkan Philip? || cukup baik <> Apakah Marion Crawford seorang ahli? || <> Apa kewarganegaraannya ialah Philip? || <> Siapakah saudara perempuan Philip? || <> Apa nama Raja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Philip serve during WWII?", "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f93", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Philip's sisters marry?", "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f94", "answers": [{"text": "German noblemen", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?", "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f95", "answers": [{"text": "\"The Hun\"", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?", "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f96", "answers": [{"text": "\"an English gentleman\"", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?", "id": "570fb0945ab6b81900390f97", "answers": [{"text": "good enough", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King's advisors", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What was Marion Crawford a member of?", "id": "5ad35cff604f3c001a3fdea3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What nationality was Philip?", "id": "5ad35cff604f3c001a3fdea4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marion Crawford", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "Who was one of Philip's sisters?", "id": "5ad35cff604f3c001a3fdea5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philip", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What was the King's name?", "id": "5ad35cff604f3c001a3fdea7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, \"Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin.\" Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip \"The Hun\". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was \"an English gentleman\"."}], ["Pada tahun 1951, kesihatan George VI telah merosot dan Elizabeth sering memandangnya di acara-acara awam. Apabila dia melawat Kanada dan melawat Presiden Harry S. Truman di Washington, D.C., pada bulan Oktober 1951, setiausaha persendiriannya, Martin Charteris, membawa deklarasi penyertaan draf jika Raja meninggal semasa dia sedang dalam perjalanan. Pada awal 1952, Elizabeth dan Philip mengadakan lawatan ke Australia dan New Zealand dengan cara Kenya. Pada 6 Februari 1952, mereka baru saja kembali ke rumah mereka di Sagana Lodge, selepas bermalam di Treetops Hotel, ketika tiba berita kematian Raja dan akibatnya segera masuk ke takhta Elizabeth. Philip memecah berita itu kepada Ratu baru. Martin Charteris memintanya untuk memilih nama rasmi; Dia memilih untuk kekal Elizabeth, \"sudah tentu\". Dia diisytiharkan sebagai ratu di seluruh alamnya dan parti diraja kembali ke United Kingdom. Dia dan Duke of Edinburgh berpindah ke Istana Buckingham. <> Apakah kesihatan George VI pada tahun 1951? || kesihatan menurun <> Pada apa tarikh ayah Elizabeth, Raja George VI, mati? || 6 Februari 1952 <> Di negara apakah Elizabeth ketika George VI meninggal? || Kenya <> Pada bulan apakah pada tahun 1951 apakah kesihatan George VI mula menurun? || <> Pada tahun apakah Martin Charteris menjadi setiausaha swasta Elizabeth? || <> Pada tarikh apakah bahagian kerajaan tiba di UK? || <> Adakah lawatan Elizabeth Australia atau New Zealand pertama? || <> Dalam bulan berapa tahun 1952, Elizabeth dan Philip berangkat untuk lawatan mereka ke Australia dan New Zealand? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?", "id": "570fb20480d9841400ab3643", "answers": [{"text": "health declined", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?", "id": "570fb20480d9841400ab3644", "answers": [{"text": "6 February 1952", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?", "id": "570fb20480d9841400ab3645", "answers": [{"text": "Kenya", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "In what month in 1951 did George VI's health start to decline?", "id": "5ad36069604f3c001a3fdf2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "In what year did Martin Charteris become Elizabeth's private secretary?", "id": "5ad36069604f3c001a3fdf2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6 February 1952", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "On what date did the royal part arrive back in the UK?", "id": "5ad36069604f3c001a3fdf2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "Did Elizabeth tour Australia or New Zealand first?", "id": "5ad36069604f3c001a3fdf30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "In what month in 1952 did Elizabeth and Philip set out for their tour of Australia and New Zealand?", "id": "5ad36069604f3c001a3fdf31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, \"of course\". She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace."}], ["Masa penting peribadi termasuk kelahiran dan pernikahan anak-anaknya, cucu-cucu dan cucu-cucu yang besar, penobatannya pada tahun 1953, dan perayaan tonggak seperti Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilee pada tahun 1977, 2002 dan 2012. Momen kesedihan untuknya termasuklah kematian bapanya, berusia 56 tahun; pembunuhan paman Prince Philip, Lord Mountbatten; pecahan perkahwinan anak-anaknya pada tahun 1992 (annus horribilis); kematian pada tahun 1997 bekas isteri anaknya, Diana, Puteri Wales; dan kematian ibu dan adiknya pada tahun 2002. Elizabeth kadang-kadang menghadapi sentimen republik dan kritikan media yang teruk terhadap keluarga diraja, tetapi sokongan untuk monarki dan populariti peribadinya tetap tinggi. <> Kapan penobatan Elizabeth? || 1953 <> Bilakah Jubli Berlian Elizabeth? || 2012 <> Berapa lama ayah Elizabeth ketika kematiannya? || 56 <Bagaimana paman Putera Philip, Tuhan Mounbatten, mati? || pembunuhan <> Dalam tahun apakah mantan isteri anak lelaki Elizabeth itu mati? || 1997 <> Pada tahun apakah Lord Mountbatten dibunuh? || <> Berapa umur Elizabeth ketika ibunya meninggal? || <> Bagaimana ayah Elizabeth mati? || <> Pada tahun apakah Diana, Puteri Wales, berkahwin dengan anak lelaki Elizabeth? || <> Berapa lama Tuhan Mountbatten ketika dia dibunuh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Elizabeth's coronation?", "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f3f", "answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?", "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f40", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?", "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f41", "answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?", "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f42", "answers": [{"text": "assassination", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?", "id": "570fa2005ab6b81900390f43", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "In what year was Lord Mountbatten assassinated?", "id": "5ad35591604f3c001a3fdda3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "How old was Elizabeth when her mother died?", "id": "5ad35591604f3c001a3fdda4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "assassination", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "How did Elizabeth's father die?", "id": "5ad35591604f3c001a3fdda5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "In what year did Diana, Princess of Wales, marry Elizabeth's son?", "id": "5ad35591604f3c001a3fdda6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "56", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "How old was Lord Mountbatten when he was assassinated?", "id": "5ad35591604f3c001a3fdda7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high."}], ["Koleksi Royal, termasuk beribu-ribu karya seni bersejarah dan Crown Jewels, tidak dimiliki oleh Ratu secara peribadi tetapi dipegang sebagai kepercayaan, seperti kediaman rasminya, seperti Buckingham Palace dan Castle Windsor, dan Duchy of Lancaster, portfolio hartanah bernilai pada tahun 2014 dengan harga \u00a3 442 juta. Rumah Sandringham dan Balmoral Castle dimiliki oleh Queen. Tanah Crown British - dengan kepelbagaian \u00a3 9.4 bilion pada tahun 2014 - dipegang oleh kepercayaan yang berdaulat dan tidak boleh dijual atau dimiliki oleh Elizabeth dalam kapasiti peribadi. <> Apa koleksi barang kemas terkenal yang dipegang oleh kepercayaan oleh Elizabeth? || Jewels mahkota <> Apa kediaman Elizabeth dipegang dalam kepercayaan dan tidak dimiliki oleh Elizabeth? || kediaman rasmi <> Apa harta Scotland yang dimiliki oleh Elizabeth? || Istana Balmoral <> Berapa nilai harta tanah British Crown? || \u00a3 9.4 bilion <> Bagaimana Estate Mahkota British yang dipegang oleh Elizabeth? || dalam amanah <> Seberapa banyak yang dikatakan Istana Buckingham bernilai pada 2014? || <> Di manakah Jewels Mahkota dipamerkan? || <> Di mana Elizabeth menghabiskan sebahagian besar zamannya sekarang? || <> Berapa nilai Elizabeth pada 2014? || <> Sehingga tahun 2014 berapa nilai Castle Windsor bernilai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?", "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3625", "answers": [{"text": "Crown Jewels", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?", "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3626", "answers": [{"text": "official residences", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?", "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3627", "answers": [{"text": "Balmoral Castle", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?", "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3628", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a39.4 billion", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?", "id": "570fab2280d9841400ab3629", "answers": [{"text": "in trust", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3442 million", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "How much is Buckingham Palace said to be worth as of 2014?", "id": "5ad382c4604f3c001a3fe4c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "Where are the Crown Jewels on display?", "id": "5ad382c4604f3c001a3fe4c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balmoral Castle", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "Where does Elizabeth spend most of her time nowadays?", "id": "5ad382c4604f3c001a3fe4c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3442 million", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "How much was Elizabeth worth as of 2014?", "id": "5ad382c4604f3c001a3fe4c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3442 million", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "As of 2014 how much is Windsor Castle worth?", "id": "5ad382c4604f3c001a3fe4c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at \u00a3442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate \u2013 with holdings of \u00a39.4 billion in 2014 \u2013 is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity."}], ["Pada tahun 1977, Elizabeth menandakan Jubilee Perak kesertaannya. Pihak dan peristiwa berlaku di seluruh Komanwel, banyak bertepatan dengan lawatan kebangsaan dan Komanwel yang berkaitan. Perayaan itu mengesahkan semula populariti Queen, walaupun liputan akhbar negatif yang hampir sama terjadi pada pemisahan Puteri Margaret dari suaminya. Pada tahun 1978, Ratu mendapat kunjungan negeri ke United Kingdom oleh diktator komunis Romania, Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu, dan isterinya, Elena, walaupun secara peribadi dia menganggap mereka mempunyai \"darah di tangan mereka\". Pada tahun berikutnya membawa dua pukulan: satu adalah pengungkit Anthony Blunt, bekas juruukur gambar Queen, sebagai perisik komunis; yang lain adalah pembunuhan saudara mara dan mertua Lord Mountbatten oleh Tentera Republik Provisional Ireland Sementara. <> Apa jubilee Elizabeth merayakan pada tahun 1977? || Perak <> Bilakah Putri Margaret terpisah dari suaminya? || 1977 <> Pada tahun apakah Nicolae Ceausescu melawat UK? || 1978 <Siapa, pada tahun 1979, telah ditemui sebagai pengintip komunis? || Anthony Blunt <> Apa kumpulan pembunuhan Tuhan Mountbatten? || Tentera Republikan Ireland Sementara <> Dalam tahun apakah Putri Margaret menceraikan suaminya? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Nicolae Ceausescu menjadi diktator komunis Romania? || <> Pada tahun berapa Anthony Blunt berhenti menjadi Surveyor Gambar Queen? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Nicolae Ceausescu mati? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Anthony Blunt mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?", "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3613", "answers": [{"text": "Silver", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?", "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3614", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?", "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3615", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?", "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3616", "answers": [{"text": "Anthony Blunt", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?", "id": "570fa75480d9841400ab3617", "answers": [{"text": "Provisional Irish Republican Army", "answer_start": 769}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Princess Margaret divorce her husband?", "id": "5ad36f0d604f3c001a3fe223", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu become the communist dictator of Romania?", "id": "5ad36f0d604f3c001a3fe224", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "In what year did Anthony Blunt cease to be the Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures?", "id": "5ad36f0d604f3c001a3fe225", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu die?", "id": "5ad36f0d604f3c001a3fe226", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "In what year did Anthony Blunt die?", "id": "5ad36f0d604f3c001a3fe227", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband. In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist dictator, Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had \"blood on their hands\". The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army."}], ["Pada tahun 1943, pada usia 16 tahun, Elizabeth memulakan penampilan umum pertamanya dalam lawatan ke Pengawal Grenadier, di mana dia dilantik sebagai kolonel pada tahun sebelumnya. Semasa dia mendekati ulang tahun ke-18nya, parlimen menukar undang-undang supaya dia boleh bertindak sebagai salah satu daripada lima Kaunselor Negara sekiranya ketidakupayaan bapanya atau ketiadaan di luar negara, seperti lawatannya ke Itali pada bulan Julai 1944. Pada bulan Februari 1945, dia menyertai Perkhidmatan Wilayah Bantuan Perempuan sebagai penghormatan kedua kehormatan dengan jumlah perkhidmatan 230873. Dia dilatih sebagai pemandu dan mekanik dan dinaikkan pangkat menjadi komandan junior kehormatan lima bulan kemudian. <> Pada usia berapa Elizabeth ketika dia menunaikan penampilan umum pertamanya? || 16 <> Di manakah Elizabeth melawat penampilan awam pertamanya yang pertama? || Pengawal Grenadier <> Sekiranya ketiadaan bapanya, dalam apa kapasiti yang boleh dilakukan oleh Elizabeth? || Kaunselor Negara <> Bilakah Elizabeth menyertai Perkhidmatan Wilayah Penolong Wanita? || Februari 1945 <> Dalam apa kapasiti Elizabeth berkhidmat dalam Auxiliary? || pemandu dan mekanik <> Pada tahun apakah perkhidmatan Teritorial Pertahanan Wanita bermula? || <> Pada tahun apakah pengawal Grenadier bermula? || <> Berapa lama Elizabeth pada bulan Julai 1944? || <> Berapa lama Elizabeth dalam bulan Februari 1945? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?", "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab3639", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?", "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363a", "answers": [{"text": "Grenadier Guards", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? ", "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363b", "answers": [{"text": "Counsellors of State", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?", "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363c", "answers": [{"text": "February 1945", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?", "id": "570fae4580d9841400ab363d", "answers": [{"text": "driver and mechanic", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service started?", "id": "5ad35b6b604f3c001a3fde73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was the Grenadier Guards started?", "id": "5ad35b6b604f3c001a3fde74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "How old was Elizabeth in July 1944?", "id": "5ad35b6b604f3c001a3fde75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "How old was Elizabeth in February 1945?", "id": "5ad35b6b604f3c001a3fde76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later."}], ["Pada tahun 1957, beliau membuat lawatan kenegaraan ke Amerika Syarikat, di mana beliau menyampaikan Sidang Umum PBB bagi pihak Komanwel. Pada lawatan yang sama, beliau membuka Parlimen ke-23 Kanada, menjadi raja pertama Kanada untuk membuka sesi parlimen. Dua tahun kemudian, semata-mata dalam kapasiti beliau sebagai Ratu Kanada, dia melawat semula Amerika Syarikat dan melawat Kanada. Pada tahun 1961, beliau melawat Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, dan Iran. Semasa lawatan ke Ghana pada tahun yang sama, beliau menolak ketakutan untuk keselamatannya, walaupun tuan rumahnya, Presiden Kwame Nkrumah, yang telah menggantikannya sebagai ketua negara, adalah sasaran pembunuh. Harold Macmillan menulis, \"Ratu telah ditentukan sepenuhnya melalui ... Dia tidak sabar terhadap sikapnya untuk merawatnya sebagai ... bintang filem ... Dia memang 'hati dan perut seorang lelaki'. Dia mencintai tugasnya dan menjadi seorang Ratu. \" Sebelum lawatannya ke bahagian Quebec pada tahun 1964, akhbar melaporkan bahawa pelampau dalam gerakan separatis Quebec telah merancang pembunuhan Elizabeth. Tiada percubaan dibuat, tetapi rusuhan telah keluar ketika dia berada di Montreal; \"Ketenangan dan keberanian Ratu dalam menghadapi keganasan\" Ratu telah diperhatikan. <> Bilakah Elizabeth memanggil Perhimpunan Agung PBB? || 1957 <> Apakah sesi parlimen yang dibuka Elizabeth pada tahun 1957 ketika dalam perjalanan? || 23 Parlimen Kanada <> Dalam lawatan ke Ghana pada tahun 1961, apa yang Elizabeth menolak sebagai ketakutan? || keselamatannya <> Pada tahun 1964 apa yang dilaporkan bahawa ekstremis Quebec dirancang? || Pembunuhan Elizabeth <> Pada tahun 1961 apakah negara pertama Elizabeth membuat lawatan negeri? || <> Pada tahun 1961 apakah negeri terakhir yang Elizabeth membuat kunjungan negeri? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Presiden Kwame Nkrumah dari Ghana menggantikan Elizabeth sebagai ketua negara? || <> Dalam apa bandar Kanada adalah Parlimen Kanada? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Harold Macmillan mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?", "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35f9", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? ", "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35fa", "answers": [{"text": "23rd Canadian Parliament", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?", "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35fb", "answers": [{"text": "her safety", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?", "id": "570fa56680d9841400ab35fc", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth's assassination", "answer_start": 1024}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "In 1961 what was the first country Elizabeth made a state visit to?", "id": "5ad36867604f3c001a3fe0b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nepal", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "In 1961 what was the last country Elizabeth made a state visit to?", "id": "5ad36867604f3c001a3fe0b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana replace Elizabeth as the head of state?", "id": "5ad36867604f3c001a3fe0b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Montreal", "answer_start": 1114}], "question": "In what Canadian city is the Canadian Parliament?", "id": "5ad36867604f3c001a3fe0ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 931}], "question": "In what year did Harold Macmillan die?", "id": "5ad36867604f3c001a3fe0bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, \"The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen.\" Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's \"calmness and courage in the face of the violence\" was noted."}], ["Ratu itu mengetengahkan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk kali kedua pada tahun 2010, sekali lagi dalam kapasitinya sebagai Ratu dari semua alam Komanwel dan Ketua Komanwel. Setiausaha Agung PBB, Ban Ki-moon, memperkenalkannya sebagai \"sauh untuk zaman kita\". Semasa lawatannya ke New York, yang mengikuti lawatan ke Kanada, dia secara rasmi membuka taman peringatan untuk mangsa-mangsa British serangan 11 September. Lawatan Ratu ke Australia pada bulan Oktober 2011 - lawatannya yang keenam belas sejak tahun 1954 - dipanggil \"lawatan perpisahan\" dalam akhbar itu kerana usianya. <> Bilakah alamat kedua ke PBB oleh Elizabeth? || 2010 <> Siapa Setiausaha Agung PBB ketika Elizabeth membahas PBB? || Ban Ki-moon <> Seperti apa yang Ban Ki-Moon memperkenalkan Elizabeth kepada PBB? || \"yang utama untuk zaman kita\" <> Kepada siapakah taman Elizabeth yang membuka peringatan? || Mangsa-mangsa British <> Bilakah lawatan perpisahan Elizabeth ke Australia? || Oktober 2011 <> Dalam tahun apakah Ratu mula-mula berhadapan dengan PBB? || <> Pada tahun apakah Ban Ki-moon menjadi Setiausaha Agung PBB? || <> Pada tahun apakah Elizabeth menjadi Ratu? || <> Berapa ramai orang Inggeris meninggal dalam serangan 9-11? || <> Berapa kali lawatan Queen ke Kanada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?", "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3673", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?", "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3674", "answers": [{"text": "Ban Ki-moon", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?", "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3675", "answers": [{"text": "\"an anchor for our age\"", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?", "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3676", "answers": [{"text": "British victims", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?", "id": "570fc84780d9841400ab3677", "answers": [{"text": "October 2011", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "In what year did the Queen first address the United Nations?", "id": "5ad378fa604f3c001a3fe39d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "In what year did Ban Ki-moon become the UN Secretary General?", "id": "5ad378fa604f3c001a3fe39e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?", "id": "5ad378fa604f3c001a3fe39f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "How many British people died in the 9-11 attack?", "id": "5ad378fa604f3c001a3fe3a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "How many times has the Queen toured Canada?", "id": "5ad378fa604f3c001a3fe3a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as \"an anchor for our age\". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 \u2013 her sixteenth visit since 1954 \u2013 was called her \"farewell tour\" in the press because of her age."}], ["Semasa pemerintahan datuknya, Elizabeth berada di tangga ketiga berturut-turut dengan takhta, di belakang pamannya, Edward, Prince of Wales, dan ayahnya, Duke of York. Walaupun kelahirannya menjana kepentingan awam, dia tidak dijangka menjadi ratu, kerana Putera Wales masih muda, dan banyak mengandaikan bahawa dia akan berkahwin dan mempunyai anak sendiri. Apabila datuknya meninggal pada tahun 1936 dan pamannya berjaya sebagai Edward VIII, dia menjadi kedua dalam barisan takhta, selepas ayahnya. Kemudian pada tahun itu, Edward menyerahkan diri, selepas pernikahannya yang dicadangkan untuk sosialis bercerai Wallis Simpson menimbulkan krisis perlembagaan. Akibatnya, bapa Elizabeth menjadi raja, dan dia menjadi ahli waris. Jika ibu bapanya mempunyai anak lelaki kemudian, dia akan kehilangan kedudukannya sebagai yang pertama dalam talian, kerana saudaranya akan menjadi pewaris jelas dan di atasnya dalam garis keturunan. <> Ketika dia dilahirkan, di mana urutan penggantian adalah Elizabeth? || ketiga <> Sebelum ayah Elizabeth yang berada dalam barisan untuk takhta? || Edward, Prince of Wales <> Bilakah datuk Elizabeth mati? || 1936 <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan Edward membatalkan tahta? || perkahwinan yang dicadangkan <> Apakah perkahwinan Edward yang dicadangkan oleh Edward terhadap sebab Simpson? || krisis perlembagaan <> Dalam apa tahun perceraian Wallis Simpson? || <> Apa nama bapa Elizabeth? || <> Dalam apa tahun yang dilahirkan Elizabeth? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?", "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369b", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?", "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369c", "answers": [{"text": "Edward, Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?", "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369d", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?", "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369e", "answers": [{"text": "proposed marriage", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?", "id": "570fcfd680d9841400ab369f", "answers": [{"text": "constitutional crisis", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "In what year did Wallis Simpson divorce?", "id": "5ad35920604f3c001a3fde39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward, Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What was Elizabeth's father's name?", "id": "5ad35920604f3c001a3fde3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "In what year was Elizabeth born?", "id": "5ad35920604f3c001a3fde3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession."}], ["Dari 21 April 1944 sehinggalah ke arahnya, tangan Elizabeth terdiri daripada kerongkongan yang membawa lapisan diraja kerajaan United berseluncur dengan label tiga titik argent, titik tengah yang menimbulkan Tudor naik dan yang pertama dan ketiga salib St George . Setelah masuknya, dia mewarisi pelbagai senjata yang dipegang ayahnya sebagai berdaulat. Ratu juga memiliki standard diraja dan bendera peribadi untuk digunakan di United Kingdom, Kanada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, dan tempat lain. <> Sehingga dia menjadi ratu, apa bunga pada kepalanya Elizabeth? || Tudor bangkit <> Bilakah Elizabeth memperoleh lengan ayahnya? || Setelah masuknya <> Selain bendera peribadi, apa jenis bendera lain yang dimiliki Elizabeth? || standard diraja <> Apa jenis bendera yang digunakan di negara asing? || Ketika <> Elizabeth mulai menanggung lengan kerajaan? || 21 April 1944 <> Berapa banyak mata yang ditanggung oleh lengan Elizabeth pada argentinya selepas penyertaannya? || <> Apakah titik pusat tangan Elizabeth sejak dia naik ke takhta? || <> Pada tarikh apakah Elizabeth naik ke takhta? || <> Apa yang ada pada setiap sisi tiga titik argent tangan Elizabeth saat ini sejak dia naik ke takhta? || <> Bentuk apa pakaian ketenteraan Elizabeth sejak penyertaannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?", "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390feb", "answers": [{"text": "Tudor rose", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?", "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fec", "answers": [{"text": "Upon her accession", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?", "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fed", "answers": [{"text": "royal standards", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of flags are used in foreign countries?", "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fee", "answers": [{"text": "personal", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?", "id": "570fca425ab6b81900390fef", "answers": [{"text": "21 April 1944", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "How many points does Elizabeth's arms bear on her argent after her accession?", "id": "5ad38503604f3c001a3fe535", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tudor rose", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What has been the centre point of Elizabeth's arms since she ascended to the throne?", "id": "5ad38503604f3c001a3fe536", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21 April 1944", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "On what date was Elizabeth ascended to the throne?", "id": "5ad38503604f3c001a3fe537", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first and third a cross of St George", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "What are on each side of the three points argent of Elizabeth's current arms since she ascended to the throne?", "id": "5ad38503604f3c001a3fe538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lozenge", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What shape is Elizabeth's royal coat of arms since her accession?", "id": "5ad38503604f3c001a3fe539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere."}], ["Elizabeth dilahirkan di London ke Duke dan Duchess of York, kemudian Raja George VI dan Ratu Elizabeth, dan menjadi ketua dua anak perempuan mereka. Dia dididik secara peribadi di rumah. Ayahnya menyerahkan takhta pada abdication saudaranya Edward VIII pada tahun 1936, dari mana dia menjadi ahli waris. Beliau mula menjalankan tugas awam semasa Perang Dunia II, yang berkhidmat dalam Perkhidmatan Wilayah Bantuan. Pada tahun 1947, dia berkahwin dengan Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, yang mempunyai empat orang anaknya iaitu Charles, Anne, Andrew, dan Edward. <> Dalam apa bandar lahir Elizabeth? || London <> Pada masa kelahirannya, apakah pangkat ibubapa Elizabeth? || Duke dan Duchess of York <> Apa nama ibu bapa Elizabeth selepas naik ke takhta? || Raja George VI dan Ratu Elizabeth <> Berapa ramai anak yang mempunyai ibu bapa Elizabeth? || dua anak perempuan <> Apa peristiwa menyebabkan bapa Elizabeth menjadi Raja? || abdication abangnya <> Dalam tahun apakah Edward VIII dinobatkan? || <> Apakah nama saudara perempuan Elizabeth? || <> Siapa anak sulung Elizabeth? || <> Siapa anak bungsu Elizabeth? || <> Dalam apa tahun yang dilahirkan Edward? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what city was Elizabeth born?", "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391013", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?", "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391014", "answers": [{"text": "Duke and Duchess of York", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?", "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391015", "answers": [{"text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?", "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391016", "answers": [{"text": "two daughters", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?", "id": "570fcc475ab6b81900391017", "answers": [{"text": "abdication of his brother", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "In what year was Edward VIII crowned?", "id": "5ad352da604f3c001a3fdd25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anne", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What is Elizabeth's sisters name?", "id": "5ad352da604f3c001a3fdd26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Andrew", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "Who is Elizabeth's oldest child?", "id": "5ad352da604f3c001a3fdd27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charles", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "Who is Elizabeth's youngest child?", "id": "5ad352da604f3c001a3fdd28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "In what year was Edward born?", "id": "5ad352da604f3c001a3fdd29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward."}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun yang akan datang, wahyu awam mengenai keadaan perkahwinan Charles dan Diana terus berlanjut. Walaupun sokongan untuk republikanisme di Britain kelihatan lebih tinggi dari pada bila-bila masa dalam kenangan hidup, republikanisme masih menjadi pandangan minoriti, dan Ratu sendiri mempunyai penilaian kelulusan yang tinggi. Kritikan difokuskan pada institusi monarki itu sendiri dan keluarga Ratu yang lebih luas daripada tingkah laku dan tindakannya sendiri. Ketika berunding dengan suaminya dan Perdana Menteri, John Major, serta Uskup Agung Canterbury, George Carey, dan setiausaha pribadinya, Robert Fellowes, dia menulis kepada Charles dan Diana pada akhir bulan Disember 1995, mengatakan bahawa perceraian adalah wajar. <> Apa perasaan politik yang masih dilihat minoriti di Britain? || republicanism <> Apa urusan yang menghasilkan wahyu dan masalah untuk Elizabeth? || Perkahwinan Charles dan Diana <> Walaupun kritikan apakah jenis kelulusan Elizabeth yang ada? || tinggi <> Institusi apa yang dikritik semasa masa perpisahan Charles dan Diana? || > <p> Bilakah Elizabeth menulis untuk memberitahu Charles dan Diana untuk mendapatkan perceraian? || Disember 1995 <> Apa pandangan majoriti politik pada 1990-an di Britain? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Charles dan Diana akhirnya bercerai? || <> Apakah jenis penarafan kelulusan yang dilakukan oleh Perdana Menteri John Major? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Robert Fellowes menjadi setiausaha swasta Elizabeth? || <> Dalam tahun apakah George Carey menjadi Uskup Agung Canterbury? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?", "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb1", "answers": [{"text": "republicanism", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?", "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb2", "answers": [{"text": "Charles and Diana's marriage", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?", "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb3", "answers": [{"text": "high", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?", "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb4", "answers": [{"text": "monarchy", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?", "id": "570fc66e5ab6b81900390fb5", "answers": [{"text": "December 1995", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "republicanism", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "What was the majority viewpoint politically in the 1990s in Britain?", "id": "5ad375d6604f3c001a3fe319", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "In what year did Charles and Diana finally get divorced?", "id": "5ad375d6604f3c001a3fe31a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What type of approval ratings did Prime Minister John Major have?", "id": "5ad375d6604f3c001a3fe31b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "In what year did Robert Fellowes become Elizabeth's private secretary?", "id": "5ad375d6604f3c001a3fe31c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "In what year did George Carey become the Archbishop of Canterbury?", "id": "5ad375d6604f3c001a3fe31d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable."}], ["Pada tahun 1956, Perdana Menteri Britain dan Perancis, Sir Anthony Eden dan Guy Mollet, membincangkan kemungkinan Perancis menyertai Komanwel. Cadangan ini tidak pernah diterima dan pada tahun berikutnya Perancis menandatangani Perjanjian Rom, yang menubuhkan Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah, sebagai pendahulu kepada Kesatuan Eropah. Pada bulan November 1956, Britain dan Perancis menyerang Mesir dalam percubaan yang akhirnya gagal untuk menangkap Terusan Suez. Lord Mountbatten mendakwa Ratu menentang pencerobohan, walaupun Eden menafikannya. Eden meletak jawatan dua bulan kemudian. <> Bilakah perdana menteri Britain dan Perancis membincangkan idea Perancis untuk menyertai Komanwel? || 1956 <> Apa tanda Perancis daripada menyertai Komanwel? || Perjanjian Roma <> Apa yang telah ditetapkan oleh Perjanjian Roma? || Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah <> Untuk apakah Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah yang terdahulunya? || Kesatuan Eropah <> Bilakah Britain dan Perancis menyerang Mesir? || November 1956 <> Pada tahun apakah Sir Anthony Eden menjadi Perdana Menteri Britain? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Guy Mollet menjadi perdana menteri Perancis? || <> Pada tahun apakah digali Suez Canal? || <> Apakah negara pertama Britain menyerbu semasa pemerintahan Ratu Elizabeth? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah Queen Elizabeth dimahkotai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?", "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390f9d", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?", "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390f9e", "answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Rome", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Treaty of Rome establish?", "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390f9f", "answers": [{"text": "European Economic Community", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?", "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390fa0", "answers": [{"text": "European Union", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Britain and France invade Egypt?", "id": "570fb4715ab6b81900390fa1", "answers": [{"text": "November 1956", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Sir Anthony Eden become the British prime minister?", "id": "5ad365a7604f3c001a3fe03d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Guy Mollet become the French prime minister?", "id": "5ad365a7604f3c001a3fe03e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "In what year was the Suez Canal dig completed?", "id": "5ad365a7604f3c001a3fe03f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Egypt", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "What was the first country Britain invaded during Queen Elizabeth's rule?", "id": "5ad365a7604f3c001a3fe040", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Queen Elizabeth get crowned?", "id": "5ad365a7604f3c001a3fe041", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later."}], ["Ketiadaan mekanisme rasmi dalam Parti Konservatif untuk memilih seorang pemimpin bermakna bahawa, selepas peletakan jawatan Eden, ia jatuh ke Ratu untuk memutuskan siapa yang akan membuat komisen untuk membentuk kerajaan. Eden mengesyorkan agar dia berkonsultasi dengan Lord Salisbury, Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury dan Lord Kilmuir, Lord Canselor, berkonsultasi dengan Kabinet British, Winston Churchill, dan Pengerusi Jawatankuasa 1922 backbench, mengakibatkan Ratu menunjuk calon mereka yang disarankan: Harold Macmillan. <> Siapa yang Eden mengesyorkan bahawa Elizabeth berunding mengenai melantik Perdana Menteri yang baru? || Tuhan Salisbury <> Apakah kedudukan Tuhan Salisbury dalam kerajaan? || Tuan Presiden Majlis <> Siapa yang dilantik Elizabeth sebagai Perdana Menteri? || Harold Macmillan <> Apakah kedudukan Lord Kilmuir? || Lord Chancellor <> Siapa pula yang berkonsultasi dengan Salisbury dan Kilmuir? || Kabinet British <> Dalam tahun apakah Harold Macmillan dilahirkan? || <> Pada tahun apakah Tuhan Salisbury dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Tuhan Salisbury menjadi Presiden Tuan Majlis? || <> Apa pekerjaan Harold Macmillan pada masa itu? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Tuhan Kilmuir dilahirkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?", "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e5", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?", "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e6", "answers": [{"text": "Lord President of the Council", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?", "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e7", "answers": [{"text": "Harold Macmillan", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?", "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e8", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Chancellor", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?", "id": "570fefd85ab6b819003910e9", "answers": [{"text": "British Cabinet", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "In what year was Harold Macmillan born?", "id": "5ad3663f604f3c001a3fe059", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "In what year was Lord Salisbury born?", "id": "5ad3663f604f3c001a3fe05a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "In what year did Lord Salisbury become the Lord President of the Council?", "id": "5ad3663f604f3c001a3fe05b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord President of the Council", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What occupation was Harold Macmillan at the time?", "id": "5ad3663f604f3c001a3fe05c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "In what year was Lord Kilmuir born?", "id": "5ad3663f604f3c001a3fe05d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan."}], ["Dengan kesertaan Elizabeth, ia seolah-olah berkemungkinan bahawa rumah diraja itu akan menanggung nama suaminya, menjadi House of Mountbatten, selaras dengan kebiasaan seorang isteri mengambil nama suaminya atas perkahwinan. Perdana Menteri Britain, Winston Churchill, dan nenek Elizabeth, Queen Mary, menyukai pengekalan House of Windsor, dan seterusnya pada 9 April 1952 Elizabeth mengeluarkan satu deklarasi bahawa Windsor akan terus menjadi nama rumah diraja. Duke mengeluh, \"Saya satu-satunya lelaki di negara ini yang tidak dibenarkan memberi namanya kepada anak-anaknya sendiri.\" Pada tahun 1960, selepas kematian Ratu Mary pada tahun 1953 dan perletakan jawatan Churchill pada tahun 1955, nama keluarga Mountbatten-Windsor telah diterima pakai untuk keturunan lelaki dan anak lelaki Elizabeth yang tidak membawa gelaran diraja. <> Apa nama itu diandaikan Elizabeth akan mengambil perkahwinannya dengan Philip? || Mountbatten, <> Perdana Menteri apa yang membantah perubahan nama? || Winston Churchill <> Apa nama Elizabeth menyimpan nama pernikahannya? || House of Windsor <> Nama apa yang digunakan untuk keturunan lelaki Elizabeth yang tidak memiliki gelaran diraja? || Mountbatten-Windsor <> Bilakah Elizabeth memutuskan penggunaan Mountbatten-Windsor sebagai nama keluarga? || 1960 <> Dalam tahun apakah Winston Churchill mati? || <> Berapa banyak keturunan lelaki lelaki Elizabeth dan Philip tidak mempunyai gelaran diraja? || <> Apa nama pertama Duke? || <> Apakah nama anak lelaki Elizabeth dan Philip yang terakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?", "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab3717", "answers": [{"text": "Mountbatten,", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Prime Minister objected to the name change?", "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab3718", "answers": [{"text": "Winston Churchill", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?", "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab3719", "answers": [{"text": "House of Windsor", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? ", "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab371a", "answers": [{"text": "Mountbatten-Windsor", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? ", "id": "570fea6c80d9841400ab371b", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "In what year did Winston Churchill die?", "id": "5ad36168604f3c001a3fdf5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "How many male-line descendants do Elizabeth and Philip have with no royal title?", "id": "5ad36168604f3c001a3fdf60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winston", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What was the Duke's first name?", "id": "5ad36168604f3c001a3fdf61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winston", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What was the name of Elizabeth and Philip's last child?", "id": "5ad36168604f3c001a3fdf62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, \"I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children.\" In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles."}], ["1960-an dan 1970-an menyaksikan pecutan dalam dekolonisasi Afrika dan Caribbean. Lebih 20 negara memperoleh kemerdekaan dari Britain sebagai sebahagian daripada peralihan yang dirancang untuk kerajaan sendiri. Pada tahun 1965, bagaimanapun, Perdana Menteri Rhodesia, Ian Smith, bertentangan dengan bergerak ke arah pemerintahan majoriti, mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan unilateral dari Britain sambil mengekspresikan \"kesetiaan dan kesetiaan\" kepada Elizabeth. Walaupun Ratu menolaknya dalam perisytiharan rasmi, dan komuniti antarabangsa memohon sekatan terhadap Rhodesia, rejimnya selamat selama lebih dari satu dekad. Apabila hubungan Britain dengan bekas empayarnya melemahkan, kerajaan British memasuki kemasukan ke Komuniti Eropah, matlamat yang dicapai pada tahun 1973. <> Bilakah percepatan penyusutan Afrika dan Caribbean mempercepatkan? || 1960-an dan 1970-an <> Berapa banyak negara mendapat kemerdekaan dari Britain semasa dekolonisasi? || Lebih dari 20 buah negara <> Bilakah Britain menyertai Komuniti Eropah? || 1973 <> Apakah presiden Rhodesia mengisytiharkan pada tahun 1965? || kemerdekaan dari Britain <> Walaupun sekatan oleh masyarakat antarabangsa, berapa lama rejim Ian Smith yang terakhir? || lebih satu dekad <> Apa negara Afrika pertama yang mendapat kemerdekaan dari Britain? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Ian Smith menjadi Perdana Menteri Rhodesia? || <> Pada tahun apakah Komuniti Eropah ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Rhodesia berhenti wujud? || <> Apa yang terakhir dari 20 negara untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan dari Britain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?", "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab364d", "answers": [{"text": "1960s and 1970s", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?", "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab364e", "answers": [{"text": "Over 20 countries", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Britain join the European Community?", "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab364f", "answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?", "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab3650", "answers": [{"text": "independence from Britain", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?", "id": "570fb64080d9841400ab3651", "answers": [{"text": "over a decade", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rhodesia", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "What was the first African country to gain independence from Britain?", "id": "5ad3692f604f3c001a3fe0df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "In what year did Ian Smith become the Prime Minister of Rhodesia?", "id": "5ad3692f604f3c001a3fe0e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "In what year was the European Community established?", "id": "5ad3692f604f3c001a3fe0e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1973", "answer_start": 703}], "question": "In what year did Rhodesia cease to exist?", "id": "5ad3692f604f3c001a3fe0e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rhodesia", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "What was the last of 20 countries to gain independence from Britain?", "id": "5ad3692f604f3c001a3fe0e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing \"loyalty and devotion\" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973."}], ["Pada tahun 1981 Trooping the Warna dan hanya enam minggu sebelum pernikahan Charles, Prince of Wales, dan Lady Diana Spencer, enam tembakan ditembak di Queen dari jarak dekat ketika dia menunggang The Mall pada kudanya, Burma. Polis kemudiannya mendapati bahawa tembakan itu kosong. Penyerang berusia 17 tahun, Marcus Sarjeant, dijatuhi hukuman lima tahun penjara dan dibebaskan selepas tiga tahun. Ketenangan dan keterampilan Ratu dalam mengawal gunungnya dipuji secara meluas. Dari April hingga September 1982, Ratu masih cemas tetapi bangga dengan anaknya, Putera Andrew, yang berkhidmat dengan pasukan British semasa Perang Falklands. Pada 9 Julai, Ratu bangun di bilik tidurnya di Istana Buckingham untuk mencari penceroboh, Michael Fagan, di dalam bilik dengannya. Tinggal tenang dan melalui dua panggilan ke papan suis polis Palace, dia bercakap dengan Fagan ketika dia duduk di kaki katilnya sehingga bantuan tiba tujuh minit kemudian. Walaupun dia menjadi tuan rumah Presiden AS Ronald Reagan di Windsor Castle pada tahun 1982 dan melawat ladangnya di California pada tahun 1983, dia marah apabila pentadbirannya memerintahkan serangan ke Grenada, salah satu kawasan Caribbeannya, tanpa memaklumkan kepadanya. <> Semasa upacara apa yang dipancarkan di Queen? || Trooping the Color <> Siapa penyerang yang ditembak di Queen Elizabeth? || Marcus Sarjeant <> Antara anak lelaki Elizabeth yang berkhidmat dalam Perang Falklands? || Putera Andrew <> Siapa penceroboh Elizabeth bangun untuk mencari di bilik tidurnya? || Michael Fagan <> Apa pencerobohan pulau marah Elizabeth? || Grenada <> Pada tahun apakah Ronald Reagan memerintahkan serangan ke Grenada? || <> Pada bulan apakah pada tahun 1982 apakah Ronald Reagan melawat Windsor Castle? || <> Pada bulan apakah pada tahun 1983 Elizabeth melawat ladang California Reagan? || <> Apa nama kuda kuda Elizabeth pada tahun 1983? || <> Berapa tahun Michael Fagan berkhidmat kerana melanggar Istana Buckingham? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?", "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab3657", "answers": [{"text": "Trooping the Colour", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? ", "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab3658", "answers": [{"text": "Marcus Sarjeant", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?", "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab3659", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Andrew", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?", "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab365a", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Fagan", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?", "id": "570fb86780d9841400ab365b", "answers": [{"text": "Grenada", "answer_start": 1101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 1031}], "question": "In what year did Ronald Reagan order the invasion of Grenada?", "id": "5ad3713a604f3c001a3fe27b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July", "answer_start": 635}], "question": "In what month in 1982 did Ronald Reagan visit Windsor Castle?", "id": "5ad3713a604f3c001a3fe27c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "In what month in 1983 did Elizabeth visit Reagan's California ranch?", "id": "5ad3713a604f3c001a3fe27d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Burmese", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What was Elizabeth's horses name in 1983?", "id": "5ad3713a604f3c001a3fe27e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "How many years did Michael Fagan serve for breaking into Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5ad3713a604f3c001a3fe27f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her."}], ["Berikutan perkahwinan mereka, pasangan itu menyewa Windlesham Moor, berhampiran Windsor Castle, sehingga 4 Julai 1949, ketika mereka tinggal di Clarence House di London. Pada masa yang berbeza antara 1949 dan 1951, Duke of Edinburgh ditempatkan di British Colony Crown of Malta sebagai pegawai Royal Navy yang berkhidmat. Beliau dan Elizabeth tinggal berselang, selama beberapa bulan pada satu masa, di dusun Gwardaman\u0121a, di Villa Guardamangia, rumah sewa paman Philip, Lord Mountbatten. Kanak-kanak tinggal di Britain. <> Di manakah yang baru berkahwin dengan Elizabeth dan Philip sampai 1949? || Windlesham Moor <> Selepas 1949 di mana Elizabeth tinggal di London? || Clarence House <> Di mana pasukan bersenjata adalah Duke of Edinburgh? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Di mana Philip ditempatkan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || British Crown Colony of Malta <> Di rumahnya apakah Elizabeth dan Philip tinggal di Malta? || Lord Mountbatten <> Pada tahun apakah Elizabeth tinggal di Villa Guardamangia? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Lord Mountbatten mula menyewa Villa Guardamangia? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Duke of Edinburgh menjadi pegawai Tentera Laut Diraja? || <> Pada tahun apakah Villa Guardamangia dibina? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Elizabeth berkahwin dengan Duke of Edinburgh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?", "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f813", "answers": [{"text": "Windlesham Moor", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?", "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f814", "answers": [{"text": "Clarence House", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?", "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f815", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Navy", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Philip stationed during WWII?", "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f816", "answers": [{"text": "British Crown Colony of Malta", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?", "id": "571020a9b654c5140001f817", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Mountbatten", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth live in Villa Guardamangia?", "id": "5ad35e74604f3c001a3fded5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "In what year did Lord Mountbatten start to rent Villa Guardamangia?", "id": "5ad35e74604f3c001a3fded6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "In what year did the Duke of Edinburgh become a Royal Navy officer?", "id": "5ad35e74604f3c001a3fded7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "In what year was Villa Guardamangia built?", "id": "5ad35e74604f3c001a3fded8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth marry the Duke of Edinburgh?", "id": "5ad35e74604f3c001a3fded9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardaman\u0121a, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain."}], ["Jubli Diamond beliau pada tahun 2012 bertanda 60 tahun di atas takhta, dan perayaan diadakan di seluruh alamnya, Komanwel yang lebih luas, dan seterusnya. Dalam sebuah mesej yang dikeluarkan pada Hari Pencapaian, beliau berkata: \"Pada tahun istimewa ini, ketika saya mendedikasikan diri saya lagi untuk perkhidmatan anda, saya harap kita semua akan diingatkan akan kekuatan kebersamaan dan kekuatan persaudaraan keluarga, persahabatan dan kejiranan yang baik. .. Saya harap juga bahawa tahun Jubli ini akan menjadi masa untuk mengucapkan terima kasih atas kemajuan besar yang telah dibuat sejak tahun 1952 dan berharap untuk masa depan dengan kepala yang jelas dan hati yang hangat \". Dia dan suaminya melakukan lawatan luas ke United Kingdom, sementara anak-anak dan cucu-cucunya memulakan lawatan kerajaan negeri Komanwel lain bagi pihaknya. Pada 4 Jun, beacon Jubilee dinyalakan di seluruh dunia. Pada 18 Disember, beliau menjadi pemerintah British yang pertama untuk menghadiri mesyuarat Kabinet memperingati sejak George III pada 1781. <> Berapa tahun telah Elizabeth menjadi Ratu? || 60 tahun <> Apa tanda perayaan 60 tahun untuk Elizabeth sebagai Ratu? || Jubli Berlian <> Berapa tahun tanda Jubilee Diamond Elizabeth? || 2012 <> Di mana lawatan Elizabeth sebagai perayaan Yobel beliau? || United Kingdom <> Bilakah kali terakhir yang berdaulat menghadiri mesyuarat kabinet aman damai? || 1781 <> Pada tahun apakah George III memulakan pemerintahannya di atas takhta? || <> Dalam tahun apakah George III mati? || <> Berapa lama raja George III? || <> Berapa banyak mesyuarat Kabinet yang dihadiri oleh George III? || <> Apakah Hari Penyertaan King George III? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?", "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd688e", "answers": [{"text": "60 years", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?", "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd688f", "answers": [{"text": "Diamond Jubilee", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?", "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd6890", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?", "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd6891", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? ", "id": "57101abda58dae1900cd6892", "answers": [{"text": "1781", "answer_start": 930}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1781", "answer_start": 930}], "question": "In what year did George III begin his reign on the throne?", "id": "5ad379a5604f3c001a3fe3b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1781", "answer_start": 930}], "question": "In what year did George III die?", "id": "5ad379a5604f3c001a3fe3b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60 years", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "For how long was George III king?", "id": "5ad379a5604f3c001a3fe3b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 766}], "question": "How many Cabinet meetings did George III attend?", "id": "5ad379a5604f3c001a3fe3b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4 June", "answer_start": 766}], "question": "What was King George III's Accession Day?", "id": "5ad379a5604f3c001a3fe3b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: \"In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart\". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781."}], ["Pada tahun 1997, setahun selepas perceraian, Diana terbunuh dalam kemalangan kereta di Paris. Permaisuri bercuti dengan keluarga lanjutannya di Balmoral. Dua anak lelaki Diana oleh Charles-Princes William dan Harry-mahu menghadiri gereja dan oleh itu Ratu dan Putera Philip membawa mereka pagi itu. Selepas penampilan umum itu, selama lima hari, Ratu dan Duke melindungi cucu mereka dari minat akhbar yang kuat dengan memelihara mereka di Balmoral di mana mereka boleh bersedih secara peribadi, tetapi pengasingan keluarga diraja dan kegagalan untuk menerbangkan bendera di separuh tiang atas Istana Buckingham menyebabkan kecewa awam. Ditekan oleh reaksi bermusuhan, Ratu bersetuju untuk kembali ke London dan melakukan siaran televisyen secara langsung pada 5 September, hari sebelum penguburan Diana. Dalam siaran, dia menyatakan kekaguman untuk Diana dan perasaannya sebagai \"nenek\" untuk kedua-dua putera. Akibatnya, banyak permusuhan orang awam yang tersejat. <> Apakah kejadian yang membunuh Diana di Paris? || kemalangan kereta <> Bilakah Diana mati? || 1997 <> Berapa lama Elizabeth dan keluarga diraja kekal di pengasingan di Balmoral? || lima hari <> Kegagalan apa yang orang ramai kecewa? || terbang bendera di setengah tiang <> Apa yang dilakukan Elizabeth untuk meresapi sentimen awam yang tidak boleh dipercayai? || Siaran televisyen secara langsung <> Di bandar apakah Balmoral? || <> Dalam bulan apa tahun 1997, Diana mati dalam kemalangan kereta? || <> Di manakah Charles pada hari-hari selepas kematian Diana? || <> Dari bangunan apakah Ratu melakukan siaran televisyen tentang kematian Diana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What incident killed Diana in Paris?", "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6822", "answers": [{"text": "car crash", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Diana die?", "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6823", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?", "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6824", "answers": [{"text": "five days", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What failure did the public find dismaying?", "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6825", "answers": [{"text": "fly a flag at half-mast", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?", "id": "57100daba58dae1900cd6826", "answers": [{"text": "live television broadcast", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "In what city is Balmoral?", "id": "5ad376f7604f3c001a3fe369", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September", "answer_start": 705}], "question": "In what month in 1997 did Diana die in a car crash?", "id": "5ad376f7604f3c001a3fe36a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balmoral", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Where was Charles in the days after Diana died?", "id": "5ad376f7604f3c001a3fe36b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balmoral", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "From what building did the Queen do her television broadcast about Diana's death?", "id": "5ad376f7604f3c001a3fe36c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles\u2014Princes William and Harry\u2014wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings \"as a grandmother\" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated."}], ["Elizabeth dilahirkan pada jam 02:40 (GMT) pada 21 April 1926, semasa pemerintahan datuknya, Raja George V. Bapanya, Putera Albert, Duke of York (kemudian Raja George VI), adalah anak kedua Raja . Ibunya, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (kemudian Ratu Elizabeth), adalah anak bungsu dari bangsawan Scotland, Claude Bowes-Lyon, Earl of Strathmore dan Kinghorne ke-14. Dia diserahkan oleh bahagian Caesarean di rumah lelaki datuknya di London: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Dia dibaptis oleh Uskup Agung Anglikan York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, di kapel peribadi Buckingham Palace pada 29 Mei, [c] dan menamakan Elizabeth selepas ibunya, Alexandra selepas ibu George V, yang telah meninggal dunia enam bulan sebelumnya, dan Mary selepas nenek ayahnya. Disebut \"Lilibet\" oleh keluarga dekatnya, berdasarkan apa yang dipanggilnya pada mulanya, dia dihargai oleh datuknya George V, dan semasa sakitnya yang serius pada tahun 1929, kunjungannya yang kerap dikreditkan dalam akhbar popular dan oleh biografi kemudian dengan menaikkannya semangat dan membantu pemulihannya. <> Semasa pemerintahan Elizabeth dilahirkan? || Raja George V <> Apakah tajuk ayah Elizabeth pada masa kelahirannya? || Putera Albert, Duke of York <> Apakah gelaran dan nama yang diambil oleh ayah Elizabeth ketika menjadi raja? || Raja George VI <> Biskop mana yang dibaptis oleh Elizabeth? || Cosmo Gordon Lang <> Apa nama panggilan Elizabeth ketika dia masih muda? || Lilibet <> Pada tahun apakah nenek moyang Elizabeth Elizabeth mati? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Raja George V mati? || <> Siapa anak sulung Raja George V? || <> Pada tahun apakah Elizabeth, Duchess of York, dinobatkan sebagai Ratu England? || <> Siapa datuk keturunan Elizabeth? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During whose reign was Elizabeth born?", "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68a8", "answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?", "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68a9", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert, Duke of York", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?", "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68aa", "answers": [{"text": "King George VI", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? ", "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68ab", "answers": [{"text": "Cosmo Gordon Lang", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?", "id": "57101de3a58dae1900cd68ac", "answers": [{"text": "Lilibet", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1926", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth's paternal grandmother Mary die?", "id": "5ad357ad604f3c001a3fde07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 928}], "question": "In what year did King George V die?", "id": "5ad357ad604f3c001a3fde08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "Who was King George V's oldest son?", "id": "5ad357ad604f3c001a3fde09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 928}], "question": "In what year was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, crowned as the Queen of England?", "id": "5ad357ad604f3c001a3fde0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cosmo Gordon Lang", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "Who was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather?", "id": "5ad357ad604f3c001a3fde0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called \"Lilibet\" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery."}], ["Pada September 1939, Britain memasuki Perang Dunia Kedua, yang berlangsung sehingga 1945. Semasa perang, ramai anak-anak London dipindahkan untuk mengelakkan pengeboman udara yang kerap. Cadangan oleh ahli politik kanan Lord Hailsham bahawa kedua-dua puteri itu harus dipindahkan ke Kanada ditolak oleh ibu Elizabeth, yang menyatakan, \"Anak-anak tidak akan pergi tanpa saya, saya tidak akan pergi tanpa Raja dan Raja tidak akan meninggalkan . \" Puteri Elizabeth dan Margaret tinggal di Balmoral Castle, Scotland, sehingga Krismas 1939, ketika mereka berpindah ke Sandringham House, Norfolk. Dari bulan Februari hingga Mei 1940, mereka tinggal di Royal Lodge, Windsor, sehingga berpindah ke Windsor Castle, di mana mereka tinggal selama hampir lima tahun akan datang. Di Windsor, puteri memainkan pantomimes pada Krismas dalam bantuan Dana Bulu Ratu, yang membeli benang untuk bersatu dengan pakaian tentera. Pada tahun 1940, Elizabeth berusia 14 tahun membuat siaran radio pertamanya semasa Jam Kanak-kanak BBC, menangani kanak-kanak lain yang telah dipindahkan dari bandar-bandar. Dia berkata: \"Kami berusaha untuk melakukan segala yang kami dapat untuk membantu para pelayar, askar dan pejuang kami yang gagah, dan kami juga berusaha untuk menanggung bahaya dan kesedihan perang. Kami tahu, setiap orang dari kami pada akhirnya semua akan menjadi baik. \" <> Bilakah Britain masuk ke WWII? || September 1939 <> Siapa yang mengesyorkan supaya dua puteri dipindahkan ke Kanada? || Tuhan Hailsham <> Yang menolak idea menghantar puteri itu? || Ibu Elizabeth <> Di mana kedua-dua puteri hidup untuk sebahagian besar perang? || Windsor Castle <> Bilakah Elizabeth membuat siaran radio pertama? || 1940 <> Pada tahun apakah Dana Wain Ratu ditubuhkan? || <> Dalam tahun berapa BBC memulakan Jam Kanak-kanak? || <> Berapa lama kakak Elizabeth pada tahun 1940? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Lord Hailsham menjadi ahli politik kanan? || <> Dalam bulan apa tahun 1945 berakhir Perang Dunia Kedua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Britain enter WWII?", "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68bc", "answers": [{"text": "September 1939", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?", "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68bd", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Hailsham", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?", "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68be", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth's mother", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?", "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68bf", "answers": [{"text": "Windsor Castle", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?", "id": "57101f4aa58dae1900cd68c0", "answers": [{"text": "1940", "answer_start": 859}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "In what year was the Queen's Wool Fund established?", "id": "5ad35ab6604f3c001a3fde5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "In what year did the BBC start Children's Hour?", "id": "5ad35ab6604f3c001a3fde60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14-year-old", "answer_start": 869}], "question": "How old was Elizabeth's sister in 1940?", "id": "5ad35ab6604f3c001a3fde61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "In what year did Lord Hailsham become a senior politician?", "id": "5ad35ab6604f3c001a3fde62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what month of 1945 did the Second World War end?", "id": "5ad35ab6604f3c001a3fde63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, \"The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave.\" Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: \"We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.\""}], ["Dari kelahiran Elizabeth seterusnya, Empayar British meneruskan transformasinya ke Commonwealth of Nations. Pada masa penyertaannya pada tahun 1952, peranannya sebagai ketua pelbagai negara bebas telah pun ditubuhkan. Pada tahun 1953, Ratu dan suaminya memulakan lawatan selama tujuh bulan di seluruh dunia, melawat 13 negara dan meliputi lebih daripada 40,000 batu dengan darat, laut dan udara. Beliau menjadi raja pertama Australia dan New Zealand untuk melawat negara-negara tersebut. Semasa lawatan, orang ramai sangat besar; tiga perempat daripada penduduk Australia dianggarkan telah melihatnya. Sepanjang pemerintahannya, Ratu telah membuat beratus-ratus kunjungan negara ke negara-negara lain dan lawatan Komanwel; dia adalah ketua negara yang paling banyak dikunjungi. <> Apa entiti yang empayar British perlahan-lahan menjadi semasa pemerintahan Elizabeth? || Commonwealth of Nations <> Dalam tahun apakah Elizabeth menjadi Ratu? || 1952 <> Apa lawatan yang dilakukan Elizabeth pada tahun 1953? || pelancongan di seluruh dunia <> Berapa banyak negara melawat Elizabeth pada tahun 1953? || 13 negara <> Berapa batu yang diliputi oleh Elizabeth dalam lawatannya di dunia? || 40,000 batu <> Dalam tahun apakah Kerajaan British menjadi Komanwel Bangsa? || <> Pada tahun 1953 apakah negara pertama yang dikunjungi oleh Elizabeth dan Philip? || <> Pada tahun 1953 apakah negara terakhir yang dikunjungi oleh Elizabeth dan Philip? || <> Berapa batu telah Elizabeth pergi melalui tanah semasa pemerintahannya? || <> Berapa batu telah Elizabeth pergi melalui laut semasa pemerintahannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?", "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f831", "answers": [{"text": "Commonwealth of Nations", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?", "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f832", "answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?", "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f833", "answers": [{"text": "round-the-world tour", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?", "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f834", "answers": [{"text": "13 countries", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?", "id": "571021a1b654c5140001f835", "answers": [{"text": "40,000 miles", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "In what year did the British Empire become the Commonwealth of Nations?", "id": "5ad363c8604f3c001a3fdfe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "In 1953 what was the first country visited by Elizabeth and Philip?", "id": "5ad363c8604f3c001a3fdfe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Zealand", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "In 1953 what was the last country visited by Elizabeth and Philip?", "id": "5ad363c8604f3c001a3fdfe9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "How many miles has Elizabeth traveled by land during her reign?", "id": "5ad363c8604f3c001a3fdfea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "How many miles has Elizabeth traveled by sea during her reign?", "id": "5ad363c8604f3c001a3fdfeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state."}], ["Pada Februari 1974, Perdana Menteri Britain, Edward Heath, menasihatkan Ratu untuk memanggil pilihan raya umum di tengah-tengah lawatannya ke Rantaian Pasifik Austronesia, yang memerlukannya terbang kembali ke Britain. Pilihan raya itu menghasilkan parlimen yang digantung; Konservatif Heath bukan parti terbesar, tetapi boleh bertugas jika mereka membentuk gabungan dengan Liberal. Heath hanya meletak jawatan ketika perbincangan mengenai pembentukan gabungan yang ditakdirkan, dan kemudiannya Queen meminta Pemimpin Pembangkang, Buruh Harold Wilson, untuk membentuk pemerintah. <> Bilakah Edward Heath meminta Elizabeth untuk memanggil pilihan raya umum? || Februari 1974 <> Di manakah Elizabeth ketika Heath menasihatkan supaya panggilan untuk pemilihan? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Elizabeth selepas penasihat Heath? || Terbang kembali ke Britain <> Apa yang dilakukan Heath setelah partainya tidak dapat membentuk koalisi dengan partai Buruh? || meletak jawatan <> Siapa yang Elizabeth minta untuk membentuk kerajaan? || Harold Wilson <> Pada tahun apakah Edward Heath menjadi Perdana Menteri Britain? || <> Pada bulan apakah pada tahun 1974 apakah Edward Heath meletak jawatan sebagai perdana menteri? || <> Pada bulan apa tahun 1974 Harold Wilson menjadi perdana menteri? || <> Bilakah Elizabeth memulakan lawatannya ke Lingkaran Pasifik Austronesia? || <> Siapa Perdana Menteri Buruh Harold Wilson membentuk kerajaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?", "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77b", "answers": [{"text": "February 1974", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?", "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77c", "answers": [{"text": "Austronesian Pacific Rim", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?", "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77d", "answers": [{"text": "fly back to Britain", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?", "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77e", "answers": [{"text": "resigned", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?", "id": "57100918b654c5140001f77f", "answers": [{"text": "Harold Wilson", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1974", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what year did Edward Heath become the British prime minister?", "id": "5ad36a0d604f3c001a3fe11f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what month in 1974 did Edward Heath resign as prime minister?", "id": "5ad36a0d604f3c001a3fe120", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what month in 1974 did Harold Wilson become prime minister?", "id": "5ad36a0d604f3c001a3fe121", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 1974", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Elizabeth begin her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim?", "id": "5ad36a0d604f3c001a3fe122", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conservatives", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Who did  Labour's Prime Minister Harold Wilson form a government with?", "id": "5ad36a0d604f3c001a3fe123", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government."}], ["Sejak Elizabeth jarang memberikan temuramah, sedikit diketahui perasaan peribadinya. Sebagai raja berperlembagaan, dia tidak menyatakan pendapat politiknya sendiri dalam forum awam. Dia mempunyai rasa tanggungjawab keagamaan dan kewarganegaraan yang mendalam, dan menganggap sumpahnya dengan sungguh-sungguh. Selain daripada peranan agamanya sebagai Gabenor Tertinggi Gereja England yang ditubuhkan, dia sendiri adalah ahli gereja itu dan Gereja Scotland. Dia telah menunjukkan sokongan untuk hubungan antara iman dan telah bertemu dengan para pemimpin gereja dan agama lain, termasuk lima paus: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI dan Francis. Nota peribadi tentang kepercayaannya sering muncul dalam siaran mesej Krismas tahunannya ke Komanwel. Pada tahun 2000, dia bercakap mengenai kepentingan teologi milenium yang menandakan ulang tahun ke-2 kelahiran Yesus: <> Apa gaya raja kerajaan Elizabeth? || raja perlembagaan <> Berapa kerapkah Elizabeth memberi temuduga? || jarang <> Apa jenis kepercayaan agama politik yang Elizabeth sepertinya menyokong? || hubungan antara iman <> Apa kedudukan Elizabeth dalam Gereja England? || Supreme Governor <> Selain dari keanggotaannya di Gereja England, apa gereja lain yang dia milik? || Gereja Scotland <> Apa yang dia cakap dengan Paus John Paul II? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah Elizabeth bertemu dengan Paus Yohanes Paulus II? || <> Bilakah kali terakhir Elizabeth memberi temuduga? || <> Di luar agama Kristian apa pemimpin-pemimpin agama lain yang telah bertemu dengan Elizabeth? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?", "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd689e", "answers": [{"text": "constitutional monarch", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often does Elizabeth give interviews?", "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd689f", "answers": [{"text": "rarely", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?", "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd68a0", "answers": [{"text": "inter-faith relations", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?", "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd68a1", "answers": [{"text": "Supreme Governor", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?", "id": "57101cc5a58dae1900cd68a2", "answers": [{"text": "Church of Scotland", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus", "answer_start": 789}], "question": "What has she talked about with Pope John Paul II?", "id": "5ad37efb604f3c001a3fe435", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 763}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth meet with Pope John Paul II?", "id": "5ad37efb604f3c001a3fe436", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 763}], "question": "When was the last time Elizabeth gave an interview?", "id": "5ad37efb604f3c001a3fe437", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pius XII", "answer_start": 588}], "question": "Beyond Christianity what leaders of other religions has Elizabeth met with?", "id": "5ad37efb604f3c001a3fe438", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland. She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:"}], ["Menurut Paul Martin, Sr., pada penghujung tahun 1970-an, Queen merisaukan bahawa Crown \"mempunyai sedikit makna untuk\" Pierre Trudeau, Perdana Menteri Kanada. Tony Benn berkata bahawa Ratu mendapati Trudeau \"agak mengecewakan\". Republikanisme yang sepatutnya dianggap Trudeau sepertimana disahkan oleh kecanggihannya, seperti meluncur ke arah pengiring di Istana Buckingham dan memancung belakang belakang Queen pada tahun 1977, dan penghapusan pelbagai simbol kerajaan Kanada semasa tempoh jawatannya. Pada tahun 1980, ahli-ahli politik Kanada dihantar ke London untuk membincangkan pembabitan perlembagaan Kanada yang menemui Ratu \"dengan lebih baik ... daripada mana-mana ahli politik atau birokrat British\". Dia sangat berminat selepas kegagalan Bill C-60, yang akan mempengaruhi peranannya sebagai ketua negara. Patriasi menghapuskan peranan Parlimen British daripada perlembagaan Kanada, tetapi monarki itu ditahan. Trudeau berkata dalam memoirnya bahawa Ratu menyukai percubaannya untuk memperbaharui perlembagaan dan bahawa dia terkesan dengan \"rahmat yang ditunjukkannya di depan umum\" dan \"kebijaksanaan yang ditunjukkannya secara peribadi\". <> Mengenai siapa Elizabeth bimbang pada tahun 1970-an? || Pierre Trudeau <> Apakah perkara yang sedang dipertimbangkan dalam perbincangan pada tahun 1980? || Perlembagaan Kanada <> Apa gunanya Perlembagaan Kanada menghapuskan perlembagaan? || Parlimen British <> Apa yang dikekalkan dalam perlembagaan? || monarki <> Apa yang dikatakan Trudeau bahawa Elizabeth disukai? || reformasi <> Dalam tahun apakah Pierre Trudeau menjadi perdana menteri Kanada? || <> Siapa ahli politik Kanada yang dihantar ke London pada tahun 1980? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Bill C-60 gagal? || <> Pada tahun apakah Pierre Trudeau berhenti menjadi perdana menteri Kanada? || <> Siapa perdana menteri Britain pada tahun 1980? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?", "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ec", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Trudeau", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?", "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ed", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian constitution", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?", "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ee", "answers": [{"text": "British parliament", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was retained in the constitution?", "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68ef", "answers": [{"text": "monarchy", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?", "id": "57102309a58dae1900cd68f0", "answers": [{"text": "reform", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "In what year did Pierre Trudeau become the Canadian prime minister?", "id": "5ad37006604f3c001a3fe23f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pierre Trudeau", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Who was one of the Canadians politicians sent to London in 1980?", "id": "5ad37006604f3c001a3fe240", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "In what year did Bill C-60 fail?", "id": "5ad37006604f3c001a3fe241", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "In what year did Pierre Trudeau cease to be Canada's prime minister?", "id": "5ad37006604f3c001a3fe242", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pierre Trudeau", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Who was the prime minister of Britain in 1980?", "id": "5ad37006604f3c001a3fe243", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown \"had little meaning for\" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister. Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau \"rather disappointing\". Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen \"better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats\". She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state. Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by \"the grace she displayed in public\" and \"the wisdom she showed in private\"."}], ["Kepentingan media yang sengit dalam pendapat dan kehidupan peribadi keluarga diraja pada tahun 1980an membawa kepada satu siri cerita sensasi dalam akhbar, yang tidak semuanya benar. Sebagai Kelvin MacKenzie, editor The Sun, memberitahu kakitangannya: \"Beri saya hari Ahad untuk percikan hari ke hari di Royals. Jangan risau jika tidak benar-selagi tidak terlalu sibuk tentang hal itu selepas itu.\" Penyunting koran Donald Trelford menulis di The Observer pada 21 September 1986: \"Opera sabun kerajaan telah mencapai semacam kepentingan umum sehingga batas antara fakta dan fiksi telah hilang ... bukan hanya beberapa karya 't memeriksa fakta mereka atau menerima penafian: mereka tidak peduli jika cerita itu benar atau tidak. \" Ia dilaporkan, yang paling ketara dalam The Sunday Times pada 20 Julai 1986, bahawa Ratu bimbang bahawa dasar ekonomi Margaret Thatcher memupuk perpecahan sosial dan terkejut oleh pengangguran tinggi, satu siri kerusuhan, keganasan mogok penambang, dan Thatcher's keengganan untuk memohon sekatan terhadap rejim apartheid di Afrika Selatan. Sumber khabar angin tersebut termasuk pembantu diraja Michael Shea dan Setiausaha Agung Persatuan Komanwel, Shridath Ramphal, tetapi Shea menyatakan kenyataannya diambil dari konteks dan dihiasi dengan spekulasi. Thatcher dikatakan berkata Ratu akan mengundi pihak lawan politik Parti Sosial Demokrat-Thatcher. Penulis biografi Thatcher, John Campbell mendakwa \"laporan itu adalah sekeping pencemaran jurnalistik\". Bettying laporan mengenai perbalahan di antara mereka, Thatcher kemudian menyampaikan kekaguman peribadinya kepada Ratu, dan Ratu memberikan dua penghormatan dalam keanggotaan hadiah pribadinya di Order of Merit dan Order of the Garter-to Thatcher selepas penggantinya sebagai perdana menteri oleh John Major. Bekas Perdana Menteri Kanada, Brian Mulroney, berkata Elizabeth adalah \"di belakang daya adegan\" dalam mengakhiri apartheid. <> Apakah kepentingan awam yang tinggi dalam kehidupan peribadi disebabkan oleh keluarga diraja di dalam media? || cerita-cerita sensasi <> Siapa editor dari The Sun pada tahun 1980-an? || Kelvin MacKenzie <> Apa editor The Observer memanggil cerita-cerita sensasi mengenai raja-raja? || opera sabun diraja <> Siapa, khabarnya, adakah Margaret Thatcher mengatakan bahawa Ratu akan mengundi? || Thatcher's lawan politik <> Siapa kata Elizabeth adalah di sebalik daya adegan berakhir apartheid? || Brian Mulroney <> Pada tahun apakah Kelvin MacKenzie menjadi editor The Sun? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Donald Trelford mula mengedit The Observer? || <> Parti apa yang dilakukan oleh Margaret Thatcher? || <> Pada tahun apakah Elizabeth memberi Margaret Thatcher Order of the Garter? || <> Selain Margaret Thatcher yang orang lain telah memberikan Order of Merit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?", "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67fc", "answers": [{"text": "sensational stories", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?", "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67fd", "answers": [{"text": "Kelvin MacKenzie", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?", "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67fe", "answers": [{"text": "royal soap opera", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?", "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd67ff", "answers": [{"text": "Thatcher's political opponents", "answer_start": 1344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?", "id": "57100ba4a58dae1900cd6800", "answers": [{"text": "Brian Mulroney", "answer_start": 1794}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "In what year did Kelvin MacKenzie become editor of The Sun?", "id": "5ad37237604f3c001a3fe29f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "In what year did Donald Trelford begin to edit The Observer?", "id": "5ad37237604f3c001a3fe2a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Social Democratic Party", "answer_start": 1320}], "question": "What party did Margaret Thatcher lead?", "id": "5ad37237604f3c001a3fe2a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Order of the Garter", "answer_start": 1676}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth give Margaret Thatcher the Order of the Garter?", "id": "5ad37237604f3c001a3fe2a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Major", "answer_start": 1751}], "question": "Besides Margaret Thatcher who is someone else has given the Order of Merit?", "id": "5ad37237604f3c001a3fe2a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: \"Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true\u2014so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards.\" Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: \"The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not.\" It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party\u2014Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed \"the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making\". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift\u2014membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter\u2014to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a \"behind the scenes force\" in ending apartheid."}], ["Ratu melepasi neneknya yang besar, Queen Victoria, untuk menjadi raja Inggeris paling lama pada Disember 2007, dan raja Britain yang paling lama memerintah pada 9 September 2015. Beliau dirayakan di Kanada sebagai \"pemerintahan yang paling lama memerintah dalam Era moden di Kanada \". (Raja Louis XIV dari Perancis memerintah lebih lama di Kanada.) Beliau adalah raja ratu yang paling lama memerintah dalam sejarah, raja kerajaan tertua di dunia dan ketua kerajaan yang kedua terpanjang sekarang setelah Raja Bhumibol Adulyadej dari Thailand. <> Siapa yang Elizabeth melampaui raja Inggeris yang paling lama hidup? || Ratu Victoria <> Apakah hubungan Victoria ke Elizabeth? || Nenek-nenek hebat <> Bilakah Elizabeth menjadi raja yang paling lama memerintah? || 9 September 2015 <> Dalam zaman raja-raja, apakah pangkat pemerintahan Elizabeth? || yang tertua di dunia <> Apa ketua statistik yang telah berkhidmat lebih lama daripada Elizabeth? || Raja Bhumibol Adulyadej", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?", "id": "57102712b654c5140001f875", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?", "id": "57102712b654c5140001f876", "answers": [{"text": "great-great-grandmother", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?", "id": "57102712b654c5140001f877", "answers": [{"text": "9 September 2015", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?", "id": "57102712b654c5140001f878", "answers": [{"text": "world's oldest", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?", "id": "57102712b654c5140001f879", "answers": [{"text": "King Bhumibol Adulyadej", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand."}], ["Pada Jubli Perak pada tahun 1977, orang ramai dan perayaannya benar-benar bersemangat, tetapi pada tahun 1980-an, kritikan awam terhadap keluarga diraja meningkat, kerana kehidupan peribadi dan bekerja anak-anak Elizabeth berada di bawah pemerhatian media. Populariti Elizabeth tenggelam pada titik rendah pada tahun 1990-an. Di bawah tekanan dari pendapat umum, dia mula membayar cukai pendapatan buat kali pertama, dan Istana Buckingham dibuka kepada orang ramai. Tidak puas hati dengan monarki itu mencapai kemuncaknya pada kematian Diana, Puteri Wales, walaupun popularitas peribadi Elizabeth dan sokongan untuk monarki pulih selepas siaran televisyennya langsung ke dunia lima hari selepas kematian Diana. <> Bilakah Jubli Perak Elizabeth? || 1977 <> Apa yang meningkat pada tahun 1980-an? || kritikan awam <> Apakah subjek utama kritikan awam dalam tahun 80-an? || keluarga diraja <> Apa sifat Elizabeth jatuh ke tahap rendah pada tahun 1990-an? || Populariti <> Apa yang Elizabeth mula bayar pada tahun 1990? || Cukai pendapatan <> Berapa dekad antara sekarang dan tahun 1970-an menjadi titik tertinggi untuk populariti Elizabeth? || <> Bilakah Jubli Emas Elizabeth? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Diana menjadi Puteri Wales? || <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Elizabeth mula membayar cukai pendapatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?", "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd692e", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What increased in the 1980s?", "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd692f", "answers": [{"text": "public criticism", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?", "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd6930", "answers": [{"text": "royal family", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?", "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd6931", "answers": [{"text": "popularity", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?", "id": "57102822a58dae1900cd6932", "answers": [{"text": "income tax", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What decade between now and the 1970s has been the high point for Elizabeth's popularity?", "id": "5ad38102604f3c001a3fe46d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "When was Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee?", "id": "5ad38102604f3c001a3fe46e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "In what year did Diana become the Princess of Wales?", "id": "5ad38102604f3c001a3fe46f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "support for the monarchy rebounded", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "What happened after Elizabeth started to pay income taxes?", "id": "5ad38102604f3c001a3fe470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death."}], ["Elizabeth telah memegang pelbagai tajuk dan kedudukan tentera kehormat di seluruh Komanwel, adalah Penguasa banyak pesanan di negara sendiri, dan telah menerima penghormatan dan penghargaan dari seluruh dunia. Dalam setiap bidangnya, dia mempunyai tajuk yang berbeza yang mengikuti formula yang sama: Ratu Jamaica dan alam dan wilayahnya yang lain di Jamaica, Ratu Australia dan alam dan wilayahnya yang lain di Australia, dan lain-lain. Di Kepulauan Channel dan Isle of Man , yang merupakan ketergantungan Mahkota daripada alam yang berasingan, dia dikenali sebagai Duke of Normandy dan Lord of Mann. Gaya tambahan termasuk Defender Iman dan Duke of Lancaster. Ketika dalam perbualan dengan Ratu, praktiknya adalah untuk mulanya mengalaminya sebagai Yang Mulia dan kemudiannya sebagai Ma'am. <> Ciri apa yang biasanya diikuti oleh tajuk Elizabeth di setiap negara? || formula serupa <> Apakah Kepulauan Channel dan Isle of Mann? || Ketergantungan mahkota <> Apakah tajuk Elizabeth dalam Kepulauan Channel? || Duke of Normandy <> Apakah gelaran Elizabeth di Isle of Mann? || Tuan Mann <> Sekali dalam perbualan dengan Ratu, bagaimanakah Elizabeth dialamatkan? || Ma'am <> Apakah salah satu alam dan wilayah Elizabeth selain Jamaica dan Australia? || <> Selain Kepulauan Channel dan Isle of Man yang wilayahnya adalah Ketergantungan Crown? || <> Bilakah Elizabeth disebut sebagai Pembela Iman? || <> Bilakah seseorang memanggil Elizabeth Duke of Lancaster? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?", "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd6938", "answers": [{"text": "similar formula", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?", "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd6939", "answers": [{"text": "Crown dependencies", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?", "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd693a", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Normandy", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?", "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd693b", "answers": [{"text": "Lord of Mann", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?", "id": "571029d1a58dae1900cd693c", "answers": [{"text": "Ma'am", "answer_start": 767}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isle of Man,", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What is one of Elizabeth's realms and territories besides Jamaica and Australia?", "id": "5ad383dd604f3c001a3fe505", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jamaica", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Besides the Channel Islands and Isle of Man which territory is a Crown Dependency?", "id": "5ad383dd604f3c001a3fe506", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "initially address her", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "When is Elizabeth referred to as the Defender of the Faith?", "id": "5ad383dd604f3c001a3fe507", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "initially address her", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "When does a person call Elizabeth the Duke of Lancaster?", "id": "5ad383dd604f3c001a3fe508", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2007, The Daily Telegraph, yang mengutip sumber-sumber yang tidak disebutkan namanya, melaporkan bahawa Ratu itu \"sangat marah dan kecewa\" oleh dasar-dasar Perdana Menteri Britain, Tony Blair, bahawa dia bimbang Angkatan Bersenjata British telah diabaikan di Iraq dan Afghanistan, bahawa dia telah menimbulkan kebimbangan terhadap isu luar bandar dan desa dengan Blair. Bagaimanapun, beliau berkata untuk mengagumi usaha Blair untuk mencapai keamanan di Ireland Utara. Pada 20 Mac 2008, di Gereja Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Ratu menghadiri perkhidmatan Maundy pertama yang diadakan di luar England dan Wales. Atas undangan Presiden Ireland, Mary McAleese, Ratu membuat kunjungan pertama negeri ke Republik Irlandia oleh seorang raja Inggris pada Mei 2011. <Siapa, pada tahun 2007, frustrasi Elizabeth? || Perdana Menteri, Tony Blair <> Apakah masalah Blair yang mengagumi Elizabeth? || keamanan di Ireland Utara <> Bilakah Elizabeth menghadiri khidmat di Armagm, di Ireland? || 20 Mac 2008 <> Perkhidmatan apa yang Elizabeth menghadiri di Armagm? || Maundy <> Bilakah Elizabeth membuat lawatan pertama ke Ireland oleh raja British? || Mei 2011. <> Dalam tahun apakah Tony Blair menjadi Perdana Menteri Britain? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Mary McAleese menjadi Presiden Ireland? || <> Siapa presiden wanita pertama Ireland? || <> Bilakah kedamaian dicapai di Ireland Utara? || <> Siapa presiden Ireland pada tahun 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?", "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86b", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister, Tony Blair", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?", "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86c", "answers": [{"text": "peace in Northern Ireland", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?", "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86d", "answers": [{"text": "20 March 2008", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?", "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86e", "answers": [{"text": "Maundy", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?", "id": "57102549b654c5140001f86f", "answers": [{"text": "May 2011.", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year did Tony Blair become the British prime minister?", "id": "5ad37856604f3c001a3fe393", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In what year did Mary McAleese become the Irish President?", "id": "5ad37856604f3c001a3fe394", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary McAleese", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "Who was Ireland's first female president?", "id": "5ad37856604f3c001a3fe395", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 March 2008", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "When was peace achieved in Northern Ireland?", "id": "5ad37856604f3c001a3fe396", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mary McAleese", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "Who was Ireland's president in 2007?", "id": "5ad37856604f3c001a3fe397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was \"exasperated and frustrated\" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair. She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011."}], ["Dalam ucapannya pada 24 November 1992, untuk menandakan ulang tahun ke 40 penyertaannya, Elizabeth memanggil 1992 horibilis annusnya, yang bermaksud tahun yang dahsyat. Pada bulan Mac, anak kedua, Putera Andrew, Duke of York, dan isterinya, Sarah, berpisah; pada bulan April, anak perempuannya, Princess Anne, bercerai Kapten Mark Phillips; semasa lawatan kenegaraan ke Jerman pada bulan Oktober, penunjuk perasaan marah di Dresden melemparkan telur kepadanya; dan, pada bulan November, kebakaran besar berlaku di Windsor Castle, salah satu kediaman rasminya. Raja itu berada di bawah kritikan yang meningkat dan penelitian awam. Dalam ucapan yang luar biasa, Ratu berkata bahawa mana-mana institusi mesti mengharapkan kritikan, tetapi mencadangkan ia dilakukan dengan \"sentuhan humor, kelembutan dan pemahaman\". Dua hari kemudian, Perdana Menteri, John Major, mengumumkan pembaharuan kepada kewangan diraja yang dirancang sejak tahun sebelumnya, termasuk cukai pendapatan Queen membayar dari 1993 dan seterusnya, penurunan dalam senarai sivil. Pada bulan Disember, Putera Charles dan isterinya, Diana, dipisahkan secara rasmi. Tahun itu berakhir dengan tuntutan mahkamah kerana Queen menggugat akhbar The Sun kerana melanggar hak cipta apabila ia menerbitkan teks mesej Krismas tahunannya dua hari sebelum disiarkan. Akhbar itu terpaksa membayar yuran undang-undangnya dan menyumbangkan \u00a3 200,000 kepada amal. <> Apakah ucapan Elizabeth pada 24 November, 1992? || penyertaannya <> Apa yang Elizabeth memanggilnya tahun lalu? || annus horribilis <> Bilakah Harga Andrew terpisah dari isterinya? || Mac <> Siapa yang membuat perceraian Puteri Anne pada bulan April? || Kapten Mark Phillips <> Apa rumah yang hebat terbakar pada bulan November? || Windsor Castle <> Dalam tahun apakah Putera Andrew dan Sarah bercerai? || <> Dalam tahun apa apakah Puteri Anne berkahwin dengan Kapten Mark Phillips? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah perceraian Putera Charles dan Diana? || <> Berapa banyak yuran guaman yang harus dibayar oleh The Sun kepada Ratu? || <> Berapakah kos api Windsor Castle untuk membaiki? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?", "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690a", "answers": [{"text": "her accession", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth call her past year?", "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690b", "answers": [{"text": "annus horribilis", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?", "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690c", "answers": [{"text": "March", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?", "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690d", "answers": [{"text": "Captain Mark Phillips", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What great house caught fire in November?", "id": "5710240aa58dae1900cd690e", "answers": [{"text": "Windsor Castle", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "In what year did Prince Andrew and Sarah get divorced?", "id": "5ad3751d604f3c001a3fe2e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "In what year did Princess Anne marry Captain Mark Phillips?", "id": "5ad3751d604f3c001a3fe2ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "In what year did Prince Charles and Diana divorce?", "id": "5ad3751d604f3c001a3fe2eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3200,000", "answer_start": 1253}], "question": "How much in legal fees did the The Sun have to pay to the Queen?", "id": "5ad3751d604f3c001a3fe2ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3200,000", "answer_start": 1253}], "question": "How much did the Windsor Castle fire cost to repair?", "id": "5ad3751d604f3c001a3fe2ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with \"a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding\". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated \u00a3200,000 to charity."}]], [["Dari sekurang-kurangnya abad kesembilan belas di Eropah, terdapat spekulasi bahawa julat respon seksual manusia kelihatan lebih seperti kontinum daripada dua atau tiga kategori diskret. Ahli seks dari Berlin Magnus Hirschfeld menerbitkan satu skema pada tahun 1896 yang mengukur kekuatan keinginan seksual individu pada dua skala 10 titik bebas, A (homoseksual) dan B (heteroseksual). Individu heteroseksual mungkin A0, B5; Individu homoseksual mungkin A5, B0; seorang aseksual akan menjadi A0, B0; dan seseorang yang mempunyai tarikan kuat kepada kedua-dua jantina adalah A9, B9. <> Siapa ahli seks yang menerbitkan skema pada tahun 1896? || Magnus Hirschfeld <> Apa rancangan percubaan yang diterbitkan? || mengukur kekuatan keinginan seksual individu <> Bagaimana skema mengukur keinginan? || pada dua skala 10 titik bebas <> Apakah dua skala yang ditakrifkan sebagai? || A (homoseksual) dan B (heteroseksual) <> Berapa banyak mata pada setiap skala? || 10-point <> Bilakah timbulnya pertanyaan balas seksual manusia? || Dari sekurang-kurangnya akhir abad kesembilan belas <> Siapa yang membuat skala sepuluh titik pada keinginan seseorang seksual? || Magnus Hirschfeld <> Tahun berapa Magnus Hirschfeld mencipta skala sepuluh titik pada keinginan seksual seseorang. || 1896 <> Pada skala ten point Magnus apa yang akan dianggap orang homoseksual? || individu homoseksual mungkin A5, B0 <> Pada skala sepuluh titik apa yang akan dianggap sebagai orang aseksual? || seorang aseksual akan A0, B0", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?", "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f53", "answers": [{"text": "Magnus Hirschfeld", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the published scheme attempt to do?", "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f54", "answers": [{"text": "measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the scheme measure desire?", "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f55", "answers": [{"text": "on two independent 10-point scales", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the two scales defined as?", "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f56", "answers": [{"text": "A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many points were on each scale?", "id": "570fa3d65ab6b81900390f57", "answers": [{"text": "10-point", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?", "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a4", "answers": [{"text": "From at least the late nineteenth century", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?", "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a5", "answers": [{"text": "Magnus Hirschfeld", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. ", "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a6", "answers": [{"text": "1896", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?", "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a7", "answers": [{"text": "a homosexual individual may be A5, B0", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?", "id": "570ffadea58dae1900cd67a8", "answers": [{"text": "an asexual would be A0, B0", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9."}], ["Satu lagi kajian mengenai corak seksual lelaki dan wanita mengesahkan bahawa lelaki dan wanita mempunyai corak rangsangan yang berbeza, bebas daripada orientasi seksual mereka. Kajian mendapati bahawa alat kelamin wanita menjadi terangsang kepada rangsangan manusia dan bukan manusia dari filem yang menunjukkan manusia dari kedua-dua jantina yang mempunyai hubungan seks (heteroseksual dan homoseksual) dan dari video yang menunjukkan primata bukan manusia (bonobos) yang melakukan hubungan seks. Lelaki tidak menunjukkan sebarang rangsangan seksual kepada rangsangan visual bukan manusia, corak rangsangan mereka selaras dengan minat seksual tertentu mereka (wanita untuk lelaki dan lelaki heteroseksual untuk lelaki homoseksual). <> Adakah pola pemikiran lelaki dan wanita berbeza? || lelaki dan wanita mempunyai corak rangsangan yang berbeza <> Adakah corak yang berkaitan dengan orientasi? || bebas daripada orientasi seksual mereka <> Apa jenis rangsangan yang ditemui untuk membangkitkan wanita? || kedua-dua rangsangan manusia dan bukan manusia <> Apa rangsangan lelaki tidak menunjukkan rangsangan terhadap? || kepada rangsangan visual bukan manusia <> Corak arousal lelaki didapati dengan? || Kepentingan seksual tertentu <> Apa kajian terhadap lelaki dan wanita menunjukkan persembahan seksual? || mengesahkan bahawa lelaki dan wanita mempunyai corak rangsangan yang berbeza, bebas daripada orientasi seksual mereka <> Adakah wanita dalam studys menjadi terangsang kepada rangsangan heteroseksual? || menjadi rangsangan kepada rangsangan manusia dan bukan manusia daripada filem yang menunjukkan manusia dari kedua-dua jantina yang mempunyai hubungan seks (heteroseksual dan homoseksual <> Adakah lelaki mempunyai sebarang rangsangan daripada video bukan manusia yang mengandungi seks? || x. Lelaki tidak menunjukkan sebarang gairah seksual kepada orang bukan manusia Rangsangan visual, <> Adakah rangsangan lelaki berkaitan dengan minat seksual? ||, corak arousal mereka selaras dengan minat seksual tertentu mereka (wanita untuk lelaki dan lelaki heteroseksual untuk lelaki homoseksual).", {"qas": [{"question": "Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?", "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab3609", "answers": [{"text": "men and women have different patterns of arousal", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are the patterns related to orientation?", "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360a", "answers": [{"text": "independent of their sexual orientations", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?", "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360b", "answers": [{"text": "both human and nonhuman stimuli", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?", "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360c", "answers": [{"text": "to non-human visual stimuli", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?", "id": "570fa65280d9841400ab360d", "answers": [{"text": "their specific sexual interest", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?", "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f723", "answers": [{"text": "confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?", "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f724", "answers": [{"text": "become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?", "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f725", "answers": [{"text": "x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?", "id": "570ffff5b654c5140001f726", "answers": [{"text": ", their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men)."}], ["Androphilia dan gynephilia (atau gynecophilia) adalah istilah yang digunakan dalam sains tingkah laku untuk menggambarkan tarikan seksual, sebagai alternatif kepada konseptual homoseksual dan heteroseksual. Mereka digunakan untuk mengenal pasti obyek tarikan objek tanpa mengaitkan tugasan seks atau identiti jantina kepada subjek. Terma berkaitan seperti panseksual dan polyseksual tidak membuat apa-apa tugasan sedemikian untuk subjek itu. Orang juga boleh menggunakan istilah seperti queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, atau identiti peribadi seperti byke atau biphilic. <> Apakah istilah sains digunakan untuk menggambarkan tarikan seksual? || Androphilia dan gynephilia <> Terma-terma ini adalah alternatif kepada apa konsep? || kepada konseptual homoseksual dan heteroseksual <> Apakah syarat-syarat ini tidak berkaitan dengan subjek / orang yang digambarkan? || tugasan seks atau identiti jantina <> Apakah syarat lain yang tidak membuat tugasan yang sama? || panseksual dan polyseksual <> Apakah istilah lain yang digunakan dalam urat yang sama seperti panseksual? || queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual <> Istilah mana yang digunakan dalam menggambarkan keinginan seksual? || Androphilia dan gynephilia (atau gynecophilia <> Apakah dua kata lain untuk androphilia dan gynephlia? || homoseksual dan heteroseksual <> Apa istilah androphilia dan kegunaan gynephial untuk? || mengenal pasti obyek daya tarikan subjek tanpa mengaitkan tugasan seks atau jantina identiti kepada subjek <> Apa kata-kata umum yang boleh digunakan orang untuk orang homoseksual dan heteroseksual? || queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambiseksual, atau identiti peribadi seperti byke atau bifilis.", {"qas": [{"question": "What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?", "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f6d", "answers": [{"text": "Androphilia and gynephilia", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?", "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f6e", "answers": [{"text": "to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?", "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f6f", "answers": [{"text": "a sex assignment or gender identity", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?", "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f70", "answers": [{"text": "pansexual and polysexual", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?", "id": "570fa6fd5ab6b81900390f71", "answers": [{"text": "queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?", "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67be", "answers": [{"text": "Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?", "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67bf", "answers": [{"text": "homosexual and heterosexual", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?", "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67c0", "answers": [{"text": "identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?", "id": "57100108a58dae1900cd67c1", "answers": [{"text": "queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic."}], ["Tiada organisasi profesional kesihatan mental yang utama telah mensubstitusi usaha untuk mengubah orientasi seksual dan hampir semuanya telah mengadopsi kenyataan dasar yang memperingatkan profesion dan orang awam mengenai rawatan yang berorientasi mengubah orientasi seksual. Ini termasuk Persatuan Psikiatri Amerika, Persatuan Psikologi Amerika, Persatuan Kaunseling Amerika, Persatuan Kebangsaan Pekerja Sosial di Amerika Syarikat, Kolej Psikiatri Diraja, dan Persatuan Psikologi Australia. <> Bagaimana pendekatan profesion kesihatan mental untuk mengubah orientasi seksual? || telah mengadaptasi kenyataan dasar <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan pernyataan dasar ini? || memperingati profesion dan orang ramai tentang rawatan yang bermaksud mengubah orientasi seksual <> Apa beberapa organisasi yang telah mengeluarkan kenyataan dasar? || Persatuan Kebangsaan Pekerja Sosial di Amerika Syarikat, Kolej Psikiatri Diraja, dan Persatuan Psikologi Australia. <> Adakah mereka yang mempunyai proffesional kesihatan mental yang mempunyai program untuk mengubah orientasi seksual? || Tiada organisasi profesional kesihatan mental yang utama telah mensubstitusi usaha untuk mengubah orientasi seksual <> Apakah kenyataan dasar yang hampir semua proffesionals diterapkan pada amalan mereka? || memperingati profesion dan orang ramai mengenai rawatan yang bertujuan mengubah orientasi seksual. <> Apakah beberapa persatuan profesional yang tidak menawarkan perubahan orientasi seksual? || Persatuan Psikiatrik Amerika, Persatuan Psikologi Amerika, Persatuan Kaunseling Amerika,", {"qas": [{"question": "How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?", "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35e7", "answers": [{"text": "have adopted policy statements", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do these policy statements suggest? ", "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35e8", "answers": [{"text": "cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?", "id": "570fa35780d9841400ab35ea", "answers": [{"text": "National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?", "id": "570ff9f3b654c5140001f70b", "answers": [{"text": "No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?", "id": "570ff9f3b654c5140001f70c", "answers": [{"text": "cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?", "id": "570ff9f3b654c5140001f70d", "answers": [{"text": "the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society."}], ["Orang gay dan lesbian boleh mempunyai hubungan seksual dengan seseorang yang bertentangan dengan pelbagai sebab, termasuk keinginan untuk keluarga tradisional yang dianggap dan kebimbangan tentang diskriminasi dan keengganan agama. Walaupun sesetengah orang LGBT menyembunyikan orientasi masing-masing dari pasangan mereka, yang lain mengembangkan identiti gay dan lesbian yang positif di samping mengekalkan perkahwinan heteroseksual yang berjaya. Keluar dari almari kepada diri sendiri, pasangan dari lawan jenis, dan kanak-kanak boleh mengemukakan cabaran yang tidak dihadapi oleh orang gay dan lesbian yang tidak berkahwin dengan orang yang bertentangan atau tidak mempunyai anak. <> Apa sebabnya seorang homoseksual akan terlibat dalam tingkah laku heteroseksual? || ostracism keagamaan <> Apakah senario yang mungkin berlaku apabila homoseksual yang tertutup berada dalam hubungan heteroseksual? || Sembunyikan orientasi masing-masing dari pasangan mereka <> Apakah beberapa perkara yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang homoseksual berada dalam hubungan lawan? || keinginan untuk keluarga tradisional dan kebimbangan mengenai diskriminasi dan kehamilan agama <> Bolehkah seorang lelaki homoseksual masih mengembangkan identiti seksual mereka semasa dengan seks bertentangan? || yang lain membina identiti gay dan lesbian yang positif sambil mengekalkan perkahwinan heteroseksual yang berjaya <> Apakah jenis kesukaran yang boleh dilakukan seorang homoseksual ketika mengakui seksual mereka semasa dalam perkahwinan heteroseksual? || Keluar dari almari kepada diri sendiri, pasangan dari lawan jenis, dan kanak-kanak <> Bolehkah seorang lelaki homoseksual menyembunyikan sifat sebenar mereka? || sesetengah orang LGBT menyembunyikan orientasi masing-masing dari pasangan mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?", "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f4b", "answers": [{"text": "religious ostracism", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?", "id": "570fa2a35ab6b81900390f4d", "answers": [{"text": "hide their respective orientations from their spouses", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?", "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f703", "answers": [{"text": "desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? ", "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f704", "answers": [{"text": "others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?", "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f705", "answers": [{"text": "Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?", "id": "570ff84db654c5140001f706", "answers": [{"text": "some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children."}], ["Penyelidikan yang memberi tumpuan kepada orientasi seksual menggunakan skala penilaian untuk mengenal pasti siapa yang berada di mana kumpulan penduduk seksual. Diandaikan bahawa skala ini akan dapat mengenal pasti dan mengkategorikan orang dengan orientasi seksual dengan tepat. Walau bagaimanapun, sukar untuk menentukan orientasi seksual individu melalui skala penilaian, kerana kekaburan mengenai definisi orientasi seksual. Pada amnya, terdapat tiga komponen orientasi seksual yang digunakan dalam penilaian. Definisi dan contoh bagaimana mereka boleh dinilai adalah seperti berikut: <> Bagaimana penyelidikan mengenal pasti kumpulan populasi seksual? || skala penilaian <> Apakah pemahaman tentang skala yang digunakan? || untuk mengenal pasti dan mengkategorikan orang dengan orientasi seksual mereka <> Mengapa mungkin skala itu gagal? || kerana kekaburan mengenai takrif orientasi seksual <> Berapa banyak komponen yang digunakan dalam penilaian? || tiga komponen <> Apakah penyelidikan mengenai orientasi seksual digunakan untuk menentukan siapa yang berada di mana kelompok populaiton seksual? || skala penilaian <> Apakah idea umum menilai skala ini yang digunakan? || diandaikan bahawa skala ini akan dapat mengenal pasti dan mengkategorikan orang dengan orientasi seksual dengan tepat. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan masalah dengan skala ini yang digunakan? || kekaburan mengenai takrif orientasi seksual <> Berapa banyak komponen yang digunakan dalam penilaian? || terdapat tiga komponen orientasi seksual", {"qas": [{"question": "How does research identify sexual population groups?", "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f65", "answers": [{"text": "scales of assessment", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the understanding of the scales used?", "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f66", "answers": [{"text": "to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why might the scales fail?", "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f67", "answers": [{"text": "due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many components are used in assessment?", "id": "570fa4fe5ab6b81900390f68", "answers": [{"text": "three components", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?", "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b6", "answers": [{"text": "scales of assessment", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?", "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b7", "answers": [{"text": "assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can cause problems with these scales that are used?", "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b8", "answers": [{"text": "ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many components are used in an assessment?", "id": "570ffd0ea58dae1900cd67b9", "answers": [{"text": "there are three components of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:"}], ["Kebimbangan ketiga dengan skala Kinsey adalah bahawa ia tidak betul mengukur heteroseksualiti dan homoseksual pada skala yang sama, menjadikannya satu pertentangan yang lain. Penyelidikan pada tahun 1970-an mengenai kejantanan dan kewanitaan mendapati bahawa konsep maskuliniti dan kewanitaan lebih tepat diukur sebagai konsep bebas pada skala berasingan dan bukan sebagai satu kontinum tunggal, dengan setiap hujung yang mewakili keterlaluan yang bertentangan. Apabila dibandingkan dengan skala yang sama, mereka bertindak sebagai tradeoffs, di mana menjadi lebih feminin harus kurang maskulin dan sebaliknya. Walau bagaimanapun, jika mereka dianggap sebagai dimensi berasingan, seseorang boleh secara serentak sangat maskulin dan sangat feminin. Begitu juga, memandangkan heteroseksual dan homoseksual pada skala berasingan akan membolehkan seseorang menjadi sangat heteroseksual dan sangat homoseksual atau tidak terlalu baik. Apabila mereka diukur secara bebas, tahap heteroseksual dan homoseksual boleh ditentukan secara berasingan, dan bukannya keseimbangan antara heteroseksual dan homoseksual seperti yang ditentukan menggunakan Skala Kinsey. <> Apa yang menjadi perhatian skala Kinsey? || ia tidak betul mengukur heteroseksualiti dan homoseksual <> Bagaimana keagungan dan kewanitaan lebih tepat diukur? || sebagai konsep bebas pada skala yang berasingan <> Apa yang berlaku jika konsep diukur pada skala yang sama? || mereka bertindak sebagai tradeoffs, di mana untuk menjadi lebih feminin harus kurang maskulin dan sebaliknya <> Apakah kelebihan mengukur unsur-unsur ini secara berasingan? || tahap heteroseksual dan homoseksual boleh ditentukan secara berasingan, bukannya keseimbangan antara heteroseksual dan homoseksual <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai masalah dengan skala Kinsey? || tidak wajar mengukur heteroseksualiti dan homoseksual pada skala yang sama <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan pada tahun 1970-an menunjukkan tentang kejantanan dan feminin? || lebih tepat diukur sebagai konsep bebas pada skala yang berasingan dan bukan sebagai kontinum tunggal <> Apa yang mungkin jika homesexuality dan heteroseksualiti diukur pada skala yang berbeza? || akan membolehkan seseorang menjadi sangat heteroseksual dan sangat homoseksual atau tidak terlalu baik. <> Apakah faedah lain mengukur seksualiti pada dua ayat skalesa hanya skala Kinsey? || tahap heteroseksual dan homoseksual boleh ditentukan secara bebas,", {"qas": [{"question": "What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?", "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f5d", "answers": [{"text": "it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?", "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f5e", "answers": [{"text": "as independent concepts on a separate scale", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?", "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f5f", "answers": [{"text": "they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?", "id": "570fa4675ab6b81900390f60", "answers": [{"text": "the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?", "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67ae", "answers": [{"text": "inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?", "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67af", "answers": [{"text": "more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?", "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67b0", "answers": [{"text": "would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?", "id": "570ffc01a58dae1900cd67b1", "answers": [{"text": "the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale."}], ["Bergantung kepada komponen orientasi seksual yang sedang dinilai dan dirujuk, kesimpulan yang berbeza dapat diambil mengenai kadar kelaziman homoseksual yang mempunyai akibat dunia nyata. Mengetahui berapa banyak penduduk yang terdiri daripada individu-individu homoseksual mempengaruhi bagaimana populasi ini dapat dilihat atau dirawat oleh badan-badan awam dan kerajaan. Sebagai contoh, jika individu homoseksual hanya terdiri daripada 1% daripada penduduk umum, mereka lebih mudah dilupakan secara politik atau daripada jika mereka dikenali sebagai kawasan yang melangkaui kebanyakan kumpulan etnik dan kumpulan minoriti. Sekiranya bilangannya agak kecil maka sukar untuk berhujah untuk program dan perkhidmatan seks yang berasaskan komuniti, kemasukan media massa model gay, atau Gay / Straight Alliances di sekolah. Atas sebab ini, pada tahun 1970-an Bruce Voeller, pengerusi Pasukan Petugas Gay dan Lesbian Nasional mengekalkan satu mitos yang sama bahawa kelaziman homoseksualiti adalah 10% untuk seluruh penduduk dengan purata angka 13% untuk lelaki dan 7% untuk wanita. Penjual merujuk keputusan ini dan menggunakannya sebagai sebahagian daripada pergerakan hak gay moden untuk meyakinkan para ahli politik dan orang awam bahawa \"kami [gay dan lesbian] ada di mana-mana\". <> Mitos apakah yang dilakukan oleh Bruce Voeller dalam tahun 70-an? || bahawa kelaziman homoseksualiti adalah 10% untuk seluruh penduduk <> Apakah perhitungan mitos ini? || purata angka 13% untuk lelaki dan 7% jumlah wanita <> Mesej apa yang dihantar oleh Voeller menggunakan mitos ini? || kita [gay dan lesbian] ada di mana-mana <> Apa yang datang bersama dengan menentukan berapa banyak penduduk homoseksual? || mempengaruhi bagaimana populasi ini boleh dilihat atau dirawat oleh badan awam dan kerajaan <> Apa yang mempengaruhi pengaruh seksual penduduk? || bagaimana populasi ini dapat dilihat atau dirawat oleh badan awam dan kerajaan <> Siapa yang menjadi pencetus pasukan petugas gay dan lesbian negara pada tahun 1970-an? || Bruce Voeller <> Apa mitos yang dilakukan oleh Bruce Voeller pada tahun 1970-an? || bahawa kelaziman homoseksual adalah 10% untuk seluruh penduduk dengan purata angka 13% untuk lelaki dan 7% untuk wanita <> Apa yang dilakukan Bruce Voeller dengan penemuannya? || menggunakannya sebagai sebahagian daripada pergerakan hak gay moden untuk meyakinkan para ahli politik dan orang awam bahawa \"kami [gay dan lesbian] ada di mana-mana\".", {"qas": [{"question": "What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?", "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3601", "answers": [{"text": "that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population", "answer_start": 900}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the calculations of this myth?", "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3602", "answers": [{"text": "averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women", "answer_start": 972}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?", "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3603", "answers": [{"text": "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere", "answer_start": 1162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?", "id": "570fa5ab80d9841400ab3604", "answers": [{"text": "influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does knowing the sexual population influence?", "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71b", "answers": [{"text": "how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?", "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71c", "answers": [{"text": "Bruce Voeller", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?", "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71d", "answers": [{"text": "that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women", "answer_start": 900}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?", "id": "570ffeaab654c5140001f71e", "answers": [{"text": "used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that \"we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere\".", "answer_start": 1067}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that \"we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere\"."}], ["Identiti seksual dan tingkah laku seksual berkait rapat dengan orientasi seksual, tetapi mereka dibezakan, dengan identiti seksual merujuk kepada konsepsi individu tentang diri mereka sendiri, tingkah laku merujuk kepada perbuatan seksual sebenar yang dilakukan oleh individu, dan orientasi merujuk kepada \"fantasi, lampiran dan kerinduan. \" Individu mungkin atau tidak boleh menyatakan orientasi seksual mereka dalam tingkah laku mereka. Orang yang mempunyai orientasi seks homoseksual yang tidak selaras dengan identiti seksual mereka kadang-kadang disebut sebagai 'closeted'. Walau bagaimanapun, istilah ini mencerminkan konteks budaya tertentu dan peralihan tertentu dalam masyarakat yang beransur-ansur berurusan dengan menggabungkan minoriti seksual. Dalam kajian yang berkaitan dengan orientasi seksual, apabila berurusan dengan tahap tarikan seksual, tingkah laku dan pertandingan identiti seseorang, para saintis biasanya menggunakan istilah konkordans atau percanggahan. Oleh itu, seorang wanita yang tertarik kepada wanita lain, tetapi memanggil dirinya sebagai heteroseksual dan hanya mempunyai hubungan seks dengan lelaki, boleh dikatakan mengalami kekacauan antara orientasi seksualnya (homoseksual atau lesbian) dan identiti dan kelakuan seksualnya (heteroseksual). <> Apakah identiti seksual ditakrifkan sebagai? || Konsep individu tentang diri mereka sendiri <> Apakah tingkah laku seksual ditakrifkan sebagai? || perbuatan seks sebenar yang dilakukan oleh individu <> Apakah orientasi seksual ditakrifkan sebagai? || fantasi, lampiran dan kerinduan <> Apa maksud istilah penutup? || Orang yang mempunyai orientasi seksual homoseksual yang tidak selaras dengan identiti seksual mereka <> Apakah istilah yang berkaitan dengan tahap tarikan seks, tingkah laku dan identiti seksual seseorang? || konkordans atau percanggahan <> Apakah perbezaan dalam identiti seksual dan tingkah laku seksual? || identiti seksual merujuk kepada konsep individu tentang diri mereka sendiri, tingkah laku merujuk kepada perbuatan seksual sebenar yang dilakukan oleh individu <> Adakah seseorang perlu menunjukkan kecenderungan seksual mereka dalam perbuatan peribadi mereka? || Individu mungkin atau tidak boleh menyatakan orientasi seksual mereka dalam tingkah laku mereka. <> Apakah istilah yang boleh digunakan untuk seseorang yang tidak menunjukkan homoseksualiti secara terbuka? || closeted <> Kata apa yang digunakan apabila orientasi seksual, tingkah laku, dan gaya seksual tidak sepadan? || perselisihan <> Kata mana yang digunakan apabila sesuatu orientasi seksual, tingkah laku, dan pertunjukan rupa? || kesesuaian", {"qas": [{"question": "What is sexual identity defined as?", "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f35", "answers": [{"text": "individual's conception of themselves", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is sexual behavior defined as?", "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f36", "answers": [{"text": "actual sexual acts performed by the individual", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is sexual orientation defined as?", "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f37", "answers": [{"text": "fantasies, attachments and longings", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the term closeted mean?", "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f38", "answers": [{"text": "People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?", "id": "570fa1345ab6b81900390f39", "answers": [{"text": "concordance or discordance", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? ", "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6f9", "answers": [{"text": "sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?", "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fa", "answers": [{"text": "Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? ", "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fb", "answers": [{"text": "closeted", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?", "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fc", "answers": [{"text": "discordance", "answer_start": 896}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?", "id": "570ff6fcb654c5140001f6fd", "answers": [{"text": "concordance", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to \"fantasies, attachments and longings.\" Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual)."}], ["Para saintis tidak mengetahui punca orientasi seksual yang tepat, tetapi mereka percaya bahawa ia disebabkan oleh pengaruh interaksi genetik, hormon, dan alam sekitar yang rumit. Mereka memihak kepada teori berasaskan biologi, yang menunjuk kepada faktor genetik, persekitaran rahim awal, keduanya, atau kemasukan faktor genetik dan sosial. Tiada bukti substantif yang mencadangkan keibubapaan atau pengalaman kanak-kanak awal memainkan peranan ketika datang ke orientasi seksual. Penyelidikan selama beberapa dekad telah menunjukkan bahawa orientasi seks berkisar sepanjang kontinum, dari tarikan eksklusif kepada jantina yang bertentangan dengan tarikan eksklusif kepada seks yang sama. <> Apakah pengaruh yang disukai terhadap sebab orientasi seksual? || berasaskan biologi <> Adakah terdapat bukti bahawa keibubapaan dan / atau masa kanak-kanak memainkan peranan dalam menentukan orientasi seksual? || tiada bukti substantif yang mencadangkan keibubapaan atau pengalaman kanak-kanak awal memainkan peranan <> Apakah kontinum yang diperhatikan untuk orientasi seksual? || tarikan eksklusif kepada jantina yang bertentangan dengan tarikan eksklusif kepada seks yang sama. <> Adakah saintis tahu punca orientasi seksual? || Para saintis tidak mengetahui sebab sebenar orientasi seksual <> Apa tiga faktor yang dipercayai saintis sebagai penyebab orientasi seksual? || genetik, hormon, dan alam sekitar <> Adakah saintis percaya bahawa keibubapaan dan / atau masa kanak-kanak memainkan peranan dalam orientasi seksual? || Tidak ada bukti substantif yang mencadangkan keibubapaan atau pengalaman kanak-kanak awal memainkan peranan ketika datang ke orientasi seksual <> Apakah dua ekstrem dari kontinum orientasi seksual? || tarikan eksklusif kepada jantina yang bertentangan dengan tarikan eksklusif kepada seks yang sama. <> Adakah penyelidikan sains menggariskan punca keutamaan orientasi seksual? || Para saintis tidak mengetahui sebab sebenar orientasi seksual <> Jenis teori apa yang disukai oleh saintis yang mempelajari orientasi seksual? || teori berasaskan biologi <> Adakah saintis tahu apa yang boleh menyebabkan orientasi seksual seseorang? || Para saintis tidak mengetahui sebab sebenar orientasi seksual <> Apa yang boleh dipertimbangkan secara saintifik sebagai faktor utama dalam orientasi seksual seseorang? || mereka percaya bahawa ia disebabkan oleh interaksi rumit genetik, hormon, dan pengaruh alam sekitar. <> Apa yang tidak boleh dianggap sebagai faktor dalam orientasi seksual disebabkan kekurangan bukti? || Tiada bukti substantif yang mencadangkan keibubapaan atau pengalaman kanak-kanak awal memainkan peranan ketika datang ke orientasi seksual. <> Apa yang telah dilakukan penyelidikan sudah menunjukkan persembahan seksual? || telah menunjukkan bahawa orientasi seks berkisar sepanjang kontinum, dari tarikan eksklusif kepada jantina yang bertentangan dengan tarikan eksklusif kepada seks yang sama. <> Idea yang manakah ahli sains bersandar ke arah menyebabkan orientasi seksual? || Mereka menyokong teori berasaskan biologi, yang menunjukkan faktor genetik, persekitaran rahim awal, keduanya, atau kemasukan faktor genetik dan sosial", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?", "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f04", "answers": [{"text": "biologically-based", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?", "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f05", "answers": [{"text": "no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?", "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f06", "answers": [{"text": "exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?", "id": "570f8a7d5ab6b81900390f07", "answers": [{"text": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?", "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35dd", "answers": [{"text": "genetic, hormonal, and environmental", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?", "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35de", "answers": [{"text": "There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?", "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35df", "answers": [{"text": "exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?", "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35e0", "answers": [{"text": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?", "id": "570fa05680d9841400ab35e1", "answers": [{"text": "biologically-based theories", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?", "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6792", "answers": [{"text": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?", "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6793", "answers": [{"text": "they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?", "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6794", "answers": [{"text": "There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?", "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6795", "answers": [{"text": "has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?", "id": "570ff36da58dae1900cd6796", "answers": [{"text": "They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."}], ["Orientasi seksual yang dilihat dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana seseorang dirawat. Sebagai contoh, di Amerika Syarikat, FBI melaporkan bahawa 15.6% jenayah benci dilaporkan kepada polis pada tahun 2004 adalah \"kerana kecenderungan orientasi seksual\". Di bawah Peraturan Persamaan Pekerjaan Inggeris (Orientasi Seksual) 2003, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Penasihat, Konsiliasi dan Perkhidmatan Timbang Tara, \"pekerja atau pemohon kerja tidak boleh dilayan dengan kurang baik kerana orientasi seksual mereka, orientasi seksual mereka yang dianggap atau kerana mereka bersekutu dengan seseorang orientasi seksual tertentu \". <> Apa yang boleh menjejaskan bagaimana seseorang dirawat? || Orientasi seksual yang dirasakan <> Sebanyak peratus jenayah benci yang dilakukan oleh FBI berkaitan dengan kecenderungan orientasi seksual? || 15.6% <> Bilakah undang-undang peraturan perundangan UK (orientasi seksual) berkuatkuasa? || 2003, <> Di bawah undang-undang ini apakah keadaan ini yang diperlukan oleh majikan? || pekerja atau pemohon kerja tidak boleh dilayan dengan kurang baik kerana orientasi seksual mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "What can affect how a person is treated?", "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681a", "answers": [{"text": "Perceived sexual orientation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?", "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681b", "answers": [{"text": "15.6%", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?", "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681c", "answers": [{"text": "2003,", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?", "id": "57100d1da58dae1900cd681d", "answers": [{"text": "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were \"because of a sexual-orientation bias\". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, \"workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation\"."}], ["Penilaian Jual Seksyen Orientasi Seksual (SASO) telah dibangunkan untuk menangani kebimbangan utama dengan Kinsey Scale dan Klein Orientation Grid Seksual dan oleh itu, mengukur orientasi seksual pada kontinum, menganggap pelbagai dimensi orientasi seksual, dan menganggap homoseksual dan heteroseksual secara berasingan. Daripada menyediakan penyelesaian akhir kepada persoalan bagaimana cara terbaik mengukur orientasi seksual, SASO dimaksudkan untuk mencetuskan perbincangan dan perdebatan mengenai pengukuran orientasi seksual. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh SASO? || Jual Penilaian Orientasi Seksual <> Mengapa SASO dibuat? || untuk menangani kebimbangan utama dengan Kinsey Scale dan Klein Orientation Grid Seksual <> Apa yang SASO mendapati salah dengan skala KInsey dan Klein Seksyen Orientasi Grid? || mengukur orientasi seksual pada kontinum, menganggap pelbagai dimensi orientasi seksual, dan menganggap homoseksual dan heteroseksual secara terpisah <> Apa itu matlamat utama SASO? || menyediakan penyelesaian akhir kepada persoalan bagaimana cara terbaik mengukur orientasi seksual <> Apa itu SASO yang menyebabkan perbincangan dan perdebatan? || pengukuran orientasi seksual.", {"qas": [{"question": "What does SASO stand for?", "id": "57100993b654c5140001f785", "answers": [{"text": "Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was SASO created?", "id": "57100993b654c5140001f786", "answers": [{"text": "to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?", "id": "57100993b654c5140001f787", "answers": [{"text": "measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of SASO's main goals?", "id": "57100993b654c5140001f788", "answers": [{"text": "providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?", "id": "57100993b654c5140001f789", "answers": [{"text": "measurements of sexual orientation.", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation."}], ["Skala Kinsey menyediakan klasifikasi orientasi seksual berdasarkan jumlah relatif pengalaman heteroseksual dan homoseksual atau tindak balas psikik dalam sejarah seseorang pada waktu tertentu. Skim klasifikasi berfungsi supaya individu dalam kategori yang sama menunjukkan keseimbangan yang sama antara elemen heteroseksual dan homoseksual dalam sejarah mereka. Kedudukan pada skala adalah berdasarkan kepada hubungan heteroseksual terhadap homoseksual dalam sejarah seseorang, dan bukannya jumlah pengalaman yang nyata atau tindak balas psikik. Individu boleh diberikan kedudukan pada skala sesuai dengan takrif berikut dari titik skala: <> Apa skala Kinsey menyediakan klasifikasi untuk? || orientasi seksual berdasarkan jumlah relatif pengalaman heteroseksual dan homoseksual atau tindak balas psikik dalam sejarah seseorang pada waktu tertentu. <> Bagaimana skema kelasisasi berfungsi pada skala Kinsey? || seperti mana individu dalam kategori yang sama menunjukkan keseimbangan yang sama antara elemen heteroseksual dan homoseksual dalam sejarah mereka <> Apakah kedudukan pada skala Kinsey berdasarkan? || hubungan seks heteroseksual terhadap homoseksual dalam sejarah seseorang <> Jawatan apa yang tidak digunakan oleh skala KInsey? || jumlah sebenar pengalaman sebenar atau tindak balas psikik", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?", "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67ea", "answers": [{"text": "sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?", "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67eb", "answers": [{"text": "such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?", "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67ec", "answers": [{"text": "relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What positions does the KInsey scale not use?", "id": "571008d5a58dae1900cd67ed", "answers": [{"text": "the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:"}], ["Baru-baru ini, saintis telah mula memberi tumpuan kepada mengukur perubahan dalam aktiviti otak yang berkaitan dengan rangsangan seksual, dengan menggunakan teknik pengimbasan otak. Satu kajian tentang bagaimana reaksi otak lelaki heteroseksual dan homoseksual untuk melihat gambar lelaki dan wanita telanjang mendapati bahawa kedua-dua lelaki heteroseksual dan homoseksual bertindak balas positif untuk melihat seks pilihan mereka, menggunakan kawasan otak yang sama. Satu-satunya perbezaan kumpulan yang signifikan di antara orientasi ini didapati di amygdala, kawasan otak yang diketahui terlibat dalam mengawal ketakutan. <> Apa yang telah dimulakan oleh ahli-ahli sains? || mengukur perubahan dalam aktiviti otak yang berkaitan dengan rangsangan seksual <> Bagaimana saintis paling mengukur aktiviti otak? || dengan menggunakan teknik pengimbasan otak <> Bagaimana lelaki dan lelaki lurus bertindak balas terhadap gambar lelaki dan wanita telanjang? || Secara positif <> Apa perbezaan antara kajian antara lelaki dan lelaki lurus? || Satu-satunya perbezaan kumpulan yang signifikan di antara orientasi ini didapati di amygdala, <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh amygdala kawasan otak? || diketahui terlibat dalam mengawal ketakutan.", {"qas": [{"question": "What have scientists started spending the most time on?", "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6806", "answers": [{"text": "measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do scientiest measure brain activity?", "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6807", "answers": [{"text": "by using brain-scanning techniques", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?", "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6808", "answers": [{"text": "positively", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?", "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd6809", "answers": [{"text": "The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the amygdala region of the brain do?", "id": "57100c2ea58dae1900cd680a", "answers": [{"text": "known to be involved in regulating fear.", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear."}], ["Oleh kerana tidak ada kajian yang menunjukkan ketiga-tiga komponen itu penting dalam menentukan orientasi seksual, ketiga-tiga digunakan secara bebas dan memberikan kesimpulan yang berbeza mengenai orientasi seksual. Savin Williams (2006) membincangkan isu ini dan menyatakan bahawa dengan mendasarkan penemuan mengenai orientasi seksual pada satu komponen, para penyelidik mungkin tidak dapat menangkap penduduk yang dimaksudkan. Sebagai contoh, jika homoseksual ditakrifkan oleh tingkah laku seks yang sama, perawan gay ditinggalkan, heteroseksual yang terlibat dalam tingkah laku seks yang sama atas sebab-sebab lain daripada rangsangan seksual yang disukai dikira salah, dan mereka yang mempunyai daya seks yang sama yang hanya mempunyai hubungan bertentangan seks dikecualikan. Oleh kerana populasi yang terhad yang ditangkap oleh setiap komponen, pengguna penyelidikan harus berhati-hati dalam menilai penemuan ini. <> Bagaimana tiga komponen digunakan untuk menentukan orientasi seksual? || Ketiga-tiga digunakan secara mandiri dan memberikan kesimpulan yang berbeza mengenai orientasi seksual <> Ketika Savin WIlliams berbicara tentang masalah dengan komponen ini? || (2006) <> Apakah masalah kepada alamat Savin semasa ceramah ini? || penemuan berdasarkan orientasi seksual pada satu komponen, para penyelidik mungkin tidak dapat menangkap populasi yang dimaksudkan <> Mengapa mendasarkan orientasi seksual pada satu komponen menyebabkan masalah? || Oleh kerana populasi yang terhad yang setiap komponen menangkap <> Bagaimana cara pengguna penyelidikan mendekati penemuan ini? || harus berhati-hati dalam mensyaratkan penemuan ini.", {"qas": [{"question": "How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?", "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f2", "answers": [{"text": "all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?", "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f3", "answers": [{"text": "(2006)", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What issues to Savin address during this talk?", "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f4", "answers": [{"text": "basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?", "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f5", "answers": [{"text": "Because of the limited populations that each component captures", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How should consumers of the research approach these findings?", "id": "57100b34a58dae1900cd67f6", "answers": [{"text": "should be cautious in generalizing these findings.", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings."}], ["Sesetengah penyelidikan mencadangkan bahawa \"[f] atau sesetengah [orang] tumpuan minat seksual akan beralih pada pelbagai titik melalui jangka hayat ...\" \"Di sana ... [adalah, pada tahun 1995,] pada dasarnya tiada kajian mengenai membujur kestabilan orientasi seksual sepanjang jangka hayat dewasa ... Ini [masih] soalan yang tidak dijawab sama ada ... [ukuran] komponen kompleks orientasi seksual yang dibezakan dari aspek lain dari identiti seksual pada satu pada masa ini 'akan meramalkan tingkah laku atau orientasi masa depan. Sudah tentu, ia bukanlah ... peramal yang baik terhadap tingkah laku masa lalu dan identiti diri, memandangkan proses perkembangan yang sama kepada kebanyakan lelaki gay dan lesbian (iaitu penolakan kepentingan homoseksual dan eksperimen heteroseksual sebelum proses keluar). \" Beberapa kajian melaporkan bahawa \"[beberapa] wanita lesbian, dan beberapa wanita heteroseksual juga, melihat pilihan sebagai elemen penting dalam orientasi seksual mereka.\" <> Bolehkah seseorang menukar minat seksual ke atas masa yang berlainan dalam hidup mereka? || Sesetengah penyelidikan mencadangkan bahawa \"[f] atau sesetengah [orang] tumpuan minat seksual akan beralih pada pelbagai titik melalui jangka hayat <> Sehingga tahun 1995 apa yang tidak dilakukan kajian mengenai orientasi seksual? || kestabilan membujur orientasi seksual ke atas orang dewasa <span> <> Apa yang mungkin dapat meramalkan orientasi masa depan seseorang sifat keinginan seksual? [] [ukuran 'komponen kompleks orientasi seksual yang dibezakan dari aspek lain dari identiti seksual pada satu titik dalam masa'] <> Apa yang dilihat oleh wanita lesbian sebagai bahagian penting dari orientasi seksual? || pilihan", {"qas": [{"question": "Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?", "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f74f", "answers": [{"text": "Some research suggests that \"[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?", "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f750", "answers": [{"text": "longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?", "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f751", "answers": [{"text": ". [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?", "id": "571006d0b654c5140001f752", "answers": [{"text": "choice", "answer_start": 858}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some research suggests that \"[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span...\" \"There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process).\" Some studies report that \"[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations.\""}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, individu-individu LGBT bukan Kaukasia mungkin mendapati diri mereka dalam minoriti ganda, di mana mereka tidak sepenuhnya diterima atau difahami oleh kebanyakan komuniti LGBT Kaukasia, ataupun mereka diterima oleh kumpulan etnik mereka sendiri. Ramai orang mengalami perkauman dalam komuniti LGBT yang dominan di mana stereotaip perkauman bergabung dengan stereotaip jantina, seperti yang LGBTs Asia-Amerika dilihat sebagai lebih pasif dan feminin, manakala LGBT Afrika-Amerika dilihat sebagai lebih maskulin dan agresif. Terdapat beberapa rangkaian sokongan khusus untuk individu LGBT yang aktif di Amerika Syarikat. Sebagai contoh, \"\u00d4-M\u00f4i\" untuk wanita Vietnam yang aneh. <> Siapa yang mendapati diri mereka dalam minoriti berganda di Amerika Syarikat? || LGBT bukan Kaukasia <> Apakah satu contoh stereotaip yang terdapat dalam minoriti ganda ini? || LGBT Asia-Amerika dilihat sebagai lebih pasif dan feminin <> Apa pengalaman bukan LGBT Kaukasia? || tidak diterima sepenuhnya atau difahami oleh kebanyakan komuniti LGBT Kaukasia, ataupun mereka diterima oleh kumpulan etnik mereka sendiri <> Apa contoh rangkaian sokongan khusus budaya? || \u00d4-M\u00f4i \"untuk wanita Vietnam yang aneh di Amerika. <> Di manakah orang-orang yang tidak berkulit putih dapat mencari diri di negara-negara bersatu? || dalam minoriti ganda, <> Apa artinya bagi orang LGBT yang mempunyai monoriti berganda ? || Mereka tidak diterima sepenuhnya atau difahami oleh kebanyakan komuniti LGBT Kaukasia, ataupun mereka diterima oleh kumpulan etnik mereka sendiri <> Apa yang ramai orang dalam komuniti LGBT dominan?> | perkauman <> Mengapa perkauman begitu buruk di komuniti LGBT bukan putih? || stereotaip perkauman bergabung dengan stereotaip gender <> Apakah nama rangkaian sokongan Vietnam Amerika bagi komuniti LGBT? || \u00d4-M\u00f4i", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?", "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f81", "answers": [{"text": "non-Caucasian LGBT", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?", "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f82", "answers": [{"text": "Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?", "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f83", "answers": [{"text": "neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a culturally specific support network?", "id": "570fa93f5ab6b81900390f84", "answers": [{"text": "\u00d4-M\u00f4i\" for Vietnamese American queer females.", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?", "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f73d", "answers": [{"text": "in a double minority,", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?", "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f73e", "answers": [{"text": "they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?", "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f73f", "answers": [{"text": "racism", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?", "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f740", "answers": [{"text": "racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?", "id": "571004d9b654c5140001f741", "answers": [{"text": "\u00d4-M\u00f4i", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, \"\u00d4-M\u00f4i\" for Vietnamese American queer females."}], ["Terjemahan adalah halangan utama apabila membandingkan budaya yang berbeza. Banyak istilah bahasa Inggeris yang kurang bersamaan dalam bahasa lain, manakala konsep dan kata-kata dari bahasa lain tidak dapat dilihat dalam bahasa Inggeris. Rintangan penterjemahan dan perbendaharaan kata tidak terhad kepada bahasa Inggeris. Bahasa boleh memaksa individu untuk mengenal pasti dengan label yang mungkin atau mungkin tidak mencerminkan secara tepat orientasi seksual sebenar mereka. Bahasa juga boleh digunakan untuk memberi isyarat orientasi seks kepada orang lain. Makna perkataan yang merujuk kepada kategori orientasi seksual dirundingkan dalam media massa berkaitan dengan organisasi sosial. Kata-kata baru boleh digunakan untuk menggambarkan istilah baru atau menggambarkan lebih baik tafsiran kompleks orientasi seksual. Kata-kata lain boleh mengambil lapisan baru atau makna. Contohnya, istilah istilah heteroseksual Marido dan mujer untuk \"suami\" dan \"isteri\" masing-masing, baru-baru ini telah digantikan di Sepanyol oleh istilah neutral jantina atau menamakan \"pasangan\". <> Apa yang cenderung menjadi halangan utama ketika membandingkan budaya? || Terjemahan <> Apa yang boleh memaksa individu untuk mengenal pasti dengan label yang mungkin tidak mencerminkan orientasi sejati? || Bahasa <> Di manakah makna perkataan dirundingkan? || media massa <> Apa yang boleh dimainkan untuk menggambarkan tafsiran orientasi seksual? || Kata-kata baru <> Apakah halangan utama ketika mempelajari budaya yang berbeda? || Terjemahan <> Mengapa translasi menyebabkan isu-isu seperti di kalangan budaya yang berbeza? || Bahasa Inggeris tidak mempunyai persamaan dalam bahasa lain, sedangkan konsep dan kata-kata dari bahasa-bahasa lain tidak dapat dilihat dalam bahasa Inggeris. <> Masalah apa yang timbul akibat masalah penterjemahan? || boleh memaksa individu untuk mengenal pasti dengan label yang mungkin atau mungkin tidak mencerminkan dengan tepat orientasi seksual mereka yang sebenar <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk memberi isyarat keinginan seks kepada orang lain? || Bahasa", {"qas": [{"question": "What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?", "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab361d", "answers": [{"text": "Translation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?", "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab361e", "answers": [{"text": "Language", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the meanings of words negotiated?", "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab361f", "answers": [{"text": "mass media", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?", "id": "570fa7b080d9841400ab3620", "answers": [{"text": "New words", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?", "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c6", "answers": [{"text": "Translation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?", "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c7", "answers": [{"text": "English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problems can arise due to translation issues?", "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c8", "answers": [{"text": "can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?", "id": "571001fea58dae1900cd67c9", "answers": [{"text": "Language", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for \"husband\" and \"wife\", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms c\u00f3nyuges or consortes meaning \"spouses\"."}], ["Pada tahun 2012, Pertubuhan Kesihatan Pan American (cawangan Amerika Utara dan Selatan Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia) mengeluarkan kenyataan yang memberi amaran terhadap perkhidmatan yang bertujuan untuk \"menyembuhkan\" orang-orang dengan orientasi seksual yang tidak heteroseksual kerana mereka tidak mempunyai justifikasi perubatan dan mewakili ancaman serius untuk kesihatan dan kesejahteraan orang terjejas, dan menyatakan bahawa persetujuan saintifik dan profesional global adalah bahawa homoseksual adalah variasi normal seksual manusia dan tidak boleh dianggap sebagai keadaan patologi. Pertubuhan Kesihatan Pan American juga menggesa kerajaan, institusi akademik, persatuan profesional dan media untuk mendedahkan amalan-amalan ini dan untuk mempromosikan penghormatan terhadap kepelbagaian. Sekutu Organisasi Dunia Sedunia selanjutnya menyatakan bahwa anak-anak di bawah umur gay kadang-kadang terpaksa menghadiri \"terapi\" ini secara sukarela, dilucutkan kebebasan mereka dan kadang-kadang dipisahkan selama beberapa bulan, dan penemuan ini dilaporkan oleh beberapa badan PBB. Di samping itu, Pertubuhan Kesihatan Pan American mencadangkan agar penyelewengan sedemikian dikecam dan tertakluk kepada sekatan dan penalti di bawah undang-undang negara, kerana ia merupakan pelanggaran prinsip etika penjagaan kesihatan dan melanggar hak asasi manusia yang dilindungi oleh perjanjian antarabangsa dan serantau. <> Bilakah sebahagian daripada organisasi kesihatan dunia melepaskan pernyataan tentang mengubati homoseksual? || 2012, <> Mengapa Pertubuhan Kesihatan Pan American melepaskan kenyataan ini? || Mereka tidak mempunyai justifikasi perubatan dan mewakili ancaman serius kepada kesihatan dan kesejahteraan orang terjejas, <> Keadaan apa yang mereka nyatakan tidak boleh dikaitkan dengan homoseksual? || keadaan patologi <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Organisasi Kesihatan Pan American untuk mereka yang menggunakan rawatan untuk menghentikan homoseksual? || bahawa malpraktik sedemikian akan dikecam dan tertakluk kepada sekatan dan penalti di bawah undang-undang negara, <> Apakah organisasi Pan American Health mengatakan perlakuan ini melanggar? || pelanggaran prinsip etika penjagaan kesihatan dan melanggar hak asasi manusia yang dilindungi oleh perjanjian internasional dan serantau.", {"qas": [{"question": "When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?", "id": "57100800b654c5140001f761", "answers": [{"text": "2012,", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?", "id": "57100800b654c5140001f762", "answers": [{"text": "they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?", "id": "57100800b654c5140001f763", "answers": [{"text": "pathological condition", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?", "id": "57100800b654c5140001f764", "answers": [{"text": "that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,", "answer_start": 1098}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?", "id": "57100800b654c5140001f765", "answers": [{"text": "violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.", "answer_start": 1222}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to \"cure\" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these \"therapies\" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements."}], ["Penulis terawal mengenai orientasi seksual biasanya mengerti ia secara intrinsik dikaitkan dengan seksual subjek sendiri. Sebagai contoh, ia dianggap bahawa orang yang suka berbadan biasa yang tertarik kepada wanita yang berbadan betina akan mempunyai atribut maskulin, dan sebaliknya. Pengertian ini dikongsi oleh sebahagian besar ahli teori utama orientasi seksual dari pertengahan sembilan belas hingga awal abad kedua puluh, seperti Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, dan Sigmund Freud, serta ramai orang jantina-jenis homoseksual sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, pemahaman tentang homoseksual sebagai penyongsangan seksual telah dipertikaikan pada masa itu, dan, menjelang paruh kedua abad kedua puluh, identiti jantina semakin dilihat sebagai fenomena yang berbeza dari orientasi seksual. Orang transgender dan cisgender mungkin tertarik kepada lelaki, wanita, atau kedua-duanya, walaupun berlakunya orientasi seksual yang berlainan agak berbeza di kedua populasi ini. Individu homoseksual, heteroseksual atau biseksual mungkin maskulin, feminin, orrogynous, dan di samping itu, ramai ahli dan penyokong komuniti lesbian dan gay kini melihat \"heteroseksual jantina\" dan \"homoseksual yang tidak sesuai gender\" sebagai stereotaip negatif . Walau bagaimanapun, kajian oleh J. Michael Bailey dan Kenneth Zucker mendapati majoriti lelaki gay dan lesbian mencontohi laporan pelbagai darjah ketidakpatuhan gender semasa zaman kanak-kanak mereka. <> Penulis awal menghubungkan orientasi dengan konsep apa? || seksual subjek <> Apa ahli teori bersetuju dengan konsep ini? || Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, dan Sigmund Freud, <> Apa dua perkara yang dilihat sebagai berbeza antara satu sama lain? || Identiti jantina menjadi semakin dilihat sebagai fenomena yang berbeza dari orientasi seksual <> Apa stereotaip negatif yang muncul dari pemahaman ini? || jantina heteroseksual yang bersesuaian jantina \"dan\" homoseksual yang tidak sesuai jantina <> Apa yang majoriti lelaki dan wanita gay mengalami zaman kanak-kanak mereka? || ketidaksesuaian jantina <> Apa yang difikirkan lesbian awal dan lelaki gay? || ia difikirkan bahawa seorang lelaki yang biasa berbadan wanita yang tertarik kepada orang yang bertubuh wanita akan mempunyai atribut maskulin, dan sebaliknya. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh jantina? || fenomena yang berbeza daripada orientasi seksual <> Apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai stereotaip buruk kepada komuniti gay? || \"heteroseksual jantina yang mematuhi\" dan \"homoseksual yang tidak sesuai jantina\" <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian yang mendapati kebanyakan orang homoseksual mempunyai tahap jantina yang berbeza? || Michael Bailey dan Kenneth Zucker <> Dalam kajian-kajian ini, apakah ketidaksuburan gender? || semasa zaman kanak-kanak mereka.", {"qas": [{"question": "Early writers linked orientation to what concept?", "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f77", "answers": [{"text": "the subject's own sex", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theorists agreed with this concept?", "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f78", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?", "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f79", "answers": [{"text": "gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?", "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f7a", "answers": [{"text": "gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual", "answer_start": 1205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?", "id": "570fa86a5ab6b81900390f7b", "answers": [{"text": "gender-nonconformity", "answer_start": 1448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?", "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e0", "answers": [{"text": "it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did gender idenity become to be seen as?", "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e1", "answers": [{"text": "phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?", "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e2", "answers": [{"text": "\"gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual\"", "answer_start": 1204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?", "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e3", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker", "answer_start": 1332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?", "id": "571003d4a58dae1900cd67e4", "answers": [{"text": "during their childhood years.", "answer_start": 1469}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the \"gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual\" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years."}], ["Sebab-sebab yang tepat untuk perkembangan orientasi seksual tertentu belum dapat diwujudkan. Sehingga kini, banyak penyelidikan telah dijalankan untuk menentukan pengaruh genetik, tindakan hormon, dinamika pembangunan, pengaruh sosial dan budaya-yang telah menyebabkan banyak orang berfikir bahawa faktor biologi dan alam sekitar memainkan peranan yang kompleks dalam membentuknya. Ia pernah dianggap bahawa homoseksual adalah akibat daripada perkembangan psikologi yang salah, yang disebabkan oleh pengalaman zaman kanak-kanak dan hubungan yang bermasalah, termasuk penderaan seksual kanak-kanak. Telah didapati bahawa ini berdasarkan prasangka dan maklumat salah. <> Adakah penyebab orientasi seksual ditemui? || Sebab-sebab yang tepat untuk perkembangan orientasi seksual tertentu belum ditubuhkan <> Apa yang telah dilakukan penyelidikan untuk pengaruh genetik yang membuat banyak orang berfikir? || bahawa faktor biologi dan alam sekitar memainkan peranan yang kompleks dalam membentuknya <> Apa yang pernah dianggap menyebabkan homoseksualiti? || hasil daripada perkembangan psikologi yang salah <> Apa yang telah diketahui tentang teori perkembangan psikologi yang salah yang menjadi penyebab homoseksual? || ini berdasarkan prasangka dan maklumat salah.", {"qas": [{"question": "Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?", "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6886", "answers": [{"text": "The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?", "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6887", "answers": [{"text": "that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was once thought to cause homosexuality?", "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6888", "answers": [{"text": "the result of faulty psychological development", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?", "id": "571019efa58dae1900cd6889", "answers": [{"text": "this was based on prejudice and misinformation.", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences\u2014which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation."}], ["Biseksual seksual adalah idea yang diperkenalkan oleh Sigmund Freud. Mengikut teori ini, semua manusia dilahirkan biseksual dalam erti kata yang sangat luas, iaitu menggabungkan aspek umum kedua-dua jantina. Dalam pandangan Freud, ini benar secara anatomi dan oleh itu juga secara psikologi, dengan daya tarikan seksual kepada kedua-dua jantina menjadi sebahagian daripada biseksual psikologi ini. Freud percaya bahawa dalam perkembangan seksual pihak lelaki biasanya akan menjadi dominan di kalangan lelaki dan wanita di sisi wanita, tetapi sebagai orang dewasa semua orang masih mempunyai keinginan yang berasal dari kedua-dua sifat maskulin dan feminin sifat mereka. Freud tidak mendakwa bahawa semua orang adalah biseksual dalam rasa merasakan tahap tarikan seksual yang sama kepada kedua-dua jantina. <> Apa idea yang dilakukan oleh Sigmund Freud ke meja? || Seksual biseksual <> Apa idea teori Sigmunds? || semua manusia dilahirkan biseksual <> Mengapa SIgmund percaya semua manusia dilahirkan biseksual? || ini adalah benar secara anatomi dan oleh itu juga secara psikologi, dengan tarikan seksual kepada kedua-dua jantina menjadi sebahagian daripada biseksual psikologi ini <> Apa yang Sigmund percaya kita semua sebagai orang dewasa inginkan? || kedua-dua maskulin dan sisi feminin sifat mereka <> Walaupun Sigmund percaya semua orang di mana biseksual lahir apa yang dia tidak percaya menjadi kenyataan? || bahawa semua orang adalah biseksual dalam rasa merasakan tahap tarikan seks yang sama kepada kedua-dua jantina", {"qas": [{"question": "What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?", "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a3", "answers": [{"text": "Innate bisexuality", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Sigmunds idea theorize?", "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a4", "answers": [{"text": "all humans are born bisexual", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?", "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a5", "answers": [{"text": "this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?", "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a6", "answers": [{"text": "both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?", "id": "571010e7b654c5140001f7a7", "answers": [{"text": "that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders."}], ["Persatuan Kebangsaan untuk Penyelidikan dan Terapi Homoseksual (NARTH), yang menggambarkan dirinya sebagai \"organisasi profesional, saintifik yang menawarkan harapan kepada mereka yang berjuang dengan homoseksual yang tidak diingini,\" tidak sependapat dengan kedudukan komuniti kesihatan mental utama pada terapi penukaran, kedua-duanya keberkesanan dan dengan menggambarkan orientasi seksual bukan sebagai kualiti biner yang tidak berubah, atau sebagai penyakit, tetapi sebagai suatu kontinum dari intensiti tarikan seksual dan emosi. Persatuan Psikologi Amerika dan Kolej Psikiatri Diraja menyatakan kekhuatiran bahawa kedudukan yang disokong oleh NARTH tidak disokong oleh sains dan mewujudkan persekitaran di mana prasangka dan diskriminasi dapat berkembang. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh NARTH? || Persatuan Kebangsaan untuk Penyelidikan & Terapi Homoseksual <> Apa yang dianggap oleh NARTH sendiri? || \"profesional, organisasi saintifik yang menawarkan harapan kepada mereka yang berjuang dengan homoseksual yang tidak diingini, <> Apa yang tidak sependapat dengan NARTH? || kedudukan komuniti kesihatan mental utama mengenai terapi penukaran <> Apakah keadaan NARTH salah dengan pendirian kesihatan mental utama pada terapi penukaran? \u00a7 keberkesanannya dan dengan menerangkan orientasi seksual bukan sebagai kualiti biner yang tidak berubah <> Apa kebimbangan yang dilakukan oleh Persatuan Psikologi Amerika dan Royal College of PSychiatrist dengan NARTH? || bahawa kedudukan yang disokong oleh NARTH tidak disokong oleh sains dan mewujudkan persekitaran di mana prasangka dan diskriminasi boleh berkembang", {"qas": [{"question": "What does NARTH stand for?", "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686c", "answers": [{"text": "The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NARTH consider itself to be?", "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686d", "answers": [{"text": "a \"professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NARTH disagree with?", "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686e", "answers": [{"text": "the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?", "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd686f", "answers": [{"text": "its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?", "id": "57101489a58dae1900cd6870", "answers": [{"text": "that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a \"professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,\" disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish."}], ["SASO terdiri daripada 12 soalan. Enam daripada soalan ini menilai daya tarik seksual, empat menilai tingkah laku seksual, dan dua menilai identiti orientasi seksual. Untuk setiap soalan mengenai skala yang mengukur homoseksual terdapat persoalan yang sama yang mengukur heteroseksual memberikan enam pasang persoalan soalan. Diambil bersama-sama, enam pasang soalan dan respons memberi profil orientasi seksual individu. Walau bagaimanapun, keputusan boleh dipermudahkan lagi ke dalam empat ringkasan yang kelihatan khusus pada tindak balas yang sepadan dengan sama ada homoseksual, heteroseksual, biseksual atau seks tanpa seksual. <> Berapa banyak soalan yang dimuatkan oleh SASO? || 12 <> Apa yang dikatakan enam soalan? || daya tarikan seksual <> Apa yang ada enam kelebihan soalan? || empat menilai tingkah laku seksual, dan dua menilai identiti orientasi seksual <> Apa soalan sepadan dengan orang homoseksual? || heteroseksual <> Bagaimana keputusan dipermudahkan apabila menggunakan SASO? || ke dalam empat ringkasan yang kelihatan khusus pada tindak balas yang sepadan dengan sama ada homoseksual, heteroseksual, biseksual atau kelainan seksual.", {"qas": [{"question": "How many questions does the SASO contain?", "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d3", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do six of the questions asses?", "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d4", "answers": [{"text": "sexual attraction", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the other six questions asses?", "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d5", "answers": [{"text": "four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?", "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d6", "answers": [{"text": "heterosexuality", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the results simplified when using the SASO?", "id": "57101890b654c5140001f7d7", "answers": [{"text": "into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality."}], ["Menggunakan androphilia dan gynephilia boleh mengelakkan kekeliruan dan pelanggaran apabila menggambarkan orang dalam budaya bukan barat, serta ketika menggambarkan orang interseks dan transgender. Psikiatri Anil Aggrawal menjelaskan bahawa isrophilia, bersama dengan gynephilia, \"diperlukan untuk mengatasi kesukaran yang besar dalam mencirikan orientasi seksual lelaki trans dan wanita trans. Sebagai contoh, sukar untuk menentukan sama ada seorang lelaki trans erotis tertarik kepada lelaki adalah wanita heteroseksual atau seorang lelaki homoseksual atau seorang wanita trans erotikal yang tertarik kepada perempuan adalah lelaki heteroseksual atau wanita lesbian. Sebarang percubaan untuk mengklasifikasikannya mungkin bukan sahaja menyebabkan kekeliruan tetapi membangkitkan kesalahan di kalangan subjek yang terlibat. adalah lebih baik untuk memberi tumpuan kepada objek daya tarikan mereka berbanding dengan seks atau jantina subjek. \" Milton Diamond menulis, \"Istilah heteroseksual, homoseksual, dan biseksual lebih baik digunakan sebagai kata sifat, bukan kata benda, dan lebih baik digunakan untuk tingkah laku, bukan orang. Penggunaan ini sangat berfaedah apabila membincangkan rakan kongsi transeksual atau intersexed individu. Terma juga tidak membawa berat sosial yang terdahulu. \" <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah andophilia dan gynephilia? || kekeliruan dan pelanggaran apabila menggambarkan orang-orang di kebudayaan bukan barat, dan juga apabila menggambarkan interseks dan orang transgender <> Mengapa psikiatri Anil Aggrawal mengatakan danrophilia dan gynephilia adalah istilah yang diperlukan? || yang terpengaruh Apa yang boleh mencuba untuk melabelkan ahli-ahli komuniti LGBT? || kekeliruan <> Apa kata MIlton Diamond mengenai istilah heteroseksual, homoseksual, dan biseksual? || lebih baik digunakan sebagai kata sifat, bukan kata benda, dan lebih baik digunakan untuk tingkah laku, bukan orang. <> Apa kelebihan yang ada istilah androphilia dan gynephilia? || apabila membincangkan rakan kongsi individu transeksual atau interseks", {"qas": [{"question": "What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?", "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6876", "answers": [{"text": "confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?", "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6877", "answers": [{"text": "the affected s", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?", "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6878", "answers": [{"text": "confusion", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?", "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd6879", "answers": [{"text": "are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.", "answer_start": 938}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?", "id": "571015bea58dae1900cd687a", "answers": [{"text": "when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals", "answer_start": 1069}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, \"is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject.\" Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, \"The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones.\""}], ["Persatuan Psikologi Amerika menyatakan bahawa \"orientasi eksternal merujuk kepada pola emosi, romantis, dan / atau seksual yang kekal kepada lelaki, wanita, atau kedua-dua jantina\" dan bahawa \"[t] pelbagai tingkah laku dan tarikannya telah Di dalam Amerika Syarikat, label yang paling kerap adalah lesbian (wanita tertarik kepada wanita), lelaki gay (lelaki tertarik kepada lelaki), dan lelaki biseksual (lelaki atau wanita tertarik kepada kedua-dua jantina). Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah orang mungkin menggunakan label yang berlainan atau tidak sama sekali \". Mereka juga menyatakan bahawa orientasi seksual \"berbeza daripada komponen lain jantina dan jantina, termasuk seks biologi (ciri-ciri anatomi, fisiologi, dan genetik yang dikaitkan dengan lelaki atau perempuan), identiti jantina (rasa psikologi sebagai lelaki atau perempuan) dan peranan jantina sosial (norma budaya yang menentukan tingkah laku feminin dan maskulin) \". Menurut ahli psikologi, orientasi seksual juga merujuk kepada pilihan seseorang pasangan seksual, yang mungkin homoseksual, heteroseksual, atau biseksual. <> Apakah Persatuan Fokosologi Amerika mengatakan bahawa orientasi seksual merujuk kepada? || corak tarikan emosi, romantis, dan / atau seksual yang kekal kepada lelaki, wanita, atau kedua-dua jantina <> Apa yang digunakan oleh banyak budaya untuk menggambarkan orang homoseksual? || label identiti <> Apakah label yang paling banyak digunakan di Amerika untuk menggambarkan homoseksual? || lesbian (wanita tertarik kepada wanita), lelaki gay (lelaki tertarik kepada lelaki), dan orang-orang biseksual (lelaki atau wanita tertarik kepada kedua-dua jantina). <> Apa psikologi mengatakan orientasi seksual juga boleh bermakna? || pilihan pasangan seksual seseorang", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?", "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6864", "answers": [{"text": "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?", "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6865", "answers": [{"text": "identity labels", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?", "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6866", "answers": [{"text": "lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?", "id": "57101326a58dae1900cd6867", "answers": [{"text": "a person\u2019s choice of sexual partners", "answer_start": 1080}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The American Psychological Association states that \"[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes\" and that \"[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all\". They additionally state that sexual orientation \"is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)\". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person\u2019s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual."}], ["Kebanyakan definisi orientasi seksual termasuk komponen psikologi, seperti arah keinginan erotik seseorang, atau komponen tingkah laku, yang menumpukan pada seks pasangan seksual individu. Sesetengah orang lebih suka hanya mengikuti definisi atau identiti diri individu. Pemahaman saintifik dan profesional adalah bahawa \"daya tarikan utama yang membentuk asas untuk orientasi seksual dewasa biasanya muncul antara pertengahan umur dan awal remaja\". Orientasi seksual berbeza daripada identiti seksual kerana ia merangkumi hubungan dengan orang lain, sementara identiti seksual adalah konsep diri. <> Apakah majoriti defintions menyangkut orientasi seksual termasuk? || komponen psikologi, seperti arah keinginan erotis seseorang, atau komponen tingkah laku <> Apakah komponen tingkah laku menumpukan pada ketika menentukan orientasi seksual? || memberi tumpuan kepada seksual pasangan seksual individu. <> Apakah yang digunakan oleh orang lain untuk menentukan seseorang yang mempunyai sifat seksual seksual? || definisi diri seseorang <> Bilakah saintis dan profesion bersetuju bahawa orientasi seksual menunjukkan seseorang? || biasanya muncul antara kanak-kanak pertengahan dan awal remaja <> Apakah perbezaan antara sifat seksual dan orientasi seksual? || identiti seksual di mana ia merangkumi hubungan dengan orang lain, sementara identiti seksual adalah konsep diri.", {"qas": [{"question": "What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?", "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682c", "answers": [{"text": "psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?", "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682d", "answers": [{"text": "focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?", "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682e", "answers": [{"text": "an individual's self-definition", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?", "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd682f", "answers": [{"text": "typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?", "id": "57100e4da58dae1900cd6830", "answers": [{"text": "sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that \"the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence\". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self."}], ["Kategori-kategori ini adalah aspek-aspek yang lebih bernuansa identiti seksual dan istilah. Sebagai contoh, orang mungkin menggunakan label lain, seperti panseksual atau polyseksual, atau tidak sama sekali. Menurut Persatuan Psikologi Amerika, orientasi seksual \"juga merujuk kepada identiti identiti seseorang berdasarkan tarikan, tingkah laku yang berkaitan, dan keahlian dalam komuniti orang lain yang berkongsi tarikan\". Androphilia dan gynephilia adalah istilah yang digunakan dalam sains tingkah laku untuk menerangkan orientasi seks sebagai alternatif kepada konsep biner gender. Androphilia menerangkan daya tarikan seksual kepada kejantanan; gynephilia menggambarkan tarikan seksual kepada kewanitaan. Istilah keutamaan seksual sebahagian besarnya bertindih dengan orientasi seksual, tetapi umumnya dibezakan dalam penyelidikan psikologi. Orang yang mengenal pasti sebagai biseksual, misalnya, boleh seks lebih suka satu seks berbanding yang lain. Pilihan seksual juga mungkin mencadangkan tahap pilihan sukarela, sedangkan konsensus ilmiah adalah bahawa orientasi seksual bukan pilihan. <> Kata-kata yang boleh digunakan oleh orang untuk keinginan seksual? || panseksual atau polyseksual, <> Apa Persatuan Psikologi Amerika mengatakan orientasi seksual merujuk kepada? || rasa identiti seseorang berdasarkan tarikan, tingkah laku yang berkaitan, dan keahlian dalam komuniti orang lain yang berkongsi tarikan tersebut <> Istilah apa yang digunakan oleh sains beharga daripada menggunakan konseptual binari gender? || Androphilia dan gynephilia <> Apakah isrophilia digunakan untuk menggambarkan? || tarikan seksual terhadap keganasan <> Apakah gynephilia digunakan untuk menggambarkan? || daya tarikan seksual kepada kewanitaan", {"qas": [{"question": "Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?", "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685a", "answers": [{"text": "pansexual or polysexual,", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?", "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685b", "answers": [{"text": "a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?", "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685c", "answers": [{"text": "Androphilia and gynephilia", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is androphilia used to describe?", "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685d", "answers": [{"text": "sexual attraction to masculinity", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is gynephilia used to describe?", "id": "57101252a58dae1900cd685e", "answers": [{"text": "the sexual attraction to femininity", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation \"also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions\". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice."}], ["Skala Kinsey telah dipuji kerana menolak klasifikasi dikotomis orientasi seksual dan membenarkan perspektif baru mengenai seksualiti manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, skala itu telah dikritik kerana ia masih bukan kontinum yang benar. Walaupun tujuh kategori dapat memberikan penerangan yang lebih tepat tentang orientasi seksual daripada skala dikotomi, masih sukar untuk menentukan kategori individu mana yang perlu diberikan. Dalam kajian utama membandingkan tindak balas seksual pada lelaki homoseksual dan perempuan, Masters dan Johnson membincangkan kesukaran untuk memberikan penarafan Kinsey kepada peserta. Terutama, mereka mendapati sukar untuk menentukan jumlah pengalaman dan tindak balas heteroseksual dan homoseksual relatif dalam sejarah seseorang ketika menggunakan skala. Mereka melaporkan sukar untuk menetapkan rating 2-4 untuk individu yang mempunyai pengalaman yang besar dalam heteroseksual dan homoseksual. Apabila, terdapat banyak pengalaman heteroseksual dan homoseksual dalam sejarah seseorang menjadi sukar bagi individu itu untuk menjadi objektif sepenuhnya dalam menaksir jumlah relatif masing-masing. <> Apa yang telah dipuji KInsey dipuji? || menolak pengkelasan orientasi seksual dikotomi dan membenarkan perspektif baru mengenai seksualiti manusia. <> Apakah skala Kinsey telah dipritik? || kerana ia masih bukan kontinum yang benar <> Berapa banyak kategori yang digunakan dalam skala KInsey? || tujuh <> Dalam satu kajian oleh Masters dan Johnson apa yang sukar ditemui mengenai penilaian KIneys? || untuk menentukan jumlah hubungan relatif heteroseksual dan homoseksual dan tindak balas dalam sejarah seseorang ketika menggunakan skala <> Apa yang berlaku pada masa lalu menyebabkan masalah untuk skala Kinsey? || sebilangan besar pengalaman heteroseksual dan homoseksual", {"qas": [{"question": "What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?", "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7c9", "answers": [{"text": "dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?", "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7ca", "answers": [{"text": "because it is still not a true continuum", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?", "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7cb", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?", "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7cc", "answers": [{"text": "to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?", "id": "57101794b654c5140001f7cd", "answers": [{"text": "a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each."}], ["Dalam kerangka seksual yang sering dikritik dan terkutuk di dalam Manusia Manusia (1948) dan Perilaku Seksual di Manusia Manusia (1953), oleh Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Orang-orang diminta menilai diri mereka dalam skala dari sepenuhnya heteroseksual untuk sepenuhnya homoseksual. Kinsey melaporkan bahawa apabila tingkah laku individu serta identiti mereka dianalisis, kebanyakan orang nampaknya sekurang-kurangnya agak biseksual - iaitu, kebanyakan orang mempunyai daya tarikan sama ada seks, walaupun biasanya satu seks lebih disukai. Menurut Kinsey, hanya minoriti (5-10%) dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai heteroseksual atau homoseksual sepenuhnya. Sebaliknya, hanya minoriti yang lebih kecil dapat dianggap biseksual sepenuhnya (dengan daya tarik yang sama dengan kedua jenis kelamin). Kaedah Kinsey telah dikritik sebagai cacat, terutamanya berkaitan dengan rawak populasi sampelnya, termasuk penghuni penjara, pelacur lelaki dan mereka yang secara sukarela mengambil bahagian dalam perbincangan topik seksual yang tabu sebelum ini. Walau bagaimanapun, Paul Gebhard, pengarah Institut Penyelidikan Seks Kinsey yang berikutnya, meneliti semula data dalam Laporan Kinsey dan menyimpulkan bahawa penghapusan penjara dan pelacur penjara hampir tidak menjejaskan keputusannya. <> Yang mana dua kajian yang dicipta oleh Alfred C. KInsey? || Dalam kerangka seksual yang sering dikritik dan terkutuk di dalam Lelaki Manusia (1948) dan Perilaku Seksual di Wanita Manusia (1953 <> Apa yang orang diminta lakukan dalam kajian-kajian ini? || dari sepenuhnya heteroseksual kepada homoseksual sepenuhnya. <> Apa yang KInsey temukan semasa kajian ini? || bahawa apabila tingkah laku individu serta identiti mereka dianalisis, kebanyakan orang kelihatan paling sedikit agak biseksual <> Dalam Kinseys minda peratusan Orang yang dianggap sebagai heteroseksual atau homoseksual sepenuhnya? || (5-10% <> Mengapa orang mengatakan kerja KInseys tidak betul? || rawak populasi sampelnya,", {"qas": [{"question": "Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?", "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd6848", "answers": [{"text": "In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What where people asked to do in these research studies?", "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd6849", "answers": [{"text": "people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did KInsey find during these studies ?", "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd684a", "answers": [{"text": "that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?", "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd684b", "answers": [{"text": "(5\u201310%", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?", "id": "57100ff0a58dae1900cd684c", "answers": [{"text": "the randomness of his sample population,", "answer_start": 805}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual \u2014 i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5\u201310%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results."}], ["Oleh kerana orientasi seksual adalah kompleks dan pelbagai dimensi, beberapa ahli akademik dan penyelidik, terutamanya dalam kajian yang aneh, berpendapat bahawa ia adalah pembinaan sejarah dan sosial. Pada tahun 1976, ahli falsafah dan ahli sejarah, Michel Foucault berhujah dalam Sejarah Seksualiti bahawa homoseksual sebagai identiti tidak wujud pada abad kelapan belas; bahawa orang sebaliknya bercakap mengenai \"liwat,\" yang merujuk kepada perbuatan seksual. Liwat adalah kejahatan yang sering diabaikan, tetapi kadang-kadang dihukum dengan teruk (lihat undang-undang sodomi). Beliau menulis, \"'Seksualitas' adalah ciptaan negara moden, revolusi perindustrian, dan kapitalisme.\" <> Mengapa penyelidikan dalam kajian homoseksual berpendapat bahawa ia adalah konstruksian sosial dan sejarah? || Kerana orientasi seksual adalah rumit dan pelbagai dimensi <> Filosofi mana yang menegaskan homoseksualiti tidak wujud sebagai keanehan pada abad kelapan belas? || Michel Foucault <> Pada tahun apakah Michel Foucalt menyiarkan Sejarah Seksualiti? || 1976 <> Apa yang dia nyatakan adalah ciptaan negara moden? || 'Seksualitas <> Apakah kejahatan pada abad kelapan belas yang boleh menyebabkan hukuman berat tetapi kebanyakannya diabaikan? || Liwat", {"qas": [{"question": "Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?", "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f845", "answers": [{"text": "Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?", "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f846", "answers": [{"text": "Michel Foucault", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?", "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f847", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he state was an invention of the modern state?", "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f848", "answers": [{"text": "'Sexuality", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?", "id": "571023e0b654c5140001f849", "answers": [{"text": "Sodomy", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of \"sodomy,\" which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, \"'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism.\""}], ["Apabila janin wanita mempunyai dua kromosom X dan pasangan lelaki pasangan XY, kromosom Y adalah bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan pembezaan lelaki terhadap perkembangan wanita yang cacat. Proses pembezaan didorong oleh hormon androgen, terutamanya testosteron dan dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testis yang baru dibentuk dalam janin bertanggungjawab untuk rembesan androgen, yang akan bekerjasama dalam memacu pembezaan seksual janin yang sedang berkembang, termasuk otaknya. Ini menyebabkan perbezaan seksual antara lelaki dan wanita. Fakta ini telah menyebabkan beberapa saintis menguji dalam pelbagai cara hasil daripada mengubah tahap pendedahan androgen pada mamalia semasa janin dan kehidupan awal. <> Kromosom manakah yang bertanggungjawab untuk membezakan pembezaan lelaki terhadap perkembangan wanita yang cacat? || kromosom Y <> Apa proses pembezaan yang dipacu oleh? || hormon androgen, <> Apa yang menyebabkan perbezaan seksual lelaki dan perempuan? || rembesan androgen, yang akan bekerjasama dalam memacu pembezaan seksual janin yang sedang berkembang, termasuk otaknya <> Apa yang telah diuji saintis kerana hakikat bahawa adrogen menyebabkan perbezaan seksual? || hasil daripada mengubah tahap pendedahan androgen pada mamalia semasa janin dan kehidupan awal", {"qas": [{"question": "Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?", "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f801", "answers": [{"text": "chromosome Y", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the differentiation process driven by?", "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f802", "answers": [{"text": "androgen hormones,", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What results in sexual differences in males and females?", "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f803", "answers": [{"text": "secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?", "id": "57101c35b654c5140001f804", "answers": [{"text": "the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life."}], ["Sesetengah budaya lain tidak mengenali perbezaan homoseksual / heteroseksual / biseksual. Adalah biasa untuk membezakan seksualiti seseorang mengikut peranan seksual mereka (aktif / pasif; memasukkan / menembusi). Dalam perbezaan ini, peranan pasif biasanya dikaitkan dengan kewanitaan dan / atau rendah diri, manakala peranan aktif biasanya dikaitkan dengan kejantanan dan / atau keunggulan. Contohnya, siasatan mengenai sebuah perkampungan nelayan kecil Brazil menunjukkan tiga kategori seksual untuk lelaki: lelaki yang mempunyai hubungan seks dengan lelaki (secara konsisten dalam peranan pasif), lelaki yang mempunyai hubungan seks dengan wanita, dan lelaki yang mempunyai hubungan seks dengan wanita dan lelaki (secara konsisten dalam peranan aktif). Walaupun lelaki yang secara konsisten menduduki peranan pasif diiktiraf sebagai kumpulan yang berbeza oleh penduduk tempatan, lelaki yang mempunyai hubungan seks dengan hanya wanita, dan lelaki yang mempunyai hubungan seks dengan wanita dan lelaki, tidak dibezakan. Sedikit diketahui tentang seks yang sama yang menarik wanita, atau kelakuan seksual antara wanita dalam budaya ini. <> Apakah cara biasa untuk menentukan seseorang seksualiti? || mengikut peranan seksual mereka (aktif / pasif; memasukkan / menembusi) <> Apabila menonjolkan keutamaan seksual dengan cara ini apakah peranan pasif yang berkaitan dengannya? || kewanitaan dan / atau rendah diri <> Apabila menentukan keutamaan seksual dengan cara ini apakah peranan aktif yang berkaitan dengannya? || kejantanan dan / atau keunggulan <> Berapa banyak yang diketahui mengenai wanita lesbian dan biseksual dalam budaya ini? || Sedikit", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?", "id": "5710282db654c5140001f87f", "answers": [{"text": "according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?", "id": "5710282db654c5140001f880", "answers": [{"text": "femininity and/or inferiority", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?", "id": "5710282db654c5140001f881", "answers": [{"text": "masculinity and/or superiority", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?", "id": "5710282db654c5140001f882", "answers": [{"text": "Little", "answer_start": 868}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures."}], ["Salah satu kegunaan untuk skala yang menilai orientasi seksual adalah menentukan apakah kelaziman orientasi seksual yang berlainan berada dalam populasi. Bergantung pada umur subjek, budaya dan seks, kadar prevalensi homoseksualiti berbeza-beza bergantung kepada komponen orientasi seksual yang sedang dinilai: daya tarikan seks, tingkah laku seksual, atau identiti seksual. Menilai daya tarik seksual akan menghasilkan kelaziman homoseksual yang paling besar dalam populasi di mana bahagian individu yang menunjukkan bahawa seks yang sama tertarik adalah dua hingga tiga kali ganda lebih besar dari proporsi yang melaporkan kelakuan seks yang sama atau mengenal pasti sebagai gay, lesbian, atau biseksual. Selain itu, laporan kelakuan seks yang sama biasanya melebihi pengenalan gay, lesbian atau biseksual. Carta berikut menunjukkan sejauh mana kelaziman homoseksual boleh berbeza-beza bergantung pada umur, lokasi dan komponen orientasi seksual yang dinilai: <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk skala orientasi seksual? || menentukan apakah kelaziman orientasi seksual yang berlainan dalam populasi <> Apa yang akan menyebabkan jumlah homoseksualiti berbeza? || yang komponen orientasi seks sedang dinilai <> Daripada tarikan seksual, kelakuan seksual, dan identiti seksual yang akan menunjukkan lebih tepat jumlah homoseksual dalam populasi? || Menilai daya tarik seksual akan menghasilkan kelaziman homoseksual yang paling besar dalam populasi", {"qas": [{"question": "What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?", "id": "57101b41a58dae1900cd6898", "answers": [{"text": "determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?", "id": "57101b41a58dae1900cd6899", "answers": [{"text": "which component of sexual orientation is being assessed", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?", "id": "57101b41a58dae1900cd689a", "answers": [{"text": "Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:"}], ["Daripada semua soalan mengenai skala, Jual dianggap mereka yang menilai daya tarik seksual sebagai yang paling penting sebagai daya tarik seksual adalah refleksi yang lebih baik dari konsep orientasi seksual yang ia didefinisikan sebagai \"sejauh mana tarikan seksual terhadap anggota yang lain, sama, baik jantina atau tidak \"daripada identiti seksual atau tingkah laku seksual. Identiti dan tingkah laku diukur sebagai maklumat tambahan kerana mereka berdua rapat dengan daya tarikan seksual dan orientasi seksual. Kritikan utama SASO belum ditubuhkan, tetapi kebimbangan adalah bahawa kebolehpercayaan dan kesahihan sebahagian besarnya tidak diuji. <> Soalan-soalan apakah yang diajarkan Jual yang paling penting pada skala KInsey? || yang menilai daya tarik seksual <> Mengapa Menjual mempertimbangkan pertanyaan tentang daya tarik seksual yang paling penting? || daya tarikan seksual adalah gambaran yang lebih baik dari konsep orientasi seksual <> Daripada menentukan orientasi seksual sebagai perasaan atau tingkah laku seksual apa yang Menjelaskan menentukannya? || sejauh mana tarikan seksual terhadap anggota yang lain, sama, kedua-dua jantina atau tidak <> Apakah kebimbangan besar bagi SASO? || kebolehpercayaan dan kesahannya masih tidak dapat diuji.", {"qas": [{"question": "What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?", "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c6", "answers": [{"text": "those assessing sexual attraction", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?", "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c7", "answers": [{"text": "sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?", "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c8", "answers": [{"text": "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a huge concern for SASO?", "id": "57102005a58dae1900cd68c9", "answers": [{"text": "the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as \"extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither\" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined."}], ["Satu skim klasifikasi orientasi seksual terawal dicadangkan pada tahun 1860 oleh Karl Heinrich Ulrichs dalam satu siri risalah yang diterbitkan secara persendirian. Skim klasifikasi, yang dimaksudkan hanya untuk menggambarkan lelaki, memisahkan mereka kepada tiga kategori asas: pengertian, pengisi dan uranodionings. Pemangkasan boleh dikategorikan lagi dengan tahap effeminacy. Kategori ini terus sesuai dengan kategori orientasi seksual yang digunakan hari ini: heteroseksual, homoseksual, dan biseksual. Dalam siri risalah, Ulrichs menggariskan satu set soalan untuk menentukan sama ada seorang lelaki adalah pemurnian. Definisi setiap kategori klasifikasi klasifikasi Ulrichs adalah seperti berikut: <> Siapa yang mencipta skim klasifikasi seksual terawal? || Karl Heinrich Ulrichs <> Bilakah Karl Heinrich Ulrichs mengembangkan skema klasifikasi ini? || dalam tahun 1860-an Adakah skema pengelasannya dimaksudkan untuk lelaki atau perempuan? || hanya dimaksudkan untuk menggambarkan lelaki <> Apa tiga kategori digunakan dalam skema Ulrichs? || dionings, urnings dan uranodionings <> Apakah tiga kategori ini sesuai? || kategori orientasi seksual yang digunakan hari ini:", {"qas": [{"question": "Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?", "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f809", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?", "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80a", "answers": [{"text": "in the 1860s", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?", "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80b", "answers": [{"text": "meant only to describe males", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?", "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80c", "answers": [{"text": "dionings, urnings and uranodionings", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did these three categories correspond with?", "id": "57101dc2b654c5140001f80d", "answers": [{"text": "the categories of sexual orientation used today:", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:"}], ["Weinrich et al. (1993) dan Weinberg et al. (1994) mengkritik skala untuk melumpuhkan individu yang berbeza berdasarkan dimensi-dimensi seksualiti yang berbeza mengikut kategori yang sama. Ketika menerapkan skala, Kinsey menganggap dua dimensi orientasi seksual: pengalaman seksual yang terlalu terang dan reaksi psikoseksual. Maklumat yang berharga telah hilang dengan meruntuhkan dua nilai menjadi satu skor akhir. Seseorang yang hanya mempunyai reaksi seks yang sama adalah berbeza daripada seseorang yang mempunyai reaksi yang agak sedikit tetapi banyak pengalaman seks yang sama. Ia sememangnya mudah bagi Kinsey untuk mengukur dua dimensi secara berasingan dan melaporkan skor secara bebas untuk mengelakkan kehilangan maklumat. Selain itu, terdapat lebih daripada dua dimensi seksualiti yang perlu dipertimbangkan. Di luar kelakuan dan tindak balas, seseorang juga boleh menilai daya tarikan, pengenalan, gaya hidup dan lain-lain. Ini ditangani oleh Grid Orientasi Klein Seksual. <> Apakah kedua-dua Weinrich dan Weinberg mengkritik skala KInsey untuk? || melumpuhkan individu yang berbeza berdasarkan dimensi-dimensi seksualiti yang berbeza mengikut kategori yang sama. <> Apa yang menyebabkan maklumat berharga hilang semasa menggunakan skala KInsey? || runtuh kedua nilai menjadi satu skor akhir <> Mengapa runtuh kedua nilai menjadi satu skor masalah? || Seseorang yang hanya mempunyai reaksi seks yang sama adalah berbeza daripada seseorang yang mempunyai reaksi yang agak sedikit tetapi banyak pengalaman seks yang sama <> Bagaimana mungkin Kinsey mengelakkan kehilangan maklumat penting ini? || telah mengukur kedua-dua dimensi secara berasingan dan melaporkan skor secara bebas untuk mengelakkan kehilangan maklumat <> Selain sikap dan reaksi apa lagi yang boleh digunakan dalam skala KInsey? || seseorang juga boleh menilai daya tarikan, pengenalan, gaya hidup", {"qas": [{"question": "What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?", "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b2", "answers": [{"text": "lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?", "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b3", "answers": [{"text": "collapsing the two values into one final score", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?", "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b4", "answers": [{"text": "A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?", "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b5", "answers": [{"text": "to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?", "id": "57101eefa58dae1900cd68b6", "answers": [{"text": "one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid."}], ["Penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa orientasi seksual bebas daripada pengaruh budaya dan sosial lain, tetapi pengenalan terbuka orientasi seksual seseorang boleh dihalang oleh tetapan homophobik / hetereoseksis. Sistem sosial seperti agama, bahasa dan tradisi etnik boleh memberi impak yang kuat ke arah merealisasikan orientasi seksual. Pengaruh budaya dapat merumitkan proses mengukur orientasi seksual. Majoriti penyelidikan empirikal dan klinikal mengenai populasi LGBT dilakukan dengan sampel putih, kelas pertengahan, dan berpendidikan yang tinggi, namun terdapat risalah penyelidikan yang mendokumenkan pelbagai kumpulan kebudayaan yang lain, walaupun ini kerap dibatasi dalam kepelbagaian jantina dan orientasi seksual daripada mata pelajaran. Integrasi orientasi seksual dengan identiti sosial budaya mungkin menjadi cabaran bagi individu LGBT. Individu mungkin atau tidak boleh mempertimbangkan orientasi seksual mereka untuk menentukan identiti seksual mereka, kerana mereka mungkin mengalami pelbagai tahap ketidakmampuan seksual, atau hanya dapat mengenal pasti lebih kuat dengan aspek lain identiti mereka seperti peranan keluarga. Budaya Amerika memberi penekanan yang besar terhadap sifat individu, dan memandang diri sebagai tidak berubah dan tetap. Sebaliknya, budaya Asia Timur memberikan penekanan yang besar terhadap peranan sosial seseorang dalam hierarki sosial, dan melihat diri sebagai cecair dan mudah dibentuk. Perspektif budaya yang berbeza ini mempunyai banyak implikasi terhadap kognisi diri, termasuk persepsi orientasi seksual. <> Apakah rancangan penyelidikan mengenai orientasi seksual? || bebas daripada pengaruh sosial dan budaya lain <> Apa yang boleh menjadi gay secara terbuka dihalang oleh? || tetapan homophobik / hetereoseksis. <> Sistem sosial apa yang boleh mempengaruhi seseorang merealisasikan keutamaan seksual mereka? || agama, bahasa dan tradisi etnik <> Apakah kumpulan masyarakat LGBT yang paling diteliti? || putih, kelas pertengahan, berpendidikan tinggi <> Apa budaya american memberi penekanan yang besar? || sifat individu, dan memandang diri sebagai tidak berubah dan tetap.", {"qas": [{"question": "What does research show about sexual orientation?", "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6924", "answers": [{"text": "is independent of cultural and other social influences", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can being openly gay be hindered by?", "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6925", "answers": [{"text": "homophobic/hetereosexist settings.", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?", "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6926", "answers": [{"text": "religion, language and ethnic traditions", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?", "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6927", "answers": [{"text": "white, middle-class, well-educated", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?", "id": "571025e8a58dae1900cd6928", "answers": [{"text": "individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.", "answer_start": 1138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation."}], ["Sesetengah penyelidik yang mengkaji orientasi seksual berpendapat bahawa konsep itu tidak boleh digunakan sama seperti lelaki dan wanita. Kajian mengenai corak rangsangan seksual mendapati bahawa wanita, ketika melihat filem-filem erotik yang menunjukkan aktiviti seksual lelaki (lelaki atau lelaki) perempuan-perempuan (seks oral atau penembusan), mempunyai corak rangsangan yang tidak sepadan dengan orientasi seksual mereka yang dinyatakan sebagai lelaki. Iaitu, rangsangan seksual wanita heteroseksual dan lesbian kepada filem-filem erotik tidak berbeza dengan jantina peserta (lelaki atau perempuan) atau jenis aktiviti seksual (heteroseksual atau homoseksual). Sebaliknya, corak rangsangan seksual lelaki cenderung lebih sesuai dengan orientasi mereka, dengan lelaki heteroseksual menunjukkan lebih banyak keghairahan zakar untuk aktiviti seksual perempuan-perempuan dan kurang rangsangan kepada rangsangan seksual lelaki-lelaki dan lelaki-lelaki, dan homoseksual dan biseksual lelaki lebih terangsang oleh filem yang menggambarkan hubungan lelaki-lelaki dan kurang terangsang oleh rangsangan lain. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh beberapa penyelidik mengenai idea orientasi seksual? || konsep ini tidak boleh berlaku sama seperti lelaki dan wanita <> Apa yang terdapat kajian tentang wanita dan orientasi seksual mereka yang dipercayai? || Aktiviti wanita seksual lelaki-lelaki dan lelaki-perempuan (seks oral atau penembusan), mempunyai corak keghairahan yang tidak sepadan <> Apa kajiannya mendedahkan tentang lelaki dan keinginan seksual mereka yang diisytiharkan? || corak rangsangan seksual lelaki cenderung lebih sesuai dengan orientasi mereka yang dinyatakan,", {"qas": [{"question": "What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?", "id": "571024daa58dae1900cd6914", "answers": [{"text": "the concept may not apply similarly to men and women", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?", "id": "571024daa58dae1900cd6915", "answers": [{"text": "female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?", "id": "571024daa58dae1900cd6916", "answers": [{"text": "men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli."}], ["Varians dalam kadar prevalensi ditunjukkan oleh tanggapan yang tidak konsisten kepada komponen orientasi seksual yang berlainan dalam kajian dan ketidakstabilan jawapan mereka dari masa ke masa. Laumann et al., (1994) mendapati bahawa di kalangan orang dewasa AS, 20% daripada mereka yang dianggap homoseksual dalam satu komponen orientasi adalah homoseksual dalam dua dimensi yang lain dan 70% menjawab dengan cara yang konsisten dengan homoseksual pada hanya satu tiga dimensi. Selain itu, seksualiti cecair sehingga orientasi seks seseorang tidak semestinya stabil atau konsisten dari masa ke masa tetapi tertakluk kepada perubahan sepanjang hayat. Diamond (2003) mendapati bahawa lebih daripada 7 tahun 2/3 wanita menukar identiti seksual mereka sekurang-kurangnya sekali, dengan banyak melaporkan bahawa label itu tidak mencukupi untuk menangkap kepelbagaian perasaan seksual atau romantis mereka. Lebih-lebih lagi, wanita yang mengenepikan pengenalan biseksual dan lesbian tidak melepaskan seksualiti seks yang sama dan mengakui kemungkinan tarikan dan / atau tingkah laku seksual yang akan datang. Seorang wanita menyatakan \"Saya sangat lurus tetapi saya adalah salah seorang daripada mereka yang, jika keadaan yang betul datang, akan mengubah pandangan saya\". Oleh itu, individu yang diklasifikasikan sebagai homoseksual dalam satu kajian mungkin tidak dapat mengenal pasti cara yang sama di dalam yang lain bergantung kepada komponen mana yang dinilai dan apabila penilaian dilakukan menjadikan ia sukar untuk titik pin yang homoseksual dan yang tidak dan apa yang lazimnya berlaku dalam penduduk mungkin. <> Apa yang mencerminkan kadar kelaziman yang berbeza-beza? || tanggapan yang tidak konsisten terhadap komponen orientasi seksual yang berlainan di dalam kajian dan ketidakstabilan jawapan mereka dari masa ke masa <> Apa artinya apabila ada sesetengah sifat seksual? || supaya orientasi seksual seseorang tidak semestinya stabil atau konsisten dari masa ke masa tetapi tertakluk kepada perubahan sepanjang hayat. <> Apa yang dicari oleh Diamond tentang wanita? || lebih 7 tahun 2/3 wanita menukar identiti seksual mereka sekurang-kurangnya sekali, <> Apa yang wanita mengakui yang menganggap diri mereka sebagai lesbian atau biseksual? || kemungkinan tarikan seks dan / atau tingkah laku masa depan yang sama <> Apa yang membuatnya sukar untuk menentukan sama ada seseorang itu homoseksual atau tidak? || individu yang diklasifikasikan sebagai homoseksual dalam satu kajian mungkin tidak dapat dikenal pasti dengan cara yang sama di dalam yang lain bergantung kepada komponen mana yang dinilai", {"qas": [{"question": "What reflects the prevalence rates varying?", "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83b", "answers": [{"text": "people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?", "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83c", "answers": [{"text": "such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Diamond find about the women?", "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83d", "answers": [{"text": "over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?", "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83e", "answers": [{"text": "the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour", "answer_start": 979}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?", "id": "571022d9b654c5140001f83f", "answers": [{"text": "individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed", "answer_start": 1193}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated \"I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint\". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be."}], ["Orientasi seksual diperdebatkan sebagai konsep yang berkembang di Barat perindustrian, dan terdapat kontroversi mengenai universalitas penerapannya dalam masyarakat atau budaya lain. Konsep tidak seksual seksualiti lelaki berbeza secara asasnya daripada cara seksualiti dilihat dan diklasifikasikan di bawah sistem orientasi seksual Barat. [Sumber tidak boleh dipercayai?] Kesahihan tanggapan orientasi seksual seperti yang ditakrifkan di Barat, sebagai fenomena biologi dan bukannya pembinaan sosial yang spesifik ke rantau dan tempoh, juga telah dipersoalkan dalam masyarakat Barat perindustrian). <> Konsep apa yang dikatakan orientasi seksual? || konsep yang berkembang di Barat perindustrian Apa yang menyebabkan perselisihan tentang konsep orientasi seksual? || kesejagatan penggunaannya dalam masyarakat atau budaya lain <> Apakah tanggapan orientasi seksual di barat ditakrifkan sebagai? || sebagai fenomena biologi dan bukannya pembinaan sosial yang khusus untuk rantau dan tempoh", {"qas": [{"question": "What concept is sexual orientation argued as?", "id": "57102d7aa58dae1900cd6942", "answers": [{"text": "a concept that evolved in the industrialized West", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?", "id": "57102d7aa58dae1900cd6943", "answers": [{"text": "the universality of its application in other societies or cultures", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?", "id": "57102d7aa58dae1900cd6944", "answers": [{"text": "as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society)."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada kritikan skala Kinsey hanya mengukur dua dimensi orientasi seksual, Fritz Klein mengembangkan grid orientasi seksual Klein (KSOG), skala multidimensional untuk menggambarkan orientasi seksual. Diperkenalkan dalam buku Klein The Bisexual Option, KSOG menggunakan skala 7 mata untuk menilai tujuh dimensi seksualiti di tiga titik berbeza dalam kehidupan individu: masa lalu (sejak awal remaja sehingga satu tahun yang lalu), sekarang (dalam 12 bulan), dan ideal (apa yang anda pilih jika ia benar-benar pilihan anda). <> Apa yang KSOG tahan? || Klein grid orientasi seksual <> Siapa yang mencipta KSOG? || Fritz Klein <> Mengapa pritz klein datang dengan KSOG? || tindak balas terhadap kritikan terhadap skala Kinsey hanya mengukur dua dimensi orientasi seksual <> Skala jenis apa yang KSOG digunakan? || Skala 7 mata <> Apa tiga mata dalam hidup yang KSOG dievaluasi? || (sejak awal remaja sehingga satu tahun yang lalu), sekarang (dalam tempoh 12 bulan yang lalu), dan ideal (apa yang akan anda pilih jika ia adalah pilihan anda).", {"qas": [{"question": "What does KSOG stand for?", "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6952", "answers": [{"text": "Klein sexual orientation grid", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invented the KSOG?", "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6953", "answers": [{"text": "Fritz Klein", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?", "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6954", "answers": [{"text": "response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of scale does the KSOG use?", "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6955", "answers": [{"text": "a 7-point scale", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?", "id": "57103183a58dae1900cd6956", "answers": [{"text": "past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice)."}], ["Skala Kinsey, yang juga dikenali sebagai Skala Penilaian Heteroseksual-Homoseksual, mula-mula diterbitkan dalam Kelakuan Seksual dalam Lelaki Manusia (1948) oleh Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, dan Clyde Martin dan juga dipaparkan dalam Kelakuan Seksual dalam Wanita Manusia (1953). Skala ini dibangunkan untuk memerangi andaian pada masa bahawa orang itu adalah heteroseksual atau homoseksual dan bahawa kedua-dua jenis ini mewakili antitesis dalam dunia seksual. Menyedari bahawa sebahagian besar populasi tidak sepenuhnya heteroseksual atau homoseksual dan orang dapat mengalami kedua-dua tingkah laku heteroseksual dan homoseksual dan tindak balas psikik, Kinsey et al., Menyatakan: <> Apa nama lain apakah skala KInsey pergi? || Skala Penilaian Heteroseksual-Homoseksual <> Bilakah Skala KInsey pertama diterbitkan? || 1948 <> Mengapa skala KInsey berkembang? || untuk memerangi andaian pada masa bahawa orang adalah sama ada heteroseksual atau homoseksual <> Apa yang KInsey menyatakan sebagai alasannya untuk skala? || Menyedari bahawa sebahagian besar populasi tidak sepenuhnya heteroseksual atau homoseksual dan orang boleh mengalami tingkah laku heteroseksual dan homoseksual <> Siapa lagi yang dipaparkan dalam Tingkah laku seksual lelaki manusia? || Wardell Pomeroy, dan Clyde Martin", {"qas": [{"question": "What other name does the KInsey scale go by?", "id": "57103103b654c5140001f89d", "answers": [{"text": "Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the KInsey scale first published?", "id": "57103103b654c5140001f89e", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the KInsey scale developed?", "id": "57103103b654c5140001f89f", "answers": [{"text": "to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?", "id": "57103103b654c5140001f8a0", "answers": [{"text": "Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?", "id": "57103103b654c5140001f8a1", "answers": [{"text": "Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:"}], ["Beberapa penyelidik, seperti Bruce Bagemihl, telah mengkritik label \"heteroseksual\" dan \"homoseksual\" sebagai mengelirukan dan menghina. Bagemihl menulis, \"... titik rujukan untuk orientasi 'heteroseksual' atau 'homoseksual' dalam tatanama ini hanyalah seks genetik individu sebelum menugaskan semula (lihat contoh, Blanchard et al 1987, Coleman dan Bockting, 1988, Blanchard , 1989). Label-label ini dengan ini mengabaikan rasa jati diri individu identiti jantina yang mendahului seks biologi, bukan sebaliknya. \" Bagemihl terus mengambil isu dengan cara istilah ini menjadikannya mudah untuk menuntut transeksual adalah lelaki homoseksual yang ingin melarikan diri dari stigma. <> Apakah Bruce mengkritik label heteroseksual dan homoseksual sebagai? || mengelirukan dan merendahkan <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Bruce Bagemilh mengenai label istilah homoseksual dan heteroseksual? || . Label-label ini dengan ini mengabaikan rasa jati diri individu identiti jantina yang mendahului seks biologi, bukan cara lain di sekitar <> Apa yang Bagemihl mengatakan isu utama dengan istilah ini? || mudah untuk menuntut transeksual adalah lelaki homoseksual yang ingin melarikan diri dari stigma.", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?", "id": "57102e9eb654c5140001f891", "answers": [{"text": "confusing and degrading", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?", "id": "57102e9eb654c5140001f892", "answers": [{"text": ". These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?", "id": "57102e9eb654c5140001f893", "answers": [{"text": "it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels \"heterosexual\" and \"homosexual\" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, \"...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around.\" Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma."}], ["Seringkali, orientasi seksual dan identiti orientasi seksual tidak dibezakan, yang boleh memberi kesan tepat menilai identiti seksual dan sama ada atau tidak orientasi seksual dapat berubah; Identiti orientasi seksual boleh berubah sepanjang hayat individu, dan mungkin atau tidak boleh selaras dengan seks biologi, tingkah laku seksual atau orientasi seksual sebenar. Walaupun Pusat Ketagihan dan Kesihatan Mental dan Persatuan Psikiatri Amerika menyatakan bahawa orientasi seksual adalah semula jadi, berterusan atau tetap sepanjang hidup mereka untuk sesetengah orang, tetapi cecair atau perubahan dari masa ke masa untuk orang lain, Persatuan Psikologi Amerika membezakan antara orientasi seksual (bawaan tarikan) dan identiti orientasi seksual (yang mungkin berubah pada bila-bila masa dalam kehidupan seseorang). <> Apa yang boleh memberi kesan tepat kepada identiti seksual? || Orientasi seksual dan identiti orientasi seksual tidak dibezakan <> Apakah Pusat Ketagihan dan Mental menyembuhkan bersama dengan negara asosiasi Psikiatri Amerika mengenai orientasi seksual? || Orientasi seksual adalah semula jadi, berterusan atau tetap sepanjang hidup mereka untuk sesetengah orang, tetapi cecair atau perubahan dari masa ke masa untuk orang lain, <> Apa Persatuan Psikologi Amerika membezakan antara? || orientasi seksual (tarikan semula jadi) dan identiti orientasi seksual (yang boleh berubah di mana-mana titik dalam kehidupan seseorang).", {"qas": [{"question": "What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?", "id": "57102f4eb654c5140001f897", "answers": [{"text": "sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?", "id": "57102f4eb654c5140001f898", "answers": [{"text": "sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?", "id": "57102f4eb654c5140001f899", "answers": [{"text": "sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life)."}], ["Walaupun tarikan, tingkah laku, dan identiti seksual adalah semua komponen orientasi seksual, jika seseorang yang ditakrifkan oleh salah satu dimensi ini adalah kongruen dengan yang didefinisikan oleh dimensi lain, ia tidak akan menjadi perkara yang digunakan dalam menilai orientasi, tetapi ini tidak. Terdapat \"hubungan koheren yang sedikit antara jumlah dan campuran kelakuan homoseksual dan heteroseksual dalam biografi seseorang dan pilihan orang itu untuk melabel dirinya sendiri sebagai biseksual, homoseksual, atau heteroseksual\". Individu biasanya mengalami tarikan dan tingkah laku yang berbeza yang mungkin mencerminkan rasa ingin tahu, percubaan, tekanan sosial dan tidak semestinya menunjukkan orientasi seksual yang mendasari. Sebagai contoh, seorang wanita mungkin mempunyai fantasi atau pemikiran tentang hubungan seks dengan wanita lain tetapi tidak pernah melakukan pemikiran ini dan hanya melakukan hubungan seks dengan pasangan gender yang bertentangan. Jika orientasi seksual sedang dinilai berdasarkan daya tarik seseorang, maka individu ini akan dianggap homoseksual, tetapi kelakuannya menunjukkan heteroseksual. <> Apakah tarikan seksual? tingkah laku, dan komponen keperibadian? || Orientasi seksual <> Apa yang biasanya orang alami? || tarikan dan tingkah laku yang berbeza yang mungkin mencerminkan rasa ingin tahu, percubaan, tekanan sosial <> Apa hubungan antara koheren yang kecil antara? || jumlah dan campuran kelakuan homoseksual dan heteroseksual dalam biografi seseorang dan pilihan orang itu untuk melabel dirinya sendiri", {"qas": [{"question": "What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?", "id": "57103240a58dae1900cd695c", "answers": [{"text": "sexual orientation", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do individuals typically experience?", "id": "57103240a58dae1900cd695d", "answers": [{"text": "diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is there little coherent relationships between?", "id": "57103240a58dae1900cd695e", "answers": [{"text": "the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is \"little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual\". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality."}], ["Dikenal sebagai kesan keturunan kelahiran persaudaraan (FBO), teori ini telah disokong oleh bukti kuat asal usianya, walaupun tiada bukti sehingga kini telah menghubungkannya dengan mekanisme prenatal yang tepat. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian menunjukkan bahawa ini mungkin berasal dari imunologi, disebabkan oleh tindak balas imun ibu terhadap bahan yang penting untuk perkembangan janin lelaki semasa kehamilan, yang menjadi semakin berkemungkinan selepas setiap kehamilan lelaki. Sebagai akibat daripada kesan imun ini, perubahan dalam perkembangan pranatal lelaki selepas lahir telah dianggap berlaku. Proses ini, dikenali sebagai hipotesis imunisasi ibu (MIH), akan bermula apabila sel-sel dari janin lelaki memasuki peredaran ibu semasa kehamilan atau semasa melahirkan. Protein yang berkaitan dengan Y ini tidak akan dikenalpasti dalam sistem imun ibu kerana dia adalah wanita, menyebabkannya mengembangkan antibodi yang akan melalui penghalang plasenta ke dalam ruang janin. Dari sini, badan anti-lelaki akan menyeberang darah / otak penghalang (BBB) otak janin yang sedang membangun, mengubah struktur otak dimorfik seks berbanding orientasi seksual, menyebabkan anak terdedah lebih tertarik kepada lelaki berbanding wanita. <> Apa kesan FBO berdiri? || perintah kelahiran fraternal <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh teori ini? || asal pranatal, walaupun tiada bukti setakat ini telah menghubungkannya dengan mekanisme prenatal yang tepat <> Apa hasil penyelidikan mengenai kesan FBO? || ini mungkin berasal dari imunologi, disebabkan oleh tindak balas imun ibu terhadap bahan yang penting untuk perkembangan janin lelaki semasa kehamilan, <> Apa yang MIH berdiri? || hipotesis imunisasi ibu <> Apakah BBB berdiri? || halangan darah otak", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the FBO effect stand for?", "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd6948", "answers": [{"text": "fraternal birth order", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does this theory entail?", "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd6949", "answers": [{"text": "prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does research show about the FBO effect?", "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd694a", "answers": [{"text": "this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does MIH stand for?", "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd694b", "answers": [{"text": "maternal immunization hypothesis", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does BBB stand for?", "id": "57103069a58dae1900cd694c", "answers": [{"text": "blood/brain barrier", "answer_start": 1000}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women."}], ["Kajian-kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa lelaki dan wanita adalah berbeza dari segi corak rangsangan seksual dan ini juga dapat dilihat bagaimana alat kelamin mereka bertindak balas terhadap rangsangan seksual kedua-dua jantina atau bahkan kepada rangsangan bukan manusia. Orientasi seksual mempunyai banyak dimensi (tarikan, tingkah laku, identiti), yang mana rangsangan seksual adalah satu-satunya produk tarikan seksual yang dapat diukur saat ini dengan sedikit ketepatan fisik. Oleh itu, hakikat bahawa wanita terangsang dengan melihat primat bukan manusia yang melakukan hubungan seks tidak bererti bahawa orientasi seksual wanita termasuk jenis minat seksual ini. Sesetengah penyelidik berhujah bahawa orientasi seksual wanita kurang bergantung pada corak rangsangan seksual mereka berbanding lelaki dan komponen lain dari orientasi seksual (seperti lampiran emosi) harus diambil kira apabila menggambarkan orientasi seksual wanita. Sebaliknya, orientasi seksual lelaki cenderung terutamanya tertumpu kepada komponen tarikan fizikal dan, oleh itu, perasaan seksual mereka lebih berorientasikan mengikut jantina. <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh kajian ini? || bahawa lelaki dan wanita adalah berbeza dari segi pola gairah seksual <> Bagaimana ini dapat dilihat dalam kajian? || bagaimana alat kelamin mereka bertindak balas terhadap rangsangan seksual kedua-dua jantina atau bahkan kepada rangsangan bukan manusia. <> Apakah beberapa dimensi orientasi seksual? || tarikan, tingkah laku, identiti <> Apakah orientasi seks lelaki menumpukan kepada? || komponen fizikal tarikan <> Apa penyelidikan percaya mesti diambil kira untuk wanita dalam kajian ini? || lampiran emosi", {"qas": [{"question": "What do these studies suggest?", "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b1", "answers": [{"text": "that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is this reflected in the studies?", "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b2", "answers": [{"text": "in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?", "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b3", "answers": [{"text": "attractions, behavior, identity", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?", "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b4", "answers": [{"text": "physical component of attractions", "answer_start": 929}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?", "id": "571033ecb654c5140001f8b5", "answers": [{"text": "emotional attachment", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex."}], ["Dalam karya \"Who's Gay? Adakah Rasanya?\", Ritch Savin-Williams mencadangkan dua pendekatan yang berbeza untuk menilai orientasi seksual sehingga kedudukan yang baik dan psikometrik yang kukuh dan definisi diuji dibangunkan yang membolehkan penyelidikan dapat mengenal pasti kelaziman, penyebab dan akibatnya. daripada homoseksual. Beliau mula-mula mencadangkan agar keutamaan yang lebih tinggi diberikan kepada rangsangan seksual dan daya tarik terhadap tingkah laku dan identiti kerana ia kurang terdedah kepada penipuan diri dan lain-lain, keadaan sosial dan makna berubah-ubah. Untuk mengukur daya tarikan dan rangsangan, beliau mencadangkan langkah-langkah biologi perlu dibangunkan dan digunakan. Terdapat banyak langkah biologi / fisiologi yang ada yang dapat mengukur orientasi seksual seperti rangsangan seksual, imbasan otak, pengesanan mata, keutamaan bau badan, dan variasi anatomi seperti nisbah digit-panjang dan tangan kanan atau kiri. Kedua, Savin-Williams menyarankan bahawa para penyelidik harus mengabaikan tanggapan umum tentang orientasi seksual dan menilai hanya komponen yang relevan untuk pertanyaan penyelidikan yang diselidiki. Sebagai contoh: <> Siapa yang menulis karya tulis \"Whos Gay? Adakah Ia Penting? || Ritch Savin-Williams <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Ritz yang dicadangkan oleh SAvin-Williams dalam karya ini? || mencadangkan agar keutamaan yang lebih besar diberikan kepada rangsangan seksual dan tarikan <> Apa yang dicadangkannya untuk mengukur tarikan? || bahawa langkah-langkah biologi perlu dikembangkan dan digunakan. <> Apa lagi yang dicadangkan oleh Savin-Williams? || penyelidik harus mengabaikan tanggapan umum tentang orientasi seksual <> Komponen apa yang dia percayai shoud digunakan dalam kajian? || menilai hanya komponen yang relevan untuk soalan penyelidikan yang disiasat", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the paper \"Whos Gay? Does It Matter?", "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8a7", "answers": [{"text": "Ritch Savin-Williams", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?", "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8a8", "answers": [{"text": "suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he propose to measure attraction?", "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8a9", "answers": [{"text": "that biological measures should be developed and used.", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else does Savin-Williams suggest?", "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8aa", "answers": [{"text": "researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?", "id": "57103337b654c5140001f8ab", "answers": [{"text": "assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated", "answer_start": 1015}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the paper \"Who's Gay? Does It Matter?\", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:"}], ["Walaupun para penyelidik umumnya percaya bahawa orientasi seksual tidak ditentukan oleh mana-mana satu faktor tetapi dengan kombinasi pengaruh genetik, hormon dan alam sekitar, dengan faktor biologi yang melibatkan hubungan antara faktor genetik dan persekitaran rahim awal, mereka lebih suka model biologi untuk tujuan . Mereka percaya bahawa orientasi seksual bukan pilihan, dan sebahagian dari mereka percaya bahawa ia ditubuhkan pada konsep. Iaitu, individu tidak memilih untuk menjadi homoseksual, heteroseksual, biseksual, atau aseksual. Walaupun siasatan saintifik semasa biasanya bertujuan untuk mencari penjelasan biologi untuk menerima orientasi seksual tertentu, masih belum ada kajian saintifik yang ditiru yang menyokong sebarang etiologi biologi khusus untuk orientasi seksual. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian saintifik telah menemui beberapa perbezaan biologi statistik antara orang gay dan heteroseksual, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh punca asas yang sama seperti orientasi seksual itu sendiri. <> Apa yang umumnya percaya para penyelidik menyebabkan orientasi seksual? || gabungan pengaruh genetik, hormon dan alam sekitar <> Apakah faktor biologi yang mereka percaya memainkan peranan rumit dalam orientasi seksual? || hubungan antara faktor genetik dan persekitaran rahim awal, mereka memihak kepada model biologi untuk tujuan <> Apa yang mereka percaya tentang orientasi seksual? || bukan pilihan, dan sebahagian daripada mereka percaya bahawa ia ditubuhkan pada konsep. <> Apa perbezaan saintis yang ditemui dalam kajian tertentu? || perbezaan biologi statistik antara orang gay dan heteroseksual <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan keputusan ini? || sebab yang sama sebagai orientasi seksual itu sendiri", {"qas": [{"question": "What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?", "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f887", "answers": [{"text": "a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?", "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f888", "answers": [{"text": "a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do they believe about sexual orientation?", "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f889", "answers": [{"text": "not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?", "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f88a", "answers": [{"text": "statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can these results be caused from?", "id": "57102bb6b654c5140001f88b", "answers": [{"text": "the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself", "answer_start": 927}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself."}], ["Anggaran bagi peratusan penduduk yang biseksual bervariasi secara meluas, sekurang-kurangnya sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh perbezaan definisi biseksual. Sesetengah kajian hanya menganggap seorang lelaki biseksual jika mereka hampir sama-sama tertarik kepada kedua-dua jantina, dan yang lain menganggap seseorang biseksual jika mereka sama sekali tertarik kepada seks yang sama (kerana sebaliknya kebanyakannya heteroseksual) atau kepada jantina yang bertentangan (jika tidak kebanyakannya homoseksual orang). Sebilangan kecil orang tidak tertarik secara seksual kepada sesiapa (aseksual). Satu kajian pada tahun 2004 meletakkan kelaziman kesekomenan pada 1%. <> Apakah sebahagian daripada sebab anggaran anggaran penduduk biseksual yang berbeza-beza? || disebabkan oleh definisi biseksual yang berbeza. <> Apa salah satu cara kajian boleh melihat biseksual? || jika mereka hampir sama tertarik kepada kedua-dua jantina, <> Apakah cara lain cara mengkaji biseksual? || mereka sama-sama tertarik dengan seks yang sama (untuk kebanyakannya orang heteroseksual) atau kepada jantina yang bertentangan (untuk kebanyakannya orang homoseksual) <> Apakah peratusan aseksual? || 1%.", {"qas": [{"question": "What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?", "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696c", "answers": [{"text": "due to differing definitions of bisexuality.", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one way a study can view bisexuality?", "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696d", "answers": [{"text": "if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another way studies can view bisexuality?", "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696e", "answers": [{"text": "they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of asexuals?", "id": "5710353fa58dae1900cd696f", "answers": [{"text": "1%.", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%."}], ["Sesetengah ahli sejarah dan penyelidik berhujah bahawa aktiviti emosi dan penyayang yang dikaitkan dengan istilah orientasi seksual seperti \"gay\" dan \"heteroseksual\" berubah dengan ketara dari masa ke masa dan merentasi sempadan budaya. Contohnya, dalam banyak bahasa berbahasa Inggeris, diandaikan bahawa ciuman seks yang sama, terutamanya di antara lelaki, adalah tanda homoseksual, sedangkan pelbagai jenis ciuman seks yang sama adalah ungkapan persahabatan yang sama di negara lain. Selain itu, banyak budaya moden dan bersejarah mempunyai upacara rasmi yang menyatakan komitmen jangka panjang antara rakan-rakan seks yang sama, walaupun homoseksualiti sendiri adalah tabu dalam budaya. <> Apa sejarah dan penyelidik berhujah mengenai aktiviti emosi dan penyayang? || Aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan istilah orientasi seks seperti \"gay\" dan \"heteroseksual\" berubah dengan ketara dari masa ke masa dan merentasi sempadan budaya. <> Apa yang boleh diandaikan dalam negara-negara berbahasa inggeris ketika dua lelaki mencium? || adalah tanda homoseksual <> Apa budaya beberapa mempunyai upacara formal? || menyatakan komitmen jangka panjang antara rakan-rakan seks yang sama", {"qas": [{"question": "What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?", "id": "571035f5a58dae1900cd6974", "answers": [{"text": "activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as \"gay\" and \"heterosexual\" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?", "id": "571035f5a58dae1900cd6975", "answers": [{"text": "is a sign of homosexuality", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?", "id": "571035f5a58dae1900cd6976", "answers": [{"text": "expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as \"gay\" and \"heterosexual\" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures."}], ["Satu orang mungkin menganggap pengetahuan tentang orientasi seksual orang lain berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang dirasakan, seperti penampilan, pakaian, nada suara, dan iringan dan tingkah laku dengan orang lain. Percubaan untuk mengesan orientasi seksual dalam situasi sosial dikenali sebagai gaydar; beberapa kajian telah menemui bahawa ramalan berdasarkan foto muka melakukan lebih baik daripada peluang. Penyelidikan 2015 menunjukkan bahawa \"gaydar\" adalah label alternatif untuk menggunakan stereotaip LGBT untuk mengorientasikan orientasi, dan bentuk muka bukan petunjuk orientasi yang tepat. <> Apa yang boleh membuat orang percaya bahawa mereka tahu seseorang telah kehilangan orientasi seksual? || ciri-ciri yang dilihat, seperti penampilan, pakaian, nada suara, dan iringan dan tingkah laku dengan orang lain <> Apakah istilah untuk seseorang yang cuba menentukan beberapa jenis seksual? || gaydar <> Apa yang telah dilakukan kajian ketika meneliti bagaimana seseorang menggunakan \"gaydar\"? || yang meneka berdasarkan foto muka yang lebih baik daripada peluang <> Apa penyelidikan pada tahun 2015 mencadangkan label alternatif untuk gaydar? || menggunakan stereotaip LGBT untuk mengorientasikan orientasi <> Apa kajian ini juga menunjukkan tentang bentuk muka? || bukan petunjuk orientasi yang tepat.", {"qas": [{"question": "What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?", "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6962", "answers": [{"text": "perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?", "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6963", "answers": [{"text": "gaydar", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses \"gaydar\"?", "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6964", "answers": [{"text": "that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?", "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6965", "answers": [{"text": "using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did this research also show about face-shape?", "id": "571034a1a58dae1900cd6966", "answers": [{"text": "not an accurate indication of orientation.", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that \"gaydar\" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation."}]], [["Iklan Dell telah muncul dalam beberapa jenis media termasuk televisyen, Internet, majalah, katalog dan akhbar. Beberapa strategi pemasaran Dell Inc termasuk menurunkan harga pada setiap masa sepanjang tahun, produk bonus percuma (seperti pencetak Dell), dan penghantaran percuma untuk menggalakkan lebih banyak jualan dan menahan pesaing. Pada tahun 2006, Dell memotong harga dalam usaha mengekalkan pangsa pasaran 19.2%. Ini juga mengurangkan margin keuntungan sebanyak separuh daripada 8.7 hingga 4.3 peratus. Untuk mengekalkan harga yang rendah, Dell terus menerima kebanyakan pembelian produknya melalui Internet dan melalui rangkaian telefon, dan memindahkan bahagian penjagaan pelanggannya ke India dan El Salvador. <> Apakah jenis media Dell yang muncul di TV, di internet, dan di majalah? || iklan <> Salah satu strategi pemasaran Dell adalah jenis penghantaran? || percuma <> Tahun apa Dell memotong harga untuk mengekalkan bahagian pasarannya? || 2006 <> Berapa banyak yang Dell memotong margin apabila ia mengurangkan harga? || separuh <> Di mana Dell mengambil sebahagian besar pembeliannya untuk produknya? || Internet <> Jenis media Dell apa yang belum muncul di TV, di internet, dan di majalah? || <> Salah satu strategi pemasaran Dell bukanlah jenis penghantaran apa? || <> Tahun apa Dell menaikkan harga untuk mengekalkan bahagian pasarannya? || <> Dengan berapa banyak Dell naik margin ketika naik harga? || <> Di mana Dell mengambil kurang daripada pembeliannya untuk produknya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?", "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fd7", "answers": [{"text": "advertisements", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?", "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fd8", "answers": [{"text": "free", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?", "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fd9", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?", "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fda", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?", "id": "570fc93d5ab6b81900390fdb", "answers": [{"text": "Internet", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "advertisements", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "What type of Dell media hasn't appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?", "id": "5ad369a5604f3c001a3fe103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "One of Dell's marketing strategies isn't what kind of shipping?", "id": "5ad369a5604f3c001a3fe104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What year did Dell up its prices to keep its market share?", "id": "5ad369a5604f3c001a3fe105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "By how much did Dell up it's margins when it upped its prices?", "id": "5ad369a5604f3c001a3fe106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "Where does Dell take less of its purchases for its products?", "id": "5ad369a5604f3c001a3fe107", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador."}], ["Pada 17 Ogos 2007, Dell Inc. mengumumkan bahawa selepas siasatan dalaman dalam amalan perakaunannya, ia akan menyatakan semula dan mengurangkan pendapatan dari tahun 2003 hingga suku pertama tahun 2007 dengan jumlah antara $ 50 juta dan $ 150 juta, atau 2 sen 7 sen sesaham. Penyiasatan itu, yang bermula pada bulan November 2006, disebabkan oleh kebimbangan yang dikemukakan oleh Suruhanjaya Sekuriti dan Bursa A.S. mengenai beberapa dokumen dan maklumat yang dikemukakan oleh Dell Inc. Dell mendakwa Dell tidak mendedahkan pembayaran eksklusif yang besar yang diterima daripada Intel kerana bersetuju untuk tidak membeli pemproses dari pengeluar saingan AMD. Pada tahun 2010 Dell akhirnya membayar $ 100 juta untuk menyelesaikan dakwaan penipuan SEC. Michael Dell dan eksekutif lain juga membayar penalti dan mengalami sekatan lain, tanpa mengakui atau menafikan tuduhan itu. <> Jabatan apa yang Dell melancarkan siasatan dalaman? || perakaunan <> Apakah jumlah minimum pendapatan yang akan dinyatakan semula oleh siasatan Dell? || $ 50 juta <> Berapa tahun penyiasatan dalaman Dell bermula? || 2006 <> Siapa yang Dell bersetuju untuk tidak membeli pemproses? || AMD <> Berapakah Dell membayar denda untuk menyelesaikan dakwaan penipuan terhadapnya? || $ 100 juta <> Jabatan apa yang Dell melancarkan penyiasatan luaran? || <> Berapa jumlah maksimum pendapatan yang akan dinyatakan semula oleh siasatan Dell? || <> Tahun apa penyiasatan luar Dell bermula? || <> Berapa Dell membayar denda untuk menyelesaikan dakwaan penipuan terhadapnya? || <> Siapa yang Dell bersetuju untuk membeli pemproses? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on?", "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff5", "answers": [{"text": "accounting", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?", "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff6", "answers": [{"text": "$50 million", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell's internal investigation begin?", "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff7", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?", "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff8", "answers": [{"text": "AMD", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?", "id": "570fca635ab6b81900390ff9", "answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accounting", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What department did Dell launch an external investigation on?", "id": "5ad36d16604f3c001a3fe1df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$50 million", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What was the maximum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?", "id": "5ad36d16604f3c001a3fe1e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What year did Dell's external investigation begin?", "id": "5ad36d16604f3c001a3fe1e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "How much didn't Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?", "id": "5ad36d16604f3c001a3fe1e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AMD", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "Who did Dell agree to buy processors from?", "id": "5ad36d16604f3c001a3fe1e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share. The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc. had submitted. It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD. In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud. Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges."}], ["Dalam industri PC yang semakin mengecil, Dell terus kehilangan bahagian pasaran, kerana turun di bawah Lenovo pada tahun 2011 yang jatuh ke tangga ketiga di dunia. Dell dan Hewlett Packard yang kontemporari Amerika datang di bawah tekanan dari pengilang PC Asia Lenovo, Asus, dan Acer, yang semuanya mempunyai kos pengeluaran yang lebih rendah dan bersedia menerima margin keuntungan yang lebih rendah. Di samping itu, vendor PC Asia telah meningkatkan kualiti dan reka bentuknya, contohnya, siri ThinkPad Lenovo telah memenangi pelanggan korporat dari komputer riba Dell, perkhidmatan pelanggan dan reputasi Dell telah tergelincir. Dell kekal sebagai vendor PC kedua yang paling menguntungkan, kerana ia mengambil 13 peratus daripada keuntungan operasi dalam industri PC pada Q4 2012, di sebalik Macintosh Apple Inc yang mengambil 45 peratus, tujuh peratus di Hewlett Packard, enam peratus di Lenovo dan Asus , dan satu peratus untuk Acer. <> Apa industri semakin kecil? || PC <> Bilakah Dell jatuh di belakang Lenovo? || 2011 <> Apa syarikat lain Amerika jatuh di belakang Lenovo dengan Dell? || Hewlett Packard <> Apa PC sedang mengambil pelanggan korporat dari Dell? || ThinkPad <> Apa syarikat Dell di belakang keuntungan pada tahun 2012? || Apple Inc. <> Apa industri semakin besar? || <> Bilakah Dell jatuh di belakang IBM? || <> Apa syarikat lain Kanada jatuh di belakang Lenovo dengan Dell? || <> Apa PC mengambil pelanggan dari Dell? || <> Apa syarikat Dell di belakang keuntungan pada tahun 2014? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What industry was getting smaller?", "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fcd", "answers": [{"text": "PC", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?", "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fce", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?", "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fcf", "answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?", "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fd0", "answers": [{"text": "ThinkPad", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?", "id": "570fc7d35ab6b81900390fd1", "answers": [{"text": "Apple Inc.", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PC", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What industry was getting bigger?", "id": "5ad36094604f3c001a3fdf37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "When did Dell fall behind IBM?", "id": "5ad36094604f3c001a3fdf38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What other Canadian company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?", "id": "5ad36094604f3c001a3fdf39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lenovo's ThinkPad", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What PC was taking home customers from Dell?", "id": "5ad36094604f3c001a3fdf3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apple Inc.'s", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "What company was Dell behind in profits in 2014?", "id": "5ad36094604f3c001a3fdf3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer."}], ["Dell telah lama tersekat oleh model jualan langsungnya. Pengguna telah menjadi pemacu utama jualan PC sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, tetapi terdapat penurunan dalam pengguna membeli PC menerusi Web atau telefon, seiring meningkatnya bilangan yang melawat kedai runcit elektronik pengguna untuk mencuba peranti terlebih dahulu. Para pesaing Dell dalam industri PC, HP, Gateway dan Acer, mempunyai kehadiran runcit yang panjang dan begitu juga bersedia untuk memanfaatkan peralihan pengguna. Kekurangan kehadiran runcit merendahkan usaha Dell untuk menawarkan elektronik pengguna seperti TV panel rata dan pemain MP3. Dell bertindak balas dengan bereksperimen dengan kiosk pusat membeli-belah, serta kedai kuasi-runcit di Texas dan New York. <> Apa model jualan yang digunakan oleh Dell untuk masa yang lama? || langsung <> Siapa penggerak utama di belakang jualan PC? || Pengguna <> Di mana pengguna akan membeli peranti selain daripada dalam talian? || kedai runcit elektronik pengguna <> Apakah kehadiran pasaran apa yang kurang dari Dell? || runcit <> Apa satu bandar yang diuji kedai runcit Dell? || Texas <> Apa model jualan yang tidak digunakan Dell untuk masa yang lama? || <> Siapa penggerak kecil di belakang jualan PC? || <> Di manakah pengguna akan membeli peranti selain di luar talian? || <> Apa kehadiran pasaran yang dimiliki oleh Dell? || <> Apa satu bandar yang diuji kedai runcit Dell? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sales model did Dell use for a long time?", "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbb", "answers": [{"text": "direct", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?", "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbc", "answers": [{"text": "Consumers", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?", "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbd", "answers": [{"text": "consumer electronics retail stores", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What market presence did Dell lack?", "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbe", "answers": [{"text": "retail", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?", "id": "570fc6df5ab6b81900390fbf", "answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "direct", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What sales model did Dell not use for a long time?", "id": "5ad35d86604f3c001a3fdeb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Consumers", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "Who were the minor driving force behind PC sales?", "id": "5ad35d86604f3c001a3fdeb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consumer electronics retail stores", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "Where were consumers going to buy devices other than offline?", "id": "5ad35d86604f3c001a3fdeb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retail", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "What market presence did Dell have?", "id": "5ad35d86604f3c001a3fdeba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?", "id": "5ad35d86604f3c001a3fdebb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players. Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York."}], ["Pada mulanya, Dell tidak menekankan pasaran pengguna, disebabkan oleh kos yang lebih tinggi dan margin keuntungan yang rendah dalam menjual kepada individu dan isi rumah; ini berubah apabila laman web syarikat beroperasi pada tahun 1996 dan 1997. Sementara harga jualan purata industri kepada individu sedang turun, Dell naik, sebagai pembeli komputer kedua dan ketiga yang mahukan komputer berkuasa dengan pelbagai ciri dan tidak memerlukan banyak sokongan teknikal memilih Dell. Dell mendapati peluang di kalangan individu-individu yang suka PC yang suka membeli langsung, menyesuaikan PC mereka dengan cara mereka, dan menyampaikannya pada hari-hari. Pada awal tahun 1997, Dell mencipta kumpulan jualan dan pemasaran dalaman yang berdedikasi untuk melayani pasaran rumah dan memperkenalkan produk yang direka khas untuk pengguna individu. <> Pasaran apa yang Dell mengabaikan pada mulanya? || pasaran pengguna <> Bilakah laman web Dell mendapat populariti? || 1996 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada jualan rata-rata Dell kepada individu? || naik <> Bilakah Dell mencipta kumpulan pemasaran dalaman mereka? || 1997 <> Apa pasaran Dell menenangkan pada mulanya? || <> Pasaran apa yang IBM mengabaikan pada mulanya? || <> Bilakah laman web Dell kehilangan populariti? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada jualan purata IBM kepada individu? || <> Bilakah Dell mengakhiri kumpulan pemasaran dalaman mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What market did Dell ignore at first?", "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366b", "answers": [{"text": "consumer market", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?", "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366c", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?", "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366d", "answers": [{"text": "going up", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Dell create their internal marketing group?", "id": "570fc65b80d9841400ab366e", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consumer market", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What market did Dell appease at first?", "id": "5ad3586b604f3c001a3fde25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consumer market", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What market did IBM ignore at first?", "id": "5ad3586b604f3c001a3fde26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996 and 1997", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "When did Dell's internet site lose popularity?", "id": "5ad3586b604f3c001a3fde27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "going up", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What was happening to IBM's average sale to individuals?", "id": "5ad3586b604f3c001a3fde28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "When did Dell end their internal marketing group?", "id": "5ad3586b604f3c001a3fde29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company\u2019s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry\u2019s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users."}], ["Dell telah disenaraikan di nombor 51 dalam senarai Fortune 500, sehingga 2014. Selepas pergi ke swasta pada tahun 2013, sifat rahsia maklumat kewangannya yang menghalang syarikat itu dari kedudukan Fortune. Pada tahun 2014 ia merupakan vendor PC ketiga terbesar di dunia selepas Lenovo dan HP. Dell kini merupakan pengirim # 1 monitor PC di dunia. Dell adalah syarikat keenam terbesar di Texas dengan jumlah pendapatan, menurut majalah Fortune. Ia adalah syarikat minyak bukan kedua terbesar di Texas - di belakang AT & T - dan syarikat terbesar di kawasan Greater Austin. Ia adalah sebuah syarikat yang didagangkan secara terbuka (NASDAQ: DELL), serta komponen NASDAQ-100 dan S & P 500, sehingga ia diambil secara peribadi dalam pembelian beli yang ditutup pada 30 Oktober 2013. <> Jumlah apa yang dell pada senarai Fortune 500 hingga 2014? || 51 <> Bilakah Dell pergi bersendirian? || 2013 <> Dell kini pengirim # 1 tentang apa? || Monitor PC <> Di mana keadaannya adalah Dell syarikat keenam terbesar? || Texas <> Apa pangkat vendor PC yang dipegang Dell? || ketiga terbesar <> Berapakah bilangan dell pada senarai Fortune 600 hingga 2014? || <> Bilakah Dell pergi ke umum? || <> Dell kini pengirim # 2 dari apa? || <> Di mana keadaannya adalah Dell syarikat terkecil keenam? || <> Apakah pangkat vendor PC yang dipegang IBM? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?", "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fa7", "answers": [{"text": "51", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Dell go private?", "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fa8", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?", "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fa9", "answers": [{"text": "PC monitors", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?", "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390faa", "answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?", "id": "570fc4805ab6b81900390fab", "answers": [{"text": "third largest", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "51", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What number was dell on the Fortune 600 list until 2014?", "id": "5ad35625604f3c001a3fddcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "When did Dell go public?", "id": "5ad35625604f3c001a3fddcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PC monitors", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "Dell is currently the #2 shipper of what?", "id": "5ad35625604f3c001a3fddcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "In which state is Dell the sixth smallest company?", "id": "5ad35625604f3c001a3fddce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third largest", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "What PC vendor rank did IBM hold?", "id": "5ad35625604f3c001a3fddcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas \u2013 behind AT&T \u2013 and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2008, Dell telah mencapai persetujuan dengan rantaian bekalan pejabat, Officeworks (sebahagian daripada Coles Group), untuk saham beberapa model yang diubahsuai dalam desktop Inspiron dan pelbagai notebook. Model-model ini mempunyai nombor model yang sedikit berbeza, tetapi hampir meniru yang tersedia dari Dell Store. Dell meneruskan dorongan runcitnya di pasaran Australia dengan perkongsiannya dengan Harris Technology (bahagian lain dari Kumpulan Coles) pada bulan November tahun yang sama. Di samping itu, Dell memperluaskan pengedaran runcitnya di Australia menerusi perjanjian dengan pengecualian elektrik diskaun, The Good Guys, yang dikenali sebagai \"Harga Terjejak\". Dell bersetuju untuk mengedarkan pelbagai jenis desktop dan komputer riba, termasuk sistem Studio dan XPS pada akhir tahun 2008. Dell dan Dick Smith Electronics (dimiliki oleh Woolworths Limited) telah mencapai persetujuan untuk mengembangkannya dalam 400 kedai di Dick Smith di seluruh Australia dan New Zealand Mei 2009 (1 tahun sejak Officeworks - dimiliki oleh Coles Group - mencapai perjanjian). Peruncit telah bersetuju untuk mengedarkan pelbagai komputer riba Inspiron dan Studio, dengan desktop Studio yang minimum dari pelbagai Dell. Sehingga 2009 [update], Dell terus menjalankan dan mengendalikan pelbagai kiosnya di 18 pusat membeli-belah di seluruh Australia. Pada 31 Mac 2010, Dell mengumumkan kepada pekerja Kiosk Australia bahawa mereka mematikan program kiosk Dell Australia / New Zealand. <> Tahun apa Dell membuat perjanjian dengan Officeworks? || 2008 <> Apa model komputer yang Dell meminta Officeworks untuk dibawa? || Inspiron <> Di negara manakah yang menjadi rakan kongsi Dell dengan Teknologi Harris? || Australia <> Syarikat apa yang membuat pasukan Dell pada akhir 2008? || Dick Smith Electronics <> Tahun apa program Australia Dell ditutup? || 2010 <> Tahun apa Dell membuat perselisihan dengan Officeworks? || <> Apa model komputer yang tidak Dell meminta Officeworks untuk dibawa? || <> Di negara mana Dell memotong hubungan dengan Teknologi Harris? || <> Apa syarikat yang membuat pasukan Dell pada akhir tahun 2009? || <> Tahun apa tidak program Australia Dell ditutup? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dell make an agreement with Officeworks?", "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe1", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What computer model did Dell ask Officeworks to carry?", "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe2", "answers": [{"text": "Inspiron", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which country did Dell partner with Harris Technology?", "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe3", "answers": [{"text": "Australian", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Dell team with in late 2008?", "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe4", "answers": [{"text": "Dick Smith Electronics", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell's Australian program end up shutting down?", "id": "570fc9cd5ab6b81900390fe5", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 1241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What year did Dell make a disagreement with Officeworks?", "id": "5ad36acb604f3c001a3fe131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Inspiron", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What computer model didn't Dell ask Officeworks to carry?", "id": "5ad36acb604f3c001a3fe132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australian", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "In which country did Dell cut ties with Harris Technology?", "id": "5ad36acb604f3c001a3fe133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dick Smith Electronics", "answer_start": 746}], "question": "What company did Dell team with in late 2009?", "id": "5ad36acb604f3c001a3fe134", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 1241}], "question": "What year didn't Dell's Australian program end up shutting down?", "id": "5ad36acb604f3c001a3fe135", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range. These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store. Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year. In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for \"Slashing Prices\". Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008. Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks \u2014 owned by Coles Group \u2014 reached a deal). The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range. As of 2009[update], Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centres throughout Australia. On March 31, 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program."}], ["Pada pertengahan 1990-an, Dell meluaskan komputer dan komputer riba dengan menjual pelayan, bermula dengan pelayan rendah. Tiga penyedia utama pelayan pada masa itu ialah IBM, Hewlett Packard, dan Compaq, kebanyakannya berdasarkan teknologi proprietari, seperti mikropemproses Power4 IBM atau pelbagai versi proprietari sistem operasi Unix. Pelayan PowerEdge baru Dell tidak memerlukan pelaburan utama dalam teknologi proprietari, kerana mereka menjalankan Microsoft Windows NT pada cip Intel, dan boleh dibina lebih murah daripada pesaingnya. Hasilnya, hasil perusahaan Dell hampir tidak wujud pada tahun 1994, menyumbang 13 peratus daripada jumlah pengambilan syarikat pada tahun 1998. Tiga tahun kemudian, Dell meluluskan Compaq sebagai penyedia utama pelayan Intel, dengan 31 peratus daripada pasaran. Pengambilalihan pertama Dell berlaku pada tahun 1999 dengan pembelian ConvergeNet Technologies sebesar $ 332 juta, setelah Dell gagal membangunkan sistem penyimpanan perusahaan di rumah; Teknologi elegan tetapi rumit ConvergeNet tidak sesuai dengan model perniagaan pengeluar komoditi Dell, memaksa Dell untuk menuliskan keseluruhan nilai pengambilalihan itu. <> Berapa dekad apakah Dell mula menjual barang selain PC? || 1990-an <> IBM, Hewlett Packard, dan Compaq adalah penyedia utama apa? || pelayan <> Server apa yang Dell membuat bahawa mereka cuba untuk memasuki pasaran? || PowerEdge <> Tahun apa pendapatan perusahaan Dell membuat sebahagian besar keuntungannya? || 1998 <> Syarikat mana yang Dell melebihi sebagai pembekal pelayan? || Compaq <> Apa dekad yang Dell mula membeli barang selain PC? || <> IBM, Hewlett Packard, dan Compaq adalah pembekal kecil apa? || <> Server apa yang Dell memusnahkan bahawa mereka cuba untuk memasuki pasaran dengan? || <> Berapa tahun pendapatan perusahaan Dell membentuk sebahagian besar kerugiannya? || <> Syarikat manakah yang membuat Dell ketinggalan sebagai penyedia pelayan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?", "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900390fff", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?", "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391000", "answers": [{"text": "servers", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?", "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391001", "answers": [{"text": "PowerEdge", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?", "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391002", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?", "id": "570fcb315ab6b81900391003", "answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What decade did Dell begin to buy things other than PCs?", "id": "5ad35a39604f3c001a3fde55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "servers", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the minor providers of what?", "id": "5ad35a39604f3c001a3fde56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PowerEdge", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What servers did Dell destroy that they tried to break into the market with?", "id": "5ad35a39604f3c001a3fde57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 678}], "question": "What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its loss?", "id": "5ad35a39604f3c001a3fde58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "Which company did Dell lag behind of as a server provider?", "id": "5ad35a39604f3c001a3fde59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system. Dell's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies, as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips, and could be built cheaper than its competitors. Consequently, Dell's enterprise revenues, almost nonexistent in 1994, accounted for 13 percent of the company's total intake by 1998. Three years later, Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers, with 31 percent of the market. Dell's first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies for $332 million, after Dell had failed to develop an enterprise storage system in-house; ConvergeNet's elegant but complex technology did not fit in with Dell's commodity-producer business model, forcing Dell to write down the entire value of the acquisition."}], ["Proses pembuatan Dell meliputi perhimpunan, pemasangan perisian, ujian fungsional (termasuk \"terbakar\"), dan kawalan kualiti. Sepanjang kebanyakan sejarah syarikat, Dell mengeluarkan mesin desktop di dalam rumah dan menguncup pembuatan buku nota asas untuk konfigurasi di dalam rumah. Pendekatan syarikat telah berubah, seperti yang disebutkan dalam Laporan Tahunan 2006, yang menyatakan, \"Kami terus memperluas penggunaan kami perkongsian rekaan pembuatan asli dan hubungan penyumberan luar pembuatan.\" Wall Street Journal melaporkan pada September 2008 bahawa \"Dell telah menghampiri pengeluar komputer kontrak dengan tawaran untuk menjual\" tumbuhan mereka. Menjelang akhir 2000-an, pendekatan \"mengkonfigurasi untuk memerintahkan\" Dell pembuatan-menyampaikan PC individu yang dikonfigurasikan kepada spesifikasi pelanggan dari kemudahan AS tidak lagi cekap atau berdaya saing dengan pengeluar kontrak Asia jumlah tinggi kerana PC menjadi komoditi kos rendah yang berkuasa. <> Manakah dari proses Dell yang mengendalikan perhimpunan PC, ujian, dan kawalan kualiti? || pembuatan <> Di mana Dell mengkonfigurasi buku nota mereka? || di rumah <> Bilakah Dell menggambarkan pendekatan perubahan mereka terhadap pembuatan? || 2006 <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa Dell menawarkan untuk menjual kilang pembuatan mereka? || The Wall Street Journal <> Apa pengeluar Dell kehilangan untuk kecekapan-bijak? || Asia <> Manakah dari proses Dell yang mengendalikan perhimpunan CP, ujian, dan kawalan kualiti? || <> Di mana Dell memalang buku nota mereka? || <> Bilakah Dell menggambarkan pendekatan perubahan mereka terhadap jualan? || <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa Dell menawarkan untuk membeli tanaman mereka? || <> Apa pengeluarnya Dell mendapat kecekapan bijak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?", "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab367d", "answers": [{"text": "manufacturing", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Dell configure their notebooks?", "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab367e", "answers": [{"text": "in-house", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?", "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab367f", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?", "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab3680", "answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?", "id": "570fc88e80d9841400ab3681", "answers": [{"text": "Asian", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manufacturing", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Which of Dell's processes handles CP assembly, testing, and quality control?", "id": "5ad36651604f3c001a3fe063", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in-house", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "Where did Dell scrap their notebooks?", "id": "5ad36651604f3c001a3fe064", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "When did Dell describe their changing approach to sales?", "id": "5ad36651604f3c001a3fe065", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "Who reported that Dell was offering to buy their manufacturing plants?", "id": "5ad36651604f3c001a3fe066", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asian", "answer_start": 875}], "question": "What manufacturers was Dell gaining efficiency-wise?", "id": "5ad36651604f3c001a3fe067", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including \"burn-in\"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house. The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, \"We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships.\" The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that \"Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell\" their plants. By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities."}], ["Pertumbuhan jualan yang perlahan telah dikaitkan dengan pasaran PC yang matang, yang merupakan 66% daripada jualan Dell, dan para penganalisis mencadangkan bahawa Dell perlu menembusi segmen perniagaan bukan PC seperti penyimpanan, perkhidmatan dan pelayan. Kelebihan harga Dell terikat pada pembuatan ultra-lean untuk PC desktop, tetapi ini menjadi kurang penting kerana penjimatan menjadi lebih sukar untuk dijumpai di dalam rantaian bekalan syarikat, dan sebagai pesaing seperti Hewlett-Packard dan Acer menjadikan operasi pembuatan PC mereka lebih efisien untuk perlawanan Dell, melemahkan perbezaan harga tradisional Dell. Sepanjang industri PC keseluruhan, penurunan harga bersama dengan peningkatan prestasi yang sepadan bermakna bahawa Dell mempunyai peluang yang lebih sedikit untuk menggiring pelanggan mereka (strategi yang menguntungkan untuk mendorong pembeli untuk meningkatkan prosesor atau memori). Akibatnya, syarikat itu menjual sebahagian besar PC murah daripada sebelumnya, yang mengatasi margin keuntungan. Segmen komputer riba telah berkembang pesat di pasaran PC, tetapi Dell mengeluarkan notebook murah di China seperti pengeluar PC lain yang menghapuskan kelebihan kos pembuatan Dell, dan pergantungan Dell terhadap jualan Internet bermakna ia tidak terjual pada jualan notebook yang semakin meningkat kedai kotak besar. CNET telah mencadangkan bahawa Dell semakin terperangkap dalam peningkatan komoditisasi komputer margin rendah yang tinggi, yang menghalangnya daripada menawarkan peranti yang lebih menarik yang dituntut pengguna. <> Apa pasaran yang membentuk majoriti jualan Dell? || PC <> Apakah keuntungan yang dimiliki Dell di pasaran PC? || harga <> Operasi apa yang Hewlett Packard dan Acer membuat lebih efisien untuk bersaing dengan Dell? || pembuatan <> Di mana Dell kehilangan jualan kerana bergantung kepada internet? || kedai kotak besar <> Apa syarikat menyatakan bahawa Dell menghalang dirinya daripada berinovasi? || CNET <> Apa pasaran yang membentuk minoriti jualan Dell? || <> Apa kelemahan yang berlaku di pasaran PC? || <> Operasi apa yang Hewlett Packard dan Acer membuat lebih tidak cekap untuk bersaing dengan Dell? || <> Di mana Dell tidak ketinggalan jualan kerana bergantung kepada internet? || <> Apa syarikat menyatakan bahawa IBM menghalang diri daripada berinovasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?", "id": "570fcc155ab6b81900391009", "answers": [{"text": "PC", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?", "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100a", "answers": [{"text": "price", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?", "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100b", "answers": [{"text": "manufacturing", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?", "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100c", "answers": [{"text": "big box stores", "answer_start": 1253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?", "id": "570fcc155ab6b8190039100d", "answers": [{"text": "CNET", "answer_start": 1269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PC", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What market made up the minority of Dell's sales?", "id": "5ad35add604f3c001a3fde69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "price", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "What disadvantage did Dell hold in the PC market?", "id": "5ad35add604f3c001a3fde6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manufacturing", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more inefficient to compete with Dell?", "id": "5ad35add604f3c001a3fde6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "big box stores", "answer_start": 1253}], "question": "Where didn't Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?", "id": "5ad35add604f3c001a3fde6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CNET", "answer_start": 1269}], "question": "What company stated that IBM was preventing itself from innovating?", "id": "5ad35add604f3c001a3fde6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded."}], ["Dari 1997 hingga 2004, Dell menikmati pertumbuhan yang mantap dan mendapat bahagian pasaran dari pesaing walaupun semasa kemerosotan industri. Dalam tempoh yang sama, vendor PC saingan seperti Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, dan AST Research bergelut dan akhirnya meninggalkan pasaran atau dibeli. Dell melampaui Compaq untuk menjadi pengilang PC terbesar pada tahun 1999. Kos operasi hanya menghasilkan 10 peratus pendapatan Dell pada $ 35 bilion pada tahun 2002, berbanding dengan 21 peratus pendapatan di Hewlett-Packard, 25 peratus di Gateway, dan 46 peratus di Cisco. Pada tahun 2002, ketika Compaq bergabung dengan Hewlett Packard (pembuat PC keempat), Hewlett Packard yang baru bergabung mengambil tempat teratas tetapi berjuang dan Dell kembali memimpin. Dell berkembang paling cepat pada awal tahun 2000an. <> Apa yang Dell menikmati dari 1997 hingga 2004? || pertumbuhan mantap <> Apa syarikat yang Dell mengatasi sebagai pengeluar PC terbesar? || Compaq <> Berapakah keuntungan Dell pada tahun 2002? || $ 35 bilion <> Apa syarikat yang telah bergabung dengan Compaq pada tahun 2002? || Hewlett Packard <> Syarikat apa yang paling cepat berkembang pada awal tahun 2000? || Dell <> Apa yang Dell menikmati dari 1996 hingga 2004? || <> Apa syarikat yang mengejar Dell sebagai pengilang PC terkecil? || <> Berapa banyak kehilangan Dell pada tahun 2002? || <> Syarikat apa yang dimaklumkan Compaq pada tahun 2012? || <> Apa syarikat yang paling lambat berkembang pada awal tahun 2000? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Dell enjoy from 1997 to 2004?", "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104b", "answers": [{"text": "steady growth", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Dell overtake as the largest PC manufacturer?", "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104c", "answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much were Dell profiting in 2002?", "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104d", "answers": [{"text": "$35 billion", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Compaq merge with in 2002?", "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104e", "answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was the fastest growing in the early 2000s?", "id": "570fd1ed5ab6b8190039104f", "answers": [{"text": "Dell", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "steady growth", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What did Dell enjoy from 1996 to 2004?", "id": "5ad359a6604f3c001a3fde41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Compaq", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What company did Dell overtake as the smallest PC manufacturer?", "id": "5ad359a6604f3c001a3fde42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$35 billion", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "How much were Dell losing in 2002?", "id": "5ad359a6604f3c001a3fde43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What company did Compaq merge with in 2012?", "id": "5ad359a6604f3c001a3fde44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "What company was the slowest growing in the early 2000s?", "id": "5ad359a6604f3c001a3fde45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s."}], ["Dell membuka loji di Pulau Pinang, Malaysia pada tahun 1995, dan di Xiamen, China pada tahun 1999. Kemudahan ini berkhidmat di pasaran Asia dan memasang 95% buku nota Dell. Dell Inc. telah melabur [apabila?] Kira-kira $ 60 juta dalam unit perkilangan baru di Chennai, India, untuk menyokong penjualan produknya di benua kecil India. Produk buatan India menanggung tanda \"Made in India\". Pada tahun 2007, kemudahan Chennai mempunyai sasaran untuk menghasilkan 400,000 komputer desktop, dan rancangannya membayangkan ia mula menghasilkan PC notebook dan produk lain pada separuh kedua tahun 2007. [Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan negara asing] apakah tumbuhan terbuka Dell pada tahun 1995? || Malaysia <> Berapa peratus buku nota Dell yang dipasang di tumbuhan asia mereka? || 95% <> Berapakah perbelanjaan Dell untuk membina kilang baru di India? || $ 60 juta <> Berapa banyak PC yang dijadikan tumbuhan India Dell dibuat pada tahun 2007? || 400,000 <> Di negara asing apa tanaman dekat Dell pada tahun 1995? || <> Di negara asing apa tanaman terbuka Dell pada tahun 1996? || <> Berapa peratus daripada buku nota Dell dibongkar di tumbuhan asia mereka? || <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan Dell untuk menghancurkan kilang baru di India? || <> Berapa banyak PC yang dijadikan tumbuhan India Dell dibuat pada tahun 2017? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1995?", "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391025", "answers": [{"text": "Malaysia", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell notebooks are assembled in their asian plants?", "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391026", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Dell spend to construct a new plant in India?", "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391027", "answers": [{"text": "$60 million", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many PCs was Dell's Indian plant slated to make in 2007?", "id": "570fcdfc5ab6b81900391028", "answers": [{"text": "400,000", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malaysia", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "In what foreign country did Dell close plants in 1995?", "id": "5ad367cf604f3c001a3fe0a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malaysia", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1996?", "id": "5ad367cf604f3c001a3fe0a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What percentage of Dell notebooks are disassembled in their asian plants?", "id": "5ad367cf604f3c001a3fe0a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$60 million", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "How much did Dell spend to destroy a new plant in India?", "id": "5ad367cf604f3c001a3fe0a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400,000", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "How many PCs was Dell's Indian plant slated to make in 2017?", "id": "5ad367cf604f3c001a3fe0a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell opened plants in Penang, Malaysia in 1995, and in Xiamen, China in 1999. These facilities serve the Asian market and assemble 95% of Dell notebooks. Dell Inc. has invested[when?] an estimated $60 million in a new manufacturing unit in Chennai, India, to support the sales of its products in the Indian subcontinent. Indian-made products bear the \"Made in India\" mark. In 2007 the Chennai facility had the target of producing 400,000 desktop PCs, and plans envisaged it starting to produce notebook PCs and other products in the second half of 2007.[citation needed]"}], ["Dell mengesan asal-usulnya pada tahun 1984, ketika Michael Dell mencipta Dell Computer Corporation, yang ketika itu melakukan perniagaan sebagai PC Limited, sementara seorang pelajar dari University of Texas di Austin. Syarikat beribu pejabat di bilik asrama menjual komputer serasi PC IBM yang dibina daripada komponen stok. Dell telah keluar dari sekolah untuk memberi tumpuan sepenuh masa pada perniagaannya yang baru, setelah memperoleh modal $ 1.000 dari pengembangan keluarganya. Pada tahun 1985, syarikat itu mengeluarkan komputer pertama reka bentuknya sendiri, Turbo PC, yang dijual dengan harga $ 795. PC Limited mengiklankan sistemnya di majalah komputer nasional untuk dijual secara terus kepada pengguna dan menyusun secara tersusun setiap unit yang diperintahkan mengikut pilihan pilihan. Syarikat itu menyumbang lebih daripada $ 73 juta dalam tahun pertama operasi. <> Bilakah Michael Dell menemui syarikatnya? || 1984 <> Berapa Dell terima modal sebagai keluarganya? || $ 1,000 <> Apa sekolah yang Dell pergi dan kemudian keluar dari semasa dia menjalankan perniagaannya? || University of Texas at Austin <> Tahun apa rancangan Dell komputernya sendiri? || 1985 <> Berapa keuntungan Dell pada tahun pertama? || $ 73 juta <> Bilakah Michael Dell menamatkan syarikatnya? || <> Berapa banyak yang tidak diterima oleh Dell sebagai modal dari keluarganya? || <> Sekolah apa yang tidak Dell pergi dan kemudian keluar dari semasa dia menjalankan perniagaannya? || <> Apa tahun Dell tidak merancang komputernya sendiri? || <> Berapa banyak kehilangan Dell dalam tahun pertamanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Michael Dell found his company?", "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391041", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Dell receive as capital from his family?", "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391042", "answers": [{"text": "$1,000", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?", "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391043", "answers": [{"text": "University of Texas at Austin", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell design its own computer?", "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391044", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Dell profit in its first year?", "id": "570fd1685ab6b81900391045", "answers": [{"text": "$73 million", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "When did Michael Dell end his company?", "id": "5ad356d1604f3c001a3fddd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1,000", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "How much didn't Dell receive as capital from his family?", "id": "5ad356d1604f3c001a3fddd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "University of Texas at Austin", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What school didn't Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?", "id": "5ad356d1604f3c001a3fddd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "What year didn't Dell design its own computer?", "id": "5ad356d1604f3c001a3fddd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$73 million", "answer_start": 725}], "question": "How much did Dell lose in its first year?", "id": "5ad356d1604f3c001a3fddd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. PC's Limited advertised its systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of operation."}], ["Dell menjadi syarikat pertama dalam industri teknologi maklumat untuk mewujudkan matlamat kitar semula produk (pada tahun 2004) dan menyelesaikan pelaksanaan program kitar semula pengguna global pada tahun 2006. Pada 6 Februari 2007, Koalisi Kitar Semula Kebangsaan telah menganugerahkan Dell \"Kitar Semula Kerja \"untuk usaha mempromosikan tanggungjawab pengeluar. Pada 19 Julai 2007, Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia telah melebihi sasaran dalam bekerja untuk mencapai matlamat bertahun-tahun untuk memulihkan 275 juta pound peralatan komputer menjelang tahun 2009. Syarikat itu melaporkan pemulihan sebanyak 78 juta pound (hampir 40,000 tan) peralatan IT daripada pelanggan pada tahun 2006, peningkatan 93 peratus berbanding tahun 2005; dan 12.4% peralatan Dell dijual tujuh tahun lebih awal. <> Apa Dell syarikat IT yang pertama ditubuhkan? || matlamat kitar semula produk <> Tahun apakah Dell membina program kitar semula pengguna global? || 2006 <> Berapa banyak elektronik yang didaur ulang oleh Dell pada tahun 2009? || 275 juta pound <> Tahun berapa 78 juta pound peralatan Dell dikitar semula? || 2006 <> Berapa peratus daripada elektronik Dell dari tujuh tahun yang lalu dikitar semula? || 12.4% <> Apakah Dell syarikat IT yang terakhir untuk ditubuhkan? || <> Tahun apa Dell membuktikan program kitar semula pengguna tempatan? || <> Berapakah jumlah elektronik yang didaur ulang oleh Dell pada tahun 2008? || <> Tahun berapa 87 juta paun peralatan Dell dikitar semula? || <> Berapakah peratusan elektronik Dell dari enam tahun terdahulu yang dikitar semula? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Dell the first IT company to establish?", "id": "570fcfe65ab6b81900391037", "answers": [{"text": "product-recycling goal", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell enact its global consumer recycling program?", "id": "570fcfe65ab6b81900391038", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009?", "id": "570fcfe65ab6b81900391039", "answers": [{"text": "275 million pounds", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was 78 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled?", "id": "570fcfe65ab6b8190039103a", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous seven years were recycled?", "id": "570fcfe65ab6b8190039103b", "answers": [{"text": "12.4%", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "product-recycling goal", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What was Dell the last IT company to establish?", "id": "5ad36be8604f3c001a3fe173", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What year did Dell enact its local consumer recycling program?", "id": "5ad36be8604f3c001a3fe174", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "275 million pounds", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2008?", "id": "5ad36be8604f3c001a3fe175", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 619}], "question": "What year was 87 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled?", "id": "5ad36be8604f3c001a3fe176", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12.4%", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous six years were recycled?", "id": "5ad36be8604f3c001a3fe177", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its \"Recycling Works\" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility. On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009. The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12.4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier."}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an, Dell bertukar daripada menggunakan terutamanya papan induk ATX dan PSU untuk menggunakan papan dan bekalan kuasa dengan penyambung wayar yang serupa tetapi mekanikal secara mekanikal. Ini bermakna pelanggan yang ingin menaik taraf perkakasan mereka perlu mengganti bahagian dengan bahagian yang serasi Dell yang tidak disenangi daripada bahagian biasa yang ada. Walaupun sambungan kuasa motherboard dikembalikan kepada standard industri pada tahun 2003, Dell terus menyimpan rahsia mengenai pin-out motherboard mereka untuk peripheral (seperti pembaca MMC dan suis hidup / mati kuasa dan LED). <> Apa dekad yang dilakukan Dell beralih ke PSU dan papan yang mempunyai penyambung kabel yang berbeza? || 1990-an <> Dengan bahagian-bahagian apa jenis pengguna boleh menaik taraf sistem Dell mereka? || Bahagian yang serasi Dell <> Berapa tahunkah Dell mengembalikan penyambung kuasanya kepada industri standard? || 2003 <> Apa bahagian dari papan induknya yang Dell tidak mendedahkan spesifikasi? || pin-out <> Apa dekad yang Dell bertukar kepada SPU dan papan yang mempunyai penyambung kabel yang berbeza? || <> Dengan apa jenis bahagian yang tidak pengguna dapat menaik taraf sistem Dell mereka dengan? || <> Dengan apa jenis komponen pengguna tidak dapat menaik taraf sistem Dell mereka dengan? || <> Tahun berapa tidak Dell mengembalikan penyambung kuasanya ke standard industri? || <> Apa bahagian dari papan induk mereka yang Dell mendedahkan spesifikasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What decade did Dell switch to PSUs and boards that had differently wired connectors?", "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a5", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what kind of parts were consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with?", "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a6", "answers": [{"text": "Dell-compatible parts", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones?", "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a7", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of their motherboards does Dell not reveal the specifications of?", "id": "570fd09a80d9841400ab36a8", "answers": [{"text": "pin-outs", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What decade did Dell switch to SPUs and boards that had differently wired connectors?", "id": "5ad36c75604f3c001a3fe1a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell-compatible parts", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "With what kind of parts weren't consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with?", "id": "5ad36c75604f3c001a3fe1a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell-compatible parts", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "With what kind of parts were consumers unable to upgrade their Dell systems with?", "id": "5ad36c75604f3c001a3fe1a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What year didn't Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones?", "id": "5ad36c75604f3c001a3fe1a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pin-outs", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What part of their motherboards does Dell reveal the specifications of?", "id": "5ad36c75604f3c001a3fe1a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors. This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts. While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs)."}], ["Pada awal 1990-an, Dell menjual produknya melalui Kedai Beli-belah Best Buy, Costco dan Sam di Amerika Syarikat. Dell menghentikan amalan ini pada tahun 1994, memetik margin keuntungan yang rendah dalam perniagaan, secara eksklusif mengedarkan melalui model jualan langsung untuk dekad yang akan datang. Pada tahun 2003, Dell menjual produk di kedai Sears sebentar di A.S. Pada tahun 2007, Dell mula menjual produknya kepada peruncit utama di A.S. sekali lagi, bermula dengan Kelab Sam dan Wal-Mart. Staples, peruncit bekalan pejabat terbesar di A.S., dan Best Buy, peruncit elektronik terbesar di A.S., menjadi rakan runcit Dell pada tahun yang sama. <> Apa dekad yang Dell menjual elektronik melalui kedai kotak besar? || 1990-an <> tahun apakah Dell berhenti menjual produk melalui peruncit fizikal? || 1994 <> Kedai apa yang Dell menjual elektronik pada tahun 2003? || Sears <> Berapa tahun Dell mula menjual produk di peruncit lagi? || 2007 <> Siapa peruncit elektronik terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Beli Terbaik <> Berapa dekad tidak menjual elektronik Dell melalui kedai kotak besar? || <> tahun apakah Dell mula menjual produk melalui peruncit fizikal? || <> Kedai apa yang Dell menjual elektronik pada tahun 2013? || <> Tahun apa Dell berhenti menjual produk di peruncit lagi? || <> Siapa peruncit elektronik terkecil di AS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores?", "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3691", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers?", "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3692", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003?", "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3693", "answers": [{"text": "Sears", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again?", "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3694", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US? ", "id": "570fcf3e80d9841400ab3695", "answers": [{"text": "Best Buy", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What decade didn't Dell sell electronics through big box stores?", "id": "5ad369fb604f3c001a3fe10d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "what year did Dell start selling products through physical retailers?", "id": "5ad369fb604f3c001a3fe10e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sears", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2013?", "id": "5ad369fb604f3c001a3fe10f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What year did Dell stop selling products at retailers again?", "id": "5ad369fb604f3c001a3fe110", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Best Buy", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "Who is the smallest electronics retailer in the US?", "id": "5ad369fb604f3c001a3fe111", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart. Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S., and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the U.S., became Dell retail partners later that same year."}], ["Lembaga Pengarah terdiri daripada sembilan pengarah. Michael Dell, pengasas syarikat itu, berkhidmat sebagai pengerusi lembaga dan ketua pegawai eksekutif. Ahli lembaga lain termasuk Don Carty, William Grey, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, dan Sam Nunn. Pemegang saham memilih sembilan ahli lembaga dalam mesyuarat, dan ahli lembaga yang tidak memperoleh majoriti undi mesti mengemukakan peletakan jawatan kepada lembaga, yang kemudiannya akan memilih sama ada atau tidak untuk menerima peletakan jawatan tersebut. Lembaga pengarah biasanya menetapkan lima jawatankuasa yang mempunyai pengawasan terhadap perkara-perkara tertentu. Jawatankuasa ini termasuk Jawatankuasa Audit, yang mengendalikan isu-isu perakaunan, termasuk pengauditan dan pelaporan; Jawatankuasa Pampasan, yang meluluskan pampasan bagi Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif dan pekerja syarikat lain; Jawatankuasa Kewangan, yang mengendalikan perkara kewangan seperti penggabungan dan pengambilalihan yang dicadangkan; Jawatankuasa Tadbir Urus dan Pencalonan, yang mengendalikan pelbagai perkara korporat (termasuk penamaan lembaga); dan Jawatankuasa Pematuhan Antitrust, yang cuba menghalang amalan syarikat daripada melanggar undang-undang antitrust. [rujukan?] <> Siapa pengasas Dell? || Michael Dell Berapa ramai ahli lembaga pengarah Dell? || sembilan <> Berapa banyak jawatankuasa yang dilantik oleh lembaga pengarah di Dell? || lima <> Jawatankuasa Dell mana yang menangani isu perakaunan? || Jawatankuasa Audit <> Jawatankuasa mana yang Dell menyimpan syarikat itu dari melanggar undang-undang antitrust? || Jawatankuasa Pematuhan Antitrust <> Siapa yang bukan pengasas Dell? || <> Berapa ramai ahli lembaga tidak mempunyai Dell? || <> Berapa banyak jawatankuasa yang tidak dilantik oleh lembaga pengarah di Dell? || <> Jawatankuasa mana yang Dell menangani isu bukan perakaunan? || <> Yang mana jawatankuasa IBM menyimpan syarikat itu dari melanggar undang-undang antitrust? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the founder of Dell?", "id": "570fce815ab6b8190039102d", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Dell", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many board members does Dell have?", "id": "570fce815ab6b8190039102e", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?", "id": "570fce815ab6b8190039102f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?", "id": "570fce815ab6b81900391030", "answers": [{"text": "Audit Committee", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?", "id": "570fce815ab6b81900391031", "answers": [{"text": "Antitrust Compliance Committee", "answer_start": 1026}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michael Dell", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "Who isn't the founder of Dell?", "id": "5ad36951604f3c001a3fe0e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "How many board members doesn't Dell have?", "id": "5ad36951604f3c001a3fe0ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 529}], "question": "How many committees aren't appointed by the board of directors at Dell?", "id": "5ad36951604f3c001a3fe0eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Audit Committee", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "Which Dell committee handles non-accounting issues?", "id": "5ad36951604f3c001a3fe0ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antitrust Compliance Committee", "answer_start": 1026}], "question": "Which IBM committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?", "id": "5ad36951604f3c001a3fe0ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.[citation needed]"}], ["Dell mempunyai reputasi sebagai sebuah syarikat yang bergantung kepada kecekapan rantaian bekalan untuk menjual teknologi yang ditubuhkan pada harga yang rendah, bukan sebagai inovator. Menjelang pertengahan 2000an, ramai penganalisis sedang mencari untuk membuat inovasi syarikat sebagai sumber pertumbuhan seterusnya dalam sektor teknologi. Perbelanjaan Dell yang rendah terhadap R & D relatif kepada pendapatannya (berbanding dengan IBM, Hewlett Packard, dan Apple Inc.) - yang berfungsi dengan baik dalam pasaran PC komoditized-menghalangnya daripada menembusi segmen yang lebih menguntungkan, seperti pemain MP3 dan kemudian peranti mudah alih . Peningkatan perbelanjaan R & D akan mengurangkan margin operasi yang ditekankan syarikat. Dell telah melakukan yang baik dengan organisasi mendatar yang memberi tumpuan kepada PC apabila industri pengkomputeran bergerak ke lapisan campuran dan padanan mendatar pada tahun 1980-an, tetapi pada pertengahan 2000 industri itu beralih ke susunan bersepadu vertikal untuk menyampaikan penyelesaian IT lengkap dan Dell tertinggal jauh di belakang pesaing seperti Hewlett Packard dan Oracle. <> Apa yang Dell bergantung kepada yang memberikannya reputasi? || kecekapan rantaian bekalan <> Apa yang Dell mengekalkan perbelanjaan yang lebih rendah daripada pesaingnya? || R & D <> Apakah struktur organisasi Dell yang dipertimbangkan? || mendatar <> Dell tertinggal di belakang Hewlett Packard dan Oracle dalam menyampaikan jenis penyelesaian? || Penyelesaian IT <> Apa yang Dell bergantung kepada yang memberikannya reputasi buruk? || <> Apa yang IBM bergantung kepada yang memberikannya reputasi? || <> Apa yang Dell mengekalkan perbelanjaan yang lebih tinggi daripada pesaingnya? || <> Apa struktur organisasi Dell tidak dipertimbangkan? || <> Dell mendahului Hewlett Packard dan Oracle dalam memberikan penyelesaian macam apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Dell rely on that gave it a reputation?", "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391055", "answers": [{"text": "supply chain efficiencies", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Dell maintain lower spending on than its competitors?", "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391056", "answers": [{"text": "R&D", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Dell's organizational structure considered?", "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391057", "answers": [{"text": "horizontal", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dell lagged behind Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions?", "id": "570fd2995ab6b81900391058", "answers": [{"text": "IT solutions", "answer_start": 883}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "supply chain efficiencies", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What did Dell rely on that gave it a bad reputation?", "id": "5ad35dfa604f3c001a3fdecb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "supply chain efficiencies", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What did IBM rely on that gave it a reputation?", "id": "5ad35dfa604f3c001a3fdecc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "R&D", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What did Dell maintain higher spending on than its competitors?", "id": "5ad35dfa604f3c001a3fdecd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "horizontal", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "What wasn't Dell's organizational structure considered?", "id": "5ad35dfa604f3c001a3fdece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IT solutions", "answer_start": 883}], "question": "Dell went ahead of Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions?", "id": "5ad35dfa604f3c001a3fdecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator. By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector. Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Apple Inc.)\u2014which worked well in the commoditized PC market\u2014prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices. Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized. Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver complete IT solutions and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett Packard and Oracle."}], ["Pengumuman itu datang dua tahun selepas Dell Inc. kembali ke pemilikan swasta, mendakwa bahawa ia menghadapi prospek suram dan akan memerlukan beberapa tahun dari mata awam untuk membina semula perniagaannya. Ia difikirkan bahawa nilai syarikat itu telah meningkat dua kali sejak itu. EMC sedang ditekan oleh Elliott Management, sebuah dana lindung nilai yang memegang 2.2% daripada stok EMC, untuk menyusun semula struktur \"Persekutuan\" mereka yang luar biasa, di mana bahagian EMC berkesan dijalankan sebagai syarikat bebas. Elliott berhujah bahawa struktur penyimpanan data teras \"EMC II\" EMC yang sangat rendah ini telah diendahkan dan persaingan yang semakin meningkat antara produk EMC II dan VMware membingungkan pasaran dan menghalang kedua-dua syarikat. Wall Street Journal menganggarkan bahawa pada tahun 2014 Dell mempunyai pendapatan sebanyak $ 27.3 bilion dari komputer peribadi dan $ 8.9bn dari pelayan, manakala EMC mempunyai $ 16.5bn daripada EMC II, $ 1bn dari RSA Security, $ 6bn dari VMware, dan $ 230 juta dari Software Pivotal. EMC memiliki sekitar 80 peratus saham VMware. Pengambilalihan yang dicadangkan akan memelihara VMware sebagai syarikat yang berasingan, yang dipegang melalui stok pengesanan baru, sementara bahagian lain EMC akan dilancarkan ke Dell. Sebaik sahaja pengambilalihan menutup Dell akan menerbitkan semula keputusan kewangan suku tahunan, setelah berhenti pada persendirian pada 2013. <> Berapa nilai Dell meningkat sejak mereka pergi? || dua kali ganda <> Apa kumpulan dana hedge menekan EMC ke dalam penyusunan semula? || Pengurusan Elliott <> Apakah sumber berita menerbitkan anggaran pendapatan antara Dell dan EMC? || The Wall Street Journal <> Apa tahun Dell pergi swasta? || 2013 <> Berapa nilai Dell menurun sejak mereka pergi secara peribadi? || <> Berapakah nilai Dell meningkat sejak ia dipublikasikan? || <> Apakah kumpulan dana hedge yang menekan MEC ke penyusunan semula? || <> Apakah sumber berita menerbitkan anggaran pendapatan antara Dell dan MEC? || <> Tahun apa Dell pergi ke umum? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?", "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b8190039101d", "answers": [{"text": "doubled", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?", "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b8190039101e", "answers": [{"text": "Elliott Management", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?", "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b8190039101f", "answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell go private?", "id": "570fcd6d5ab6b81900391020", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 1271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "doubled", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "How much has Dell's value decreased since they went private?", "id": "5ad36293604f3c001a3fdf99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "doubled", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "How much has Dell's value increased since they went public?", "id": "5ad36293604f3c001a3fdf9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elliott Management", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "What hedge fund group was pressuring MEC into restructuring?", "id": "5ad36293604f3c001a3fdf9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 697}], "question": "What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and MEC?", "id": "5ad36293604f3c001a3fdf9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 1271}], "question": "What year did Dell go public?", "id": "5ad36293604f3c001a3fdf9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual \"Federation\" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core \"EMC II\" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software. EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013."}], ["Menjelang akhir 2000-an, pendekatan \"mengkonfigurasi untuk memerintahkan\" Dell pembuatan-menyampaikan PC individu yang dikonfigurasikan kepada spesifikasi pelanggan dari kemudahan AS tidak lagi cekap atau berdaya saing dengan pengeluar kontrak Asia jumlah tinggi kerana PC menjadi komoditi kos rendah yang berkuasa. Dell menutup tumbuh-tumbuhan yang menghasilkan komputer meja untuk pasaran Amerika Utara, termasuk Pusat Pembuatan Mort Topfer di Austin, Texas (lokasi asal) dan Lebanon, Tennessee (dibuka pada tahun 1999) pada tahun 2008 dan awal tahun 2009. Kilang pengeluaran desktop di Winston-Salem, North Carolina, menerima insentif sebanyak AS $ 280 juta dari negeri ini dan dibuka pada tahun 2005, tetapi berhenti beroperasi pada bulan November 2010. Kontrak Dell dengan negeri itu memerlukan mereka untuk membayar insentif kerana gagal memenuhi syarat , dan mereka menjual kilang North Carolina ke Herbalife. Kebanyakan kerja yang biasa berlaku di kilang A.S. Dell dipindahkan ke pengeluar kontrak di Asia dan Mexico, atau beberapa kilang Dell di luar negara. Kemudahan Miami, Florida, anak syarikat Alienwarenya masih beroperasi, sementara Dell terus menghasilkan pelayannya (produk yang paling menguntungkan) di Austin, Texas. Pada 8 Januari 2009, Dell mengumumkan penutupan kilang pembuatannya di Limerick, Ireland, dengan kehilangan 1,900 pekerjaan dan pemindahan pengeluaran ke kilangnya di \u0141od\u017a di Poland. <> Apa dekadakah proses pembuatan Dell menjadi kurang cekap? || 2000-an <> Tanaman apa yang Dell ditutup di Texas? || Pusat Pembuatan Mort Topfer <> Apakah negeri Dell yang menerima $ 280 juta tetapi kemudiannya ditutup? || North Carolina <> Syarikat apa yang membeli kilang North Carolina dari Dell? || Herbalife <> Tanaman di negara AS yang masih beroperasi? || Florida <> Apa dekadakah proses pembuatan Dell menjadi lebih cekap? || <> Tanaman apa yang Dell dibuka di Texas? || <> Apa negeri itu adalah tumbuhan Dell yang menerima $ 290 juta tetapi kemudian ditutup? || <> Apa syarikat membeli kilang South Carolina dari Dell? || <> Kilang dalam apa negeri AS tidak lagi beroperasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?", "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab3687", "answers": [{"text": "2000s", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What plant did Dell close in Texas?", "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab3688", "answers": [{"text": "Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?", "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab3689", "answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?", "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab368a", "answers": [{"text": "Herbalife", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The plant in what US state still remains in operation?", "id": "570fccd080d9841400ab368b", "answers": [{"text": "Florida", "answer_start": 1049}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 2000s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become more efficient?", "id": "5ad35f99604f3c001a3fdf11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What plant did Dell open in Texas?", "id": "5ad35f99604f3c001a3fdf12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $290 million but was later closed?", "id": "5ad35f99604f3c001a3fdf13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herbalife", "answer_start": 860}], "question": "What company bought the South Carolina plant from Dell?", "id": "5ad35f99604f3c001a3fdf14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida", "answer_start": 1049}], "question": "The plant in what US state no longer remains in operation?", "id": "5ad35f99604f3c001a3fdf15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in \u0141od\u017a in Poland."}], ["Pada tahun 1986, Michael Dell membawa Lee Walker, kapitalis teroka 51 tahun, sebagai presiden dan ketua pegawai operasi, untuk menjadi mentor Michael dan melaksanakan idea Michael untuk mengembangkan syarikat itu. Walker juga berperanan dalam merekrut ahli-ahli kepada lembaga pengarah apabila syarikat itu menjadi awam pada tahun 1988. Walker bersara pada tahun 1990 kerana kesihatan, dan Michael Dell mengupah Morton Meyerson, bekas CEO dan presiden Sistem Data Elektronik untuk mengubah syarikat itu dari cepat -mengembangkan perusahaan bersaiz sederhana ke dalam perusahaan bernilai bilion dolar. <> Tahun apakah Michael Dell membawa Lee Walker ke syarikat itu? || 1986 <> Apa yang direkrut ahli Lee Walker ke Dell? || board of directors <> Berapa tahun Walker bersara? || 1990 <> Apakah kedudukan Morton Meyerson di bekas syarikatnya? || CEO <> Tahun apa tidak Michael Dell membawa Lee Walker ke syarikat itu? || <> Apa yang tidak merekrut ahli Lee Walker ke Dell? || <> Berapa tahun Walker mati? || <> Apakah kedudukan Morton Meyerson di syarikatnya sekarang? || <> Apakah kedudukan Morton Dell di bekas syarikatnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?", "id": "570fde875ab6b81900391087", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?", "id": "570fde875ab6b81900391088", "answers": [{"text": "board of directors", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Walker retire?", "id": "570fde875ab6b81900391089", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Morton Meyerson's position at his former company?", "id": "570fde875ab6b8190039108a", "answers": [{"text": "CEO", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year didn't Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?", "id": "5ad35717604f3c001a3fdddf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "board of directors", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What didn't Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?", "id": "5ad35717604f3c001a3fdde0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What year did Walker die?", "id": "5ad35717604f3c001a3fdde1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CEO and president", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What was Morton Meyerson's position at his current company?", "id": "5ad35717604f3c001a3fdde2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CEO and president", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What was Morton Dell's position at his former company?", "id": "5ad35717604f3c001a3fdde3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as Michael's mentor and implement Michael's ideas for growing the company. Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988. Walker retired in 1990 due to health, and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson, former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise."}], ["Pada tahun 1993, untuk melengkapkan saluran jualan langsungnya, Dell merancang untuk menjual PC di kedai-kedai runcit besar seperti Wal-Mart, yang akan menghasilkan pendapatan tahunan tambahan $ 125 juta. Perunding Bain Kevin Rollins memujuk Michael Dell untuk menarik keluar tawaran ini, mempercayai mereka akan menjadi wang yang kalah dalam jangka masa panjang. Margin pada runcit nipis di terbaik dan Dell meninggalkan saluran penjual semula pada tahun 1994. Rollins akan menyertai Dell sepenuh masa dan akhirnya menjadi Presiden dan CEO syarikat. <> Berapa tahun rancangan Dell untuk menjual PC pada peruncit? || 1993 <> Apa satu peruncit yang akan menjual PC Dell? || Wal-Mart <> Siapa yang meyakinkan Michael Dell untuk tidak menggunakan peruncit untuk menjual PC? || Kevin Rollins <> Apa kedudukan di Dell lakukan Kevin Rollins akhirnya mencapai? || CEO <> Tahun apa tidak rancangan Dell untuk menjual PC di peruncit? || <> Tahun apa rancangan IBM untuk menjual PC di peruncit? || <> Apa satu peruncit yang tidak akan menjual PC Dell? || <> Siapa yang meyakinkan Michael Dell untuk menggunakan peruncit untuk menjual PC? || <> Apa kedudukan di Dell yang akhirnya kehilangan Kevin Rollins? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers?", "id": "570fdda25ab6b8190039107f", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one retailer that were going to sell Dell PCs?", "id": "570fdda25ab6b81900391080", "answers": [{"text": "Wal-Mart", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced Michael Dell to not use retailers to sell PCs?", "id": "570fdda25ab6b81900391081", "answers": [{"text": "Kevin Rollins", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually attain?", "id": "570fdda25ab6b81900391082", "answers": [{"text": "CEO", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year didn't Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers?", "id": "5ad35760604f3c001a3fddf3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did IBM plan to sell PCs at retailers?", "id": "5ad35760604f3c001a3fddf4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wal-Mart", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What was one retailer that weren't going to sell Dell PCs?", "id": "5ad35760604f3c001a3fddf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kevin Rollins", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "Who convinced Michael Dell to use retailers to sell PCs?", "id": "5ad35760604f3c001a3fddf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President and CEO", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually lose?", "id": "5ad35760604f3c001a3fddf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue. Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run. Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994. Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company President and CEO."}], ["Dell komited untuk mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau dari aktiviti globalnya sebanyak 40% menjelang 2015, dengan tahun fiskal tahun 2008 sebagai tahun asas. Ia disenaraikan dalam Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics yang menjaringkan pengeluar elektronik utama mengikut dasar mereka mengenai kelestarian, iklim dan tenaga serta bagaimana produknya hijau. Pada bulan November 2011, Dell menduduki tempat ke-2 daripada 15 pembuat elektronik yang disenaraikan (meningkatkan skornya kepada 5.1 dari 4.9, yang diperoleh pada kedudukan sebelumnya dari Oktober 2010). <> Apa pelepasan yang Dell berusaha untuk mengurangkan? || gas rumah hijau <> Menjelang tahun 2015, berapa banyak Dell berbuat demikian untuk mengurangkan pelepasannya? || 40% <> Tahun apa Dell pangkat ke-2 untuk kelembutan produk? || 2011 <> Apakah organisasi pengelompokan pengeluar elektronik berdasarkan bagaimana produk mereka mesra alam? || Greenpeace <> Apa pelepasan yang tidak Dell berusaha untuk mengurangkan? || <> Menjelang tahun 2016, berapa banyak Dell slate untuk mengurangkan pelepasannya? || <> Menjelang 2015, berapakah jumlah Dell untuk meningkatkan pelepasannya? || <> Tahun apa Dell pangkat 1 untuk kelembutan produk? || <> Apa organisasi menghitung pengeluar elektronik berdasarkan bagaimana alam sekitar merosakkan produk mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?", "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d3", "answers": [{"text": "greenhouse gas", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?", "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d4", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?", "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d5", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are? ", "id": "570fd8fd80d9841400ab36d6", "answers": [{"text": "Greenpeace", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "greenhouse gas", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What emissions didn't Dell strive to reduce?", "id": "5ad36b52604f3c001a3fe157", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "By 2016, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?", "id": "5ad36b52604f3c001a3fe158", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "By 2015, how much did Dell slate to increase its emissions?", "id": "5ad36b52604f3c001a3fe159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What year did Dell rank 1st for product greenness?", "id": "5ad36b52604f3c001a3fe15a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greenpeace", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally damaging their products are? ", "id": "5ad36b52604f3c001a3fe15b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace\u2019s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010)."}], ["Kemudahan Dell di Amerika Syarikat terletak di Austin, Texas; Plano, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (kawasan Portland); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; dan Miami, Florida. Kemudahan yang terletak di luar negara termasuk Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Filipina Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolandia dan Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin dan Limerick, Ireland; dan Casablanca, Maghribi. <> Bandar apakah kemudahan New Hampshire di Dell? || Nashua <> Apa bandar Dell's Tennessee kemudahan di? || Nashville <> Bandar apakah kemudahan Dell's Minnesota? || Eden Prairie <> Apa bandar kemudahan Florida Dell? || Miami <> Apa bandar tidak kemudahan New Hampshire di Dell? || <> Kota mana yang bukan kemudahan Dell Tennessee? || <> Kota mana yang bukan kemudahan Dell's Minnesota? || <> Kota mana yang bukan kemudahan Dell Florida? || <> Kota mana yang bukan kemudahan Dell Nebraska? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What city is Dell's New Hampshire facility in?", "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391065", "answers": [{"text": "Nashua", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Tennessee facility in?", "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391066", "answers": [{"text": "Nashville", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Minnesota facility in?", "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391067", "answers": [{"text": "Eden Prairie", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Florida facility in?", "id": "570fd7315ab6b81900391068", "answers": [{"text": "Miami", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nashua", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What city isn't Dell's New Hampshire facility in?", "id": "5ad36478604f3c001a3fe017", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nashville", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What city isn't Dell's Tennessee facility in?", "id": "5ad36478604f3c001a3fe018", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eden Prairie", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "What city isn't Dell's Minnesota facility in?", "id": "5ad36478604f3c001a3fe019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Miami", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What city isn't Dell's Florida facility in?", "id": "5ad36478604f3c001a3fe01a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lincoln", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What city isn't Dell's Nebraska facility in?", "id": "5ad36478604f3c001a3fe01b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Plano, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida. Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolandia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; and Casablanca, Morocco."}], ["Perhimpunan komputer desktop untuk pasaran Amerika Utara sebelum ini berlaku di kilang Dell di Austin, Texas (lokasi asal) dan Lebanon, Tennessee (dibuka pada tahun 1999), yang telah ditutup pada tahun 2008 dan awal tahun 2009, masing-masing. Kilang di Winston-Salem, North Carolina menerima $ 280 juta USD dalam insentif daripada negeri ini dan dibuka pada tahun 2005, tetapi berhenti beroperasi pada bulan November 2010, dan kontrak Dell dengan negeri itu memerlukan mereka untuk membayar insentif kerana gagal memenuhi syarat-syarat tersebut. Kebanyakan kerja yang biasa berlaku di kilang A.S. Dell dipindahkan ke pengeluar kontrak di Asia dan Mexico, atau beberapa kilang Dell di luar negara. Kemudahan Miami, Florida anak syarikat Alienwarenya masih beroperasi, sementara Dell terus menghasilkan pelayannya (produk yang paling menguntungkan) di Austin, Texas. <> Bandar apakah kemudahan Dell's Texas? || Austin <> Tahun apakah kemudahan Dell's Tennessee dibuka? || 1999 <> Apa negeri itu adalah tumbuhan Dell yang menerima insentif $ 280 juta? || North Carolina <> Apa benua yang banyak bekerja dari tumbuhan Dell yang dipindahkan ke? || Asia <> Apa anak syarikat Dell masih beroperasi di Florida? || Alienware <> Apa bandar tidak kemudahan Dell Texas? || <> Tahun apakah kemudahan Dell's Tennessee ditutup? || <> Apakah negeri itu adalah kilang Dell yang menerima insentif $ 820 juta dalam? || <> Apa benua yang banyak bekerja dari tumbuhan Dell yang dipindahkan dari? || <> Apa anak syarikat Dell masih beroperasi di Georgia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What city is Dell's Texas facility in?", "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36bf", "answers": [{"text": "Austin", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?", "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c0", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?", "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c1", "answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?", "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c2", "answers": [{"text": "Asia", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?", "id": "570fd82180d9841400ab36c3", "answers": [{"text": "Alienware", "answer_start": 703}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austin", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What city isn't Dell's Texas facility in?", "id": "5ad366b9604f3c001a3fe075", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What year was Dell's Tennessee facility closed?", "id": "5ad366b9604f3c001a3fe076", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $820 million in incentives in?", "id": "5ad366b9604f3c001a3fe077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asia", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred from?", "id": "5ad366b9604f3c001a3fe078", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alienware", "answer_start": 703}], "question": "What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Georgia?", "id": "5ad366b9604f3c001a3fe079", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas."}], ["Dell telah cuba mengimbangi perniagaan PC yang merosot, yang masih menyumbang separuh daripada hasilnya dan menghasilkan aliran tunai yang mantap, dengan memperluas pasaran perusahaan dengan pelayan, rangkaian, perisian, dan perkhidmatan. Ia mengelakkan banyak pengambilalihan pengambilalihan dan perolehan pengurusan yang melanda saingan utama Hewlett Packard. Dell juga berjaya beberapa kegunaan dalam memanfaatkan warisan jualan langsung sentuhan tinggi untuk menjalin hubungan rapat dan penyelesaian reka bentuk untuk pelanggan. Walaupun membelanjakan $ 13 bilion pada pengambilalihan untuk mempelbagaikan portfolionya di luar perkakasan, syarikat itu tidak dapat meyakinkan pasaran bahawa ia boleh berkembang atau membuat transformasi di dunia pasca PC, kerana ia mengalami penurunan yang berterusan dalam pendapatan dan harga saham. Penguasaan pasaran Dell dalam segmen korporat sebelum ini adalah \"keruntuhan\" terhadap saingan tetapi ini tidak lagi berlaku kerana jualan dan keuntungan telah jatuh mendadak. <> Berapa pendapatan Dell adalah bahagian PCnya? || separuh <> Siapa yang utama saingan perniagaan Dell? || Hewlett Packard <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Dell untuk mendapatkan pembahagian yang berbeza? || $ 13 bilion <> Apa yang terjadi pada pendapatan dan harga saham Dell di pasaran pasca PC? || menurun <> Berapa pendapatan Dell bukan bahagian PCnya? || <> Berapa pendapatan Dell adalah bahagian telefonnya? || <> Siapakah sekutu utama Dell? || <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Dell untuk menjual bahagian yang berbeza? || <> Apa yang berlaku dengan perbelanjaan Dell dan harga saham di pasaran pasca PC? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much of Dell's revenue was its PC division?", "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36ad", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Dell's main business rival?", "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36ae", "answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions?", "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36af", "answers": [{"text": "$13 billion", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Dell's revenue and share price in the post-PC market?", "id": "570fd63b80d9841400ab36b0", "answers": [{"text": "declines", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "How much of Dell's revenue wasn't its PC division?", "id": "5ad360f7604f3c001a3fdf4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "How much of Dell's revenue was its phone division?", "id": "5ad360f7604f3c001a3fdf4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hewlett Packard", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Who was Dell's main business ally?", "id": "5ad360f7604f3c001a3fdf4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$13 billion", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "How much did Dell spend on selling different divisions?", "id": "5ad360f7604f3c001a3fdf4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "declines", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "What happened to Dell's expenses and share price in the post-PC market?", "id": "5ad360f7604f3c001a3fdf4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell has been attempting to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services. It avoided many of the acquisition writedowns and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard. Dell also managed some success in taking advantage of its high-touch direct sales heritage to establish close relationships and design solutions for clients. Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price. Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a \"moat\" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously."}], ["Dell menjual komputer peribadi (PC), pelayan, peranti penyimpanan data, suis rangkaian, perisian, peranti komputer, HDTV, kamera, pencetak, pemain MP3, dan elektronik yang dibina oleh pengeluar lain. Syarikat ini terkenal dengan inovasi dalam pengurusan rantaian bekalan dan perdagangan elektronik, terutamanya model jualan langsung dan pendekatan \"untuk membina\" atau \"mengkonfigurasi untuk memerintahkan\" kepada pembuatan-penghantaran PC individu yang dikonfigurasikan kepada spesifikasi pelanggan. Dell adalah vendor perkakasan tulen untuk banyak kewujudannya, tetapi dengan pengambilalihan pada tahun 2009 Perot Systems, Dell memasuki pasaran untuk perkhidmatan IT. Syarikat itu sejak itu telah membuat pengambilalihan tambahan dalam sistem penyimpanan dan rangkaian, dengan tujuan memperluaskan portfolio mereka daripada menawarkan komputer hanya untuk menyampaikan penyelesaian lengkap untuk pelanggan perusahaan. <> Inovasi dalam jenis pengurusan yang dikenali oleh Dell? || rantaian bekalan <> Apa model jualan yang dibuat oleh Dell? || jualan langsung <> Bagi kebanyakan kewujudan Dell, apakah mereka vendor? || perkakasan <> Apa syarikat yang Dell memperoleh pada tahun 2009? || Sistem Perot <> Apa pasaran Dell mula bersaing pada tahun 2009? || Perkhidmatan IT <> Apa model jualan tidak mengikuti Dell? || <> Inovasi dalam jenis pengurusan apa yang Dell tidak dikenali? || <> Untuk minoriti kewujudan Dell, apakah mereka vendor? || <> Apa syarikat yang Dell memperoleh pada tahun 2008? || <> Apa pasaran Dell mula bersaing pada tahun 2011? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for?", "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e3", "answers": [{"text": "supply chain", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sales model did Dell follow?", "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e4", "answers": [{"text": "direct-sales", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For the majority of Dell's existence, what were they a vendor of?", "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e5", "answers": [{"text": "hardware", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Dell acquire in 2009?", "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e6", "answers": [{"text": "Perot Systems", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2009?", "id": "570fdcbb80d9841400ab36e7", "answers": [{"text": "IT services", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "direct-sales", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What sales model didn't Dell follow?", "id": "5ad355e1604f3c001a3fddc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "supply chain", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "Innovations in what kind of management is Dell unknown for?", "id": "5ad355e1604f3c001a3fddc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hardware", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "For the minority of Dell's existence, what were they a vendor of?", "id": "5ad355e1604f3c001a3fddc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Perot Systems", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "What company did Dell acquire in 2008?", "id": "5ad355e1604f3c001a3fddc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IT services", "answer_start": 615}], "question": "What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2011?", "id": "5ad355e1604f3c001a3fddc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players, and electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its \"build-to-order\" or \"configure to order\" approach to manufacturing\u2014delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence, but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems, Dell entered the market for IT services. The company has since made additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems, with the aim of expanding their portfolio from offering computers only to delivering complete solutions for enterprise customers."}], ["Walaupun rancangan untuk memperluas ke segmen global dan segmen produk lain, Dell sangat bergantung kepada pasaran PC korporat AS, kerana PC desktop yang dijual kepada pelanggan komersial dan korporat menyumbang 32 peratus daripada pendapatannya, 85 peratus hasilnya berasal dari perniagaan, dan Enam puluh empat peratus hasilnya berasal dari Amerika Utara dan Selatan, menurut hasil suku tahun ketiga 2006nya. Pengiriman PC A.S. desktop mengecut, dan pasaran PC korporat yang membeli PC dalam kitaran naik taraf telah memutuskan untuk berehat dari membeli sistem baru. Kitaran terakhir bermula sekitar tahun 2002, tiga tahun atau lebih selepas syarikat mula membeli PC lebih awal daripada masalah Y2K yang dirasakan, dan pelanggan korporat tidak dijangka menaik taraf lagi sehingga ujian Windows Vista Microsoft (dijangka pada awal tahun 2007), meletakkan peningkatan seterusnya kitaran sekitar tahun 2008. Sangat bergantung pada PC, Dell terpaksa mengurangkan harga untuk meningkatkan jumlah jualan, sambil menuntut pemotongan jauh dari pembekal. <> Apa pasaran PC negara mana yang bergantung kepada Dell? || U.S <> Berapa peratuskah keuntungan Dell adalah PC desktop yang dijual kepada pembeli komersial dan korporat? || 32 peratus <> Tahun berapa keuntungan PC Dell mengecut? || 2006 <> Apakah sistem operasi dijangka menjadi peningkatan sistem seterusnya untuk pelanggan korporat? || Microsoft Windows Vista <> Apa pasaran komputer negara mana yang Dell tidak boleh dipercayai? || <> Tahun apa keuntungan PC Dell berkembang? || <> Berapa peratuskah keuntungan Dell adalah komputer riba yang dijual kepada pembeli komersial dan korporat? || <> Seberapa besar keuntungan Dell ialah PC desktop yang dijual kepada pembeli komersial dan rumah? || <> Sistem operasi apakah yang dijadualkan untuk naik taraf sistem seterusnya untuk pelanggan rumah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?", "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ed", "answers": [{"text": "U.S", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?", "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ee", "answers": [{"text": "32 percent", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were Dell's PC profits shrinking?", "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ef", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients?", "id": "570fdf9d80d9841400ab36f0", "answers": [{"text": "Microsoft's Windows Vista", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What country's PC market was Dell unreliant on?", "id": "5ad35ca7604f3c001a3fde8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What year were Dell's PC profits growing?", "id": "5ad35ca7604f3c001a3fde90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32 percent", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What percentage of Dell's profits were laptop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?", "id": "5ad35ca7604f3c001a3fde91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32 percent", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and home buyers?", "id": "5ad35ca7604f3c001a3fde92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Microsoft's Windows Vista", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for home clients?", "id": "5ad35ca7604f3c001a3fde93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results. U.S. shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems. The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008. Heavily depending on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers."}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2009, Dell memohon maaf selepas menarik perhatian Suruhanjaya Perlindungan Pengguna Taiwan kerana dua kali menolak untuk menghormati banjir pesanan terhadap harga yang sangat rendah yang ditawarkan di laman web Taiwannya. Pada mulanya, Dell menawarkan 19 \"panel LCD untuk $ 15. Pada kedua, Dell menawarkan notebook E4300 Latitude pada NT $ 18,558 (US $ 580), 70% lebih rendah daripada harga biasa NT $ 60,900 (US $ 1900). E4300, dan bukannya menghormati diskaun yang membawa kerugian besar, firma itu menarik pesanan dan menawarkan baucar sehingga NT $ 20,000 (US $ 625) pelanggan sebagai pampasan. Pihak berkuasa hak pengguna di Taiwan mendenda Dell NT $ 1 juta (US $ 31250) untuk Mahkamah di selatan Taiwan mengarahkan firma itu menghantar 18 komputer riba dan 76 panel skrin rata kepada 31 pengguna untuk NT $ 490,000 (kurang daripada satu pertiga daripada biasa) \"Mahkamah berkata, peristiwa itu tidak boleh dianggap sebagai kesilapan, kerana firma yang berprestij tersebut berkata syarikat itu salah membuat produknya dua kali di laman web Taiwan dalam masa 3 minggu. <> Apa tahun Dell dibakar dari Suruhanjaya Perlindungan Pengguna Taiwan? 2009 <> Berapa peratus lebih rendah ialah Dell menjual buku nota di Taiwan? || 70% <> Apa yang dijual oleh Dell untuk $ 19 di Taiwan? || 19 \"LCD <> Berapa denda Taiwan Dell untuk amalannya? || NT $ 1 juta <> Tahun apa tidak Dell dibakar dari Suruhanjaya Perlindungan Pengguna Taiwan? Suruhanjaya Perlindungan Pengguna Taiwan? || <> Apa yang paling rendah ialah Dell membeli buku nota di Taiwan? || <> Apa yang dijual oleh Dell untuk $ 91 di Taiwan? || <> ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?", "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36db", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent lower was Dell selling its notebooks in Taiwan?", "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36dc", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did dell sell for $19 in Taiwan?", "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36dd", "answers": [{"text": "19\" LCD", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Taiwan fine Dell for its practices?", "id": "570fdb9180d9841400ab36de", "answers": [{"text": "NT$1 million", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What year didn't Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?", "id": "5ad36d6b604f3c001a3fe1fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What year did IBM come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?", "id": "5ad36d6b604f3c001a3fe1fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What percent lower was Dell buying its notebooks in Taiwan?", "id": "5ad36d6b604f3c001a3fe1ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19\" LCD", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What did dell sell for $91 in Taiwan?", "id": "5ad36d6b604f3c001a3fe200", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NT$1 million", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "How much didn't Taiwan fine Dell for its practices?", "id": "5ad36d6b604f3c001a3fe201", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honour a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website. In the first instance, Dell offered a 19\" LCD panel for $15. In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900). Concerning the E4300, rather than honour the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation. The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements. Many consumers sued the firm for the unfair compensation. A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price. The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks."}], ["Dell mengumumkan kempen perubahan yang dipanggil \"Dell 2.0,\" mengurangkan jumlah pekerja dan mempelbagaikan produk syarikat. Semasa pengerusi lembaga selepas melepaskan jawatan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutifnya, Michael Dell masih mempunyai input penting dalam syarikat itu semasa tahun-tahun Rollins sebagai CEO. Dengan kembalinya Michael Dell sebagai Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif, syarikat itu melihat perubahan serta-merta dalam operasi, pengalihan naib presiden kanan dan kakitangan baru yang dibawa dari luar syarikat. Michael Dell mengumumkan beberapa inisiatif dan pelan (sebahagian daripada inisiatif \"Dell 2.0\") untuk meningkatkan prestasi kewangan syarikat. Ini termasuk penghapusan bonus 2006 untuk pekerja dengan beberapa anugerah budi bicara, pengurangan jumlah pengurus yang melaporkan terus kepada Michael Dell dari 20 hingga 12, dan pengurangan \"birokrasi\". Jim Schneider bersara sebagai Ketua Pegawai Kewangan dan digantikan oleh Donald Carty, kerana syarikat itu berada di bawah pemeriksaan SEC untuk amalan perakaunannya. <> Apakah nama kempen perubahan Dell? || Dell 2.0 <> Siapa yang melepaskan jawatannya sebagai Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif untuk mengambil tempat duduk di papan? || Michael Dell <> Michael Dell mengeluarkan bonus pekerja dari tahun apa dengan insentif barunya? || 2006 <> Siapa yang menggantikan Jim Schneider sebagai Dell CFO? || Donald Carty <> Apa yang bukan nama kempen perubahan Dell? || <> Apakah nama kempen perubahan IBM? || <> Siapa yang melepaskan jawatannya sebagai CFO untuk mengambil tempat duduk di papan? || <> Michael Dell menambah bonus pekerja dari apa tahun dengan insentif barunya? || <> Siapa yang menggantikan Jim Schneider sebagai Dell COO? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Dell's change campaign?", "id": "570fd59c5ab6b8190039105d", "answers": [{"text": "Dell 2.0", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board?", "id": "570fd59c5ab6b8190039105e", "answers": [{"text": "Michael Dell", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?", "id": "570fd59c5ab6b8190039105f", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?", "id": "570fd59c5ab6b81900391060", "answers": [{"text": "Donald Carty", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell 2.0", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What wasn't the name of Dell's change campaign?", "id": "5ad35ecc604f3c001a3fdef3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell 2.0", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What was the name of IBM's change campaign?", "id": "5ad35ecc604f3c001a3fdef4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michael Dell", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Who relinquished his position as CFO to take a seat on the board?", "id": "5ad35ecc604f3c001a3fdef5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "Michael Dell added employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?", "id": "5ad35ecc604f3c001a3fdef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Donald Carty", "answer_start": 860}], "question": "Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell COO?", "id": "5ad35ecc604f3c001a3fdef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell announced a change campaign called \"Dell 2.0,\" reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products. While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO. With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw immediate changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company. Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the \"Dell 2.0\" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance. These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of \"bureaucracy\". Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices."}], ["Selepas beberapa minggu desas-desus, yang bermula sekitar 11 Januari 2013, Dell mengumumkan pada 5 Februari 2013 bahawa ia telah mencecah perjanjian pembelian beli $ 24.4 bilion yang akan menghapuskan sahamnya dari NASDAQ dan Bursa Saham Hong Kong dan mengambilnya secara peribadi . Reuters melaporkan bahawa Michael Dell dan Silver Lake Partners, dengan bantuan pinjaman $ 2 bilion dari Microsoft, akan memperoleh saham awam pada $ 13.65 setiap satu. Pembelian $ 24.4 bilion diproyeksikan sebagai pembelian terbesar yang disokong oleh ekuiti persendirian sejak krisis kewangan 2007. Ia juga merupakan pembeli teknologi terbesar yang pernah melepasi Freescale Semiconductor pada 2006 untuk $ 17.5 bilion. <> Tahun apa Dell mengumumkan tawaran pembeliannya? || 2013 <> Apakah nilai perjanjian pembelian Dell? || $ 24.4 bilion <> Apakah nilai pinjaman yang diterima oleh Dell daripada Microsoft? || $ 2 bilion <> Apakah nilai pembelian teknologi kedua terbesar? || $ 17.5 bilion <> Berapa tahun IBM mengumumkan perjanjian pembeliannya? || <> Apakah nilai pembelian beli Microsoft? || <> Apakah nilai pinjaman yang diterima oleh Dell dari IBM? || <> Apakah nilai pembelian teknologi ketiga terbesar? || <> Apakah nilai pembelian teknologi terkecil kedua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dell announce its buyout deal?", "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a1", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of Dell's buyout deal?", "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a2", "answers": [{"text": "$24.4 billion", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of the loan that Dell received from Microsoft?", "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a3", "answers": [{"text": "$2 billion", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of the second largest technology buyout?", "id": "570fe6145ab6b819003910a4", "answers": [{"text": "$17.5 billion", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What year did IBM announce its buyout deal?", "id": "5ad36189604f3c001a3fdf69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$24.4 billion", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "What was the value of Microsoft's buyout deal?", "id": "5ad36189604f3c001a3fdf6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$2 billion", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What was the value of the loan that Dell received from IBM?", "id": "5ad36189604f3c001a3fdf6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$17.5 billion", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What was the value of the third largest technology buyout?", "id": "5ad36189604f3c001a3fdf6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$17.5 billion", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What was the value of the second smallest technology buyout?", "id": "5ad36189604f3c001a3fdf6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013 that it had struck a $24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private. Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13.65 apiece. The $24.4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis. It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17.5 billion."}], ["Pada 23 April 2008, Dell mengumumkan penutupan salah satu pusat panggilan Kanada terbesarnya di Kanata, Ontario, menamatkan kira-kira 1100 pekerja, dengan 500 daripada redundansi yang berkesan di tempat itu, dan dengan penutupan rasmi pusat yang dijadualkan untuk musim panas. Pusat panggilan telah dibuka pada tahun 2006 selepas kota Ottawa memenangi tawaran untuk menjadi tuan rumah. Kurang dari setahun kemudian, Dell merancang untuk menggandakan tenaga kerja kepada hampir 3,000 pekerja menambah bangunan baru. Pelan ini dibalikkan, disebabkan oleh dolar Kanada yang tinggi yang membuat kakitangan Ottawa agak mahal, dan juga sebagai sebahagian daripada pemulihan Dell, yang melibatkan memindahkan pekerjaan pusat panggilan ini di luar pesisir untuk mengurangkan kos. Syarikat itu juga mengumumkan penutupan pejabatnya di Edmonton, Alberta, kehilangan 900 pekerjaan. Secara keseluruhannya, Dell mengumumkan penghujung kira-kira 8,800 pekerjaan pada 2007-2008 - 10% daripada tenaga kerjanya. <> Tahun apakah Dell menutup pusat panggilan Kanada terbesar? || 2008 <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang kehilangan pekerjaan apabila Dell menutup pusat panggilan mereka? || 1100 <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang membuat rancangan Dell di pusat panggilan Ottawa mereka? || 3,000 <> Berapa peratus daripada tenaga kerjanya yang ditamatkan Dell dari tahun 2007 hingga 2008? || 10% <> Tahun apa Dell membuka pusat panggilan Kanada terbesar? || <> Berapa tahunkah Dell menutup pusat panggilan Kanada yang paling kecil? || <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang kehilangan pekerjaan apabila Dell membuka pusat panggilan mereka? || <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang membuat rancangan Dell di pusat panggilan Toronto? || <> Berapa peratus daripada tenaga kerjanya yang ditamatkan Dell dari tahun 2007 hingga 2009? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dell close its largest Canadian call center?", "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3705", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many employees lost jobs when Dell closed their call center?", "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3706", "answers": [{"text": "1100", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Ottawa call center?", "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3707", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2008?", "id": "570fe3fb80d9841400ab3708", "answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 841}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What year did Dell open its largest Canadian call center?", "id": "5ad35f3d604f3c001a3fdf07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What year did Dell close its smallest Canadian call center?", "id": "5ad35f3d604f3c001a3fdf08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1100", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "How many employees lost jobs when Dell opened their call center?", "id": "5ad35f3d604f3c001a3fdf09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Toronto call center?", "id": "5ad35f3d604f3c001a3fdf0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 841}], "question": "What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2009?", "id": "5ad35f3d604f3c001a3fdf0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer. The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it. Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building. These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs. The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta office, losing 900 jobs. In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007\u20132008 \u2014 10% of its workforce."}], ["Di samping itu, syarikat itu menyediakan perkhidmatan perlindungan, khidmat nasihat, sokongan perkakasan multivendor, sokongan \"bagaimana untuk\" untuk aplikasi perisian, sokongan kerjasama dengan banyak vendor pihak ketiga, dan bahagian dalam talian dan penghantaran tenaga kerja untuk pelanggan yang mendiagnosis dan menyelesaikan masalah perkakasan mereka. Dell juga menyediakan pelanggan Dell ProSupport akses ke pusat krisis untuk mengendalikan gangguan besar, atau masalah yang disebabkan oleh bencana alam. Dell juga menyediakan sokongan on-line dengan menggunakan tag perkhidmatan komputer yang menyediakan senarai penuh unsur-unsur perkakasan yang dipasang pada asalnya, tarikh pembelian dan menyediakan peningkatan terbaru untuk pemandu perkakasan asal. <> Apakah jenis sokongan perkakasan yang diberikan oleh Dell? || multivendor <> Apa jenis pelanggan yang Dell menyediakan sokongan untuk gangguan besar? || ProSupport <> Apakah jenis sokongan yang diberikan oleh Dell menggunakan tag perkhidmatan komputer? || sokongan dalam talian <> Apakah jenis sokongan perisian yang disediakan oleh Dell? || <> Apakah jenis sokongan perkakasan yang tidak disediakan oleh Dell? || <> Apakah jenis sokongan perkakasan yang diberikan oleh IBM? || <> Apa jenis pelanggan yang Dell menyediakan sokongan untuk gangguan kecil? || <> Apakah jenis sokongan yang tidak disediakan oleh Dell menggunakan tag perkhidmatan komputer? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of hardware support does Dell provide?", "id": "570fe8ff5ab6b819003910c7", "answers": [{"text": "multivendor", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of customers does Dell provide support to for major outages?", "id": "570fe8ff5ab6b819003910c8", "answers": [{"text": "ProSupport", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of support does Dell provide using a computer's service-tag?", "id": "570fe8ff5ab6b819003910c9", "answers": [{"text": "on-line support", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multivendor", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What kind of software support does Dell provide?", "id": "5ad368ed604f3c001a3fe0cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multivendor", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What kind of hardware support doesn't Dell provide?", "id": "5ad368ed604f3c001a3fe0cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multivendor", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What kind of hardware support does IBM provide?", "id": "5ad368ed604f3c001a3fe0cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ProSupport", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What kind of customers does Dell provide support to for minor outages?", "id": "5ad368ed604f3c001a3fe0ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on-line support", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What kind of support doesn't Dell provide using a computer's service-tag?", "id": "5ad368ed604f3c001a3fe0cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition, the company provides protection services, advisory services, multivendor hardware support, \"how-to\" support for software applications, collaborative support with many third-party vendors, and online parts and labor dispatching for customers who diagnose and troubleshoot their hardware. Dell also provides Dell ProSupport customers access to a crisis-center to handle major outages, or problems caused by natural disasters. Dell also provide on-line support by using the computer's service-tag that provides full list of the hardware elements installed originally, purchase date and provides the latest upgrades for the original hardware drivers."}], ["Perniagaan gabungan dijangka menangani pasaran bagi seni bina skala, infrastruktur yang bersatu dan pengkomputeran awan swasta, bermain dengan kekuatan EMC dan Dell. Para penasihat telah mempersoalkan perjanjian itu, dengan FBR Capital Markets mengatakan bahawa walaupun ia membuat \"ton rasa\" untuk Dell, itu adalah \"senario mimpi buruk yang akan mengalami sinergi strategik\" untuk EMC. Fortune berkata terdapat banyak untuk Dell seperti dalam portfolio EMC, tetapi \"adakah itu semua menambah cukup untuk membenarkan puluhan bilion dolar untuk keseluruhan pakej? Mungkin tidak.\" Daftar tersebut melaporkan pandangan William Blair & Company bahawa penggabungan itu akan \"meletupkan papan catur IT semasa\", memaksa vendor infrastruktur IT lain untuk menyusun semula untuk mencapai integrasi skala dan menegak. Nilai saham VMware turun 10% selepas pengumuman itu, menilai perjanjian itu sekitar $ 63-64bn daripada $ 67bn yang dilaporkan pada asalnya. <> Jenis pengkomputeran apakah usaha gabungan EMC dan Dell yang dijadualkan untuk dihubungi? || pengkomputeran awan persendirian <> Organisasi apa yang mengulas mengenai perjanjian antara EMC dan Dell? || Pasaran Modal FBR <> Berapa banyak saham VMware jatuh selepas pengumuman penggabungan? || 10% <> Apakah penilaian asal penggabungan itu? || $ 67bn <> Apa jenis pengkomputeran yang merupakan gabungan usaha MEC dan Dell untuk dijawab? || <> Apa jenis pengkomputeran ialah usaha gabungan EMC dan Dell yang dijadualkan untuk tidak alamat? || <> Organisasi apa yang mengulas mengenai perjanjian antara MEC dan Dell? || <> Berapakah stok VMware jatuh sebelum pengumuman penggabungan? || <> Apakah penilaian terkini penggabungan itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address?", "id": "570fe5335ab6b81900391099", "answers": [{"text": "private cloud computing", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell?", "id": "570fe5335ab6b8190039109a", "answers": [{"text": "FBR Capital Markets", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement?", "id": "570fe5335ab6b8190039109b", "answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original valuation of the merger?", "id": "570fe5335ab6b8190039109c", "answers": [{"text": "$67bn", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "private cloud computing", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What type of computing is the combined effort of MEC and Dell slated to address?", "id": "5ad362de604f3c001a3fdfad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "private cloud computing", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to not address?", "id": "5ad362de604f3c001a3fdfae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FBR Capital Markets", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What organization commented on the deal between MEC and Dell?", "id": "5ad362de604f3c001a3fdfaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 800}], "question": "How much did VMware stock fall before the merger announcement?", "id": "5ad362de604f3c001a3fdfb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$67bn", "answer_start": 880}], "question": "What was the newest valuation of the merger?", "id": "5ad362de604f3c001a3fdfb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a \"ton of sense\" for Dell, it's a \"nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies\" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but \"does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not.\" The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would \"blow up the current IT chess board\", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63\u201364bn rather than the $67bn originally reported."}], ["Pembebasan komputer tablet iPad Apple mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap Dell dan vendor PC utama yang lain, memandangkan pengguna beralih dari PC desktop dan komputer riba. Bahagian mobiliti Dell sendiri tidak berjaya dengan membangunkan telefon pintar atau tablet, sama ada menjalankan Windows atau Google Android. Dell Streak adalah kegagalan secara komersil dan kritikal kerana OS yang sudah ketinggalan zaman, banyak bug, dan skrin resolusi rendah. InfoWorld mencadangkan bahawa Dell dan OEM lain melihat tablet sebagai peluang jangka pendek, rendah pelaburan Google Android, pendekatan yang mengabaikan antara muka pengguna dan gagal untuk mendapatkan daya tarikan pasaran jangka panjang dengan pengguna. Dell telah bertindak balas dengan menolak PC yang lebih tinggi, seperti barisan notebook XPS, yang tidak bersaing dengan tablet Apple iPad dan Kindle Fire. Populariti komputer pintar dan tablet yang semakin meningkat bukannya PC melancarkan segmen pengguna Dell kepada kerugian operasi pada Q3 2012. Pada bulan Disember 2012, Dell menderita penurunan pertama dalam jualan bercuti dalam tempoh lima tahun, walaupun pengenalan Windows 8. <> Pembebasan daripada apa yang elektronik mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap Dell? || iPad <> Bahagian pembahagian Dell mana yang tidak berjaya dalam membangunkan peranti mudah alih? || mobiliti <> Apa produk Dell adalah kegagalan komersial? || Streak <> Apakah barisan elektronik tinggi yang dibuat oleh Dell yang gagal bersaing dengan produk Apple? || XPS <> Tahun apa Dell melihat penurunan pertama dalam jualan bercuti? || 2012 <> Pembebasan apa yang elektronik mempunyai kesan positif terhadap Dell? || <> Pembahagian mana Dell berjaya dalam membangunkan peranti mudah alih? || <> Apa produk Dell adalah kejayaan komersil? || <> Barisan elektronik rendah apa yang dibuat oleh Dell yang gagal bersaing dengan produk Apple? || <> Tahun apa Dell melihat kenaikan pertama dalam jualan bercuti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?", "id": "570fe1765ab6b8190039108f", "answers": [{"text": "iPad", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?", "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391090", "answers": [{"text": "mobility", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Dell product was a commercial failure?", "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391091", "answers": [{"text": "Streak", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?", "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391092", "answers": [{"text": "XPS", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?", "id": "570fe1765ab6b81900391093", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 942}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iPad", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "The release of what electronic had a positive impact on Dell?", "id": "5ad36009604f3c001a3fdf23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mobility", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "Which division of Dell were successful in developing mobile devices?", "id": "5ad36009604f3c001a3fdf24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Streak", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What Dell product was a commercial success?", "id": "5ad36009604f3c001a3fdf25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "XPS", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "What line of low end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?", "id": "5ad36009604f3c001a3fdf26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 942}], "question": "What year did Dell see its first rise in holiday sales?", "id": "5ad36009604f3c001a3fdf27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8."}], ["Pada tahun 2000, Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia akan menyewa 80,000 kaki persegi (7,400 m2) ruang di kompleks pejabat Las Cimas di Travis County, Texas yang tidak diperbadankan, antara Austin dan West Lake Hills, untuk menempatkan pejabat eksekutif syarikat dan ibu pejabat korporat. 100 eksekutif kanan dijadualkan bekerja di bangunan menjelang akhir tahun 2000. Pada Januari 2001, syarikat itu menyewa ruang di Las Cimas 2, yang terletak di Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 menempatkan eksekutif Dell, operasi pelaburan, dan beberapa fungsi korporat . Dell juga mempunyai pilihan untuk 138,000 kaki persegi (12,800 m2) ruang di Las Cimas 3. Selepas kelembapan dalam perniagaan yang diperlukan untuk mengurangkan pekerja dan kapasiti pengeluaran, Dell memutuskan untuk menyewakan pejabatnya di dua bangunan di kompleks pejabat Las Cimas. Pada tahun 2002 Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia merancang untuk menyewakan ruangnya kepada penyewa lain; syarikat itu merancang untuk memindahkan markasnya kembali ke Round Rock sebaik penyewa dipegang. Menjelang tahun 2003, Dell memindahkan markasnya kembali ke Round Rock. Ia menyewa semua Las Cimas I dan II, dengan jumlah keseluruhan 312,000 kaki persegi (29,000 m2), selama kira-kira tempoh tujuh tahun selepas tahun 2003. Pada tahun itu kira-kira 100,000 kaki persegi (9,300 m2) ruang itu diserap oleh baru subtenant. <> Berapa banyak ruang sewa Dell di Texas? || 80,000 kaki persegi <> Berapa ramai eksekutif kanan dijangka bekerja di bangunan Dell yang dipajak? || 100 <> Tahun apakah Dell mengumumkan rancangannya untuk menyewakan bangunannya? || 2002 <> Di mana Dell memindahkan markasnya semula pada tahun 2003? || Round Rock <> Berapakah jumlah ruang yang dipajak oleh Dell di Las Cimas 1 dan 2? || 312,000 kaki persegi <> Berapa banyak ruang yang dijual Dell di Texas? || <> Berapa ramai eksekutif kecil yang dijangka bekerja di bangunan Dell yang dipajak? || <> Tahun apa Dell mengumumkan rancangan untuk membeli bangunannya? || <> Di mana Dell memindahkan markasnya semula pada tahun 2004? || <> Berapakah jumlah ruang yang dipajak oleh Dell di Las Cimas 2 dan 3? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much space did Dell lease in Texas?", "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910a9", "answers": [{"text": "80,000 square feet", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?", "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910aa", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building?", "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910ab", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003?", "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910ac", "answers": [{"text": "Round Rock", "answer_start": 992}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2?", "id": "570fe6f15ab6b819003910ad", "answers": [{"text": "312,000 square feet", "answer_start": 1057}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "80,000 square feet", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "How much space did Dell sell in Texas?", "id": "5ad36405604f3c001a3fdff9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "How many minor executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?", "id": "5ad36405604f3c001a3fdffa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 779}], "question": "What year did Dell announce its plans to buy its building?", "id": "5ad36405604f3c001a3fdffb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Round Rock", "answer_start": 909}], "question": "Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2004?", "id": "5ad36405604f3c001a3fdffc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "312,000 square feet", "answer_start": 1057}], "question": "What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 2 and 3?", "id": "5ad36405604f3c001a3fdffd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants."}], ["Dell sebelum ini mempunyai ibu pejabatnya di kompleks Arboretum di utara Austin, Texas. Pada tahun 1989 Dell menduduki 127,000 kaki persegi (11,800 m2) di kompleks Arboretum. Pada tahun 1990, Dell mempunyai 1,200 pekerja di ibu pejabatnya. Pada tahun 1993, Dell mengemukakan dokumen kepada pegawai-pegawai Round Rock, bertajuk \"Ibu Pejabat Korporat Dell Computer, Round Rock, Texas, Rekaan Skematik Mei 1993.\" Walaupun difailkan, pada tahun itu syarikat itu berkata bahawa ia tidak akan memindahkan ibu pejabatnya. Pada tahun 1994, Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia telah memindahkan sebahagian besar pekerjanya dari Arboretum, tetapi ia akan terus menduduki tingkat atas Arboretum dan alamat ibu pejabat syarikat itu akan terus menjadi Arboretum. Lantai teratas terus memegang bilik lembaga Dell, pusat demonstrasi, dan bilik mesyuarat pengunjung. Kurang dari satu bulan sebelum 29 Ogos 1994, Dell telah memindahkan 1,100 sokongan pelanggan dan pekerja jualan telefon ke Round Rock. Sewa Dell di Arboretum telah dijadualkan tamat pada tahun 1994. <> Apa bandar Texas yang ibu pejabat Dell sebelumnya? || Austin <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang bekerja di ibu pejabat Dell's Texas? || 1,200 <> Apa tahun yang Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia bergerak sebahagian besar pekerjanya dari Texas? || 1994 <> Di mana bilik lembaga terletak di bangunan Dells Arboretum? || tingkat atas <> Berapa ramai pekerja sokongan pelanggan yang bergerak Dell ke Round Rock pada tahun 1994? || 1,100 <> Apa bandar Florida adalah ibu pejabat Dell yang sebelumnya? || <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang tidak pernah bekerja di ibu pejabat Dell's Texas? || <> Tahun apa Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia bergerak kebanyakan pekerjanya ke Texas? || <> Di mana bilik papan terletak di bangunan Dells Arboretum? || <> Berapa ramai pekerja sokongan pelanggan yang bergerak Dell ke Round Rock pada tahun 1995? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Texas city was Dell's headquarters previously in?", "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab370d", "answers": [{"text": "Austin", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many employees worked at Dell's Texas headquarters?", "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab370e", "answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees out of Texas?", "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab370f", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the board room located at Dells Arboretum building?", "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab3710", "answers": [{"text": "top floor", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1994?", "id": "570fe7a580d9841400ab3711", "answers": [{"text": "1,100", "answer_start": 886}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austin", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What Florida city was Dell's headquarters previously in?", "id": "5ad36368604f3c001a3fdfd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "How many employees never worked at Dell's Texas headquarters?", "id": "5ad36368604f3c001a3fdfd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees into Texas?", "id": "5ad36368604f3c001a3fdfd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "top floor", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "Where wasn't the board room located at Dells Arboretum building?", "id": "5ad36368604f3c001a3fdfd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,100", "answer_start": 886}], "question": "How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1995?", "id": "5ad36368604f3c001a3fdfd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas. In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex. In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters. In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled \"Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design.\" Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters. In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock. Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994."}], ["Pada bulan Mac 2013, Blackstone Group dan Carl Icahn menyatakan minat untuk membeli Dell. Pada bulan April 2013, Blackstone menarik balik tawaran mereka, dengan menyebutkan perniagaan yang merosot. Firma ekuiti swasta lain seperti KKR & Co. dan TPG Capital enggan mengemukakan tawaran alternatif untuk Dell, memetik pasaran yang tidak menentu untuk komputer peribadi dan tekanan persaingan, jadi \"perang bidaan terbuka lebar\" tidak pernah menjadi kenyataan. Penganalisis mengatakan bahawa cabaran terbesar yang dihadapi Silver Lake adalah untuk mencari \"strategi keluar\" untuk keuntungan dari pelaburannya, yang akan apabila syarikat itu akan mengadakan IPO untuk umum lagi, dan satu memberi amaran \"Tetapi walaupun anda boleh mendapatkan $ 25bn nilai perusahaan untuk Dell, ia akan mengambil masa bertahun-tahun untuk keluar. \"<> Tahun berapa Blackstone Group menyatakan minat untuk memperoleh Dell? || 2013 <> Apa firma ekuiti persendirian pertama memutuskan untuk tidak mengemukakan tawaran untuk Dell? || KKR & Co <> Apa syarikat yang merasakan penganalisis perlu mencari strategi keluar untuk keuntungan daripada memperoleh Dell? || Silver Lake <> Berapa nilai potensi perusahaan Dell? || $ 25bn <> Berapa tahun Blackstone Group menyatakan minat untuk menjual Dell? || <> Tahun apakah Kumpulan Blackstone menyatakan minat untuk memperoleh IBM? || <> Apakah firma ekuiti awam yang pertama memutuskan untuk tidak mengemukakan tawaran untuk Dell? || <> Apa syarikat yang merasa penganalisis perlu mencari strategi keluar untuk keuntungan daripada menjual Dell? || <> Berapakah nilai perusahaan yang berpotensi untuk Dell? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring Dell?", "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab36fd", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first private equity firm to decide not to submit a bid for Dell?", "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab36fe", "answers": [{"text": "KKR & Co", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from acquiring Dell?", "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab36ff", "answers": [{"text": "Silver Lake", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the potential enterprise value of Dell?", "id": "570fe33980d9841400ab3700", "answers": [{"text": "$25bn", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in selling Dell?", "id": "5ad36236604f3c001a3fdf85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring IBM?", "id": "5ad36236604f3c001a3fdf86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "KKR & Co.", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What was the first public equity firm to decide not to submit a bid for Dell?", "id": "5ad36236604f3c001a3fdf87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Silver Lake", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from selling Dell?", "id": "5ad36236604f3c001a3fdf88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$25bn", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "How much wasn't the potential enterprise value of Dell?", "id": "5ad36236604f3c001a3fdf89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell. In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business. Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co. and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the \"wide-open bidding war\" never materialized. Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an \u201cexit strategy\u201d to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned \u201cBut even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out.\u201d"}], ["Dell memasang komputer untuk pasaran EMEA di kemudahan Limerick di Republik Ireland, dan pernah menggaji kira-kira 4,500 orang di negara itu. Dell memulakan pembuatan di Limerick pada tahun 1991 dan menjadi pengeksport barangan terbesar Ireland dan syarikat kedua dan pelabur asing terbesarnya. Pada 8 Januari 2009, Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia akan memindahkan semua pengilangan Dell di Limerick ke kilang baru Dell di bandar Poland \u0141\u00f3d\u017a menjelang Januari 2010. Pegawai Kesatuan Eropah berkata mereka akan menyiasat pakej bantuan bernilai \u20ac 52.7 juta yang digunakan kerajaan Poland untuk menarik Dell jauh dari Ireland. Kemudahan Pembuatan Eropah 1 (EMF1, dibuka pada tahun 1990) dan EMF3 merupakan sebahagian daripada Kawasan Perindustrian Raheen berhampiran Limerick. EMF2 (sebelumnya kemudahan Wang, kemudian diduduki oleh Flextronics, yang terletak di Castletroy) ditutup pada tahun 2002, [rujukan?] Dan Dell Inc. telah menyatukan pengeluaran ke EMF3 (EMF1 sekarang [ketika?] Hanya mengandungi pejabat). Subsidi dari kerajaan Poland telah memastikan Dell untuk masa yang lama. Selepas menamatkan perhimpunan di kilang Limerick, Kampus Teknologi Cherrywood di Dublin adalah pejabat Dell terbesar di republik ini dengan lebih daripada 1200 orang dalam jualan (terutamanya UK & Ireland), sokongan (sokongan perusahaan untuk EMEA) dan penyelidikan dan pembangunan untuk pengkomputeran awan, tetapi tiada lagi pembuatan kecuali anak syarikat Dell Alienware, yang mengeluarkan PC di kilang Athlone, Ireland. Sama ada kemudahan ini akan kekal di Ireland tidak pasti. Pembinaan EMF4 di Lodz, Poland telah dimulakan [kemas kini]: Dell memulakan pengeluaran di sana pada musim gugur 2007. <> Untuk apa pasaran Dell membuat komputer di Ireland? || EMEA <> Berapa ramai pekerja Ireland yang mempekerjakan Dell? || 4,500 <> Apa tahun Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia telah memindahkan kemudahan Irelandnya? || 2009 <> Apakah nilai pakej bantuan yang diberikan kepada Dell yang disiasat oleh Kesatuan Eropah? || \u20ac 52.7million <> Tahun apa Dell memulakan pengeluaran di kemudahan Lodz, Poland? || 2007 <> Untuk apa pasaran Dell membuat komputer di Scotland? || <> Berapa ramai pekerja Ireland melakukan kebakaran Dell? || <> Tahun apa Dell mengumumkan bahawa ia tidak memindahkan kemudahan Irelandnya? || <> Apakah nilai pakej bantuan yang diambil dari Dell yang disiasat oleh Kesatuan Eropah? || <> Tahun apa Dell berhenti pengeluaran di kemudahan Lodz, Poland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For what market did Dell make computers for in Ireland?", "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910bd", "answers": [{"text": "EMEA", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Irish employees did Dell hire?", "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910be", "answers": [{"text": "4,500", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce it was relocating its Irish facility?", "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910bf", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of the aid package given to Dell that the European Union investigated?", "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910c0", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac52.7million", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell begin production in the Lodz, Poland facility?", "id": "570fe8555ab6b819003910c1", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 1556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EMEA", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "For what market did Dell make computers for in Scotland?", "id": "5ad36790604f3c001a3fe08f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,500", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "How many Irish employees did Dell fire?", "id": "5ad36790604f3c001a3fe090", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What year did Dell announce it wasn't relocating its Irish facility?", "id": "5ad36790604f3c001a3fe091", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u20ac52.7million", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "What was the value of the aid package taken from Dell that the European Union investigated?", "id": "5ad36790604f3c001a3fe092", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 1556}], "question": "What year did Dell quit production in the Lodz, Poland facility?", "id": "5ad36790604f3c001a3fe093", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country. Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a by January 2010. European Union officials said they would investigate a \u20ac52.7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland. European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick. EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002,[citation needed] and Dell Inc. has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now[when?] contains only offices). Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time. After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland plant. Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain. Construction of EMF4 in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland has started[update]: Dell started production there in autumn 2007."}], ["Reputasi Dell untuk perkhidmatan pelanggan yang lemah, sejak tahun 2002, yang semakin memburuk kerana ia memindahkan pusat panggilan di luar pesisir dan sebagai pertumbuhan melampaui infrastruktur sokongan teknikalnya, berada di bawah pengawasan yang semakin meningkat di Web. Model Dell yang asal dikenali untuk kepuasan pelanggan yang tinggi apabila PC dijual ribuan tetapi pada tahun 2000-an, syarikat itu tidak dapat membenarkan tahap perkhidmatan ketika komputer dalam barisan yang sama dijual untuk beratus-ratus. Rollins bertindak balas dengan memindahkan Dick Hunter dari ketua pembuatan ke ketua perkhidmatan pelanggan. Hunter, yang mencatatkan bahawa DNA pemotongan kos \"Dell di jalan,\" bertujuan untuk mengurangkan masa pemindahan panggilan dan mempunyai wakil pusat panggilan menyelesaikan pertanyaan dalam satu panggilan. Menjelang tahun 2006, Dell telah menghabiskan $ 100 juta dalam beberapa bulan untuk memperbaiki ini, dan melancarkan DellConnect untuk menjawab pertanyaan pelanggan dengan lebih cepat. Pada bulan Julai 2006, syarikat itu memulakan blog Direct2Dell, dan kemudian pada Februari 2007, Michael Dell melancarkan IdeaStorm.com, meminta nasihat pelanggan termasuk menjual komputer Linux dan mengurangkan promosi \"bloatware\" pada PC. Inisiatif ini berjaya mengurangkan jawatan blog negatif dari 49% hingga 22%, serta mengurangkan \"Dell Hell\" yang terkenal di enjin carian Internet. <> Apa Dell mempunyai reputasi buruk? || perkhidmatan pelanggan <> Di manakah Dell memindahkan pusat panggilannya? || luar pesisir <> Yang pekerja Dell mana yang dipindahkan dari ketua pembuatan ke ketua perkhidmatan pelanggan? || Dick Hunter <> Berapa banyak yang telah dibelanjakan oleh Dell pada 2006 untuk meningkatkan perkhidmatan pelanggan? || $ 100 juta <> Apa Dell mempunyai reputasi yang baik? || <> Apakah IBM mempunyai reputasi buruk? || <> Di mana Dell tidak memindahkan pusat panggilannya? || <> Yang pekerja Dell mana yang dipindahkan dari ketua pembuatan ke ketua jualan? || <> Berapa banyak yang telah dibelanjakan oleh Dell pada tahun 2005 untuk meningkatkan perkhidmatan pelanggan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Dell have a poor reputation for?", "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f5", "answers": [{"text": "customer service", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Dell move its call centers?", "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f6", "answers": [{"text": "offshore", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of customer service?", "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f7", "answers": [{"text": "Dick Hunter", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much had Dell spent by 2006 on improving customer service?", "id": "570fe26380d9841400ab36f8", "answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "customer service", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What did Dell have a good reputation for?", "id": "5ad35e7b604f3c001a3fdedf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "customer service", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What did IBM have a poor reputation for?", "id": "5ad35e7b604f3c001a3fdee0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "offshore", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Where didn't Dell move its call centers?", "id": "5ad35e7b604f3c001a3fdee1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dick Hunter", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of sales?", "id": "5ad35e7b604f3c001a3fdee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "How much had Dell spent by 2005 on improving customer service?", "id": "5ad35e7b604f3c001a3fdee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell's reputation for poor customer service, since 2002, which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web. The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same lineup sold for hundreds. Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from head of manufacturing to head of customer service. Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting \"got in the way,\" aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call. By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this, and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly. In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm.com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional \"bloatware\" on PCs. These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the \"Dell Hell\" prominent on Internet search engines."}], ["Pada tahun 2006, Dell mengakui bahawa ia mempunyai masalah dengan perkhidmatan pelanggan. Isu termasuk pemindahan panggilan lebih daripada 45% panggilan dan masa menunggu yang lama. Blog Dell menerangkan tindak balasnya: \"Kami membelanjakan lebih daripada $ 100 juta - dan banyak darah, peluh dan air mata orang berbakat - untuk menyelesaikannya.\" Kemudian pada tahun ini, syarikat itu meningkatkan perbelanjaannya kepada perkhidmatan pelanggan kepada $ 150 juta. Walaupun pelaburan yang signifikan dalam ruang ini, Dell terus menghadapi pengawasan awam dan walaupun laman web syarikat itu sendiri terkena keluhan mengenai proses peningkatan eskalasi. [Risalah asal?] <> Berapa peratuskah panggilan sokongan Dell dipindahkan? || 45% <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Dell untuk memperbaiki perkhidmatan pelanggan mereka? || $ 100 juta <> Jumlah apa yang Dell meningkatkan belanjawan perkhidmatan pelanggannya? || $ 150 juta <> Berapa peratuskah panggilan sokongan Dell tidak dipindahkan? || <> Sebanyak peratus panggilan sokongan IBM dipindahkan? || <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Dell untuk menamatkan perkhidmatan pelanggan mereka? || <> Berapa banyak yang IBM mula-mula membelanjakan untuk membaiki khidmat pelanggan mereka? || <> Berapakah jumlah Dell mengurangkan belanjawan perkhidmatan pelanggannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?", "id": "570feb3480d9841400ab3729", "answers": [{"text": "45%", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?", "id": "570feb3480d9841400ab372a", "answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?", "id": "570feb3480d9841400ab372b", "answers": [{"text": "$150 million", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45%", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What percentage of Dell support calls weren't transferred?", "id": "5ad36cc0604f3c001a3fe1c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45%", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What percentage of IBM support calls were transferred?", "id": "5ad36cc0604f3c001a3fe1c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "How much did Dell originally spend to end their customer service?", "id": "5ad36cc0604f3c001a3fe1c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$100 million", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "How much did IBM originally spend to fix their customer service?", "id": "5ad36cc0604f3c001a3fe1c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$150 million", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What amount did Dell decrease its customer service budget to?", "id": "5ad36cc0604f3c001a3fe1c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service. Issues included call transfers of more than 45% of calls and long wait times. Dell's blog detailed the response: \"We're spending more than a $100 million \u2014 and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people \u2014 to fix this.\" Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million. Despite significant investment in this space, Dell continues to face public scrutiny with even the company's own website littered with complaints regarding the issue escalation process.[original research?]"}], ["Pada akhir tahun 2006 [kemas kini], Dell kehilangan pendahulunya dalam perniagaan PC ke Hewlett-Packard. Kedua-dua Gartner dan IDC menganggarkan bahawa pada suku ketiga 2006, HP menghantar lebih banyak unit di seluruh dunia daripada Dell. Pertumbuhan Dell 3.6% meningkat berbanding dengan pertumbuhan 15% HP dalam tempoh yang sama. Masalahnya semakin buruk pada suku keempat, apabila Gartner menganggarkan bahawa penghantaran PC Dell merosot 8.9% (berbanding pertumbuhan 23.9% HP). Akibatnya, pada akhir tahun 2006 pasaran PC Dell keseluruhannya berada pada 13.9% (berbanding 17.4% HP). <> Tahun apa Dell kehilangan petunjuk teknologi kepada Hewlett-Packard? || 2006 <> Apakah pertumbuhan HP pada suku ketiga tahun 2006? || 15% <> Apakah kadar penurunan yang dialami oleh Dell dalam penghantaran PC? || 8.9% <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Dell pada akhir tahun 2006? || 13.9% <> Tahun berapa IBM kehilangan petunjuk teknologinya kepada Hewlett-Packard? || <> Berapa tahunkah Dell mendapat petunjuk teknologi kepada Hewlett-Packard? || <> Apakah pertumbuhan HP pada suku ketiga tahun 2007? || <> Apakah kadar pertumbuhan yang dialami oleh Dell dalam penghantaran PC? || <> Apakah bahagian pasaran Dell pada akhir tahun 2005? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Dell lose its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?", "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d5", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was HP's growth during the third quarter of 2006?", "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d6", "answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the rate of decline that Dell experienced in PC shipments?", "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d7", "answers": [{"text": "8.9%", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Dell's market share at the end of 2006?", "id": "570fea465ab6b819003910d8", "answers": [{"text": "13.9%", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What year did IBM lose its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?", "id": "5ad36b09604f3c001a3fe14d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What year did Dell gain its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?", "id": "5ad36b09604f3c001a3fe14e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What was HP's growth during the third quarter of 2007?", "id": "5ad36b09604f3c001a3fe14f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8.9%", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What was the rate of growth that Dell experienced in PC shipments?", "id": "5ad36b09604f3c001a3fe150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "13.9%", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What was Dell's market share at the end of 2005?", "id": "5ad36b09604f3c001a3fe151", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8.9% (versus HP's 23.9% growth). As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market-share stood at 13.9% (versus HP's 17.4%)."}], ["Syarikat ini bertujuan untuk mengurangkan impak alam sekitar luarannya melalui evolusi produk cekap tenaga, dan juga mengurangkan kesan operasi langsung melalui program kecekapan tenaga. Program kecekapan tenaga dalaman dilaporkan menyelamatkan syarikat lebih daripada $ 3 juta setiap tahun dalam penjimatan kos tenaga. Komponen terbesar penjimatan kecekapan tenaga dalaman syarikat datang melalui pengurusan kuasa PC: syarikat menjangka dapat menjimatkan $ 1.8 juta dalam kos tenaga melalui penggunaan perisian pengurusan tenaga khusus pada rangkaian 50,000 PC. <> Apa maksud Dell untuk mengurangkan dengan mewujudkan produk cekap tenaga? || kesan alam sekitar luaran <> Berapakah kecekapan tenaga menyelamatkan Dell setiap tahun? || $ 3 juta <> Apa penyumbang terbesar untuk simpanan kecekapan tenaga Dell? || Pengurusan kuasa PC <> Berapa banyak PC yang menggunakan perisian pengurusan tenaga Dell? || 50,000 <> Apa maksud Dell untuk meningkatkan dengan menghasilkan produk cekap tenaga? || <> Apa yang tidak bertujuan untuk mengurangkan Dell dengan menghasilkan produk cekap tenaga? || <> Berapakah kecekapan tenaga menyelamatkan Dell sebulan? || <> Apakah penyumbang terkecil untuk penjimatan kecekapan tenaga Dell? || <> Berapa banyak PC yang menggunakan Dell menggunakan perkakasan pengurusan tenaga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products?", "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab372f", "answers": [{"text": "external environmental impact", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does energy efficiency save Dell per year?", "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab3730", "answers": [{"text": "$3 million", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest contributor to Dell's energy efficiency savings?", "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab3731", "answers": [{"text": "PC power management", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many PCs does Dell employ energy management software on?", "id": "570feb9480d9841400ab3732", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "external environmental impact", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What does Dell aim to increase by creating energy efficient products?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe18f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "external environmental impact", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What doesn't Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe190", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$3 million", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "How much does energy efficiency save Dell per month?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe191", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PC power management", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "What is the smallest contributor to Dell's energy efficiency savings?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe192", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 544}], "question": "How many PCs does Dell employ energy management hardware on?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe193", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through energy-efficient evolution of products, and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs. Internal energy-efficiency programs reportedly save the company more than $3 million annually in energy-cost savings. The largest component of the company's internal energy-efficiency savings comes through PC power management: the company expects to save $1.8 million in energy costs through using specialized energy-management software on a network of 50,000 PCs."}], ["Jenama perkhidmatan dan sokongan Dell termasuk Dell Solution Station (perkhidmatan sokongan domestik yang diperluaskan, sebelum ini \"Dell on Call\"), Pusat Sokongan Dell (perkhidmatan sokongan lanjutan di luar negeri), Dell Business Support (kontrak perkhidmatan komersial yang menyediakan juruteknik yang disahkan industri dengan jumlah panggilan yang lebih rendah daripada dalam baris biasa), Pengurusan Desktop Dell Everdream (pengurusan perisian \"Perisian sebagai Perkhidmatan\", pada asalnya sebuah syarikat SaaS yang diasaskan oleh sepupu Elon Musk, Lyndon Rive, yang dibeli Dell pada tahun 2007), dan Your Tech Team (barisan sokongan yang tersedia untuk pengguna di rumah yang membeli sistem mereka sama ada melalui laman web Dell atau melalui pusat telefon Dell). <> Apakah nama alternatif untuk Stesen Penyelesaian Dell? || Dell on Call <> Apa perkhidmatan Dell menawarkan juruteknik bersertifikat untuk menangani sokongan teknikal komersial? || Sokongan Perniagaan Dell <> Apa perkhidmatan Dell menawarkan pengurusan desktop jauh? || Pengurusan Desktop Dell Everdream <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan Dell yang memberi pengguna rumah antrian sokongan? || Pasukan Teknikal Anda <> Apa nama gantian untuk Stesen Penyelesaian Dell? || <> Apa perkhidmatan Dell menawarkan juruteknik yang tidak menentu untuk menangani sokongan teknikal komersial? || <> Apa perkhidmatan Dell menawarkan juruteknik bersertifikat untuk menangani sokongan teknikal rumah? || <> Apa perkhidmatan Dell tidak pernah menawarkan pengurusan desktop jauh? || <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan Dell yang memberi pengguna perniagaan satu barisan sokongan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the alternate name for the Dell Solution Station?", "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910cd", "answers": [{"text": "Dell on Call", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Dell service offers certified technicians to tackle commercial technical support?", "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910ce", "answers": [{"text": "Dell Business Support", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Dell service offers remote desktop management?", "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910cf", "answers": [{"text": "Dell Everdream Desktop Management", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Dell service that gives home-users a support queue?", "id": "570fe9ff5ab6b819003910d0", "answers": [{"text": "Your Tech Team", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell on Call", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What isn't the alternate name for the Dell Solution Station?", "id": "5ad36853604f3c001a3fe0ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell Business Support", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What Dell service offers uncertified technicians to tackle commercial technical support?", "id": "5ad36853604f3c001a3fe0ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell Business Support", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What Dell service offers certified technicians to tackle home technical support?", "id": "5ad36853604f3c001a3fe0af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dell Everdream Desktop Management", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What Dell service never offers remote desktop management?", "id": "5ad36853604f3c001a3fe0b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Your Tech Team", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "What is the name of the Dell service that gives business-users a support queue?", "id": "5ad36853604f3c001a3fe0b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station (extended domestic support services, previously \"Dell on Call\"), Dell Support Center (extended support services abroad), Dell Business Support (a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues), Dell Everdream Desktop Management (\"Software as a Service\" remote-desktop management, originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk's cousin, Lyndon Rive, which Dell bought in 2007), and Your Tech Team (a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell's website or through Dell phone-centers)."}], ["Dell adalah syarikat pertama yang mengumumkan garis masa untuk penghapusan racun polivinil klorida toksik (PVC) dan retardan api brominated (BFRs), yang mana ia dirancang untuk fasa pada akhir tahun 2009. Ia menyemak semula komitmen ini dan sekarang bertujuan untuk menghapuskan toksik pada akhir tahun 2011 tetapi hanya dalam produk pengkomputerannya. Pada bulan Mac 2010, aktivis Greenpeace membantah di pejabat Dell di Bangalore, Amsterdam dan Copenhagen memanggil pengasas dan CEO Dell, Michael Dell untuk 'menurunkan toksik' dan mendakwa bahawa aspirasi Dell untuk menjadi 'syarikat teknologi hijau di planet' adalah 'munafik' . Dell telah melancarkan produk pertamanya yang bebas daripada PVC dan BFR dengan monitor G-Series (G2210 dan G2410) pada tahun 2009. <> Apa bahan kimia toksik yang Dell ditetapkan untuk menghapuskan daripada produknya? || polyvinyl chloride <> Berapa tahun rancangan rancangan Dell untuk menghilangkan bahan kimia daripada komputernya? || 2011 <> Aktivis apa yang membantah di pejabat Dell sebagai tindak balas terhadap penggunaan bahan kimia toksik? || Greenpeace <> Tahun apa Dell melancarkan produk pertamanya yang bebas daripada bahan kimia toksik? || 2009 <> Apa bahan kimia toksik yang tidak ditetapkan oleh Dell untuk menghapuskan produknya? || <> Apa bahan kimia tidak berfungsi yang dibuat oleh Dell untuk menghapuskan produknya? || <> Dengan tahun apakah rancangan Dell untuk meletakkan bahan kimia dalam komputernya? || <> Aktivis apa yang membantah di pejabat Dell sebagai tindak balas terhadap penggunaan bahan kimia tidak beracun? || <> Tahun apakah Dell melancarkan produk pertamanya yang tidak bebas daripada bahan kimia toksik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?", "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3721", "answers": [{"text": "polyvinyl chloride", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?", "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3722", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals?", "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3723", "answers": [{"text": "Greenpeace", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals?", "id": "570fead580d9841400ab3724", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polyvinyl chloride", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What toxic chemical didn't Dell set to eliminate from its products?", "id": "5ad36ba0604f3c001a3fe161", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polyvinyl chloride", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What nontoxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?", "id": "5ad36ba0604f3c001a3fe162", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "By what year does Dell plan to put chemicals in its computers?", "id": "5ad36ba0604f3c001a3fe163", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greenpeace", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of nontoxic chemicals?", "id": "5ad36ba0604f3c001a3fe164", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "What year did Dell launch its first products that weren't free of toxic chemicals?", "id": "5ad36ba0604f3c001a3fe165", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell\u2019s founder and CEO Michael Dell to \u2018drop the toxics\u2019 and claiming that Dell\u2019s aspiration to be \u2018the greenest technology company on the planet\u2019 was \u2018hypocritical\u2019. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009."}]], [["Perlembagaan Puerto Rico dengan jelas melarang hukuman mati, menyatakan \"hukuman mati tidak akan wujud\", menjadikannya terpisah daripada semua negeri dan wilayah AS selain Michigan, yang juga mempunyai larangan perlembagaan (sebelas negeri lain dan Daerah Columbia telah menghapuskan hukuman mati melalui undang-undang berkanun). Walau bagaimanapun, hukuman mati masih berlaku untuk kesalahan yang dilakukan di Puerto Rico, jika mereka berada di bawah bidang kuasa kerajaan persekutuan, walaupun pendakwaan hukuman mati di persekutuan ada telah menimbulkan kontroversi yang ketara. <> Perlembagaan wilayah apa yang mengatakan \"Hukuman mati tidak akan wujud\"? || <?> Apa negeri AS yang melarang hukuman mati dalam perlembagaannya? || Michigan <> Berapa banyak negara AS telah meluluskan undang-undang mengharamkan hukuman mati? || sebelas <> Di bawah bidang kuasa mana yang boleh melakukan kesalahan modal masih dilakukan di Puerto Rico? || persekutuan <> Perlembagaan wilayah apa yang mengatakan \"Penalti kematian pasti akan wujud\"? || <> Apakah negeri AS membenarkan hukuman mati dalam perlembagaannya? || <> Berapa banyak bandar di UK telah meluluskan undang-undang mengharamkan hukuman mati? || <> Di bawah bidang kuasa apa yang boleh melakukan kesalahan modal tidak akan dilakukan di Puerto Rico? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What territory's constitution says \"The death penalty shall not exist\"?", "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910dd", "answers": [{"text": "Puerto Rico's", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?", "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910de", "answers": [{"text": "Michigan", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?", "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910df", "answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?", "id": "570fef8a5ab6b819003910e0", "answers": [{"text": "federal", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Puerto Rico's", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What territory's constitution says \"The death penalty shall definitely exist\"?", "id": "5ad3f298604f3c001a3ff8b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Michigan", "answer_start": 175}], "question": " What US state allows the death penalty in its constitution?", "id": "5ad3f298604f3c001a3ff8ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "How many UK towns have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3f298604f3c001a3ff8bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "federal", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses never be committed in Puerto Rico?", "id": "5ad3f298604f3c001a3ff8bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating \"The death penalty shall not exist\", setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan, which also has a constitutional prohibition (eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law). However, capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico, if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy."}], ["Dalam konteks kadar pembunuhan keseluruhan, hukuman mati tidak boleh dikatakan secara meluas atau rutin digunakan di Amerika Syarikat; dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, purata adalah kira-kira satu pelaksanaan untuk kira-kira setiap 700 pembunuhan yang dilakukan, atau 1 pelaksanaan untuk setiap 325 sabitan pembunuhan. Walau bagaimanapun, 32 daripada 50 buah negara masih mengeksekusi orang. Antaranya, Alabama mempunyai kadar kematian per kapita tertinggi. Ini adalah kerana para hakim mengatasi hukuman penjara seumur hidup dan mengenakan hukuman mati. Tiada negeri lain yang membenarkan ini. <> Di Amerika Syarikat, berapa banyak pembunuhan di sana untuk setiap pelaksanaan? || 700 <> Berapa banyak sabitan pembunuhan berlaku di Amerika Syarikat setiap pelaksanaan? || 325 <> Berapa banyak negara di AS mempunyai hukuman mati? || 32 <> Negara apakah yang mempunyai kadar hukuman mati tertinggi setiap orang? || Alabama <> Apa undang-undang Alabama membenarkan hakim melakukan perkara itu tidak dibenarkan di negara lain? || hukuman penjara seumur hidup yang mengagumkan dan mengenakan hukuman mati <> Di Amerika Syarikat, berapa banyak rogol yang ada untuk setiap pelaksanaan? || <> Berapa banyak siasatan pembunuhan berlaku di Amerika Syarikat setiap pelaksanaan? || <> Berapa banyak negeri di AS tidak mempunyai hukuman mati? || <> Apakah negeri yang mempunyai kadar hukuman kematian terendah setiap orang? || <> Apakah undang-undang Alabama membenarkan hakim melakukan perkara yang dibenarkan di negara lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?", "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab3737", "answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?", "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab3738", "answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many states in the US have the death penalty?", "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab3739", "answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?", "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab373a", "answers": [{"text": "Alabama", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?", "id": "570fee9a80d9841400ab373b", "answers": [{"text": "overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "700", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "In the United States, how many rapes are there for each execution?", "id": "5ad3fcc2604f3c001a3ffbab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 260}], "question": " How many murder releases occur in the US per execution?", "id": "5ad3fcc2604f3c001a3ffbac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 293}], "question": " How many states in the US do not have the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3fcc2604f3c001a3ffbad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 293}], "question": " What state has the lowest rate of death sentences per person?", "id": "5ad3fcc2604f3c001a3ffbae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What does Alabama law allow judges to do that is allowed in other states?", "id": "5ad3fcc2604f3c001a3ffbaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this."}], ["Hukuman modal digantung di Amerika Syarikat dari tahun 1972 hingga 1976 terutama akibat keputusan Mahkamah Agung di Furman v. Georgia. Eksekusi pra-Furman yang terakhir adalah Luis Monge pada 2 Jun 1967. Dalam hal ini, pengadilan mendapati hukuman mati itu dikenakan secara tidak konstitusional, atas alasan hukuman kejam dan luar biasa yang melanggar Perubahan Kedelapan kepada Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Mahkamah Agung tidak pernah memerintah hukuman mati itu secara tidak konstitusional. <> Dalam tahun apakah hukuman mati digantung di AS? || 1972 <> Apakah kes Mahkamah Agung mengakibatkan hukuman mati digantung? || Furman v. Georgia <> Siapa yang telah dilaksanakan pada 2 Jun 1967? || Luis Monge <> Apa pindaan kepada Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat melarang hukuman kejam dan luar biasa? || Kedelapan <> Pada tahun apakah penangguhan hukuman mati di Amerika Serikat berakhir? || 1976 <> Pada tahun apakah hukuman mati yang dibenarkan di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apakah kes Mahkamah Agung mengakibatkan hukuman mati dibenarkan? || <> Siapa yang telah dilaksanakan pada 2 Jun 1987? || <> Apa pindaan kepada Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat membenarkan hukuman kejam dan luar biasa? || <> Pada tahun apakah penangguhan hukuman mati di Amerika Selatan berakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?", "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3741", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?", "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3742", "answers": [{"text": "Furman v. Georgia", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was executed on June 2, 1967?", "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3743", "answers": [{"text": "Luis Monge", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?", "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3744", "answers": [{"text": "Eighth", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?", "id": "570feffa80d9841400ab3745", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "In what year was the death penalty allowed in the US?", "id": "5ad3f2d0604f3c001a3ff8cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Furman v. Georgia", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being allowed?", "id": "5ad3f2d0604f3c001a3ff8cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Luis Monge", "answer_start": 195}], "question": " Who was executed on June 2, 1987?", "id": "5ad3f2d0604f3c001a3ff8cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eighth", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What amendment to the United States Constitution allows cruel and unusual punishment?", "id": "5ad3f2d0604f3c001a3ff8ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in South America ended?", "id": "5ad3f2d0604f3c001a3ff8cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional."}], ["Moratorium berakhir pada 17 Januari 1977 dengan penembakan Gary Gilmore oleh skuad menembak di Utah. Penggunaan pertama kerusi elektrik setelah moratorium adalah pengetatan John Spenkelink di Florida pada 25 Mei 1979. Penggunaan pertama ruang gas setelah moratorium itu adalah gas Jesse Bishop di Nevada pada 22 Oktober 1979. Yang pertama penggunaan gantung selepas moratorium adalah gantung Westley Allan Dodd di Washington pada 5 Januari 1993. Penggunaan pertama suntikan maut adalah pada 7 Disember 1982, ketika Charles Brooks, Jr., dieksekusi di Texas. <> Siapa yang disempurnakan oleh skuad menembak pada 17 Januari 1977? || Gary Gilmore <> Dalam keadaan apakah Gary Gilmore telah dibunuh? || Utah <> Pada tarikh apakah John Spenkelink dilaksanakan? || 25 Mei 1979 <> Dalam apa keadaan berlaku pelaksanaan Jesse Bishop? || Nevada <> Bagaimana Charles Brooks, Jr. dilaksanakan? || suntikan maut <> Siapa yang telah dibunuh oleh skuad menembak pada 17 Januari 1927? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah Gary Gilmore dibebaskan? || <> Pada tarikh apakah John Spenkelink dibebaskan? || <> Dalam apa keadaan yang berlaku kebebasan Jesse Bishop berkuasa? || <> Bagaimana Charles Brooks, Jr dibebaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?", "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36c9", "answers": [{"text": "Gary Gilmore", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?", "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36ca", "answers": [{"text": "Utah", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was John Spenkelink executed?", "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36cb", "answers": [{"text": "May 25, 1979", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?", "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36cc", "answers": [{"text": "Nevada", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?", "id": "570fd84d80d9841400ab36cd", "answers": [{"text": "lethal injection", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gary Gilmore", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1927?", "id": "5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Utah", "answer_start": 94}], "question": " In what state was Gary Gilmore freed?", "id": "5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May 25, 1979", "answer_start": 212}], "question": " On what date was John Spenkelink freed?", "id": "5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nevada", "answer_start": 315}], "question": " In what state did Jesse Bishop's freedom ruling occur?", "id": "5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lethal injection", "answer_start": 482}], "question": " How was Charles Brooks, Jr. freed?", "id": "5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas."}], ["Elektrokusi adalah kaedah pelaksanaan yang lebih baik pada abad ke-20. Kerusi elektrik telah biasa dijuluki Old Sparky; Walau bagaimanapun, kerusi elektrik Alabama dikenali sebagai \"Mama Kuning\" kerana warna yang unik. Sesetengahnya, terutamanya di Florida, terkenal kerana malapetaka, yang menyebabkan perbincangan tentang kekejaman mereka dan mengakibatkan peralihan kepada suntikan maut sebagai cara pelaksanaan yang lebih baik. Walaupun suntikan maut menguasai sebagai kaedah pelaksanaan, sesetengah negeri membenarkan banduan pada baris kematian untuk memilih kaedah yang digunakan untuk melaksanakannya. <> Apakah nama samaran untuk kerusi elektrik? || Old Sparky <> Apa warna kerusi elektrik Alabama? || Kuning <> Apa negeri yang mempunyai kerusi kerusi elektrik? || Florida <> Disebabkan kerancakan kerusi elektrik, kaedah pelaksanaan apa yang menjadi pilihan? || suntikan maut <> Sebelum populariti suntikan maut, apakah kaedah pilihan untuk melaksanakan penjenayah di Amerika? || Elektrik <> Apakah nama samaran untuk kerusi elektrik? || <> Apa warna kerusi elektrik Arkansas? || <> Apa keadaan yang tidak pernah berlaku dengan kerosakan kerusi elektrik? || <> Oleh kerana kerosakan kerusi elektrik, kaedah pelaksanaan apa yang tidak disukai? || <> Sebelum populariti suntikan mematikan, apakah kaedah pilihan untuk melaksanakan penjenayah di Amerika Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was a common nickname for the electric chair?", "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391075", "answers": [{"text": "Old Sparky", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color was Alabama's electric chair?", "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391076", "answers": [{"text": "Yellow", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?", "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391077", "answers": [{"text": "Florida", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?", "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391078", "answers": [{"text": "lethal injection", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?", "id": "570fd8a15ab6b81900391079", "answers": [{"text": "Electrocution", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Sparky", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What was an uncommon nickname for the electric chair?", "id": "5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yellow", "answer_start": 189}], "question": " What color was Arkansas's electric chair?", "id": "5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Florida", "answer_start": 249}], "question": " What state never notably had electric chair malfunctions?", "id": "5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lethal injection", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution was not preferred?", "id": "5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electrocution", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in South America?", "id": "5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the \"Yellow Mama\" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them."}], ["Pada tahun 1976, dengan sewajarnya Woodson dan Roberts, Mahkamah memutuskan Gregg v. Georgia dan mengekalkan prosedur di mana perbicaraan jenayah-jenayah modal telah dibahagikan kepada kesalah-tidak bersalah dan fasa hukuman. Pada prosiding pertama, juri memutuskan kesalahan bersalah; jika defendan tidak bersalah atau jika tidak disabitkan dengan pembunuhan pertama, hukuman mati tidak akan dikenakan. Pada pendengaran kedua, juri menentukan sama ada terdapat faktor-faktor yang memburukkan undang-undang tertentu, sama ada faktor pengurangan wujud, dan, dalam banyak bidang kuasa, menimbang faktor-faktor yang memburukkan dan mengurangkan dalam menilai penalti muktamad - sama ada kematian atau kehidupan di dalam penjara, sama ada dengan atau tanpa parol. <> Dalam tahun apakah Gregg v. Georgia memutuskan? || 1976 <> Dengan fasa bersalah bersalah, apakah fasa lain perbicaraan hukuman mati di bawah Gregg v. Georgia? || hukuman> Apakah satu-satunya hukuman yang boleh membawa kepada hukuman mati? || Pembunuhan pertama darjah <> Bersama dengan faktor-faktor yang memburukkan lagi, apakah faktor lain yang dipertimbangkan pada pendengaran kedua? || Mengurangkan <> Apa yang diputuskan pada prosiding pertama? || Kesalahan terdakwa <> Pada tahun apakah Gregg v. Georgia belum membuat keputusan? || <> Bersama dengan fasa tidak bersalah, apakah fasa lain dari perbicaraan hukuman mati di bawah Gregg v. Georgia? || <> Apa yang bukan satu-satunya keyakinan yang boleh membawa kepada hukuman mati? || <> Bersama dengan faktor-faktor yang memburukkan, apakah faktor-faktor lain yang dipertimbangkan pada pendengaran ketiga? || <> Apa yang diputuskan pada prosiding kedua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?", "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6db", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?", "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6dc", "answers": [{"text": "sentencing", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?", "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6dd", "answers": [{"text": "first-degree murder", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?", "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6de", "answers": [{"text": "mitigating", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is decided at the first proceeding?", "id": "570ff265b654c5140001f6df", "answers": [{"text": "the defendant's guilt", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 3}], "question": " In what year was Gregg v. Georgia undecided?", "id": "5ad3f336604f3c001a3ff8e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sentencing", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Along with the innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?", "id": "5ad3f336604f3c001a3ff8e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first-degree murder", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What isn't the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3f336604f3c001a3ff8e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mitigating", "answer_start": 499}], "question": " Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the third hearing?", "id": "5ad3f336604f3c001a3ff8e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "defendant's guilt", "answer_start": 253}], "question": " What is decided at the second proceeding?", "id": "5ad3f336604f3c001a3ff8e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1976, contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts, the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty \u2013 either death or life in prison, either with or without parole."}], ["Negara-negara lain dengan sejarah panjang tidak ada hukuman mati termasuk Wisconsin (satu-satunya negara dengan satu pelaksanaan), Rhode Island (walaupun kemudian diperkenalkan semula, tidak digunakan dan dimansuhkan lagi), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, dan Vermont . Daerah Columbia juga telah menghapuskan hukuman mati; ia terakhir digunakan pada tahun 1957. Oregon memansuhkan penalti kematian melalui majoriti besar dalam referendum awam 1964 tetapi mengembalikannya pada tahun 1984 bersama hukuman mati / referendum penjara seumur hidup oleh margin yang lebih tinggi selepas referendum yang sama 1978 berjaya tetapi tidak dilaksanakan kerana kepada keputusan kehakiman. <> Apakah negeri yang ada hanya satu pelaksanaan? || Wisconsin <> Bilakah orang terakhir yang disempurnakan di Daerah Columbia? || 1957 <> Bilakah Oregon mengembalikan semula hukuman mati? || 1984 <> Dalam tahun apa apakah referendum Oregon berjaya memulihkan hukuman mati, hanya ditembak jatuh kerana keputusan mahkamah? || 1978 <> Apa negeri yang sangat menghapuskan hukuman mati dan kemudian memperkenalkannya, tetapi tidak menggunakannya semula? || Rhode Island <> Negara apa yang hanya mempunyai pelaksanaan ganda? || <> Bilakah orang pertama yang disempurnakan di Daerah Columbia? || <> Bilakah Oregon menolak hukuman mati? || <> Dalam tahun apa apakah referendum Oregon berjaya memulihkan hukuman mati, hanya akan diluluskan kerana keputusan mahkamah? || <> Apa negeri yang menariknya menghapuskan hukuman mati dan kemudian memperkenalkannya semula, dan menggunakannya dengan kerap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What state has had only a single execution?", "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b3", "answers": [{"text": "Wisconsin", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?", "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b4", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?", "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b5", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?", "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b6", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?", "id": "570fe7425ab6b819003910b7", "answers": [{"text": "Rhode Island", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wisconsin", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What state has had only a double execution?", "id": "5ad3f120604f3c001a3ff85b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 341}], "question": " When was the first person executed in the District of Columbia?", "id": "5ad3f120604f3c001a3ff85c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 466}], "question": " When did Oregon reject the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3f120604f3c001a3ff85d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be passed due to a court ruling?", "id": "5ad3f120604f3c001a3ff85e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rhode Island", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, and used it frequently?", "id": "5ad3f120604f3c001a3ff85f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings."}], ["Di bawah Akta Pengawasan Antiterorisme dan Penalti Kematian yang Berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1996, seorang tahanan negara biasanya hanya membenarkan satu guaman untuk habeas corpus di mahkamah persekutuan. Jika mahkamah persekutuan menolak untuk mengeluarkan writ habeas corpus, tarikh pelaksanaan boleh ditetapkan. Walau bagaimanapun, baru-baru ini, tahanan telah menangguhkan pelaksanaan melalui pusingan akhir litigasi persekutuan menggunakan Akta Hak Sivil 1871 - dikodifikasi pada 42 A.S.C. \u00a7 1983 - yang membenarkan orang ramai untuk membawa tindakan undang-undang terhadap pelaku negeri untuk melindungi hak perlembagaan dan undang-undang persekutuan mereka. <> Dalam tahun apakah Antipasorisme dan Akta Penalti Kematian Berkesan diluluskan? || 1996 <> Berapa banyak habeas corpus guaman yang Antiterorisme dan Akta Penalti Kematian yang berkesan biasanya dibenarkan di mahkamah persekutuan? || satu <> Apakah Kod Kod AS untuk Akta Hak Sivil 1871? || 42 A.S.C. \u00a7 1983 <> Mengapa litiganti memulakan tuntutan undang-undang di bawah Akta Hak Sivil 1871? || untuk melindungi hak perlembagaan dan undang-undang persekutuan mereka. <> Dalam tahun apakah Antipasorisme dan Akta Penalti Kematian Berkesan ditolak? || <> Berapa banyak habeas corpus guaman yang Akta Antiterorisme dan Akta Penalti Kematian yang Berkesan tidak pernah dibenarkan di mahkamah persekutuan? || <> Apakah Kod Dakwaan AS untuk Akta Hak Sivil 1971? || <> Mengapa seorang litigator memulakan tuntutan undang-undang di bawah Akta Hak Sivil 1801? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?", "id": "570fd7d85ab6b8190039106d", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?", "id": "570fd7d85ab6b8190039106e", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?", "id": "570fd7d85ab6b8190039106f", "answers": [{"text": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?", "id": "570fd7d85ab6b81900391070", "answers": [{"text": "to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act rejected?", "id": "5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act never allow in federal court?", "id": "5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983", "answer_start": 401}], "question": " What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1971?", "id": "5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1801?", "id": "5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 \u2014 codified at 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 \u2014 which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights."}], ["Statut masa kini dari seluruh negara menggunakan kata-kata dan frasa yang sama, yang memerlukan eksekusi moden berlaku dalam dinding atau kandang untuk mengecualikan pandangan umum. Statut Umum Connecticut \u00a7 54-100 menghendaki hukuman mati dijalankan dalam \"kandang\" yang \"dibina supaya tidak termasuk pandangan awam.\" Statut Revisi Kentucky 431.220 dan Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730 mengandungi bahasa yang sama sekali berbeza. Penalti bekas kematian New Mexico, sejak dimansuhkan, lihat N.M. Stat. \u00a7 31-14-12, dihukum mati dilaksanakan dalam \"ruang atau tempat yang tertutup dari pandangan umum.\" Begitu juga, undang-undang Massachusetts yang tidak aktif, lihat Mass. Gen. Undang-undang ch. 279 \u00a7 60, hukuman mati yang diperlukan berlaku \"di dalam kandang atau bangunan.\" Statut Umum Carolina Utara \u00a7 15-188 menghendaki hukuman mati dilaksanakan di \"tembok\" penjara, seperti juga Statut Oklahoma Statut 22 \u00a7 1015 dan Kod Montana \u00a7 46-19-103. Kod Disemak semula Ohio \u00a7 2949.22 menghendaki bahawa \"[t] kandangnya tidak termasuk pandangan awam.\" Begitu juga, Kod Tennessee \u00a7 40-23-116 menghendaki \"kandang\" untuk \"pengasingan dan privasi yang ketat.\" Tajuk Kod Amerika Syarikat 18 \u00a7 3596 dan Kod Peraturan Persekutuan 28 CFR 26.4 mengehadkan saksi-saksi yang dibenarkan di dalam hukuman mati. <> Apa undang-undang negara mengatakan bahawa hukuman mati mesti berlaku dalam \"kandang\"? || Connecticut <> Undang-undang apa yang mempunyai bahasa yang sama dengan Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730? || Undang-undang negeri yang diketuai oleh Kentucky 431.220 <> Apa undang-undang negara yang mandat bahawa hukuman mati berlaku di bilik atau tempat yang tertutup dari pandangan awam? \"| New Mexico <> Bersama dengan Kod Amerika Title 18 \u00a7 3596, undang-undang persekutuan yang menghalang orang yang boleh menyaksikan pelaksanaan federal? || Peraturan Kod Persekutuan 28 CFR 26.4 <> Apa undang-undang negara menghendaki hukuman mati berlaku \"di dalam dinding\" penjara? || North Carolina <> Undang-undang negara apa yang mengatakan bahawa hukuman mati tidak harus berlaku dalam \"undang-undang yang mempunyai bahasa yang berbeza untuk Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730? || <> Apa undang-undang negara mandat bahawa hukuman mati berlaku di bilik atau tempat yang tertutup dari pandangan peribadi? || <> Bersama dengan Tajuk Kod Amerika Syarikat 18 \u00a7 3596, apa undang-undang persekutuan membatasi orang-orang yang tidak akan menyaksikan pelaksanaan federal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an \"enclosure\"?", "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d1", "answers": [{"text": "Connecticut", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730?", "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d2", "answers": [{"text": "Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state's law mandated that executions occur in \"\"room or place enclosed from public view\"?", "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d3", "answers": [{"text": "New Mexico's", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with United States Code Title 18 \u00a7 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?", "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d4", "answers": [{"text": "Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4", "answer_start": 1156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state's law requires that capital punishment occur \"within the walls\" of a penitentiary?", "id": "570ff147b654c5140001f6d5", "answers": [{"text": "North Carolina", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Connecticut", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What state's law says that death sentences must not take place in an \"enclosure\"?", "id": "5ad3fdac604f3c001a3ffbf5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What law has different language to Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730?", "id": "5ad3fdac604f3c001a3ffbf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Mexico's", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What state's law mandated that executions occur in \"\"room or place enclosed from private view\"?", "id": "5ad3fdac604f3c001a3ffbf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4", "answer_start": 1156}], "question": " Along with United States Code Title 18 \u00a7 3596, what federal law limits the people who won't witness a federal execution?", "id": "5ad3fdac604f3c001a3ffbf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute \u00a7 54\u2013100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an \"enclosure\" which \"shall be so constructed as to exclude public view.\" Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730 contain substantially identical language. New Mexico's former death penalty, since repealed, see N.M. Stat. \u00a7 31-14-12, required executions be conducted in a \"room or place enclosed from public view.\" Similarly, a dormant Massachusetts law, see Mass. Gen. Law ch. 279 \u00a7 60, required executions to take place \"within an enclosure or building.\" North Carolina General Statute \u00a7 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed \"within the walls\" of the penitentiary, as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 \u00a7 1015 and Montana Code \u00a7 46-19-103. Ohio Revised Code \u00a7 2949.22 requires that \"[t]he enclosure shall exclude public view.\" Similarly, Tennessee Code \u00a7 40-23-116 requires \"an enclosure\" for \"strict seclusion and privacy.\" United States Code Title 18 \u00a7 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions."}], ["Sekiranya defendan dijatuhi hukuman mati di peringkat percubaan, kes itu kemudiannya dikaji secara langsung. Proses semakan langsung adalah rayuan undang-undang yang tipikal. Mahkamah rayuan memeriksa rekod keterangan yang dibentangkan di mahkamah perbicaraan dan undang-undang bahawa mahkamah rendah memohon dan memutuskan sama ada keputusan itu adalah sah atau tidak sah. Kajian langsung terhadap pendengaran hukuman modal akan menghasilkan salah satu daripada tiga hasil. Jika mahkamah rayuan mendapati bahawa tiada kesilapan undang-undang penting berlaku dalam pendengaran hukuman modal, mahkamah rayuan akan menegaskan penghakiman itu, atau membiarkan hukuman itu berdiri. Jika mahkamah rayuan mendapati kesilapan undang-undang yang ketara berlaku, maka ia akan membalikkan penghakiman, atau membatalkan hukuman dan memerintahkan pendengaran hukuman modal baru. Akhir sekali, jika mahkamah rayuan mendapati bahawa tidak ada juror yang berpatutan dapat mencari terdakwa yang layak untuk hukuman mati, jarang sekali, maka ia akan memerintahkan terdakwa dibebaskan, atau tidak bersalah, atas kejahatan yang telah diberikan hukuman mati, dan memerintahkannya hukuman dijatuhi hukuman yang paling teruk yang mana kesalahan itu layak. Sekitar 60 peratus bertahan hidup proses semakan langsung utuh. <> Proses apa yang bermula selepas hukuman mati diturunkan di pengadilan? || kajian terus <> Dalam ulasan langsung, apakah jenis mahkamah yang melihat rekod itu? || rayuan <> Berapa banyak hasil yang mungkin terdapat di dalam kajian semula modal secara langsung? || tiga <> Berapa peratuskah sabitan yang dapat diselesaikan secara langsung? || 60 <> Dalam ulasan langsung, apakah hakim yang direkodkan oleh mahkamah rayuan? || percubaan <> Proses apa yang bermula sebelum hukuman mati diturunkan di pengadilan? || <> Dalam ulasan tak langsung, apakah jenis pengadilan yang melihat rekod itu? || <> Berapa banyak hasil yang mungkin terdapat peninjauan modal secara tidak langsung? || <> Berapakah peratusan yang tidak dapat diselesaikan secara langsung? || <> Dalam ulasan langsung, apakah hakim yang tidak direkodkan oleh mahkamah rayuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?", "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b5", "answers": [{"text": "direct review", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?", "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b6", "answers": [{"text": "appellate", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?", "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b7", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of convictions survive direct review?", "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b8", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 1114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?", "id": "570fd72880d9841400ab36b9", "answers": [{"text": "trial", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "direct review", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What process begins before a death sentence is handed down at trial?", "id": "5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "appellate", "answer_start": 154}], "question": " In an indirect review, what type of court looks at the record?", "id": "5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 399}], "question": " How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing indirect review?", "id": "5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 1114}], "question": "What percentage of convictions don't survive direct review?", "id": "5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trial", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "In a direct review, what court has its record not reviewed by the appellate court?", "id": "5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact."}], ["Sehingga November 2008, hanya ada satu orang di barisan kematian menghadapi hukuman mati yang belum disabitkan dengan pembunuhan. Demarcus Sears kekal di bawah hukuman mati di Georgia kerana jenayah \"penculikan dengan kecederaan tubuh.\" Sears telah disabitkan kesalahan pada tahun 1986 kerana penculikan dan kecederaan anggota mangsa Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur diculik dan dipukul di Georgia, dirogol di Tennessee, dan dibunuh di Kentucky. Sears tidak pernah didakwa dengan pembunuhan Wilbur di Kentucky, tetapi dihukum mati oleh seorang juri di Georgia kerana \"menculik dengan kecederaan anggota badan.\" <> Pada bulan November 2008, siapakah hukuman mati tanpa pembunuhan? || Demarcus Sears <> Siapa yang Demarcus Sears menculik? || Gloria Ann Wilbur <> Dalam keadaan apakah Gloria Ann Wilbur dibunuh? || Kentucky <> Dalam tahun apakah Demarcus Sears disabitkan dengan penculikan? || 1986 <> Seorang juri dalam apa keadaan yang dihukum mati oleh Demarcus Sears? || Georgia <> Pada bulan November 2018, yang dituduh mati tanpa hukuman mati? || <> Siapa yang Demarcus Sears melepaskan diri? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah Gloria Ann Wilbur dilahirkan? || <> Pada tahun apakah Demarcus Sears dibebaskan dari penculikan? || <> Seorang juri dalam apa negeri menghukum Demarcus Sears untuk kebebasan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?", "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6ef", "answers": [{"text": "Demarcus Sears", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?", "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f0", "answers": [{"text": "Gloria Ann Wilbur", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?", "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f1", "answers": [{"text": "Kentucky", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?", "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f2", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?", "id": "570ff55ab654c5140001f6f3", "answers": [{"text": "Georgia", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Demarcus Sears", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "In November 2018, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?", "id": "5ad3f56b604f3c001a3ff985", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gloria Ann Wilbur", "answer_start": 305}], "question": " Who did Demarcus Sears let go free?", "id": "5ad3f56b604f3c001a3ff986", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kentucky", "answer_start": 404}], "question": " In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur born?", "id": "5ad3f56b604f3c001a3ff987", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 253}], "question": " In what year was Demarcus Sears freed of kidnapping?", "id": "5ad3f56b604f3c001a3ff988", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georgia", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to freedom?", "id": "5ad3f56b604f3c001a3ff989", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of \"kidnapping with bodily injury.\" Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for \"kidnapping with bodily injury.\""}], ["Beberapa negara tidak pernah mempunyai hukuman mati, yang pertama adalah Michigan, yang telah dihapuskan sejurus selepas memasuki Kesatuan. (Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan Amerika Syarikat mengeksekusi Tony Chebatoris di Institusi Pemulihan Persekutuan di Milan, Michigan pada tahun 1938.) Pasal 4, Bagian 46 dari Perlembagaan keempat Michigan (diratifikasi pada tahun 1963; efektif pada tahun 1964) melarang undang-undang yang menyediakan hukuman mati . Percubaan untuk mengubah peruntukan telah gagal. Pada tahun 2004, pindaan perlembagaan yang dicadangkan untuk membenarkan hukuman mati dalam beberapa keadaan gagal membuatnya pada undi November selepas resolusi gagal dalam badan perundangan dan inisiatif awam gagal mengumpulkan tanda tangan yang mencukupi. <> Pada tahun apakah Tony Chebatoris dibunuh? || 1938 <> Bilakah Perlembagaan keempat Michigan telah disahkan? || 1963 <> Di bandar apakah yang dilakukan oleh Tony Chebatoris? || Milan <> Pada tahun berapa terdapat pindaan perlembagaan Michigan yang gagal untuk membenarkan hukuman mati? || 2004 <> Artikel apa yang keempat Perlembagaan Michigan keempat melarang undang-undang yang membenarkan hukuman mati? || 4 <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1935? || <> Bilakah Perlembagaan Michigan yang kelima telah disahkan? || <> Di bandar apa yang dilahirkan oleh Tony Chebatoris? || <> Pada tahun berapa terdapat pindaan perlembagaan Michigan yang berjaya untuk membenarkan hukuman mati? || <> Artikel apa yang keempat Perlembagaan Michigan keempat melarang undang-undang melarang hukuman mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed?", "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f757", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Michigan's fourth Constitution ratified?", "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f758", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?", "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f759", "answers": [{"text": "Milan", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?", "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f75a", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment?", "id": "571007ebb654c5140001f75b", "answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What happened in 1935?", "id": "5ad3f096604f3c001a3ff847", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 331}], "question": " When was Michigan's fifth Constitution ratified?", "id": "5ad3f096604f3c001a3ff848", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Milan", "answer_start": 236}], "question": " In what city was Tony Chebatoris born?", "id": "5ad3f096604f3c001a3ff849", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "In what year was there a successful Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3f096604f3c001a3ff84a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws disallowing capital punishment?", "id": "5ad3f096604f3c001a3ff84b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Several states have never had capital punishment, the first being Michigan, which abolished it shortly after entering the Union. (However, the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan in 1938.) Article 4, Section 46 of Michigan's fourth Constitution (ratified in 1963; effective in 1964) prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death. Attempts to change the provision have failed. In 2004, a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures."}], ["Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat di Penry v. Lynaugh dan Mahkamah Rayuan Amerika Syarikat untuk Litar Kelima di Bigby v. Dretke telah jelas dalam keputusan mereka bahawa instruksi juri dalam hukuman penalti mati yang tidak bertanya tentang faktor-faktor penangguhan mengenai mental terdakwa kesihatan melanggar hak-hak Pindaan Kelapan Defendan, dengan mengatakan bahawa juri akan diarahkan untuk mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor pengurangan apabila menjawab soalan yang tidak berkaitan. Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa penjelasan khusus kepada juri adalah perlu untuk menimbang faktor-faktor pengurangan. <> Di mana pengadilan itu Bigby v. Dretke memutuskan? || Mahkamah Rayuan Amerika Syarikat untuk Litar Kelima <> Mahkamah apa yang mendengar kes Penry v. Lynaugh? || Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat <> Apa pindaan kepada Perlembagaan lakukan Penry v. Lynaugh alamat? || Kelapan <> Apa faktor penentangan yang dilakukan oleh Bigby v. Dretke? || Mengurangkan <> Dalam keadaan apakah Bigby v. Dretke memutuskan? || <> Apa yang ditolak mahkamah mendengar kes Penry v. Lynaugh? || <> Apa pindaan kepada Perlembagaan lakukan Penry v. Lynaugh tidak pernah alamat? || <> Apakah faktor penentangan yang dilakukan Bigby v. Dretke menolak mempertimbangkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided?", "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67d8", "answers": [{"text": "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh?", "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67d9", "answers": [{"text": "United States Supreme Court", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?", "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67da", "answers": [{"text": "Eighth", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider?", "id": "57100286a58dae1900cd67db", "answers": [{"text": "mitigating", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "In what state was Bigby v. Dretke decided?", "id": "5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The United States Supreme Court", "answer_start": 0}], "question": " What court denied hearing the case Penry v. Lynaugh?", "id": "5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eighth", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh never address?", "id": "5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mitigating", "answer_start": 235}], "question": " What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke reject considering?", "id": "5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights, saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions. This ruling suggests that specific explanations to the jury are necessary to weigh mitigating factors."}], ["Selepas hukuman mati disahkan dalam kajian cagaran negara, banduan boleh memfailkan untuk habeas corpus persekutuan, yang merupakan jenis tuntutan yang unik yang boleh dibawa ke mahkamah persekutuan. Habeas corpus Persekutuan adalah semacam kajian cagaran, dan ia adalah satu-satunya cara tahanan negara boleh menyerang hukuman mati di mahkamah persekutuan (selain daripada petisyen untuk certiorari ke Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat selepas kajian semula secara langsung dan tinjauan cagaran negara). Skop habeas corpus persekutuan ditadbir oleh Akta Pengawasan Antiterorisme dan Penalti Kematian yang Berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1996, yang membatasi ruang lingkupnya yang terdahulu. Tujuan habeas corpus persekutuan adalah untuk memastikan bahawa mahkamah-mahkamah negeri, melalui proses semakan langsung dan tinjauan cagaran negara, telah melakukan sekurang-kurangnya pekerjaan yang wajar dalam melindungi hak perlembagaan persekutuan tahanan. Banduan juga boleh menggunakan guaman habeas corpus persekutuan untuk mengemukakan bukti baru bahawa mereka tidak bersalah terhadap jenayah, walaupun menjadi pertahanan yang sah pada peringkat akhir dalam proses itu, bukti tidak bersalah mesti benar-benar menarik. <> Tindakan apa yang membatasi skop habeas corpus persekutuan? || Antiterrorisme dan Akta Penalti Kematian yang Berkuat kuasa 1996 <> Bagaimana mungkin tahanan negara mencari hukuman mati dibatalkan di mahkamah persekutuan? || Habeas corpus Persekutuan <> Dalam mana mahkamah boleh saman habeas corpus persekutuan dibawa? || persekutuan <> Jika tahanan menggunakan habeas corpus persekutuan untuk membuktikan bahawa mereka tidak bersalah, apakah bukti yang perlu? || benar-benar menarik <> Tindakan apa yang tidak menyekat skop habeas corpus persekutuan? || <> Bagaimana mungkin para tahanan memohon hukuman mati tidak dibatalkan di mahkamah persekutuan? || <> Jika tahanan menggunakan habeas corpus persekutuan untuk membuktikan bahawa mereka bersalah, apakah bukti yang perlu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?", "id": "571001dab654c5140001f735", "answers": [{"text": "the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?", "id": "571001dab654c5140001f736", "answers": [{"text": "Federal habeas corpus", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?", "id": "571001dab654c5140001f737", "answers": [{"text": "federal", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?", "id": "571001dab654c5140001f738", "answers": [{"text": "truly compelling", "answer_start": 1059}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What act didn't restrict the scope of federal habeas corpus?", "id": "5ad3f70e604f3c001a3ffa0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "federal", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence not overturned in federal court?", "id": "5ad3f70e604f3c001a3ffa10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "truly compelling", "answer_start": 1059}], "question": "If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're guilty, what must the evidence be?", "id": "5ad3f70e604f3c001a3ffa11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review, the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus, which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts. Federal habeas corpus is a species of collateral review, and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court (other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review). The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which restricted significantly its previous scope. The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts, through the process of direct review and state collateral review, have done at least a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner's federal constitutional rights. Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime, though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process, evidence of innocence must be truly compelling."}], ["Mungkin sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh prosedur habeas corpus persekutuan dipercepatkan dalam Akta Antiterrorisme dan Akta Penalti Kematian yang berkesan pada tahun 1996, kadar hukuman mati meningkat sehingga mencapai puncak pada tahun 98 pada tahun 1999 dan kemudiannya menurun secara perlahan hingga 28 pada tahun 2015. Sejak hukuman mati telah dibenar semula pada tahun 1976, 1,411 orang telah dilaksanakan, hampir secara eksklusif oleh negara-negara, yang kebanyakan berlaku selepas tahun 1990. Texas telah menyumbang lebih satu pertiga eksekusi moden (walaupun hanya dua hukuman mati yang dikenakan di Texas pada tahun 2015, dengan mahkamah lebih suka mengeluarkan ayat-ayat kehidupan tanpa parol sebaliknya) dan lebih empat kali ganda Oklahoma, negeri dengan nombor kedua tertinggi. California mempunyai bilangan banduan yang paling banyak dalam barisan kematian, telah mengeluarkan hukuman mati tertinggi tetapi telah menunaikan hukuman yang agak sedikit. <> Berapa banyak hukuman mati dalam tahun 1999? || 98 <> Berapakah bilangan orang yang disempurnakan pada tahun 2015? || 28 <> Pada tahun berapakah pengesahan semula hukuman mati berlaku? || 1976 <> Berapa banyak orang telah dilaksanakan di Amerika Syarikat sejak tahun 1976? || 1,411 <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai bilangan orang yang paling banyak menunggu pelaksanaan? || California <> Berapa banyak hukuman mati dalam 1959? || <> Berapakah bilangan orang yang dibunuh pada tahun 2018? || <> Pada tahun apakah berlaku ketidakesahan hukuman mati? || <> Berapa ramai orang telah dibebaskan daripada dibunuh di Amerika Syarikat sejak tahun 1976? || <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai bilangan terkecil orang yang menunggu pelaksanaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many executions occurred in 1999?", "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e5", "answers": [{"text": "98", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the number of people executed in 2015?", "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e6", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?", "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e7", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?", "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e8", "answers": [{"text": "1,411", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?", "id": "570ff37bb654c5140001f6e9", "answers": [{"text": "California", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "98", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "How many executions occurred in 1959?", "id": "5ad3f472604f3c001a3ff93d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 238}], "question": " What was the number of people executed in 2018?", "id": "5ad3f472604f3c001a3ff93e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "In what year did the unauthorization of capital punishment occur?", "id": "5ad3f472604f3c001a3ff93f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,411", "answer_start": 300}], "question": " How many people have been freed from being executed in the United States since 1976?", "id": "5ad3f472604f3c001a3ff940", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "California", "answer_start": 690}], "question": " Which state has the smallest number of people awaiting execution?", "id": "5ad3f472604f3c001a3ff941", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions."}], ["Pelaksanaan tunggal terbesar dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat adalah gantung dari 38 orang India Amerika yang disabitkan dengan pembunuhan dan rogol semasa Perang Dakota tahun 1862. Mereka dilaksanakan secara serentak pada 26 Disember 1862, di Mankato, Minnesota. Pukulan tunggal dari kapak memotong tali yang memegang platform empat kaki besar, dan tahanan (kecuali orang yang tali yang patah dan yang harus digantung semula) jatuh ke kematian mereka. Pelaksanaan jisim kedua terbesar juga menggantung: pelaksanaan 13 tentera Afrika-Amerika untuk mengambil bahagian dalam Riot Houston tahun 1917. Pelaksanaan massal bukan tentera terbesar terjadi di salah satu daripada tiga koloni asal pada 1723, ketika 26 disabitkan lanun digantung di Newport, Rhode Island dengan perintah Mahkamah Admiralty. <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh dalam pelaksanaan besar-besaran dalam sejarah AS? || 38 <> Pada tarikh apa pelaksanaan besar-besaran dalam sejarah Amerika berlaku? || 26 Disember, 1862 <> Dalam apa keadaan berlaku pelaksanaan massal Amerika yang terbesar? || Minnesota <> Apakah etnik rakyat yang dilaksanakan dalam pelaksanaan besar-besaran kedua terbesar dalam sejarah AS? || Afrika-Amerika <> Pada tahun berapa adakah Mahkamah Admiralty menyerang 26 lanun di Newport, Rhode Island? || 1723 <> Berapa banyak orang yang terbunuh dalam pelaksanaan massa terkecil dalam sejarah AS? || <> Pada tarikh manakah pelaksanaan jisim terkecil dalam sejarah Amerika berlaku? || <> Dalam apa keadaan yang berlaku pelaksanaan jisim Amerika yang terkecil? || <> Apakah etnik orang yang dilaksanakan dalam pelaksanaan jisim kedua yang paling kecil dalam sejarah AS? || <> Pada tahun berapa adakah Mahkamah Admiralty menyerang 26 lanun di Kansas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?", "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72b", "answers": [{"text": "38", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?", "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72c", "answers": [{"text": "December 26, 1862", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?", "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72d", "answers": [{"text": "Minnesota", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?", "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72e", "answers": [{"text": "African-American", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?", "id": "57100090b654c5140001f72f", "answers": [{"text": "1723", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "38", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "How many people were killed in the smallest mass execution in US history?", "id": "5ad3f046604f3c001a3ff833", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 26, 1862", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "On what date did the smallest mass execution in American history take place?", "id": "5ad3f046604f3c001a3ff834", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Minnesota", "answer_start": 221}], "question": " In what state did the smallest American mass execution occur?", "id": "5ad3f046604f3c001a3ff835", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African-American", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-smallest mass execution in US history?", "id": "5ad3f046604f3c001a3ff836", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1723", "answer_start": 657}], "question": " In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Kansas?", "id": "5ad3f046604f3c001a3ff837", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court."}], ["Di New Jersey dan Illinois, semua banduan maut mati telah menjalani hukuman di dalam penjara seumur hidup tanpa parole apabila hukuman pemansuhan hukuman mati ditandatangani ke dalam undang-undang. Di Maryland, Gabenor Martin O'Malley mengusir empat hukuman mati yang tersisa untuk kehidupan di penjara tanpa parol pada Januari 2015. Walaupun rang undang-undang yang memansuhkan hukuman mati di Connecticut tidak berlaku retroektif, Mahkamah Agung Connecticut memutuskan pada tahun 2015 di Negeri v. Santiago bahawa Keputusan legislatif untuk memansuhkan hukuman mati secara prospektif menjadikannya suatu kesalahan untuk \"menaikkan taraf kesopanan,\" dengan demikian mengusir hukuman dari 11 orang yang tinggal di penjara mati untuk menjalani hukuman penjara tanpa parole. New Mexico masih boleh melaksanakan dua penghuni yang dihukum yang dihukum sebelum pemansuhan, dan Nebraska mempunyai sepuluh penghuni barisan kematian yang masih boleh dilaksanakan walaupun pemansuhan. <> Bersama New Jersey, keadaan apa yang mengubah semua hukuman hidup apabila bil-bil untuk memansuhkan hukuman mati telah diluluskan? || Illinois <> Gubernur negara apa yang mengubah empat hukuman mati pada bulan Januari 2015? || Maryland <> Siapa gubernur Maryland pada Januari 2015? || Martin O'Malley <> Di mana negeri mahkamah tertinggi adalah Negeri v. Santiago memutuskan? || Connecticut <> Berapa ramai orang yang telah dihukum oleh State v. Santiago? || 11 <> Bersama dengan Kanada, apa keadaan yang mengubah semua hukuman hidup apabila bil-bil untuk memansuhkan hukuman mati telah diluluskan? || <> Gabenor negeri mana yang mengubah empat hukuman mati pada Mac 2015? || <> Siapa gabenor Maryland pada bulan Januari 2005? || <> Di mana mahkamah tertinggi negara apakah Negeri v. Santiago tidak memutuskan? || <> Berapa banyak orang yang tidak mempunyai ayat mereka yang dikurangkan oleh Negeri v. Santiago? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?", "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67ce", "answers": [{"text": "Illinois", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?", "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67cf", "answers": [{"text": "Maryland", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?", "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67d0", "answers": [{"text": "Martin O'Malley", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?", "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67d1", "answers": [{"text": "Connecticut", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?", "id": "57100234a58dae1900cd67d2", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Illinois", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Along with Canada, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?", "id": "5ad3f1c6604f3c001a3ff889", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maryland", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in March 2015?", "id": "5ad3f1c6604f3c001a3ff88a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin O'Malley", "answer_start": 192}], "question": " Who was governor of Maryland in January 2005?", "id": "5ad3f1c6604f3c001a3ff88b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Connecticut", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago not decided?", "id": "5ad3f1c6604f3c001a3ff88c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "How many people had their sentences not commuted by State v. Santiago?", "id": "5ad3f1c6604f3c001a3ff88d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to \"evolving standards of decency,\" thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. New Mexico may yet execute two condemned inmates sentenced prior to abolition, and Nebraska has ten death row inmates who may still be executed despite abolition."}], ["Kaedah pelaksanaan banduan persekutuan untuk kesalahan di bawah Akta Kawalan Jenayah dan Undang-undang Penguatkuasaan Undang-undang 1994 adalah negeri di mana sabitan itu berlaku. Jika negara tidak mempunyai hukuman mati, hakim mesti memilih negara dengan hukuman mati untuk melaksanakan pelaksanaannya. Bagi kesalahan di bawah Akta Dadah Dadah tahun 1988, kaedah pelaksanaan adalah suntikan maut. Kompleks Pemukiman Federal di Terre Haute, Indiana saat ini merupakan satu-satunya ruang kematian bagi penerima hukuman mati di Amerika Serikat, di mana penghuni dibunuh dengan suntikan maut. Kompleks ini setakat ini menjadi satu-satunya lokasi yang digunakan untuk hukuman mati pasca-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh dan Juan Garza dibunuh pada bulan Jun 2001, dan Louis Jones, Jr dibunuh pada 18 Mac 2003. <> Di bawah undang-undang persekutuan apakah kesalahan yang dihukum oleh suntikan maut? || Undang-undang Dadah Dadah 1988 <> Menurut undang-undang yang mana tahanan tahanan dilaksanakan mengikut prosedur di tempat di mana mereka telah disabitkan kesalahan? || Akta Kawalan Jenayah dan Undang-undang Penguatkuasaan Undang-Undang 1994 <> Dalam apa negeri yang Kompleks Pembetulan Persekutuan di Terre Haute? || Indiana <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah yang dibunuh oleh Juan Garza? || Jun 2001 <> Siapa yang telah disempurnakan oleh kerajaan persekutuan pada 18 Mac 2003? || Louis Jones, Jr. <> Di bawah undang-undang persekutuan apakah kesalahan yang tidak dihukum oleh suntikan maut? || <> Mengikut undang-undang mana tahanan tahanan dilaksanakan mengikut prosedur yang berlaku di negara tempat mereka dibebaskan? || <> Di negeri apakah Kompleks Pembetulan Persekutuan di Tennessee? || <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apa yang dibebaskan oleh Juan Garza? || <> Siapa yang disempurnakan oleh kerajaan persekutuan pada 18 Mac 2001? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?", "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76b", "answers": [{"text": "Drug Kingpin Act of 1988", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?", "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76c", "answers": [{"text": "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?", "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76d", "answers": [{"text": "Indiana", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?", "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76e", "answers": [{"text": "June 2001", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?", "id": "5710088bb654c5140001f76f", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Jones, Jr.", "answer_start": 762}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Drug Kingpin Act of 1988", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "Under what federal statute are offenses not punished by lethal injection?", "id": "5ad3f9bc604f3c001a3ffad7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were freed?", "id": "5ad3f9bc604f3c001a3ffad8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indiana", "answer_start": 442}], "question": " In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Tennessee?", "id": "5ad3f9bc604f3c001a3ffad9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2001", "answer_start": 747}], "question": " In what month and year was Juan Garza freed?", "id": "5ad3f9bc604f3c001a3ffada", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Louis Jones, Jr", "answer_start": 762}], "question": "Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2001?", "id": "5ad3f9bc604f3c001a3ffadb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003."}], ["Secara tradisinya, Seksyen 1983 adalah penggunaan terhad untuk tahanan negara di bawah hukuman mati kerana Mahkamah Agung berpendapat bahawa habeas corpus, bukan Seksyen 1983, adalah satu-satunya kenderaan di mana seseorang tahanan negeri boleh mencabar penghakimannya mati. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam kes Hill 2006 McDonough, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat meluluskan penggunaan Seksyen 1983 sebagai kenderaan untuk mencabar kaedah pelaksanaan negara sebagai hukuman yang kejam dan luar biasa yang melanggar Perintah Kelapan. Teori ini adalah bahawa seorang banduan yang membawa cabaran sedemikian tidak menyerang langsung penghakimannya kematian, tetapi sebaliknya cara yang penghakiman itu akan dilaksanakan. Oleh itu, Mahkamah Agung diadakan dalam kes Hill bahawa seorang tahanan boleh menggunakan Seksyen 1983 dan bukannya habeas corpus untuk membawa tuntutan itu. Walau bagaimanapun, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh kes Clarence Hill sendiri, mahkamah rendah yang lebih rendah enggan mendengarkan saman yang mencabar kaedah pelaksanaan atas dasar bahawa banduan membawa tuntutan terlambat dan hanya untuk tujuan penangguhan. Di samping itu, keputusan Mahkamah di Baze v. Rees, yang menegakkan kaedah suntikan maut yang digunakan oleh banyak negara, secara drastik telah menyempitkan peluang untuk mendapatkan bantuan melalui Seksyen 1983. <> Dalam hal apakah Mahkamah Agung membenarkan Seksyen 1983 digunakan untuk mencabar kaedah pelaksanaan? || Hill v. McDonough <> Pada tahun apakah Hill v. McDonough memutuskan? || 2006 <> Apa pindaan Perlembagaan yang melanggar undang-undang kejam dan luar biasa? || Kedelapan <> Apa yang berlaku terutamanya penggunaan kaedah suntikan maut? || Baze v. Rees <> Bersama dengan Seksyen 1983, melalui apa yang bolehkah seseorang yang disabitkan atas hukuman maut mencabar pelaksanaannya? || habeas corpus <> n apa kes yang Mahkamah Agung membenarkan Seksyen 1989 digunakan untuk mencabar kaedah pelaksanaan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Hill v. McDonough ditolak? || <> Apa pindaan Perlembagaan tidak melanggar hukuman kejam dan luar biasa? || <> Apa yang paling penting tidak menegakkan penggunaan kaedah suntikan maut? || <> Bersama dengan Seksyen 1983, melalui apa yang bolehkah seseorang yang disabitkan atas hukuman mati mengemukakan kepada pelaksanaannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?", "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f711", "answers": [{"text": "Hill v. McDonough", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?", "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f712", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?", "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f713", "answers": [{"text": "Eighth", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?", "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f714", "answers": [{"text": "Baze v. Rees", "answer_start": 1052}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?", "id": "570ffb75b654c5140001f715", "answers": [{"text": "habeas corpus", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hill v. McDonough", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "n what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1989 to be used to challenge a method of execution?", "id": "5ad3f86a604f3c001a3ffa67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 255}], "question": " In what year was Hill v. McDonough rejected?", "id": "5ad3f86a604f3c001a3ffa68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eighth", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What amendment of the Constitution doesn't cruel and unusual punishment violate?", "id": "5ad3f86a604f3c001a3ffa69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Baze v. Rees", "answer_start": 1052}], "question": " What case notably did not uphold the use of a method of lethal injection?", "id": "5ad3f86a604f3c001a3ffa6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "habeas corpus", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row submit to his execution?", "id": "5ad3f86a604f3c001a3ffa6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983."}], ["Pada masa-masa apabila hukuman mati diakui secara langsung, ia dianggap muktamad. Namun, kaedah tambahan untuk menyerang penghakiman, walaupun kurang akrab daripada rayuan biasa, kekal. Penyelesaian tambahan ini dianggap sebagai kajian semula cagaran, iaitu jalan untuk menghakimi pertimbangan yang telah menjadi final. Di mana tahanan menerima hukuman mati dalam percubaan peringkat negeri, seperti biasanya, langkah pertama dalam kajian cagaran adalah kajian cagaran negara. (Sekiranya kes itu adalah kes hukuman mati persekutuan, ia teruskan dari semakan terus ke habeas corpus persekutuan.) Walaupun semua negeri mempunyai beberapa jenis tinjauan cagaran, prosesnya berbeza-beza dari negeri ke negara. Secara amnya, tujuan prosiding cagaran ini adalah untuk membolehkan banduan mencabar hukumannya berdasarkan alasan yang tidak dapat dibangkitkan secara munasabah di perbicaraan atau secara langsung. Selalunya ini adalah tuntutan, seperti bantuan peguam yang tidak berkesan, yang memerlukan mahkamah untuk mempertimbangkan bukti baru di luar rekod percubaan asal, sesuatu mahkamah tidak boleh dilakukan dalam rayuan biasa. Kajian cagaran negara, walaupun merupakan langkah penting dalam hal ini membantu menentukan skop pemeriksaan berikutnya melalui habeas corpus persekutuan, jarang sekali berjaya dan sendiri. Hanya kira-kira 6 peratus hukuman mati terbalik dalam kajian cagaran negara. Pada tahun 2010, hukuman mati 53 narapidana telah terbalik akibat daripada rayuan undang-undang atau pembalikan mahkamah tinggi. <> Apabila seorang tawanan diberikan hukuman mati dalam keadaan, apakah langkah pertama peninjauan cagaran? || pemeriksaan cagaran keadaan <> Berapa peratuskah pecah modal dibatalkan kerana semakan cagaran negara? || 6 <> Pada tahun 2010, berapa hukuman mati dibatalkan akibat pembalikan daripada mahkamah atau rayuan? || 53 <> Apa contoh masalah yang dibangkitkan dalam tinjauan cagaran? || Bantuan yang tidak berkesan peguam <> Apabila seorang tahanan diberikan hukuman maut dalam keadaan, apakah langkah terakhir kajian cagaran? || <> Berapakah peratus peratusan modal yang tidak pernah ditarik balik kerana semakan cagaran negara? || <> Pada tahun 2010, berapa hukuman mati tidak pernah terbalik kerana pembalikan daripada mahkamah atau rayuan? || <> Apa contoh isu yang tidak dibangkitkan dalam tinjauan cagaran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?", "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679c", "answers": [{"text": "state collateral review", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?", "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679d", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 1294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?", "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679e", "answers": [{"text": "53", "answer_start": 1398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?", "id": "570ff9cda58dae1900cd679f", "answers": [{"text": "ineffective assistance of counsel", "answer_start": 936}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "state collateral review", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the last step of collateral review?", "id": "5ad3f6d9604f3c001a3ffa01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 1294}], "question": "About what percentage of capital convictions are never overturned due to state collateral review?", "id": "5ad3f6d9604f3c001a3ffa02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "53", "answer_start": 1398}], "question": " In 2010, how many death sentences were never overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?", "id": "5ad3f6d9604f3c001a3ffa03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ineffective assistance of counsel", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "What is an example of an issue that isn't raised in collateral review?", "id": "5ad3f6d9604f3c001a3ffa04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals."}], ["Kongres bertindak menantang ke Mahkamah Agung dengan meluluskan Akta Dadah Dadah 1988 dan Akta Penalti Kematian Persekutuan tahun 1994 yang membuat kira-kira lima puluh jenayah yang boleh dihukum oleh kematian, termasuk jenayah yang tidak selalu melibatkan kematian seseorang. Kesalahan modal bukan kematian seperti pengkhianatan, pengintipan (pengintipan untuk negara lain), dan pengedaran dadah peringkat tinggi. Memandangkan tiada siapa yang belum dijatuhi hukuman mati atas kesalahan-kesalahan modal yang tidak mati, Mahkamah Agung tidak memerintah atas perlembagaan mereka. <> Di bawah Akta Dadah Dadah 1988 dan Akta Penalti Kematian Persekutuan tahun 1994, mengenai berapa banyak jenayah yang boleh dihukum oleh kematian? || lima puluh <> Badan apa yang melepasi Akta Dadah Dadah tahun 1988? || Kongres <> Apa istilah lain untuk perbuatan mengintip negara lain? || spionase <> Bersama dengan pengkhianatan dan pengintipan, apa kesalahan bukan mati masih jenayah modal persekutuan? || penyeludupan dadah peringkat tinggi <> di bawah Akta Dadah Dadah 1998 dan Akta Penalti Kematian Persekutuan pada tahun 1994, tentang berapa banyak jenayah yang boleh dihukum oleh kematian? || <> Badan apa yang gagal dalam Akta Dadah Dadah 1988? || <> Apa istilah lain untuk perbuatan mengintip di negara lain? || <> Bersama dengan pengkhianatan dan pengintipan, apa kesalahan kematian masih jenayah modal persekutuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?", "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7b7", "answers": [{"text": "fifty", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?", "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7b8", "answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another term for the act of spying for another country?", "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7b9", "answers": [{"text": "espionage", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?", "id": "57101271b654c5140001f7ba", "answers": [{"text": "high-level drug trafficking", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifty", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1998 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?", "id": "5ad3f5af604f3c001a3ff9a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Congress", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What body failed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?", "id": "5ad3f5af604f3c001a3ff9a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "espionage", "answer_start": 299}], "question": " What is another term for the act of spying on another country?", "id": "5ad3f5af604f3c001a3ff9a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high-level drug trafficking", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "Along with treason and espionage, what death offense is still a federal capital crime?", "id": "5ad3f5af604f3c001a3ff9a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death, including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone. Such non-death capital offenses include treason, espionage (spying for another country), and high-level drug trafficking. Since no one has yet been sentenced to death for such non-death capital offenses, the Supreme Court has not ruled on their constitutionality."}], ["Penalti kematian dicari dan diterapkan lebih kerap dalam beberapa bidang kuasa, bukan hanya antara negeri tetapi dalam negeri. Kajian Cornell University 2004 menunjukkan bahawa walaupun 2,5 persen pembunuh yang dihukum seluruh negara dijatuhi hukuman mati, di Nevada 6 persen diberi hukuman mati. Texas memberi 2 peratus pembunuh hukuman mati, kurang daripada purata negara. Texas, bagaimanapun, mengeksekusi 40 peratus daripada mereka yang dihukum, yang kira-kira empat kali lebih tinggi daripada purata negara. California telah melaksanakan hanya 1 peratus daripada mereka yang dihukum. <> Berapa peratus daripada pembunuh di Amerika Syarikat diberi hukuman mati? || 2.5 <> Berapa banyak pembunuh di Nevada diberi hukuman modal? || 6 <> Apa yang menyatakan terutamanya untuk melaksanakan 40% daripada mereka yang diberi hukuman mati? || Texas <> Berapa peratus daripada pembunuh di California diberikan hukuman mati dan kemudiannya dilaksanakan? || 1 <> Berapa lebih tinggi kadar pelaksanaan di Texas berbanding purata kebangsaan? || empat kali <> Berapa peratus daripada pembunuh di Amerika Syarikat tidak diberi hukuman maut? || <> Berapa banyak pembunuh di Nevada tidak diberi hukuman modal? || <> Apa yang dinyatakan oleh negara ini untuk melaksanakan 80% daripada mereka yang diberikan hukuman mati? || <> Berapa peratus daripada pembunuh di California diberi hukuman mati dan kemudian dibebaskan? || <> Berapa lebih tinggi kadar pelaksanaan di Texas berbanding purata antarabangsa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?", "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7ad", "answers": [{"text": "2.5", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?", "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7ae", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?", "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7af", "answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?", "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7b0", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?", "id": "57101180b654c5140001f7b1", "answers": [{"text": "four times", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.5", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What percentage of murderers in the United States aren't given a death sentence?", "id": "5ad3fcf2604f3c001a3ffbc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6 percent", "answer_start": 260}], "question": " How many murderers in Nevada weren't given a capital sentence?", "id": "5ad3fcf2604f3c001a3ffbc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Texas", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What state notably executes 80% of those given the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3fcf2604f3c001a3ffbc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 530}], "question": "What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently freed?", "id": "5ad3fcf2604f3c001a3ffbc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four times", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the international average?", "id": "5ad3fcf2604f3c001a3ffbc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The death penalty is sought and applied more often in some jurisdictions, not only between states but within states. A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty, in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty. Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average. Texas, however, executed 40 percent of those sentenced, which was about four times higher than the national average. California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced."}], ["Secara keseluruhannya, 156 tahanan telah dibebaskan, atau menerima pengampunan atau komutasi atas dasar kemungkinan tidak bersalah, antara tahun 1973 hingga 2015. Lawan penalti hukuman sering berpendapat bahawa statistik ini menunjukkan bagaimana negeri-negeri dekat yang berbahaya telah melakukan eksekusi yang salah; penyokong menunjukkan bahawa statistik merujuk hanya kepada mereka yang dilarang dalam undang-undang, dan yang benar-benar tidak bersalah mungkin jumlah yang lebih kecil. Perangkaan mungkin mengecilkan masalah sebenar kesalahan yang salah kerana sekali pelaksanaan telah berlaku seringkali ada motivasi dan kewangan yang mencukupi untuk menjaga kes yang terbuka, dan tidak mungkin pada ketika itu keganasan keadilan akan terdedah. <> Antara tahun 1973 dan 2015, bagaimana tahanan-tahanan amny telah dibebaskan atau menerima pengampunan atau komplikasi hukuman mati mereka kerana mungkin tidak bersalah? || 156 <> Antara tahun 1973 dan 2015, berapa ramai tahanan yang dibebaskan atau menerima pengampunan atau komplikasi hukuman mati mereka akibat kemungkinan bersalah? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 2016? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1970? || <> Siapa yang menyokong statistik ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?", "id": "57101113a58dae1900cd6858", "answers": [{"text": "156", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "156", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "Between 1973 and 2015, how many prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible guilt?", "id": "5ad3fb07604f3c001a3ffb39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What happened in 2016?", "id": "5ad3fb07604f3c001a3ffb3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "What happened in 1970?", "id": "5ad3fb07604f3c001a3ffb3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Death penalty opponents", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "Who supported this statistic?", "id": "5ad3fb07604f3c001a3ffb3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In total, 156 prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015. Death penalty opponents often argue that this statistic shows how perilously close states have come to undertaking wrongful executions; proponents point out that the statistic refers only to those exonerated in law, and that the truly innocent may be a smaller number. Statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed."}], ["Jenayah modal lain termasuk: penggunaan senjata pemusnah besar-besaran mengakibatkan kematian, pengintipan, keganasan, pelanggaran tertentu Konvensi Geneva yang mengakibatkan kematian satu atau lebih orang, dan pengkhianatan di peringkat persekutuan; perkosaan yang teruk di Louisiana, Florida, dan Oklahoma; penculikan curiga di Oklahoma; penculikan yang teruk di Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky dan South Carolina; pesawat rampasan di Alabama dan Mississippi; serangan oleh seorang felon modal yang melarikan diri di Colorado; rompakan bersenjata di Georgia; pengedaran dadah yang mengakibatkan kematian seseorang di Florida; keruntuhan keretapi yang membawa kepada kematian seseorang, dan perjudian yang menyebabkan kematian seseorang di California, Colorado, Idaho dan Nebraska. <> Apakah jenayah modal yang ketara di Louisiana? || perkosaan yang teruk <> Dalam keadaan apakah yang menculik penculikan satu kesalahan modal? || Oklahoma <> Bersama Alabama, di mana rampasan pesawat dikenakan hukuman mati hukuman? || Mississippi <> Dalam apa negeri bersenjata bersenjata jenayah modal? || Georgia <> Dalam apa negeri-negeri apakah perjodohan yang menyebabkan kematian suatu kesalahan besar? || California, Colorado, Idaho dan Nebraska <> Apakah jenayah modal yang ketara di Missouri? || <> Dalam keadaan apa penculikan yang menyebalkan bukan kesalahan modal? || <> Bersama dengan Alabama, di mana rampasan pesawat bukan kesalahan hukuman mati? || <> Dalam keadaan apa rompakan bersenjata bukan satu jenayah modal? || <> Dalam apa negeri yang berbentuk sumpah palsu yang menyebabkan kematian bukan kesalahan modal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana?", "id": "57101004b654c5140001f799", "answers": [{"text": "aggravated rape", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?", "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79a", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense?", "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79b", "answers": [{"text": "Mississippi", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?", "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79c", "answers": [{"text": "Georgia", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense?", "id": "57101004b654c5140001f79d", "answers": [{"text": "California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aggravated rape", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What is a notable capital crime in Missouri?", "id": "5ad3f536604f3c001a3ff97b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 320}], "question": " In what state is extortionate kidnapping not a capital offense?", "id": "5ad3f536604f3c001a3ff97c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mississippi", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft not a death penalty offense?", "id": "5ad3f536604f3c001a3ff97d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georgia", "answer_start": 355}], "question": " In what state is armed robbery not a capital crime?", "id": "5ad3f536604f3c001a3ff97e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska", "answer_start": 677}], "question": " In what states is perjury leading to death not a capital offense?", "id": "5ad3f536604f3c001a3ff97f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other capital crimes include: the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, espionage, terrorism, certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons, and treason at the federal level; aggravated rape in Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky and South Carolina; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado; armed robbery in Georgia; drug trafficking resulting in a person's death in Florida; train wrecking which leads to a person's death, and perjury which leads to a person's death in California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska."}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 2009, Institut Undang-undang Amerika mengundi untuk menghalang rangka kerja hukuman mati yang telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1962, sebagai sebahagian daripada Kanun Keseksaan Model, \"memandangkan halangan institusi dan struktur yang sukar dikurangkan sekarang untuk memastikan sistem yang cukup minima untuk mentadbir hukuman mati. \" Satu kajian yang ditugaskan oleh institut itu mengatakan bahawa pengalaman telah membuktikan bahawa matlamat keputusan individu mengenai siapa yang perlu dilaksanakan dan tujuan keadilan sistemik untuk minoriti dan lain-lain tidak dapat didamaikan. <> Dalam tahun apakah Institut Undang-undang Amerika mencipta rangka hukuman mati untuk Kod Pidana Model? || 1962 <> Pada tahun apakah Institut Undang-undang Amerika mengubah fikiran mereka tentang sumbangan mereka terhadap hukuman mati ke Kanun Keseksaan Model? || 2009 <> Matlamat apa yang dikatakan oleh kajian ALI tidak dapat didamaikan dengan matlamat keputusan pelaksanaan individu? || keadilan sistemik untuk minoriti <> Dalam tahun apakah Institut Undang-undang Amerika mencipta rangka kerja penalti bukan hukuman untuk Kanun Keseksaan Model? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Institut Undang-undang Amerika mengubah fikiran mereka tentang sumbangan mereka terhadap hukuman mati kepada Kod Pidana Model? || <> Matlamat apa yang dikatakan oleh ALI boleh diselaraskan dengan matlamat keputusan pelaksanaan individu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?", "id": "571008eab654c5140001f775", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code?", "id": "571008eab654c5140001f776", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?", "id": "571008eab654c5140001f777", "answers": [{"text": "systemic fairness for minorities", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "In what year did the American Law Institute create a non-death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?", "id": "5ad3fac8604f3c001a3ffb25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the non-death penalty to the Model Penal Code?", "id": "5ad3fac8604f3c001a3ffb26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "systemic fairness", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What goal did the ALI's study say could be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?", "id": "5ad3fac8604f3c001a3ffb27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In October 2009, the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962, as part of the Model Penal Code, \"in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment.\" A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled."}], ["Empat negeri di era moden, Nebraska pada tahun 2008, New York dan Kansas pada tahun 2004, dan Massachusetts pada 1984, mempunyai undang-undang mereka yang diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan oleh mahkamah negeri. Barisan kematian New York dan Massachusetts telah direstablished, dan usaha untuk mengembalikan hukuman mati tidak berhasil. Kansas berjaya merayu Negeri v. Kleypas, keputusan Mahkamah Agung Kansas yang mengisytiharkan hukuman penalti mati negara itu tidak berperlembagaan, ke Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat. Statut penalti kematian Nebraska tidak berkesan pada 8 Februari 2008 apabila kaedah yang diperlukan, elektrokusi, diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan oleh Mahkamah Agung Nebraska. Pada tahun 2009, Nebraska menggubal rang undang-undang yang mengubah cara pelaksanaannya untuk suntikan maut. <> Pada tahun apakah undang-undang hukuman mati Nebraska diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan oleh mahkamah negeri? || 2008 <> Apakah mahkamah negara memerintah hukuman mati tidak berperlembagaan pada tahun 1984? || Massachusetts <> Dalam kes apa yang Mahkamah Agung Kansas memerintah bahawa hukuman mati adalah tidak berperlembagaan di Kansas? || State v. Kleypas <> Cara pelaksanaan apakah Mahkamah Agung Nebraska tidak berperlembagaan? || elektrik Selepas pengetua diharamkan, bagaimanakah penghuni barisan kematian Nebraska dibunuh? || suntikan maut <> Dalam tahun berapa hukuman statut hukuman mati Kansas diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan oleh mahkamah negeri? || <> Apakah mahkamah negara memerintah hukuman mati tidak berperlembagaan pada tahun 1884? || <> Dalam kes apa yang Mahkamah Agung Arkansas memerintah bahawa hukuman mati adalah tidak berperlembagaan di Arkansas? || <> Cara pelaksanaan apakah Mahkamah Agung Nebraska memerintah perlembagaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?", "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6810", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?", "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6811", "answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?", "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6812", "answers": [{"text": "State v. Kleypas", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?", "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6813", "answers": [{"text": "electrocution", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?", "id": "57100c99a58dae1900cd6814", "answers": [{"text": "lethal injection", "answer_start": 724}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "In what year was Kansas' death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?", "id": "5ad3f25f604f3c001a3ff8b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1884?", "id": "5ad3f25f604f3c001a3ff8b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "State v. Kleypas", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "In what case did the Arkansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Arkansas?", "id": "5ad3f25f604f3c001a3ff8b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electrocution", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule constitutional?", "id": "5ad3f25f604f3c001a3ff8b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas, the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state's death penalty statute unconstitutional, to the United States Supreme Court. Nebraska's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8, 2008 when the required method, electrocution, was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court. In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection."}], ["Pada tahun 2010, bidang kuasa Amerika telah mengalami kekurangan suntikan ubat suntikan, kerana advokasi penalti anti-mati dan jumlah pengeluaran yang rendah. Hospira, satu-satunya pengeluar sodium thiopental A.S., berhenti membuat dadah pada tahun 2011. Kesatuan Eropah telah melarang eksport sebarang produk yang boleh digunakan dalam pelaksanaan; ini telah menghalang para eksekusi daripada menggunakan anestetik buatan EU seperti propofol yang diperlukan untuk tujuan perubatan umum. Alternatif lain, pentobarbital, juga hanya dihasilkan di Kesatuan Eropah, yang menyebabkan pengeluar Denmark mengehadkan pengedaran kepada pelanggan kerajaan A.S.. <> Apa ubat penalti mati tidak akan dikeluarkan pada tahun 2011? || natrium thiopental <> Sehingga 2011, yang dihasilkan natrium thiopental? || Hospira <> Apakah kewarganegaraan syarikat yang membuat pentobarbital? || Denmark <> Bersama dengan advokasi penalti anti-mati, mengapa terdapat kekurangan ubat untuk suntikan maut di Amerika Syarikat? || jumlah pengeluaran yang rendah <> EU mengharamkan eksport produk yang boleh digunakan dalam aktiviti apa? || pelaksanaan <> Apa ubat penalti mati yang mula dihasilkan pada tahun 2011? || <> Sehingga 2015, yang menghasilkan natrium thiopental? || <> Apakah pernyataan misi syarikat yang membuat pentobarbital? || <> Bersama dengan advokasi penalti anti-mati, mengapa ada kekurangan ubat untuk suntikan mematikan di luar Amerika Syarikat? || <> EU mengharamkan eksport produk yang tidak boleh digunakan dalam apa aktiviti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?", "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6836", "answers": [{"text": "sodium thiopental", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?", "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6837", "answers": [{"text": "Hospira", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?", "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6838", "answers": [{"text": "Danish", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?", "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd6839", "answers": [{"text": "low production volume", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?", "id": "57100ee5a58dae1900cd683a", "answers": [{"text": "execution", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sodium thiopental", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What death penalty drug started to be manufactured in 2011?", "id": "5ad3fa8f604f3c001a3ffb11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hospira", "answer_start": 154}], "question": " Up until 2015, who manufactured sodium thiopental?", "id": "5ad3fa8f604f3c001a3ffb12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Danish producer", "answer_start": 577}], "question": " What is the mission statement of the company that makes pentobarbital?", "id": "5ad3fa8f604f3c001a3ffb13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "low production volume", "answer_start": 131}], "question": " Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections outside of the United States?", "id": "5ad3fa8f604f3c001a3ffb14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "executioners", "answer_start": 358}], "question": " The EU outlawed the export of products that could never be used in what activity?", "id": "5ad3fa8f604f3c001a3ffb15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes. Another alternative, pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union, which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers."}], ["Dalam keputusan lima hingga empat, Mahkamah Agung menafikan denda hukuman mati dalam setiap kes yang disatukan sebagai tidak berperlembagaan. Lima hakim dalam majoriti tidak menghasilkan pendapat umum atau rasional untuk keputusan mereka, dan hanya bersetuju dengan kenyataan pendek yang mengumumkan hasilnya. Pendapat yang paling sempit, oleh Byron White dan Potter Stewart, menyatakan kebimbangan umum mengenai penerapan penalti kematian yang tidak konsisten dalam pelbagai kes tetapi tidak mengecualikan kemungkinan undang-undang penalti hukuman perlembagaan. Stewart dan William O. Douglas bimbang secara jelas mengenai diskriminasi kaum dalam penguatkuasaan hukuman mati. Thurgood Marshall dan William J. Brennan, Jr. menyatakan pendapat bahawa hukuman mati dilarang sama sekali oleh Amaran Kelapan sebagai hukuman \"kejam dan tidak biasa\". <> Bersama dengan Marshall, yang percaya bahawa Pindaan Kelapan melarang hukuman mati? || William J. Brennan, Jr. <Seiring dengan Stewart, apa hakim Mahkamah Agung yang prihatin terhadap ketidakadilan kaum dalam penguatkuasaan hukuman mati? || William O. Douglas <> Selain Stewart, apa keadilan yang percaya bahawa hukuman mati boleh berperlembagaan? || Byron White <> Bersama dengan Marshall, yang percaya bahawa Pindaan Kesembilan melarang hukuman mati? || <> Bersama dengan Stewart, apakah hakim Mahkamah Agung yang tidak peduli tentang ketimpangan kaum dalam penguatkuasaan hukuman mati? || <> Selain Stewart, apa keadilan yang mempercayai bahawa hukuman mati itu mungkin tidak berperlembagaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?", "id": "571010b6a58dae1900cd6852", "answers": [{"text": "William J. Brennan, Jr.", "answer_start": 709}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?", "id": "571010b6a58dae1900cd6853", "answers": [{"text": "William O. Douglas", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?", "id": "571010b6a58dae1900cd6854", "answers": [{"text": "Byron White", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William J. Brennan, Jr", "answer_start": 709}], "question": "Along with Marshall, who believed that the Ninth Amendment forbade the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3f2f4604f3c001a3ff8d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William O. Douglas", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was unconcerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?", "id": "5ad3f2f4604f3c001a3ff8d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Byron White", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be unconstitutional?", "id": "5ad3f2f4604f3c001a3ff8d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as \"cruel and unusual\" punishment."}], ["Seperti yang dinyatakan dalam pengenalan kepada artikel ini, orang awam Amerika telah mengekalkan kedudukannya untuk hukuman mati atas pembunuhan. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila diberikan pilihan antara hukuman mati dan penjara seumur hidup tanpa parole, sokongan secara tradisinya jauh lebih rendah daripada pengundian yang hanya menyebut hukuman mati sebagai hukuman. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 2010, satu pengundian menunjukkan 49 peratus memihak kepada hukuman mati dan 46 peratus memihak kepada penjara seumur hidup manakala 61% lain mengatakan mereka memilih hukuman lain untuk hukuman mati. Tahap sokongan tertinggi untuk hukuman mati yang direkodkan secara keseluruhan adalah 80 peratus pada tahun 1994 (16 peratus menentang), dan yang paling rendah dicatatkan adalah 42 peratus pada tahun 1966 (47 persen menentang). Mengenai persoalan hukuman mati vs kehidupan tanpa parol, pilihan paling kuat untuk hukuman mati adalah 61 peratus pada tahun 1997 (29 peratus memihak kepada kehidupan), dan keutamaan terendah untuk hukuman mati adalah 47 peratus pada 2006 (48 peratus memihak kepada kehidupan ). <> Dalam tahun apa apakah hukuman pendukung Amerika yang paling mendapat penjelasan? || 1994 <> Sebanyak peratus responden Amerika menentang hukuman mati tahun 1966? || 47 <> Dalam tinjauan 1977, berapa peratus responden memilih penjara seumur hidup untuk hukuman mati? || 29 <> Dalam tinjauan pada tahun 2006, berapa peratus penduduk Amerika yang mengutip pilihan hukuman mati untuk hidup tanpa parole? || 47 <> Dalam tahun berapakah yang mendapat sokongan hukuman Amerika yang paling rendah? || <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Amerika yang ditinjau menentang hukuman mati pada tahun 1916? || <> Dalam tinjauan 1977, berapa peratus responden menolak penjara seumur hidup untuk hukuman mati? || <> Dalam tinjauan pada tahun 2006, apakah peratusan orang Amerika yang ditinjau menolak hukuman mati dalam hidup tanpa parole? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment?", "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6840", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966?", "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6841", "answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty?", "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6842", "answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 873}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole?", "id": "57100f64a58dae1900cd6843", "answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 952}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "In what year did the least polled American support capital punishment?", "id": "5ad3fb9b604f3c001a3ffb63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1916?", "id": "5ad3fb9b604f3c001a3ffb64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "29", "answer_start": 873}], "question": "In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents rejected life imprisonment to the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3fb9b604f3c001a3ffb65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 952}], "question": "In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans rejected the death penalty to life without parole?", "id": "5ad3fb9b604f3c001a3ffb66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As noted in the introduction to this article, the American public has maintained its position of support for capital punishment for murder. However, when given a choice between the death penalty and life imprisonment without parole, support has traditionally been significantly lower than polling which has only mentioned the death penalty as a punishment. In 2010, for instance, one poll showed 49 percent favoring the death penalty and 46 percent favoring life imprisonment while in another 61% said they preferred another punishment to the death penalty. The highest level of support for the death penalty recorded overall was 80 percent in 1994 (16 percent opposed), and the lowest recorded was 42 percent in 1966 (47 percent opposed). On the question of the death penalty vs. life without parole, the strongest preference for the death penalty was 61 percent in 1997 (29 percent favoring life), and the lowest preference for the death penalty was 47 percent in 2006 (48 percent favoring life)."}], ["Pada tahun 1977, keputusan Mahkamah Agung Coker v. Georgia menolak hukuman mati untuk rogol seorang wanita dewasa, dan menyatakan bahawa hukuman mati itu tidak sesuai untuk sebarang kesalahan terhadap orang lain selain pembunuhan. Sebelum keputusan itu, hukuman mati untuk rogol seorang dewasa telah secara beransur-ansur dihapuskan di Amerika Syarikat, dan pada masa keputusan itu, Negeri Georgia dan kerajaan Persekutuan AS adalah satu-satunya dua bidang kuasa untuk mengekalkan kematian penalti bagi kesalahan itu. Walau bagaimanapun, tiga negeri mengekalkan penalti kematian untuk merogol kanak-kanak, memandangkan keputusan Coker hanya mengharamkan larangan terhadap hukuman mati untuk wanita rogol. Pada tahun 2008, keputusan Kennedy v. Louisiana menghalang hukuman mati untuk merogol kanak-kanak. Hasil dari kedua keputusan ini bermakna hukuman mati di Amerika Syarikat adalah sebahagian besarnya terhad kepada kes di mana terdakwa mengambil kehidupan manusia yang lain. Walau bagaimanapun, undang-undang penculikan persekutuan semasa boleh dikecualikan kerana hukuman mati terpakai jika mangsa meninggal dunia dalam jagaan pelaku, tidak semestinya dengan tangannya, sehingga menetapkan kematian akibat, yang merupakan kata-kata bantahan. Di samping itu, kerajaan Persekutuan mengekalkan hukuman mati bagi kesalahan bukan pembunuhan yang dianggap sebagai jenayah terhadap negara, termasuk pengkhianatan, pengintipan, dan jenayah di bawah bidang kuasa tentera. <> Pada tahun apakah Coker v. Georgia memutuskan? || 1977 <> Untuk apa kesalahan Coker v. Georgia melarang hukuman mati? || rogol seorang wanita dewasa <> Bersama Georgia, apakah bidang kuasa Amerika yang membolehkan orang ramai dibunuh untuk merogol orang dewasa sebelum Coker? || Kerajaan Persekutuan A <> Apa yang memerintah kerajaan melarang pemerkosaan kanak-kanak? || Kennedy v. Louisiana <Sebelum Kennedy v. Louisiana, berapa banyak negara yang memfitnah rogol anak? || tiga <> Dalam tahun apakah Coker v. Georgia tidak memutuskan? || <> Untuk apa kesalahan yang dilakukan Coker v. Georgia membenarkan hukuman mati? || <> Bersama dengan Kentucky, apa bidang kuasa Amerika yang membolehkan orang ramai dibunuh untuk merogol dewasa sebelum Coker? || <> Apa keputusan yang membenarkan kerajaan untuk menjalankan pelaku anak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided?", "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f78f", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty?", "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f790", "answers": [{"text": "rape of an adult woman", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Georgia, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?", "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f791", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Federal government", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists?", "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f792", "answers": [{"text": "Kennedy v. Louisiana", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana, how many states criminalized child rape?", "id": "57100a7fb654c5140001f793", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was Coker v. Georgia not decided?", "id": "5ad3f382604f3c001a3ff907", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rape of an adult woman", "answer_start": 84}], "question": " For what offense did Coker v. Georgia allow the death penalty?", "id": "5ad3f382604f3c001a3ff908", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Federal government", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Along with Kentucky, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?", "id": "5ad3f382604f3c001a3ff909", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kennedy v. Louisiana", "answer_start": 670}], "question": " What ruling allowed the government from executing child rapists?", "id": "5ad3f382604f3c001a3ff90a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1977, the Supreme Court's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman, and implied that the death penalty was inappropriate for any offense against another person other than murder. Prior to the decision, the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States, and at the time of the decision, the State of Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense. However, three states maintained the death penalty for child rape, as the Coker decision only imposed a ban on executions for the rape of an adult woman. In 2008, the Kennedy v. Louisiana decision barred the death penalty for child rape. The result of these two decisions means that the death penalty in the United States is largely restricted to cases where the defendant took the life of another human being. The current federal kidnapping statute, however, may be exempt because the death penalty applies if the victim dies in the perpetrator's custody, not necessarily by his hand, thus stipulating a resulting death, which was the wording of the objection. In addition, the Federal government retains the death penalty for non-murder offenses that are considered crimes against the state, including treason, espionage, and crimes under military jurisdiction."}], ["Penggunaan terakhir pasukan skuad penembak antara 1608 dan moratorium pada hukuman mati antara 1967 dan 1977 adalah ketika Utah menembak James W. Rodgers pada 30 Mac 1960. Penggunaan terakhir tiang antara 1608 dan moratorium adalah ketika Kansas menggantung George York pada 22 Jun 1965. Penggunaan terakhir kerusi elektrik di antara penguatkuasaan pertama pada 6 Ogos 1890 dan moratorium adalah ketika Oklahoma meletuskan James French pada 10 Ogos 1966. Penggunaan terakhir ruang gas antara gas pertama pada bulan Februari 8, 1924 dan moratorium itu ketika Colorado mengusir Luis Monge pada 2 Jun 1967. <> Siapa yang telah dibunuh pada 30 Mac 1960? || James W. Rodgers <> Cara pelaksanaan apa yang digunakan pada James W. Rodgers? || skuad tembakan <> Dalam keadaan apakah yang dilakukan Rodgers? || Utah <> Pada tarikh apa yang dilakukan George York? || 22 Jun 1965 <> Negeri mana yang disempurnakan James French? || Oklahoma <> Siapa yang telah disempurnakan pada 30 Mac 1990? || <> Cara pelaksanaan apa yang tidak digunakan pada James W. Rodgers? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah Rodgers dilahirkan? || <> Pada tarikh apakah George York dibebaskan? || <> Negara manakah yang membebaskan James French? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was executed on March 30, 1960?", "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68ce", "answers": [{"text": "James W. Rodgers", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?", "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68cf", "answers": [{"text": "firing squad", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state was Rodgers executed?", "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68d0", "answers": [{"text": "Utah", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was George York executed?", "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68d1", "answers": [{"text": "June 22, 1965", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state executed James French?", "id": "571021d7a58dae1900cd68d2", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James W. Rodgers", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "Who was executed on March 30, 1990?", "id": "5ad3f93e604f3c001a3ffaa5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "firing squad", "answer_start": 20}], "question": " What method of execution was not used on James W. Rodgers?", "id": "5ad3f93e604f3c001a3ffaa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Utah", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "In what state was Rodgers born?", "id": "5ad3f93e604f3c001a3ffaa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 22, 1965", "answer_start": 263}], "question": " On what date was George York freed?", "id": "5ad3f93e604f3c001a3ffaa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 391}], "question": " Which state freed James French?", "id": "5ad3f93e604f3c001a3ffaa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967."}], ["Executions kembali pada 17 Januari 1977, ketika Gary Gilmore pergi sebelum skuad tembakan di Utah. Tetapi kadarnya agak lambat disebabkan oleh penggunaan taktik litigasi yang melibatkan penulisan writ ulangan habeas corpus, yang berjaya bagi banyak orang dalam melengahkan pelaksanaan sebenar mereka selama bertahun-tahun. Walaupun beratus-ratus individu dijatuhi hukuman mati di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980-an, hanya sepuluh orang selain Gilmore (yang telah mengecualikan semua hak rayuannya) yang telah dilaksanakan sebelum tahun 1984. <> Siapa yang disempurnakan pada 17 Januari, 1977? || Gary Gilmore <> Dengan kaedah apa yang dilakukan Gary Gilmore? || skuad penembak <> Selain dari Gary Gilmore, berapa ramai orang yang telah disempurnakan di Amerika Syarikat antara 17 Januari 1977 dan 1984? || sepuluh <> Taktik apa yang dilakukan banduan pada penggunaan baris kematian untuk melambatkan hukuman mati? || memfailkan writ ulangan habeas corpus <> Yang telah diampunkan pada 17 Januari 1977? || <> Dengan kaedah apa yang Gary Gilmore dibebaskan? || <> Selain dari Gary Gilmore, berapa ramai orang yang dibunuh di Amerika Syarikat antara 17 Januari 1987 dan 1987? || <> Taktik apa yang dilakukan banduan pada penggunaan baris kematian untuk melambatkan pembebasan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was executed on January 17, 1977?", "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7bf", "answers": [{"text": "Gary Gilmore", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?", "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7c0", "answers": [{"text": "firing squad", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?", "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7c2", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?", "id": "571012cbb654c5140001f7c3", "answers": [{"text": "filing repeated writs of habeas corpus", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gary Gilmore", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Who was pardoned on January 17, 1977?", "id": "5ad3f442604f3c001a3ff935", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "firing squad", "answer_start": 72}], "question": " By what method was Gary Gilmore let go free?", "id": "5ad3f442604f3c001a3ff936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1987 and 1987?", "id": "5ad3f442604f3c001a3ff937", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filing repeated writs of habeas corpus", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their release?", "id": "5ad3f442604f3c001a3ff938", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984."}], ["Pelbagai kaedah telah digunakan dalam sejarah jajahan Amerika dan Amerika Syarikat tetapi hanya lima kaedah yang digunakan sekarang. Dari segi sejarah, terbakar, menghancurkan, memecah roda, dan bludgeoning digunakan untuk sebilangan kecil hukuman mati, sementara tergantung adalah kaedah paling biasa. Orang terakhir yang terbakar di atas adalah seorang hamba hitam di South Carolina pada bulan Ogos 1825. Orang terakhir yang digantung dalam rantai adalah seorang pembunuh bernama John Marshall di West Virginia pada 4 April 1913. Walaupun pemenggalan adalah satu kaedah undang-undang di Utah dari 1851 hingga 1888, ia tidak pernah digunakan. <> Berapa banyak kaedah pelaksanaan yang sedang digunakan di Amerika Syarikat? || lima <> Apa kaedah pelaksanaan sejarah yang paling biasa di Amerika Syarikat? || tergantung <> Dalam keadaan apakah yang membakar terakhir di stok berlaku di Amerika Syarikat? || South Carolina <> Siapa orang terakhir yang digantung di rantai di Negara Terlalu? || John Marshall <> Ketika pelaksanaan oleh pemenggal kepala berakhir di Utah? || 1888 <> Berapa banyak kaedah pelaksanaan yang sekarang dilarang di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apakah kaedah pelaksanaan sejarah paling tidak biasa di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah pembakaran pertama di stok berlaku di AS? || <> Siapa orang pertama yang digantung di rantai di Negara-negara yang Tidak Terikat? || <> Bilakah pelaksanaan oleh pemenggal kepala bermula di Utah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?", "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7dd", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?", "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7de", "answers": [{"text": "hanging", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?", "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7df", "answers": [{"text": "South Carolina", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?", "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7e0", "answers": [{"text": "John Marshall", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?", "id": "57101911b654c5140001f7e1", "answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "How many execution methods are currently outlawed in the United States?", "id": "5ad3f90f604f3c001a3ffa9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hanging", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What was the least common historical method of execution in the United States?", "id": "5ad3f90f604f3c001a3ffa9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Carolina", "answer_start": 346}], "question": " In what state did the first burning at the stake take place in the US?", "id": "5ad3f90f604f3c001a3ffa9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Marshall", "answer_start": 437}], "question": " Who was the first person hanged in chains in the Untied States?", "id": "5ad3f90f604f3c001a3ffa9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 545}], "question": " When was execution by beheading started in Utah?", "id": "5ad3f90f604f3c001a3ffa9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used."}], ["Selepas pelaksanaan September 2011 Troy Davis, dipercayai oleh ramai yang tidak bersalah, Richard Dieter, pengarah Pusat Maklumat Penalti Kematian, berkata kes ini adalah panggilan bangun yang jelas kepada ahli politik di seluruh Amerika Syarikat. Beliau berkata: \"Mereka tidak mengharapkan semangat sedemikian daripada orang-orang yang bertentangan dengan hukuman mati. Terdapat persepsi yang luas yang dipersembahkan bahawa semua orang Amerika bersatu untuk menyokong eksekusi, tetapi mesej ini muncul dengan kuat dan jelas bahawa banyak orang tidak senang dengan ia. \" Brian Evans dari Amnesty International, yang mengetuai kempen itu untuk menyelamatkan nyawa Davis, mengatakan bahawa terdapat satu alasan di Amerika \"yang bosan dengan sistem keadilan yang tidak berperikemanusiaan dan tidak fleksibel dan membolehkan hukuman mati di mana ada keraguan yang jelas mengenai rasa bersalah\". Beliau meramalkan perdebatan kini akan dijalankan dengan tenaga diperbaharui. <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apa yang dilakukan Troy Davis? || September 2011 <> Siapa pengarah Pusat Penalti Maklumat Kematian? || Richard Dieter <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan oleh Brian Evans? || Amnesty International <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apa yang dilahirkan oleh Troy Davis? || <> Siapa Setiausaha Pusat Maklumat Penalti Kematian? || <> Organisasi apa yang Brian menolak untuk bekerja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what month and year was Troy Davis executed?", "id": "57101818a58dae1900cd6880", "answers": [{"text": "September 2011", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director?", "id": "57101818a58dae1900cd6881", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Dieter", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization did Brian Evans work for?", "id": "57101818a58dae1900cd6882", "answers": [{"text": "Amnesty International", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 2011", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "In what month and year was Troy Davis born?", "id": "5ad3fbc1604f3c001a3ffb75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richard Dieter", "answer_start": 83}], "question": " Who was the Death Penalty Information Center secretary?", "id": "5ad3fbc1604f3c001a3ffb76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amnesty International", "answer_start": 515}], "question": " What organization did Brian Evans reject working for?", "id": "5ad3fbc1604f3c001a3ffb77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the September 2011 execution of Troy Davis, believed by many to be innocent, Richard Dieter, the director of the Death Penalty Information Center, said this case was a clear wake-up call to politicians across the United States. He said: \"They weren't expecting such passion from people in opposition to the death penalty. There's a widely held perception that all Americans are united in favor of executions, but this message came across loud and clear that many people are not happy with it.\" Brian Evans of Amnesty International, which led the campaign to spare Davis's life, said that there was a groundswell in America of people \"who are tired of a justice system that is inhumane and inflexible and allows executions where there is clear doubts about guilt\". He predicted the debate would now be conducted with renewed energy."}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2014, Pengarah Pembetulan Oklahoma, Robert Patton, mencadangkan penahanan yang tidak terbatas pada eksekusi di negeri itu selepas pelaksanaan yang gagal oleh Clayton Lockett dari Afrika-Amerika. Banduan itu harus ditegakkan untuk menghalangnya sebelum pelaksanaannya, dan suntikan maut itu melepaskan vena di pangkal paha, menyebabkan Lockett mendapat kesedaran, cuba bangkit, dan berkata, sebelum mati serangan jantung 43 minit kemudian, selepas pelaksanaan percubaan telah dipadamkan. Pada tahun 2015, keadaan asfiksia nitrogen diluluskan sebagai kaedah pelaksanaan. <> Sehingga Mei 2014, apakah tajuk tugas Robert Patton? || Pengarah Pembetulan <> Apakah negeri yang menggunakan Robert Patton pada Mei 2014? || Oklahoma <> Apa perlumbaan adalah Clayton Lockett? || Afrika-Amerika <> Apa sebab kematian Clayton Lockett? || serangan jantung <> Apa gas yang Oklahoma memutuskan untuk menggunakan untuk hukuman mati pada tahun 2015? || nitrogen <> Sehingga Mei 2011, apakah tajuk tugas Robert Patton? || <> Apa negeri yang dilaksanakan Robert Patton pada Mei 2014? || <> Apa agama Clayton Lockett? || <> Apakah kejahatan Clayton Lockett? || <> Apa gas yang Oklahoma memutuskan untuk menggunakan untuk kebebasan pada tahun 2015? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?", "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e2", "answers": [{"text": "Director of Corrections", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?", "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e3", "answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What race was Clayton Lockett?", "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e4", "answers": [{"text": "African-American", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?", "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e5", "answers": [{"text": "heart attack", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?", "id": "571022aba58dae1900cd68e6", "answers": [{"text": "nitrogen", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Director of Corrections", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "As of May 2011, what was Robert Patton's job title?", "id": "5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Oklahoma", "answer_start": 13}], "question": " What state executed Robert Patton in May 2014?", "id": "5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African-American", "answer_start": 151}], "question": " What religion was Clayton Lockett?", "id": "5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heart attack", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What was Clayton Lockett's crime?", "id": "5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nitrogen", "answer_start": 515}], "question": " What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for freedoms in 2015?", "id": "5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution."}], ["Pentadbiran undang-undang hukuman mati di Amerika Syarikat adalah kompleks. Biasanya, ia melibatkan empat langkah kritikal: (1) hukuman, (2) semakan terus, (3) semakan cagaran keadaan, dan (4) habeas corpus persekutuan. Baru-baru ini, proses kelima yang sempit dan terakhir - (5) cabaran Seksyen 1983 - menjadi semakin penting. (Pengampunan atau pengampunan, di mana Gabenor atau Presiden bidang kuasa secara sepihak boleh mengurangkan atau membatalkan hukuman mati, adalah eksekutif dan bukannya proses kehakiman.) Bilangan hukuman mati yang baru diturunkan pada tahun 1995-1996 (309). Terdapat 73 hukuman mati baru yang diturunkan pada tahun 2014, jumlah terendah sejak 1973 (44). <> Di Amerika Syarikat, berapa banyak langkah penting yang biasanya terdapat dalam pentadbiran hukuman mati? || empat <> Bersama dengan Presiden, apakah pemegang jawatan itu boleh mengeluarkan pengampunan? || Gabenor <> Berapa banyak hukuman mati dikeluarkan dalam tempoh 1995-1996? || 309 <> Berapa banyak hukuman modal diberikan pada tahun 1973? || 44 <> Pada tahun manakah terdapat 73 hukuman mati hukuman? || 2014 <> Di Amerika Syarikat, berapa banyak langkah penting yang tidak pernah ada dalam pentadbiran hukuman mati? || <> Bersama dengan Presiden, apakah pemegang jawatan itu tidak boleh mengeluarkan pengampunan? || <> Berapa banyak hukuman mati ditolak dalam tempoh 1995-1996? || <> Berapa banyak hukuman modal ditolak pada tahun 1973? || <> Dalam tahun apa ada 73 hukuman mati hukuman terbalik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?", "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f1", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?", "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f2", "answers": [{"text": "Governor", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?", "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f3", "answers": [{"text": "309", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many capital sentences were given in 1973?", "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f4", "answers": [{"text": "44", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?", "id": "571019eab654c5140001f7f5", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "In the United States, how many important steps are never present in the administration of capital punishment?", "id": "5ad3f5e0604f3c001a3ff9bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Governor", "answer_start": 379}], "question": " Along with the President, what officeholder can't issue pardons?", "id": "5ad3f5e0604f3c001a3ff9bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "309", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "How many death sentences were rejected in the period 1995-1996?", "id": "5ad3f5e0604f3c001a3ff9bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "44", "answer_start": 680}], "question": "How many capital sentences were rejected in 1973?", "id": "5ad3f5e0604f3c001a3ff9be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 644}], "question": " In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions overturned?", "id": "5ad3f5e0604f3c001a3ff9bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States is complex. Typically, it involves four critical steps: (1) sentencing, (2) direct review, (3) state collateral review, and (4) federal habeas corpus. Recently, a narrow and final fifth level of process \u2013 (5) the Section 1983 challenge \u2013 has become increasingly important. (Clemency or pardon, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process.) The number of new death sentences handed down peaked in 1995\u20131996 (309). There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014, the lowest number since 1973 (44)."}], ["Afrika Amerika terdiri daripada 41 peratus penghuni barisan kematian sementara hanya membuat 12.6 peratus daripada populasi umum. (Mereka membuat 34 peratus daripada mereka yang sebenarnya dilaksanakan sejak tahun 1976.) Namun, angka itu lebih rendah daripada banduan penjara, iaitu 47 peratus. Menurut Jabatan Kehakiman Amerika Syarikat, Afrika Amerika menyumbang 52.5% pesalah pembunuhan dari tahun 1980 hingga 2008, dengan orang kulit putih 45.3% dan penduduk asli Amerika dan Asia 2.2%. Ini bermakna Amerika Afrika kurang berkemungkinan akan dilaksanakan secara per kapita. Bagaimanapun, menurut laporan Amnesty International 2003, orang kulit hitam dan kulit putih adalah mangsa pembunuhan dalam bilangan hampir sama, tetapi 80 peratus daripada rakyat yang dihukum sejak 1977 disabitkan dengan pembunuhan yang melibatkan mangsa putih. 13.5% penghuni barisan kematian adalah keturunan Hispanik atau Latino, sementara mereka membentuk 17.4% daripada populasi umum. <> Berapa peratus tahanan band mati Amerika adalah Afrika Amerika? || 41 <> Sebanyak peratus orang yang disempurnakan di Amerika Syarikat sejak tahun 1976 adalah orang Afrika Amerika? || 34 <> Berapa peratus penghuni penjara Amerika adalah Amerika Afrika? || 47 <> Apakah peratusan pembunuhan dilakukan oleh orang Asia antara tahun 1980 dan 2008? || 2.2% <> Berapa peratus penduduk Amerika adalah Hispanik? || 17.4% <> Sebanyak peratus banduan tahanan Amerika adalah Amerika Selatan || <> Berapakah peratusan orang yang dilaksanakan di Amerika Syarikat sejak tahun 1976 adalah Amerika Selatan? || <> Sebanyak peratus penghuni penjara Amerika adalah Amerika Selatan? || <> Berapa peratus daripada pembunuhan dilakukan oleh Kanada antara tahun 1980 dan 2008? || <> Berapa peratus penduduk Kanada adalah Hispanik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?", "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7e7", "answers": [{"text": "41", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?", "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7e8", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?", "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7e9", "answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?", "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7ea", "answers": [{"text": "2.2%", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?", "id": "57101978b654c5140001f7eb", "answers": [{"text": "17.4%", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "41", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What percentage of American death row prisoners are South American", "id": "5ad3fd32604f3c001a3ffbd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been South American?", "id": "5ad3fd32604f3c001a3ffbd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What percentage of American prison inmates are South American?", "id": "5ad3fd32604f3c001a3ffbd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.2%", "answer_start": 441}], "question": " What percentage of homicides were committed by Canadians between 1980 and 2008?", "id": "5ad3fd32604f3c001a3ffbd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17.4%", "answer_start": 840}], "question": " What percentage of the Canadian population is Hispanic?", "id": "5ad3fd32604f3c001a3ffbd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African Americans accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis. However, according to a 2003 Amnesty International report, blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers, yet 80 percent of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims. 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent, while they make up 17.4% of the general population."}], ["Semua hukuman mati yang telah berlaku sejak tahun 1936 tergantung Bethea di Owensboro telah dijalankan di dalam dinding atau kandang. Sebagai contoh, Fred Adams telah digantung secara sah di Kennett, Missouri, pada 2 April 1937, dalam bungkusan kayu 10 kaki (3 m). Roscoe \"Red\" Jackson digantung dalam bungkusan di Galena, Missouri, pada 26 Mei 1937. Dua hiasan Kentucky dilakukan selepas Galena di mana banyak orang hadir dalam bungkusan kayu, iaitu John \"Peter\" Montjoy di Covington, Kentucky pada 17 Disember 1937, dan Harold Van Venison di Covington pada 3 Jun 1938. Dianggarkan 400 saksi hadir untuk menggantung Lee Simpson di Ryegate, Montana, pada 30 Disember 1939. Pelaksanaan Timothy McVeigh pada bulan Jun 11, 2001 disaksikan oleh kira-kira 300 orang, beberapa oleh televisyen litar tertutup. <> Di mana Bethea digantung? || Owensboro <> Pada tarikh apa Fred Adams digantung? || April 2, 1937 <> Dalam apa keadaan berlaku penangguhan Adams? || Missouri <> Apakah nama samaran Roscoe Jackson? || Red <> Berapa ramai orang menyaksikan pelaksanaan Timothy McVeigh? || 300 <> Di manakah Bethea dibebaskan? || <> Pada tarikh apa Fred Adams dibebaskan? || <> Dalam keadaan apakah kebebasan Adams berlaku? || <> Apakah tarikh lahir Roscoe Jackson? || <> Berapa ramai orang menolak pelaksanaan Timothy McVeigh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Bethea hanged?", "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f81d", "answers": [{"text": "Owensboro", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Fred Adams hanged?", "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f81e", "answers": [{"text": "April 2, 1937", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?", "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f81f", "answers": [{"text": "Missouri", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?", "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f820", "answers": [{"text": "Red", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?", "id": "571020f7b654c5140001f821", "answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Owensboro", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Where was Bethea freed?", "id": "5ad3fde7604f3c001a3ffc07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 2, 1937", "answer_start": 207}], "question": " On what date was Fred Adams freed?", "id": "5ad3fde7604f3c001a3ffc08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Missouri", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "In what state did the freedom of Adams take place?", "id": "5ad3fde7604f3c001a3ffc09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May 26, 1937", "answer_start": 336}], "question": " What was Roscoe Jackson's birthdate?", "id": "5ad3fde7604f3c001a3ffc0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 786}], "question": " How many people refused Timothy McVeigh's execution?", "id": "5ad3fde7604f3c001a3ffc0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure. For example, Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett, Missouri, on April 2, 1937, within a 10-foot (3 m) wooden stockade. Roscoe \"Red\" Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galena, Missouri, on May 26, 1937. Two Kentucky hangings were conducted after Galena in which numerous persons were present within a wooden stockade, that of John \"Peter\" Montjoy in Covington, Kentucky on December 17, 1937, and that of Harold Van Venison in Covington on June 3, 1938. An estimated 400 witnesses were present for the hanging of Lee Simpson in Ryegate, Montana, on December 30, 1939. The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11, 2001 was witnessed by some 300 people, some by closed-circuit television."}], ["James Liebman, seorang profesor undang-undang di Columbia Law School, menyatakan pada tahun 1996 bahawa kajiannya mendapati bahawa apabila petisyen habeas corpus dalam hukuman penalti dihukum daripada disabitkan sehingga selesai kes itu terdapat \"kadar kejayaan 40 peratus dalam semua kes modal dari tahun 1978 hingga 1995. \" Begitu juga, satu kajian oleh Ronald Tabak dalam artikel tinjauan undang-undang meletakkan kadar kejayaan dalam kes-kes habeas corpus yang melibatkan penghuni-penghuni barisan kematian yang lebih tinggi, mendapati bahawa antara \"1976 dan 1991, kira-kira 47 peratus petisyen habeas yang difailkan oleh banduan mati telah diberikan. \" Nombor yang berbeza adalah sebahagian besarnya, bukannya substantif. Statistik Freedam melihat peratusan semua kes hukuman mati diterbalikkan, sementara yang lain hanya melihat pada kes-kes yang tidak diterbalikkan sebelum kajian habeas corpus. <> Institusi apa yang dilakukan oleh James Liebman? || Columbia Law School <> Apa yang diajar oleh James Liebman? || Undang-undang <> Menurut Liebman, berapa peratus petisyen habeas corpus hukuman mati berjaya antara 1978 dan 1995? || 40 <> Menurut Tabak, berapa peratus petisyen habeas corpus diberikan kepada penghuni barisan kematian antara tahun 1976 dan 1991? || 47 <> Pada tahun apakah Liebman mengumumkan penemuannya? || 1996 <> Institusi apa yang James Liebman dipecat? || <> Apa yang ditolak oleh James Liebman? || <> Menurut Liebman, tentang berapa peratus petisyen habeas corpus hukuman mati berjaya antara 1988 dan 1999? || <> Menurut Tabak, berapa peratus petisyen habeas corpus diberikan kepada penghuni barisan kematian di antara 1978 dan 1993 || <> Dalam tahun apakah Liebman menolak penemuannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What institution does James Liebman work for?", "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f827", "answers": [{"text": "Columbia Law School", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does James Liebman teach?", "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f828", "answers": [{"text": "law", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?", "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f829", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?", "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f82a", "answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Liebman announce his findings?", "id": "5710218bb654c5140001f82b", "answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Columbia Law School", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What institution did James Liebman get fired from?", "id": "5ad3f79b604f3c001a3ffa29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Law", "answer_start": 46}], "question": " What does James Liebman reject?", "id": "5ad3f79b604f3c001a3ffa2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1988 and 1999?", "id": "5ad3f79b604f3c001a3ffa2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 484}], "question": " According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1978 and 1993", "id": "5ad3f79b604f3c001a3ffa2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 68}], "question": " In what year did Liebman reject his findings?", "id": "5ad3f79b604f3c001a3ffa2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was \"a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995.\" Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between \"1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted.\" The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review."}], ["Sejak 1642 (dalam 13 jajahan, Amerika Syarikat di bawah Artikel Konfederasi, dan Amerika Syarikat sekarang), kira-kira 364 pesalah remaja telah dibunuh oleh negara-negara dan kerajaan persekutuan. Tuntutan yang paling awal diketahui seorang tahanan atas kejahatan yang dilakukan sebagai juvana adalah Thomas Graunger pada tahun 1642. Dua puluh dua eksekusi terjadi setelah tahun 1976, di tujuh negara. Oleh kerana proses rayuan yang lambat, adalah sangat luar biasa bagi orang yang dikutuk berada di bawah 18 pada masa pelaksanaan. Orang yang paling muda yang akan dilaksanakan pada abad ke-20 adalah George Stinney, yang telah ditetap di South Carolina pada usia 14 tahun pada 16 Jun 1944. Pelaksanaan juvana terakhir mungkin Leonard Shockley, yang meninggal di ruang gas Maryland pada 10 April 1959, pada usia 17 tahun. Tiada seorang pun yang berusia di bawah 19 tahun pada masa pelaksanaan sejak sekurang-kurangnya 1964. Semenjak pengembalian semula hukuman mati pada 1976, 22 orang telah dibunuh kerana jenayah yang dilakukan di bawah umur 18. Dua puluh satu adalah 17 pada masa jenayah. Orang yang terakhir untuk melakukan jenayah yang dilakukan sebagai juvana ialah Scott Hain pada 3 April 2003 di Oklahoma. <> Berapa banyak juvana Amerika telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 1642? || 364 <> Pada tahun apakah Thomas Graunger dibunuh? || 1642 <> Sejak tahun 1976, berapa ramai rakyat Amerika telah dihukum kerana jenayah yang dilakukan sebagai juvana? || Dua puluh dua <> Berapa lama George Stinney ketika dia dibunuh? || 14 <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan Leonard Shockley? || ruang gas <> Berapa banyak remaja Amerika telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 1842? || <> Pada tahun apakah Thomas Graunger dibebaskan? || <> Sejak tahun 1976, berapa ramai rakyat Amerika telah dilaksanakan kerana jenayah yang dilakukan sebagai orang dewasa? || <> Berapa lama George Stinney ketika dia dibebaskan? || <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk membebaskan Leonard Shockley? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?", "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68d8", "answers": [{"text": "364", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?", "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68d9", "answers": [{"text": "1642", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?", "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68da", "answers": [{"text": "Twenty-two", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was George Stinney when he was executed?", "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68db", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?", "id": "5710224aa58dae1900cd68dc", "answers": [{"text": "gas chamber", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "364", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1842?", "id": "5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1642", "answer_start": 6}], "question": " In what year was Thomas Graunger freed?", "id": "5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twenty-two", "answer_start": 326}], "question": " Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as adults?", "id": "5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 643}], "question": " How old was George Stinney when he was freed?", "id": "5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gas chamber", "answer_start": 754}], "question": " What method was used to free Leonard Shockley?", "id": "5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma."}], ["Ketuanan massa pasca-Furman sebelum ini berlaku pada tahun 1986 di New Mexico, ketika Gubernur Toney Anaya mengubah semua hukuman mati karena penentangannya sendiri terhadap hukuman mati. Pada tahun 1991, Gubernur Ohio Dick Celeste yang telah keluar memecahkan hukuman lapan banduan, di antaranya empat wanita pada baris kematian negara. Dan selama dua penggalinya (1979-1987) sebagai Gabenor Florida, Bob Graham, walaupun penyokong penalti yang kuat yang mengamati eksekusi paksa secara paksa dan 15 orang lainnya, setuju untuk mengundurkan hukuman enam orang atas alasan daripada \"mungkin tidak bersalah\" atau \"tidak seimbang.\" <> Siapa yang memusingkan semua hukuman modal negeri pada tahun 1986? || Toney Anaya <> Of what state is Toney Anaya governor? || New Mexico <> Siapa yang menjadi Gabenor Ohio pada tahun 1991? || Dick Celeste <> Berapa banyak wanita yang berada di barisan kematian Ohio pada tahun 1991? || empat <> Dalam tahun apakah Bob Graham menjadi Gabenor Florida? || 1979 <> Yang mengubah semua hukuman modal negara pada tahun 1936? || <> Daripada apa negeri itu senator Toney Anaya? || <> Siapa Gabenor Nebraska pada tahun 1991? || <> Berapa ramai lelaki yang berada di atas kematian Ohio pada tahun 1991? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Bob Graham menjadi Senator Florida? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?", "id": "57102482b654c5140001f857", "answers": [{"text": "Toney Anaya", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?", "id": "57102482b654c5140001f858", "answers": [{"text": "New Mexico", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?", "id": "57102482b654c5140001f859", "answers": [{"text": "Dick Celeste", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?", "id": "57102482b654c5140001f85a", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?", "id": "57102482b654c5140001f85b", "answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Toney Anaya", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1936?", "id": "5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Mexico", "answer_start": 59}], "question": " Of what state was Toney Anaya senator?", "id": "5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dick Celeste", "answer_start": 215}], "question": " Who was Governor of Nebraska in 1991?", "id": "5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 286}], "question": " How many men were on Ohio's death row in 1991?", "id": "5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1979", "answer_start": 349}], "question": "In what year did Bob Graham become Senator of Florida?", "id": "5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979\u20131987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of \"possible innocence\" or \"disproportionality.\""}], ["Pada tahun 2010, rang undang-undang untuk menghapuskan hukuman mati di Kansas dan di South Dakota (yang mempunyai moratorium de facto pada masa itu) telah ditolak. Idaho menamatkan moratorium de facto, di mana hanya seorang sukarelawan yang telah disempurnakan, pada 18 November 2011 dengan melaksanakan Paul Ezra Rhoades; Dakota Selatan mengeksekusi Donald Moeller pada 30 Oktober 2012, mengakhiri moratorium de facto di mana hanya dua sukarelawan yang telah dilaksanakan. Daripada 12 tahanan yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Nevada sejak tahun 1976, 11 mengetepikan hak mereka untuk merayu. Kentucky dan Montana telah mengeksekusi dua banduan terhadap kehendak mereka (KY: 1997 dan 1999, MT: 1995 dan 1998) dan satu sukarelawan (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (pada tahun 1997) dan Wyoming (pada tahun 1992) masing-masing telah menunaikan satu banduan. <> Bersama dengan South Dakota, negara mana yang menolak satu rang undang-undang pemansuhan hukuman mati pada tahun 2010? || Kansas <> Siapa yang Idaho melaksanakan pada tahun 2011? || Paul Ezra Rhoades <> Siapa yang telah disempurnakan pada 30 Oktober 2012? || Donald Moeller <> Sejak 1976, berapa ramai tahanan yang telah dibunuh oleh Nevada? || 12 <> Sejak tahun 1976, dalam tahun berapa banduan dilaksanakan di Wyoming? || 1992 <> Bersama dengan North Dakota, negeri apa yang menolak penolakan hukuman mati pada tahun 2010? || <> Siapa yang Idaho melaksanakan pada tahun 2013? || <> Siapa yang dibebaskan pada 30 Oktober 2012? || <> Sejak tahun 1976, dalam tahun apakah banduan dibebaskan di Wyoming? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?", "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f861", "answers": [{"text": "Kansas", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Idaho execute in 2011?", "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f862", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Ezra Rhoades", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was executed on October 30, 2012?", "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f863", "answers": [{"text": "Donald Moeller", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?", "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f864", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?", "id": "571024d8b654c5140001f865", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kansas", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "Along with North Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?", "id": "5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul Ezra Rhoades", "answer_start": 257}], "question": " Who did Idaho execute in 2013?", "id": "5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Donald Moeller", "answer_start": 298}], "question": " Who was freed on October 30, 2012?", "id": "5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 702}], "question": "Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner freed in Wyoming?", "id": "5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively."}], ["Penentang berpendapat bahawa hukuman mati bukanlah satu cara yang berkesan untuk menghalang jenayah, risiko pelaksanaan orang yang tidak bersalah, bersifat tidak bermaruah, membebaskan kehidupan manusia, dan meletakkan kerajaan pada tahap asas moral yang sama seperti penjenayah yang terbabit dalam pembunuhan. Tambahan pula, sesetengah lawan berhujah bahawa arbitrariness yang ditadbir dan pengaruh sistematik perkauman perkauman, sosio-ekonomi, geografi dan gender mengenai penentuan padang pasir membuat amalan semasa hukuman mati tidak bermoral dan tidak sah. <> Bersama dengan jantina, geografi dan bangsa, apa bias melakukan beberapa penentang hukuman mati lihat dalam pentadbirannya? || Sosioekonomi <> Menurut penentang hukuman mati, apakah hukuman mati murah? || Kehidupan manusia <> Menurut pengawal hukuman mati, di mana tahap moralnya melaksanakan pemerintahan? || penjenayah yang terbabit dalam pembunuhan <> Apakah penentang hukuman mati mengatakan bahawa hukuman mati tidak berkesan? || menghalang jenayah <> Siapa yang lawan penalti percaya kadang-kadang boleh dilaksanakan? || yang tidak bersalah <> Bersama dengan jantina, geografi dan kaum, apa yang bias melakukan beberapa orang yang bersetuju dengan hukuman mati lihat dalam pentadbirannya? || <> Menurut penentang hukuman mati, apakah hukuman mati menguatkan? || <> Menurut penyokong hukuman mati, di mana tahap moralnya dilaksanakan tempat pemerintahan? || <> Apakah penentang hukuman mati mengatakan bahawa hukuman mati berkesan? || <> Siapa yang lawan penalti mati percaya tidak akan dilaksanakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?", "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f6", "answers": [{"text": "socio-economic", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?", "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f7", "answers": [{"text": "human life", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?", "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f8", "answers": [{"text": "criminals involved in murder", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?", "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68f9", "answers": [{"text": "deterring crime", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?", "id": "57102369a58dae1900cd68fa", "answers": [{"text": "the innocent", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "socio-economic", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some people who agree with the death penalty see in its administration?", "id": "5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human life", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty strengthen?", "id": "5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "criminals involved in murder", "answer_start": 240}], "question": " According to death penalty supporters, on whose moral level does execution place the government?", "id": "5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deterring crime", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment is effective at doing?", "id": "5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "innocent", "answer_start": 112}], "question": " Who do death penalty opponents believe will never be executed?", "id": "5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate."}], ["Enam belas telah diadakan untuk menjadi umur minimum yang dibenarkan dalam keputusan Mahkamah Agung 1988 Thompson v. Oklahoma. Mahkamah, memandangkan kes Roper v. Simmons pada bulan Mac 2005, mendapati pelaksanaan pelaku juvana tidak mengikut perlembagaan oleh margin 5-4, dengan berkesan meningkatkan usia minimum yang dibenarkan hingga 18 tahun. Undang-undang negeri tidak dikemaskini untuk mematuhi keputusan ini. Dalam sistem undang-undang Amerika, undang-undang tidak berperlembagaan tidak perlu dimansuhkan; Sebaliknya, mereka dianggap tidak boleh dikuatkuasakan. (Lihat juga Senarai pesalah juvana yang dilaksanakan di Amerika Syarikat) <> Menurut Thompson v. Oklahoma, apakah usia paling muda di mana seseorang boleh dilaksanakan? || Enam belas <> Pada tahun apakah Thompson v. Oklahoma memutuskan? || 1988 <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah Roper v. Simmons memutuskan? || Mac 2005 <> Di Roper v. Simmons, berapa hakim Mahkamah Agung percaya pelaksanaan remaja menjadi tidak konstitusional? || 5 <> Berdasarkan Roper v. Simmons, sekarang umur minimum yang akan dilaksanakan di Amerika Syarikat? || 18 <> Menurut Thompson v. Oklahoma, apakah usia tertua di mana seseorang boleh dibunuh? || <> Pada tahun apakah Thompson v. Oklahoma ditunda? || <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah Roper v. Simmons ditunda? || <> Dalam Roper v. Simmons, berapa hakim Mahkamah Agung percaya pelaksanaan juvana menjadi perlembagaan? || <> Berdasarkan Roper v. Simmons, apa usia maksimum yang akan dilaksanakan di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?", "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6900", "answers": [{"text": "Sixteen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?", "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6901", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?", "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6902", "answers": [{"text": "March 2005", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?", "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6903", "answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?", "id": "571023c2a58dae1900cd6904", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sixteen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed?", "id": "5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 58}], "question": " In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma postponed?", "id": "5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2005", "answer_start": 163}], "question": " In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons postponed?", "id": "5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be constitutional?", "id": "5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the maximum age to be executed in the United States?", "id": "5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5\u20134 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)"}], ["Syarikat-syarikat farmaseutikal yang produknya digunakan dalam koktail tiga dadah untuk suntikan mematikan kebanyakannya Eropah, dan mereka dengan tegas membantah penggunaan ubat-ubatan mereka untuk hukuman mati dan mengambil langkah-langkah untuk mencegah penggunaan mereka. Sebagai contoh, Hospira, pengilang tunggal natrium thiopental, anestetik kritikal dalam koktail tiga dadah, diumumkan pada tahun 2011 bahawa ia tidak lagi akan mengeluarkan ubat untuk pasaran Amerika, sebahagiannya untuk sebab etika dan sebahagiannya kerana pemindahannya pengilangan natrium thiopental ke Itali akan tertakluk kepada Peraturan Penyeksaan Kesatuan Eropah, yang melarang penggunaan mana-mana produk yang dihasilkan di dalam Kesatuan untuk penyeksaan (sebagai pelaksanaan oleh suntikan maut dianggap oleh Peraturan). Sejak pengilang-pengilang ubat mula mengambil langkah-langkah ini dan peraturan EU mengakhiri pengimportan ubat-ubatan yang dihasilkan di Eropah, kekurangan ubat-ubatan pelaksanaan yang terhasil telah menyebabkan atau mempengaruhi keputusan untuk mengenakan moratoria di Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada , North Carolina, dan Tennessee. <> Berapa banyak ubat yang digunakan untuk mentadbir suntikan maut? || tiga <> Apa ubat suntikan maut yang dihasilkan oleh Hospira? || natrium thiopental <> Bilakah Hospira berhenti mengeluarkan ubat suntikan mematikan untuk Amerika Syarikat? || 2011 <> Di negara manakah yang membuat Hospira natrium thiopental hari ini? || Itali <> Apa undang-undang EU melarang produk yang digunakan dalam penyeksaan yang akan dikeluarkan di Kesatuan Eropah? || Peraturan Penyeksaan <> Berapa jam yang diperlukan untuk mentadbir suntikan maut? || <> Apakah ubat suntikan maut yang tidak dibuat oleh Hospira? || <> Bilakah Hospira mula mengeluarkan ubat suntikan mematikan untuk Amerika Syarikat? || <> Dalam apa keadaan yang membuat Hospira natrium thiopental hari ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?", "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691a", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?", "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691b", "answers": [{"text": "sodium thiopental", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?", "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691c", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?", "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691d", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?", "id": "5710257ea58dae1900cd691e", "answers": [{"text": "Torture Regulation", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 56}], "question": " How many hours does it take to administer lethal injection?", "id": "5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sodium thiopental", "answer_start": 297}], "question": " What lethal injection drug is not manufactured by Hospira?", "id": "5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "When did Hospira begin to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?", "id": "5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "In what state does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?", "id": "5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee."}], ["Sekitar tahun 1890, satu gerakan politik yang dibangunkan di Amerika Syarikat untuk mandat hukuman mati swasta. Beberapa negara mengeluarkan undang-undang yang memerlukan eksekusi dilakukan dalam \"dinding\" atau \"kandang\" untuk \"tidak termasuk pandangan awam.\" Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 1919, badan perundangan Missouri mengguna pakai undang-undang (L.1919, ms 781) yang diperlukan, \"hukuman maut harus dilaksanakan di dalam penjara daerah, jika mudah, dan jika tidak di dalam sebuah kandang berhampiran penjara.\" Undang-undang Missouri membenarkan sheriff tempatan untuk mengedarkan pas kepada individu (biasanya penduduk setempat) yang dia percaya harus menyaksikan gantung, tetapi sheriff - atas pelbagai sebab - kadang-kadang menafikan pas kepada individu yang ingin menonton. Eksekusi Missouri yang dijalankan selepas tahun 1919 tidak \"awam\" kerana ia dijalankan di belakang dinding tertutup, dan orang awam tidak dibenarkan hadir. <> Dalam tahun apakah Missouri meluluskan undang-undang yang menyatakan bahawa hukuman mati harus di dalam atau di dekat penjara? || 1919 <> Prosedur apa yang digunakan Missouri untuk melaksanakan tahanan pada tahun 1919? || gantung <> Di Missouri 1919, yang menyerahkan pas untuk menyaksikan hukuman mati? || sheriff tempatan <> Dalam kira berapa tahun apakah pergerakan yang menyokong hukuman mati swasta bermula di AS? || 1890 <> Pada tahun apakah Missouri meluluskan undang-undang yang menyatakan bahawa hukuman mati di luar penjara? || <> Prosedur apa yang digunakan Missouri untuk membebaskan banduan pada tahun 1919? || <> Di Missouri pada tahun 1959, yang menyerahkan pas untuk menyaksikan hukuman mati? || <> Berapa tahunkah pergerakan yang menyokong eksekusi awam bermula di AS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?", "id": "57102438b654c5140001f84f", "answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?", "id": "57102438b654c5140001f850", "answers": [{"text": "hanging", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?", "id": "57102438b654c5140001f851", "answers": [{"text": "the local sheriff", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?", "id": "57102438b654c5140001f852", "answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be outside of a jail?", "id": "5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbdf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hanging", "answer_start": 594}], "question": " What procedure did Missouri use to free prisoners in 1919?", "id": "5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbe0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local sheriff", "answer_start": 483}], "question": "In the Missouri of 1959, who handed out passes to witness executions?", "id": "5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbe1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In approximately what year did a movement in favor of public executions begin in the US?", "id": "5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbe2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a \"wall\" or \"enclosure\" to \"exclude public view.\" For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, \"the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail.\" The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs \u2013 for various reasons \u2013 sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not \"public\" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend."}], ["Dalam dekad sejak Furman, soalan-soalan baru muncul mengenai sama ada atau tidak perundingan kesengsaraan telah menggantikan kesengsaraan hukuman. Satu kajian oleh Pepperdine University School of Law yang diterbitkan dalam Kajian Undang-undang Candi, \"Ketidakadilan yang tidak dapat diprediksi dan Ketidakadilan Lethal: Argumen untuk Ketelusan yang Lebih Besar dalam Keputusan Penalti Kematian,\" mengkaji proses membuat keputusan di kalangan pendakwa di berbagai negara. Penulis mendapati bahawa keputusan pemfailan hukuman mati pendakwa tetap ditandai oleh \"idiosyncrasies\" tempatan, yang menunjukkan bahawa mereka tidak sesuai dengan semangat arahan Mahkamah Agung. Ini bermakna bahawa \"jenis ketidakadilan yang Mahkamah Agung cuba menghilangkan\" mungkin masih \"menjangkiti kes modal.\" Kebimbangan pendakwa raya yang luas masih lagi kerana kriteria yang terlalu luas. Undang-undang California, sebagai contoh, mempunyai 22 \"keadaan khas,\" menjadikan kes-kes modal berpotensi terbunuh yang hampir direncanakan. 32 negara penalti mati mempunyai pelbagai nombor dan jenis \"kualifikasi kematian\" - keadaan yang membolehkan caj modal. Jumlahnya berbeza dari 34 orang di California hingga 22 di Colorado dan Delaware hingga 12 di Texas, Nebraska, Georgia dan Montana. Penulis kajian memanggil pembaharuan prosedur keadaan di sepanjang garis pembaharuan dalam sistem persekutuan, yang mana Jabatan Hakim A.S. memulakan dengan protokol 1995. Jenayah tertakluk kepada hukuman mati berbeza mengikut bidang kuasa. Kesemua bidang kuasa yang menggunakan hukuman mati menetapkan gred tertinggi membunuh jenayah modal, walaupun kebanyakan bidang kuasa memerlukan keadaan yang memburukkan lagi. Pengkhianatan terhadap Amerika Syarikat, serta pengkhianatan terhadap negara-negara Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, dan Missouri adalah kesalahan modal. <> Apa Universiti mengkaji \"azab yang dapat diramalkan\"? || <> Berapa banyak kes tidak keadaan istimewa di California? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1997? ||", {"qas": [{"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pepperdine University", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What University studied \"Predictable Doom\"?", "id": "5ad3f4f3604f3c001a3ff96d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 832}], "question": "How many cases are not special circumstances in California?", "id": "5ad3f4f3604f3c001a3ff96e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Department of Justice initiated with a 1995 protocol", "answer_start": 1297}], "question": "What happened in 1997?", "id": "5ad3f4f3604f3c001a3ff96f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the decades since Furman, new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness. A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review, \"Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice: An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions,\" surveyed the decision-making process among prosecutors in various states. The authors found that prosecutors' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local \"idiosyncrasies,\" suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court's directive. This means that \"the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate\" may still \"infect capital cases.\" Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 \"special circumstances,\" making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. The 32 death penalty states have varying numbers and types of \"death qualifiers\" \u2013 circumstances that allow for capital charges. The number varies from a high of 34 in California to 22 in Colorado and Delaware to 12 in Texas, Nebraska, Georgia and Montana. The study's authors call for reform of state procedures along the lines of reforms in the federal system, which the U.S. Department of Justice initiated with a 1995 protocol. Crimes subject to the death penalty vary by jurisdiction. All jurisdictions that use capital punishment designate the highest grade of murder a capital crime, although most jurisdictions require aggravating circumstances. Treason against the United States, as well as treason against the states of Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri are capital offenses."}]], [["Ahli sejarah Perancis secara tradisinya meletakkan Pencerahan antara 1715, tahun Louis XIV meninggal, dan 1789, permulaan Revolusi Perancis. Beberapa ahli sejarah baru-baru ini bermula pada tahun 1620-an, dengan permulaan revolusi saintifik. Philosophes, istilah Perancis untuk para ahli falsafah zaman itu, meluas idea mereka melalui mesyuarat di akademi saintifik, pondok Masonik, salun dan rumah kopi, dan melalui buku dan risalah yang dicetak. Idea Pencerahan telah menjejaskan kewibawaan monarki dan gereja, dan membuka jalan bagi revolusi abad ke-18 dan ke-19. Pelbagai gerakan abad ke-19, termasuk liberalisme dan neo-klasiisme, mengesan warisan intelektual mereka kembali kepada Pencerahan. <> Dalam tahun apakah Louis XIV mati? || 1715 <> Pada tahun apakah revolusi Perancis bermula? || 1789 <> Dalam apa dekad apakah revolusi saintifik bermula? || 1620s", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Louis XIV die?", "id": "57103d79b654c5140001f8bb", "answers": [{"text": "1715", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the French Revolution begin?", "id": "57103d79b654c5140001f8bc", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?", "id": "57103d79b654c5140001f8bd", "answers": [{"text": "1620s", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment."}], ["Pengaruh sains juga mula muncul lebih kerap dalam puisi dan kesusasteraan semasa Pencerahan. Sesetengah puisi telah diselitkan dengan metafora saintifik dan imejan, manakala puisi lain ditulis secara langsung mengenai topik saintifik. Sir Richard Blackmore melakukan sistem Newton kepada ayat dalam Penciptaan, Puisi Filosofis dalam Tujuh Buku (1712). Selepas kematian Newton pada tahun 1727, puisi telah disusun untuk penghormatannya selama beberapa dekad. James Thomson (1700-1748) menulis \"Puisi untuk Memori Newton,\" yang meratapi kehilangan Newton, tetapi juga memuji sains dan warisannya. <> Siapa yang menulis \"Puisi untuk Memori Newton?\" || James Thomson <> Pada tahun apakah Newton mati? || 1727 <> Yang kematian pada tahun 1727 mendorong puisi untuk ditulis dalam penghormatannya selama beberapa dekad? || Newton <> Siapa yang menulis Penciptaan, Puisi Filosofi di Tujuh Buku? || Sir Richard Blackmore <> Pada tahun apakah Penciptaan, Puisi Filosofis dalam Tujuh Buku ditulis? || 1712", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote \"Poem to the Memory of Newton?\"", "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6984", "answers": [{"text": "James Thomson", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Newton die?", "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6985", "answers": [{"text": "1727", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?", "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6986", "answers": [{"text": "Newton", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?", "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6987", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Richard Blackmore", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?", "id": "571040eca58dae1900cd6988", "answers": [{"text": "1712", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700\u20131748) penned his \"Poem to the Memory of Newton,\" which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy."}], ["John Locke, salah seorang pemikir Pencerahan yang paling berpengaruh, berdasarkan falsafah tadbir urusnya dalam teori kontrak sosial, satu subjek yang menyerap pemikiran politik Pencerahan. Ahli falsafah Inggeris, Thomas Hobbes meneruskan perdebatan baru ini dengan karya Leviathan pada tahun 1651. Hobbes juga mengembangkan beberapa asas pemikiran liberal Eropah: hak individu; kesamaan semulajadi semua lelaki; watak tiruan perintah politik (yang membawa kepada pembezaan kemudian antara masyarakat sivil dan kerajaan); pandangan bahawa semua kuasa politik yang sah mestilah \"wakil\" dan berdasarkan persetujuan rakyat; dan tafsiran liberal undang-undang yang meninggalkan orang bebas untuk melakukan apa sahaja undang-undang tidak melarang secara eksplisit. <> Apakah John Locke mendasarkan falsafah tadbir urusnya? || teori kontrak sosial <> Yang falsafah Inggeris yang menulis Leviathan pada tahun 1651? || Thomas Hobbes <Yang mengembangkan pandangan bahwa semua kuasa politik yang sah mestilah \"wakil?\" || Thomas Hobbes <> Antara idea Hobbes yang membawa kepada pembezaan antara masyarakat madani dan negara? || watak tiruan perintah politik", {"qas": [{"question": "What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?", "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd698e", "answers": [{"text": "social contract theory", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?", "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd698f", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Hobbes", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be \"representative?\"", "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd6990", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Hobbes", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?", "id": "571043a1a58dae1900cd6991", "answers": [{"text": "the artificial character of the political order", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be \"representative\" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid."}], ["Pencerahan berlaku di kebanyakan negara Eropah, sering dengan penekanan tempatan tertentu. Sebagai contoh, di Perancis ia menjadi berkaitan dengan radikalisme anti-kerajaan dan anti-Gereja sementara di Jerman ia mencapai jauh ke dalam kelas menengah dan di mana ia menyatakan nada rohani dan nasionalis tanpa mengancam kerajaan atau gereja-gereja yang ditubuhkan. Tanggapan kerajaan berbeza-beza. Di Perancis, kerajaan bermusuhan, dan para filsuf bertempur melawan penapisannya, kadang-kadang dipenjarakan atau dibuang ke pengasingan. Kerajaan British pada sebahagian besar tidak mengendahkan pemimpin Pencerahan di England dan Scotland, walaupun memberikan Isaac Newton sebagai ksatria dan pejabat pemerintah yang sangat menguntungkan. <> Di mana negara itu Pencerahan dikaitkan dengan radikalisme anti-kerajaan dan anti-Gereja? || Perancis <> Yang mana antara pemimpin-pemimpin Pencerahan yang membuat kerajaan British memberikan ksatria dan pejabat kerajaan yang menguntungkan? || Isaac Newton <> Di mana negara apakah kerajaan bertindak balas dengan permusuhan terhadap Pencerahan, bahkan memenjarakan filsafat? || Perancis <> Adakah respons kerajaan kepada Pencerahan secara seragam positif atau berbeza-beza? || bervariasi <> Di kelas mana yang dilakukan Pencerahan mendalam, menyatakan nada nasionalis? || tengah", {"qas": [{"question": "In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?", "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cb", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?", "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cc", "answers": [{"text": "Isaac Newton", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?", "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cd", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?", "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8ce", "answers": [{"text": "varied", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?", "id": "57105362b654c5140001f8cf", "answers": [{"text": "middle", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the government was hostile, and the philosophes fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile. The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment's leaders in England and Scotland, although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office."}], ["Francis Hutcheson, seorang ahli falsafah moral, menyifatkan prinsip utilitarian dan konsekuensian bahawa kebajikan adalah yang memberikan, dalam kata-kata beliau, \"kebahagiaan yang paling besar untuk bilangan terbesar\". Banyak dari apa yang dimasukkan dalam kaedah saintifik (sifat pengetahuan, bukti, pengalaman, dan penyebab) dan beberapa sikap moden terhadap hubungan antara sains dan agama dibangunkan oleh prot\u00e9g\u00e9snya David Hume dan Adam Smith. Hume menjadi tokoh utama dalam tradisi falsafah falsafah dan empiris yang ragu-ragu. <> Falsafah moral mana yang mengatakan \"kebahagiaan yang paling besar untuk bilangan terbesar\"? || Francis Hutcheson <> Yang mana dua lelaki itu adalah anak buah Francis Hutecheson? || David Hume dan Adam Smith <> Sifat pengetahuan, keterangan, pengalaman, dan penyebaban bersama dipanggil apa? || kaedah saintifik <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah adalah Francis Hutcheson? || moral <> Dalam bidang falsafah apa Hume menjadi tokoh utama? || tradisi falsafah dan empiris yang ragu-ragu", {"qas": [{"question": "Which moral philosopher said \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\"?", "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697a", "answers": [{"text": "Francis Hutcheson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?", "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697b", "answers": [{"text": "David Hume and Adam Smith", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?", "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697c", "answers": [{"text": "the scientific method", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?", "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697d", "answers": [{"text": "moral", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?", "id": "57103e53a58dae1900cd697e", "answers": [{"text": "skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his prot\u00e9g\u00e9s David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy."}], ["Penciptaan sfera awam telah dikaitkan dengan dua trend sejarah jangka panjang: kebangkitan negara bangsa moden dan kebangkitan kapitalisme. Negara negara moden, dalam penggabungan kuasa awam, yang dicipta oleh sudut pendirian sebuah masyarakat persendirian yang bebas dari negeri, yang membenarkan bidang awam. Kapitalisme juga meningkatkan autonomi masyarakat dan kesedaran diri, dan peningkatan keperluan untuk pertukaran maklumat. Apabila sfera awam yang baru berkembang, ia memeluk pelbagai institusi yang besar; yang paling sering disebutkan ialah rumah kopi dan kafe, salun dan sfera awam sastera, secara kiasan diletakkan di Republik Surat. Di Perancis, penciptaan ruang awam dibantu oleh langkah bangsawan dari istana Raja di Versailles ke Paris pada tahun 1720, kerana perbelanjaan mereka yang banyak mendorong perdagangan dalam kemewahan dan ciptaan seni, khususnya lukisan-lukisan yang baik. <> Penciptaan sfera awam dikaitkan dengan kebangkitan kapitalisme dan trend sejarah yang lain? || Pertumbuhan negara moden <> Apa yang meningkatkan autonomi masyarakat, kesedaran diri, dan keperluan pertukaran maklumat? || Kapitalisme <> Dalam tahun berapa bangsawan bergerak dari istana Raja di Versailles ke Paris? || 1720", {"qas": [{"question": "The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?", "id": "57106dc3b654c5140001f8f9", "answers": [{"text": "rise of the modern nation state", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?", "id": "57106dc3b654c5140001f8fa", "answers": [{"text": "Capitalism", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?", "id": "57106dc3b654c5140001f8fb", "answers": [{"text": "1720", "answer_start": 819}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state, which allowed for the public sphere. Capitalism also increased society's autonomy and self-awareness, and an increasing need for the exchange of information. As the nascent public sphere expanded, it embraced a large variety of institutions; the most commonly cited were coffee houses and caf\u00e9s, salons and the literary public sphere, figuratively localized in the Republic of Letters. In France, the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy's move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720, since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations, especially fine paintings."}], ["Terdapat sedikit kata sepakat tentang permulaan yang tepat dari Zaman Pencerahan; permulaan abad ke-18 (1701) atau pertengahan abad ke-17 (1650) sering digunakan sebagai zaman. Ahli sejarah Perancis biasanya meletakkan tempoh tersebut, yang disebut Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments), antara 1715 dan 1789, dari awal pemerintahan Louis XV hingga Revolusi Perancis. Jika diambil kembali ke pertengahan abad ke-17, Pencerahan akan mengesan asal-usulnya kepada Descartes 'Discourse on Method, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1637. Di Perancis, banyak yang menyebutkan penerbitan Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica pada tahun 1687. Ini diperdebatkan oleh beberapa ahli sejarah dan ahli falsafah bahawa permulaan Pencerahan adalah ketika Descartes mengalihkan dasar epistemologi dari pihak luar ke kepastian dalaman oleh jumlah ergo cogito yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1637. Pada akhirnya, kebanyakan para ulama menggunakan tahun-tahun terakhir abad ini, sering memilih Revolusi Perancis tahun 1789 atau permulaan Peperangan Napoleon (1804-15) sebagai titik yang mudah dalam masa yang mana hingga akhir Pencerahan. <> Kebanyakan cendekiawan menggunakan permulaan Perang Napoleon atau yang pertempuran lain sebagai tarikh yang mudah untuk mengakhiri Pencerahan? || Revolusi Perancis <> Sejarah sejarawan Perancis pada mulanya menggunakan permulaan pemerintahan Raja sehingga permulaan Pencerahan? || Louis XV <> Apa sejarah sejarawan Perancis biasa menyebut Zaman Pencerahan? || Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments) <> Pada tahun apakah Deskriptif Wacana tentang Kaedah yang diterbitkan? || 1637 <> Pada tahun apakah Issac Newton's Principia Mathematica diterbitkan? || 1687", {"qas": [{"question": "Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69a8", "answers": [{"text": "French Revolution", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69a9", "answers": [{"text": "Louis XV", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?", "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69aa", "answers": [{"text": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments)", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?", "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69ab", "answers": [{"text": "1637", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?", "id": "5710655aa58dae1900cd69ac", "answers": [{"text": "1687", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' Discourse on Method, published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804\u201315) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment."}], ["Pemberitahuan agama zaman penjelasan adalah tindak balas terhadap abad ke depan konflik agama di Eropah, terutama Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun. Ahli-ahli teologi Pencerahan ingin memperbaharui kepercayaan mereka kepada akar-akarnya yang tidak konfrontatif dan membatasi keupayaan untuk kontroversi keagamaan untuk menumpukan kepada politik dan peperangan sambil tetap memelihara kepercayaan yang benar kepada Tuhan. Bagi orang Kristian yang sederhana, ini bermakna kembali kepada Kitab Suci yang mudah. John Locke meninggalkan korpus komentar teologi memihak kepada \"pemeriksaan yang tidak adil\" Firman Allah sahaja. Dia menentukan intipati Kekristianan sebagai kepercayaan kepada penebus Kristus dan disarankan menghindari perdebatan yang lebih terperinci. Thomas Jefferson dalam Alkitab Jefferson pergi jauh; Dia menjatuhkan apa-apa petikan mengenai mukjizat, lawatan malaikat, dan kebangkitan Yesus selepas kematiannya. Dia cuba mengekstrak kod moral Kristian praktikal Perjanjian Baru. <> Siapa yang menggugurkan ayat-ayat yang berurusan dengan mukjizat atau lawatan malaikat dari karyanya kepada Jefferson Bible? || Thomas Jefferson <> Pengkajian era era Pencerahan, sebahagiannya, respons terhadap peperangan mana? || Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun <> Apa arti Pencerahan bagi orang Kristian yang sederhana? || kembali ke Kitab Suci yang mudah <> Adakah John Locke ingin memupuk atau mengelakkan perdebatan terperinci yang lebih tinggi tentang intipati Kekristianan? || elakkan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?", "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6996", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Jefferson", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?", "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6997", "answers": [{"text": "Thirty Years' War", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?", "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6998", "answers": [{"text": "a return to simple Scripture", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?", "id": "571047cea58dae1900cd6999", "answers": [{"text": "avoid", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an \"unprejudiced examination\" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament."}], ["Pencerahan selalu menjadi wilayah yang dipertentangkan. Para penyokongnya \"memanjakannya sebagai sumber segala sesuatu yang progresif tentang dunia moden. Bagi mereka, kebebasan berfikir, penyelidikan rasional, pemikiran kritis, toleransi agama, kebebasan politik, pencapaian saintifik, pengejaran kebahagiaan, dan harapan untuk masa depan.\" Walau bagaimanapun, pengkritiknya menuduhnya rasionalisme 'cetek', optimisme naif, universalisme yang tidak realistik, dan kegelapan moral. Dari awal terdapat Pencerahan Kaunter di mana pembela konservatif dan pembela agama tradisional menyerang materialisme dan keraguan sebagai kuasa jahat yang menggalakkan keimanan. Menjelang 1794, mereka menunjuk kepada Keganasan semasa Revolusi Perancis sebagai pengesahan ramalan mereka. Apabila Pencerahan berakhir, ahli falsafah romantis berpendapat bahawa pergantungan yang berlebihan terhadap sebab adalah kesilapan yang diteruskan oleh Pencerahan, kerana ia tidak menghiraukan ikatan sejarah, mitos, iman dan tradisi yang diperlukan untuk memelihara masyarakat. <> Apa dua gagasan yang dilakukan pembela konservatif dan perkeranian serangan agama tradisional sebagai kuasa jahat yang mendorong keimanan? || materialisme dan keraguan <> Menjelang tahun 1794, apakah yang menentang titik Pencerahan sebagai pengesahan ramalan mereka? || Keganasan semasa Revolusi Perancis <> Jenis-jenis ahli falsafah yang menegaskan bahawa ketergantungan berlebihan terhadap sebab adalah kesilapan yang dilestarikan oleh Pencerahan? || Romantik", {"qas": [{"question": "What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?", "id": "57105ed3b654c5140001f8d5", "answers": [{"text": "materialism and skepticism", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?", "id": "57105ed3b654c5140001f8d6", "answers": [{"text": "Terror during the French Revolution", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?", "id": "57105ed3b654c5140001f8d7", "answers": [{"text": "Romantic", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters \"hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future.\" However, its detractors accuse it of 'shallow' rationalism, na\u00efve optimism, unrealistic universalism, and moral darkness. From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions. As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment, because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together."}], ["Kedua-dua teori kontrak sosial Rousseau dan Locke bergantung pada pengertian hak-hak semula jadi, yang bukan hasil daripada undang-undang atau kebiasaan, tetapi adalah perkara yang semua orang mempunyai dalam masyarakat pra-politik, dan oleh itu universal dan tidak dapat dipisahkan. Perumusan hak semula jadi yang paling terkenal berasal dari John Locke dalam Treatise Kedua, ketika ia memperkenalkan keadaan alam. Untuk Locke undang-undang alam adalah berdasarkan keamanan bersama, atau gagasan bahawa seseorang tidak boleh melanggar hak semula jadi orang lain, kerana setiap orang adalah sama dan mempunyai hak yang sama yang sama. Hak-hak semula jadi ini termasuk kesaksamaan dan kebebasan yang sempurna, dan hak untuk memelihara kehidupan dan harta benda. Locke juga berhujah terhadap perbudakan atas asas yang memperbudak diri terhadap undang-undang alam; anda tidak boleh menyerahkan hak anda sendiri, kebebasan anda adalah mutlak dan tiada siapa yang boleh mengambilnya daripada anda. Selain itu, Locke berhujah bahawa seseorang tidak dapat memperbudak orang lain kerana ia secara moralnya boleh dipecat, walaupun ia memperkenalkan kaveat dengan mengatakan bahawa perbudakan yang ditahan dalam masa perang tidak akan menentang hak semulajadi. <> Bagaimana John Locke menentukan keselamatan bersama? || idea bahawa seseorang tidak boleh melanggar hak asasi orang lain <> Apakah idea Locke tentang hak-hak semula jadi termasuk? || kesaksamaan yang sempurna dan kebebasan, dan hak untuk memelihara kehidupan dan harta benda <> Mengapa John Locke percaya bahawa seseorang tidak dapat memperbudak orang lain? || kerana ia adalah moral yang patut ditolak <> Apakah satu pengecualian John Locke untuk mengecam perbudakan? || perbudakan sah di sisi undang-undang semasa peperangan tidak akan melawan hak semulajadi. <> Di mana karya John Locke adalah hak-hak semula jadi yang paling jelas dan dibincangkan? || Treatise Kedua", {"qas": [{"question": "How does John Locke define mutual security?", "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c1", "answers": [{"text": "the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?", "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c2", "answers": [{"text": "perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?", "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c3", "answers": [{"text": "because it is morally reprehensible", "answer_start": 926}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?", "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c4", "answers": [{"text": "enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights", "answer_start": 1010}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?", "id": "57104598b654c5140001f8c5", "answers": [{"text": "Second Treatise", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature. For Locke the law of nature is grounded on mutual security, or the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights, as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights. These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property. Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature; you cannot surrender your own rights, your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you. Additionally, Locke argues that one person cannot enslave another because it is morally reprehensible, although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights."}], ["Kedai kopi Bahasa Inggeris yang pertama dibuka di Oxford pada tahun 1650. Brian Cowan berkata bahawa kedai kopi Oxford berkembang menjadi \"universiti-universiti\" yang menyediakan lokus pembelajaran yang kurang formal daripada institusi berstruktur. Kolej-kolej sesat ini menduduki kedudukan penting dalam kehidupan akademik Oxford, kerana mereka sering dikunjungi oleh orang-orang yang disebut sebagai \"virtuosi\", yang menjalankan penyelidikan mereka di beberapa premis yang dihasilkan. Menurut Cowan, \"kedai kopi itu adalah tempat bagi para ulama yang berpikiran sama untuk berkumpul, membaca, serta belajar dari dan berdiskusi satu sama lain, tetapi secara tegas bukan sebuah institusi universiti, dan wacana yang ada jauh berbeza perintah daripada mana-mana tutorial universiti. \" <> Di mana kedai kopi Inggeris pertama dibuka pada tahun 1650? || Oxford <> Menurut Brian Cowan, belajar lebih kurang formal di kedai kopi berbanding dengan institusi swasta? || kurang <> Apakah istilah Brian Cowan memberi kafe-kafe Oxford? || universiti sen", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?", "id": "5710831cb654c5140001f941", "answers": [{"text": "Oxford", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?", "id": "5710831cb654c5140001f942", "answers": [{"text": "less", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?", "id": "5710831cb654c5140001f943", "answers": [{"text": "penny universities", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into \"penny universities\", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented by those consequently referred to as the \"virtuosi\", who conducted their research on some of the resulting premises. According to Cowan, \"the coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial.\""}], ["Ahli sejarah telah lama membahaskan sejauh mana rangkaian rahsia Freemasonry merupakan faktor utama dalam Pencerahan. Para pemimpin Pencerahan termasuk Freemason seperti Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, dan George Washington. Norman Davies berkata bahawa Freemasonry adalah satu kuasa yang kuat bagi pihak Liberalisme di Eropah, dari sekitar 1700 hingga abad kedua puluh. Ia berkembang pesat semasa Zaman Pencerahan, mencapai hampir setiap negara di Eropah. Ia amat menarik untuk ahli bangsawan dan ahli politik yang kuat serta intelektual, artis dan aktivis politik. <> Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, dan Benjamin Franklin adalah semua ahli rangkaian rahsia apa? || Freemasonry <> Kepada siapa Freemasonry paling menarik? || ahli bangsawan dan ahli politik yang kuat serta intelektual, artis dan aktivis politik <> Freemasonry berkembang pesat ke hampir setiap negara di mana benua? || Eropah", {"qas": [{"question": "Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?", "id": "5710840fa58dae1900cd69fc", "answers": [{"text": "Freemasonry", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?", "id": "5710840fa58dae1900cd69fd", "answers": [{"text": "powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?", "id": "5710840fa58dae1900cd69fe", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington. Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. It was especially attractive to powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists."}], ["Zaman Pencerahan didahului oleh dan dikaitkan dengan revolusi saintifik. Para ahli falsafah terdahulu yang kerjanya mempengaruhi Pencerahan termasuk Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, dan Spinoza. Tokoh-tokoh utama Pencerahan termasuk Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, dan Immanuel Kant. Beberapa penguasa Eropah, termasuk Catherine II dari Rusia, Joseph II dari Austria dan Frederick I dari Prusia, cuba menerapkan Pencerahan berfikir tentang toleransi agama dan politik, yang dikenali sebagai absolutisme yang tercerahkan. Orang Amerika Benjamin Franklin dan Thomas Jefferson datang ke Eropah pada masa itu dan menyumbang secara aktif kepada perdebatan saintifik dan politik, dan cita-cita Pencerahan telah dimasukkan ke dalam Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. <> Mencuba untuk menerapkan Pencerahan berfikir tentang toleransi agama dan politik menjadi dikenali sebagai apa? || absolutisme yang tercerahkan <> Yang mana dua orang Amerika mengembara ke Eropah semasa Pencerahan dan secara aktif menyumbang kepada perdebatan politik dan politik? || Benjamin Franklin dan Thomas Jefferson Cita-cita Pencerahan telah dimasukkan ke dalam mana dua dokumen Amerika Syarikat? || Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan dan Perlembagaan <> Adakah revolusi saintifik mendahului atau mengikuti Zaman Pencerahan? || didahului", {"qas": [{"question": "Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?", "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f947", "answers": [{"text": "enlightened absolutism", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?", "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f948", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?", "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f949", "answers": [{"text": "Declaration of Independence and the Constitution", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?", "id": "571084dcb654c5140001f94a", "answers": [{"text": "preceded", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Immanuel Kant. Some European rulers, including Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick I of Prussia, tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism. The Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson came to Europe during the period and contributed actively to the scientific and political debate, and the ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States."}], ["Ramai wanita memainkan peranan penting dalam Pencerahan Perancis, kerana peranan mereka bermain sebagai salonni\u00e8res di salon Paris, sebagai kontras dengan falsafah lelaki. Salon itu adalah institusi sosial utama republik itu, dan \"menjadi ruang kerja sivil bagi projek Pencerahan.\" Wanita, sebagai salonni\u00e8res, adalah \"gabenor yang sah dari wacana yang berpotensi tidak terkawal\" yang berlaku di dalamnya. Walaupun wanita dipinggirkan dalam budaya masyarakat Ancien R\u00e9gime, Revolusi Perancis memusnahkan sekatan budaya dan ekonomi lama penaung dan korporatisme (persatuan), membuka masyarakat Perancis kepada penyertaan perempuan, khususnya dalam bidang sastera. <> Apakah institusi sosial utama republik semasa Pencerahan Perancis? || salon <> Adakah masyarakat Perancis terbuka atau takut penyertaan wanita dalam bidang sastera semasa Pencerahan? || buka <> Apa pekerjaan perempuan yang membolehkan wanita memainkan peranan penting dalam Pencerahan Perancis? || salonni\u00e8res <> Peristiwa mana yang menghancurkan bekas patronase dan korporatisme Perancis dan membenarkan wanita untuk mengambil bahagian dalam masyarakat? || revolusi Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?", "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b2", "answers": [{"text": "salon", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?", "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b3", "answers": [{"text": "open", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?", "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b4", "answers": [{"text": "salonni\u00e8res", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?", "id": "57107516a58dae1900cd69b5", "answers": [{"text": "French Revolution", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonni\u00e8res in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment.\" Women, as salonni\u00e8res, were \"the legitimate governors of [the] potentially unruly discourse\" that took place within. While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ancien R\u00e9gime, the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), opening French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere."}], ["Sumbangan kuat Akademi Perancis ke bidang awam berasal dari acad\u00e9miques concours (kira-kira diterjemahkan sebagai 'kontes akademik') yang mereka tajaan di seluruh Perancis. Peraduan akademik ini mungkin paling umum di mana-mana institusi semasa Pencerahan. Amalan pertandingan bertarikh kembali ke Zaman Pertengahan, dan dihidupkan kembali pada pertengahan abad ke-17. Perkara ini sebelum ini secara umumnya bersifat agama dan / atau monarki, yang menampilkan esei, puisi, dan lukisan. Namun, dengan kira-kira 1725, perkara ini secara mendadak berkembang dan dipelbagaikan, termasuk \"propaganda diraja, pertempuran falsafah, dan ruminasi kritikal terhadap institusi sosial dan politik Rejim Lama.\" Topik kontroversi umum juga dibincangkan seperti teori Newton dan Descartes, perdagangan hamba, pendidikan wanita, dan keadilan di Perancis. <> Amalan pertandingan bermula pada tempoh masa apa? || Abad Pertengahan <> Sebelum 1725, apakah perkara yang menjadi tumpuan oleh akademi concours? || umumnya agama dan / atau monarki <> Topik-topik kontroversi awam yang menjadi lebih banyak dibincangkan sekitar 1725? || teori-teori Newton dan Descartes, perdagangan hamba, pendidikan wanita, dan keadilan <> Adakah akademi akademik awam atau perkara-perkara peribadi? || awam", {"qas": [{"question": "The practice of contests dates back to what time period?", "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f92f", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Ages", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?", "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f930", "answers": [{"text": "generally religious and/or monarchical", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?", "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f931", "answers": [{"text": "theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the concours academiques public or private matters?", "id": "571080dbb654c5140001f932", "answers": [{"text": "public", "answer_start": 734}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours acad\u00e9miques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages, and was revived in the mid-17th century. The subject matter had previously been generally religious and/or monarchical, featuring essays, poetry, and painting. By roughly 1725, however, this subject matter had radically expanded and diversified, including \"royal propaganda, philosophical battles, and critical ruminations on the social and political institutions of the Old Regime.\" Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice in France."}], ["Kamus teknikal pertama digubal oleh John Harris dan bertajuk Lexicon Technicum: Atau, Kamus Bahasa Inggeris dan Sains Sejagat. Buku Harris menghindari entri teologi dan biografi; sebaliknya ia tertumpu kepada sains dan teknologi. Diterbitkan dalam tahun 1704, teknik Lexicon adalah buku pertama yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris yang mengambil pendekatan teratur untuk menggambarkan matematik dan aritmetik komersial bersama dengan sains fizikal dan navigasi. Kamus teknikal yang lain mengikuti model Harris, termasuk Ephraim Chambers 'Cyclopaedia (1728), yang termasuk lima edisi, dan merupakan kerja yang jauh lebih besar daripada Harris'. Edisi folio karya itu juga termasuk ukiran lipatan. Cyclopaedia menekankan teori Newtonian, falsafah Lockean, dan mengandungi peperiksaan teknologi menyeluruh, seperti ukiran, pembuatan bir, dan pencelupan. <> Siapa yang merangka kamus teknikal pertama? || John Harris <> Apakah kamus teknikal pertama yang digariskan oleh John Harris bertajuk? || Lexicon Technicum: Atau, Kamus Umum Bahasa Inggeris Seni dan Sains <> Adakah Lexicon Technicum memberi tumpuan kepada penyertaan teologi dan biografi atau sains dan teknologi? || sains dan teknologi <> Tahun berapa adalah Lexicon Technicum diterbitkan? || 1704 <> Dalam bahasa apakah yang ditulis Lexicon Technicum? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"qas": [{"question": "Who drafted the first technical dictionary?", "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d4", "answers": [{"text": "John Harris", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?", "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d5", "answers": [{"text": "Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?", "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d6", "answers": [{"text": "science and technology", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?", "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d7", "answers": [{"text": "1704", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?", "id": "571079ada58dae1900cd69d8", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation. Other technical dictionaries followed Harris' model, including Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia (1728), which included five editions, and was a substantially larger work than Harris'. The folio edition of the work even included foldout engravings. The Cyclopaedia emphasized Newtonian theories, Lockean philosophy, and contained thorough examinations of technologies, such as engraving, brewing, and dyeing."}], ["Penonton sasaran sejarah semula jadi adalah masyarakat sopan Perancis, dibuktikan lebih banyak oleh wacana spesifik genre daripada harga-harga karya yang umumnya tinggi. Naturalists memenuhi keinginan masyarakat yang sopan untuk pengetahuan - banyak teks mempunyai tujuan instruktif yang jelas. Walau bagaimanapun, sejarah semulajadi sering menjadi urusan politik. Seperti E. C. Spary menulis, klasifikasi yang digunakan oleh naturalis \"tergelincir di antara dunia semulajadi dan sosial ... untuk membina bukan sahaja keahlian alam semulajadi terhadap alam semulajadi, tetapi juga penguasaan alam semulajadi atas sosial\". Idea rasa (le go\u00fbt) adalah penunjuk sosial: untuk benar-benar dapat mengkategorikan sifat, seseorang harus mempunyai rasa yang tepat, keupayaan budi bicara yang dikongsi oleh semua anggota masyarakat sopan. Dengan cara ini sejarah semula jadi menyebarkan banyak perkembangan saintifik pada masa itu, tetapi juga menyediakan sumber legitimasi baru untuk kelas dominan. Dari asas ini, naturalis dapat mengembangkan cita-cita sosial mereka sendiri berdasarkan karya saintifik mereka. <> Siapa sasaran penonton sejarah semula jadi? || Masyarakat sopan Perancis <> Banyak teks mempunyai tujuan pengajaran yang eksplisit sebagai Naturalists yang memenuhi keinginan masyarakat yang sopan untuk apa? || erudition <> Idea kualiti apa yang menjadi indikator sosial yang menyediakan sumber legitimasi baru untuk kelas dominan? || rasa (le go\u00fbt) <> Adakah penonton sasaran sejarah semula jadi dibuktikan dengan harga penerbitan atau wacana spesifik genre? || wacana spesifik genre", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the target audience of natural history?", "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c2", "answers": [{"text": "French polite society", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?", "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c3", "answers": [{"text": "erudition", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?", "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c4", "answers": [{"text": "taste (le go\u00fbt)", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?", "id": "571078d1a58dae1900cd69c5", "answers": [{"text": "specific discourse of the genre", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition \u2013 many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a political affair. As E. C. Spary writes, the classifications used by naturalists \"slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural, but also the dominance of the natural over the social\". The idea of taste (le go\u00fbt) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class. From this basis, naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works."}], ["Keinginan untuk meneroka, merekodkan dan menginformasikan pengetahuan mempunyai kesan yang bermakna terhadap penerbitan muzik. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (diterbitkan 1767 di Geneva dan 1768 di Paris) adalah teks utama pada akhir abad ke-18. Kamus yang banyak digunakan memberikan definisi ringkas kata-kata seperti genius dan rasa, dan jelas dipengaruhi oleh gerakan Pencerahan. Satu lagi teks yang dipengaruhi oleh nilai-nilai Pencerahan ialah Charles Burney A General History of Music: Dari Abad Abad ke Masa Hadapan (1776), yang merupakan kajian sejarah dan percubaan untuk merasionalkan unsur-unsur dalam muzik secara sistematik dari masa ke masa. Baru-baru ini, ahli muzik telah menunjukkan minat yang diperbaharui dalam idea dan akibat dari Pencerahan. Sebagai contoh, Varietas Deconstructive Rose Rosengard Subotnik (Muzik dan Alasan tajuk dalam Masyarakat Barat) membandingkan Mozart's Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791) menggunakan perspektif Pencerahan dan Romantik, dan menyimpulkan bahawa karya tersebut adalah \"perwakilan muzik yang ideal dari Pencerahan\". <> Keinginan untuk meneroka, merekodkan dan menstabilkan pengetahuan mempunyai kesan yang bermakna terhadap apa bentuk penerbitan lain? || muzik <> Apa penerbitan Jean-Jacques Rousseau adalah teks utama pada akhir abad ke-18 dan diterbitkan 1767 di Geneva dan 1768 di Paris? || Dictionnaire de musique <> Pada tahun apakah Charles Burney adalah Sejarah Umum Muzik: Dari Abad terdahulu hingga Masa Kini yang diterbitkan? || 1776 <> Apa karya Mozart Rose Rosengard Subotnik menyimpulkan adalah \"perwakilan muzik yang ideal dari Pencerahan\"? || Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791) <> Yang dua perspektif yang digunakan Rose Rosengard Subotnik untuk membandingkan Die Cauberflote Mozart? || Pencerahan dan Romantik", {"qas": [{"question": "The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?", "id": "57107355b654c5140001f8ff", "answers": [{"text": "music", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?", "id": "57107355b654c5140001f900", "answers": [{"text": "Dictionnaire de musique", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?", "id": "57107355b654c5140001f901", "answers": [{"text": "1776", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is \"an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment\"?", "id": "57107355b654c5140001f902", "answers": [{"text": "Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791)", "answer_start": 876}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?", "id": "57107355b654c5140001f903", "answers": [{"text": "Enlightenment and Romantic", "answer_start": 909}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste, and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement. Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period (1776), which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time. Recently, musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment. For example, Rose Rosengard Subotnik's Deconstructive Variations (subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society) compares Mozart's Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791) using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives, and concludes that the work is \"an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment\"."}], ["Sebilangan besar orang membaca tidak mampu memiliki perpustakaan swasta, dan sementara kebanyakan \"perpustakaan sejagat\" yang ditubuhkan di negeri pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 terbuka kepada orang ramai, mereka bukanlah satu-satunya sumber bacaan bahan. Pada satu hujung spektrum ialah Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue, koleksi buku yang dihasilkan secara murah yang diterbitkan di Troyes, Perancis. Ditujukan untuk penonton yang sebahagian besarnya luar bandar dan setengah literasi buku-buku ini termasuk almanak, pengunduran romantik abad pertengahan dan versi-versi popular yang popular, antara lain. Walaupun sesetengah ahli sejarah telah berhujah terhadap penembusan Pencerahan ke dalam kelas yang lebih rendah, Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue mewakili sekurang-kurangnya keinginan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam keramahtamahan Pencerahan. Meningkatkan kelas, pelbagai institusi yang ditawarkan pembaca akses kepada bahan tanpa perlu membeli apa-apa. Perpustakaan yang meminjamkan bahan mereka untuk harga yang kecil mula muncul, dan kadang-kadang kedai buku akan menawarkan perpustakaan pinjaman kecil kepada pelanggan mereka. Rumah-rumah kopi biasanya menawarkan buku, jurnal dan kadang-kadang juga novel popular kepada pelanggan mereka. The Tatler dan The Spectator, dua majalah berpengaruh yang dijual dari 1709 hingga 1714, dikaitkan rapat dengan budaya rumah kopi di London, yang kedua-duanya dibaca dan dihasilkan di pelbagai pertubuhan di bandar. Ini adalah contoh fungsi tiga kali ganda atau bahkan empat kali dari rumah kopi: bahan bacaan sering diperoleh, dibaca, dibincangkan dan dihasilkan di premis. <> Di mana terdapat Bibliotheque Bleue? || Troyes, Perancis <> Untuk penonton apa yang ditulis buku Bibliotheque Bleue? || sebahagian besarnya pedalaman dan semi-celik huruf <> yang mana dua majalah berpengaruh telah dikaitkan rapat dengan budaya rumah kopi London dan dijual dari tahun 1909 hingga 1714? || The Tatler and The Spectator <> Apa koleksi buku yang dihasilkan secara murah mewakili keinginan kelas bawah untuk berpartisipasi dalam Pencerahan? || Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?", "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69ba", "answers": [{"text": "Troyes, France", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?", "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69bb", "answers": [{"text": "largely rural and semi-literate", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? ", "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69bc", "answers": [{"text": "The Tatler and The Spectator", "answer_start": 1127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?", "id": "571076d2a58dae1900cd69bd", "answers": [{"text": "Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run \"universal libraries\" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs, retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels, among other things. While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment's penetration into the lower classes, the Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability. Moving up the classes, a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything. Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear, and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. The Tatler and The Spectator, two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714, were closely associated with coffee house culture in London, being both read and produced in various establishments in the city. This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house: reading material was often obtained, read, discussed and even produced on the premises."}], ["Kerja penting pertama yang menyatakan teori saintifik dan pengetahuan secara nyata untuk orang awam, dalam bahasa vernakular, dan dengan hiburan pembaca dalam fikiran, adalah Bernard de Fontenelle Perbualan tentang Pluralitas Dunia (1686). Buku ini dihasilkan khusus untuk wanita yang mempunyai minat dalam penulisan ilmiah dan mengilhami pelbagai karya yang serupa. Karya-karya popular ini ditulis dalam gaya diskursif, yang dibentangkan dengan lebih jelas bagi pembaca daripada artikel rumit, risalah, dan buku-buku yang diterbitkan oleh akademi dan saintis. Astronomi Charles Leadbetter (1727) telah diiklankan sebagai \"Satu Kerja sepenuhnya Baru\" yang akan merangkumi \"Peraturan dan Jadual Astronomi yang ringkas dan mudah.\" Pengenalan pertama Perancis kepada Newtonianisme dan Principia adalah El\u00e9ments de la philosophie de Newton, diterbitkan oleh Voltaire pada tahun 1738. Terjemahan \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet dari Principia, yang diterbitkan selepas kematiannya pada 1756, juga membantu menyebarkan teori-teori Newton melampaui akademi sains dan universiti . Francesco Algarotti, menulis untuk penonton wanita yang semakin meningkat, menerbitkan Il Newtonianism per le dame, yang merupakan karya yang sangat popular dan diterjemahkan dari bahasa Itali ke dalam bahasa Inggeris oleh Elizabeth Carter. Pengenalan yang sama kepada Newtonianisme untuk wanita dihasilkan oleh Henry Pembarton. Pandangannya tentang Falsafah Sir Isaac Newton telah diterbitkan oleh langganan. Rekod-rekod yang melampau pelanggan menunjukkan bahawa wanita dari pelbagai kedudukan sosial membeli buku itu, yang menunjukkan semakin ramai pembaca wanita yang cenderung ilmiah di kalangan kelas pertengahan. Semasa Pencerahan, wanita juga mula menghasilkan karya saintifik yang popular sendiri. Sarah Trimmer menulis buku teks sejarah semula jadi yang berjaya untuk kanak-kanak bertajuk The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), yang telah diterbitkan selama bertahun-tahun selepas di sebelas edisi. <> Buku apa yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1686 khusus untuk wanita dengan minat dalam penulisan ilmiah? || Perbualan tentang Pluralitas Dunia <> Siapakah pengarang Percakapan tentang Pluralitas Dunia (1686)? || Bernard de Fontenelle <> Siapa yang menulis buku teks sejarah semula jadi yang berjaya untuk kanak-kanak bertajuk The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)? || Sarah Trimmer <> Berapa banyak edisi diterbitkan mengenai buku teks sejarah Sarah Trimmer untuk kanak-kanak? || sebelas <> terjemahan Emilie du Chatelet mengenai karya Newton yang diterbitkan selepas kematiannya pada tahun 1756? || Principia", {"qas": [{"question": "What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?", "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f913", "answers": [{"text": "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?", "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f914", "answers": [{"text": "Bernard de Fontenelle", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?", "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f915", "answers": [{"text": "Sarah Trimmer", "answer_start": 1686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?", "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f916", "answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 1865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?", "id": "57107cc7b654c5140001f917", "answers": [{"text": "Principia", "answer_start": 900}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing and inspired a variety of similar works. These popular works were written in a discursive style, which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles, treatises, and books published by the academies and scientists. Charles Leadbetter's Astronomy (1727) was advertised as \"a Work entirely New\" that would include \"short and easie  [sic] Rules and Astronomical Tables.\" The first French introduction to Newtonianism and the Principia was El\u00e9ments de la philosophie de Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738. \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet's translation of the Principia, published after her death in 1756, also helped to spread Newton's theories beyond scientific academies and the university. Francesco Algarotti, writing for a growing female audience, published Il Newtonianism per le dame, which was a tremendously popular work and was translated from Italian into English by Elizabeth Carter. A similar introduction to Newtonianism for women was produced by Henry Pembarton. His A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy was published by subscription. Extant records of subscribers show that women from a wide range of social standings purchased the book, indicating the growing number of scientifically inclined female readers among the middling class. During the Enlightenment, women also began producing popular scientific works themselves. Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), which was published for many years after in eleven editions."}], ["Di Perancis, orang-orang surat yang ditubuhkan (gens de lettres) telah menyatu dengan kaum elit (kaum les) masyarakat Perancis pada pertengahan abad ke-18. Ini membawa kepada penciptaan sfera sastera yang bertentangan, Grub Street, domain yang \"banyak penipu dan penulis-penulis\". Orang-orang ini datang ke London untuk menjadi pengarang, hanya untuk mengetahui bahawa pasaran sastera tidak dapat menyokong banyak penulis, yang, dalam apa jua keadaan, sangat kurang diuntungkan oleh kesatuan penerbitan-penerbitan. <> Pada abad apa di Perancis ada orang-orang surat bersatu dengan golongan elit? || pertengahan abad ke-18 <> Apakah istilah untuk bidang sastera bertentangan dengan \"banyak pengarang dan pengarang-pengarang\"? || Grub Street <> Bolehkah pasaran London menyokong sejumlah besar penulis yang muncul? || tidak <> Adakah lelaki yang pergi ke London untuk menjadi penulis dibayar dengan baik atau kurang oleh kesatuan penerbitan-penerbitan? || sangat buruk", {"qas": [{"question": "By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?", "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a24", "answers": [{"text": "mid-18th century", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors\"?", "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a25", "answers": [{"text": "Grub Street", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?", "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a26", "answers": [{"text": "not", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?", "id": "57108f32a58dae1900cd6a27", "answers": [{"text": "very poorly", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men came to London to become authors, only to discover that the literary market simply could not support large numbers of writers, who, in any case, were very poorly remunerated by the publishing-bookselling guilds."}], ["Dalam Pencerahan Skotlandia, bandar-bandar utama Scotland mencipta infrastruktur intelektual institusi sokongan seperti universiti, membaca masyarakat, perpustakaan, majalah, muzium dan pondok-pondok masonik. Rangkaian Scotland adalah \"Calvinist, Newtonian, dan reka bentuk 'yang berorientasikan liberal yang berorientasikan karakter yang memainkan peranan penting dalam perkembangan selanjutnya dari Pencerahan transatlantik\". Di Perancis, Voltaire berkata \"kami melihat ke Scotland untuk semua gagasan peradaban kami.\" Tumpuan Pencapaian Skotlandia adalah dari segi intelek dan ekonomi kepada ilmiah khusus seperti dalam karya William Cullen, doktor dan ahli kimia; James Anderson, seorang ahli agronomi; Joseph Black, ahli fizik dan ahli kimia; dan James Hutton, ahli geologi moden yang pertama. <> Siapa yang Voltaire mengatakan bahawa Perancis memandang untuk idea-idea tamadun? || Scotland <> Apakah profesion James Anderson? || agronomi <> Siapa ahli geologi moden yang pertama? || James Hutton <> William Cullen dan Joseph Black berkongsi apa dua pekerjaan? || ahli fizik dan ahli kimia", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?", "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96b", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the profession of James Anderson?", "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96c", "answers": [{"text": "agronomist", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first modern geologist?", "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96d", "answers": [{"text": "James Hutton", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?", "id": "57108a13b654c5140001f96e", "answers": [{"text": "physicist and chemist", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was \"predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment\". In France, Voltaire said \"we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization.\" The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist; James Anderson, an agronomist; Joseph Black, physicist and chemist; and James Hutton, the first modern geologist."}], ["Para cendekiawan pencerahan berusaha untuk mengurangi kekuatan politik agama terorganisir dan dengan itu mencegah satu lagi zaman perang agama yang tidak toleran. Spinoza bertekad untuk menghapuskan politik dari teologi kontemporari dan sejarah (contohnya mengabaikan undang-undang Judaik). Musa Mendelssohn menasihatkan tidak memberi berat politik kepada mana-mana agama yang teratur, tetapi sebaliknya mengesyorkan agar setiap orang mengikut apa yang mereka dapati paling meyakinkan. Agama yang baik berdasarkan moral naluri dan kepercayaan kepada Tuhan tidak seharusnya secara teorinya memerlukan kekuatan untuk mengekalkan ketertiban dalam orang yang beriman, dan kedua Mendelssohn dan Spinoza menilai agama mengenai buah-buahan moralnya, bukan logik teologinya. <> Apakah Mendelssohn dan Spinoza menilai agama tentang buah-buah moral atau logik teologinya ?? || Buah-buahan moral <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh para ulama Pencerahan untuk menghalang dan dengan itu mencegah satu lagi zaman perang agama yang tidak bertoleransi? || agama yang dianjurkan <> Spinoza bertekad untuk menghapuskan dari teologi kontemporari dan sejarah? || politik <> Adakah Musa Mendelssohn memberi nasihat untuk mengikuti agama tertentu yang teratur, atau kepada mana-mana yang didapati paling meyakinkan? || apa yang mereka dapati paling meyakinkan", {"qas": [{"question": "Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??", "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f963", "answers": [{"text": "moral fruits", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?", "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f964", "answers": [{"text": "organized religion", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?", "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f965", "answers": [{"text": "politics", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?", "id": "5710898bb654c5140001f966", "answers": [{"text": "what they found most convincing", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any organized religion, but instead recommended that each person follow what they found most convincing. A good religion based in instinctive morals and a belief in God should not theoretically need force to maintain order in its believers, and both Mendelssohn and Spinoza judged religion on its moral fruits, not the logic of its theology."}], ["Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) cuba mendamaikan rasionalisme dan kepercayaan agama, kebebasan individu dan pihak berkuasa politik, serta memetakan pandangan masyarakat melalui sebab peribadi dan awam. Kerja Kant terus membentuk pemikiran Jerman, dan sememangnya semua falsafah Eropah, baik ke abad ke-20. Mary Wollstonecraft adalah salah seorang ahli falsafah feminis terawal di England. Dia berhujah untuk masyarakat berdasarkan alasan, dan wanita, serta lelaki, harus diperlakukan sebagai makhluk rasional. Dia terkenal dengan kerja-kerja beliau. Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791). <> Kerja Kant terus membentuk pemikiran Jerman dan falsafah Eropah dengan baik ke abad apa? || 20th <> Dalam tahun apakah Immanuel Kant dilahirkan? || 1724 <> Untuk kerja apa yang paling terkenal Mary Wollstonecraft? || A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791) <> Pada tahun berapa adalah A Vindication on Rights of Woman diterbitkan? || 1791 <> Mary Wollstonecraft berhujah untuk masyarakat berdasarkan idea apa? || sebab", {"qas": [{"question": "Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?", "id": "57108592b654c5140001f94f", "answers": [{"text": "20th", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Immanuel Kant born?", "id": "57108592b654c5140001f950", "answers": [{"text": "1724", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?", "id": "57108592b654c5140001f951", "answers": [{"text": "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?", "id": "57108592b654c5140001f952", "answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?", "id": "57108592b654c5140001f953", "answers": [{"text": "reason", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)."}], ["Hume dan pemikir Pencerahan Scotland lain mengembangkan 'sains manusia', yang dinyatakan secara sejarah dalam karya oleh penulis termasuk James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, dan William Robertson, yang semuanya menggabungkan kajian saintifik tentang bagaimana manusia berkelakuan dalam zaman purba dan budaya primitif dengan kesedaran yang kuat terhadap daya penentuan moden. Sosiologi moden sebahagian besarnya berasal dari pergerakan ini, dan konsep falsafah Hume yang secara langsung mempengaruhi James Madison (dan oleh itu Perlembagaan A.S.) dan seperti yang dipopulerkan oleh Dugald Stewart, akan menjadi dasar liberalisme klasik. <> Dasar liberalisme klasik berasal dari konsep falsafahnya? || Hume <> Konsep falsafah yang secara langsung mempengaruhi James Madison dan oleh itu Perlembagaan A.S.? || Hume <> Siapa yang mempopulerkan konsep falsafah Hume? || Dugald Stewart", {"qas": [{"question": "The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?", "id": "57108677a58dae1900cd6a02", "answers": [{"text": "Hume", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?", "id": "57108677a58dae1900cd6a03", "answers": [{"text": "Hume", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?", "id": "57108677a58dae1900cd6a04", "answers": [{"text": "Dugald Stewart", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism."}], ["Di beberapa negara, penguasa mengalu-alukan pemimpin Pencerahan di mahkamah dan meminta mereka untuk membantu merangka undang-undang dan program untuk memperbaharui sistem, biasanya untuk membina negara-negara kebangsaan yang lebih kukuh. Penguasa-penguasa ini disebut \"pengkhianat yang tercerahkan\" oleh sejarawan. Mereka termasuk Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany, dan Joseph II of Austria. Yusuf sangat bersemangat, mengumumkan begitu banyak pembaharuan yang begitu sedikit sokongan bahawa pemberontakan meletus dan rejimnya menjadi komedi kesilapan dan hampir semua programnya dibalikkan. Menteri-menteri kanan Pombal di Portugal dan Struensee di Denmark juga dikendalikan mengikut cita-cita Pencerahan. Di Poland, perlembagaan model 1791 menyatakan cita-cita Pencerahan, tetapi berkuatkuasa hanya satu tahun apabila negara itu dipisahkan di kalangan jirannya. Lebih kekal adalah pencapaian budaya, yang mewujudkan semangat nasionalis di Poland. <> Pemimpin Pencerahan yang membantu merangka undang-undang dan program untuk memperbaharui sistem mahkamah dipanggil apa oleh ahli sejarah? || pengkhianat yang tercerahkan <> Yang pengkhianat yang tercerahkan sangat bersemangat bahawa pemberontakan telah tercetus dan hampir semua programnya telah dibalikkan? || Joseph II of Austria <> Di negara apakah perlembagaan model 1791 berkuatkuasa hanya setahun? || Poland <> Dari negara manakah pemimpin pencerahan Catherine the Great? || Rusia", {"qas": [{"question": "Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?", "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a08", "answers": [{"text": "enlightened despots", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?", "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a09", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph II of Austria", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?", "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0a", "answers": [{"text": "Poland", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?", "id": "5710889ba58dae1900cd6a0b", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called \"enlightened despots\" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany, and Joseph II of Austria. Joseph was over-enthusiastic, announcing so many reforms that had so little support that revolts broke out and his regime became a comedy of errors and nearly all his programs were reversed. Senior ministers Pombal in Portugal and Struensee in Denmark also governed according to Enlightenment ideals. In Poland, the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals, but was in effect for only one year as the nation was partitioned among its neighbors. More enduring were the cultural achievements, which created a nationalist spirit in Poland."}], ["Konteks kebangkitan ruang awam adalah perubahan ekonomi dan sosial yang sering dikaitkan dengan Revolusi Perindustrian: \"pengembangan ekonomi, peningkatan pembandaran, peningkatan populasi dan peningkatan komunikasi berbanding dengan genangan abad sebelumnya\". \"Peningkatan kecekapan dalam pengeluaran teknik dan komunikasi menurunkan harga barang-barang pengguna dan meningkatkan jumlah dan pelbagai barangan yang tersedia kepada pengguna (termasuk kesusasteraan yang penting untuk bidang awam). Sementara itu, pengalaman kolonial (kebanyakan negara-negara Eropah mempunyai empayar kolonial pada abad ke-18) bermula mendedahkan masyarakat Eropah kepada budaya yang sangat heterogen, yang membawa kepada pemecahan \"halangan antara sistem budaya, perpecahan agama, perbezaan jantina dan kawasan geografi\". <> Adakah peningkatan kecekapan pengeluaran dan komunikasi lebih rendah atau menaikkan harga barangan pengguna? menurunkan <> Apakah berbagai barang yang tersedia untuk konsumen meningkat atau menurun oleh perubahan ekonomi dan sosial Revolusi Perindustrian? || meningkat <> Konteks untuk kebangkitan ruang awam adalah perubahan ekonoik dan sosial yang berkaitan dengan revolusi apa? || Revolusi Perindustrian", {"qas": [{"question": "Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?", "id": "57108c38b654c5140001f973", "answers": [{"text": "lowered", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "57108c38b654c5140001f974", "answers": [{"text": "increased", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?", "id": "57108c38b654c5140001f975", "answers": [{"text": "Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: \"economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century\".\" Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers (including the literature essential to the public sphere). Meanwhile, the colonial experience (most European states had colonial empires in the 18th century) began to expose European society to extremely heterogeneous cultures, leading to the breaking down of \"barriers between cultural systems, religious divides, gender differences and geographical areas\"."}], ["Istilah \"Pencerahan\" muncul dalam Bahasa Inggeris di bahagian akhir abad ke-19, dengan rujukan khusus kepada falsafah Perancis, bersamaan dengan istilah Perancis 'Lumi\u00e8res' (dahulu digunakan oleh Dubos pada tahun 1733 dan telah ditubuhkan dengan baik pada tahun 1751). Dari esai Immanuel Kant's 1784 \"Beantwortung der Frage: Adakah ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?\" (\"Menjawab Soalan: Apakah Pencerahan?\") Istilah Jerman menjadi 'Aufkl\u00e4rung' (aufkl\u00e4ren = untuk menerangi; sich aufkl\u00e4ren = untuk membersihkan). Walau bagaimanapun, para sarjana tidak pernah bersetuju dengan definisi Pencerahan, atau pada tahap kronologi atau geografinya. Terma seperti \"les Lumi\u00e8res\" (Perancis), \"illuminismo\" (bahasa Itali), \"ilustraci\u00f3n\" (bahasa Sepanyol) dan \"Aufkl\u00e4rung\" (Jerman) merujuk kepada pergerakan sebahagiannya yang bertindih. Tidak sampai akhir abad kesembilan belas para sarjana Inggeris bersetuju bahawa mereka bercakap tentang \"Pencerahan.\" <> Dalam tahun apakah istilah Perancis Lumieres mula digunakan? || 1733 <> Apa istilah menjadi setara Jerman dengan istilah Lumieres Perancis? || Aufkl\u00e4rung <> Dalam abad apa istilah Pencerahan muncul dalam bahasa Inggeris? || 19 <<Apakah Itali setara dengan istilah Perancis Lumieres? || illuminismo <> Adakah istilah, Pencerahan, Lumieres, Aufklarung dan illuminismo merujuk kepada pergerakan yang berbeza atau bertindih? || bertindih", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?", "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a10", "answers": [{"text": "1733", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?", "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a11", "answers": [{"text": "Aufkl\u00e4rung", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?", "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a12", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?", "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a13", "answers": [{"text": "illuminismo", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?", "id": "57108b74a58dae1900cd6a14", "answers": [{"text": "overlapping", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumi\u00e8res' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?\" (\"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?\") the German term became 'Aufkl\u00e4rung' (aufkl\u00e4ren = to illuminate; sich aufkl\u00e4ren = to clear up). However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Terms like \"les Lumi\u00e8res\" (French), \"illuminismo\" (Italian), \"ilustraci\u00f3n\" (Spanish) and \"Aufkl\u00e4rung\" (German) referred to partly overlapping movements. Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about \"the Enlightenment.\""}], ["Apabila ekonomi dan kelas pertengahan berkembang, terdapat peningkatan jumlah pemuzik amatur. Satu manifestasi ini melibatkan wanita, yang menjadi lebih terlibat dengan muzik di peringkat sosial. Wanita telah terlibat dalam peranan profesional sebagai penyanyi, dan meningkatkan kehadiran mereka dalam senaman peminat amatur, terutama dengan muzik papan kekunci. Penerbit muzik mula mencetak muzik yang dapat difahami dan dimainkan oleh amatur. Kebanyakan karya yang diterbitkan adalah untuk papan kekunci, suara dan papan kekunci, dan ensemble ruang. Selepas genre permulaan ini dipopulerkan, dari pertengahan abad, kumpulan amatur menyanyikan muzik kesusasteraan, yang kemudian menjadi trend baru bagi penerbit untuk memanfaatkan. Kajian yang semakin meningkat mengenai seni halus, serta akses kepada kerja-kerja yang disiarkan secara amatur, menyebabkan lebih banyak orang menjadi tertarik untuk membaca dan membincangkan muzik. Majalah muzik, ulasan, dan karya kritikal yang sesuai dengan amatur serta ahli-ahli sihir mula muncul. <> Suatu ekonomi dan kelas menengah berkembang, profesion seni apa yang mana semakin ramai ahli? || pemuzik <> Pengembangan kelas ekonomi mana yang menyebabkan kemunculan majalah muzik dan ulasan? || tengah <> Wanita meningkat kehadiran mereka di tempat kejadian penghibur amatur dengan apa alat, terutama? || keyboard <> Yang media muzik mana yang majoriti karya muzik amatur diterbitkan untuk? || papan kekunci, suara dan papan kekunci, dan ensemble ruang", {"qas": [{"question": "A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?", "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f98d", "answers": [{"text": "musicians", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?", "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f98e", "answers": [{"text": "middle", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?", "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f98f", "answers": [{"text": "keyboard", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?", "id": "57108d9ab654c5140001f990", "answers": [{"text": "keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As the economy and the middle class expanded, there was an increasing number of amateur musicians. One manifestation of this involved women, who became more involved with music on a social level. Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers, and increased their presence in the amateur performers' scene, especially with keyboard music. Music publishers begin to print music that amateurs could understand and play. The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble. After these initial genres were popularized, from the mid-century on, amateur groups sang choral music, which then became a new trend for publishers to capitalize on. The increasing study of the fine arts, as well as access to amateur-friendly published works, led to more people becoming interested in reading and discussing music. Music magazines, reviews, and critical works which suited amateurs as well as connoisseurs began to surface."}], ["Kedua-dua Locke dan Rousseau telah membangunkan teori kontrak sosial dalam Dua Perjanjian Kerajaan dan Wacana mengenai ketidaksamaan. Walaupun kerja yang agak berbeza, Locke, Hobbes, dan Rousseau bersetuju bahawa kontrak sosial, di mana pihak berkuasa kerajaan terletak pada persetujuan yang ditadbir, adalah perlu bagi manusia untuk hidup dalam masyarakat madani. Locke mentakrifkan sifat alam sebagai suatu keadaan di mana manusia adalah rasional dan mengikut undang-undang semula jadi; di mana semua lelaki dilahirkan sama dan mempunyai hak untuk hidup, kebebasan dan harta benda. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila seorang rakyat melanggar Undang-undang Alam, kedua-dua pelanggar dan mangsa memasuki keadaan peperangan, yang mana hampir mustahil untuk dibebaskan. Oleh itu, Locke mengatakan bahawa individu memasuki masyarakat sivil untuk melindungi hak asasi mereka melalui \"hakim yang tidak adil\" atau pihak berkuasa biasa, seperti mahkamah, untuk merayu. Secara kontras, konsep Rousseau bergantung kepada anggapan bahawa \"lelaki sivil\" rosak, sementara \"lelaki semula jadi\" tidak mahu dia tidak dapat memenuhi dirinya. Lelaki semulajadi hanya diambil dari keadaan semula jadi apabila ketidaksamaan yang berkaitan dengan harta persendirian ditubuhkan. Rousseau berkata bahawa orang ramai menyertai masyarakat sivil melalui kontrak sosial untuk mencapai perpaduan sementara mengekalkan kebebasan individu. Ini terkandung dalam kedaulatan kehendak umum, badan perundangan moral dan kolektif yang dibentuk oleh warganegara. <> Apa yang sepatutnya bersetuju dengan Locke, Hobbes, dan Rousseau bagi seorang lelaki untuk hidup dalam masyarakat madani? || kontrak sosial <> Teoror mana yang menulis Dua Perjanjian Kerajaan? || Locke <> Siapa yang menulis Wacana mengenai Ketaksamaan? || Rousseau <> Dari mana keadaan Locke percaya ia hampir tidak dapat dibebaskan? || keadaan perang <> Atas sebab apa Rousseau merasakan orang bergabung dengan masyarakat madani? || untuk mencapai perpaduan sementara mengekalkan kebebasan individu", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?", "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f959", "answers": [{"text": "social contract", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?", "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95a", "answers": [{"text": "Locke", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?", "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95b", "answers": [{"text": "Rousseau", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?", "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95c", "answers": [{"text": "state of war", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?", "id": "571087b8b654c5140001f95d", "answers": [{"text": "to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom", "answer_start": 1214}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society. Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law; in which all men are born equal and with the right to life, liberty and property. However, when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature, both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war, from which it is virtually impossible to break free. Therefore, Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an \"unbiased judge\" or common authority, such as courts, to appeal to. Contrastingly, Rousseau's conception relies on the supposition that \"civil man\" is corrupted, while \"natural man\" has no want he cannot fulfill himself. Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established. Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens."}], ["Frederick the Great, raja Prusia dari tahun 1740 hingga 1786, melihat dirinya sebagai pemimpin Pencerahan dan ahli falsafah dan ahli sains yang diinjak-injak di mahkamahnya di Berlin. Voltaire, yang telah dipenjarakan dan dibuli oleh kerajaan Perancis, tidak sabar-sabar menerima jemputan Frederick untuk tinggal di istananya. Frederick menerangkan, \"Pekerjaan utama saya adalah untuk memerangi kejahilan dan prasangka ... untuk mencerahkan minda, memupuk moral, dan menjadikan orang gembira kerana ia bersesuaian dengan sifat manusia, dan sebagai cara di permit pelupusan saya.\" <> Raja mana Prusia melihat dirinya sebagai pemimpin Pencerahan? || Frederick the Great <> Yang teori teorin Pencerahan telah meluaskan jemputan untuk tinggal di istana selepas dipenjarakan oleh kerajaan Perancis? || Voltaire <> Siapa raja dari Prusia dari tahun 1740 hingga 1786? || Frederick the Great,", {"qas": [{"question": "Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?", "id": "571095d9a58dae1900cd6a80", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick the Great", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?", "id": "571095d9a58dae1900cd6a81", "answers": [{"text": "Voltaire", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?", "id": "571095d9a58dae1900cd6a82", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick the Great,", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederick explained, \"My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit.\""}], ["The Caf\u00e9 Procope telah ditubuhkan di Paris pada tahun 1686; menjelang 1720an terdapat sekitar 400 kafe di bandar. Caf\u00e9 Procope khususnya menjadi pusat Pencerahan, mengalu-alukan selebriti seperti Voltaire dan Rousseau. The Caf\u00e9 Procope adalah tempat Diderot dan D'Alembert memutuskan untuk mencipta Encyclop\u00e9die. Kafe adalah salah satu daripada pelbagai \"pusat saraf\" untuk orang awam, bunyi bising atau khabar angin. Buah ini dikatakan sebagai sumber maklumat yang lebih baik daripada akhbar-akhbar sebenar yang ada pada masa itu. <> Di manakah Cafe Procope ditubuhkan pada tahun 1686? || Paris <> Menjelang 1720-an. berapa kafe di Paris? || sekitar 400 <> Di mana Cafe adalah Ensiklopedia dicipta? || Caf\u00e9 Procope <> Adakah bru atau surat khabar dikatakan sebagai sumber maklumat yang lebih baik? || bru", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?", "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a54", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?", "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a55", "answers": [{"text": "around 400", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?", "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a56", "answers": [{"text": "The Caf\u00e9 Procope", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?", "id": "57109269a58dae1900cd6a57", "answers": [{"text": "bruits", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Caf\u00e9 Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 caf\u00e9s in the city. The Caf\u00e9 Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Caf\u00e9 Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclop\u00e9die. The caf\u00e9s were one of the various \"nerve centers\" for bruits publics, public noise or rumour. These bruits were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time."}], ["Kedai kopi adalah sangat penting untuk menyebarkan pengetahuan semasa Pencerahan kerana mereka mencipta persekitaran yang unik di mana orang ramai dari pelbagai lapisan kehidupan berkumpul dan berkongsi idea. Mereka sering dikritik oleh golongan bangsawan yang takut kemungkinan persekitaran di mana kelas dan gelaran dan keistimewaannya tidak diendahkan. Persekitaran semacam itu amat menakutkan kepada raja-raja yang mendapat banyak kuasa mereka daripada ketimpangan antara kelas manusia. Sekiranya kelas bergabung bersama pengaruh Pemikiran Pencerahan, mereka mungkin mengenali penindasan dan penyalahgunaan semua raja-raja mereka dan, kerana ukuran mereka, mungkin dapat melakukan pemberontakan yang berjaya. Raja-raja juga membenci idea mengenai subjek mereka sebagai satu untuk membincangkan perkara-perkara politik, terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan urusan luar negeri - penguasa menganggap hal ehwal politik sebagai perniagaan mereka sahaja, akibat hak ilahi mereka untuk memerintah. <> Tempat mana yang mencipta persekitaran yang unik di mana orang ramai dari pelbagai lapisan kehidupan dapat mengumpulkan dan berkongsi idea? || Coffeehouses <> Coffehouses dikritik oleh mana kumpulan orang, ketakutan kemungkinan penggunaan environmentin yang kelasnya tidak diendahkan? || golongan bangsawan <> Apa kumpulan masyarakat yang mendapat banyak kuasa mereka daripada perbezaan antara kelas orang? || Raja-raja yang mana kumpulan masyarakat percaya bahawa mereka memegang hak ilahi untuk memerintah dan membenci ide subjek mereka untuk membincangkan perkara-perkara politik? || Raja-raja", {"qas": [{"question": "Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?", "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aaa", "answers": [{"text": "Coffeehouses", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?", "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aab", "answers": [{"text": "nobles", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?", "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aac", "answers": [{"text": "Monarchs", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?", "id": "571098c9a58dae1900cd6aad", "answers": [{"text": "Monarchs", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded. Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people. If classes were to join together under the influence of Enlightenment thinking, they might recognize the all-encompassing oppression and abuses of their monarchs and, because of their size, might be able to carry out successful revolts. Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters, especially those concerning foreign affairs - rulers thought political affairs to be their business only, a result of their supposed divine right to rule. "}], ["Locke dikenali kerana kenyataannya bahawa individu mempunyai hak untuk \"Kehidupan, Kebebasan dan Harta\", dan kepercayaannya bahawa hak semulajadi untuk harta berasal dari buruh. Diketuai oleh Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury menulis pada tahun 1706: \"Ada Cahaya yang kuat yang menyebar di seluruh dunia terutama di kedua-dua Bangsa bebas dari England dan Belanda; di mana Urusan Eropah kini berubah\" . Teori hak asasi Locke telah mempengaruhi banyak dokumen politik, termasuk Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat dan Deklarasi Perhimpunan Kebangsaan Perancis mengenai Hak Manusia dan Warga Negara. <> Siapa yang diketahui oleh pernyataannya bahawa individu berhak kepada \"Kehidupan, Kebebasan dan Harta\"? || Locke <> Locke percaya bahawa hak semulajadi untuk harta berasal dari apa? || buruh <> Teori hak asasi Locke mempengaruhi apa dokumen Perancis? || Perisytiharan Dewan Undangan Kebangsaan Perancis mengenai Hak Manusia dan Warga Negara", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\"?", "id": "57109529a58dae1900cd6a70", "answers": [{"text": "Locke", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?", "id": "57109529a58dae1900cd6a71", "answers": [{"text": "labor", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?", "id": "57109529a58dae1900cd6a72", "answers": [{"text": "French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn\". Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen."}], ["Lebih penting lagi, pertandingan itu terbuka kepada semua, dan tanpa nama yang dikuatkuasakan setiap penyerahan menjamin bahawa jantina dan peringkat sosial tidak akan menentukan penghakiman. Sesungguhnya, walaupun \"majoriti\" peserta adalah milik masyarakat yang lebih kaya (\"seni liberal, paderi, badan kehakiman, dan profesion perubatan\"), terdapat beberapa kes kelas yang menyampaikan esei, dan juga memenangi . Begitu juga, sejumlah besar wanita telah mengambil bahagian - dan memenangi - pertandingan. Dari sejumlah 2300 pertandingan hadiah yang ditawarkan di Perancis, wanita memenangi 49 - mungkin bilangan kecil mengikut piawaian moden, tetapi sangat penting dalam usia di mana kebanyakan wanita tidak mempunyai latihan akademik. Sesungguhnya majoriti penyertaan yang menang adalah untuk pertandingan puisi, genre yang sering ditekankan dalam pendidikan wanita. <> Apa peraturan pertandingan yang dikuatkuasakan menjamin bahawa jantina dan peringkat sosial tidak akan menentukan penghakiman? || tidak dikenali <> Adakah majoriti peserta perjumpaan dari lapisan masyarakat yang kaya atau kelas popular? || strata masyarakat yang kaya <> Berapa banyak pertandingan hadiah wanita menang dari 2300 di Perancis? || 49 <> Pendidikan wanita yang menegaskan genre sastera? || puisi <> Apakah genre sastera adalah sebahagian besar penyertaan peraduan menang wanita? || puisi", {"qas": [{"question": "What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?", "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4a", "answers": [{"text": "anonymity", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?", "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4b", "answers": [{"text": "wealthier strata of society", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?", "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4c", "answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Women's education common stressed which literary genre?", "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4d", "answers": [{"text": "poetry", "answer_start": 767}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?", "id": "571091d6a58dae1900cd6a4e", "answers": [{"text": "poetry", "answer_start": 767}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the \"vast majority\" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society (\"the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and the medical profession\"), there were some cases of the popular classes submitting essays, and even winning. Similarly, a significant number of women participated \u2013 and won \u2013 the competitions. Of a total of 2300 prize competitions offered in France, women won 49 \u2013 perhaps a small number by modern standards, but very significant in an age in which most women did not have any academic training. Indeed, the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions, a genre commonly stressed in women's education."}], ["Di Jerman, kerja rujukan praktikal yang bertujuan untuk majoriti yang tidak berpendidikan menjadi popular pada abad ke-18. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) menerangkan istilah-istilah yang bermanfaat menggambarkan perdagangan dan pendidikan saintifik dan komersial. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) lebih dikenali daripada Handlungs-Lexicon, dan menggariskan mata pelajaran teknikal dan bukan teori saintifik. Contohnya, lebih daripada lima lajur teks didedikasikan untuk wain, manakala geometri dan logik hanya diperuntukkan hanya dua puluh dua dan tujuh belas baris. Edisi pertama Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (1771) dimodelkan mengikut garis yang sama dengan leksikon Jerman. <> Kerja manakah yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1712 menjelaskan istilah yang berguna menggambarkan perdagangan dan pendidikan saintifik dan komersial? || The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon <> Dalam Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) berapa banyak colum teks yang didedikasikan untuk wain? || lebih dari lima <> Adakah Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) lebih khusus untuk mata pelajaran teknikal atau teori saintifik? || subjek teknikal <> Dalam tahun apakah edisi pertama Encyclopaedia Britannica diterbitkan? || 1771 <> Ensiklopedia Britannica dimodelkan di sepanjang garis yang sama seperti kerja dari negara manakah? || Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?", "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a36", "answers": [{"text": "The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?", "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a37", "answers": [{"text": "over five", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?", "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a38", "answers": [{"text": "technical subjects", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?", "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a39", "answers": [{"text": "1771", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?", "id": "571090e2a58dae1900cd6a3a", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) was better known than the Handlungs-Lexicon, and underscored technical subjects rather than scientific theory. For example, over five columns of text were dedicated to wine, while geometry and logic were allocated only twenty-two and seventeen lines, respectively. The first edition of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (1771) was modelled along the same lines as the German lexicons."}], ["Penulis-penulis Grub Street, Grub Street Hacks, dibiarkan merasa pahit tentang kejayaan relatif lelaki surat, dan mendapati outlet untuk kesusasteraan mereka yang difikirkan oleh libelle. Ditulis kebanyakannya dalam bentuk risalah, libelles \"memfitnah mahkamah, Jemaat, bangsawan, akademi, salun, segala sesuatu yang tinggi dan dihormati, termasuk monarki itu sendiri\". Le Gazetier cuirass\u00e9 oleh Charles Th\u00e9veneau de Morande adalah prototaip genre. Ia adalah kesusasteraan Grub Street yang paling banyak dibaca oleh orang awam semasa Pencerahan. Lebih penting lagi, menurut Darnton, hambatan Grub Street mewarisi \"semangat revolusi\" yang pernah dipamerkan oleh para ahli falsafah, dan membuka jalan bagi Revolusi Perancis dengan menghancurkan tokoh politik, moral dan agama di Perancis. <> Istilah apa yang diberikan kepada para penulis Grub Street? || Grub Street Hacks <> Libelles secara amnya ditulis dalam bentuk apa? || risalah <> Kumpulan mana yang mewarisi \"semangat revolusi\" yang pernah dipaparkan oleh para ahli falsafah, menurut Darnton? || Hacks Grub Street <> Yang berfungsi oleh Grub Street Hacks \"memfitnah mahkamah, Gereja, bangsawan, akademi, salun, segala sesuatu yang tinggi dan terhormat, termasuk monarki itu sendiri.\"? || libelles", {"qas": [{"question": "What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?", "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa2", "answers": [{"text": "the Grub Street Hacks", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Libelles were generally written in what form?", "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa3", "answers": [{"text": "pamphlets", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group inherited the \"revolutionary spirit\" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?", "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa4", "answers": [{"text": "the Grub Street hacks", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which works by the Grub Street Hacks \"slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself.\"?", "id": "571097dca58dae1900cd6aa5", "answers": [{"text": "the libelles", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles \"slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself\". Le Gazetier cuirass\u00e9 by Charles Th\u00e9veneau de Morande was a prototype of the genre. It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment. More importantly, according to Darnton, the Grub Street hacks inherited the \"revolutionary spirit\" once displayed by the philosophes, and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political, moral and religious authority in France."}], ["Beberapa orang Amerika, terutamanya Benjamin Franklin dan Thomas Jefferson, memainkan peranan utama dalam membawa idea-idea Pencerahan ke Dunia Baru dan mempengaruhi pemikir Inggeris dan Perancis. Franklin berpengaruh untuk aktivisme politiknya dan kemajuannya dalam bidang fizik. Pertukaran kebudayaan semasa Zaman Pencerahan berlari ke arah kedua arah Atlantik. Pemikir seperti Paine, Locke, dan Rousseau semua mengambil amalan kebudayaan Amerika Asli sebagai contoh kebebasan semulajadi. Orang Amerika mengikuti jejak idea politik Inggeris dan Scotland, serta beberapa pemikir Perancis seperti Montesquieu. Sebagai deists, mereka dipengaruhi oleh idea John Toland (1670-1722) dan Matthew Tindal (1656-1733). Semasa Pencerahan terdapat penekanan yang besar terhadap kebebasan, demokrasi, republikanisme dan toleransi agama. Percubaan untuk mendamaikan sains dan agama mengakibatkan penolakan nubuatan, keajaiban dan agama yang diturunkan secara meluas untuk keutamaan Deism - terutamanya oleh Thomas Paine di The Age of Reason dan oleh Thomas Jefferson dalam Alkitab Jefferson pendek - yang mana semua aspek supranatural telah dihapuskan. <> Yang simpatisan Pencerahan Amerika diketahui oleh aktivisme politiknya dan kemajuan dalam bidang fizik? || Benjamin Franklin <> Adakah pertukaran kebudayaan semasa Zaman Pencerahan secara eksklusif ke Amerika atau melakukan maklumat perjalanan di kedua-dua arah, kembali ke Atlantik ke Eropah? || kedua arah <> Sebagai hutan, Amerika dipengaruhi oleh gagasan yang mana dua pengikut Pencerahan? || John Toland (1670-1722) dan Matthew Tindal (1656-1733) <> Percubaan untuk mendamaikan mana dua bidang menyebabkan penolakan nubuatan yang meluas? || sains dan agama <> Semua aspek supranatural telah dihapuskan dari mana Thomas Paine bekerja? || The Age of Reason", {"qas": [{"question": "Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?", "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8e", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Franklin", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?", "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a8f", "answers": [{"text": "both directions", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?", "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a90", "answers": [{"text": "John Toland (1670\u20131722) and Matthew Tindal (1656\u20131733)", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?", "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a91", "answers": [{"text": "science and religion", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?", "id": "571096f2a58dae1900cd6a92", "answers": [{"text": "The Age of Reason", "answer_start": 1005}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke, and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu. As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670\u20131722) and Matthew Tindal (1656\u20131733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance. Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism \u2013 especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible \u2013 from which all supernatural aspects were removed."}], ["Jurnal ilmiah dan sastera pertama ditubuhkan semasa Pencerahan. Jurnal pertama, Paris Journal des S\u00e7avans, muncul pada tahun 1665. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak sampai 1682 bahawa terbitan berkala mula dihasilkan secara meluas. Bahasa Perancis dan Latin adalah bahasa penerbitan yang dominan, tetapi terdapat juga permintaan yang mantap untuk bahan dalam bahasa Jerman dan Belanda. Pada umumnya terdapat permintaan yang rendah untuk penerbitan Bahasa Inggeris di Benua, yang disuarakan oleh kekurangan keinginan Inggeris yang sama untuk kerja-kerja Perancis. Bahasa yang menguasai kurang dari pasaran antarabangsa - seperti Denmark, Sepanyol dan Portugis - menjumpai kejayaan jurnal lebih sukar, dan lebih kerap daripada tidak, bahasa yang lebih antarabangsa digunakan sebaliknya. Perancis secara perlahan mengambil alih status Latin sebagai lingua franca dari kalangan yang dipelajari. Ini seterusnya memberi keutamaan kepada industri penerbitan di Holland, di mana majoriti terbitan majalah Perancis ini dihasilkan. <> Semasa pergerakan adalah jurnal saintifik dan sastera pertama yang ditubuhkan? || Pencerahan <> Apakah tajuk jurnal saintifik dan sastera pertama? || Paris Journal des S\u00e7avans <> Dalam tahun apakah jurnal saintifik dan sastera pertama muncul? || 1665 <> Yang mana dua bahasa yang paling dominan dalam bahasa penerbitan sains dan sastera? || Perancis dan Latin <> Di manakah majoriti terbitan berkala bahasa Perancis dihasilkan? || Holland", {"qas": [{"question": "During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?", "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2c", "answers": [{"text": "the Enlightenment", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?", "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2d", "answers": [{"text": "the Parisian Journal des S\u00e7avans", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?", "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2e", "answers": [{"text": "1665", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?", "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a2f", "answers": [{"text": "French and Latin", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?", "id": "57108ff2a58dae1900cd6a30", "answers": [{"text": "Holland", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des S\u00e7avans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch. There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent, which was echoed by England's similar lack of desire for French works. Languages commanding less of an international market \u2013 such as Danish, Spanish and Portuguese \u2013 found journal success more difficult, and more often than not, a more international language was used instead. French slowly took over Latin's status as the lingua franca of learned circles. This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland, where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced."}], ["Semasa Zaman Pencerahan, Freemasons terdiri daripada rangkaian antarabangsa orang-orang yang suka berfikir, sering bertemu secara rahsia dalam program ritualistik di pondok-pondok mereka. mereka mempromosikan cita-cita Pencerahan, dan membantu menyebar nilai-nilai di seluruh Britain dan Perancis dan tempat-tempat lain. Freemasonry sebagai kepercayaan sistematik dengan mitos, nilai-nilai dan set ritualnya yang berasal dari Scotland sekitar 1600 dan menyebar pertama ke England dan kemudian melintasi Benua pada abad kelapan belas. Mereka memupuk kod tingkah laku baru - termasuk pemahaman komuniti tentang kebebasan dan persamaan yang diwarisi dari kebiasaan yang bersekutu - \"kebebasan, persaudaraan, dan kesaksamaan\" Tentera tentera Scotland dan Jacobite Scots dibawa ke cita-cita keanggotaan Benua yang tidak menggambarkan sistem tempatan adat istiadat Scotland tetapi institusi dan cita-cita yang berasal dari Revolusi Inggeris terhadap absolutisme kerajaan. Freemasonry sangat berleluasa di Perancis - menjelang tahun 1789, mungkin terdapat sebanyak 100,000 Mason Perancis, menjadikan Freemasonry yang paling popular dari semua persatuan Pencerahan. Freemason memaparkan semangat kerahsiaan dan mencipta gelaran dan upacara baru. Pertubuhan serupa, sebahagiannya meniru Freemasonry, muncul di Perancis, Jerman, Sweden dan Rusia. Contohnya adalah \"Illuminati\" yang diasaskan di Bavaria pada 1776, yang disalin selepas Freemason tetapi tidak pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada pergerakan itu. Illuminati adalah kumpulan politik yang terang-terangan, yang mana kebanyakan pondok Masonik tidak jelas. <> Dimana Freemasonry berasal? || Scotland <> Dimana Freemasonry mula tersebar? || England <> Di negara mana Freemaonry terutamanya lazim? || Perancis <> Apa yang paling popular dari semua persatuan Pencerahan? || Freemasonry <> Kumpulan mana yang disalin dari Freemason dan diasaskan di Bavaria pada tahun 1776? || Illuminati", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Freemasonry originate?", "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9a9", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Freemasonry first spread?", "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9aa", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?", "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9ab", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?", "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9ac", "answers": [{"text": "Freemasonry", "answer_start": 890}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?", "id": "5710947eb654c5140001f9ad", "answers": [{"text": "Illuminati", "answer_start": 1281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed with its own myths, values and set of rituals originated in Scotland around 1600 and spread first to England and then across the Continent in the eighteenth century. They fostered new codes of conduct \u2013 including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability \u2013 \"liberty, fraternity, and equality\" Scottish soldiers and Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism. Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France \u2013 by 1789, there were perhaps as many as 100,000 French Masons, making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations. The Freemasons displayed a passion for secrecy and created new degrees and ceremonies. Similar societies, partially imitating Freemasonry, emerged in France, Germany, Sweden and Russia. One example was the \"Illuminati\" founded in Bavaria in 1776, which was copied after the Freemasons but was never part of the movement. The Illuminati was an overtly political group, which most Masonic lodges decidedly were not."}], ["\"Pencerahan Radikal\" mempromosikan konsep memisahkan gereja dan negara, idea yang sering dikreditkan kepada ahli falsafah Inggeris John Locke (1632-1704). Mengikut prinsip kontrak sosialnya, Locke mengatakan bahawa kerajaan tidak mempunyai kuasa dalam alam hati nurani individu, kerana ini adalah sesuatu yang rasional orang tidak dapat menyerah kepada kerajaan untuk itu atau orang lain untuk mengawal. Bagi Locke, ini mencipta hak semulajadi dalam kebebasan hati nurani, yang menurutnya mesti dilindungi oleh mana-mana pihak berkuasa kerajaan. <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan konsep pemisahan gereja dan negeri? || John Locke <> Istilah mana yang menggambarkan pergerakan John Locke ke gereja dan negeri yang berasingan? || \"Pencerahan Radikal\" <> Dalam tahun apakah John Locke dilahirkan? || 1632 <> Dalam apa keadaan John Locke merasakan kerajaan tidak berkuasa? || alam keperibadian individu", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?", "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad4", "answers": [{"text": "John Locke", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?", "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad5", "answers": [{"text": "The \"Radical Enlightenment\"", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was John Locke born?", "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad6", "answers": [{"text": "1632", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?", "id": "5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad7", "answers": [{"text": "the realm of individual conscience", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The \"Radical Enlightenment\" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632\u20131704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority."}], ["Penerbitan Pencerahan paling berpengaruh adalah Encyclop\u00e9die, disusun oleh Denis Diderot dan (hingga 1759) oleh Jean le Rond d'Alembert dan sekumpulan 150 saintis dan ahli falsafah. Ia diterbitkan antara 1751 dan 1772 dalam tiga puluh lima jilid, dan menyebarkan idea-idea Pencerahan di seluruh Eropah dan seterusnya. Penerbitan mercu tanda lain adalah falsafah Dictionnaire (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) dan Surat pada bahasa Inggeris (1733) yang ditulis oleh Voltaire; Wacana Rousseau mengenai Ketidaksamaan (1754) dan Kontrak Sosial (1762); dan Roh Undang-undang Montesquieu (1748). Idea Pencerahan memainkan peranan utama dalam mengilhami Revolusi Perancis, yang bermula pada 1789. Selepas Revolusi, Pencerahan diikuti oleh pergerakan intelektual yang menentang dikenali sebagai Romantikisme. <> Apakah penerbitan yang paling berpengaruh dalam Pencerahan? || Encyclop\u00e9die <> The Encyclopedie terdiri daripada berapa banyak jilid? || Tiga puluh lima <> Voltaire menulis Surat pada Bahasa Inggeris dalam tahun berapa? || 1733 <> Bilakah Wacana Rousseau mengenai ketidaksamaan diterbitkan? || 1754 <> Tahun apakah revolusi Perancis bermula? || 1789", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?", "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9d7", "answers": [{"text": "the Encyclop\u00e9die", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?", "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9d8", "answers": [{"text": "thirty-five", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?", "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9d9", "answers": [{"text": "1733", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?", "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9da", "answers": [{"text": "1754", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the French Revolution begin?", "id": "57109ebeb654c5140001f9db", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclop\u00e9die, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications were the Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and Letters on the English (1733) written by Voltaire; Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract (1762); and Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws (1748). The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an opposing intellectual movement known as Romanticism."}], ["Pada pertengahan abad ke-18, Paris menjadi pusat ledakan aktiviti falsafah dan saintifik yang mencabar doktrin dan dogma tradisional. Pergerakan filsafat diketuai oleh Voltaire dan Jean-Jacques Rousseau, yang berhujah untuk masyarakat berdasarkan alasan dan bukannya doktrin iman dan doktrin Katolik, untuk perintah sivil yang baru berdasarkan undang-undang alam, dan untuk sains berdasarkan eksperimen dan pemerhatian. Ahli falsafah politik Montesquieu memperkenalkan idea pemisahan kuasa dalam kerajaan, sebuah konsep yang digembar-tangani oleh pengarang Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Walaupun Falsafah Pencerahan Perancis bukanlah revolusioner, dan ramai yang menjadi ahli bangsawan, idea mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam melemahkan legitimasi Rejim Lama dan membentuk Revolusi Perancis. <> Yang mana bandar pada pertengahan abad ke-18 menjadi pusat ledakan kegiatan filsafat dan saintifik? || Paris <> Siapa dua pemimpin gerakan falsafah Paris? || Voltaire dan Jean-Jacques Rousseau <> Rousseau berhujah untuk masyarakat berdasarkan apa, bukan iman? || Alasan <> Filsuf mana yang memperkenalkan idea pemisahan kuasa dalam kerajaan? || Idea Montesquieu <> Montesquieu telah diterima dengan penuh semangat oleh pengarang apa dokumen Amerika? || Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?", "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9cd", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?", "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9ce", "answers": [{"text": "Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?", "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9cf", "answers": [{"text": "reason", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?", "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9d0", "answers": [{"text": "Montesquieu", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?", "id": "57109e32b654c5140001f9d1", "answers": [{"text": "the United States Constitution", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries, and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution."}], ["Pencerahan - yang dikenali dalam bahasa Perancis sebagai Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res, Abad Pencerahan, dan dalam bahasa Jerman sebagai Aufkl\u00e4rung - adalah gerakan falsafah yang menguasai dunia idea-idea di Eropah pada abad ke-18. Pencerahan itu termasuk pelbagai idea yang berpusat pada sebab sebagai sumber utama kuasa dan kesahihan, dan datang untuk memajukan cita-cita seperti kebebasan, kemajuan, toleransi, persaudaraan, kerajaan perlembagaan dan menamatkan penyalahgunaan gereja dan negara. Di Perancis, doktrin pusat Lumi\u00e8res adalah kebebasan individu dan toleransi agama, bertentangan dengan prinsip monarki mutlak dan dogma tetap Gereja Roman Katolik. Pencerahan itu ditandai dengan peningkatan empirisisme, kekukuhan saintifik, dan reduksionisme, bersama dengan peningkatan persoalan ortodoks keagamaan. <> Bagaimana Pencerahan diketahui dalam bahasa Perancis? || Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res <> Pergerakan mana yang menguasai dunia idea-idea di Eropah pada abad ke-18? || Pencerahan <> Di Perancis, apakah doktrin-doktrin pusat bagi Lumieres? || kebebasan individu dan toleransi agama <> Prinsip monarki mutlak kumpulan mana bertentangan dengan yang mengikuti Pencerahan? || Gereja Katolik Roma", {"qas": [{"question": "How was the Enlightenment known in French?", "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c5", "answers": [{"text": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?", "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c6", "answers": [{"text": "The Enlightenment", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?", "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c7", "answers": [{"text": "individual liberty and religious tolerance", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?", "id": "57109d6bb654c5140001f9c8", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Enlightenment \u2013 known in French as the Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufkl\u00e4rung \u2013 was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumi\u00e8res were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy."}], ["Terdapat dua garis pemikiran Pencerahan yang berbeza: pencerahan radikal, diilhamkan oleh falsafah Spinoza, menyokong demokrasi, kebebasan individu, kebebasan bersuara, dan pembasmian kuasa agama; dan yang kedua, lebih sederhana, disokong oleh Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton dan lain-lain, yang mencari tempat tinggal antara pembaharuan dan sistem kuasa dan kepercayaan tradisional. Kedua-dua pemikiran ini ditentang oleh Kaunter Pencerahan yang konservatif. <> Apakah nama kumpulan konservatif yang menentang Pencerahan? || Pencerahan Kaunter. <> Pencerahan radikal diilhamkan oleh falsafah yang mana? || Spinoza <> Filsafat Pencerahan mana yang menyokong demokrasi, kebebasan individu, kebebasan bersuara, dan pembasmian kuasa agama? || Spinoza <> Para ahli falsafah Pencerahan mana yang mencari penginapan antara pembaharuan dan sistem kuasa dan kepercayaan tradisional? || Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton dan lain-lain", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?", "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e1", "answers": [{"text": "Counter-Enlightenment.", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?", "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e2", "answers": [{"text": "Spinoza", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?", "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e3", "answers": [{"text": "Spinoza", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?", "id": "57109f6eb654c5140001f9e4", "answers": [{"text": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others, which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith. Both lines of thought were opposed by the conservative Counter-Enlightenment."}], ["Lawan utama Freemasonry adalah Gereja Roman Katolik, sehingga di negara-negara dengan elemen Katolik yang besar, seperti Perancis, Itali, Spanyol, dan Mexico, banyak keganasan pertempuran politik melibatkan konfrontasi antara yang disebut Davies Gereja reaksioner dan Freemasonry yang tercerahkan. Malah di Perancis, Mason tidak bertindak sebagai satu kumpulan. Sejarawan Amerika, sambil menyatakan bahawa Benjamin Franklin dan George Washington sebenarnya Mason aktif, telah menurunkan kepentingan Freemasonry dalam menyebabkan Revolusi Amerika kerana perintah Masonik bukan politik dan termasuk kedua-dua Patriot dan musuh mereka yang Loyalis. <> Siapa yang menjadi lawan utama Freemasonry? || Gereja Roman Katolik <> Negara mana yang mempunyai unsur Katolik yang besar dan oleh itu mempunyai konfrontasi dengan Freemason? || Perancis, Itali, Sepanyol, dan Mexico <> Adakah ahli sejarah Amerika memandang rendah atau menilai kepentingan Freemasonry dalam menyebabkan Revolusi Amerika? || downplay <> Siapa musuh politik para Patriot? || Para Loyalists <> Adakah Mason politik atau bukan politik dalam Revolusi Amerika? || bukan politik", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?", "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6aca", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?", "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6acb", "answers": [{"text": "France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?", "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6acc", "answers": [{"text": "downplay", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?", "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6acd", "answers": [{"text": "the Loyalists", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?", "id": "57109c92a58dae1900cd6ace", "answers": [{"text": "non-political", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in France, Masons did not act as a group. American historians, while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons, have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists."}], ["Genre yang sangat meningkat adalah kesusasteraan saintifik. Sejarah semula jadi khususnya menjadi semakin popular di kalangan kelas atas. Kerja-kerja sejarah semula jadi termasuk Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur's Histoire naturelle des insects dan Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie compl\u00e8te, ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain (1746). Di luar wilayah Perancis, sejarah semula jadi merupakan bahagian penting dalam bidang perubatan dan industri, yang merangkumi bidang botani, zoologi, meteorologi, hidrologi dan mineralogi. Pelajar-pelajar di universiti Pencerahan dan akademi diajarkan mata pelajaran ini untuk mempersiapkan mereka untuk kerjaya yang pelbagai seperti perubatan dan teologi. Seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh M D Eddy, sejarah semulajadi dalam konteks ini adalah mengejar kelas yang sangat sederhana dan dikendalikan sebagai zon perdagangan yang subur untuk pertukaran interdisipliner pelbagai idea ilmiah. <> Adakah sejarah semula jadi khususnya semakin popular di kalangan kelas atas atau kelas bawah? || atas <> Jenis sejarah mana yang merangkumi botani, zoologi, meteorolgy, hidrologi, dan mineralogi? || sejarah semulajadi <> Siapa yang menulis Histoire naturelle des insectes? || Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur", {"qas": [{"question": "Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?", "id": "57109988a58dae1900cd6aba", "answers": [{"text": "upper", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?", "id": "57109988a58dae1900cd6abb", "answers": [{"text": "natural history", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?", "id": "57109988a58dae1900cd6abc", "answers": [{"text": "Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie compl\u00e8te, ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain (1746). Outside ancien r\u00e9gime France, natural history was an important part of medicine and industry, encompassing the fields of botany, zoology, meteorology, hydrology and mineralogy. Students in Enlightenment universities and academies were taught these subjects to prepare them for careers as diverse as medicine and theology. As shown by M D Eddy, natural history in this context was a very middle class pursuit and operated as a fertile trading zone for the interdisciplinary exchange of diverse scientific ideas."}], ["Beberapa idea baru tentang agama yang dibangunkan dengan Pencerahan, termasuk Deism dan ceramah ateisme. Deism, menurut Thomas Paine, adalah kepercayaan sederhana kepada Tuhan Pencipta, tanpa rujukan kepada Alkitab atau sumber ajaib lain. Sebaliknya, Deist bergantung semata-mata atas sebab peribadi untuk membimbing kepercayaannya, yang sangat disenangi oleh ramai pemikir pada masa itu. Ateisme banyak dibincangkan, tetapi terdapat sedikit penyokong. Wilson dan Reill menyatakan bahawa, \"Sebenarnya, sedikit intelektual yang tercerahkan, walaupun mereka adalah pengkritik Kristian, adalah atheis sejati, malah mereka adalah pengkritik kepercayaan ortodoks, lebih tepat daripada skeptisisme, deisme, vitalisme, atau mungkin pantheisme. \" Ada yang mengikuti Pierre Bayle dan berpendapat bahawa ateis memang boleh menjadi lelaki moral. Ramai yang lain seperti Voltaire berpendapat bahawa tanpa kepercayaan pada Tuhan yang menghukum kejahatan, tata cara moral masyarakat telah merosot. Itulah, kerana ateis tidak menyerahkan diri kepada Pihak Berkuasa Tertinggi dan tidak ada undang-undang, dan tidak takut akan akibat abadi, mereka lebih cenderung mengganggu masyarakat. Bayle (1647-1706) memerhatikan bahawa pada zamannya, \"orang yang berhemah akan sentiasa mengekalkan rupa [agama].\". Dia percaya bahawa walaupun atheis boleh memegang konsep kehormatan dan melampaui kepentingan diri sendiri untuk mencipta dan berinteraksi dalam masyarakat. Locke mengatakan bahawa jika tidak ada Tuhan dan tidak ada hukum ilahi, hasilnya akan menjadi anarki moral: setiap individu \"tidak mempunyai undang-undang tetapi kehendaknya sendiri, tidak ada akhir tetapi dirinya sendiri. Dia akan menjadi tuhan untuk dirinya sendiri, dan kepuasannya sendiri akan langkah tunggal dan akhir semua tindakannya \". <> Menurut Thomas Paine, apakah definisi Deism? || kepercayaan sederhana kepada Tuhan Pencipta, tanpa rujukan kepada Alkitab atau sumber ajaib yang lain <> Filsuf mana yang berpendapat bahawa ateis memang boleh menjadi lelaki moral? || Pierre Bayle <> Filsuf mana yang berpendapat bahawa tanpa kepercayaan pada Tuhan yang menghukum kejahatan, tata cara moral masyarakat telah merosot? || Voltaire <> Siapa yang merasakan bahawa sejak ateis tidak memberi diri mereka sebagai Pihak Berkuasa Tertinggi dan tiada undang-undang, mereka lebih cenderung untuk mengganggu masyarakat? || Voltaire", {"qas": [{"question": "According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?", "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adc", "answers": [{"text": "the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?", "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6add", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Bayle", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?", "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6ade", "answers": [{"text": "Voltaire", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?", "id": "5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adf", "answers": [{"text": "Voltaire", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, which was eminently agreeable to many thinkers of the time. Atheism was much discussed, but there were few proponents. Wilson and Reill note that, \"In fact, very few enlightened intellectuals, even when they were vocal critics of Christianity, were true atheists. Rather, they were critics of orthodox belief, wedded rather to skepticism, deism, vitalism, or perhaps pantheism.\" Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men. Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined. That is, since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law, and had no fear of eternal consequences, they were far more likely to disrupt society. Bayle (1647\u20131706) observed that in his day, \"prudent persons will always maintain an appearance of [religion].\". He believed that even atheists could hold concepts of honor and go beyond their own self-interest to create and interact in society. Locke said that if there were no God and no divine law, the result would be moral anarchy: every individual \"could have no law but his own will, no end but himself. He would be a god to himself, and the satisfaction of his own will the sole measure and end of all his actions\"."}], ["Pondok Masonik mencipta model peribadi untuk hal ehwal awam. Mereka \"membina semula politi dan membentuk satu bentuk perlembagaan mandatori, lengkap dengan perlembagaan dan undang-undang, pemilihan dan wakil.\" Dengan kata lain, mikro-masyarakat yang ditubuhkan di dalam pondok-pondok itu merupakan model normatif untuk masyarakat keseluruhannya. Ini terutama berlaku di benua: apabila pondok-pondok pertama mula muncul pada 1730-an, perwujudan nilai-nilai British sering dilihat sebagai ancaman oleh pihak berkuasa negeri. Sebagai contoh, rumah persinggahan Paris yang ditemui pada pertengahan tahun 1720-an terdiri daripada orang-orang buangan Inggeris Jacobite. Tambahan pula, freemason di seluruh Eropah secara jelas menghubungkan diri dengan Pencerahan secara keseluruhan. Di rumah persinggahan Perancis, contohnya, \"Sebagai cara untuk diterangi saya mencari pencerahan\" adalah sebahagian daripada upacara inisiasi mereka. Pondok-pondok British menugaskan diri mereka untuk \"memulakan yang tidak tercerahkan\". Ini tidak semestinya menghubungkan pondok-pondok kepada orang-orang yang tidak beragama, tetapi tidak mengecualikan mereka daripada sesat yang sesekali. Sebenarnya, banyak lodge memuji Arkitek Besar, istilah masonik untuk makhluk dewa deistik yang mencipta alam semesta yang diperintahkan secara saintifik. <> Dalam apa dekad apakah masjid Masonik pertama muncul di Benua? || 1730s <> The perwujudan Freemason tentang nilai-nilai negara apa yang dilihat sebagai ancaman oleh pihak berkuasa Tentara? || British <> Yang lodge yang ditemui pada pertengahan tahun 1720-an terdiri daripada orang-orang buangan Inggeris Jacobite? || Rumah persinggahan di Paris <> Yang pondok-pondok yang menempatkan diri mereka sebagai kewajipan untuk \"memulihkan yang tidak tercerahkan\"? || British <> Apakah istilah masonik untuk makhluk ilahi deistik yang mencipta alam semesta yang disusun secara saintifik? || Arkitek Besar", {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?", "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac0", "answers": [{"text": "1730s", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?", "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac1", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?", "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac2", "answers": [{"text": "the Parisian lodge", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to \"initate the unenlightened\"?", "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac3", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?", "id": "57109aada58dae1900cd6ac4", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Architect", "answer_start": 1085}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They \"reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives.\" In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. In French lodges, for example, the line \"As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened\" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to \"initiate the unenlightened\". This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious, but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy. In fact, many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe."}], ["Kedai kopi mewakili titik perubahan dalam sejarah di mana orang mendapati bahawa mereka boleh menikmati kehidupan sosial yang menyeronokkan di dalam komuniti mereka. Coffeeshops menjadi rumah jauh dari rumah untuk ramai yang mencari, untuk kali pertama, untuk melibatkan diri dalam wacana dengan jiran-jiran mereka dan membincangkan hal-hal yang menarik dan pemikiran, terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan falsafah kepada politik. Kedai kopi adalah penting untuk Pencerahan, kerana mereka adalah pusat pemikiran bebas dan penemuan diri. Walaupun banyak pelanggan kedai kopi adalah sarjana, banyak yang tidak. Kedai Kopi menarik pelbagai orang, termasuk bukan sahaja yang berpendidikan yang kaya tetapi juga ahli-ahli borjuasi dan kelas yang lebih rendah. Walaupun kelihatan positif bahawa para pelanggan, sebagai doktor, peguam, peniaga, dll. Mewakili hampir semua kelas, persekitaran coffeeshop mencetuskan rasa takut pada mereka yang berusaha mempertahankan perbezaan kelas. Salah satu kritikan yang paling popular di kedai kopi itu mendakwa bahawa ia \"membenarkan persatuan rancak di kalangan orang-orang dari tangga yang berbeza dari tangga sosial, dari tukang kepada aristokrat\" dan oleh itu dibandingkan dengan Nuh Ark, menerima semua jenis binatang, bersih atau tidak suci . Budaya unik ini berfungsi sebagai pemangkin kewartawanan apabila Joseph Addison dan Richard Steele mengiktiraf potensinya sebagai penonton. Bersama-sama, Steele dan Addison menerbitkan The Spectator (1711), penerbitan harian yang bertujuan, melalui narator fiksyen Mr Spectator, untuk menghibur dan mencetuskan perbincangan mengenai perkara-perkara falsafah yang serius. <> Tempat mana yang mewakili titik perubahan dalam sejarah di mana orang mendapati bahawa mereka boleh menikmati kehidupan sosial yang menyenangkan dalam komuniti mereka? || Coffeehouses <> Coffehouses adalah penting untuk pergerakan apa dengan menjadi pusat pemikiran bebas dan penemuan diri? || Pencerahan <> Pada tahun apakah Penerbit itu diterbitkan? || 1711 <> Yang kerja sastera menggunakan narator fiksyen Mr Spectator untuk menghiburkan dan mencetuskan perbincangan mengenai perkara falsafah yang serius? || The Spectator", {"qas": [{"question": "Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?", "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9bd", "answers": [{"text": "Coffeehouses", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?", "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9be", "answers": [{"text": "the Enlightenment", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was The Spectator published?", "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9bf", "answers": [{"text": "1711", "answer_start": 1387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?", "id": "57109b90b654c5140001f9c0", "answers": [{"text": "The Spectator", "answer_start": 1372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking matters, especially those regarding philosophy to politics. Coffeehouses were essential to the Enlightenment, for they were centers of free-thinking and self-discovery. Although many coffeehouse patrons were scholars, a great deal were not. Coffeehouses attracted a diverse set of people, including not only the educated wealthy but also members of the bourgeoisie and the lower class. While it may seem positive that patrons, being doctors, lawyers, merchants, etc. represented almost all classes, the coffeeshop environment sparked fear in those who sought to preserve class distinction. One of the most popular critiques of the coffeehouse claimed that it \"allowed promiscuous association among people from different rungs of the social ladder, from the artisan to the aristocrat\" and was therefore compared to Noah's Ark, receiving all types of animals, clean or unclean. This unique culture served as a catalyst for journalism when Joseph Addison and Richard Steele recognized its potential as an audience. Together, Steele and Addison published The Spectator (1711), a daily publication which aimed, through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator, both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters."}], ["Psikologi pendidikan utama sejak tahun 1750-an dan seterusnya, terutamanya di negara-negara Eropah utara adalah persatuan, ide yang berfikiran atau mengaitkan idea melalui rutin yang berulang. Di samping menjadi kondusif kepada ideologi Kebebasan Pencerahan, penentuan nasib sendiri dan tanggungjawab peribadi, ia menawarkan teori praktikal tentang minda yang membolehkan guru mengubah bentuk budaya cetak dan manuskrip yang telah lama menjadi alat pembelajaran grafik yang berkesan untuk pesanan yang lebih rendah dan menengah daripada masyarakat. Kanak-kanak diajar untuk menghafal fakta melalui kaedah lisan dan grafik yang berasal dari Renaissance. <> Bagaimana persatuan dapat ditakrifkan? || tanggapan bahawa minda mengaitkan atau memisahkan idea melalui rutin berulang <> Apa psikologi pendidikan yang utama dari tahun 1750-an? || persatuan, <> Kanak-kanak diajar untuk menghafal fakta melalui kaedah yang berasal dari masa yang mana? || Renaissance", {"qas": [{"question": "How can associationism be defined?", "id": "5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af6", "answers": [{"text": "the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?", "id": "5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af7", "answers": [{"text": "associationism,", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?", "id": "5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af8", "answers": [{"text": "the Renaissance", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsibility, it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance."}], ["Cesare Beccaria, seorang ahli hukum dan salah seorang penulis Pencerahan yang hebat, menjadi terkenal dengan karya-karya beliau tentang Kejahatan dan Penghukuman (1764), yang kemudian diterjemahkan ke dalam 22 bahasa. Satu lagi intelektual yang terkenal ialah Francesco Mario Pagano, yang menulis kajian-kajian penting seperti Saggi Politici (Essay Politik, 1783), salah satu karya utama Pencerahan di Naples, dan Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Pertimbangan pada percobaan jenayah, 1787), yang menubuhkan beliau sebagai pihak berkuasa antarabangsa mengenai undang-undang jenayah. <> Untuk mana karya Cesare Beccaria menjadi terkenal? || Kejahatan dan Penghukuman (1764) <> Ke dalam berapa banyak bahasa adalah Kejahatan dan Penghukuman Cesare Beccaria (1764)? || 22 <> Kerja manakah yang menubuhkan Francesco Mario Pagano sebagai pihak berkuasa antarabangsa mengenai undang-undang jenayah? || Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Pertimbangan mengenai perbicaraan jenayah, 1787) <> Dalam tahun apakah Francesco Mario Pagano menerbitkan Saggi Politici? || 1783", {"qas": [{"question": "For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?", "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b06", "answers": [{"text": "Crimes and Punishments (1764)", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?", "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b07", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?", "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b08", "answers": [{"text": "Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?", "id": "5710de24a58dae1900cd6b09", "answers": [{"text": "1783", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples, and Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law."}], ["Banyak universiti terkemuka yang berkaitan dengan prinsip-prinsip progresif Pencerahan terletak di Eropah Utara, dengan yang paling terkenal ialah universiti Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala dan Edinburgh. Universiti-universiti ini, terutamanya Edinburgh, menghasilkan profesor yang ideanya mempunyai kesan yang besar terhadap koloni Amerika Utara di Amerika Syarikat dan, kemudian, Republik Amerika. Di dalam sains semulajadi, perubatan Edinburgh juga membawa cara dalam bidang kimia, anatomi dan farmakologi. Di bahagian lain di Eropah, universiti-universiti dan sekolah-sekolah Perancis dan kebanyakan Eropah adalah benteng-benteng tradisionalisme dan tidak ramah kepada Pencerahan. Di Perancis, pengecualian utama ialah universiti perubatan di Montpellier. <> Di manakah banyak universiti utama yang berkaitan dengan prinsip-prinsip progresif Pencerahan yang terletak? || Eropah utara <> Yang enam universiti paling terkenal di Eropah utara? || Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala dan Edinburgh <> Universiti mana, terutamanya, menghasilkan profesor yang ideanya mempunyai kesan yang besar terhadap koloni? || Edinburgh <> Antara universiti di Perancis adalah pengecualian dan ramah kepada Pencerahan? || universiti perubatan di Montpellier", {"qas": [{"question": "Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?", "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6aee", "answers": [{"text": "northern Europe", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?", "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6aef", "answers": [{"text": "Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?", "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6af0", "answers": [{"text": "Edinburgh", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710a972a58dae1900cd6af1", "answers": [{"text": "the medical university at Montpellier", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France, the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier."}], ["Ketika para pemuzik bergantung lebih banyak kepada sokongan orang ramai, konsert awam menjadi semakin popular dan membantu pendapatan tambahan para penghasil dan komposer. Konsert juga membantu mereka untuk mencapai khalayak yang lebih luas. Sebagai contoh, Handel melambangkannya dengan aktiviti muziknya yang sangat awam di London. Beliau mendapat perhatian besar di sana dengan persembahan opera dan oratoriosnya. Muzik Haydn dan Mozart, dengan gaya klasik Viennese mereka, biasanya dianggap sebagai yang paling sesuai dengan cita-cita Pencerahan. <> Siapakah pendapatan yang mendapat konsert awam membantu sokongan? || penyanyi 'dan komposer' <> Handel mendapat kemasyhuran yang besar dengan persembahan daripada apa jenis dua karya artistik? || opera dan oratorios <> Yang mana dua komposer biasanya dianggap sebagai yang paling sesuai dengan cita-cita Pencerahan? || Haydn dan Mozart <> Apa gaya muzik yang berkongsi Haydn dan Mozart? || Viennese Classical", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose incomes did public concerts help support?", "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f1", "answers": [{"text": "performers' and composers'", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?", "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f2", "answers": [{"text": "operas and oratorios", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?", "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f3", "answers": [{"text": "Haydn and Mozart", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?", "id": "5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f4", "answers": [{"text": "Viennese Classical", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios. The music of Haydn and Mozart, with their Viennese Classical styles, are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals."}], ["Perkataan \"awam\" menyiratkan tahap inklabiliti tertinggi - sfera awam mengikut definisi harus terbuka kepada semua. Walau bagaimanapun, bidang ini hanya terbuka kepada darjah relatif. Pemikir pencerahan sering membezakan konsep mereka tentang \"orang awam\" dengan orang-orang: Condorcet membezakan \"pendapat\" dengan penduduk, Marmontel \"pendapat orang-orang surat\" dengan \"pendapat orang banyak\" dan d'Alembert yang \" orang awam \"dengan\" orang ramai yang buta dan bising \". Di samping itu, kebanyakan institusi sfera awam tidak termasuk wanita dan golongan yang lebih rendah. Pengaruh silang kelas berlaku melalui penyertaan kelas mulia dan rendah dalam bidang seperti kedai kopi dan pondok Masonik. <> Kumpulan populasi Whixh dikecualikan daripada kebanyakan institusi awam? || wanita dan kelas rendah <> Yang mana dua kawasan mengalami pengaruh silang-silang melalui penyertaan kelas yang mulia dan rendah? || kedai kopi dan rumah-rumah Masonik <> Marmontel membezakan \"pendapat orang-orang surat\" dengan apa? || \"pendapat orang ramai,\" <> d'Alembert membezakan \"orang yang benar-benar tercerahkan\" dengan siapa? || \"orang ramai yang buta dan bising\"", {"qas": [{"question": "Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?", "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9e9", "answers": [{"text": "women and the lower classes", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?", "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ea", "answers": [{"text": "coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Marmontel contrasted \"the opinion of men of letters\" with what?", "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9eb", "answers": [{"text": "\"the opinion of the multitude,\"", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "d'Alembert contrasted the \"truly enlightened public\" with whom?", "id": "5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ec", "answers": [{"text": "\"the blind and noisy multitude\"", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity \u2013 the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted \"opinion\" with populace, Marmontel \"the opinion of men of letters\" with \"the opinion of the multitude,\" and d'Alembert the \"truly enlightened public\" with \"the blind and noisy multitude\". Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes. Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, contoh karya rujukan utama yang mengetengahkan pengetahuan saintifik di zaman Pencerahan adalah ensiklopedia sejagat dan bukan kamus teknikal. Adalah matlamat ensiklopedia sejagat untuk merekodkan semua pengetahuan manusia dalam karya rujukan komprehensif. Yang paling terkenal dalam karya-karya ini ialah Encik Diderot dan Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers. Kerja-kerja yang mula diterbitkan pada tahun 1751, terdiri daripada tiga puluh lima jilid dan lebih daripada 71 000 entri berasingan. Sejumlah besar penyertaan telah didedikasikan untuk menggambarkan sains dan kraf secara terperinci, dan menyediakan intelektual di seluruh Eropah dengan tinjauan pengetahuan manusia yang bermutu tinggi. Dalam Wacana Awal d'Alembert ke Ensiklopedia Diderot, matlamat kerja untuk merekodkan sejauh mana pengetahuan manusia dalam bidang seni dan sains digariskan: <> Apakah contoh utama karya rujukan yang menstabilkan pengetahuan saintifik dalam zaman Pencerahan? || encyclopedias sejagat <> Apakah matlamat ensiklopedia sejagat? || untuk merakam semua pengetahuan manusia dalam karya rujukan komprehensif <> Ensiklopedia sejagat yang mana yang mula diterbitkan pada tahun 1751 dan terdiri daripada 35 jilid dan lebih daripada 71,000 penyertaan berasingan? || Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers <> Dalam apa kerja adalah matlamat untuk merekod sejauh mana pengetahuan manusia dalam bidang seni dan ilmu yang digariskan? || Wacana Permulaan kepada Ensiklopedia Diderot <> Siapa yang menulis Wacana Awal kepada Ensiklopedia Diderot? || d'Alembert's", {"qas": [{"question": "What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?", "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa03", "answers": [{"text": "universal encyclopedias", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?", "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa04", "answers": [{"text": "to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?", "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa05", "answers": [{"text": "Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?", "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa06", "answers": [{"text": "Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?", "id": "5710ab2eb654c5140001fa07", "answers": [{"text": "d'Alembert's", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers. The work, which began publication in 1751, was composed of thirty-five volumes and over 71 000 separate entries. A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail, and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high-quality survey of human knowledge. In d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, the work's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined:"}], ["Sains datang untuk memainkan peranan utama dalam wacana Pencerahan dan pemikiran. Ramai penulis dan pemikir pencerahan mempunyai latar belakang dalam sains dan kemajuan saintifik yang berkaitan dengan menggulingkan agama dan pihak berkuasa tradisional yang memihak kepada perkembangan ucapan dan pemikiran bebas. Kemajuan saintifik selama Pencerahan termasuk penemuan karbon dioksida (udara tetap) oleh kimiawan Joseph Black, argumen untuk waktu yang mendalam oleh ahli geologi James Hutton, dan penemuan mesin uap oleh James Watt. Eksperimen Lavoisier digunakan untuk menghasilkan tanaman kimia moden yang pertama di Paris, dan eksperimen Montgolfier Brothers membolehkan mereka melancarkan penerbangan berawak pertama dalam belon udara panas pada 21 November 1783, dari Ch\u00e2teau de la Muette, dekat Bois de Boulogne. <> Banyak penulis dan pemikir Pencerahan mempunyai latar belakang dalam sains dan kemajuan ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan menggulingkan agama dan otoritas tradisional yang memihak kepada apa? || pembangunan ucapan bebas dan pemikiran <> Siapa yang menemui karbon dioksida atau udara tetap? || ahli kimia Joseph Black <> Siapa yang membuat hujah untuk masa yang mendalam? || ahli geologi James Hutton <> Siapa yang mencipta enjin stim? || James Watt <> Siapa yang melancarkan penerbangan berawak pertama dalam belon udara panas pada bulan November 1783? || yang Montgolfier Brothers", {"qas": [{"question": "Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?", "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afc", "answers": [{"text": "the development of free speech and thought", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?", "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afd", "answers": [{"text": "chemist Joseph Black", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the argument for deep time?", "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afe", "answers": [{"text": "geologist James Hutton", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invented the steam engine?", "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6aff", "answers": [{"text": "James Watt", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?", "id": "5710dd62a58dae1900cd6b00", "answers": [{"text": "the Montgolfier Brothers", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton, and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris, and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Ch\u00e2teau de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne."}], ["Sejarah Akademi di Perancis semasa Pencerahan bermula dengan Akademi Sains, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1635 di Paris. Ia berkait rapat dengan negara Perancis, yang bertindak sebagai lanjutan kerajaan yang kurang mendapat saintis. Ia membantu mempromosikan dan menyusun disiplin baru, dan melatih saintis baru. Ia juga menyumbang kepada peningkatan status sosial saintis, menganggap mereka sebagai \"yang paling berguna bagi semua warganegara\". Akademi menunjukkan minat yang semakin meningkat dalam sains dan peningkatan sekularisasi, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh bilangan ulama kecil yang merupakan ahli (13 peratus). Kehadiran akademi Perancis dalam bidang awam tidak boleh dikaitkan dengan keahlian mereka; walaupun majoriti ahli mereka adalah borjuasi, institusi eksklusif hanya terbuka kepada ulama Paris elit. Mereka menganggap diri mereka sebagai \"jurubahasa sains untuk rakyat\". Contohnya, dengan ini, para ahli akademik mengambilnya sendiri untuk membantah sains pseudo popular mesmerisme. <> Tahun apa akademi Sains di Perancis ditubuhkan? || 1635 <> Ahli kumpulan apa yang dianggap sebagai \"yang paling berguna bagi semua warganegara?\" || saintis <> Berapa peratus daripada ulama adalah ahli Akademi Sains? || 13 peratus <> Akademi Sains hanya terbuka untuk kumpulan masyarakat mana? || ulama Paris elit <> Bagaimana cendekiawan elit Paris merasakan diri mereka sendiri? || penterjemah sains untuk rakyat", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?", "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9f9", "answers": [{"text": "1635", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Members of what group were considered to be the \"most useful of all citizens?\"", "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fa", "answers": [{"text": "scientists", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?", "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fb", "answers": [{"text": "13 percent", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?", "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fc", "answers": [{"text": "elite Parisian scholars", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?", "id": "5710a874b654c5140001f9fd", "answers": [{"text": "interpreters of the sciences for the people", "answer_start": 864}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists' social status, considering them to be the \"most useful of all citizens\". Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization, as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members (13 percent). The presence of the French academies in the public sphere cannot be attributed to their membership; although the majority of their members were bourgeois, the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars. They perceived themselves as \"interpreters of the sciences for the people\". For example, it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism."}], ["Peningkatan penggunaan bahan bacaan dalam pelbagai bentuk adalah salah satu ciri utama pencerahan \"sosial\". Perkembangan dalam Revolusi Industri membolehkan barang-barang pengguna dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang lebih besar pada harga yang lebih rendah, menggalakkan penyebaran buku, risalah, akhbar dan jurnal - \"media penyebaran ide dan sikap\". Pembangunan komersil juga meningkatkan permintaan untuk maklumat, bersama dengan penduduk yang semakin meningkat dan peningkatan urbanisasi. Walau bagaimanapun, permintaan untuk bahan bacaan diperluaskan di luar bidang komersil, dan di luar bidang kelas atas dan pertengahan, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue. Kadar celik huruf sukar untuk diukur, tetapi di Perancis sekurang-kurangnya, kadarnya meningkat dua kali sepanjang abad ke-18. Menggambarkan pengaruh berkurangnya agama, jumlah buku tentang sains dan seni yang diterbitkan di Paris meningkat dua kali ganda dari tahun 1720 hingga 1780, sementara jumlah buku tentang agama turun kepada satu per sepuluh dari jumlah keseluruhan. <> Peningkatan penggunaan apa jenis bahan adalah salah satu ciri utama pencerahan \"sosial\"? || bahan bacaan <> Perkembangan di mana revolusi membiarkan barangan pengguna dihasilkan dalam kuantiti yang lebih besar pada harga yang lebih rendah? || Revolusi Perindustrian <> Dalam tambahan kepada populasi yang semakin meningkat dan peningkatan urbanisasi, apa lagi yang Pengembangan komersial meningkatkan keperluan? || permintaan untuk maklumat <> Di negara apa kadar celik huruf dua kali ganda sepanjang abad ke-18? || Perancis <> Bilangan buku tentang agama di Paris dari tahun 1720 hingga 1780 jatuh berdasarkan peratus? || hanya sepersepuluh daripada jumlah keseluruhan", {"qas": [{"question": "The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment?", "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae4", "answers": [{"text": "reading materials", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?", "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae5", "answers": [{"text": "the Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?", "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae6", "answers": [{"text": "demand for information", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?", "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae7", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?", "id": "5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae8", "answers": [{"text": "just one-tenth of the total", "answer_start": 976}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals \u2013 \"media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes\". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial, and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France at least, the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780, while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total."}], ["Secara saintifik, sains Enlightenment sangat mengutamakan empirisisme dan pemikiran rasional, dan tertanam dengan pencapaian ideal Pencapaian dan Kemajuan. Kajian sains, di bawah tajuk falsafah semula jadi, dibahagikan kepada fizik dan kumpulan konglomerat kimia dan sejarah semula jadi, termasuk anatomi, biologi, geologi, mineralogi, dan zoologi. Seperti kebanyakan pandangan Pencerahan, faedah sains tidak dilihat secara universal; Rousseau mengkritik sains untuk menjauhkan manusia dari alam semula jadi dan tidak beroperasi untuk menjadikan orang lebih bahagia. Sains semasa Pencerahan didominasi oleh masyarakat sains dan akademi, yang sebahagian besarnya menggantikan universiti sebagai pusat penyelidikan dan pembangunan saintifik. Pertubuhan dan akademi juga merupakan tulang belakang kematangan profesion saintifik. Satu lagi perkembangan penting adalah popularisasi sains di kalangan populasi yang semakin melek huruf. Falsafah memperkenalkan orang ramai kepada banyak teori saintifik, terutamanya melalui Encyclop\u00e9die dan popularisasi Newtonianisme oleh Voltaire dan \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet. Sesetengah ahli sejarah telah menandakan abad ke-18 sebagai tempoh yang menjijikkan dalam sejarah sains; Walau bagaimanapun, abad ini menunjukkan kemajuan yang ketara dalam amalan perubatan, matematik, dan fizik; pembangunan taksonomi biologi; pemahaman yang baru mengenai magnetisme dan elektrik; dan kematangan kimia sebagai disiplin, yang menubuhkan asas-asas kimia moden. <> Anatomi, biologi, geologi, mineralogi, dan zoologi semua kajian subjeknya? || sejarah semula jadi <> Siapa yang mengkritik sains untuk menjauhkan manusia dari alam semula jadi dan tidak beroperasi untuk menjadikan orang lebih bahagia? || Rousseau <> Yang menggantikan universiti sebagai pusat penyelidikan saintifik dan pembangunan semasa Pencerahan? || abad ke-20 yang dianggap oleh sesetengah orang sebagai \"masa yang buruk\", namun menyaksikan kemajuan yang ketara dalam amalan perubatan, matematik, dan fizik, pembangunan taksonomi biologi, pemahaman baru tentang kemagnetan, dan kematangan kimia sebagai disiplin? || abad ke-18 <> Voltaire dan Emilie du Chatelet menimbulkan falsafah saintifik? || Newtonianisme", {"qas": [{"question": "Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?", "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0d", "answers": [{"text": "natural history", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?", "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0e", "answers": [{"text": "Rousseau", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0f", "answers": [{"text": "scientific societies and academies", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which century is considered by some as a \"drab\" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?", "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa10", "answers": [{"text": "the 18th century", "answer_start": 1154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?", "id": "5710dcb5b654c5140001fa11", "answers": [{"text": "Newtonianism", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which included anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology. As with most Enlightenment views, the benefits of science were not seen universally; Rousseau criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier. Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population. Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories, most notably through the Encyclop\u00e9die and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet. Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science; however, the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; the development of biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry."}], ["Pandangan ini tentang toleransi agama dan kepentingan nurani individu, bersama dengan kontrak sosial, menjadi sangat berpengaruh di koloni Amerika dan merangka Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Thomas Jefferson memanggil \"dinding pemisahan antara gereja dan negeri\" di peringkat persekutuan. Dia sebelum ini telah menyokong usaha-usaha yang berjaya untuk membanteras Gereja England di Virginia, dan menulis Statuta Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama. Cita-cita politik Jefferson sangat dipengaruhi oleh tulisan-tulisan John Locke, Francis Bacon, dan Isaac Newton yang dianggapnya sebagai tiga lelaki paling hebat yang pernah hidup. <> John Locke, Francis Bacon, dan Isaac Newton di mana dianggap sebagai lelaki paling besar yang pernah hidup oleh kolonis Amerika? || Thomas Jefferson <> Toleransi keagamaan dan pentingnya hati nurani individu sangat berpengaruh dalam merangka dokumen mana yang Amerika? || Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat <> Whom, bersama dengan Francis Bacon dan John Locke, apakah Thomas Jefferson menganggap sebagai salah satu daripada tiga lelaki paling hebat yang pernah hidup? || Isaac Newton", {"qas": [{"question": "John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?", "id": "5710f431b654c5140001fa3f", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Jefferson", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?", "id": "5710f431b654c5140001fa40", "answers": [{"text": "the United States Constitution", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?", "id": "5710f431b654c5140001fa41", "answers": [{"text": "Isaac Newton", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and state\" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived."}], ["Intelektual seperti Robert Darnton dan J\u00fcrgen Habermas telah memberi tumpuan kepada keadaan sosial Pencerahan. Habermas menggambarkan penciptaan \"ruang awam borjuasi\" di Eropah abad ke-18, yang mengandungi tempat-tempat baru dan mod komunikasi yang membolehkan pertukaran rasional. Habermas berkata sfera awam adalah borjuasi, egalitarian, rasional, dan bebas daripada negara, menjadikannya tempat yang sesuai untuk intelektual untuk mengkaji secara kritis politik dan masyarakat kontemporari, jauh dari gangguan pihak berkuasa yang ditubuhkan. Walaupun sfera awam secara amnya merupakan komponen penting dalam kajian sosial Pencerahan, ahli sejarah lain mempersoalkan sama ada bidang awam mempunyai ciri-ciri ini. <> Apa aspek pencerahan yang dilakukan oleh Robert Darnton dan Jurgen Habermas di dalam Pencerahan? || keadaan sosial <> Bagaimana Habermas menerangkan sfera awam? || borjuis, egalitarian, rasional, dan bebas dari negeri <> Tempat-tempat baru dan mod komunikasi yang membolehkan pertukaran rasional diberikan apa istilah oleh Habermas pada abad ke-18 Eropah? || \"sfera awam borjuasi\"", {"qas": [{"question": "What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7c", "answers": [{"text": "social conditions", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Habermas describe the public sphere?", "id": "5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7d", "answers": [{"text": "bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe?", "id": "5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7e", "answers": [{"text": "the \"bourgeois public sphere\"", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and J\u00fcrgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the \"bourgeois public sphere\" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange. Habermas said that the public sphere was bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state, making it the ideal venue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society, away from the interference of established authority. While the public sphere is generally an integral component of the social study of the Enlightenment, other historians have questioned whether the public sphere had these characteristics."}], ["Bertrand Russell menyaksikan Pencerahan sebagai fasa dalam perkembangan progresif, yang bermula sejak zaman dahulu, dan sebab dan cabaran terhadap perintah yang ditetapkan itu adalah cita-cita yang berterusan sepanjang masa itu. Russell berkata bahawa Pencerahan akhirnya dilahirkan daripada reaksi Protestan terhadap pembaharuan balas Katolik, dan pandangan falsafah seperti pertalian untuk demokrasi terhadap monarki berasal dari Protestan abad ke-16 untuk membenarkan keinginan mereka untuk berpisah daripada Gereja Katolik. Walaupun banyak cita-cita filosofis yang dipetik oleh Katolik, Russell berpendapat, menjelang abad ke-18, Pencerahan adalah manifestasi utama perpecahan yang bermula dengan Martin Luther. <> Filsuf mana yang percaya bahawa Pencerahan akhirnya dilahirkan dari reaksi Protestan terhadap pembaharuan balas Katolik? || Bertrand Russell <> Di manakah Betrand Russell percaya pandangan seperti pertalian untuk demokrasi terhadap monarachy berasal? || Protestan abad ke-16 <> Siapa yang Betrand Russell memulakan perpecahan yang membawa kepada Pencerahan? || Martin Luther", {"qas": [{"question": "Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation?", "id": "5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b54", "answers": [{"text": "Bertrand Russell", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from?", "id": "5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b55", "answers": [{"text": "16th-century Protestants", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b56", "answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation, and that philosophical views such as affinity for democracy against monarchy originated among 16th-century Protestants to justify their desire to break away from the Catholic Church. Though many of these philosophical ideals were picked up by Catholics, Russell argues, by the 18th century the Enlightenment was the principal manifestation of the schism that began with Martin Luther."}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada perdebatan tentang agama, masyarakat membincangkan isu-isu seperti politik dan peranan wanita. Walau bagaimanapun, penting untuk diperhatikan bahawa subjek kritikal perdebatan ini tidak semestinya diterjemahkan sebagai pembangkang kepada kerajaan. Dalam erti kata lain, hasil perbahasan cukup kerap ditegakkan status quo. Dari segi sejarah, salah satu ciri yang paling penting dalam masyarakat berdebat ialah keterbukaan mereka kepada orang ramai; Wanita menghadiri dan bahkan mengambil bahagian dalam hampir setiap masyarakat yang berdebat, yang juga terbuka kepada semua kelas yang menyediakan mereka boleh membayar yuran masuk. Sekali di dalam, penonton dapat mengambil bahagian dalam bentuk kebolehan sosial yang sebahagian besarnya menonjol yang membantu menyebarkan idea Pencerahan. <> Dari segi sejarah, apakah ciri utama masyarakat berdebat? || keterbukaan kepada orang awam <> Adakah perbahasan hanya terbuka untuk kelas ekonomi tertentu, atau bolehkah semua hadir? || semua kelas menyediakan mereka boleh membayar yuran masuk <> Apakah beberapa isu yang dibincangkan sebagai tambahan kepada perdebatan mengenai agama? || politik dan peranan wanita", {"qas": [{"question": "From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society?", "id": "5710f874b654c5140001fa4f", "answers": [{"text": "openness to the public", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend?", "id": "5710f874b654c5140001fa50", "answers": [{"text": "all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion?", "id": "5710f874b654c5140001fa51", "answers": [{"text": "politics and the role of women", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the debate quite frequently upheld the status quo. From a historical standpoint, one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public; women attended and even participated in almost every debating society, which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee. Once inside, spectators were able to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas."}], ["Di Rusia, kerajaan mula secara aktif menggalakkan perkembangan seni dan sains pada pertengahan abad ke-18. Era ini menghasilkan universiti, perpustakaan, teater, muzium awam dan akhbar bebas yang pertama di Rusia. Sama seperti penghinaan yang lain, Catherine the Great memainkan peranan utama dalam memupuk seni, sains, dan pendidikan. Beliau menggunakan tafsirannya sendiri tentang cita-cita Pencerahan, dibantu oleh pakar-pakar antarabangsa yang terkenal seperti Voltaire (melalui koresponden) dan, di kediaman, saintis kelas dunia seperti Leonhard Euler dan Peter Simon Pallas. Pencerahan nasional berbeza dari rakan sejawatannya di Eropah Barat kerana ia mempromosikan pemodenan lanjut semua aspek kehidupan Rusia dan prihatin dengan menyerang institusi penyembelihan di Rusia. Pencerahan Rusia berpusat pada individu bukan pencerahan masyarakat dan menggalakkan kehidupan kehidupan yang tercerahkan. <> Berapa abad yang pertama menghasilkan universiti pertama, perpustakaan, teater, muzium awam, dan akhbar bebas? || Abad ke-18 <> Apa yang difokuskan pada pencerahan Rusia bukannya pencerahan masyarakat? || individu <> Dari mana Catherine the Great menerima bantuan dalam cita-cita Pencerahan melalui surat-menyurat? || Voltaire", {"qas": [{"question": "What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?", "id": "5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b44", "answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?", "id": "5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b45", "answers": [{"text": "the individual", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?", "id": "5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b46", "answers": [{"text": "Voltaire", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts, sciences, and education. She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals, assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire (by correspondence) and, in residence, world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas. The national Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart in that it promoted further modernization of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned with attacking the institution of serfdom in Russia. The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life."}], ["Walaupun banyak pemikiran politik Pencerahan dikuasai oleh ahli teori kontrak sosial, kedua-dua David Hume dan Adam Ferguson mengkritik kem ini. Esai Hume Daripada Kontrak Asal berpendapat bahawa kerajaan yang diperoleh dari persetujuan jarang dilihat, dan kerajaan awam didasarkan pada otoritas dan kekuatan kekuasaan penguasa. Ini adalah kerana pihak berkuasa penguasa lebih-dan-menentang subjek, bahawa subjek itu setuju dengan sepatutnya; Hume mengatakan bahawa subjek-subjek itu \"tidak pernah membayangkan bahawa persetujuan mereka menjadikannya berdaulat\", sebaliknya pihak berkuasa melakukannya. Begitu juga, Ferguson tidak mempercayai rakyat membina negeri itu, sebaliknya polis telah berkembang daripada pembangunan sosial. Dalam 1767 Suatu Esei mengenai Sejarah Masyarakat Awam, Ferguson menggunakan empat peringkat kemajuan, satu teori yang sangat popular di Scotland pada masa itu, untuk menjelaskan bagaimana manusia maju dari memburu dan mengumpul masyarakat kepada masyarakat komersial dan masyarakat tanpa \"menandatangani\" kontrak sosial. <> Dalam kerja apa Ferguson menerangkan bagaimana manusia maju dari memburu dan mengumpul masyarakat kepada masyarakat komersial dan sivil tanpa \"menandatangani\" kontrak sosial? || Suatu esei mengenai Sejarah Masyarakat Awam <> Pada tahun apakah Ferguson menyiarkan Esei mengenai Sejarah Masyarakat Awam? || 1767 <> Berapa banyak tahap kemajuan yang dimainkan oleh Ferguson? || empat <> Siapa, bersama dengan Adam Ferguson, mengkritik idea ahli teori kontrak sosial? || David Hume", {"qas": [{"question": "In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract?", "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b1e", "answers": [{"text": "An Essay on the History of Civil Society", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?", "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b1f", "answers": [{"text": "1767", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?", "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b20", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?", "id": "5710e166a58dae1900cd6b21", "answers": [{"text": "David Hume", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would \"never imagine that their consent made him sovereign\", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract."}], ["Pencerahan telah sering dikaitkan dengan Revolusi Perancis 1789. Satu pandangan mengenai perubahan politik yang berlaku semasa Pencerahan adalah bahawa \"persetujuan falsafah\" yang digariskan oleh Locke dalam Dua Perjanjian Kerajaan (1689) mewakili peralihan paradigma dari paradigma tadbir yang lama di bawah feudalisme yang dikenali sebagai \"hak ilahi raja\". Dalam pandangan ini, revolusi di akhir 1700-an dan awal 1800-an disebabkan oleh hakikat bahawa peralihan paradigma tadbir ini sering tidak dapat diselesaikan secara aman, dan oleh itu revolusi ganas adalah hasilnya. Jelas sekali falsafah tadbir urus di mana raja tidak pernah salah adalah dalam konflik secara langsung dengan mana di mana rakyat oleh undang-undang semula jadi harus bersetuju dengan perbuatan dan keputusan pemerintah mereka. <> Pencerahan sering dikaitkan dengan Revolusi Perancis tahun berapa? || 1789 <> Siapakah yang menggambarkan \"persetujuan pihak berkuasa\" dalam Dua Perjanjian Kerajaan (1689)? || Locke <> The \"hak ilahi raja\" berada dalam konflik langsung dengan falsafah Locke? || \"persetujuan pihak berkuasa\" Menurut Locke, revolusi di akhir 1700-an dan awal 1800-an disebabkan apabila apa yang tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan aman? || peralihan paradigma tadbir urus", {"qas": [{"question": "The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?", "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b16", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who delineated the \"consent of the governed\" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?", "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b17", "answers": [{"text": "Locke", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The \"divine right of kings\" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?", "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b18", "answers": [{"text": "\"consent of the governed\"", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?", "id": "5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b19", "answers": [{"text": "governance paradigm shift", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the \"consent of the governed\" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the \"divine right of kings\". In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully, and therefore violent revolution was the result. Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government."}], ["Akademi dan masyarakat saintifik berkembang dari Revolusi Saintifik sebagai pencipta pengetahuan saintifik berbanding dengan skolastik universiti. Semasa Pencerahan, sesetengah masyarakat mencipta atau mengekalkan pautan ke universiti. Walau bagaimanapun, sumber kontemporari membezakan universiti daripada masyarakat saintifik dengan mendakwa bahawa utiliti universiti adalah dalam penghantaran pengetahuan, sementara masyarakat berfungsi untuk mewujudkan pengetahuan. Memandangkan peranan universiti dalam sains terinstitusinya mula berkurang, masyarakat yang dipelajari menjadi asas ilmu sains teratur. Masyarakat saintifik rasmi disewa oleh kerajaan untuk menyediakan kepakaran teknikal. Kebanyakan masyarakat diberi kebenaran untuk mengawasi penerbitan mereka sendiri, mengawal pemilihan anggota baru, dan pentadbiran masyarakat. Selepas tahun 1700, sejumlah besar akademi dan masyarakat rasmi ditubuhkan di Eropah, dan pada tahun 1789 terdapat lebih daripada tujuh puluh masyarakat saintifik rasmi. Sebagai rujukan kepada pertumbuhan ini, Bernard de Fontenelle mencipta istilah \"Zaman Akademi\" untuk menggambarkan abad ke-18. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh sumber kontemporari adalah tujuan universiti yang berbeza dengan masyarakat? || penyebaran pengetahuan <> Sumber kontemporari dianggap masyarakat berfungsi untuk tujuan apa yang berbeza dengan universiti? || untuk mencipta ilmu <> Pada tahun apakah terdapat lebih daripada tujuh puluh masyarakat saintifik rasmi? || 1789 <> Yang mencipta istilah \"Zaman Akademi\" untuk menggambarkan abad ke-18? || Bernard de Fontenelle", {"qas": [{"question": "What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?", "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b0e", "answers": [{"text": "transmission of knowledge", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?", "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b0f", "answers": [{"text": "to create knowledge", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?", "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b10", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 947}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"the Age of Academies\" to describe the 18th century?", "id": "5710decca58dae1900cd6b11", "answers": [{"text": "Bernard de Fontenelle", "answer_start": 1036}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university's utility was in the transmission of knowledge, while societies functioned to create knowledge. As the role of universities in institutionalized science began to diminish, learned societies became the cornerstone of organized science. Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise. Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications, control the election of new members, and the administration of the society. After 1700, a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe, and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies. In reference to this growth, Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term \"the Age of Academies\" to describe the 18th century."}], ["Alexis de Tocqueville menyifatkan Revolusi Perancis sebagai hasil yang tidak dapat dielakkan dari pembangkang radikal yang dicipta pada abad ke-18 antara monarki dan orang-orang surat dari Pencerahan. Orang-orang surat ini membentuk semacam \"bangsawan pengganti yang sama-sama berkuasa dan tanpa kuasa sebenar\". Kuasa ilusi ini berasal dari kebangkitan \"pendapat umum\", yang dilahirkan ketika sentralisasi absolutis menghapuskan bangsawan dan borjuasi dari bidang politik. \"Politik sastera\" yang mengakibatkan mempromosikan wacana persamaan dan karenanya dalam penentangan fundamental terhadap rejim monarki. De Tocqueville \"jelas menunjuk ... kesan kebudayaan transformasi dalam bentuk latihan kuasa\". Walau bagaimanapun, ia mengambil masa yang lebih lama sebelum pendekatan budaya menjadi pusat kepada historiografi, seperti yang digambarkan oleh Robert Darnton, Perniagaan Pencerahan: Sejarah Penerbitan Encyclop\u00e9die, 1775-1800 (1979). <> Bagaimana Alexis de Tocqueville menggambarkan Revolusi Perancis? || hasil yang tidak dapat dielakkan dari pembangkang radikal yang dibuat pada abad ke-18 antara monarki dan orang-orang surat dari Pencerahan <> Kelompok mana yang dianggap sebagai \"bangsawan pengganti yang sama-sama berkuasa dan tanpa kuasa sebenar\" menurut Tocqueville? || lelaki surat <> Dari mana Tocqueville percaya kuasa ilusi dari para lelaki surat berasal? || kebangkitan \"pendapat umum\"", {"qas": [{"question": "How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution?", "id": "5710effca58dae1900cd6b5a", "answers": [{"text": "the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was considered \"a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power\" according to Tocqueville?", "id": "5710effca58dae1900cd6b5b", "answers": [{"text": "men of letters", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?", "id": "5710effca58dae1900cd6b5c", "answers": [{"text": "the rise of \"public opinion\"", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of \"substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power\". This illusory power came from the rise of \"public opinion\", born when absolutist centralization removed the nobility and the bourgeoisie from the political sphere. The \"literary politics\" that resulted promoted a discourse of equality and was hence in fundamental opposition to the monarchical regime. De Tocqueville \"clearly designates ... the cultural effects of transformation in the forms of the exercise of power\". Nevertheless, it took another century before cultural approach became central to the historiography, as typified by Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclop\u00e9die, 1775\u20131800 (1979)."}], ["Historiografi pencerahan bermula pada masa itu sendiri, dari apa yang dikatakan Pencerahan tentang kerja mereka. Unsur dominan adalah sudut intelektual yang mereka ambil. Wacana Permulaan l'Encyclop\u00e9die D'Alembert menyediakan sejarah Pencerahan yang merangkumi senarai perkembangan kronologi dalam bidang pengetahuan - yang mana Encyclop\u00e9die membentuk puncak. Pada tahun 1783, ahli falsafah Yahudi Moses Mendelssohn merujuk kepada Pencerahan sebagai proses yang mana manusia dididik dalam penggunaan sebab. Immanuel Kant memanggil Pencerahan \"pelepasan manusia dari pengawasannya sendiri\", bimbingan menjadi \"ketidakupayaan manusia untuk menggunakan pemahamannya tanpa arahan dari yang lain\". \"Bagi Kant, Pencerahan adalah zaman akhir manusia, pembebasan kesedaran manusia dari ketidaktahuan yang tidak matang.\" Cendekiawan Ernst Cassirer Jerman memanggil Pencerahan \"satu bahagian dan satu fasa khas perkembangan intelektual keseluruhan di mana pemikiran falsafah moden mendapat ciri-ciri keyakinan diri dan kesedaran diri\". Menurut sejarawan Roy Porter, pembebasan minda manusia dari keadaan dogmatik kebodohan adalah lambang apa yang Zaman Pencerahan cuba untuk menangkap. <> Filsuf Yahudi mana yang merujuk kepada Pencerahan sebagai proses yang mana manusia dididik dalam penggunaan sebab? || Musa Mendelssohn <> Bagaimana Immanuel Kant menggambarkan Pencerahan? || \"Pelepasan manusia dari pengawasannya sendiri\" <> Bagi siapa Pencerahan akhir zaman manusia, pembebasan kesedaran manusia dari ketidaktahuan yang tidak matang? \"|| Immanuel Kant <> Menurut sejarawan Roy Porter, apa yang Zaman Pencerahan cuba untuk menangkap? || pembebasan minda manusia dari keadaan dogmatik kebodohan", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?", "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6a", "answers": [{"text": "Moses Mendelssohn", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?", "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6b", "answers": [{"text": "\"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage\"", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?\"", "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6c", "answers": [{"text": "Immanuel Kant", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?", "id": "5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6d", "answers": [{"text": "the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance", "answer_start": 1115}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclop\u00e9die provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge \u2013 of which the Encyclop\u00e9die forms the pinnacle. In 1783, Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason. Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment \"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage\", tutelage being \"man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another\". \"For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance.\" The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment \"a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristic self-confidence and self-consciousness\". According to historian Roy Porter, the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture."}], ["Walaupun kewujudan kamus dan ensiklopedia menjangkau ke zaman kuno, teks-teks itu berubah dari kata-kata yang hanya mendefinisikan dalam senarai yang panjang hingga perbincangan jauh lebih terperinci mengenai perkataan-perkataan tersebut dalam kamus encyclopedic abad ke-18. Kerja-kerja itu adalah sebahagian daripada gerakan Pencerahan untuk menstabilkan pengetahuan dan memberi pendidikan kepada penonton yang lebih luas daripada golongan elit. Ketika abad ke-18 berkembang, kandungan ensiklopedia juga berubah mengikut selera para pembaca. Volum cenderung untuk memberi tumpuan lebih kuat pada urusan sekular, terutamanya sains dan teknologi, daripada perkara teologi. <> Bagaimana kamus dan ensiklopedia berubah pada abad ke-18? || dari kata-kata yang hanya mentakrifkan dalam senarai yang panjang untuk perbincangan yang jauh lebih terperinci tentang kata-kata itu <> Pergerakan apakah kamus dan ensiklopedia cuba mempromosikan? || untuk menstabilkan pengetahuan dan memberi pendidikan kepada penonton yang lebih luas daripada elit <> Bagaimana kandungan ensiklopedia berubah pada abad ke-18? || cenderung menumpukan perhatian lebih kepada urusan sekular, terutamanya sains dan teknologi, daripada perkara teologi <> Encyclopedias pada abad ke-18 yang lebih cenderung menumpukan perhatian pada topik apa, bukan teologi? || hal ehwal sekular, terutamanya sains dan teknologi", {"qas": [{"question": "How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century?", "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8b", "answers": [{"text": "from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?", "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8c", "answers": [{"text": "to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century?", "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8d", "answers": [{"text": "tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology?", "id": "5710febab654c5140001fa8e", "answers": [{"text": "secular affairs, particularly science and technology", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. As the 18th century progressed, the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers' tastes. Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology."}], ["Republik Surat merupakan jumlah sejumlah cita Pencerahan: sebuah negara egalitarian yang dikuasai oleh pengetahuan yang boleh bertindak merentasi sempadan politik dan daya saing negara. Ia adalah forum yang menyokong \"pemeriksaan awam percuma mengenai soalan mengenai agama atau undang-undang\". Immanuel Kant menganggap penting komunikasi tertulis kepada konsepnya tentang bidang awam; sekali semua orang adalah sebahagian daripada \"orang awam membaca\", maka masyarakat boleh dikatakan tercerahkan. Orang-orang yang mengambil bahagian dalam Republik Surat, seperti Diderot dan Voltaire, sering kali dikenali sebagai tokoh penting Pencerahan. Sesungguhnya, orang-orang yang menulis Encyclop\u00e9die Diderot boleh dibentuk sebagai mikrokosmos \"republik\" yang lebih besar. <> Apa yang menyokong Republik Surat? || pemeriksaan awam percuma soalan mengenai agama atau undang-undang <> Apabila semua orang adalah sebahagian daripada kumpulan apa yang dilakukan Kant percaya semua masyarakat akan tercerahkan? || \"membaca awam\" <> Siapa dua tokoh yang menyertai Republik Surat? || Diderot dan Voltaire <> Apa yang Immanuel Kant menganggap penting bagi konsepnya tentang bidang awam? || Komunikasi bertulis", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Republic of Letters support?", "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa79", "answers": [{"text": "free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?", "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa7a", "answers": [{"text": "the \"reading public\"", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?", "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa7b", "answers": [{"text": "Diderot and Voltaire", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?", "id": "5710fd27b654c5140001fa7c", "answers": [{"text": "written communication", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere; once everyone was a part of the \"reading public\", then society could be said to be enlightened. The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures. Indeed, the men who wrote Diderot's Encyclop\u00e9die arguably formed a microcosm of the larger \"republic\"."}], ["Jonathan Israel memanggil jurnal inovasi budaya yang paling berpengaruh dalam budaya intelektual Eropah. Mereka mengalihkan perhatian \"orang yang ditanam\" dari pihak berkuasa yang mantap kepada kebaharuan dan inovasi, dan mempromosikan cita-cita \"pencerahan\" toleransi dan objektif intelektual. Sebagai sumber pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari sains dan sebab, mereka merupakan kritikan tersirat dari tanggapan sedia ada tentang kebenaran sejagat yang dimonopoli oleh monarki, parlimen, dan pihak berkuasa agama. Mereka juga mencerahkan pencerahan Kristian yang meneguhkan \"legitimasi otoritas yang ditahbiskan oleh Tuhan\" - Alkitab-yang mana perlu ada persetujuan antara teori-teori alkitabiah dan semula jadi. <> Siapa yang memanggil jurnal ini merupakan inovasi kebudayaan yang paling berpengaruh dalam budaya intelektual Eropah? || Jonathan Israel <> Untuk apa jurnal mengalih perhatian orang awam yang ditanam dari dan ke arah kebaharuan dan inovasi? || pihak berkuasa yang ditubuhkan <> Apakah idea-idea yang tercerahkan telah dipromosikan oleh jurnal? || toleransi dan objektiviti intelektual <> Jurnal adalah sumber pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari topik apa? || sains dan sebab", {"qas": [{"question": "Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?", "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8c", "answers": [{"text": "Jonathan Israel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?", "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8d", "answers": [{"text": "established authorities", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?", "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8e", "answers": [{"text": "toleration and intellectual objectivity", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?", "id": "5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8f", "answers": [{"text": "science and reason", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason, they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies, parliaments, and religious authorities. They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld \"the legitimacy of God-ordained authority\"\u2014the Bible\u2014in which there had to be agreement between the biblical and natural theories."}], ["Jonathan Israel menolak percubaan postmodern dan sejarawan Marxian untuk memahami idea-idea revolusioner masa itu semata-mata sebagai hasil sampingan transformasi sosial dan ekonomi. Dia memusatkan perhatian pada sejarah idea dalam tempoh dari 1650 hingga akhir abad ke-18, dan mendakwa bahawa ia adalah idea-idea mereka sendiri yang menyebabkan perubahan yang akhirnya membawa kepada revolusi separuh kedua abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19. Israel berpendapat bahawa sehingga tamadun Barat pada tahun 1650 \"didasarkan pada teras kepercayaan, tradisi dan kewibawaan\". <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Jonathon Israel menyebabkan perubahan yang akhirnya membawa kepada revolusi separuh akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19? || Idea itu sendiri <> Apa yang Israel membantah tamadun Barat didasarkan pada tahun 1650-an? || sebahagian besarnya berkongsi teras iman, tradisi dan kuasa <> Jonathon Israel menolak tanggapan bahawa idea-idea revolusioner adalah dengan produk-produk transformasi apa? || sosial dan ekonomi <> Tempoh masa apa yang difokuskan oleh Johnathon Israel? || 1650 hingga akhir abad ke-18", {"qas": [{"question": "What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?", "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa55", "answers": [{"text": "the ideas themselves", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?", "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa56", "answers": [{"text": "largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?", "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa57", "answers": [{"text": "social and economic", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?", "id": "5710fa0bb654c5140001fa58", "answers": [{"text": "1650 to the end of the 18th century", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization \"was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority\"."}], ["Di England, Royal Society of London juga memainkan peranan penting dalam bidang awam dan penyebaran idea-idea Pencerahan. Ia diasaskan oleh sekumpulan saintis bebas dan diberi piagam kerajaan pada tahun 1662. Persatuan memainkan peranan yang besar dalam menyebarkan falsafah eksperimen Robert Boyle di seluruh Eropah, dan bertindak sebagai rumah penjelasan untuk korespondensi intelektual dan pertukaran. Boyle adalah \"pengasas dunia eksperimen di mana ahli-ahli sains kini hidup dan beroperasi,\" dan pengetahuannya berasaskan kaedah percubaan, yang perlu disaksikan untuk memberikan legitimasi empirikal yang betul. Ini adalah tempat Royal Society bermain: menyaksikan harus menjadi \"akta kolektif\", dan bilik dewan perhimpunan Royal Society adalah lokasi yang sesuai untuk demonstrasi yang agak terbuka. Walau bagaimanapun, bukan sahaja mana-mana saksi dianggap sebagai dipercayai; \"Profesor Oxford dipertanggungjawabkan saksi yang lebih dipercayai daripada petani Oxfordshire.\" Dua faktor telah diambil kira: pengetahuan saksi di kawasan itu; dan \"perlembagaan moral\" saksi. Dalam erti kata lain, hanya masyarakat awam yang dipertimbangkan untuk orang awam Boyle. <> Masyarakat mana di England juga memainkan peranan penting dalam bidang awam dan menyebarkan idea Pencerahan? || Royal Society of London <> Pada tahun apakah Royal Society of London diberikan piagam kerajaan? || 1662 <> Mengapakah pengetahuan berasaskan kaedah pengalaman, yang perlu disaksikan? || Robert Boyle <> Siapa yang dianggap saksi lebih dipercayai daripada petani Oxfordshire? || Profesor Oxford <> Apa dua faktor yang diambil kira dalam kredibiliti dalam Royal Society? || pengetahuan saksi di kawasan itu; dan \"perlembagaan moral\"", {"qas": [{"question": "Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?", "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9e", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Society of London", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?", "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9f", "answers": [{"text": "1662", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?", "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba0", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Boyle", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?", "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba1", "answers": [{"text": "Oxford professors", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?", "id": "5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba2", "answers": [{"text": "a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\"", "answer_start": 970}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was \"a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate,\" and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a \"collective act\", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; \"Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants.\" Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public."}], ["Industri penerbitan yang sihat, dan undang-undang, wujud di seluruh Eropah, walaupun penerbit dan penjual buku yang ditubuhkan kadang-kadang berlarutan dengan undang-undang. Encyclop\u00e9die, sebagai contoh, mengutuk bukan sahaja oleh Raja tetapi juga oleh Clement XII, tetapi dapat dicetak dengan bantuan Malesherbes yang disebutkan di atas dan penggunaan kreatif undang-undang penapisan Perancis. Tetapi banyak karya telah dijual tanpa berlarutan dalam sebarang masalah undang-undang. Meminjam rekod dari perpustakaan di England, Jerman dan Amerika Utara menunjukkan bahawa lebih daripada 70 peratus buku yang dipinjam adalah novel. Kurang daripada 1 peratus daripada buku itu bersifat keagamaan, menunjukkan trend umum penurunan keagamaan. <> Siapa yang membantu Encyclopedie mencari cara mencetak menggunakan undang-undang penapisan Perancis secara kreatif? || Malesherbes <> The King dan Clement XII mengutuk karya sastera mana? || The Encyclop\u00e9die <> Sebanyakkah buku yang dipinjam di England, Jerman, dan Amerika Norath adalah novel? || 70 <> Sebanyak peratus buku yang dipinjam adalah sifat keagamaan di England, Jerman, dan Amerika Utara? || 1", {"qas": [{"question": "Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?", "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa71", "answers": [{"text": "Malesherbes", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?", "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa72", "answers": [{"text": "The Encyclop\u00e9die", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?", "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa73", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?", "id": "5710fc6ab654c5140001fa74", "answers": [{"text": "1", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclop\u00e9die, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law. But many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all. Borrowing records from libraries in England, Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels. Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature, indicating the general trend of declining religiosity."}], ["Masyarakat berdebat membincangkan pelbagai topik yang sangat luas. Sebelum Pencerahan, kebanyakan perdebatan intelektual berputar di sekitar \"pengakuan\" - iaitu Katolik, Lutheran, Reformasi (Calvinist), atau isu-isu Anglican, dan matlamat utama perdebatan-perdebatan ini adalah untuk menetapkan blok kepercayaan yang sepatutnya mempunyai \"monopoli kebenaran dan titah Tuhan kepada kuasa \". Selepas tarikh ini semua yang sebelum ini berakar dalam tradisi dipersoalkan dan sering digantikan oleh konsep-konsep baru berdasarkan sebab falsafah. Selepas separuh kedua abad ke-17 dan pada abad ke-18, \"proses umum rasionalisasi dan sekularisasi,\" dan perselisihan confessional dikurangkan kepada status sekunder yang memihak kepada \"pertandingan yang meningkat antara iman dan kepercayaan\". <> Sebelum Pencerahan, perdebatan intelektual yang paling revolusioner mengelilingi subjek apa? || \"pengakuan\" <> Katolik, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), atau isu Anglican dipanggil apa? || \"pengakuan\" <> Dalam tempoh masa apakah \"proses umum rasionalisasi dan sekularisasi\"? || separuh kedua abad ke-17 dan pada abad ke-18 <> Tujuan perdebatan pengakuan adalah untuk menetapkan blok iman yang harus ada? || \"monopoli kebenaran dan titah Tuhan yang diberi kuasa\"", {"qas": [{"question": "Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?", "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6ba8", "answers": [{"text": "\"confessional\"", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?", "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6ba9", "answers": [{"text": "\"confessional\"", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what time period did a \"general process of rationalization and secularization set in\"?", "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6baa", "answers": [{"text": "second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?", "id": "5711008ba58dae1900cd6bab", "answers": [{"text": "the \"monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority\"", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around \"confessional\" \u2013 that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the \"monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority\". After this date everything thus previously rooted in tradition was questioned and often replaced by new concepts in the light of philosophical reason. After the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century, a \"general process of rationalization and secularization set in,\" and confessional disputes were reduced to a secondary status in favor of the \"escalating contest between faith and incredulity\"."}], ["Kerja-kerja besar-besaran diatur mengikut \"pokok pengetahuan.\" Pokok ini mencerminkan bahagian yang ditandakan antara seni dan sains, yang sebahagian besarnya adalah hasil daripada peningkatan empirisisme. Kedua-dua bidang pengetahuan disatukan oleh falsafah, atau batang pokok pengetahuan. Penguraian agama yang diterangi Pencerahan diucapkan dalam reka bentuk pokok, terutamanya di mana teologi menyumbang cabang periferal, dengan sihir hitam sebagai jiran dekat. Sebagaimana populariti Encyclop\u00e9die, ia telah diterbitkan dalam edisi empat dan octavo selepas 1777. Edisi-edisi empat dan octavo jauh lebih murah daripada edisi terdahulu, menjadikan Encyclop\u00e9die lebih mudah diakses oleh golongan non-elit. Robert Darnton menganggarkan bahawa terdapat kira-kira 25 000 salinan Encyclop\u00e9die dalam edaran di seluruh Perancis dan Eropah sebelum Revolusi Perancis. Ensiklopedia luas, tetapi terjangkau datang untuk mewakili transmisi Pencerahan dan pendidikan saintifik kepada penonton yang berkembang. <> Bagaimana ensiklopedia disusun? || mengikut \"pokok pengetahuan.\" <> Kebangkitan empirisisme menyebabkan perpecahan antara dua subjek? || seni dan sains <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai pokok pokok pengetahuan? || falsafah <> Edisi-edisi Ensiklopedia mana yang lebih murah dan lebih mudah diakses oleh orang bukan elit? || quarto dan octavo <> Berapa banyak salinan Encyclopedie dianggarkan beredar di seluruh Perancis dan Eropah sebelum Revolusi Perancis? || 25 000", {"qas": [{"question": "How was the Encyclopedie arranged?", "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa93", "answers": [{"text": "according to a \"tree of knowledge.\"", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects?", "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa94", "answers": [{"text": "the arts and sciences", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge?", "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa95", "answers": [{"text": "philosophy", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite?", "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa96", "answers": [{"text": "quarto and octavo", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution?", "id": "5710ff56b654c5140001fa97", "answers": [{"text": "25 000", "answer_start": 758}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlightenment's desacrilization of religion was pronounced in the tree's design, particularly where theology accounted for a peripheral branch, with black magic as a close neighbour. As the Encyclop\u00e9die gained popularity, it was published in quarto and octavo editions after 1777. The quarto and octavo editions were much less expensive than previous editions, making the Encyclop\u00e9die more accessible to the non-elite. Robert Darnton estimates that there were approximately 25 000 copies of the Encyclop\u00e9die in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution. The extensive, yet affordable encyclopedia came to represent the transmission of Enlightenment and scientific education to an expanding audience."}], ["Salah satu unsur utama budaya Pencerahan ialah peningkatan sfera awam, \"bidang komunikasi yang ditandai dengan arena perbahasan baru, bentuk dan ruang terbuka ruang awam dan keramahtamahan yang lebih terbuka dan mudah diakses, serta letupan budaya cetak, \"pada akhir abad ke-17 dan abad ke-18. Unsur sfera awam termasuk: ia adalah egalitarian, ia membincangkan domain \"keprihatinan bersama\", dan hujah diasaskan berdasarkan sebab. Habermas menggunakan istilah \"keprihatinan umum\" untuk menggambarkan bidang-bidang pengetahuan dan diskusi politik / sosial yang sebelum ini adalah wilayah eksklusif kerajaan dan pihak berkuasa agama, kini terbuka untuk pemeriksaan kritikal oleh sfera awam. Nilai sfera awam borjuasi ini termasuk memegang sebab untuk menjadi yang tertinggi, mengingatkan segala-galanya untuk terbuka kepada kritikan (sfera awam adalah kritikal), dan pembangkang kerahsiaan segala macam. <> Bagaimana rupa masyarakat ditakrifkan? || bidang komunikasi yang ditandai dengan arena baru perdebatan, lebih terbuka dan boleh diakses bentuk ruang awam bandar dan keramahtamahan, dan letupan budaya cetak <> Selama berabad-abad apakah kebangkitan masyarakat? || akhir abad ke-17 dan abad ke-18 <> Argumen sfera awam ditubuhkan pada apa? || sebab <> Istilah apa yang diberikan oleh Habermas untuk menerangkan bidang pengetahuan dan diskusi politik / sosial yang sebelum ini menjadi wilayah eksklusif negara dan pihak beragama? || Kebimbangan umum <> Nilai-nilai bidang awam borjuasi termasuk memegang alasan kepada yang tertinggi, mengingati semua yang terbuka kepada kritikan, dan pembangkang apa? || kerahsiaan segala macam", {"qas": [{"question": "How was the public sphere defined?", "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa5d", "answers": [{"text": "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?", "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa5e", "answers": [{"text": "late 17th century and 18th century", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?", "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa5f", "answers": [{"text": "reason", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?", "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa60", "answers": [{"text": "common concern", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?", "id": "5710faaeb654c5140001fa61", "answers": [{"text": "secrecy of all sorts", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century and 18th century. Elements of the public sphere included: it was egalitarian, it discussed the domain of \"common concern,\" and argument was founded on reason. Habermas uses the term \"common concern\" to describe those areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously the exclusive territory of the state and religious authorities, now open to critical examination by the public sphere. The values of this bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to be supreme, considering everything to be open to criticism (the public sphere is critical), and the opposition of secrecy of all sorts."}], ["Di seluruh benua Eropah, tetapi di Perancis terutamanya, penjual buku dan penerbit perlu berunding dengan undang-undang penapisan yang ketat. Contohnya Encyclop\u00e9die, sempit melarikan diri penyitaan dan harus diselamatkan oleh Malesherbes, orang yang bertanggung jawab atas kecaman Perancis. Malah, banyak syarikat penerbitan terletak di luar Perancis untuk mengelakkan penapis Perancis yang terlalu banyak. Mereka akan menyeludup barangan mereka di seberang sempadan, di mana ia akan diangkut ke penjual buku-buku penjernih atau penjaja kecil masa. Rekod penjual buku rahsia boleh memberikan gambaran yang lebih baik tentang apa yang orang Perancis celik huruf benar-benar dapat membaca, kerana sifat klandestin mereka memberikan pilihan produk yang kurang ketat. Dalam satu kes, buku politik adalah kategori yang paling popular, terutamanya libel dan risalah. Pembaca lebih berminat dengan cerita sensasi mengenai penjenayah dan rasuah politik daripada mereka dalam teori politik itu sendiri. Kategori kedua yang paling popular, \"kerja am\" (buku-buku yang \"tidak mempunyai motif yang dominan dan yang mengandungi sesuatu untuk menyinggung perasaan hampir semua orang yang berkuasa\") menunjukkan permintaan yang tinggi untuk kesusasteraan subversif yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, kerja-kerja ini tidak pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada kanun sastera, dan sebahagian besarnya dilupakan hari ini sebagai hasilnya. <> Penjual dan penerbit buku perlu merundingkan undang-undang penapisan yang ketat di negara mana, terutamanya? || Perancis <> Yang bekerja sempit melarikan diri penyitaan dan terpaksa diselamatkan oleh Malesherbes? || The Encyclop\u00e9die <> Banyak syarikat penerbitan terletak di luar negara mana untuk menghindari penapis terlalu banyak? || Perancis <> Pembaca lebih berminat dengan cerita-cerita sensasional mengenai topik apa-apa daripada mereka dalam teori politik itu sendiri? || penjenayah dan rasuah politik <> Apakah istilah yang diberikan kepada buku-buku yang tidak mempunyai motif yang dominan dan mengandungi sesuatu untuk menyinggung perasaan hampir semua orang yang berkuasa? || kerja am", {"qas": [{"question": "Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially?", "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa67", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes?", "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa68", "answers": [{"text": "The Encyclop\u00e9die", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors?", "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa69", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself?", "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6a", "answers": [{"text": "criminals and political corruption", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?", "id": "5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6b", "answers": [{"text": "general works", "answer_start": 993}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Across continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclop\u00e9die, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishing companies were conveniently located outside France so as to avoid overzealous French censors. They would smuggle their merchandise across the border, where it would then be transported to clandestine booksellers or small-time peddlers. The records of clandestine booksellers may give a better representation of what literate Frenchmen might have truly read, since their clandestine nature provided a less restrictive product choice. In one case, political books were the most popular category, primarily libels and pamphlets. Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself. The second most popular category, \"general works\" (those books \"that did not have a dominant motif and that contained something to offend almost everyone in authority\") demonstrated a high demand for generally low-brow subversive literature. However, these works never became part of literary canon, and are largely forgotten today as a result."}], ["Bersama dengan perkara sekular, pembaca juga menyukai skema pesanan abjad dalam karya-karya rumit yang disusun bersama-sama dengan garis-garis tematik. Ahli sejarah Charles Porset, mengulas abjadasi, mengatakan bahawa \"sebagai taksonomi sifar taksonomi, urutan abjad membenarkan semua strategi membaca, dalam hal ini ia boleh dianggap sebagai lambang Pencerahan.\" Untuk Porset, mengelakkan sistem tematik dan hierarki dengan itu membolehkan penafsiran bebas terhadap karya-karya dan menjadi contoh egalitarianisme. Ensiklopedia dan kamus juga menjadi lebih popular semasa Zaman Alasan kerana bilangan pengguna yang berpendidikan yang mampu membekalkan teks tersebut mula melipatgandakan. Pada separuh akhir abad ke-18, bilangan kamus dan ensiklopedia yang diterbitkan oleh dekad meningkat dari 63 antara 1760 dan 1769 kepada kira-kira 148 dalam dekad yang meneruskan Revolusi Perancis (1780-1789). Bersama-sama dengan pertumbuhan dalam angka, kamus dan ensiklopedia juga bertambah panjang, sering mempunyai beberapa cetakan yang kadang-kadang termasuk dalam edisi ditambah. <> Skim pesanan apa yang lebih suka pembaca? || abjad <> Siapa yang percaya mengelakkan sistem tematik dan heirarhikal membenarkan tafsiran bebas terhadap karya-karya dan menyebabkan mereka menjadi contoh eglitarian? || Charles Porset <> Mengapa Encyclopedias dan kamus menjadi lebih popular semasa Zaman Alasan? || bilangan pengguna yang berpendidikan yang mampu menghasilkan teks tersebut mula melipatgandakan <> Berapa banyak kamus dan ensiklopedia diterbitkan antara 1760 dan 1769? || 63 <> Berapa banyak kamus dan ensiklopedia diterbitkan dalam dekad sebelum Revolusi Perancis? || 148", {"qas": [{"question": "What ordering scheme did readers prefer?", "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab1", "answers": [{"text": "alphabetical", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?", "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab2", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Porset", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?", "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab3", "answers": [{"text": "the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?", "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab4", "answers": [{"text": "63", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?", "id": "57110273b654c5140001fab5", "answers": [{"text": "148", "answer_start": 844}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Along with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment.\" For Porset, the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. In the later half of the 18th century, the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution (1780\u20131789). Along with growth in numbers, dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length, often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions."}], ["Salah satu perkembangan yang paling penting yang era Enlightenment dibawa ke disiplin sains adalah popularisasinya. Penduduk yang semakin melek huruf mencari pengetahuan dan pendidikan dalam seni dan sains mendorong perkembangan budaya cetak dan penyebaran pembelajaran saintifik. Populasi celik huruf baru ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan yang tinggi dalam ketersediaan makanan. Ini membolehkan ramai orang keluar dari kemiskinan, dan bukannya membayar lebih untuk makanan, mereka mempunyai wang untuk pendidikan. Popularization pada umumnya merupakan sebahagian daripada ideal Pencerahan yang menyeluruh yang berusaha \"untuk membuat maklumat tersedia kepada bilangan orang yang paling banyak.\" Sebagai kepentingan umum dalam falsafah semula jadi berkembang pada abad ke-18, kursus kuliah awam dan penerbitan teks-teks popular membuka jalan baru untuk wang dan kemasyhuran untuk amatur dan saintis yang kekal di pinggiran universiti dan akademi. Lebih banyak karya formal termasuk penjelasan teori saintifik untuk individu yang kurang latar belakang pendidikan untuk memahami teks saintifik yang asal. Sir Isaac Newton yang dirayakan Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica diterbitkan dalam bahasa Latin dan kekal tidak dapat diakses oleh pembaca tanpa pendidikan dalam klasik sehingga penulis-penulis Pencerahan mula menerjemahkan dan menganalisis teks dalam bahasa vernakular. <> Apa yang menyebabkan penduduk semakin melek huruf untuk berkembang dalam era Pencerahan? || peningkatan yang tinggi dalam ketersediaan makanan <> Daripada membayar lebih untuk makanan, pada apa yang orang menghabiskan wang mereka? || pendidikan <> Idea yang manakah berusaha untuk membuat maklumat yang tersedia kepada bilangan orang yang paling banyak? || Popularization <> Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica? || Sir Isaac Newton <> Yang mana karya Isaac Newton diterbitkan dalam bahasa Latin dan tetap tidak dapat diakses oleh pembaca tanpa pendidikan sehingga penulis Pencerahan mulai menerjemahkan dan menganalisisnya dalam bahasa vernakular? || Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", {"qas": [{"question": "What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?", "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabb", "answers": [{"text": "a high rise in the availability of food", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?", "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabc", "answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?", "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabd", "answers": [{"text": "Popularization", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabe", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Isaac Newton", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?", "id": "57110322b654c5140001fabf", "answers": [{"text": "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", "answer_start": 1109}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of scientific learning. The new literate population was due to a high rise in the availability of food. This enabled many people to rise out of poverty, and instead of paying more for food, they had money for education. Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured \"to make information available to the greatest number of people.\" As public interest in natural philosophy grew during the 18th century, public lecture courses and the publication of popular texts opened up new roads to money and fame for amateurs and scientists who remained on the periphery of universities and academies. More formal works included explanations of scientific theories for individuals lacking the educational background to comprehend the original scientific text. Sir Isaac Newton's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular."}], ["Sejarawan Jerman Reinhart Koselleck mendakwa bahawa \"Di Benua terdapat dua struktur sosial yang meninggalkan jejak yang menentukan pada Zaman Pencerahan: Republik Surat dan pondok Masonik.\" Profesor Scotland, Thomas Munck berhujah bahawa \"walaupun Mason telah menggalakkan hubungan antarabangsa dan bersilang-sosial yang pada asasnya tidak beragama dan secara meluas dalam persetujuan dengan nilai-nilai yang diterangi, mereka tidak dapat digambarkan sebagai rangkaian radikal atau reformis utama dalam hak mereka sendiri.\" Kebanyakan nilai-nilai Mason seolah-olah sangat merayu kepada nilai Pencerahan dan pemikir. Diderot membincangkan hubungan antara cita-cita Freemason dan pencerahan dalam Impian D'Alembert, meneroka batu sebagai cara menyebarkan keyakinan pencerahan. Ahli sejarah Margaret Jacob menekankan pentingnya kaum Mason secara tidak langsung memberi inspirasi kepada pemikiran politik. Di sisi negatif, Daniel Roche menentang tuntutan bahawa Masonry mempromosikan egalitarianisme. Dia berhujah bahawa pondok-pondok hanya menarik lelaki yang mempunyai latar belakang sosial yang sama. Kehadiran wanita-wanita mulia dalam \"penerapan pengangkatan\" Perancis yang dibentuk pada tahun 1780s sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh hubungan rapat yang dikongsi di antara pondok-pondok dan masyarakat aristokrat. <> Menurut sejarawan Jerman Reinhart Koselleck, yang mana dua struktur sosial meninggalkan jejak yang menentukan pada Zaman Pencerahan? || Republik Surat dan Masonik lodges <> Yang profesor Scotland percaya bahawa Mason bukanlah rangkaian radikal atau reformis utama dalam hak mereka sendiri? || Thomas Munck <> Ahli sejarah Margaret Jacob menekankan pentingnya kaum Mason secara tidak langsung menginspirasi jenis pemikiran apa? || Pemikiran politik <> Daniel Roche mendakwa bahawa Masonry mempromosikan idea apa dengan hanya menarik lelaki yang mempunyai latar belakang sosial yang sama? || egalitarianisme <> Kehadirannya di dalam \"pondok-pondok pengangkatan\" Perancis yang dibentuk pada tahun 1780-an telah mati kepada hubungan rapat yang dikongsi dengan masyarakat bangsawan? || wanita yang mulia", {"qas": [{"question": "According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment?", "id": "571101b2b654c5140001fa9d", "answers": [{"text": "the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right?", "id": "571101b2b654c5140001fa9e", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Munck", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking?", "id": "571101b2b654c5140001fa9f", "answers": [{"text": "political thought", "answer_start": 849}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background?", "id": "571101b2b654c5140001faa0", "answers": [{"text": "egalitarianism", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The presence of whom in the French \"lodges of adoption\" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society?", "id": "571101b2b654c5140001faa1", "answers": [{"text": "noble women", "answer_start": 1049}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right.\" Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism. He argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French \"lodges of adoption\" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society."}]], [["Sistem ini pada asalnya disasarkan untuk dibebaskan pada musim bunga tahun 1985, tetapi tarikh rilis ditolak. Selepas pemasaran ujian di kawasan New York City pada akhir musim gugur, peruncit telah dilaporkan menyatakan sistem itu \"gagal dengan teruk\". [Bercanggah] Sementara yang lain menyatakan bahawa Nintendo memiliki ujian pasar sembilan minggu yang sangat baik di New York kejatuhan terakhir. pelancaran kejayaan di New York City, Nintendo cuba untuk kali kedua; sistem ini diperkemaskan lagi pada bulan Februari 1986, dengan pembebasan seluruh negara yang berlaku pada bulan September 1986. <> Bilakah sistem asalnya sepatutnya dikeluarkan? || musim bunga tahun 1985 <> Peruncit di mana kawasan ujian melaporkan kegagalan jualan yang menyedihkan? || New York City <> Bilakah ujian Nintendo kali kedua dipasarkan NES? || Februari 1986 <> Bilakah pembebasan NES di seluruh negara? || September 1986 <> Bilakah sistem asalnya tidak seharusnya dikeluarkan? || <> Peruncit di kawasan uji apa yang melaporkan kejayaan jualan? || <> Bilakah kali pertama ujian Nintendo memasarkan NES? || <> Bilakah pelepasan NES di seluruh negara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the system originally supposed to be released?", "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3b", "answers": [{"text": "spring of 1985", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?", "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3c", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?", "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3d", "answers": [{"text": "February 1986", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the nationwide release of the NES?", "id": "5711181cb654c5140001fb3e", "answers": [{"text": "September 1986", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spring of 1985", "answer_start": 54}], "question": " When was the system originally not supposed to be released?", "id": "5ad2a33cd7d075001a429d40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 136}], "question": " Retailers in what test area reported a success of sales?", "id": "5ad2a33cd7d075001a429d41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "February 1986", "answer_start": 475}], "question": " When was the first time Nintendo test marketed the NES?", "id": "5ad2a33cd7d075001a429d42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September 1986", "answer_start": 531}], "question": " When was the non-nationwide release of the NES?", "id": "5ad2a33cd7d075001a429d43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system \"failed miserably\".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986."}], ["Katrij Jepun (Famicom) dibentuk sedikit berbeza. Walaupun NES menggunakan antara muka 72-pin, sistem Famicom menggunakan reka bentuk 60-pin. Tidak seperti permainan NES, kartrij Famicom rasmi dihasilkan dalam banyak warna plastik. Adaptor, yang serupa dengan reka bentuk kepada aksesori Permainan Genie yang popular, tersedia yang membolehkan permainan Famicom dimainkan pada NES. Di Jepun, beberapa syarikat mengeluarkan kartrij untuk Famicom. Ini membolehkan syarikat-syarikat ini mengembangkan cip tersendiri yang direka untuk tujuan tertentu, seperti cip yang meningkatkan kualiti bunyi dalam permainan mereka. <> Kartrij mana yang dibentuk sedikit berbeza? || Bahasa Jepun (Famicom) <> Antara muka yang digunakan oleh NES? || 72-pin <> Antara muka yang menggunakan Famicom? || 60-pin <> Pelbagai syarikat di Jepun melakukan apa ke permainan mereka untuk spesifik tertentu? || mengembangkan cip tersuai mereka sendiri <> Kartrij mana yang tidak berbentuk sedikit berbeza? || <> Antara muka yang digunakan oleh SNES? || <> Antara muka yang tidak digunakan oleh Famicom? || <> Pelbagai syarikat di China melakukan apa ke permainan mereka untuk spesifik tertentu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?", "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be0", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese (Famicom)", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which interface did the NES use?", "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be1", "answers": [{"text": "72-pin", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which interface did Famicom use?", "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be2", "answers": [{"text": "60-pin", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?", "id": "5711142aa58dae1900cd6be3", "answers": [{"text": "develop their own customized chips", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japanese (Famicom)", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which cartridges weren't shaped slightly differently?", "id": "5ad2a5d3d7d075001a429de8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "72-pin", "answer_start": 84}], "question": " Which interface did the SNES use?", "id": "5ad2a5d3d7d075001a429de9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60-pin", "answer_start": 128}], "question": " Which interface did Famicom not use?", "id": "5ad2a5d3d7d075001a429dea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "develop their own customized chips", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "Various companies in China did what to their games for certain specifics?", "id": "5ad2a5d3d7d075001a429deb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tempoh yang lebih lama, dengan NES yang hampir hujung hidupnya banyak penerbit pihak ketiga seperti Electronic Arts yang disokong oleh konsol yang bersaing dengan syarat pelesenan yang kurang ketat seperti Sega Genesis dan kemudian PlayStation, yang terhakis dan kemudian mengambil alih Penguasaan Nintendo di pasaran konsol rumah masing-masing. Konsol dari pesaing Nintendo di era post-SNES sentiasa menikmati sokongan pihak ketiga yang lebih kuat daripada Nintendo, yang lebih bergantung pada permainan parti pertama. <> Dengan NES pada akhirnya, yang konsol bersaing dengan syarat pelesenan yang kurang ketat disokong? || Sega Genesis dan kemudian PlayStation <> Siapakah contoh penerbit pihak ke-3? || Seni Elektronik <> Nintendo bergantung terutamanya pada apa untuk sokongannya? || permainan pihak pertama <> Saingan dalam era yang dikenal pasti diri menikmati sokongan pihak ketiga yang lebih kuat? || post-SNES era <> Dengan NES pada akhirnya, yang konsol bersaing dengan syarat pelesenan yang lebih ketat disokong? || <> Siapakah contoh penerbit pihak ke-2? || <> Nintendo tidak bergantung terutamanya kepada apa untuk sokongannya? || <> Saingan dalam masa yang dikenal pasti diri menikmati sokongan pihak ke-2 yang lebih kuat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?", "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6be8", "answers": [{"text": "Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?", "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6be9", "answers": [{"text": "Electronic Arts", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?", "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6bea", "answers": [{"text": "first-party games", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?", "id": "571114f7a58dae1900cd6beb", "answers": [{"text": "post-SNES era", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with more strict licensing terms were supported?", "id": "5ad2ab64d7d075001a429e66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electronic Arts", "answer_start": 102}], "question": " Who was an example of a 2nd party publisher?", "id": "5ad2ab64d7d075001a429e67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "first-party games", "answer_start": 484}], "question": " Nintendo didn't rely primarily on what for its support?", "id": "5ad2ab64d7d075001a429e68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "post-SNES era", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 2nd party support?", "id": "5ad2ab64d7d075001a429e69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games."}], ["Nintendo juga membuat dua pengawal turbo untuk NES yang dipanggil NES Advantage dan NES Max. Kedua-dua pengawal mempunyai ciri Turbo, satu ciri di mana satu ketuk butang mewakili beberapa paip. Ciri ini membolehkan pemain menembak lebih cepat semasa permainan penembak. Kelebihan NES mempunyai dua tombol yang menyesuaikan kadar tembakan butang turbo dari Turbo cepat, serta butang \"Perlahan\" yang melambatkan permainan dengan cepat menghentikan permainan. Butang \"Lambat\" tidak berfungsi dengan permainan yang mempunyai menu jeda atau skrin jeda dan boleh mengganggu melompat dan menembak. NES Max juga mempunyai Ciri Turbo, tetapi ia tidak boleh dilaraskan, berbeza dengan Kelebihan. Ia juga tidak mempunyai butang \"Perlahan\". Bentuk sayapnya menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk ditahan daripada Kelebihan dan ia juga bertambah baik pada kayu bedik. Ciri-ciri Turbo juga dipaparkan di Satelit NES, NES Empat Skor, dan U-Force. Aksesori lain termasuk Power Pad dan Power Glove, yang dipaparkan dalam filem The Wizard. <> Apakah dua pengawal turbo Nintendo dibuat untuk NES? || Kelebihan NES dan NES Max <> Apa ciri Turbo yang membolehkan pemain melakukan? || menembak lebih cepat semasa permainan penembak <> mana pengawal mempunyai ciri Turbo yang tidak boleh dilaraskan? || NES Max <> Yang dua aksesori dipaparkan dalam filem The Wizard? || Pad Kuasa dan Sarung Tangan Kuasa <> NES Max juga tidak mempunyai apa? || \"Butang\" lambat <> Apakah pengendali turbo ketiga Nintendo dibuat untuk NES? || <> Apa ciri Turbo tidak membenarkan pemain melakukan? || <> Pengawal mana yang mempunyai ciri Turbo yang boleh dilaraskan? || <> Yang tiga aksesori dipaparkan dalam filem The Wizard? || <> SNES Max juga tidak memperlihatkan apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?", "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb1d", "answers": [{"text": "NES Advantage and the NES Max", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?", "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb1e", "answers": [{"text": "shoot much faster during shooter games", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?", "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb1f", "answers": [{"text": "The NES Max", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?", "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb20", "answers": [{"text": "Power Pad and the Power Glove", "answer_start": 938}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The NES Max also did not feature what?", "id": "57111703b654c5140001fb21", "answers": [{"text": "\"Slow\" button", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NES Max", "answer_start": 82}], "question": " What were the third turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?", "id": "5ad2b1fcd7d075001a429f72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shoot much faster during shooter games", "answer_start": 226}], "question": " What did the Turbo feature not allow players to do?", "id": "5ad2b1fcd7d075001a429f73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NES Max", "answer_start": 82}], "question": " Which controller had a adjustable Turbo feature?", "id": "5ad2b1fcd7d075001a429f74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Power Pad and the Power Glove", "answer_start": 938}], "question": " Which three accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?", "id": "5ad2b1fcd7d075001a429f75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Slow", "answer_start": 701}], "question": " The SNES Max also did not feature what?", "id": "5ad2b1fcd7d075001a429f76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a \"Slow\" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The \"Slow\" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the \"Slow\" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard."}], ["Di UK, Itali dan Australia yang berkongsi rantau PAL A, dua versi NES dikeluarkan; \"Versi Mattel\" dan \"Versi NES\". Apabila NES pertama kali dikeluarkan di negara-negara tersebut, ia diedarkan oleh Mattel dan Nintendo memutuskan untuk menggunakan cip lockout khusus untuk negara-negara tersebut, berbeza dengan cip yang digunakan di negara-negara Eropah yang lain. Apabila Nintendo mengambil alih pengedaran Eropah pada tahun 1990, mereka mengeluarkan konsol yang kemudian dilabelkan sebagai \"Versi NES\"; Oleh itu, satu-satunya perbezaan antara kedua-dua adalah teks pada flap depan dan tekstur di bahagian atas / bawah sarung. <> Syarikat manakah yang mengedarkan NES ke UK, Itali, dan Australia? || Mattel <> Bilakah Nintendo mengambil alih pengedaran Eropah? || 1990 <> Yang ketiga negara berkongsi rantau PAL A? || UK, Itali dan Australia <> Apa dua versi NES dikeluarkan di UK, Itali, dan Australia? || \"Versi Mattel\" dan \"Versi NES\" <> Syarikat mana yang tidak mengedarkan NES ke UK, Itali, dan Australia? || <> Bilakah Nintendo mengambil alih pengedaran Asia? || <> Yang tiga negara berkongsi rantau PAL B? || <> Apa dua versi NES dikeluarkan di UK, Perancis, dan Sepanyol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?", "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bf8", "answers": [{"text": "Mattel", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Nintendo take over European distribution?", "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bf9", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which three countries share the PAL A region?", "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bfa", "answers": [{"text": "UK, Italy and Australia", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?", "id": "5711165aa58dae1900cd6bfb", "answers": [{"text": "\"Mattel Version\" and \"NES Version\"", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mattel", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Which company didn't distribute the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?", "id": "5ad2ac5dd7d075001a429e98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 400}], "question": " When did Nintendo take over Asian distribution?", "id": "5ad2ac5dd7d075001a429e99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UK, Italy and Australia", "answer_start": 7}], "question": " Which three countries share the PAL B region?", "id": "5ad2ac5dd7d075001a429e9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mattel Version", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, France, and Spain?", "id": "5ad2ac5dd7d075001a429e9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the \"Mattel Version\" and \"NES Version\". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled \"NES Version\"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing."}], ["Pada Jun 1989, naib presiden Nintendo dari pemasaran Peter Main, berkata bahawa Famicom hadir dalam 37% daripada isi rumah Jepun. Menjelang tahun 1990, 30% isi rumah Amerika dimiliki NES, berbanding 23% untuk semua komputer peribadi. Menjelang tahun 1990, NES telah mengeluarkan semua konsol sebelum ini yang dilancarkan di seluruh dunia. [Sumber yang lebih baik diperlukan] Slogan untuk jenama ini adalah Ia tidak boleh dipukul. Walau bagaimanapun di Eropah dan Amerika Selatan, NES dikeluarkan oleh Sistem Sarjana Sega, manakala Sistem Hiburan Nintendo tidak terdapat di Kesatuan Soviet. <> Pada Jun 1989 yang merupakan naib presiden pemasaran Nintendo of America? || Peter Main <> Pada tahun 1990, berapa peratus isi rumah Amerika mempunyai NES? || 30% <> Apakah slogan untuk jenama Nintendo? || Ia tidak boleh dipukul <> Apa yang terlepas dari NES di Eropah dan Amerika Selatan? || Sistem Sarjana Sega <> Dimana Nintendo tidak tersedia? || Soviet Union <> Pada bulan Jun 1987 yang merupakan naib presiden pemasaran Nintendo of America? || <> Pada tahun 1990, berapa peratus isi rumah Amerika memiliki SNES? || <> Apa itu slogan untuk jenama Nintendo? || <> Apa yang keluar dari NES di Eropah dan Afrika Selatan? || <> Di mana Nintendo sentiasa ada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?", "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf5", "answers": [{"text": "Peter Main", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?", "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf6", "answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?", "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf7", "answers": [{"text": "It can't be beaten", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?", "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf8", "answers": [{"text": "Sega's Master System", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Nintendo not available?", "id": "57111370b654c5140001faf9", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peter Main", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "In June 1987 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?", "id": "5ad2a4f3d7d075001a429da6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 149}], "question": " In 1990, what percentage of American households owned a SNES?", "id": "5ad2a4f3d7d075001a429da7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "It can't be beaten", "answer_start": 360}], "question": " What wasn't the slogan for the Nintendo brand?", "id": "5ad2a4f3d7d075001a429da8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sega's Master System", "answer_start": 441}], "question": " What outsold the NES in Europe and South Africa?", "id": "5ad2a4f3d7d075001a429da9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 528}], "question": " Where was Nintendo always available?", "id": "5ad2a4f3d7d075001a429daa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union."}], ["Pada tahun 1986, Nintendo melancarkan Sistem Disk Famicom (FDS) di Jepun, sejenis cakera liut yang menggunakan cakera 5 cm (2 \") dan berputar ke dalam port kartrij. Ia mengandungi RAM untuk permainan untuk dimuatkan ke dalam dan satu cip tambahan satu-kitaran bunyi carian. Disk tersebut pada asalnya diperolehi dari kios di pusat membeli-belah dan tempat-tempat awam lain di mana pembeli boleh memilih tajuk dan menulis kepada cakera. Proses ini akan kos kurang daripada katrij dan pengguna boleh mengambil kembali cakera ke gerai penjual dan tuliskan semula dengan permainan baru.Tekan ini digunakan untuk menyimpan permainan dan menjimatkan kemajuan dan jumlah kapasiti adalah 128k (64k setiap sisi). <> Tahun berapa Nintendo melepaskan Disk Famicom Sistem? || 1986 <> Dimana cakera untuk permainan diperolehi? || kios di pusat membeli-belah <> Bagaimana cakera-cakera yang dibeli? || pembeli boleh memilih tajuk dan tulisnya ke cakera <> Apa penyimpanan cakera digunakan untuk? || menyimpan permainan dan menjimatkan kemajuan <> Apa itu jumlah kapasiti cakera? || 128k <> Berapa tahunkah Atari mengeluarkan Sistem Disk Famicom? || <> Di mana cakera untuk permainan tidak dapat diperoleh? || <> Bagaimana cakera dijual? || <> Apa yang bukan cakera penyimpanan digunakan? || <> Apa separuh daripada jumlah kapasiti cakera? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?", "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb27", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where could the disks for the game be obtained?", "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb28", "answers": [{"text": "kiosks in malls", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the disks purchased?", "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb29", "answers": [{"text": "buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the storage disks used for?", "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb2a", "answers": [{"text": "storing the game and saving progress", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the total capacity of a disk?", "id": "571117b1b654c5140001fb2b", "answers": [{"text": "128k", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did Atari release the Famicom Disk System?", "id": "5ad2b3f4d7d075001a429fae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kiosks in malls", "answer_start": 315}], "question": " Where could the disks for the game not be obtained?", "id": "5ad2b3f4d7d075001a429faf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk", "answer_start": 361}], "question": " How were the disks sold?", "id": "5ad2b3f4d7d075001a429fb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "storing the game and saving progress", "answer_start": 589}], "question": " What weren't the storage disks used for?", "id": "5ad2b3f4d7d075001a429fb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "128k", "answer_start": 649}], "question": " What was half of the total capacity of a disk?", "id": "5ad2b3f4d7d075001a429fb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1986, Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System (FDS) in Japan, a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided, proprietary 5 cm (2\") disk and plugs into the cartridge port. It contains RAM for the game to load into and an extra single-cycle wavetable-lookup sound chip. The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk. This process would cost less than cartridges and users could take the disk back to a vending booth and have it rewritten with a new game. The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k (64k per side)."}], ["Pengawal papan permainan lebih diseragamkan secara langsung dari mesin Game & Watch, walaupun pasukan reka bentuk Famicom pada asalnya ingin menggunakan joysticks gaya arcade, malah mengambil alih dari konsol permainan Amerika untuk melihat bagaimana mereka bekerja. Walau bagaimanapun, ia akhirnya memutuskan bahawa kanak-kanak mungkin melangkah di atas stesen yang ditinggalkan di lantai dan ketahanan mereka juga dipersoalkan. Katsuyah Nakawaka melampirkan permainan & Watch D-pad kepada prototaip Famicom dan mendapati bahawa ia adalah mudah untuk digunakan dan tidak mempunyai ketidakselesaan. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka memasang port pengembangan 15-pin di hadapan konsol supaya gaya mainan gaya arcade boleh digunakan secara pilihan. Pengawal telah kabel-kabel ke konsol tanpa penyambung atas sebab kos. <> Siapa yang melekatkan Game & Watch D-pad ke prototaip Famicom? || Katsuyah Nakawaka <> Apa yang dipasang pada bahagian depan konsol supaya kayu bedik dapat digunakan? || Pelabuhan perluasan 15-pin <> Mengapa pengawal keras-kabel ke konsol tanpa penyambung? || sebab kos <> Di manakah pengawal papan permainan disalin? || Mesin permainan & tontonan <> Siapa yang melekatkan Permainan & Tonton C-pad kepada prototaip Famicom? || <> Apa yang dipasang pada bahagian hadapan konsol sehingga kayu bedik tidak boleh digunakan? || <> Kenapa pengawal tidak berwayar ke konsol dengan pelbagai penyambung? || <> Di manakah pengawal pad permainan tidak disalin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?", "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc4", "answers": [{"text": "Katsuyah Nakawaka", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?", "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc5", "answers": [{"text": "15-pin expansion port", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?", "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc6", "answers": [{"text": "cost reasons", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the game pad controllers copied from?", "id": "571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc7", "answers": [{"text": "Game & Watch machines", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Katsuyah Nakawaka", "answer_start": 381}], "question": " Who attached a Game & Watch C-pad to the Famicom prototype?", "id": "5ad2a28ed7d075001a429d0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15-pin expansion port", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick couldn't be used?", "id": "5ad2a28ed7d075001a429d0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cost reasons", "answer_start": 728}], "question": "Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with multiple connectors?", "id": "5ad2a28ed7d075001a429d0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Game & Watch", "answer_start": 410}], "question": " Where were the game pad controllers not copied from?", "id": "5ad2a28ed7d075001a429d0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons."}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo melancarkan versi American Famicomnya. Ini adalah sistem yang akhirnya akan digunakan secara rasmi sebagai Sistem Hiburan Nintendo, atau \"NES\" bahasa sehari-hari. Nintendo mengutip sistem pertama ini ke pasaran ujian Amerika yang terhad bermula di New York City pada 18 Oktober 1985, menyusuli pembebasan konsol Amerika Utara sepenuhnya pada Februari tahun berikutnya. Nintendo mengeluarkan 17 tajuk pelancaran: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Hunt Duck, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan's Alley, Climber Ice, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tenis, Wildman Wildman, , dan Super Mario Bros.h [>] Beberapa jenis permainan pelancaran ini mengandungi cip Famicom dengan penyesuai di dalam kartrij supaya mereka bermain di konsol Amerika Utara, itulah sebabnya tajuk Gyromite mempunyai tajuk Famicom \"Robot Gyro\" dan skrin tajuk Stack-Up mempunyai tajuk Famicom \"Robot Block\". <> Apakah singkatan untuk Sistem Hiburan Nintendo? || NES <> Hari apa Nintendo memperkenalkan sistem baru? || 18 Oktober 1985 <> Di mana Nintendo mula memperkenalkan sistem baru? || New York City <> Apa nama konvensyen di mana Nintendo melancarkan versi Amerika Famicom? || Show Electronics Electronics <> Apakah singkatan untuk Sistem Nintendo NonEntertainment? || <> Hari mana Nintendo tidak memperkenalkan sistem baru? || <> Di mana Nintendo berhenti melancarkan sistem baru? || <> Apa nama konvensyen di mana Nintendo melancarkan versi Amerika dari Pamicom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?", "id": "571112eab654c5140001faed", "answers": [{"text": "NES", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?", "id": "571112eab654c5140001faee", "answers": [{"text": "October 18, 1985", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?", "id": "571112eab654c5140001faef", "answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?", "id": "571112eab654c5140001faf0", "answers": [{"text": "Consumer Electronics Show", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NES", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What was the abbreviation for Nintendo NonEntertainment System?", "id": "5ad2a316d7d075001a429d30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 18, 1985", "answer_start": 329}], "question": " What day did Nintendo not unveil the new systems?", "id": "5ad2a316d7d075001a429d31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York City", "answer_start": 312}], "question": " Where did Nintendo stop unveiling the new systems?", "id": "5ad2a316d7d075001a429d32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Consumer Electronics Show", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Pamicom?", "id": "5ad2a316d7d075001a429d33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial \"NES\". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year. Nintendo released 17 launch titles: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan\u2019s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tennis, Wild Gunman, Wrecking Crew, and Super Mario Bros.h[\u203a] Some varieties of these launch games contained Famicom chips with an adapter inside the cartridge so they would play on North American consoles, which is why the title screen of Gyromite has the Famicom title \"Robot Gyro\" and the title screen of Stack-Up has the Famicom title \"Robot Block\"."}], ["Ketika Nintendo Entertainment System berkembang popular dan memasuki jutaan rumah Amerika, beberapa kedai sewa video kecil mula membeli salinan sendiri permainan NES, dan menyewakannya kepada para pelanggan untuk harga yang sama sebagai sewa kaset video selama beberapa hari. Nintendo tidak mendapat keuntungan dari amalan ini selain daripada kos awal permainan mereka, dan tidak seperti sewa filem, permainan yang baru dikeluarkan boleh memukul rak kedai dan boleh didapati untuk disewa pada hari yang sama. Nintendo mengambil langkah untuk menghentikan penyewaan permainan, tetapi tidak mengambil sebarang tindakan undang-undang formal sehingga Blockbuster Video mula membuat penyewaan permainan perkhidmatan berskala besar. Nintendo mendakwa bahawa membenarkan pelanggan menyewa permainan akan menjejaskan jualan dan memacu kos permainan. Nintendo kehilangan tuntutan mahkamah, tetapi telah menang atas tuntutan pelanggaran hak cipta. Blockbuster diharamkan termasuk termasuk buku arahan yang dilindungi hak cipta dengan permainan yang disewa mereka. Sebagai mematuhi peraturan, Blockbuster menghasilkan arahan pendek mereka sendiri - biasanya dalam bentuk buku kecil, kad, atau label yang terperangkap di belakang kotak sewa - yang menerangkan premis dan kawalan asas permainan. Kedai sewa video meneruskan amalan menyewa permainan video dan masih dilakukan hari ini. <> Siapa yang menyebabkan Nintendo mengambil tindakan formal mengenai penyewaan? || Video Blockbuster <> Menurut Nintendo apakah bahaya dalam menyewa permainan? || akan menjejaskan jualan dan membangkitkan kos permainan <> Blockbuster diharamkan termasuk apa dengan permainan mereka? || buku panduan arahan berhak cipta <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Blockbuster daripada menggunakan buku arahan arahan hak cipta? || menghasilkan arahan pendek mereka sendiri <> Siapa yang menyebabkan Nintendo mengambil tindakan tidak rasmi mengenai penyewaan? || <> Menurut Nintendo apa yang bukan bahaya menyewa permainan? || <> Blockbuster tidak diharamkan termasuk apa dengan permainan mereka? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Blockbuster bersama-sama dengan menggunakan buku panduan arahan hak cipta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?", "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf0", "answers": [{"text": "Blockbuster Video", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?", "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf1", "answers": [{"text": "would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?", "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf2", "answers": [{"text": "copyrighted instruction booklets", "answer_start": 872}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?", "id": "571115a5a58dae1900cd6bf3", "answers": [{"text": "produced their own short instructions", "answer_start": 973}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blockbuster", "answer_start": 824}], "question": " Who caused Nintendo to take informal action regarding rentals?", "id": "5ad2ac37d7d075001a429e90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games", "answer_start": 690}], "question": " According to Nintendo what wasn't the danger in renting games?", "id": "5ad2ac37d7d075001a429e91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyrighted instruction booklets", "answer_start": 872}], "question": " Blockbuster wasn't banned from including what with their games?", "id": "5ad2ac37d7d075001a429e92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "produced their own short instructions", "answer_start": 973}], "question": "What did Blockbuster do along with use copyrighted instruction booklets?", "id": "5ad2ac37d7d075001a429e93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions\u2014usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box\u2014that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today."}], ["Menjelang tahun 1988, pemerhati industri menyatakan bahawa populariti NES telah berkembang dengan pesat sehingga pasaran bagi kartrij Nintendo lebih besar daripada itu untuk semua perisian komputer rumah. Pengiraan! dilaporkan pada tahun 1989 bahawa Nintendo telah menjual tujuh juta sistem NES pada tahun 1988, hampir sebanyak jumlah Commodore 64s yang dijual dalam lima tahun pertama. \"Pembuat permainan komputer terasa ketat,\" kata majalah itu, menyatakan bahawa populariti Nintendo menyebabkan kebanyakan pesaing mengalami jualan yang lemah pada Krismas sebelumnya dan mengakibatkan masalah kewangan yang serius bagi sesetengah pihak. <> Tahun apa pasaran Nintendo mengatasi semua perisian komputer? || 1988 <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa Nintendo menjual 7 juta sistem NES? || Pengiraan! <> Bilakah Dikira! laporkan bilangan sistem yang dijual pada 7 juta? || 1989 <> 7 juta dijual hampir disamakan dengan lima tahun konsol? || Commodore 64s <> Tahun apa pasaran Nintendo tidak melampaui semua perisian komputer? || <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa Nintendo menjual 9 juta sistem NES? || <> Bilakah Dikira! laporkan bilangan sistem yang dijual pada 9 juta? || <> 7 juta dijual hampir disamakan dengan rentang konsol selama enam tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?", "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c64", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?", "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c65", "answers": [{"text": "Compute!", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?", "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c66", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?", "id": "57111d93a58dae1900cd6c67", "answers": [{"text": "Commodore 64s", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did Nintendo's market not surpass all computer software?", "id": "5ad2a4c4d7d075001a429d9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Compute", "answer_start": 175}], "question": " Who reported that Nintendo sold 9 million NES systems?", "id": "5ad2a4c4d7d075001a429d9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 9 million?", "id": "5ad2a4c4d7d075001a429da0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Commodore 64s", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's six year span?", "id": "5ad2a4c4d7d075001a429da1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years. \"Computer game makers [are] scared stiff\", the magazine said, stating that Nintendo's popularity caused most competitors to have poor sales during the previous Christmas and resulted in serious financial problems for some."}], ["Monopoli dekat Nintendo di pasaran permainan video rumah meninggalkannya dengan tahap pengaruh ke atas industri. Tidak seperti Atari, yang tidak pernah secara aktif mengutuskan pemaju pihak ketiga (dan bahkan pergi ke mahkamah dalam usaha untuk memaksa Activision menghentikan pengeluaran permainan Atari 2600), Nintendo telah menjangka dan menggalakkan penglibatan pemaju perisian pihak ketiga; Walau bagaimanapun, dengan ketat pada istilah Nintendo. Beberapa langkah kawalan platform Nintendo telah digunakan oleh pengeluar konsol kemudian seperti Sega, Sony, dan Microsoft, walaupun tidak ketat. <> Siapa yang cuba Atari untuk memaksa menghentikan pengeluaran permainan untuk sistemnya? || Activision <> Nintendo secara aktif menggalakkan penglibatan apa? || pemaju perisian pihak ketiga <> langkah Nintendo untuk pemaju permainan pihak ketiga juga diterima pakai di mana pengeluar kemudiannya? || Sega, Sony, dan Microsoft <> Siapa yang tidak cuba untuk Atari memaksa menghentikan pengeluaran permainan untuk sistemnya? || <> Nintendo secara aktif tidak menggalakkan penglibatan apa? || <> Langkah-langkah Nintendo untuk pemaju permainan pihak ketiga tidak diguna pakai oleh pengilang kemudian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?", "id": "57111a07b654c5140001fb4d", "answers": [{"text": "Activision", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?", "id": "57111a07b654c5140001fb4e", "answers": [{"text": "third-party software developers", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?", "id": "57111a07b654c5140001fb4f", "answers": [{"text": "Sega, Sony, and Microsoft", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Activision", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "Who didn't Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?", "id": "5ad2aab0d7d075001a429e3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third-party developers", "answer_start": 152}], "question": " Nintendo actively discouraged the involvement of what?", "id": "5ad2aab0d7d075001a429e3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sega, Sony, and Microsoft", "answer_start": 506}], "question": " Nintendo's measures for third party game developers weren't adopted by which later manufacturers?", "id": "5ad2aab0d7d075001a429e3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent."}], ["Pelan seterusnya memasarkan konsol Famicom di Amerika Utara yang menampilkan papan kekunci, perakam kaset, pengawal joystick tanpa wayar dan kartrij BASIC khas di bawah nama \"Nintendo Advanced Video System\" tidak pernah terwujud. Pada awal tahun 1985, Famicom telah menjual lebih daripada 2.5 juta unit di Jepun dan Nintendo tidak lama lagi mengumumkan rancangan untuk melepaskannya di Amerika Utara sebagai Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) pada tahun yang sama. Akhbar permainan video Amerika itu ragu-ragu bahawa konsol itu boleh mempunyai kejayaan di rantau ini, dengan majalah majalah Electronic Games tahun 1985 yang menyatakan bahawa \"pasar video di Amerika telah hampir hilang\" dan \"ini boleh menjadi salah perhitungan pada bahagian Nintendo . \" <> Berapa banyak unit Famicom yang dijual di Jepun pada awal tahun 1985? || 2.5 juta unit <> Apakah sistem ini akan dipanggil di Amerika Utara? || Sistem Hiburan Video Lanjutan <> Majalah apa yang menyatakan bahawa Nintendo boleh bermasalah dalam kejayaan produk mereka yang dijangkakan? || Majalah Permainan Elektronik <> Berapa banyak unit Famicom yang dijual di China pada awal tahun 1985? || <> Apa sistem ini akan dipanggil di Amerika Selatan? || <> Apa majalah menyatakan bahawa Nintendo tidak dapat menyimpang dalam kejayaan produk mereka yang diantisipasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?", "id": "57111c66b654c5140001fb65", "answers": [{"text": "2.5 million units", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was this system to be called in North America?", "id": "57111c66b654c5140001fb66", "answers": [{"text": "Advanced Video Entertainment System", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?", "id": "57111c66b654c5140001fb67", "answers": [{"text": "Electronic Games magazine", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "How many units of the Famicom were sold in China by the beginning of 1985?", "id": "5ad2a2e2d7d075001a429d22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Advanced Video Entertainment System", "answer_start": 400}], "question": " What was this system to be called in South America?", "id": "5ad2a2e2d7d075001a429d23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Electronic Games magazine", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What magazine stated that Nintendo couldn't be errant in their anticipated product success?", "id": "5ad2a2e2d7d075001a429d24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name \"Nintendo Advanced Video System\" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that \"the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared\" and that \"this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part.\""}], ["Berhampiran akhir hayat NES, apabila pembebasan AV Famicom dan NES 2 yang memuatkan teratas, reka bentuk pengawal permainan diubah suai sedikit. Walaupun susun atur butang asal disimpan, peranti yang direka bentuk semula meninggalkan kulit bata memihak kepada bentuk tulang anjing. Di samping itu, AV Famicom menyertai rakan sejawatannya di peringkat antarabangsa dan menjatuhkan pengawal keras yang disokong memihak kepada pelabuhan pengawal yang boleh ditanggalkan. Walau bagaimanapun, pengawal yang disertakan dengan AV Famicom mempunyai kabel yang panjangnya 90 cm (3 kaki), berbanding dengan pengawal NES standard 180 cm (6 kaki). <> Konsol mana yang menampilkan reka bentuk top loading? || NES 2 <> Reka bentuk apa yang diubah sedikit? || pengawal permainan <> reka bentuk asal pengawal adalah bentuk apa? || bata <> Apakah bentuk reka bentuk baru pengawal? || tulang anjing <> Berapa lama kabel pengawal NES standard? || 6 kaki <> Konsol mana yang memaparkan reka bentuk di bahagian bawah? || <> Reka bentuk apa yang tidak diubahsuai sedikit? || <> reka bentuk tidak asli pengawal adalah bentuk apa? || <> Apakah bentuk reka bentuk baru pengawal lama? || <> Berapa lamakah kabel pengawal NES yang tidak standard? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which console featured a top-loading design?", "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5a", "answers": [{"text": "NES 2", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The design of what was modified slightly?", "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5b", "answers": [{"text": "game controllers", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the original design of the controller was what shape?", "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5c", "answers": [{"text": "brick", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new design shape of the controller?", "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5d", "answers": [{"text": "dog bone", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long were standard NES controller cables?", "id": "57111d15a58dae1900cd6c5e", "answers": [{"text": "6 feet", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NES 2", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Which console featured a bottom-loading design?", "id": "5ad2b236d7d075001a429f7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "game controllers", "answer_start": 116}], "question": " The design of what wasn't modified slightly?", "id": "5ad2b236d7d075001a429f7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brick", "answer_start": 240}], "question": " the unoriginal design of the controller was what shape?", "id": "5ad2b236d7d075001a429f7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dog bone shape", "answer_start": 266}], "question": " What was the new design shape of the old controller?", "id": "5ad2b236d7d075001a429f7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6 feet", "answer_start": 557}], "question": " How long were nonstandard NES controller cables?", "id": "5ad2b236d7d075001a429f80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape. In addition, the AV Famicom joined its international counterpart and dropped the hardwired controllers in favor of detachable controller ports. However, the controllers included with the Famicom AV had cables which were 90 cm (3 feet) long, as opposed to the standard 180 cm(6 feet) of NES controllers."}], ["Pelbagai permainan untuk FDS dikeluarkan oleh Nintendo (termasuk beberapa seperti Super Mario Bros yang telah dikeluarkan pada kartrij) dan syarikat-syarikat pihak ketiga seperti Konami dan Taito. Beberapa gelaran yang tidak berlesen juga dibuat. Walau bagaimanapun, batasannya menjadi jelas kerana cip ROM yang lebih besar diperkenalkan, membolehkan kartrij dengan lebih besar daripada 128k ruang. Cip pengurusan memori yang lebih maju (MMC) tidak lama lagi muncul dan FDS dengan cepat menjadi usang. Nintendo juga mengenakan jumlah pemaju sejumlah besar wang untuk menghasilkan permainan FDS, dan ramai yang enggan membangunkannya, sebaliknya terus membuat tajuk kartrij. Banyak cakera FDS tidak mempunyai penutup debu (kecuali dalam beberapa varian tidak berlesen dan rampasan) dan mudah terdedah kepada mendapatkan kotoran di media. Di samping itu, pemacu menggunakan tali pinggang yang sering rosak dan memerlukan penggantian invasif. Selepas hanya dua tahun, FDS telah dihentikan, walaupun gerai vending kekal di tempat sehingga tahun 1993 dan Nintendo terus memacu servis, dan menulis semula dan menawarkan cakera pengganti sehingga tahun 2003. <> Nintendo mengecam pengeluar jumlah yang besar untuk membuat apa? || Permainan FDS <> Apa yang dilakukan syarikat daripada membuat permainan FDS? || membuat tajuk kartrij <> Banyak cakera FDS yang kekurangan apa? || habuk meliputi <> Apa yang mengganti penggantian yang kerap dan diperlukan di dalam mesin? || tali pinggang <> Berapa lama perkhidmatan Nintendo memacu dan menawarkan cakera pengganti? || 2003 <> Nintendo tidak mengenakan jumlah pengilang yang besar untuk membuat apa? || <> Apa yang dilakukan syarikat semasa membuat permainan FDS? || <> Banyak cakera FDS mempunyai apa? || <> Apa yang pecah jarang dan perlu penggantian di dalam mesin? || <> Berapa lama perkhidmatan Atari memacu dan menawarkan cakera pengganti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what?", "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6c", "answers": [{"text": "FDS games", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did companies do instead of making FDS games?", "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6d", "answers": [{"text": "make cartridge titles", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many FDS disks lack what?", "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6e", "answers": [{"text": "dust covers", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine?", "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c6f", "answers": [{"text": "belt", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks?", "id": "57111e46a58dae1900cd6c70", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 1057}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FDS", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Nintendo didn't charge producers hefty sums to make what?", "id": "5ad2b444d7d075001a429fb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "make cartridge titles", "answer_start": 614}], "question": " What did companies do while making FDS games?", "id": "5ad2b444d7d075001a429fb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dust covers", "answer_start": 660}], "question": " Many FDS disks had what?", "id": "5ad2b444d7d075001a429fba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "belt", "answer_start": 801}], "question": " What broke infrequently and needed replacement in the machine?", "id": "5ad2b444d7d075001a429fbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 1057}], "question": " How long did Atari service drives and offer replacement disks?", "id": "5ad2b444d7d075001a429fbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A variety of games for the FDS were released by Nintendo (including some like Super Mario Bros. which had already been released on cartridge) and third party companies such as Konami and Taito. A few unlicensed titles were made as well. However, its limitations became quickly apparent as larger ROM chips were introduced, allowing cartridges with greater than 128k of space. More advanced memory management chips (MMC) soon appeared and the FDS quickly became obsolete. Nintendo also charged developers considerable amounts of money to produce FDS games, and many refused to develop for it, instead continuing to make cartridge titles. Many FDS disks have no dust covers (except in some unlicensed and bootleg variants) and are easily prone to getting dirt on the media. In addition, the drive use a belt which breaks frequently and requires invasive replacement. After only two years, the FDS was discontinued, although vending booths remained in place until 1993 and Nintendo continued to service drives, and to rewrite and offer replacement disks until 2003."}], ["Di Eropah dan Australia, sistem ini telah dilancarkan ke dua kawasan pemasaran berasingan. Satu rantau terdiri daripada kebanyakan tanah besar Eropah (tidak termasuk Itali), dan pengedaran di sana dikendalikan oleh beberapa syarikat yang berbeza, dengan Nintendo bertanggungjawab untuk keluaran kartrij yang paling. Kebanyakan rantau ini melihat pelepasan 1986. Pengedaran Mattel di rantau lain, yang terdiri daripada United Kingdom, Ireland, Kanada, Itali, Australia dan New Zealand, bermula pada tahun berikutnya. Tidak sehingga dekad 1990an pengedaran langsung cabang Nintendo di seluruh Eropah terus dicipta di seluruh Eropah. <> Di mana sistem dikeluarkan kepada dua kawasan pemasaran berasingan? || Eropah dan Australia <> Satu rantau merangkumi keseluruhan tanah besar Eropah kecuali untuk negara mana? || Itali <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan kartrij di tanah besar Eropah? || Nintendo <> Siapa yang mengendalikan pengedaran di rantau lain? || Mattel <> Bilakah brance Eropah akhirnya terus mengedarkan seluruh Eropah? || 1990-an <> Di mana sistem dikeluarkan kepada tiga bidang pemasaran berasingan? || <> Satu rantau yang merangkumi seluruh Asia daratan kecuali negara mana? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan kartrij di tanah besar Asia? || <> Siapa yang tidak mengendalikan pengedaran di rantau lain? || <> Bilakah brance Eropah akhirnya secara langsung diedar di seluruh Eropah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?", "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c14", "answers": [{"text": "Europe and Australia", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?", "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c15", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?", "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c16", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who handled distribution in the other region?", "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c17", "answers": [{"text": "Mattel", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?", "id": "571118caa58dae1900cd6c18", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe and Australia", "answer_start": 3}], "question": " Where was the system released to three separate marketing areas?", "id": "5ad2a44cd7d075001a429d78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 143}], "question": " One region comprised the entirety of mainland Asia save for which country?", "id": "5ad2a44cd7d075001a429d79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo's", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "Who released cartridges in mainland Asia?", "id": "5ad2a44cd7d075001a429d7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mattel", "answer_start": 317}], "question": " Who didn't handle distribution in the other region?", "id": "5ad2a44cd7d075001a429d7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 495}], "question": " When did the European brance finally directly redistribute throughout Europe?", "id": "5ad2a44cd7d075001a429d7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mattel handled distribution for the other region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Australia and New Zealand, starting the following year. Not until the 1990s did Nintendo's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe."}], ["Sistem Nintendo Entertainment (juga disingkat sebagai NES) adalah konsol permainan video rumah 8-bit yang dibangunkan dan dihasilkan oleh Nintendo. Ia pada mulanya dibebaskan di Jepun sebagai Family Computer (bahasa Jepun: \u30d5 \u30a1 \u30df \u30ea \u30fc \u30b3 \u30f3 \u30d4 \u30e5 \u30fc \u30bf, Hepburn: Famir\u012b Konpy\u016bta?) (Juga dikenali oleh singkatan portmanteau Famicom (\u30d5 \u30a1 \u30df \u30b3 \u30f3, Famikon?) Dan disingkat sebagai FC) pada 15 Julai 1983 yang dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara pada 1985, di Eropah pada tahun 1986, dan Australia pada tahun 1987. Di Korea Selatan, ia dikenali sebagai Hyundai Comboy (\ud604\ub300 \ucef4 \ubcf4\uc774 Hyeondae Keomboi) dan diedarkan oleh SK Hynix yang kemudian dikenali sebagai Hyundai Electronics. Ia digantikan oleh Sistem Hiburan Super Nintendo. <> Apakah singkatan Sistem Hiburan Nintendo? || NES <> apa yang dipanggil di Jepun? || Family Computer <> Bilakah Keluarga Komputer (Famicom) dikeluarkan di Jepun? || 15 Julai 1983 <> Bilakah ia dikeluarkan di Australia? || 1987 <> Apa yang menggantikan Famicom? || Sistem Hiburan Super Nintendo <> Apakah singkatan dari Sistem Hiburan Mintendo? || <> apa yang dipanggil di China? || <> Bilakah Keluarga Komputer (Famicom) dikeluarkan di China? || <> Bilakah ia dibebaskan di Afrika? || <> Apa yang mendahului Famicom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System?", "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c46", "answers": [{"text": "NES", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was it called in Japan?", "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c47", "answers": [{"text": "Family Computer", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in Japan?", "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c48", "answers": [{"text": "July 15, 1983", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was it released in Australia?", "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c49", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What succeeded the Famicom?", "id": "57111b3aa58dae1900cd6c4a", "answers": [{"text": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NES", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is the abbreviation of Mintendo Entertainment System?", "id": "5ad2a217d7d075001a429cda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Family Computer", "answer_start": 187}], "question": " what was it called in China?", "id": "5ad2a217d7d075001a429cdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 15, 1983", "answer_start": 350}], "question": " When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in China?", "id": "5ad2a217d7d075001a429cdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 435}], "question": " When was it released in Africa?", "id": "5ad2a217d7d075001a429cdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "answer_start": 642}], "question": " What preceded the Famicom?", "id": "5ad2a217d7d075001a429cde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: \u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf, Hepburn: Famir\u012b Konpy\u016bta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (\ud604\ub300 \ucef4\ubcf4\uc774 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System."}], ["Beberapa syarikat, enggan membayar yuran pelesenan atau telah ditolak oleh Nintendo, mendapati cara untuk memintas sistem pengesahan konsol. Kebanyakan syarikat ini mencipta litar yang menggunakan spek voltan untuk melumpuhkan cip 10NES buat sementara waktu di NES. Beberapa permainan yang tidak berlesen yang dikeluarkan di Eropah dan Australia datang dalam bentuk dongle yang akan dihubungkan dengan permainan berlesen, untuk menggunakan cip 10NES permainan berlesen untuk pengesahan. Untuk memerangi permainan yang tidak berlesen, Nintendo of America mengancam peruncit yang menjualnya dengan kehilangan bekalan gelaran berlesen. Di samping itu, banyak semakan dibuat kepada PCB NES untuk menghalang permainan ini daripada berfungsi. <> Syarikat melakukan apa yang dalam usaha untuk mengelakkan pengesahan konsol Nintendo? || spike voltan untuk melumpuhkan sementara cip 10NES <> Kenapa syarikat mengelakkan sistem pengesahan? || enggan membayar yuran pelesenan atau telah ditolak oleh Nintendo <> Di manakah permainan yang tidak berlesen mempunyai dongle? || Eropah dan Australia <> Apa yang dilakukan Nintendo untuk membendung jualan permainan tanpa izin? || mengancam peruncit <> Syarikat tidak melakukan apa yang dalam usaha untuk mengelakkan pengesahan konsol Nintendo? || <> Mengapa syarikat tidak memintas sistem pengesahan? || <> Di mana permainan yang tidak berlesen mempunyai dongle? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Nintendo untuk membendung jualan permainan berlesen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?", "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb53", "answers": [{"text": "voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?", "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb54", "answers": [{"text": "refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?", "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb55", "answers": [{"text": "Europe and Australia", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?", "id": "57111ab0b654c5140001fb56", "answers": [{"text": "threatened retailers", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "Companies didn't do what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?", "id": "5ad2ab91d7d075001a429e6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo", "answer_start": 31}], "question": " Why didn't the companies circumvent the authentication system?", "id": "5ad2ab91d7d075001a429e6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe and Australia", "answer_start": 304}], "question": " Where didn't unlicensed games feature a dongle?", "id": "5ad2ab91d7d075001a429e70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "threatened retailers", "answer_start": 522}], "question": " What did Nintendo do to curb licensed game sales?", "id": "5ad2ab91d7d075001a429e71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Several companies, refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo, found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed game, in order to use the licensed game's 10NES chip for authentication. In order to combat unlicensed games, Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed titles. In addition, multiple revisions were made to the NES PCBs to prevent these games from working."}], ["Menjelang 1990an, para pemain meramalkan bahawa persaingan daripada sistem unggul teknologi seperti 16-bit Sega Mega Drive / Genesis akan menandakan penguasaan NES. Sebaliknya, pada tahun pertama konsol pengganti Nintendo, Super Famicom (dinamakan Super Nintendo Entertainment System di luar Jepun), Famicom kekal sebagai konsol permainan video terlaris kedua di Jepun, yang mengeluarkan NEC PC Engine baru dan lebih kuat dan Sega Mega Drive dengan margin yang luas. Konsol tetap popular di Jepun dan Amerika Utara sehingga akhir tahun 1993, apabila permintaan untuk perisian NES baru tiba-tiba merosot. Permainan Famicom akhir yang dikeluarkan di Jepun adalah Takahashi Meijin no B\u014dken Jima IV (Adventure Island IV), sementara di Amerika Utara, Wario's Woods adalah permainan akhir yang berlesen. Seiring dengan semakin berkurangnya jualan dan kekurangan tajuk perisian baru, Nintendo of America secara rasmi menghentikan NES pada tahun 1995. Namun, Nintendo terus menghasilkan unit Famicom baru di Jepun hingga 25 September 2003, dan terus memperbaiki konsol Famicom hingga 31 Oktober , 2007, yang mengaitkan pemberhentian sokongan kepada bekalan bahagian yang tidak mencukupi. <> Contoh mana sistem mula menandakan berakhirnya dominasi NES? || 16-bit Sega Mega Drive / Genesis <> Bilakah permintaan untuk perisian NES baru kering? || akhir 1993 <> Apa permainan akhir Famicom yang dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara? || Wario's Woods <> Tahun apa Nintendo secara rasmi menghentikan NES? || 1995 <> Pernahkah Nintendo terus membaiki unit Famicom? || 31 Oktober 2007 <> Contoh mana sistem mula menandakan berakhirnya dominasi SNES? || <> Bilakah permintaan untuk perisian NES baru didorong? || <> Apa permainan Famicom yang pertama dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara? || <> Tahun apa Nintendo secara rasmi menghentikan SNES? || <> Bagaimana terlambatnya Nintendo terus membaiki unit nonFamicom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?", "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c28", "answers": [{"text": "16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the demand for new NES software dry up?", "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c29", "answers": [{"text": "late 1993", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final Famicom game released in North America?", "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c2a", "answers": [{"text": "Wario's Woods", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?", "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c2b", "answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?", "id": "57111975a58dae1900cd6c2c", "answers": [{"text": "October 31, 2007", "answer_start": 1062}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Which example of a system started to mark the end of the SNES dominance?", "id": "5ad2a532d7d075001a429db0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 1993", "answer_start": 559}], "question": " When did the demand for new NES software get boosted?", "id": "5ad2a532d7d075001a429db1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wario's Woods", "answer_start": 752}], "question": " What was the first Famicom game released in North America?", "id": "5ad2a532d7d075001a429db2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 923}], "question": " What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the SNES?", "id": "5ad2a532d7d075001a429db3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 31, 2007", "answer_start": 1062}], "question": " How late did Nintendo continue to repair nonFamicom units?", "id": "5ad2a532d7d075001a429db4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As the 1990s dawned, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES\u2019s dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin. The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993, when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted. The final Famicom game released in Japan is Takahashi Meijin no B\u014dken Jima IV (Adventure Island IV), while in North America, Wario's Woods is the final licensed game. In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new software titles, Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995. However, Nintendo kept producing new Famicom units in Japan until September 25, 2003, and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31, 2007, attributing the discontinuation of support to insufficient supplies of parts."}], ["Masalah dengan cip lockout 10NES sering menyebabkan masalah konsol yang paling terkenal: lampu kuasa merah yang berkedip, di mana sistem itu muncul untuk menghidupkan dan mematikannya berulang kali kerana 10NES akan menetapkan semula konsol sekali sesaat. Cakera penguncian memerlukan komunikasi berterusan dengan cip dalam permainan untuk berfungsi. Penyambung kotor, penuaan dan bengkok sering mengganggu komunikasi, menyebabkan kesan berkedip. Secara alternatif, konsol akan dihidupkan tetapi hanya menunjukkan skrin berwarna putih, kelabu, atau hijau pepejal. Pengguna cuba menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan meniup udara ke penyambung kartrij, memasukkan kartrij cukup jauh untuk mendapatkan ZIF yang lebih rendah, menjilat penyambung tepi, menampar sisi sistem selepas memasukkan kartrij, mengalihkan kartrij dari sisi ke sisi selepas memasukkan, menolak ZIF naik dan turun berulang kali, memegang ZIF turun lebih rendah daripada yang sepatutnya, dan membersihkan penyambung dengan alkohol. Penyelesaian percubaan ini sering menjadi terkenal dengan hak mereka sendiri dan sering diingati bersama dengan NES. Pada tahun 1989, Nintendo mengeluarkan NES Cleaning Kit rasmi untuk membantu pengguna membersihkan kartrij dan konsol yang tidak berfungsi. <> Apakah masalah yang paling biasa di konsol? || berkelip lampu kuasa merah <> 10NES akan menetapkan semula sistem berapa kerap? || sekali per saat <> Apa yang mengganggu komunikasi juga? || Penyambung kotor, penuaan dan bengkok <> Apakah satu contoh dari apa yang pengguna lakukan untuk memerangi masalah sekelip mata? || meniup udara ke penyambung kartrij <> Bilakah Nintendo membebaskan kit pembersihan? || 1989 <> Apa masalah yang paling biasa di konsol? || <> 10NES tidak akan menetapkan semula sistem berapa kerap? || <> Apa yang tidak mengganggu komunikasi juga? || <> Apa yang tidak satu contoh dari apa yang pengguna lakukan untuk memerangi masalah sekelip mata? || <> Bilakah Nintendo tidak membebaskan kit pembersihan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the console's most common problem?", "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5b", "answers": [{"text": "blinking red power light", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 10NES would reset the system how often?", "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5c", "answers": [{"text": "once per second", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disrupted the communication as well?", "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5d", "answers": [{"text": "Dirty, aging and bent connectors", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?", "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5e", "answers": [{"text": "blowing air onto the cartridge connectors", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit?", "id": "57111bd0b654c5140001fb5f", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 1209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blinking red power light", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What wasn't the console's most common problem?", "id": "5ad2ad6fd7d075001a429ed0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "once per second", "answer_start": 234}], "question": " The 10NES wouldn't reset the system how often?", "id": "5ad2ad6fd7d075001a429ed1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dirty, aging and bent connectors", "answer_start": 335}], "question": " What didn't disrupt the communication as well?", "id": "5ad2ad6fd7d075001a429ed2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blowing air onto the cartridge connectors", "answer_start": 572}], "question": " What wasn't one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?", "id": "5ad2ad6fd7d075001a429ed3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 1209}], "question": " When didn't Nintendo release a cleaning kit?", "id": "5ad2ad6fd7d075001a429ed4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console's most infamous problem: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second. The lockout chip required constant communication with the chip in the game to work. Dirty, aging and bent connectors would often disrupt the communication, resulting in the blink effect. Alternatively, the console would turn on but only show a solid white, gray, or green screen. Users attempted to solve this problem by blowing air onto the cartridge connectors, inserting the cartridge just far enough to get the ZIF to lower, licking the edge connector, slapping the side of the system after inserting a cartridge, shifting the cartridge from side to side after insertion, pushing the ZIF up and down repeatedly, holding the ZIF down lower than it should have been, and cleaning the connectors with alcohol. These attempted solutions often became notable in their own right and are often remembered alongside the NES. Many of the most frequent attempts to fix this problem instead ran the risk of damaging the cartridge and/or system.[citation needed] In 1989, Nintendo released an official NES Cleaning Kit to help users clean malfunctioning cartridges and consoles."}], ["Beberapa pengawal khas yang direka untuk kegunaan dengan permainan khusus dikeluarkan untuk sistem, walaupun sangat sedikit peranti sedemikian terbukti sangat popular. Peranti tersebut termasuk, tetapi tidak terhad kepada, Zapper (senjata ringan), R.O.B., dan Power Pad. Famicom asal memaparkan port pengembangan DA-15 mendalam di bahagian depan unit, yang digunakan untuk menyambungkan kebanyakan peranti tambahan. Pada NES, pengawal khas ini biasanya disambungkan ke salah satu dari dua pelabuhan kawalan di hadapan konsol. <> Apakah pengawal pistol cahaya dipanggil? || Zapper <> Apakah nama pelabuhan tambahan yang digunakan untuk menyambung peranti tambahan di Famicom? || DA-15 <> Bagaimana pengawal khas disambungkan ke NES? || pelabuhan kawalan di bahagian depan <> Apakah pengawal senjata gelap dipanggil? || <> Apakah nama pelabuhan tambahan yang digunakan untuk tidak menyambung peranti tambahan di Famicom? || <> Bagaimana pengawal khas terputus ke NES? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the light gun controller called?", "id": "5711225fa58dae1900cd6c8a", "answers": [{"text": "Zapper", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?", "id": "5711225fa58dae1900cd6c8b", "answers": [{"text": "DA-15", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the special controllers connected to the NES?", "id": "5711225fa58dae1900cd6c8c", "answers": [{"text": "control ports on the front", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zapper", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What was the dark gun controller called?", "id": "5ad2b1b9d7d075001a429f58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DA-15", "answer_start": 303}], "question": "What was the name of the auxiliary port used to not connect additional devices on the Famicom?", "id": "5ad2b1b9d7d075001a429f59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two control ports on the front of the console", "answer_start": 477}], "question": " How were the special controllers disconnected to the NES?", "id": "5ad2b1b9d7d075001a429f5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A number of special controllers designed for use with specific games were released for the system, though very few such devices proved particularly popular. Such devices included, but were not limited to, the Zapper (a light gun), the R.O.B., and the Power Pad. The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit, which was used to connect most auxiliary devices. On the NES, these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console."}], ["NES boleh dicontohi pada banyak sistem lain, terutamanya PC. Emulator pertama adalah Pasofami Jepun sahaja. Ia kemudiannya diikuti oleh iNES, yang boleh didapati dalam bahasa Inggeris dan bersila, pada tahun 1996. Ia digambarkan sebagai perisian emulasi NES yang pertama yang boleh digunakan oleh bukan pakar. NESticle, emulator MS-DOS yang popular, telah dikeluarkan pada 3 April 1997. Telah ada banyak emulator lain. Konsol Maya untuk Wii, Nintendo 3DS dan Wii U juga menawarkan emulasi banyak permainan NES. <> Apakah emulator NES pertama? || Pasofami <> Apakah emulator bahasa Inggeris yang pertama tersedia? || iNES <> Bilakah NESticle dibebaskan? || April 3, 1997 <> Platform apa NESticle tersedia untuk digunakan? || MS-DOS <> Apa yang bukan emulator NES yang pertama? || <> Apakah emulator pertama yang tersedia di Sepanyol? || <> Bilakah NESticle dihentikan? || <> Platform apa NESticle tidak tersedia untuk digunakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first NES emulator?", "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fb9d", "answers": [{"text": "Pasofami", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first English available emulator?", "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fb9e", "answers": [{"text": "iNES", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was NESticle released?", "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fb9f", "answers": [{"text": "April 3, 1997", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What platform was NESticle available for use?", "id": "571120ccb654c5140001fba0", "answers": [{"text": "MS-DOS", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pasofami", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What wasn't the first NES emulator?", "id": "5ad2abeed7d075001a429e7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "iNES", "answer_start": 143}], "question": " What was the first Spanish available emulator?", "id": "5ad2abeed7d075001a429e7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 3, 1997", "answer_start": 361}], "question": " When was NESticle halted?", "id": "5ad2abeed7d075001a429e80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MS-DOS", "answer_start": 328}], "question": " What platform was NESticle unavailable for use?", "id": "5ad2abeed7d075001a429e81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The NES can be emulated on many other systems, most notably the PC. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which was available in English and was cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. NESticle, a popular MS-DOS emulator, was released on April 3, 1997. There have since been many other emulators. The Virtual Console for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also offers emulation of many NES games."}], ["Pasaran klon yang tidak berlesen telah berkembang selepas pemberhentian Nintendo NES. Sebahagian daripada sistem eksotik yang lebih eksotik ini telah melampaui fungsi perkakasan asal dan telah memasukkan variasi seperti sistem mudah alih dengan warna LCD (mis. PocketFami). Lain-lain telah dihasilkan dengan pasaran khusus tertentu dalam fikiran, seperti klon NES yang berfungsi sebagai komputer peribadi yang agak primitif, termasuk keyboard dan perisian pemproses kata asas. Ini klon yang tidak dibenarkan telah dibantu oleh ciptaan yang disebut NES-on-a-chip. <> Apa yang berkembang selepas NES dihentikan? || pasaran klon yang tidak berlesen <> Ciri apa yang PocketFami ada? || warna LCD <> NES diduplikasi pada medium yang mana untuk membuat klon mudah dihasilkan? || cip <> Apa yang berkembang selepas SNES dihentikan? || <> Ciri apa yang tidak mempunyai PocketFami? || <> NES ditiru pada medium yang mana untuk membuat klon tidak mudah dihasilkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What thrived after the NES was discontinued?", "id": "57112478a58dae1900cd6c9a", "answers": [{"text": "unlicensed clone market", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature does the PocketFami have?", "id": "57112478a58dae1900cd6c9b", "answers": [{"text": "color LCD", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?", "id": "57112478a58dae1900cd6c9c", "answers": [{"text": "chip", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unlicensed clone market", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What thrived after the SNES was discontinued?", "id": "5ad2b4aed7d075001a429fcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "color LCD", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "What feature doesn't the PocketFami have?", "id": "5ad2b4aed7d075001a429fcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chip", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make non-clones easy to produce?", "id": "5ad2b4aed7d075001a429fce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD (e.g. PocketFami). Others have been produced with certain specialized markets in mind, such as an NES clone that functions as a rather primitive personal computer, which includes a keyboard and basic word processing software. These unauthorized clones have been helped by the invention of the so-called NES-on-a-chip."}], ["Berikutan satu siri kejayaan permainan arked pada awal 1980-an, Nintendo membuat rancangan untuk mencipta konsol berasaskan kartrij yang dikenali sebagai Famicom. Masayuki Uemura merancang sistem ini. Pelan asal memanggil sistem 16-bit maju yang akan berfungsi sebagai komputer sepenuhnya dengan papan kekunci dan pemacu cakera liut, tetapi Presiden Nintendo Hiroshi Yamauchi menolaknya dan sebaliknya memutuskan untuk pergi untuk konsol permainan berasaskan kartrij yang lebih murah dan lebih konvensional kerana dia merasakan bahawa ciri-ciri seperti papan kekunci dan cakera menakutkan kepada bukan technophiles. Model uji telah dibina pada bulan Oktober 1982 untuk mengesahkan fungsi perkakasan, selepas kerja-kerja bermula pada alat pengaturcaraan. Oleh kerana CPU 65xx tidak dibuat atau dijual di Jepun sehingga masa itu, tiada perisian pembangunan silang tersedia dan ia perlu dihasilkan dari awal. Permainan Famicom awal ditulis pada sistem yang menggunakan komputer NEC PC-8001 dan LED pada grid digunakan dengan digitizer untuk mereka bentuk grafik tanpa alat reka bentuk perisian untuk tujuan ini ada pada masa itu. direka sistem Famicom? || Masayuki Uemura <> Rancangan memanggil berapa banyak bit sebagai ciri? || 16 <> Siapa presiden Nintendo pada masa itu? || Hiroshi Yamauchi <> Kapan model ujian dibina? || Oktober 1982 <> Permainan Famicom awal ditulis pada sistem komputer apa? || NEC PC-8001 <> Siapa yang merancang sistem Pamicom? || <> Rancangan pertama memanggil berapa banyak bit sebagai ciri? || <> Siapa naib presiden Nintendo pada masa itu? || <> Bilakah model ujian dimusnahkan? || <> Permainan Awal Famicom tidak ditulis pada sistem komputer apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the Famicom system?", "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba5", "answers": [{"text": "Masayuki Uemura", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The plans called for how many bits as a feature?", "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba6", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Nintendo president at the time?", "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba7", "answers": [{"text": "Hiroshi Yamauchi", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the test model constructed?", "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba8", "answers": [{"text": "October 1982", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Early Famicom games were written on what computer system?", "id": "571121f4b654c5140001fba9", "answers": [{"text": "NEC PC-8001", "answer_start": 907}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Masayuki Uemura", "answer_start": 140}], "question": " Who designed the Pamicom system?", "id": "5ad2a24dd7d075001a429d00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16-bit", "answer_start": 215}], "question": " The first plans called for how many bits as a feature?", "id": "5ad2a24dd7d075001a429d01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hiroshi Yamauchi", "answer_start": 339}], "question": " Who was the Nintendo vice president at the time?", "id": "5ad2a24dd7d075001a429d02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 1982", "answer_start": 582}], "question": " When was the test model destroyed?", "id": "5ad2a24dd7d075001a429d03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NEC PC-8001", "answer_start": 907}], "question": " Early Famicom games weren't written on what computer system?", "id": "5ad2a24dd7d075001a429d04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a cartridge-based console called the Famicom. Masayuki Uemura designed the system. Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive, but Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi rejected this and instead decided to go for a cheaper, more conventional cartridge-based game console as he felt that features such as keyboards and disks were intimidating to non-technophiles. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, after which work began on programming tools. Because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Early Famicom games were written on a system that ran on an NEC PC-8001 computer and LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no software design tools for this purpose existed at that time.[citation needed]"}], ["Pelancaran sistem ini bukan sahaja mewakili produk baru, tetapi juga pemindaian segmen pasaran video rumah yang rosak teruk secara menyeluruh. Kemalangan pasaran video pada tahun 1983 telah berlaku di sebahagian besar disebabkan kekurangan keyakinan pengguna dan peruncit dalam permainan video, yang pada gilirannya sebahagiannya disebabkan kekeliruan dan salah gambaran dalam pemasaran permainan video. Sebelum NES, pembungkusan permainan video banyak membentangkan karya seni bombastic yang membesar-besarkan grafik permainan sebenar. Dari segi identiti produk, permainan tunggal seperti Pac-Man akan muncul dalam banyak versi pada banyak konsol dan komputer permainan yang berbeza, dengan variasi yang besar dalam grafik, bunyi, dan kualiti umum antara versi. Sebaliknya, strategi pemasaran Nintendo bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kembali keyakinan pengguna dan peruncit, dengan menyampaikan platform tunggal yang teknologinya tidak memerlukan keterlaluan berat dan sifatnya jelas. <> Tahun apa kemalangan pasaran permainan video? || 1983 <> Kemalangan itu disebabkan sebahagiannya oleh kekeliruan dan salah gambaran tentang apa dalam permainan video? || pemasaran <> Apa yang disalah tafsirkan secara khusus pada produk permainan? || karya seni <> strategi pemasaran Nintendo yang bertujuan untuk aspek aspek pengguna melalui realisme? || keyakinan <> tahun berapa pasaran pasaran video berkembang? || <> Kemalangan itu tidak disebabkan sebahagiannya oleh kekeliruan dan salah gambaran tentang apa dalam permainan video? || <> Apa yang khusus diwakili pada produk permainan? || <> Strategi pemasaran Nintendo tidak bertujuan aspek aspek pengguna melalui realisme? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the video game market crash?", "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbaf", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?", "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbb0", "answers": [{"text": "marketing", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What specifically was misrepresented on game products?", "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbb1", "answers": [{"text": "artwork", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?", "id": "57112331b654c5140001fbb2", "answers": [{"text": "confidence", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 175}], "question": " What year did the video game market boom?", "id": "5ad2a390d7d075001a429d48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marketing", "answer_start": 358}], "question": " The crash wasn't caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?", "id": "5ad2a390d7d075001a429d49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "artwork", "answer_start": 456}], "question": " What specifically was represented on game products?", "id": "5ad2a390d7d075001a429d4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "confidence", "answer_start": 823}], "question": " Nintendo's marketing strategy wasn't aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?", "id": "5ad2a390d7d075001a429d4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined."}], ["Bahagian belakang kartrij menanggung label dengan arahan pengendalian. Kod semakan pengeluaran dan perisian dicetak sebagai setem pada label belakang untuk bersesuaian dengan versi perisian dan pengeluar. Kecuali The Legend of Zelda dan Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, yang dihasilkan dalam kereta plastik emas, semua kartrij NTSC dan PAL yang berlesen adalah warna standard plastik abu-abu. Kereta tanpa lesen dihasilkan dalam hitam, robin telur biru, dan emas, dan semua bentuk yang sedikit berbeza daripada kartrij NES standard. Nintendo juga mengeluarkan kereta plastik kuning untuk penggunaan dalaman di Pusat Perkhidmatan Nintendo, walaupun \"kereta ujian\" ini tidak pernah tersedia untuk dibeli. Semua kartrij AS berlesen telah dibuat oleh Nintendo, Konami dan Acclaim. Untuk promosi DuckTales: Remastered, Capcom menghantar 150 kartun NES emas edisi terhad dengan permainan asal, yang menampilkan seni Remastered sebagai pelekat, kepada agensi berita permainan yang berbeza. Label arahan di bagian belakang termasuk lirik pembuka dari lagu tema pertunjukan, \"Kehidupan adalah seperti badai\". <> Permainan Zelda dihasilkan dalam kartrij warna apa? || emas <> Apakah warna standard semua kartrij lain? || kelabu <> Apa warna kartrij yang dihasilkan oleh Nintendo untuk kegunaan dalaman? || kuning <> Apa yang jelas dibuat oleh Nintendo, Konami, dan Acclaim? || kartrij AS berlesen <> Apakah lirik pembukaan dari rancangan tema Duck Tales? || Kehidupan adalah seperti badai <> Permainan Zelda tidak dihasilkan dalam kartrij warna apa? || <> Apa warna standard semua kartrij lain? || <> Apa warna kartrij yang dihasilkan oleh Nintendo untuk penggunaan luaran? || <> Apa yang tidak jelas dibuat oleh Nintendo, Konami, dan Acclaim? || <> Apakah lirik penutup dari pertunjukan tema Duck Tales? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?", "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb7f", "answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the standard color of all other cartridges?", "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb80", "answers": [{"text": "gray", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?", "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb81", "answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?", "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb82", "answers": [{"text": "licensed US cartridges", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?", "id": "57111fd3b654c5140001fb83", "answers": [{"text": "Life is like a hurricane", "answer_start": 1046}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "The Zelda games weren't manufactured in what color cartridge?", "id": "5ad2a5aad7d075001a429dde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gray", "answer_start": 383}], "question": " What wasn't the standard color of all other cartridges?", "id": "5ad2a5aad7d075001a429ddf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 555}], "question": " What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for external use?", "id": "5ad2a5aad7d075001a429de0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "licensed US cartridges", "answer_start": 694}], "question": " What wasn't distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?", "id": "5ad2a5aad7d075001a429de1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Life is like a hurricane", "answer_start": 1046}], "question": " What was the closing lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?", "id": "5ad2a5aad7d075001a429de2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The back of the cartridge bears a label with instructions on handling. Production and software revision codes were imprinted as stamps on the back label to correspond with the software version and producer. With the exception of The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, manufactured in gold-plastic carts, all licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic. Unlicensed carts were produced in black, robin egg blue, and gold, and are all slightly different shapes than standard NES cartridges. Nintendo also produced yellow-plastic carts for internal use at Nintendo Service Centers, although these \"test carts\" were never made available for purchase. All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami and Acclaim. For promotion of DuckTales: Remastered, Capcom sent 150 limited-edition gold NES cartridges with the original game, featuring the Remastered art as the sticker, to different gaming news agencies. The instruction label on the back included the opening lyric from the show's theme song, \"Life is like a hurricane\"."}], ["Nintendo dituduh tingkah laku antitrust kerana keperluan pelesenan yang ketat. Jabatan Kehakiman Amerika Syarikat dan beberapa negeri mula meneliti amalan perniagaan Nintendo, yang membawa kepada penglibatan Kongres dan Suruhanjaya Perdagangan Persekutuan (FTC). FTC menjalankan siasatan yang meluas yang termasuk menemuinya beratus-ratus peruncit. Semasa siasatan FTC, Nintendo mengubah syarat perjanjian pelesenan penerbit untuk menghapuskan peraturan dua tahun dan syarat-syarat lain yang ketat. Nintendo dan FTC menyelesaikan kes itu pada April 1991, dengan Nintendo dikehendaki menghantar baucer memberikan diskaun $ 5 kepada permainan baru, kepada setiap orang yang telah membeli tajuk NES antara bulan Jun 1988 dan Disember 1990. GameSpy menyatakan bahawa hukuman Nintendo itu khususnya lemah memberikan penemuan kes itu, walaupun telah membuat spekulasi bahawa FTC tidak mahu merosakkan industri permainan video di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa yang dituduh oleh Nintendo? || tingkah laku antitrust <> Mengapa Nintendo dituduh melakukan tingkah laku antitrust? || keperluan pelesenan yang ketat <> Siapa yang memulakan menyelidik perniagaan Nintendo? || Jabatan Keadilan Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang mewawancarai peruncit sebagai sebahagian daripada penyiasatan mereka? || FTC <> Berapakah baucar bernilai yang dikeluarkan oleh Nintendo? || $ 5 <> Apa yang tidak dituduh Nintendo? || <> Mengapa Nintendo tidak menuduh tingkah laku antitrust? || <> Siapa yang tidak menyiasat perniagaan Nintendo? || <> Siapa yang tidak mewawancarai peruncit sebagai sebahagian daripada siasatan mereka? || <> Berapakah baucar bernilai yang Nintendo tidak menghantar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Nintendo accused of?", "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb89", "answers": [{"text": "antitrust behavior", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?", "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8a", "answers": [{"text": "strict licensing requirements", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who began probing Nintendo's business?", "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8b", "answers": [{"text": "United States Department of Justice", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?", "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8c", "answers": [{"text": "FTC", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?", "id": "5711205bb654c5140001fb8d", "answers": [{"text": "$5", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antitrust behavior", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What wasn't Nintendo accused of?", "id": "5ad2ab33d7d075001a429e5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strict licensing requirements", "answer_start": 58}], "question": " Why wasn't Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?", "id": "5ad2ab33d7d075001a429e5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Department of Justice", "answer_start": 93}], "question": " Who didn't probe Nintendo's business?", "id": "5ad2ab33d7d075001a429e5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FTC", "answer_start": 379}], "question": " Who didn't interview retailers as part of their investigation?", "id": "5ad2ab33d7d075001a429e5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$5", "answer_start": 617}], "question": " How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo didn't send out?", "id": "5ad2ab33d7d075001a429e60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States."}], ["Walaupun kebanyakan klac perkakasan tidak dihasilkan di bawah lesen oleh Nintendo, beberapa syarikat telah diberikan lesen untuk menghasilkan peranti yang serasi NES. Perbadanan Sharp menghasilkan sekurang-kurangnya dua klon seperti: Twin Famicom dan televisyen SHARP 19SC111. Famicom Twin yang serasi dengan kedua-dua kartrij Famicom dan cakera Sistem Disk Famicom. Ia boleh didapati dalam dua warna (merah dan hitam) dan digunakan pengawal keras (seperti Famicom asal), tetapi ia mempunyai reka bentuk kes yang berbeza. Televisyen SHARP 19SC111 adalah televisyen yang termasuk Famicom terbina dalam. Perjanjian pelesenan yang sama telah dicapai dengan Hyundai Electronics, yang melesenkan sistem di bawah nama Comboy di pasaran Korea Selatan. Urus niaga ini dengan Hyundai diperlukan kerana larangan kerajaan Korea Selatan terhadap semua \"produk kebudayaan\" Jepun, yang tetap berkuat kuasa sehingga 1998 dan memastikan bahawa satu-satunya cara produk Jepun secara sah memasuki pasaran Korea Selatan adalah melalui pelesenan kepada ketiga pengedar pihak-pihak (bukan Jepun) (lihat juga pertikaian Jepun-Korea). <> Syarikat manakah yang menghasilkan Twin Famicom dan TV 19SC111? || Sharp Corporation <> Apa yang serasi dengan kartrij Famicom dan sistem FDS? || Twin Famicom <> Hyundai berlesen Sharp 19SC111 TV dengan nama apa di Korea Selatan? || Comboy <> Berapa lamakah Korea Selatan mengharamkan produk kebudayaan Jepun? || 1998 <> Bagaimana produk Jepun hanya masuk ke Korea Selatan? || pelesenan kepada pengedar pihak ketiga (bukan Jepun) <> Syarikat mana yang menghasilkan Duo Famicom dan TV 19SC111? || <> Apa yang serasi dengan kartrij Famicom dan sistem IDS? || <> Hyundai melesenkan Sharp 19SC111 DVD dengan nama apa di Korea Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?", "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb75", "answers": [{"text": "Sharp Corporation", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?", "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb76", "answers": [{"text": "Twin Famicom", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea?", "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb77", "answers": [{"text": "Comboy", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?", "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb78", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 878}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How could Japanese products only enter South Korea?", "id": "57111f13b654c5140001fb79", "answers": [{"text": "licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor", "answer_start": 987}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sharp Corporation", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "Which company produced the Duo Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?", "id": "5ad2b4cfd7d075001a429fd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Twin Famicom", "answer_start": 211}], "question": " What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and IDS systems?", "id": "5ad2b4cfd7d075001a429fd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comboy", "answer_start": 683}], "question": " Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 DVD with what name in South Korea?", "id": "5ad2b4cfd7d075001a429fd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although most hardware clones were not produced under license by Nintendo, certain companies were granted licenses to produce NES-compatible devices. The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones: the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television. The Twin Famicom was compatible with both Famicom cartridges and Famicom Disk System disks. It was available in two colors (red and black) and used hardwired controllers (as did the original Famicom), but it featured a different case design. The SHARP 19SC111 television was a television which included a built-in Famicom. A similar licensing deal was reached with Hyundai Electronics, who licensed the system under the name Comboy in the South Korean market. This deal with Hyundai was made necessary because of the South Korean government's wide ban on all Japanese \"cultural products\", which remained in effect until 1998 and ensured that the only way Japanese products could legally enter the South Korean market was through licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor (see also Japan\u2013Korea disputes)."}], ["The Famicom tidak mengandungi perkakasan penguncian dan, sebagai akibatnya, kartrij tidak berlesen (kedua-dua sah dan bootleg) sangat biasa di seluruh Jepun dan Timur Jauh. NES asal (tetapi bukan NES-101 yang memuatkan teratas) mengandungi cip lockout 10NES, yang meningkatkan peningkatan cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pemaju yang tidak berlesen. Tinkerers di rumah pada tahun-tahun kemudian mendapati bahawa pembongkaran NES dan memotong pin keempat cip lockout akan mengubah mod pengendalian cip dari \"kunci\" ke \"kunci\", mengeluarkan semua kesan dan sangat meningkatkan keupayaan konsol untuk bermain permainan undang-undang, serta cebisan dan import yang ditukar. Konsol NES yang dijual di rantau lain mempunyai cip lockout yang berbeza, jadi permainan dipasarkan di satu rantau tidak akan berfungsi pada konsol dari rantau lain. Kawasan yang dikenali ialah: Amerika Syarikat / Kanada (3193 cip lockout), kebanyakan Eropah (3195), Asia (3196) dan UK, Itali dan Australia (3197). Oleh kerana dua jenis cip lockout digunakan di Eropah, kotak permainan NES Eropah sering mempunyai huruf \"A\" atau \"B\" di bahagian depan, menunjukkan sama ada permainan itu serasi dengan konsol UK / Itali / Australia (A) dari Eropah (B). Permainan Rest-of-Europe biasanya mempunyai teks di dalam kotak yang menyatakan \"Permainan ini tidak serasi dengan versi Mattel atau NES Sistem Hiburan Nintendo\". Begitu juga, perlawanan UK / Italy / Australia menyatakan \"Permainan ini hanya serasi dengan versi Mattel atau NES Sistem Hiburan Nintendo\". <> Apa yang Famicom sangat kurang? || perkakasan penguncian <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada? || 3193 <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk kebanyakan Eropah, kecuali UK dan Itali? || 3195 <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk Asia? || 3196 <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk UK, Itali, dan Australia? || 3197 <> Apa yang tidak diketahui oleh Famicom? || <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk UK dan Kanada? || <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk sebahagian besar Asia, kecuali UK dan Itali? || <> Apakah nombor cip lockout untuk Afrika Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Famicom sorely lack?", "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c80", "answers": [{"text": "lockout hardware", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada?", "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c81", "answers": [{"text": "3193", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe, save the UK and Italy?", "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c82", "answers": [{"text": "3195", "answer_start": 857}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for Asia?", "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c83", "answers": [{"text": "3196", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for UK, Italy, and Australia?", "id": "5711215da58dae1900cd6c84", "answers": [{"text": "3197", "answer_start": 905}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lockout", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What did the Famicom not lack?", "id": "5ad2ad23d7d075001a429ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3193", "answer_start": 821}], "question": " What was the lockout chip number for the UK and Canada?", "id": "5ad2ad23d7d075001a429ec9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3193", "answer_start": 821}], "question": "What wasn't the lockout chip number for most of Asia, save the UK and Italy?", "id": "5ad2ad23d7d075001a429eca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3196", "answer_start": 870}], "question": " What was the lockout chip number for South Africa?", "id": "5ad2ad23d7d075001a429ecb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Famicom contained no lockout hardware and, as a result, unlicensed cartridges (both legitimate and bootleg) were extremely common throughout Japan and the Far East. The original NES (but not the top-loading NES-101) contained the 10NES lockout chip, which significantly increased the challenges faced by unlicensed developers. Tinkerers at home in later years discovered that disassembling the NES and cutting the fourth pin of the lockout chip would change the chip\u2019s mode of operation from \"lock\" to \"key\", removing all effects and greatly improving the console\u2019s ability to play legal games, as well as bootlegs and converted imports. NES consoles sold in different regions had different lockout chips, so games marketed in one region would not work on consoles from another region. Known regions are: USA/Canada (3193 lockout chip), most of Europe (3195), Asia (3196) and UK, Italy and Australia (3197). Since two types of lockout chip were used in Europe, European NES game boxes often had an \"A\" or \"B\" letter on the front, indicating whether the game is compatible with UK/Italian/Australian consoles (A), or the rest of Europe (B). Rest-of-Europe games typically had text on the box stating \"This game is not compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System\". Similarly, UK/Italy/Australia games stated \"This game is only compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System\"."}], ["Untuk pelepasan Amerika Utara yang lengkap, Sistem Hiburan Nintendo telah dilancarkan secara beransur-ansur dalam tahun-tahun berikutnya dalam empat kumpulan yang berlainan: Set Deluxe, Dek Kawalan, Set Tindakan dan Set Kuasa. The Deluxe Set, yang dijual pada harga US $ 199.99 (bersamaan dengan $ 475 pada 2016), termasuk R.O.B., pistol ringan yang disebut NES Zapper, dua pengawal, dan dua Permainan Paks: Gyromite, dan Duck Hunt. The Basic Set, yang dijual pada harga US $ 89.99 tanpa sebarang permainan, dan US $ 99.99 dibundel dengan \"Super Mario Bros.\" Set Tindakan, yang dijual pada tahun 1988 untuk US $ 149.99, datang dengan Dek Kawalan, dua pengawal permainan, NES Zapper, dan Pak Permainan Dual yang mengandungi kedua-dua Super Mario Bros dan Duck Hunt. Pada tahun 1989, Power Set merangkumi konsol, dua pengawal permainan, NES Zapper, Power Pad, dan Triple Game Pak yang mengandungi Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, dan World Track Track Meet. Pada tahun 1990, satu kumpulan Sports Set dibebaskan, termasuk konsol, penyesuai multitap wayarles inframerah satelit NES, empat pengawal permainan, dan Pak Permainan dua yang mengandungi Super Spike V'Ball dan Nintendo World Cup. Dua lagi paket pakej kemudian dilancarkan menggunakan konsol NES model asal. Set Challenge tahun 1992 termasuk konsol, dua pengawal, dan Super Mario Bros. 3 Permainan Pak untuk harga runcit US $ 89.99. The Basic Set, pertama kali dikeluarkan pada tahun 1987, telah dibungkus semula untuk runcit US $ 89.99. Ia termasuk hanya konsol dan dua pengawal, dan tidak lagi dibundel dengan kartrij. Sebaliknya, ia mengandungi buku yang dipanggil Panduan Nintendo Player's Guide, yang mengandungi maklumat terperinci untuk setiap permainan NES yang dibuat sehingga itu. <> Berapakah harga jualan Deluxe NES? || US $ 199,99 <> Berapakah harga jualan bersamaan dengan wang hari ini? || $ 475 <> Berapa banyak yang dijual oleh konsol untuk dibundel dengan hanya permainan Super Mario Bros? || US $ 99,99 <> Super Mario Bros telah dipasangkan dengan permainan mana dalam Set Tindakan? || Itik Hunt <> Set Asas yang dijual untuk berapa banyak pada pembebasan? || US $ 89,99 <> Berapakah jualan SNES Deluxe? || <> Berapakah harga jualan bersamaan dengan wang pada tahun 2018? || <> Berapa banyak yang dijual oleh konsol untuk dibundel dengan hanya permainan Luigi Bros? || <> Super Luigi Bros dipasangkan dengan permainan mana dalam Set Tindakan? || <> The Big Set dijual untuk berapa banyak yang dibebaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did the Deluxe NES sell for?", "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbb7", "answers": [{"text": "US$199.99", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the selling price equivalent to in today's money?", "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbb8", "answers": [{"text": "$475", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?", "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbb9", "answers": [{"text": "US$99.99", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?", "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbba", "answers": [{"text": "Duck Hunt", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Basic Set sold for how much at release?", "id": "571123e4b654c5140001fbbb", "answers": [{"text": "US$89.99", "answer_start": 1364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$199.99", "answer_start": 251}], "question": " How much did the Deluxe SNES sell for?", "id": "5ad2a497d7d075001a429d8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$475", "answer_start": 274}], "question": " How much was the selling price equivalent to in 2018 money?", "id": "5ad2a497d7d075001a429d8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$99.99", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Luigi Bros. game?", "id": "5ad2a497d7d075001a429d8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Duck Hunt", "answer_start": 827}], "question": " Super Luigi Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?", "id": "5ad2a497d7d075001a429d8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$89.99", "answer_start": 1366}], "question": " The Big Set sold for how much at release?", "id": "5ad2a497d7d075001a429d90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For its complete North American release, the Nintendo Entertainment System was progressively released over the ensuing years in four different bundles: the Deluxe Set, the Control Deck, the Action Set and the Power Set. The Deluxe Set, retailing at US$199.99 (equivalent to $475 in 2016), included R.O.B., a light gun called the NES Zapper, two controllers, and two Game Paks: Gyromite, and Duck Hunt. The Basic Set, retailing at US$89.99 with no game, and US$99.99 bundled with \"Super Mario Bros.\" The Action Set, retailing in 1988 for US$149.99, came with the Control Deck, two game controllers, an NES Zapper, and a dual Game Pak containing both Super Mario Bros. and Duck Hunt. In 1989, the Power Set included the console, two game controllers, a NES Zapper, a Power Pad, and a triple Game Pak containing Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, and World Class Track Meet. In 1990, a Sports Set bundle was released, including the console, an NES Satellite infrared wireless multitap adapter, four game controllers, and a dual Game Pak containing Super Spike V'Ball and Nintendo World Cup. Two more bundle packages were later released using the original model NES console. The Challenge Set of 1992 included the console, two controllers, and a Super Mario Bros. 3 Game Pak for a retail price of US$89.99. The Basic Set, first released in 1987, was repackaged for a retail US$89.99. It included only the console and two controllers, and no longer was bundled with a cartridge. Instead, it contained a book called the Official Nintendo Player's Guide, which contained detailed information for every NES game made up to that point."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada kelemahan perkakasan ini, \"Pusat Pembaikan Dibenarkan Nintendo\" berkembang di seluruh A.S. Menurut Nintendo, program kebenaran direka untuk memastikan mesin dibaiki dengan betul. Nintendo akan menghantar bahagian pengganti yang diperlukan hanya untuk kedai-kedai yang telah mendaftar dalam program kebenaran. Dalam praktiknya, proses pemberian kuasa tidak lebih daripada membayar yuran kepada Nintendo untuk keistimewaan. Dalam trend baru-baru ini, banyak laman web telah muncul untuk menawarkan bahagian, petunjuk, dan perkhidmatan pembaikan Nintendo yang menggantikan mereka yang dahulu ditawarkan oleh pusat pembaikan yang dibenarkan. <> Untuk menangani perkakasan yang tidak bermaya, apa yang muncul di seluruh Amerika Syarikat? || Pusat Pembaikan yang Dibenarkan Nintendo <> Apakah pusat pembaikan yang dijanjikan? || pastikan mesin dibaik pulih dengan betul <> Apa yang telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keistimewaan bekerja di NES untuk dibaiki? || membayar bayaran <> Untuk menangani perkakasan yang tidak selesa, apa yang muncul di seluruh UK? || <> Apakah pusat-pusat pembaikan tidak dijanjikan? || <> Apa yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keistimewaan bekerja di SNES untuk dibaiki? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?", "id": "57112a6eb654c5140001fc05", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the repair centers promise?", "id": "57112a6eb654c5140001fc06", "answers": [{"text": "ensure that the machines were properly repaired", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?", "id": "57112a6eb654c5140001fc07", "answers": [{"text": "paying a fee", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the UK?", "id": "5ad2ad96d7d075001a429eda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ensure that the machines were properly repaired", "answer_start": 165}], "question": " What did the repair centers not promise?", "id": "5ad2ad96d7d075001a429edb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "paying a fee", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What was done to have the privilege of working on an SNES for repair?", "id": "5ad2ad96d7d075001a429edc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response to these hardware flaws, \"Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers\" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers."}], ["Model asal Famicom menampilkan dua pengawal permainan, yang kedua-duanya dikekalkan di bahagian belakang konsol. Pengawal kedua tidak mempunyai butang START dan SELECT, tetapi menampilkan mikrofon kecil. Permainan yang agak sedikit dibuat menggunakan ciri ini. Unit Famicom yang mula-mula menghasilkan butang A dan B yang pertama. Ini ditukar kepada reka bentuk bulat kerana butang persegi ditangkap dalam selongsong pengawal apabila ditekan dan merosakkan dalam perkakasan menyebabkan sistem membekukan sesekali semasa bermain permainan. <> Bagaimana pengawal Famicom melekat pada konsol? || hardwired <> Pengawal Famicom kedua tidak mempunyai START dan apa lagi butang? || PILIH <> Apakah pengawal Famicom kedua mempunyai ciri unik? || mikrofon <> Apakah bentuk butang A dan B pada pengawal Famicom terawal? || persegi <> Bentuk apa akhirnya butang A dan B menjadi? || pekeliling <> Bagaimana pengawal Famicom tidak terikat pada konsol? || <> Pengawal Famicom kedua tidak mempunyai BEGIN dan apakah butang lain? || <> Apakah pengawal Famicom ketiga mempunyai ciri unik? || <> Apakah bentuk butang D dan E pada pengawal Famicom terawal? || <> Apakah bentuk butang E dan F akhirnya menjadi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?", "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cd8", "answers": [{"text": "hardwired", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?", "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cd9", "answers": [{"text": "SELECT", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?", "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cda", "answers": [{"text": "microphone", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?", "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cdb", "answers": [{"text": "square", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?", "id": "5711288ea58dae1900cd6cdc", "answers": [{"text": "circular", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hardwired", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "How were the Famicom controllers unattached to the console?", "id": "5ad2b05ed7d075001a429f3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SELECT", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "The second Famicom controller lacked BEGIN and what other button?", "id": "5ad2b05ed7d075001a429f3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "microphone", "answer_start": 195}], "question": " What did the third Famicom controller have as a unique feature?", "id": "5ad2b05ed7d075001a429f3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "square", "answer_start": 384}], "question": " What shape were the D and E buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?", "id": "5ad2b05ed7d075001a429f3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circular", "answer_start": 352}], "question": " What shape did the E and F buttons eventually become?", "id": "5ad2b05ed7d075001a429f40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game."}], ["Pada bulan Disember 1993, Famicom menerima reka bentuk semula yang serupa. Ia juga memuatkan katrij melalui slot tertutup di bahagian atas unit dan menggunakan pengawal yang tidak berkeras. Kerana HVC-101 menggunakan output video komposit daripada menjadi RF hanya seperti HVC-001, Nintendo memasarkan model baru sebagai AV Famicom (AV \u4ed5 \u69d8 \u30d5 \u30a1 \u30df \u30b3 \u30f3, Eibui Shiy\u014d Famikon?). Oleh kerana pengawal baru tidak mempunyai mikrofon pada mereka seperti pengawal kedua pada konsol asal, permainan tertentu seperti versi Sistem Disk The Legend of Zelda dan Raid di Bungeling Bay akan mempunyai cara tertentu yang tidak boleh direplikasi apabila dimainkan pada HVC-101 Famicom tanpa pengawal modded. Walau bagaimanapun, HVC-101 Famicom adalah serasi dengan kebanyakan pengawal NES kerana mempunyai pelabuhan pengawal yang sama. Nintendo juga telah mengeluarkan alat dengar grafik yang mampu 3D. Walau bagaimanapun, periferal ini tidak pernah dilepaskan di luar Jepun. Berapa bulan dan tahun apakah Famicom menerima reka bentuk semula? || Disember 1993 <> Apa yang menggunakan output video komposit? || HVC-101 <> Alat apa saja RF sahaja? || HVC-001 <> Apa model yang baru dipanggil? || AV Famicom <> Apa sahaja yang dikeluarkan Nintendo di Jepun? || Alat grafik berkebolehan 3D <> Berapa bulan dan tahun Adakah Famicom dapat direka bentuk? || <> Apa yang digunakan input video komposit? || <> Alat apakah yang HD sahaja? || <> Apa model yang dipanggil lama? || <> Apa yang dibebaskan Nintendo di China sahaja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?", "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6ca8", "answers": [{"text": "December 1993", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What used composite video output?", "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6ca9", "answers": [{"text": "HVC-101", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What device was RF only?", "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6caa", "answers": [{"text": "HVC-001", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the newer model called?", "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6cab", "answers": [{"text": "AV Famicom", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Nintendo release in Japan only?", "id": "5711264da58dae1900cd6cac", "answers": [{"text": "3D graphic capable headset", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "December 1993", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What month and year did the Famicom get designed?", "id": "5ad2ac97d7d075001a429eaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HVC-101", "answer_start": 174}], "question": " What used composite video input?", "id": "5ad2ac97d7d075001a429eab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "HVC-101", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "What device was HD only?", "id": "5ad2ac97d7d075001a429eac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AV Famicom", "answer_start": 294}], "question": " What was the older model called?", "id": "5ad2ac97d7d075001a429ead", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "graphic capable headset", "answer_start": 799}], "question": " What did Nintendo release in China only?", "id": "5ad2ac97d7d075001a429eae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV\u4ed5\u69d8\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30b3\u30f3, Eibui Shiy\u014d Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]"}], ["Atari Games mencipta barisan produk NES di bawah nama Tengen dan mengambil pendekatan yang berbeza. Syarikat itu cuba untuk membatalkan kejuruteraan cip lockout untuk mengembangkan cip \"Arnab\" mereka sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, Tengen juga mendapat gambaran mengenai cip lockout dari Pejabat Paten dan Tanda Dagangan Amerika Syarikat dengan mendakwa bahawa ia dikehendaki untuk mempertahankan tuntutan pelanggaran yang berlaku dalam kes undang-undang. Nintendo menyaman Tengen untuk pelanggaran hak cipta, yang Tengen hilang kerana ia tidak dapat membuktikan bahawa dokumen paten yang diperolehi secara sah tidak digunakan oleh pasukan kejuruteraan terbalik. Tengen antitrust tuntutan terhadap Nintendo tidak pernah akhirnya memutuskan. <> Atari mencipta produk NES di bawah nama mana? || Tengen <> Apa yang Nintendo mendakwa Tengen? || pelanggaran hak cipta <> Tengen terbalik merekayasa cip lockout untuk membangunkan prototaip haiwan yang monikered? || \"Arnab\" cip <> Tengen mendapat gambaran tentang cip Nintendo dari siapa? || Pejabat Paten dan Cap Dagangan Amerika Syarikat <> Atari mencipta produk SNES di bawah namanya? || <> Apa yang tidak Nintendo mendakwa Tengen? || <> Tengen terbalik merekayasa cip lockout untuk tidak mengembangkan prototaip haiwan yang dimonopoli? || <> Tengen tidak mendapat gambaran tentang cip Nintendo dari siapa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Atari created NES products under which name?", "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca0", "answers": [{"text": "Tengen", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?", "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca1", "answers": [{"text": "copyright infringement", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?", "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca2", "answers": [{"text": "\"Rabbit\" chip", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?", "id": "571125cea58dae1900cd6ca3", "answers": [{"text": "United States Patent and Trademark Office", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tengen", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Atari created SNES products under which name?", "id": "5ad2abced7d075001a429e76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright infringement", "answer_start": 433}], "question": " What didn't Nintendo sue Tengen for?", "id": "5ad2abced7d075001a429e77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rabbit", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to not develop what animal monikered prototype?", "id": "5ad2abced7d075001a429e78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Patent and Trademark Office", "answer_start": 262}], "question": " Tengen didn't get a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?", "id": "5ad2abced7d075001a429e79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen and took a different approach. The company attempted to reverse engineer the lockout chip to develop its own \"Rabbit\" chip. However, Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case. Nintendo sued Tengen for copyright infringement, which Tengen lost as it could not prove that the legally obtained patent documents had not been used by the reverse engineering team. Tengen's antitrust claims against Nintendo were never finally decided."}], ["NES telah dibebaskan selepas \"kemalangan permainan video\" pada awal 1980-an, dimana banyak peruncit dan orang dewasa telah menganggap permainan elektronik sebagai semata-mata pengsan, dan ramai yang percaya pada awalnya bahawa NES adalah satu lagi trend. Sebelum NES / Famicom, Nintendo dikenali sebagai mainan Jepun yang cukup berjaya dan pengilang kad bermain, dan populariti NES / Famicom membantu syarikat berkembang menjadi nama yang diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa yang hampir sama dengan permainan video seperti Atari selama 2600 era dan menetapkan peringkat untuk dominasi Jepun industri permainan video. Dengan NES, Nintendo juga mengubah hubungan pengeluar konsol dan pemaju perisian pihak ketiga dengan menyekat pemaju daripada menerbitkan dan mengedarkan perisian tanpa kelulusan berlesen. Ini membawa kepada tajuk perisian yang lebih berkualiti, yang membantu mengubah sikap orang ramai yang telah menjadi lelah daripada tajuk-tajuk yang dihasilkan dengan tidak baik untuk sistem permainan lain pada hari itu. <> Nintendo menghasilkan mainan dan apa item lain sebelum sistem permainannya? || bermain kad <> Nintendo era berbanding dengan siapa sebagai pengilang permainan video lain? || Atari <> Nintendo memerlukan apa dari pemaju perisian? || kelulusan berlesen <> Apa pelesenan yang membawa kepada permainan? || kualiti yang lebih tinggi <> Nintendo tidak menghasilkan mainan dan apa item lain sebelum sistem permainannya? || <> Nintendo era dibandingkan dengan yang lain sebagai pengeluar permainan video bukan? || <> Nintendo tidak memerlukan apa dari pemaju perisian? || <> Apa yang tidak ada pelesenan yang membawa kepada permainan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system?", "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc1", "answers": [{"text": "playing card", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer?", "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc2", "answers": [{"text": "Atari", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo required what from its software developers?", "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc3", "answers": [{"text": "licensed approval", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did licensing lead to regarding games?", "id": "5711252ab654c5140001fbc4", "answers": [{"text": "higher quality", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "playing card", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "Nintendo didn't produce toys and what other item before its game system?", "id": "5ad2a578d7d075001a429dc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Atari", "answer_start": 478}], "question": " Nintendo's era was compared with who as another non-video game manufacturer?", "id": "5ad2a578d7d075001a429dc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "licensed approval", "answer_start": 772}], "question": " Nintendo didn't require what from its software developers?", "id": "5ad2a578d7d075001a429dc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "higher quality", "answer_start": 803}], "question": " What did no licensing lead to regarding games?", "id": "5ad2a578d7d075001a429dc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The NES was released after the \"video game crash\" of the early 1980s, whereupon many retailers and adults had regarded electronic games as being merely a passing fad, and many believed at first that the NES was another fad. Before the NES/Famicom, Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer, and the popularity of the NES/Famicom helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been during the 2600 era and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry. With the NES, Nintendo also changed the relationship of console manufacturers and third-party software developers by restricting developers from publishing and distributing software without licensed approval. This led to higher quality software titles, which helped to change the attitude of a public that had grown weary from poorly produced titles for other game systems of the day."}], ["Dorong oleh kejayaan ini, Nintendo tidak lama lagi beralih perhatian kepada pasaran Amerika Utara. Nintendo memasuki rundingan dengan Atari untuk melepaskan Famicom di bawah nama Atari sebagai nama Nintendo Advanced Video Game System. Perjanjian itu akan dimuktamadkan dan ditandatangani pada Summer Consumer Electronics Show pada bulan Jun 1983. Bagaimanapun, Atari mendapati pada acara itu bahawa pesaingnya Coleco secara haram menunjukkan komputer Coleco Adam dengan permainan Nintendo Donkey Kong. Pelanggaran eksklusif Atari dengan Nintendo untuk menerbitkan permainan untuk sistem komputernya sendiri menunda pelaksanaan kontrak pemasaran konsol permainan Nintendo dengan Atari. Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Atari, Ray Kassar dipecat pada bulan depan, jadi perjanjian itu tidak ada di mana-mana, dan Nintendo memutuskan untuk memasarkan sistemnya sendiri. [>] <> Nintendo bersetuju dengan Atari untuk melepaskan Famicom di bawah namanya? || Nintendo Advanced Video Game System <> Bilakah Pameran Elektronik Pengguna Musim Panas diadakan? || Jun 1983 <> Syarikat mana yang secara haram menunjukkan permainan Nintendo? || Coleco <> Apa nama Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Atari yang dipecat? || Ray Kassar <> Nintendo setuju dengan Patari untuk melepaskan Famicom berdasarkan apa nama? || <> Bilakah Pameran Elektronik Pengguna Musim Panas ditolak? || <> Syarikat manakah menunjukkan secara sah sebuah permainan Nintendo? || <> Apakah nama CEO Atari yang baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?", "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbc", "answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?", "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbd", "answers": [{"text": "June 1983", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?", "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbe", "answers": [{"text": "Coleco", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?", "id": "5711275da58dae1900cd6cbf", "answers": [{"text": "Ray Kassar", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "Nintendo agreed with Patari to release the Famicom under what name?", "id": "5ad2a2b9d7d075001a429d1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 1983", "answer_start": 322}], "question": " When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show rejected?", "id": "5ad2a2b9d7d075001a429d1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coleco", "answer_start": 392}], "question": " Which company was legally demonstrating a Nintendo game?", "id": "5ad2a2b9d7d075001a429d1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ray Kassar", "answer_start": 690}], "question": "What was the name of the new Atari CEO?", "id": "5ad2a2b9d7d075001a429d1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari\u2019s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[\u203a]"}], ["NES menggunakan Unit Pemprosesan Gambar (PPU) yang dibuat oleh Ricoh. Semua variasi ciri PPU 2 kB RAM video, 256 bait pada \"objek atribut objek objek\" (OAM) untuk menyimpan kedudukan, warna dan indeks jubin sehingga 64 sprite pada skrin, dan 28 bait pada -Die palette RAM untuk membolehkan pemilihan latar belakang dan warna sprite. Konsol 2 kB RAM onboard boleh digunakan untuk peta jubin dan atribut pada papan NES dan 8 kB pola jubin ROM atau RAM boleh dimasukkan pada kartrij. Sistem ini mempunyai palet warna tersedia 48 warna dan 6 grays. Sehingga 25 warna serentak boleh digunakan tanpa menulis nilai baru bingkai pertengahan: warna latar belakang, empat set tiga jubin warna dan empat set tiga warna sprite. Palet NES adalah berdasarkan NTSC dan bukannya nilai RGB. Sebanyak 64 sprite boleh dipaparkan pada skrin pada masa yang diberikan tanpa memuat semula skrin pertengahan sprite. Resolusi paparan standard NES adalah 256 piksel mendatar oleh 240 piksel tegak. <> Siapa yang membangunkan PPU Nintendo? || Ricoh <> Berapa banyak kb Video RAM yang PPU ada? || 2 <> Sistem mempunyai berapa warna yang tersedia di dalamnya? || 48 <> Berapakah bilangan kelabu boleh digunakan juga? || 6 <> Apakah resolusi paparan standard NES? || 256 piksel mendatar oleh 240 piksel menegak <> Siapa yang membangunkan SPU Nintendo? || <> Berapa banyak mb Video RAM yang melakukan PPU? || <> Sistem tidak mempunyai berapa warna yang tersedia di atasnya? || <> Berapa banyak orang kulit hitam boleh digunakan juga? || <> Apa yang bukan resolusi paparan standard NES? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who developed Nintendo's PPU?", "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbdd", "answers": [{"text": "Ricoh", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?", "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbde", "answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The system has how many colors available on it?", "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbdf", "answers": [{"text": "48", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grays could be used as well?", "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbe0", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the standard display resolution of the NES?", "id": "571126c6b654c5140001fbe1", "answers": [{"text": "256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels", "answer_start": 954}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ricoh", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Who developed Nintendo's SPU?", "id": "5ad2adc9d7d075001a429ee0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2", "answer_start": 367}], "question": " How many mb of Video RAM did the PPU have?", "id": "5ad2adc9d7d075001a429ee1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "48", "answer_start": 558}], "question": " The system didn't have how many colors available on it?", "id": "5ad2adc9d7d075001a429ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 572}], "question": " How many blacks could be used as well?", "id": "5ad2adc9d7d075001a429ee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels", "answer_start": 954}], "question": " What is not the standard display resolution of the NES?", "id": "5ad2adc9d7d075001a429ee4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die \"object attribute memory\" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels."}], ["Untuk membezakan platform rumah baru Nintendo dari persepsi umum awal 1980-an mengenai pasaran permainan video yang bermasalah dan cetek, syarikat itu menyegarkan tatanan produk dan kedudukannya, dan ia menubuhkan kelulusan produk yang ketat dan dasar pelesenan. Sistem keseluruhan disebut sebagai \"Sistem Hiburan\" bukannya \"sistem permainan video\", yang berpusat pada sebuah mesin yang disebut \"Control Deck\" dan bukan \"konsol\", dan yang memaparkan kartrij perisian disebut \"Game Paks\" bukannya \"permainan video\". Sistem cip lockout 10NES bertindak sebagai gandingan kunci dan kunci setiap Permainan Pak dan Dek Kawalan, menghalang penyalinan atau penghasilan permainan NES yang tidak terlebih dahulu mendapat kelulusan berlesen Nintendo. Pembungkusan barisan pelancaran permainan NES menimbulkan gambar-gambar perwakilan yang sangat dekat dengan grafik skrin sebenar permainan, yang mempunyai kualiti yang cukup dikenali dengan sendirinya. Simbol pada pembungkusan permainan pelancaran jelas menunjukkan genre permainan, untuk mengurangkan kekeliruan pengguna. 'Meterai kualiti' telah dicetak pada semua permainan dan pembungkusan aksesori yang berlesen. Meterai awal menyatakan, \"Meterai ini adalah jaminan anda bahawa Nintendo telah meluluskan dan menjamin kualiti produk ini\". Teks ini kemudiannya ditukar kepada \"Nintendo Official Seal of Quality\". <> Apakah eufemisme Nintendo untuk \"sistem permainan video?\" || Sistem Hiburan <> Apa yang digunakan Nintendo daripada konsol perkataan? || Control Deck <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan oleh Nintendo bukannya \"permainan video?\" || Permainan Pak <> Apa yang dicetak pada semua permainan dan aksesori berlesen oleh Nintendo? || meterai kualiti <> Meterai kualiti mengambil apa nama akhirnya? || Nintendo Seal Quality of Official <> Apa yang bukan eufemisme Nintendo untuk \"sistem permainan video?\" || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan Nintendo daripada konsol perkataan? || <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan oleh Nintendo bukan \"permainan?\" || <> Apa yang dicetak pada semua permainan dan aksesori yang tidak berlesen oleh Nintendo? || <> Meterai kualiti tidak mengambil apa nama akhirnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Nintendo's euphemism for \"video game system?\"", "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cce", "answers": [{"text": "Entertainment System", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?", "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6ccf", "answers": [{"text": "Control Deck", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the term used by Nintendo instead of \"video games?\"", "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cd0", "answers": [{"text": "Game Pak", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?", "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cd1", "answers": [{"text": "seal of quality", "answer_start": 1054}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The seal of quality took on what eventual name?", "id": "57112804a58dae1900cd6cd2", "answers": [{"text": "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality", "answer_start": 1301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Entertainment System", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What was Nintendo's non-euphemism for \"video game system?\"", "id": "5ad2a3c1d7d075001a429d64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Control Deck", "answer_start": 404}], "question": " What didn't Nintendo use instead of the word console?", "id": "5ad2a3c1d7d075001a429d65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Game Paks", "answer_start": 489}], "question": " What was the term used by Nintendo instead of \"games?\"", "id": "5ad2a3c1d7d075001a429d66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seal of Quality", "answer_start": 1319}], "question": "What was printed on all unlicensed games and accessories by Nintendo?", "id": "5ad2a3c1d7d075001a429d67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality", "answer_start": 1301}], "question": " The seal of quality didn't take on what eventual name?", "id": "5ad2a3c1d7d075001a429d68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the early 1980s' common perception of a troubled and shallow video game market, the company freshened its product nomenclature and positioning, and it established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall system was referred to as an \"Entertainment System\" instead of a \"video game system\", which was centered upon a machine called a \"Control Deck\" instead of a \"console\", and which featured software cartridges called \"Game Paks\" instead of \"video games\". The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck, deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo's licensed approval. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bore pictures of a very close representation of the actual onscreen graphics of the game, which were of sufficiently recognizable quality on their own. Symbols on the launch games' packaging clearly indicated the genre of the game, in order to reduce consumer confusion. A 'seal of quality' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal stated, \"This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product\". This text was later changed to \"Official Nintendo Seal of Quality\"."}], ["Nintendo tidak begitu ketat seperti Sega, yang tidak membenarkan penerbitan pihak ketiga sehingga Mediagenic pada akhir musim panas 1988. Walau bagaimanapun, hasrat Nintendo untuk menyimpan sebahagian besar pendapatan permainan NES untuk dirinya sendiri. Nintendo memerlukan mereka sebagai pengeluar tunggal bagi semua kartrij, dan penerbit perlu membayar sepenuhnya sebelum kartrij untuk permainan itu dihasilkan. Kartrij tidak boleh dikembalikan ke Nintendo, jadi penerbit menganggap semua risiko. Akibatnya, sesetengah penerbit kehilangan lebih banyak wang disebabkan oleh penjualan baki inventori yang tersisa di penghujung era NES berbanding keuntungan yang pernah mereka perolehi dari jualan permainan. Kerana Nintendo mengendalikan pengeluaran semua kartrij, ia dapat menguatkuasakan peraturan yang ketat pada pemaju pihak ketiga, yang dikehendaki menandatangani kontrak oleh Nintendo yang akan mewajibkan pihak-pihak ini untuk mengembangkan secara eksklusif untuk sistem ini, memesan sekurang-kurangnya 10.000 kartrij, dan hanya membuat lima perlawanan setiap tahun. Kekurangan kerumitan DRAM dan ROM tahun 1988 juga dilaporkan menyebabkan Nintendo hanya membenarkan 25% permintaan penerbit bagi kartrij. Ini adalah angka purata, dengan sesetengah penerbit menerima banyak jumlah yang lebih tinggi dan yang lainnya hampir tidak ada. GameSpy menyatakan bahawa \"terma berpakaian besi\" Nintendo menjadikan syarikat banyak musuh pada tahun 1980-an. Sesetengah pemaju cuba memintas lima had permainan dengan mencipta jenama syarikat tambahan seperti label Ultra Games Konami; yang lain cuba menghindari cip 10NES. <> Bilakah Sega akhirnya membenarkan penerbitan pihak ketiga? || musim panas 1988 <> Apakah nama syarikat pertama Sega dibenarkan? || Mediagenic <> Nintendo adalah pengeluar tunggal bagi komponen untuk pemaju pihak ketiga? || kartrij <> Seperti kartrij tidak dapat dikembalikan ke Nintendo, para pemaju mengambil keseluruhan apa? || risiko <> Tahun berapa terdapat kekurangan DRAM dan kerepek ROM? || 1988 <> Bilakah Sega akhirnya membenarkan penerbitan pihak keempat? || <> Apakah nama syarikat 2 Sega yang dibenarkan? || <> Nintendo bukan pengilang tunggal komponen apa untuk pemaju pihak ketiga? || <> Seperti kartrij boleh dikembalikan ke Nintendo, para pemaju mengambil keseluruhan apa? || <> Tahun apa tidak ada kekurangan cip DRAM dan ROM? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?", "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf1", "answers": [{"text": "summer 1988", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?", "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf2", "answers": [{"text": "Mediagenic", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?", "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf3", "answers": [{"text": "cartridges", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?", "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf4", "answers": [{"text": "risk", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?", "id": "57112926b654c5140001fbf5", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 957}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 957}], "question": " When did Sega finally permit fourth-party publishing?", "id": "5ad2aaf2d7d075001a429e4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mediagenic", "answer_start": 91}], "question": " What was the name of the 2nd company Sega permitted?", "id": "5ad2aaf2d7d075001a429e4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cartridges", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Nintendo wasn't the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?", "id": "5ad2aaf2d7d075001a429e4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "risk", "answer_start": 453}], "question": "As cartridges could be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?", "id": "5ad2aaf2d7d075001a429e4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 957}], "question": " What year wasn't there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?", "id": "5ad2aaf2d7d075001a429e4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's \"iron-clad terms\" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip."}], ["Apabila Nintendo mengeluarkan NES di Amerika Syarikat, gaya reka bentuk itu sengaja berbeza dari konsol permainan lain. Nintendo ingin membezakan produknya daripada pesaing dan untuk mengelakkan reputasi umum yang konsol permainan diperolehi selepas kemalangan permainan video 1983. Salah satu hasil falsafah ini adalah menyembunyikan reka bentuk slot kartrij sebagai daya memasukkan sifar di hadapan (ZIF) soket kartrij, direka untuk menyerupai mekanisme pemunggahan hadapan VCR. Penyambung yang baru direka dengan baik semasa kedua-dua penyambung dan kartrij bersih dan pin pada penyambung baru. Malangnya, penyambung ZIF tidak benar-benar kuasa sisipan sifar. Apabila pengguna memasukkan kartrij ke dalam NES, daya menekan kartrij ke bawah dan ke tempat membongkar pin hubungan sedikit, serta menekan papan ROM kartrij kembali ke kartrij itu sendiri. Kemasukan kerap dan penyingkiran kartrij menyebabkan pin terpakai dari penggunaan berulang selama bertahun-tahun dan reka bentuk ZIF terbukti lebih terdedah kepada gangguan oleh kotoran dan debu daripada penyambung tepi kad standard industri. Isu reka bentuk ini tidak dikurangkan oleh pilihan bahan Nintendo; slot konsol nikel penyambung nikel akan memakai kerana reka bentuk dan penyambung tembaga kartrij permainan juga terdedah untuk mencemarkan. Ramai pemain akan cuba untuk mengurangkan isu-isu dalam permainan yang disebabkan oleh kakisan ini dengan meniup ke dalam kartrij, kemudian memasukkannya semula, yang sebenarnya menyakiti penyambung tembaga dengan mempercepatkan pencacatan. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh ZIF? || kuasa sisipan sifar <> Kemasukan ZIF yang digunakan oleh Nintendo telah ditetapkan untuk meniru peranti apa? || VCR <> Kekuatan menolak di dalam kartrij melakukan apa ke peranti ke atas penggunaan akhirnya? || bengkokkan pin kenalan sedikit <> Apa bahan yang digunakan penyambung spring? || nikel <> Apa bahan yang terdiri daripada penyambung kartrij permainan? || tembaga <> Apa ZID berdiri? || <> Penyisipan ZID yang digunakan oleh Nintendo telah ditetapkan untuk meniru peranti apa? || <> Kekuatan menolak di dalam kartrij melakukan apa ke peranti tanpa menggunakannya? || <> Apa bahan yang bukan penyambung awal yang diperbuat daripada air? || <> Apa bahan yang tidak termasuk penyambung kartrij permainan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does ZIF stand for?", "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfb", "answers": [{"text": "zero insertion force", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?", "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfc", "answers": [{"text": "VCR", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?", "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfd", "answers": [{"text": "bent the contact pins slightly", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What material were the connector springs made of?", "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbfe", "answers": [{"text": "nickel", "answer_start": 1243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?", "id": "571129e6b654c5140001fbff", "answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 1316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zero insertion force", "answer_start": 397}], "question": " What does ZID stand for?", "id": "5ad2acd6d7d075001a429eb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "VCR", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "The ZID insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?", "id": "5ad2acd6d7d075001a429eb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bent the contact pins slightly", "answer_start": 816}], "question": " The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device without eventual use?", "id": "5ad2acd6d7d075001a429eb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nickel", "answer_start": 1243}], "question": " What material weren't the early connector springs made of?", "id": "5ad2acd6d7d075001a429eb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copper", "answer_start": 1524}], "question": " What material didn't comprise the game cartridge connectors?", "id": "5ad2acd6d7d075001a429eb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When Nintendo released the NES in the US, the design styling was deliberately different from that of other game consoles. Nintendo wanted to distinguish its product from those of competitors and to avoid the generally poor reputation that game consoles had acquired following the video game crash of 1983. One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force (ZIF) cartridge socket, designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR. The newly designed connector worked quite well when both the connector and the cartridges were clean and the pins on the connector were new. Unfortunately, the ZIF connector was not truly zero insertion force. When a user inserted the cartridge into the NES, the force of pressing the cartridge down and into place bent the contact pins slightly, as well as pressing the cartridge\u2019s ROM board back into the cartridge itself. Frequent insertion and removal of cartridges caused the pins to wear out from repeated usage over the years and the ZIF design proved more prone to interference by dirt and dust than an industry-standard card edge connector. These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo\u2019s choice of materials; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing. Many players would try to alleviate issues in the game caused by this corrosion by blowing into the cartridges, then reinserting them, which actually hurt the copper connectors by speeding up the tarnishing."}], ["Front Stesen Ujian NES mempunyai slot Pak Penyambung dan penyambung untuk menguji pelbagai komponen (penyesuai AC, suis RF, kabel Audio / Video, Dek Kawalan NES, aksesori dan permainan), dengan pusat pemilih yang terpusat untuk memilih komponen yang akan diuji . Unit itu sendiri beratnya kira-kira 11.7 paun tanpa TV. Ia menghubungkan ke televisyen melalui kabel A / V dan RF Switch yang digabungkan. Dengan menggerakkan butang hijau, pengguna boleh bertukar-tukar antara sambungan A / V atau RF Switch. Televisyen yang disambungkan ke (biasanya 11 \"hingga 14\") dimaksudkan untuk diletakkan di atasnya. <> Berapakah unit NES beratnya dalam pound? || 11.7 <> Seberapa besar televisyen tipikal yang disyorkan untuk peranti ini? || biasanya 11 \"hingga 14\" <> Dimana televisyen sepatutnya diletakkan? || di atas <> Apakah nama ciri di bahagian hadapan peranti ujian NES? || Permainan Pak slot <> Berapakah unit SNES yang berat dalam pound? || <> Seberapa kecil televisyen tipikal yang disyorkan untuk peranti ini? || <> Dimana pemain Dvd dimaksudkan untuk diletakkan? || <> Apakah nama ciri di bahagian depan peranti ujian SNES? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?", "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cfc", "answers": [{"text": "11.7", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the typical television recommended for the device?", "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cfd", "answers": [{"text": "typically 11\" to 14\"", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Television meant to be placed?", "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cfe", "answers": [{"text": "atop", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?", "id": "57112cf3a58dae1900cd6cff", "answers": [{"text": "Game Pak slot", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11.7", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "How much does the SNES unit weigh in pounds?", "id": "5ad2b4f9d7d075001a429fe0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11\" to 14\"", "answer_start": 529}], "question": " How small was the typical television recommended for the device?", "id": "5ad2b4f9d7d075001a429fe1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "atop", "answer_start": 563}], "question": " Where was the Dvd player meant to be placed?", "id": "5ad2b4f9d7d075001a429fe2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Game Pak slot", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the SNES test device?", "id": "5ad2b4f9d7d075001a429fe3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The NES Test Station's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11\" to 14\") is meant to be placed atop it."}], ["NES merosot pengawal yang keras, sebaliknya memaparkan dua port 7-pin tersuai di hadapan konsol. Juga bertentangan dengan Famicom, pengawal yang termasuk dengan NES adalah sama antara satu sama lain-pengawal kedua tidak mempunyai mikrofon yang hadir pada model Famicom dan mempunyai butang START dan SELECT yang sama sebagai pengawal utama. Beberapa penyetempatan NES permainan, seperti The Legend of Zelda, yang memerlukan penggunaan mikrofon Famicom untuk membunuh musuh-musuh tertentu, mengalami kekurangan perkakasan untuk melakukannya. <> Berapa banyak pin yang ada pada pengawal di NES? || 7 <> Tidak seperti Famicom, pengendali NES mempunyai ciri konsisten apa? || sama <> Pengawal kedua mempunyai butang START dan SELECT sebagai peranti lain? || pengawal utama <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Legend of Zelda dalam keadaan tertentu untuk membunuh musuh? || Mikrofon Famicom <> Berapa banyak pin yang ada di pelabuhan SNES? || <> Tidak seperti Famicom, pengawal SNES mempunyai ciri konsisten apa? || <> Pemandu kedua mempunyai butang ON dan OFF sebagai peranti lain? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Legend of Link dalam keadaan tertentu untuk membunuh musuh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?", "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6cea", "answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?", "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6ceb", "answers": [{"text": "identical", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?", "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6cec", "answers": [{"text": "primary controller", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?", "id": "57112be4a58dae1900cd6ced", "answers": [{"text": "Famicom microphone", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "How many pins did the controller ports have on the SNES?", "id": "5ad2b18cd7d075001a429f50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identical", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Unlike the Famicom, the SNES controllers possessed what consistent feature?", "id": "5ad2b18cd7d075001a429f51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "primary controller", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "The second controller possessed the ON and OFF buttons as what other device?", "id": "5ad2b18cd7d075001a429f52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Famicom microphone", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What did the Legend of Link require in certain instances to kill enemies?", "id": "5ad2b18cd7d075001a429f53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other\u2014the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so."}], ["Sambungan output video diubah dari satu model konsol ke seterusnya. Model HVC-001 asal Family Computer hanya menampilkan output modulator frekuensi radio (RF). Apabila konsol dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara dan Eropah, sokongan untuk video komposit melalui penyambung RCA telah ditambah sebagai tambahan kepada modulator RF. Model HVC-101 Famicom menjatuhkan modulator RF sepenuhnya dan mengadopsi output video komposit melalui penyambung 12-pin \"multi-out\" proprietari yang diperkenalkan pertama untuk Super Famicom / Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Sebaliknya, model NES-101 yang dikeluarkan oleh Amerika Utara yang paling hampir menyerupai model HVC-001 asal Famicom, kerana ia menampilkan output modulator RF sahaja. Akhirnya, PlayChoice-10 menggunakan output video RGB terbalik. <> HVC-001 menampilkan jenis output mod? || frekuensi radio (RF) <> HVC-101 kehilangan RF dan mengadopsi output yang digunakan untuk Amerika Utara dan Eropah? || video komposit <> Super NES mempunyai berapa banyak pin dalam penyambung proprietinya? || 12 <> Model NES-101 yang dikeluarkan semula di Amerika Utara kembali kepada apa yang dilihat sebagai primitif? || Modulator RF <> HVC-001 memaparkan jenis mod input? || <> HVC-101 kehilangan RF dan menerima input yang digunakan untuk Amerika Utara dan Eropah? || <> Super NES mempunyai berapa banyak pin dalam penyambung bukan proprietinya? || <> Model NES-101 yang dikeluarkan semula di Amerika Selatan kembali kepada apa yang dilihat sebagai hasil primitif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?", "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce2", "answers": [{"text": "radio frequency (RF)", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?", "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce3", "answers": [{"text": "composite video", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?", "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce4", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?", "id": "57112b31a58dae1900cd6ce5", "answers": [{"text": "RF modulator", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "radio frequency", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod input?", "id": "5ad2b00ad7d075001a429f2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "composite video", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which input for use in North America and Europe?", "id": "5ad2b00ad7d075001a429f2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 451}], "question": " The Super NES had how many pins in its non-proprietary connector?", "id": "5ad2b00ad7d075001a429f2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(RF) modulator", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "The re-released NES-101 model in South America went back to what perceived primitive output?", "id": "5ad2b00ad7d075001a429f2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin \"multi-out\" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output."}], ["Sebuah pasaran yang berkembang dari klac perkakasan NES yang tidak berlesen muncul semasa klimaks populariti konsol. Pada mulanya, klon-klon seperti ini popular di pasaran di mana Nintendo tidak pernah mengeluarkan versi konsol yang sah. Khususnya, Dendy (Russian: \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438), sebuah klon perkakasan yang tidak berlesen yang dihasilkan di Taiwan dan dijual di bekas Kesatuan Soviet, muncul sebagai konsol permainan video paling popular pada waktunya dalam suasana itu dan ia menikmati tahap keterujaan kira-kira bersamaan dengan yang dialami oleh NES / Famicom di Amerika Utara dan Jepun. Klon Famicom dipasarkan di Argentina di bawah nama \"Permainan Keluarga\", menyerupai reka bentuk perkakasan asal. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: \u5c0f \u5929\u624d) telah dipasarkan di Asia Tenggara sebagai alternatif kepada Famicom; Samurai adalah alternatif PAL yang popular kepada NES; dan di Eropah Tengah, terutama Poland, Pegasus boleh didapati. Samurai juga boleh didapati di India pada awal 90-an yang merupakan contoh pertama permainan konsol di India. <> Apakah nama klon NES yang dihasilkan di Taiwan? || Dendy <> Di mana Dendy dijual? || Soviet Union <> Negara mana yang memasarkan klon yang disebut \"Permainan Keluarga?\" || Argentina <> Apa nama klon di Poland? || Pegasus <> Konsol permainan pertama India juga merupakan klon, yang dipanggil apa? || Samurai <> Apakah nama klon SNES yang dihasilkan di Taiwan? || <> Di mana Nendy dijual? || <> Negara mana yang dipasarkan anti-klon yang dipanggil \"Permainan Keluarga?\" || <> Apakah nama klon di Perancis? || <> Konsol permainan pertama Perancis juga merupakan klon, yang dipanggil apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?", "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf2", "answers": [{"text": "Dendy", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Dendy sold?", "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf3", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country marketed a clone called \"Family Game?\"", "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf4", "answers": [{"text": "Argentina", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the clone in Poland?", "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf5", "answers": [{"text": "Pegasus", "answer_start": 863}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?", "id": "57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf6", "answers": [{"text": "Samurai", "answer_start": 886}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dendy", "answer_start": 238}], "question": " What was the name of the SNES clone produced in Taiwan?", "id": "5ad2b482d7d075001a429fc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union,", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "Where was the Nendy sold?", "id": "5ad2b482d7d075001a429fc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Argentina", "answer_start": 573}], "question": " Which country marketed an anti-clone called \"Family Game?\"", "id": "5ad2b482d7d075001a429fc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pegasus", "answer_start": 863}], "question": "What was the name of the clone in France?", "id": "5ad2b482d7d075001a429fc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Samurai", "answer_start": 886}], "question": " France's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?", "id": "5ad2b482d7d075001a429fc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: \u0414\u0435\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0438), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of \"Family Game\", resembling the original hardware design. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: \u5c0f\u5929\u624d) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the Pegasus was available. Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India."}]], [["Melalui pengaruh puak Eusebian di Constantinople, seorang uskup Arian, George dari Cappadocia, kini dilantik untuk menguasai pemandangan Alexandria. Athanasius, setelah menetap beberapa hari di kawasan kejiranan, akhirnya melangkah ke padang pasir Mesir Atas, di mana dia tinggal selama enam tahun, menjalani kehidupan para bhikkhu, mengabdikan dirinya kepada komposisi sekumpulan tulisan; \"Apology to Constantius\", \"Apology for the Flight\", \"Surat kepada para rahib\", dan \"Sejarah Arians\". <> Di mana Athanasius kekal selama 6 tahun semasa hidup sebagai seorang sami? || Mesir atas <> Apa nama salah satu komposisi yang ditulis oleh Athanasius ketika dia hidup sebagai seorang rahib? || Surat kepada para biarawan <> Siapa yang mengambil alih selepas Athanasius? || George of Cappadocia <> Yang mempengaruhi George of Cappadocia untuk menjadi penguasa baru? || puak Eusebian di Constantinople <> Siapa yang dilantik untuk memerintah pemandangan Alexandria? || George of Cappadocia <> Ke mana Saint Athanasius menarik diri? || padang pasir Mesir Atas <> Berapa lama dia menghabiskan masa di padang pasir? || enam tahun <> Apa yang dia tulis pada masa ini? || Permintaan kepada Constantius <> Siapa yang mempengaruhi pelantikan George of Capadocia? || puak Eusebian di Constantinople <> Siapa yang menulis \"Kesyukuran untuk Penerbangan\"? || <> Siapa yang menulis \"Masa Depan Arians\"? || <> Siapa yang menulis \"Terima kasih kepada Constantius\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?", "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093dd", "answers": [{"text": "Upper Egypt", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?", "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093de", "answers": [{"text": "Letter to the Monks", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took over after Athanasius?", "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093df", "answers": [{"text": "George of Cappadocia", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?", "id": "57195bbec0b6ea1900a093e0", "answers": [{"text": "the Eusebian faction at Constantinople", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?", "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa1e", "answers": [{"text": "George of Cappadocia", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?", "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa1f", "answers": [{"text": "the desert of Upper Egypt", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did he spend in the desert?", "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa20", "answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one thing he wrote during this time?", "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa21", "answers": [{"text": "Apology to Constantius", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?", "id": "571a87ce4faf5e1900b8aa22", "answers": [{"text": "the Eusebian faction at Constantinople", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "Who wrote \"Gratitude for his Flight\"?", "id": "5acec09032bba1001ae4b2b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "Who wrote \"Future of the Arians\"?", "id": "5acec09032bba1001ae4b2b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monks", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "Who wrote \"Gratitude to Constantius\"?", "id": "5acec09032bba1001ae4b2b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; \"Apology to Constantius\", the \"Apology for his Flight\", the \"Letter to the Monks\", and the \"History of the Arians\"."}], ["Pada kira-kira 319, ketika Athanasius adalah seorang diakon, seorang presbiter bernama Arius datang ke konflik langsung dengan Alexander dari Alexandria. Nampaknya Arius meremehkan Alexander kerana apa yang dirasakannya adalah penyelewengan atau ajaran bidaah yang diajar oleh uskup. Pandangan teologi Arius nampaknya telah berakar umbi dalam Kekristianan Alexandria, dan pandangan Kristologinya tentu tidak radikal sama sekali. Dia memeluk Kristologi subordinasi yang mengajar bahawa Kristus adalah Anak ilahi (Logos) Tuhan, dibuat, tidak dilahirkan, dipengaruhi oleh para pemikir Alexandria seperti Origen, dan yang merupakan pandangan kristologi umum di Alexandria pada masa itu. Sokongan untuk Arius dari uskup kuat seperti Eusebius Caesarea dan Eusebius dari Nicomedia, lebih lanjut menggambarkan bagaimana Christus subordinationist Christology telah dikongsi oleh orang Kristian lain di Empayar. Arius kemudian dikucilkan oleh Alexander, dan dia akan mula mendapat sokongan ramai uskup yang bersetuju dengan kedudukannya. <> Apa yang membuat kepercayaan Arius mengenai Yesus berbeza dari Alexander? || Anak (Logos) Tuhan, dibuat, tidak dilahirkan <> Adakah perbezaan pendapat ini biasa di kalangan orang Kristian hari ini? || pandangan kristologi biasa <> Apa pemimpin-pemimpin lain percaya ini? || uskup berkuasa <> Apa yang akhirnya berlaku kepada Arius? || dikucilkan oleh Alexander <> Bilakah Athanasius menjadi seorang diakon? || <> Bilakah Arius menjadi seorang diakon? || <> Di manakah Arius dilahirkan? || <> Bilakah Athanasius menjadi uskup? || <> Di mana Origen bertemu Athanasius? || <> Apa yang membuat kepercayaan Arius tentang Yesus sama dari Alexander? || <> Apa pemimpin lain tidak percaya ini? || <> Siapa yang disampaikan oleh Alexander? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?", "id": "571a901410f8ca1400305149", "answers": [{"text": "Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?", "id": "571a901410f8ca140030514a", "answers": [{"text": "common Christological view", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other leaders believed this?", "id": "571a901410f8ca140030514b", "answers": [{"text": "powerful bishops", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What eventually happened to Arius?", "id": "571a901410f8ca140030514c", "answers": [{"text": "excommunicated by Alexander", "answer_start": 876}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "319", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "When did Athanasius become a deacon?", "id": "5ace9aaa32bba1001ae4ac7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "319", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "When did Arius become a deacon?", "id": "5ace9aaa32bba1001ae4ac7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Where was Arius born?", "id": "5ace9aaa32bba1001ae4ac7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "319", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "When did Athanasius become a bishop?", "id": "5ace9aaa32bba1001ae4ac7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "Where did Origen meet Athanasius?", "id": "5ace9aaa32bba1001ae4ac7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What made Arius's belief about Jesus the same from Alexander's?", "id": "5aceb75132bba1001ae4b147", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bishops", "answer_start": 954}], "question": " What other leaders did not believe this?", "id": "5aceb75132bba1001ae4b148", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arius", "answer_start": 853}], "question": "Who was communicated by Alexander?", "id": "5aceb75132bba1001ae4b149", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius's theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity, and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, further illustrate how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position."}], ["Rufinus menceritakan kisah yang ketika Bishop Alexander berdiri dengan tingkap, dia melihat anak-anak lelaki bermain di tepi pantai di bawah, meniru upacara pembaptisan Kristiani. Dia menghantar anak-anak dan mendapati bahawa salah seorang anak lelaki (Athanasius) bertindak sebagai uskup. Selepas mempersoalkan Athanasius, Bishop Alexander memberitahunya bahawa pembaptisan adalah tulen, kerana kedua-dua bentuk dan perkara sakramen telah dilakukan melalui pembacaan kata-kata yang betul dan pentadbiran air, dan bahawa dia tidak harus terus melakukan ini sebagai orang-orang yang dibaptiskan tidak betul katekalkan. Beliau menjemput Athanasius dan playfellowsnya untuk mempersiapkan kerjaya perkeranian. <> Sebagai seorang kanak-kanak, Athanasius meniru upacara apa? || upacara pembaptisan Kristian <> Adakah pembaptisan berpura-pura nyata? || Pembaptisan adalah tulen <> Mengapa Athanasius diarahkan untuk berhenti berpura-pura membaptis? || tidak betul katekalkan <> Apa kerja yang disarankan Uskup untuk Athanasius? || kerjaya perkeranian <> Ketika Rufinus berdiri dengan jendela apa yang dia saksikan? || <> Siapa yang Bishop Alexander membaptiskan? || <> Siapa yang memberitahu Rufinus bahawa pembaptisan adalah asli? || <> Apakah kerjaya Rufinus? || <> Sebagai orang dewasa, Athanasius meniru upacara apa? || <> Mengapa Athanasius memerintahkan untuk terus membaptiskan? || <> Sekolah apa yang disarankan Uskup untuk Athanasius? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?", "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6a", "answers": [{"text": "ritual of Christian baptism", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the pretend baptisms real?", "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6b", "answers": [{"text": "the baptisms were genuine", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?", "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6c", "answers": [{"text": "not been properly catechized", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?", "id": "571a8c844faf5e1900b8aa6d", "answers": [{"text": "clerical careers", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ritual of Christian baptism", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "When Rufinus stood by a window what did he witness?", "id": "5ace7fa432bba1001ae4a861", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Who did Bishop Alexander baptize?", "id": "5ace7fa432bba1001ae4a862", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bishop Alexander", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "Who told Rufinus that the baptisms were genuine?", "id": "5ace7fa432bba1001ae4a863", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clerical", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "What was Rufinus' career?", "id": "5ace7fa432bba1001ae4a864", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ritual of Christian baptism", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "As an adult, Athanasius imitated what ritual?", "id": "5aceb35532bba1001ae4b0bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "not been properly catechized", "answer_start": 549}], "question": " Why was Athanasius ordered to continue baptising?", "id": "5aceb35532bba1001ae4b0c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clerical", "answer_start": 636}], "question": " What school did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?", "id": "5aceb35532bba1001ae4b0c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers."}], ["T. Gilmartin, (Profesor Sejarah, Maynooth, 1890), menulis dalam Sejarah Gereja, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: Setelah kematian Alexander, lima bulan setelah penamatan Majlis Nice, Athanasius dipilih sebulat suara untuk mengisi kekosongan itu. Dia sangat tidak suka menerima maruah, kerana dia jelas dapat melihat kesukaran yang akan melibatkannya. Para pendeta dan orang-orang bertekad untuk memilikinya sebagai uskup mereka, Patriarch Alexandria, dan enggan menerima apa-apa alasan. Dia pada akhirnya bersetuju untuk menerima tanggungjawab yang dia cari dengan sia-sia untuk melepaskan diri, dan telah disucikan di 326, ketika dia berumur kira-kira tiga puluh tahun. <> Dalam tahun apakah Athanasius ditahbiskan? || 326 <> Berapa lama Athanasius ketika dia menjadi Patriark Alexandria? || kira-kira tiga puluh tahun <> Adakah Athanasius mahu menjadi Patriark Alexandria? || Dia sangat tidak mahu menerima <> Adakah orang mahu Athanasius sebagai uskup mereka? || orang bertekad untuk memilikinya <> Berapa lama selepas Majlis Nice melakukan Saint Athanasius mati? || lima bulan <> Adakah Saint Athanasius sanggup atau tidak bersedia mengisi kekosongan itu? || tidak bersedia <> Dalam tahun apa dia ditahbiskan? || dalam 326 <> Berapa lama dia ketika dia disucikan? || berumur tiga puluh tahun. <> Pada tahun apakah Athanasius tidak ditahbiskan? || <> Berapa lama Athanasius ketika ia menjadi Paus Alexandria? || <> Adakah Athanasius mahu menjadi Saint of Alexandria? || <> Berapa lama selepas Majlis Nice adalah Saint Athanasius lahir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Athanasius consecrated?", "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d5", "answers": [{"text": "326", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?", "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d6", "answers": [{"text": "about thirty years of age", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?", "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d7", "answers": [{"text": "He was most unwilling to accept", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?", "id": "57195a28c0b6ea1900a093d8", "answers": [{"text": "people were determined to have him", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?", "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e5", "answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?", "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e6", "answers": [{"text": "unwilling", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was he consecrated?", "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e7", "answers": [{"text": "in 326", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was he when he was consecrated?", "id": "571a86fe10f8ca14003050e8", "answers": [{"text": "thirty years of age.", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "326", "answer_start": 591}], "question": "In what year was Athanasius not consecrated?", "id": "5aceb7d932bba1001ae4b167", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thirty", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "How old was Athanasius when he became the Pope of Alexandria?", "id": "5aceb7d932bba1001ae4b168", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unwilling", "answer_start": 253}], "question": " Did Athanasius want to be the Saint of Alexandria?", "id": "5aceb7d932bba1001ae4b169", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five months", "answer_start": 124}], "question": " How long after the Council of Nice was Saint Athanasius born?", "id": "5aceb7d932bba1001ae4b16a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age."}], ["Konflik dengan Arius dan Arianisme serta maharaja Rom yang berturut-turut membentuk kerjaya Athanasius. Pada tahun 325, pada usia 27 tahun, Athanasius memulakan peranan utamanya terhadap Arian sebagai pembantunya uskup semasa Majlis Pertama Nicaea. Maharaja Romawi Constantine the Great telah mengadakan majlis pada Mei-Ogos 325 untuk menangani kedudukan Arian bahawa Anak Tuhan, Yesus dari Nazareth, adalah bahan yang berbeza dari Bapa. Tiga tahun selepas majlis itu, Athanasius menggantikan mentornya sebagai uskup di Alexandria. Sebagai tambahan kepada konflik dengan Arians (termasuk ahli gereja Arian yang kuat dan berpengaruh yang dipimpin oleh Eusebius dari Nicomedia), dia berjuang melawan Kaisar Constantine, Constantius II, Julian yang Murtad dan Valens. Dia dikenali sebagai \"Athanasius Contra Mundum\" (Latin untuk Athanasius Against the World). <> Athanasius memulakan peranan utamanya pada umur berapa? || 27 <> Pada tahun apakah Majlis Pertama Nicaea? || 325 <> Athanasius juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Athanasius Contra Mundum <> Berapa tahun selepas Majlis Pertama Nicaea melakukan Athanasius menjadi uskup? || Tiga tahun <> Siapa Athanasius yang seorang pendahulu berjuang? || Constantine <> Apa konflik yang membentuk karirnya? || Konflik dengan Arius dan Arianisme <> Mengapa Majlis Pertama Nicaea diadakan? || Yesus dari Nazareth, adalah bahan yang berbeza daripada Bapa <> Kerana konflik dengan kaisar, bagaimana dia dikenali? || Athanasius Terhadap Dunia <> Siapa kedudukannya bahawa Yesus adalah Anak Allah? || kedudukan Arian <> Tahun apakah Athanasius menjadi maharaja Romawi? || <> Berapa tahunkah Constantine bertemu dengan Athanasius? || <> Berapa lama adalah Constantine ketika dia dinobatkan sebagai maharaja? || <> Pada tahun berapakah Majlis Pertama Nicaea berakhir? || <> Berapa tahunkah Majlis Pertama Nicaea yang terakhir? || <> Athanasius mengakhiri peranan utamanya pada umur berapa? || <> Pada tahun apakah Majlis Nicaea yang terakhir? || <> Athanasius tidak pernah dikenali sebagai apa? || <> Berapa tahun selepas Majlis Pertama Nicaea melakukan Athanasius menjadi paus? || <> Apa protes aman berbentuk kerjaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Athanasius began his leading role at what age?", "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d6", "answers": [{"text": "27", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?", "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d7", "answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Athanasius was also known as what?", "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d8", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius Contra Mundum", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?", "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7d9", "answers": [{"text": "Three years", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?", "id": "57199c7d4faf5e1900b8a7da", "answers": [{"text": "Constantine", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conflict shaped his career?", "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5a", "answers": [{"text": "Conflict with Arius and Arianism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?", "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5b", "answers": [{"text": "Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?", "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5c", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius Against the World", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?", "id": "571a8b9d4faf5e1900b8aa5d", "answers": [{"text": "the Arian position", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What year did Athanasius become a Roman emperor?", "id": "5ace71a732bba1001ae4a6df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What year did Constantine meet Athanasius?", "id": "5ace71a732bba1001ae4a6e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "27", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "How old was Constantine when he was crowned emperor?", "id": "5ace71a732bba1001ae4a6e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "In what year did the First Council of Nicaea end?", "id": "5ace71a732bba1001ae4a6e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Three years", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "How many years did the First Council of Nicaea last?", "id": "5ace71a732bba1001ae4a6e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "27", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Athanasius ended his leading role at what age?", "id": "5aceaf6632bba1001ae4b045", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 101}], "question": " In what year was the last Council of Nicaea?", "id": "5aceaf6632bba1001ae4b046", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius Contra Mundum", "answer_start": 764}], "question": " Athanasius was never known as what?", "id": "5aceaf6632bba1001ae4b047", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Three years", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become pope?", "id": "5aceaf6632bba1001ae4b048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conflict with Arius and Arianism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": " What peaceful protest shaped his career?", "id": "5aceaf6632bba1001ae4b049", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May\u2013August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as \"Athanasius Contra Mundum\" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World)."}], ["Biografi beliau Anthony Besar bertajuk Life of Antony (\u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, Vita Antonii) menjadi karya paling banyak dibaca. Diterjemahkan ke dalam beberapa bahasa, ia memainkan peranan penting dalam penyebaran ideal pertapa di Kristian Timur dan Barat. Menggambarkan Anthony sebagai seorang buta huruf dan suci yang melalui kewujudannya di dalam landskap primadona mempunyai hubungan mutlak kepada kebenaran ilahi, biografi itu juga menyerupai kehidupan ahli biografi Athanasius. Ia kemudian menjadi inspirasi kepada monastik Kristian di Timur dan Barat. Yang disebut Athanasian Creed bermula dari sumur selepas kematian Athanasius dan menarik pada frasaologi De Augustine De trinitate. <> Siapa yang menulis biografi bertajuk Life of Antony? || Athanasius <> Kehidupan Antony memainkan peranan penting dalam penyebaran cita-cita pertapa dalam agama apa? || Kristian Timur dan Barat <> Biografi, Kehidupan Antony, juga menyerupai kehidupan siapa? || Athanasius <> Apa yang dipanggil Athanasian Creed menarik kepada ungkapan itu? || Augustine De trinitate <> Mengenai siapa dia menulis karya paling banyak dibaca? || Anthony the Great <> Mengapa pekerjaan ini dianggap penting? || menyebarkan ideal pertapa di Kristian Timur dan Barat <> Bagaimana dia menggambarkan Anthony? || buta huruf dan kudus <> Kehidupan yang pernah dilakukan oleh Anthony? || Athanasius <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Athanasian Creed? || Augustine's De trinitate <> Who wrote the autobiography entitled Life of Antony? || <> Kehidupan Antony memainkan peranan yang tidak penting dalam penyebaran cita-cita pertapa dalam agama apa? || <> Biografi, Life of Antony, juga menyerupai kehidupan agama apa? || <> Mengenai siapakah dia menulis karya paling kurang banyaknya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?", "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e49", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?", "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4a", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern and Western Christianity", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?", "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4b", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?", "id": "57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4c", "answers": [{"text": "Augustine's De trinitate", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About whom did he write his most widely-read work?", "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4a", "answers": [{"text": "Anthony the Great", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was this work considered to be important?", "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4b", "answers": [{"text": "spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did he depict Anthony?", "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4c", "answers": [{"text": "illiterate and holy", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose life did Anthony's resemble?", "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4d", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?", "id": "571a8a964faf5e1900b8aa4e", "answers": [{"text": "Augustine's De trinitate", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasian", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "Who wrote the autobiography entitled Life of Antony?", "id": "5acec52332bba1001ae4b35f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern and Western Christianity", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Life of Antony played an unimportant role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?", "id": "5acec52332bba1001ae4b360", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 266}], "question": " The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of what religion?", "id": "5acec52332bba1001ae4b361", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Augustine's De trinitate", "answer_start": 690}], "question": " About whom did he write his least widely-read work?", "id": "5acec52332bba1001ae4b362", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony(\u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, Vita Antonii) became his most widely-read work. Translated into several languages, it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth, the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius. It later served as an inspiration to Christian monastics in both the East and the West. The so-called Athanasian Creed dates from well after Athanasius's death and draws upon the phraseology of Augustine's De trinitate."}], ["Penyertaan Valens memberikan kehidupan baru kepada parti Arian. Dia mengeluarkan perintah menghilangkan uskup-uskup yang telah digulingkan oleh Constantius, tetapi yang telah diizinkan oleh Jovian untuk kembali kepada pandangan mereka. Berita itu mencetuskan kekecewaan terbesar di bandar Alexandria itu sendiri, dan pengawas, untuk mencegah wabak yang serius, memberikan jaminan umum bahawa kes Athanasius yang sangat istimewa akan dibentangkan di depan kaisar. Tetapi kudanya seolah-olah telah mempersembahkan apa yang sedang dibuat secara rahsia terhadapnya. Dia diam-diam menarik diri dari Alexandria, 5 Oktober, dan mengambil tempat tinggalnya di sebuah rumah di luar bandar. Valens, yang seolah-olah telah mengutuk akibat yang mungkin dari satu lagi wabak popular, dalam beberapa minggu mengeluarkan perintah yang membolehkan Athanasius kembali ke episcopalnya. <> Apa parti yang mendapat faedah daripada Valens? || Arian <> Valens mengeluarkan perintah menghalau para uskup yang digulingkan oleh siapa? || Constantius <> Apa orang suci yang melarikan diri dari Alexandria pada 5 Oktober ke sebuah rumah negara di luar Alexandria? || Athanasius <> Pengusiran Valens dari Athanasius mencipta kekecohan terbesar di bandar mana? || Alexandria <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Valens? || membuangkan uskup-uskup yang telah digulingkan oleh Constantius <> Ketika orang-orang di kota itu khawatir tentang Athanasius, apa yang dilakukan oleh pengawas? || kes Athanasius akan dibaringkan di hadapan maharaja <> Apa yang Athanasius lakukan untuk melindungi dirinya? || menarik balik dari Alexandria, 5 Oktober <Bagaimana Valens membawanya pulang? || mengeluarkan arahan yang membolehkan Athanasius kembali ke uskupnya melihat <> Parti apa yang tidak mendapat manfaat daripada kesahihan Valens? || <> Valens tidak mengeluarkan dekrit yang menghilangkan uskup yang digulingkan oleh siapa? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada 4 Oktober? || <> Apa perintah Valens tidak lakukan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What party benefited from the accession of Valens?", "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7ce", "answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?", "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7cf", "answers": [{"text": "Constantius", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?", "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7d0", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?", "id": "571999714faf5e1900b8a7d1", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the decree of Valens do?", "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa42", "answers": [{"text": "banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? ", "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa43", "answers": [{"text": "case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?", "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa44", "answers": [{"text": "withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Valens get him to return?", "id": "571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa45", "answers": [{"text": "issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 58}], "question": " What party didn't benefit from the accession of Valens?", "id": "5acec39532bba1001ae4b331", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantius", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "Valens didn't issue a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?", "id": "5acec39532bba1001ae4b332", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "He quietly withdrew from Alexandria", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What happened on October 4?", "id": "5acec39532bba1001ae4b333", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "banishing the bishops", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What did the decree of Valens not do?", "id": "5acec39532bba1001ae4b334", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see. "}], ["Arian tidak lagi mempersembahkan pertahanan yang tidak terputus ke lawan ortodoks mereka. Maharaja Constantius, yang menjadi punca masalah yang banyak, meninggal dunia pada 4 November, 361 dan digantikan oleh Julian. Pengisytiharan kesatuan putera baru adalah isyarat untuk wabak pagan terhadap puak Arian yang masih dominan di Alexandria. George, uskup uskup, telah dibuang ke penjara dan dibunuh. Seorang presbyter namanya yang bernama Pistus segera dipilih oleh Arians untuk menggantikannya, ketika berita baru tiba yang mengisi pesta ortodoks dengan harapan. Surat edaran telah dibuat oleh Julian membenarkan para uskup \"orang Galilea\" yang diketepikan untuk kembali ke \"bandar dan wilayah\" mereka. Athanasius menerima saman dari kawanannya sendiri, dan dia juga memasuki kembali kapitol episkopalnya pada 22 Februari, 362. <Siapa yang berjaya Maharaja Constantius? || Julian <> Siapa yang berjaya George of Capadocia? || Pistus <> Pada tahun apakah Athanasius kembali ke kapitol uskupnya? || 362 <> Pada tahun apakah Kaisar Constantius mati? || 361 <> Bagaimana George of Cappadocia mati di penjara? || dibunuh <> Adakah Arians bersatu dalam oppostion mereka? || Arian tidak lagi mempersembahkan bahagian depan yang tidak terputus <Siapa yang menggantikan Kaisar Constantius? || Julian <> Apa yang berlaku kepada uskup uskup, George? || dilemparkan ke penjara dan dibunuh <> Siapa kemudian berjaya George? || Seorang presbyter yang tidak jelas nama Pistus <> Bilakah Athanasius masuk semula ke capitol? || 22 Februari, 362 <> Yang mendahului Kaisar Constantius? || <> Siapa terdahulu George of Cappadocia? || <> Pada tahun apakah Kaisar Constantius dilahirkan? || <> Bagaimana George of Cappadocia mati di luar penjara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?", "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d97", "answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?", "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d98", "answers": [{"text": "Pistus", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?", "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d99", "answers": [{"text": "362", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Emperor Constantius die?", "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d9a", "answers": [{"text": "361", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?", "id": "57195d1c010c361400c56d9b", "answers": [{"text": "murdered", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the Arians united in their oppostion?", "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa32", "answers": [{"text": "The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?", "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa33", "answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the usurping bishop, George?", "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa34", "answers": [{"text": "flung into prison and murdered", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who then succeeded George?", "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa35", "answers": [{"text": "An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?", "id": "571a888e4faf5e1900b8aa36", "answers": [{"text": "22 February, 362", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 188}], "question": " Who preceded Emperor Constantius?", "id": "5acec27232bba1001ae4b2ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantius", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Who preceded George of Cappadocia?", "id": "5acec27232bba1001ae4b300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "362", "answer_start": 809}], "question": "In what year was Emperor Constantius born?", "id": "5acec27232bba1001ae4b301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "murdered", "answer_start": 390}], "question": " How did George of Cappadocia die outside of prison?", "id": "5acec27232bba1001ae4b302", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the \"Galileans\" to return to their \"towns and provinces\". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362."}], ["Athanasius of Alexandria (/ \u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0259ne\u026a\u0283\u0259s /; Yunani: \u1f08\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, Athan\u00e1sios Alexandr\u00edas; 296-298 - 2 Mei 373), juga disebut Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor atau, terutama di Gereja Ortodoks Koptik, Athanasius the Apostolic, adalah uskup ke dua puluh dari Alexandria (seperti Athanasius I). Uskupnya bertahan selama 45 tahun (8 Jun 328 - 2 Mei 373), di mana lebih daripada 17 dibelanjakan dalam lima orang buangan yang diperintahkan oleh empat maharaja Romawi yang berbeza. Athanasius adalah seorang ahli teologi Kristian yang terkenal, Bapa Gereja, ketua pertahanan Trinitarianisme terhadap Arianisme, dan pemimpin Mesir yang terkenal pada abad keempat. <> Siapakah uskup Alexandria yang kedua puluh? || Saint Athanasius of Alexandria <> Apa salah satu nama panggilan untuk Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria? || Athanasius the Great <> Berapa tahunkah Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria seorang uskup? || 45 tahun <> Berapa tahunkah Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria dalam buangan? || 17 <> Bilakah Saint Athanasius mati? || 2 Mei 373 <> Apa nama Saint Athanasius juga dikenali sebagai? || Athanasius the Great <> Dari mana bandar dia menjadi uskup? || Alexandria <> Berapa lama uskupnya yang terakhir? || 45 tahun <> Apakah nama lain yang diketahui oleh Saint Athanasius? || Athanasius the Confessor <> Berapa lama Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria ketika ia dikenal sebagai ketua pertahanan Trinitarianisme terhadap Arianisme? || <> Selama tahun berapa Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria diasingkan? || <> Bandar apakah Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria diasingkan? || <> Berapa kali Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria telah ke Mesir? || <> Tahun apakah Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria bernama Athanasius the Great? || <> Siapakah uskup Iskandariah ke-13? || <> Apa yang tidak disebut nama samaran untuk Saint Athanasius of Alexandria? || <> Selama berapa tahun Saint Athanasius dari Alexandria menjadi paus? || <> Berapa tahunkah Saint Athanasius of Alexandria dalam kebebasan? || <> Dari mana bandar dia bukan uskup? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?", "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d8f", "answers": [{"text": "Saint Athanasius of Alexandria", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?", "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d90", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius the Great", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?", "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d91", "answers": [{"text": "45 years", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?", "id": "57195a23010c361400c56d92", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Saint Athanasius die?", "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d5", "answers": [{"text": "2 May 373", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?", "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d6", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius the Great", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what city was he bishop?", "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d7", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did his episcopate last?", "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d8", "answers": [{"text": "45 years", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?", "id": "571a862710f8ca14003050d9", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius the Confessor", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45 years", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "How old was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria when he became known as the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism?", "id": "5ace6f6c32bba1001ae4a6ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "c. 8 June 328 \u2013 2 May 373", "answer_start": 347}], "question": "During what years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria exiled?", "id": "5ace6f6c32bba1001ae4a6ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What city was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria exiled to?", "id": "5ace6f6c32bba1001ae4a6af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "How many times has Saint Athanasius of Alexandria been to Egypt?", "id": "5ace6f6c32bba1001ae4a6b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "373", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What year was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria named Athanasius the Great?", "id": "5ace6f6c32bba1001ae4a6b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Saint Athanasius of Alexandria", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the thirteenth bishop of Alexandria?", "id": "5aceaefe32bba1001ae4b031", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius the Great", "answer_start": 139}], "question": " What was not a nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?", "id": "5aceaefe32bba1001ae4b032", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "45 years", "answer_start": 337}], "question": " For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a pope?", "id": "5aceaefe32bba1001ae4b033", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 389}], "question": " How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in freedom?", "id": "5aceaefe32bba1001ae4b034", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Of what city was he not a bishop?", "id": "5aceaefe32bba1001ae4b035", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/\u02cc\u00e6\u03b8\u0259\u02c8ne\u026a\u0283\u0259s/; Greek: \u1f08\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, Athan\u00e1sios Alexandr\u00edas; c. 296\u2013298 \u2013 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 \u2013 2 May 373), of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. Athanasius is a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian leader of the fourth century."}], ["Athanasius menceritakan diri sebagai seorang pelajar, dan juga dididik oleh para Martir Agung (kesepuluh) dan penganiayaan terakhir Kristian oleh pagan Rom. [Rujukan?] Penganiayaan ini paling parah di Timur, terutama di Mesir dan Palestin. Peter of Alexandria, keemasan uskup ke-17 Alexandria, telah mati syahid pada 311 pada hari-hari penutupan penganiayaan itu, dan mungkin salah satu guru itu. Penerusnya sebagai uskup Alexandria, Alexander dari Alexandria (312-328) adalah seorang Origenis dan juga seorang mentor Athanasius yang didokumentasikan. Menurut Sozomen, Uskup Alexander \"menjemput Athanasius menjadi komensial dan setiausahanya. Dia berpendidikan tinggi, dan telah berpengalaman dalam tatabahasa dan retorik, dan sudah, sementara masih muda, dan sebelum sampai ke uskup, diberikan bukti kepada mereka yang tinggal bersama dengan kebijaksanaan dan ketajamannya \". Kerja awal Athanasius, Terhadap Heathen - Pada Penjelmaan (ditulis sebelum 319), menimbulkan kesan pemikiran Origenist Alexandria (seperti mengulangi Plato dan menggunakan definisi dari Organon Aristotle) tetapi dengan cara ortodoks. Athanasius juga biasa dengan teori pelbagai sekolah falsafah, dan khususnya dengan perkembangan Neo-Platonisme. Akhirnya, Athanasius akan memodifikasi pemikiran filosofis Sekolah Alexandria dari prinsip Origenis seperti \"penafsiran seluruh teks secara menyeluruh\". Namun, dalam kerja-kerja kemudian, Athanasius memetik Homer lebih daripada sekali (Hist. 68, Orat, 29). Dalam suratnya kepada Maharaja Constantius, dia membentangkan pertahanan dirinya dengan kesan yang tidak dapat dipelajari dari kajian Demosthenes de Corona. <> Di manakah penganiayaan Kristian yang terburuk? || di Timur <> Pada tahun apakah Peter dari Alexandria mati syahid? || dalam 311 <> Yang boleh menjadi salah seorang guru Athanasius? || Peter of Alexandria <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa Athanasius sudah biasa dengan ahli falsafah Yunani kuno? || mengutip Plato <> Apa pengarang Yunani yang terkenal melakukan petikan Athanasius? || Homer <> Di manakah Athanasius mati syahid? || <> Bilakah Homer syahid? || <> Bilakah Athanasius bertemu dengan Plato? || <> Bilakah Athanasius menghadiri Sekolah Alexandria? || <> Di manakah penganiayaan agama Kristian yang terbaik? || <> Pada tahun apakah Peter dari Alexandria dilahirkan? || <> Siapa yang boleh menjadi salah seorang pelajar Athanasius? || <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa Athanasius tidak biasa dengan ahli falsafah Yunani kuno? || <> Apa pengarang Itali yang terkenal melakukan petikan Athanasius? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?", "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305135", "answers": [{"text": "in the East", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?", "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305136", "answers": [{"text": "in 311", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?", "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305137", "answers": [{"text": "Peter of Alexandria", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?", "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305138", "answers": [{"text": "quoting Plato", "answer_start": 1008}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous Greek author did Athanasius  quote?", "id": "571a8edb10f8ca1400305139", "answers": [{"text": "Homer", "answer_start": 1462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Where was Athanasius martyred?", "id": "5ace955532bba1001ae4ab01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "319", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "When was Homer martyred?", "id": "5ace955532bba1001ae4ab02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "319", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "When did Athanasius meet Plato?", "id": "5ace955532bba1001ae4ab03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "319", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "When did Athanasius attend the School of Alexandria?", "id": "5ace955532bba1001ae4ab04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "Where was persecution of Christianity the best?", "id": "5aceb4ed32bba1001ae4b0dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "311", "answer_start": 323}], "question": " In what year was Peter of Alexandria born?", "id": "5aceb4ed32bba1001ae4b0de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peter of Alexandria", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "Who could have been one of Athanasius's students?", "id": "5aceb4ed32bba1001ae4b0df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "quoting Plato", "answer_start": 1008}], "question": " What suggests that Athanasius was unfamiliar with ancient Greek philosophers?", "id": "5aceb4ed32bba1001ae4b0e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Homer", "answer_start": 1462}], "question": " What famous Italian author did Athanasius quote?", "id": "5aceb4ed32bba1001ae4b0e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312\u2013328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander \"invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen\". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen \u2013 On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the \"entirely allegorical interpretation of the text\". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona."}], ["Sepanjang kerjayanya, Athanasius mempunyai banyak pengkritik. Cendekiawan klasik Timothy Barnes menceritakan tuduhan kontemporari terhadap Athanasius: dari mencemarkan mezbah, menjual gandum gandum yang bertujuan memberi makanan kepada orang miskin untuk keuntungan peribadinya sendiri, dan juga keganasan dan pembunuhan untuk menindas perbezaan pendapat. Athanasius menggunakan \"Arian\" untuk menggambarkan kedua pengikut Arius, dan sebagai istilah polemik yang menghina bagi orang Kristian yang tidak bersetuju dengan perumusan Tritunggalnya. Athanasius memanggil ramai penentangnya \"Arian\", kecuali Miletus. <> Adakah Athanasius disukai oleh semua orang? || banyak pengkritik <> Apa yang dia dituduh lakukan ke gereja? || mencucurkan mezbah <> Dia dituduh menjual gandum untuk alasan apa? || Keuntungan pribadinya sendiri <> Apa yang dia panggil pengkritiknya? || Arian <> Apa maksudnya Arian kepadanya? || Orang Kristian yang tidak bersetuju dengan perumusannya <> Siapa suka Athanasius? || <> Apa yang dia dituduh lakukan ke masjid? || <> Apa yang dia tidak panggil pengkritiknya? || <> Apa maksud Arian tidak bermakna kepadanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?", "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052df", "answers": [{"text": "many detractors", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was he accused of doing to a church?", "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e0", "answers": [{"text": "defiling an altar", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "He was accused of selling grain for what reason?", "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e1", "answers": [{"text": "his own personal gain", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he call his detractors?", "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e2", "answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the term Arian mean to him?", "id": "571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e3", "answers": [{"text": "Christians who disagreed with his formulation", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "Who liked Athanasius?", "id": "5acec8e032bba1001ae4b3ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "defiling an altar", "answer_start": 154}], "question": " What was he accused of doing to a mosque?", "id": "5acec8e032bba1001ae4b3ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 328}], "question": " What did he not call his detractors?", "id": "5acec8e032bba1001ae4b3ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "derogatory polemical term", "answer_start": 381}], "question": " What did the term Arian not mean to him?", "id": "5acec8e032bba1001ae4b3f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasius used \"Arian\" to describe both followers of Arius, and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity. Athanasius called many of his opponents \"Arian\", except for Miletus."}], ["Athanasius juga menulis dua bahagian Terhadap Orang-Orang Suci dan Inkarnasi Firman Allah. Selesai mungkin awal dalam hidupnya, sebelum kontroversi Arian, mereka merupakan karya klasik pertama teologi Ortodoks yang maju. Pada bahagian pertama, Athanasius menyerang beberapa amalan dan kepercayaan pagan. Bahagian kedua membentangkan ajaran mengenai penebusan. Juga dalam buku-buku ini, Athanasius mengemukakan kepercayaan bahawa Anak Tuhan, Firman yang abadi yang melalui mana Allah menciptakan dunia, memasuki dunia itu dalam bentuk manusia untuk memimpin manusia kembali ke harmoni dari mana mereka sebelumnya telah jatuh. <> Bilakah dia menulis karya pertamanya tentang Kekristianan Ortodoks? || sebelum kontroversi Arian <> Antara karya pertama yang manakah alamat amalan pagan? || Against the Heathen <> Bagaimana dia percaya Yesus datang ke dunia? || dalam bentuk manusia <> Manakah di antara karya-karyanya yang menebus penebusan dan Anak Allah? || Inkarnasi Firman Tuhan <> Kapan dia menulis karya terakhirnya mengenai Kekristianan Ortodoks? || <> Antara karya terakhir yang membahas amalan pagan? || <> Bagaimana dia tidak percaya Yesus datang ke dunia? || <> Antara karya-karyanya yang tidak menjawab penebusan dan Anak Allah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?", "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac06", "answers": [{"text": "before the Arian controversy", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?", "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac07", "answers": [{"text": "Against the Heathen", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did he believe Jesus came into the world?", "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac08", "answers": [{"text": "in human form", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?", "id": "571aad964faf5e1900b8ac09", "answers": [{"text": "Incarnation of the Word of God", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "before the Arian controversy", "answer_start": 131}], "question": " When did he write his last works on Orthodox Christianity?", "id": "5acec49232bba1001ae4b343", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Against the Heathen", "answer_start": 33}], "question": " Which of the last works addresses pagan practices?", "id": "5acec49232bba1001ae4b344", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in human form", "answer_start": 509}], "question": " How did he not believe Jesus came into the world?", "id": "5acec49232bba1001ae4b345", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incarnation of the Word of God", "answer_start": 61}], "question": " Which of his works did not address redemption and the Son of God?", "id": "5acec49232bba1001ae4b346", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God. Completed probably early in his life, before the Arian controversy, they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teachings on the redemption. Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away."}], ["Dalam terang penyelidikan Ibu FA Forbes dan merujuk kepada tulisan-tulisan Paus Santo Gregory, kelihatannya Athanasius dibatasi menjadi Uskup: Dia menulis bahawa ketika Patriarch Alexander berada di tempat tidurnya, ia menelepon Athanasius, yang melarikan diri takut akan dikehendaki dibuat Bishop. \"Ketika para Uskup Gereja berkumpul untuk memilih Patriark mereka yang baru, seluruh penduduk Katolik mengelilingi gereja, mengangkat tangan mereka ke Syurga dan menangis,\" Beri kami Athanasius! \"Para Uskup tidak mempunyai apa-apa lebih baik. memberitahu kita ... \"(Paus Gregory I, akan mendapat akses penuh ke Arkib Vatikan). <> Apa yang dia lakukan apabila dia menganggap dia mungkin dibuat Bishop? || melarikan diri <> Siapa ahli Katolik Alexandria mahu sebagai Uskup mereka? || \"Berikan kami Athanasius!\" <> Adakah ada orang lain yang dipilih sebagai Bishop? || Uskup tidak mempunyai apa-apa <> Bilakah Alexander meminta untuk melihat Athanasius? || di tempat tidurnya yang mati <> Apa yang dia lakukan ketika dia menganggap dia mungkin dipecat dari menjadi Uskup? || <> Siapa yang tidak mahu Katolik Alexandria sebagai Bishop mereka? || <> Bilakah Athanasius meminta untuk melihat Alexander? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?", "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac0e", "answers": [{"text": "fled", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?", "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac0f", "answers": [{"text": "\"Give us Athanasius!\"", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?", "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac10", "answers": [{"text": "The Bishops had nothing better", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius? ", "id": "571aae454faf5e1900b8ac11", "answers": [{"text": "on his death-bed", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fled", "answer_start": 247}], "question": " What did he do when he thought he might be fired from being Bishop?", "id": "5acec63232bba1001ae4b387", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 482}], "question": " Who didn't the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?", "id": "5acec63232bba1001ae4b388", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "death-bed", "answer_start": 211}], "question": " When did Athanasius ask to see Alexander?", "id": "5acec63232bba1001ae4b389", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. \"When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; \"Give us Athanasius!\" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us...\" (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives)."}], ["Paus Julius telah meninggal dunia pada bulan April, 352, dan digantikan oleh Liberius. Selama dua tahun Liberius telah menguntungkan penyebab Athanasius; tetapi didorong akhirnya ke pengasingan, dia diarahkan untuk menandatangani formula yang samar-samar, di mana teks Nicene yang hebat, \"homoousion\", telah ditinggalkan dengan teliti. Pada 355 majlis diadakan di Milan, di mana meskipun pembangkang yang kuat terhadap sebilangan ulama setia di kalangan uskup Barat, pengutukan keempat Athanasius diumumkan kepada dunia. Dengan rakan-rakannya yang bertaburan, Hosius yang suci dalam buangan, dan Pope Liberius mengecam sebagai acquiescing dalam formulari Arian, Athanasius tidak dapat berharap untuk melepaskan diri. Pada malam 8 Februari, 356, semasa terlibat dalam perkhidmatan di Gereja St. Thomas, sekumpulan lelaki bersenjata meletup untuk mengamankan penangkapannya. Ia adalah permulaan pembuangan ketiga. <> Pada tahun apakah Paus Julius mati? || 352 <> Adakah Liberius bersimpati dengan Athanasius? || Liberius telah menguntungkan <> Apa hasil Majlis Milan? || yang mengutuk keempat Athanasius <> Apa yang dilakukan Athanasius ketika dia ditangkap? || yang terlibat dalam perkhidmatan <> Di mana lelaki bersenjata yang menangkapnya? || lelaki bersenjata <> Pada tahun apakah Paus Julius dilahirkan? || <> Apa yang tidak hasil Majlis Milan? || <> Siapa yang ditangkap oleh lelaki yang tidak bersenjata? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada 368? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Pope Julius die?", "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb6", "answers": [{"text": "352", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?", "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb7", "answers": [{"text": "Liberius had been favourable", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?", "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb8", "answers": [{"text": "a fourth condemnation of Athanasius", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?", "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abb9", "answers": [{"text": "engaged in services", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where the men armed who arrested him?", "id": "571aa6aa4faf5e1900b8abba", "answers": [{"text": "armed men", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "352", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "In what year was Pope Julius born?", "id": "5acebc4032bba1001ae4b23f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a fourth condemnation", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "What wasn't the outcome of the Council of Milan?", "id": "5acebc4032bba1001ae4b240", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "Who was arrested by unarmed men?", "id": "5acebc4032bba1001ae4b241", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest", "answer_start": 690}], "question": "What happened in 368?", "id": "5acebc4032bba1001ae4b242", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the \"homoousion\", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, dalam beberapa tahun selepas kematiannya, Gregory of Nazianzus memanggilnya \"Pilar Gereja\". Tulisan-tulisannya dianggap baik oleh semua bapa Gereja yang mengikuti, baik di Barat maupun di Timur, yang mencatat kesetiaan mereka yang kaya dengan Firman-menjadi-manusia, keprihatinan pastoral yang besar, dan minat yang mendalam dalam monastik. Athanasius dikira sebagai salah satu daripada empat Doktor Timur yang besar di Gereja Roman Katolik. Di Gereja Ortodoks Timur, dia dilabelkan sebagai \"Bapa Ortodoks\". Sesetengah Protestan melabelnya sebagai \"Bapa Kanon\". Athanasius dihormati sebagai seorang penganut Kristian, yang hari perayaan 2 Mei di Kristian Barat, 15 Mei di Gereja Ortodoks Koptik, dan 18 Januari di Jemaat Ortodoks Timur yang lain. Dia dihormati oleh Jemaat Oriental dan Timur Ortodoks, Gereja Katolik Roma, Lutheran, dan Komunis Anglikan. <> Apa yang dia ketahui sebaik sahaja ia meninggal? || Pilar Gereja <> Bagaimana Gereja Ortodoks Timur merujuk kepadanya? || Bapa Ortodoks <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh Protestan? || Bapa Kanon <> Apa hari perayaannya di Kristian Barat? || 2 Mei <> Hari apa dia meraikan Gereja Ortodoks Timur? || 18 Januari <> Pada hari apa Gregory Nazianzus memanggil Athanasius \"Pilar Gereja\"? || <> Bilakah Gregory dari Nazianzus dikira sebagai salah satu daripada empat Doktor Timur yang besar di Gereja di Gereja Roman Katolik? || <> Apakah hari perayaan Gregory dari Nazianzus di Gereja Ortodoks Coptic? || <> Apakah hari perayaan Gregory Nazianzus di Kristian Barat? || <> Apakah hari perayaan Gregory Nazianzus di Jemaat Ortodoks Timur yang lain? || <> Apa yang dia ketahui sebaik sahaja dia dilahirkan? || <> Bagaimana Gereja Ortodoks Timur tidak pernah merujuk kepadanya? || <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh Katolik? || <> Apa hari perayaannya di Kristian Utara? || <> Hari apa dia merayakannya di Gereja Ortodoks Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was he known as soon after he died?", "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052e9", "answers": [{"text": "Pillar of the Church", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?", "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052ea", "answers": [{"text": "Father of Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the Protestants call him?", "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052eb", "answers": [{"text": "Father of the Canon", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is his feast day in Western Christianity?", "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052ec", "answers": [{"text": "2 May", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?", "id": "571ab0c810f8ca14003052ed", "answers": [{"text": "18 January", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 May", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "On what day did Gregory of Nazianzus call Athanasius the \"Pillar of the Church\"?", "id": "5ace7ccf32bba1001ae4a7e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18 January", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "When was Gregory of Nazianzus counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "5ace7ccf32bba1001ae4a7e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15 May", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "What is Gregory of Nazianzus feast day in the Coptic Orthodox Church?", "id": "5ace7ccf32bba1001ae4a7e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 May", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "What is Gregory of Nazianzus feast day in Western Christianity?", "id": "5ace7ccf32bba1001ae4a7e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18 January", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "What is Gregory of Nazianzus feast day in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches?", "id": "5ace7ccf32bba1001ae4a7e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pillar of the Church", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What was he known as soon after he was born?", "id": "5aceb26d32bba1001ae4b099", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Father of Orthodoxy", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "How does the Eastern Orthodox Church never refer to him?", "id": "5aceb26d32bba1001ae4b09a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Father of the Canon", "answer_start": 529}], "question": " What do the Catholics call him?", "id": "5aceb26d32bba1001ae4b09b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 May", "answer_start": 616}], "question": " What is his feast day in Northern Christianity?", "id": "5aceb26d32bba1001ae4b09c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18 January", "answer_start": 689}], "question": "What day is he celebrated in the Southern Orthodox Church?", "id": "5aceb26d32bba1001ae4b09d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the \"Pillar of the Church\". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the \"Father of Orthodoxy\". Some Protestants label him \"Father of the Canon\". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion."}], ["Dengan tenaga khas dia berusaha untuk membina semula kekayaan yang agak hancur parti ortodoks dan membersihkan suasana teologi ketidakpastian. Untuk menghapuskan salah faham yang telah timbul dalam tahun-tahun sebelumnya, percubaan dibuat untuk menentukan masih lagi pentingnya rumusan Nicene. Sementara itu, Julian, yang kelihatannya telah menjadi cemburu terhadap pengaruh yang dilakukan Athanasius di Alexandria, mengarahkan perintah kepada Ecdicius, Pengawas Mesir, dengan tegas memerintahkan pengusiran primata yang dipulihkan, atas alasan ia tidak pernah telah dimasukkan ke dalam tindakan empayar pengampunan. Ketetapan itu dikomunikasikan kepada uskup oleh Pythicodorus Trico, yang, walaupun dijelaskan dalam \"Chronicon Athanasianum\" (XXXV) sebagai \"ahli falsafah\", nampaknya berkelakuan sombong kejam. Pada 23 Oktober rakyat berkumpul mengenai uskup yang dijatuhkan untuk membantah perintah maharaja; tetapi Athanasius menggesa mereka untuk menyerahkan, menghibur mereka dengan janji bahawa ketiadaannya akan menjadi tempoh yang singkat. <> Siapa yang cemburu terhadap pengaruh Athanasius? || Julian <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang Ecdicius? || Pengawas Mesir <> Apa yang dilakukan Julian kepada Athanasius? || pengusiran <> Adakah Athanasius memberitahu orang ramai untuk membantah? || menggesa mereka untuk menyerahkan <> Adakah dia fikir dia akan pergi lama? || jangka pendek <> Siapa yang tidak cemburu terhadap pengaruh Athanasius? || <> Apakah kedudukan yang ditolak oleh Ecdicius? || <> Apa yang Athanasius tidak memberitahu rakyat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?", "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abfc", "answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Ecdicius hold?", "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abfd", "answers": [{"text": "Prefect of Egypt", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?", "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abfe", "answers": [{"text": "expulsion", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?", "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8abff", "answers": [{"text": "urged them to submit", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did he think he would be gone a long time?", "id": "571aac8a4faf5e1900b8ac00", "answers": [{"text": "short duration", "answer_start": 1064}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Julian", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "Who wasn't jealous of Athanasius's influence?", "id": "5acec2e332bba1001ae4b311", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prefect of Egypt", "answer_start": 513}], "question": " What position did Ecdicius reject?", "id": "5acec2e332bba1001ae4b312", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to submit", "answer_start": 992}], "question": "What did Athanasius not tell the people?", "id": "5acec2e332bba1001ae4b313", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the \"Chronicon Athanasianum\" (XXXV) as a \"philosopher\", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration."}], ["Constantius, memperbaharui dasar terdahulu yang memihak kepada Arian, sekali lagi mengusir Athanasius dari Alexandria. Ini diikuti, pada 356, dengan cubaan untuk menangkap Athanasius semasa perkhidmatan berjaga-jaga. Athanasius melarikan diri ke Mesir Atas, di mana beliau tinggal di beberapa biara dan rumah lain. Dalam tempoh ini, Athanasius menyelesaikan kerja Empat Orasi terhadap Arian dan mempertahankan tingkah lakunya baru-baru ini di Apology untuk Constantius dan Apology untuk Penerbangan-Nya. Pertahanan Constantius dalam penentangannya terhadap Athanasius, digabungkan dengan laporan Athanasius yang diterima mengenai penganiayaan kaum non-Arians oleh uskup Arian baru George Laodicea, mendorong Athanasius untuk menulis Sejarah emosionalnya yang lebih emosional, di mana beliau menggambarkan Constantius sebagai pendahulu Dajjal. <> Siapa yang mempunyai dasar mengutuk Athanasius? || Arian <> Apa yang dilakukan Athanasius pada masa yang sama penangkapan telah dicuba? || perkhidmatan berjaga <> Di mana Athanasius melarikan diri setelah percubaan ini? || Mesir atas <> Apa yang dia tulis pada masa ini? || Empat Orations terhadap Arians <> Di mana kerja dia merujuk kepada Constantius sebagai pendahulu Antikristus? || Sejarah Arians <> Siapa yang mempunyai dasar bersetuju dengan Athanasius? || <> Apakah Athanasius buat kali pertama penangkapan telah dicuba? || <> Di manakah Athanasius melarikan diri sebelum percubaan ini? || <> Apa yang dia cat pada masa ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?", "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abde", "answers": [{"text": "the Arians", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?", "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abdf", "answers": [{"text": "a vigil service", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?", "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abe0", "answers": [{"text": "Upper Egypt", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did he write during this time?", "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abe1", "answers": [{"text": "Four Orations against the Arians", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?", "id": "571aaa854faf5e1900b8abe2", "answers": [{"text": "History of the Arians", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arians", "answer_start": 57}], "question": " Who had a policy of agreeing with Athanasius?", "id": "5acec0d732bba1001ae4b2c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vigil service", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What was Athanasius doing the first time an arrest was attempted?", "id": "5acec0d732bba1001ae4b2c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Upper Egypt", "answer_start": 218}], "question": " Where did Athanasius flee to before this attempt?", "id": "5acec0d732bba1001ae4b2c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Four Orations against the Arians", "answer_start": 338}], "question": " What did he paint during this time?", "id": "5acec0d732bba1001ae4b2c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Constantius, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians, banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again. This was followed, in 356, by an attempt to arrest Athanasius during a vigil service. Athanasius fled to Upper Egypt, where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses. During this period, Athanasius completed his work Four Orations against the Arians and defended his own recent conduct in the Apology to Constantius and Apology for His Flight. Constantius's persistence in his opposition to Athanasius, combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the new Arian bishop George of Laodicea, prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional History of the Arians, in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist."}], ["Uskup Athanasius bermula pada 9 Mei 328 kerana Majlis Alexandria memilih Athanasius untuk menggantikan Alexander yang berusia. Majlis itu juga mengutuk pelbagai bidaah dan perpecahan, yang kebanyakannya terus menjadi tumpuan para uskupnya yang berumur 45 tahun (8 Jun 328 - 2 Mei 373). Patriarch Athanasius menghabiskan lebih 17 tahun dalam lima orang buangan yang diperintahkan oleh empat Maharaja Rom yang berbeza, tidak kira kira-kira enam lagi insiden di mana Athanasius melarikan diri dari Alexandria untuk melarikan diri dari orang-orang yang ingin menjalani hidupnya. Ini menimbulkan ungkapan \"Athanasius kontra mundum\" atau \"Athanasius terhadap dunia\". Bagaimanapun, pada tahun-tahun pertamanya sebagai uskup, Athanasius melawat gereja-gereja wilayahnya, yang pada waktu itu termasuk seluruh Mesir dan Libya. Dia menjalin hubungan dengan pertapa dan biksu padang pasir, termasuk Pachomius, yang terbukti sangat berharga kepadanya sejak bertahun-tahun. Tidak lama selepas itu, Athanasius menjadi sibuk dengan pertikaian teologi terhadap Arians dalam Empayar Byzantine yang akan menduduki sebahagian besar hidupnya. <> Siapa yang berjaya Athanasius? || Alexander <> Berapa banyak orang buangan yang ia alami? || lima orang buangan <> Gereja-gereja dari negara-negara apa di wilayahnya? || Mesir dan Libya <> Adakah dia bersatu dengan kaum Arians dalam kepercayaannya? || Pertikaian terhadap Arians <> Siapa yang melakukan Athanasius? || <> Berapa banyak orang buangan yang dia lari? || <> Gereja-gereja dari negara-negara apa yang tidak di wilayahnya? || <> Siapa yang dia setuju dengan kepercayaannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Athanasius succeed?", "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa96", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many exiles did he endure?", "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa97", "answers": [{"text": "five exiles", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The churches of what countries were in his territory?", "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa98", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt and Libya", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?", "id": "571a90d74faf5e1900b8aa99", "answers": [{"text": "disputes against Arians", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "Who did Athanasius proceed?", "id": "5aceb82732bba1001ae4b183", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 316}], "question": " How many exiles did he evade?", "id": "5aceb82732bba1001ae4b184", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Egypt and Libya", "answer_start": 718}], "question": " The churches of what countries were in not his territory?", "id": "5aceb82732bba1001ae4b185", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arians", "answer_start": 957}], "question": "Who did he agree with in his beliefs?", "id": "5aceb82732bba1001ae4b186", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 \u2013 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life. This gave rise to the expression \"Athanasius contra mundum\" or \"Athanasius against the world\". However, during his first years as bishop, Athanasius visited the churches of his territory, which at that time included all of Egypt and Libya. He established contacts with the hermits and monks of the desert, including Pachomius, which proved very valuable to him over the years. Shortly thereafter, Athanasius became occupied with the theological disputes against Arians within the Byzantine Empire that would occupy much of his life."}], ["T. Gilmartin, (Profesor Sejarah, Maynooth, 1890), menulis dalam Sejarah Gereja, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: Arian meminta persetujuan dari Majlis Ekumenikal. Mereka cuba memegang dua dewan. Constantius, memanggil para uskup Timur untuk bertemu di Seleucia di Isauria, dan orang-orang Barat ke Rimini di Itali. Persidangan awal diadakan oleh Arian di Sirmium, untuk bersetuju dengan formula iman. A \"Homoeon\" akidah diterima pakai, mengisytiharkan Anak itu \"seperti Bapa\". Kedua-dua bertemu pada musim gugur 359. Di Seleucia, seratus lima puluh uskup, yang mana seratus lima orang adalah separuh Arian. Semi-Arians enggan menerima sesuatu yang kurang daripada \"Homoiousion\", (lihat: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. Penguasa Imperial diwajibkan membubarkan, tanpa menyetujui sebarang kepercayaan. Acacius, pemimpin parti \"Homoean\" pergi ke Constantinople, di mana formulary iman Sirmian telah diluluskan oleh \"Synod Home\", (terdiri daripada uskup-uskup yang hadir di Mahkamah untuk masa itu), dan suatu dekrit pemendapan yang dikeluarkan terhadap pemimpin-pemimpin separuh Arians. Di Rimini lebih dari empat ratus daripadanya lapan puluh Arian, yang lain adalah ortodoks. Ayah ortodoks menolak untuk menerima apa-apa akidah tetapi Nicene, sementara yang lain sama-sama memihak kepada Sirmian. Setiap parti menghantar satu deputasi kepada Maharaja untuk mengatakan tidak ada kemungkinan untuk bersetuju, dan meminta para uskup untuk kembali ke keuskupan mereka. Untuk tujuan memakai ke bawah uskup ortodoks; (Kata Sulpitius Severius), Constantius menangguhkan jawapannya selama beberapa bulan, dan akhirnya mengalahkan mereka untuk menerima akidah Sirmian. Selepas Majlis ini Jerome berkata: \"... seluruh dunia mengerang dengan kagum untuk mencari Arian sendiri.\" <> Di mana para uskup bertemu Barat? || Rimini di Itali <> Apa yang Arians bersetuju pada Sirmium? || formula iman <> Apakah kepercayaan yang telah diluluskan di majlis ini? || Anak itu akan menjadi \"seperti Bapa\" <> Apakah pemimpin-pemimpin ortodoks percaya? || The Nicene <> Kepercayaan apa yang diterima oleh Constantius? || Arian <> Di mana para uskup di Timur bertemu? || <> Apa yang tidak disangka Arians di Sirmium? || <> Apakah kepercayaan yang disangkal di majlis ini? || <> Apakah pemimpin ortodoks tidak percaya? || <> Kepercayaan apa yang tidak diterima oleh Constantius? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did bishops of the West meet?", "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052b7", "answers": [{"text": "Rimini in Italy", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?", "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052b8", "answers": [{"text": "a formula of faith", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the belief that was approved at this council?", "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052b9", "answers": [{"text": "The Son to be \"like the Father\"", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the orthodox leaders believe?", "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052ba", "answers": [{"text": "the Nicene", "answer_start": 1213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What belief was accepted by Constantius?", "id": "571aab8910f8ca14003052bb", "answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 1721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rimini in Italy", "answer_start": 291}], "question": " Where did bishops of the East meet?", "id": "5acec1e932bba1001ae4b2e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formula of faith", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What did the Arians disagree upon at Sirmium?", "id": "5acec1e932bba1001ae4b2e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Son to be \"like the Father", "answer_start": 438}], "question": " What was the belief that was disproved at this council?", "id": "5acec1e932bba1001ae4b2e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nicene", "answer_start": 1217}], "question": " What did the orthodox leaders not believe?", "id": "5acec1e932bba1001ae4b2e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 1129}], "question": " What belief was not accepted by Constantius?", "id": "5acec1e932bba1001ae4b2e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A \"Homoeon\" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be \"like the Father\". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the \"Homoiousion\", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the \"Homoean\" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the \"Home Synod\", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: \" ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian.\""}], ["Pada awal tahun 343 kami mendapati Athanasius telah mengembara, melalui Rom, dari Alexandria, Afrika Utara, ke Gaul; sekarang Belgium / Holland dan kawasan sekitarnya, di mana Hosius Cordoba adalah Uskup, juara besar ortodoksi di Barat. Kedua-dua, bersama-sama, ditetapkan untuk Sardica. Satu Majlis Gereja yang penuh telah dipanggil / dipanggil di sana untuk menghormati kehendak pontif Rom. Perjalanan itu adalah tugas besar dalam dirinya sendiri. Pada perhimpunan agung besar ini, para pemimpin Gereja, kes Athanasius diambil sekali lagi, iaitu, Athanasius secara formal dipersoalkan atas kesalahan pemarah dan bahkan pembunuhan, (seorang lelaki bernama Arsenius dan menggunakan tubuhnya untuk sihir, - tidak masuk akal caj.). [Majlis telah bersuara untuk tujuan menyoal tuduhan terhadap Athanasius dan uskup lain, oleh kerana itu mereka telah diturunkan dari pandangan mereka oleh Semi-Arian Synod Antioch (341), dan pergi ke pengasingan. Ia dipanggil mengikut Socrates, (E. H. ii. 20) oleh dua Kaisar, Constans dan Constantius; tetapi, menurut Baronius oleh Paus Julius (337-352), (Ad an 343). Seratus tujuh puluh enam dihadiri. Uskup Eusebian membantah kemasukan Athanasius dan uskup lain yang dilupuskan ke Majlis, kecuali sebagai orang yang dituduh untuk menjawab tuduhan yang dibawa terhadap mereka. Keberatan mereka ditindas oleh uskup ortodoks, kira-kira seratus orang ortodoks, yang majoritinya. The Eusebians, melihat mereka tidak mempunyai peluang untuk memandang pandangan mereka, bersara kepada Philoppopolis di Thrace, Philippopolis (Thracia), di mana mereka mengadakan majlis pembangkang, di bawah kepresidenan Patriark Antiokhia, dan mengesahkan perintah-perintah Sinode Antioch . ]. Sekali lagi, di Majlis Sardica, dia tidak lagi bersalah. Dua surat konsili disediakan, satu kepada ulama dan setia Iskandariah, yang satu lagi kepada uskup Mesir dan Libya, di mana kehendak Majlis telah diketahui. Sementara itu, parti Eusebian telah pergi ke Philippopolis, di mana mereka mengeluarkan anathema terhadap Athanasius dan penyokongnya. Penganiayaan terhadap parti ortodoks berlaku dengan semangat baru, dan Constantius diarahkan untuk menyediakan langkah-langkah drastis terhadap Athanasius dan para imam yang dikhususkan kepadanya. Pesanan diberikan bahawa jika percubaan Saint untuk memasuki semula pandangannya, dia harus dihukum mati. Athanasius, dengan itu, menarik diri dari Sardica ke Naissus di Mysia, di mana dia merayakan pesta Paskah pada tahun 344. Ia adalah Hosius yang mengetuai Majlis Sardica, seperti yang dilakukannya untuk Majlis Pertama Nicaea, yang seperti 341 sinod, mendapati Athanasius tidak bersalah. &. Beliau merayakan Paskah terakhirnya di pengasingan di Aquileia pada April 345, yang diterima oleh uskup Fortunatianus. <> Di mana terletak Gaul sekarang? || Belgium / Holland dan sekitarnya <> Dengan siapa Athanasius pergi ke Sardica? || Hosius Cordoba <> Tentang apa yang ditanya oleh Dewan Gereja Athanasius? || salah laku dan bahkan pembunuhan <> Adakah Athanasius dibenarkan masuk ke Majlis? || bantahan telah diatasi oleh uskup ortodoks <> Apa keputusan di Majlis Sardika? || beliau tidak bersalah menegaskan <> Di mana Gaul tidak berada saat ini? || <> Dengan siapa Athanasius pergi ke Afrika? || <> Mengenai apa yang ditanya Majlis Gereja mengenai Julius? || <> Siapa yang didapati bersalah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Gaul currently located?", "id": "571aa5df10f8ca1400305259", "answers": [{"text": "Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?", "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525a", "answers": [{"text": "Hosius of Cordoba", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?", "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525b", "answers": [{"text": "misdemeanours and even murder", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?", "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525c", "answers": [{"text": "objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops", "answer_start": 1289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?", "id": "571aa5df10f8ca140030525d", "answers": [{"text": "his innocence reaffirmed", "answer_start": 1713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Belgium", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Where is Gaul not currently located?", "id": "5aceb9df32bba1001ae4b1e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hosius of Cordoba", "answer_start": 162}], "question": " With whom did Athanasius travel to Africa?", "id": "5aceb9df32bba1001ae4b1e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "misdemeanours", "answer_start": 577}], "question": " About what did the Council of the Church question Julius?", "id": "5aceb9df32bba1001ae4b1e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 2324}], "question": "Who was found guilty?", "id": "5aceb9df32bba1001ae4b1e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled, via Rome, from Alexandria, North Africa, to Gaul; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas, where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two, together, set out for Sardica. A full Council of the Church was convened / summoned there in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. The travel was a mammoth task in itself. At this great gathering of prelates, leaders of the Church, the case of Athanasius was taken up once more, that is, Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder, (a man called Arsenius and using his body for magic, \u2013 an absurd charge.). [The Council was convoked for the purpose of inquiring into the charges against Athanasius and other bishops, on account of which they were deposed from their sees by the Semi-Arian Synod of Antioch (341), and went into exile. It was called according to Socrates, (E. H. ii. 20) by the two Emperors, Constans and Constantius; but, according to Baronius by Pope Julius (337\u2013352), (Ad an. 343). One hundred and seventy six attended. Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the Council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them. Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops, about a hundred were orthodox, who were the majority. The Eusebians, seeing they had no chance of having their views carried, retired to Philoppopolis in Thrace, Philippopolis (Thracia), where they held an opposition council, under the presidency of the Patriarch of Antioch, and confirmed the decrees of the Synod of Antioch. ]. Once more, at the Council of Sardica, was his innocence reaffirmed. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known. Meanwhile, the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if the Saint attempt to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. It was Hosius who presided over the Council of Sardica, as he did for the First Council of Nicaea, which like the 341 synod, found Athanasius innocent. &. He celebrated his last Easter in exile in Aquileia in April 345, received by bishop Fortunatianus."}], ["Selepas kematian uskup pengganti Gregory pada 345, Constans menggunakan pengaruhnya untuk membolehkan Athanasius kembali ke Alexandria pada Oktober 345, di tengah-tengah demonstrasi yang penuh semangat di kalangan penduduk. Ini memulakan \"dekad keemasan\" kedamaian dan kemakmuran, di mana Athanasius mengumpulkan beberapa dokumen yang berkaitan dengan pengasingannya dan kembali dari pengasingan di Apology Against the Arians. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila kematian Constans pada 350, satu lagi perang saudara telah berlaku, yang menyebabkan pro-Arian Constantius sebagai kaisar tunggal. Majlis tempatan Alexandria dalam 350 digantikan (atau ditegaskan semula) Athanasius dalam pandangannya. <> Siapa yang dia perlu berterima kasih kerana kemampuannya kembali ke Alexandria pada 345? || Constans <> Adakah orang-orang senang memilikinya? || tunjuk perasaan yang bersemangat <> Dalam penulisan apa yang dia perhatikan masanya dalam buangan? || Apology Against the Arians <> Apa yang berlaku ketika Constans meninggal? || perang saudara <> Adakah kaisar baru bersetuju atau tidak bersetuju dengan Arians? || pro-Arian <> Siapa yang tidak berterima kasih kerana membiarkan dia kembali di Alexandria? || <> Apa yang berlaku dalam 346? || <> Bilakah perang tidak berlaku? || <> Bilakah Constan dilahirkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did he have to thank for his ability to come back to Alexandria in 345?", "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b83", "answers": [{"text": "Constans", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the people glad to have him home?", "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b84", "answers": [{"text": "enthusiastic demonstrations", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what writing did he recount his time in exiles?", "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b85", "answers": [{"text": "Apology Against the Arians", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened when Constans died?", "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b86", "answers": [{"text": "civil war", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the new emperor agree or disagree with the Arians?", "id": "571ae05d9499d21900609b87", "answers": [{"text": "pro-Arian", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constans", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Who was not thanked for letting him back in Alexandria?", "id": "5acebb2432bba1001ae4b20f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What happened in 346?", "id": "5acebb2432bba1001ae4b210", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "When did the uncivil war happen?", "id": "5acebb2432bba1001ae4b211", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "When was Constan born?", "id": "5acebb2432bba1001ae4b212", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345, Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345, amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace. This began a \"golden decade\" of peace and prosperity, during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relating to his exiles and returns from exile in the Apology Against the Arians. However, upon Constans's death in 350, another civil war broke out, which left pro-Arian Constantius as sole emperor. An Alexandria local council in 350 replaced (or reaffirmed) Athanasius in his see."}], ["Apabila Maharaja Constantine I meninggal, Athanasius dibenarkan kembali ke Lihat Alexandria. Tidak lama kemudian, bagaimanapun, anak Constantine, Kaisar Roman Constantius II, memperbaharui perintah pembuangan Athanasius pada tahun 338. Athanasius pergi ke Rom, di mana dia berada di bawah perlindungan Constans, Kaisar Barat. Pada masa ini, Gregory of Cappadocia telah dipasang sebagai Patriarch Alexandria, merampas Athanasius yang tidak hadir. Namun, Athanasius tetap berhubung dengan orang-orangnya melalui Surat Festal tahunannya, di mana dia juga mengumumkan pada tarikh mana Paskah akan dirayakan tahun itu. <> Pada titik apa yang boleh Athanasius kembali ke Alexandria? || Apabila Maharaja Constantine saya mati <> Siapa yang memberikan perlindungan ketika dia berada di Rom? || Constans <> Siapa yang menjadi Patriark di Alexandria sementara Athanasius berada? || Gregory of Cappadocia <> Bagaimana rakyat Alexandria tahu bila merayakan Paskah? || Surat-surat Festal <> Siapa yang mengumumkan Athanasius dibuang kembali? || Constantius II <> Pada titik mana Athanasius boleh meninggalkan Alexandria? || <> Siapa yang memberikan pertimbangan sewaktu dia berada di Rom? || <> Siapa yang menjadi Patriark di Alexandria sementara Athanasius hadir? || <> Siapa yang mengumumkan Athanasius akan dibebaskan lagi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria?", "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9f9e", "answers": [{"text": "When Emperor Constantine I died", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?", "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9f9f", "answers": [{"text": "Constans", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away?", "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9fa0", "answers": [{"text": "Gregory of Cappadocia", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter?", "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9fa1", "answers": [{"text": "Festal Letters", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again?", "id": "571ae2ea32177014007e9fa2", "answers": [{"text": "Constantius II", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "When Emperor Constantine I died", "answer_start": 0}], "question": " At what point could Athanasius leave Alexandria?", "id": "5aceb92632bba1001ae4b1bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constans", "answer_start": 294}], "question": " Who provided for his judgement while he was in Rome?", "id": "5aceb92632bba1001ae4b1c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregory of Cappadocia", "answer_start": 347}], "question": " Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was present?", "id": "5aceb92632bba1001ae4b1c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantius II", "answer_start": 162}], "question": " Who declared Athanasius to be freed again?", "id": "5aceb92632bba1001ae4b1c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When Emperor Constantine I died, Athanasius was allowed to return to his See of Alexandria. Shortly thereafter, however, Constantine's son, the new Roman Emperor Constantius II, renewed the order for Athanasius's banishment in 338. Athanasius went to Rome, where he was under the protection of Constans, the Emperor of the West. During this time, Gregory of Cappadocia was installed as the Patriarch of Alexandria, usurping the absent Athanasius. Athanasius did, however, remain in contact with his people through his annual Festal Letters, in which he also announced on which date Easter would be celebrated that year."}], ["Masalah pertama Athanasius terletak dengan Meletius Lycopolis dan pengikutnya, yang gagal mematuhi Majlis Pertama Nicaea. Majlis itu juga menghidupkan Arius. Dituduh mengejek Arians dan Meletians, Athanasius menjawab tuduhan itu pada perhimpunan uskup di Tire, Synod Pertama Tirus, pada tahun 335. Di sana, Eusebius dari Nicomedia dan penyokong Arius yang lain memusnahkan Athanasius. Pada 6 November, kedua-dua pihak mempertikaikan bertemu dengan Maharaja Constantine I di Constantinople. Pada mesyuarat itu, Arian mendakwa Athanasius akan cuba memotong bekalan bijirin Mesir yang penting ke Constantinople. Dia didapati bersalah, dan dihantar ke buangan Augusta Treverorum di Gaul (sekarang Trier di Jerman). <> Adakah pengikut Meletius mematuhi garis panduan Nicaea? || gagal mematuhi <> Apakah Athanasius dituduh merancang melawan Arians? || memotong bijirin Mesir yang penting <> Apakah keputusan tuduhan itu? || didapati bersalah <> Apa hukumannya? || anathematized <> Siapa yang dia dituduh merosakkan? || Arian dan Meletians <> Siapa yang mematuhi garis panduan Nicaea? || <> Yang mendakwa Constantinople akan memotong bekalan bijirin? || <> Constantinople takut mereka tidak akan menerima butir dari siapa? || <> Apa buangan di Perancis moden? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did the followers of Meletius obey the guidelines of Nicaea?", "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f6e", "answers": [{"text": "failed to abide", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Athanasius accused of planning against the Arians?", "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f6f", "answers": [{"text": "cut off essential Egyptian grain", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the verdict of the accusation?", "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f70", "answers": [{"text": "was found guilty", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was his punishment?", "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f71", "answers": [{"text": "anathematized", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was he accused of harming?", "id": "571adf0732177014007e9f72", "answers": [{"text": "Arians and Meletians", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Meletius", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "Who did obey the guidelines of Nicaea?", "id": "5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "Who claimed Constantinople would cut off grain supplies?", "id": "5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arians", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "Constantinople was afraid they wouldn't receive grains from whom?", "id": "5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Augusta Treverorum", "answer_start": 654}], "question": "What exile is in modern day France?", "id": "5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius. On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor Constantine I in Constantinople. At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty, and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Trier in Germany)."}], ["Frances A. M. Forbes menulis bahawa ketika Patriarch Alexander berada di tempat tidurnya, ia menelepon Athanasius, yang melarikan diri dengan ketakutan ia akan dibatasi untuk menjadi Bishop. \"Ketika para Uskup Gereja berkumpul untuk memilih Patriark mereka yang baru, seluruh penduduk Katolik mengelilingi gereja, mengangkat tangan mereka ke Syurga dan menangis,\" Beri kami Athanasius! \"Para Uskup tidak mempunyai apa-apa lebih baik. memberitahu kita ... \"(Paus Gregory I, akan mendapat akses penuh ke Arkib Vatikan). <> Apa yang Athanasius lakukan untuk mengelakkan bercakap dengan Alexander di atas kematiannya? || melarikan diri <> Siapa yang orang Alexandria mahu menjadi Uskup mereka? || Berikan kami Athanasius <> Adakah para Uskup mempunyai orang lain dalam fikiran? || Uskup tidak mempunyai apa-apa yang lebih baik <> Siapa yang meminta Alexander ketika dia mati? || yang dipanggil Athanasius <> Apa yang Athanasius lakukan untuk mengelakkan bercakap dengan Alexander semasa makan tengah hari? || <> Siapa yang orang Alexandria mahu menjadi paus mereka? || <> Siapakah para uskup mahu menjadi uskup mereka? || <> Siapa yang menafikan Alexander ketika dia sedang mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?", "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f78", "answers": [{"text": "fled", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?", "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f79", "answers": [{"text": "Give us Athanasius", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?", "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f7a", "answers": [{"text": "Bishops had nothing better", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?", "id": "571ae11032177014007e9f7b", "answers": [{"text": "called Athanasius", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fled", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander at lunch?", "id": "5aceb79c32bba1001ae4b157", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 344}], "question": " Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their pope?", "id": "5aceb79c32bba1001ae4b158", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "Who did the bishops want to be their bishop?", "id": "5aceb79c32bba1001ae4b159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 389}], "question": " Who did Alexander deny talking to when he was dying?", "id": "5aceb79c32bba1001ae4b15a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. \"When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; \"Give us Athanasius!\" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us...\" (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives)."}], ["Alexandria adalah pusat perdagangan yang paling penting di seluruh kekaisaran semasa zaman kanak-kanak Athanasius. Secara intelektual, moral, dan politik-ia melambangkan dunia Graeco-Rom yang beragam etnik, bahkan lebih dari Rom atau Constantinople, Antioch atau Marseilles. Sekolah kecantikannya yang terkenal, ketika tidak menyukai semangat kesopanannya terhadap ortodoksi sejak zaman Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Dionysius dan Theognostus, telah mula mengambil watak yang hampir sekular dalam komprehensif kepentingannya, dan telah menghitung pagan berpengaruh di kalangan juruaudit yang serius. <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Alexandria? || pusat perdagangan yang penting <> Adakah sekolah terkenal di Alexandria hanya beragama? || watak sekular <> Adakah orang Kristian hanya menghadiri sekolah? || orang yang berpengaruh <> Adakah Alexandria mengalu-alukan budaya lain? || pelbagai etnik <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Rom? || <> Apa nama bandar di mana Athanasius pergi ke sekolah catechetical? || <> Di manakah Athanasius bertemu dengan orang-orang kafir? || <> Di manakah orang-orang kafir dari? || <> Apa yang tidak diketahui oleh Alexandria? || <> Apa yang melambangkan dunia seragam etnik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Alexandria known for?", "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f56", "answers": [{"text": "important trade center", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only?", "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f57", "answers": [{"text": "secular character", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did only Christians attend the school?", "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f58", "answers": [{"text": "influential pagans", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was Alexandria welcoming to other cultures?", "id": "571adcf932177014007e9f59", "answers": [{"text": "ethnically diverse", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the most important trade center", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What was Rome known for?", "id": "5ace92fd32bba1001ae4aa9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the name of the city where Athanasius went to catechetical school?", "id": "5ace92fd32bba1001ae4aa9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where did Athanasius meet pagans?", "id": "5ace92fd32bba1001ae4aa9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "Where were the pagans from?", "id": "5ace92fd32bba1001ae4aa9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "important trade center", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What was Alexandria not known for?", "id": "5aceb49a32bba1001ae4b0d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What epitomized the ethnically uniform world?", "id": "5aceb49a32bba1001ae4b0da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's boyhood. Intellectually, morally, and politically\u2014it epitomized the ethnically diverse Graeco-Roman world, even more than Rome or Constantinople, Antioch or Marseilles. Its famous catechetical school, while sacrificing none of its famous passion for orthodoxy since the days of Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Dionysius and Theognostus, had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests, and had counted influential pagans among its serious auditors."}], ["Athanasius tahu bahasa Yunani dan mengakui tidak mengetahui bahasa Ibrani [lihat, mis., Huruf Festal St. Athan ke-39]. Petikan Perjanjian Lama yang sering disebutkannya berasal dari terjemahan Yunani Septuagint. Hanya jarang dia menggunakan versi Yunani lain (kepada Aquila sekali dalam Ecthesis, kepada versi lain sekali atau dua kali pada Mazmur), dan pengetahuannya tentang Perjanjian Lama adalah terhad kepada Septuagint. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa pengasingan kemudian, tanpa akses kepada salinan Kitab Suci, Athanasius dapat mengutip dari ingatan setiap ayat dalam Perjanjian Lama dengan rujukan yang sepatutnya kepada Trinitas tanpa kehilangan apa-apa. [Rujukan?] Gabungan kajian Alkitab dan Pembelajaran bahasa Yunani adalah ciri Sekolah Alexandria yang terkenal. <> Adakah Athanasius berbahasa Yunani? || Tahu Yunani <> Apakah dia mengerti bahasa Ibrani? || Tidak tahu Ibrani <> Adakah dia tahu semua Perjanjian Lama? || terhad kepada Septuagint <> Apa yang pelajar belajar di sekolah di Alexandria? || Kajian Alkitab dan bahasa Yunani <> Apa terjemahan Perjanjian Lama yang dia belajar? || Septuagint Greek <> Apa nama sekolah di mana Athanasius belajar bahasa Ibrani? || <> Di mana Athanasius memperoleh Septuagint dari? || <> Di manakah Athanasius memperoleh Septuagint Ibrani dari? || <> Apa surat yang ditulis Athanasius dalam bahasa Ibrani? || <> Apa bahagian dari Perjanjian Lama yang dia tidak tahu? || <> Apa yang guru belajar di sekolah di Alexandria? || <> Apa salinan tulisan suci yang dia ada dalam pengasingan? || <> Apa yang tidak ciri sekolah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did Athanasius speak Greek?", "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b6f", "answers": [{"text": "knew Greek", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did he understand Hebrew?", "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b70", "answers": [{"text": "not knowing Hebrew", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did he know all of the Old Testament?", "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b71", "answers": [{"text": "limited to the Septuagint", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did students learn in the school in Alexandria?", "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b72", "answers": [{"text": "Scriptural study and of Greek", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What translation of the Old Testament did he study?", "id": "571adfb39499d21900609b73", "answers": [{"text": "Septuagint Greek", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandrian School", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "What is the name of the school where Athanasius learned Hebrew?", "id": "5ace995332bba1001ae4ac33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandrian School", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "Where did Athanasius obtain a Septuagint from?", "id": "5ace995332bba1001ae4ac34", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandrian School", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "Where did Athanasius obtain a Hebrew Septuagint from?", "id": "5ace995332bba1001ae4ac35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What letter did Athanasius write in Hebrew?", "id": "5ace995332bba1001ae4ac36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Septuagint", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What part of the Old Testament did he not know?", "id": "5aceb60032bba1001ae4b119", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Septuagint Greek", "answer_start": 167}], "question": " What did teachers learn in the school in Alexandria?", "id": "5aceb60032bba1001ae4b11a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Septuagint", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What copy of the scriptures did he have in exile?", "id": "5aceb60032bba1001ae4b11b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Greek learning", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "What was not a characteristic of the school?", "id": "5aceb60032bba1001ae4b11c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew [see, e.g., the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan.]. The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the Septuagint Greek translation. Only rarely did he use other Greek versions (to Aquila once in the Ecthesis, to other versions once or twice on the Psalms), and his knowledge of the Old Testament was limited to the Septuagint. Nonetheless, during his later exile, with no access to a copy of the Scriptures, Athanasius could quote from memory every verse in the Old Testament with a supposed reference to the Trinity without missing any.[citation needed] The combination of Scriptural study and of Greek learning was characteristic of the famous Alexandrian School."}], ["Pada tahun 361, selepas kematian Kaisar Constantius, tidak lama kemudian diikuti oleh pembunuhan Bishop George yang sangat tidak disenangi, Athanasius kembali kepada patriarkatnya. Pada tahun berikutnya beliau mengadakan majlis di Alexandria, dan memimpinnya dengan Eusebius Vercelli. Athanasius merayu untuk perpaduan di kalangan semua orang yang mempercayai agama Kristian, walaupun mereka berbeza dengan istilah istilah. Ini menyediakan asas untuk takrifnya doktrin ortodoks mengenai Tritunggal. Walau bagaimanapun, majlis itu juga diarahkan kepada mereka yang menafikan ketuhanan Roh Kudus, jiwa manusia Kristus, dan ketuhanan Kristus. Langkah-langkah yang kurang baik telah dipersetujui bagi uskup-uskup sesat yang bertaubat, tetapi penebusan yang teruk telah ditetapkan untuk ketua-ketua pemimpin bidaah utama. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Bishop George? || pembunuhan <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pemimpin Bishop yang tidak bersetuju dengan doktrin itu? || penantian teruk <> Bilakah Athanasius kembali ke posisinya sebagai Patriark? || selepas kematian Kaisar Constantius <> Siapa yang menyertai dia ketika dia membentuk dewan untuk menggalakkan perpaduan di kalangan orang Kristian? || Eusebius of Vercelli <> Apa yang berlaku pada 362? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pemimpin Bishop yang bersetuju dengan doktrin itu? || <> Bilakah Athanasius kembali ke kedudukannya sebagai paus? || <> Siapa yang meninggalkannya ketika dia membentuk dewan untuk menggalakkan perpaduan di kalangan orang Kristian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What happened to Bishop George?", "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b97", "answers": [{"text": "murder", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine?", "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b98", "answers": [{"text": "severe penance", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?", "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b99", "answers": [{"text": "after the death of Emperor Constantius", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?", "id": "571ae53e9499d21900609b9a", "answers": [{"text": "Eusebius of Vercelli", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "death of Emperor Constantius", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What happened in 362?", "id": "5acec23a32bba1001ae4b2f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "severe penance", "answer_start": 695}], "question": "What happened to Bishop leaders who agreed with the doctrine?", "id": "5acec23a32bba1001ae4b2f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after the death of Emperor Constantius", "answer_start": 8}], "question": " When did Athanasius return to his position as pope?", "id": "5acec23a32bba1001ae4b2f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eusebius of Vercelli", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "Who left him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?", "id": "5acec23a32bba1001ae4b2fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate. The following year he convened a council at Alexandria, and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith in Christianity, even if they differed on matters of terminology. This prepared the groundwork for his definition of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. However, the council also was directed against those who denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit, the human soul of Christ, and Christ's divinity. Mild measures were agreed on for those heretic bishops who repented, but severe penance was decreed for the chief leaders of the major heresies."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun Cornelius Clifford meletakkan kelahirannya tidak lebih awal daripada 296 dan tidak lewat daripada 298, berdasarkan fakta bahawa Athanasius tidak menunjukkan ingatan tangan pertama penganiayaan Maximus 303, yang mana dia mencadangkan Athanasius akan teringat jika dia berusia sepuluh tahun di masa. Kedua, Surat-surat Festal menyatakan bahawa Arian telah menuduh Athanasius, di antara tuduhan-tuduhan lain, belum mencapai umur kanonik (30) dan oleh itu tidak dapat ditahbiskan sebagai Patriark Alexandria pada tahun 328. Tuduhan itu sepatutnya masuk akal. Gereja Ortodoks meletakkan tahun kelahirannya sekitar 297. <> Apa peristiwa yang terkenal berlaku di 303? || Penganiayaan Maximian <> Apakah penulisan menyebut tuduhan Arian bahawa Athanasius di bawah umur? || The Festal Epistles <> Pada usia berapa lelaki yang layak ditahbiskan di Patriarch Alexandria? || umur kanonik (30) <> Kelahiran Cornelius Clifford? || <> Berapa tahun Cornelius Clifford menghadiri penganiayaan Maximian? || <> Bilakah Cornelius Clifford ditahbiskan sebagai Patriark Alexandria? || <> Apa gereja yang dimiliki oleh Cornelius Clifford? || <> Berapa lama ialah Cornelius Clifford ketika dia bergabung dengan Gereja Ortodoks? || <> Apa acara terkenal yang berlaku pada 305? || <> Apa penulisan yang menafikan bahawa tuduhan Arian bahawa Athanasius di bawah umur? || <> Pada umur berapa wanita layak untuk ditahbiskan di Patriarch Alexandria? || <> Berapa umur 20 dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What famous event happened in 303?", "id": "571addd732177014007e9f5e", "answers": [{"text": "Maximian persecution", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What writing mentions the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?", "id": "571addd732177014007e9f5f", "answers": [{"text": "the Festal Epistles", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age was a man eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?", "id": "571addd732177014007e9f60", "answers": [{"text": "canonical age (30)", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "296", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "When was Cornelius Clifford born?", "id": "5ace7e3f32bba1001ae4a819", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "303", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "What year did Cornelius Clifford attend the Maximian persecution?", "id": "5ace7e3f32bba1001ae4a81a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "328", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "When was Cornelius Clifford ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria?", "id": "5ace7e3f32bba1001ae4a81b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Orthodox Church", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "What church does Cornelius Clifford belong to?", "id": "5ace7e3f32bba1001ae4a81c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten years old", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "How old was Cornelius Clifford when he joined The Orthodox Church?", "id": "5ace7e3f32bba1001ae4a81d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maximian persecution", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What famous event happened in 305?", "id": "5aceb30232bba1001ae4b0b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Festal Epistles", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What writing denies that the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?", "id": "5aceb30232bba1001ae4b0b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "At what age was a woman eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?", "id": "5aceb30232bba1001ae4b0b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "canonical age", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "What is the age of 20 called?", "id": "5aceb30232bba1001ae4b0ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297."}], ["T. Gilmartin, (Profesor Sejarah, Maynooth, 1890), menulis dalam Sejarah Gereja, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: Dengan perintah Constantius, penguasa tunggal Empayar Rom pada kematian saudaranya, Constans, Majlis Arles pada tahun 353, diadakan, yang dipimpin oleh Vincent, Uskup Capua, atas nama Paus Liberius. Para bapa takut dengan ancaman Maharaja, Arian yang dihormati, mereka bersetuju dengan penghinaan Athanasius. Paus menolak untuk menerima keputusan mereka, dan meminta Kaisar untuk mengadakan Majlis lain, di mana tuduhan terhadap Athanasius dapat diselidiki secara bebas. Kepada Constantius ini bersetuju, kerana dia merasa dapat mengawalnya, di Milan. Milan dinamakan sebagai tempat itu, di sini tiga ratus uskup berkumpul, kebanyakan dari Barat, hanya beberapa dari Timur, pada tahun 355. Mereka bertemu di Gereja Milan. Tidak lama kemudian, Maharaja mengarahkan mereka ke sebuah dewan di Istana Imperial, sehingga menamatkan sebarang perdebatan bebas. Beliau membentangkan formula kepercayaan Arian untuk penerimaan mereka. Dia mengancam sesiapa yang enggan dengan buangan dan mati. Semua, kecuali Dionysius (uskup Milan), dan dua Legenda Papal, iaitu Eusebius dari Vercelli dan Lucifer dari Cagliari, bersetuju dengan Arian Creed dan penghukuman Athanasius. Mereka yang enggan dihantar ke pengasingan. Keputusan itu diteruskan kepada Paus untuk kelulusan, tetapi ditolak, kerana keganasan yang ditimbulkan oleh uskup. <> Mengapa para Uskup mengutuk Athanasius? || ancaman Maharaja <> Adakah Paus setuju dengan perintah ini? || Pope enggan menerima <> Adakah Maharaja bersetuju untuk percubaan baru untuk Athanasius? || Constantius bersetuju <> Apa sumpah yang perlu diambil oleh Uskup pada sidang itu? || Formula iman Arian <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Uskup yang tidak mengambil sumpah itu? || dihantar ke buangan <> Mengapa tidak Uskup mengutuk Athanasius? || <> Siapa yang bersetuju dengan perintah itu? || <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju dengan percubaan baru? || <> Apa sumpah tidak diambil pada perbicaraan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?", "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fa8", "answers": [{"text": "threats of the Emperor", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the Pope agree with this order?", "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fa9", "answers": [{"text": "Pope refused to accept", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?", "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9faa", "answers": [{"text": "Constantius consented", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?", "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fab", "answers": [{"text": "Arian formula of faith", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?", "id": "571ae3ba32177014007e9fac", "answers": [{"text": "sent into exile", "answer_start": 1261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "threats of the Emperor", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Why didn't the Bishops condemn Athanasius?", "id": "5acebc8432bba1001ae4b251", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "Who agreed with the order?", "id": "5acebc8432bba1001ae4b252", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantius", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "Who did not consent to a new trial?", "id": "5acebc8432bba1001ae4b253", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formula of faith", "answer_start": 947}], "question": "What oath was not taken at the trial?", "id": "5acebc8432bba1001ae4b254", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected."}], ["Constantius, memerintahkan Liberius menjadi buangan dalam 356 memberinya, maka, tiga hari untuk mematuhi. Dia telah diarahkan ke luar negeri ke Berea, di Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). Dia juga menghantar hadiah mahal, jika dia menerima kedudukan Arian tetapi ditolak. Dia mengutusnya, lima ratus keping emas \"untuk menanggung tuduhannya\" tetapi Liberius menolaknya, dengan berkata, dia boleh memberikannya kepada orang-orangnya; kerana dia turut hadir seperti permaisuri, membida utusan belajar untuk percaya kepada Kristus, dan bukan untuk menganiaya Jemaat Tuhan. Percubaan dibuat untuk meninggalkan hadiah di Gereja, tetapi Liberius membuangnya. Constantius kemudian menghantarnya di bawah pengawasan ketat ke Milan, di mana dalam persidangan yang direkam oleh Theodoret, dia dengan berani memberitahu Constantius bahawa Athanasius telah dibebaskan di Sardica, dan musuhnya membuktikan calumniators (lihat: \"calumny\") dan penyamar, dan itu adalah tidak adil untuk mengutuk orang yang tidak dapat disabitkan secara undang-undang atas apa-apa jenayah. Maharaja dikurangkan untuk membisu pada setiap artikel, tetapi semakin kesabarannya, memerintahkan dia ke luar negeri. Liberius pergi ke pengasingan. Constantius, selepas dua tahun pergi ke Rom untuk merayakan tahun kedua puluh pemerintahannya. Wanita-wanita itu menyertai dalam petisyen kepadanya bahawa dia akan memulihkan Liberius. Beliau menyetujui, setelah keadaannya dia harus mematuhi uskup, maka, di mahkamah. Dia melanggan kutukan Athanasius, dan pengakuan atau akidah yang dirangka oleh Arian di Sirmium. Dan dia segera pulih melihatnya bahawa dia mengisytiharkan dirinya untuk Creed of Niceae, seperti yang dinyatakan Theodoret. (Theodoret, Hist. Lib., C. 17.). Maharaja tahu apa yang dia mahu orang percaya. Begitu juga para uskup di mahkamahnya. Athanasius terjebak oleh akidah ortodoks. Constantius adalah Arian yang dihormati, menjadi penguasa tunggal pada 350 tahun, ketika kematian kakaknya, Constans. <> Berapa banyak peringatan yang diberikan Liberius sebelum pengasingannya? || tiga hari <> Di mana Liberius pergi? || Beroea <> Adakah kerja rasuah dalam meyakinkan Liberius untuk mempercayai Arians? || telah ditolak <> Siapa yang cuba menyogok Liberius? || Constantius <> Apa yang perlu dijanjikan oleh Liberius untuk kembali? || mematuhi uskup <> Berapa banyak peringatan yang diberikan Liberius sebelum kebebasannya? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada 355? || <> Di manakah berasal dari Liberius? || <> Siapa yang cuba meyakinkan Liberius? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?", "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8a", "answers": [{"text": "three days", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Liberius go?", "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8b", "answers": [{"text": "Beroea", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?", "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8c", "answers": [{"text": "were refused", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who tried to bribe Liberius?", "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8d", "answers": [{"text": "Constantius", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?", "id": "571ae22232177014007e9f8e", "answers": [{"text": "comply with the bishops", "answer_start": 1307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three days", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "How much warning was Liberius given before his freedom?", "id": "5acec17932bba1001ae4b2cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What happened in 355?", "id": "5acec17932bba1001ae4b2cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Beroea", "answer_start": 141}], "question": " Where did Liberius come from?", "id": "5acec17932bba1001ae4b2cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Constantius", "answer_start": 616}], "question": " Who tried to convince Liberius?", "id": "5acec17932bba1001ae4b2ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him, then, three days to comply. He was ordered into banishment to Beroea, in Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). He sent expensive presents, too, if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused. He sent him, indeed, five hundred pieces of gold \"to bear his charges\" but Liberius refused them, saying, he might bestow them on his flatters; as he did also a like present from the empress, bidding the messenger learn to believe in Christ, and not to persecute the Church of God. Attempts were made to leave the presents in The Church, but Liberius threw them out. Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan, where, in a conference recorded by Theodoret, he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica, and his enemies proved calumniators (see: \"calumny\") and impostors, and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime. The emperor was reduced to silence on every article, but being the more out of patience, ordered him into banishment. Liberius went into exile. Constantius, after two years went to Rome to celebrate the twentieth year of his reign. The ladies joined in a petition to him that he would restore Liberius. He assented, upon condition that he should comply with the bishops, then, at court. He subscribed the condemnation of Athanasius, and a confession or creed which had been framed by the Arians at Sirmium. And he no sooner had recovered his see that he declared himself for the Creed of Niceae, as Theodoret testifies. (Theodoret, Hist. lib. ii. c. 17.). The Emperor knew what he wanted people to believe. So did the bishops at his court. Athanasius stuck by the orthodox creed. Constantius was an avowed Arian, became sole ruler in 350, at the death of his brother, Constans."}], ["Ulama kini percaya bahawa Parti Arian tidak monolitik, tetapi memegang pandangan teologi secara drastik yang melampaui spektrum teologi Kristian awal. Mereka menyokong ajaran pemikiran Origen dan teologi, tetapi mempunyai sedikit kesamaan. Selain itu, ramai yang diberi label \"Arian\" tidak menganggap dirinya pengikut Arius. Di samping itu, uskup non-Homoousian tidak setuju dengan dilabelkan sebagai pengikut Arius, kerana Arius hanyalah presbiter, sementara mereka adalah uskup yang ditahbiskan sepenuhnya. Walau bagaimanapun, yang lain menunjuk kepada Majlis Nicaea sebagai bukti dalam dan bahawa Arianisme adalah ideologi teologi sebenar. [Rujukan?] Adakah semua orang Arians percaya perkara yang sama? || pandangan teologi yang berbeza <> Adakah Arians juga Origenis? || menyokong prinsip <> Adakah para uskup menganggap diri mereka Arians? || uskup tidak setuju <> Apa yang diputuskan oleh Majlis Nicaea tentang Arianisme? || ideologi teologi sebenar <> Adakah Arians mempunyai satu set kepercayaan? || tidak monolitik <> Parti mana yang monolitik? || <> Apa pendapat uskup Homoousian? || <> Majlis apa yang tidak digunakan sebagai bukti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did all Arians believe the same things?", "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609ba9", "answers": [{"text": "different theological views", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were Arians also Origenists?", "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609baa", "answers": [{"text": "supported the tenets", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?", "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609bab", "answers": [{"text": "bishops disagreed", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?", "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609bac", "answers": [{"text": "a real theological ideology", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Arians have one set of beliefs?", "id": "571aeaf69499d21900609bad", "answers": [{"text": "not monolithic", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arian Party", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What party was monolithic?", "id": "5acec97b32bba1001ae4b407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "being labeled as followers", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What did Homoousian bishops disagree with?", "id": "5acec97b32bba1001ae4b408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Council of Nicaea", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "What council wasn't used as proof?", "id": "5acec97b32bba1001ae4b409", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic, but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum. They supported the tenets of Origenist thought and theology, but had little else in common. Moreover, many labelled \"Arian\" did not consider themselves followers of Arius. In addition, non-Homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius, since Arius was merely a presbyter, while they were fully ordained bishops. However, others point to the Council of Nicaea as proof in and of itself that Arianism was a real theological ideology.[citation needed]"}], ["Alban Butler, menulis mengenai perkara ini: \"Lima bulan selepas Majlis yang hebat ini, Nicae, St Alexander berbaring di atas katilnya yang mati, mengarahkan kepada paderi dan orang-orang pilihan Athanasius untuk penggantinya, tiga kali mengulang namanya. cadangan, para uskup dari semua Mesir yang berkumpul di Alexandria, dan mencari orang-orang dan paderi sebulat suara dalam pilihan mereka Athanasius untuk patriark, mereka mengesahkan pemilihan pada pertengahan tahun 326. Dia nampaknya, sudah berusia kira-kira tiga puluh tahun . \"<Bagaimana orang tahu bahawa Alexander telah memilih Athanasius sebagai penggantinya? || tiga kali mengulangi namanya <> Berapa lama Athanasius ketika dia dipilih sebagai Patriark? || Tiga puluh tahun <> Siapa yang datang ke Alexandria untuk mengesahkan pilihannya? || uskup dari seluruh Mesir <> Adakah semua orang menginginkan dia sebagai Patriark? || sebulat suara dalam pilihan mereka <> Berapa lama selepas Majlis Nicae melakukan Alexander mati? || Lima bulan <> Bagaimana orang tahu bahawa Alexander telah memilih Athanasius sebagai pendahulunya? || <> Berapa lama Athanasius ketika dia dipilih sebagai Paus? || <> Berapa lama selepas Majlis Nicae dilahirkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How did the people  know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?", "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd0", "answers": [{"text": "thrice repeating his name", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?", "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd1", "answers": [{"text": "thirty years", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?", "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd2", "answers": [{"text": "bishops of all Egypt", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did all the people want him as Patriarch?", "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd3", "answers": [{"text": "unanimous in their choice", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?", "id": "571ae8d732177014007e9fd4", "answers": [{"text": "Five months", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thrice repeating his name", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "How did the people know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his predecesor?", "id": "5acec66032bba1001ae4b38d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thirty years", "answer_start": 498}], "question": " How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Pope?", "id": "5acec66032bba1001ae4b38e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Five months", "answer_start": 38}], "question": " How long after the Council of Nicae was Alexander born?", "id": "5acec66032bba1001ae4b38f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Alban Butler, writes on the subject: \"Five months after this great Council, Nicae, St Alexander lying on his death-bed, recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age. \" "}], ["Athanasius adalah orang pertama yang mengenal pasti 27 buku yang sama dari Perjanjian Baru yang digunakan hari ini. Sehingga itu, pelbagai senarai karya yang serupa untuk dibaca di gereja telah digunakan. Athanasius menyusun senarai untuk menyelesaikan persoalan mengenai teks-teks seperti Surat Barnabas. Athanasius termasuk Kitab Baruch dan Surat Yeremia dan menempatkan Kitab Ester di antara \"7 buku yang tidak dalam kanun itu tetapi dibaca\" bersama dengan Kebijaksanaan Salomo, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, Didache, dan Gembala Hermas. <> Siapa yang menyeragamkan buku-buku Perjanjian Baru? || Athanasius <> Apa buku yang digunakan sebelum keputusannya diseragamkan? || pelbagai <> Berapa banyak buku disenaraikan yang perlu dimasukkan tetapi tidak? || 7 buku <> Berapa banyak buku dalam Perjanjian Baru? || 27 buku <> Adakah buku-buku itu berubah dari masa ke masa? || digunakan hari ini <> Siapa yang menyeragamkan buku-buku Perjanjian Lama? || <> Apa buku yang digunakan selepas keputusan beliau untuk menyeragamkan? || <> Berapa banyak buku yang disenaraikan yang tidak boleh dimasukkan? || <> Berapa banyak buku dalam Perjanjian Lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who standardized the books of the New Testament?", "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbc", "answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What books were used before his decision to standardize?", "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbd", "answers": [{"text": "various", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many books are listed that should be included but were not?", "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbe", "answers": [{"text": "7 books", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many books are in the New Testament?", "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fbf", "answers": [{"text": "27 books", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Have those books changed over time?", "id": "571ae6b632177014007e9fc0", "answers": [{"text": "in use today", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athanasius", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who standardized the books of the Old Testament?", "id": "5acec60132bba1001ae4b375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "various", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What books were used after his decision to standardize?", "id": "5acec60132bba1001ae4b376", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7 books", "answer_start": 389}], "question": " How many books are listed that shouldn't be included?", "id": "5acec60132bba1001ae4b377", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "27 books", "answer_start": 52}], "question": " How many books are in the old Testament?", "id": "5acec60132bba1001ae4b378", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Athanasius compiled the list to resolve questions about such texts as The Epistle of Barnabas. Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the \"7 books not in the canon but to be read\" along with the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, the Didache, and the Shepherd of Hermas."}], ["Dua tahun kemudian, Maharaja Valens, yang menyukai kedudukan Arian, pada gilirannya mengusir Athanasius. Kali ini bagaimanapun, Athanasius hanya pergi ke pinggir Alexandria, di mana dia tinggal selama beberapa bulan sebelum pihak berkuasa tempatan meyakinkan Valens untuk menarik balik perintah pengasingannya. Beberapa laporan awal menyatakan bahawa Athanasius menghabiskan masa pengasingan ini di makam leluhur keluarganya di tanah perkuburan Kristian. Pada masa ini, pengasingan terakhir, dia dikatakan telah menghabiskan empat bulan bersembunyi di dalam kubur ayahnya. (Soz., \"Hist Eccl.\", VI, xii; Soc., \"Hist Eccl.\", IV, xii). <> Kepercayaan agama apa yang dilakukan oleh Kaisar Valens? || Arian <> Di mana Athanasius semasa pengasingan terakhir? || pinggiran Alexandria <> Berapa lama dia diasingkan kali ini? || beberapa bulan <> Di manakah dia bersembunyi pada masa ini? || kubur ayahnya <> yang yakin Valens membiarkannya kembali ke Alexandria? || pihak berkuasa tempatan <> Apakah kepercayaan Katolik yang dilakukan oleh Kaisar Valens? || <> Di manakah Athanasius pergi semasa pengasingan pertama? || <> Berapa tahun dia diasingkan? || <> Siapa yang tidak meyakinkan Valens untuk membiarkannya kembali ke Alexandria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?", "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb2", "answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?", "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb3", "answers": [{"text": "outskirts of Alexandria", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how long was he exiled this time?", "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb4", "answers": [{"text": "few months", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did he hide during this time?", "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb5", "answers": [{"text": "his father's tomb", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?", "id": "571ae5e132177014007e9fb6", "answers": [{"text": "local authorities", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arian", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What Catholic beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?", "id": "5acec35d32bba1001ae4b31f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "outskirts of Alexandria", "answer_start": 150}], "question": " Where did Athanasius go during his first exile?", "id": "5acec35d32bba1001ae4b320", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "few months", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "How many years was he exiled?", "id": "5acec35d32bba1001ae4b321", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local authorities", "answer_start": 224}], "question": " Who didn't convince Valens to let him return to Alexandria?", "id": "5acec35d32bba1001ae4b322", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Two years later, the Emperor Valens, who favored the Arian position, in his turn exiled Athanasius. This time however, Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria, where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile. Some early reports state that Athanasius spent this period of exile at his family's ancestral tomb in a Christian cemetery. It was during this period, the final exile, that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father's tomb. (Soz., \"Hist. Eccl.\", VI, xii; Soc., \"Hist. Eccl.\", IV, xii)."}], ["Mungkin surat yang paling terkenal ialah Surat Festal yang ditulis kepada jemaatnya di Alexandria ketika dia diasingkan, kerana dia tidak dapat berada di hadapan mereka. Surat ini menunjukkan dengan jelas pendiriannya bahawa menerima Yesus adalah Anak Tuhan Ilahi tidak pilihan tetapi perlu; \"Saya tahu lebih-lebih lagi bahawa bukan sahaja perkara ini menyedihkan anda, tetapi juga fakta bahawa sementara yang lain telah memperoleh jemaat-jemaat melalui keganasan, anda sedang dilepaskan dari tempat anda, kerana mereka memegang tempat-tempat, itu benar, di tempat-tempat, tetapi di luar Iman yang benar, ketika anda berada di luar tempat, tetapi Iman, di dalam diri anda, marilah kita pertimbangkan apakah yang lebih besar, tempat atau iman. Adakah Athanasius merasa bahawa penting untuk mempercayai bahawa Yesus adalah Anak Tuhan? || bukan pilihan tetapi perlu <> Adakah tempatnya lebih bernilai pada Imannya atau di mana dia hidup? || Iman yang benar <> Adakah dia berfikir bahawa orang-orang yang telah mengusir dia adalah orang-orang yang beriman sejati?> Di luar Iman yang benar <> Di mana Athanasius berfikir Iman tinggal ? | dalam diri anda <> Siapakah Surat Festal yang ditulis untuk? || Gerejanya di Alexandria <> Apakah Atha rasa nasius adalah pilihan? || <> Di mana Athanasius tidak percaya bahawa Faith tinggal? || <> Siapa buku Festal yang ditulis untuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?", "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609b9f", "answers": [{"text": "not optional but necessary", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?", "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba0", "answers": [{"text": "the true Faith", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?", "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba1", "answers": [{"text": "outside of the true Faith", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?", "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba2", "answers": [{"text": "within you", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Festal Letter written for?", "id": "571ae80b9499d21900609ba3", "answers": [{"text": "his Church in Alexandria", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What did Athanasius feel was optional?", "id": "5acec4eb32bba1001ae4b359", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within you", "answer_start": 620}], "question": " Where didn't Athanasius think Faith resides?", "id": "5acec4eb32bba1001ae4b35a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his Church in Alexandria", "answer_start": 67}], "question": " Who was the Festal book written for?", "id": "5acec4eb32bba1001ae4b35b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; \"I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?"}], ["Injil Yohanes dan terutamanya bab pertama menunjukkan Ketuhanan Yesus. Injil ini sendiri adalah sokongan terbesar dari pendirian Athanasius. Injil bab pertama John mula dikatakan pada akhir Misa, kami percaya sebagai hasil dari Athanasius, dan pendirian hidupnya, tetapi secara diam-diam. Injil Misa Terakhir, Ekaristi, St John [1: 1-14], bersama-sama dengan doa; \"Placeat tibi\", Blessing, adalah semua perbincangan peribadi yang secara beransur-ansur diserap oleh perkhidmatan liturgi. Permulaan Injil Yohanes banyak digunakan sebagai objek pengabdian khusus sepanjang Abad Pertengahan. Walau bagaimanapun, amalan mengucapkannya di mezbah bertambah; akhirnya Pius V membuat amalan ini sejagat untuk Ritus Rom dalam edisi Mississal (1570). Ia menjadi adat yang tegas dengan pengecualian menggunakan Injil lain yang digunakan dari tahun 1920. Jadi, Missal menunjukkan Injil terakhir yang berbeza untuk hari-hari Perayaan tertentu. Kad Doa untuk Injil St John. Juga: <> Manakah di antara Injil yang paling sesuai dengan Athanasius? || Injil Yohanes <> Apakah Injil ini menunjukkan bahwa Athanasius juga percaya? || Ketuhanan Yesus <> Mengapa Injil Yohanes berkata pada akhir Misa Katolik? || hasil Athanasius <> Di mana Injil ini berkata? || di atas mezbah <> Bila ada Injil yang berbeza? || Hari-hari Perayaan tertentu <> Manakah di antara Injil yang paling tidak sependapat dengan Athanasius? || <> Apakah Injil ini menunjukkan bahawa Athanasius juga tidak percaya? || <> Mengapa Injil Yohanes berkata pada akhir Misa Kristian? || <> Di manakah Injil ini tidak pernah dikatakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius?", "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe4", "answers": [{"text": "Gospel of John", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed?", "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe5", "answers": [{"text": "the Divinity of Jesus", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass?", "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe6", "answers": [{"text": "a result of Athanasius", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was this Gospel said?", "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe7", "answers": [{"text": "at the altar", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are different Gospels said?", "id": "571ae9d332177014007e9fe8", "answers": [{"text": "certain Feast days", "answer_start": 907}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gospel of John's", "answer_start": 163}], "question": " Which of the Gospels most disagrees with Athanasius?", "id": "5acec6ab32bba1001ae4b393", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Divinity of Jesus", "answer_start": 71}], "question": " What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also didn't believe?", "id": "5acec6ab32bba1001ae4b394", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "result of Athanasius", "answer_start": 247}], "question": " Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Christian Mass?", "id": "5acec6ab32bba1001ae4b395", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the altar", "answer_start": 654}], "question": " Where was this Gospel never said?", "id": "5acec6ab32bba1001ae4b396", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius's stand. The Gospel of John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly. The Last Gospel of The Mass, The Eucharist, St John[1:1\u201314], together with the prayer; \"Placeat tibi\", the Blessing, are all private devotions that have been gradually absorbed by the liturgical service. The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). It became a firm custom with exceptions in using an other Gospel in use from 1920. So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days. A Prayer Card for the St John's Gospel. Also:"}]], [["Seattle tetap menjadi ibu pejabat korporat Boeing sehingga tahun 2001, apabila syarikat itu memisahkan ibu pejabatnya dari kemudahan pengeluaran utamanya; ibu pejabat itu berpindah ke Chicago. Kawasan Seattle masih menjadi rumah kepada loji sempit Badan Boeing's Renton (di mana 707, 720, 727, dan 757 dipasang dan 737 dipasang hari ini) dan kilang seluas Everett (kilang pemasangan untuk 747, 767, 777 , dan 787). Kesatuan kredit syarikat untuk pekerja, BECU, tetap berpusat di kawasan Seattle, meskipun kini terbuka untuk semua penduduk Washington. <> Bilakah Boeing memindahkan ibu pejabatnya ke Chicago? || 2001 <> Apa yang dipisahkan oleh Boeing dari kemudahan ibu pejabatnya? || kemudahan pengeluaran <> Selain loji Renton, di mana lagi kapal terbang yang dibuat untuk Boeing? || Everett <> Kepada siapa kesatuan kredit Boeing terbuka? || semua penduduk <> Sebelum tahun 2001, di mana Boeing beribu pejabat? || Seattle", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Boeing move its headquarters to Chicago?", "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a808", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities?", "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a809", "answers": [{"text": "production facilities", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the Renton plant, where else are airplanes made for Boeing?", "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a80a", "answers": [{"text": "Everett", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom is the Boeing credit union open?", "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a80b", "answers": [{"text": "all residents", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before 2001, where was Boeing headquartered?", "id": "5719d2674faf5e1900b8a80c", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago. The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant (where the 707, 720, 727, and 757 were assembled, and the 737 is assembled today) and Everett wide-body plant (assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777, and 787). The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area, though it is now open to all residents of Washington."}], ["Nama \"Seattle\" muncul di kertas rasmi Washington Territory bertarikh 23 Mei 1853, apabila papan pertama untuk kampung itu difailkan. Pada tahun 1855, penempatan tanah nominal telah ditubuhkan. Pada 14 Januari 1865, Badan Perundangan Washington Wilayah menggabungkan Kota Seattle dengan lembaga pemegang amanah yang menguruskan bandar. Pekan Seattle telah disensasikan pada 18 Januari 1867 dan tetap menjadi kawasan Raja County sehingga lewat tahun 1869, ketika petisi baru difailkan dan kota itu diperbadankan kembali pada 2 Desember 1869 dengan pemerintah kota Mayor. Meterai korporat City of Seattle membawa tarikh \"1869\" dan sejenis Ketua Sealth dalam profil kiri. <> Pada tarikh apakah nama Seattle pertama muncul di kertas rasmi? || 23 Mei 1853 <> Bilakah peruntukan tanah pertama dibuat di Seattle? || 23 Mei 1853 <> Pada apa tarikh Seattle diperbadankan sebagai sebuah bandar? || 14 Januari 1865 <> Apakah jenis badan pentadbiran yang pernah dilakukan Seattle pada tahun 1869? || Majlis Bandaraya <> Apa yang terkenal India muncul di meterai Seattle? || Ketua Sealth", {"qas": [{"question": "At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers?", "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e65", "answers": [{"text": "May 23, 1853", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the first land allocations made in Seattle?", "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e66", "answers": [{"text": "May 23, 1853", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what date was Seattle incorporated as a town?", "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e67", "answers": [{"text": "January 14, 1865", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?", "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e68", "answers": [{"text": "Mayor-council", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle?", "id": "5719c87910f8ca1400304e69", "answers": [{"text": "Chief Sealth", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The name \"Seattle\" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. The town of Seattle was disincorporated January 18, 1867 and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869 with a Mayor-council government. The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date \"1869\" and a likeness of Chief Sealth in left profile."}], ["Selepas musim sejuk yang sukar, kebanyakan Parti Denny berpindah ke Elliott Bay dan mendakwa tanah kali kedua di tapak Pioneer Square. Charles Terry dan John Low kekal di lokasi pendaratan yang asal dan meneguhkan semula tuntutan tanah lama mereka dan memanggilnya \"New York\", tetapi dinamakan semula sebagai \"New York Alki\" pada April 1853, dari makna perkataan Chinook, secara kasar, \"oleh dan\" \"suatu hari nanti\". Untuk beberapa tahun akan datang, New York Alki dan Duwamps bersaing untuk dominasi, tetapi pada masa Alki ditinggalkan dan penduduknya bergerak melintasi teluk untuk menyertai seluruh peneroka. <> Apa kumpulan peneroka menubuhkan tapak di Dataran Pioneer? || Denny Party <> oleh apa nama Charles Terry dan John Low nama pertama penempatan mereka? || New York <> Apakah nama Chinook dipertingkatkan penyelesaian Terry dan Low? || New York Alki <> Situs apa yang akhirnya ditinggalkan apabila peneroka berpindah balik dengan Denny? || New York Alki <> Bilakah New York Alki ditubuhkan? || April 1853", {"qas": [{"question": "What group of settlers established a site at Pioneer Square?", "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ea", "answers": [{"text": "Denny Party", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "by what name did Charles Terry and John Low first name their settlement?", "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7eb", "answers": [{"text": "New York", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Chinook enhanced name of Terry and Low's settlement?", "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ec", "answers": [{"text": "New York Alki", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What site was eventually abandoned when the settlers moved back in with Denny?", "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ed", "answers": [{"text": "New York Alki", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was New York Alki established?", "id": "5719c6a94faf5e1900b8a7ee", "answers": [{"text": "April 1853", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square. Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and reestablished their old land claim and called it \"New York\", but renamed \"New York Alki\" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, \"by and by\" or \"someday\". For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers."}], ["Ledakan pembinaan kapal pada awal abad ke-20 menjadi sangat besar semasa Perang Dunia I, menjadikan Seattle agak sebuah bandar syarikat; pemberhentian berikutnya membawa kepada Strike Umum Seattle 1919, mogok umum pertama di negara ini. Pelan pembangunan kota 1912 oleh Virgil Bogue sebahagian besarnya tidak digunakan. Seattle telah agak makmur pada tahun 1920-an tetapi sangat terkejut dalam Kemelesetan Besar, mengalami beberapa persengketaan buruh yang paling keras di era itu. Keganasan semasa Strike Maritim pada tahun 1934 menelan belanja banyak maritim Seattle, yang dialihkan ke Pelabuhan Los Angeles. <> Kapan kapal membina tuan ekonomi di Seattle? || Perang Dunia I <> Apakah serangan buruh am pertama pada abad ke-20? || Strike General Seattle <> Bilakah Strike Umum berlaku di Seattle? || 1919 <> Apakah mogok utama pada tahun 1934 merosakkan ekonomi maritim Seattle? || Strike Maritim <> Apa bandar yang mendapat keuntungan dari Strike Maritim Seattle? || Pelabuhan Los Angeles.", {"qas": [{"question": "When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?", "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a812", "answers": [{"text": "World War I", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?", "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a813", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle General Strike", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?", "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a814", "answers": [{"text": "1919", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?", "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a815", "answers": [{"text": "Maritime Strike", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?", "id": "5719d3af4faf5e1900b8a816", "answers": [{"text": "Port of Los Angeles.", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles."}], ["Seattle (i / si\u00e6t\u0259l /) adalah bandar pelabuhan Pantai Barat dan tempat duduk Raja County. Dengan anggaran 662,400 penduduk pada tahun 2015 [kemas kini], Seattle adalah bandar terbesar di kedua-dua negeri Washington dan rantau Barat Laut Pasifik di Amerika Utara. Pada bulan Julai 2013, ia merupakan bandar utama yang paling pesat berkembang di Amerika Syarikat, dan kekal di kedudukan teratas pada Mei 2015 dengan kadar pertumbuhan tahunan sebanyak 2.1%. Kawasan metropolitan Seattle sekitar 3.6 juta penduduk adalah kawasan metropolitan ke-15 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Bandar ini terletak di sebuah persimpangan antara Puget Sound (sebuah masuk Lautan Pasifik) dan Lake Washington, kira-kira 100 batu (160 km) di selatan sempadan Kanada-Amerika Syarikat. Gerbang utama untuk perdagangan dengan Asia, Seattle adalah pelabuhan ketiga terbesar di Amerika Utara dari segi pengendalian kontena sehingga 2015. <> Di mana Washington County adalah Seattle pusat? || King County <> Menjelang 2015 apakah populasi Seattle? || 662,400 <> Pada masa yang mana Seattle adalah bandar yang paling pesat berkembang di Amerika Syarikat? || Julai 2013 <> Seberapa jauh adalah sempadan Kanada dari Seattle? || 100 batu <> Apakah kedudukan Seattle di Amerika Utara dari segi pemprosesan kontena? || ketiga terbesar", {"qas": [{"question": "Of which Washington county is Seattle the center?", "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5b", "answers": [{"text": "King County", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2015 what was Seattle's population?", "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5c", "answers": [{"text": "662,400", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US?", "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5d", "answers": [{"text": "July 2013", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle?", "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5e", "answers": [{"text": "100 miles", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Seattle's ranking in North America in terms of container processing? ", "id": "5719c4c310f8ca1400304e5f", "answers": [{"text": "third largest", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle (i/si\u02c8\u00e6t\u0259l/) is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County. With an estimated 662,400 residents as of 2015[update], Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013 it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States, and remained in the top five in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada\u2013United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015."}], ["Ledakan pertama, yang meliputi tahun-tahun awal bandar raya, menunggang industri kayu. (Dalam tempoh ini, jalan yang kini dikenali sebagai Yesler Way memenangi gelaran \"Skid Road\", kononnya selepas kayu meluncur ke bawah bukit ke kayu gergaji Henry Yesler. Keruntuhan kemudian kawasan itu mungkin menjadi asal mungkin bagi istilah yang kemudian memasuki leksikon Amerika yang lebih luas sebagai Skid Row.) Seperti kebanyakan Barat Amerika, Seattle melihat banyak konflik antara buruh dan pengurusan, serta ketegangan etnik yang memuncak dalam rusuhan anti-Cina pada tahun 1885-1886. Keganasan ini berasal dari orang putih yang menganggur yang bertekad untuk memandu orang Cina dari Seattle (rusuhan anti-Cina juga berlaku di Tacoma). Pada tahun 1900, Asia adalah 4.2% daripada penduduk. Pihak berkuasa mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera dan tentera persekutuan tiba untuk meletakkan gangguan itu. <> Apakah sumber industri yang menghasilkan tenaga kewangan pertama Seattle? || kayu <> Nama apa yang diberikan kepada Jalan Yesler jalan? || Jalan Skid <> Selepas Way Yesler terjatuh dengan tidak senonoh, apakah istilah yang digunakan secara umum untuk jenis penurunan ini? || Skid Row <> Peristiwa apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1885-1886 akibat pertikaian kaum? || rusuhan anti-Cina <> Berapa peratus penduduk Seattle adalah Asia pada tahun 1900? || 4.2%", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?", "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f4", "answers": [{"text": "lumber", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name was given to the street Yesler Way?", "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f5", "answers": [{"text": "Skid Road", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?", "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f6", "answers": [{"text": "Skid Row", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?", "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f7", "answers": [{"text": "anti-Chinese riots", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?", "id": "5719ca564faf5e1900b8a7f8", "answers": [{"text": "4.2%", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname \"Skid Road\", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.) Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885\u20131886. This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). In 1900, Asians were 4.2% of the population. Authorities declared martial law and federal troops arrived to put down the disorder."}], ["Pembalakan adalah industri utama yang pertama di Seattle, tetapi pada akhir abad ke-19, bandar itu telah menjadi pusat komersial dan pembuatan kapal sebagai pintu masuk ke Alaska semasa Rush Gold Klondike. Menjelang tahun 1910, Seattle adalah salah satu daripada 25 bandar terbesar di negara ini. Walau bagaimanapun, Kemelesetan Besar terancam ekonomi bandaraya. Pertumbuhan dikembalikan semasa dan selepas Perang Dunia II, sebahagiannya kepada syarikat Boeing tempatan, yang menubuhkan Seattle sebagai pusat pembuatan pesawat. Kawasan Seattle berkembang sebagai pusat teknologi yang bermula pada tahun 1980-an, dengan syarikat-syarikat seperti Microsoft menjadi mantap di rantau ini. Pada tahun 1994, gergasi raksasa Internet Amazon telah diasaskan di Seattle. Aliran perisian baru, bioteknologi, dan syarikat Internet menyebabkan kebangkitan ekonomi, yang meningkatkan penduduk bandar hampir 50,000 antara tahun 1990 dan 2000. <> Untuk apa acara keemasan adalah portal Seattle? || Klondike Gold Rush <> Di kawasan apa yang terdapat di Klondike Gold Rush? || Alaska <> Apakah pembuat wang utama Seattle pertama? || Pembalakan <> Apa syarikat kapal terbang yang membantu Seattle kembali ke kestabilan ekonomi? || Boeing <> Yang raksasa teknologi yang besar menubuhkan pangkalannya di Seattle? || Microsoft", {"qas": [{"question": "To what golden event was Seattle the portal?", "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e51", "answers": [{"text": "Klondike Gold Rush", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located?", "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e52", "answers": [{"text": "Alaska", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Seattle's first primary money maker?", "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e53", "answers": [{"text": "Logging", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability? ", "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e54", "answers": [{"text": "Boeing", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle?", "id": "5719c35b10f8ca1400304e55", "answers": [{"text": "Microsoft", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994 the Internet retail giant Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000."}], ["Seattle juga merupakan pangkalan impresario Alexander Pantages yang, bermula pada tahun 1902, membuka beberapa teater di bandar yang mempamerkan perbuatan vaudeville dan filem senyap. Kegiatannya tidak lama lagi berkembang, dan Yunani yang berjimat cermat terus menjadi dan menjadi teater terbesar teater dan teikrat Amerika. Antara Pantages dan saingannya John Considine, Seattle adalah untuk sementara waktu kuta vaudeville Amerika Syarikat. B. Marcus Priteca, arkitek yang berasal dari Scotland dan kelahiran Seattle, membina beberapa teater untuk Pantages, termasuk beberapa di Seattle. Teater yang dibinanya untuk Pantages di Seattle telah sama ada dirobohkan atau ditukar kepada kegunaan lain, tetapi banyak teater lain bertahan di bandar lain di A.S., sering menyimpan nama Pantas; Teater Paramount yang masih hidup di Seattle, di mana dia berkolaborasi, bukan teater Pantages. <> Jenis teater apa yang dilakukan Alexander Pantages di Seattle? || vaudeville <> Bilakah Pantages membuka rumah filemnya? || 1902 <> Siapa pesaing Pantages dalam perniagaan teater? || John Considine <> Siapa arkitek yang membina beberapa teater di kawasan Seattle? || B. Marcus Priteca <> Yang mana yang paling terkenal di Seattle, yang masih ada, adalah Priteca disign? || Teater Paramount", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?", "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e79", "answers": [{"text": "vaudeville", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Pantages open his movie houses?", "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7a", "answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?", "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7b", "answers": [{"text": "John Considine", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?", "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7c", "answers": [{"text": "B. Marcus Priteca", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant,  theaters did Priteca disign?", "id": "5719d0c810f8ca1400304e7d", "answers": [{"text": "Paramount Theatre", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. His activities soon expanded, and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Between Pantages and his rival John Considine, Seattle was for a while the western United States' vaudeville mecca. B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle. The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses, but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S., often retaining the Pantages name; Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater."}], ["Kerja perang sekali lagi membawa kemakmuran tempatan semasa Perang Dunia II, kali ini berpusat pada pesawat Boeing. Perang melancarkan pengusaha Jepun-Amerika yang banyak di Jepun kerana pengasingan Jepun. Selepas perang, ekonomi tempatan merosot. Ia bangkit semula dengan dominasi Boeing yang semakin meningkat di pasaran pesawat komersial. Seattle merayakan kemakmurannya yang telah dipulihkan dan membuat tawaran untuk pengiktirafan dunia dengan Ekspedisi Century 21, Pameran Dunia 1962. Satu lagi kemelesetan ekonomi tempatan yang besar adalah pada penghujung tahun 1960-an dan awal tahun 1970-an, ketika Boeing telah terjejas oleh krisis minyak, kehilangan kontrak Kerajaan, dan kos dan penangguhan yang berkaitan dengan Boeing 747. Ramai orang meninggalkan kawasan itu untuk mencari bekerja di tempat lain, dan dua ejen hartanah tempatan memasang bacaan papan iklan \"Adakah orang terakhir yang meninggalkan Seattle - Menghidupkan lampu.\" <> Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, syarikat apa yang telah banyak menambah ekonomi Seattle? || Pesawat Boeing <> Apakah peristiwa kebangsaan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua meninggalkan Seattle tanpa ahli perniagaan Jepun? || Jepun Amerika Syarikat <> Dalam apa aspek ekonomi Boeing berjaya? || pasaran pesawat komersil <> Bagaimana Seattle meraikan kenaikan ekonomi pada tahun 1962? || 1962 World Fair <> Apa kejatuhan syarikat yang secara drastik mempengaruhi ekonomi Seattle? || Boeing", {"qas": [{"question": "During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle's economy?", "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e6f", "answers": [{"text": "Boeing aircraft", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?", "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e70", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese American internment", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?", "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e71", "answers": [{"text": "commercial airliner market", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?", "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e72", "answers": [{"text": "1962 World's Fair", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?", "id": "5719cf3610f8ca1400304e73", "answers": [{"text": "Boeing", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market. Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair. Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of Government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading \"Will the last person leaving Seattle \u2013 Turn out the lights.\""}], ["Ledakan kedua dan paling dramatik dihasilkan dari Klondike Gold Rush, yang mengakhiri kemurungan yang bermula dengan Panic 1893; dalam masa yang singkat, Seattle menjadi pusat pengangkutan utama. Pada 14 Julai 1897, Portland AS berlabuh dengan \"ton emas\" yang terkenal, dan Seattle menjadi pusat pengangkutan dan bekalan utama bagi pelombong di Alaska dan Yukon. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa orang pekerja yang mendapati kekayaan yang berkekalan; ia adalah perniagaan Seattle pakaian pelombong dan memberi mereka salmon yang panning keluar dalam jangka panjang. Bersama-sama dengan Seattle, bandar-bandar lain seperti Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, dan Olympia, semuanya di rantau Puget Sound, menjadi pesaing untuk pertukaran, bukannya ibu-ibu untuk pengekstrakan, logam berharga. Ledakan itu berlangsung dengan baik pada awal abad ke-20 dan membiayai banyak syarikat dan produk Seattle baru. Pada tahun 1907, James E. Casey, 19 tahun, meminjam $ 100 dari seorang rakan dan mengasaskan American Messenger Company (kemudian UPS). Syarikat-syarikat Seattle lain yang ditubuhkan pada masa ini termasuk Nordstrom dan Eddie Bauer. Seattle membawa firma seni bina landskap Olmsted Brothers untuk merekabentuk sistem taman dan boulevards. <> Selepas lumbering, apakah perkembangan ekonomi besar kedua Seattle? || Klondike Gold Rush <> Apa acara yang berakhir dengan Gold Rush? || Kemurungan <> Apa permulaan kemurungan yang menghentikan Rush Emas? || Panik 1893 <> Untuk siapa Seattle adalah pelabuhan utama bekalan? || Pelombong <> Syarikat apa yang James E. Casey ditemui pada tahun 1907 dengan $ 100 yang dipinjam? || Syarikat Messenger Amerika", {"qas": [{"question": "After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?", "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a7fe", "answers": [{"text": "Klondike Gold Rush", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event ended the Gold Rush?", "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a7ff", "answers": [{"text": "depression", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush?", "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a800", "answers": [{"text": "Panic of 1893", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?", "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a801", "answers": [{"text": "miners", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $100?", "id": "5719cd844faf5e1900b8a802", "answers": [{"text": "American Messenger Company", "answer_start": 952}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893; in a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed \"ton of gold\", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth, however; it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother lodes for extraction, of precious metals. The boom lasted well into the early part of the 20th century and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company (later UPS). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include Nordstrom and Eddie Bauer. Seattle brought in the Olmsted Brothers landscape architecture firm to design a system of parks and boulevards."}], ["Seattle terletak di antara air masin Puget Sound (sebuah lengan Lautan Pasifik) ke barat dan Tasik Washington ke timur. Pelabuhan utama di bandar ini, Elliott Bay, adalah sebahagian daripada Puget Sound, yang menjadikan bandar ini sebagai pelabuhan lautan. Di sebelah barat, di luar Puget Sound, adalah Semenanjung Kitsap dan Gunung Olimpik di Semenanjung Olimpik; ke timur, di luar Tasik Washington dan pinggir pinggiran timur, adalah Lake Sammamish dan Range Cascade. Lake Waters Washington mengalir ke Puget Sound melalui Terusan Kapal Lake Washington (terdiri daripada dua terusan buatan manusia, Lake Union, dan Hiram M. Chittenden Locks di Salmon Bay, berakhir di Shilshole Bay di Puget Sound). <> Apakah jisim air yang terletak di barat Seattle? || Puget Sound <> Tasik apa ke timur Seattle? || Lake Washington <> Di mana pelabuhan utama Seattle? || Elliott Bay <> Oleh kerana Elliott Bay adalah air asin, apa jenis pelabuhan Seattle? || pelabuhan lautan <> Kawasan tanah sebelah barat Puget Sound? || Semenanjung Olimpik", {"qas": [{"question": "What water mass is located west of Seattle?", "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a830", "answers": [{"text": "Puget Sound", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lake is to the east of Seattle?", "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a831", "answers": [{"text": "Lake Washington", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Seattle's prime harbor?", "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a832", "answers": [{"text": "Elliott Bay", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?", "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a833", "answers": [{"text": "oceanic port", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What land area is west of Puget Sound?", "id": "5719dfda4faf5e1900b8a834", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Peninsula", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound)."}], ["Pada bulan November, Seattle lebih banyak hujan berbanding mana-mana bandar A.S. yang lain lebih daripada 250,000 orang; ia juga berpangkalan di musim hujan. Sebaliknya, bandar menerima beberapa jumlah hujan yang paling rendah dari mana-mana bandar besar dari bulan Jun hingga September. Seattle adalah salah satu daripada lima bandar paling utama di Amerika Syarikat yang diukur dengan bilangan hari dengan hujan, dan ia menerima beberapa jumlah cahaya matahari tahunan terendah di antara bandar-bandar utama di 48 negara bagian bawah, bersama dengan beberapa bandar di Timur Laut, Ohio dan Michigan. Ribut petir jarang berlaku, kerana bandar melaporkan guruh hanya tujuh hari setiap tahun. Sebagai perbandingan, Fort Myers, Florida melaporkan guntur pada 93 hari setahun, Kansas City pada 52, dan New York City pada 25. <Selama mana bulan Seattle semakin banyak hujan berbanding bandar-bandar lain di Amerika Syarikat? || November <> Bilakah Seattle mendapat tahap pemendakan yang paling rendah? || Jun hingga September <> Di 48 negara bagian yang lebih rendah, bandar mana yang menerima beberapa hari cerah paling sedikit yang lain? || Seattle <> Apakah ciri cuaca yang luar biasa di Seattle? || Ribut Petir <> Berapa banyak hari dalam setahun yang menggelindingkan peristiwa cuaca yang dilaporkan di Seattle? || tujuh", {"qas": [{"question": "During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities?", "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e97", "answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?", "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e98", "answers": [{"text": "June to September", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?", "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e99", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?", "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e9a", "answers": [{"text": "Thunderstorms", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?", "id": "5719e93110f8ca1400304e9b", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In November, Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation. Conversely, the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September. Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation, and it receives some of the lowest amounts of annual sunshine among major cities in the lower 48 states, along with some cities in the Northeast, Ohio and Michigan. Thunderstorms are rare, as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year. By comparison, Fort Myers, Florida reports thunder on 93 days per year, Kansas City on 52, and New York City on 25."}], ["Zon Convergence Sound Puget merupakan ciri penting cuaca di Seattle. Di zon penumpuan, udara yang tiba dari utara bertemu dengan udara yang mengalir dari selatan. Kedua-dua aliran udara berasal dari Lautan Pasifik; aliran udara dipecah oleh Pergunungan Olimpik ke barat Seattle, kemudian bersatu kembali ke timur. Apabila arus udara bertemu, mereka dipaksa ke atas, menghasilkan konveksi. Ribut petir disebabkan oleh aktiviti ini biasanya lemah dan boleh berlaku di utara dan selatan bandar, tetapi Seattle sendiri jarang menerima lebih banyak daripada guntur dan hujan es kecil sekali-sekala. Ribut Angin Hanukkah pada bulan Disember 2006 adalah pengecualian yang membawa hujan lebat dan angin menyala sehingga 69 mph (111 km / h), satu peristiwa yang tidak disebabkan oleh Zon Penumpuan Suara Puget dan meluas di Barat Laut Pasifik. <> Apakah bahagian penting sistem cuaca Seattle? || Zon Penumpuan Suara Puget <> Daripada apa Zon Konvergensi terdiri? || sungai udara <> Dari mana dua aliran udara datang? || Lautan Pasifik <> Apa gunung Julat berpecah aliran angin di barat Seattle? || Pergunungan Olimpik <> Apakah angin buruk dan peristiwa hujan tidak disebabkan oleh Zon Konvergensi? || Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?", "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eab", "answers": [{"text": "Puget Sound Convergence Zone", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?", "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eac", "answers": [{"text": "streams of air", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where do the two streams of air come?", "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304ead", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific Ocean", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?", "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eae", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Mountains", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?", "id": "5719ed4210f8ca1400304eaf", "answers": [{"text": "Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest."}], ["Suhu melampau dipadamkan oleh Puget Sound yang bersebelahan, Lautan Pasifik yang lebih besar, dan Tasik Washington. Rantau ini sebahagian besarnya dilindungi dari ribut Pasifik oleh Pegunungan Olimpik dan dari udara Artik oleh Range Cascade. Walaupun berada di tepi bayang hujan Pergunungan Olimpik, bandar ini mempunyai reputasi untuk hujan yang kerap. Reputasi ini berpunca dari kekerapan curah hujan pada musim gugur, musim sejuk, dan musim bunga. Pada tahun purata, sekurang-kurangnya 0.01 inci (0.25 mm) hujan turun pada 150 hari, lebih daripada hampir semua bandar A.S. di timur Pergunungan Rocky. Ia berawan 201 hari dalam setahun dan sebahagiannya mendung 93 hari. Maklumat cuaca dan iklim yang rasmi dikumpulkan di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Seattle-Tacoma, yang terletak kira-kira 19 km (12 mi) di selatan pusat bandar di bandar SeaTac, yang berada di ketinggian yang lebih tinggi, dan merekodkan hari yang lebih mendung dan kurang sedikit hari berawan setiap tahun . <> Apa cara mengawal air tempatan di kawasan Seattle? || Suhu melampau <> Apa jisim tanah yang melindungi Seattle dari Pasifik menyebabkan cuaca? || Pergunungan Olimpik <> Apakah ciri geologi yang melindungi Seattle dari angin sejuk Artik? || Julat Cascade <> Apa jenis kejatuhan hujan yang Seattle paling sering mengalami? || curah hujan <> Di mana lokasi paling banyak data cuaca yang dikumpul untuk kawasan Seattle? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Seattle-Tacoma", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the local water ways regulate in the Seattle area?", "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea1", "answers": [{"text": "Temperature extremes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather?", "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea2", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Mountains", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds?", "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea3", "answers": [{"text": "Cascade Range", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience?", "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea4", "answers": [{"text": "light precipitation", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area?", "id": "5719eb7c10f8ca1400304ea5", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound, greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. The region is largely shielded from Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and from Arctic air by the Cascade Range. Despite being on the margin of the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains, the city has a reputation for frequent rain. This reputation stems from the frequency of light precipitation in the fall, winter, and spring. In an average year, at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls on 150 days, more than nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains. It is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days. Official weather and climatic data is collected at Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, located about 19 km (12 mi) south of downtown in the city of SeaTac, which is at a higher elevation, and records more cloudy days and fewer partly cloudy days per year."}], ["Dari 1981 hingga 2010, purata hujan tahunan yang diukur di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Seattle-Tacoma adalah 37.49 inci (952 mm). Pemendakan tahunan berkisar antara 23.78 (604 mm) pada tahun 1952 kepada 55.14 pada (1,401 mm) pada tahun 1950; untuk tahun air (1 Oktober - 30 September), jarak ialah 23.16 dalam (588 mm) pada tahun 1976-77 hingga 51.82 dalam (1,316 mm) pada tahun 1996-97. Oleh kerana variasi tempatan dalam iklim mikro, Seattle juga menerima hujan yang jauh lebih rendah daripada beberapa lokasi lain di barat Cascades. Sekitar 80 km (129 km) ke barat, Hoh Rain Forest di Taman Negara Olimpik di bahagian barat Pergunungan Olimpik menerima purata hujan tahunan sebanyak 142 dalam (3.61 m). Enam puluh batu ke selatan Seattle, ibukota negara Olympia, yang keluar dari bayang-bayang hujan Gunung Olimpik, menerima purata tahunan sebanyak 50 kali dalam (1,270 mm). Bandar Bremerton, kira-kira 15 batu (24 km) di barat pusat bandar Seattle, menerima 56.4 dalam (1,430 mm) hujan setiap tahun. <> Apakah hujan purata di Seattle? || 37.49 inci <> Di mana di Semenanjung Olimpik hujan purata 142 inci setahun? || Hoh Hujan Hujan <> Apakah faktor cuaca menghasilkan varians yang besar di kawasan tempatan di kawasan Seattle? || variasi dalam mikroklimat <> Apakah ibukota negara Washington? || Olympia <> Rentang gunung apakah yang menyebabkan variasi dalam hujan? || Pergunungan Olimpik", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the average rainfall in Seattle? ", "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a844", "answers": [{"text": "37.49 inches", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?", "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a845", "answers": [{"text": "Hoh Rain Forest", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?", "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a846", "answers": [{"text": "variations in microclimate", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capital of the state of Washington?", "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a847", "answers": [{"text": "Olympia", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?", "id": "5719e7464faf5e1900b8a848", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Mountains", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From 1981 to 2010, the average annual precipitation measured at Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport was 37.49 inches (952 mm). Annual precipitation has ranged from 23.78 in (604 mm) in 1952 to 55.14 in (1,401 mm) in 1950; for water year (October 1 \u2013 September 30) precipitation, the range is 23.16 in (588 mm) in 1976\u201377 to 51.82 in (1,316 mm) in 1996\u201397. Due to local variations in microclimate, Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades. Around 80 mi (129 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in (3.61 m). Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm). The city of Bremerton, about 15 mi (24 km) west of downtown Seattle, receives 56.4 in (1,430 mm) of precipitation annually."}], ["Satu lagi ledakan bermula apabila bandar itu muncul dari Kemelesetan Besar. Amazon.com memindahkan ibu pejabatnya dari North Beacon Hill ke South Lake Union dan memulakan perkembangan pesat. Untuk lima tahun bermula pada tahun 2010, Seattle memperoleh purata 14,511 penduduk setiap tahun, dengan pertumbuhan yang sangat mencabar ke arah pusat bandar, kerana pengangguran turun dari kira-kira 9 peratus kepada 3.6 peratus. Bandar ini mendapati dirinya \"meletup di pinggang,\" dengan lebih 45,000 isi rumah membelanjakan lebih separuh daripada pendapatan mereka di perumahan dan sekurang-kurangnya 2,800 orang kehilangan tempat tinggal, dan dengan lalu lintas jam terburuk keenam negara. <> Apa syarikat besar memindahkan markasnya ke South Lake Union di Seattle? || Amazon.com <> Bilakah Amazon memulakan perkembangan terkini? || 2010 <> Berapa ramai orang baru berpindah ke Seattle setiap tahun? || 14,511 <> Berapa banyak pendapatan mereka yang separuh daripada penduduk Seattle perlu dibelanjakan untuk perumahan? || lebih daripada separuh <> Di manakah kedudukan Seattle dalam trafik jam sibuk? || keenam-terburuk", {"qas": [{"question": "What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?", "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e83", "answers": [{"text": "Amazon.com", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?", "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e84", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many new people move to Seattle each year?", "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e85", "answers": [{"text": "14,511", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?", "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e86", "answers": [{"text": "more than half", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?", "id": "5719e19110f8ca1400304e87", "answers": [{"text": "sixth-worst", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Yet another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession. Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion. For the five years beginning in 2010, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city, as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent. The city has found itself \"bursting at the seams,\" with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic."}], ["Seattle pada masa ini menarik perhatian yang luas sebagai rumah kepada banyak syarikat ini, tetapi juga dengan menganjurkan Permainan Goodwill 1990 dan persidangan pemimpin APEC pada tahun 1993, serta melalui populariti grunge di seluruh dunia, bunyi yang telah dibangunkan di adegan muzik bebas Seattle . Satu lagi tawaran untuk perhatian di seluruh dunia-menganjurkan Persidangan Menteri Pertubuhan Menteri Perdagangan Dunia pada tahun 1999-dilihat sebagai penglihatan, tetapi tidak dalam cara penaja mereka inginkan, kerana kegiatan protes yang berkaitan dan tindak balas polis terhadap protes membayangkan persidangan itu sendiri. Bandar ini terus terguncang oleh Kerusuhan Mardi Gras pada tahun 2001, dan kemudian secara harfiah digegarkan pada hari berikutnya oleh gempa bumi Nisqually. <> Apa acara sukan yang ditaja Seattle pada tahun 1990? || Permainan Muhibah <> Apa genre muzik Seattle yang dibangun pada tahun 1990-an? || grunge <> Bilakah Seattle menawarkan Persidangan Menteri Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia? || 1999 <> Apa yang menyebabkan akhbar buruk semasa demonstrasi persidangan di Seattle? || reaksi polis <> Apakah peristiwa geologi yang mengikuti jejak Mardi Gras in2001? || Gempa bumi nisku", {"qas": [{"question": "What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?", "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a826", "answers": [{"text": "Goodwill Games", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s? ", "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a827", "answers": [{"text": "grunge", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?", "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a828", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?", "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a829", "answers": [{"text": "police reactions", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?", "id": "5719da2d4faf5e1900b8a82a", "answers": [{"text": "Nisqually earthquake", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene. Another bid for worldwide attention\u2014hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999\u2014garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself. The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake."}], ["Disebabkan lokasinya di Ring of Fire Pasifik, Seattle berada di zon gempa bumi utama. Pada 28 Februari 2001, magnitud 6.8 Gempa bumi Nisqually melakukan kerosakan seni bina yang ketara, terutamanya di kawasan Pioneer Square (dibina di atas tanah yang ditebus, seperti Daerah Perindustrian dan sebahagian pusat bandar), tetapi hanya menyebabkan satu kematian. Gempa kuat yang lain berlaku pada 26 Januari 1700 (dianggarkan 9 magnitud), 14 Disember 1872 (7.3 atau 7.4), 13 April 1949 (7.1), dan 29 April 1965 (6.5). Gempa 1965 menyebabkan tiga kematian di Seattle secara langsung, dan satu lagi kegagalan jantung. Walaupun Seattle Fault melintas di selatan pusat bandar, tidak juga zon subduksi Cascadia telah menyebabkan gempa bumi sejak pendirian bandar. Zon subduksi Cascadia menimbulkan ancaman gempa magnitudo 9.0 atau lebih besar, yang mampu merosakkan kota dan meruntuhkan banyak bangunan, terutama di zon yang dibina di atas. <> Kawasan geologi berbahaya apa yang dimiliki Seattle? || Cincin Pasifik Api <> Apakah magnitud gempa Nisqually? || 6.8 <> Pada tarikh apa gempa Nisqually berlaku yang merosakkan kawasan Pioneer Square? || 28 Februari 2001 <> Berapakah jumlah magnitud yang mungkin di zon subduksi Cascadia? || 9.0 atau lebih tinggi <> Apa jenis kawasan tanah paling berisiko kerosakan gempa bumi? || tanah yang ditebus", {"qas": [{"question": "What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?", "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83a", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific Ring of Fire", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?", "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83b", "answers": [{"text": "6.8", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?", "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83c", "answers": [{"text": "February 28, 2001", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?", "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83d", "answers": [{"text": "9.0 or greater", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?", "id": "5719e3544faf5e1900b8a83e", "answers": [{"text": "reclaimed land", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused only one fatality. Other strong quakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4), April 13, 1949 (7.1), and April 29, 1965 (6.5). The 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure. Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill."}], ["Kerana kemakmuran mula kembali pada tahun 1980-an, bandar ini terkejut oleh pembunuhan Wah Mee pada tahun 1983, apabila 13 orang terbunuh dalam sebuah kelab perjudian haram di Daerah Antarabangsa, Chinatown Seattle. Bermula dengan bergerak 1979 dari Microsoft, Albuquerque, New Mexico ke Bellevue, Washington, Seattle dan pinggir bandarnya menjadi rumah kepada beberapa syarikat teknologi termasuk Amazon.com, RealNetworks, Nintendo of America, McCaw Cellular (kini sebahagian daripada AT & T Mobility), VoiceStream (kini T-Mobile), dan syarikat bioperubatan seperti HeartStream (kemudian dibeli oleh Philips), Jantung Technologies (kemudian dibeli oleh Boston Scientific), Physio-Control (kemudian dibeli oleh Medtronic), ZymoGenetics, ICOS (kemudian dibeli oleh Eli Lilly dan Syarikat) dan Immunex (kemudian dibeli oleh Amgen). Kejayaan ini membawa kemasukan penduduk baru dengan peningkatan populasi dalam lingkungan bandar hampir 50,000 antara 1990 dan 2000, dan melihat hartanah Seattle menjadi antara yang paling mahal di negara ini. Pada tahun 1993, filem Sleepless di Seattle membawa perhatian negara lagi. Banyak syarikat berteknologi tinggi di Seattle masih tetap kuat, tetapi tahun-tahun boom dot-com dahsyat berakhir pada awal tahun 2001. <Apa tindakan ganas yang berlaku di Chinatown Seattle pada tahun 1983? || Wah Mee pembunuhan beramai-ramai <> Apakah jenis penubuhan Wan Mee? || kelab perjudian <> Yang syarikat teknologi yang besar memindahkan markasnya di kawasan Seattle? || Microsoft <> Item apa yang dijual pada tahun 2000 Seattle adalah antara yang paling mahal di Amerika Syarikat? || hartanah <> Berapa masa yang berlakunya ledakan teknologi hebat di Seattle? || awal tahun 2001", {"qas": [{"question": "What violent act happened in Seattle's Chinatown in 1983?", "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81c", "answers": [{"text": "Wah Mee massacre", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of establishment was Wan Mee?", "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81d", "answers": [{"text": "gambling club", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area?", "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81e", "answers": [{"text": "Microsoft", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US?", "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a81f", "answers": [{"text": "real estate", "answer_start": 942}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle?", "id": "5719d8214faf5e1900b8a820", "answers": [{"text": "early 2001", "answer_start": 1204}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As prosperity began to return in the 1980s, the city was stunned by the Wah Mee massacre in 1983, when 13 people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District, Seattle's Chinatown. Beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico to nearby Bellevue, Washington, Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies including Amazon.com, RealNetworks, Nintendo of America, McCaw Cellular (now part of AT&T Mobility), VoiceStream (now T-Mobile), and biomedical corporations such as HeartStream (later purchased by Philips), Heart Technologies (later purchased by Boston Scientific), Physio-Control (later purchased by Medtronic), ZymoGenetics, ICOS (later purchased by Eli Lilly and Company) and Immunex (later purchased by Amgen). This success brought an influx of new residents with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000, and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country. In 1993, the movie Sleepless in Seattle brought the city further national attention. Many of the Seattle area's tech companies remained relatively strong, but the frenzied dot-com boom years ended in early 2001."}], ["Bandar itu sendiri adalah berbukit, walaupun tidak sama sekali. Seperti Rom, bandar dikatakan terletak di tujuh bukit; senarai itu berbeza-beza, tetapi biasanya termasuk Capitol Hill, First Hill, Seattle Barat, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, dan bekas Denny Hill. Kejiranan Wallingford, Mount Baker, dan Crown Hill secara teknikalnya terletak di bukit-bukit juga. Banyak kawasan bukit yang terletak berhampiran dengan pusat bandar, dengan Capitol Hill, First Hill, dan Beacon Hill secara kolektifnya membentuk sebuah rabung di sepanjang persimpangan antara Elliott Bay dan Lake Washington. Puncak di bukit antara First Hill dan Beacon Hill adalah buatan manusia, hasil daripada dua projek yang merosot yang membentuk semula topografi pusat bandar. Topografi pusat bandar juga diubah dengan pembinaan laut laut dan Pulau Haram buatan (selesai 1909) di mulut perairan Duwamish Industrial city, terminal Sungai Green. Titik tertinggi dalam batas bandar adalah di High Point di Seattle Barat, yang terletak kira-kira berhampiran 35th Ave SW dan SW Myrtle St. Lain-lain bukit terkenal termasuk Crown Hill, Lihat Ridge / Wedgwood / Bryant, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Mt. Baker Ridge dan Highlands / Carkeek / Bitterlake. <> Apa bandar terkenal yang lain, selain Seattle, terletak di tujuh bukit? || Rom <> Kawasan jenis apa bukit bukit modal, Bukit Pertama, dan Bukit Beacon? || rabung <> Apa ciri geologi buatan yang telah ditambah ke Seattle pada tahun 1909? || Harbour Island <> Di manakah tempat tertinggi di Seattle? || High Point <> Di manakah Pulau Harbour dibina? || Duwamish Waterway", {"qas": [{"question": "What other famous city, besides Seattle, lies on seven hills?", "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e8d", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of land area does Capital hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill constitute?", "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e8e", "answers": [{"text": "ridge", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909?", "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e8f", "answers": [{"text": "Harbor Island", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the highest place in Seattle?", "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e90", "answers": [{"text": "High Point", "answer_start": 984}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Harbor Island built?", "id": "5719e54410f8ca1400304e91", "answers": [{"text": "Duwamish Waterway", "answer_start": 889}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so. Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills; the lists vary, but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Mount Baker, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are technically located on hills as well. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington. The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, the result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center. The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway, the terminus of the Green River. The highest point within city limits is at High Point in West Seattle, which is roughly located near 35th Ave SW and SW Myrtle St. Other notable hills include Crown Hill, View Ridge/Wedgwood/Bryant, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Mt. Baker Ridge and Highlands/Carkeek/Bitterlake."}], ["Seattle juga mempunyai populasi lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender yang besar. Menurut kajian 2006 oleh UCLA, 12.9% penduduk bandar yang ditinjau dikenali sebagai gay, lesbian, atau biseksual. Ini adalah bahagian kedua terbesar di mana-mana bandar utama A.S., di belakang San Francisco Greater Seattle juga menduduki tempat kedua di antara kawasan metropolitan utama A.S., dengan 6.5% penduduk yang mengenal pasti sebagai gay, lesbian, atau biseksual. Mengikut anggaran 2012 dari Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, Seattle mempunyai peratusan tertinggi bagi isi rumah jantina yang sama di Amerika Syarikat, pada 2.6 peratus, melampaui San Francisco. <> Dengan kajian UCLA, berapa penduduk Seattle mengenal pasti sebagai gay, lesbian atau biseksual? || 12.9% <> Bagaimanakah nombor di peringkat komuniti gay berbanding dengan bandar-bandar AS lain? || tertinggi kedua <> Apa bandar menduduki tempat yang lebih tinggi dalam komuniti gay? || San Francisco <> Apakah peratusan isi rumah seks Seattle yang sama? || 2.6 <> Apakah kedudukan Seattle untuk isi rumah seks yang sama berbanding dengan AS yang lain? || peratusan tertinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "By a UCLA study,how many Seattle residents identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual?", "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a876", "answers": [{"text": "12.9%", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities?", "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a877", "answers": [{"text": "second-highest", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city ranked higher in population in the gay community?", "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a878", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Seattle's percentage of same sex households?", "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a879", "answers": [{"text": "2.6", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Seattle's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US?", "id": "571a095c4faf5e1900b8a87a", "answers": [{"text": "highest percentage", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle also has large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 per cent, surpassing San Francisco."}], ["Penduduk Seattle secara historis telah berkulit putih. Banci 2010 menunjukkan bahawa Seattle adalah salah satu daripada bandar-bandar besar yang terpahat di negara ini, walaupun bahagian penduduk putihnya semakin menurun. Pada tahun 1960, kulit putih terdiri daripada 91.6% penduduk bandar, manakala pada tahun 2010 mereka berjumlah 69.5%. Mengikut Suruhanjaya Masyarakat Amerika 2006-2008, lebih kurang 78.9% penduduk berumur lima tahun hanya bercakap bahasa Inggeris di rumah. Orang-orang yang bercakap bahasa Asia selain bahasa Indo-Eropah terdiri 10.2% daripada penduduk, bahasa Sepanyol yang diucapkan oleh 4.5% penduduk, penceramah bahasa Indo-Eropah lain yang terdiri 3.9%, dan penutur bahasa lain yang terdiri 2.5% . <> Pada tahun 1960, apakah peratusan kulit putih di kawasan Seattle? || 91.6% <> Menurut banci 2010, apakah populasi putih di Seattle? || 69.5% <> Pada tahun 2006-2008, berapa orang di Seattle bercakap bahasa Inggeris di rumah? || 78.9% <> Apakah peratusan penceramah Asia di Seattle? || 10.2% <> Apakah perlumbaan asas kebanyakan orang di Seattle? || putih", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1960, what was the percentage of whites in the Seattle area?", "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ec9", "answers": [{"text": "91.6%", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the 2010 census, what was the white population in Seattle?", "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304eca", "answers": [{"text": "69.5%", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2006-2008, how many people in Seattle spoke English at home?", "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ecb", "answers": [{"text": "78.9%", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Asian speakers in Seattle?", "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ecc", "answers": [{"text": "10.2%", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the basic race of most people in Seattle?", "id": "5719fc7710f8ca1400304ecd", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white. The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining. In 1960, whites comprised 91.6% of the city's population, while in 2010 they comprised 69.5%. According to the 2006\u20132008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%."}], ["Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, bandar telah mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk yang mantap, dan telah menghadapi masalah menampung lebih banyak penduduk. Pada tahun 2006, selepas berkembang sebanyak 4,000 warga per tahun untuk 16 tahun yang lalu, perancang serantau menjangkakan penduduk Seattle akan berkembang sebanyak 200,000 orang menjelang 2040. Walau bagaimanapun, mantan walikota Greg Nickels menyokong rancangan yang akan meningkatkan populasi sebanyak 60%, atau 350,000 orang, menjelang 2040 dan bekerja dengan cara untuk menampung pertumbuhan ini sambil mengekalkan undang-undang zon perumahan keluarga tunggal Seattle. Majlis Bandaraya Seattle kemudiannya mengundi untuk melonggarkan had ketinggian bangunan di sebahagian besar Downtown, sebahagiannya dengan matlamat untuk meningkatkan ketumpatan kediaman di pusat bandar. Sebagai tanda peningkatan pertumbuhan dalam bandar, penduduk di pusat bandar naik ke lebih dari 60,000 pada tahun 2009, naik 77% sejak tahun 1990. <> Berapa ramai lagi yang diharapkan oleh Seattle pada tahun 2040? || 200,000 <> Siapa mahu mengembangkan Seattle sebanyak 60% menjelang tahun 2040? || Greg Nickels <> Berapa banyak peningkatan dalam populasi bandar Seattle sejak 1990? || 77% <> Apakah penduduk bandar Seattle pada tahun 2009? || 60,000 <> Apa perubahan dalam ketinggian bangunan yang dibuat oleh Seattle untuk meningkatkan kepadatan penduduk di pusat bandarnya? || had tinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?", "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a858", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?", "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a859", "answers": [{"text": "Greg Nickels", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?", "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a85a", "answers": [{"text": "77%", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?", "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a85b", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?", "id": "5719f8ef4faf5e1900b8a85c", "answers": [{"text": "height limits", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040. However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws. The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city centre. As a sign of increasing inner-city growth, the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990."}], ["Namun, syarikat yang sangat besar menguasai landskap perniagaan. Empat syarikat dalam senarai Fortune 500 2013 syarikat terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, berdasarkan jumlah hasil, beribu pejabat di Seattle: peruncit Internet Amazon.com (# 49), rangkaian kopi Starbucks (# 208), department store Nordstrom (# 227 ), dan pengangkut barang ekspedisi Antarabangsa Washington (# 428). Syarikat Fortune 500 lain yang terkenal dengan Seattle berpangkalan di bandaraya Puget Sound yang berdekatan. Rantai kelab gudang Costco (# 22), syarikat runcit terbesar di Washington, berpangkalan di Issaquah. Microsoft (# 35) terletak di Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, syarikat produk hutan (# 363), berpangkalan di Federal Way. Akhirnya, Bellevue adalah rumah kepada pengeluar trak Paccar (# 168). Syarikat-syarikat utama lain di kawasan ini termasuk Nintendo of America di Redmond, T-Mobile AS di Bellevue, Expedia Inc. di Bellevue dan Providence Health & Services - sistem penjagaan kesihatan terbesar di negeri ini dan majikan terbesar kelima - di Renton. Bandar ini mempunyai reputasi untuk penggunaan kopi yang berat; syarikat kopi yang diasaskan atau berpangkalan di Seattle termasuk Starbucks, Kopi Terbaik Seattle, dan Tully. Terdapat juga banyak roaster kopi dan kafe artisanal yang berjaya. <> Berapa banyak syarikat Fortune 500 yang berpangkalan di Seattle? || Empat <> Rantai kopi apa yang terkenal di Seattle? || Starbucks <> Penjual internet mana yang besar beribu pejabat di Seattle? || Amazon.com <> Di mana bandar berhampiran Seattle adalah berdasarkan Microsoft? || Redmond <> Minuman apa yang orang Seattle hebat dalam minum? || kopi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle?", "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed3", "answers": [{"text": "Four", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?", "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed4", "answers": [{"text": "Starbucks", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?", "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed5", "answers": [{"text": "Amazon.com", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?", "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed6", "answers": [{"text": "Redmond", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?", "id": "571a03df10f8ca1400304ed7", "answers": [{"text": "coffee", "answer_start": 1023}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Still, very large companies dominate the business landscape. Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#49), coffee chain Starbucks (#208), department store Nordstrom (#227), and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#428). Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#22), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#35) is located in Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#363), is based in Federal Way. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#168). Other major companies in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, Expedia Inc. in Bellevue and Providence Health & Services \u2014 the state's largest health care system and fifth largest employer \u2014 in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption; coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks, Seattle's Best Coffee, and Tully's. There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and caf\u00e9s."}], ["Penduduk luar negeri Seattle meningkat 40% antara banci tahun 1990 dan 2000. Penduduk Cina di kawasan Seattle mempunyai asal-usul di tanah besar China, Hong Kong, Asia Tenggara dan Taiwan. Orang-orang Amerika paling awal yang datang pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 hampir seluruhnya dari wilayah Guangdong. Kawasan Seattle juga menempatkan penduduk Vietnam yang lebih daripada 55,000 penduduk, serta lebih 30,000 pendatang Somalia. Kawasan Seattle-Tacoma juga merupakan rumah kepada salah satu komuniti Kemboja terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, berjumlah kira-kira 19,000 orang Kemboja Amerika, dan salah satu komuniti Samoa terbesar di tanah besar A.S., dengan lebih 15,000 orang yang memiliki keturunan Samoa. Di samping itu, kawasan Seattle mempunyai peratusan tertinggi orang-orang yang bercampur-campur sendiri di mana-mana kawasan metropolitan yang besar di Amerika Syarikat, menurut 2000 Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat. Menurut kajian HistoryLink 2012, kod ZIP Seattle 98118 (di kejiranan Columbia City) adalah salah satu Kawasan Pengkabelan Kod ZIP yang paling pelbagai di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak populasi kelahiran luar negeri Seattle berkembang antara 1990-2000? || 40% <> Dari mana di China kebanyakan kebanyakan pendatang pertama datang? || Wilayah Guangdong <> Berapa ramai penduduk Vietnam yang ada di Seattle? || 55,000 <> Apa populasi imigran Kemboja di Seattle? || 19,000 <> Apa kumpulan orang lain yang Seattle mempunyai peratusan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || bangsa bercampur diri", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Seattle's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000?", "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a862", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where in China did most of the first immigrants come?", "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a863", "answers": [{"text": "Guangdong province", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle? ", "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a864", "answers": [{"text": "55,000", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle?", "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a865", "answers": [{"text": "19,000", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US?", "id": "5719fa954faf5e1900b8a866", "answers": [{"text": "self-identified mixed-race", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. The Chinese population in the Seattle area has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong province. The Seattle area is also home to a large Vietnamese population of more than 55,000 residents, as well as over 30,000 Somali immigrants. The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States, numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans, and one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry. Additionally, the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau. According to a 2012 HistoryLink study, Seattle's 98118 ZIP code (in the Columbia City neighborhood) was one of the most diverse ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States."}], ["Ekonomi Seattle digerakkan oleh gabungan industri perindustrian yang lebih tua, dan syarikat-syarikat Internet dan teknologi \"ekonomi baru\", perkhidmatan, reka bentuk dan syarikat teknologi bersih. Produk metropolitan kasar bandar itu ialah $ 231 bilion pada tahun 2010, menjadikannya ekonomi metropolitan ke-11 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Pelabuhan Seattle, yang juga mengendalikan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Seattle-Tacoma, merupakan pintu masuk utama untuk perdagangan dengan Asia dan pelayaran ke Alaska, dan merupakan pelabuhan ke-8 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dari segi kapasiti kontena. Walaupun ia telah terjejas oleh Kemelesetan Besar, Seattle mengekalkan ekonomi yang agak kuat, dan tetap menjadi tempat yang baik untuk perniagaan permulaan, terutama dalam bangunan hijau dan teknologi yang bersih: ia telah disenaraikan sebagai Amerika No. 1 \"bandar pintar\" berdasarkan dasar kerajaan dan ekonomi hijau. Pada bulan Februari 2010, kerajaan bandar telah membuat Seattle menjadi Bandaraya \"neutral iklim\" pertama di Amerika Utara, dengan matlamat untuk mencapai pelepasan gas rumah hijau per kapita sifar pada tahun 2030. <> Apa produk kasar Seattle pada tahun 2010? || $ 231 bilion <> Di manakah kedudukan Seattle dalam saiz ekonomi pada tahun 2010? || Ke-11 terbesar <> Bagaimanakah keupayaan kontainer Pelabuhan Seattle dibandingkan dengan orang lain di AS? || Pelabuhan terbesar ke-8 <> Bilakah Seattle ingin dinilai sebagai bandar neutral iklim? || 2030 <> Apa jenis industri berkembang maju di Settle? || perniagaan permulaan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Seattle's gross product in 2010?", "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304edd", "answers": [{"text": "$231 billion", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Seattle rank in size of economy in 2010?", "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304ede", "answers": [{"text": "11th largest", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US?", "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304edf", "answers": [{"text": "8th largest port", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does Seattle want to be rated as a climate neutral city?", "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304ee0", "answers": [{"text": "2030", "answer_start": 1010}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of industry thrives in Settle?", "id": "571a076110f8ca1400304ee1", "answers": [{"text": "start-up businesses", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies, and \"new economy\" Internet and technology companies, service, design and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States. The Port of Seattle, which also operates Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport, is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity. Though it was affected by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and remains a hotbed for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies: it was ranked as America's No. 1 \"smarter city\" based on its government policies and green economy. In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to becoming North America's first \"climate neutral\" city, with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030."}], ["Seattle mengalami hujan paling berat pada bulan November, Disember dan Januari, menerima kira-kira separuh daripada hujan tahunan (mengikut jumlah) sepanjang tempoh ini. Pada akhir musim gugur dan awal musim sejuk, sungai-sungai atmosfera (juga dikenali sebagai sistem \"Pineapple Express\"), sistem frontal kuat, dan sistem tekanan rendah Pasifik adalah biasa. Hujan hujan & hujan renyai merupakan bentuk pemendakan yang paling besar pada baki tahun ini; Sebagai contoh, secara purata, kurang daripada 1.6 dalam (41 mm) hujan jatuh pada bulan Julai dan Ogos apabila hujan jarang berlaku. Sekali-sekala, Seattle mengalami peristiwa cuaca yang lebih penting. Satu peristiwa seperti itu berlaku pada 2-4 Disember 2007, apabila angin badai yang berterusan dan hujan lebat yang meluas yang berkaitan dengan kejadian Ekspres Nanas yang kuat berlaku di kawasan Puget Sound yang lebih besar dan bahagian barat Washington dan Oregon. Jumlah pemendakan melebihi 13.8 dalam (350 mm) di sesetengah kawasan dengan angin bertengger di 209 km / j (130 mph) di sepanjang pantai Oregon. Ia menjadi peristiwa terbawah kedua dalam sejarah Seattle apabila sedikit lebih 130 mm (5.1 in) hujan jatuh ke Seattle dalam tempoh 24 jam. Kurangnya penyesuaian kepada hujan lebat menyumbang kepada lima kematian dan banjir dan kerosakan yang meluas. <> Apa jenis cuaca yang ada di Seattle pada musim sejuk? || hujan paling berat <> Berapakah jumlah hujan tahunan yang terdapat di Seattle pada musim sejuk? || separuh <> Apakah sungai-sungai atmosfer yang dipanggil di kawasan Seattle? || Ekspres Nanas <> Bilakah Seattle mempunyai angin jenis taufan dan hujan lebat? || Disember 2-4, 2007 <> Berapa banyak kematian berlaku semasa hujan lebat tahun 2007? || lima kematian", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?", "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ebf", "answers": [{"text": "heaviest rainfall", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter?", "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec0", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are atmospheric rivers called  in the Seattle area?", "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec1", "answers": [{"text": "Pineapple Express", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?", "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec2", "answers": [{"text": "December 2\u20134, 2007", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many deaths occurred during the 2007  heavy rains?", "id": "5719f73f10f8ca1400304ec3", "answers": [{"text": "five deaths", "answer_start": 1188}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during the months of November, December and January, receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall (by volume) during this period. In late fall and early winter, atmospheric rivers (also known as \"Pineapple Express\" systems), strong frontal systems, and Pacific low pressure systems are common. Light rain & drizzle are the predominant forms of precipitation during the remainder of the year; for instance, on average, less than 1.6 in (41 mm) of rain falls in July and August combined when rain is rare. On occasion, Seattle experiences somewhat more significant weather events. One such event occurred on December 2\u20134, 2007, when sustained hurricane-force winds and widespread heavy rainfall associated with a strong Pineapple Express event occurred in the greater Puget Sound area and the western parts of Washington and Oregon. Precipitation totals exceeded 13.8 in (350 mm) in some areas with winds topping out at 209 km/h (130 mph) along coastal Oregon. It became the second wettest event in Seattle history when a little over 130 mm (5.1 in) of rain fell on Seattle in a 24-hour period. Lack of adaptation to the heavy rain contributed to five deaths and widespread flooding and damage."}], ["Musim luruh, musim sejuk, dan musim bunga awal sering dicirikan oleh hujan. Musim sejuk adalah sejuk dan basah pada bulan Disember, bulan paling keren, rata-rata 40.6 \u00b0 F (4.8 \u00b0 C), dengan 28 hari tahunan dengan rendah yang mencapai tanda beku dan 2.0 hari di mana suhu kekal di bawah atau beku sepanjang hari; suhu jarang menurun hingga 20 \u00b0 F (-7 \u00b0 C). Musim panas adalah cerah, kering dan hangat, dengan bulan Ogos, bulan paling panas, purata 66.1 \u00b0 F (18.9 \u00b0 C), dan dengan suhu mencapai 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) pada 3.1 hari setahun, walaupun tahun 2011 adalah tahun yang paling baru untuk tidak mencapai 90 \u00b0 F. Suhu tercatat paling panas adalah 103 \u00b0 F (39 \u00b0 C) pada 29 Julai 2009; suhu tercatat paling sejuk ialah 0 \u00b0 F (-18 \u00b0 C) pada 31 Januari 1950; Maksimum harian maksimum rekod adalah 16 \u00b0 F (-9 \u00b0 C) pada 14 Januari 1950, manakala, sebaliknya, rekod harian minimum yang dicatatkan adalah 71 \u00b0 F (22 \u00b0 C) hari rekod rasmi yang tinggi telah ditetapkan. Tingkap rata-rata untuk suhu beku adalah 16 November hingga 10 Mac, membolehkan musim yang semakin meningkat 250 hari. <> Apakah suhu purata Seattle pada bulan Disember? || 40.6 \u00b0 F <> Berapa banyak hari musim sejuk mencapai pembekuan di Seattle? || 28 hari tahunan <> Bulan apa yang paling panas di Seattle? || Ogos <> Apakah suhu biasa pada bulan Ogos? || 66.1 \u00b0 F <> Berapa lama musim tumbuh di kawasan Seattle? || 250 hari", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Seattle's average December temperature? ", "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a84e", "answers": [{"text": "40.6 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?", "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a84f", "answers": [{"text": "28 annual days", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month is the warmest in Seattle?", "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a850", "answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is August's usual temperature?", "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a851", "answers": [{"text": "66.1 \u00b0F", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?", "id": "5719f5824faf5e1900b8a852", "answers": [{"text": "250 days", "answer_start": 989}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 \u00b0F (4.8 \u00b0C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 \u00b0F (\u22127 \u00b0C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 \u00b0F (18.9 \u00b0C), and with temperatures reaching 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 \u00b0F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 \u00b0F (\u22129 \u00b0C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 \u00b0F (22 \u00b0C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days."}], ["Sebelum memindahkan ibu pejabatnya ke Chicago, pengusaha aeroangkasa Boeing (# 30) adalah syarikat terbesar yang berpangkalan di Seattle. Bahagian terbesarnya masih beribu pejabat di Renton yang berdekatan, dan syarikat itu mempunyai kilang pembuatan pesawat besar di Everett dan Renton, jadi tetap menjadi majikan swasta terbesar di kawasan metropolitan Seattle. Bekas Datuk Bandar Seattle Greg Nickels mengumumkan hasrat untuk mencetuskan ledakan ekonomi baru yang didorong oleh industri bioteknologi pada tahun 2006. Pembangunan semula utama kejiranan Union Lake Selatan sedang dijalankan, dalam usaha menarik syarikat-syarikat bioteknologi baru dan menubuhkan bandaraya, menyertai syarikat bioteknologi Corixa (diperolehi oleh GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (kini sebahagian daripada Amgen), Trubion, dan ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., syarikat induk milyuner Paul Allen, berada di belakang sebahagian besar projek pembangunan di rantau ini. Walaupun sesetengah melihat pembangunan baru sebagai rahsia ekonomi, yang lain mengkritik Nickels dan Majlis Bandaraya Seattle kerana mendengarkan kepentingan Allen atas perbelanjaan pembayar cukai. Juga pada tahun 2006, Magazine Expansion menduduki ranking Seattle di antara 10 kawasan metropolitan teratas di negara ini untuk iklim yang menggalakkan pengembangan perniagaan. Pada tahun 2005, Forbes menduduki ranking Seattle sebagai bandar Amerika yang paling mahal untuk membeli rumah berdasarkan tahap pendapatan tempatan. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2013, majalah itu menduduki tempat ke-9 Seattle dalam senarai Tempat Terbaik untuk Perniagaan dan Kerjaya. <> Sebelum mereka berpindah ke Chicago, apakah syarikat terbesar yang beribu pejabat di Seattle? || Boeing <> Di mana di Seattle kawasan Boeing mempunyai kilang pembuatan? || Everett dan Renton <> Yang pernah menjadi walikota Seattle telah dikritik kerana memihak kepada industri yang kaya dengan mengorbankan rakyat? || Datuk Greg Nickels <> Apa jenis perniagaan Nickles ingin menarik ke Seattle? || syarikat bioteknologi <> Untuk apa yang Forbes pangkat Seattle yang paling mahal? || membeli rumah", {"qas": [{"question": "Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?", "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86c", "answers": [{"text": "Boeing", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?", "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86d", "answers": [{"text": "Everett and Renton", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? ", "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86e", "answers": [{"text": "Mayor Greg Nickels", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?", "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a86f", "answers": [{"text": "biotech companies", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?", "id": "571a05b84faf5e1900b8a870", "answers": [{"text": "buying a house", "answer_start": 1241}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers."}], ["Seattle biasanya menerima beberapa salji pada setiap tahun tetapi salji tebal jarang berlaku. Purata salji tahunan, seperti diukur di Lapangan Terbang Sea-Tac, adalah 6.8 inci (17.3 cm). Salji kalendar tunggal enam inci atau lebih besar telah berlaku hanya 15 hari sejak tahun 1948, dan hanya sekali sejak 17 Februari 1990, apabila salji 6.8 dalam (17.3 cm) salji secara rasmi jatuh di lapangan terbang Sea-Tac pada 18 Januari 2012. Acara bersalji sederhana ini secara rasminya adalah hari kalendar snowyest ke-12 di lapangan terbang sejak tahun 1948 dan paling ringan sejak November 1985. Kebanyakan bandar Seattle betul menerima sedikit pengumpulan salji. Lokasi di selatan Seattle menerima lebih banyak, dengan Olympia dan Chehalis menerima 14 hingga 18 dalam (36 hingga 46 cm). Satu lagi peristiwa salji sederhana berlaku dari 12 hingga 25 Disember 2008, apabila lebih daripada satu kaki (30 cm) salji jatuh dan terjebak di banyak jalan selama dua minggu, ketika suhu tetap berada di bawah 32 \u00b0 F (0 \u00b0 C), menyebabkan kesukaran meluas di sebuah bandar yang tidak dilengkapi untuk membersihkan salji. Ribut salji yang didokumenkan itu berlaku dari 5 hingga 9 Januari, 1880, dengan salji yang hanyut hingga 6 kaki (1.8 m) di tempat-tempat di penghujung peristiwa salji. Dari 31 Januari hingga 2 Februari 1916, satu lagi peristiwa salji yang lebat berlaku dengan 29 dalam (74 cm) salji di tanah pada masa kejadian berakhir. Dengan rekod rasmi yang bermula pada tahun 1948, salji hujan tunggal terbesar ialah 20.0 dalam (51 cm) pada 13 Januari 1950. Salji bermusim bermusim berkisar dari sifar pada tahun 1991-92 hingga 67.5 pada (171 cm) pada tahun 1968-69, dengan jejak jumlah yang telah berlaku pada tahun 2009-10. Bulan Januari 1950 adalah sangat teruk, membawa 57.2 dalam (145 cm) salji, sebahagian besar mana-mana bulan bersama-sama dengan rekod sejuk yang dinyatakan di atas. <> Apa jenis salji yang tidak sering dilihat di Seattle? || salji tebal <> Apakah salji purata biasa di Seattle? || 6.8 inci <> Berapa kali salji dilaporkan lebih daripada 6 inci sejak tahun 1990? || sekali <> Bilakah ada salji sederhana lebih dari satu kaki yang bertahan di tanah selama dua minggu? || 12-25 Disember, 2008 <> Pada tarikh berapa Seattle mengalami peristiwa salji sebanyak 6 kaki? || Januari 5-9, 1880", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle?", "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb5", "answers": [{"text": "heavy snow", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?", "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb6", "answers": [{"text": "6.8 inches", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?", "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb7", "answers": [{"text": "once", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was there a moderate snowfall  of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?", "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb8", "answers": [{"text": "December 12\u201325, 2008", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?", "id": "5719f37810f8ca1400304eb9", "answers": [{"text": "January 5\u20139, 1880", "answer_start": 1038}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 6.8 inches (17.3 cm). Single calendar-day snowfall of six inches or greater has occurred on only 15 days since 1948, and only once since February 17, 1990, when 6.8 in (17.3 cm) of snow officially fell at Sea-Tac airport on January 18, 2012. This moderate snow event was officially the 12th snowiest calendar day at the airport since 1948 and snowiest since November 1985. Much of the city of Seattle proper received somewhat lesser snowfall accumulations. Locations to the south of Seattle received more, with Olympia and Chehalis receiving 14 to 18 in (36 to 46 cm). Another moderate snow event occurred from December 12\u201325, 2008, when over one foot (30 cm) of snow fell and stuck on much of the roads over those two weeks, when temperatures remained below 32 \u00b0F (0 \u00b0C), causing widespread difficulties in a city not equipped for clearing snow. The largest documented snowstorm occurred from January 5\u20139, 1880, with snow drifting to 6 feet (1.8 m) in places at the end of the snow event. From January 31 to February 2, 1916, another heavy snow event occurred with 29 in (74 cm) of snow on the ground by the time the event was over. With official records dating to 1948, the largest single-day snowfall is 20.0 in (51 cm) on January 13, 1950. Seasonal snowfall has ranged from zero in 1991\u201392 to 67.5 in (171 cm) in 1968\u201369, with trace amounts having occurred as recently as 2009\u201310. The month of January 1950 was particularly severe, bringing 57.2 in (145 cm) of snow, the most of any month along with the aforementioned record cold."}], ["Terdapat acara tahunan yang lain, dari Pameran Antik Buku Seattle & Pameran Seni Buku; konvensyen anime, Sakura-Con; Penny Arcade Expo, konvensyen permainan; Pesta Seattle, Portland 9,000 dua hari, dan festival filem khusus, seperti Festival Filem Fantastik Maelstrom Antarabangsa, Pesta Filem Asia Asia Seattle (dahulunya dikenali sebagai Festival Filem Asia Barat Amerika Utara), Festival Filem Kanak-kanak Seattle , Terjemahan: Festival Filem Transgender Seattle, Seattle Filem Gay dan Lesbian, dan Festival Filem Poland Seattle. <> Apakah konvensyen anime yang diadakan di Seattle? || Sakura-Con <> Apakah tumpuan Ekspo Arcade Penny? || permainan <> Berapa ramai penunggang basikal yang menghadiri Seattle ke Portland Bicycle Classic? || 9,000 <> Apakah perayaan yang dimiliki Seattle untuk komuniti transgender? || Festival Filem Transgender Seattle <> Apakah perayaan Seattle untuk komuniti Poland? || Festival Filem Poland Poland", {"qas": [{"question": "What anime convention is held in Seattle?", "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efb", "answers": [{"text": "Sakura-Con", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is focus of the Penny Arcade Expo?", "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efc", "answers": [{"text": "gaming", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bicyclists attend the Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic?", "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efd", "answers": [{"text": "9,000", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What festival does Seattle have for the transgender community?", "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304efe", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle Transgender Film Festival", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community?", "id": "571a1ecc10f8ca1400304eff", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle Polish Film Festival", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show; an anime convention, Sakura-Con; Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention; a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival, the Seattle Asian American Film Festival (formerly known as the Northwest Asian American Film Festival), Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, and the Seattle Polish Film Festival."}], ["Antara pameran dan festival tahunan yang terkenal di Seattle ialah Festival Filem Antarabangsa Seattle 24 hari, Northwest Folklife sepanjang hujung minggu Memorial Day, pelbagai acara Seafair sepanjang bulan Julai dan Ogos (bermula dari perayaan Bon Odori ke perlumbaan Hidupan Laut Seafair), Bite of Seattle, salah satu perayaan Gay Pride terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dan festival seni dan muzik Bumbershoot, yang menyiarkan muzik serta seni dan hiburan lain sepanjang hujung minggu Hari Buruh. Semua ini biasanya dihadiri oleh 100,000 orang setiap tahun, seperti Seattle Hempfest dan dua perayaan Hari Kemerdekaan yang terpisah. <> Apakah pameran Seattle berlangsung selama 24 hari? || Festival Filem Antarabangsa Seattle <> Apakah perbarisan gay bangsawan Seattle dipanggil? || Bite of Seattle <> Berapa banyak perayaan Hari Kemerdekaan yang dilakukan Seattle setiap tahun? || dua <> Bilakah peristiwa Seafair diadakan di Seattle? || Julai dan Ogos <> Apakah tumpuan festival Bumbershoot? || seni dan muzik", {"qas": [{"question": "What Seattle fair lasts 24 days?", "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef1", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle International Film Festival", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?", "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef2", "answers": [{"text": "Bite of Seattle", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?", "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef3", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are Seafair events held in Seattle?", "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef4", "answers": [{"text": "July and August", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?", "id": "571a150a10f8ca1400304ef5", "answers": [{"text": "art and music", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations."}], ["Sejarah sukan profesional Seattle bermula pada awal abad ke-20 dengan Seattle Metropolitans PCHA, yang pada tahun 1917 menjadi pasukan hoki Amerika pertama yang memenangi Piala Stanley. Seattle juga menjadi rumah kepada Francais Baseball Major League sebelumnya pada tahun 1969: Seattle Pilots. Juruterbang berpindah ke Milwaukee, Wisconsin dan menjadi Milwaukee Brewers untuk musim 1970. Dari 1967 hingga 2008, Seattle juga menjadi rumah kepada francais Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan (NBA): Seattle SuperSonics, yang merupakan juara NBA 1978-79. SuperSonics berpindah ke Oklahoma City, Oklahoma dan menjadi Oklahoma City Thunder untuk musim 2008-09. <> Apakah pasukan hoki Amerika pertama yang memenangi Piala Stanley? || Seattle Metropolitics PCHA <> Pada tahun apakah Seattle Metropolitans memenangi Piala Stanley? || 1917 <Ke mana pasukan Baseball Seattle berpindah pada tahun 1969? || Milwaukee, Wisconsin <> Apakah nama baru pasukan Seattle itu? || Milwaukee Brewers <> Bilakah Seattle Super Sonics memenangi kejuaraan NBA? || 1978-79", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup?", "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b2", "answers": [{"text": "PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?", "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b3", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To where did Seattle's Baseball team relocate in 1969?", "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b4", "answers": [{"text": "Milwaukee, Wisconsin", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new name of the Seattle team?", "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b5", "answers": [{"text": "Milwaukee Brewers", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship?", "id": "571a20744faf5e1900b8a8b6", "answers": [{"text": "1978\u201379", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup. Seattle was also home to a previous Major League Baseball franchise in 1969: the Seattle Pilots. The Pilots relocated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1970 season. From 1967 to 2008 Seattle was also home to an National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise: the Seattle SuperSonics, who were the 1978\u201379 NBA champions. The SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and became the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008\u201309 season."}], ["Seattle dianggap sebagai rumah muzik grunge, yang menghasilkan artis-artis seperti Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, dan Mudhoney, yang semuanya mencapai penonton antarabangsa pada awal 1990-an. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada artis-artis beragam seperti pemuzik jazz avant-garde Bill Frisell dan Wayne Horvitz, pemuzik jazz panas Glenn Crytzer, pelukis hip hop Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Ulama Biru, dan Shabazz Palaces, saksofon jazz saxophonist Kenny G, staples rock klasik Hati dan Queensr\u00ffche, dan band rock alternatif seperti Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, Presiden Amerika Syarikat, The Posies, Tetikus Sedang, Band Kuda, Cab Kematian untuk Cutie, dan Raksasa Fleet. Pemuzik rock seperti Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, dan Nikki Sixx menghabiskan tahun pembentukan mereka di Seattle. <> Apa genre muzik Nirvana dan Soundgarden? || grunge <> Apa jenis pemuzik Bill Frisell? || avant-garde jazz <> Apa gaya muzik Sir Mix-a-Lot dan Macklemore mewakili di Seattle? || hip hop <> Apa jenis muzik yang dilakukan oleh Foo Fighters dan Harvey Danger? || rock alternatif <> Di manakah artis seperti Hendrix dan Sixx menghabiskan masa awal mereka? || Seattle", {"qas": [{"question": "What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden?", "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a89e", "answers": [{"text": "grunge", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of musician is Bill Frisell?", "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a89f", "answers": [{"text": "avant-garde jazz", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle?", "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a8a0", "answers": [{"text": "hip hop", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform?", "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a8a1", "answers": [{"text": "alternative rock", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years?", "id": "571a18824faf5e1900b8a8a2", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle is considered the home of grunge music, having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s. The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensr\u00ffche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle."}], ["Seattle setiap tahun menghantar satu pasukan slammers perkataan yang dituturkan kepada Slam Puisi Kebangsaan dan menganggap dirinya sebagai penyair prestasi seperti Buddy Wakefield, dua kali Pelakon Slam Dunia Puisi Individu; Anis Mojgani, dua kali juara Slam Kebangsaan Puisi; dan Danny Sherrard, 2007 Slam Champion Slam dan 2008 Slam Champion World Individual. Seattle juga menganjurkan Kejohanan Puisi Kebangsaan 2001. Festival Puisi Seattle adalah perayaan puisi dua tahun yang dilancarkan dahulu sebagai Circus Poetry pada tahun 1997 yang menampilkan nama-nama tempatan, serantau, kebangsaan, dan antarabangsa dalam puisi. <> Bilakah Seattle menjadi tuan rumah Pertandingan Slam Puisi Kebangsaan? || 2001 <> Berapa kerapkah pesta Seattle Puisi diadakan? || biennial <> Berapa kerapkah Seattle menghantar ke Slam Puisi Kebangsaan? || setiap tahun <> Untuk apa gaya penyair Seattle mempertimbangkan sendiri di rumah? || penyair prestasi <> Apa pesta puisi pertama kali diadakan pada tahun 1997? || Sarkas Puisi", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament?", "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a894", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?", "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a895", "answers": [{"text": "biennial", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?", "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a896", "answers": [{"text": "annually", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?", "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a897", "answers": [{"text": "performance poets", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What poetry festival was first held in 1997?", "id": "571a16d64faf5e1900b8a898", "answers": [{"text": "Poetry Circus", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ. Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry."}], ["Seattle telah menjadi pusat serantau untuk seni persembahan selama bertahun-tahun. Orkestra Symphony Seattle berabad-abad adalah antara yang paling direkodkan di dunia dan berprestasi terutama di Benaroya Hall. The Opera Opera dan Pacific Northwest Ballet, yang berlangsung di McCaw Hall (dibuka pada 2003 di tapak bekas Opera House Seattle di Pusat Seattle), adalah berbeza dengan Opera yang terkenal dengan persembahan karya Richard Wagner dan Sekolah PNB (ditubuhkan pada 1974) sebagai salah satu daripada tiga institusi latihan balet teratas di Amerika Syarikat. Orkestra Simfoni Pemuda Seattle (SYSO) adalah organisasi belia symphonic terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Bandar ini juga menawarkan festival muzik panas musim panas dan musim sejuk yang dianjurkan oleh Seattle Chamber Music Society. <> Berapa lama Orkestra Simfoni Seattle? || abad <> Dalam apa tempat yang dilakukan simfoni Seattle? || Benaroya Hall <> Di mana prestasi Opera Seattle dan Northwest Ballet? || McCaw Hall <> Struktur apa yang asalnya di tempat Dewan McCaw? || Seattle Opera House <> Apakah organisasi Seattle adalah salah satu sekolah balet teratas di AS? || Sekolah PNB", {"qas": [{"question": "How old is Seattle's Symphony Orchestra?", "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88a", "answers": [{"text": "century", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?", "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88b", "answers": [{"text": "Benaroya Hall", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?", "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88c", "answers": [{"text": "McCaw Hall", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?", "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88d", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle Opera House", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?", "id": "571a11c84faf5e1900b8a88e", "answers": [{"text": "PNB School", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States. The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States. The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society."}], ["Teater 5th Avenue, yang dibina pada tahun 1926, mempersembahkan pertunjukan bermusim gaya Broadway yang menampilkan bakat tempatan dan bintang antarabangsa. Seattle mempunyai \"sekitar 100\" syarikat pengeluaran teater dan lebih dua dozen tempat teater hidup, banyak daripada mereka yang berkaitan dengan teater pinggir; Seattle mungkin hanya kedua ke New York untuk bilangan teater ekuiti (28 syarikat teater Seattle mempunyai semacam kontrak Aktor 'Ekuiti). Di samping itu, Dewan Perbandaran Romanesque Revival 900 di First Hill menganjurkan pelbagai acara kebudayaan, terutamanya ceramah dan sambutan. <> Berapa banyak syarikat teater yang ada di Seattle? || sekitar 100 <> Apa teater Seattle dibina pada tahun 1926? || 5th Avenue Theatre <> Untuk apa jenis teater adalah dua lusin tempat hidup di Seattle yang berkaitan? || teater pinggir <> Kepada apa jenis teater Seattle kedua ke New York? || teater ekuiti <> Berapa banyak teater ekuiti yang ada di Seattle? || 28", {"qas": [{"question": "How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence?", "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a880", "answers": [{"text": "around 100", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Seattle theater was built in 1926?", "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a881", "answers": [{"text": "5th Avenue Theatre", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?", "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a882", "answers": [{"text": "fringe theatre", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?", "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a883", "answers": [{"text": "equity theaters", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many equity theaters does Seattle have?", "id": "571a10584faf5e1900b8a884", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows featuring both local talent and international stars. Seattle has \"around 100\" theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract). In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals."}], ["Lapangan CenturyLink Seahawks telah menganjurkan pertandingan playoff NFL pada tahun 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 dan 2015. Seahawks telah maju ke Super Bowl tiga kali: 2005, 2013 dan 2014. Mereka mengalahkan Denver Broncos 43-8 untuk memenangi pertama mereka Kejohanan Super Bowl di Super Bowl XLVIII, tetapi kalah 24-28 berbanding New England Patriots dalam Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC telah bermain di Major League Soccer sejak 2009, berkongsi CenturyLink Field dengan Seahawks, sebagai kesinambungan pasukan terdahulu di bahagian bawah bola sepak Amerika. The Sounders belum memenangi Piala MLS tetapi telah memenangi Perisai Penyokong MLS pada 2014 dan Lamar Hunt Piala Terbuka AS empat kali: 2009, 2010, 2011, dan 2014. <> Berapa kali ada Seattle Seahawks dimainkan dalam Siri Dunia? || Tiga <> Siapa yang menewaskan Seahawks untuk memenangi Super Bowl? || Denver Broncos <> Apa pasukan mengalahkan Seattle Seahawks untuk memenangi Super Bowl XLIX? || New England Patriots <> Apakah kelab bola sepak Seattle dinamakan? || Seattle Sounders FC <> Dengan apa pasukan yang melakukan Sounders berkongsi Century Link Field? || Seahawks", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series?", "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8bc", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl?", "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8bd", "answers": [{"text": "Denver Broncos", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?", "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8be", "answers": [{"text": "New England Patriots", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Seattle soccer club named?", "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8bf", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle Sounders FC", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field?", "id": "571a22104faf5e1900b8a8c0", "answers": [{"text": "Seahawks", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The Sounders have not won the MLS Cup but have, however, won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014."}], ["Galeri Seni Henry dibuka pada tahun 1927, muzium seni awam pertama di Washington. Muzium Seni Seattle (SAM) dibuka pada tahun 1933; SAM membuka muzium di pusat bandar pada tahun 1991 (diperluaskan dan dibuka semula 2007); sejak tahun 1991, bangunan 1933 itu adalah Muzium Seni Asia Seattle SAM (SAAM). SAM juga mengendalikan Taman Arca Olimpik (dibuka 2007) di tepi laut di utara pusat bandar. Muzium Seni Frye adalah muzium percuma di First Hill. Koleksi sejarah serantau berada di Muzium Loghouse di Alki, Taman Sejarah Nasional Klondike Gold Rush, Muzium Sejarah dan Industri dan Muzium Sejarah dan Budaya Semula Jadi Burke. Koleksi industri berada di Pusat Perahu Kayu dan Seaport Northwest yang berdekatan, Muzium Polis Seattle Metropolitan, dan Muzium Penerbangan. Koleksi etnik serantau termasuk Muzium Warisan Nordic, Muzium Asia Wing Luke dan Muzium Amerika Barat Laut. Seattle mempunyai galeri seniman, termasuk 10 tahun veteran Galeri Seni Tanah, dan Galeri Ruang Rancak yang lebih baru. <> Bilakah galeri seni pertama dibuka di Washington? || 1927 <> Apakah nama muzium seni pertama di Washington? || Galeri Seni Henry <> Bilakah Muzium Seni Seattle dibuka? || 1933 <> Selain muzium, apa lagi tawaran seni yang dilakukan oleh SAM? || Taman Arca Olimpik <> Selain daripada muzium yang dikendalikan secara umum, apakah jenis galeri orang lain yang ditawarkan oleh Seattle? || artis-lari", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the first art gallery open in Washington state?", "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8a8", "answers": [{"text": "1927", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?", "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8a9", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Art Gallery", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?", "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8aa", "answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?", "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8ab", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Sculpture Park", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?", "id": "571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8ac", "answers": [{"text": "artist-run", "answer_start": 931}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill. Regional history collections are at the Loghouse Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, the Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries, including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery, and the newer Crawl Space Gallery."}], ["Dari 1869 hingga 1982, Seattle dikenali sebagai \"Queen City\". Nama jawatan rasmi semasa Seattle ialah \"Emerald City\", hasil pertandingan yang diadakan pada tahun 1981; rujukannya adalah untuk kawasan hutan hijau yang subur. Seattle juga dirujuk secara tidak rasmi sebagai \"Gateway to Alaska\" kerana menjadi bandar utama terdekat di Amerika Syarikat bersebelahan dengan Alaska, \"Rain City\" untuk cuaca kerap dan hujan yang kerap, dan \"Jet City\" dari pengaruh tempatan Boeing. Bandar ini mempunyai dua slogan rasmi atau mottos: \"The City of Flowers\", bertujuan untuk menggalakkan penanaman bunga untuk mencantikkan kota, dan \"The City of Goodwill\", yang diguna pakai sebelum 1990 Permainan Goodwill. Penduduk Seattle dikenali sebagai Seattleites. <> Apakah nama samaran Seattle sekarang? || Emerald City <> Kepada apa ciri khas kawasan tersebut yang dirujuk oleh Emerald City? || hutan malar hijau <> Sejak Seattle adalah berhampiran Alaska, apa yang dipanggil bandar? || Gateway to Alaska <> Dari syarikat apa yang Seattle mendapat julukan Jet City? || Boeing <> Apa yang dipanggil Seattle pada masa permainan Goodwill? || Kota Muhibah", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Seattle's present nickname?", "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304ee7", "answers": [{"text": "Emerald City", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?", "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304ee8", "answers": [{"text": "evergreen forests", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?", "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304ee9", "answers": [{"text": "Gateway to Alaska", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?", "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304eea", "answers": [{"text": "Boeing", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?", "id": "571a137d10f8ca1400304eeb", "answers": [{"text": "The City of Goodwill", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". Seattle's current official nickname is the \"Emerald City\", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska\" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, \"Rain City\" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and \"Jet City\" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: \"The City of Flowers\", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and \"The City of Goodwill\", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites."}], ["Seperti kebanyakan bahagian Amerika Syarikat, kerajaan dan undang-undang juga dikendalikan oleh beberapa inisiatif undi (membenarkan rakyat meluluskan atau menolak undang-undang), rujukan (membenarkan rakyat meluluskan atau menolak undang-undang yang telah berlalu), dan cadangan (membenarkan agensi kerajaan tertentu untuk mencadangkan undang-undang baru / kenaikan cukai terus kepada rakyat). Federally, Seattle adalah sebahagian daripada daerah Kongres ke-7 Washington, diwakili oleh Demokrat Jim McDermott, yang dipilih pada tahun 1988 dan salah satu anggota liberal Kongres. Ed Murray kini berkhidmat sebagai Datuk Bandar. <> Of what district congress is Seattle a part? || Daerah kongres ke-7 <> Siapakah wakil daerah Seattle? || Jim McDermott <> Bilakah McDermott dipilih ke pejabat? || 1988 <> Siapa ahli Seattle sekarang? || Ed Murray <> Untuk undang-undang pilihan negeri yang mana undang-undang dan undi Seattle sama? || Seperti kebanyakannya", {"qas": [{"question": "Of what Congressional district is Seattle a part?", "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f29", "answers": [{"text": "7th congressional district", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the representative for Seattle's district?", "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2a", "answers": [{"text": "Jim McDermott", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was McDermott elected to office?", "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2b", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the present mayor of Seattle?", "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2c", "answers": [{"text": "Ed Murray", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which states' election laws are Seattle's law and ballots similar?", "id": "571a2b2410f8ca1400304f2d", "answers": [{"text": "Like most", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referenda (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people). Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jim McDermott, elected in 1988 and one of Congress's liberal members. Ed Murray is currently serving as mayor."}], ["Khemah-khemah pertama muncul pada tahun 1889 dan memainkan peranan penting dalam mewujudkan pusat bandar yang agak jelas dan kawasan kejiranan yang kuat pada akhir baris mereka. Kemunculan kereta membunyikan maut kematian untuk kereta api di Seattle. Perkhidmatan keretapi Tacoma-Seattle berakhir pada tahun 1929 dan perkhidmatan Everett-Seattle berakhir pada tahun 1939, digantikan oleh kereta murah yang berjalan pada sistem lebuh raya yang baru dibangunkan. Laluan jalan-jalan di jalan raya telah diturap atau dibuang, dan pembukaan sistem trolleybus Seattle membawa hujung jalan di Seattle pada tahun 1941. Ini meninggalkan rangkaian bas persendirian yang luas (kemudian awam) sebagai satu-satunya transit massa di bandar dan di seluruh rantau ini. <> Pada tahun berapa adalah kereta jalan pertama yang digunakan di Seattle? || 1889 <> Apa mesin yang menyebabkan penghujung keretapi bandar di Seattle? || kereta <> Bilakah perkhidmatan keretapi Tacoma-Seattle berakhir? || 1929 <> Pada tahun apakah rel kereta Everett-Seattle berhenti? || 1939 <> Penggunaan apa yang menyebabkan penghujung penggunaan jalan di 1941? || trolleybus", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?", "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f63", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?", "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f64", "answers": [{"text": "automobile", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?", "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f65", "answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?", "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f66", "answers": [{"text": "1939", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?", "id": "571a33e510f8ca1400304f67", "answers": [{"text": "trolleybus", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma\u2013Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett\u2013Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region."}], ["Setakat 2010 [kemas kini], Seattle mempunyai satu akhbar harian utama, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, yang dikenali sebagai P-I, menerbitkan akhbar harian dari 1863 hingga 17 Mac 2009, sebelum beralih kepada penerbitan dalam talian yang ketat. Terdapat juga Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, dan University of Washington menerbitkan The Daily, sebuah penerbitan yang dikendalikan oleh pelajar, ketika sekolah bersekolah. Minggu-minggu yang paling menonjol adalah Weekly Seattle dan The Stranger; Kedua-duanya menganggap diri mereka \"alternatif\" kertas. Akhbar LGBT mingguan adalah Seattle Gay News. Perubahan Nyata adalah akhbar jalanan mingguan yang dijual terutamanya oleh orang-orang yang kehilangan tempat tinggal sebagai alternatif kepada penarikan. Terdapat juga beberapa akhbar etnik, termasuk The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly dan Examiner Antarabangsa, dan banyak surat khabar kejiranan. <> Apakah akhbar Seattle pada 2010? || The Seattle Times <> Di tempat apakah yang dilakukan oleh Seattle Post-Intelligencer? || on-line <> Dalam tahun apakah Seattle Post-Intelligencer pertama menerbitkan? || 1863 <> Apa yang dipanggil akhbar LGBT? || Seattle Gay News <> Siapa yang menjual akhbar Real Change di jalan? || orang yang tiada tempat tinggal", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010?", "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f45", "answers": [{"text": "The Seattle Times", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?", "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f46", "answers": [{"text": "on-line", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer  first publish?", "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f47", "answers": [{"text": "1863", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the LGBT newspaper called?", "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f48", "answers": [{"text": "Seattle Gay News", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?", "id": "571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f49", "answers": [{"text": "homeless persons", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2010[update], Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves \"alternative\" papers. The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News. Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including the The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly and the International Examiner, and numerous neighborhood newspapers."}], ["Penduduk bandar yang berumur 25 tahun ke atas, 53.8% (berbanding purata kebangsaan 27.4%) memegang ijazah sarjana muda atau lebih tinggi, dan 91.9% (berbanding 84.5% di peringkat kebangsaan) mempunyai diploma sekolah atau setara. Kajian Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat 2008 menunjukkan bahawa Seattle mempunyai peratusan tertinggi lulusan perguruan tinggi dan universiti di mana-mana bandar utama A.S.. Bandar ini disenaraikan sebagai yang paling celik huruf di 69 bandar terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2005 dan 2006, yang kedua paling celik pada tahun 2007 dan paling celik pada tahun 2008 dalam kajian yang dijalankan oleh Central Connecticut State University. <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk Seattle mempunyai ijazah sarjana muda? || 53.8% <> Apakah purata kebangsaan untuk mendapatkan ijazah sarjana muda? || 27.4% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Seattle mempunyai diploma sekolah tinggi? || 91.9% <> Apakah purata kebangsaan diploma sekolah menengah yang memegang warga? || 84.5% <> Bagaimana Seattle berada di peringkat kefahaman pada tahun 2005-2006? || yang paling celik", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor's degree?", "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ec", "answers": [{"text": "53.8%", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor's degree?", "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ed", "answers": [{"text": "27.4%", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas?", "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ee", "answers": [{"text": "91.9%", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?", "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8ef", "answers": [{"text": "84.5%", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006?", "id": "571a2c414faf5e1900b8a8f0", "answers": [{"text": "most literate", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city. The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University."}], ["Terletak di kejiranan Laurelhurst, Seattle Children's, dahulu Hospital Kanak-kanak dan Pusat Perubatan Serantau, adalah pusat rujukan pediatrik untuk Washington, Alaska, Montana, dan Idaho. Pusat Penyelidikan Kanser Fred Hutchinson mempunyai kampus di kejiranan Eastlake. The University District adalah rumah kepada Pusat Perubatan Universiti Washington yang, bersama dengan Harborview, dikendalikan oleh Universiti Washington. Seattle juga dihidangkan oleh sebuah hospital Hal Ehwal Veteran di Beacon Hill, sebuah kampus ketiga Swedish di Ballard, dan Pusat Kesihatan dan Perubatan Northwest berhampiran Northgate Mall. <> Apakah jenis hospital yang Seattle Children? || Pusat rujukan kanak-kanak <> Selain berkhidmat di Washington, Idaho, dan Montana, negeri utara apa yang digunakan oleh Seattle Children? || Alaska <> Dalam kejiranan apa yang terletak di Pusat Penyelidikan Kanser Fred Hutchington? || Eastlake <> Di manakah Hospital Hal Ehwal Veteran terletak? || Beacon Hill <> Apakah entiti yang beroperasi Harborview? || Universiti Washington", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of hospital is Seattle Children's?", "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a912", "answers": [{"text": "pediatric referral center", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?", "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a913", "answers": [{"text": "Alaska", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?", "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a914", "answers": [{"text": "Eastlake", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?", "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a915", "answers": [{"text": "Beacon Hill", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What entity operates Harborview?", "id": "571a32924faf5e1900b8a916", "answers": [{"text": "University of Washington", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall."}], ["Budaya politik Seattle sangat liberal dan progresif untuk Amerika Syarikat, dengan lebih daripada 80% penduduk mengundi untuk Parti Demokratik. Semua presiden di Seattle mengundi calon Parti Demokrat Barack Obama dalam pilihan raya presiden 2012. Dalam pemilihan partisan untuk Badan Perundangan Negeri Washington dan Kongres Amerika Syarikat, hampir semua pemilihan dimenangkan oleh Demokrat. Seattle dianggap bandar utama Amerika pertama yang memilih seorang walikota wanita, Bertha Knight Landes. Ia juga telah memilih seorang walikota gay terbuka, Ed Murray, dan ahli majlis sosialis, Kshama Sawant. Buat kali pertama dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat, seorang wanita hitam yang terbuka gay dipilih untuk jawatan awam ketika Sherry Harris dipilih sebagai ahli majlis bandar Seattle pada tahun 1991. Majoriti dewan bandar semasa adalah wanita, manakala lelaki kulit putih terdiri daripada minoriti. <> Berapa ramai orang di Seattle mengundi Demokratik? || lebih 80% <Untuk siapa yang mengundi penduduk Seattle pada pilihan raya presiden 2012? || Barack Obama <> Apa ahli parti memenangi kebanyakan pilihan raya negeri dan perundangan kebangsaan? || Demokrat <> Siapa yang Seattle, dan negara, Datuk Bandar wanita pertama? || Bertha Knight Landes <> Apa hubungan seks majoriti majlis bandar Seattle? || perempuan", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people in Seattle vote Democratic?", "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8d8", "answers": [{"text": "over 80%", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom did the residents of Seattle vote in the 2012 presidential election?", "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8d9", "answers": [{"text": "Barack Obama", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What party members win most state and national legislative elections?", "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8da", "answers": [{"text": "Democrats", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Seattle's , and the nation's, first female mayor?", "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8db", "answers": [{"text": "Bertha Knight Landes", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the sex of the majority of Seattle's city council?", "id": "571a29364faf5e1900b8a8dc", "answers": [{"text": "female", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election. In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Seattle is considered the first major American city to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes. It has also elected an openly gay mayor, Ed Murray, and a socialist councillor, Kshama Sawant. For the first time in United States history, an openly gay black woman was elected to public office when Sherry Harris was elected as a Seattle city councillor in 1991. The majority of the current city council is female, while white men comprise a minority."}], ["Seattle secara meluas dianggap salah satu bandar paling liberal di Amerika Syarikat, malah melampaui jirannya, Portland, Oregon. Sokongan untuk isu-isu seperti perkahwinan sejenis dan hak-hak pembiakan sebahagian besarnya diambil begitu sahaja dalam politik tempatan. Dalam pilihan raya umum A.S. 2012, majoriti Seattleites mengundi untuk meluluskan Rujukan 74 dan menghalalkan perkahwinan gay di negara Washington. Dalam pilihan raya yang sama, majoriti Seattleites juga mengundi untuk meluluskan amalan kegunaan rekreasi ganja di negeri ini. Seperti kebanyakan Northwest Pasifik (yang mempunyai kadar kehadiran gereja yang paling rendah di Amerika Syarikat dan secara konsisten melaporkan peratusan tertinggi ateisme), kehadiran gereja, kepercayaan agama, dan pengaruh politik pemimpin agama jauh lebih rendah daripada di bahagian lain di Amerika . <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Seattle sebagai politik? || liberal <> Apa pendapat rakyat Seattle untuk menghalalkan pada tahun 2012? || perkahwinan gay <> Apa isu panas politik lain yang dilakukan pengundi di pengundi Seattle untuk menghalalkan pada tahun 2012? || penggunaan kanabis <> Apa yang penduduk Seattle percaya pada perkara agama? || Ateisme <> Bagaimanakah perbandingan Seattle dalam kehadiran gereja ke seluruh Amerika Syarikat? || jauh lebih rendah", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Seattle thought to be politically?", "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c6", "answers": [{"text": "liberal", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?", "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c7", "answers": [{"text": "gay marriage", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?", "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c8", "answers": [{"text": "use of cannabis", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion?", "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8c9", "answers": [{"text": "atheism", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US? ", "id": "571a23874faf5e1900b8a8ca", "answers": [{"text": "much lower", "answer_start": 803}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle is widely considered one of the most liberal cities in the United States, even surpassing its neighbor, Portland, Oregon. Support for issues such as same-sex marriage and reproductive rights are largely taken for granted in local politics. In the 2012 U.S. general election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state. In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state. Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America."}], ["King County Metro menyediakan perkhidmatan bas berhenti-henti yang kerap di bandar dan daerah sekitarnya, serta garis Streetcar Union Streetcar antara kejiranan Lake Union Selatan dan Pusat Westlake di pusat bandar. Seattle adalah salah satu dari beberapa bandar di Amerika Utara yang armada basnya termasuk trolleybus elektrik. Transit Bunyi pada masa ini menyediakan perkhidmatan bas ekspres di kawasan metropolitan; dua jalur keretapi komuter berbunyi di antara pinggir bandar dan pusat bandar; garisan rel ringan Link Central yang dibuka pada tahun 2009, antara pusat bandar dan Lapangan Terbang Laut-Tac memberikan bandar transit pesat pertama yang mempunyai perhentian perantaraan di dalam batas bandar. Washington State Ferry, yang menguruskan rangkaian feri terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dan ketiga terbesar di dunia, menghubungkan Seattle ke Bainbridge dan Kepulauan Vashon di Puget Sound dan ke Bremerton dan Southworth di Semenanjung Kitsap. <> Apakah garis bas Seattle dipanggil? || King County Metro <> Perkhidmatan apa yang berjalan antara South Lake Union dan Westlake Center? || South Lake Union Streetcar <> Organisasi apa yang menjalankan talian feri terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Washington State Ferry <> Bagaimana garis feri Seattle berbanding dengan seluruh dunia? || terbesar ketiga <> Untuk apa dua pulau yang menghubungkan perkhidmatan feri? || Bainbridge dan Vashon", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Seattle's bus line called?", "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f4f", "answers": [{"text": "King County Metro", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center?", "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f50", "answers": [{"text": "South Lake Union Streetcar", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organization runs the largest line of ferries in the US?", "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f51", "answers": [{"text": "Washington State Ferries", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world?", "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f52", "answers": [{"text": "third largest", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what two islands does the ferry service connect?", "id": "571a30bb10f8ca1400304f53", "answers": [{"text": "Bainbridge and Vashon", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county, as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown. Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit currently provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area; two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown; its Central Link light rail line, which opened in 2009, between downtown and Sea-Tac Airport gives the city its first rapid transit line that has intermediate stops within the city limits. Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world, connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula."}], ["Cara utama pengangkutan, bagaimanapun, bergantung kepada jalan-jalan Seattle, yang dibentangkan dalam corak grid arah kardinal, kecuali di daerah pusat perniagaan di mana pemimpin bandar awal Arthur Denny dan Carson Boren menegaskan untuk memisahkan keparat mereka berbanding dengan garis pantai dan bukannya ke utara benar. Hanya dua jalan, Interstate 5 dan Laluan Negeri 99 (kedua-dua lebuh raya terhad akses), berjalan tanpa henti melalui bandar dari utara ke selatan. Laluan Negeri 99 berjalan melalui pusat bandar Seattle di Viaduct Alaskan Way, yang dibina pada tahun 1953. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan kerosakan yang terjejas semasa gempa bumi Nisku 2001, jambatan akan digantikan oleh terowong. Terowong penggantian Alaskan Way Viaduct 2-batu (3.2 km) pada asalnya dijadualkan siap pada Disember 2015 dengan kos US $ 4.25 bilion. Malangnya, disebabkan isu-isu dengan mesin membosankan terowong terbesar dunia (TBM), yang dijuluki sebagai \"Bertha\" dan berukuran 57 kaki (17 m), tarikh siap dijangka telah ditolak sehingga 2017. Seattle mempunyai ke-8 terburuk kesesakan lalu lintas di semua bandar Amerika, dan 10 di antara semua bandar di Amerika Utara. <> Apa yang digunakan terutamanya untuk pengangkutan di Seattle? || jalan-jalan <> jalan apa yang dibina pada tahun 1953 dan kemudiannya rusak oleh gempa bumi? || Alaskan Way Viaduct <> Apa yang dirancang untuk menggantikan Viaduct Alaska Way? || terowong <> Apakah kos yang diunjurkan dari terowong penggantian viaduct? || $ 4.25 bilion <> Bilakah terowong sekarang dijangka selesai? || 2017", {"qas": [{"question": "What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle?", "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a924", "answers": [{"text": "streets", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?", "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a925", "answers": [{"text": "Alaskan Way Viaduct", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?", "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a926", "answers": [{"text": "tunnel", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?", "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a927", "answers": [{"text": "$4.25 billion", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?", "id": "571a35774faf5e1900b8a928", "answers": [{"text": "2017", "answer_start": 1006}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The main mode of transportation, however, relies on Seattle's streets, which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North. Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways), run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. State Route 99 runs through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, which was built in 1953. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct will be replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2 km) Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. Unfortunately, due to issues with the worlds largest tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is nicknamed \"Bertha\" and is 57 feet (17 m) in diameter, the projected date of completion has been pushed back to 2017. Seattle has the 8th worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and is 10th among all North American cities."}], ["Stesen radio bukan komersial termasuk gabungan NPR KUOW-FM 94.9 dan KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), serta stesen muzik klasik KING-FM 98.1. Stesen-stesen lain termasuk KEXP-FM 90.3 (bersekutu dengan UW), radio komuniti KBCS-FM 91.3 (bersekutu dengan Bellevue College), dan radio sekolah menengah KNHC-FM 89.5 yang menyiarkan format radio muzik tarian elektronik dan dimiliki oleh orang awam sistem sekolah dan dikendalikan oleh pelajar-pelajar Sekolah Tinggi Nathan Hale. Banyak stesen radio Seattle juga boleh didapati melalui radio Internet, dengan KEXP khususnya menjadi perintis radio Internet. Seattle juga mempunyai banyak stesen radio komersial. Dalam laporan Mac 2012 oleh firma penyelidikan pengguna Arbitron, stesen FM teratas adalah KRWM (format kontemporari dewasa), KIRO-FM (berita / ceramah), dan KISW (rock aktif) manakala stesen AM tertinggi adalah KOMO (AM) semua berita), KJR (AM) (semua sukan), KIRO (AM) (semua sukan). <> Apakah jenis stesen radio yang terdapat di Seattle? || Bukan komersial <> Apakah stesen radio KUOW dan KPLU? || Gabungan NPR <> Dengan kemudahan pendidikan mana yang sesuai dengan KEXP-FM? || UW <> Stesen radio apa yang dikendalikan oleh sistem sekolah awam? || KNHC-FM 89.5 <> Di mana KEXP mempelopori di Radio? || Radio internet", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?", "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a8fe", "answers": [{"text": "Non-commercial", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?", "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a8ff", "answers": [{"text": "NPR affiliates", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?", "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a900", "answers": [{"text": "UW", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What radio station is operated by the public school system?", "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a901", "answers": [{"text": "KNHC-FM 89.5", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?", "id": "571a2dfb4faf5e1900b8a902", "answers": [{"text": "Internet radio", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio. Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (AM) (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports)."}], ["Bandar ini telah beralih dari kereta dan ke arah transit massa. Dari tahun 2004 hingga 2009, jumlah perjalanan pengangkutan awam yang tidak terjejas meningkat sebanyak 21%. Pada tahun 2006, pengundi di King County meluluskan cadangan 2 (Transit Now) yang meningkatkan jam perkhidmatan bas pada laluan penumpang yang tinggi dan membayar lima buah laluan transit pantas yang dipanggil RapidRide. Selepas menolak langkah-langkah jalan raya dan transit pada tahun 2007, pengundi kawasan Seattle meluluskan satu langkah transit pada tahun 2008 untuk meningkatkan perkhidmatan bas ST Express, melanjutkan sistem Rail Link Light, dan memperluas dan meningkatkan perkhidmatan keretapi komuter yang lebih baik. Laluan kereta api ringan dari pusat bandar menuju selatan ke Lapangan Terbang Sea-Tac memulakan perkhidmatan pada 19 Disember 2009, memberikan bandar transit pesat pertama dengan stesen perantaraan dalam batas bandar. Pelanjutan utara ke Universiti Washington dijadualkan dibuka pada 2016; dan sambungan selanjutnya dirancang untuk mencapai Lynnwood di utara, Des Moines di selatan, dan Bellevue dan Redmond di timur pada 2023. Bekas Datuk Bandar Michael McGinn telah menyokong pembinaan rel ringan dari pusat bandar ke Ballard dan Seattle Barat. <> Pada apa jenis sistem pengangkutan Seattle telah mula fokus? || transit massa <> Dari apa jenis pengangkutan yang telah dipindahkan Seattle? || kereta <> Apakah ukuran yang diluluskan oleh pengundi Seattle pada tahun 2006? || RapidRide <> Berapa tahun rancangan membuat panggilan untuk menyelesaikan jalur kereta api ke Bellevue? || 2023 <> Yang bekas Datuk Bandar menyokong pengembangan jalur kereta api dari pusat bandar ke Ballard? || Michael McGinn", {"qas": [{"question": "On what type of transportation system has Seattle begun to focus?", "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f81", "answers": [{"text": "mass transit", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what kind of transportation has Seattle been moving away?", "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f82", "answers": [{"text": "automobile", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006?", "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f83", "answers": [{"text": "RapidRide", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue?", "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f84", "answers": [{"text": "2023", "answer_start": 1019}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former mayor backed the expansion of rail lines from downtown to Ballard?", "id": "571a395610f8ca1400304f85", "answers": [{"text": "Michael McGinn", "answer_start": 1038}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%. In 2006, voters in King County passed proposition 2 (Transit Now) which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide. After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link Light Rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service. A light rail line from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service on December 19, 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Des Moines to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023. Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle."}], ["Seattle adalah rumah kepada Universiti Washington, serta unit pendidikan profesional dan berterusan institusi, Universiti Outreach Pendidikan Washington. Satu kajian oleh Newsweek International pada tahun 2006 mengutip Universiti Washington sebagai universiti terbaik kedua puluh dua di dunia. Seattle juga mempunyai beberapa universiti swasta yang lebih kecil termasuk Seattle University dan Seattle Pacific University, bekas institusi Katolik Jesuit, Methodist Free Free; universiti yang bertujuan untuk orang dewasa yang bekerja seperti Universiti Bandaraya dan Universiti Antioch; kolej dalam sistem Seattle Colleges District, yang terdiri daripada Utara, Tengah, dan Selatan; seminari, termasuk Seminari Barat dan beberapa kolej seni, seperti Kolej Seni Cornish, Pratt Fine Arts Centre, dan The Art Institute of Seattle. Pada tahun 2001, majalah Time telah memilih Kolej Komuniti Seattle Central sebagai kolej komuniti tahun ini, yang menyatakan bahawa sekolah itu \"menolak pelajar yang pelbagai untuk bekerjasama dalam pasukan kecil\". <> Apa institusi pendidikan di rumah di Seattle? || University of Washington <> Apakah tujuan Universiti Washington Outreach? || pendidikan berterusan <> Dalam tahun apakah majalah Time memilih Kolej Komuniti Seattle Central sebagai kolej komuniti tahun ini? || 2001 <> Selain universiti awam, apakah jenis institusi lain yang menyediakan pendidikan di Seattle? || universiti swasta <> Di manakah pelajar boleh belajar seni di Seattle? || kolej seni", {"qas": [{"question": "What educational institution is at home in Seattle?", "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f6d", "answers": [{"text": "University of Washington", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach?", "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f6e", "answers": [{"text": "continuing education", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year?", "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f6f", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beside the public universities, what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle?", "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f70", "answers": [{"text": "private universities", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can a student find to study art in Seattle?", "id": "571a375c10f8ca1400304f71", "answers": [{"text": "arts colleges", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seattle is home to the University of Washington, as well as the institution's professional and continuing education unit, the University of Washington Educational Outreach. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited the University of Washington as the twenty-second best university in the world. Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter Free Methodist; universities aimed at the working adult, like City University and Antioch University; colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system, comprising North, Central, and South; seminaries, including Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center, and The Art Institute of Seattle. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, stating the school \"pushes diverse students to work together in small teams\"."}]], [["Bayi tidak mempunyai keupayaan bahasa untuk melaporkan kenangan mereka dan laporan lisan tidak boleh digunakan untuk menilai memori anak-anak yang sangat muda. Walau bagaimanapun, sepanjang tahun, penyelidik telah menyesuaikan dan membangunkan beberapa langkah untuk menilai memori pengiktirafan kedua-dua bayi dan memori ingatan mereka. Teknik habituation dan operant operant telah digunakan untuk menilai ingatan pengiktirafan bayi dan teknik tiruan yang ditunda dan ditimbulkan telah digunakan untuk menilai ingatan memori balik bayi. <> Mengapa kenangan bayi dan kanak-kanak muda perlu dibezakan dengan berbeza? || tidak mempunyai kemampuan bahasa untuk melaporkan kenangan mereka <> Bolehkah penyelidik mempelajari bayi atau kenangan anak muda? || , para penyelidik telah menyesuaikan dan membangunkan beberapa langkah untuk menilai memori pengiktirafan kedua-dua bayi dan memori ingatan mereka. <> Bagaimana seorang penyelidik dapat mempelajari ingatan kanak-kanak? || teknik peniru elicited <> Mengapa laporan lisan boleh digunakan untuk menilai memori anak-anak yang sangat muda? || <> Teknik apa yang tidak digunakan untuk menilai memori pengiktirafan bayi? || <> Apa yang penyelidik menyesuaikan dan membangun dengan segera? || <> Bagaimana seorang kanak-kanak boleh belajar ingatan penyelidik? || <> Bolehkah para penyelidik mempelajari anak-anak atau kemahiran motor anak-anak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?", "id": "571a39aa4faf5e1900b8a92e", "answers": [{"text": "do not have the language ability to report on their memories", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?", "id": "571a39aa4faf5e1900b8a92f", "answers": [{"text": ", researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory.", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a researcher study a childs memory?", "id": "571a39aa4faf5e1900b8a930", "answers": [{"text": "elicited imitation techniques", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why can verbal report be used to assess very young children's memory?", "id": "5a8cdd6afd22b3001a8d8f60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Habituation and operant conditioning", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What techniques have not been used to assess infants\u2019 recognition memory?", "id": "5a8cdd6afd22b3001a8d8f61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What did researchers adapt and develop immediately?", "id": "5a8cdd6afd22b3001a8d8f62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "elicited imitation techniques", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "How can a child study a researcher's memory?", "id": "5a8cdd6afd22b3001a8d8f63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Can researchers study an infants or young childs motor skills?", "id": "5a8cdd6afd22b3001a8d8f64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children\u2019s memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory. Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants\u2019 recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants\u2019 recall memory."}], ["Satu lagi cara utama untuk membezakan fungsi memori yang berbeza adalah sama ada kandungan yang perlu diingati pada masa lalu, ingatan retrospektif, atau pada masa depan, ingatan prospektif. Oleh itu, memori retrospektif sebagai kategori termasuk ingatan semantik, episod dan autobiografi. Sebaliknya, memori prospektif adalah ingatan untuk niat masa depan, atau mengingat untuk diingati (Winograd, 1988). Memori prospek boleh dibahagikan lagi ke dalam prospek masa dan berasaskan masa. Kenangan prospektif berasaskan masa dipicu oleh masa, seperti pergi ke doktor (aksi) pada jam 4 petang (kiu). Kenangan prospek berasaskan peristiwa adalah niat yang dicetuskan oleh isyarat, seperti mengingatkan untuk menghantar surat (aksi) setelah melihat peti mel (isyarat). Petunjuk tidak perlu dikaitkan dengan tindakan tersebut (seperti contoh kotak peti surat / surat), dan senarai, nota melekit, sapu tangan terpasang, atau rentetan di sekitar jari semua isyarat contoh yang digunakan oleh orang sebagai strategi untuk meningkatkan ingatan prospektif. <> Apakah beberapa catgori ingatan retrospektif? || memori semantik, episodik dan autobiografi <> Jika ingatan dicetuskan oleh satu masa, ingatan jenis ini? || Kenangan masa depan kenangan <> Apa yang seseorang boleh gunakan untuk mengingati sesuatu? || Petunjuk <> Jika Bob menyadari dia perlu mengirim surat kepada ibunya setelah melihat kantor pos, kenangan apa yang dia panggil? || Kenangan prospek berasaskan peristiwa <> Apakah beberapa catgori kenangan masing-masing? || <> Jika memori dicetuskan oleh satu masa, ingatan jenis ini bukan? || <> Apa yang seseorang boleh gunakan untuk melupakan sesuatu? || <> Apa yang telah diakhiri oleh Winograd pada tahun 1989? || <> Apakah cara untuk membezakan fungsi ingatan yang berbeza? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are some catgories of retrospective memory?", "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8b", "answers": [{"text": "semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?", "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8c", "answers": [{"text": "Time-based prospective memories", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is something somebody can use to remember something?", "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8d", "answers": [{"text": "Cues", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?", "id": "571a438c10f8ca1400304f8e", "answers": [{"text": "Event-based prospective memories", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What are some catgories of respective memory?", "id": "5a8cdbcafd22b3001a8d8f56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Time-based prospective memories", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this not?", "id": "5a8cdbcafd22b3001a8d8f57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cues", "answer_start": 737}], "question": "What is something somebody can use to forget something?", "id": "5a8cdbcafd22b3001a8d8f58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What did Winograd conclude in 1989?", "id": "5a8cdbcafd22b3001a8d8f59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions?", "id": "5a8cdbcafd22b3001a8d8f5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory."}], ["Walaupun memori jangka pendek menyandi maklumat secara akustik, memori jangka panjang menyusunnya secara semantik: Baddeley (1966) mendapati bahawa, selepas 20 minit, subjek ujian mempunyai kesukaran mengingati koleksi perkataan yang mempunyai makna yang sama (contohnya besar, besar, besar , besar) jangka panjang. Satu lagi bahagian memori jangka panjang adalah ingatan episod, \"yang cuba menangkap maklumat seperti 'apa', 'kapan' dan 'di mana'\". Dengan ingatan episod, individu dapat mengingati peristiwa khusus seperti pesta ulang tahun dan majlis perkahwinan. <> Bagaimana cara mengindeks maklumat jangka pendek? || secara akustik <> Bagaimana jangka masa memori mengodkan maklumat? || secara semantik <> Apakah memori episodik? || \"yang cuba menangkap maklumat seperti 'apa', 'kapan' dan 'di mana' <> Jika seseorang di mana untuk mengenang perkahwinan mereka telah pergi setahun yang lalu, jenis memori yang akan digunakan? || memori episodik, < > Apa yang telah dilakukan oleh subjek ujian Baddeleys?> | Mengingatkan koleksi kata-kata yang mempunyai makna yang sama <> Tahun apa Baddeley menemui ingatan episodik? || <> Apakah Baddeley mengalami kesulitan mengingatkan? bahagian memori jangka pendek yang dikenali sebagai episodic? || <> Memori jangka pendek yang cuba menangkap maklumat seperti 'what', 'when' dan 'mana' adalah episodic apa? || <> memori jangka pendek membolehkan orang mengingati peristiwa tertentu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How does short term memory encode information?", "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f77", "answers": [{"text": "acoustically", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does long term memory encode information?", "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f78", "answers": [{"text": "semantically", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is episodic memory?", "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f79", "answers": [{"text": "\"which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?", "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f7a", "answers": [{"text": "episodic memory,", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?", "id": "571a38ca10f8ca1400304f7b", "answers": [{"text": "recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What year did Baddeley discover episodic memory?", "id": "5a8cd168fd22b3001a8d8ede", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a collection of words that had similar meanings", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What did Baddeley have difficulty recalling?", "id": "5a8cd168fd22b3001a8d8edf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What is the defiition of the part of short-term memory known as episodic?", "id": "5a8cd168fd22b3001a8d8ee0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "memory", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "The short-term memory which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where' is episodic what?", "id": "5a8cd168fd22b3001a8d8ee1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "episodic memory", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What type of short-term memory allows people to recall specific events?", "id": "5a8cd168fd22b3001a8d8ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, \"which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'\". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings."}], ["Model ini juga menunjukkan semua kedai memori sebagai unit tunggal manakala penyelidikan ke dalam ini menunjukkan berbeza. Sebagai contoh, memori jangka pendek boleh dipecah kepada unit yang berbeza seperti maklumat visual dan maklumat akustik. Dalam kajian oleh Zlonoga dan Gerber (1986), pesakit 'KF' menunjukkan penyimpangan tertentu dari model Atkinson-Shiffrin. Pesakit KF adalah otak yang rosak, memaparkan kesukaran mengenai ingatan jangka pendek. Pengiktirafan bunyi seperti nombor lisan, huruf, perkataan dan bunyi yang boleh dikenal pasti (seperti loceng dan kucing meowing) semuanya terpengaruh. Menariknya, ingatan jangka pendek visual tidak terjejas, mencadangkan dikotomi antara memori visual dan cakera. <> Apakah beberapa contoh unit yang memori jangka pendek boleh dikategorikan kepada? || maklumat visual dan maklumat akustik <> Siapa yang membuat kajian pada tahun 1986 mencadangkan peserta yang dikenali sebagai KF? || Zlonoga dan Gerber <> Apa yang KF membantah semasa kajian ini? || Model Atkinson-Shiffrin. <> Apa yang KF bermasalah lakukan? || kesukaran mengenai ingatan jangka pendek. <> Apa kajian ini seolah-olah menyimpulkan? || dikotomi antara memori visual dan cakera. <> Apa yang berlaku dalam kajian 1985 dari Zlonoga dan Gerber? || <> Ujian pesakit mana yang mana sesetengah penyimpangan dari model Zlonoga-Gerber? || <> Berapa tahunkah Atkinson dan Shiffrin melepaskan pengajian mereka? || <> Apa yang dicadangkan apabila ingatan jangka panjang visual tidak terjejas? || <> Apa yang rosak di KF menyebabkan kesukaran untuk ingatan jangka panjang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?", "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f33", "answers": [{"text": "visual information and acoustic information", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?", "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f34", "answers": [{"text": "Zlonoga and Gerber", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did KF disprove during this study?", "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f35", "answers": [{"text": "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin model.", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did KF have trouble doing?", "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f36", "answers": [{"text": "difficulties regarding short-term memory.", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did this study seem to conclude?", "id": "571a2b6310f8ca1400304f37", "answers": [{"text": "a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin model", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What happened in a 1985 study from Zlonoga and Gerber?", "id": "5a8cd41afd22b3001a8d8f06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patient 'KF'", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Which patient demonstration certain deviations from the Zlonoga-Gerber model?", "id": "5a8cd41afd22b3001a8d8f07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What year did Atkinson and Shiffrin release their study?", "id": "5a8cd41afd22b3001a8d8f08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a dichotomy between visual and audial memory", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "What was suggested when visual long-term memory was unaffected?", "id": "5a8cd41afd22b3001a8d8f09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brain damaged", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "What was damaged in KF causing difficulties to long-term memory?", "id": "5a8cd41afd22b3001a8d8f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin model. Patient KF was brain damaged, displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory. Recognition of sounds such as spoken numbers, letters, words and easily identifiable noises (such as doorbells and cats meowing) were all impacted. Interestingly, visual short-term memory was unaffected, suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory."}], ["Ingatan jangka pendek dipercayai bergantung pada kod akustik untuk menyimpan maklumat, dan sedikit lagi kod visual. Conrad (1964) mendapati subjek ujian mempunyai kesukaran mengingati koleksi surat yang sama akustik (mis. E, P, D). Kekeliruan dengan mengingatkan semula huruf yang sama dengan akustik dan bukannya huruf yang serupa menunjukkan bahawa huruf-huruf itu dikodkan secara akustik. Kajian Conrad (1964) bagaimanapun, berkaitan dengan pengekodan teks bertulis; Oleh itu, sementara ingatan bahasa bertulis boleh bergantung pada komponen akustik, generalisasi untuk semua bentuk ingatan tidak dapat dibuat. <> Apakah memori jangka pendek bergantung kepada? || kod akustik untuk menyimpan maklumat, dan sedikit lagi kod visual. <> Apa yang didapati oleh conrad mengenai subjek ujian? || subjek mempunyai kesukaran mengingatkan semula koleksi surat-surat yang sama akustik <> Apa penemuan Conrads seolah-olah bermakna? || . Kekeliruan dengan mengingatkan semula huruf yang sama dengan akustik dan bukannya huruf yang serupa menunjukkan bahawa huruf-huruf itu dikodkan secara akustik. <> Apakah Conrads berurusan dengan? || pengekodan teks bertulis; <> Apakah memori jangka panjang bergantung? || <> Apa yang tidak diketahui Conrad mengenai subjek ujian? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekeliruan mengingatkan akustik yang berbeza? || <> Kajian berkaitan siapa dengan penyahkodan teks bertulis? || <> Apa yang dicari oleh Conrad 1963? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does short-term memory depend on?", "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d0", "answers": [{"text": "an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code.", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did conrad find about test subjects?", "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d1", "answers": [{"text": "subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Conrads finding seem to mean?", "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d2", "answers": [{"text": ". Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically.", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Conrads deal with?", "id": "571a280c4faf5e1900b8a8d3", "answers": [{"text": "encoding of written text;", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What does long-term memory depend on?", "id": "5a8ccf41fd22b3001a8d8eca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What didn't Conrad find out about test subjects?", "id": "5a8ccf41fd22b3001a8d8ecb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that the letters were encoded acoustically", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "What did confusion recalling acoustically different letters imply?", "id": "5a8ccf41fd22b3001a8d8ecc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conrad", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "Whose study deals with decoding written texts?", "id": "5a8ccf41fd22b3001a8d8ecd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What did Conrad's 1963 sudy find?", "id": "5a8ccf41fd22b3001a8d8ece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar (e.g. E, P, D). Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. Conrad's (1964) study, however, deals with the encoding of written text; thus, while memory of written language may rely on acoustic components, generalisations to all forms of memory cannot be made."}], ["Penyimpanan dalam ingatan deria dan memori jangka pendek umumnya mempunyai keupayaan dan tempoh yang ketat, yang bermaksud bahawa maklumat tidak dikekalkan selama-lamanya. Sebaliknya, ingatan jangka panjang dapat menyimpan jumlah maklumat yang lebih besar untuk jangka waktu yang tidak terbatas (kadang-kadang sepanjang hayat). Kapasitinya tidak dapat diukur. Sebagai contoh, diberi nombor tujuh angka rawak yang mungkin kita ingini hanya beberapa saat sebelum dilupakan, mencadangkan ia disimpan dalam ingatan jangka pendek kami. Sebaliknya, kita dapat mengingat nombor telefon selama bertahun-tahun melalui pengulangan; maklumat ini dikatakan disimpan dalam ingatan jangka panjang. <> Mengapa kenangan tidak dapat dipegang selamanya? || Penyimpanan dalam ingatan deria dan memori jangka pendek biasanya mempunyai keupayaan yang ketat dan tempoh <> Jika memori yang disimpan dengan kenangan jangka panjang, berapa lama anda boleh mengenangnya? || kadang-kadang sepanjang hayat) <> Apakah kapasiti ingatan jangka panjang? || Kapasiti tidak dapat diukur <> Jika anda tahu nombor telefon seminggu yang lalu, tetapi sudah terlupa sekarang, di manakah memori ini disimpan? || dalam memori jangka pendek <> Dengan menyimpan maklumat yang lebih kecil, ingatan jangka panjang mempunyai tempoh jangka panjang ini? || <> Memori jangka pendek boleh mengingati nombor telefon selama bertahun-tahun walaupun apa? || <> Pengulangan membolehkan memori jangka pendek untuk mengingati apa? || <> Berapa tahunkah memori jangka pendek boleh disimpan? || <> Memori jangka pendek mempunyai apa yang boleh dibayangkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why can't some memories be held onto forever?", "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f19", "answers": [{"text": "The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?", "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f1a", "answers": [{"text": "sometimes a whole life span)", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the capacity of long term memory?", "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f1b", "answers": [{"text": "capacity is immeasurable", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?", "id": "571a2a2510f8ca1400304f1c", "answers": [{"text": "in our short-term memory", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unlimited", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "By storing smaller quantities of info, long-term memory has this length of duration?", "id": "5a8cd06bfd22b3001a8d8ed4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "repetition", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "Short term memory can remember telephone numbers for many years though what?", "id": "5a8cd06bfd22b3001a8d8ed5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "telephone numbers", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "Repetition allows short-term memory to remember what?", "id": "5a8cd06bfd22b3001a8d8ed6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "many years", "answer_start": 557}], "question": "How many years can short-term memory be stored?", "id": "5a8cd06bfd22b3001a8d8ed7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "capacity", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "Short-term memory has immeasurable what?", "id": "5a8cd06bfd22b3001a8d8ed8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory."}], ["Dalam psikologi, memori adalah proses di mana maklumat dikodkan, disimpan, dan diambil. Pengekodan membolehkan maklumat dari dunia luar dapat dirasakan dalam bentuk rangsangan kimia dan fizikal. Pada peringkat pertama, maklumat harus diubah agar dapat dimasukkan ke dalam proses pengkodan. Penyimpanan adalah peringkat atau proses memori kedua. Ini memerlukan maklumat yang dikekalkan dalam tempoh masa yang singkat. Akhirnya proses ketiga adalah pengambilan semula maklumat yang telah disimpan. Maklumat sedemikian mesti ditempatkan dan dikembalikan kepada kesedaran. Beberapa percubaan pengambilan mungkin mudah kerana jenis maklumat, dan percubaan lain untuk mengingati maklumat yang tersimpan mungkin lebih menuntut untuk pelbagai sebab. <> Yang ketiga proses yang mengiktiraf fikologi sebagai ingatan? || proses di mana maklumat dikodkan, disimpan, dan diambil. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada maklumat semasa proses pengekodan? || g membolehkan maklumat dari dunia luar dapat dirasakan dalam bentuk rangsangan kimia dan fizikal. <> Apakah tahap memori kedua? || Penyimpanan <> Apakah proses ketiga yang berlaku semasa proses ingatan? || pengambilan semula maklumat yang telah disimpan <> Mengapa mungkin beberapa proses pengambilan memori gagal? || jenis maklumat, dan percubaan lain untuk mengingati maklumat yang disimpan mungkin lebih menuntut untuk pelbagai sebab. <> Empat proses mana yang dikenali sebagai fikologi sebagai ingatan? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada maklumat semasa proses penyahkodan? || <> Apakah tahap ingatan keempat? || <> Apakah proses ketiga yang berlaku semasa proses psikologi? || <> Mengapa mungkin beberapa proses pengambilan memori berjaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?", "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f05", "answers": [{"text": "process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to information during the encoding process?", "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f06", "answers": [{"text": "g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli.", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second memory stage?", "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f07", "answers": [{"text": "Storage", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the third process that happens during the memory process?", "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f08", "answers": [{"text": "retrieval of information that has been stored", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?", "id": "571a275210f8ca1400304f09", "answers": [{"text": "the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Which four processes does phychology recognize as memory?", "id": "5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What happens to information during the decoding process?", "id": "5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retrieval of information that has been stored", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What is the fourth memory stage?", "id": "5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retrieval of information that has been stored.", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What is the third process that happens during the psychology process?", "id": "5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons", "answer_start": 619}], "question": "Why may some memory retrieval processes succeed?", "id": "5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons."}], ["Memori jangka pendek disokong oleh corak komunikasi neuron sementara, bergantung kepada kawasan lobus frontal (terutama korteks prefrontal dorsolateral) dan lobus parietal. Memori jangka panjang, di sisi lain, dikekalkan oleh perubahan yang lebih stabil dan kekal dalam sambungan saraf yang tersebar luas di seluruh otak. The hippocampus adalah penting (untuk belajar maklumat baru) untuk menyatukan maklumat dari jangka pendek hingga ingatan jangka panjang, walaupun sepertinya tidak menyimpan maklumat itu sendiri. Tanpa hippocampus, kenangan baru tidak dapat disimpan dalam ingatan jangka panjang, seperti yang dipelajari dari pesakit Henry Molaison selepas penghapusan kedua hippocampinya, dan akan ada rentang perhatian yang sangat singkat. Tambahan pula, ia mungkin terlibat dalam menukar sambungan saraf untuk tempoh tiga bulan atau lebih selepas pembelajaran awal. <> Bahagian otak yang mana ingatan jangka pendek kelihatan bergantung? || lobus frontal (terutama korteks prefrontal dorsolateral) dan lobus parietal <> Bahagian otak yang mana ingatan jangka panjang bergantung? || hippocampus <> Berapa banyak maklumat boleh menyimpan hippocampus? || tidak <> Jika hippocampus tidak menyimpan maklumat apa yang dilakukannya? || mungkin terlibat dalam menukar sambungan saraf untuk tempoh tiga bulan atau lebih selepas pembelajaran awal. <> Jenis corak apakah memori jangka panjang disokong oleh? || <> Apakah dua bahagian lobus otak memantau memori jangka panjang? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan kedua-dua cupingnya? || <> Apa yang telah dikeluarkan dari Molaison untuk meningkatkan rentang perhatiannya? || <> Apa bahagian otak tidak penting untuk mempelajari maklumat baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?", "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f6", "answers": [{"text": "frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?", "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f7", "answers": [{"text": "hippocampus", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much information can the hippocampus store?", "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f8", "answers": [{"text": "does not", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?", "id": "571a2c554faf5e1900b8a8f9", "answers": [{"text": "may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "transient", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What type of patterns is long-term memory supported by?", "id": "5a8cd294fd22b3001a8d8ef2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What two brain lobe regions does long-term memory depend on?", "id": "5a8cd294fd22b3001a8d8ef3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry Molaison", "answer_start": 631}], "question": "Who had the removal of both of his lobes?", "id": "5a8cd294fd22b3001a8d8ef4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "both his hippocampi", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "What was removed from Molaison to  improve his attention span?", "id": "5a8cd294fd22b3001a8d8ef5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hippocampus", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What part of the brain is not essential for learning new information?", "id": "5a8cd294fd22b3001a8d8ef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, as learned from patient Henry Molaison after removal of both his hippocampi, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning."}], ["Memori sensori memegang maklumat deria kurang dari satu saat selepas item dirasakan. Keupayaan untuk melihat sesuatu item dan mengingati apa yang kelihatan seperti hanya dengan sekejap pemerhatian, atau hafalan, adalah contoh ingatan deria. Ia keluar dari kawalan kognitif dan merupakan tindak balas automatik. Dengan persembahan yang sangat singkat, peserta sering melaporkan bahawa mereka kelihatan \"melihat\" lebih daripada yang sebenarnya boleh dilaporkan. Eksperimen pertama yang meneroka bentuk memori deria ini dilakukan oleh George Sperling (1963) menggunakan \"paradigma laporan separa\". Subjek disampaikan dengan grid 12 huruf, disusun menjadi tiga baris empat. Selepas persembahan ringkas, subjek kemudian dimainkan sama ada nada yang tinggi, sederhana atau rendah, menghitung mana yang akan dilaporkan. Berdasarkan eksperimen laporan separa ini, Sperling dapat menunjukkan bahawa kapasiti ingatan deria adalah kira-kira 12 item, tetapi ia tergelincir sangat cepat (dalam beberapa ratus milisaat). Kerana bentuk memori ini merosot dengan cepat, peserta akan melihat paparan tetapi tidak dapat melaporkan semua item (12 dalam \"laporan keseluruhan\" prosedur) sebelum mereka rosak. Jenis ingatan ini tidak boleh dipanjangkan melalui latihan. <> Berapa lama memori ingatan untuk menyimpan maklumat? || kurang dari satu saat <> Bolehkah kita mengawal apa yang disimpan dalam ingatan deria kita? || Ia keluar dari kawalan kognitif <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian pertama mengenai meneroka idea baru ingatan deria? || George Sperling <> Apa penemuan Ejaan? || bentuk memori ini merosot dengan cepat, para peserta akan melihat paparan tetapi tidak dapat melaporkan semua item <> Berapa lamakah persembahan menyimpan ingatan sensor? || <> Bolehkah kita mengawal apa yang disimpan dalam memori percubaan kami? || <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian pertama mengenai meneroka idea baru tentang deria deria? || <> Apakah eksperimen yang dilakukan George Serling pada tahun 1953? || <> Apa penemuan Ejaan terbukti palsu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long does sensory  memory to to store information?", "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91c", "answers": [{"text": "less than one second", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?", "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91d", "answers": [{"text": "It is out of cognitive control", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?", "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91e", "answers": [{"text": "George Sperling", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Spellings' findings reveal?", "id": "571a354b4faf5e1900b8a91f", "answers": [{"text": "this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items", "answer_start": 987}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less than one second", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "How long does sensory memory store presentations?", "id": "5a8ccd15fd22b3001a8d8eac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "It is out of cognitive control", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Can we control what is stored in our experimental memory?", "id": "5a8ccd15fd22b3001a8d8ead", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George Sperling", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory registers?", "id": "5a8ccd15fd22b3001a8d8eae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sensory memory", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What experiments did George Serling conduct in 1953?", "id": "5a8ccd15fd22b3001a8d8eaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items", "answer_start": 987}], "question": "What did Spellings' findings prove to be false?", "id": "5a8ccd15fd22b3001a8d8eb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to \"see\" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling (1963) using the \"partial report paradigm\". Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments,Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the \"whole report\" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal."}], ["Memori jangka pendek juga dikenali sebagai memori kerja. Memori jangka pendek membolehkan mengingatkan untuk tempoh beberapa saat hingga satu minit tanpa latihan. Kapasitinya juga sangat terhad: George A. Miller (1956), ketika bekerja di Laboratorium Bell, melakukan eksperimen yang menunjukkan bahwa memori memori jangka pendek adalah 7 \u00b1 2 item (judul karyanya yang terkenal, \"The magical number 7 \u00b1 2 \"). Anggaran moden kapasiti memori jangka pendek lebih rendah, biasanya dari urutan 4-5 item; Walau bagaimanapun, keupayaan ingatan dapat ditingkatkan melalui proses yang disebut chunking. Sebagai contoh, apabila mengimbas kembali nombor telefon sepuluh angka, seseorang boleh memotong digit ke dalam tiga kumpulan: pertama, kod kawasan (seperti 123), kemudian tiga angka (456) dan terakhir sekali sekeping empat angka ( 7890). Kaedah mengingat nombor telefon adalah jauh lebih berkesan daripada cuba mengingat rentetan 10 digit; ini kerana kita dapat memotong maklumat itu ke dalam kumpulan nombor yang bermakna. Ini dapat dilihat di sesetengah negara dalam kecenderungan untuk memaparkan nombor telefon sebagai beberapa potongan dua hingga empat nombor. <> Apakah nama lain untuk ingatan jangka pendek? || ingatan kerja. <> Apa sebenarnya memori jangka pendek yang membolehkan seseorang melakukan? || ingat untuk tempoh beberapa saat hingga satu minit tanpa latihan <> Berapa banyak maklumat yang boleh disimpan dan ingat dalam memori jangka pendek? || kapasiti juga sangat terhad <> Bagaimana seseorang boleh meningkatkan kapasiti memori mereka? || berpecah. <> Mengapa sesetengah negara memaparkan nombor dalam dua hingga empat nombor? || kerana kami dapat memotong maklumat ke dalam kumpulan yang bermakna nombor <> Apakah nama lain untuk ingatan yang panjang? || <> Apa sebenarnya memori memecah membolehkan seseorang membuatnya? || <> Berapa banyak maklumat yang boleh disimpan dan ingat dalam memori jangka panjang? || <> Tahun berapa George A. Miller bekerja di AT & T? || <> Berapa banyak kumpulan yang boleh seseorang memotong nombor telefon 7 angka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for short-term memory?", "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f0f", "answers": [{"text": "working memory.", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?", "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f10", "answers": [{"text": "recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?", "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f11", "answers": [{"text": "capacity is also very limited", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can one higher their memory capacity?", "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f12", "answers": [{"text": "chunking.", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?", "id": "571a28fc10f8ca1400304f13", "answers": [{"text": "because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers", "answer_start": 897}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "working memory", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is another name for extended memory?", "id": "5a8cce69fd22b3001a8d8ec0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What exactly does chunking memory allow a person to do?", "id": "5a8cce69fd22b3001a8d8ec1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George A. Miller", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "How much information can one store and recall in long-term memory?", "id": "5a8cce69fd22b3001a8d8ec2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What year did George A. Miller work at AT&T?", "id": "5a8cce69fd22b3001a8d8ec3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three groups", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "How many groups could a person chunk a 7 digit telephone number?", "id": "5a8cce69fd22b3001a8d8ec4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7\u00b12 items (the title of his famous paper, \"The magical number 7\u00b12\"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4\u20135 items; however, memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers."}], ["Gangguan boleh menghalang hafalan dan mendapatkan semula. Terdapat gangguan retroaktif, apabila mempelajari maklumat baru menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk mengimbas kembali maklumat lama dan gangguan proaktif, di mana pembelajaran terdahulu mengganggu penambahan maklumat baru. Walaupun gangguan boleh menyebabkan melupakan, adalah penting untuk diingat bahawa terdapat situasi apabila maklumat lama dapat memudahkan pembelajaran maklumat baru. Mengetahui bahasa Latin, misalnya, boleh membantu individu belajar bahasa yang berkaitan seperti Perancis - fenomena ini dikenali sebagai pemindahan positif. <> Masalah apa yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan? || boleh menghalang hafalan dan pengambilan <> Apakah gangguan retroaktif? || ketika mempelajari maklumat baru menjadikannya lebih sulit untuk mengingat kembali informasi lama <> Apa gangguan proaktif? || di mana pembelajaran terdahulu mengganggu penambahan maklumat baru <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan yang dapat belajar sesuatu yang lebih pantas kerana keupayaan yang lebih tua? || pemindahan positif. <> Apa faedahnya ada gangguan? || <> Apakah gangguan aktif? || <> Apakah gangguan proaktif? || <> Apakah fenomena ketika belajar bahasa Latin menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk belajar bahasa Perancis? || <> Apa yang mengganggu pengambilan maklumat lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What trouble can interference cause?", "id": "571a719210f8ca140030503f", "answers": [{"text": "can hamper memorization and retrieval", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is retroactive interference?", "id": "571a719310f8ca1400305040", "answers": [{"text": "when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is proactive interference?", "id": "571a719310f8ca1400305041", "answers": [{"text": "where prior learning disrupts recall of new information", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?", "id": "571a719310f8ca1400305042", "answers": [{"text": "positive transfer.", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "can hamper memorization and retrieval", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What benefits does interference have?", "id": "5a8ce832fd22b3001a8d8ff6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What is active interference?", "id": "5a8ce832fd22b3001a8d8ff7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "where prior learning disrupts recall of new information", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What is proactive disruption?", "id": "5a8ce832fd22b3001a8d8ff8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "positive transfer", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "What is the phenomenon when learning Latin makes it harder to learn French?", "id": "5a8ce832fd22b3001a8d8ff9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prior learning", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What disrupts recall of old information?", "id": "5a8ce832fd22b3001a8d8ffa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in mind that there are situations when old information can facilitate learning of new information. Knowing Latin, for instance, can help an individual learn a related language such as French \u2013 this phenomenon is known as positive transfer."}], ["Model ingatan kerja menjelaskan banyak pemerhatian praktikal, seperti mengapa lebih mudah untuk melakukan dua tugas yang berbeda (satu lisan dan satu visual) daripada dua tugas yang serupa (contohnya, dua visual), dan kesan jangka panjang perkataan tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, konsep eksekutif pusat seperti yang dinyatakan di sini telah dikritik sebagai tidak mencukupi dan samar-samar. [Rujukan?] Memori kerja juga merupakan premis untuk apa yang membolehkan kita melakukan aktiviti seharian yang melibatkan pemikiran. Ia adalah bahagian ingatan di mana kita menjalankan proses pemikiran dan menggunakannya untuk belajar dan membuat alasan mengenai topik. <> Model mana yang menerangkan mengapa bob mempunyai masa yang lebih mudah membaca buku, dan kemudian membincangkannya daripada membaca dua buku? || model memori yang berfungsi <> Konsep mana yang dikritik kerana tidak layak dan terlalu luas? || konsep eksekutif pusat <> Bahagian memori mana yang membolehkan kita menjalani kehidupan seharian? || Memori yang bekerja <> Apakah model memori yang tidak berfungsi? || <> Apa yang telah dipuji sebagai mencukupi dan tidak jelas? || <> Apakah memori yang tidak berfungsi juga premis? || <> Bahagian memori mana yang membolehkan kita menjalani kehidupan jangka panjang? || <> Model mana yang menerangkan mengapa bob mempunyai masa yang lebih mudah menulis buku, dan kemudian membincangkannya daripada menulis dua buku? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?", "id": "571a48c110f8ca1400304fc7", "answers": [{"text": "working memory model", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?", "id": "571a48c110f8ca1400304fc8", "answers": [{"text": "concept of a central executive", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?", "id": "571a48c110f8ca1400304fc9", "answers": [{"text": "Working memory", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "many practical observations", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What does the non-working memory model explain?", "id": "5a8cd552fd22b3001a8d8f24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "central executive", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What has been praised as adequate and non-vague?", "id": "5a8cd552fd22b3001a8d8f25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What is non-working memory also the premise for?", "id": "5a8cd552fd22b3001a8d8f26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Working memory", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "Which part of memory allows us to go about our long-term lives?", "id": "5a8cd552fd22b3001a8d8f27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "working memory model", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which model explains why bob has an easier time writing a book, and then discussing it rather than writing two books?", "id": "5a8cd552fd22b3001a8d8f28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The working memory model explains many practical observations, such as why it is easier to do two different tasks (one verbal and one visual) than two similar tasks (e.g., two visual), and the aforementioned word-length effect. However, the concept of a central executive as noted here has been criticised as inadequate and vague.[citation needed] Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought. It is the section of memory where we carry out thought processes and use them to learn and reason about topics."}], ["Sebaliknya, ingatan prosedur (atau ingatan tersembunyi) tidak berasaskan kepada pemahaman yang sedar tentang maklumat, tetapi pada pembelajaran tersirat. Ia boleh dirumuskan dengan baik sebagai ingat bagaimana melakukan sesuatu. Memori prosedural terutamanya digunakan dalam pembelajaran kemahiran motor dan harus dianggap subset memori ingatan. Ia diturunkan apabila seseorang melakukan lebih baik dalam tugas yang diberikan hanya untuk pengulangan - tidak ada kenangan yang baru yang jelas telah dibentuk, tetapi seseorang itu tidak dapat mengakses aspek pengalaman sebelumnya. Memori prosedural yang terlibat dalam pembelajaran motor bergantung kepada cerebellum dan ganglia basal. <> Apa istilah lain untuk ingatan prosedural? || ingatan tersembunyi <> Jika bob teringat bagaimana untuk membakar kek selepas melihatnya di televisyen kenangan apa yang dia gunakan? || ingatan prosedur <> Apa set kemahiran yang bergantung kepada ingatan prosedur? || kemahiran motor <> Jika Bob melemparkan 15 lagi lontaran bebas daripada minggu lepas, berapa banyak kenangan yang lebih jelas yang dia dapat? || tiada kenangan baru yang jelas telah dibentuk, <> Apa istilah lain untuk deria prosedural? || <> Jika bob teringat bagaimana untuk membakar kek selepas melihatnya di televisyen apa gunanya dia gunakan? || <> Apa set kemahiran tidak bergantung pada ingatan prosedur? || <> Jenis memori apa yang tidak bergantung kepada cerebellum dan ganglia basal? || <> Apa jenis ingatan yang kedua digunakan dalam pembelajaran kemahiran motor dan harus dianggap sebagai subset dari memori implisit ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for procedural memory?", "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304fad", "answers": [{"text": "implicit memory", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?", "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304fae", "answers": [{"text": "procedural memory", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?", "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304faf", "answers": [{"text": "motor skills", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?", "id": "571a479b10f8ca1400304fb0", "answers": [{"text": "no new explicit memories have been formed,", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "implicit memory", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is another term for procedural senses?", "id": "5a8cdae5fd22b3001a8d8f4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "procedural memory", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what sense is he using?", "id": "5a8cdae5fd22b3001a8d8f4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "motor skills", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "What set of skills is not reliant on procedural memory?", "id": "5a8cdae5fd22b3001a8d8f4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Procedural memory", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What type of memory does not depend on the cerebellum and basal ganglia?", "id": "5a8cdae5fd22b3001a8d8f4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Procedural memory", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What type of memory is secondarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory", "id": "5a8cdae5fd22b3001a8d8f50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remember how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed, but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia."}], ["Satu soalan yang penting dalam neurosains kognitif adalah bagaimana maklumat dan pengalaman mental dikodkan dan diwakili di dalam otak. Para saintis telah mendapat banyak pengetahuan tentang kod neuron daripada kajian keplastikan, tetapi kebanyakan kajian sedemikian telah memberi tumpuan kepada pembelajaran mudah dalam rangkaian neuron yang mudah; adalah sangat kurang jelas tentang perubahan neuron yang terlibat dalam contoh-contoh memori yang lebih rumit, terutamanya memori deklaratif yang memerlukan penyimpanan fakta dan peristiwa (Byrne 2007). Zon-divergensi zon boleh menjadi rangkaian saraf di mana kenangan disimpan dan diambil. <> Adakah penting untuk mengetahui bagaimana maklumat dikodkan di dalam otak? || yang penting <> Adakah para penyelidik mengetahui apa-apa yang mempelajari kelenturan? || telah mendapat banyak pengetahuan <> Apakah peranan zon Penyimpangan Covergence? || mungkin rangkaian saraf di mana kenangan disimpan dan diambil. <> Apa yang paling banyak kajian mengenai kenangan berkisar? || pembelajaran mudah dalam litar neuron yang mudah; <> Adakah penyelidik mengetahui sesuatu yang mempelajari keanjalan? || <> Bukankah penting untuk mengetahui bagaimana maklumat dikodkan di dalam otak? || <> Apakah peranan lompang Covergence-divergence? || <> Apa yang tidak ada penyelidikan mengenai kenangan berputar? || <> perubahan apa yang terlibat dalam contoh yang lebih mudah ingatan ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?", "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a934", "answers": [{"text": "that is crucial", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?", "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a935", "answers": [{"text": "have gained much knowledge", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?", "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a936", "answers": [{"text": "might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has most of the research on memories revolved around?", "id": "571a458e4faf5e1900b8a937", "answers": [{"text": "simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "have gained much knowledge", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Have researchers learned anything studying elasticity?", "id": "5a8ce0a4fd22b3001a8d8f9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that is crucial", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Is it not important to know how information is coded in the brain?", "id": "5a8ce0a4fd22b3001a8d8f9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "What are the roles of Covergence-divergence voids?", "id": "5a8ce0a4fd22b3001a8d8f9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "simple learning in simple neuronal circuits", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What has none of the research on memories revolved around?", "id": "5a8ce0a4fd22b3001a8d8f9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neuronal changes", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "what changes are involved in more simple examples of memory", "id": "5a8ce0a4fd22b3001a8d8fa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007). Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved."}], ["Ahli sains saraf memperhatikan memori sebagai pengekalan, pengaktifan semula, dan pembinaan semula perwakilan dalaman yang bebas pengalaman. Istilah perwakilan dalaman menunjukkan bahawa pengertian memori tersebut mengandungi dua komponen: ekspresi memori pada tingkah laku atau tahap sedar, dan perubahan saraf fizikal yang mendasari (Dudai 2007). Komponen terakhir ini juga dipanggil engram atau kesan ingatan (Semon 1904). Sesetengah pakar neurosains dan ahli psikologi tersilap menyamakan konsep engram dan ingatan, secara umum mengamalkan kesemua kesan selepas pengalaman sebagai memori; yang lain menentang idea ini bahawa ingatan tidak wujud sehinggalah ia dinyatakan dalam tingkah laku atau pemikiran (Moscovitch 2007). <> Apa yang diketahui oleh pesakit saraf kognitif? || pengekalan, pengaktifan semula, dan pembinaan semula perwakilan dalaman yang bebas pengalaman <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa memori mempunyai dua komponen yang berbeza? || tempoh perwakilan dalaman <> Apa yang menunjukkan memori itu wujud walaupun sebelum ingatan diketahui kepada orang itu? || Moscovitch 2007 <> Apakah jejak engram? || perubahan saraf fizikal yang mendasar <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh ahli sains biasa? || <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa memori mempunyai tiga komponen yang berbeza? || <> Apa yang Dudai belajar pada tahun 1904? || <> Apa yang Semon belajar pada tahun 2007? || <> Apa yang Moscovitch belajar pada tahun 2006? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?", "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93c", "answers": [{"text": "the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What suggests that memory has two different components?", "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93d", "answers": [{"text": "term of internal representation", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?", "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93e", "answers": [{"text": "Moscovitch 2007", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an engram trace?", "id": "571a46b64faf5e1900b8a93f", "answers": [{"text": "the underpinning physical neural changes", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What do regular scientists believe memory is?", "id": "5a8ce008fd22b3001a8d8f92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "term of internal representation", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What suggests that memory has three different components?", "id": "5a8ce008fd22b3001a8d8f93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What did Dudai learn in 1904?", "id": "5a8ce008fd22b3001a8d8f94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The latter component is also called engram or memory traces", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What did Semon learn in 2007?", "id": "5a8ce008fd22b3001a8d8f95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "What did Moscovitch learn in 2006?", "id": "5a8ce008fd22b3001a8d8f96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought (Moscovitch 2007)."}], ["Salah satu kebimbangan utama orang dewasa adalah pengalaman kehilangan ingatan, terutamanya kerana ia adalah salah satu gejala penyakit Alzheimer. Walau bagaimanapun, kehilangan ingatan secara kualitatif berbeza dengan penuaan normal daripada jenis kehilangan ingatan yang berkaitan dengan diagnosis Alzheimer (Budson & Price, 2005). Penyelidikan telah mendedahkan bahawa prestasi individu pada tugas ingatan yang bergantung pada wilayah hadapan merosot dengan usia. Orang dewasa yang lebih tua cenderung memperlihatkan defisit mengenai tugas yang melibatkan mengetahui urutan temporal di mana mereka mengetahui maklumat; tugas ingatan sumber yang memerlukan mereka mengingati keadaan atau konteks tertentu di mana mereka mengetahui maklumat; dan tugas-tugas ingatan prospektif yang melibatkan mengingat untuk melakukan perbuatan pada masa depan. Orang dewasa yang lebih tua boleh menguruskan masalah mereka dengan memori yang prospektif dengan menggunakan buku temu janji, sebagai contoh. <> Apa yang paling bimbang tentang orang tua? || Kehilangan ingatan, <> Adakah orang eldery dengan alzheimer yang mempunyai masalah yang sama seperti orang yang sama yang mengalami kehilangan ingatan? || Kehilangan ingatan secara kualitatif berbeza <> Bahagian otak mana yang berkaitan dengan kehilangan ingatan yang dialami orang tua? || wilayah depan <> Ingatan manakah orang tua yang membantu dengan menggunakan buku temu janji? || ingatan prospektif <> Apakah salah satu kebimbangan utama orang dewasa yang lebih muda? || <> Apa yang bukan salah satu gejala penyakit Alzheimer? || <> Apakah keadaan Alzheimer & Harga pada tahun 2005? || <> Orang dewasa muda cenderung untuk mempamerkan? || <> Orang dewasa yang lebih tua boleh menguruskan masalah mereka dengan ingatan prospektif dengan tidak menggunakan apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do most elderly people worry about?", "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a950", "answers": [{"text": "memory loss,", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss?", "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a951", "answers": [{"text": "memory loss is qualitatively different", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers?", "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a952", "answers": [{"text": "frontal regions", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books?", "id": "571a4a4e4faf5e1900b8a953", "answers": [{"text": "prospective memory", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the experience of memory loss", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What is one of key concerns of younger adults?", "id": "5a8ce526fd22b3001a8d8fce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "memory loss", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What is not one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?", "id": "5a8ce526fd22b3001a8d8fcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "However, memory loss is qualitatively different in normal aging from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What did Alzheimer & Price state in 2005?", "id": "5a8ce526fd22b3001a8d8fd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deficits on tasks that involve knowing the temporal order in which they learned information", "answer_start": 452}], "question": "Younger adults tend to exhibit?", "id": "5a8ce526fd22b3001a8d8fd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "appointment books", "answer_start": 830}], "question": "Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by not using what?", "id": "5a8ce526fd22b3001a8d8fd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of memory loss, especially as it is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. However, memory loss is qualitatively different in normal aging from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's (Budson & Price, 2005). Research has revealed that individuals\u2019 performance on memory tasks that rely on frontal regions declines with age. Older adults tend to exhibit deficits on tasks that involve knowing the temporal order in which they learned information; source memory tasks that require them to remember the specific circumstances or context in which they learned information; and prospective memory tasks that involve remembering to perform an act at a future time. Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by using appointment books, for example."}], ["Ingatan deklaratif boleh dibahagikan lagi menjadi ingatan semantik, mengenai prinsip dan fakta yang diambil dari konteks; dan ingatan episodik, mengenai maklumat khusus kepada konteks tertentu, seperti masa dan tempat. Memori semantik membolehkan pengekodan pengetahuan abstrak tentang dunia, seperti \"Paris adalah ibukota Perancis\". Ingatan episodik, sebaliknya, digunakan untuk kenangan yang lebih peribadi, seperti sensasi, emosi, dan persatuan peribadi tempat atau waktu tertentu. Kenangan episodik sering mencerminkan \"permulaan\" dalam kehidupan seperti ciuman pertama, hari pertama sekolah atau kali pertama memenangi kejohanan. Ini adalah peristiwa penting dalam kehidupan seseorang yang dapat diingat dengan jelas. Memori otobiografi - ingatan untuk peristiwa tertentu dalam kehidupan sendiri - biasanya dilihat sebagai sama dengan, atau subset, ingatan episod. Memori visual merupakan sebahagian daripada memori memelihara beberapa ciri indera kita yang berkaitan dengan pengalaman visual. Satu dapat menempatkan dalam maklumat memori yang menyerupai benda, tempat, haiwan atau orang dalam bentuk imej mental. Memori visual dapat menghasilkan penyebuan dan diandaikan beberapa jenis sistem perwakilan persepsi mendasari fenomena ini. [Rujukan?] <> Apabila mengingati hari pertama sekolah atau tarian pertama, kenangan yang anda gunakan? || Kenangan episodik <> Apabila suka mengingat memori anda, jenis ingatan yang anda gunakan? || Memori autobiografi <> Jenis memori yang membolehkan kita mengingati pengetahuan dunia? || Memori Semantik <> Jenis memori yang digunakan ketika mengingati sesuatu yang telah kita lihat? || Memori visual <> Apabila mengingati hari pertama sekolah atau tarian pertama, yang mana yang anda gunakan? || <> Jenis memori mana yang melumpuhkan kita untuk mengingat pengetahuan dunia? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan rangsangan visual? || <> Apakah memori biografi merangkumi? || <> Jenis memori apa yang membolehkan pengetahuan seperti mengingat bahawa Paris adalah ibu negara Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?", "id": "571a704810f8ca140030502f", "answers": [{"text": "Episodic memories", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?", "id": "571a704810f8ca1400305030", "answers": [{"text": "Autobiographical memory", "answer_start": 714}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?", "id": "571a704810f8ca1400305031", "answers": [{"text": "Semantic memory", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?", "id": "571a704810f8ca1400305032", "answers": [{"text": "Visual memory", "answer_start": 871}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Episodic memories", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which sense are you using?", "id": "5a8cd9d6fd22b3001a8d8f42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Semantic memory", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "Which type of memory disables us to remember knowledge of the world?", "id": "5a8cd9d6fd22b3001a8d8f43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "priming", "answer_start": 1130}], "question": "What can result from visual stimulus?", "id": "5a8cd9d6fd22b3001a8d8f44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "memory for particular events within one's own life", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "What does biographical memory encompass?", "id": "5a8cd9d6fd22b3001a8d8f45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Semantic memory", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "What type of memory allows knowledge like remembering that Paris is the capital of Germany?", "id": "5a8cd9d6fd22b3001a8d8f46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into semantic memory, concerning principles and facts taken independent of context; and episodic memory, concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world, such as \"Paris is the capital of France\". Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more personal memories, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal associations of a particular place or time. Episodic memories often reflect the \"firsts\" in life such as a first kiss, first day of school or first time winning a championship. These are key events in one's life that can be remembered clearly. Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory. Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. One is able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image. Visual memory can result in priming and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system underlies this phenomenon.[citation needed]"}], ["Hebb membezakan antara memori jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Beliau mendedahkan bahawa memori yang tinggal dalam simpanan jangka pendek untuk masa yang cukup lama akan disatukan menjadi ingatan jangka panjang. Kajian kemudian menunjukkan ini adalah salah. Penyelidikan telah menunjukkan bahawa suntikan langsung kortisol atau epinefrin membantu penyimpanan pengalaman terkini. Ini juga berlaku untuk rangsangan amygdala. Ini membuktikan bahawa kegembiraan meningkatkan ingatan oleh rangsangan hormon yang mempengaruhi amigdala. Tekanan yang berlebihan atau berpanjangan (dengan kortisol yang berpanjangan) boleh menjejaskan simpanan memori. Pesakit dengan kerosakan amygdalar tidak lebih mengingati kata-kata yang dipengaruhi oleh emosi daripada yang tidak dibebankan. The hippocampus adalah penting untuk memori eksplisit. Hippocampus juga penting untuk penyatuan memori. The hippocampus menerima masukan dari bahagian-bahagian yang berbeza dari korteks dan menghantar keluarnya ke bahagian yang berbeza dari otak juga. Inputnya datang dari kawasan penderiaan menengah dan tertiari yang telah memproses maklumat banyak sekali. Kerosakan hippocampal juga boleh menyebabkan kehilangan ingatan dan masalah dengan penyimpanan ingatan. Kehilangan memori ini termasuk, amnesia retrograde yang kehilangan ingatan untuk kejadian yang berlaku tidak lama sebelum kerosakan otak. <> Adakah pemikiran Hebb tentang hubungan antara ingatan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang benar? || penyelidikan memperlihatkan ini palsu <> ubat-ubat mana yang sepertinya membantu seseorang mengingati peristiwa terdahulu? || kortisol atau epinephrine <> Hubungan apa hubungan dengan keseronokan dan bahagian ingatan? || kegembiraan meningkatkan ingatan <> Bob berada dalam kemalangan kereta dan tidak dapat mengingat nama wifesnya, apa bahagian otaknya boleh rosak? || hippocampus <> Adakah pemikiran Hebb mengenai hubungan antara memori jangka panjang dan panjang benar? || <> Yang dadah nampaknya membantu seseorang lupa peristiwa terdahulu? || <> Hubungan apa yang tidak diketahui dan berkongsi ingatan? || <> Apakah pesakit dengan kerosakan amygdalar lebih cenderung untuk diingati? || <> Apa jenis kerosakan yang mungkin menyebabkan keuntungan memori dan membantu penyimpanan memori. ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?", "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304f9d", "answers": [{"text": "research showed this to be false", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?", "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304f9e", "answers": [{"text": "cortisol or epinephrine", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What relationship does excitement and memory share?", "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304f9f", "answers": [{"text": "excitement enhances memory", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?", "id": "571a44a910f8ca1400304fa0", "answers": [{"text": "hippocampus", "answer_start": 812}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "research showed this to be false", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between long and longer term memory true?", "id": "5a8cdf5bfd22b3001a8d8f88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cortisol or epinephrine", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Which drugs seemed to help someone forget earlier events?", "id": "5a8cdf5bfd22b3001a8d8f89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "excitement enhances memory", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "What relationship does unexcitement and memory share?", "id": "5a8cdf5bfd22b3001a8d8f8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What are patients with amygdalar damage more likely to remember?", "id": "5a8cdf5bfd22b3001a8d8f8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hippocampal", "answer_start": 1046}], "question": "What typ of damage may also cause memory gain and helps with memory storage.", "id": "5a8cdf5bfd22b3001a8d8f8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hebb distinguished between short-term and long-term memory. He postulated that any memory that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term memory. Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt memory storage. Patients with amygdalar damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. The hippocampus is important for explicit memory. The hippocampus is also important for memory consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and tertiary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause memory loss and problems with memory storage. This memory loss includes, retrograde amnesia which is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the time of brain damage."}], ["Harus diingat bahawa walaupun kanak-kanak berusia 6 bulan dapat mengingat maklumat dalam jangka pendek, mereka mengalami kesulitan mengingatkan kembali maklumat temporal. Hanya dengan usia 9 bulan bayi dapat mengingat tindakan urutan dua langkah dalam urutan temporal yang betul - iaitu, mengingat langkah 1 dan kemudian langkah 2. Dengan kata lain, apabila diminta untuk meniru tindakan dua langkah urutan (seperti meletakkan kereta mainan di pangkalan dan menolak plunger untuk membuat roll mainan ke hujung yang lain), kanak-kanak berusia 9 bulan cenderung untuk meniru tindakan urutan dalam susunan yang betul (langkah 1 dan kemudian langkah 2). Bayi yang lebih muda (berumur 6 bulan) hanya dapat mengingat satu langkah urutan dua langkah. Penyelidik telah mencadangkan bahawa perbezaan umur ini mungkin disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa gyrus dentate hippocampus dan komponen frontal rangkaian neural tidak sepenuhnya dibangunkan pada usia 6 bulan. <> Adakah berusia 6 bulan mempunyai ingatan jangka pendek? || boleh mengimbas kembali maklumat mengenai jangka pendek <> Berapa usia bolehkah langkah-langkah ingat balik dalam pesanan? || 9 bulan <> Apa bahagian dari urutan dua langkah boleh ingat 6 bulan lama? || satu langkah urutan dua langkah <> Apa bahagian otak tidak dibangunkan sepenuhnya pada bayi yang boleh menyebabkan perbezaan memori dalam usia? || gyrus dentata daripada hippocampus dan komponen depan rangkaian saraf tidak sepenuhnya dibangunkan <> Harus diingat bahawa walaupun kanak-kanak berusia 6 bulan tidak dapat mengingat maklumat mengenai apa? || <> mereka tidak mempunyai kesulitan mengingati urutan temporal tentang apa? || <> Apakah sebahagian daripada urutan dua langkah yang boleh diingat selama 16 bulan? || <> Apa bahagian otak sepenuhnya dibangunkan pada bayi yang boleh menyebabkan perbezaan ingatan pada usia? || <> Para penyelidik telah mencadangkan persamaan usia ini mungkin disebabkan oleh apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Does a 6 month old have short term memory?", "id": "571a6bf110f8ca1400305013", "answers": [{"text": "can recall information over the short-term", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?", "id": "571a6bf110f8ca1400305014", "answers": [{"text": "9 months of age", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?", "id": "571a6bf210f8ca1400305015", "answers": [{"text": "one step of a two-step sequence", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?", "id": "571a6bf210f8ca1400305016", "answers": [{"text": "the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the short-term", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "It should be noted that although 6-month-olds cannot recall information over what?", "id": "5a8ce455fd22b3001a8d8fc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "information", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "they have no difficulty recalling the temporal order of what?", "id": "5a8ce455fd22b3001a8d8fc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one step of a two-step sequence", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "What part of a two step sequence can a 16 month old remember?", "id": "5a8ce455fd22b3001a8d8fc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed", "answer_start": 763}], "question": "What part of the brain is fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?", "id": "5a8ce455fd22b3001a8d8fc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the fact that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "Researchers have suggested that these age similarities are probably due to what?", "id": "5a8ce455fd22b3001a8d8fc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It should be noted that although 6-month-olds can recall information over the short-term, they have difficulty recalling the temporal order of information. It is only by 9 months of age that infants can recall the actions of a two-step sequence in the correct temporal order - that is, recalling step 1 and then step 2. In other words, when asked to imitate a two-step action sequence (such as putting a toy car in the base and pushing in the plunger to make the toy roll to the other end), 9-month-olds tend to imitate the actions of the sequence in the correct order (step 1 and then step 2). Younger infants (6-month-olds) can only recall one step of a two-step sequence. Researchers have suggested that these age differences are probably due to the fact that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months."}], ["Tekanan mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap pembentukan memori dan pembelajaran. Sebagai tindak balas kepada situasi yang tertekan, otak mengeluarkan hormon dan neurotransmiter (contohnya glucocorticoids dan catecholamines) yang mempengaruhi proses pengekodan memori dalam hippocampus. Penyelidikan tingkah laku pada haiwan menunjukkan bahawa stres kronik menghasilkan hormon adrenal yang memberi kesan terhadap struktur hippocampal dalam otak tikus. Kajian eksperimental oleh ahli psikologi kognitif Jerman L. Schwabe dan O. Wolf menunjukkan bagaimana pembelajaran di bawah tekanan juga mengurangkan ingatan memori pada manusia. Dalam kajian ini, 48 pelajar universiti wanita lelaki dan lelaki yang sihat menyertai sama ada ujian tekanan atau kumpulan kawalan. Mereka yang secara rawak ditugaskan untuk kumpulan ujian tekanan mempunyai tangan yang direndam dalam air sejuk ais (SECPT yang bereputasi atau 'Penguji Sejuk Penguji Sejuk Secara Sosial') sehingga tiga minit, semasa dipantau dan direkodkan. Kedua-dua tekanan dan kumpulan kawalan kemudian dibentangkan dengan 32 perkataan untuk menghafal. Dua puluh empat jam kemudian, kedua-dua kumpulan diuji untuk melihat berapa banyak perkataan yang mereka boleh ingat (ingat semula percuma) serta berapa banyak yang mereka dapat mengenali dari senarai perkataan yang lebih besar (prestasi pengiktirafan). Hasilnya menunjukkan penurunan prestasi ingatan yang jelas dalam kumpulan ujian stres, yang mengingat 30% perkataan yang lebih sedikit daripada kumpulan kawalan. Para penyelidik mencadangkan bahawa tekanan yang dialami semasa pembelajaran mengganggu orang dengan mengalih perhatian mereka semasa proses pengekodan ingatan. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan memori anda menjadi deterioriate atau tidak berfungsi juga? || Tekanan <> Apakah hormon yang dihasilkan apabila haiwan ditekan? || hormon adrenal <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian yang melibatkan tangan orang dalam air sejuk sambil menghafal kata-kata? || L. Schwabe dan O. Wolf <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh L. Schwabes dan O. Wolfs? || tekanan yang dialami semasa pembelajaran mengganggu orang dengan mengalih perhatian mereka semasa proses pengekodan ingatan. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan memori anda menjadi lebih teruk dan berfungsi lebih baik? || <> Yang hormon mana menghasilkan apabila haiwan gembira? || <> Yang mana psikologi kognitif Austria mengeluarkan kajian eksperimen? || <> Apakah SECPT tidak berdiri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?", "id": "571a711910f8ca1400305037", "answers": [{"text": "Stress", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?", "id": "571a711910f8ca1400305038", "answers": [{"text": "adrenal hormones", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?", "id": "571a711910f8ca1400305039", "answers": [{"text": "L. Schwabe and O. Wolf", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?", "id": "571a711910f8ca140030503a", "answers": [{"text": "stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.", "answer_start": 1341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stress", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can cause your memory to deterioriate and work better?", "id": "5a8ce923fd22b3001a8d900a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adrenal hormones", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "Which hormones are produces when a animal is happy?", "id": "5a8ce923fd22b3001a8d900b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "L. Schwabe and O. Wolf", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "Which Austrian cognitive psychologists released an experimental study?", "id": "5a8ce923fd22b3001a8d900c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test", "answer_start": 788}], "question": "What does SECPT not stand for?", "id": "5a8ce923fd22b3001a8d900d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning. In response to stressful situations, the brain releases hormones and neurotransmitters (ex. glucocorticoids and catecholamines) which affect memory encoding processes in the hippocampus. Behavioural research on animals shows that chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats. An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans. In this study, 48 healthy female and male university students participated in either a stress test or a control group. Those randomly assigned to the stress test group had a hand immersed in ice cold water (the reputable SECPT or \u2018Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test\u2019) for up to three minutes, while being monitored and videotaped. Both the stress and control groups were then presented with 32 words to memorize. Twenty-four hours later, both groups were tested to see how many words they could remember (free recall) as well as how many they could recognize from a larger list of words (recognition performance). The results showed a clear impairment of memory performance in the stress test group, who recalled 30% fewer words than the control group. The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process."}], ["Kajian penyelidikan UCLA yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal American Geriatric Psychiatry pada bulan Jun 2006 mendapati orang dapat meningkatkan fungsi kognitif dan kecekapan otak melalui perubahan gaya hidup mudah seperti menggabungkan latihan ingatan, pemakanan sihat, kecergasan fizikal dan pengurangan tekanan ke dalam kehidupan seharian mereka. Kajian ini mengkaji 17 subjek, (purata umur 53) dengan prestasi memori biasa. Lapan mata pelajaran diminta mengikuti diet diet, keletihan, fizikal, dan mental yang sihat \"(penggila otak dan teknik latihan ingatan lisan). Selepas 14 hari, mereka menunjukkan kecerdasan perkataan yang lebih tinggi (bukan ingatan) berbanding dengan prestasi asas mereka. Tiada tindak lanjut jangka panjang dijalankan, oleh itu tidak jelas apakah intervensi ini mempunyai kesan jangka panjang ke atas ingatan. <> Bolehkah seseorang meningkatkan keberkesanan otaknya? || orang boleh meningkatkan fungsi kognitif dan kecekapan otak <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh seseorang untuk meningkatkan kecekapan otak mereka? || perubahan gaya hidup yang mudah seperti menggabungkan latihan ingatan, pemakanan yang sihat, kecergasan fizikal dan pengurangan tekanan <> Dalam kajian yang dilakukan dengan 17 subjek, hubungan apa perubahan sihat dan kecekapan otak? || Selepas 14 hari, mereka menunjukkan kecerdasan perkataan yang lebih tinggi (bukan ingatan) berbanding dengan prestasi asas mereka. <> Adakah perubahan gaya hidup pasti menjejaskan memori jangka panjang? || Oleh itu, tidak jelas jika campur tangan ini mempunyai kesan berkekalan pada ingatan. <> Siapa yang menerbitkan sebuah kajian dalam isu UCLA Jun 2006? || <> Bolehkah seseorang meningkatkan ketidakstabilan otaknya? || <> Apa yang boleh diperbaiki oleh orang ramai melalui perubahan gaya hidup yang kompleks? || <> Selepas 17 berkata, mereka memperlihatkan apa yang lebih besar? || <> Berapa banyak subjek mempunyai purata umur 17 tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Can one increase their brain efficency?", "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507b", "answers": [{"text": "people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?", "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507c", "answers": [{"text": "simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?", "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507d", "answers": [{"text": "After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance.", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?", "id": "571a78d310f8ca140030507e", "answers": [{"text": "it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "Who published a study in a June 2006 issue of UCLA?", "id": "5a8cef33fd22b3001a8d9058", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Can one increase their brain unefficency?", "id": "5a8cef33fd22b3001a8d9059", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cognitive function and brain efficiency", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What can people improve through complex lifestyle changes?", "id": "5a8cef33fd22b3001a8d905a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "word fluency", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "After 17 says, they showed greater what?", "id": "5a8cef33fd22b3001a8d905b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17 subjects", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "How many subjects had the average age of 17?", "id": "5a8cef33fd22b3001a8d905c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A UCLA research study published in the June 2006 issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry found that people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction into their daily lives. This study examined 17 subjects, (average age 53) with normal memory performance. Eight subjects were asked to follow a \"brain healthy\" diet, relaxation, physical, and mental exercise (brain teasers and verbal memory training techniques). After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance. No long term follow up was conducted, it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory."}], ["Pengalaman hidup yang menegaskan mungkin menjadi punca kehilangan ingatan sebagai orang berumur. Glukokortikoid yang dikeluarkan semasa neuron kerosakan tekanan yang terletak di kawasan hippocampal otak. Oleh itu, keadaan lebih tertekan yang dihadapi oleh seseorang, lebih mudah terdedah kepada kehilangan ingatan. Neuron CA1 yang terdapat di hippocampus dimusnahkan kerana glukokortikoid menurunkan pelepasan glukosa dan reaksi glutamat. Ini glutamat extracellular yang tinggi membolehkan kalsium memasuki reseptor NMDA yang secara semula jadi membunuh neuron. Pengalaman hidup yang menegaskan juga boleh menyebabkan penindasan kenangan di mana seseorang bergerak ingatan yang tidak tertahankan kepada minda bawah sedar. Ini secara langsung berkaitan dengan peristiwa traumatik pada masa lampau seperti penculikan, sebagai tawanan perang atau penderaan seksual sebagai seorang kanak-kanak. <> Apa neuron rosak semasa peristiwa yang menimbulkan tekanan? || Neuron CA1 yang terdapat di hippocampus <> Apa yang boleh membuat seseorang lebih cenderung kehilangan ingatan ketika mereka berumur? || keadaan yang lebih tertekan yang dihadapi seseorang, <> Apa yang sering dilakukan oleh seseorang dengan kenangan yang sangat tertekan? || penindasan kenangan di mana seseorang bergerak ingatan yang tidak tertahankan kepada minda bawah sadar <> Apa penyebab kehilangan neuron akibat stres? || tahap glutamat extracellular yang tinggi membolehkan kalsium untuk memasuki reseptor NMDA <> Apa proton rosak semasa peristiwa tekanan? || <> Apa yang boleh membuat seseorang lebih cenderung untuk mendapatkan ingatan ketika mereka umur? || <> Apa yang sering dilakukan oleh seseorang dengan pemikiran yang sangat tertekan? || <> Apakah penyebab kegagalan neuron akibat stres? || <> Di mana terdapat neuron AC1? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What neurons are damaged during stressful events?", "id": "571a776810f8ca140030505f", "answers": [{"text": "The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?", "id": "571a776810f8ca1400305060", "answers": [{"text": "the more stressful situations that someone encounters,", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?", "id": "571a776810f8ca1400305061", "answers": [{"text": "repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?", "id": "571a776810f8ca1400305062", "answers": [{"text": "high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What protons are damaged during stressful events?", "id": "5a8ceb93fd22b3001a8d901c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stressful life experiences", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can make someone more prone to memory gain as they age?", "id": "5a8ceb93fd22b3001a8d901d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "What will a person often do with extremely stressful thoughts?", "id": "5a8ceb93fd22b3001a8d901e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The CA1 neurons found", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What is the cause of neuron gain due to stress?", "id": "5a8ceb93fd22b3001a8d901f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hippocampus", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Where are the AC1 neurons found?", "id": "5a8ceb93fd22b3001a8d9020", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate. This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child."}], ["Latihan fizikal, terutamanya latihan aerobik yang berterusan seperti berlari, berbasikal dan berenang, mempunyai banyak faedah dan kesan kognitif pada otak. Pengaruh pada otak termasuk peningkatan kadar neurotransmitter, oksigen dan penghantaran nutrien yang lebih baik, dan peningkatan neurogenesis pada hippocampus. Kesan senaman di ingatan mempunyai implikasi penting untuk meningkatkan prestasi akademik kanak-kanak, mengekalkan kebolehan mental dalam usia tua, dan pencegahan dan penyembuhan penyakit neurologi yang potensial. <> Adakah excersice mempunyai peranan pada fungsi otak kognitif? || mempunyai banyak manfaat dan kesan kognitif di otak. <> Apa perkara-perkara positif yang boleh berlaku kepada otak anda apabila anda excersise? || peningkatan tahap neurotransmitter, penghantaran oksigen dan nutrien yang lebih baik, dan peningkatan neurogenesis dalam hippocampus <> Adakah kanak-kanak yang berkeliaran berkemampuan untuk melakukan yang lebih baik di sekolah? || Kesan senaman di ingatan mempunyai implikasi penting untuk meningkatkan prestasi akademik kanak-kanak <> Apakah jenis excercise telah menunjukkan manfaat terbaik untuk otak? || latihan aerobik <> Apa yang mempunyai banyak kelemahan kognitif dan kesan pada otak? || <> Apakah jenis latihan nonaerobik mempunyai manfaat pada otak? || <> Apakah perkara-perkara negatif boleh berlaku pada otak anda apabila anda excersise? || <> Kesan senaman di ingatan tidak mempunyai implikasi penting untuk apa? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan penyerapan oksigen dan nutrien menurun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?", "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9d8", "answers": [{"text": "has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain.", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?", "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9d9", "answers": [{"text": "increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?", "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9da", "answers": [{"text": "The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?", "id": "571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9db", "answers": [{"text": "aerobic exercises", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Physical exercise", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has many cognitive drawbacks and effects on the brain?", "id": "5a8ce670fd22b3001a8d8fd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "running, cycling and swimming", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What type of nonaerobic exercises have benefits on the brain?", "id": "5a8ce670fd22b3001a8d8fd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What negative things can happen to your brain when you excersise?", "id": "5a8ce670fd22b3001a8d8fda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities in old age, and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "The effects of exercise on memory do not have important implications for what?", "id": "5a8ce670fd22b3001a8d8fdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Physical exercise", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What causes decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery?", "id": "5a8ce670fd22b3001a8d8fdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities in old age, and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases."}], ["Kebanyakan pengetahuan semasa memori telah datang dari kajian gangguan ingatan, terutamanya amnesia. Kehilangan ingatan dikenali sebagai amnesia. Amnesia boleh mengakibatkan kerosakan yang meluas kepada: (a) kawasan lobus temporal medial, seperti hippocampus, gyrus dentate, subiculum, amygdala, korteks parahippocampal, entorhinal, dan perirhinal atau rantau diencephalic (b) garis tengah, khususnya nukleus dorsomedial thalamus dan badan mamalia hipotalamus. Terdapat banyak jenis amnesia, dan dengan mengkaji bentuk-bentuk yang berbeza, ia telah menjadi mungkin untuk melihat kecacatan yang jelas dalam sistem sub-sistem individu sistem memori otak, dan dengan itu membuat hipotesis fungsi mereka dalam otak yang biasa berfungsi. Gangguan neurologi lain seperti penyakit Alzheimer dan penyakit Parkinson juga boleh menjejaskan memori dan kognisi. Hyperthymesia atau sindrom hyperthymesic adalah gangguan yang mempengaruhi memori otobiografi individu, yang bermaksud bahawa mereka tidak boleh melupakan butiran kecil yang tidak akan disimpan. Sindrom Korsakoff, juga dikenali sebagai psikosis Korsakoff, sindrom amnesik, adalah penyakit otak organik yang menjejaskan memori dengan kehilangan atau penguncupan neuron yang meluas dalam korteks prefrontal. <> Apakah istilah untuk menggambarkan kehilangan ingatan? || amnesia. <> Apakah penyakit yang boleh memainkan peranan penting? || Penyakit Alzheimer dan Penyakit Parkinson <> Apakah sindrom Korsakoff? || penyakit otak organik yang menjejaskan memori dengan kehilangan atau penyusutan neuron yang meluas dalam korteks prefrontal. <> Adakah amnesia hanya dilihat dalam satu bentuk? || Terdapat banyak jenis amnesia, <> Apa yang berlaku kepada seseorang yang memori otobiografinya rosak? || bahawa mereka tidak dapat melupakan butiran kecil yang sebaliknya tidak akan disimpan <> Apakah istilah untuk menggambarkan keuntungan ingatan? || <> Apa penyakit tidak mempunyai kesan besar ke atas ingatan? || <> Apakah sindrom Alzheimer? || <> Mengapa amnesia hanya dilihat dalam satu bentuk? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada seseorang yang memori biografi rosak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a term to describe memory loss?", "id": "571a7a2810f8ca140030508d", "answers": [{"text": "amnesia.", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What diseases can have a major imact on memory?", "id": "571a7a2810f8ca140030508e", "answers": [{"text": "Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Korsakoff's syndrome?", "id": "571a7a2810f8ca140030508f", "answers": [{"text": "an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.", "answer_start": 1151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is amnesia only seen in one form?", "id": "571a7a2810f8ca1400305090", "answers": [{"text": "There are many sorts of amnesia,", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged?", "id": "571a7a2810f8ca1400305091", "answers": [{"text": "that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored", "answer_start": 983}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "amnesia", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What is a term to describe memory gain?", "id": "5a8ce73afd22b3001a8d8fec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease", "answer_start": 771}], "question": "What diseases does not have a major impact on memory?", "id": "5a8ce73afd22b3001a8d8fed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex", "answer_start": 1151}], "question": "What is Alzheimer's syndrome?", "id": "5a8ce73afd22b3001a8d8fee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "There are many sorts of amnesia", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "Why is amnesia only seen in one form?", "id": "5a8ce73afd22b3001a8d8fef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored", "answer_start": 988}], "question": "What happens to a person whose biographic memory is damaged?", "id": "5a8ce73afd22b3001a8d8ff0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Much of the current knowledge of memory has come from studying memory disorders, particularly amnesia. Loss of memory is known as amnesia. Amnesia can result from extensive damage to: (a) the regions of the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, amygdala, the parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices or the (b) midline diencephalic region, specifically the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. There are many sorts of amnesia, and by studying their different forms, it has become possible to observe apparent defects in individual sub-systems of the brain's memory systems, and thus hypothesize their function in the normally working brain. Other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease can also affect memory and cognition. Hyperthymesia, or hyperthymesic syndrome, is a disorder that affects an individual's autobiographical memory, essentially meaning that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored. Korsakoff's syndrome, also known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome, is an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex."}], ["Menariknya, penyelidikan telah mendedahkan bahawa meminta individu untuk berulang-ulang membayangkan tindakan yang mereka tidak pernah dilakukan atau peristiwa yang mereka tidak pernah mengalami dapat menyebabkan kenangan palsu. Sebagai contoh, Goff dan Roediger (1998) meminta para peserta membayangkan bahawa mereka melakukan perbuatan (mis., Memecahkan tusuk gigi) dan kemudian bertanya kepada mereka sama ada mereka telah melakukan perkara sedemikian. Penemuan mendedahkan bahawa peserta yang membayangkan berulang-ulang berbuat demikian bertindak lebih cenderung untuk berfikir bahawa mereka sebenarnya melakukan perbuatan tersebut semasa sesi pertama percubaan. Begitu juga, Garry dan rakan-rakannya (1996) meminta pelajar-pelajar kolej melaporkan bagaimana sesetengah mereka mengalami beberapa peristiwa seperti kanak-kanak (contohnya memecahkan tingkap dengan tangan mereka) dan kemudian dua minggu kemudian meminta mereka membayangkan empat kejadian itu . Para penyelidik mendapati bahawa satu perempat daripada pelajar diminta membayangkan empat kejadian melaporkan bahawa mereka sebenarnya telah mengalami peristiwa seperti kanak-kanak. Iaitu, apabila diminta membayangkan peristiwa-peristiwa mereka lebih yakin bahawa mereka mengalami peristiwa tersebut. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang mengalami kenangan palsu? || berulang kali bayangkan tindakan yang mereka tidak pernah lakukan atau peristiwa yang mereka belum pernah mengalami <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian yang menunjukkan persamaan tentang mengamalkan melakukan sesuatu dan kemudian mengingat sebenarnya melakukan tugas itu? || Goff dan Roediger <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh Garry? || penyelidik mendapati bahawa satu perempat daripada pelajar diminta untuk membayangkan empat peristiwa melaporkan bahawa mereka sebenarnya telah mengalami peristiwa seperti kanak-kanak <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Goff dan Roediger pada tahun 1996? || <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang mengalami deria palsu? || <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh Gary Goff? || <> Apa yang berlaku apabila orang tidak diminta membayangkan kejadian? || <> Siapa yang bertanya kepada pelajar bagaimana tidak pasti bahawa mereka mengalami peristiwa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can cause a person to have fake memories?", "id": "571a8a9010f8ca14003050fd", "answers": [{"text": "repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?", "id": "571a8a9010f8ca14003050fe", "answers": [{"text": "Goff and Roediger", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a similar study done by Garry find?", "id": "571a8a9010f8ca14003050ff", "answers": [{"text": "researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children", "answer_start": 845}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What did Goff and Roediger ask people to do in 1996?", "id": "5a8cee9dfd22b3001a8d9044", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What can cause a person to have fake senses?", "id": "5a8cee9dfd22b3001a8d9045", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children", "answer_start": 845}], "question": "What did a similar study done by Gary Goff find?", "id": "5a8cee9dfd22b3001a8d9046", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they were more confident that they experienced the events", "answer_start": 1039}], "question": "What happens when people are not asked to imagine events?", "id": "5a8cee9dfd22b3001a8d9047", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Garry and her colleagues", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "Who asked students how uncertain they were that they experienced events?", "id": "5a8cee9dfd22b3001a8d9048", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interestingly, research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing. Findings revealed that those participants who repeatedly imagined performing such an act were more likely to think that they had actually performed that act during the first session of the experiment. Similarly, Garry and her colleagues (1996) asked college students to report how certain they were that they experienced a number of events as children (e.g., broke a window with their hand) and then two weeks later asked them to imagine four of those events. The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children. That is, when asked to imagine the events they were more confident that they experienced the events."}], ["Sehingga pertengahan tahun 1980-an, ia diasumsikan bahawa bayi tidak dapat mengekang, mengekalkan, dan mengambil maklumat. Badan penyelidikan yang semakin meningkat kini menunjukkan bahawa bayi berusia 6 bulan boleh mengingatkan maklumat selepas kelewatan 24 jam. Tambahan pula, penyelidikan telah mendedahkan bahawa apabila bayi semakin tua, mereka dapat menyimpan maklumat untuk jangka waktu yang lama; Kanak-kanak berumur 6 bulan boleh mengimbas kembali maklumat selepas tempoh 24 jam, kanak-kanak berumur 9 bulan selepas lima minggu, dan berusia 20 bulan selepas selama dua belas bulan. Di samping itu, kajian menunjukkan bahawa dengan usia, bayi boleh menyimpan maklumat dengan lebih cepat. Manakala kanak-kanak berumur 14 bulan boleh mengimbas urutan tiga langkah selepas didedahkan sekali, kanak-kanak berusia enam bulan memerlukan kira-kira enam pendedahan untuk dapat mengingatnya. <> Pada tahun 1960 orang percaya bahawa bayi mampu mengingat sesuatu? || Sehingga pertengahan tahun 1980-an, ia diasumsikan bahawa bayi tidak dapat mengekang, mengekalkan, dan mengambil maklumat. <> Apakah penyelidik usia minimum berfikir kanak-kanak mula mempunyai ingatan? || . Badan penyelidikan yang semakin meningkat kini menunjukkan bahawa bayi pada usia 6 bulan dapat mengingat maklumat <> Adakah kapasiti ingatan seseorang meningkat dengan usia? || Tambahan pula, penyelidikan telah mendedahkan bahawa apabila bayi menjadi lebih tua, mereka boleh menyimpan maklumat untuk jangka masa yang lebih lama. <> Siapa yang mempunyai pengekalan ingatan yang lebih baik pada umur 6 bulan atau berusia 9 bulan? || Berumur 9 bulan <> Apa yang diandaikan sehingga pertengahan 1960-an? || <> Penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa usia 6 bulan dapat mengingatkan kembali selepas penundaan 48 jam? || <> 6 bulan memerlukan kira-kira lima pendedahan untuk dapat melakukan apa? || <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa dengan usia, bayi boleh menyimpan maklumat lebih lambat || <> apabila bayi semakin tua, mereka dapat menyimpan apa yang lebih pendek untuk masa yang singkat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?", "id": "571a722f10f8ca1400305047", "answers": [{"text": "Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information.", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?", "id": "571a722f10f8ca1400305048", "answers": [{"text": ". A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?", "id": "571a722f10f8ca1400305049", "answers": [{"text": "Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?", "id": "571a722f10f8ca140030504a", "answers": [{"text": "9-month-olds", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What was assumed until the middle of the 1960s?", "id": "5a8ce175fd22b3001a8d8fa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "information", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "Research indicates that 6 month olds can recall what after a 48 hour delay?", "id": "5a8ce175fd22b3001a8d8fa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remember it", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "6-month-olds need approximately five exposures in order to be able to do what?", "id": "5a8ce175fd22b3001a8d8fa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "studies", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What has shown that with age, infants can store information slower", "id": "5a8ce175fd22b3001a8d8fa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "information", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "as infants grow older they can store what for shorter periods of time?", "id": "5a8ce175fd22b3001a8d8faa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay. Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period, 9-month-olds after up to five weeks, and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months. In addition, studies have shown that with age, infants can store information faster. Whereas 14-month-olds can recall a three-step sequence after being exposed to it once, 6-month-olds need approximately six exposures in order to be able to remember it."}], ["Kawasan otak yang terlibat dalam memori neuroanatomi seperti hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, atau mayat mamalia dianggap terlibat dalam jenis ingatan tertentu. Sebagai contoh, hippocampus dipercayai terlibat dalam pembelajaran ruang dan pembelajaran deklaratif, manakala amygdala itu dianggap terlibat dalam ingatan emosi. Kerosakan pada kawasan tertentu pada pesakit dan model haiwan dan defisit ingatan berikutnya adalah sumber utama maklumat. Bagaimanapun, bukannya melibatkan kawasan tertentu, ia boleh menjadi kerosakan kepada kawasan bersebelahan, atau laluan yang berjalan melalui kawasan itu sebenarnya bertanggungjawab terhadap defisit diperhatikan. Selanjutnya, ia tidak mencukupi untuk menggambarkan ingatan, dan rakan sejawatnya, belajar, semata-mata bergantung kepada kawasan otak tertentu. Pembelajaran dan ingatan dikaitkan dengan perubahan dalam sinaps neuron, yang dianggap dapat dimediasi oleh potentiasi jangka panjang dan kemurungan jangka panjang. <> Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh amygdala dalam ingatan? || berfikir untuk terlibat dalam ingatan emosi <> Bolehkah anda mengarahkan bahagian tertentu otak ke ingatan tertentu. || ia tidak mencukupi untuk menggambarkan memori, dan rakan sejawatannya, belajar, semata-mata bergantung kepada kawasan otak tertentu <> Perubahan apa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan pembelajaran dan ingatan? || sinapsular neuron, <> Apakah hubungan hippocampus dengan ingatan? || dipercayai terlibat dalam pembelajaran spatial dan pembelajaran deklaratif <> Apakah peranan amigdala dalam ucapan? || <> Bolehkah anda mengarahkan titik tertentu di hati ke kenangan tertentu || <> Persamaan apa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan pembelajaran dan ingatan? || <> Apa yang difikirkan terlibat dalam ingatan nonemosi? || <> Apakah hubungan hippocampus dengan ucapan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What role does the amygdala play in memory?", "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b2", "answers": [{"text": "thought to be involved in emotional memory", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories. ", "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b3", "answers": [{"text": "it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What changes can be linked to learning and memory?", "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b4", "answers": [{"text": "neuronal synapses,", "answer_start": 837}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?", "id": "571a72d84faf5e1900b8a9b5", "answers": [{"text": "believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thought to be involved in emotional memory", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What role does the amygdala play in speech?", "id": "5a8cde4cfd22b3001a8d8f74", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions", "answer_start": 669}], "question": "Can you pin point certain areas of the heart to certain memories", "id": "5a8cde4cfd22b3001a8d8f75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neuronal synapses", "answer_start": 837}], "question": "What similarities can be linked to learning and memory?", "id": "5a8cde4cfd22b3001a8d8f76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "amygdala", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What is thought to be involved in nonemotional memory?", "id": "5a8cde4cfd22b3001a8d8f77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What is the hippocampus's relationship to speech?", "id": "5a8cde4cfd22b3001a8d8f78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory. Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway traveling through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression."}], ["Masa yang lebih panjang pendedahan kepada stres adalah, kesannya lebih banyak. Walau bagaimanapun, pendedahan jangka pendek kepada tekanan juga menyebabkan terjejas dalam ingatan dengan mengganggu fungsi hippocampus. Penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa subjek yang diletakkan dalam keadaan tertekan untuk jangka masa yang singkat masih mempunyai paras glukokortikoid darah yang telah meningkat secara drastik apabila diukur selepas pendedahan selesai. Apabila subjek diminta menyelesaikan tugas pembelajaran selepas pendedahan jangka pendek mereka sering kesulitan. Tekanan pranatal juga menghalang keupayaan untuk belajar dan menghafal dengan mengganggu pembangunan hippocampus dan boleh membawa kepada kepupusan jangka panjang yang tidak dapat ditemui dalam keturunan ibu bapa yang sangat tertekan. Walaupun tekanan diterapkan secara pranata, menunjukkan peningkatan paras glukokortikoid apabila mereka tertekan dengan tekanan di kemudian hari. <> Adakah penting berapa lama seseorang terdedah kepada stres untuk memberi impak ke atas memori mereka? || lebih banyak kesannya. Walau bagaimanapun, pendedahan jangka pendek kepada tekanan juga menyebabkan kemerosotan dalam ingatan dengan mengganggu fungsi hippocampus <> Dermaga yang menunjukkan penyelidikan berlaku pada tahap glucorticoid darah semasa peristiwa yang menimbulkan tekanan? || tahap yang meningkat secara mendadak <> Bolehkah anak yang belum lahir menghadapi masalah dengan stres daripada dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan masa depan mereka? || prenatally, menunjukkan keturunan meningkat glucocorticoids ketika mereka mengalami tekanan di kemudian hari dalam kehidupan. <> Adakah orang-orang belajar dalam penyelidikan yang berlainan dan selepas tekanan seperti yang mereka lakukan sebelum bersentuhan dengan situasi yang tertekan? || Apabila subjek diminta untuk menyelesaikan tugas pembelajaran selepas pendedahan jangka pendek mereka sering mengalami kesulitan <> Derma apakah rancangan penyelidikan berlaku pada tahap glukosa darah semasa peristiwa yang menimbulkan tekanan? || <> Bolehkah anak yang belum lahir menghadapi masalah dengan stres daripada dapat mempengaruhi kebolehan masa lalu mereka? || <> Bagaimana pendedahan jangka panjang kepada stres juga menyebabkan kemerosotan dalam ingatan? || <> Apabila subjek diminta menyelesaikan tugas mengingat selepas pendedahan jangka pendek mereka mempunyai apa? || <> Mengapa pendedahan jangka panjang kepada stres mempunyai kesan yang kurang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?", "id": "571a746210f8ca140030504f", "answers": [{"text": "the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events?", "id": "571a746210f8ca1400305050", "answers": [{"text": "levels that have increased drastically", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities?", "id": "571a746210f8ca1400305051", "answers": [{"text": "prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations?", "id": "571a746210f8ca1400305052", "answers": [{"text": "When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "levels that have increased drastically", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "Whar does research show happens to blood glucose levels during stressful events?", "id": "5a8cec6ffd22b3001a8d9026", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.", "answer_start": 757}], "question": "Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their past abilities?", "id": "5a8cec6ffd22b3001a8d9027", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "interfering with the function of the hippocampus", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "How does long term exposure to stress also cause impairment in memory?", "id": "5a8cec6ffd22b3001a8d9028", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "difficulties", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "When subjects are asked to complete a remembering task after short term exposure they have what?", "id": "5a8cec6ffd22b3001a8d9029", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The more long term the exposure to stress is, the more impact it may have", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why does long term exposure to stress have less impact?", "id": "5a8cec6ffd22b3001a8d902a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The more long term the exposure to stress is, the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus. Research shows that subjects placed in a stressful situation for a short amount of time still have blood glucocorticoid levels that have increased drastically when measured after the exposure is completed. When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties. Prenatal stress also hinders the ability to learn and memorize by disrupting the development of the hippocampus and can lead to unestablished long term potentiation in the offspring of severely stressed parents. Although the stress is applied prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, prestasi memori dapat dipertingkatkan apabila bahan dikaitkan dengan konteks pembelajaran, walaupun pembelajaran berlaku di bawah tekanan. Kajian berasingan oleh ahli psikologi kognitif Schwabe dan Wolf menunjukkan bahawa apabila ujian pengekalan dilakukan dalam konteks yang sama atau kongruen dengan tugas pembelajaran asal (iaitu, dalam bilik yang sama), gangguan memori dan kesan yang merosakkan tekanan terhadap pembelajaran dapat dilemahkan . Tujuh puluh dua pelajar universiti wanita dan lelaki yang sihat, yang secara rawak ditugaskan untuk ujian tekanan SECPT atau kepada kumpulan kawalan, diminta untuk mengingati lokasi 15 pasang kad gambar - versi komputer berkomputer \"Konsentrasi\" atau \"Memori\" . Bilik di mana eksperimen itu berlaku telah disemai dengan bau vanila, kerana bau adalah isyarat kuat untuk ingatan. Ujian pengekalan dilakukan pada hari berikutnya, sama ada di bilik yang sama dengan bau vanila yang hadir lagi, atau di dalam bilik yang berbeza tanpa wangian. Prestasi memori subjek yang mengalami tekanan semasa tugas lokasi objek menurun dengan ketara ketika mereka diuji di ruang yang tidak dikenali tanpa bau vanila (konteks yang tidak sesuai); Walau bagaimanapun, prestasi memori subjek tertekan tidak menunjukkan kerosakan apabila mereka diuji di dalam bilik asal dengan bau vanila (konteks kongruen). Semua peserta dalam eksperimen, kedua-duanya menekankan dan tidak ditekankan, dilakukan dengan lebih cepat apabila konteks pembelajaran dan mendapatkan semula sama. <> Apa yang boleh mempengaruhi prestasi ingatan dengan cara yang positif? || apabila bahan dikaitkan dengan konteks pembelajaran, <> Apa gunanya vanila digunakan? || petunjuk kuat untuk ingatan. <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh Schwabe dan serigala? || Kemerosotan ingatan dan kesan tekanan terhadap pembelajaran dapat merosot. <> Dalam Schwabe dan serigala mengkaji apa yang dikehendaki oleh peserta? || diminta untuk mengingati lokasi 15 pasang kad gambar - <> Dalam kajian mereka apakah hubungan kedua-dua kumpulan tersebut? || kedua-duanya menekankan dan tidak ditekankan, dilakukan dengan lebih pantas apabila konteks pembelajaran dan pengambilan semula adalah serupa. <> Apa yang boleh mempengaruhi prestasi ingatan dengan cara yang negatif? || <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk aroma lavender? || <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh Schwartz dan pertunjukan serigala? || <> Dalam Schwabe dan serigala mengkaji apa yang diinginkan peserta? || <> Berapa tujuh puluh pelajar lelaki dan perempuan pelajar lelaki yang sihat, secara rawak ditugaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can impact memory performance in a positive way?", "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa28", "answers": [{"text": "when material is linked to the learning context,", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the scent of vanilla be used for?", "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa29", "answers": [{"text": "strong cue for memory.", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?", "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa2a", "answers": [{"text": "memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated.", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?", "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa2b", "answers": [{"text": "were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?", "id": "571a88324faf5e1900b8aa2c", "answers": [{"text": "both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.", "answer_start": 1363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when material is linked to the learning context", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What can impact memory performance in a negative way?", "id": "5a8cead8fd22b3001a8d9012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cue for memory", "answer_start": 782}], "question": "What can the scent of lavender be used for?", "id": "5a8cead8fd22b3001a8d9013", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What did a study performed by Schwartz and wolf show?", "id": "5a8cead8fd22b3001a8d9014", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "In Schwabe and wolfs study what where participants asked to forget?", "id": "5a8cead8fd22b3001a8d9015", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "SECPT stress test", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "What were seventy healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to?", "id": "5a8cead8fd22b3001a8d9016", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013 a computerized version of the card game \"Concentration\" or \"Memory\". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar."}], ["Tidur tidak menjejaskan pemerolehan atau pengembalian ketika seseorang sedang terjaga. Oleh itu, tidur mempunyai kesan terbesar pada penyatuan memori. Semasa tidur, sambungan saraf di otak semakin kuat. Ini meningkatkan keupayaan otak untuk menstabilkan dan mengekalkan kenangan. Terdapat beberapa kajian yang menunjukkan bahawa tidur meningkatkan pengekalan memori, memandangkan kenangan dipertingkatkan melalui penyatuan aktif. Penyatuan sistem berlaku semasa tidur gelombang perlahan (SWS). Proses ini membayangkan bahawa ingatan diaktifkan semula semasa tidur, tetapi proses itu tidak meningkatkan setiap ingatan. Ia juga membayangkan bahawa perubahan kualitatif dibuat kepada kenangan apabila mereka dipindahkan ke kedai jangka panjang semasa tidur. Apabila anda sedang tidur, hippocampus memainkan semula peristiwa hari untuk neocortex. Neocortex kemudian mengkaji dan memproses kenangan, yang memindahkan mereka ke ingatan jangka panjang. Apabila anda tidak mendapat tidur yang cukup ia menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk belajar kerana sambungan saraf ini tidak begitu kuat, menyebabkan kadar pengekalan yang lebih rendah dari kenangan. Kekurangan tidur menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk memberi tumpuan, menyebabkan pembelajaran tidak cekap. Tambahan pula, beberapa kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa kekurangan tidur boleh menyebabkan kenangan palsu kerana kenangan tidak dipindahkan dengan betul ke ingatan jangka panjang. Oleh itu, adalah penting untuk mendapatkan jumlah tidur yang sesuai supaya memori dapat berfungsi pada tahap tertinggi. Salah satu fungsi utama tidur dianggap sebagai peningkatan penyatuan maklumat, kerana beberapa kajian menunjukkan bahawa ingatan bergantung kepada tidur yang cukup antara latihan dan ujian. Di samping itu, data yang diperolehi daripada kajian neuroimaging telah menunjukkan pola pengaktifan dalam otak tidur yang mencerminkan mereka yang direkodkan semasa pembelajaran tugas dari hari sebelumnya, menunjukkan bahawa kenangan baru dapat dipertahankan melalui latihan tersebut. <> Adakah tidur menyakiti ingatan seseorang? || Terdapat beberapa kajian yang menunjukkan bahawa tidur meningkatkan daya ingat memori, <> Apa yang berlaku untuk SWS? || tidur perlahan gelombang <> Apa yang berlaku semasa SWS? || Sistem penyatuan <> Apakah peranan neocortex yang berkaitan dengan memori? || mengkaji dan memproses kenangan, yang memindahkan mereka ke ingatan jangka panjang <> Dalam kajian apakah hubungan antara tidur dan pembelajaran? || corak pengaktifan dalam otak tidur yang mencerminkan mereka yang direkodkan semasa pembelajaran tugas dari hari sebelumnya <> Mengapa tidur mempengaruhi ingat? || <> Bilakah sambungan saraf di dalam otak lemah? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh WSW? || <> Apa yang berlaku semasa WSW? || <> Apakah peranan neocortex yang berkaitan dengan otot? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Does sleep hurt a persons memory?", "id": "571a782d10f8ca1400305067", "answers": [{"text": "There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does SWS stand for?", "id": "571a782d10f8ca1400305068", "answers": [{"text": "slow-wave sleep", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What take place during SWS?", "id": "571a782d10f8ca1400305069", "answers": [{"text": "System consolidation", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?", "id": "571a782d10f8ca140030506a", "answers": [{"text": "reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?", "id": "571a782d10f8ca140030506b", "answers": [{"text": "activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day", "answer_start": 1693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sleep does not affect acquisition or recall while one is awake", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why does sleep affect recall?", "id": "5a8ced20fd22b3001a8d9030", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During sleep", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "When are the neural connections in the brain weakened?", "id": "5a8ced20fd22b3001a8d9031", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "slow-wave sleep", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "What does WSW stand for?", "id": "5a8ced20fd22b3001a8d9032", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "System consolidation", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "What take place during WSW?", "id": "5a8ced20fd22b3001a8d9033", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory", "answer_start": 828}], "question": "What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to muscles?", "id": "5a8ced20fd22b3001a8d9034", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sleep does not affect acquisition or recall while one is awake. Therefore, sleep has the greatest effect on memory consolidation. During sleep, the neural connections in the brain are strengthened. This enhances the brain\u2019s abilities to stabilize and retain memories. There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory, as memories are enhanced through active consolidation. System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep (SWS). This process implicates that memories are reactivated during sleep, but that the process doesn\u2019t enhance every memory. It also implicates that qualitative changes are made to the memories when they are transferred to long-term store during sleep. When you are sleeping, the hippocampus replays the events of the day for the neocortex. The neocortex then reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory. When you do not get enough sleep it makes it more difficult to learn as these neural connections are not as strong, resulting in a lower retention rate of memories. Sleep deprivation makes it harder to focus, resulting in inefficient learning. Furthermore, some studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to false memories as the memories are not properly transferred to long-term memory. Therefore, it is important to get the proper amount of sleep so that memory can function at the highest level. One of the primary functions of sleep is thought to be the improvement of the consolidation of information, as several studies have demonstrated that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test. Additionally, data obtained from neuroimaging studies have shown activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day, suggesting that new memories may be solidified through such rehearsal."}], ["Memorisasi adalah satu kaedah pembelajaran yang membolehkan individu mengingatkan kata kerja maklumat. Pembelajaran rumit adalah kaedah yang paling sering digunakan. Kaedah menghafal perkara telah menjadi subjek banyak perbincangan selama bertahun-tahun dengan beberapa penulis, seperti Cosmos Rossellius menggunakan huruf visual. Kesan jarak menunjukkan bahawa individu lebih cenderung untuk mengingati senarai item apabila latihan dijalankan dalam jangka masa yang lama. Berbeza dengan ini mengkritik: hafalan intensif dalam masa yang singkat. Juga berkaitan adalah kesan Zeigarnik yang menyatakan bahawa orang ingat tugas yang belum selesai atau terganggu lebih baik daripada yang telah siap. Kaedah loci yang digunakan menggunakan memori ruang untuk menghafal maklumat bukan spatial. <> Apakah cara yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pemeliharaan? || Pembelajaran rumit <> Apa maksud hafalan? || satu kaedah pembelajaran yang membolehkan individu mengingatkan kata-kata maklumat <> Apa alat pembelajaran yang ditulis oleh Cosmos rosselliius? || menggunakan huruf visual. <> Apakah kesan jaraknya? || menunjukkan bahawa individu lebih cenderung untuk mengingati senarai item apabila latihan dijalankan dalam tempoh yang lama <> Apakah kesan Zeigarnik? || menyatakan bahawa orang ingat tugas yang tidak lengkap atau terganggu lebih baik daripada yang telah siap. <> Apa cara yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pembelajaran? || <> Apakah pengertian tidak bermakna? || <> Alat pembelajaran apa yang ditulis oleh Cosmo Kramer? || <> Apakah kesan Cosmos? || <> Apa yang menggunakan memori bukan ruang untuk menghafal maklumat spatial? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most widely used way in learing?", "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa82", "answers": [{"text": "Rote learning", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does memorization mean?", "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa83", "answers": [{"text": "a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?", "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa84", "answers": [{"text": "using visual alphabets.", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the spacing effect?", "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa85", "answers": [{"text": "shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Zeigarnik effect?", "id": "571a90034faf5e1900b8aa86", "answers": [{"text": "states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rote learning", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What is the least widely used way in learning?", "id": "5a8cefc4fd22b3001a8d906c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What does memorization not mean?", "id": "5a8cefc4fd22b3001a8d906d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using visual alphabets", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What learning tool did Cosmo Kramer write about?", "id": "5a8cefc4fd22b3001a8d906e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "What is the Cosmos effect?", "id": "5a8cefc4fd22b3001a8d906f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The so-called Method of loci", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What uses non-spatial memory to memorize spatial information?", "id": "5a8cefc4fd22b3001a8d9070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Memorization is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim. Rote learning is the method most often used. Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers, such as Cosmos Rossellius using visual alphabets. The spacing effect shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time. In contrast to this is cramming: an intensive memorization in a short period of time. Also relevant is the Zeigarnik effect which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones. The so-called Method of loci uses spatial memory to memorize non-spatial information."}], ["Walaupun orang sering berfikir bahawa memori beroperasi seperti peralatan rakaman, ia tidak berlaku. Mekanisme molekul yang mendasari induksi dan penyelenggaraan memori sangat dinamik dan terdiri daripada fasa yang berbeza yang meliputi tingkap masa dari detik hingga bahkan seumur hidup. Malah, penyelidikan telah menunjukkan bahawa kenangan kita dibina. Orang boleh membina kenangan mereka apabila mereka menyandikannya dan / atau ketika mereka mengingatnya. Untuk menggambarkan, pertimbangkan kajian klasik yang dijalankan oleh Elizabeth Loftus dan John Palmer (1974) di mana orang telah diarahkan untuk menonton filem kemalangan jalan raya dan kemudian bertanya tentang apa yang mereka lihat. Para penyelidik mendapati bahawa orang-orang yang ditanya, \"Seberapa cepat kereta-kereta berlaku ketika mereka memecahkan satu sama lain?\" memberikan anggaran yang lebih tinggi daripada mereka yang ditanya, \"Berapa cepatnya kereta-kereta yang berlaku ketika mereka memukul satu sama lain?\" Tambahan pula, apabila ditanya seminggu kemudian sama ada mereka telah melihat kaca pecah dalam filem itu, mereka yang telah ditanya soalan dengan pecah dua kali lebih mungkin melaporkan bahawa mereka telah melihat kaca pecah daripada mereka yang telah ditanya soalan dengan memukul. Tidak ada kaca pecah yang digambarkan dalam filem itu. Oleh itu, kata-kata soalan memalsukan kenangan penonton tentang peristiwa tersebut. Yang penting, kata-kata soalan itu membawa orang-orang untuk membina kenangan yang berbeza dari peristiwa itu - mereka yang ditanya soalan dengan memecahkan teringat kemalangan kereta yang lebih serius daripada yang sebenarnya mereka lihat. Penemuan percubaan ini telah direplikasi di seluruh dunia, dan para penyelidik secara konsisten menunjukkan bahawa apabila orang diberikan maklumat yang mengelirukan, mereka cenderung menyalahgunakan, suatu fenomena yang dikenali sebagai kesan salah maklumat. <> Apa yang telah diteliti mengenai kenangan kami? || kenangan kita dibina <> Bagaimana seseorang membina kenangan mereka? || apabila mereka menyandikannya dan / atau apabila mereka mengimbas kembali mereka. <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh Elizabeth Loftus dan John palmer menunjukkan? || bahawa apabila orang diberi maklumat yang mengelirukan, mereka cenderung salah faham, suatu fenomena yang dikenali sebagai kesan salah maklumat. <> Dalam kajian mereka apa yang dikatakan orang yang mereka katakan ketika mereka benar-benar tidak kerana mempunyai kata \"dihancurkan\" dimasukkan ke dalam pertanyaan itu? || kaca pecah <> Apa yang tidak diteliti tentang kenangan kita? || <> Bagaimana seseorang membina keyakinan mereka? || <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh John Loftus dan Elizabeth Palmer? || <> Siapa yang menjalankan kajian pada tahun 1794? || <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai kesan maklumat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has research shown about our memories?", "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa72", "answers": [{"text": "our memories are constructed", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does a person build their memories?", "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa73", "answers": [{"text": "when they encode them and/or when they recall them.", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show?", "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa74", "answers": [{"text": "that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.", "answer_start": 1553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In their study what did people say they say when they really hadn't due to having the word \"smashed\" inserted into the question?", "id": "571a8f234faf5e1900b8aa75", "answers": [{"text": "broken glass", "answer_start": 1121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that our memories are constructed", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What has research not shown about our memories?", "id": "5a8cedddfd22b3001a8d903a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when they encode them and/or when they recall them", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "How does a person build their confidence?", "id": "5a8cedddfd22b3001a8d903b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember", "answer_start": 1553}], "question": "What did a study done by John Loftus and Elizabeth Palmer show?", "id": "5a8cedddfd22b3001a8d903c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "Who conducted a study in 1794?", "id": "5a8cedddfd22b3001a8d903d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember", "answer_start": 1558}], "question": "What is known as the information effect?", "id": "5a8cedddfd22b3001a8d903e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although people often think that memory operates like recording equipment, it is not the case. The molecular mechanisms underlying the induction and maintenance of memory are very dynamic and comprise distinct phases covering a time window from seconds to even a lifetime. In fact, research has revealed that our memories are constructed. People can construct their memories when they encode them and/or when they recall them. To illustrate, consider a classic study conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974) in which people were instructed to watch a film of a traffic accident and then asked about what they saw. The researchers found that the people who were asked, \"How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?\" gave higher estimates than those who were asked, \"How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?\" Furthermore, when asked a week later whether they have seen broken glass in the film, those who had been asked the question with smashed were twice more likely to report that they have seen broken glass than those who had been asked the question with hit. There was no broken glass depicted in the film. Thus, the wording of the questions distorted viewers\u2019 memories of the event. Importantly, the wording of the question led people to construct different memories of the event \u2013 those who were asked the question with smashed recalled a more serious car accident than they had actually seen. The findings of this experiment were replicated around the world, and researchers consistently demonstrated that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect."}]], [["Sesetengah orang Eropah yang tinggal di kalangan Orang Asli Amerika dipanggil \"orang India putih\". Mereka \"hidup dalam masyarakat asli selama bertahun-tahun, belajar bahasa-bahasa asli dengan lancar, menghadiri majlis-majlis asli, dan sering berperang bersama rakan-rakan asal mereka.\" Lebih banyak dan tipikal ialah peniaga dan penipu, yang telah menikah perempuan asli Amerika dari suku di sempadan dan mempunyai keluarga dengan mereka. Sesetengah peniaga, yang menjaga pangkalan di bandaraya, mempunyai apa yang dipanggil \"isteri negara\" di kalangan Orang Asli, dengan isteri dan anak-anak Eropah yang beragama Eropah dan kanak-kanak di rumah di bandar. Tidak semua membiarkan anak-anak mereka bercampur-campur \"semula jadi\". Ada yang mengatur agar anak lelaki dihantar ke sekolah-sekolah Eropah-Amerika untuk pendidikan mereka. <> Siapa yang dianggap \"orang India putih\"? || Eropah yang tinggal di kalangan Orang Asli Amerika <> Yang mempunyai \"Isteri negara\" asli? || Beberapa pedagang <> Siapa yang tinggal di komuniti orang asli, bercakap bahasa dan mengambil bahagian dalam hal-hal suku? || \"Orang India putih\" <> Mengapa beberapa kanak-kanak berbilang kaum dihantar ke Eropah? || untuk pendidikan mereka <> Di mana isteri undang-undang biasanya disimpan? || di bandar <> Apa orang Amerika yang tinggal di kalangan orang Eropah yang dipanggil? || <> Yang kurang daripada \"orang India putih\"? || <> Siapa yang menikah dengan orang asli Amerika? || <> Di manakah orang asli Amerika menyimpan pangkalan? || <> Siapa yang dihantar ke sekolah-sekolah Indigenous Amerika untuk pendidikan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were considered \"white Indians\"?", "id": "571de2575569731900639086", "answers": [{"text": "Europeans living among Indigenous Americans", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had Indigenous \"Country wives\"?", "id": "571de2575569731900639087", "answers": [{"text": "Some traders", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?", "id": "571de2575569731900639088", "answers": [{"text": "\"white Indians\"", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?", "id": "571de2575569731900639089", "answers": [{"text": "for their education", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were legal wives usually kept?", "id": "571de257556973190063908a", "answers": [{"text": "in the city", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white Indians", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?", "id": "5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traders and trappers", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Who was less numerous than \"white indians\"?", "id": "5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traders and trappers", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Who married Indigenous American men?", "id": "5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cities", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?", "id": "5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sons", "answer_start": 635}], "question": "Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?", "id": "5ad2c640d7d075001a42a1b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called \"white Indians\". They \"lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions.\" More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called \"country wives\" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their \"natural\" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education."}], ["Orang-orang Amerika kebanyakannya keturunan etnik yang terdiri daripada pelbagai kumpulan pendatang yang berbeza-beza budaya, yang kebanyakannya telah membangunkan negara-negara. Sesetengah menganggap diri mereka berbilang kaum, sedangkan kaum yang dikenali sebagai bangsa sosial. Penciptaan, asimilasi dan integrasi telah meneruskan proses. Pergerakan Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1955-1968) dan pergerakan sosial lain sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 bekerja untuk mencapai keadilan sosial dan penguatkuasaan hak-hak sivil yang sama di bawah perlembagaan untuk semua etnis. Pada tahun 2000-an, kurang daripada 5% daripada populasi yang dikenalpasti sebagai multiracial. Dalam banyak kes, keturunan kaum yang bercampur adalah jauh kembali dalam sejarah keluarga individu (contohnya, sebelum Perang Saudara atau lebih awal), bahawa ia tidak menjejaskan pengenalan etnik dan kebudayaan baru-baru ini. <> Apa yang berlaku dari 1955 hingga 1968? || Pergerakan Hak Asasi Manusia Afrika-Amerika <> Berapa banyak penduduk yang dikenalpasti sebagai bangsa campuran pada tahun 2000-an? || kurang daripada 5% <> Apa yang kaum kadang-kadang dilihat sebagai? || sebuah pembinaan sosial <> Siapa keturunan dari pelbagai kumpulan yang berbeza budaya? || Orang-orang Amerika <> Apa yang menjejaskan pengenalan baru-baru ini dalam banyak kes? || bangsa keturunan bercampur <> Apakah orang Inggeris kebanyakannya keturunan? || <> Bilakah Pergerakan Hak Awam Hispanik berlaku? || <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk yang dikenalpasti sebagai multiracial sebelum tahun 2000-an? || <> Apakah bangsa tidak diakui sebagai? || <> Apakah pergerakan sosial sebelum kerja pertengahan abad ke-20 dapat dicapai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What occured from 1955 to 1968?", "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc6", "answers": [{"text": "The African-American Civil Rights Movement", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?", "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc7", "answers": [{"text": "less than 5%", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is race sometimes seen as?", "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc8", "answers": [{"text": "a social construct", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?", "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dc9", "answers": [{"text": "The American people", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does affect recent identification in many cases?", "id": "571de14eb64a571400c71dca", "answers": [{"text": "mixed racial ancestry", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "culturally distinct immigrant groups", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What are the English people mostly descendants of?", "id": "5ad29605d7d075001a429b04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1955\u20131968", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?", "id": "5ad29605d7d075001a429b05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less than 5%", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?", "id": "5ad29605d7d075001a429b06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a social construct", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "What is race not acknowledged as?", "id": "5ad29605d7d075001a429b07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social justice", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?", "id": "5ad29605d7d075001a429b08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955\u20131968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification."}], ["Dalam usahanya untuk memastikan dekade keemasan putih selepas pembebasan, pada awal abad ke-20, negara-negara paling selatan mencipta undang-undang berdasarkan peraturan satu-drop, mendefinisikan sebagai hitam, orang-orang dengan mana-mana keturunan Afrika yang diketahui. Ini adalah tafsiran yang ketat daripada apa yang berlaku pada abad ke-19; ia tidak menghiraukan banyak keluarga bercampur-campur di negeri ini dan menentang peraturan sosial yang biasa diterima oleh seseorang yang dilihat oleh penampilan dan persatuan. Sesetengah mahkamah menyebutnya \"peraturan jumlah yang boleh dikesan.\" Ahli antropologi menyebutnya contoh peraturan hipokrasi, yang bermaksud bahawa orang bercampur perkauman telah diberikan status kumpulan bawahan sosial. <> Apakah peraturan one-drop? || mendefinisikan sebagai hitam, orang-orang dengan mana-mana warisan Afrika yang diketahui <> Apa yang mana beberapa mahkamah memanggil peraturan one-drop? || \"peraturan jumlah yang boleh dikesan.\" <> Apakah peraturan hipodek? || yang bermaksud bahawa orang bercampur dengan perkauman telah ditugaskan status kumpulan subordinat sosial <> Bilakah aturan one-drop berlaku? || pada awal abad ke-20 <> Apa peraturan one-drop? || hitam, orang yang mempunyai keturunan Afrika yang diketahui. <> Apakah peraturan hipodenen? || orang bercampur dengan perkauman telah diberikan status kumpulan bawahan sosial. <> Mengapa undang-undang seperti peraturan drop one digubal? || Dalam usahanya untuk memastikan dekade keemasan putih selepas pembebasan <> Apa yang menjadikan peraturan penurunan satu lebih ketat daripada peraturan pada abad ke-19? || ia tidak menghiraukan banyak keluarga bercampur-campur di negeri ini dan menentang peraturan sosial yang biasa diterima oleh seseorang yang dilihat oleh penampilan dan persatuan. <> Pada awal tahun 1900-an, apa yang berlaku hitam di negeri-negeri selatan? || orang dengan mana-mana keturunan Afrika yang diketahui <> Sebelum tahun 1900-an, apakah peraturan yang diterima secara sosial untuk tafsiran kaum? || menilai seseorang dengan penampilan dan persatuan. <> Peraturan apakah yang bermakna orang berbilang kaum diberi status kumpulan bawahan sosial? || peraturan hipoden <> Apa peraturan yang digunakan dalam undang-undang pada tahun 1900 yang dipanggil? || peraturan one-drop <> Apa peraturan dalam tahun 1800 yang dipanggil? || peraturan jumlah yang boleh dikesan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh negara-negara selatan untuk menghentikan supremasi putih? || <> Apa undang-undang yang dibuat oleh negeri-negeri utara pada awal abad ke-20? || <> Apakah peraturan one-drop ditentukan sebagai putih? || <> Apa yang bukan nama yang digunakan untuk peraturan satu-drop? || <> Peraturan apakah yang dikatakan oleh pengacara bahawa peraturan one-drop adalah contoh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the one-drop rule?", "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fcd", "answers": [{"text": "defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did some courts call the one-drop rule?", "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fce", "answers": [{"text": "\"the traceable amount rule.\"", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a hypodesecnt rule?", "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fcf", "answers": [{"text": "meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the one-drop rule in effect?", "id": "571a48dd10f8ca1400304fd0", "answers": [{"text": "in the early 20th century", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the one-drop rule?", "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d3", "answers": [{"text": "black, persons with any known African ancestry.", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the hypodescent rule?", "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d4", "answers": [{"text": "racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?", "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d5", "answers": [{"text": "In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?", "id": "571aa01210f8ca14003051d6", "answers": [{"text": "it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?", "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbc", "answers": [{"text": "persons with any known African ancestry", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?", "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbd", "answers": [{"text": "judging a person by appearance and association.", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?", "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbe", "answers": [{"text": "a hypodescent rule", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?", "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dbf", "answers": [{"text": "the one-drop rule", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the rule in the 1800s called?", "id": "571ddffdb64a571400c71dc0", "answers": [{"text": "the traceable amount rule", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "created laws based on the one-drop rule", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?", "id": "5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "laws based on the one-drop rule", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?", "id": "5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "persons with any known African ancestry", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "What did the one-drop rule define as white?", "id": "5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the traceable amount rule", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?", "id": "5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hypodescent", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?", "id": "5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it \"the traceable amount rule.\" Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group."}], ["Undang-undang anti-penyeragaman diluluskan di kebanyakan negeri pada abad ke-18, ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, tetapi ini tidak menghalang pemegang hamba putih, anak lelaki mereka, atau orang kulit putih yang berkuasa dari mengambil budak hamba sebagai gundik dan mempunyai anak-anak beraneka ragam dengan mereka. Di California dan di AS barat, terdapat jumlah penduduk Latin dan Asia yang lebih ramai. Ini dilarang daripada hubungan rasmi dengan orang kulit putih. Ahli perundangan putih meluluskan undang-undang yang melarang perkahwinan antara orang Eropah dan Asia sehingga tahun 1950-an. <> Apa yang telah disediakan untuk mencegah campuran kaum? || Undang-undang anti-pembauran <> Mengapakah anti-pembauran tidak menginsuranskan bahawa tidak ada pencampuran antara kaum? || lelaki putih daripada mengambil wanita hamba sebagai selir dan mempunyai anak-anak berbilang kaum dengan mereka <> Di manakah terdapat lebih banyak orang Latin dan penduduk Asia? || Di California dan Amerika Syarikat barat <> Apa perlumbaan yang dilarang daripada hubungan rasmi dengan orang kulit putih? || Latino dan penduduk Asia <> Bilakah undang-undang terhadap perkahwinan antara Asia dan Eropah ditarik balik? || 1950-an <> Bilakah undang-undang anti-perpaduan diluluskan? || Undang-undang anti-pembauran telah diluluskan di kebanyakan negeri semasa abad ke-18, ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 <> Adakah undang-undang ini mengubah tingkah laku pemegang hamba putih dan orang kulit putih yang berkuasa? || ini tidak menghalang pemegang hamba putih, anak lelaki mereka, atau lelaki putih berkuasa lain daripada mengambil wanita hamba sebagai selir <> Wilayah mana yang mempunyai jumlah penduduk Latin dan Asia yang lebih besar? || Di California dan Amerika Syarikat barat, <> Adakah terdapat sebarang undang-undang terhadap perkahwinan antara orang kulit putih dengan orang Asia di AS? || Ahli perundangan putih meluluskan undang-undang yang melarang perkahwinan antara orang Eropah dan Asia sehingga tahun 1950-an. <> Adakah penduduk Latino juga dilarang berkahwin dengan orang kulit putih? || telah dilarang daripada hubungan rasmi dengan orang kulit putih. <> Di AS barat, yang tidak dibenarkan mempunyai hubungan dengan orang kulit putih? || Latino dan penduduk Asia <> Bilakah undang-undang berhenti mengharamkan perkahwinan antara orang kulit putih dan asia? || 1950-an <> Siapa yang mengambil budak sebagai gundik? || pemegang hamba putih, anak lelaki mereka, atau orang kulit putih yang kuat <> Undang-undang apa yang diluluskan pada abad ke-21? || <> Yang menolak untuk mengambil wanita hamba sebagai selir? || <> Di mana di AS ada bilangan penduduk Asia dan Latin yang lebih kecil? || <> Siapakah yang dibenarkan untuk mengadakan perhubungan rasmi dengan orang kulit putih? || <> Apa yang dilarang selepas tahun 1950-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?", "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f93", "answers": [{"text": "Anti-miscegenation laws", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?", "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f94", "answers": [{"text": "white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?", "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f95", "answers": [{"text": "In California and the western US", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?", "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f96", "answers": [{"text": "Latino and Asian residents", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?", "id": "571a441a10f8ca1400304f97", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?", "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051a9", "answers": [{"text": "Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?", "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051aa", "answers": [{"text": "this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?", "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ab", "answers": [{"text": "In California and the western US,", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?", "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ac", "answers": [{"text": "White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? ", "id": "571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ad", "answers": [{"text": "were prohibited from official relationships with whites.", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?", "id": "571dde31b64a571400c71db6", "answers": [{"text": "Latino and Asian residents", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?", "id": "571dde31b64a571400c71db7", "answers": [{"text": "the 1950s", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were taking slaves as concubines?", "id": "571dde31b64a571400c71db8", "answers": [{"text": "white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anti-miscegenation laws", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What laws were passed in the 21st century?", "id": "5ad297a8d7d075001a429b20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white men", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "Who refused to take slave women as concubines?", "id": "5ad297a8d7d075001a429b21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "California", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?", "id": "5ad297a8d7d075001a429b22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Latino and Asian residents", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?", "id": "5ad297a8d7d075001a429b23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marriage between European and Asian Americans", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What was prohibited after the 1950s? ", "id": "5ad297a8d7d075001a429b24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s."}], ["Pada tahun 1790, banci penduduk persekutuan pertama telah diambil di Amerika Syarikat. Pengkaji telah diarahkan untuk mengklasifikasikan penduduk bebas sebagai putih atau \"yang lain\". Hanya ketua isi rumah yang dikenal pasti dengan nama dalam banci persekutuan sehingga tahun 1850. Orang asli Amerika dimasukkan dalam \"Lain-lain;\" di dalam banci kemudian, mereka dimasukkan sebagai \"Orang Percuma warna\" jika mereka tidak hidup dalam tempahan India. Hamba dikira secara berasingan daripada orang percuma di semua banci sehingga Perang Saudara dan berakhirnya perhambaan. Dalam banci yang lalu, orang keturunan Afrika diklasifikasikan sebagai penampilan sebagai mulatto (yang diiktiraf keturunan Eropah yang ketara sebagai tambahan kepada Afrika) atau hitam. <> Bilakah banci penduduk persekutuan pertama yang diambil di Amerika Syarikat? || 1790 <> Apakah dua kategori untuk bangsa dalam banci? || putih atau \"lain-lain.\" <> Siapakah yang telah dikenalpasti dengan nama di dalam rumah? || Hanya ketua isi rumah <> Apakah kaum India dikategorikan sebagai selepas mereka dimasukkan sebagai orang lain? || \"Orang percuma warna\" <> Bilakah banci penduduk federal AS yang pertama diambil? || Pada tahun 1790, banci penduduk persekutuan pertama telah diambil di Amerika Syarikat <> Bagaimana pencari yang diarahkan untuk mengklasifikasikan penduduk? || . Pengkaji telah diarahkan untuk mengklasifikasikan penduduk bebas sebagai putih atau \"yang lain\". <> Adakah setiap penduduk disenaraikan mengikut nama? || Hanya ketua isi rumah yang dikenal pasti dengan nama dalam banci persekutuan sehingga 1850. <> Adakah semua penduduk dikira bersama atau secara berasingan? || Hamba dikira secara berasingan daripada orang percuma <> apabila terdapat sebarang perubahan untuk mengira prosedur berlaku? || sehingga Perang Saudara dan akhir perhambaan. <> Bilakah AS mula mengambil banci? || 1790 <> Pada ketika itu semua ahli keluarga yang disebutkan pada banci? || 1850 <> Siapakah yang dianggap sebagai \"orang bebas warna\"? || Orang Asli Amerika <> Apa maksud mulatto? || keturunan Eropah yang ketara sebagai tambahan kepada Afrika <> Di manakah penduduk asli Amerika tidak boleh dikira dalam banci? || Tempahan India <> Berapa tahun banci penduduk persekutuan terakhir yang diambil di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa yang pertama kali diambil di England pada tahun 1790? || <> Apa yang diklasifikasikan orang asli Amerika seolah-olah mereka tinggal dalam tempahan India? || <> Siapa yang dikenal pasti dengan nama dalam banci persekutuan selepas tahun 1850? || <> Bagaimana orang-orang keturunan Asia diklasifikasikan oleh dalam banci kemudian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first federal population census taken in the US?", "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f21", "answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the two categories for race in the census?", "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f22", "answers": [{"text": "white or \"other.\"", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who all was identified by name in the house holds?", "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f23", "answers": [{"text": "Only the heads of households", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?", "id": "571a2ab710f8ca1400304f24", "answers": [{"text": "\"Free people of color\"", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first US federal population census taken?", "id": "571a94b810f8ca1400305179", "answers": [{"text": "In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?", "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517a", "answers": [{"text": ". Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or \"other.\"", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was every resident listed by name?", "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517b", "answers": [{"text": "Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were all residents counted together or separately?", "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517c", "answers": [{"text": "Slaves were counted separately from free persons", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?", "id": "571a94b810f8ca140030517d", "answers": [{"text": "until the Civil War and end of slavery.", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the US begin to take census?", "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9a", "answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what point were all members of the household named on a census?", "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9b", "answers": [{"text": "1850", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were considered \"free people of color\"?", "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9c", "answers": [{"text": "Native Americans", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does mulatto mean?", "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9d", "answers": [{"text": "visible European ancestry in addition to African", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?", "id": "571dd9b9b64a571400c71d9e", "answers": [{"text": "Indian reservations", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1790", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year was the last federal population census taken in the United States?", "id": "5ad29af4d7d075001a429bae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "federal population census", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What was first taken in England in 1790?", "id": "5ad29af4d7d075001a429baf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Free people of color", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What were native Americans classified as if they were living on an Indian reservation?", "id": "5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heads of households", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?", "id": "5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "appearance", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "How were people of Asian descent classified by in later censuses?", "id": "5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or \"other.\" Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among \"Other;\" in later censuses, they were included as \"Free people of color\" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black."}], ["Orang Amerika dengan keturunan Afrika Sub-Sahara atas sebab-sebab sejarah: perhambaan, undang-undang persekutuan sepupu, undang-undang kedelapan, peraturan perundang-undangan abad ke-20, sering diklasifikasikan sebagai hitam (historis) atau Afrika Amerika, keturunan Amerika keturunan Amerika atau keturunan Amerika yang ketara. Sebagai perhambaan menjadi kasta kaum, mereka yang diperhambakan dan yang lain dari mana-mana keturunan Afrika diklasifikasikan oleh apa yang disebut \"hipoden\" menurut status etnik yang lebih rendah. Kebanyakan keturunan dan keturunan Eropah yang berketurunan \"berkahwin putih\" dan diasimilasikan ke dalam masyarakat kulit putih untuk kelebihan sosial dan ekonominya, seperti generasi keluarga yang dikenal pasti sebagai Melungeons, kini secara umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai putih tetapi ditunjukkan secara genetik untuk menjadi keturunan Afrika dan sub-Sahara Afrika . <> Amerika dengan keturunan Afrika selalu diklasifikasikan sebagai bangsa apa? || hitam (historis) atau Afrika Amerika <> Apa hamba dan orang lain dari keturunan Afrika diklasifikasikan oleh apa istilah? || Hipoden <> Melungeons secara umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai putih tetapi apa yang mereka genetik apa kaum lain? || Eropah dan sub-Sahara Afrika keturunan <> Apa yang banyak dengan ancifer Eropah \"berkahwin putih\" dan mahu menjadi sebahagian daripada masyarakat kulit putih? || untuk kelebihan sosial dan ekonomi <> Yang Amerika telah diklasifikasikan sebagai Afrika Amerika atau hitam? || Amerika dengan keturunan Afrika Sub-Sahara <> Apa yang menyebabkan status klasifikasi yang lebih rendah bagi orang Amerika Afrika? || perhambaan menjadi kasta ras <> Bagaimana ramai rakyat Amerika multiracial mencapai kelebihan sosial dan ekonomi? || Kebanyakan majoriti keturunan Eropah dan penampilan \"berkahwin putih\" dan diasimilasikan ke dalam masyarakat putih <> Apa kumpulan yang dipanggil yang secara genetik sub Saharan dan Eropah tetapi diklasifikasikan sebagai putih? || Melungeons, <> Apakah beberapa sebab sejarah Amerika multiracial telah dikelaskan sebagai hitam? || perhambaan, partus sequitur ventrem, undang-undang satu kedelapan, aturan satu-drop undang-undang abad ke-20 <> Apa itu Melungeon? || secara genetik menjadi keturunan Afrika Eropah dan sub-Sahara. <> Apa artinya mempunyai \"merah marah\"? || diasimilasikan ke dalam masyarakat putih <> Apa hamba dan orang Afrika dikelaskan? || hipoden <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai leluhur Afrika sub-Sahara? || hitam (sejarah) atau Amerika Afrika <> Siapa yang sering diklasifikasikan sebagai Hispanik? || <> Apakah orang-orang keturunan Eropah yang dikelaskan oleh? || <> Apa jenis orang yang diasimilasikan ke dalam masyarakat hitam? || <> Mengapa orang memilih untuk tidak berasimilasi ke dalam masyarakat kulit putih? || <> Keluarga apa yang telah ditunjukkan secara genetik untuk menjadi keturunan Asia dan Afrika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?", "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3d", "answers": [{"text": "black (historically) or African American", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?", "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3e", "answers": [{"text": "hypodescent", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?", "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f3f", "answers": [{"text": "European and sub-Saharan African ancestry", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did many with European ancetry \"marry white\" and want to be part of the white society?", "id": "571a2ee410f8ca1400304f40", "answers": [{"text": "for its social and economic advantages", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?", "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafa", "answers": [{"text": "Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused lower classification status for African Americans?", "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafb", "answers": [{"text": "slavery became a racial caste", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?", "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafc", "answers": [{"text": "Many of majority European ancestry and appearance \"married white\" and assimilated into white society", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?", "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafd", "answers": [{"text": "Melungeons,", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?", "id": "571a98164faf5e1900b8aafe", "answers": [{"text": "slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Melungeon?", "id": "571ddbf65569731900639074", "answers": [{"text": "genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does it mean to have \"marred white\"?", "id": "571ddbf65569731900639075", "answers": [{"text": "assimilated into white society", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were slaves and Africans classified by?", "id": "571ddbf65569731900639076", "answers": [{"text": "hypodescent", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?", "id": "571ddbf65569731900639077", "answers": [{"text": "black (historically) or African American", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?", "id": "5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hypodescent", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What were people of European ancestry classified by?", "id": "5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "majority European ancestry", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What kind of people assimilated into black society?", "id": "5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social and economic advantages", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?", "id": "5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f89", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Melungeons", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?", "id": "5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed \"hypodescent\" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance \"married white\" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry."}], ["Selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika, bilangan dan perkadaran orang bebas warna meningkat dengan ketara di Utara dan Selatan sebagai hamba dibebaskan. Kebanyakan negeri utara menghapuskan perhambaan, kadang-kadang, seperti New York, dalam program pembebasan secara beransur-ansur yang mengambil masa lebih dari dua dekad untuk diselesaikan. Hamba terakhir di New York tidak dibebaskan sehingga tahun 1827. Berhubung dengan Kedamaian Besar Kedua, para pengkhotbah Quaker dan Methodist di Selatan mendesak pemegang hamba untuk membebaskan budak mereka. Cita-cita revolusi membawa ramai lelaki untuk membebaskan budak mereka, beberapa oleh perbuatan dan lain-lain oleh kehendak, sehingga dari 1782 hingga 1810, peratusan orang bebas warna meningkat dari kurang dari satu peratus kepada hampir 10 peratus orang kulit hitam di Selatan. <> Bilakah jumlah orang warna percuma meningkat secara dramatik? || Selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika <> Bagaimana undang-undang di New York dihapuskan? || dalam program pemberantasan secara beransur-ansur <> Berapa lamakah masa yang diperlukan untuk negeri-negeri seperti New York untuk menghapuskan semua undang-undang hamba? || lebih daripada dua dekad yang akan siap <> Siapakah di selatan mendesak gereja-gereja mereka untuk membebaskan budak mereka di selatan? || Quaker dan pengkhotbah Methodist <> Bilakah budak terakhir dibebaskan di negeri New York? || Hamba terakhir di New York tidak dibebaskan sehingga tahun 1827. <> Siapa yang memohon hamba untuk membebaskan budak mereka? || Quaker dan pengkhotbah Methodist di Selatan mendesak pemegang hamba untuk membebaskan budak mereka <> Apa yang menyebabkan ramai pemegang hamba membebaskan hamba mereka? || Idea revolusi membawa ramai lelaki untuk membebaskan budak mereka <> Berapakah peratusan orang bebas di Selatan berubah dari tahun 1782 hingga 1810? || peratusan orang bebas warna meningkat dari kurang daripada satu peratus kepada hampir 10 peratus daripada kulit hitam di Selatan. <> Bilakah jumlah orang warna percuma mula meningkat di Utara dan Selatan? || Selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila diperlukan beberapa tahun untuk budak dibebaskan dalam suatu program? || emansipasi secara beransur-ansur <> Hamba terakhir di New York dibebaskan ketika? || 1827 <> Apa yang menyebabkan penyampai Quaker dan Methodist mahu membebaskan budak? || Kebangkitan Awak Kedua <> Pada tahun 1810, berapa orang kulit hitam dianggap bebas? || hampir 10 peratus <> Apa yang menyebabkan ramai lelaki membebaskan budak dari tahun 1782 hingga 1810? || Cita-cita revolusi <> Apa yang berlaku kepada bilangan orang yang bebas warna sebelum Perang Revolusi? || <> Apa yang dilakukan hanya beberapa negeri utara? || <> Bilakah budak pertama di New York dibebaskan? || <> Siapa yang menggesa pemegang hamba di Selatan tidak membebaskan budak mereka? || <> Berapa peratus daripada orang kulit hitam di selatan adalah orang bebas warna selepas 1810? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?", "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb5", "answers": [{"text": "After the American Revolutionary War", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the laws in New York abolished?", "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb6", "answers": [{"text": "in programs of gradual emancipation", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?", "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb7", "answers": [{"text": "more than two decades to be completed", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?", "id": "571a481910f8ca1400304fb8", "answers": [{"text": "Quaker and Methodist preachers", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the last slaves freed in New York state?", "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab32", "answers": [{"text": "The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?", "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab33", "answers": [{"text": "Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?", "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab34", "answers": [{"text": "Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?", "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab35", "answers": [{"text": "the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?", "id": "571a9d964faf5e1900b8ab36", "answers": [{"text": "After the American Revolutionary War", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?", "id": "571ddf15556973190063907c", "answers": [{"text": "gradual emancipation", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The last slave in New York was freed when?", "id": "571ddf15556973190063907d", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?", "id": "571ddf15556973190063907e", "answers": [{"text": "Second Great Awakening", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1810, how many black people were considered free?", "id": "571ddf15556973190063907f", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 10 percent", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?", "id": "571ddf155569731900639080", "answers": [{"text": "Revolutionary ideals", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased markedly", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?", "id": "5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "abolished slavery", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What did only a few northern states do?", "id": "5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "When were the first slaves in New York freed?", "id": "5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Quaker and Methodist preachers", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?", "id": "5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?", "id": "5ad29c2ed7d075001a429bf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South."}], ["Selepas tempoh perpecahan kaum formal dalam bekas Konfederasi selepas Era Rekonstruksi, dan pengharaman perkahwinan antara kaum di berbagai negara, lebih ramai orang secara terbuka membentuk kesatuan ras. Selain itu, keadaan sosial telah berubah dan ramai orang berbilang kaum tidak percaya ia berfaedah secara sosial untuk cuba \"lulus\" sebagai putih. Imigresen yang pelbagai telah membawa lebih banyak bangsa campuran ke Amerika Syarikat, seperti populasi besar Hispanik yang mengenal pasti sebagai mestizo. Sejak 1980-an, Amerika Syarikat telah mengalami pergerakan identiti pelbagai kaum yang semakin meningkat (rujuk Hari Pengasih). Oleh kerana lebih ramai orang Amerika telah menegaskan bahawa mereka dibenarkan untuk mengakui asal-usul kaum bercampur mereka, banci tahun 2000 untuk kali pertama membenarkan penduduk memeriksa lebih daripada satu identiti etnik-kaum dan dengan itu mengenal pasti sebagai pelbagai kaum. Pada tahun 2008 Barack Obama dipilih sebagai Presiden berbilang kaum pertama di Amerika Syarikat; dia mengakui kedua-dua belah keluarganya dan mengenal pasti sebagai Amerika Afrika. <> Bilakah ada masa pengasingan kaum formal? || dalam Konfederasi yang dahulu berikutan Era Rekonstruksi <> Apa kesannya tidak lagi menjadi stigma pada perkahwinan antara kaum? || lebih ramai orang secara terbuka membentuk kesatuan kaum <> Apa yang menyebabkan lebih ramai orang kaum campuran ke Amerika Syarikat? || Pelbagai imigresen <> Mengapa orang Amerika dibenarkan untuk memulakan lebih daripada satu kotak untuk mengenal pasti bangsa mereka dalam Banci dalam 200? || Kerana lebih banyak orang Amerika telah menegaskan bahawa mereka dibenarkan untuk mengakui asal-usul kaum campuran mereka yang dipilih dan merupakan presiden multiracial yang pertama di Amerika Syarikat? || Barack Obama <> Siapa presiden multiracial pertama yang dipilih di AS || Pada tahun 2008 Barack Obama dipilih sebagai Presiden berbilang kaum pertama Amerika Syarikat <> Bilakah AS mula mengalami pergerakan identiti pelbagai kaum yang semakin meningkat? || Sejak tahun 1980-an, Amerika Syarikat telah mengalami pergerakan identiti pelbagai kaum yang semakin meningkat <> Bilakah banci Amerika Syarikat mula membenarkan penduduk menandakan lebih daripada satu identiti etnik-kaum pada borang banci? || banci tahun 2000 untuk kali pertama membolehkan penduduk memeriksa lebih daripada satu identiti kaum etnik dan dengan itu mengenal pasti sebagai multiracial <> Apa yang telah membawa lebih ramai orang bangsa campuran ke Amerika Syarikat? || . Imigresen yang pelbagai telah membawa lebih ramai orang bangsa campuran ke Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang \"mestizos\"? || penduduk besar Hispanik mengenal pasti sebagai mestizo <> Apa yang pernah dianggap sebagai sosial yang berfaedah untuk dilakukan? || cuba \"lulus\" sebagai putih <> Apakah contoh pergerakan identiti berbilang kaum di tempat kerja? || Hari Loving <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai presiden multiracial pertama? || Afrika Amerika <> Bilakah banci mula membenarkan beberapa kotak diperiksa? || 2000 <> Bilakah seorang presiden Afrika Amerika dipilih? || 2008 <> Apa yang kurang orang lakukan secara terbuka daripada dahulu? || <> Apa yang membawa lebih banyak bangsa tunggal ke Amerika Syarikat? || <> Pergerakan apakah Amerika Syarikat sebelum tahun 1980-an? || <> Tahun apakah banci terakhir yang membenarkan penduduk memeriksa lebih daripada satu identiti etnik? || <> Siapa Presiden Amerika Syarikat yang terakhir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was there a period of formal racial segregation?", "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a908", "answers": [{"text": "in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?", "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a909", "answers": [{"text": "more people are openly forming interracial unions", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?", "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90a", "answers": [{"text": "Diverse immigration", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?", "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90b", "answers": [{"text": "Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?", "id": "571a328b4faf5e1900b8a90c", "answers": [{"text": "Barack Obama", "answer_start": 858}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US", "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1a", "answers": [{"text": "In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?", "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1b", "answers": [{"text": "Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?", "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1c", "answers": [{"text": "the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has brought more mixed race people to the US?", "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1d", "answers": [{"text": ". Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are \"mestizos\"?", "id": "571a9a134faf5e1900b8ab1e", "answers": [{"text": "large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?", "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71dac", "answers": [{"text": "try to \"pass\" as white", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?", "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71dad", "answers": [{"text": "Loving Day", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the first multiracial president identify as?", "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71dae", "answers": [{"text": "African American", "answer_start": 999}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?", "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71daf", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was an African American president elected?", "id": "571ddd93b64a571400c71db0", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 853}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forming interracial unions", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What are less people openly doing than in the past?", "id": "5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Diverse immigration", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "What has brought more single-race people into the United States?", "id": "5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiracial identity movement", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?", "id": "5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?", "id": "5ad293c4d7d075001a429ae9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Barack Obama", "answer_start": 858}], "question": "Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?", "id": "5ad293c4d7d075001a429aea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to \"pass\" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American."}], ["Amerika multibahasa adalah orang Amerika yang mempunyai keturunan campuran \"dua atau lebih kaum\". Istilah ini juga termasuk orang Amerika keturunan bangsa campuran yang mengenal pasti sendiri dengan hanya satu kumpulan dari segi budaya dan sosial (lihat aturan one-drop). Pada banci Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2010, kira-kira 9 juta individu, atau 2.9% penduduk, dikenal pasti diri sebagai orang ramai. Terdapat bukti bahawa perakaunan oleh keturunan genetik akan menghasilkan angka yang lebih tinggi, tetapi orang hidup menurut identiti sosial dan budaya, bukan DNA. Sebab-sebab sejarah, termasuk perhambaan yang mewujudkan kasta perkauman dan penindasan Eropah-Amerika terhadap Orang Asli Amerika, sering membawa orang untuk mengenal pasti atau diklasifikasikan oleh hanya satu etnik, secara umumnya budaya di mana mereka dibesarkan. Sebelum pertengahan abad ke-20, ramai orang menyembunyikan warisan berbilang kaum mereka kerana diskriminasi kaum terhadap minoriti. Walaupun ramai orang Amerika secara biologi berbilang kaum, mereka sering tidak mengetahuinya atau tidak mengenal pasti begitu budaya, lebih daripada mereka mengekalkan semua tradisi yang berlainan pelbagai warisan negara. <> Sebelum pertengahan abad ke-20 ada orang yang membuka warisan mutlak budaya mereka dan mengapa atau mengapa tidak? || Sebelum pertengahan abad ke-20, ramai orang menyembunyikan warisan berbilang kaum mereka kerana diskriminasi kaum terhadap minoriti. <> Adakah semua rakyat Amerika yang menyedari budaya warisan budaya mereka? || Walaupun ramai orang Amerika mungkin secara biologi pelbagai kaum, mereka sering tidak tahu <> Lebih kurang berapa orang Amerika mengiktiraf diri mereka sebagai berbilang kaum pada banci Amerika Syarikat 2010? || Pada banci Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2010, kira-kira 9 juta individu, atau 2.9% penduduk, dikenal pasti diri sebagai orang ramai. <> Apakah definisi yang diterima dari keturunan \"budaya\"? || Amerika multibahasa adalah orang Amerika yang mempunyai keturunan campuran \"dua atau lebih kaum\". <> Mengapa orang-orang Amerika yang bermotivasi menyembunyikan warisan mereka? || Sebelum pertengahan abad ke-20, ramai orang menyembunyikan warisan multiracial mereka kerana diskriminasi kaum terhadap minoriti <> Adakah semua orang Amerika yang multikultural menyedari warisan mereka? || Walaupun ramai orang Amerika mungkin secara multikustralia, mereka sering tidak tahu <> Kebudayaan yang mana yang biasanya dikenali oleh orang-orang multikultural? || , secara amnya bahawa kebudayaan di mana mereka dibesarkan. <> Apa yang orang paling mungkin mengenal pasti diri mereka sebagai? || budaya di mana mereka dibesarkan <> Adakah DNA akan menunjukkan bilangan yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada orang-orang mutliracial daripada yang dilaporkan dalam banci? || nombor yang lebih tinggi <> Apa maksudnya menjadi mutlirasi? || dua atau lebih kaum <> Berapa ramai rakyat berbilang kaum di Amerika Syarikat yang ada pada tahun 2010? || kira-kira 9 juta individu <> Bilakah orang berhenti menyembunyikan warisan mutliracial? || pertengahan abad ke-20 <> Berapa banyak individu yang dikenalpasti sebagai multiracial dalam banci 2000 AS? || <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk tidak dikenali sebagai multiracial? || <> Apa kemungkinan besar akan menghasilkan bilangan orang yang lebih ramai? || <> Apa yang sering menyebabkan orang mengenal pasti atau diklasifikasikan oleh pelbagai etnik? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh ramai orang dengan identiti pelbagai kaum mereka selepas pertengahan abad ke-20? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?", "id": "571a8c4810f8ca140030510e", "answers": [{"text": "Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?", "id": "571a8c4810f8ca140030510f", "answers": [{"text": "While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?", "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac4", "answers": [{"text": "In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the accepted definition of \"multicultural\" ancestry?", "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac5", "answers": [{"text": "Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\".", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?", "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac6", "answers": [{"text": "Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?", "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac7", "answers": [{"text": "While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?", "id": "571a94b04faf5e1900b8aac8", "answers": [{"text": ", generally that of the culture in which they were raised.", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are people most likely to identify themselves as?", "id": "571da1b05569731900639059", "answers": [{"text": "the culture in which they were raised", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?", "id": "571da1b0556973190063905a", "answers": [{"text": "higher number", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does it mean to be a mutliracial?", "id": "571dd9035569731900639060", "answers": [{"text": "two or more races", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?", "id": "571dd9035569731900639061", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 9 million individuals", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?", "id": "571dd9035569731900639063", "answers": [{"text": "the mid-20th century", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9 million", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?", "id": "5ad292abd7d075001a429ac2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.9", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?", "id": "5ad292abd7d075001a429ac3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accounting by genetic ancestry", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?", "id": "5ad292abd7d075001a429ac4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "slavery", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?", "id": "5ad292abd7d075001a429ac5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hid", "answer_start": 797}], "question": "What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?", "id": "5ad292abd7d075001a429ac6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\". The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but people live according to social and cultural identities, not DNA. Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries."}], ["Menjelang tahun 1990, Biro Banci termasuk lebih daripada sebilangan kategori etnik / kaum pada banci, mencerminkan bukan sahaja mengubah idea-idea sosial mengenai etnik, tetapi pelbagai jenis imigran yang datang untuk tinggal di Amerika Syarikat akibat perubahan gaya sejarah dan baru undang-undang imigresen pada tahun 1960-an. Dengan masyarakat yang berubah-ubah, lebih banyak rakyat telah mula menekan untuk mengakui keturunan berbilang kaum. Biro Banci menukar koleksi datanya dengan membenarkan orang mengenali diri sebagai lebih dari satu etnik. Sesetengah kumpulan etnik bimbang tentang potensi kesan politik dan ekonomi, kerana bantuan persekutuan kepada kumpulan yang tidak terlayani secara sejarah bergantung kepada data Banci. Menurut Biro Banci, pada tahun 2002, lebih dari 75% dari semua orang Afrika Amerika mempunyai keturunan berbilang kaum. <> Biro Banci telah pergi dari dua kategori ke berapa tahun 1990-an? || lebih daripada selusin <> Mengapa ada lebih banyak pendatang di AS? || kerana perubahan kuasa sejarah dan undang-undang imigresen baru pada tahun 1960-an <> Bagaimana Biro Banci menukar koleksi datanya? || membolehkan orang mengenal pasti diri sebagai lebih daripada satu etnik <> Apa salah satu daripada banyak hasil data Banci? || bantuan persekutuan <> Pada tahun 2002, berapa peratus Amerika Afrika mempunyai keturunan berbilang kaum? || lebih dari 75% <> Berapa banyak kategori etnik yang tersenarai dalam banci moden? || Menjelang tahun 1990, Biro Banci memasukkan lebih daripada sebilangan kategori etnik / kaum pada banci, Bolehkah orang mengenal pasti lebih daripada satu etnik pada banci Amerika Syarikat pada masa ini? || Biro Banci menukar koleksi datanya dengan membenarkan orang untuk mengenali diri sebagai lebih dari satu etnik <> Berapa banyak orang Afrika Amerika mempunyai nenek moyang multiracial || Menurut Biro Banci, pada tahun 2002, lebih dari 75% dari semua orang Afrika Amerika mempunyai keturunan berbilang kaum. <> Adakah beberapa kumpulan etnik mempunyai kebimbangan mengenai perubahan banci? || Sesetengah kumpulan etnik bimbang tentang potensi kesan politik dan ekonomi, seperti <> Bagaimana ada bantuan persekutuan yang diperuntukkan kepada kumpulan tertentu? || bantuan persekutuan kepada kumpulan-kumpulan sejarah yang kurang mendapat perhatian bergantung kepada data Banci <> Dua belas atau lebih kategori untuk bangsa dan etnik berada dalam Banci oleh masa? || 1990 <> Bilakah undang-undang membenarkan lebih ramai pendatang? || di tahun 1960-an <> Berapa ramai orang Afrika Amerika mengenal pasti pelbagai kaum pada Banci tahun 2002? || Lebih 75% <> Apa jenis bantuan persekutuan bergantung kepada data Banci? || bantuan kepada kumpulan-kumpulan yang kurang mendapat liputan sejarah <> Berapa banyak kategori etnik / kaum pada banci pada tahun 1980? || <> Siapa yang telah tinggal di Amerika Syarikat kerana undang-undang imigresen yang baru pada tahun 1940-an? || <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat menamatkan undang-undang imigresen yang baru? || <> Berapa peratus daripada orang amerika putih mempunyai keturunan berbilang kaum? || <> Apa jenis bantuan persekutuan tidak bergantung pada data banci? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?", "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e2", "answers": [{"text": "more than a dozen", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were there more immigrants in the US?", "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e3", "answers": [{"text": "due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?", "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e4", "answers": [{"text": "allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?", "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e5", "answers": [{"text": "federal assistance", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?", "id": "571a2b9e4faf5e1900b8a8e6", "answers": [{"text": "over 75%", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?", "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aaba", "answers": [{"text": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?", "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabb", "answers": [{"text": "The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many African American have multiracial ancestries", "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabc", "answers": [{"text": "According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?", "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabd", "answers": [{"text": "Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?", "id": "571a94a24faf5e1900b8aabe", "answers": [{"text": "federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?", "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da4", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did laws allow for more immigrants?", "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da5", "answers": [{"text": "in the 1960s", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?", "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da6", "answers": [{"text": "over 75%", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?", "id": "571dda9db64a571400c71da7", "answers": [{"text": "assistance to historically underserved groups", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than a dozen", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "How many ethnic/racial categories were on the census in 1980?", "id": "5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immigrants", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Who had come to reside in the United States due to new immigration laws in the 1940s?", "id": "5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "When did the United States end the new immigration laws?", "id": "5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "75", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "What percentage of white americans had multiracial ancestries?", "id": "5ad2a241d7d075001a429cf9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "assistance to historically underserved groups", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "What kind of federal assistance does not depend on census data?", "id": "5ad2a241d7d075001a429cfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."}], ["Ujian penduduk masih dilakukan. Sesetengah kumpulan asli Amerika yang telah dicontohi mungkin tidak berkongsi pola penanda yang dicari. Ahli genetik mengakui bahawa ujian DNA belum dapat membezakan antara ahli-ahli kebangsaan negara-negara Native American yang berbeza. Terdapat bukti genetik untuk tiga penghijrahan utama ke Amerika Utara, tetapi tidak untuk pembezaan bersejarah yang lebih baru. Di samping itu, tidak semua orang Amerika asli telah diuji, jadi saintis tidak tahu pasti bahawa Orang Asli Amerika hanya mempunyai penanda genetik yang mereka kenal pasti. <> Siapa kata ujian genetik tidak dapat memberitahu perbezaan antara negara-negara asli Amerika yang berbeza? || Ahli genetik <> Apa ahli genetik yang mencari? || corak penanda <> Apa ada bukti genetik? || tiga penghijrahan utama ke Amerika Utara <> Apa yang dapat dilakukan pengujian DNA antara? || <> Apakah jenis bukti yang ada untuk pembezaan bersejarah baru-baru ini? || <> Bagaimana saintis tahu bahawa Orang Asli Amerika hanya mempunyai penanda genetik yang telah dikenalpasti? || <> Siapa yang tidak mengakui bahawa ujian DNA belum dapat membezakan antara ahli-ahli kebangsaan negara-negara Native American yang berbeza? || <> Berapa ramai penghijrahan kecil ke Amerika Utara ada bukti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?", "id": "571de760b64a571400c71de0", "answers": [{"text": "Geneticists", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are geneticists looking for?", "id": "571de760b64a571400c71de1", "answers": [{"text": "the pattern of markers", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is there genetic evidence of?", "id": "571de760b64a571400c71de2", "answers": [{"text": "three major migrations into North America", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "members of differing cultural Native American nations", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "What can DNA testing distinguish between?", "id": "5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a076", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genetic", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?", "id": "5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "not all Native Americans have been tested", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?", "id": "5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a078", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geneticists", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?", "id": "5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a079", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?", "id": "5ad2bb34d7d075001a42a07a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified."}], ["Sebelum aturan one-drop, negeri-negeri berlainan mempunyai undang-undang yang berbeza mengenai warna. Lebih penting lagi, penerimaan sosial sering memainkan peranan yang lebih besar dalam bagaimana seseorang dirasakan dan bagaimana identiti dibayangkan daripada mana-mana undang-undang. Di kawasan sempadan, terdapat sedikit persoalan tentang asal usul. Masyarakat melihat bagaimana orang melakukan, sama ada mereka berkhidmat di milisi dan mengundi, yang merupakan tanggungjawab dan tanda-tanda warga negara bebas. Apabila persoalan mengenai identiti perkauman timbul kerana isu warisan, misalnya, hasil litigasi sering berdasarkan kepada bagaimana orang diterima oleh jiran. <> Apa yang biasanya memainkan peranan yang lebih besar daripada undang-undang mengenai bangsa seseorang? || penerimaan sosial <> Di mana orang tidak bertanya tentang latar belakang kaum? || kawasan perbatasan <> Apakah ciri-ciri rakyat warganegara? || mereka berkhidmat dalam milisi dan mengundi <> Whos penerimaan memutuskan isu warisan? || jiran <> Apakah undang-undang yang berbeza mengenai warna selepas peraturan one-drop? || <> Apa yang memainkan peranan terkecil dalam bagaimana seseorang dirasakan? || <> Di manakah terdapat banyak soalan mengenai asal usul? || <> Apa yang tidak menjadi faktor bagaimana komuniti memandang orang? || <> Apa yang tidak pernah didasarkan pada bagaimana orang diterima oleh jiran mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?", "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df0", "answers": [{"text": "social acceptance", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did people not ask about racial background?", "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df1", "answers": [{"text": "frontier areas", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the hallmarks of free citizens?", "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df2", "answers": [{"text": "they served in the militia and voted", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?", "id": "571de890b64a571400c71df3", "answers": [{"text": "neighbors", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "different states", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule? ", "id": "5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "social acceptance", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?", "id": "5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "frontier", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "In what areas were there the most questions about origins?", "id": "5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "how people performed", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?", "id": "5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "litigation outcomes", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?", "id": "5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors."}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun penjajahan, manakala keadaan lebih cair, wanita putih, hamba yang tidak dijaga atau bebas, dan lelaki Afrika, hamba, hamba atau bebas, membuat kesatuan. Oleh kerana wanita bebas, anak-anak campuran mereka dilahirkan secara percuma; mereka dan keturunan mereka membentuk sebahagian besar keluarga orang-orang bebas warna selama zaman kolonial di Virginia. Ulama Paul Heinegg mendapati bahawa delapan puluh persen dari orang-orang bebas warna di North Carolina dalam sensus dari 1790-1810 dapat dikesan untuk keluarga yang bebas di Virginia pada zaman penjajahan. <> Bilakah wanita putih dan lelaki hitam berada dalam kesatuan? || Di zaman penjajahan <> Di manakah 80% orang warna percuma di NC berasal? || Virginia dalam penjajahan tahun <> Apakah Paul Heinegg? || ulama <> Apakah sensus yang dia pelajari? || dari 1790-1810 <> Yang membuat kesatuan dengan wanita Afrika semasa zaman penjajahan? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kanak-kanak campuran dari ibu-ibu yang telah diperhambakan? || <> Apa yang boleh dikesan oleh lapan puluh peratus daripada orang yang diperbudak warna di North Carolina? || <> Berapakah peratusan orang warna percuma di Virginia boleh dikesan untuk keluarga di North Carolina? || <> Siapa yang membuat kesatuan dengan lelaki Afrika selepas tahun penjajah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When could white women and black men be in a union?", "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd0", "answers": [{"text": "In the colonial years", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?", "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd1", "answers": [{"text": "Virginia in colonial years", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Paul Heinegg?", "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd2", "answers": [{"text": "scholar", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What censuses did he study?", "id": "571de30db64a571400c71dd3", "answers": [{"text": "from 1790\u20131810", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African men", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?", "id": "5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "born free", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?", "id": "5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Virginia in colonial years", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?", "id": "5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eighty", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?", "id": "5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white women", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?", "id": "5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790\u20131810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years."}], ["Pada tahun 1980-an, ibu bapa kanak-kanak bercampur-campur mula mengatur dan melobi untuk penambahan istilah yang lebih inklusif mengenai perkauman kaum yang akan mencerminkan warisan anak-anak mereka. Apabila kerajaan A.S. mencadangkan penambahan kategori \"bi-kaum\" atau \"multiracial\" pada tahun 1988, sambutan daripada orang ramai kebanyakannya negatif. Beberapa organisasi Afrika-Amerika, dan pemimpin politik Afrika-Amerika, seperti ahli Kongres Diane Watson dan Kongres Augustus Hawkins, sangat bersemangat dalam penolakan kategori mereka, kerana mereka takut kehilangan kuasa politik dan ekonomi jika Amerika Afrika mengurangkan bilangan mereka pengenalan diri. <> Bilakah orang-orang multiracial mula menganjurkan untuk pengenal perkauman yang lebih inklusif? || Pada tahun 1980-an <> Apakah tindak balas kepada idea mengenal pasti orang sebagai biracial atau multiracial? || kebanyakannya negatif <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kehilangan kuasa melalui penggunaan istilah biracial dan multiracial? || jika Afrika Amerika mengurangkan bilangan mereka dengan pengenalan diri <> Siapa yang merupakan beberapa penentang biracial dan multiracial sebagai pengenal? || Wanita Kongres Diane Watson dan Kongres Augustus Hawkins <> Apakah ibu bapa kaum kanak-kanak campuran bercampur sebelum 1980-an? || <> Apakah sambutan daripada orang ramai seperti apabila kerajaan A.S. mencadangkan menggugurkan kategori \"bi-kaum\"? || <> Apa pemimpin politik secara bersuara memihak kepada kategori berbilang kaum? || <> Mengapa Diane Watson memihak kepada kategori berbilang kaum? || <> Apakah cara Afrika Amerika boleh meningkatkan bilangan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?", "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71df8", "answers": [{"text": "In the 1980s", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?", "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71df9", "answers": [{"text": "mostly negative", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?", "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71dfa", "answers": [{"text": "if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?", "id": "571dea26b64a571400c71dfb", "answers": [{"text": "Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a more inclusive term", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?", "id": "5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mostly negative", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of \"bi-racial\"?", "id": "5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Diane Watson", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?", "id": "5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "loss of political and economic power", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?", "id": "5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "self-identification", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?", "id": "5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of \"bi-racial\" or \"multiracial\" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification."}], ["Semasa 1800-an mubaligh Kristian dari Great Britain dan Amerika Syarikat mengikuti peniaga-peniaga ke pulau-pulau Hawaii. Secara beransur-ansur, kehadiran Anglo-Saxon memberi kesan negatif terhadap tahap wanita diraja Hawai yang dipegang untuk penampilan pribumi mereka sendiri. Selama berabad-abad sebelum kedatangan orang-orang Kristian, estetika negara asal Hawaii, seperti kulit gelap dan badan-badan yang banyak, telah dianggap tanda-tanda bangsawan. Tidak kira betapa mereka menyesuaikan diri dengan cara mereka terhadap piawaian Barat, beberapa mubaligh Anglo-Saxon tidak henti-henti merujuk kepada wanita pribumi sebagai \"orang-orang Hawaii.\" Menjelang separuh akhir abad ke-19, beberapa wanita Hawaii mula berkahwin dengan lelaki Eropah yang mendapati mereka eksotik. Walau bagaimanapun, para lelaki memilih wanita Hawaii yang lebih kurus dan pucat dalam kulit. <> Siapa yang membawa mubaligh Kristian ke Hawaii? || pedagang <> Apa yang menyebabkan wanita bangsawan Hawai untuk mencari diri mereka hodoh? || kehadiran Anglo-Saxon <> Apa beberapa contoh bagaimana orang yang mulia harus melihat sebelum orang Kristian datang? || kulit hitam dan badan yang mencukupi <> Apa yang orang barat memanggil wanita Hawaii? || Squaws Hawaiian <> Apabila lelaki putih berkahwin dengan wanita paler dan nipis Hawaii? || Menjelang separuh akhir abad ke-19 <> Di mana mubaligh Kristian mengikuti pedagang sebelum tahun 1800-an? || <> Siapa yang mengikuti mubaligh Kristian ke Kepulauan Hawaii? || <> Apa yang memberi kesan positif terhadap tahap wanita diraja Hawaii yang dipegang untuk penampilan mereka sendiri? || <> Apa kulit gelap tidak lagi dianggap tanda bangsawan? || <> Bilakah wanita Eropah mula berkahwin dengan lelaki Hawaii? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?", "id": "571de4b45569731900639090", "answers": [{"text": "traders", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?", "id": "571de4b45569731900639091", "answers": [{"text": "the Anglo-Saxon presence", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?", "id": "571de4b45569731900639092", "answers": [{"text": "dark skin and ample bodies", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?", "id": "571de4b45569731900639093", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaiian squaws", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?", "id": "571de4b45569731900639094", "answers": [{"text": "By the last half of the 19th century", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Hawaiian islands", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?", "id": "5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traders", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?", "id": "5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Saxon presence", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?", "id": "5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "centuries prior", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?", "id": "5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a34f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "last half of the 19th century", "answer_start": 604}], "question": "When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?", "id": "5ad2d11ed7d075001a42a350", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as \"Hawaiian squaws.\" By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion."}], ["Sesetengah individu berbilang kaum berasa terpinggir oleh masyarakat A.S.. Sebagai contoh, apabila memohon ke sekolah atau untuk pekerjaan, atau apabila mengambil ujian yang standard, orang Amerika kadang-kadang diminta untuk menandakan kotak yang bersamaan dengan kaum atau etnik. Biasanya, kira-kira lima pilihan kaum diberikan, dengan arahan untuk \"semak hanya satu.\" Walaupun beberapa tinjauan menawarkan kotak \"lain\", kumpulan pilihan ini bersama-sama individu pelbagai jenis multiracial berbeza (contoh: Eropah Amerika / Afrika-Amerika dikelompokkan dengan Orang Asia / Orang Asli Amerika). <> Bagaimana perasaan orang berlumba-lumba? || dipinggirkan oleh masyarakat A.S. <> Berapa banyak pilihan kaum yang ada pada ujian seragam? || Biasanya, kira-kira lima pilihan kaum <> Berapa banyak pilihan kaum yang boleh diperiksa seseorang? || hanya satu <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh kotak \"lain\"? || kumpulan bersama-sama individu pelbagai jenis multiracial <> Apabila kaum bercampur campuran merasa terpinggir? || apabila memohon ke sekolah atau untuk pekerjaan <> Siapa yang merasakan dipinggirkan oleh masyarakat Kanada? || <> Apa yang biasanya mempunyai kira-kira 10 pilihan kaum? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh kotak \"lain\"? || <> Bilakah kaum lumba tunggal berasa terpinggir? || <> Bilakah individu berbilang kaum berasa penting dalam masyarakat A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How do some mixed raced people feel?", "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de6", "answers": [{"text": "marginalized by U.S. society", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?", "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de7", "answers": [{"text": "Typically, about five race choices", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many race choices may someone check?", "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de8", "answers": [{"text": "only one", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the \"other\" box do?", "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71de9", "answers": [{"text": "groups together individuals of many different multiracial types", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?", "id": "571de7edb64a571400c71dea", "answers": [{"text": "when applying to schools or for a job", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiracial individuals", "answer_start": 5}], "question": "Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?", "id": "5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "standardized tests", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What usually has about 10 race choices?", "id": "5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "groups together individuals of many different multiracial types", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What does the \"other\" box avoid?", "id": "5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "applying to schools or for a job", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "When do single race people feel marginalized?", "id": "5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "applying to schools", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?", "id": "5ad2afd7d7d075001a429f14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to \"check only one.\" While some surveys offer an \"other\" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians)."}], ["Kadang-kadang orang yang bercampur-campur laporan Afrika-Amerika dan keturunan asli Amerika Syarikat telah mempunyai ahli keluarga tua yang memegang maklumat genealogi yang berkaitan. Mengesan genealogi Amerika Afrika boleh menjadi proses yang sangat sukar, kerana banci tidak mengenal pasti nama budak sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika, yang bermaksud bahawa kebanyakan orang Afrika Amerika tidak muncul dengan nama dalam rekod tersebut. Di samping itu, ramai bapa putih yang menggunakan wanita hamba secara seksual, walaupun mereka yang mempunyai hubungan jangka panjang seperti Thomas Jefferson dengan Sally Hemings, tidak mengiktiraf anak-anak hamba campuran mereka dalam rekod, jadi bapa hilang. <> Siapa yang tidak dikenali dengan nama pada banci sebelum perang saudara? || hamba <> Siapa Thomas Jefferson dalam hubungan dengan? || Sally Hemings <> Tidak mengiktiraf keperawanan putih untuk kanak-kanak budak berbilang kaum menyebabkan apa yang akan hilang? || paternity <> Siapa yang tidak akan mendedahkan data leluhur penuh kepada orang-orang kaum campuran? || ahli keluarga yang lebih tua <> Apa yang dilaporkan oleh orang yang mempunyai ahli keluarga tua yang terbuka dengan maklumat silsilah? || <> Apa yang biasanya merupakan proses yang sangat mudah? || <> Apa yang dikenalpasti oleh nama budak sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika? || <> Siapa yang mengakui anak-anak hamba campuran mereka dalam rekod? || <> Siapa John Adams dalam hubungan dengan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?", "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71dd8", "answers": [{"text": "slaves", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?", "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71dd9", "answers": [{"text": "Sally Hemings", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?", "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71dda", "answers": [{"text": "paternity", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?", "id": "571de3ebb64a571400c71ddb", "answers": [{"text": "elder family members", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "people of mixed African-American and Native American descent", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?", "id": "5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tracing the genealogy of African Americans", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What is usually a very easy process?", "id": "5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "censuses", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?", "id": "5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white fathers", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?", "id": "5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f93", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sally Hemings", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "Who was John Adams in a relationship with?", "id": "5ad2b36bd7d075001a429f94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost."}], ["Sejak akhir abad ke-20, jumlah pendatang etnik Afrika Afrika dan Caribbean telah meningkat di Amerika Syarikat. Bersama publisiti tentang keturunan Presiden Barack Obama, yang ayahnya dari Kenya, beberapa penulis hitam berpendapat bahawa istilah baru diperlukan untuk pendatang baru-baru ini. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa istilah \"Afrika-Amerika\" harus merujuk ketat kepada keturunan budak Afrika dan orang-orang warna yang bebas yang selamat dari era perhambaan di Amerika Syarikat. Mereka berpendapat bahawa mengelompokkan semua orang etnik Afrika tanpa mengira keadaan nenek moyang mereka yang unik akan menafikan kesan berlakunya perhambaan dalam masyarakat keturunan hamba Amerika. Mereka mengatakan pendatang etnik Afrika baru-baru ini perlu mengenali latar belakang nenek moyang mereka sendiri. <> Bapa Presiden adalah dari negara mana? || Kenya <> Masyarakat apa yang masih mempunyai beberapa kesan perhambaan? || Komuniti keturunan hamba Amerika <> Apa yang perlu Afrika yang baru-baru ini berhijrah lakukan? || mengiktiraf latar belakang nenek moyang mereka yang unik <> Yang berhujah untuk istilah lain selain Afrika Amerika untuk menggambarkan pendatang baru-baru ini? || beberapa penulis hitam <> Apa yang berlaku kepada bilangan imigran etnik Afrika Afrika dan Caribbean sebelum abad ke-20? || <> Siapa yang telah berhijrah ke Kanada sejak abad ke-20? || <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa istilah baru untuk pendatang baru-baru ini tidak seharusnya digunakan? || <> Apa yang dikatakan penulis putih yang diperlukan untuk pendatang baru-baru ini? || <> Siapa penulis hitam mengatakan tidak boleh mengiktiraf latar belakang nenek moyang mereka sendiri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The President's father is from what country?", "id": "571de95b55697319006390aa", "answers": [{"text": "Kenya", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What community still has some effects of slavery?", "id": "571de95b55697319006390ab", "answers": [{"text": "American slave descendant community", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must Africans who recently immigrated do?", "id": "571de95b55697319006390ac", "answers": [{"text": "recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?", "id": "571de95b55697319006390ad", "answers": [{"text": "some black writers", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?", "id": "5ad2c356d7d075001a42a128", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?", "id": "5ad2c356d7d075001a42a129", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black writers", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?", "id": "5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new terms", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?", "id": "5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "recent ethnic African immigrants", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?", "id": "5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term \"African-American\" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds."}], ["Diskriminasi kaum terus diterapkan dalam undang-undang baru pada abad ke-20, contohnya aturan satu-putaran telah diberlakukan di Undang-undang Integriti Racun 1924 di Virginia dan di negeri-negeri selatan yang lain, dipengaruhi oleh popularitas eugenik dan ide-ide kesucian kaum. Orang ramai menguburkan kenangan memudar bahawa banyak orang kulit putih mempunyai keturunan pelbagai kaum. Ramai keluarga yang berbilang kaum. Undang-undang yang sama telah dicadangkan tetapi tidak diluluskan pada akhir abad kesembilan belas di South Carolina dan Virginia, misalnya. Selepas mendapatkan semula kuasa politik di negara-negara Selatan dengan menyalahkan orang kulit hitam, kaum kulit putih Demokrat meluluskan undang-undang untuk mengenakan Jim Crow dan pemisahan kaum untuk memulihkan kekuasaan putih. Mereka mengekalkannya sehingga terpaksa berubah pada 1960-an dan selepas dengan penguatkuasaan perundangan persekutuan yang membenarkan pengawasan amalan untuk melindungi hak-hak perlembagaan rakyat Amerika Afrika dan penduduk minoriti yang lain. <> Siapa yang dipersalahkan dalam perenggan ini untuk undang-undang Jim Crow? || putih Demokrat <> Bilakah Virginia menambah peraturan satu drop kepada undang-undang mereka? || 1924 <> Fakta apa yang tidak diabaikan dengan memberlakukan undang-undang peraturan satu drop? || bahawa kebanyakan orang putih mempunyai keturunan pelbagai kaum. <> Mengapa undang-undang mengehadkan orang warna yang diluluskan? || untuk mengembalikan supremasi putih <> Apa popularitas di awal abad ke-20 yang menyebabkan diskriminasi kaum meningkat? || eugenik dan idea-idea kesucian kaum <> Apa yang terus berlaku dalam undang-undang baru pada abad ke-21? || <> Apakah negeri yang memberlakukan peraturan dua drop? || <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang telah dicadangkan dan diluluskan pada akhir abad ke-19 di South Carolina? || <> Siapa yang mendapat kuasa politik di selatan dengan mendokong orang kulit hitam? || <> Dalam berapa tahun demokrat meluluskan undang-undang untuk mengenakan Jim Crow? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?", "id": "571de5e2556973190063909a", "answers": [{"text": "white Democrats", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?", "id": "571de5e2556973190063909b", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?", "id": "571de5e2556973190063909c", "answers": [{"text": "that many whites had multiracial ancestry.", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were laws limiting people of color passed?", "id": "571de5e2556973190063909d", "answers": [{"text": "to restore white supremacy", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?", "id": "571de5e2556973190063909e", "answers": [{"text": "eugenics and ideas of racial purity", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Racial discrimination", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?", "id": "5ad29f56d7d075001a429c68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Virginia", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What state enacted the two-drop rule?", "id": "5ad29f56d7d075001a429c69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Similar", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?", "id": "5ad29f56d7d075001a429c6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white Democrats", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?", "id": "5ad29f56d7d075001a429c6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?", "id": "5ad29f56d7d075001a429c6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens."}], ["Fenomena yang dikenali sebagai \"lulus sebagai putih\" adalah sukar untuk diterangkan di negara lain atau kepada pelajar asing. Soalan-soalan biasa adalah: \"Tidakkah orang Amerika mengatakan bahawa seseorang yang berlalu putih adalah putih, atau hampir semua putih, dan sebelum ini telah berlalu sebagai hitam?\" atau \"Untuk menjadi konsisten, tidakkah anda mengatakan bahawa seseorang yang putih kelapan-lapan adalah lulus sebagai hitam?\" ... Orang yang India yang keempat atau kurang India atau Korea atau Filipina tidak dianggap sebagai lulus jika dia berkahwin dengan dan bergabung sepenuhnya dengan kehidupan masyarakat yang dominan, jadi keturunan minoriti tidak perlu tersembunyi. ... Selalunya disyorkan bahawa sebab utama untuk ini adalah bahawa perbezaan fizikal antara kumpulan-kumpulan dan putih yang lain kurang jelas daripada perbezaan fizikal antara kulit hitam dan putih Afrika, dan oleh itu kurang mengancam kulit putih. ... [K] keturunan di salah satu kumpulan minoriti kaum tidak melebihi satu perempat, seseorang tidak didefinisikan semata-mata sebagai anggota kumpulan itu. <> Seseorang bukan ahli minoriti kaum jika ancaman tidak apa? || melebihi satu perempat <> Siapakah yang dipertanggungjawabkan untuk mempunyai perbezaan yang paling fizikal? || Afrika hitam dan putih <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang lain daripada orang kulit hitam dianggap? || kurang mengancam putih <> Apa yang mudah dijelaskan kepada orang lain di negara lain? || <> Apa yang dianggap lebih mengancam kulit hitam Afrika? || <> Kapan seseorang yang ditakrifkan semata-mata sebagai ahli minoriti perkauman? || <> Siapa mudah untuk menerangkan \"lulus sebagai putih\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?", "id": "571de6c155697319006390a4", "answers": [{"text": "exceed one-fourth", "answer_start": 926}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?", "id": "571de6c155697319006390a5", "answers": [{"text": "African blacks and whites", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are groups other than blacks considered to be?", "id": "571de6c155697319006390a6", "answers": [{"text": "less threatening to whites", "answer_start": 830}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "passing as white", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What is easy to explain to people in other countries?", "id": "5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physical differences", "answer_start": 756}], "question": "What is considered more threatening to African blacks?", "id": "5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "[W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth", "answer_start": 862}], "question": "When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?", "id": "5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foreign students", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Who is it easy to explain \"passing as white\" to?", "id": "5ad2d491d7d075001a42a3d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The phenomenon known as \"passing as white\" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: \"Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?\" or \"To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?\" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group."}], ["Penulis penulis Sherrel W. Stewart bahawa \"kebanyakan\" orang Afrika Amerika mempunyai warisan asli Amerika asli, tidak disokong oleh penyelidik genetik yang telah melakukan kajian pemetaan penduduk yang luas. Siri TV mengenai keturunan Afrika-Amerika, yang dihoskan oleh sarjana Henry Louis Gates, Jr., mempunyai sarjana genetik yang membincangkan secara terperinci pelbagai keturunan di kalangan orang Afrika Amerika. Mereka menyatakan terdapat kepercayaan yang popular terhadap kadar campuran Native American yang tinggi yang tidak disokong oleh data yang telah dikumpulkan. (Rujukan akan datang) <> Siapa kata banyak orang Afrika Amerika yang mempunyai warisan Amerika? || Sherrel W. Stewart <> Siapa yang membuktikan hipotesis Sherrel? || penyelidik genetik yang telah melakukan kajian pemetaan populasi yang luas <> Siapa yang menganjurkan siri TV mengenai sejarah genetik orang Afrika Amerika? || Henry Louis Gates <> Apa penulis menegaskan bahawa sangat sedikit Amerika Afrika mempunyai warisan asli Amerika asli? || <> Siapa yang menuntut peneliti genetik mempunyai warisan asli Amerika asli? || <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah siri TV mengenai keturunan Asia Amerika? || <> Kepercayaan apa yang popular disokong oleh data yang telah dikumpulkan? || <> Apa penyelidikan genetik percaya kebanyakan orang Amerika Afrika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?", "id": "571df107b64a571400c71e14", "answers": [{"text": "Sherrel W. Stewart", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?", "id": "571df107b64a571400c71e15", "answers": [{"text": "genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?", "id": "571df107b64a571400c71e16", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Louis Gates", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sherrel W. Stewart", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?", "id": "5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African Americans", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?", "id": "5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry Louis Gates, Jr.", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?", "id": "5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high rate of Native American admixture", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?", "id": "5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a06f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "significant Native American heritage", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?", "id": "5ad2ba2ad7d075001a42a070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that \"most\" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)"}], ["Reaksi terhadap kritikan media terhadap Michelle Obama semasa pemilihan presiden 2008, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Persidangan Pemimpin Kristian Selatan berkata, \"Mengapa mereka menyerang Michelle Obama, dan tidak menyerang, sehingga suaminya? dia tidak mempunyai darah hamba kepadanya. \" Beliau kemudiannya menyatakan komennya dimaksudkan untuk menjadi \"provokatif\" tetapi menolak untuk mengembangkannya. Bekas Setiausaha Negara, Condoleezza Rice (yang telah disalah anggap sebagai \"imigran Amerika baru-baru ini\" oleh Presiden Perancis Nicolas Sarkozy), berkata \"keturunan budak tidak mendapat banyak permulaan, dan saya fikir anda terus melihat beberapa kesan daripada itu. \" Dia juga menolak penunjuk imigran untuk orang Amerika Afrika dan lebih suka istilah \"hitam\" atau \"putih\". <> Kenapa Steele fikir orang tidak menyerang Barrack Obama? || Kerana dia tidak mempunyai darah hamba kepadanya <> Apa yang Condoleeza Beras lebih suka untuk istilah orang sebagai? || \"hitam\" atau \"putih\" <> Apa pendapat Presiden Sarkozy Setiausaha Negara Nasi? || imigran Amerika baru-baru ini <> Siapakah Charles Kenzie Steele Jr? || Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Persidangan Kepimpinan Kristian Selatan <> Mengapa Steele mengatakan apa yang dia lakukan? || untuk menjadi \"provokatif\" <> Yang menuduh orang menyerang Barack Obama lebih daripada Michelle Obama? || <> Tahun berapa Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr menuduh media menyerang Barack Obama? || <> Siapa yang tersilap untuk \"imigran Amerika baru-baru ini\" oleh Perdana Menteri Jerman? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan untuk orang Amerika Afrika yang dikehendaki Condoleezza Rice berbanding \"hitam\" dan \"putih\"? || <> Siapa yang mendakwa bahawa keturunan hamba mempunyai permulaan yang baik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?", "id": "571df6a455697319006390d4", "answers": [{"text": "Because he has no slave blood in him", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?", "id": "571df6a455697319006390d5", "answers": [{"text": "\"black\" or \"white\"", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?", "id": "571df6a455697319006390d6", "answers": [{"text": "recent American immigrant", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?", "id": "571df6a455697319006390d7", "answers": [{"text": "CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Steele say what he did?", "id": "571df6a455697319006390d8", "answers": [{"text": "to be \"provocative\"", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr.", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?", "id": "5ad2c590d7d075001a42a194", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?", "id": "5ad2c590d7d075001a42a195", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Condoleezza Rice", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "Who was mistaken for a \"recent American immigrant\" by the German Prime Minister?", "id": "5ad2c590d7d075001a42a196", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immigrant", "answer_start": 697}], "question": "What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over \"black\" and \"white\"?", "id": "5ad2c590d7d075001a42a197", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Condoleezza Rice", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?", "id": "5ad2c590d7d075001a42a198", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, \"Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him.\" He later claimed his comment was intended to be \"provocative\" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a \"recent American immigrant\" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said \"descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that.\" She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term \"black\" or \"white\" ."}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-19, tiga guru wanita kelas menengah Eropah-Amerika telah berkahwin dengan lelaki asli Amerika yang mereka temui di Institut Hampton semasa bertahun-tahun ketika program India dijalankan. Pada akhir abad kesembilan belas, Charles Eastman, seorang pakar perubatan keturunan Eropah dan Sioux yang terlatih di Boston University, berkahwin dengan Elaine Goodale, seorang wanita Eropah-Amerika dari New England. Mereka bertemu dan bekerjasama di Dakota Territory ketika dia adalah Superintendent Pendidikan India dan dia adalah seorang doktor untuk tempahan. Datuk cucunya adalah Seth Eastman, seorang artis dan pegawai Tentera dari New England, yang telah berkahwin dengan seorang wanita Sioux dan mempunyai seorang anak perempuan dengannya semasa ditempatkan di Fort Snelling di Minnesota. <> Siapa doktor? || Charles Eastman <> Siapa doktor yang berkaitan? || Seth Eastman <> Siapa saudara saudara doktor yang berkahwin? || Sioux woman <> Siapa yang bertemu dengan suami mereka di institut Hampton? || tiga guru wanita kelas menengah Eropah-Amerika <> Apakah suku yang berkaitan dengan Eastman? || Sioux <> Berapa ramai guru Afrika-Amerika berkahwin dengan orang asli Amerika yang mereka temui di Institut Hampton? || <> Apa nama wanita Seth Eastman berkahwin? || <> Siapa yang menjadi penasihat keturunan Eropah dan Sioux? || <> Siapa yang Seth Eastman mempunyai anak lelaki? || <> Di manakah Seth Eastman ditempatkan di South Dakota? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was a doctor?", "id": "571debb355697319006390b2", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Eastman", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the doctor related to?", "id": "571debb355697319006390b3", "answers": [{"text": "Seth Eastman", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the relative of the doctor marry?", "id": "571debb355697319006390b4", "answers": [{"text": "Sioux woman", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?", "id": "571debb355697319006390b5", "answers": [{"text": "three European-American middle-class female teachers", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tribe was Eastman related to?", "id": "571debb355697319006390b6", "answers": [{"text": "Sioux", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?", "id": "5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a284", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elaine Goodale", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?", "id": "5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a285", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charles Eastman", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?", "id": "5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a286", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sioux woman", "answer_start": 633}], "question": "Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?", "id": "5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a287", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fort Snelling", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?", "id": "5ad2cb64d7d075001a42a288", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota."}], ["Selepas Perang Saudara, pengasingan kaum memaksa orang-orang Amerika Afrika untuk berkongsi lebih banyak persamaan di masyarakat daripada yang mungkin telah memberikan pelbagai keturunan, pendidikan dan ekonomi. Bahagian binari mengubah status berasingan orang-orang warna tradisional di Louisiana, misalnya, walaupun mereka mengekalkan budaya Louisiana Cr\u00e9ole yang kuat yang berkaitan dengan budaya dan bahasa Perancis, dan praktik Katolikisme. Orang-orang Afrika Afrika mula mencipta punca umum-tanpa mengira campuran multiracial mereka atau stratifikasi sosial dan ekonomi. Dalam perubahan abad ke-20, semasa munculnya Hak-Hak Sivil dan gerakan Hitam Kekuatan, masyarakat Afrika-Amerika meningkatkan tekanan sendiri untuk orang-orang dari mana-mana bahagian keturunan Afrika yang dituntut oleh masyarakat hitam untuk menambah kekuasaannya. Sebagai contoh, statusnya diturunkan selepas perang saudara? || orang yang secara tradisinya bebas warna di Louisiana <> Yang semakin dimasukkan sebagai orang Afrika Amerika pada abad ke-20? || orang dari mana-mana bahagian keturunan Afrika <> Apa yang orang Amerika Afrika terpaksa berkongsi sebelum Perang Saudara? || <> Apa yang memelihara status berasingan orang warna tradisional di Louisiana yang sama? || <> Yang mengekalkan budaya yang kuat berkaitan dengan budaya Itali? || <> Budaya apa yang diketahui untuk mengamalkan Protestantisme? || <> Apakah penurunan tekanan untuk orang keturunan Afrika yang dituntut oleh komuniti hitam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?", "id": "571df3d555697319006390c6", "answers": [{"text": "traditionally free people of color in Louisiana", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?", "id": "571df3d555697319006390c7", "answers": [{"text": "people of any portion of African descent", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a common lot in society", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?", "id": "5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "binary division", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?", "id": "5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free people of color in Louisiana", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?", "id": "5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Louisiana Cr\u00e9ole", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?", "id": "5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?", "id": "5ad2c0f8d7d075001a42a0fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Cr\u00e9ole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause\u2014regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power."}], ["Orang berbilang kaum yang ingin mengiktiraf warisan penuh mereka memenangi pelbagai kejayaan pada tahun 1997, apabila Pejabat Pengurusan dan Belanjawan (OMB) mengubah peraturan perkauman bagi kategori perkauman untuk membenarkan pelbagai tindak balas. Ini mengakibatkan perubahan kepada 2000 Banci Amerika Syarikat, yang membolehkan para peserta memilih lebih dari satu daripada enam kategori yang ada, iaitu, \"Putih,\" \"Hitam atau Afrika Amerika,\" \"Asia,\" \"India India atau Alaskan Native, \"\" Hawaiian asli atau Kepulauan Pasifik lain, \"dan\" Lain-lain. \" Maklumat lanjut diberikan dalam artikel: Race (bancian A.S.). OMB membuat arahan mandatori untuk semua bentuk kerajaan pada tahun 2003. <> Pejabat apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk perubahan bentuk banci? || Pejabat Pengurusan dan Belanjawan (OMB) <> Bilakah OMB mengubah garis panduan perkauman untuk borang banci? || 1997 <> Bilakah arahan kaum OMB dibuat wajib bagi setiap bentuk kerajaan? || 2003 <> Apakah undi OMB yang dibenarkan pada banci tahun 2000? || peserta untuk memilih lebih daripada satu daripada enam kategori yang ada <> Bilakah OMB menukar peraturan persekutuan kategori perkauman untuk menghalang pelbagai tindak balas? || <> Pada tahun apakah peserta tidak lagi boleh memilih lebih daripada satu daripada enam kategori yang tersedia? || <> Apa yang bukan salah satu daripada peserta kategori yang boleh dipilih pada 2000 Banci Amerika Syarikat? || <> Bilakah arahan OMB berhenti menjadi wajib dalam bentuk kerajaan? || <> Pejabat apa yang dihalang daripada membuat perubahan pada borang banci? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What office is responsible for the census form changes?", "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e2e", "answers": [{"text": "the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?", "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e2f", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?", "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e30", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?", "id": "571df51db64a571400c71e31", "answers": [{"text": "participants to select more than one of the six available categories", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?", "id": "5ad2aeffd7d075001a429efe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?", "id": "5ad2aeffd7d075001a429eff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "White", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?", "id": "5ad2aeffd7d075001a429f00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?", "id": "5ad2aeffd7d075001a429f01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Office of Management and Budget", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What office is barred from making changes to the census form?", "id": "5ad2aeffd7d075001a429f02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: \"White,\" \"Black or African American,\" \"Asian,\" \"American Indian or Alaskan Native,\" \"Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander,\" and \"Other.\" Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003."}], ["Lelaki Cina memasuki Amerika Syarikat sebagai buruh, terutamanya di Pantai Barat dan di wilayah barat. Berikutan era Rekonstruksi, sebagai orang kulit hitam menubuhkan ladang bebas, penanam putih mengimport buruh Cina untuk memenuhi keperluan mereka untuk buruh. Pada tahun 1882, Akta Pengecualian Cina telah diluluskan, dan pekerja Cina yang memilih untuk tinggal di A.S. tidak dapat meniru isteri mereka. Di Selatan, beberapa orang Cina berkahwin dengan masyarakat hitam dan mulatto, kerana secara umumnya diskriminasi bermakna mereka tidak mengambil pasangan putih. Mereka dengan cepat meninggalkan kerja sebagai buruh, dan menubuhkan barangan runcit di bandar-bandar kecil di seluruh Selatan. Mereka bekerja untuk mendapatkan anak-anak mereka yang berpelajaran dan bergerak sosial. <> Di manakah kebanyakan lelaki Cina memasuki AS? || terutamanya di Pantai Barat dan di wilayah barat <> Yang mengimport buruh Cina? || penanam putih <> Apa yang menyebabkan isteri tidak dapat bergerak ke Amerika Syarikat dengan suami Cina mereka selepas tahun 1882? || Akta Pengecualian Cina <> Apa makna perkauman kaum kaum Cina secara amnya bermakna? || mereka tidak mengambil pasangan putih <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh buruh Cina selepas mereka meninggalkan garis kerja? || menubuhkan runcit di bandar-bandar kecil di seluruh Selatan <> yang memasuki Amerika Syarikat sebagai intelektual? || <> Siapa yang menanam penanam putih sebelum era Rekonstruksi? || <> Apakah tindakan yang membenarkan pekerja Cina di A.S. mempunyai isteri mereka? || <> Di manakah lelaki Cina mengambil pasangan putih? || <> Apa lelaki Cina ditubuhkan di bandar-bandar di seluruh Utara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did most Chinese men enter the US?", "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e24", "answers": [{"text": "primarily on the West Coast and in western territories", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who imported Chinese laborers?", "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e25", "answers": [{"text": "white planters", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?", "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e26", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese Exclusion Act", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?", "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e27", "answers": [{"text": "they did not take white spouses", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?", "id": "571df47eb64a571400c71e28", "answers": [{"text": "set up groceries in small towns throughout the South", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese men", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who entered the United States as intellectuals?", "id": "5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a390", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese laborers", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?", "id": "5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a391", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese Exclusion Act", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?", "id": "5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a392", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the South", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "Where did Chinese men take white spouses?", "id": "5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a393", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "groceries", "answer_start": 583}], "question": "What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?", "id": "5ad2d2c4d7d075001a42a394", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile."}], ["Hubungan antara kaum telah mempunyai sejarah yang panjang di Amerika Utara dan Amerika Syarikat, bermula dengan penggabungan para penjelajah dan tentera Eropah, yang mengambil wanita pribumi sebagai sahabat. Selepas penyelesaian Eropah meningkat, peniaga-peniaga dan perangkap bulu sering berkahwin atau mempunyai kesatuan dengan wanita suku asli. Pada abad ke-17, berhadapan dengan kekurangan tenaga buruh yang berterusan, kolonis terutamanya di Chesapeake Bay Colony, mengimport Afrika sebagai buruh, kadang-kadang sebagai hamba yang diindentifikasi dan, semakin, sebagai hamba. Hamba Afrika juga diimport ke New York dan pelabuhan utara lain oleh Belanda dan kemudian Bahasa Inggeris. Sesetengah budak Afrika dibebaskan oleh tuan mereka pada tahun-tahun awal ini. <> Pekerjaan apa yang dilakukan orang Eropah awal yang bercampur dengan penduduk pribumi? || penjelajah dan tentera <> Siapa yang memulakan berkahwin atau mempunyai kesatuan dengan ibu negara selepas penempatan meningkat? || peniaga dan penipu bulu <> Mengapa penjajah Chesapeake Bay mula membeli budak? || kekurangan tenaga buruh yang berterusan <> Yang pertama mengimport hamba ke New York? || Belanda <> Yang membebaskan beberapa budak awal? || tuan mereka <> Apa yang mempunyai sejarah panjang di Eropah? || <> Siapa orang asli mengambil sebagai sahabat? || <> Apakah pedagang dan perajang bulu lakukan sebelum penyelesaian Eropah meningkat? || <> Apa yang diimport kolonis pada abad ke-16? || <> Siapa kadangkala dibebaskan oleh tuan mereka pada tahun-tahun kemudian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?", "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1a", "answers": [{"text": "explorers and soldiers", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?", "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1b", "answers": [{"text": "traders and fur trappers", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?", "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1c", "answers": [{"text": "a continuing, critical labor shortage", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first imported slaves to New York?", "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1d", "answers": [{"text": "the Dutch", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who freed some of the early slaves?", "id": "571df27ab64a571400c71e1e", "answers": [{"text": "their masters", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Interracial relationships", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What has a long history in Europe?", "id": "5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European explorers", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Who did native men take as companions?", "id": "5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "married or had unions with women of native tribes", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?", "id": "5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Africans", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "What did colonists import in the 16th century?", "id": "5ad298a2d7d075001a429b4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African slaves", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?", "id": "5ad298a2d7d075001a429b50", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years."}], ["Identiti sosial kanak-kanak itu sangat ditentukan oleh sistem kekeluargaan suku. Di antara suku-suku matrilineal di tenggara, kanak-kanak bangsa campuran umumnya diterima dan dikenali sebagai India, kerana mereka memperoleh status sosial mereka dari klan dan puak ibu mereka, dan sering dibesarkan dengan ibu dan saudara lelaki mereka. Sebaliknya, antara Omaha patrilineal, contohnya, anak lelaki putih dan wanita Omaha dianggap \"putih\"; kanak-kanak bangsa campuran dan ibu mereka akan dilindungi, tetapi anak-anak boleh secara rasmi tergolong dalam suku kaum sebagai anggota hanya jika diterima pakai oleh seorang lelaki. <> Apa yang menentukan identiti sosial kanak-kanak? || sistem kekeluargaan puak <> Apa sistem warisan yang digunakan oleh puak-puak Tenggara? || matrilineal <> Apakah anak-anak berbilang kaum dengan ibu suku yang dianggap sebagai suku kaum di Tenggara? || India <> Perlumbaan apa yang dilihat oleh Omaha untuk kanak-kanak berbilang kaum dengan ayah putih? || putih <> Apa yang tidak menentukan identiti sosial kanak-kanak? || <> Apakah status bangsa campuran kaum di suku-suku Barat? || <> Apakah anak perempuan putih dan lelaki Omaha dipertimbangkan? || <> Siapa yang tidak akan melindungi kanak-kanak bercampur-campur dan ibu mereka? || <> Siapa yang boleh secara rasmi tergolong dalam suku jika mereka diterima pakai oleh seorang wanita? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What determined a child's social identity?", "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e00", "answers": [{"text": "the tribe's kinship system", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?", "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e01", "answers": [{"text": "matrilineal", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?", "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e02", "answers": [{"text": "Indian", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?", "id": "571deae4b64a571400c71e03", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tribe's kinship system", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What did not determine the social identity of the children?", "id": "5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accepted as and identified as Indian", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?", "id": "5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?", "id": "5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Omaha", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?", "id": "5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "children", "answer_start": 542}], "question": "Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?", "id": "5ad2c70ed7d075001a42a1d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered \"white\"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man."}], ["Undang-undang yang berasal dari Amerika kolonial pada abad ke-17 menamakan anak-anak ibu hamba Afrika sebagai mengambil status ibu mereka, dan dilahirkan dalam perhambaan tanpa mengira kaum atau status bapa, di bawah kekangan partus. Persatuan perhambaan dengan \"bangsa\" menyebabkan perhambaan sebagai kasta kaum. Tetapi, kebanyakan keluarga orang bebas warna yang dibentuk di Virginia sebelum Revolusi Amerika adalah keturunan kesatuan antara wanita putih dan lelaki Afrika, yang kerap bekerja dan hidup bersama dalam keadaan yang lebih lemah dari zaman penjajahan awal. Walaupun perkahwinan antara kaum kemudian dilarang, lelaki kulit putih sering mengambil kesempatan seksual wanita hamba, dan banyak generasi kanak-kanak berbilang kaum dilahirkan. Menjelang akhir 1800-an ia telah menjadi biasa di kalangan orang-orang Afrika Amerika untuk menggunakan lulus untuk mendapatkan peluang pendidikan seperti yang dilakukan lulusan pertama Afrika-Amerika Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Beberapa skema pengkategorian abad ke-19 menamakan orang dengan perkadaran keturunan Afrika: orang yang orang tua yang hitam dan putih diklasifikasikan sebagai mulatto, dengan satu nenek hitam dan tiga putih seperti quadroon, dan dengan seorang tuan-tiri hitam dan selebihnya putih sebagai oktorun . Kategori terakhir tetap dalam kategori hitam atau berwarna secara keseluruhan, tetapi sebelum Perang Saudara, di Virginia dan beberapa negara lain, orang yang berumur lapan atau kurang hitam berasal dari kulit putih. Sesetengah ahli kategori ini diluluskan buat sementara atau secara kekal sebagai putih. <> Apa hasil daripada seorang kanak-kanak yang mempunyai ibu Afrika? || lahir sebagai perhambaan <> Apa peraturan yang membolehkan budak-budak yang mempunyai bapa putih menjadi budak? || partus sequitur ventrem <> Siapa Amerika pertama yang bergraduat dari Vassar College? || Anita Florence Hemmings <> Apa yang membuat seseorang mulatto? || ibu bapa adalah hitam dan putih <> Apa yang perlu seseorang menjadi oktaf? || salah seorang datuk nenek hitam dan sisanya putih <> Apa undang-undang dari abad ke-16 menentukan anak-anak ibu hamba Afrika sebagai? || <> Siapa yang tidak dilahirkan dalam perhambaan? || <> Siapa orang yang bebas warna di New York berasal dari? || <> Siapa yang mengambil kesempatan daripada hamba lelaki? || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan Amerika Afrika untuk berlalu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the result of a child having an African mother?", "id": "571df5db55697319006390ca", "answers": [{"text": "born into slavery", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?", "id": "571df5db55697319006390cb", "answers": [{"text": "partus sequitur ventrem", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?", "id": "571df5db55697319006390cc", "answers": [{"text": "Anita Florence Hemmings", "answer_start": 902}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What makes a person mulatto?", "id": "571df5db55697319006390cd", "answers": [{"text": "parents were black and white", "answer_start": 1033}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?", "id": "571df5db55697319006390ce", "answers": [{"text": "one black great-grandparent and the remainder white", "answer_start": 1154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "taking the status of their mothers", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?", "id": "5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "children of African slave mothers", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "Who was not born into slavery?", "id": "5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white women and African men", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "Who were free people of color in New York descended from?", "id": "5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white men", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "Who took advantage of slave men?", "id": "5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gain educational opportunities", "answer_start": 810}], "question": "What did African Americans not use passing to do?", "id": "5ad2d54dd7d075001a42a3ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a \"race\" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white."}], ["Daripada banyak hubungan antara pemegang hamba lelaki, penilik, atau budak lelaki dan budak lelaki, yang paling ketara adalah kemungkinan Presiden Thomas Jefferson dengan hamba Sally Hemings. Seperti yang dinyatakan dalam pameran kolaborasi Smithsonian-Monticello 2012, Perbudakan di Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, kemudian seorang duda, mengambil Hemings sebagai gundiknya selama hampir 40 tahun. Mereka mempunyai enam anak rekod; empat kanak-kanak Hemings bertahan ke dewasa, dan dia membebaskan mereka semua, di antara budak-budak yang sangat sedikit yang dibebaskannya. Dua dibenarkan untuk \"melarikan diri\" ke Utara pada tahun 1822, dan dua diberi kebebasan oleh kehendaknya pada kematiannya pada tahun 1826. Tujuh kelapan dari putih dengan keturunan, semua empat anaknya Hemings pindah ke negeri utara sebagai orang dewasa; tiga dari empat memasuki masyarakat kulit putih, dan semua keturunannya dikenal sebagai putih. Daripada keturunan Madison Hemings, yang terus mengenali sebagai hitam, beberapa generasi masa depan akhirnya dikenal pasti sebagai putih dan \"berkahwin\", sementara yang lain terus mengenali sebagai Afrika Amerika. Ia berfaedah secara sosial untuk kanak-kanak Hemings dikenal pasti sebagai putih, selaras dengan penampilan mereka dan sebahagian besar daripada keturunan mereka. Walaupun dilahirkan dalam perhambaan, anak-anak Hemings secara hukum putih di bawah undang-undang Virginia pada masa itu. <> Presiden Thomas Jefferson mempunyai hubungan dengan siapa? || Sally Hemings <> Apakah nama pameran Smithsonian-Monticello yang membincangkan hubungan mereka? || Perhambaan di Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty <> Berapa lama Jefferson dan Hemmings dalam hubungan? || hampir 40 tahun <> Anak manakah Jefferson yang dikenal pasti sebagai hitam? || Madison Hemings <> Berapa banyak anak-anak Jefferson dan Hemmings berwarna putih? || Tujuh kelapan <> Apa hamba yang George Washington mempunyai hubungan dengan? || <> Berapa lama Washington dan Hemings dalam hubungan? || <> Berapa ramai anak Hemings berpindah ke selatan? || <> Apa yang sukar untuk dilakukan oleh kanak-kanak Hemings secara sosial? || <> Siapa yang sah di bawah undang-undang Virginia pada masa itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?", "id": "571df34b55697319006390bc", "answers": [{"text": "Sally Hemings", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?", "id": "571df34b55697319006390bd", "answers": [{"text": "Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?", "id": "571df34b55697319006390be", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 40 years", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which child of Jefferson identified as black?", "id": "571df34b55697319006390bf", "answers": [{"text": "Madison Hemings", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?", "id": "571df34b55697319006390c0", "answers": [{"text": "Seven-eighths", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sally Hemings", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?", "id": "5ad29db7d7d075001a429c2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40 years", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?", "id": "5ad29db7d7d075001a429c2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?", "id": "5ad29db7d7d075001a429c30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "identify as white", "answer_start": 1099}], "question": "What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?", "id": "5ad29db7d7d075001a429c31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hemings children", "answer_start": 1230}], "question": "Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?", "id": "5ad29db7d7d075001a429c32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to \"escape\" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and \"married out\", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time."}], ["Banci A.S. 2000 dalam kategori tindak balas menulis mempunyai penyenaraian kod yang menyeragamkan peletakan pelbagai tindak balas menulis untuk penempatan automatik dalam rangka kerangka yang disebutkan di Banci A.S.. Manakala kebanyakan tanggapan boleh dibezakan sebagai salah satu daripada lima kaum yang disenaraikan, terdapat beberapa tanggapan menulis yang jatuh ke dalam tajuk \"Campuran\" yang tidak boleh dikategorikan secara rasminya. Ini termasuk \"Bi Racial, Gabungan, Segala-galanya, Ramai, Campuran, Multi Negara, Pelbagai, Beberapa dan Pelbagai\". <> Apakah maksud \"campuran\" bermaksud? || tidak boleh dianggap bersifat perkauman <> Tahun apa Banci AS menulis dalam kategori tindak balas mempunyai penyenaraian kod? || 2000 <> Bi-racial akan dikodkan sebagai apa? || Campuran <> Berapa banyak pilihan kaum di sana? || lima kaum yang disebutkan 'Apakah yang ada dalam bancian 1990 dalam kategori tindak balas tulis? || <> Apa penyenaraian kod yang disesuaikan? || <> Tajuk apa yang boleh dikategorikan mengikut kaum? || <> Dalam tahun apakah banci mempunyai lapan angka yang disebutkan? || <> Berapa banyak pilihan kaum yang dimiliki banci Kanada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the \"mixture\" heading mean?", "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e60", "answers": [{"text": "cannot be racially categorized", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?", "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e61", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bi-racial would be coded as what?", "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e62", "answers": [{"text": "Mixture", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many race options were there?", "id": "571e005cb64a571400c71e63", "answers": [{"text": "five enumerated races", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a code listing", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?", "id": "5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the placement of various write-in responses", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What did the code listing destandardize?", "id": "5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mixture", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "What heading can be racially categorized?", "id": "5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?", "id": "5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "How many race options did the Canadian census have?", "id": "5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the \"Mixture\" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include \"Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various\"."}], ["Di Virginia sebelum tahun 1920, sebagai contoh, seseorang itu putih secara sah jika mempunyai tujuh lapan atau lebih keturunan putih. Peraturan satu-drop berasal dari beberapa negara Amerika Selatan pada akhir abad ke-19, mungkin sebagai tindak balas terhadap percubaan orang kulit putih untuk mengekalkan ketuanan putih dan membatasi kuasa politik hitam berikutan kawalan semula Parti Demokrat pada perundangan negeri pada akhir 1870-an. Tahun pertama di mana Banci A.S. jatuh kategori mulatto ialah 1920; para pencari tahun itu diarahkan untuk mengelaskan orang dengan cara binari sebagai putih atau hitam. Ini adalah hasil Kongres yang dikuasai Selatan yang meyakinkan Biro Banci untuk mengubah peraturannya. <> Sebelum tahun 1920, bagaimanakah seseorang akan menjadi putih oleh undang-undang? || jika mempunyai ketujuh-lapan atau lebih keturunan putih <> Berapa tahun mulatto meninggalkan Banci Amerika Syarikat? || 1920 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab ke Biro Banci yang membuang kategori mulatto? || Kongres yang dikuasai Selatan <> Ketika orang putih secara sah di South Carolina sebelum tahun 1920? || <> Bilakah peraturan one-drop berakhir? || <> Apa usaha untuk meningkatkan kuasa politik hitam? || <> Apakah tahun pertama Banci A.S. menggunakan kategori mulatto? || <> Apakah keputusan Kongres yang didominasi Utara yang meyakinkan Biro Banci untuk mengubah peraturannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?", "id": "571dfe3fb64a571400c71e52", "answers": [{"text": "if having seven-eights or more white ancestry", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was mulatto left off the US Census?", "id": "571dfe3fb64a571400c71e53", "answers": [{"text": "1920", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?", "id": "571dfe3fb64a571400c71e54", "answers": [{"text": "Southern-dominated Congress", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven-eights or more white ancestry", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?", "id": "5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 19th century", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "When was the one-drop rule ended?", "id": "5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The one-drop rule", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What was an attempt to increase black political power?", "id": "5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?", "id": "5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?", "id": "5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules."}], ["Ramai migran Amerika Latin telah mestizo, Amerindian, atau bangsa campuran lain. Latin Latin multiracial mempunyai penampilan media terhad; pengkritik telah menuduh media Hispanik AS mengatasi penduduk Hispanik asli dan multiracial dan penduduk Hispanik hitam yang berwarna coklat dengan perwakilan berambut perang dan orang-orang kulit putih yang berwarna biru dan hijau dan Latin Amerika (yang menyerupai orang Scandinavia dan orang-orang Eropah Utara yang lain daripada melihat seperti Hispanik putih dan Latin Amerika yang kebanyakannya mempunyai ciri-ciri Eropah Selatan yang tipikal), dan juga mulatto ringan dan mestizo Hispanik dan Latin Amerika (sering disifatkan sebagai orang kulit putih di Amerika Syarikat Hispanik dan penduduk Latin jika mencapai kelas menengah atau status sosial yang lebih tinggi), terutama beberapa pelakon di telenovelas. <> Apa yang ramai migran Amerika Latin? || mestizo, Amerindian, atau bangsa campuran yang lain <> Apa yang dikatakan orang latin sebagai mulatto berkulit terang? || putih <> Siapa yang menghadap ke orang-orang multinasional latin berkulit gelap? || media Hispanik A.S. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh latino biasa dalam media? || berambut perang dan biru / hijau bermata putih <> Apa yang ramai pendatang Amerika Syarikat? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai banyak perwakilan media? || <> Apa yang orang Amerika putih menganggap sebagai mulatto berkulit terang? || <> Siapa yang tidak menghadap ke Latinos berkulit gelap? || <> Siapa yang menuduh media mengabaikan orang Amerika Latin berambut perang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are many Latin American migrants?", "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4a", "answers": [{"text": "mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?", "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4b", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?", "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4c", "answers": [{"text": "the U.S. Hispanic media", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the typical latino in media look like?", "id": "571dfdc5b64a571400c71e4d", "answers": [{"text": "blond and blue/green-eyed white", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mestizo", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What are many European American migrants?", "id": "5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Multiracial Latinos", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Who has a large amount of media representation?", "id": "5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?", "id": "5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. Hispanic media", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?", "id": "5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "critics", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?", "id": "5ad2d3dbd7d075001a42a3bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas."}], ["Beberapa akaun biografi merangkumi Kehidupan autobiografi pada Garis Warna: Kisah Benar dari Seorang Anak Putih yang Ditemui Dia Hitam oleh Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: Kehidupan Tersembunyi Bapa-Kisah Rahsia dan Rahsia Keluarga yang ditulis oleh Bliss Broyard tentang bapanya Anatole Broyard; dokumentari berwarna Putih Boy tentang seorang lelaki kulit putih di North Carolina yang mendapati bahawa dia adalah keturunan pemilik ladang putih dan seorang budak Afrika yang diperkosa; dan dokumentari The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana. <> Apa dokumentari mempunyai seorang lelaki kulit putih di North Carolina? || Coloured White Boy <> Siapa yang berkaitan dengan Bliss Broyard? || Anatole Broyard <> Gregory Howard Williams menulis apa jenis buku? || autobiografi <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Anatole Broyard? || <> Apa dokumentari mempunyai seorang lelaki kulit hitam di North Carolina? || <> Apa dokumentari tentang seorang lelaki kulit putih di Georgia? || <> Buku apa yang ditulis mengenai Bliss Broyard? || <> Siapa yang membintangi dokumentari The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?", "id": "571e029e55697319006390fa", "answers": [{"text": "Colored White Boy", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is related to Bliss Broyard?", "id": "571e029e55697319006390fb", "answers": [{"text": "Anatole Broyard", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?", "id": "571e029e55697319006390fc", "answers": [{"text": "autobiography", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life\u2014A Story of Race and Family Secrets", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What book was written by Anatole Broyard?", "id": "5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Colored White Boy", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?", "id": "5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Colored White Boy", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?", "id": "5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life\u2014A Story of Race and Family Secrets", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What book was written about Bliss Broyard?", "id": "5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gregory Howard Williams", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?", "id": "5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life\u2014A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana."}], ["Beberapa peneroka awal lelaki telah berkahwin dengan wanita asli Amerika dan mempunyai kesatuan yang tidak formal dengan mereka. Hubungan awal antara orang asli Amerika dan orang Eropah sering dipertikaikan dengan ketegangan, tetapi juga mempunyai saat-saat persahabatan, kerjasama, dan keintiman. Perkahwinan berlaku di koloni Inggeris dan Latin antara lelaki Eropah dan wanita asli. Sebagai contoh, pada 5 April 1614, Pocahontas, seorang wanita Powhatan di Virginia hari ini, berkahwin dengan orang Inggeris, John Rolfe dari Jamestown. Anak lelaki mereka Thomas Rolfe adalah nenek moyang kepada banyak keturunan dalam Keluarga Pertama Virginia. Akibatnya, undang-undang Inggeris tidak mengecualikan orang yang mempunyai keturunan orang asli Amerika daripada dianggap bahasa Inggeris atau putih. <> Bilakah perkahwinan Rolfe dan Pocahontas? || April 5, 1614 <> Apakah undang-undang Inggeris tidak mengecualikan orang yang mempunyai darah asli daripada menjadi? || dianggap bahasa Inggeris atau putih <> Siapa yang sudah berkahwin dengan wanita asli? || peneroka lelaki <> Di manakah Rolfe berkahwin dengan Pocahontas? || hari ini Virginia <> Siapa nenek moyang Keluarga Pertama Virginia? || Thomas Rolfe <> Siapa yang pernah berkahwin dengan peneroka awal? || <> Apa hubungan kemudian antara orang asli Amerika dan Eropah seperti? || <> Di manakah perkahwinan tidak berlaku antara lelaki Eropah dan wanita Pribumi? || <> Bilakah John Rolfe bercerai dari Pocahontas? || <> Siapa yang menjadi nenek moyang kepada ramai Keluarga Pertama di North Carolina? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?", "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e36", "answers": [{"text": "April 5, 1614", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?", "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e37", "answers": [{"text": "considered English or white", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who married Indigenous women early on?", "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e38", "answers": [{"text": "male settlers", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?", "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e39", "answers": [{"text": "present-day Virginia", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?", "id": "571df84ab64a571400c71e3a", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Rolfe", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indigenous American women", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Who did some early female settlers marry?", "id": "5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "charged with tension", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?", "id": "5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English and Latin colonies", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?", "id": "5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 5, 1614", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?", "id": "5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas Rolfe", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?", "id": "5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white."}], ["Stanley Crouch menulis dalam satu berita New York Daily News \"Ibu Obama adalah saham A.S. putih. Ayahnya adalah seorang kulit hitam Kenya,\" dalam lajur bertajuk \"Apa Obama Tidak: Black Like Me.\" Semasa kempen 2008, kolumnis Afrika-Amerika David Ehrenstein dari LA Times menuduh liberal putih mengalahkan Obama kerana dia adalah \"Magic Negro\", istilah yang merujuk kepada orang kulit hitam yang tidak pernah lalu yang hanya membantu membantu arus perdana agenda putih (sebagai pelaku protagonis / pemandu). Ehrenstein terus berkata \"Dia ada di sana untuk meredakan rasa bersalah putih yang mereka rasa peranan perhambaan dan pengasingan kaum dalam sejarah Amerika.\" <> Siapa yang menulis artikel di New York Dail News tentang Obama? || Stanley Crouch <> Apa yang David Ehrenstein memanggil Obama pada tahun 2008? || \"Magic Negro\", <> Apa Ehrenstein mengatakan Obama lakukan untuk orang kulit putih? || merendahkan rasa bersalah putih <> Apakah tajuk artikel Crouch? || \"Apa Obama Tidak: Black Like Me.\" <> Siapa yang menulis mengenai Obama dalam sekeping majalah Time? || <> Apakah kolumnis LA Times menuduh liberal menghindari Obama? || <> Apa istilah untuk orang kulit hitam yang tidak membantu agenda putih arus perdana? || <> Tahun apa David Ehrenstein menulis sekeping dakwaan liberal untuk menghindari Obama? || <> Siapa kata bapa Obama adalah saham putih A.S.? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?", "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e58", "answers": [{"text": "Stanley Crouch", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?", "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e59", "answers": [{"text": "\"Magic Negro\",", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?", "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e5a", "answers": [{"text": "assuage white 'guilt'", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the title of Crouch's article?", "id": "571dfedcb64a571400c71e5b", "answers": [{"text": "\"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\"", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stanley Crouch", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?", "id": "5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Ehrenstein", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?", "id": "5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magic Negro", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?", "id": "5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?", "id": "5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a15f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stanley Crouch", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?", "id": "5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a160", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece \"Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan,\" in a column entitled \"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\" During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a \"Magic Negro\", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say \"He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history.\""}], ["Rekod-rekod penjajahan kapal-kapal dan jualan hamba Perancis dan Sepanyol, dan rekod perladangan di semua bekas tanah jajahan, selalunya mempunyai lebih banyak maklumat mengenai budak-budak, dari mana para penyelidik sedang membina semula sejarah hamba keluarga. Ahli silsilah telah mula mencari rekod perladangan, rekod mahkamah, surat tanah dan sumber lain untuk mengesan keluarga dan individu Afrika-Amerika sebelum tahun 1870. Sebagai hamba pada umumnya dilarang belajar membaca dan menulis, keluarga-keluarga hitam melepasi sejarah lisan, yang telah besar kegigihan. Begitu juga, orang asli Amerika tidak biasanya belajar membaca dan menulis bahasa Inggeris, walaupun ada yang melakukan pada abad kesembilan belas. Sehingga tahun 1930, pencari banci menggunakan istilah orang bebas warna dan mulatto untuk mengklasifikasikan orang-orang bangsa campuran yang jelas. Apabila istilah tersebut jatuh, sebagai hasil lobi oleh blok Kongres Selatan, Biro Banci menggunakan hanya klasifikasi binari hitam atau putih, seperti yang biasa di negara selatan yang dipisahkan. <> Apa yang membantu geneologi meneliti hamba? || Rekod kolonial bagi kapal dan jualan hamba Perancis dan Sepanyol, dan rekod perladangan di semua bekas koloni <> Apa yang biasanya budak tidak dibenarkan berbuat? || belajar membaca dan menulis <> Apa yang dituliskan rekod bertulis untuk keluarga kulit hitam? || sejarah lisan <> Siapa yang menyebabkan Burea Banci melepaskan istilah istilah orang warna dan mulatto? || Blok Kongres Selatan <> Bilakah istilah mulatto dan orang bebas warna diambil dari banci? || 1930 <> Apakah rekod penjajahan kapal budak Jerman sering ada? || <> Apa yang digunakan oleh ahli genealogi untuk mengesan keluarga Afrika Amerika selepas 1870? || <> Apa yang orang Asia umumnya tidak belajar membaca dan menulis? || <> Bilakah Biro Banci menjatuhkan klasifikasi binari hitam dan putih? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has helped geneologists researching slaves?", "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390de", "answers": [{"text": "Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were slaves usually not allowed to do?", "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390df", "answers": [{"text": "learn to read and write", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced written records for black families?", "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390e0", "answers": [{"text": "oral histories", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?", "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390e1", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Congressional bloc", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?", "id": "571dfb4e55697319006390e2", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "much more information about slaves", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?", "id": "5ad2b797d7d075001a42a036", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "court records", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?", "id": "5ad2b797d7d075001a42a037", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?", "id": "5ad2b797d7d075001a42a039", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?", "id": "5ad2b797d7d075001a42a03a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states."}], ["Hubungan ras antara orang asli Amerika dan Afrika Amerika adalah sebahagian daripada sejarah Amerika yang telah diabaikan. Rekod paling awal mengenai hubungan Afrika dan Amerika yang asli di Amerika telah berlaku pada bulan April 1502, ketika orang Afrika pertama yang diculik dibawa ke Hispaniola untuk menjadi budak. Beberapa orang melarikan diri, dan di pedalaman di Santo Domingo, orang India Hitam yang pertama dilahirkan. Di samping itu, contoh budak Afrika 'melarikan diri dari kolonis Eropah dan diserap oleh Orang Asli asli berlaku setakat 1526. Pada bulan Jun tahun itu, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon menubuhkan koloni Sepanyol berhampiran mulut Sungai Pee Dee dalam apa kini timur Carolina Selatan. Perkampungan Spanyol bernama San Miguel de Gualdape. Di antara penempatan itu adalah 100 orang Afrika yang telah diperhamba. Pada tahun 1526, hamba-hamba pertama Afrika melarikan diri dari tanah jajahan dan berlindung dengan orang asli Amerika. <> Apa yang dianggap diabaikan dalam sejarah Amerika? || Hubungan ras antara orang asli Amerika dan Afrika Amerika <> Bilakah dicatatkan bahawa orang Afrika dan orang asli berinteraksi dengan paling awal? || April 1502 <> Di mana orang Afrika melarikan diri dan berkahwin dengan naitves? || Santo Domingo <> Di mana Ayllon meletakkan koloni Sepanyol? || berhampiran mulut Sungai Pee Dee <> Berapa ramai budak di San Miguel de Gualdape pada permulaannya? || 100 orang Afrika yang diperbudak <> Apa bahagian sejarah Amerika yang telah banyak mendapat perhatian? || <> Apakah rekod terkini mengenai hubungan Afrika dan Orang Asli di Amerika? || <> Dimana orang India Hitam yang terakhir dilahirkan? || <> Bilakah tahun terakhir hamba Afrika diserap ke Orang Asli Orang Asli? || <> Berapa banyak warga Afrika percuma tinggal di San Miguel de Gualdape? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is considered to be neglected in American history?", "id": "571e014555697319006390f0", "answers": [{"text": "Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?", "id": "571e014555697319006390f1", "answers": [{"text": "April 1502", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?", "id": "571e014555697319006390f2", "answers": [{"text": "Santo Domingo", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?", "id": "571e014555697319006390f3", "answers": [{"text": "near the mouth of the Pee Dee River", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?", "id": "571e014555697319006390f4", "answers": [{"text": "100 enslaved Africans", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?", "id": "5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a298", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 1502", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?", "id": "5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a299", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Santo Domingo", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Where were the last Black Indians born?", "id": "5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a29a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1526", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?", "id": "5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a29b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?", "id": "5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a29c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans."}], ["Penjajah-penjajah Eropah mencipta perjanjian dengan suku-suku Orang Asing Amerika yang meminta pengembalian mana-mana budak pelarian. Sebagai contoh, pada 1726, gabenor British New York menjanjikan janji daripada Iroquois untuk mengembalikan semua budak pelarian yang telah menyertai mereka. Janji yang sama diekstrak dari Huron Nation pada tahun 1764, dan dari Delaware Nation pada tahun 1765, walaupun tidak ada catatan budak yang pernah dikembalikan. Banyak iklan meminta kembalinya orang Amerika Afrika yang telah berkahwin dengan orang asli Amerika atau yang bercakap bahasa pribumi Amerika. Pendedahan utama yang orang Afrika dan orang asli Amerika terpaksa melalui institusi perhambaan. Orang asli Amerika belajar bahawa orang Afrika mempunyai apa yang orang Amerika Orang Asli dianggap 'Perubatan Besar' dalam badan mereka kerana orang Afrika hampir kebal terhadap penyakit-penyakit Lama-Dunia yang menghancurkan kebanyakan penduduk asli. Oleh kerana itu, banyak suku kaum mendorong perkawinan antara kedua kelompok, untuk menciptakan anak-anak yang lebih kuat dan lebih sehat dari serikat pekerja. <> Siapa penjajah meminta bantuan memulangkan budak pelarian? || Suku Amerika adat <> Kapan perjanjian dengan Iroquis dibuat untuk mengembalikan hamba? || 1726 <> Apa yang diminta untuk kembali budak yang menikah americans asli atau bercakap bahasa mereka? || Banyak iklan <> Bagaimana kaum pribumi dan orang Afrika mengenali satu sama lain? || melalui institusi perbudakan <> Mengapa kaum pribumi menganggap orang Afrika mempunyai 'Perubatan Besar'? || kerana orang Afrika hampir kebal terhadap penyakit Lama-Dunia <> Siapa yang tidak pernah membuat perjanjian dengan suku-suku Orang Asli? || <> Bilakah gabenor South Carolina membuat janji Iroquois untuk kembali budak pelarian? || <> Apa kaum immun orang Amerika? || <> Mengapa puak-puak itu menggalakkan perkahwinan antara Orang Asli dan orang kulit putih? || <> Apa suku kaum Amerika asal kembali hamba kepada penjajah Eropah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?", "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e40", "answers": [{"text": "Indigenous American tribes", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?", "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e41", "answers": [{"text": "1726", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?", "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e42", "answers": [{"text": "Numerous advertisements", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did natives and Africans come to know each other?", "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e43", "answers": [{"text": "through the institution of slavery", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?", "id": "571dfc31b64a571400c71e44", "answers": [{"text": "because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European colonists", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?", "id": "5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1726", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves? ", "id": "5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old-World diseases", "answer_start": 843}], "question": "What were Indigenous Americans immune to?", "id": "5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to create stronger, healthier children", "answer_start": 981}], "question": "Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?", "id": "5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Delaware Nation", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?", "id": "5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions."}], ["Hubungan kaum, perkahwinan umum, dan perkahwinan berlaku sejak zaman penjajahan terawal, terutamanya sebelum perhambaan menjadi keras sebagai kasta kaum yang dikaitkan dengan orang-orang keturunan Afrika di koloni British. Virginia dan jajahan Inggeris yang lain meluluskan undang-undang pada abad ke-17 yang memberikan anak-anak status sosial ibu mereka, mengikut prinsip partus sequitur ventrem, tanpa mengira bangsa atau kewarganegaraan bapa. Ini membatalkan prinsip dalam undang-undang umum bahasa Inggeris di mana seorang lelaki memberikan statusnya kepada anak-anaknya - ini telah membolehkan masyarakat menuntut agar bapa menyokong anak-anak mereka, sama ada sah atau tidak. Perubahan itu meningkatkan keupayaan lelaki putih untuk menggunakan wanita hamba secara seksual, kerana mereka tidak bertanggungjawab terhadap anak-anak. Sebagai tuan dan bapak kanak-kanak bercampur-campur yang dilahirkan ke dalam perbudakan, lelaki boleh menggunakan orang ini sebagai hamba atau buruh atau menjualnya sebagai budak. Dalam beberapa kes, bapa-bapa putih disediakan untuk anak-anak mereka yang berbilang kaum, membayar atau mengatur pendidikan atau perantisan dan membebaskan mereka, khususnya selama dua dekad berikutan Revolusi Amerika. (Praktik penyediaan untuk anak-anak adalah lebih biasa di tanah jajahan Perancis dan Sepanyol, di mana kelas orang bebas warna berkembang yang menjadi pendidik dan pemilik harta tanah.) Banyak bapa putih yang lain meninggalkan anak bangsa campuran dan ibu mereka untuk perhambaan. <> Apa undang-undang yang diluluskan pada abad ke-17? || memberikan anak status sosial ibu mereka <> Apa peraturan yang dipanggil yang menyebabkan bangsa bapa tidak penting? || partus sequitur ventrem <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh bapa-bapa putih selepas Revolusi Amerika untuk menyediakan untuk kanak-kanak campuran? || membayar atau mengatur pendidikan atau perantisan dan membebaskan mereka <> Undang-undang umum Inggeris umumnya mengatakan apa? || seorang lelaki memberi statusnya kepada anak-anaknya <> Apa yang tidak berlaku semasa tahun penjajahan terawal? || <> Apakah kasta kaum yang dikaitkan dengan orang keturunan Inggeris di koloni Afrika? || <> Apa koloni Inggeris yang meluluskan undang-undang yang memberikan anak-anak status sosial bapa? || <> Siapa yang banyak meninggalkan ibu-ibu putih? || <> Di manakah amalan menyediakan untuk kanak-kanak kurang kerap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?", "id": "571dfcde55697319006390e8", "answers": [{"text": "gave children the social status of their mother", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?", "id": "571dfcde55697319006390e9", "answers": [{"text": "partus sequitur ventrem", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?", "id": "571dfcde55697319006390ea", "answers": [{"text": "paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them", "answer_start": 993}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "English common law generally said what?", "id": "571dfcde55697319006390eb", "answers": [{"text": "a man gave his status to his children", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Interracial relationships", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?", "id": "5ad29708d7d075001a429b16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "slavery", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?", "id": "5ad29708d7d075001a429b17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Virginia", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?", "id": "5ad29708d7d075001a429b18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mixed-race children", "answer_start": 1356}], "question": "Who did many white mothers abandon?", "id": "5ad29708d7d075001a429b19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French and Spanish colonies", "answer_start": 1198}], "question": "Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?", "id": "5ad29708d7d075001a429b1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children \u2013 this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery."}], ["Bagi orang Afrika Afrika, peraturan satu-drop merupakan faktor penting dalam perpaduan etnik. Orang Amerika Afrika umumnya berkongsi sebab umum dalam masyarakat tanpa menghiraukan campuran multiracial mereka, atau stratifikasi sosial / ekonomi. Di samping itu, orang Afrika Afrika mendapatinya, dekat, tidak mungkin untuk mengetahui tentang warisan Amerika Asli mereka kerana banyak penatua keluarga menahan maklumat genealogi yang berkaitan. Menelusuri genealogi orang Amerika Afrika boleh menjadi proses yang sangat sukar, terutamanya untuk keturunan Orang Asli, kerana Amerika Afrika yang menjadi hamba dilarang belajar membaca dan menulis, dan sebagian besar Orang Asli tidak berbahasa Inggeris, tidak membaca atau menulis . <> Apa yang membawa Amerika Afrika bersama? || peraturan satu-drop <> Siapa yang membuatnya tidak mungkin untuk mengetahui warisan mereka untuk orang Amerika Afrika? || keluarga tua <> Hamba tidak dibenarkan berbuat apa? || untuk belajar membaca dan menulis <> Apa yang tidak dilakukan oleh orang asli Amerika yang menjadikannya sulit untuk mengesan warisan mereka? || bercakap bahasa Inggeris, atau membaca atau menulisnya <> Apa faktor yang tidak mempengaruhi perpaduan kaum Amerung Afrika Amerika? || penggabungan multiracial mereka, atau stratifikasi sosial / ekonomi <> Apa faktor dalam perpaduan etnik bagi kaum kulit putih? || <> Siapa peraturan satu-drop bukan faktor penting? || <> Siapa yang mudah mengetahui tentang warisan mereka di Amerika? || <> Siapa yang akan datang dengan maklumat silsilah? || <> Siapa yang digalakkan membaca dan menulis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What brought African Americans together?", "id": "571e05005569731900639112", "answers": [{"text": "the one-drop rule", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?", "id": "571e05005569731900639113", "answers": [{"text": "family elders", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Slaves were not allowed to do what?", "id": "571e05005569731900639114", "answers": [{"text": "to learn to read and write", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?", "id": "571e05005569731900639115", "answers": [{"text": "spoke English, nor read or wrote it", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?", "id": "571e05005569731900639116", "answers": [{"text": "their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the one-drop rule", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?", "id": "5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African Americans", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for? ", "id": "5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African Americans", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?", "id": "5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "family elders", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?", "id": "5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African Americans", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "Who was encouraged to read and write?", "id": "5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it."}], ["Tokoh \"oktaf tragis\" adalah sifat saham puisi penghancuran: seorang wanita bangsa bercampur bercampur seolah-olah seorang wanita putih dalam rumah ayahnya putih, sehingga kebangkrapan atau kematiannya telah dikurangkan ke kedudukan yang menial Dia mungkin tidak menyedari daripada statusnya sebelum dikurangkan menjadi mangsa. Watak pertama jenis ini adalah heroin dari \"The Quadroons\" (1842) Lydia Maria Anak, cerita pendek. Watak ini membenarkan penghancur untuk menarik perhatian eksploitasi seksual dalam perhambaan dan, tidak seperti penggambaran penderitaan tangan lapangan, tidak membenarkan pemegang hamba untuk mengulangi bahawa penderitaan tangan kilang Utara tidaklah lebih mudah. Pemilik kilang Utara tidak akan menjual anaknya sendiri menjadi perhambaan. <> Apa ciri saham yang tinggal dengan ayahnya putih sehingga dia meninggalkan gambar? || \"octoroon tragis\" <> Siapa yang pertama menggunakan octoroon yang tragis? || Lydia Maria Anak <> Kisah apa yang ditulis oleh Kanak-kanak pada tahun 1842? || \"The Quadroons\" <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh octoroon tragis? || eksploitasi seksual dalam perhambaan <> Siapa yang menggunakan angka octoroon yang tragis? || pembantol <> Siapa yang menulis mengenai watak terakhir \"tragik octoroon\"? || <> Kisah apa yang merupakan watak terakhir \"tragik oktorun\"? || <> Apa watak yang dibenarkan penghapusan untuk menarik perhatian dari eksploitasi seksual? || <> Siapa yang akan menjual anaknya sendiri ke dalam perhambaan? || <> Apakah wanita bercampur-campur yang dibesarkan sebagai seorang wanita kulit hitam di rumah ayahnya yang hitam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?", "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e68", "answers": [{"text": "\"tragic octoroon\"", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?", "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e69", "answers": [{"text": "Lydia Maria Child", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What story was written by Child in 1842?", "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e6a", "answers": [{"text": "\"The Quadroons\"", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the tragic octoroon point out?", "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e6b", "answers": [{"text": "sexual exploitation in slavery", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?", "id": "571e05c9b64a571400c71e6c", "answers": [{"text": "abolitionists", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lydia Maria Child", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "Who wrote about the last \"tragic octoroon\" character?", "id": "5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a40e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Quadroons", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What story was the last \"tragic octoroon\" character in?", "id": "5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a40f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tragic octoroon", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?", "id": "5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a410", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northern mill owner", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "Who would sell his own children into slavery?", "id": "5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a411", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tragic octoroon", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?", "id": "5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a412", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The figure of the \"tragic octoroon\" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's \"The Quadroons\" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery."}], ["Menjelang tahun 1980-an, ibu bapa anak bangsa campuran (dan orang dewasa keturunan bangsa campuran) mula menganjurkan dan melobi untuk menunjukkan lebih daripada satu kategori etnik mengenai Banci dan bentuk undang-undang lain. Mereka enggan dimasukkan ke dalam satu kategori sahaja. Apabila kerajaan A.S. mencadangkan penambahan kategori \"bi-kaum\" atau \"multiracial\" pada tahun 1988, sambutan daripada orang awam kebanyakannya negatif. Beberapa organisasi dan pemimpin politik Afrika-Amerika, seperti Senator Diane Watson dan Perwakilan Augustus Hawkins, sangat bersemangat dalam penolakan kategori mereka. Mereka takut kehilangan kuasa politik dan ekonomi jika Afrika Amerika meninggalkan kategori mereka. <> Bilakah orang ramai melobi untuk membenarkan lebih daripada satu kategori dipilih berdasarkan borang undang-undang? || 1980-an <Bagaimana cara orang ramai bertindak balas terhadap kategori \"bi-kaum\" dan \"berbilang kaum\"? || kebanyakannya negatif <> Yang mana pemimpin politik bercakap terhadap jawatan yang dicadangkan? || Senator Diane Watson dan Perwakilan Augustus Hawkins <> Apa yang mereka ketakutan akan berlaku? || kehilangan kuasa politik dan ekonomi <> Siapa yang melobi untuk menunjukkan lebih daripada satu kategori etnik dalam bentuk undang-undang sebelum tahun 1980-an? || <> Apakah kerajaan A.S. mencadangkan supaya orang senang? || <> Tahun berapakah kerajaan A.S. mencadangkan menyingkirkan kategori berbilang kaum? || <> Apa ahli politik yang memihak kepada kategori berbilang kaum? || <> Siapa yang akan mendapat kuasa daripada meninggalkan satu kategori mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?", "id": "571e032d5569731900639100", "answers": [{"text": "the 1980s", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the public react to the categories of \"bi-racial\" and \"multiracial\"?", "id": "571e032d5569731900639101", "answers": [{"text": "mostly negative", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?", "id": "571e032d5569731900639102", "answers": [{"text": "Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did they fear would happen?", "id": "571e032d5569731900639103", "answers": [{"text": "a loss in political and economic power", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "parents of mixed-race children", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?", "id": "5ad2c256d7d075001a42a118", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the addition of the category of \"bi-racial\" or \"multiracial\"", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?", "id": "5ad2c256d7d075001a42a119", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?", "id": "5ad2c256d7d075001a42a11a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Diane Watson", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?", "id": "5ad2c256d7d075001a42a11b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "African Americans", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?", "id": "5ad2c256d7d075001a42a11c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of \"bi-racial\" or \"multiracial\" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category."}], ["Pada awal abad ke-19, wanita Amerika Orang Asal Sacagawea, yang akan membantu menterjemahkan dan membimbing Ekspedisi Lewis dan Clark di Barat, berkahwin dengan perangkap Perancis Toussaint Charbonneau. Kebanyakan perkahwinan antara Eropah dan Orang Asli adalah antara lelaki Eropah dan wanita Amerika Adat. Bergantung pada sistem kekeluargaan kaum wanita, anak-anak mereka akan lebih mudah diasimilasikan ke dalam suku kaum. Bangsa-Bangsa yang mempunyai sistem matrilineal, seperti Creek dan Cherokee di Tenggara, memberikan status bangsa campuran dalam puak dan puak ibu mereka. Jika suku mempunyai sistem patrilineal, seperti Omaha, anak-anak bapa putih dianggap putih. Kecuali jika mereka secara khusus menerima pakai kaum lelaki dewasa, mereka tidak boleh mempunyai status sosial di dalamnya. <> Siapa yang berkahwin dengan Sacagewea? || Pengayuh Perancis Toussaint Charbonneau <> Siapa yang membuat kebanyakan kesatuan antara orang Eropah dan orang asli? || Lelaki Eropah dan wanita Amerika Adat <> Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi keupayaan seorang kanak-kanak berada dalam satu suku? || sistem kekeluargaan kaum wanita <> Apa negara dianggap matrilineal? || Creek dan Cherokee <> Bagaimana seorang anak kulit putih dianggap anggota suku Omaha? || diterima masuk ke suku oleh lelaki dewasa <> Siapa yang berkahwin dengan Clark? || <> Apa yang tidak menentukan betapa mudahnya anak-anak perempuan akan diasimilasikan ke dalam satu suku? || <> Sistem apa jenis suku kaum di Northwest? || <> Siapa Creek tidak memberi status di suku kaum ibu mereka? || <> Siapa yang tidak dianggap putih ke Omaha? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who married Sacagewea?", "id": "571e03b55569731900639108", "answers": [{"text": "French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?", "id": "571e03b55569731900639109", "answers": [{"text": "European men and Indigenous American women", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?", "id": "571e03b5556973190063910a", "answers": [{"text": "the kinship system of the woman's tribe", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nations are considered matrilineal?", "id": "571e03b5556973190063910b", "answers": [{"text": "Creek and Cherokee", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?", "id": "571e03b5556973190063910c", "answers": [{"text": "adopted into the tribe by an adult male", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sacagawea", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Who married Clark?", "id": "5ad2c958d7d075001a42a230", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kinship system", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?", "id": "5ad2c958d7d075001a42a231", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matrilineal", "answer_start": 459}], "question": "What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?", "id": "5ad2c958d7d075001a42a232", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mixed-race children", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?", "id": "5ad2c958d7d075001a42a233", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "children of white fathers", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "Who was not considered white to the Omaha?", "id": "5ad2c958d7d075001a42a234", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it."}]], [["Hubungan antara Ashkenazim dan Sephardim tidak selalu hangat. Sepharadim Afrika Utara dan Yahudi Berber sering dilihat oleh Ashkenazim sebagai warga kelas dua dalam dekad pertama selepas penciptaan Israel. Ini telah menyebabkan pergerakan protes seperti Panthers Hitam Israel yang diketuai oleh Saadia Marciano seorang Yahudi Maghribi. Kini, hubungan semakin baik. Dalam sesetengah keadaan, masyarakat Ashkenazi telah menerima sejumlah besar pendatang baru Sephardi, kadang-kadang mengakibatkan perkahwinan. <> Pada masa lalu mempunyai hubungan antara Ashkenazim dan Sephardim cenderung hangat atau sejuk? || tidak selalu hangat <> Bagaimana Ashkenazim melihat Sepharadim Afrika Utara dan Yahudi Berber? || sebagai warga kelas kedua <> Yang mengetuai Panthers Hitam Israel? || Saadia Marciano <> Di mana Saadia Marciano dari? || Yahudi Maghribi <> Apa yang Saadia Marciano lakukan dengan Panthers Hitam Israel? || membawa kepada pergerakan protes", {"qas": [{"question": "In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?", "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a984", "answers": [{"text": "have not always been warm", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?", "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a985", "answers": [{"text": "as second-class citizens", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?", "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a986", "answers": [{"text": "Saadia Marciano", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Saadia Marciano from?", "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a987", "answers": [{"text": "Moroccan Jew", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?", "id": "571a663e4faf5e1900b8a988", "answers": [{"text": "led to protest movements", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage."}], ["Tidak ada bukti yang masih terdapat kehadiran Yahudi di zaman kuno di Jerman di luar sempadan Romnya, ataupun di Eropah Timur. Di Gaul dan Jerman sendiri, dengan pengecualian yang mungkin di Trier dan Cologne, bukti arkeologi mencadangkan paling sedikit kehadiran orang Yahudi yang sangat sedikit, pedagang atau pengrajin utama. Penduduk Yahudi yang besar muncul di Gaul utara oleh Zaman Pertengahan, tetapi masyarakat Yahudi wujud pada tahun 465 CE di Brittany, pada tahun 524 CE di Valence, dan pada 533 CE di Orleans. Sepanjang tempoh ini dan ke awal Abad Pertengahan, beberapa orang Yahudi mengasimilasi budaya Yunani dan Latin yang dominan, kebanyakannya melalui penukaran agama Kristian. [Sumber yang lebih baik diperlukan] Raja Dagobert I dari orang Franks mengusir orang Yahudi dari kerajaan Merovingnya pada tahun 629. Yahudi di bekas wilayah Rom menghadapi cabaran-cabaran baru kerana pengadilan Gereja Anti-Yahudi yang lebih keras telah dikuatkuasakan. <> Siapa yang mengusir orang Yahudi dari kerajaan Merovingnya pada tahun 629? || Raja Dagobert I of the Franks <> Adakah rekod arkeologi menunjukkan bahawa terdapat penduduk Yahudi yang agak besar atau kecil di Gaul dan Jerman? || sangat sedikit orang Yahudi <> Pada masa dahulu, kebanyakan orang Yahudi di Gaul atau Jerman mungkin menduduki apa dua peranan? || pedagang atau artis <> Dalam tahun apakah komuniti Yahudi wujud di Brittany? || 465 CE <> Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, beberapa orang Yahudi mengasimilasikan budaya Yunani dan Latin yang dominan dengan melakukan apa? || penukaran kepada agama Kristian", {"qas": [{"question": "Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?", "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a970", "answers": [{"text": "King Dagobert I of the Franks", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?", "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a971", "answers": [{"text": "very few Jews", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?", "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a972", "answers": [{"text": "traders or artisans", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?", "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a973", "answers": [{"text": "465 CE", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?", "id": "571a5c1e4faf5e1900b8a974", "answers": [{"text": "conversion to Christianity", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "No evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily itinerant traders or artisans. A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages, but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany, in 524 CE in Valence, and in 533 CE in Orleans. Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures, mostly through conversion to Christianity.[better source needed] King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced."}], ["Pada zaman awal abad pertengahan, orang-orang Yahudi di Eropah tengah dan timur telah dipanggil oleh istilah ini. Sesuai dengan adat yang menentukan kawasan penyelesaian Yahudi dengan nama alkitabiah, Sepanyol adalah Sefarad (Obadiah 20), Perancis disebut Tsarefat (1 Raja 17: 9), dan Bohemia disebut Tanah Kanaan. Pada zaman pertengahan yang tinggi, pengulas Talmudic seperti Rashi mula menggunakan Ashkenaz / Eretz Ashkenaz untuk menamakan Jerman, yang sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Loter, di mana terutama komuniti Rhineland Speyer, Worm dan Mainz, komuniti Yahudi yang paling penting muncul. Rashi menggunakan bahasa Ashkenaz (bahasa Ashkenazi) untuk menggambarkan ucapan Jerman, dan Byzantium dan surat Yahudi Syria merujuk kepada Tentara Salib sebagai Ashkenazim. Memandangkan hubungan dekat antara komuniti Yahudi Perancis dan Jerman berikutan penyatuan Carolingian, istilah Ashkenazi merujuk kepada kedua-dua orang Yahudi zaman pertengahan Jerman dan Perancis. <> Adapun adat yang menentukan kawasan penyelesaian Yahudi dengan nama alkitabiah berarti bahawa Sepanyol dirujuk sebagai apa? || Sefarad <> Adapun adat yang menentukan kawasan penyelesaian Yahudi dengan nama-nama alkitabiah berarti Perancis dipanggil? || Tsarefat <> Rujukan kepada Perancis sebagai Tsarefat diambil dari mana alkitabiah alkitabiah? || 1 Raja-raja 17: 9 <> Bagaimana surat-surat Yahudi Byzantium dan Syria merujuk kepada Tentara Salib? || sebagai Ashkenazim Selepas penggabungan Carolingian, istilah Ashkenazi datang untuk merujuk kepada orang-orang Yahudi dari apa dua tempat? || zaman pertengahan Jerman dan Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?", "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501b", "answers": [{"text": "Sefarad", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?", "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501c", "answers": [{"text": "Tsarefat", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?", "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501d", "answers": [{"text": "1 Kings 17:9", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?", "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501e", "answers": [{"text": "as Ashkenazim", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?", "id": "571a6db910f8ca140030501f", "answers": [{"text": "medieval Germany and France", "answer_start": 921}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan. By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz to designate Germany, earlier known as Loter, where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose. Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim. Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France."}], ["Kajian genetik pada Ashkenazim telah dijalankan untuk menentukan berapa banyak keturunan mereka berasal dari Levant, dan berapa banyak berasal dari penduduk Eropah. Kajian ini-meneliti kedua keturunan mereka dan keturunan ibu-menunjuk kepada kelebihan ketara asal-usul Levantine kuno. Tetapi mereka telah mencapai kesimpulan yang menyimpang mengenai kedua-dua derajat dan sumber-sumber keturunan mereka di Eropah. Kesimpulan yang menyimpang ini menumpukan perhatian terutama pada tahap asal genetik Eropah yang diperhatikan dalam keturunan ibu Ashkenazi. <> Kajian genetik pada Ashkenazim telah menemui kelebihan penting dari jenis asal-usul apa? || asal-usul Levantine purba <> Mempunyai kajian mengenai genetik Ashkenazim datang kepada kesimpulan serupa atau berbeza mengenai tahap dan sumber-sumber keturunan mereka di Eropah? || mereka telah mencapai kesimpulan yang menyimpang <> Adakah kajian-kajian ini mengenai genetik Ashkenazim meneliti garis keturunan mereka, keturunan ibu, atau kedua-duanya? || menyelidik kedua keturunan mereka dan keturunan ibu <> Kajian genetik pada Ashkenazim telah cuba untuk menentukan berapa banyak keturunan mereka berasal dari populasi Eropah dan dari mana? || Levant", {"qas": [{"question": "Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?", "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a998", "answers": [{"text": "ancient Levantine origins", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?", "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a999", "answers": [{"text": "they have arrived at diverging conclusions", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?", "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a99a", "answers": [{"text": "researching both their paternal and maternal lineages", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?", "id": "571a6c094faf5e1900b8a99b", "answers": [{"text": "the Levant", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies\u2014researching both their paternal and maternal lineages\u2014point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages."}], ["Di dalam traktat Yoma Talmud Babel, nama Gomer dijadikan sebagai Germania, yang mana di mana-mana dalam kesusasteraan rabbinikal telah dikenal pasti dengan Germanikia di Syria barat laut, tetapi kemudiannya dikaitkan dengan Germania. Ashkenaz dikaitkan dengan Scandza / Scanzia, dilihat sebagai buaian puak-puak Jerman, seawal gloss abad ke-6 ke Historia Ecclesiastica Eusebius. Pada abad ke-10 Sejarah Armenia Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz dikaitkan dengan Armenia, kerana ia kadang-kadang digunakan dalam bahasa Yahudi, di mana denotasinya diperluaskan kadang-kadang ke Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea dan daerah di timur. Saadia Gaon kontemporari beliau mengenal pasti Ashkenaz dengan wilayah Saquliba atau Slavik, dan penggunaan sedemikian meliputi juga tanah-suku kaum yang bersebelahan dengan Slavs, dan Timur dan Tengah Eropah. Pada zaman moden, Samuel Krauss mengenal pasti \"Ashkenaz\" Alkitab dengan Khazaria. <> Di mana traktat Talmud Babilon adalah nama Gomer yang diberikan sebagai Germania? || Yoma <> Saadia Gaon mengenal pasti Ashkenaz dengan Saquliba atau apa wilayah? || Slavic <> Yang mengenal pasti Ashkenaz dengan wilayah Saquliba atau Slavik? || Saadia Gaon <> Walaupun Gomer diberikan sebagai Germania dalam traktat Yoma Talmud Babilonia, dalam kesusasteraan rabbinikal yang lain ia dikenal pasti dengan apa? || Germanikia di barat laut Syria <> Ashkenaz dikaitkan dengan Scandza / Scanzia, yang dilihat sebagai apa? || buaian suku kaum Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?", "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff5", "answers": [{"text": "Yoma", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?", "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff6", "answers": [{"text": "Slavic", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?", "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff7", "answers": [{"text": "Saadia Gaon", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?", "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff8", "answers": [{"text": "Germanikia in northwestern Syria", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?", "id": "571a5b3110f8ca1400304ff9", "answers": [{"text": "cradle of Germanic tribes", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical \"Ashkenaz\" with Khazaria."}], ["Orang-orang keturunan Ashkenazi membentuk sekitar 47.5% Yahudi Yahudi (dan oleh itu 35-36% daripada Israel). Mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam ekonomi, media, dan politik Israel sejak penubuhannya. Semasa dekad-dekad pertama Israel sebagai negara, konflik budaya yang kuat terjadi di antara Yahudi Sephardic dan Ashkenazi (terutamanya Timur Ashkenazim Eropah). Akar konflik ini, yang masih wujud hingga ke tahap yang lebih kecil dalam masyarakat Israel hari ini, terutama disebabkan oleh konsep \"periuk lebur\". Maksudnya, semua pendatang Yahudi yang tiba di Israel sangat digalakkan untuk \"mencairkan\" identiti mereka sendiri dalam \"periuk\" umum untuk menjadi Israel. <> Berapa peratus daripada Yahudi Israel adalah orang-orang keturunan Ashkenazi? || 47.5% <> Ketika Israel berada di peringkat awal sebagai negara, ada konflik budaya antara dua kelompok? || Yahudi Sephardic dan Ashkenazi <> Apakah konflik antara Yahudi Sephardic dan Ashkenazi dikaitkan? || konsep \"periuk lebur\" <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk Israel dianggap sebagai keturunan Ashkenazi? || 35-36% <> Ketika Israel berada di peringkat awal sebagai negara, Yahudi Ashkenazi yang terlibat dalam konflik dengan Yahudi Sephardic adalah jenis Yahudi macam mana? || Ashkenazim Eropah Timur", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?", "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400304fff", "answers": [{"text": "47.5%", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?", "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305000", "answers": [{"text": "Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?", "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305001", "answers": [{"text": "the concept of the \"melting pot\"", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?", "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305002", "answers": [{"text": "35\u201336%", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?", "id": "571a5fc410f8ca1400305003", "answers": [{"text": "east European Ashkenazim", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5% of Israeli Jews (and therefore 35\u201336% of Israelis). They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding. During the first decades of Israel as a state, strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews (mainly east European Ashkenazim). The roots of this conflict, which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society, are chiefly attributed to the concept of the \"melting pot\". That is to say, all Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel were strongly encouraged to \"melt down\" their own particular exilic identities within the general social \"pot\" in order to become Israeli."}], ["Secara kebudayaan, seorang Yahudi Ashkenazi dapat dikenal pasti dengan konsep Yiddishkeit, yang bermaksud \"Yahudi\" dalam bahasa Yiddish. Yiddishkeit adalah khusus Yahudi Yahudi Ashkenazi. Sebelum Haskalah dan pembebasan orang Yahudi di Eropah, ini bermakna kajian Torah dan Talmud untuk lelaki, dan kehidupan keluarga dan masyarakat yang ditadbir oleh pematuhan Hukum Yahudi untuk lelaki dan wanita. Dari Rhineland ke Riga ke Romania, kebanyakan orang Yahudi berdoa dalam liturgical Ashkenazi Ibrani, dan berbicara bahasa Yiddish dalam kehidupan sekularnya. Tetapi dengan pemodenan, Yiddishkeit kini merangkumi bukan sahaja Orthodoksi dan Hasidisme, tetapi pelbagai pergerakan, ideologi, amalan, dan tradisi di mana orang Yahudi Ashkenazi telah mengambil bahagian dan entah bagaimana mengekalkan rasa Yahudi. Walaupun bilangan Yahudi yang jauh lebih kecil masih berbahasa Yiddish, Yiddishkeit dapat dikenal pasti dalam gaya ucapan, dalam gaya humor, dalam pola persatuan. Secara umum, seorang Yahudi adalah orang yang mengaitkan budaya dengan orang Yahudi, menyokong institusi Yahudi, membaca buku-buku Yahudi dan majalah, menghadiri filem dan teater Yahudi, mengembara ke Israel, melawat rumah-rumah ibadat sejarah, dan sebagainya. Ini adalah definisi yang digunakan untuk budaya Yahudi pada umumnya, dan kepada Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit khususnya. <> Budaya, seorang Ashkenazi Yahudi dapat dikenal pasti dengan konsep apa? || Yiddishkeit <> Apakah maksud Yiddishkeit dalam bahasa Yiddish? || \"Yahudi\" <> Pada masa lalu kebanyakan orang Yahudi berdoa dalam bahasa apa? || liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew <> Pada masa lalu, sementara kebanyakan orang Yahudi berdoa dalam satu bahasa, mereka menggunakan bahasa lain dalam kehidupan sekularnya? || Bahasa Yiddish <> Adakah terdapat Yahudi yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil yang berbahasa Yiddish hari ini daripada dahulu? || bilangan Yahudi yang jauh lebih kecil masih berbahasa Yiddish", {"qas": [{"question": "Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?", "id": "571a616610f8ca1400305009", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddishkeit", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?", "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500a", "answers": [{"text": "\"Jewishness\"", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the past most Jews prayed in what language?", "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500b", "answers": [{"text": "liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?", "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500c", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddish", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?", "id": "571a616610f8ca140030500d", "answers": [{"text": "a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular."}], ["Dianggarkan bahawa pada abad ke-11 Ashkenazi Yahudi terdiri hanya tiga peratus daripada populasi Yahudi dunia, sedangkan pada puncaknya pada tahun 1931 mereka menyumbang 92 peratus daripada Yahudi dunia. Sejurus sebelum Holocaust, jumlah Yahudi di dunia berjumlah kira-kira 16.7 juta. Angka statistik berbeza untuk demografi kontemporari Yahudi Ashkenazi, berayun antara 10 juta dan 11.2 juta. Sergio DellaPergola dalam perhitungan kasar Yahudi Sephardic dan Mizrahi, menunjukkan bahawa Ashkenazi membentuk kurang daripada 74% orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia. Anggaran lain meletakkan Yahudi Ashkenazi sebagai membentuk kira-kira 75% orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia. <> Menjelang tahun 1931, apakah peratusan orang Yahudi di dunia adalah Yahudi Ashkenazi? || 92 persen <> Dari abad ke-11 hingga 1931, jumlah penduduk Yahudi Ashkenazi tumbuh dengan apa persen? || tiga peratus penduduk Yahudi di dunia, pada puncaknya pada tahun 1931 mereka menyumbang 92 peratus <> Siapa yang membuat pengiraan kasar dan menyatakan bahawa Yahudi Ashkenazi membentuk kurang daripada 74% penduduk Yahudi di seluruh dunia? || Sergio DellaPergola <> Penduduk Yahudi Ashkenazi sekarang dianggap antara dua angka? || 10 juta dan 11.2 juta <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang ada di dunia sebelum zaman Holocaust? || 16.7 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "By 1931, what percentage of the world\u2019s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?", "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304feb", "answers": [{"text": "92 percent", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?", "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fec", "answers": [{"text": "three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?", "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fed", "answers": [{"text": "Sergio DellaPergola", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?", "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fee", "answers": [{"text": "10 million and 11.2 million", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?", "id": "571a5a3d10f8ca1400304fef", "answers": [{"text": "16.7 million", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide."}], ["Dalam pengertian etnik, seorang Yahudi Ashkenazi adalah orang yang keturunannya dapat dikesan oleh orang Yahudi yang menetap di Eropah Tengah. Selama kira-kira seribu tahun, Ashkenazim adalah penduduk reproduktif yang terpencil di Eropah, meskipun tinggal di banyak negara, dengan sedikit aliran masuk atau keluar dari penghijrahan, penukaran, atau perkawinan dengan kelompok lain, termasuk orang Yahudi lainnya. Ahli genetik manusia berpendapat bahawa variasi genetik telah dikenalpasti menunjukkan kekerapan yang tinggi di kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi, tetapi bukan di kalangan penduduk Eropah, sama ada untuk penanda patrilineal (haplotip Y-kromosom) dan untuk penanda matrilineal (mitotip). Walau bagaimanapun, satu kajian pada tahun 2013 dari DNA mitokondria Ashkenazi, dari University of Huddersfield di England, menunjukkan bahawa sekurang-kurangnya 80 peratus daripada garis keturunan ibu Ashkenazi berasal dari asimilasi mtDNA asli ke Eropah, mungkin sebagai akibat penukaran. Sejak pertengahan abad ke-20, ramai orang Yahudi Ashkenazi telah berkahwin, baik dengan ahli komuniti Yahudi lain dan dengan orang-orang dari negara-negara lain dan agama. <> Untuk apa tempoh masa Ashkenazim penduduk reproduktif yang terpencil di Eropah? || Selama kira-kira seribu tahun <> Dalam akal etnik, Yahudi Ashkenazi dapat mengesan keturunan mereka kepada orang Yahudi yang menetap di mana? || Eropah Tengah <> Dalam 50-60 tahun yang lalu, lebih kurang Ashkenazi Yahudi bernikah dengan orang di luar komuniti mereka? || ramai orang Yahudi Ashkenazi berkahwin, sama ada dengan ahli-ahli komuniti Yahudi lain dan dengan orang-orang dari negara-negara lain dan agama <> Ahli genetik manusia berpendapat bahawa variasi genetik telah dikenalpasti yang memperlihatkan frekuensi tinggi atau rendah di kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi? || frekuensi tinggi <> Satu kajian pada DNA mitokondria Ashkenazi telah dijalankan oleh universiti apa? || Universiti Huddersfield di England", {"qas": [{"question": "For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?", "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97a", "answers": [{"text": "For roughly a thousand years", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?", "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97b", "answers": [{"text": "Central Europe", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?", "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97c", "answers": [{"text": "many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths", "answer_start": 942}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?", "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97d", "answers": [{"text": "high frequencies", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?", "id": "571a64754faf5e1900b8a97e", "answers": [{"text": "University of Huddersfield in England", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths."}], ["Satu kajian 2010 oleh Bray et al., Menggunakan teknik microarray SNP dan analisis kaitan mendapati bahawa apabila menganggap populasi Druze dan Arab Palestin untuk mewakili rujukan kepada genom nenek moyang Yahudi Yahudi, antara 35 hingga 55 peratus daripada genom Ashkenazi moden boleh menjadi dari Eropah asalnya, dan campuran \"Eropah yang jauh lebih tinggi dari perkiraan sebelumnya oleh kajian yang menggunakan kromosom Y\" dengan titik rujukan ini. Dengan mengandaikan titik rujukan ini, hubungan yang tidak seimbang dalam populasi Yahudi Ashkenazi diinterpretasikan sebagai \"tanda-tanda pertandingan antara perkembangbiakan atau 'admixture' antara populasi Timur Tengah dan Eropah\". Pada Bray et al. pokok, Ashkenazi Yahudi didapati sebagai penduduk yang lebih berbeza secara genetik daripada Rusia, Orcadians, Perancis, Basques, Itali, Sardinians dan Tuscans. Kajian itu juga mendapati bahawa Ashkenazim adalah lebih pelbagai daripada saudara-saudara Timur Tengah mereka, yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan kerana Ashkenazim sepatutnya menjadi subset, bukan superset, dari populasi sumber geografi mereka yang dianggap sebagai sumber. Bray et al. oleh kerana itu, keputusan ini tidak mencerminkan keunikan penduduk tetapi sejarah pencampuran antara populasi yang berbeza secara genetik di Eropah. Walau bagaimanapun, kemungkinan kelonggaran preskripsi perkahwinan dalam nenek moyang Ashkenazim yang mendorong heterozigositi mereka, sementara penyelenggaraan peraturan FBD di Timur Tengah asli telah mengekalkan nilai heterozigositi mereka di dalam pemeriksaan. Ketidaksamaan Ashkenazim seperti yang terdapat dalam Bray et al. Oleh itu, kajian boleh datang dari endogamy etnik mereka (etnik inbreeding), yang membolehkan mereka \"melombong\" kumpulan gen nenek moyang mereka dalam konteks pengasingan pembiakan relatif dari negara jiran Eropah, dan bukan dari clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Akibatnya, kepelbagaian mereka yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan Timur Tengah berpunca dari amalan perkahwinan yang terakhir, tidak semestinya dari campuran bekas dengan orang Eropah. <> Berapa peratus daripada genom Ashkenazi moden mungkin boleh berasal dari Eropah? || 35 hingga 55 peratus <> Adakah peratusan admixture dalam genom Ashkenazi moden lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada yang difikirkan sebelumnya? || admixture lebih tinggi <> Adakah Yahudi Ashkenazi didapati penduduk yang berbeza secara genetik daripada Rusia, Orcadians, Perancis, dan Basques? || satu lagi populasi yang berbeza secara genetik <> Dalam satu kajian, didapati bahawa Ashkenazim adalah lebih kurang daripada saudara-saudara Timur Tengah mereka? || lebih pelbagai <> Adakah Ashkenazim dianggap sebagai subset atau superset dari populasi sumber geografi yang mereka anggap? || Ashkenazim sepatutnya menjadi subset, bukan superset", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?", "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a98e", "answers": [{"text": "35 to 55 percent", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?", "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a98f", "answers": [{"text": "admixture is considerably higher", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?", "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a990", "answers": [{"text": "a genetically more divergent population", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?", "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a991", "answers": [{"text": "more diverse", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?", "id": "571a69014faf5e1900b8a992", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset", "answer_start": 950}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European \"admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome\" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as \"matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations\". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to \"mine\" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans."}], ["Walaupun orang-orang Yahudi secara amnya hadir di kawasan geografi yang luas seperti yang dijelaskan, penyelidikan genetik yang dilakukan oleh Gil Atzmon dari Projek Umur Panjang Umur di Kolej Perubatan Albert Einstein mencadangkan \"bahawa Ashkenazim bercabang dari orang Yahudi lain sekitar masa pemusnahan Kuil Pertama, 2,500 tahun yang lalu ... berkembang selama Empayar Rom tetapi kemudian melalui 'kemalangan besar' ketika mereka tersebar, menurunkan penduduk beberapa juta kepada hanya 400 keluarga yang meninggalkan Itali Utara sekitar tahun 1000 untuk Tengah dan akhirnya Timur Eropah.\" <> Penyelidik Gil Atzmon menunjukkan bahawa Ashkenazim bercabang dari orang Yahudi lain di sekitar masa apa? || pemusnahan Bait Pertama <> Penghancuran Kuil Pertama adalah berapa tahun yang lalu? || 2,500 tahun lalu <> Dianggarkan bahawa 400 keluarga meninggalkan Itali Utara sekitar tahun berapa? || 1000 <> keluarga Ashkenazi yang meninggalkan Itali Utara pergi ke mana? || Tengah dan akhirnya Eropah Timur", {"qas": [{"question": "Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?", "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9ea", "answers": [{"text": "the destruction of the First Temple", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?", "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9eb", "answers": [{"text": "2,500 years ago", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?", "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9ec", "answers": [{"text": "1000", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?", "id": "571a7fbe4faf5e1900b8a9ed", "answers": [{"text": "Central and eventually Eastern Europe", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described, genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests \"that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple, 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a 'severe bottleneck' as they dispersed, reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe.\""}], ["Ketika orang-orang Yahudi Ashkenazi berpindah dari Eropah, kebanyakannya dalam bentuk aliyah ke Israel, atau imigrasi ke Amerika Utara, dan kawasan berbahasa Inggeris lainnya; dan Eropah (terutamanya Perancis) dan Amerika Latin, pengasingan geografi yang menimbulkan Ashkenazim telah memberi jalan kepada pencampuran dengan budaya lain, dan dengan orang-orang bukan Yahudi Ashkenazi yang, sama sekali, tidak lagi terpencil di kawasan geografi yang berbeza. Bahasa Ibrani telah menggantikan bahasa Yiddish sebagai bahasa Yahudi utama untuk banyak Yahudi Ashkenazi, walaupun banyak kelompok Hasidic dan Hareidi terus menggunakan bahasa Yiddish dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. </> Sebilangan besar orang Yahudi Ashkenazi berpindah dari Eropah sama ada yang berpindah ke Amerika Utara, atau kawasan berbahasa Inggeris yang lain tetapi kebanyakannya tempat mana? || Israel <> Bagi kebanyakan Yahudi Ashkenazi, orang Yiddish diganti dengan bahasa apa? || Ibrani <> Apa dua kumpulan terus menggunakan bahasa Yiddish dalam kehidupan seharian? || banyak kumpulan Hasidic dan Hareidi", {"qas": [{"question": "Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?", "id": "571a7b2b10f8ca1400305097", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?", "id": "571a7b2b10f8ca1400305098", "answers": [{"text": "Hebrew", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?", "id": "571a7b2b10f8ca1400305099", "answers": [{"text": "many Hasidic and Hareidi groups", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel, or immigration to North America, and other English-speaking areas; and Europe (particularly France) and Latin America, the geographic isolation that gave rise to Ashkenazim has given way to mixing with other cultures, and with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales. Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews, although many Hasidic and Hareidi groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life. (There are numerous Ashkenazi Jewish anglophones and Russian-speakers as well, although English and Russian are not originally Jewish languages.)"}], ["Menurut abad ke-15 Rabbi Elijah dari Chelm, Yahudi Ashkenazi tinggal di Yerusalem pada abad ke-11. Kisah ini diberitahu bahawa seorang Yahudi Palestin yang berbahasa Jerman menyelamatkan nyawa seorang lelaki muda Jerman bernama Dolberger. Oleh itu, apabila kesatria Perang Salib Pertama datang ke pengepungan Baitulmuqaddis, salah seorang ahli keluarga Dolberger yang berada di antara mereka menyelamatkan orang Yahudi di Palestin dan membawanya kembali ke Worm untuk membalasnya. Bukti lanjut masyarakat Jerman di kota suci datang dalam bentuk pertanyaan halakhik yang dihantar dari Jerman ke Yerusalem pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-11. <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Yahudi Ashkenazi tinggal di Yerusalem pada abad ke-11? || Rabbi Elijah Chelm <> Satu lagi bukti masyarakat Jerman di kota suci pada separuh kedua abad ke-11 adalah disebabkan barang-barang yang dihantar dari Jerman ke Yerusalem? || soalan halakhik <> Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm adalah dari abad berapa? || Abad ke-16 <> Dalam kisah yang disampaikan oleh mistik Rabbi Elijah dari Chelm, salah seorang ahli keluarga Jerman menyelamatkan orang Yahudi di Palestin dan membawa mereka kembali ke mana untuk membayar balasan sebelumnya? || Cacing", {"qas": [{"question": "Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?", "id": "571a76a610f8ca1400305057", "answers": [{"text": "Rabbi Elijah of Chelm", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?", "id": "571a76a610f8ca1400305058", "answers": [{"text": "halakhic questions", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?", "id": "571a76a610f8ca1400305059", "answers": [{"text": "16th-century", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?", "id": "571a76a610f8ca140030505a", "answers": [{"text": "Worms", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members who was among them rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to Worms to repay the favor. Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakhic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century."}], ["Jawapannya mengapa ada penyerapan begitu banyak orang Yahudi di Eropah tengah dan timur untuk sekian lama nampaknya berbohong sebahagiannya dalam kebarangkalian bahawa persekitaran asing di Eropah tengah dan timur tidak kondusif, walaupun penghinaan tidak menghalang asimilasi. Tambahan pula, Yahudi hidup hampir secara eksklusif dalam shtetls, mengekalkan sistem pendidikan yang kukuh untuk lelaki, mengamati kepimpinan rabinik, dan menghina gaya hidup jiran-jiran mereka; dan semua kecenderungan ini meningkat dengan setiap wabah antisemitisme. <> Kekurangan asimilasi orang Yahudi di Eropah tengah dan timur terletak pada sebahagian fakta bahawa mereka hidup hampir secara eksklusif dalam apa? || shtetls <> Kekurangan asimilasi orang Yahudi di Eropah tengah dan timur juga dikaitkan dengan lelaki yang mengambil bahagian dalam apa jenis sistem? || sistem pendidikan yang kuat <> Di Eropah tengah dan timur, dianggap bahawa orang Yahudi menghina gaya hidup jiran-jiran mereka meningkat akibat apa? || meningkat dengan setiap wabak antisemitism <> Selain tinggal di shtetls, mengekalkan sistem pendidikan yang kuat untuk lelaki, dan menghina gaya hidup jiran mereka, orang Yahudi di tengah dan timur Eropah juga melakukan apa? || mengetuai kepimpinan rabbinik", {"qas": [{"question": "The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?", "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9aa", "answers": [{"text": "shtetls", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?", "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ab", "answers": [{"text": "a strong system of education", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?", "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ac", "answers": [{"text": "increased with every outbreak of antisemitism", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?", "id": "571a72404faf5e1900b8a9ad", "answers": [{"text": "heeded rabbinic leadership", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The answer to why there was so little assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe for so long would seem to lie in part in the probability that the alien surroundings in central and eastern Europe were not conducive, though contempt did not prevent some assimilation. Furthermore, Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls, maintained a strong system of education for males, heeded rabbinic leadership, and scorned the life-style of their neighbors; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism."}], ["Yahudi Ashkenazi mempunyai sejarah pencapaian dalam masyarakat Barat dalam bidang sains dan sosial, kesusasteraan, kewangan, politik, media dan lain-lain. Dalam masyarakat di mana mereka bebas memasuki mana-mana profesion, mereka mempunyai rekod pencapaian pekerjaan yang tinggi, memasuki profesi dan bidang perdagangan di mana pendidikan tinggi diperlukan. Yahudi Ashkenazi telah memenangi sebilangan besar anugerah Nobel. Walaupun mereka membentuk kira-kira 2% penduduk Amerika Syarikat, 27% daripada pemenang Hadiah Nobel Amerika Syarikat pada abad ke-20, satu perempat daripada pemenang Fields Medal, 25% pemenang ACM Turing, separuh juara catur dunia, termasuk 8% 100 pemain catur dunia teratas, dan seperempat pemenang Carian Bakat Sains Westinghouse mempunyai keturunan Yahudi Ashkenazi. <> Berapa peratus penduduk AS terdiri daripada orang-orang Yahudi Ashkenazi? || 2% <> Apakah peratusan pemenang penghargaan Nobel dari Amerika Syarikat pada abad ke-20 telah menjadi Yahudi Ashkenazi? || 27% <> Berapa banyak pemenang Bidang Pingat telah menjadi orang Yahudi Ashkenazi? || seperempat <> Berapa banyak juara catur dunia datang dari komuniti Yahudi Ashkenazi? || separuh juara catur dunia <> Berapa peratus daripada 100 pemain catur dunia teratas berasal dari komuniti Yahudi Ashkenazi? || 8%", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?", "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a5", "answers": [{"text": "2%", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? ", "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a6", "answers": [{"text": "27%", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?", "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a7", "answers": [{"text": "a quarter", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?", "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a8", "answers": [{"text": "half the world's chess champions", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?", "id": "571a7ebb10f8ca14003050a9", "answers": [{"text": "8%", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ashkenazi Jews have a noted history of achievement in Western societies in the fields of exact and social sciences, literature, finance, politics, media, and others. In those societies where they have been free to enter any profession, they have a record of high occupational achievement, entering professions and fields of commerce where higher education is required. Ashkenazi Jews have won a large number of the Nobel awards. While they make up about 2% of the U.S. population, 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century, a quarter of Fields Medal winners, 25% of ACM Turing Award winners, half the world's chess champions, including 8% of the top 100 world chess players, and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry."}], ["Satu kajian pada tahun 2006 mendapati Yahudi Ashkenazi menjadi subkumpulan genetik yang jelas dan homogen. Tidak kira sama ada tempat asalnya, orang Yahudi Ashkenazi boleh dikelompokkan dalam kohort genetik yang sama - iaitu, tidak kira sama ada leluhur Yahudi Ashkenazi berasal dari Poland, Rusia, Hungary, Lithuania, atau mana-mana tempat lain dengan penduduk Yahudi sejarah, mereka tergolong dalam kumpulan etnik yang sama. Penyelidikan ini menunjukkan endogamy penduduk Yahudi di Eropah dan memberi kepercayaan lagi kepada idea orang Yahudi Ashkenazi sebagai kumpulan etnik. Lebih-lebih lagi, walaupun berkahwin antara orang Yahudi dari keturunan Ashkenazi menjadi semakin umum, banyak Yahudi Haredi, khususnya anggota Hasidic atau sekte Hareidi, terus berkahwin dengan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi secara eksklusif. Trend ini menyimpan gen Ashkenazi yang lazim dan juga membantu para penyelidik mempelajari lagi gen kaum Yahudi Ashkenazi dengan mudah. Perlu diperhatikan bahawa Yahudi Haredi ini sering mempunyai keluarga yang sangat besar. <> Sebuah kajian 2006 mendapati Ashkenazi Yahudi menjadi apa? || kumpulan subkumpulan genetik yang jelas, homogen <> Yahudi Ashkenazi, tanpa mengira asal usul mereka, apa yang sama? || kumpulan etnik <> Ahli yang mana dua orang Yahudi Haredi terus berkahwin secara eksklusif dalam populasi Yahudi Ashkenazi? || Hasidic atau mazhab Hareidi <> Do Haredi Yahudi cenderung mempunyai keluarga besar atau kecil? || Yahudi Haredi sering mempunyai keluarga yang sangat besar", {"qas": [{"question": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?", "id": "571a7c6710f8ca140030509d", "answers": [{"text": "a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?", "id": "571a7c6710f8ca140030509e", "answers": [{"text": "ethnic group", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?", "id": "571a7c6710f8ca140030509f", "answers": [{"text": "Hasidic or Hareidi sects", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?", "id": "571a7c6710f8ca14003050a0", "answers": [{"text": "Haredi Jews often have extremely large families", "answer_start": 912}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort \u2013 that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families."}], ["Daripada anggaran 8,8 juta Yahudi yang tinggal di Eropah pada awal Perang Dunia II, mayoritasnya adalah Ashkenazi, sekitar 6 juta - lebih dari dua pertiga - secara sistematik dibunuh dalam Holocaust. Ini termasuk 3 juta dari 3.3 juta orang Yahudi Poland (91%); 900,000 daripada 1.5 juta di Ukraine (60%); dan 50-90% orang Yahudi dari negara-negara Slavia yang lain, Jerman, Hungary, dan negara-negara Baltik, dan lebih dari 25% orang Yahudi di Perancis. Komuniti Sephardi mengalami kekurangan yang sama di beberapa negara, termasuk Greece, Belanda dan bekas Yugoslavia. Oleh kerana majoriti mangsa adalah Yahudi Ashkenazi, peratusan mereka turun dari hampir 92% daripada dunia Yahudi pada tahun 1931 hingga hampir 80% daripada dunia Yahudi hari ini. Holocaust juga secara efektif menamatkan perkembangan dinamik bahasa Yiddish dalam dekad-dekad terdahulu, kerana majoriti mangsa Yahudi Holocaust, sekitar 5 juta orang, adalah penutur bahasa Yiddish. Kebanyakan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi yang berhijrah berhijrah ke negara-negara seperti Israel, Kanada, Argentina, Australia, dan Amerika Syarikat selepas perang. <> Pada permulaan Perang Dunia II, berapa orang Yahudi yang tinggal di Eropah? || 8.8 juta <> Daripada bilangan Yahudi yang banyak tinggal di Eropah pada permulaan Perang Dunia II, berapa orang Ashkenazi? || kira-kira 6 juta <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Yahudi Poland dibunuh semasa Holocaust? || 91% <> Peratusan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi menjadi hampir 92% dari semua orang Yahudi di dunia pada tahun 1931 sebelum Perang Dunia II hingga berapa peratus hari ini? || hampir 80% <> Sebilangan besar mangsa Yahudi Holocaust bercakap bahasa mana? || Yiddish", {"qas": [{"question": "At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?", "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305071", "answers": [{"text": "8.8 million", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?", "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305072", "answers": [{"text": "about 6 million", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?", "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305073", "answers": [{"text": "91%", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?", "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305074", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 80%", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?", "id": "571a786110f8ca1400305075", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddish", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million \u2013 more than two-thirds \u2013 were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50\u201390% of the Jews of other Slavic nations, Germany, Hungary, and the Baltic states, and over 25% of the Jews in France. Sephardi communities suffered similar depletions in a few countries, including Greece, the Netherlands and the former Yugoslavia. As the large majority of the victims were Ashkenazi Jews, their percentage dropped from nearly 92% of world Jewry in 1931 to nearly 80% of world Jewry today. The Holocaust also effectively put an end to the dynamic development of the Yiddish language in the previous decades, as the vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, around 5 million, were Yiddish speakers. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war."}], ["Kajian 2001 oleh Nebel et al. menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua penduduk Ashkenazi dan Sephardic Yahudi berkongsi nenek-neneknya yang mendekatkan kehadiran orang-orang terdekat. Berbanding dengan data yang diperoleh dari populasi lain yang relevan di rantau ini, orang Yahudi didapati lebih rapat dengan kumpulan di utara Bulan Sabit Fertil. Penulis juga melaporkan kromosom Eu 19 (R1a), yang sangat kerap di Eropah Tengah dan Timur (54% -60%) pada frekuensi tinggi (12.7%) di Yahudi Ashkenazi. Mereka membuat hipotesis bahawa perbezaan di antara orang-orang Yahudi Ashkenazim dapat mencerminkan aliran gen peringkat rendah dari populasi penduduk di seluruh Eropah dan / atau hanyut genetik semasa pengasingan. Satu kajian pada tahun 2005 oleh Nebel et al. Mendapati tahap yang sama iaitu 11.5% lelaki Ashkenazim milik R1a1a (M17 +), haplogroup Y-kromosom yang dominan di Eropah Tengah dan Timur. <> Sebuah kajian 2001 oleh Nebel et al. menunjukkan bahawa mana dua populasi berkongsi nenek moyang Dekat Timur yang sama secara keseluruhan? || Ashkenazi dan populasi Yahudi Sephardic <> Tahap kromosom Eu 19 (R1a) biasanya dilihat di antara dua peratusan di Eropah Tengah dan Timur? || 54% -60% <> Tahap kromosom Eu 19 (R1a) dilihat dalam apa peratusan penduduk Yahudi Ashkenazi? || 12.7% <> Perbezaan dalam peratusan tahap kromosom Eu 19 (R1a) antara Eropah Tengah dan Timur dan penduduk Ashkenazi akan menunjukkan apa? || aliran gen peringkat rendah dari populasi penduduk Eropah dan / atau hanyut genetik semasa pengasingan", {"qas": [{"question": "A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?", "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f2", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?", "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f3", "answers": [{"text": "54%\u201360%", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?", "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f4", "answers": [{"text": "12.7%", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?", "id": "571a81c14faf5e1900b8a9f5", "answers": [{"text": "low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries. In comparison with data available from other relevant populations in the region, Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent. The authors also report on Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes, which are very frequent in Central and Eastern Europeans (54%\u201360%) at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews. They hypothesized that the differences among Ashkenazim Jews could reflect low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation. A later 2005 study by Nebel et al., found a similar level of 11.5% of male Ashkenazim belonging to R1a1a (M17+), the dominant Y-chromosome haplogroup in Central and Eastern Europeans."}], ["Yahudi agama mempunyai Minhagim, kastam, sebagai tambahan kepada Halakha, atau undang-undang keagamaan, dan interpretasi undang-undang yang berbeza. Kumpulan-kumpulan agama Yahudi yang berbeza di kawasan-kawasan geografi yang berbeza secara sejarah mengamalkan adat dan tafsiran yang berlainan. Mengenai isu-isu tertentu, orang Yahudi Ortodoks dikehendaki mengikuti adat istiadat nenek moyang mereka, dan tidak percaya mereka mempunyai pilihan untuk memilih dan memilih. Atas sebab ini, orang Yahudi yang pandai pada masa itu mendapati pentingnya sebab-sebab agama untuk menentukan siapa nenek moyang saudara saudaranya adalah untuk mengetahui apa kebiasaan rumah tangga mereka harus mengikutinya. Contohnya, misalnya, apabila dua orang Yahudi yang berlainan etnik berkahwin, apabila seorang non-Yahudi menukar agama Yahudi dan menentukan adat istiadat yang akan diikuti untuk pertama kalinya, atau ketika orang Yahudi yang tidak percaya dan berpaling kembali ke Yudaisme tradisional dan harus menentukan apa yang dilakukan di masa lalu keluarganya. Dalam pengertian ini, \"Ashkenazic\" merujuk kepada keturunan keluarga dan kepada suatu badan adat yang mengikat orang Yahudi dari keturunan itu. Pembaharuan Yudaisme, yang tidak semestinya mengikuti orang-orang minhagim, memang berasal dari kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi. <> Untuk orang Yahudi agama, apa maksud Minhagim? || adat istiadat <> Untuk Yahudi agama, apa maksud Halakha? || Undang-undang agama <> Bagi Yahudi agama, \"Ashkenazic\" merujuk kepada dua perkara? || sebuah keturunan keluarga dan satu badan adat yang mengikat orang Yahudi dari keturunannya <> Reformasi Judaisme berasal dari jenis Yahudi apa? || Yahudi Ashkenazi <> Apa jenis Yahudi yang diperlukan untuk mengikuti adat istiadat nenek moyang mereka tanpa pilihan untuk memilih dan memilih? || Yahudi Ortodoks", {"qas": [{"question": "For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?", "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9ba", "answers": [{"text": "customs", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?", "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9bb", "answers": [{"text": "religious law", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For religious Jews, \"Ashkenazic\" refers to what two things?", "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9bc", "answers": [{"text": "a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry", "answer_start": 952}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?", "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9bd", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazi Jews", "answer_start": 1127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?", "id": "571a79a64faf5e1900b8a9be", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Religious Jews have Minhagim, customs, in addition to Halakha, or religious law, and different interpretations of law. Different groups of religious Jews in different geographic areas historically adopted different customs and interpretations. On certain issues, Orthodox Jews are required to follow the customs of their ancestors, and do not believe they have the option of picking and choosing. For this reason, observant Jews at times find it important for religious reasons to ascertain who their household's religious ancestors are in order to know what customs their household should follow. These times include, for example, when two Jews of different ethnic background marry, when a non-Jew converts to Judaism and determines what customs to follow for the first time, or when a lapsed or less observant Jew returns to traditional Judaism and must determine what was done in his or her family's past. In this sense, \"Ashkenazic\" refers both to a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry. Reform Judaism, which does not necessarily follow those minhagim, did nonetheless originate among Ashkenazi Jews."}], ["Perkembangan Charlemagne dari kekaisaran Frank sekitar 800, termasuk utara Itali dan Rom, membawa kurun waktu yang stabil dan bersatu dalam Francia. Ini mewujudkan peluang untuk pedagang Yahudi untuk menyelesaikan lagi di utara Alps. Charlemagne memberikan kebebasan orang Yahudi sama seperti yang pernah dinikmati di bawah Empayar Rom. Di samping itu, orang-orang Yahudi dari Itali Selatan, yang melarikan diri dari penganiayaan agama, mula berpindah ke Eropah Tengah. [Kembali ke Semenanjung], banyak peniaga Yahudi mengambil pekerjaan dalam bidang kewangan dan perdagangan, termasuk pinjaman wang, atau riba. (Undang-undang Gereja mengharamkan orang Kristian daripada meminjamkan wang sebagai pertukaran untuk kepentingan.) Dari masa Charlemagne hingga sekarang, kehidupan Yahudi di Eropah utara didokumentasikan dengan baik. Menjelang abad ke-11, ketika Rashi dari Troyes menulis komentarnya, orang-orang Yahudi yang dikenali sebagai \"Ashkenaz\" dikenali dengan pembelajaran halakhik mereka, dan kajian Talmud. Mereka dikritik oleh Sephardim dan ulama Yahudi lain di tanah Islam kerana kekurangan kepakaran dalam perundangan Yahudi (dinim) dan ketidaktahuan umum dalam bahasa Ibrani dan kesusasteraan. Yiddish muncul sebagai hasil hubungan bahasa dengan pelbagai bahasa Jerman Tinggi di zaman pertengahan. Ia ditulis dengan huruf Ibrani, dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Ibrani dan Aram. <> Adakah perkembangan Charlemagne dari kekaisaran Frank membawa masa singkat pergolakan atau kestabilan dalam Francia? || tempoh kestabilan yang singkat <> Pengembangan Charlemagne dari empayar Frank menciptakan peluang bagi pedagang Yahudi untuk menyelesaikannya? || utara Alpen <> Charlemagne diberikan kebebasan Yahudi yang sama dengan yang dinikmati di mana kerajaan sebelumnya? || Empayar Roma <> Ketika Yahudi mula kembali ke tanah Frank banyak orang mengambil pekerjaan di mana dua bidang? || kewangan dan perdagangan <> Bahasa mana yang muncul sebagai hasil hubungan bahasa dengan pelbagai bahasa Jerman Tinggi pada zaman pertengahan? || Yiddish", {"qas": [{"question": "Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?", "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305025", "answers": [{"text": "a brief period of stability", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?", "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305026", "answers": [{"text": "north of the Alps", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?", "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305027", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Empire", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?", "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305028", "answers": [{"text": "finance and commerce", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?", "id": "571a6faf10f8ca1400305029", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddish", "answer_start": 1127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe.[citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as \"Ashkenaz\" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic."}], ["Istilah Ashkenazi juga merujuk kepada nusach Ashkenaz (Ibrani, \"tradisi liturgi\", atau ritual) yang digunakan oleh Yahudi Ashkenazi dalam Siddur (buku doa) mereka. Nusach ditakrifkan oleh pilihan solat tradisi liturgi, doa doa, teks doa dan melodi yang digunakan dalam menyanyi doa. Dua bentuk utama nusach di kalangan Yahudi Ashkenazic adalah Nusach Sefard (tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan upacara Sephardic), yang merupakan umum Poland Hasidic nusach, dan Nusach Ari, seperti yang digunakan oleh Lubavitch Hasidim. <> Apa itu Siddur? || buku doa <> Istilah Ashkenazi juga merujuk kepada apa? || the nusach Ashkenaz <> The nusach Ashkenaz merujuk kepada apa dalam bahasa Ibrani? || \"tradisi liturgi\", atau ritual <> Dua bentuk utama nusach di kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazic adalah apa? || Nusach Sefard (tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan upacara Sephardic), yang merupakan umum Poland Hasidic nusach, dan Nusach Ari <> Nusach Ari digunakan oleh siapa? || Lubavitch Hasidim", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Siddur?", "id": "571a8d3710f8ca1400305117", "answers": [{"text": "prayer book", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?", "id": "571a8d3710f8ca1400305118", "answers": [{"text": "the nusach Ashkenaz", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?", "id": "571a8d3710f8ca1400305119", "answers": [{"text": "\"liturgical tradition\", or rite", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?", "id": "571a8d3710f8ca140030511a", "answers": [{"text": "Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Nusach Ari is used by whom?", "id": "571a8d3710f8ca140030511b", "answers": [{"text": "Lubavitch Hasidim", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, \"liturgical tradition\", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, as used by Lubavitch Hasidim."}], ["Tetapi selepas pembebasan, rasa seorang Yahudi Perancis bersatu muncul, terutamanya ketika Perancis dilancarkan oleh hubungan Dreyfus pada tahun 1890-an. Pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, Yahudi Ashkenazi dari Eropah tiba di sejumlah besar sebagai pelarian dari antisemitisme, revolusi Rusia, dan kegawatan ekonomi Kemelesetan Besar. Pada tahun 1930-an, Paris mempunyai budaya Yiddish yang bersemangat, dan ramai orang Yahudi terlibat dalam pergerakan politik yang pelbagai. Selepas tahun-tahun Vichy dan Holocaust, penduduk Yahudi Perancis ditambah sekali lagi, pertama oleh pelarian Ashkenazi dari Eropah Tengah, dan kemudiannya oleh pendatang dan pelarian Sephardi dari Afrika Utara, kebanyakannya francophone. <> Bilakah kejadian Dreyfus berlaku? || 1890s <> Dalam berapa tahun banyak orang Yahudi tiba di Perancis? || 1920-an dan 1930-an <> Apa tiga faktor yang menyebabkan banyak orang Yahudi berpindah ke Perancis? || antisemitisme, revolusi Rusia, dan kemelut ekonomi Great Depression <> Pada tahun 1930-an, Paris telah diperhatikan yang mana dua perkara yang berkaitan dengan Yahudi? || budaya Yiddish yang bertenaga, dan ramai orang Yahudi terlibat dalam pergerakan politik yang pelbagai", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Dreyfus affair occur?", "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa62", "answers": [{"text": "1890s", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?", "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa63", "answers": [{"text": "the 1920s and 1930s", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?", "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa64", "answers": [{"text": "antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?", "id": "571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa65", "answers": [{"text": "a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. By the 1930s, Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements. After the Vichy years and the Holocaust, the French Jewish population was augmented once again, first by Ashkenazi refugees from Central Europe, and later by Sephardi immigrants and refugees from North Africa, many of them francophone."}], ["Dalam hal ini, rakan sejawatan Ashkenazi adalah Sephardic, kerana kebanyakan orang Yahudi Ortodoks non-Ashkenazi mengikuti pihak berkuasa rabinis Sephardic, sama ada mereka bersifat etnis Sephardic. Secara tradisi, seorang wanita Sephardic atau Mizrahi yang berkahwin dengan keluarga Yahudi Ortodoks atau Haredi Ashkenazi menimbulkan anak-anaknya sebagai orang Yahudi Ashkenazi; sebaliknya seorang wanita Ashkenazi yang berkahwin dengan seorang lelaki Sephardi atau Mizrahi dijangka mengambil latihan Sephardic dan anak-anak mewarisi identiti Sephardic, walaupun dalam praktik banyak keluarga berkompromi. Seorang penukaran secara amnya mengikut amalan dinasti yang telah mengubahnya. Dengan integrasi orang Yahudi dari seluruh dunia di Israel, Amerika Utara, dan tempat-tempat lain, definisi keagamaan seorang Yahudi Ashkenazi adalah kabur, terutama di luar agama Yahudi Ortodoks. <> Dengan tradisi, apabila seorang wanita Sephardic atau Mizrahi berkahwin dengan keluarga Yahudi Ortodoks atau Haredi Ashkenazi dia menimbulkan anak-anaknya menjadi jenis Yahudi? || Ashkenazi Yahudi <> Apabila seorang wanita Ashkenazi berkahwin dengan seorang lelaki Sephardi atau Mizrahi diharapkan anak-anaknya akan mengambil identitas yang mana? || kanak-kanak mewarisi identiti Sephardic <> Seorang penukaran secara amnya mengikuti amalan mana? || amalan dinasti yang menukarkannya", {"qas": [{"question": "By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?", "id": "571a8b5e4faf5e1900b8aa54", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenazi Jews", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?", "id": "571a8b5e4faf5e1900b8aa55", "answers": [{"text": "children inherit a Sephardic identity", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A convert generally follows which practice?", "id": "571a8b5e4faf5e1900b8aa56", "answers": [{"text": "the practice of the beth din that converted him or her", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism."}], ["Kajian genetik seluruh genom dijalankan pada tahun 2010 oleh Behar et al. mengkaji hubungan genetik di kalangan semua kumpulan Yahudi utama, termasuk Ashkenazim, serta hubungan genetik antara kumpulan Yahudi dan populasi etnik non-Yahudi. Kajian mendapati bahawa Yahudi kontemporari (tidak termasuk Yahudi India dan Ethiopia) mempunyai hubungan genetik yang rapat dengan orang-orang dari Levant. Penulis menjelaskan bahawa \"penjelasan yang paling rumit untuk pemerhatian ini adalah asal genetik biasa, yang konsisten dengan perumusan sejarah orang-orang Yahudi sebagai turun dari penduduk Ibrani kuno dan Israel dari Levant\". <> Kajian baru-baru ini telah menemui bahawa Yahudi kontemporer (tidak termasuk Yahudi India dan Ethiopia) mempunyai hubungan genetik yang dekat dengan rakyat di kawasan apa? || Levant <> Kajian genetik luas genom yang dijalankan pada tahun 2010 oleh Behar et al. memeriksa hubungan genetik di kalangan kumpulan Yahudi? || semua kumpulan-kumpulan Yahudi utama <> Kajian genetik yang luas genom dijalankan pada tahun 2010 oleh Behar et al. memeriksa hubungan genetik antara kumpulan Yahudi dan apa yang penduduknya lain? || populasi etnik bukan Yahudi", {"qas": [{"question": "Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area?", "id": "571a868410f8ca14003050df", "answers": [{"text": "the Levant", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups?", "id": "571a868410f8ca14003050e0", "answers": [{"text": "all major Jewish groups", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population?", "id": "571a868410f8ca14003050e1", "answers": [{"text": "non-Jewish ethnic populations", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among all major Jewish groups, including Ashkenazim, as well as the genetic relationship between these Jewish groups and non-Jewish ethnic populations. The study found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship with people from the Levant. The authors explained that \"the most parsimonious explanation for these observations is a common genetic origin, which is consistent with an historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant\"."}], ["Sejarah Yahudi di Yunani kembali ke sekurang-kurangnya Era Archaic dari Yunani, ketika budaya klasik Yunani sedang menjalani proses formalisasi setelah Zaman Gelap Yunani. Ahli sejarah Greece, Herodotus, mengetahui tentang orang-orang Yahudi, yang dia sebut sebagai \"Suriah Palestin\", dan menyenaraikannya di kalangan angkatan tentera laut yang dikenakan untuk menyerang Persia yang menyerang. Walaupun monoteisme Yahudi tidak dipengaruhi oleh Polytheisme Yunani, cara hidup Yunani menarik bagi banyak orang Yahudi yang kaya. Sinagog di Agora of Athens bertarikh pada masa antara 267 dan 396 CE. The Sinagog Stobi di Macedonia, dibina di atas runtuhan synagogue yang lebih kuno pada abad ke-4, manakala kemudian pada abad ke-5, sinagoga itu diubah menjadi Christian basilica. <> Sejarah Yahudi di Yunani kembali ke era mana? || Era Archaic of Greece <> Yang sejarawan Yunani tahu tentang orang Yahudi? || Herodotus <> Apa sejarah ahli sejarah Yunani Herodotus merujuk kepada orang Yahudi? || \"Ahli Syurga Palestin\" <> Ahli sejarah Yunani Herodotus menyenaraikan orang-orang Yahudi sebagai angkatan tentera laut yang dipaksa untuk melayani siapa? || Persia yang menyerang <> The Synagogue di Agora of Athens adalah bertarikh untuk tempoh antara mana dua tarikh? || 267 dan 396 CE", {"qas": [{"question": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?", "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa14", "answers": [{"text": "Archaic Era of Greece", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?", "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa15", "answers": [{"text": "Herodotus", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?", "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa16", "answers": [{"text": "\"Palestinian Syrians\"", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?", "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa17", "answers": [{"text": "the invading Persians", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?", "id": "571a87714faf5e1900b8aa18", "answers": [{"text": "267 and 396 CE", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called \"Palestinian Syrians\", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica."}], ["Di Israel, istilah Ashkenazi kini digunakan dalam cara yang tidak berkaitan dengan makna asalnya, sering digunakan untuk semua orang Yahudi yang menetap di Eropah dan kadang kala termasuk orang-orang yang latar belakang etniknya sebenarnya Sephardic. Orang-orang Yahudi dari mana-mana latar belakang bukan Ashkenazi, termasuk Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish dan lain-lain yang tidak ada kaitan dengan Semenanjung Iberia, juga telah disatukan bersama sebagai Sephardic. Orang-orang Yahudi yang bercampur-campur menjadi semakin biasa, sebahagiannya kerana perkawinan antara Ashkenazi dan non-Ashkenazi, dan sebagian lagi karena banyak yang tidak melihat penanda bersejarah seperti yang relevan dengan pengalaman hidup mereka sebagai orang Yahudi. <> Di Israel, istilah Ashkenazi kini digunakan dengan cara apa? || dalam cara yang tidak berkaitan dengan makna asalnya <> Di Israel, istilah Ashkenazi kini digunakan untuk merujuk kepada siapa? || semua orang Yahudi yang menetap di Eropah dan kadang-kadang termasuk orang-orang yang latar belakang etniknya sebenarnya Sephardic <> Adakah orang-orang Yahudi dari latar belakang bercampur-campur lebih kurang hari ini? || Orang Yahudi dari latar belakang bercampur semakin umum", {"qas": [{"question": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?", "id": "571a8a4e10f8ca14003050f7", "answers": [{"text": "in a manner unrelated to its original meaning", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?", "id": "571a8a4e10f8ca14003050f8", "answers": [{"text": "all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?", "id": "571a8a4e10f8ca14003050f9", "answers": [{"text": "Jews of mixed background are increasingly common", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning, often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic. Jews of any non-Ashkenazi background, including Mizrahi, Yemenite, Kurdish and others who have no connection with the Iberian Peninsula, have similarly come to be lumped together as Sephardic. Jews of mixed background are increasingly common, partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews."}], ["Nama Ashkenazi berasal dari tokoh alkitabiah Ashkenaz, anak lelaki pertama Gomer, anak Khaphet, anak Nuh, dan bapa leluhur Japetik dalam Jadual Bangsa (Kejadian 10). Nama Gomer sering dikaitkan dengan etimologi Cimmerians. Ashkenaz Alkitab biasanya berasal dari Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza (cuneiform A\u0161kuzai / I\u0161kuzai), orang yang mengusir orang Cimmerians dari daerah Armenia di Upper Euphrates, yang namanya biasanya dikaitkan dengan nama orang Scythians. N mengganggu dalam nama Alkitabiah mungkin disebabkan oleh kesilapan skrib yang membingungkan waw dan dengan nun \u05e0. <> Nama Ashkenazi berasal dari mana tokoh alkitabiah? || Ashkenaz <> Ashkenaz adalah anak lelaki pertama? || Gomer <> Nama Gomer sering dikaitkan dengan etnonym apa? || Cimmerians <> Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza mengusir kumpulan mana dari wilayah Armenia di Upper Euphrates? || Cimmerians", {"qas": [{"question": "The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure?", "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fa", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenaz", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ashkenaz was the first son of whom?", "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fb", "answers": [{"text": "Gomer", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym?", "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fc", "answers": [{"text": "Cimmerians", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates?", "id": "571a85094faf5e1900b8a9fd", "answers": [{"text": "Cimmerians", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Khaphet, son of Noah, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians. Biblical Ashkenaz is usually derived from Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza (cuneiform A\u0161kuzai/I\u0161kuzai), a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates, whose name is usually associated with the name of the Scythians. The intrusive n in the Biblical name is likely due to a scribal error confusing a waw \u05d5 with a nun \u05e0."}], ["Usaha untuk mengenal pasti asal-usul Yahudi Ashkenazi melalui analisis DNA bermula pada tahun 1990-an. Pada masa ini, terdapat tiga jenis pengujian genetik genetik, DNA autosomal (atDNA), DNA mitokondria (mtDNA), dan Y-kromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). DNA autosomal adalah campuran dari keseluruhan leluhur manusia, Y-DNA menunjukkan keturunan lelaki hanya di sepanjang garis ketatnya, mtDNA menunjukkan garis keturunan mana-mana individu di sepanjang garis ketat. Kajian persatuan genom juga telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan penemuan yang berkaitan dengan asal genetik. <> Bilakah usaha mula mencuba dan mengenal pasti asal-usul Yahudi Ashkenazi melalui analisis DNA? || 1990-an <> Berapa banyak jenis ujian asal genetik yang wujud sekarang? || tiga jenis ujian asal genetik <> Apakah tiga jenis ujian asal? || DNA autosomal (atDNA), DNA mitokondria (mtDNA), dan Y-kromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) <> Autosomal DNA adalah apa? || campuran dari keseluruhan keturunan individu <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh Y-DNA? || seorang keturunan lelaki hanya mengikut garis ketatnya", {"qas": [{"question": "When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?", "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305121", "answers": [{"text": "the 1990s", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?", "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305122", "answers": [{"text": "three types of genetic origin testing", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three types of origin testing?", "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305123", "answers": [{"text": "autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Autosomal DNA is what?", "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305124", "answers": [{"text": "a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Y-DNA show?", "id": "571a8e1c10f8ca1400305125", "answers": [{"text": "a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s. Currently, there are three types of genetic origin testing, autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line. Genome-wide association studies have also been employed to yield findings relevant to genetic origins."}], ["Dalam satu esei mengenai Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar di Pusat Hal Ehwal Awam Jerusalem meringkaskan sejarah demografi Ashkenazi Yahudi dalam seribu tahun terakhir, dengan menyatakan bahawa pada akhir abad ke-11, 97% daripada dunia Yahudi adalah Sephardic dan 3% Ashkenazi ; pada akhir abad XVI, iaitu: 'Perjanjian mengenai penebusan tawanan', oleh Gracian dari Ibu Tuhan, Imam Mercy, yang dipenjarakan oleh Turki, mengutip bahasa Ibrani Tunisia, ditawan ketika tiba di Gaeta, yang membantu orang lain dengan Wang yang bernama: 'Simon Escanasi', pada pertengahan abad ke-17, \"Sephardim masih melebihi jumlah Ashkenazim tiga hingga dua\", tetapi pada penghujung abad ke-18, \"Ashkenazim mengatasi Sephardim tiga hingga dua, hasil dari keadaan hidup yang lebih baik Christian Europe berbanding dunia Islam Uthmaniyyah. \" Menjelang tahun 1931, Ashkenazi Yahudi menyumbang hampir 92% daripada dunia Yahudi. Faktor-faktor ini adalah demografi tipis yang memperlihatkan corak penghijrahan orang Yahudi dari Selatan dan Barat ke Eropah Tengah dan Eropah Timur. <> Menurut Daniel Elazar di Pusat Hal Ehwal Awam Jerusalem, pada akhir abad ke-11, berapa peratus daripada Yahudi di dunia adalah Sephardic? || 97% <> Menurut Daniel Elazar di Pusat Jerusalem untuk Hal Ehwal Awam, pada akhir abad ke-11, berapa peratus Yahudi di dunia adalah Ashkenazi? || 3% <> Menjelang tahun 1931, Yahudi Ashkenazi berapakah peratusan dunia Yahudi? || 92%", {"qas": [{"question": "According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?", "id": "571a898c4faf5e1900b8aa3c", "answers": [{"text": "97%", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?", "id": "571a898c4faf5e1900b8aa3d", "answers": [{"text": "3%", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?", "id": "571a898c4faf5e1900b8aa3e", "answers": [{"text": "92%", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of XVI century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks, cites a Tunisian Hebrew, made captive when arriving to Gaeta, who aided others with money, named: 'Simon Escanasi', in the mid-17th century, \"Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two\", but by the end of the 18th century, \"Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two, the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world.\" By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews accounted for nearly 92% of world Jewry. These factors are sheer demography showing the migration patterns of Jews from Southern and Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe."}], ["Mereka menubuhkan komuniti di seluruh Eropah Tengah dan Timur, yang merupakan kawasan tumpuan dan kediaman utama mereka sehingga masa-masa terkini, mengembangkan ciri khas mereka sendiri dan identiti diasporik. Pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, pusat graviti penduduk Ashkenazi, dan kehidupan budaya tradisionalnya, beralih ke arah timur, dari tanah Jerman ke Poland dan Lithuania (termasuk sekarang Belarus dan Ukraine). Dalam perjalanan abad ke-18 dan ke-19, orang-orang Yahudi yang tinggal di atau kembali ke tanah Jerman mengalami reorientasi budaya; di bawah pengaruh Haskalah dan perjuangan untuk pembebasan, serta penanaman intelektual dan budaya di pusat-pusat bandar, mereka secara beransur-ansur meninggalkan penggunaan orang Yiddish, sambil membangun bentuk baru kehidupan agama Yahudi dan identiti budaya. <> Pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, penduduk Ashkenazi beralih ke arah mana? || bergeser ke arah timur <> Pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, ketika penduduk Ashkenazi bergeser pindah dari lokasi mana? || Tanah Jerman <> Pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, ketika penduduk Ashkenazi bergeser pindah ke lokasi mana? || Poland dan Lithuania (termasuk sekarang Belarus dan Ukraine) <> Pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19 yang lalu, orang-orang Yahudi yang kembali ke tanah Jerman mengalami apa? || suatu reorientasi budaya", {"qas": [{"question": "In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?", "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c3", "answers": [{"text": "shifted steadily eastward", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?", "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c4", "answers": [{"text": "German lands", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?", "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c5", "answers": [{"text": "Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine)", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?", "id": "571a830810f8ca14003050c6", "answers": [{"text": "a cultural reorientation", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "They established communities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, which had been their primary region of concentration and residence until recent times, evolving their own distinctive characteristics and diasporic identities. In the late Middle Ages the center of gravity of the Ashkenazi population, and its traditional cultural life, shifted steadily eastward, out of the German lands into Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine). In the course of the late 18th and 19th centuries, those Jews who remained in or returned to the German lands experienced a cultural reorientation; under the influence of the Haskalah and the struggle for emancipation, as well the intellectual and cultural ferment in urban centers, they gradually abandoned the use of Yiddish, while developing new forms of Jewish religious life and cultural identity."}], ["Beberapa orang terkenal mempunyai Ashkenazi sebagai nama keluarga, seperti Vladimir Ashkenazy. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan orang dengan nama keluarga ini berasal dari dalam masyarakat Sephardic, terutama dari komuniti Yahudi Syria. Pembawa Sephardic dari nama keluarga akan mempunyai beberapa nenek moyang Ashkenazi sejak nama keluarga itu diterima oleh keluarga yang pada asalnya berasal dari Ashkenazic yang berpindah ke negara Sephardi dan bergabung dengan komuniti tersebut. Ashkenazi akan diterima pakai secara rasmi sebagai keluarga keluarga yang dimulakan sebagai nama panggilan yang dikenakan oleh komuniti angkat mereka. Ada yang memendekkan nama itu kepada Ash. <> Kebanyakan orang dengan nama keluarga Ashkenazi, berasal dari komuniti tertentu? || Komuniti Yahudi Syria <> Beberapa orang dengan nama keluarga memendekkannya kepada apa? || Ash <> Orang terkenal apa yang disebut sebagai nama Ashkenazi? || Vladimir Ashkenazy", {"qas": [{"question": "Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?", "id": "571a96bf4faf5e1900b8aae4", "answers": [{"text": "Syrian Jewish community", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some people with the surname shorten it to what?", "id": "571a96bf4faf5e1900b8aae5", "answers": [{"text": "Ash", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?", "id": "571a96bf4faf5e1900b8aae6", "answers": [{"text": "Vladimir Ashkenazy", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of the surname would have some Ashkenazi ancestors since the surname was adopted by families who were initially of Ashkenazic origins who moved to Sephardi countries and joined those communities. Ashkenazi would be formally adopted as the family surname having started off as a nickname imposed by their adopted communities. Some have shortened the name to Ash."}], ["Dalam kompilasi Midrash, Kejadian Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah menyebutkan Ashkenaz, Riphath, dan Togarmah sebagai suku Jerman atau sebagai tanah Jerman. Ia mungkin sesuai dengan perkataan Yunani yang mungkin wujud dalam dialek Yunani Yahudi Palestin, atau teks itu rosak dari \"Germanica.\" Pandangan Berechiah ini berdasarkan Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), di mana Gomer, bapa Ashkenaz, diterjemahkan oleh Germamia, yang jelasnya bermaksud Jerman, dan yang dicadangkan oleh persamaan bunyi. <> Apa nama kompilasi Midrash? || Kejadian Rabbah <> Apakah nama Rabbi yang disebutkan berkaitan dengan Kejadian Rabbah? || Rabbi Berechiah <> Apakah ketiga-tiga suku Jerman atau tanah Jerman bercakap tentang Rabbi Berechiah? || Ashkenaz, Riphath, dan Togarmah <> Rabbi Berechiah berdasarkan apa? || Talmud", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the Midrash compilation?", "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaa8", "answers": [{"text": "Genesis Rabbah", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?", "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaa9", "answers": [{"text": "Rabbi Berechiah", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?", "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaaa", "answers": [{"text": "Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?", "id": "571a93be4faf5e1900b8aaab", "answers": [{"text": "the Talmud", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from \"Germanica.\" This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound."}], ["Dalam generasi selepas pergerakan dari barat, masyarakat Yahudi di tempat-tempat seperti Poland, Rusia, dan Belarus menikmati persekitaran sosio-politik yang stabil. Industri penerbitan yang berkembang maju dan pencetakan beratus-ratus ulasan alkitabiah mendorong perkembangan gerakan Hasidic serta pusat akademik utama Yahudi. Selepas dua abad toleransi perbandingan di negara-negara baru, emigrasi ke arah barat yang besar berlaku pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20 sebagai tindak balas kepada pogrom di timur dan peluang ekonomi yang ditawarkan di bahagian lain di dunia. Yahudi Ashkenazi telah membentuk majoriti komuniti Yahudi Amerika sejak tahun 1750. Selepas pergerakan dari barat, masyarakat Yahudi di tempat-tempat seperti Poland mempunyai persekitaran sosiopolitik yang stabil atau tidak stabil? || persekitaran sosio-politika yang stabil <> Apa yang mempercepatkan perkembangan gerakan Hasidic? || Industri penerbitan yang berkembang maju dan pencetakan beratus-ratus ulasan Alkitab <> Peralihan besar-besaran barat berlaku sekitar masa apa? || dalam abad ke-19 dan ke-20 <> Ashkenazi Yahudi telah membentuk sebahagian besar masyarakat Yahudi Amerika sejak ketika itu? || 1750", {"qas": [{"question": "After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?", "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305171", "answers": [{"text": "a comparatively stable socio-political environment", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?", "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305172", "answers": [{"text": "A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Massive western emigration occurred around what time?", "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305173", "answers": [{"text": "in the 19th and 20th centuries", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?", "id": "571a94a810f8ca1400305174", "answers": [{"text": "1750", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers. After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations, massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world. Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750."}], ["Perkembangan baru dalam agama Yahudi sering melampaui perbezaan dalam amalan agama antara Ashkenazi dan Yahudi Sephardic. Di bandar-bandar di Amerika Utara, trend sosial seperti gerakan chavurah, dan kemunculan \"Judaisme pasca-denominasi\" sering menyatukan orang-orang muda Yahudi dari pelbagai latar belakang etnik. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, terdapat peningkatan minat dalam Kabbalah, yang banyak orang Yahudi Ashkenazi belajar di luar kerangka Yeshiva. Trend lain adalah populariti baru penyembahan gembira dalam pergerakan Pembaharuan Yahudi dan gaya Carlebach minyan, yang kedua-duanya berasal dari asal Ashkenazi. <> Apa dua perkara yang disebut sebagai menyumbang untuk membawa orang Yahudi yang lebih muda bersama di bandar-bandar Amerika Utara? || trend sosial seperti gerakan chavurah, dan kemunculan \"Judaisme pasca denominasi\" <> Apa yang banyak orang Yahudi Ashkenazi belajar di luar kerangka Yeshiva? || Kabbalah <> Yang baru trend telah dikaitkan dengan pergerakan Pembaharuan Yahudi? || penyembahan gembira", {"qas": [{"question": "What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?", "id": "571a96444faf5e1900b8aade", "answers": [{"text": "social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of \"post-denominational Judaism\"", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?", "id": "571a96444faf5e1900b8aadf", "answers": [{"text": "Kabbalah", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?", "id": "571a96444faf5e1900b8aae0", "answers": [{"text": "ecstatic worship", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of \"post-denominational Judaism\" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, there has been increased interest in Kabbalah, which many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework. Another trend is the new popularity of ecstatic worship in the Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan, both of which are nominally of Ashkenazi origin."}], ["Spekulasi bahawa Ashkenazi muncul dari saham Khazar muncul pada abad ke-19 dan telah bertemu dengan kekayaan bercampur dalam kesusasteraan ilmiah. Pada akhir tahun 2012, Eran Elhaik, seorang penyelidik yang mengkaji genetik di Sekolah Kesihatan Johns Hopkins University, berhujah untuk keturunan Khazar di dalam karyanya The Hilang Link of Jewish Jewish Ancestry: Berbeza dengan Rhineland dan Hipotesis Khazarian. Satu kajian 2013 DNA mitokondria Ashkenazi tidak menemui bukti penting sumbangan Khazar kepada DNA Yahudi Ashkenazi, seperti yang akan diramalkan oleh hipotesis Khazar. <> Bilakah gagasan bahawa Ashkenazi mungkin datang dari saham Khazar? || di kemudian abad ke-19 <> Adakah Eran Elhaik, dari Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health berhujah untuk atau melawan keturunan Khazar? || berhujah untuk keturunan Khazar <> Apa kajian 2013 tentang DNA mitokondria Ashkenazi berkaitan dengan idea keturunan Khazar? || tiada bukti penting sumbangan Khazar kepada DNA Yahudi Ashkenazi", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?", "id": "571a908010f8ca1400305151", "answers": [{"text": "in the later 19th century", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?", "id": "571a908010f8ca1400305152", "answers": [{"text": "argued for Khazar descent", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?", "id": "571a908010f8ca1400305153", "answers": [{"text": "no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, argued for Khazar descent in his paper The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses. A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis."}], ["Dengan permulaan Perang Salib pada tahun 1095, dan pengusiran dari England (1290), Perancis (1394), dan beberapa bahagian Jerman (abad ke-15), penghijrahan Yahudi ditolak ke timur Poland (abad ke-10), Lithuania (abad ke-10) Rusia (abad ke-12). Dalam tempoh beberapa ratus tahun ini, ada yang mencadangkan, aktiviti ekonomi Yahudi difokuskan pada perdagangan, pengurusan perniagaan, dan perkhidmatan kewangan, kerana beberapa faktor yang dianggap: larangan Kristian Eropah yang menyekat aktiviti tertentu oleh orang Yahudi, menghalang kegiatan kewangan tertentu (seperti \" pinjaman \"antara orang Kristian, kadar celik huruf yang tinggi, pendidikan lelaki sejagat yang universal, dan keupayaan peniaga untuk bergantung kepada dan mempercayai ahli keluarga yang tinggal di rantau dan negara yang berbeza. <> Tahun apa menandakan permulaan Perang Salib? || 1095 <> Tahun apakah pengunduran dari England? || 1290 <> Tahun apa pengusiran dari Perancis? || 1394 <> Selepas pengusiran dari England dan Perancis, penghijrahan Yahudi menuju arah mana? || Penghijrahan Yahudi ditolak ke timur <> Ketika orang Yahudi diusir dari England, Perancis, dan sebahagian dari Jerman mereka menuju ke mana tiga negara? || Poland (abad ke-10), Lithuania (abad ke-10), dan Rusia (abad ke-12)", {"qas": [{"question": "What year marked the onset of the Crusades?", "id": "571a927010f8ca1400305167", "answers": [{"text": "1095", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were the expulsions from England?", "id": "571a927010f8ca1400305168", "answers": [{"text": "1290", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were the expulsions from France?", "id": "571a927010f8ca1400305169", "answers": [{"text": "1394", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?", "id": "571a927010f8ca140030516a", "answers": [{"text": "Jewish migration pushed eastward", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?", "id": "571a927010f8ca140030516b", "answers": [{"text": "Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as \"usurious\" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries."}], ["Satu kajian tentang haplotip kromosom Y, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2000, membahas asal-usul orang-orang Yahudi Ashkenazi. Hammer et al. mendapati kromosom Y dari Ashkenazi dan Yahudi Sephardic mengandungi mutasi yang juga biasa di kalangan orang-orang Timur Tengah, tetapi tidak biasa di kalangan penduduk Eropah. Ini mencadangkan agar nenek moyang lelaki Yahudi Ashkenazi dapat dikesan kebanyakannya ke Timur Tengah. Perkadaran admixture genetik lelaki di Ashkenazi Yahudi berjumlah kurang daripada 0.5% setiap generasi melebihi anggaran generasi 80, dengan \"sumbangan yang agak kecil dari kromosom Y Eropah ke Ashkenazim,\" dan anggaran total campuran \"sangat mirip dengan anggaran purata Motulsky 12.5%. \" Ini menyokong dapatan bahawa \"Yahudi Diaspora dari Eropah, Afrika Barat Laut, dan Timur Dekat menyerupai satu sama lain lebih dekat daripada mereka menyerupai jiran bukan Yahudi mereka.\" \"Penyelidikan yang lalu mendapati 50-80 peratus DNA dari kromosom Ashkenazi Y, yang digunakan untuk mengesan keturunan lelaki, berasal dari Timur Dekat,\" kata Richards. <> Ditemukan bahawa kromosom Y dari Ashkenazi dan Yahudi Sephardic mengandungi mutasi yang sama dengan orang lain? || Orang Timur Tengah <> Ditemukan bahawa kromosom Y dari Ashkenazi dan Yahudi Sephardic mengandungi mutasi yang tidak biasa dengan orang lain? || tidak biasa dalam populasi Eropah umum <> Penemuan yang berkaitan dengan kromosom Y menunjukkan bahawa nenek moyang orang Yahudi Ashkenazi dapat dikesan kebanyakannya ke mana? || Timur Tengah", {"qas": [{"question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?", "id": "571a97734faf5e1900b8aaf4", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Eastern peoples", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?", "id": "571a97734faf5e1900b8aaf5", "answers": [{"text": "uncommon in the general European population", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?", "id": "571a97734faf5e1900b8aaf6", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle East", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with \"relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim,\" and a total admixture estimate \"very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%.\" This supported the finding that \"Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors.\" \"Past research found that 50\u201380 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East,\" Richards said."}], ["Agama Yahudi Ashkenazi yang tinggal di Israel wajib mengikuti kuasa rabung Ashkenazi ketua dalam perkara halakhik. Dalam hal ini, seorang Yahudi agama Ashkenazi adalah seorang Israel yang lebih mungkin untuk menyokong kepentingan agama tertentu di Israel, termasuk beberapa parti politik. Parti-parti politik ini disebabkan oleh hakikat bahawa sebahagian undi pemilih Israel untuk parti-parti agama Yahudi; walaupun peta pemilih berubah dari satu pilihan raya ke satu lagi, umumnya terdapat beberapa pihak kecil yang terkait dengan kepentingan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi agama. Peranan parti keagamaan, termasuk parti-parti keagamaan yang memainkan peranan penting sebagai anggota gabungan, bertukar dari komposisi Israel sebagai sebuah masyarakat yang kompleks di mana kepentingan sosial, ekonomi, dan agama yang bersaing berdiri untuk pemilihan kepada Knesset, sebuah badan perundangan unicameral dengan 120 tempat duduk. <> Agama Ashkenazi Yahudi yang tinggal di Israel mengikuti kewibawaan mereka dalam hal tertentu? || ketua raben Ashkenazi <> Apa itu Knesset? || sebuah badan perundangan unicameral dengan 120 kerusi <> Agama Yahudi Ashkenazi melihat ke otoritas raben Ashkenazi ketua yang penting? || perkara halakhik", {"qas": [{"question": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?", "id": "571a95814faf5e1900b8aace", "answers": [{"text": "the chief Ashkenazi rabbi", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Knesset?", "id": "571a95814faf5e1900b8aacf", "answers": [{"text": "a unicameral legislature with 120 seats", "answer_start": 853}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?", "id": "571a95814faf5e1900b8aad0", "answers": [{"text": "halakhic matters", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more likely to support certain religious interests in Israel, including certain political parties. These political parties result from the fact that a portion of the Israeli electorate votes for Jewish religious parties; although the electoral map changes from one election to another, there are generally several small parties associated with the interests of religious Ashkenazi Jews. The role of religious parties, including small religious parties that play important roles as coalition members, results in turn from Israel's composition as a complex society in which competing social, economic, and religious interests stand for election to the Knesset, a unicameral legislature with 120 seats."}], ["Pada tahun 2006, satu kajian oleh Behar et al., Berdasarkan analisis resolusi tinggi haplogroup K (mtDNA), mencadangkan bahawa kira-kira 40% daripada penduduk Ashkenazi saat ini turun secara matriline dari hanya empat wanita, atau \"pengasas garis keturunan \", yang\" mungkin dari kolam mtDNA Ibrani / Levantine \"yang berasal dari Timur Tengah pada abad ke-1 dan ke-2 CE. Selain itu, Behar et al. mencadangkan bahawa seluruh Ashkenazi mtDNA berasal dari ~ 150 wanita, dan kebanyakannya juga berasal dari Timur Tengah. Dalam rujukan khusus kepada Haplogroup K, mereka mencadangkan bahawa walaupun ia lazim di seluruh barat Eurasia, \"corak pengedaran global diperhatikan tidak mungkin kemungkinan bahawa empat keturunan pengasas tersebut memasuki kolam mtDNA Ashkenazi melalui aliran gen dari populasi tuan rumah Eropah\" . <> Sebuah kajian 2006 oleh Behar et al, mencadangkan apa peratusan populasi Ashkenazi saat ini berasal dari \"keturunan pengasas\"? || 40% <> Kajian 2006 oleh Behar et al, mencadangkan bahawa peratusan besar penduduk Ashkenazi saat ini diturunkan matrilineally dari berapa wanita? || dari hanya empat wanita <> Wanita yang peratusan besar penduduk Ashkenazi saat ini berasal dari juga dikenali sebagai apa? || keturunan pengasas <> Keturunan pengasas mungkin dari jenis kolam mtDNA? || Ibrani / Levantine", {"qas": [{"question": "A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from \"founder lineages\"?", "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7a", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? ", "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7b", "answers": [{"text": "from just four women", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?", "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7c", "answers": [{"text": "founder lineages", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?", "id": "571a8f6a4faf5e1900b8aa7d", "answers": [{"text": "Hebrew/Levantine", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2006, a study by Behar et al., based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or \"founder lineages\", that were \"likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool\" originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Additionally, Behar et al. suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from ~150 women, and that most of those were also likely of Middle Eastern origin. In reference specifically to Haplogroup K, they suggested that although it is common throughout western Eurasia, \"the observed global pattern of distribution renders very unlikely the possibility that the four aforementioned founder lineages entered the Ashkenazi mtDNA pool via gene flow from a European host population\"."}], ["Keterangan epigrafi sporadis dalam penggalian tapak kubur, terutamanya di Brigetio (Sz\u0151ny), Aquincum (\u00d3buda), Intercisa (Duna\u00fajv\u00e1ros), Triccinae (S\u00e1rv\u00e1r), Savaria (Szombathely), Sopianae (P\u00e9cs), dan Osijek di Croatia, Yahudi selepas abad ke-2 dan ke-3 di mana garrison Rom ditubuhkan, Terdapat jumlah Yahudi yang cukup di Pannonia untuk membentuk komuniti dan membina rumah ibadat. Tentera Yahudi adalah antara tentera Syria yang dipindahkan ke sana, dan diisi semula dari Timur Tengah, selepas 175 orang Yahudi Yahudi dan terutamanya orang Syria datang dari Antioch, Tarsus dan Cappadocia. Yang lain datang dari Itali dan bahagian Hellenized kerajaan Rom. Penggalian mencadangkan bahawa mereka pertama kali tinggal di dalam kantong terpencil yang melekat pada kubu-kubu legion Rom, dan berkahwin di kalangan keluarga oriental yang serupa di dalam perintah ketenteraan di rantau ini. Rafael Patai menyatakan bahawa penulis Rom yang kemudian menyatakan bahawa mereka berbeza sedikit dalam adat, cara menulis, atau nama dari orang-orang di antaranya mereka tinggal; dan sangat sukar untuk membezakan orang-orang Yahudi dari orang Syria. Selepas Pannonia diserahkan kepada Hun pada tahun 433, populasi garrison telah ditarik balik ke Itali, dan hanya sedikit, jejak enigmatic tetap ada kehadiran Yahudi di kawasan itu beberapa abad kemudian. <> Penggalian tapak kubur di mana garisan Rom yang ditubuhkan membuktikan kehadiran orang Yahudi selepas berabad-abad? || abad ke-2 dan ke-3 <> Sebilangan besar orang Yahudi di Pannonia membentuk komuniti dan membina apa? || sebuah rumah ibadat <> Pada tahun apakah populasi garrison Rom ditarik ke Itali? || 433", {"qas": [{"question": "Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?", "id": "571a919310f8ca1400305157", "answers": [{"text": "the 2nd and 3rd centuries", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?", "id": "571a919310f8ca1400305158", "answers": [{"text": "a synagogue", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?", "id": "571a919310f8ca1400305159", "answers": [{"text": "433", "answer_start": 1137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations, particularly in Brigetio (Sz\u0151ny), Aquincum (\u00d3buda), Intercisa (Duna\u00fajv\u00e1ros), Triccinae (S\u00e1rv\u00e1r), Savaria (Szombathely), Sopianae (P\u00e9cs), and Osijek in Croatia, attest to the presence of Jews after the 2nd and 3rd centuries where Roman garrisons were established, There was a sufficient number of Jews in Pannonia to form communities and build a synagogue. Jewish troops were among the Syrian soldiers transferred there, and replenished from the Middle East, after 175 C.E. Jews and especially Syrians came from Antioch, Tarsus and Cappadocia. Others came from Italy and the Hellenized parts of the Roman empire. The excavations suggest they first lived in isolated enclaves attached to Roman legion camps, and intermarried among other similar oriental families within the military orders of the region.Raphael Patai states that later Roman writers remarked that they differed little in either customs, manner of writing, or names from the people among whom they dwelt; and it was especially difficult to differentiate Jews from the Syrians. After Pannonia was ceded to the Huns in 433, the garrison populations were withdrawn to Italy, and only a few, enigmatic traces remain of a possible Jewish presence in the area some centuries later."}], ["Kajian 2006 oleh Seldin et al. digunakan lebih dari lima ribu SNP autosomal untuk menunjukkan substruktur genetik Eropah. Hasilnya menunjukkan \"perbezaan yang konsisten dan boleh dibentuk antara kumpulan populasi 'utara' dan 'selatan' Eropah. Kebanyakan penduduk utara, tengah, dan Eropah Timur (Finland, Sweden, Inggeris, Ireland, Jerman, dan Ukraine) menunjukkan> 90% dalam kumpulan populasi \"utara\", sementara kebanyakan peserta individu dengan keturunan Eropah Selatan (Itali, Yunani, ) menunjukkan> 85% dalam kumpulan \"selatan\". Kedua-dua Yahudi Ashkenazi serta Yahudi Sephardic menunjukkan> 85% keahlian dalam kumpulan \"selatan\". Merujuk kepada orang-orang Yahudi yang berkumpul dengan orang-orang Eropah selatan, pengarang menyatakan hasilnya \"selaras dengan asal-usul Mediterania dari kumpulan etnik ini\". <> Dalam kajian tahun 2006, berapa banyak SNP autosomal digunakan? || lima ribu", {"qas": [{"question": "In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?", "id": "571a9c9210f8ca14003051bd", "answers": [{"text": "five thousand", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed \"a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups\". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the \"northern\" population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the \"southern\" group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the \"southern\" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were \"consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups\"."}], ["Sebelum tahun 2006, ahli genetik sebahagian besarnya mengaitkan etnogenesis kebanyakan populasi Yahudi di dunia, termasuk Yahudi Ashkenazi, kepada pendatang lelaki Yahudi Israel dari Timur Tengah dan \"wanita dari setiap penduduk tempatan yang mereka ambil sebagai isteri dan masuk agama Yahudi.\" Oleh itu, pada tahun 2002, sejajar dengan model asal ini, David Goldstein, sekarang Duke University, melaporkan bahawa tidak seperti garis keturunan lelaki Ashkenazi, keturunan wanita di masyarakat Yahudi Ashkenazi \"tidak kelihatan seperti Timur Tengah\", dan setiap masyarakat mempunyai corak genetiknya sendiri dan bahkan bahawa \"dalam beberapa kes, DNA mitokondria mempunyai hubungan rapat dengan komuniti tuan rumah.\" Pada pandangannya ini mencadangkan \"bahawa lelaki Yahudi telah tiba dari Timur Tengah, mengambil isteri daripada penduduk tuan rumah dan memeluk mereka ke Yudaisme, dan selepas itu tidak ada perkawinan lagi dengan orang-orang non-Yahudi.\" <> Tahun apa David Goldstein melaporkan bahawa tidak seperti garis keturunan lelaki Ashkenazi, keturunan perempuan di masyarakat Yahudi Ashkenazi nampaknya bukan Timur Tengah? || 2002", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?", "id": "571a9c8f4faf5e1900b8ab30", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before 2006, geneticists had largely attributed the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to Israelite Jewish male migrants from the Middle East and \"the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism.\" Thus, in 2002, in line with this model of origin, David Goldstein, now of Duke University, reported that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities \"did not seem to be Middle Eastern\", and that each community had its own genetic pattern and even that \"in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community.\" In his view this suggested \"that Jewish men had arrived from the Middle East, taken wives from the host population and converted them to Judaism, after which there was no further intermarriage with non-Jews.\""}], ["Pelbagai kajian telah sampai pada kesimpulan yang menyimpang mengenai kedua-dua darjah dan sumber-sumber non-Levantine admixture di Ashkenazim, terutamanya berkenaan dengan asal-usul genetik bukan Levantine yang diperhatikan dalam garis keturunan Ashkenazi maternal, yang bertentangan dengan Levantine yang dominan asal genetik diperhatikan dalam keturunan keluarga Ashkenazi. Semua kajian bagaimanapun bersetuju bahawa pertindihan genetik dengan Bulan Sabit Fertile wujud dalam kedua keturunan, walaupun pada kadar yang berbeza. Secara kolektif, Yahudi Ashkenazi kurang beragam secara genetik daripada bahagian etnik Yahudi yang lain. <> Semua kajian bersetuju bahawa pertindihan genetik dengan lokasi apa yang ada dalam kedua keturunan? || Crescent Subur", {"qas": [{"question": "All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?", "id": "571a9be84faf5e1900b8ab2e", "answers": [{"text": "Fertile Crescent", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Various studies have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of the non-Levantine admixture in Ashkenazim, particularly in respect to the extent of the non-Levantine genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages, which is in contrast to the predominant Levantine genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi paternal lineages. All studies nevertheless agree that genetic overlap with the Fertile Crescent exists in both lineages, albeit at differing rates. Collectively, Ashkenazi Jews are less genetically diverse than other Jewish ethnic divisions."}], ["Pada separuh pertama abad ke-11, Hai Gaon merujuk kepada soalan-soalan yang telah dialamatkan kepadanya dari Ashkenaz, yang mana dia pastinya bermaksud Jerman. Rashi pada separuh kedua abad ke-11 merujuk kepada bahasa Ashkenaz dan negara Ashkenaz. Semasa abad ke-12, perkataan itu muncul dengan kerap. Dalam Mahzor Vitry, kerajaan Ashkenaz dirujuk terutamanya berkenaan dengan ritual sinagoga di sana, tetapi kadang-kadang juga berkaitan dengan beberapa peringatan lain. <> Bilakah Hai Gaon merujuk kepada soalan yang telah dialamatkan kepadanya dari Ashkenaz? || Separuh pertama abad ke-11 <> Siapa yang Hai Gaon dianggap merujuk kepada ketika dia berkata Ashkenaz? || Jerman <> Pada separuh akhir abad ke-11, Rashi merujuk kepada apa dua perkara? || kedua-dua bahasa Ashkenaz dan negara Ashkenaz", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?", "id": "571a9b474faf5e1900b8ab24", "answers": [{"text": "the first half of the 11th century", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?", "id": "571a9b474faf5e1900b8ab25", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?", "id": "571a9b474faf5e1900b8ab26", "answers": [{"text": "both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the first half of the 11th century, Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz. During the 12th century, the word appears quite frequently. In the Mahzor Vitry, the kingdom of Ashkenaz is referred to chiefly in regard to the ritual of the synagogue there, but occasionally also with regard to certain other observances."}], ["Kajian trans genom tahun 2013 yang dijalankan oleh 30 ahli genetik, dari 13 universiti dan akademi, dari 9 buah negara, menyusun set data terbesar yang tersedia setakat ini, untuk penilaian asal-usul genetik Ashkenazi Yahudi tidak menemui bukti asal Khazar di kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi. \"Oleh itu, analisis orang-orang Yahudi Ashkenazi bersama-sama dengan sampel besar dari wilayah Khazar Khaganate menyokong hasil yang lebih awal bahawa Yahudi Ashkenazi memperoleh nenek moyang mereka terutamanya dari penduduk di Timur Tengah dan Eropah, bahawa mereka memiliki keturunan bersama yang besar dengan populasi Yahudi yang lain, dan tidak terdapat tanda-tanda sumbangan genetik yang ketara sama ada dari dalam atau dari utara rantau Caucasus \", para penulis menyimpulkan. <> Berapa banyak ahli genetik yang menjalankan kajian genom 2013? || 30 ahli genetik <> Berapa banyak universiti dan akademi mengambil bahagian dalam kajian genom 2013? || 13 universiti dan akademi <> Apa kajian genetik transgenik 2013 yang berkaitan dengan Yahudi Ashkenazi dan asal-usul Khazar? || tidak menemui bukti asal Khazar di kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?", "id": "571a99af4faf5e1900b8ab14", "answers": [{"text": "30 geneticists", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?", "id": "571a99af4faf5e1900b8ab15", "answers": [{"text": "13 universities and academies", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?", "id": "571a99af4faf5e1900b8ab16", "answers": [{"text": "found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. \"Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region\", the authors concluded."}], ["Masyarakat Yahudi campuran Perancis adalah tipikal dari penggabungan budaya yang sedang berlaku di kalangan orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun Perancis mengusir penduduk Yahudi asalnya pada Zaman Pertengahan, pada zaman Revolusi Perancis, terdapat dua populasi Yahudi yang berbeza. Satu terdiri daripada orang Yahudi Sephardic, asalnya pelarian dari Inkuisisi dan berpusat di barat daya, sementara masyarakat lain adalah Ashkenazi, tertumpu pada dahulu Alsace Jerman, dan berbicara terutama orang Yiddish. Kedua-dua komuniti begitu berasingan dan berbeza sehingga Perhimpunan Nasional membebaskan mereka secara berasingan pada 1790 dan 1791. <> Bilakah Perancis mengusir penduduk Yahudi asalnya? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Pada masa Revolusi Perancis ada berapa banyak populasi Yahudi yang berbeza? || dua populasi Yahudi yang berbeza", {"qas": [{"question": "When did France expel its original Jewish population?", "id": "571a9ba84faf5e1900b8ab2a", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Ages", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?", "id": "571a9ba84faf5e1900b8ab2b", "answers": [{"text": "two distinct Jewish populations", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791."}], ["Asal usul Ashkenazim tidak jelas, dan banyak teori telah menimbulkan spekulasi tentang asal utama mereka. Teori yang paling disokong adalah salah satu yang menghuraikan penghijrahan Yahudi melalui apa yang sekarang menjadi Itali dan bahagian-bahagian lain di Eropah selatan. Rekod sejarah menunjukkan kepada masyarakat Yahudi di Eropah selatan sejak zaman pra-Kristian. Ramai orang Yahudi ditolak kewarganegaraan Roman sehingga 212 CE, apabila Maharaja Caracalla memberikan semua orang percuma ini keistimewaan ini. Yahudi dikehendaki membayar cukai pengundian sehinggalah pemerintahan Maharaja Julian pada tahun 363. Pada akhir Empayar Roma, orang Yahudi bebas membentuk rangkaian hubungan budaya dan agama dan masuk ke dalam pelbagai pekerjaan tempatan. Tetapi, selepas agama Kristian menjadi agama rasmi Rom dan Constantinople pada tahun 380, orang Yahudi semakin dipinggirkan. <> Teori paling disokong pada asal-usul Ashkenazim adalah salah satu yang menghuraikan penghijrahan Yahudi di mana negara hari moden ini? || melalui apa yang kini Itali <> Rekod sejarah menunjukkan kepada masyarakat Yahudi di Eropah selatan sejak masa apa? || sebelum zaman Kristian <> Ramai orang Yahudi telah ditolak kewarganegaraan Rom sehingga tahun apa? || 212 CE <> Siapa yang memberi orang Yahudi hak kewarganegaraan penuh? || Maharaja Caracalla", {"qas": [{"question": "The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?", "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305193", "answers": [{"text": "through what is now Italy", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?", "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305194", "answers": [{"text": "pre-Christian times", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?", "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305195", "answers": [{"text": "212 CE", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?", "id": "571a9a4110f8ca1400305196", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Caracalla", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized."}], ["Rekod sejarah menunjukkan bukti masyarakat Yahudi di utara Alps dan Pyrenees seawal abad ke-8 dan ke-9. Menjelang peneroka Yahudi abad ke-11, bergerak dari pusat-pusat Eropah dan Timur Tengah, nampaknya telah mulai menetap di utara, terutamanya di sepanjang Sungai Rhine, selalunya sebagai tindak balas terhadap peluang-peluang ekonomi baru dan atas jemputan pemimpin-pemimpin Kristian tempatan. Oleh itu, Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, menjemput Jacob ben Yekutiel dan rakan-rakannya untuk menetap di tanahnya; dan tidak lama selepas Penaklukan Norman di England, William the Conqueror juga menyambut kedatangan orang Yahudi benua untuk tinggal di sana. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann menyeru orang Yahudi di Mainz untuk berpindah ke Speyer. Di dalam semua keputusan ini, idea bahawa orang-orang Yahudi mempunyai pengetahuan dan keupayaan untuk melompat-memulakan ekonomi, meningkatkan pendapatan, dan membesarkan perdagangan seolah-olah memainkan peranan penting. Biasanya orang Yahudi berpindah dekat dengan pasaran dan gereja-gereja di pusat bandar, di mana, walaupun mereka berada di bawah kuasa kedua-dua kuasa kerajaan dan gerejawi, mereka diberikan autonomi pentadbiran. <> Masyarakat Yahudi dilihat di utara Alpen dan Pyrenees seawal berabad-abad? || 8th dan 9th abad <> Yahudi peneroka muncul di sepanjang Sungai Rhine dengan apa abad? || Abad ke-11 <> Apa dua faktor yang menyumbang peningkatan peneroka Yahudi di sepanjang Rhine dan kawasan yang serupa? || selalunya sebagai tindak balas terhadap peluang ekonomi baru dan atas jemputan pemimpin-pemimpin Kristian setempat", {"qas": [{"question": "Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?", "id": "571a9ace10f8ca14003051a3", "answers": [{"text": "8th and 9th century", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?", "id": "571a9ace10f8ca14003051a4", "answers": [{"text": "11th century", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?", "id": "571a9ace10f8ca14003051a5", "answers": [{"text": "often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop R\u00fcdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2013, kajian DNA mitokondria Ashkenazi oleh sebuah pasukan yang diketuai oleh Martin B. Richards dari University of Huddersfield di England mencapai kesimpulan yang berbeza, sekali lagi menyokong hipotesis asal pra-2006. Ujian dilakukan pada 16,600 unit DNA penuh yang menyusun DNA mitokondria (kajian Behar 2006 hanya menguji 1,000 unit) dalam semua subjek mereka, dan kajian mendapati bahawa empat pengasas Ashkenazi wanita utama mempunyai garis keturunan yang ditubuhkan di Eropah 10,000 hingga 20,000 tahun pada masa lalu manakala kebanyakan pengasas kecil yang tersisa juga mempunyai keturunan Eropah mendalam. Kajian itu menyatakan bahawa majoriti kaum keluarga Ashkenazi tidak dibawa dari Timur Dekat (iaitu, mereka bukan orang Israel), ataupun mereka direkrut di Caucasus (iaitu mereka bukan Khazar), tetapi sebaliknya mereka diasimilasikan di Eropah, terutamanya asal-usul Itali dan Old French. Richards meringkaskan penemuan-penemuan di garis wanita seperti: \"[N] satu [dari mtDNA] berasal dari Caucasus Utara, yang terletak di sepanjang sempadan antara Eropah dan Asia di antara lautan Hitam dan Caspian. sendiri, harus benar-benar membungkus salah satu hipotesis yang paling banyak dipertanyakan, namun tetap rumit: bahwa kebanyakan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi dapat menelusuri akarnya kepada Kerajaan Khazar yang misterius yang berkembang di abad kesembilan di rantau ini antara Empayar Byzantin dan Empayar Persia. \" Kajian tahun 2013 menganggarkan bahawa 80 peratus daripada keturunan ibu Ashkenazi berasal dari kaum wanita asli ke Eropah, dan hanya 8 peratus dari Timur Dekat, manakala asal sisa itu tidak dapat ditentukan. Menurut kajian ini penemuan \"menunjukkan peranan penting untuk penukaran wanita dalam pembentukan masyarakat Ashkenazi.\" <> Satu kajian 2013 menganggarkan bahawa berapa peratus daripada keturunan ibu Ashkenazi berasal dari kaum wanita asli ke Eropah? || 80 peratus <> Satu kajian 2013 menganggarkan bahawa berapa peratus daripada keturunan ibu Ashkenazi berasal dari wanita dari Timur Dekat? || 8 peratus <> Satu kajian 2013 menganggarkan bahawa berapa peratus daripada keturunan ibu Ashkenazi berasal dari wanita yang tidak dapat ditentukan asal usul? || manakala asal baki itu tidak dapat ditentukan", {"qas": [{"question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?", "id": "571a98514faf5e1900b8ab04", "answers": [{"text": "80 percent", "answer_start": 1471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?", "id": "571a98514faf5e1900b8ab05", "answers": [{"text": "8 percent", "answer_start": 1561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?", "id": "571a98514faf5e1900b8ab06", "answers": [{"text": "while the origin of the remainder is undetermined", "answer_start": 1591}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corroborating the pre-2006 origin hypothesis. Testing was performed on the full 16,600 DNA units composing mitochondrial DNA (the 2006 Behar study had only tested 1,000 units) in all their subjects, and the study found that the four main female Ashkenazi founders had descent lines that were established in Europe 10,000 to 20,000 years in the past while most of the remaining minor founders also have a deep European ancestry. The study states that the great majority of Ashkenazi maternal lineages were not brought from the Near East (i.e., they were non-Israelite), nor were they recruited in the Caucasus (i.e., they were non-Khazar), but instead they were assimilated within Europe, primarily of Italian and Old French origins. Richards summarized the findings on the female line as such: \"[N]one [of the mtDNA] came from the North Caucasus, located along the border between Europe and Asia between the Black and Caspian seas. All of our presently available studies including my own, should thoroughly debunk one of the most questionable, but still tenacious, hypotheses: that most Ashkenazi Jews can trace their roots to the mysterious Khazar Kingdom that flourished during the ninth century in the region between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Empire.\" The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe, and only 8 percent from the Near East, while the origin of the remainder is undetermined. According to the study these findings \"point to a significant role for the conversion of women in the formation of Ashkenazi communities.\""}], ["Kajian 2010 mengenai keturunan Yahudi oleh Atzmon-Ostrer et al. menyatakan \"Dua kumpulan utama telah dikenalpasti oleh komponen utama, filogenetik, dan identiti oleh analisis keturunan (IBD): Yahudi Timur Tengah dan Yahudi Eropah / Syria. Perkongsian segmen IBD dan kedekatan orang Yahudi Eropah antara satu sama lain dan penduduk Eropah selatan mencadangkan asal-usul yang sama untuk Jewry Eropah dan menafikan sumbangan genetik besar-besaran populasi Tengah dan Eropah dan Slavik kepada pembentukan Ashkenazi Jewry \", kerana kedua-dua kumpulan - Yahudi Timur Tengah dan Yahudi Eropah / Syria - berkongsi nenek moyang bersama di Timur Tengah 2500 tahun lalu. Kajian ini meneliti penanda genetik yang tersebar di seluruh genom dan menunjukkan bahawa kumpulan Yahudi (Ashkenazi dan non Ashkenazi) berkongsi banyak DNA, menunjukkan hubungan rapat dan setiap kumpulan Yahudi dalam kajian ini (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Itali, Turki, Yunani dan Ashkenazi) mempunyai tandatangan genetiknya sendiri tetapi lebih dekat dengan kumpulan-kumpulan Yahudi lain daripada mereka yang bukan Yahudi. Pasukan Atzmon mendapati bahawa penanda SNP dalam segmen genetik sebanyak 3 juta huruf DNA atau lebih lama 10 kali lebih mungkin identik di kalangan orang Yahudi daripada bukan Yahudi. Hasil analisa juga menceritakan kisah alkitabiah tentang nasib orang Yahudi. Kajian itu juga mendapati bahawa berkenaan dengan kumpulan bukan Yahudi Eropah, penduduk yang paling berkait rapat dengan Yahudi Ashkenazi adalah orang Itali moden. Kajian itu menyimpulkan bahawa persamaan genetik antara Yahudi dan Itali Ashkenazi mungkin disebabkan oleh perkahwinan dan penukaran antara zaman Empayar Rom. Ia juga mendapati bahawa mana-mana dua peserta Ashkenazi Yahudi dalam kajian ini berkongsi tentang DNA sebanyak sepupu keempat atau kelima. <> Dalam kajian 2010, yang mana dua kumpulan telah dikenalpasti oleh komponen utama, filogenetik, dan identiti oleh analisis keturunan? || Yahudi Timur Tengah dan Eropah / Yahudi Syria <> Kajian tahun 2010 mendapati bahawa apa yang penduduk moden paling berkaitan dengan Yahudi Ashkenazi? || Itali moden <> Yahudi dan Itali Ashkenazi mungkin sama genetik kerana apa dua faktor? || antara perkahwinan dan penukaran di zaman Empayar Rom", {"qas": [{"question": "In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?", "id": "571a993510f8ca140030518d", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?", "id": "571a993510f8ca140030518e", "answers": [{"text": "modern-day Italians", "answer_start": 1452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?", "id": "571a993510f8ca140030518f", "answers": [{"text": "inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire", "answer_start": 1572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated \"Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry\", as both groups \u2013 the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews \u2013 shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their fellow non-Jewish countrymen. Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins."}]], [["Industri farmaseutikal moden menjejaskan akarnya kepada dua sumber. Yang pertama adalah apotek tempatan yang berkembang dari peranan tradisional mereka yang mengedar dadah botani seperti morfin dan kina untuk pembuatan borong pada pertengahan 1800-an. Penemuan ubat rasional dari tumbuh-tumbuhan bermula terutamanya dengan pengasingan morfin, analgesik dan ejen tidur dari candu, oleh pembantu apoteker Jerman Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner, yang menamakan sebatian itu selepas tuhan Yunani mimpi, Morpheus. Syarikat-syarikat multinasional termasuk Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (kini sebahagian daripada Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly dan Upjohn (kini sebahagian daripada Pfizer) bermula sebagai kedai-kedai apotek tempatan pada pertengahan tahun 1800-an. Menjelang akhir 1880-an, pengeluar pewarna Jerman telah menyempurnakan pembersihan sebatian organik individu dari tar arang batu dan sumber mineral lain dan juga telah menubuhkan kaedah-kaedah asas dalam sintesis kimia organik. Pengembangan kaedah kimia sintetik membolehkan para saintis mengubah struktur zat kimia secara sistematik, dan pertumbuhan dalam sains farmakologi yang baru muncul mengembangkan keupayaan mereka untuk menilai kesan biologi dari perubahan struktur ini. <> Bilakah Morfine dan Quinine boleh didapati dahulu? || pertengahan 1800s <> Siapakah kompaun yang dinamakan? || Morpheus <> Di manakah Morfine diekstraksi dari? || opium <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pembersihan sebatian yang terdapat dalam sumber mineral? || Pengilang pewarna Jerman <> Siapa yang datang dengan nama Morfine? || Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner <> Morfine dinamakan selepas tuhan Yunani? || Morpheus <> Burroughs-Wellcome kini menjadi sebahagian daripada syarikat perubatan apa? || Glaxo Smith Kline <> Siapa yang menemui morfin? || Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner <> Apakah nama tumbuhan yang menghasilkan morfin? || opium <> Bilakah Glaxo boleh didapati dahulu? || <> Siapa namanya Glaxo? || <> Di mana Glaxo diekstrak daripada? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk penyucian Glaxo yang terdapat dalam sumber mineral? || <> Siapa yang datang dengan nama Glaxo? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Morphine and Quinine first available?", "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abca", "answers": [{"text": "mid 1800s", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the compound named after?", "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abcb", "answers": [{"text": "Morpheus", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were was Morphine extracted from?", "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abcc", "answers": [{"text": "opium", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?", "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abcd", "answers": [{"text": "German dye manufacturers", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came up with the name Morphine?", "id": "571aa8204faf5e1900b8abce", "answers": [{"text": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Morphine was named after what Greek god?", "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5c", "answers": [{"text": "Morpheus", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?", "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5d", "answers": [{"text": "Glaxo Smith Kline", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered morphine?", "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5e", "answers": [{"text": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?", "id": "571cf63f5efbb31900334e5f", "answers": [{"text": "opium", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1800s", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "When was Glaxo first available?", "id": "5ad34ebc604f3c001a3fdcc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Morpheus", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "Who was Glaxo named after?", "id": "5ad34ebc604f3c001a3fdcc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opium", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "Where was Glaxo extracted from?", "id": "5ad34ebc604f3c001a3fdcc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German dye manufacturers", "answer_start": 756}], "question": "Who is responsible for purification of Glaxo found in mineral sources?", "id": "5ad34ebc604f3c001a3fdcc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "Who came up with the name Glaxo?", "id": "5ad34ebc604f3c001a3fdcc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner, who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) began as local apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science of pharmacology expanded their ability to evaluate the biological effects of these structural changes."}], ["Pada tahun 1937 lebih daripada 100 orang meninggal dunia selepas meminum \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\" yang dihasilkan oleh S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. Produk ini diformulasikan dalam diethylene glycol, pelarut yang sangat toksik yang kini banyak digunakan sebagai antifreeze. Di bawah undang-undang yang ada pada masa itu, pendakwaan pengeluar mungkin hanya berdasarkan teknikal bahawa produk itu telah dipanggil \"elixir\", yang secara harfiah menyatakan penyelesaian dalam etanol. Sebagai tindak balas kepada episod ini, Kongres A.S. meluluskan Akta Makanan, Dadah, dan Kosmetik Persekutuan 1938, yang buat kali pertama memerlukan demonstrasi keselamatan sebelum pasaran dapat dijual, dan dengan jelas melarang tuntutan terapeutik palsu. <> Apa ubat membunuh 100 orang pada tahun 1937? || Elixir Sulfanilamide <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\"? || S.E. Syarikat Massengill <> Berapa tahunkah Kongres meluluskan Akta Makanan, Dadah dan Kosmetik Persekutuan? || 1938 <> Apakah Diethylene Glycol yang biasa digunakan sekarang? || antibeku <> Apakah salah satu perkara yang dilakukan oleh Akta Makanan, Dadah dan Kosmetik Persekutuan? || dengan tegas melarang tuntutan terapeutik palsu <> Apa ubat membunuh lebih 100 orang pada tahun 1937? || Elixir Sulfanilamide <> Apa syarikat yang dihasilkan Elixir Sulfanilamide? || S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee <> Diethylene glycol terutama digunakan hari ini sebagai cecair apa? || antibeku <> Undang-undang apa yang dilakukan oleh Kongres berikutan kejadian Elixir Sulfanilamide? || Akta Makanan, Dadah, dan Kosmetik Persekutuan 1938 <> Nama \"elixir\" menunjukkan penyelesaian dalam cecair apa? || etanol <> Apa ubat membunuh 1900 orang pada tahun 1937? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan \"Elixir Kosmetik\"? || <> Tahun apakah Elixir meluluskan Akta Makanan, Dadah dan Kosmetik Persekutuan? || <> Apakah Elixir Glycol yang biasa digunakan sekarang? || <> Apakah salah satu perkara yang dilakukan Akta Makanan, Narkoba dan Elixir Persekutuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What drug killed 100 people in 1937?", "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d5", "answers": [{"text": "Elixir Sulfanilamide", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who manufactured \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\"?", "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d6", "answers": [{"text": "S.E. Massengill Company", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?", "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d7", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?", "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d8", "answers": [{"text": "antifreeze", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?", "id": "571aaeda10f8ca14003052d9", "answers": [{"text": "explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?", "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e6e", "answers": [{"text": "Elixir Sulfanilamide", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? ", "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e6f", "answers": [{"text": "S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?", "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e70", "answers": [{"text": "antifreeze", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?", "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e71", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The name \"elixir\" implied a solution in what liquid?", "id": "571cf9ba5efbb31900334e72", "answers": [{"text": "ethanol", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Elixir Sulfanilamide", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What drug killed 1900 people in 1937?", "id": "5ad36fee604f3c001a3fe235", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "S.E. Massengill Company", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "Who manufactured \"Cosmetic Elixir\"?", "id": "5ad36fee604f3c001a3fe236", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What year did Elixir pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?", "id": "5ad36fee604f3c001a3fe237", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antifreeze", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What is Elixir Glycol commonly used for now?", "id": "5ad36fee604f3c001a3fe238", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Elixir Act did?", "id": "5ad36fee604f3c001a3fe239", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an \"elixir\", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims."}], ["Kemajuan awal ke arah perkembangan vaksin berlaku sepanjang tempoh ini, terutamanya dalam bentuk penyelidikan dasar yang dibiayai oleh akademik dan kerajaan yang diarahkan untuk mengenal pasti patogen yang bertanggungjawab untuk penyakit berjangkit umum. Pada tahun 1885 Louis Pasteur dan Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux mencipta vaksin rabies yang pertama. Vaksin diphtheria yang pertama dihasilkan pada tahun 1914 dari campuran toksin difteri dan antitoxin (dihasilkan dari serum haiwan yang disuntik), tetapi keselamatan inokulasi adalah marginal dan tidak banyak digunakan. Amerika Syarikat mencatatkan 206,000 kes difteria pada tahun 1921 mengakibatkan 15,520 kematian. Pada tahun 1923 usaha selari oleh Gaston Ramon di Institut Pasteur dan Alexander Glenny di Laboratorium Penyelidikan Wellcome (kemudian sebahagian dari GlaxoSmithKline) membawa kepada penemuan bahawa vaksin yang lebih selamat dapat dihasilkan dengan merawat toksin difteri dengan formaldehida. Pada tahun 1944, Maurice Hilleman dari Squibb Pharmaceuticals membangunkan vaksin pertama terhadap encephelitis Jepun. Hilleman kemudiannya berpindah ke Merck di mana dia akan memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan vaksin terhadap campak, cendawan, cacar air, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, dan meningitis. <> Siapa yang membuat vaksin rabies pertama? || Louis Pasteur dan Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux <> Berapa banyak kes divisi di sana pada tahun 1921? || 206,000 <> Pada tahun 1923, apa yang didapati lebih selamat untuk merawat Diphtheria Toxin? || formaldehyde <> Siapa yang membuat vaksin untuk merawat Encephalitis Jepun? || Maurice Hilleman <> Berapa banyak kematian yang berlaku akibat Dipteria? || 15,520 <> Vaksin rabies dicipta pada tahun berapa? || 1885 <> Pada tahun berapa vaksin diphtheria dibuat? || 1914 <> Sebatian apa yang menjadikan vaksin diphtheria lebih selamat digunakan? || formaldehid <> yang telah membangunkan vaksin ensefalitis pertama? || Maurice Hilleman <> Apa syarikat yang Hilleman buat kerja? || Merck <> Siapa yang membuat vaksin encephelitis pertama? || <> Berapa banyak kes encephelitis di mana pada tahun 1921? || <> Pada tahun 1923, apa yang didapati lebih selamat untuk merawat encephelitis? || <> Siapa yang membuat vaksin untuk merawat Ensefalitis Amerika Syarikat? || <> Berapa banyak kematian yang berlaku akibat encephelitis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who created the first rabies vaccine?", "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf2", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?", "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf3", "answers": [{"text": "206,000", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?", "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf4", "answers": [{"text": "formaldehyde", "answer_start": 904}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?", "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf5", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 927}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?", "id": "571aab804faf5e1900b8abf6", "answers": [{"text": "15,520", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rabies vaccine was created in what year?", "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e64", "answers": [{"text": "1885", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?", "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e65", "answers": [{"text": "1914", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?", "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e66", "answers": [{"text": "formaldehyde", "answer_start": 904}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? ", "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e67", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 927}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Hilleman later work for?", "id": "571cf8175efbb31900334e68", "answers": [{"text": "Merck", "answer_start": 1058}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Who created the first encephelitis vaccine?", "id": "5ad36d50604f3c001a3fe1f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "206,000", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "How many cases of encephelitis where there in 1921?", "id": "5ad36d50604f3c001a3fe1f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formaldehyde", "answer_start": 904}], "question": "In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat encephelitis?", "id": "5ad36d50604f3c001a3fe1f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 927}], "question": "Who created a vaccine to treat United States Encephalitis?", "id": "5ad36d50604f3c001a3fe1f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15,520", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "How many deaths occurred due to encephelitis?", "id": "5ad36d50604f3c001a3fe1f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin (produced from the serum of an inoculated animal), but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used. The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths. In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (later part of GlaxoSmithKline) led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis. Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis."}], ["Pada 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer dan Joseph von Mering mendedahkan penemuan mereka bahawa asid diethylbarbituric, yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas asid diethylmalonic, fosfor oxychloride dan urea, mendorong tidur pada anjing. Penemuan itu telah dipatenkan dan dilesenkan kepada farmasi Bayer, yang memasarkan komoditi itu di bawah nama perdagangan Veronal sebagai bantuan tidur yang bermula pada tahun 1904. Penyiasatan secara sistematik mengenai kesan perubahan struktur terhadap potensi dan tempoh tindakan membawa kepada penemuan phenobarbital di Bayer dalam 1911 dan penemuan aktiviti anti-epileptiknya yang kuat pada tahun 1912. Phenobarbital adalah antara ubat-ubatan yang paling banyak digunakan untuk rawatan epilepsi sepanjang tahun 1970-an, dan pada tahun 2014, masih terdapat senarai ubat-ubatan penting Dunia. Tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an menyaksikan peningkatan kesedaran terhadap sifat-sifat ketagihan dan potensi penyalahgunaan barbiturat dan amphetamine dan menyebabkan peningkatan sekatan terhadap penggunaannya dan pengawasan kerajaan yang semakin meningkat terhadap prescriber. Hari ini, amphetamine sebahagian besarnya terhad untuk digunakan dalam rawatan gangguan defisit perhatian dan phenobarbital dalam rawatan epilepsi. <> Apakah fenobarbital digunakan? || epilepsi <> Apa bantuan tidur dipasarkan pada tahun 1904? || Veronal <> Apakah amphetamine yang digunakan hari ini? || Kelainan defisit perhatian <> Mengapa barbiturat dan amphetamine terhad? || sifat ketagihan dan potensi penyalahgunaan <> Siapa yang menemui reaksi yang menyebabkan tidur di anjing? || Hermann Emil Fischer dan Joseph von Mering <> Apa sebatian yang ditemui untuk mendorong tidur? || asid diethylbarbituric <> Apakah nama perdagangan pertama asid diethylbarbituric? || Veronal <> Apakah fenobarbital digunakan untuk merawat hari ini? || epilepsi <> Dalam tahun apakah fenobarbital ditemui? || 1911 <> Apakah Veronal digunakan ketika Bayer meletakkannya di pasaran? || bantuan tidur <> Apakah peningkatan kesedaran yang digunakan? || <> Apa asid dipasarkan pada tahun 1904? || <> Apakah asid yang digunakan untuk hari ini? || <> Mengapa asid dibatasi? || <> Siapa yang menemui reaksi asid? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is phenobarbital used for?", "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050af", "answers": [{"text": "epilepsy", "answer_start": 1128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?", "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b0", "answers": [{"text": "Veronal", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is amphetamine used for today?", "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b1", "answers": [{"text": "attention deficit disorder", "answer_start": 1063}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?", "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b2", "answers": [{"text": "addictive properties and abuse potential", "answer_start": 824}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?", "id": "571a7fd610f8ca14003050b3", "answers": [{"text": "Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What compound was discovered to induce sleep?", "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1be", "answers": [{"text": "diethylbarbituric acid", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?", "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1bf", "answers": [{"text": "Veronal", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?", "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c0", "answers": [{"text": "epilepsy", "answer_start": 1128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was phenobarbital discovered?", "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c1", "answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?", "id": "571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c2", "answers": [{"text": "sleep aid", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "epilepsy", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "What is increased awareness used for?", "id": "5ad35897604f3c001a3fde2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Veronal", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What acid was marketed in 1904?", "id": "5ad35897604f3c001a3fde30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "attention deficit disorder", "answer_start": 1063}], "question": "What is acid used for today?", "id": "5ad35897604f3c001a3fde31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "addictive properties and abuse potential", "answer_start": 824}], "question": "Why were acids restricted? ", "id": "5ad35897604f3c001a3fde32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Who discovered an acid reaction?", "id": "5ad35897604f3c001a3fde33", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy."}], ["Pendekatan Ehrlich secara sistematik mengubah struktur kimia sebatian sintetik dan mengukur kesan perubahan ini terhadap aktiviti biologi telah dijalankan secara luas oleh saintis perindustrian, termasuk saintis Bayer Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, dan Gerhard Domagk. Kerja ini, yang juga berasaskan pengujian sebatian yang tersedia dari industri dye Jerman, membawa kepada pembangunan Prontosil, wakil pertama kelas antibiotik sulfonamide. Berbanding dengan arsphenamine, sulfonamides mempunyai spektrum aktiviti yang lebih luas dan kurang toksik, menjadikannya berguna untuk jangkitan yang disebabkan oleh patogen seperti streptococci. Pada tahun 1939, Domagk menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Perubatan untuk penemuan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, penurunan dramatik dalam kematian daripada penyakit berjangkit yang berlaku sebelum Perang Dunia II adalah hasil daripada langkah kesihatan awam yang lebih baik seperti air bersih dan perumahan yang kurang sesak, dan kesan ubat-ubatan dan vaksin anti-infeksi adalah penting terutamanya selepas Dunia Perang II. <> Siapa yang menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Perubatan pada tahun 1939? || Gerhard Domagk <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk membuat Prontosil? || Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, dan Gerhard Domagk <> Apa yang menyebabkan Streptococci? || patogen <> Banyak kematian berlaku sebelum Perang Dunia II akibat apa? || penyakit berjangkit <> Prontosil berada dalam kelas ubat apa? || antibiotik <> Apakah nama antibiotik sulfonamine pertama? || Prontosil <> Apakah penghargaan yang diterima Domagk pada tahun 1939? || Hadiah Nobel dalam Perubatan <> Dadah anti-infektif menjadi lebih menonjol selepas perang apa? || Perang Dunia II <> Adakah sulfonamides lebih atau kurang toksik daripada arsphenamine? || kurang <> Streptococci dan patogen lain boleh dirawat dengan jenis antibiotik apa? || sulfonamides <> Siapa yang menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Perubatan pada tahun 1938? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab mencipta pewarna Jerman? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan Gerhard? || <> Banyak kematian berlaku selepas Perang Dunia II akibat apa? || <> Gerhard berada dalam kelas ubat apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?", "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052ad", "answers": [{"text": "Gerhard Domagk", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?", "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052ae", "answers": [{"text": "Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes Streptococci?", "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052af", "answers": [{"text": "pathogens", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?", "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052b0", "answers": [{"text": "infectious diseases", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prontosil is in what drug class?", "id": "571aaa3310f8ca14003052b1", "answers": [{"text": "antibiotics", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?", "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d2", "answers": [{"text": "Prontosil", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did Domagk receive in 1939?", "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d3", "answers": [{"text": "Nobel Prize in Medicine", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?", "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d4", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 1021}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?", "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d5", "answers": [{"text": "less", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?", "id": "571cf74cdd7acb1400e4c1d6", "answers": [{"text": "sulfonamides", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gerhard Domagk", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1938?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe199", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "Who is responsible for creating German dye?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe19a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pathogens", "answer_start": 623}], "question": "What causes Gerhard?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe19b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "infectious diseases", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "Many deaths occurred after World War II due to what?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe19c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antibiotics", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Gerhard is in what drug class?", "id": "5ad36c34604f3c001a3fe19d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ehrlich\u2019s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci. In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Nonetheless, the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing, and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II."}], ["Walaupun sangat berkesan, keperluan untuk suntikan terhad penggunaan norepinephrine [klarifikasi yang diperlukan] dan derivatif aktif secara lisan telah dicari. Sebatian struktur yang sama, ephedrine, telah dikenal pasti oleh ahli kimia Jepun di kilang Ma Huang dan dipasarkan oleh Eli Lilly sebagai rawatan lisan untuk asma. Berikutan kerja Henry Dale dan George Barger di Burroughs-Wellcome, ahli kimia akademik Gordon Alles mensintesis amphetamine dan mengujinya dalam pesakit asma pada tahun 1929. Ubat ini terbukti hanya mempunyai kesan anti-asma yang sederhana, tetapi menghasilkan sensasi kegembiraan dan berdebar-debar. Amphetamine telah dibangunkan oleh Smith, Kline dan Perancis sebagai decongestant hidung di bawah nama perdagangan Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine akhirnya dibangunkan untuk rawatan narcolepsy, parkinsonisme post-encepheletic, dan peningkatan mood dalam kemurungan dan petunjuk psikiatri yang lain. Ia menerima kelulusan sebagai Remedi Baru dan Nonofficial dari Persatuan Perubatan Amerika untuk kegunaan ini pada tahun 1937 dan terus digunakan bersama untuk kemurungan sehingga perkembangan antidepresan trisiklik pada tahun 1960-an. <> Siapa yang membangunkan Amphetamine? || Smith, Kline and French <> Apakah kesan sampingan biasa dari Amphetamine? || sensasi kegembiraan dan berdebar-debar <> Bilakah antidepresan trisiklik dikembangkan? || 1960-an <> Apa gunanya untuk Amphetamine? || narcolepsy, parkinsonisme post-encepheletic, dan ketegangan mood dalam kemurungan dan petunjuk psikiatri lain <> Siapa yang menyahkulasikan Amphetamine untuk asma? || Gordon Alles <> Ephedrine digunakan sebagai ubat oral untuk penyakit apa? || asma <> Dalam tahun berapa amphetamine diuji pertama pada pesakit asma? || 1929 <> Apakah nama dagang amphetamine sebagai dekongestan hidung? || Benzedrine Inhaler <> Dalam tahun apakah Persatuan Perubatan Amerika meluluskan amphetamine untuk kegunaan perubatan? || 1937 <> Dalam apa dekad yang dibuat antidepresan trisiklik? || 1960-an <> Siapa yang mengembangkan tricyclics? || <> Apakah kesan sampingan biasa tricyclics? || <> Bilakah Persatuan Perubatan Amerika berkembang? || <> Apa gunanya Persatuan Perubatan Amerika? || <> Siapa yang mensintesis Persatuan Perubatan Amerika untuk asma? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who developed Amphetamine?", "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9ce", "answers": [{"text": "Smith, Kline and French", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are common side effects of Amphetamine?", "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9cf", "answers": [{"text": "sensations of exhilaration and palpitations", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?", "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d0", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 1101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were some uses for Amphetamine?", "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d1", "answers": [{"text": "narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?", "id": "571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d2", "answers": [{"text": "Gordon Alles", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?", "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e52", "answers": [{"text": "asthma", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?", "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e53", "answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?", "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e54", "answers": [{"text": "Benzedrine Inhaler", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?", "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e55", "answers": [{"text": "1937", "answer_start": 996}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?", "id": "571cef645efbb31900334e56", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 1101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Smith, Kline and French", "answer_start": 628}], "question": "Who developed tricyclics?", "id": "5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sensations of exhilaration and palpitations", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "What are common side effects of tricyclics?", "id": "5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 1101}], "question": "When was the American Medical Association developed?", "id": "5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications", "answer_start": 775}], "question": "What were some uses for the American Medical Association?", "id": "5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gordon Alles", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "Who synthesized the American Medical Association for asthma?", "id": "5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s."}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II menyaksikan letupan dalam penemuan kelas baru ubat antibakteria termasuk cephalosporins (yang dikembangkan oleh Eli Lilly berdasarkan karya seminal Giuseppe Brotzu dan Edward Abraham), streptomycin (ditemui semasa program penyelidikan yang dibiayai oleh Merck dalam Makmal Selman Waksman), tetracyclines (ditemui di Lederle Laboratories, kini merupakan sebahagian daripada Pfizer), erythromycin (ditemui di Eli Lilly and Co.) dan lanjutannya kepada pelbagai bakteria bakteria yang semakin meluas. Streptomycin, yang ditemui semasa program penyelidikan yang dibiayai Merck di makmal Selman Waksman di Rutgers pada tahun 1943, menjadi rawatan pertama yang efektif untuk batuk kering. Pada masa penemuannya, sanitorium untuk pengasingan orang yang dijangkiti tuberkulosis adalah ciri di mana-mana di bandar-bandar di negara maju, dengan 50% mati dalam tempoh 5 tahun kemasukan. <> Bilakah rawatan berkesan pertama untuk Tuberculosis ditemui? || 1943 <> Apa ubat yang berkesan dirawat dengan Tuberkulosis? || Streptomycin <> Siapa karya Eli Lilly yang berasal dari? || Giuseppe Brotzu dan Edward Abraham <> Di manakah Tetracyclines ditemui? || Lederle Laboratories <> 50% orang yang dijangkiti tubercul meninggal dunia dalam tempoh 5 tahun di mana? || bandar di negara maju <> Apakah rawatan pertama untuk tuberkulosis? || Streptomycin <> Sebanyak peratus pesakit yang dijangkiti tuberkulosis meninggal dalam tempoh 5 tahun? || 50% <> Dalam tahun apakah streptomycin ditemui? || 1943 <> Lebih banyak lagi antibiotik dibuat selepas perang berakhir? || Perang Dunia II <> Syarikat apa yang membiayai penyelidikan yang membawa kepada penemuan streptomycin? || Merck <> Bilakah rawatan berkesan pertama untuk Streptomycin ditemui? || <> Apa ubat yang berkesan ubat yang dirawat? || <> Siapa kerja Eli Smith yang berasaskan? || <> 50% orang yang terinfeksi tuberculosis mati dalam tempoh 3 tahun di mana? || <> Apakah rawatan ubat pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?", "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f3", "answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?", "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f4", "answers": [{"text": "Streptomycin", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?", "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f5", "answers": [{"text": "Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Tetracyclines discovered?", "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f6", "answers": [{"text": "Lederle Laboratories", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?", "id": "571ab39a10f8ca14003052f7", "answers": [{"text": "cities in developed countries", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?", "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e78", "answers": [{"text": "Streptomycin", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?", "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e79", "answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 845}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was streptomycin discovered?", "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e7a", "answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?", "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e7b", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?", "id": "571cfac85efbb31900334e7c", "answers": [{"text": "Merck", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "When was the first effective treatment for Streptomycin discovered?", "id": "5ad370ac604f3c001a3fe253", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Streptomycin", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "What drug effectively treated drugs?", "id": "5ad370ac604f3c001a3fe254", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Who was Eli Smith's work based off of?", "id": "5ad370ac604f3c001a3fe255", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cities in developed countries", "answer_start": 809}], "question": "50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 3 years where?", "id": "5ad370ac604f3c001a3fe256", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Streptomycin", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "What was the first treatment of drugs?", "id": "5ad370ac604f3c001a3fe257", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission."}], ["Menjelang tahun 1890, kesan ekstrak adrenal pada banyak jenis tisu yang berbeza telah ditemui, mencari pencarian baik untuk mekanisme isyarat kimia dan usaha untuk mengeksploitasi pemerhatian ini untuk pembangunan ubat-ubatan baru. Peningkatan tekanan darah dan kesan vasoconstrictive ekstrak adrenal adalah kepentingan khusus untuk pakar bedah sebagai agen hemostatic dan sebagai rawatan untuk kejutan, dan beberapa syarikat membangunkan produk berdasarkan ekstrak adrenal yang mengandungi kesuburan yang berlainan bahan aktif. Pada tahun 1897 John Abel dari Johns Hopkins University mengenal pasti prinsip aktif sebagai epinefrin, yang mana ia telah terasing dalam keadaan yang tidak suci sebagai garam sulfat. Ahli kimia industri Jokichi Takamine kemudiannya membangunkan kaedah untuk mendapatkan epinefrin dalam keadaan tulen, dan melesenkan teknologi itu kepada Parke Davis. Parke Davis memasarkan epinephrine di bawah nama perdagangan Adrenalin. Epinephrine yang disuntik terbukti berkesan untuk rawatan akut serangan asma, dan versi yang terhidu telah dijual di Amerika Syarikat sehingga 2011 (Primatene Mist). Menjelang tahun 1929 epinefrin telah dirumuskan menjadi alat sedut untuk digunakan dalam rawatan kesesakan hidung. <> Siapa yang mengenal pasti bahan aktif? || John Abel <> Siapa yang memasarkan epinefrin? || Parke Davis <> Sebagai inhaler, apa epinephrine digunakan untuk merawat? || kesesakan hidung <> Siapa yang membangunkan kaedah untuk mendapatkan epinefrin dalam keadaan tulen? || Jokichi Takamine <> Apa yang boleh merawat epinephrine? || kesesakan hidung <> Bilakah berhenti epinephrin tersedia di Amerika Syarikat? || 2011 <> Apa nama perdagangan epinephrine dipasarkan di bawah? || Adrenalin <> Siapa yang membangunkan kaedah untuk mendapatkan epinefrin dalam bentuk tulen? || Jokichi Takamine <> Pada tahun apakah epinephrine ditemui? || 1897 <> Apakah nama dagang epinefrin? || Adrenalin <> Yang pertama menemui epinefrin? || John Abel <> Apakah epinephrine digunakan untuk merawat? || serangan asma <> Pada tahun apakah Primatene Mist tidak lagi dijual di Amerika Syarikat? || 2011 <> Siapa yang mengenal pasti bahan yang tidak aktif? || <> Siapa yang dipasarkan Primatene? || <> Apa nama perdagangan Primatene dipasarkan di bawah? || <> Sebagai inhaler, apa yang digunakan untuk mengubati Primatene? || <> Siapa yang membangunkan kaedah ini untuk mendapatkan Primatene dalam keadaan tulen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who identified the active substance?", "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a0", "answers": [{"text": "John Abel", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who marketed epinephrine?", "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a1", "answers": [{"text": "Parke Davis", "answer_start": 837}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?", "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a3", "answers": [{"text": "nasal congestion", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?", "id": "571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a4", "answers": [{"text": "Jokichi Takamine", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could epinephrine treat?", "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305084", "answers": [{"text": "nasal congestion", "answer_start": 1168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?", "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305085", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 1061}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?", "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305086", "answers": [{"text": "Adrenalin", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?", "id": "571a79d910f8ca1400305087", "answers": [{"text": "Jokichi Takamine", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was epinephrine discovered?", "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1aa", "answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the trade name of epinephrine?", "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ab", "answers": [{"text": "Adrenalin", "answer_start": 891}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first discovered epinephrine?", "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ac", "answers": [{"text": "John Abel", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is epinephrine used to treat?", "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ad", "answers": [{"text": "asthma attacks", "answer_start": 986}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?", "id": "571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ae", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 1061}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Abel", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "Who identified the inactive substance?", "id": "5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Parke Davis", "answer_start": 824}], "question": "Who marketed Primatene?", "id": "5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Adrenalin", "answer_start": 891}], "question": "What trade name was Primatene marketed under?", "id": "5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nasal congestion", "answer_start": 1168}], "question": "As an inhaler, what was Primatene used to treat?", "id": "5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jokichi Takamine", "answer_start": 708}], "question": "Who developed the method to obtain Primatene in a pure state?", "id": "5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion."}], ["Pada tahun 1911, arsphenamine, ubat anti-infeksi sintetik pertama, telah dibangunkan oleh Paul Ehrlich dan ahli kimia Alfred Bertheim dari Institut Terapi Eksperimen di Berlin. Ubat itu diberikan nama komersial Salvarsan. Ehrlich, mencatatkan ketoksikan umum arsenik dan penyerapan tertentu dari pewarna tertentu oleh bakteria, mengandaikan bahawa pewarna yang mengandungi arsenik dengan sifat penyerapan selektif yang sama boleh digunakan untuk merawat jangkitan bakteria. Arsphenamine telah disediakan sebagai sebahagian daripada kempen untuk mensintesis satu siri sebatian sedemikian, dan didapati menunjukkan ketoksikan sebahagiannya. Arsphenamine terbukti menjadi rawatan pertama untuk sifilis, penyakit yang sebelum ini tidak dapat diubati dan tidak dapat dielakkan kepada ulserasi kulit yang teruk, kerosakan saraf, dan kematian. [Sunting] Siapa yang membangun Arsphenamine? || Paul Ehrlich dan ahli kimia Alfred Bertheim <> Apakah rawatan pertama untuk Sifilis? || Arsphenamine <> Apakah komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan Sifilis? || ulser kulit teruk, kerosakan neurologi dan kematian <> Apakah nama pasaran Amphetamine? || Institut Terapi Eksperimen <> Di mana Institut Terapi Eksperimen terletak? || Berlin <> Apakah nama dadah sintetik pertama sintetik? || arsphenamine <> Jangkitan bakteria boleh dirawat dengan ubat-ubatan yang mengandungi jenis pewarna? || Arsenik <> Arsphenamine menjadi rawatan pertama untuk apa yang tidak dapat disembuhkan sebelum ini? || sifilis <> Pada tahun apakah arsphenamine ditemui? || 1911 <> Apakah nama komersil arsphenamine? || Salvarsan <> Siapa yang mengembangkan ulser komersial? || <> Apakah rawatan berkesan pertama untuk Bertheim? || <> Apakah komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan Bertheim? || <> Apakah nama pasaran Bertheim? || <> Di mana Institut Bertheim terletak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who developed Arsphenamine?", "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8e", "answers": [{"text": "Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?", "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8f", "answers": [{"text": "Arsphenamine", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What complications are associated with Syphilis?", "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab90", "answers": [{"text": "severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Amphetamine's market name?", "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab91", "answers": [{"text": "Institute of Experimental Therapy", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?", "id": "571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab92", "answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?", "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1c8", "answers": [{"text": "arsphenamine", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?", "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1c9", "answers": [{"text": "arsenic", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?", "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1ca", "answers": [{"text": "syphilis", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was arsphenamine discovered?", "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1cb", "answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?", "id": "571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1cc", "answers": [{"text": "Salvarsan", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Who developed commercial ulceration?", "id": "5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsphenamine", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "What was the first effective treatment for Bertheim?", "id": "5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "severe skin ulceration, neurological damage", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What complications are associated with Bertheim?", "id": "5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Institute of Experimental Therapy", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What is Bertheim's market name?", "id": "5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Berlin", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Where is the Institute of Bertheim located?", "id": "5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]"}], ["Satu siri eksperimen yang dilakukan dari akhir 1800-an hingga awal 1900an mendedahkan bahawa diabetes disebabkan oleh ketiadaan bahan yang biasanya dihasilkan oleh pankreas. Pada tahun 1869, Oskar Minkowski dan Joseph von Mering mendapati bahawa diabetes boleh disebabkan oleh anjing dengan pembedahan pankreas. Pada tahun 1921, profesor Kanada Frederick Banting dan pelajarnya Charles Best mengulangi kajian ini, dan mendapati bahawa suntikan ekstrak pankreas membalikkan gejala yang dihasilkan oleh penyingkiran pankreas. Tidak lama kemudian, ekstrak telah ditunjukkan untuk bekerja pada orang, tetapi perkembangan terapi insulin sebagai prosedur perubatan rutin telah ditangguhkan oleh kesulitan dalam menghasilkan bahan dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi dan dengan kesucian yang dapat direproduksi. Para penyelidik mendapatkan bantuan daripada kolaborator industri di Eli Lilly dan Co berdasarkan pengalaman syarikat dengan pembersihan skala besar bahan biologi. Ahli kimia George Walden dari Eli Lilly dan Company mendapati bahawa penyesuaian hati pH ekstrak membenarkan gred insulin yang agak tulen dihasilkan. Di bawah tekanan dari Universiti Toronto dan cabaran paten berpotensi oleh para saintis akademik yang telah membangunkan kaedah penyucian yang sama secara berasingan, perjanjian telah dicapai untuk pengeluaran insulin bukan eksklusif oleh pelbagai syarikat. Sebelum penemuan dan penyediaan terapi insulin yang meluas, jangkaan jangka hayat pesakit kencing manis hanya beberapa bulan sahaja. <> Apa yang disebabkan oleh diabetes? || tiada bahan yang biasanya dihasilkan oleh pankreas <> Sebelum insulin, apakah jangkaan jangka hayat pesakit kencing manis? || hanya beberapa bulan <> Bagaimana kencing manis dapat diinduksi dalam anjing? || pembedahan pankreas <> Siapa yang mendapati bahawa ekstrak pankreatik membalikkan gejala pankreas penyingkiran? || Frederick Banting dan pelajarnya Charles Best <> Mengapa terapi insulin tertangguh? || kesukaran dalam menghasilkan bahan dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi dan dengan kesucian yang boleh dihasilkan <> Diabetes adalah disebabkan oleh penyingkiran organ apa? || pankreas <> Kiri yang tidak dirawat, berapa lama pesakit kencing manis dijangka hidup? || beberapa bulan <> Apa yang boleh diselaraskan dalam sampel ekstrak pankreas untuk menghasilkan insulin yang lebih murni? || pH <> Untuk membersihkan insulin, Banting dan Best meminta bantuan syarikat apa? || Eli Lilly and Co. <> Minkowski dan von Mering melakukan ujian pembedahan pada haiwan apa? || anjing <> Apa penyucian disebabkan? || <> Sebelum insulin, apakah jangka hayat penyucian? || <> Bagaimana penulenan dapat diinduksi dalam anjing? || <> Siapa yang mendapati bahawa ekstrak pankreatik membalikkan gejala penyingkiran pembersihan? || <> Mengapa terapi pembersihan tertunda? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is diabetes caused from?", "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e0", "answers": [{"text": "absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?", "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e1", "answers": [{"text": "only a few months", "answer_start": 1411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can diabetes be induced in dogs?", "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e2", "answers": [{"text": "surgical removal of the pancreas", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?", "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e3", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was insulin therapy delayed?", "id": "571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e4", "answers": [{"text": "difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?", "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b4", "answers": [{"text": "pancreas", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?", "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b5", "answers": [{"text": "a few months", "answer_start": 1416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?", "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b6", "answers": [{"text": "pH", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?", "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b7", "answers": [{"text": "Eli Lilly and Co.", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?", "id": "571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b8", "answers": [{"text": "dogs", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What is purification caused from?", "id": "5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only a few months", "answer_start": 1411}], "question": "Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of purification?", "id": "5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "surgical removal of the pancreas", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "How can purification be induced in dogs?", "id": "5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of purification removal?", "id": "5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity", "answer_start": 631}], "question": "Why was purification therapy delayed?", "id": "5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months."}], ["Kajian Cochrane 2009 menyimpulkan bahawa ubat antihipertensi thiazide mengurangkan risiko kematian (RR 0.89), strok (RR 0.63), penyakit jantung koronari (RR 0.84), dan kejadian kardiovaskular (RR 0.70) pada orang yang mempunyai tekanan darah tinggi. Dalam tahun-tahun yang telah ditentukan, ubat-ubatan antihipertensi kelas yang lain telah dikembangkan dan diterima secara meluas dalam terapi gabungan termasuk diuretik gelung (Lasix / furosemide, Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 1963), penghambat beta (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) inhibitor ACE, dan penghalang reseptor angiotensin. Inhibitor ACE mengurangkan risiko penyakit ginjal onset baru [RR 0.71] dan kematian [RR 0.84] pada pesakit diabetes, tanpa mengira sama ada mereka mempunyai tekanan darah tinggi. <> Apa yang dilakukan ACE inhibitor? || mengurangkan risiko penyakit ginjal onset baru [RR 0.71] dan kematian [RR 0.84] pada pesakit diabetes <> Apa ubat mengurangkan risiko kematian dan kejadian lain pada orang dengan tekanan darah tinggi? || ubat antihipertensi thiazide <> Siapa yang menjalankan kajian terhadap ubat antihipertensi Thiazide? || Cochrane <> Apakah ubat antihipertensi Thiazide digunakan? || terapi gabungan <> Dalam tahun apakah Cochrane melepaskan laporan itu? || 2009 <> Apa yang mengurangkan risiko penyakit buah pinggang baru dan kematian? || Perencat ACE <> Apakah jenis ubat yang mengurangkan risiko strok dan penyakit jantung bagi orang yang mengalami tekanan darah tinggi? || ubat antihipertensi thiazide <> Pada tahun apakah ubat antihipertensi thiazide yang ditunjukkan untuk membantu mereka yang mengalami masalah jantung? || 2009 <> Apa yang dilakukan perencat RRE? || <> Apa ubat mengurangkan risiko kematian dan kejadian lain pada orang dengan ACE? || <> Siapa yang membuat semakan mengenai ubat RRE? || <> Apakah ubat-ubatan RRE digunakan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah ACE membebaskan laporan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do ACE inhibitors do?", "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0a", "answers": [{"text": "reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?", "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0b", "answers": [{"text": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?", "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0c", "answers": [{"text": "Cochrane", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?", "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0d", "answers": [{"text": "combination therapy", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Cochrane release the report?", "id": "571aca5732177014007e9f0e", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?", "id": "571d0b195efbb31900334e82", "answers": [{"text": "ACE inhibitors", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?", "id": "571d0b195efbb31900334e83", "answers": [{"text": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?", "id": "571d0b195efbb31900334e84", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "What do RRE inhibitors do?", "id": "5ad3765b604f3c001a3fe33f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with ACE?", "id": "5ad3765b604f3c001a3fe340", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cochrane", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Who conducted the review on RRE drugs?", "id": "5ad3765b604f3c001a3fe341", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "combination therapy", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What were RRE drugs used with?", "id": "5ad3765b604f3c001a3fe342", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "In what year did ACE release the report?", "id": "5ad3765b604f3c001a3fe343", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke (RR 0.63), coronary heart disease (RR 0.84), and cardiovascular events (RR 0.70) in people with high blood pressure. In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, including loop diuretics (Lasix/furosemide, Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 1963), beta blockers (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients, irrespective of whether they have hypertension."}], ["Paten telah dikritik di dunia yang sedang membangun, kerana ia dianggap mengurangkan akses kepada ubat-ubatan yang sedia ada. Menyelaraskan paten dan akses sejagat kepada ubat-ubatan memerlukan dasar diskriminasi harga antarabangsa yang cekap. Selain itu, di bawah perjanjian TRIPS Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia, negara-negara harus membenarkan produk farmasi dipatenkan. Pada tahun 2001, WTO mengguna pakai Perisytiharan Doha, yang menunjukkan bahawa perjanjian TRIPS harus dibaca dengan matlamat kesihatan awam dalam fikiran, dan membolehkan beberapa kaedah untuk mengelakkan monopoli farmaseutikal: melalui pelesenan wajib atau import selari, walaupun sebelum tamat paten. <> Siapa yang mengamalkan Deklarasi Doha? || Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia <> Apa yang dicapai oleh perjanjian TRIPS? || negara mesti membenarkan produk farmaseutikal dipatenkan <> Mengapa paten dikritik? || fikir untuk mengurangkan akses kepada ubat-ubatan yang sedia ada <> Apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Deklarasi Doha? || menunjukkan bahawa perjanjian TRIPS perlu dibaca dengan tujuan kesihatan awam dalam fikiran, dan membolehkan beberapa kaedah untuk menghindari monopoli farmaseutikal <> Bilakah Deklarasi Doha diterima? || 2001 <> Apa yang telah dituduh mengurangkan akses kepada ubat-ubatan di negara-negara membangun? || Paten <> Bilakah Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia menggunakan Deklarasi Doha? || 2001 <> Deklarasi Doha membenarkan apa cara monopoli dipintas? || pelesenan wajib atau import selari <> Siapa yang mengguna pakai Deklarasi TRIPS? || <> Apakah perjanjian WTO dicapai? || <> Mengapa WTO dikritik? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Deklarasi WTO? || <> Bilakah Deklarasi TRIPS diambil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who adopted the Doha Declaration?", "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b0d", "answers": [{"text": "World Trade Organization", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?", "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b0e", "answers": [{"text": "countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are patents criticized?", "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b0f", "answers": [{"text": "thought to reduce access to existing medicines", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Doha Declaration do?", "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b10", "answers": [{"text": "indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Doha Declaration adopted?", "id": "571ac6bc9499d21900609b11", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?", "id": "571d3ef05efbb31900334ee8", "answers": [{"text": "Patents", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?", "id": "571d3ef05efbb31900334ee9", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?", "id": "571d3ef05efbb31900334eea", "answers": [{"text": "compulsory licensing or parallel imports", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World Trade Organization", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "Who adopted the TRIPS Declaration?", "id": "5ad3b24c604f3c001a3fecfb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What did the WTO agreement accomplish?", "id": "5ad3b24c604f3c001a3fecfc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thought to reduce access to existing medicines", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "Why is the WTO criticized?", "id": "5ad3b24c604f3c001a3fecfd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What did the WTO Declaration do?", "id": "5ad3b24c604f3c001a3fecfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "When was the TRIPS Declaration adopted?", "id": "5ad3b24c604f3c001a3fecff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration."}], ["Laporan Suruhanjaya Perdagangan Persekutuan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1958 cuba mengkuantifikasi kesan perkembangan antibiotik terhadap kesihatan awam Amerika. Laporan itu mendapati bahawa sepanjang tempoh 1946-1955, terdapat penurunan sebanyak 42% dalam kejadian penyakit yang mana antibiotik berkesan dan hanya penurunan sebanyak 20% bagi antibiotik yang tidak berkesan. Laporan itu menyimpulkan bahawa \"ternyata penggunaan antibiotik, diagnosis awal, dan faktor lain telah membatasi penyebaran wabak dan dengan itu bilangan penyakit-penyakit ini telah berlaku\". Kajian selanjutnya mengkaji kadar kematian bagi lapan penyakit biasa yang mana antibiotik menawarkan terapi yang berkesan (sifilis, batuk kering, disentri, demam merah, batuk kokol, jangkitan meningokokus, dan radang paru-paru), dan menemui penurunan sebanyak 56% dalam tempoh yang sama. Antara yang ketara ialah kematian sebanyak 75% disebabkan oleh tuberkulosis. <> Apakah penyakit yang mengalami penurunan kematian yang terbesar? || batuk kering <> Berapa tempoh laporan dikeluarkan pada tahun 1958? || 1946-1955 <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan laporan itu pada tahun 1958? || Suruhanjaya Perdagangan Persekutuan <> Apakah lapan penyakit yang diperiksa? || kadar kematian <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk penurunan penyebaran penyakit? || penggunaan antibiotik, diagnosis awal, dan faktor-faktor lain <> Berapakah kadar mortaliti jangkitan bakteria umum menurun antara 1946-1955? || 56% <> Berapa kadar kematian tuberkulosis menurun antara 1946-1955? || 75% <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan laporan yang menggambarkan kesan perkembangan antibiotik? || Suruhanjaya Perdagangan Persekutuan <> Pada tahun apakah laporan FTC dikeluarkan? || 1958 <> Apakah penyakit yang mempunyai diagnosis penurunan terbesar? || <> Berapa tempoh laporan dikeluarkan pada tahun 1964? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan laporan itu pada tahun 1964? || <> Apa sembilan penyakit diperiksa? || <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap penurunan komisen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What disease had the biggest decline of deaths?", "id": "571abee110f8ca1400305337", "answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 864}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period was the report issued in 1958 cover?", "id": "571abee110f8ca1400305338", "answers": [{"text": "1946-1955", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued the report in 1958?", "id": "571abee110f8ca1400305339", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Trade Commission", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were eight diseases examined for?", "id": "571abee110f8ca140030533a", "answers": [{"text": "mortality rates", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases?", "id": "571abee110f8ca140030533b", "answers": [{"text": "use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?", "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e6", "answers": [{"text": "56%", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955?", "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e7", "answers": [{"text": "75%", "answer_start": 835}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments?", "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e8", "answers": [{"text": "Federal Trade Commission", "answer_start": 2}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the FTC's report issued?", "id": "571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e9", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tuberculosis", "answer_start": 864}], "question": "What disease had the biggest decline of diagnosis?", "id": "5ad3726a604f3c001a3fe2a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946-1955", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "What period did the report issued in 1964 cover? ", "id": "5ad3726a604f3c001a3fe2aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federal Trade Commission", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "Who issued the report in 1964?", "id": "5ad3726a604f3c001a3fe2ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mortality rates", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What were nine diseases examined for?", "id": "5ad3726a604f3c001a3fe2ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What was responsible for the decline in spreading commissions?", "id": "5ad3726a604f3c001a3fe2ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health. The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotics were not effective. The report concluded that \"it appears that the use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors have limited the epidemic spread and thus the number of these diseases which have occurred\". The study further examined mortality rates for eight common diseases for which antibiotics offered effective therapy (syphilis, tuberculosis, dysentery, scarlet fever, whooping cough, meningococcal infections, and pneumonia), and found a 56% decline over the same period. Notable among these was a 75% decline in deaths due to tuberculosis."}], ["Orang lain berpendapat bahawa peraturan yang berlebihan menghalang inovasi terapeutik, dan kos semasa ujian klinikal yang diperlukan oleh pengawal selia menghalang eksploitasi penuh pengetahuan genetik dan biologi baru untuk rawatan penyakit manusia. Laporan 2012 oleh Majlis Penasihat mengenai Sains dan Teknologi membuat beberapa cadangan utama untuk mengurangkan beban pengawalseliaan kepada pembangunan dadah baru, termasuk 1) memperluaskan penggunaan proses kelulusan dipercepat FDA, 2) mewujudkan laluan kelulusan dipercepatkan untuk ubat-ubatan yang bertujuan untuk digunakan dalam populasi yang jelas, dan 3) menjalankan projek-projek perintis yang direka untuk menilai kemungkinan proses kelulusan dadah yang baru dan adaptif. <> Siapa yang membuat laporan pada tahun 2012? || Majlis Penasihat Presiden mengenai Sains dan Teknologi <> Apa yang telah dibantah inovasi terhad? || peraturan yang berlebihan <> Apakah cadangan yang dibuat daripada laporan? || memperluaskan penggunaan proses kelulusan dipercepatkan FDA <> Apa satu perkara yang menyebabkan peraturan berlebihan? || inovasi terapi <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menilai proses kelulusan baru? || projek perintis <> Apakah peraturan dadah yang berlebihan dikatakan untuk menindas? || inovasi terapeutik <> Pada tahun apakah laporan dibuat untuk mengurangkan beban pembangunan dadah? || 2012 <> Apa yang dikatakan untuk menahan pengetahuan baru untuk merawat penyakit? || kos semasa ujian klinikal diperlukan pengatur <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan laporan pada tahun 2011? || <> Apa yang telah dibantah penduduk yang terhad? || <> Apakah cadangan yang dibawa dari penyakit manusia? || <> Apa sebabnya sebab pembangunan yang berlebihan? || <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menilai penyakit manusia baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who put out a report in 2012?", "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1c", "answers": [{"text": "President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been argued restricted innovation?", "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1d", "answers": [{"text": "excessive regulation", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a recommendations brought about from the report?", "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1e", "answers": [{"text": "expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one thing excessive regulations causes?", "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f1f", "answers": [{"text": "therapeutic innovation", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?", "id": "571acf6232177014007e9f20", "answers": [{"text": "pilot projects", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?", "id": "571d3d015efbb31900334eda", "answers": [{"text": "therapeutic innovation", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?", "id": "571d3d015efbb31900334edb", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?", "id": "571d3d015efbb31900334edc", "answers": [{"text": "current cost of regulator-required clinical trials", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Who put out a report in 2011?", "id": "5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "excessive regulation", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What has been argued restricted population?", "id": "5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What was a recommendation brought about from human disease?", "id": "5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "therapeutic innovation", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What is one thing excessive development causes?", "id": "5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pilot projects", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "What can be used to evaluate new human diseases?", "id": "5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development, including 1) expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes, 2) creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations, and 3) undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new, adaptive drug approval process."}], ["Penipuan farmaseutikal melibatkan penipuan yang membawa keuntungan kewangan kepada syarikat farmaseutikal. Ia memberi kesan kepada individu dan penanggung insurans awam dan swasta. Terdapat beberapa skema yang berbeza yang digunakan untuk menipu sistem penjagaan kesihatan yang khusus kepada industri farmaseutikal. Ini termasuk: Pelanggaran Amalan Pembuatan Baik (GMP), Pemasaran Melepaskan Label, Penipuan Harga Terbaik, Penipuan CME, Pelaporan Harga Medicaid, dan Dadah Kompaun Perkilangan. Daripada jumlah ini sebanyak $ 2.5 bilion telah diperolehi melalui kes-kes Akta Tuntutan Palsu pada TK 2010. Contoh kes penipuan termasuk penyelesaian GlaxoSmithKline $ 3 bilion, penyelesaian Pfizer $ 2.3 bilion dan penyelesaian Merck & Co $ 650 juta. Kerosakan dari penipuan boleh diperolehi dengan menggunakan Akta Tuntutan Palsu, yang paling lazim di bawah peruntukan yang memberi ganjaran kepada individu sebagai \"pemberi maklumat\", atau penggubal (undang-undang). <> Berapa banyak wang yang diperolehi melalui Tuntutan Palsu? || $ 2.5 bilion <> Apa skema yang digunakan untuk menipu sistem penjagaan kesihatan? || Pelanggaran Amalan Pembuatan Baik (GMP), Pemasaran Off Off, Penipuan Harga Terbaik, Penipuan CME, Laporan Harga Medicaid, dan Dadah Kompaun Kilang. <> Apakah penipuan farmaseutikal? || penipuan yang membawa keuntungan kewangan kepada syarikat farmaseutikal <> Siapa yang mempunyai penyelesaian kes penipuan terbesar? || GlaxoSmithKline <> Peruntukan apa yang memberi ganjaran \"pemberi maklumat\"? || qui tam <> Apa jenis penipuan yang memberi manfaat kewangan kepada syarikat dadah? || Penipuan farmaseutikal <> Siapa yang terjejas oleh penipuan farmaseutikal? || individu dan penanggung insurans awam dan swasta <> Berapa banyak wang yang hilang untuk penipuan farmaseutikal telah pulih pada tahun 2010? || $ 2.5 bilion <> Tindakan yang membolehkan pemberi maklumat memadamkan wang yang hilang daripada penipuan farmaseutikal? || Akta Tuntutan Palsu <> Berapakah jumlah wang yang diperolehi melalui Penipuan CME? || <> Apakah beberapa skim yang digunakan untuk menipu syarikat? || <> Apakah penipuan pengganti? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai penyelesaian kes pendawaian terbesar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much money was recovered through the False Claims?", "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f00", "answers": [{"text": "$2.5 billion", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system?", "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f01", "answers": [{"text": "Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs.", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is pharmaceutical fraud?", "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f02", "answers": [{"text": "deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had the biggest fraud case settlement?", "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f03", "answers": [{"text": "GlaxoSmithKline", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provision rewards \"whistle-blowers\"?", "id": "571ac8cc32177014007e9f04", "answers": [{"text": "qui tam", "answer_start": 775}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company?", "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee0", "answers": [{"text": "Pharmaceutical fraud", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud?", "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee1", "answers": [{"text": "individuals and public and private insurers", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010?", "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee2", "answers": [{"text": "$2.5 billion", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud?", "id": "571d3dd45efbb31900334ee3", "answers": [{"text": "False Claims Act", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$2.5 billion", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "How much money was recovered through CME Fraud?", "id": "5ad3aefb604f3c001a3fec5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What are some of the schemes used to defraud companies?", "id": "5ad3aefb604f3c001a3fec5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is relator fraud?", "id": "5ad3aefb604f3c001a3fec5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GlaxoSmithKline", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "Who had the biggest relator case settlement?", "id": "5ad3aefb604f3c001a3fec5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company. It affects individuals and public and private insurers. There are several different schemes used to defraud the health care system which are particular to the pharmaceutical industry. These include: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs. Of this amount $2.5 billion was recovered through False Claims Act cases in FY 2010. Examples of fraud cases include the GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion settlement, Pfizer $2.3 billion settlement and Merck & Co. $650 million settlement. Damages from fraud can be recovered by use of the False Claims Act, most commonly under the qui tam provisions which rewards an individual for being a \"whistleblower\", or relator (law)."}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, bermula pada tahun 2013, di bawah Laporan Ketelusan Kewangan Pakar (sebahagian daripada Akta Sunshine), Pusat untuk Perkhidmatan Medicare & Medicaid perlu mengumpulkan maklumat daripada organisasi pengeluar dan kumpulan pembelian yang berkenaan untuk melaporkan maklumat mengenai hubungan kewangan mereka dengan pakar perubatan dan hospital. Data dijadikan awam di Pusat Perkhidmatan Medicare & Medicaid Pusat. Harapannya ialah hubungan antara doktor dan industri farmaseutikal akan menjadi telus sepenuhnya. <> Apakah spekulasi hubungan antara doktor dan industri dadah? || menjadi telus sepenuhnya. <> Apakah Laporan Ketelusan Kewangan Pakar? || Akta Sunshine <> Di mana anda boleh mendapatkan maklumat mengenai Akta Sunshine? || Pusat untuk laman web Medicare & Medicaid Services <> Maklumat apa yang dikumpulkan oleh Pusat Perkhidmatan Perubatan & Medicaid? || hubungan kewangan dengan doktor dan hospital. <> Bilakah Pusat Perkhidmatan Perubatan & Medicaid perlu mula mengumpul maklumat? || bermula pada tahun 2013 <> Laporan Ketelusan Kewangan Doktor adalah sebahagian dari apa tindakan lain? || Akta Sunshine <> Pada tahun apakah Medicaid dan Medicare dikehendaki mendedahkan maklumat tentang hubungan mereka dengan doktor dan hospital? || 2013 <> Di mana bolehkah hubungan kewangan antara Medicaid, Medicare dan syarikat-syarikat farmaseutikal dijumpai? || Pusat untuk laman web Medicare & Medicaid Services <> Apa yang diharapkan apabila hubungan dijadikan terbuka? || hubungan antara doktor dan industri farmaseutikal akan menjadi telus sepenuhnya <> Apakah spekulasi hubungan antara organisasi dan industri dadah? || <> Apa bahagian doktor? || <> Di mana anda boleh mendapatkan maklumat mengenai organisasi? || <> Apakah maklumat yang dikumpulkan oleh doktor? || <> Bilakah doktor perlu mula mengumpul maklumat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?", "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac20", "answers": [{"text": "become fully transparent.", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?", "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac21", "answers": [{"text": "Sunshine Act", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?", "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac22", "answers": [{"text": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?", "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac23", "answers": [{"text": "financial relationships with physicians and hospitals.", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?", "id": "571ab9fd4faf5e1900b8ac24", "answers": [{"text": "starting in 2013", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?", "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef6", "answers": [{"text": "Sunshine Act", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?", "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef7", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?", "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef8", "answers": [{"text": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is expected when the relationships are made public?", "id": "571d40405efbb31900334ef9", "answers": [{"text": "relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "become fully transparent", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What is the speculation of the relationship between organizations and the drug industry?", "id": "5ad3ab63604f3c001a3feb7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sunshine Act", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What are doctors part of?", "id": "5ad3ab63604f3c001a3feb80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "Where can you obtain information about organizations?", "id": "5ad3ab63604f3c001a3feb81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "financial relationships with physicians and hospitals", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What information is collected by doctors?", "id": "5ad3ab63604f3c001a3feb82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "starting in 2013", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "When did doctors have to start collecting information?", "id": "5ad3ab63604f3c001a3feb83", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent."}], ["Pada 2 Julai 2012, GlaxoSmithKline mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan jenayah dan bersetuju dengan penyelesaian $ 3 bilion kes penipuan penjagaan kesihatan terbesar di A.S. dan pembayaran terbesar oleh syarikat dadah. Penyelesaian itu berkaitan dengan promosi haram ubat preskripsi syarikat, kegagalan untuk melaporkan data keselamatan, menyuap doktor, dan mempromosikan ubat-ubatan untuk kegunaan yang mereka tidak dilesenkan. Dadah yang terlibat adalah Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, dan Zofran untuk kegunaan luar label, tidak dilindungi. Mereka dan ubat-ubatan Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, dan Valtrex terlibat dalam skema sumbang. <> Berapakah penyelesaian GlaxoSmithKline bersetuju? || $ 3 bilion <> Apa salah satu punca kes penipuan penjagaan kesihatan? || promosi haram ubat preskripsi <> Bilakah GlaxoSmithKline mengaku bersalah? || 2 Julai 2012 <> Apa dadah berkaitan dengan skema sumbang? || Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, dan Valtrex <> Apakah ubat-ubatan yang digunakan untuk penggunaan luar label? || Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, dan Zofran <Pada tahun berapa GlaxoSmithKline membayar penyelesaian $ 3 bilion dolar? || 2012 <> Berapa banyak kes penipuan penjagaan kesihatan terbesar di AS diselesaikan? || $ 3 bilion <> Apa syarikat itu didakwa untuk mempromosikan ubat-ubatan untuk kegunaan tanpa izin dan menyuap doktor? || GlaxoSmithKline <> Berapa banyak penyelesaian yang telah dipersetujui oleh Wellbutrin? || <> Apa salah satu punca kes Wellbutrin? || <> Bilakah Wellbutrin mengaku bersalah? || <> Apa ubat berkaitan dengan skema Advair? || <> Apa ubat yang digunakan untuk penggunaan label? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to?", "id": "571ab82810f8ca1400305319", "answers": [{"text": "$3 billion", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case?", "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531a", "answers": [{"text": "illegal promotion of prescription drugs", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty?", "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531b", "answers": [{"text": "2 July 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drugs were related to a kickback scheme?", "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531c", "answers": [{"text": "Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drugs were used for off-label uses?", "id": "571ab82810f8ca140030531d", "answers": [{"text": "Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement?", "id": "571d40f1dd7acb1400e4c262", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for?", "id": "571d40f1dd7acb1400e4c263", "answers": [{"text": "$3 billion", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors?", "id": "571d40f1dd7acb1400e4c264", "answers": [{"text": "GlaxoSmithKline", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$3 billion", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "How much was the settlement Wellbutrin agreed to?", "id": "5ad3b134604f3c001a3fecc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "illegal promotion of prescription drugs", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What was one of the causes of the Wellbutrin case?", "id": "5ad3b134604f3c001a3fecc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 July 2012", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Wellbutrin plead guilty?", "id": "5ad3b134604f3c001a3fecc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What drugs were related to Advair's scheme?", "id": "5ad3b134604f3c001a3fecc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "What drugs were used for label uses?", "id": "5ad3b134604f3c001a3fecc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme."}], ["Sebelum abad ke-20, ubat-ubatan umumnya dihasilkan oleh pengeluar berskala kecil dengan kawalan pengawalseliaan yang sedikit terhadap pembuatan atau tuntutan keselamatan dan keberkesanannya. Sejauh mana undang-undang tersebut wujud, penguatkuasaan adalah kurang. Di Amerika Syarikat, penambahan peraturan vaksin dan ubat-ubatan biologi yang lain telah dirangsang oleh wabak tetanus dan kematian yang disebabkan oleh pengedaran vaksin cacar yang terkontaminasi dan difteri antitoxin. Akta Kawalan Biologi pada tahun 1902 menghendaki kerajaan persekutuan memberikan kelulusan premarket bagi setiap ubat biologi dan untuk proses dan kemudahan yang menghasilkan dadah tersebut. Ini diikuti pada tahun 1906 oleh Akta Makanan dan Dadah Murni, yang melarang pengedaran antara makanan dan dadah yang disamaratakan atau salah laku. Dadah dianggap salah laku jika ia mengandungi alkohol, morfin, opium, kokain, atau mana-mana ubat lain yang berpotensi berbahaya atau ketagihan, dan jika labelnya gagal menunjukkan kuantiti atau perkadaran dadah tersebut. Percubaan kerajaan untuk menggunakan undang-undang untuk mendakwa pengeluar untuk membuat dakwaan keberkesanan yang tidak disokong dipotong oleh keputusan Mahkamah Agung yang menyekat kuasa penguatkuasaan kerajaan persekutuan untuk kes-kes spesifik yang tidak tepat mengenai ramuan ubat itu. <> Apa Akta melarang ubat-ubatan yang salah laku? || Akta Makanan dan Dadah Tulen <> Apa yang menyebabkan wabak Tetanus? || vaksin cacar yang terkontaminasi dan difteri antitoxin <> Apakah perbuatan dibenarkan kelulusan premarket untuk dadah? || Akta Kawalan Biologi 1902 <> Bilakah Akta Makanan dan Dadah Murni dilaksanakan? || 1906 <> Siapa yang mengehadkan kuasa penguatkuasaan kerajaan persekutuan? || Mahkamah Agung <> Apakah nama undang-undang yang memerlukan kelulusan premarket untuk menghasilkan dadah? || Akta Kawalan Biologi 1902 <> Apa undang-undang mengharamkan pengedaran antara makanan dan dadah yang tidak dilabel? || Akta Makanan dan Dadah Tulen <> Pada tahun apakah Akta Makanan dan Dadah Murni telah diluluskan? || 1906 <> Apa Akta melarang undang-undang palsu? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan wabak undang-undang? || <> Apakah tindakan yang membenarkan kelulusan premarket untuk undang-undang? || <> Bilakah Akta Makanan dan Undang-undang Murni dilaksanakan? || <> Siapa yang mengehadkan kuasa dadah persekutuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Act forbade misbranded drugs?", "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afb", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Food and Drugs Act", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a Tetanus outbreak?", "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afc", "answers": [{"text": "contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act allowed premarket approval for drugs?", "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afd", "answers": [{"text": "The Biologics Control Act of 1902", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?", "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609afe", "answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?", "id": "571ac3f89499d21900609aff", "answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 1118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs?", "id": "571cfecadd7acb1400e4c1ee", "answers": [{"text": "Biologics Control Act of 1902", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? ", "id": "571cfecadd7acb1400e4c1ef", "answers": [{"text": "Pure Food and Drugs Act", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed?", "id": "571cfecadd7acb1400e4c1f0", "answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pure Food and Drugs Act", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "What Act forbade misbranded laws?", "id": "5ad36e63604f3c001a3fe207", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What caused a law outbreak?", "id": "5ad36e63604f3c001a3fe208", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Biologics Control Act of 1902", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What act allowed premarket approval for laws?", "id": "5ad36e63604f3c001a3fe209", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "When did the Pure Food And Laws Act get implemented?", "id": "5ad36e63604f3c001a3fe20a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 1118}], "question": "Who restricted the federal drug powers?", "id": "5ad36e63604f3c001a3fe20b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy. To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax. In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin. The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs. This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs. A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs. The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients."}], ["Semasa tahun 1940-1955, kadar penurunan kadar kematian A.S. dipercepat dari 2% setahun kepada 8% setahun, kemudian dikembalikan kepada kadar sejarah sebanyak 2% setahun. Kemerosotan dramatik dalam tahun-tahun selepas perang telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan pesat rawatan baru dan vaksin untuk penyakit berjangkit yang berlaku pada tahun-tahun ini. Perkembangan vaksin terus mempercepatkan, dengan pencapaian yang paling ketara dalam tempoh itu ialah pembangunan vaksin polio Jonas Salk tahun 1954 di bawah pendanaan Yayasan Kebangsaan bukan keuntungan untuk Lumpuh Infantil. Proses vaksin tidak pernah dipatenkan, tetapi sebaliknya diberikan kepada syarikat-syarikat farmaseutikal untuk menghasilkan sebagai generik kos rendah. Pada tahun 1960 Maurice Hilleman daripada Merck Sharp & Dohme mengenal pasti virus SV40, yang kemudiannya ditunjukkan menyebabkan tumor di banyak spesies mamalia. Ia kemudiannya menentukan bahawa SV40 hadir sebagai pencemar dalam banyak vaksin polio yang telah diberikan kepada 90% kanak-kanak di Amerika Syarikat. Pencemaran itu nampaknya berasal dari kedua-dua stok sel asli dan dalam tisu monyet yang digunakan untuk pengeluaran. Pada tahun 2004 Institut Kanser Amerika Syarikat mengumumkan bahawa ia telah menyimpulkan bahawa SV40 tidak dikaitkan dengan kanser pada orang. <> Bilakah vaksin Polio dibuat? || 1954 <> Siapa yang mengenal pasti virus SV40? || Maurice Hilleman <> Apa komplikasi virus SV40? || menyebabkan tumor <> Yang membiayai vaksin Polio? || Yayasan Kebangsaan untuk Lumpuh Infantile <> Siapa mengumumkan bahawa SV40 tidak dikaitkan dengan kanser? || Institut Kanser Amerika Syarikat <> Pada tahun apakah vaksin polio dibuat? || 1954 <> Siapa yang membuat vaksin polio? || Jonas Salk <> Apa virus yang menyebabkan tumor di kebanyakan mamalia? || SV40 <> Siapa yang mengenal pasti virus SV40? || Maurice Hilleman <> SV40 hadir dalam apa vaksin? || polio <> Bilakah vaksin Lumpuh dibuat? || <> Siapa yang mengenal pasti virus SV50? || <> Apakah komplikasi virus SV50? || <> Siapa yang membiayai vaksin kelumpuhan? || <> Siapa yang mengumumkan bahawa SV50 tidak dikaitkan dengan kanser? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Polio vaccine created?", "id": "571ab7b210f8ca140030530f", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who identified the SV40 virus?", "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305310", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a complication of the SV40 virus?", "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305311", "answers": [{"text": "cause tumors", "answer_start": 814}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who funded the Polio vaccine?", "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305312", "answers": [{"text": "National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?", "id": "571ab7b210f8ca1400305313", "answers": [{"text": "United States Cancer Institute", "answer_start": 1142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the polio vaccine created?", "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1dc", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the polio vaccine?", "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1dd", "answers": [{"text": "Jonas Salk", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What virus caused tumors in most mammals?", "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1de", "answers": [{"text": "SV40", "answer_start": 777}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who identified the SV40 virus?", "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1df", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "SV40 was present in what vaccine?", "id": "571cfbd6dd7acb1400e4c1e0", "answers": [{"text": "polio", "answer_start": 920}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "When was the Paralysis vaccine created?", "id": "5ad373bf604f3c001a3fe2bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 722}], "question": "Who identified the SV50 virus?", "id": "5ad373bf604f3c001a3fe2bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cause tumors", "answer_start": 814}], "question": "What was a complication of the SV50 virus?", "id": "5ad373bf604f3c001a3fe2bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis", "answer_start": 541}], "question": "Who funded the Paralysis vaccine?", "id": "5ad373bf604f3c001a3fe2be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Cancer Institute", "answer_start": 1142}], "question": "Who announced that SV50 was not associated with cancer?", "id": "5ad373bf604f3c001a3fe2bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the years 1940-1955, the rate of decline in the U.S. death rate accelerated from 2% per year to 8% per year, then returned to the historical rate of 2% per year. The dramatic decline in the immediate post-war years has been attributed to the rapid development of new treatments and vaccines for infectious disease that occurred during these years. Vaccine development continued to accelerate, with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The vaccine process was never patented, but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species. It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90% of the children in the United States. The contamination appears to have originated both in the original cell stock and in monkey tissue used for production. In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people."}], ["Pada bulan Mac 2001, 40 syarikat farmaseutikal pelbagai negara membawa tindakan undang-undang terhadap Afrika Selatan untuk Akta Ubatnya, yang membolehkan pengeluaran generik ubat antiretroviral (ARV) untuk merawat HIV, walaupun pada hakikatnya ubat-ubatan ini paten. HIV adalah dan merupakan wabak di Afrika Selatan, dan ARV pada masa itu antara 10,000 hingga 15,000 USD setiap pesakit setahun. Ini tidak dapat digunakan untuk kebanyakan rakyat Afrika Selatan, dan oleh itu kerajaan Afrika Selatan berkomitmen untuk menyediakan ARV pada harga yang lebih dekat dengan apa yang orang mampu. Untuk berbuat demikian, mereka perlu mengabaikan paten pada ubat-ubatan dan menghasilkan generik di dalam negara (menggunakan lesen wajib), atau mengimportnya dari luar negara. Selepas protes antarabangsa memihak kepada hak kesihatan awam (termasuk pengumpulan 250,000 tanda tangan oleh MSF), beberapa negara maju (termasuk Belanda, Jerman, Perancis, dan Amerika Syarikat) menyokong kerajaan Afrika Selatan, dan kes itu jatuh pada bulan April tahun itu. <> Berapakah rawatan untuk setiap pesakit di Afrika? || 10,000 dan 15,000 USD setiap pesakit setiap tahun <> Siapa yang membawa litigasi ke Afrika Selatan? || 40 syarikat farmaseutikal pelbagai negara <> Berapa banyak tanda tangan yang dikumpul oleh MSF? || 250,000 tandatangan <> Bilakah litigasi dibawa ke Afrika Selatan? || Mac 2001 <> Siapa yang menyokong kerajaan Afrika Selatan yang menyebabkan kes itu jatuh? || Belanda, Jerman, Perancis, dan kemudian AS <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang menyaman Afrika Selatan untuk Akta Ubatnya? || 40 <> Akta Ubat Afrika Selatan membenarkan pengeluaran generik jenis dadah apa? || antiretroviral <> Berapakah jumlah ubat-ubatan ARV kos pesakit setiap tahun? || antara 10,000 dan 15,000 USD <> Berapa banyak tanda tangan dikumpulkan yang menyokong hak kesihatan awam? || 250,000 <> Berapakah rawatan untuk setiap pesakit dalam kos ARV? || <> Siapa yang membawa litigasi ke ARV? || <> Berapa banyak tanda tangan yang dikumpul oleh ARV? || <> Bilakah litigasi dibawa ke ARV? || <> Siapa yang menyokong kerajaan ARV yang menyebabkan kes itu jatuh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?", "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac48", "answers": [{"text": "10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who brought litigation to South Africa?", "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac49", "answers": [{"text": "40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many signatures were collected by MSF?", "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac4a", "answers": [{"text": "250,000 signatures", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was litigation brought to South Africa?", "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac4b", "answers": [{"text": "March 2001", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?", "id": "571ac0904faf5e1900b8ac4c", "answers": [{"text": "The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US", "answer_start": 876}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?", "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334eee", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?", "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334eef", "answers": [{"text": "antiretroviral", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?", "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334ef0", "answers": [{"text": "between 10,000 and 15,000 USD", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?", "id": "571d3f925efbb31900334ef1", "answers": [{"text": "250,000", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "How much did treatment for each patient in ARV cost?", "id": "5ad3b2fa604f3c001a3fed37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who brought litigation to the ARV?", "id": "5ad3b2fa604f3c001a3fed38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "250,000 signatures", "answer_start": 790}], "question": "How many signatures were collected by ARV?", "id": "5ad3b2fa604f3c001a3fed39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2001", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was litigation brought to ARV?", "id": "5ad3b2fa604f3c001a3fed3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US", "answer_start": 876}], "question": "Who backed the ARV government which caused the case to be dropped?", "id": "5ad3b2fa604f3c001a3fed3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2001, 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act, which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for treating HIV, despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent. HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa, and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in April of that year."}], ["Di AS, dorongan untuk semakan Akta FD & C muncul dari pendengaran Kongres yang diketuai oleh Senator Estes Kefauver dari Tennessee pada tahun 1959. Pendengarannya meliputi pelbagai isu dasar, termasuk penyalahgunaan iklan, keberkesanan ubat-ubatan yang dipersoalkan, dan keperluan untuk lebih besar peraturan industri. Walaupun momentum untuk undang-undang baru sementara ditandai di bawah perbahasan dilanjutkan, tragedi baru muncul yang menekankan keperluan untuk peraturan yang lebih komprehensif dan menyediakan daya penggerak untuk laluan undang-undang baru. <> Siapa yang mengetuai pendengaran kongres? || Senator Estes Kefauver <> Apa tindakan yang diperlukan? || FD & C <> Apakah isu-isu utama yang perlu ditangani? || penyalahgunaan pengiklanan, keberkesanan ubat-ubatan yang dipersoalkan, dan keperluan untuk pengawalseliaan industri yang lebih tinggi <> Apa yang menyebabkan keperluan untuk peraturan yang lebih? || tragedi baru muncul <> Bilakah timbul ini berlaku? || 1959 <> Perbicaraan kongres muncul menangani pembaharuan terhadap tindakan apa? || FD & C <> Siapa yang mengetuai pendengaran Kongres pada tahun 1959? || Senator Estes Kefauver <> Adakah Kongres AS memanggil lebih kurang peraturan farmaseutikal? || lebih besar <> Siapa yang mengetuai laluan kongres? || <> Apa kongres yang diperlukan peruntukan? || <> Apakah isu-isu utama yang perlu dikaji semula? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan keperluan untuk lebih banyak industri? || <> Bilakah keberkesanan yang dipersoalkan berlaku? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who led the congressional hearings?", "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4c", "answers": [{"text": "Senator Estes Kefauver", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act needed provisions?", "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4d", "answers": [{"text": "FD&C", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?", "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4e", "answers": [{"text": "advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a need for more regulation?", "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f4f", "answers": [{"text": "a new tragedy emerged", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did this push occur?", "id": "571adbce32177014007e9f50", "answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?", "id": "571d0ddb5efbb31900334e88", "answers": [{"text": "FD&C", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?", "id": "571d0ddb5efbb31900334e89", "answers": [{"text": "Senator Estes Kefauver", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?", "id": "571d0ddb5efbb31900334e8a", "answers": [{"text": "greater", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Senator Estes Kefauver", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Who led the congressional passages?", "id": "5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FD&C", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What congress needed provisions?", "id": "5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What were the major issues that needed to be revised?", "id": "5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a new tragedy emerged", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "What caused a need for more industry?", "id": "5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1959", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "When did questionable efficacy occur?", "id": "5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate, a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws."}], ["Sebahagian daripada anggaran ini juga mengambil kira peluang peluang untuk melabur modal bertahun-tahun sebelum pendapatan direalisasikan (lihat Nilai masa wang). Oleh kerana masa yang sangat diperlukan untuk penemuan, pembangunan, dan kelulusan farmaseutikal, kos-kos ini dapat dikumpulkan kepada hampir separuh jumlah perbelanjaan. Konsekuensi langsung dalam rantaian nilai industri farmaseutikal adalah bahawa multinasional farmaseutikal utama cenderung semakin mengalih keluar risiko yang berkaitan dengan penyelidikan asas, yang agak membentuk ekosistem industri dengan syarikat bioteknologi memainkan peranan yang semakin penting, dan strategi secara keseluruhannya ditakrifkan semula dengan sewajarnya. Sesetengah ubat yang diluluskan, seperti yang berasaskan penggubalan semula bahan aktif yang sedia ada (juga disebut sebagai Pelanjutan Talian) jauh lebih murah untuk dimajukan. <> Apa ubat-ubatan yang paling mahal untuk dimajukan? || yang berdasarkan penggubalan semula bahan aktif sedia ada <> Apa yang menyumbang hampir separuh daripada kos untuk membina dadah? || kos peluang untuk melabur modal <> Apakah akibatnya dalam rantaian nilai? || semakin outsource risiko yang berkaitan dengan penyelidikan asas <> Apa yang berlaku apabila syarikat outsourcing? || agak membentuk ekosistem industri dengan syarikat-syarikat bioteknologi <> Apakah rumusan semula bahan aktif yang disebut? || Peluasan talian <> Modal pelaburan boleh meningkatkan kos pembangunan dadah sebanyak berapa? || hampir separuh jumlah perbelanjaan <> Apa jenis syarikat yang mempunyai peranan yang lebih penting dalam pembangunan dadah? || bioteknologi <> firma apa yang cenderung untuk mengedar sumber ubat? || farmaseutikal multinasional utama <> Apa ubat-ubatan yang paling asas untuk berkembang? || <> Apa yang menyumbang hampir separuh daripada kos untuk membangunkan syarikat? || <> Apakah akibatnya dalam rantaian penyelidikan? || <> Apa yang berlaku apabila syarikat meluluskan dadah? || <> Apakah rumusan semula ubat-ubatan yang diluluskan disebut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What drugs are the least expensive to develop?", "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc6", "answers": [{"text": "those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient", "answer_start": 694}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?", "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc7", "answers": [{"text": "opportunity cost of investing capital", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the consequence in the value chain?", "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc8", "answers": [{"text": "increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens when companies outsource?", "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fc9", "answers": [{"text": "somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?", "id": "571ae71a32177014007e9fca", "answers": [{"text": "Line-extensions", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?", "id": "571d1d495efbb31900334ea8", "answers": [{"text": "nearly half the total expense", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?", "id": "571d1d495efbb31900334ea9", "answers": [{"text": "biotechnology", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What firms tend to outsource drug development?", "id": "571d1d495efbb31900334eaa", "answers": [{"text": "major pharmaceutical multinationals", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "What drugs are the least fundamental to develop?", "id": "5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe843", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opportunity cost of investing capital", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop companies?", "id": "5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe844", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "What is the consequence in the research chain?", "id": "5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe845", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What happens when companies approve drugs?", "id": "5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe846", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Line-extensions", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "What is re-formulations of approved drugs referred to?", "id": "5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe847", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research, which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role, and overall strategies being redefined accordingly. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop."}], ["Firma itu terus menekan Kelsey dan agensi untuk meluluskan permohonan itu - sehingga November 1961, apabila ubat itu ditarik keluar dari pasar Jerman kerana persatuannya dengan kelainan kongenital kubur. Beberapa ribu bayi baru lahir di Eropah dan di tempat lain mengalami kesan teratogenik thalidomide. Walaupun ubat itu tidak pernah diluluskan di Amerika Syarikat, firma itu mengagihkan Kevadon kepada lebih daripada 1,000 pakar perubatan di bawah penggunaan penyelidikan. Lebih 20,000 rakyat Amerika menerima thalidomide dalam \"kajian ini\", termasuk 624 wanita hamil, dan kira-kira 17 bayi yang baru lahir mengalami kesan ubat. [] Mengapa jumlah orang Amerika diberikan ubat Kevadon? || Lebih 20,000 <> Bilakah ubat diambil di Jerman? || November 1961 <> Berapa banyak bayi baru dilahirkan dengan isu-isu yang disebabkan oleh Kevadon? || kira-kira 17 <> Bagaimana Kevadon diedarkan kepada doktor? || di bawah nama penggunaan penyelidikan <> Mengapa ubat ini ditarik dari rak? || persatuan dengan keabnormalan kongenital <> Dalam tahun apakah thalidomide diharamkan di Jerman? || 1961 <> Apa kesan sampingan yang berkaitan dengan thalidomide? || keabnormalan kongenital <> Thalidomide telah diedarkan di Amerika Syarikat dengan nama apa? || Kevadon <> Berapa banyak rakyat Amerika menerima thalidomide dalam kajian yang sepatutnya? || Lebih 20,000 <> Berapa banyak bayi Amerika yang baru dilahirkan dipengaruhi oleh thalidomide? || 17 <> Berapa ramai rakyat Amerika yang diberi ubat thalidomide? || <> Bilakah dadah diambil dari rak di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Berapa banyak bayi baru dilahirkan dengan isu-isu yang disebabkan oleh Jerman? || <> Bagaimana Kevadon diedarkan ke Amerika Syarikat? || <> Mengapa ubat ini diletakkan di atas rak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?", "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f64", "answers": [{"text": "Over 20,000", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?", "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f65", "answers": [{"text": "November 1961", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?", "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f66", "answers": [{"text": "about 17", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?", "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f67", "answers": [{"text": "under the guise of investigational use", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was this drug pulled off shelves?", "id": "571ade8e32177014007e9f68", "answers": [{"text": "association with grave congenital abnormalities", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?", "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c1fe", "answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?", "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c1ff", "answers": [{"text": "congenital abnormalities", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?", "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c200", "answers": [{"text": "Kevadon", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?", "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c201", "answers": [{"text": "Over 20,000", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?", "id": "571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c202", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Over 20,000", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "How many Americans were given the drug thalidomide?", "id": "5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 1961", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "When was the drug taken off shelves in the USA?", "id": "5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 17", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "How many newborns were born with issues due to Germany?", "id": "5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "under the guise of investigational use", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "How was Kevadon distributed to the USA?", "id": "5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "under the guise of investigational use", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "Why was this drug put on shelves?", "id": "5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application\u2014until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though the drug was never approved in the USA, the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use. Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this \"study,\" including 624 pregnant patients, and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug.[citation needed]"}], ["Tragedi thalidomide membangkitkan semula wang Kefauver untuk meningkatkan peraturan dadah yang telah terhenti di Kongres, dan Kefauver-Harris Amendment menjadi undang-undang pada 10 Oktober 1962. Pengeluar perlu membuktikan kepada FDA bahawa ubat mereka adalah berkesan dan selamat sebelum mereka dapat pasaran AS. FDA menerima kuasa untuk mengawal pengiklanan ubat preskripsi dan untuk mewujudkan amalan perkilangan yang baik. Undang-undang memerlukan semua ubat yang diperkenalkan antara tahun 1938 dan 1962 perlu berkesan. Satu kajian kolaborasi FDA - Akademi Sains Kebangsaan menunjukkan bahawa hampir 40 peratus daripada produk ini tidak berkesan. Satu kajian yang komprehensif mengenai produk berhadapan bermula 10 tahun kemudian. <> Bilakah Pindaan Kefauver-Harris menjadi undang-undang? || 10 Oktober 1962 <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh undang-undang baru ini? || semua ubat diperkenalkan antara tahun 1938 dan 1962 perlu berkesan <> Apa yang ditemui oleh Akademi Sains Negara? || hampir 40 peratus daripada produk-produk ini tidak berkesan <> Berapa lama selepas kajian Akademi Sains Negara melakukan kajian mengenai ubat-ubatan kaunter berlaku? || sepuluh tahun kemudian <> Apa yang membangkitkan peningkatan peraturan dadah? || Tragedi thalidomide <> Bilakah Kefauver-Harris Amendment menjadi undang-undang? || 10 Oktober 1962 <> Apa agensi persekutuan mengawal pengiklanan ubat preskripsi? || FDA <> Dadah yang dibuat antara tahun yang perlu diuji sebelum pergi ke pasaran? || 1938 dan 1962 <> Berapa peratus daripada ubat-ubatan yang ditunjukkan tidak berkesan selepas kajian FDA? || 40 peratus <> Bilakah Pindaan FDA menjadi undang-undang? || <> Apa yang dilarang undang-undang baru ini? || <> Apa kajian FDA? || <> Berapa lama selepas kajian FDA melakukan kajian mengenai ubat-ubatan kaunter berlaku? || <> Apa yang membangkitkan peraturan Kongres? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?", "id": "571addd39499d21900609b65", "answers": [{"text": "10 October 1962", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did this new law require?", "id": "571addd39499d21900609b66", "answers": [{"text": "all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?", "id": "571addd39499d21900609b67", "answers": [{"text": "nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?", "id": "571addd39499d21900609b68", "answers": [{"text": "ten years later", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?", "id": "571addd39499d21900609b69", "answers": [{"text": "The thalidomide tragedy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?", "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e98", "answers": [{"text": "10 October 1962", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?", "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e99", "answers": [{"text": "FDA", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?", "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e9a", "answers": [{"text": "1938 and 1962", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?", "id": "571d10085efbb31900334e9b", "answers": [{"text": "40 percent", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 October 1962", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "When did the FDA Amendment become a law?", "id": "5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe3fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What did this new law prohibit?", "id": "5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe3fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What did the FDA study discover?", "id": "5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe3ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten years later", "answer_start": 705}], "question": "How long after the FDA's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?", "id": "5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe400", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The thalidomide tragedy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What brought up enhancement of Congress regulations?", "id": "5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe401", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later."}], ["Penemuan dadah dan pembangunan sangat mahal; semua sebatian yang disiasat untuk digunakan pada manusia hanya sebahagian kecil akhirnya diluluskan di kebanyakan negara oleh institusi atau dewan perubatan kerajaan yang dilantik, yang perlu meluluskan ubat-ubatan baru sebelum mereka dapat dipasarkan di negara-negara tersebut. Pada tahun 2010 18 NMEs (Entiti Molekul Baru) telah diluluskan dan tiga biologik oleh FDA, atau 21 jumlah, yang turun dari 26 pada tahun 2009 dan 24 pada tahun 2008. Sebaliknya, hanya 18 kelulusan pada tahun 2007 dan 22 tahun 2006. Sejak tahun 2001, Pusat Penilaian dan Penyelidikan Dadah telah purata 22.9 kelulusan setahun. Kelulusan ini hanya berlaku selepas pelaburan berat dalam pembangunan pra-klinikal dan percubaan klinikal, serta komitmen terhadap pemantauan keselamatan berterusan. Dadah yang gagal melalui proses ini sering menanggung kos yang besar, sementara tidak menghasilkan hasil sebagai balasan. Jika kos ubat-ubatan yang gagal ini diambil kira, kos untuk membangunkan ubat baru yang berjaya (entiti kimia baru atau NCE), dianggarkan kira-kira 1.3 bilion USD (tidak termasuk perbelanjaan pemasaran). Profesor Light dan Lexchin dilaporkan pada tahun 2012, bagaimanapun, kadar kelulusan untuk ubat-ubatan baru telah kadar purata relatif stabil antara 15 hingga 25 selama beberapa dekad. <> Berapakah kos untuk membangunkan ubat baru? || kira-kira 1.3 bilion <> Berapa banyak kelulusan ubat-ubatan baru yang berlaku setiap tahun? || purata 22.9 kelulusan <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk kelulusan atau penolakan ubat baru? || Pusat Penilaian dan Penyelidikan Dadah <> Berapa banyak ubat yang telah diluluskan pada tahun 2007? || 18 kelulusan <> Siapa yang melaporkan kadar purata stabil pada tahun 2012? || Profesor Cahaya dan Lexchin <> Apa yang NMEs berdiri? || Entiti Molekul Baru <> Berapa banyak ubat farmaseutikal diluluskan secara purata sejak tahun 2001? || 22.9 <> Apakah anggaran kos untuk membangunkan ubat baru, termasuk kos kegagalan? || 1.3 bilion USD <> Apakah kadar kelulusan yang stabil bagi dadah baru? || 15 hingga 25 <> Berapakah kos untuk membangunkan kelulusan? || <> Berapa banyak kelulusan pusat baru berlaku setiap tahun? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk kelulusan atau penolakan pusat? || <> Berapa banyak ubat yang telah diluluskan pada tahun 2012? || <> Siapa yang melaporkan kadar purata stabil pada tahun 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much does it cost to develop a new drug?", "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b8d", "answers": [{"text": "about 1.3 billion", "answer_start": 1038}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?", "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b8e", "answers": [{"text": "averaged 22.9 approvals", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?", "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b8f", "answers": [{"text": "Center for Drug Evaluation and Research", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many drugs were approved in 2007?", "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b90", "answers": [{"text": "18 approvals", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?", "id": "571ae4719499d21900609b91", "answers": [{"text": "Professors Light and Lexchin", "answer_start": 1095}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does NMEs stand for?", "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21c", "answers": [{"text": "New Molecular Entities", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?", "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21d", "answers": [{"text": "22.9", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?", "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21e", "answers": [{"text": "1.3 billion USD", "answer_start": 1044}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?", "id": "571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21f", "answers": [{"text": "15 to 25", "answer_start": 1236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 1.3 billion", "answer_start": 1038}], "question": "How much does it cost to develop approvals?", "id": "5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "averaged 22.9 approvals", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "How many approvals of new centers happen every year?", "id": "5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Center for Drug Evaluation and Research", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "Who is responsible for approval or rejection of centers?", "id": "5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "How many drugs were approved in 2012?", "id": "5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Professors Light and Lexchin", "answer_start": 1095}], "question": "Who reported the stable average rate in 2007?", "id": "5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molecular Entities) were approved and three biologics by the FDA, or 21 in total, which is down from 26 in 2009 and 24 in 2008. On the other hand, there were only 18 approvals in total in 2007 and 22 back in 2006. Since 2001, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (new chemical entity, or NCE), has been estimated at about 1.3 billion USD(not including marketing expenses). Professors Light and Lexchin reported in 2012, however, that the rate of approval for new drugs has been a relatively stable average rate of 15 to 25 for decades."}], ["Penemuan dadah adalah proses yang mana ubat-ubatan yang berpotensi ditemui atau direka. Pada masa lalu kebanyakan ubat telah ditemui sama ada dengan mengasingkan bahan aktif dari ubat-ubatan tradisional atau penemuan serendipitous. Bioteknologi moden sering memberi tumpuan kepada memahami laluan metabolik yang berkaitan dengan keadaan penyakit atau patogen, dan memanipulasi laluan ini menggunakan biologi molekul atau biokimia. Banyak penemuan ubat peringkat awal secara tradisional telah dijalankan oleh universiti dan institusi penyelidikan. <> Apakah penemuan dadah? || proses yang mana dadah berpotensi dijumpai atau direka <> Siapa yang biasanya bertanggungjawab untuk penemuan ubat awal? || universiti dan institusi penyelidikan <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memanipulasi laluan? || biologi molekul atau biokimia <> Apa yang terlibat dengan penemuan dadah? || mengasingkan bahan aktif dari ubat-ubatan tradisional atau penemuan serendipitous <> Apa yang menumpukan kepada laluan metabolik? || bioteknologi <> Apakah nama proses di mana ubat-ubatan mungkin ditemui? || Penemuan ubat <> Apakah kumpulan yang menjalankan penemuan ubat yang paling awal? || Institusi penyelidikan <> Apakah teknologi yang mengkaji pemahaman dan manipulasi keadaan penyakit dan patogen? || Bioteknologi <> Kebanyakan ubat-ubatan telah ditemui dengan mengasingkan dari ubat-ubatan tradisional? || bahan aktif <> Apakah penemuan ubat? || <> Siapa yang biasanya bertanggungjawab untuk penemuan ubat awal? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memanipulasi institusi? || <> Apa yang terlibat dalam penemuan ubat? || <> Apa yang menumpukan kepada laluan peringkat awal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a drug discovery?", "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f94", "answers": [{"text": "the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?", "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f95", "answers": [{"text": "universities and research institutions", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to manipulate pathways?", "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f96", "answers": [{"text": "molecular biology or biochemistry", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is involved in drug discovery?", "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f97", "answers": [{"text": "isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What focuses on metabolic pathways?", "id": "571ae2c632177014007e9f98", "answers": [{"text": "biotechnology", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?", "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea0", "answers": [{"text": "Drug discovery", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?", "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea1", "answers": [{"text": "research institutions", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?", "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea2", "answers": [{"text": "biotechnology", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?", "id": "571d14aa5efbb31900334ea3", "answers": [{"text": "active ingredient", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What is a remedy discovery?", "id": "5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "universities and research institutions", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "Who is usually responsible for early stages of remedy discovery?", "id": "5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "molecular biology or biochemistry", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What is used to manipulate institutions?", "id": "5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What is involved in remedy discovery?", "id": "5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "biotechnology", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What focuses on early-stage pathways?", "id": "5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions."}], ["Pada tahun 1952 para penyelidik di Ciba mendapati vasodilator pertama, hydralazine yang tersedia secara lisan. Kekurangan utama monoterapi hydralazine adalah bahawa ia hilang keberkesanan dari masa ke masa (tachyphylaxis). Pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an, Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, dan Frederick C. Novello dari Merck dan Co. menemui dan mengembangkan chlorothiazide, yang kekal sebagai ubat antihipertensi yang paling banyak digunakan hari ini. Perkembangan ini dikaitkan dengan penurunan besar dalam kadar kematian di kalangan orang dengan hipertensi. Pencipta telah diiktiraf oleh Anugerah Laskar Kesihatan Awam pada tahun 1975 untuk \"menjimatkan ribuan nyawa dan pengurangan penderitaan berjuta-juta mangsa tekanan darah tinggi\". <> Siapa yang menemui Hydralazine? || penyelidik di Ciba <> Mengapa pengkaji diiktiraf pada tahun 1975? || penjimatan ribuan nyawa dan pengurangan penderitaan berjuta-juta mangsa hipertensi <> Siapa yang telah mengembangkan Chlorothiazide? || Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, dan Frederick C. Novello daripada Merck dan Co <> Apakah Chlorothiazide digunakan untuk merawat? || hipertensi <> Apakah kelemahan utama dalam Hydralazine ubat? || hilang keberkesanannya sepanjang masa <> Apakah nama vasodilator mulut pertama? || hydralazine <> Apakah ubat antihipertensi yang paling banyak digunakan hari ini? || chlorothiazide <> Beyer, Sprague, Baer, dan Novello menerima anugerah apa pada tahun 1975? || Anugerah Laskar Kesihatan Awam <> Dalam tahun apakah hidralazine ditemui? || 1952 <> Chlorothiazide membantu mengurangkan kadar kematian di antara mereka yang mempunyai penyakit apa? || hipertensi <> Siapa yang menemui Lasker? || <> Mengapa pengkaji diiktiraf pada tahun 1952? || <> yang membangunkan Ciba? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk merawat Ciba? || <> Apakah kekurangan utama dalam ubat Ciba? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discovered Hydralazine?", "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b3d", "answers": [{"text": "researchers at Ciba", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?", "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b3e", "answers": [{"text": "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed Chlorothiazide?", "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b3f", "answers": [{"text": "Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?", "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b40", "answers": [{"text": "hypertension", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?", "id": "571ad0d09499d21900609b41", "answers": [{"text": "lost its effectiveness over time", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?", "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f4", "answers": [{"text": "hydralazine", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?", "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f5", "answers": [{"text": "chlorothiazide", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?", "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f6", "answers": [{"text": "Public Health Lasker Award", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was hydralazine discovered?", "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f7", "answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?", "id": "571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f8", "answers": [{"text": "hypertension", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "researchers at Ciba", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "Who discovered Lasker?", "id": "5ad37580604f3c001a3fe301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "Why were the researchers recognized in 1952?", "id": "5ad37580604f3c001a3fe302", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "who developed Ciba?", "id": "5ad37580604f3c001a3fe303", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hypertension", "answer_start": 703}], "question": "What is Ciba used to treat?", "id": "5ad37580604f3c001a3fe304", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lost its effectiveness over time", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What was the main shortcoming in the drug Ciba?", "id": "5ad37580604f3c001a3fe305", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for \"the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension\"."}], ["Pada bulan April 1994, hasil kajian tajaan Merck, Skandinavia Simvastatin Survival Study, telah diumumkan. Penyelidik menguji simvastatin, yang kemudiannya dijual oleh Merck sebagai Zocor, kepada 4,444 pesakit dengan kolesterol tinggi dan penyakit jantung. Selepas lima tahun, kajian itu menyimpulkan bahawa pesakit menyaksikan pengurangan kolesterol sebanyak 35%, dan peluang mereka untuk mati akibat serangan jantung dikurangkan sebanyak 42%. Pada tahun 1995, Zocor dan Mevacor membuat Merck lebih AS $ 1 bilion. Endo telah dianugerahkan Hadiah Jepun 2006, dan Anugerah Penyelidikan Perubatan Klinik Lasker-DeBakey pada tahun 2008. Untuk \"penyelidikan perintis ke dalam kelas molekul baru\" untuk \"merendahkan kolesterol,\" [fragmen ayat] <Siapa yang menerima Laser-Debakey Penyelidikan Perubatan Klinikal Sedar? || Endo <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibuat oleh Merk pada tahun 1995? || lebih daripada AS $ 1 bilion <> Berapa banyak pesakit yang menerima Zocor? || 4,444 <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan penaja Merk pada tahun 1994? || Kajian Survival Scandinavia Simvastatin <> Apa kajiannya mendedahkan selepas 5 tahun? || pengurangan 35% dalam kolesterol mereka, dan peluang mereka untuk mati akibat serangan jantung dikurangkan sebanyak 42% <> Apakah jenama simvastatin? || Zocor <> Pesakit yang dirawat dengan Zocor telah mengurangkan kolesterol mereka dengan berapa banyak? || 35% <> Berapa banyakkah Zocor mengurangkan peluang mati akibat serangan jantung? || 42% <> Berapa banyak wang yang dilakukan oleh Merck daripada jualan Zocor dan Mevacor? || Lebih daripada AS $ 1 bilion <> Endo menerima anugerah apa pada tahun 2008? || Anugerah Penyelidikan Perubatan Klinik Lasker-DeBakey <> Siapa yang menerima Ganjaran Penyelidikan Zocor? || <> Berapa banyak wang buat Simvastatin pada tahun 1995? || <> Berapa banyak pesakit yang menerima Simvastatin? || <> Apa kajian yang dilakukan oleh peniaga Merk pada tahun 2008? || <> Apa kajiannya mendedahkan selepas 2 tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?", "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f80", "answers": [{"text": "Endo", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Merk make in 1995?", "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f81", "answers": [{"text": "over US$1 billion", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many patients received Zocor?", "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f82", "answers": [{"text": "4,444", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?", "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f83", "answers": [{"text": "Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the study reveal after 5 years?", "id": "571ae17b32177014007e9f84", "answers": [{"text": "a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the brand name of simvastatin?", "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c212", "answers": [{"text": "Zocor", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?", "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c213", "answers": [{"text": "35%", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?", "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c214", "answers": [{"text": "42%", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?", "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c215", "answers": [{"text": "over US$1 billion", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Endo received what award in 2008?", "id": "571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c216", "answers": [{"text": "Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Endo", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "Who received the Zocor Research Reward?", "id": "5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over US$1 billion", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "How much money did Simvastatin make in 1995?", "id": "5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,444", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "How many patients received Simvastatin?", "id": "5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What study did Merk sponsor in 2008?", "id": "5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What did the study reveal after 2 years?", "id": "5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%. In 1995, Zocor and Mevacor both made Merck over US$1 billion. Endo was awarded the 2006 Japan Prize, and the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008. For his \"pioneering research into a new class of molecules\" for \"lowering cholesterol,\"[sentence fragment]"}], ["Lain-lain vaksin baru yang terkenal dalam tempoh ini termasuk yang campak (1962, John Franklin Enders Pusat Perubatan Kanak-kanak Boston, kemudian disempurnakan oleh Maurice Hilleman di Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) dan gondok (1967, Hilleman, Merck) Kejadian rubella, sindrom rubella kongenital, campak, dan cendawan semuanya jatuh sebanyak> 95% selepas kejadian vaksinasi yang meluas. 20 tahun pertama vaksin tebus campak di A.S. menghalang anggaran 52 juta kes penyakit, 17,400 kes retardasi mental, dan 5,200 kematian. <> Apa yang dicetuskan campak pertama dalam 20 tahun pertama? || anggaran 52 juta kes penyakit, 17,400 kes retardasi mental, dan 5,200 kematian <> Siapakah yang mula-mula mencipta vaksin campak? || John Franklin Enders <> Berapa banyak kejadian penyakit serius sejurus selepas pembebasan vaksin campak? || > 95% <> Bilakah vaksin Rubella keluar? || 1969 <> Siapa yang mencipta semula vaksin campak? || Maurice Hilleman <> Pada tahun apa vaksin campak dibuat? || 1962 <> Siapa yang membantu memperbaiki vaksin campak? || Maurice Hilleman <> Pada tahun apakah vaksin gout dibuat? || 1967 <> Berapakah penurunan infeksi rubella, campak, dan gondong selepas vaksinasi? || > 95% <> Vaksin campak membantu mencegah berapa banyak kes jangkaan penyakit? || 52 juta <> Apa yang telah dicegah dalam kesakitan pertama dalam 10 tahun pertama? || <> Siapa yang mula mencipta rubella? || <> Berapakah berlakunya penyakit serius sejurus selepas pembebasan rubella? || <> Bilakah campak keluar? || <> Yang dicipta campak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?", "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5b", "answers": [{"text": "an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who originally created the measles vaccine?", "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5c", "answers": [{"text": "John Franklin Enders", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?", "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5d", "answers": [{"text": ">95%", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Rubella vaccine come out?", "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5e", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who recreated the measles vaccine?", "id": "571adceb9499d21900609b5f", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the measles vaccine made?", "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e8e", "answers": [{"text": "1962", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped refine the measles vaccine?", "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e8f", "answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the mumps vaccine made?", "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e90", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?", "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e91", "answers": [{"text": ">95%", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?", "id": "571d0e925efbb31900334e92", "answers": [{"text": "52 million", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What did the first measles prevent in its first 10 years?", "id": "5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Franklin Enders", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Who originally created rubella?", "id": "5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": ">95%", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of rubella?", "id": "5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "When did measles come out?", "id": "5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maurice Hilleman", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "Who recreated measles?", "id": "5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles, and mumps all fell by >95% in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths."}], ["Sebelum peperangan dunia kedua, kawalan kelahiran dilarang di banyak negara, dan di Amerika Syarikat bahkan perbincangan mengenai kaedah kontraseptif kadang-kadang membawa kepada pendakwaan di bawah undang-undang Comstock. Sejarah perkembangan kontraseptif oral dengan itu terikat dengan pergerakan kawalan kelahiran dan usaha para aktivis Margaret Sanger, Mary Dennett, dan Emma Goldman. Berdasarkan kajian asas yang dilakukan oleh Gregory Pincus dan kaedah sintetik untuk progesteron yang dikembangkan oleh Carl Djerassi di Syntex dan oleh Frank Colton di G.D. Searle & Co., kontrasepsi oral pertama, Enovid, telah dibangunkan oleh E.D. Searle and Co. dan diluluskan oleh FDA pada tahun 1960. Formula asal menggabungkan dos hormon yang berlebihan, dan menyebabkan kesan sampingan yang teruk. Walau bagaimanapun, menjelang tahun 1962, 1.2 juta wanita Amerika berada di pil itu, dan pada tahun 1965 jumlah itu meningkat kepada 6.5 juta. Ketersediaan bentuk perancang sementara yang mudah membawa kepada perubahan dramatik di dalam suasana sosial termasuk memperluaskan pelbagai pilihan gaya hidup yang tersedia kepada wanita, mengurangkan pergantungan wanita terhadap lelaki untuk amalan kontraseptif, menggalakkan kelewatan perkahwinan, dan meningkatkan perkahwinan sebelum perkahwinan -habitation. <> Apakah undang-undang yang melarang kawalan kelahiran? || Undang-undang Comstock <> Bilakah Enovid diluluskan dahulu? || 1960 <> Apa yang meningkat disebabkan adanya kawalan kelahiran? || kelahiran pra-perkahwinan <> Pada tahun 1965, berapa wanita berada dalam pil kawalan kelahiran? || 6.5 juta <> Siapa yang membuat kawalan lahir mulut pertama? || E.D. Searle and Co <> Membincangkan kontrasepsi kadang-kadang membawa kepada pendakwaan di bawah undang-undang? || Undang-undang Comstock <> Apakah nama kontraseptif oral pertama? || Enovid <> Bilakah FDA meluluskan Enovid? || 1960 <> Menjelang tahun 1965, berapa ramai wanita Amerika yang mengambil Enovid? || 6.5 juta <> Kawalan kelahiran dilarang di kebanyakan negara sebelum peperangan apa? || perang dunia kedua <> Apa undang-undang yang melarang pil yang teruk? || <> Bilakah Colton mula diluluskan? || <> Apa yang meningkat disebabkan adanya pil yang teruk? || <> Pada tahun 1965, berapa wanita telah menjalani pil yang teruk? || <> Siapa yang membuat kawalan perkahwinan pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What law prohibited birth control?", "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b79", "answers": [{"text": "Comstock laws", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Enovid first approved?", "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7a", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What increased due to the availability of birth control?", "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7b", "answers": [{"text": "pre-marital co-habitation", "answer_start": 1184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?", "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7c", "answers": [{"text": "6.5 million", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the first oral birth control?", "id": "571ae0179499d21900609b7d", "answers": [{"text": "E.D. Searle and Co", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?", "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c208", "answers": [{"text": "Comstock laws", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?", "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c209", "answers": [{"text": "Enovid", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the FDA approve Enovid?", "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20a", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?", "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20b", "answers": [{"text": "6.5 million", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?", "id": "571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20c", "answers": [{"text": "second world war", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Comstock laws", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What law prohibited severe pills?", "id": "5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe383", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "When was Colton first approved?", "id": "5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe384", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pre-marital co-habitation", "answer_start": 1184}], "question": "What increased due to the availability of severe pills?", "id": "5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe385", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6.5 million", "answer_start": 879}], "question": "In 1965, how many women were on the severe pill?", "id": "5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe386", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E.D. Searle and Co.", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "Who created the first marriage control?", "id": "5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe387", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of activists Margaret Sanger, Mary Dennett, and Emma Goldman. Based on fundamental research performed by Gregory Pincus and synthetic methods for progesterone developed by Carl Djerassi at Syntex and by Frank Colton at G.D. Searle & Co., the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960. The original formulation incorporated vastly excessive doses of hormones, and caused severe side effects. Nonetheless, by 1962, 1.2 million American women were on the pill, and by 1965 the number had increased to 6.5 million. The availability of a convenient form of temporary contraceptive led to dramatic changes in social mores including expanding the range of lifestyle options available to women, reducing the reliance of women on men for contraceptive practice, encouraging the delay of marriage, and increasing pre-marital co-habitation."}], ["Sepuluh ubat terlaris terbaik pada 2013 berjumlah $ 75.6 bilion dalam jualan, dengan ubat anti-radang Humira menjadi ubat terlaris di seluruh dunia pada $ 10.7 bilion dalam jualan. Jualan kedua dan ketiga adalah Enbrel dan Remicade. Tiga ubat terlaris di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2013 adalah Abilify ($ 6.3 bilion,) Nexium ($ 6 bilion) dan Humira ($ 5.4 bilion). Narkoba yang paling laris pernah, Lipitor, purata $ 13 bilion setahun dan menjaringkan jumlah keseluruhan $ 141 bilion sepanjang hayatnya sebelum paten Pfizer tamat pada bulan November 2011. <> Berapa banyak wang yang membuat sepuluh ubi laris terbaik dibuat pada tahun 2013? || $ 75.6 bilion <> Apa nama ubat anti-inflamasi terlaris pada tahun 2013? || Humira <> Apakah ubat laris dalam sejarah? || Lipitor <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibuat oleh Lipitor sebelum paten berakhir? || $ 141 bilion <> Dalam tahun apakah paten Pfizer mengenai Lipitor tamat? || 2011 <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibuat dalam 10 terbaik ubat laris dalam tahun 2011? || <> Apakah nama ubat anti-inflamasi terlaris pada tahun 2011? || <> Apakah ubat laris pada tahun 2011? || <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibuat oleh Lipitor selepas paten tamat? || <> Dalam tahun apakah paten Humira atas Lipitor tamat tempoh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?", "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23c", "answers": [{"text": "$75.6 billion", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?", "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23d", "answers": [{"text": "Humira", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the bestselling drug in history?", "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23e", "answers": [{"text": "Lipitor", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?", "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23f", "answers": [{"text": "$141 billion", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?", "id": "571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c240", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$75.6 billion", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2011?", "id": "5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Humira", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011?", "id": "5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lipitor", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "What was the bestselling drug in 2011?", "id": "5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$141 billion", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "How much money did Lipitor make after the patent expired?", "id": "5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire?", "id": "5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abilify ($6.3 billion,) Nexium ($6 billion) and Humira ($5.4 billion). The best-selling drug ever, Lipitor, averaged $13 billion annually and netted $141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer's patent expired in November 2011."}], ["Di kebanyakan negara-negara Barat yang bukan AS, 'halangan keempat' analisis keberkesanan kos telah dibangunkan sebelum teknologi baru dapat disediakan. Ini memberi tumpuan kepada kecekapan (dari segi kos setiap QALY) teknologi yang dimaksudkan daripada keberkesanannya. Di England dan Wales NICE memutuskan sama ada dan dalam keadaan apa ubat dan teknologi akan disediakan oleh NHS, sementara pengaturan serupa wujud dengan Consortium Ubat Skotlandia di Scotland, dan Jawatankuasa Penasihat Faedah Farmaseutikal di Australia. Produk mesti melepasi ambang untuk keberkesanan kos jika perlu diluluskan. Rawatan mesti mewakili 'nilai untuk wang' dan manfaat bersih kepada masyarakat. <> NICE memutuskan ketersediaan ubat di mana dua negara? || England dan Wales <> Apakah nama organisasi di Scotland yang menentukan ketersediaan dadah? || Konsortium ubat-ubatan Scotland <> Apa ambang mesti pas dadah sebelum diluluskan? || keberkesanan kos <> QALY memutuskan ketersediaan ubat di mana dua negara? || <> Apakah nama organisasi di Wales yang memutuskan adanya ubat? || <> Apa ambang mesti pas Wales sebelum diluluskan? || <> Di mana QALY membuat keputusan sama ada memutuskan apa ubat dan teknologi akan disediakan? || <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh NHS untuk diluluskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?", "id": "571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec2", "answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?", "id": "571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec3", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish Medicines Consortium", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?", "id": "571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec4", "answers": [{"text": "cost-effectiveness", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "QALY decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?", "id": "5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scottish Medicines Consortium", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What is the name of the organization in Wales that decides the availability of drugs?", "id": "5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cost-effectiveness", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "What threshold must a Wales pass before it is approved?", "id": "5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "England and Wales", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "Where does QALY decide whether decide in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available?", "id": "5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pass the threshold for cost-effectiveness", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What must the NHS do in order to be approved?", "id": "5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available by the NHS, whilst similar arrangements exist with the Scottish Medicines Consortium in Scotland, and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia. A product must pass the threshold for cost-effectiveness if it is to be approved. Treatments must represent 'value for money' and a net benefit to society."}], ["Ben Goldacre telah menegaskan bahawa pengawal selia - seperti Agensi Kawal Selia Produk Perubatan dan Kesihatan (MHRA) di UK, atau Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah (FDA) di Amerika Syarikat - memajukan kepentingan syarikat dadah daripada kepentingan orang awam berikutan pertukaran pintu pusingan pekerja antara pengawal selia dan syarikat dan persahabatan berkembang antara pengatur dan pekerja syarikat. Beliau berpendapat bahawa pengawal selia tidak memerlukan ubat-ubatan baru yang menawarkan penambahbaikan terhadap apa yang sudah ada, atau bahkan ia sangat berkesan. <> Siapa yang berhujah terhadap pengawal selia? || Ben Goldacre <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa pengawal selia dadah lebih besar berkhidmat dengan kepentingan syarikat ubat daripada pesakit? || Ben Goldacre <> Persahabatan perniagaan antara mana pihak telah dikritik? || pengawal selia dan pekerja syarikat <> Goldacre berhujah bahawa parti mana yang tidak memerlukan ubat baru diperbaiki sama sekali? || pengawal selia <> yang berhujah terhadap orang ramai? || <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa pengawal selia ubat lebih besar melayani kepentingan pesakit daripada syarikat ubat? || <> Persahabatan perniagaan antara mana pihak dipuji? || <> FDA berhujah bahawa parti mana yang tidak memerlukan ubat baru diperbaiki sama sekali? || <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa pengawal selia tidak memerlukan pengawal selia baru yang menawarkan peningkatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who argued against regulators?", "id": "571af9889499d21900609bcb", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Goldacre", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?", "id": "571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25c", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Goldacre", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?", "id": "571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25d", "answers": [{"text": "regulator and company employees", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?", "id": "571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25e", "answers": [{"text": "regulators", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ben Goldacre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who argued against the public?", "id": "5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ben Goldacre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of patients than the drug companies?", "id": "5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regulator and company employees", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "The business friendships between which parties have been praised?", "id": "5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regulators", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "The FDA argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?", "id": "5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ben Goldacre", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who argues that regulators do not require that new regulators offer an improvement?", "id": "5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators \u2013 such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States \u2013 advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees. He argues that regulators do not require that new drugs offer an improvement over what is already available, or even that they be particularly effective."}], ["Di UK, Agensi Penguatkuasaan Produk Perubatan dan Penjagaan Kesihatan meluluskan penggunaan dadah, walaupun penilaian itu dilakukan oleh Agensi Ubat Eropah, sebuah agensi Kesatuan Eropah yang berpusat di London. Biasanya kelulusan di UK dan negara-negara Eropah lain datang lebih awal daripada satu di Amerika Syarikat. Kemudian ia adalah Institut Kebangsaan untuk Kecemerlangan Kesihatan dan Kecantikan (NICE), untuk England dan Wales, yang memutuskan sama ada dan bagaimana Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Kebangsaan (NHS) akan membenarkan (dalam erti membayar) penggunaan mereka. Formulari Kebangsaan British adalah panduan teras untuk ahli farmasi dan doktor. <> Siapakah panduan teras? || British National Formulary <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk meluluskan ubat di United Kingdom? || Agensi Penguatkuasaan Produk Ubat-Ubatan dan Penjagaan Kesihatan <> Selepas kelulusan di Amerika Syarikat, bilakah kelulusan berlaku di United Kingdom dan negara-negara lain? || datang kemudian <> Siapa yang menentukan bagaimana NHS akan membenarkan ubat-ubatan? || Institut Kebangsaan untuk Kecemerlangan Kesihatan dan Kecantikan (NICE) <> Siapa yang menilai dadah di United Kingdom? || Agensi Obat Eropah <> Apakah firma UK meluluskan ubat farmaseutikal? || Agensi Penguatkuasaan Produk Ubat dan Perubatan <> Apakah organisasi UK menilai dadah? || Agensi Ubat-ubatan Eropah <> Apa firma di England dan Wales memutuskan jika NHS membenarkan dadah? || Institut Kebangsaan untuk Kecemerlangan Kesihatan dan Penjagaan <> Apakah nama panduan teras untuk ahli farmasi dan doktor? || British National Formulary <> Siapa klinik utama? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk meluluskan ubat-ubatan di NHS? || <> Selepas kelulusan di UK, bilakah kelulusan berlaku di NHS dan negara lain? || <> Siapa yang memutuskan bagaimana AS akan membenarkan dadah? || <> Siapa yang membuat penilaian dadah di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the core guide?", "id": "571af86f32177014007ea002", "answers": [{"text": "The British National Formulary", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?", "id": "571af86f32177014007ea003", "answers": [{"text": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?", "id": "571af86f32177014007ea004", "answers": [{"text": "comes later", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?", "id": "571af86f32177014007ea005", "answers": [{"text": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?", "id": "571af86f32177014007ea006", "answers": [{"text": "European Medicines Agency", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?", "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22c", "answers": [{"text": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What UK organization evaluates drugs? ", "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22d", "answers": [{"text": "European Medicines Agency", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?", "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22e", "answers": [{"text": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?", "id": "571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22f", "answers": [{"text": "British National Formulary", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The British National Formulary", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "Who is the core clinician?", "id": "5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe995", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "Who is responsible for approving drugs in the NHS?", "id": "5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe996", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comes later", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "After an approval in the UK, when does an approval occur in the NHS and other countries?", "id": "5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe997", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Who decides how the USA will allow drugs?", "id": "5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe998", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Medicines Agency", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United States?", "id": "5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe999", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), for England and Wales, who decides if and how the National Health Service (NHS) will allow (in the sense of paying for) their use. The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians."}], ["Terdapat peraturan khas untuk penyakit jarang (\"penyakit yatim\") di beberapa wilayah pengawalan ubat utama. Sebagai contoh, penyakit yang melibatkan kurang daripada 200,000 pesakit di Amerika Syarikat, atau populasi yang lebih besar dalam keadaan tertentu adalah tertakluk kepada Akta Dadah Orphan. Oleh kerana penyelidikan dan pembangunan ubat-ubatan untuk merawat penyakit-penyakit tersebut tidak merugikan kewangan, syarikat-syarikat yang berbuat demikian diberi ganjaran pengurangan cukai, pengecualian yuran, dan eksklusif pasar pada ubat itu untuk masa yang terhad (tujuh tahun), tanpa menghiraukan sama ada dadah itu dilindungi oleh paten. <> Apa yang tertakluk kepada Akta Dadah Orphan? || penyakit yang melibatkan kurang daripada 200,000 pesakit di Amerika Syarikat, atau populasi yang lebih besar dalam keadaan tertentu <> Apa yang diberikan kepada syarikat yang membangunkan ubat untuk \"penyakit yatim\"? || pengurangan cukai, pengecualian yuran, dan eksklusif pasaran pada ubat itu untuk masa yang terhad (tujuh tahun), tanpa mengira sama ada dadah dilindungi oleh paten <> Mengapa syarikat-syarikat ini dihargai? || Oleh sebab penyelidikan dan pembangunan ubat-ubatan untuk mengubati penyakit-penyakit tersebut tidak merugikan secara kewangan <> Apakah istilah penyakit jarang berlaku di sesetengah wilayah? || penyakit yatim <> Berapa jumlah populasi penyakit yang tertakluk kepada Akta Dadah Orphan? || kurang daripada 200,000 pesakit <> Apa salah satu faedah kewangan untuk meneliti dadah yatim piatu? || pengurangan cukai <> Berapakah tempoh masa eksklusif pasaran ubat yatim piatu? || tujuh tahun <> Apa yang tertakluk kepada pesakit di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa yang diberikan kepada syarikat yang membangunkan peraturan untuk \"penyakit yatim\"? || <> Mengapa peraturan ini dihargai? || <> Apakah istilah untuk peraturan jarang di sesetengah wilayah? || <> Apakah jumlah populasi penyakit yang tertakluk kepada paten? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?", "id": "571af9329499d21900609bc5", "answers": [{"text": "diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is given to companies who develop drugs for \"orphan diseases\"?", "id": "571af9329499d21900609bc6", "answers": [{"text": "tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are these companies rewarded?", "id": "571af9329499d21900609bc7", "answers": [{"text": "Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?", "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c234", "answers": [{"text": "orphan diseases", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?", "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c235", "answers": [{"text": "fewer than 200,000 patients", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?", "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c236", "answers": [{"text": "tax reductions", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?", "id": "571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c237", "answers": [{"text": "seven years", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What is subject to patients in the United States?", "id": "5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What is given to companies who develop rules for \"orphan diseases\"?", "id": "5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "Why are these rules rewarded?", "id": "5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "orphan diseases", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What is a term for rare rules in some territories?", "id": "5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fewer than 200,000 patients", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What size of disease populations are subject to patents?", "id": "5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are special rules for certain rare diseases (\"orphan diseases\") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act.  Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents."}], ["Pada tahun 1971, Akira Endo, seorang biokimia Jepun yang bekerja untuk syarikat farmaseutikal Sankyo, telah mengenal pasti mevastatin (ML-236B), sebuah molekul yang dihasilkan oleh Penicillium citrinum, sebagai perencat HMG-CoA reductase, enzim kritikal yang digunakan oleh badan menghasilkan kolesterol. Percobaan haiwan menunjukkan kesan perencatan yang sangat baik seperti dalam ujian klinikal, namun kajian jangka panjang dalam anjing mendapati kesan toksik pada dos yang lebih tinggi dan sebagai akibatnya mevastatin dipercayai terlalu toksik untuk kegunaan manusia. Mevastatin tidak pernah dipasarkan, kerana kesan buruknya tumor, kemerosotan otot, dan kadang-kadang kematian dalam anjing makmal. <> Mengapa Mevastatin tidak pernah dipasarkan? || kesan buruk tumor, kemerosotan otot, dan kadang-kadang kematian <> Siapa yang menemui Mevastatin? || Akira Endo <> Apakah HMG-CoA bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan? || kolesterol <> Di mana Endo menemui ML-236B? || Penicillium citrinum <> Apa yang ditemui dalam kajian jangka panjang? || terlalu toksik untuk kegunaan manusia <> Dalam tahun berapa mevastatin ditemui? || 1971 <> Siapa yang menemui mevastatin? || Akira Endo <> Apa organisme menghasilkan mevastatin? || Penicillium citrinum <> Apakah enzim yang membantu menghasilkan kolesterol? || HMG-CoA reductase <> Mengapa Penicillium tidak pernah dipasarkan? || <> Siapa yang menemui Penicillium? || <> Apakah Penicillium bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan? || <> Apa yang ditemui dalam kajian jangka pendek? || <> Pada tahun apakah Penicillium ditemui? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was Mevastatin never marketed?", "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fda", "answers": [{"text": "adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered Mevastatin?", "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fdb", "answers": [{"text": "Akira Endo", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?", "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fdc", "answers": [{"text": "cholesterol", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Endo discover ML-236B?", "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fdd", "answers": [{"text": "Penicillium citrinum", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was discovered in long term studies?", "id": "571ae94232177014007e9fde", "answers": [{"text": "too toxic for human use", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was mevastatin discovered?", "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c224", "answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered mevastatin?", "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c225", "answers": [{"text": "Akira Endo", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organism produces mevastatin?", "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c226", "answers": [{"text": "Penicillium citrinum", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?", "id": "571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c227", "answers": [{"text": "HMG-CoA reductase", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "Why was Penicillium never marketed?", "id": "5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe595", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Akira Endo", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who discovered Penicillium?", "id": "5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe596", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Penicillium citrinum", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What is Penicillium responsible for producing?", "id": "5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe597", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "too toxic for human use", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What was discovered in short term studies?", "id": "5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe598", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was Penicillium discovered?", "id": "5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe599", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory effect as in clinical trials, however a long term study in dogs found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use. Mevastatin was never marketed, because of its adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death in laboratory dogs."}], ["Penyelidikan oleh ProPublica mendapati sekurang-kurangnya 21 doktor telah dibayar lebih daripada $ 500,000 untuk ucapan dan perundingan oleh pengeluar ubat sejak tahun 2009, dengan separuh daripada penerima teratas yang bekerja dalam psikiatri, dan kira-kira $ 2 bilion jumlah dibayar kepada doktor untuk perkhidmatan tersebut. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson dan Eli Lilly telah membayar berbilion-bilion dolar dalam penempatan persekutuan atas tuduhan bahawa mereka membayar doktor untuk menggalakkan penggunaan dadah untuk kegunaan yang tidak diluluskan. Sesetengah sekolah perubatan terkemuka telah mengetatkan peraturan mengenai penerimaan fakulti pembayaran sedemikian oleh syarikat-syarikat dadah. <> Siapa yang membuat siasatan terhadap doktor? || ProPublica <> Berjuta-juta dolar telah dibayar oleh syarikat mana? || AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson dan Eli Lilly <> Berapa banyak yang diketahui telah dibayar kepada doktor oleh syarikat dadah? || lebih daripada $ 500,000 <> Apa sebabnya syarikat-syarikat ini harus membayar denda? || tuduhan bahawa mereka membayar doktor untuk menggalakkan ubat untuk kegunaan yang tidak dibenarkan <> Berapa banyak doktor telah dibayar oleh pelbagai syarikat? || sekurang-kurangnya 21 <> Kajian ProPublica mendapati bahawa beberapa doktor telah dibayar berapa banyak wang untuk ucapan? || lebih daripada $ 500,000 <> Separuh daripada golongan yang mendapat pendapatan paling banyak dalam bidang apa? || psikiatri <> Pengeluar ubat membayar doktor berapa banyak wang? || $ 2 bilion <> Siapa yang melakukan penyiasatan terhadap dadah? || <> Berjuta-juta ubat telah dibayar mengapa syarikat mana? || <> Berapa banyak yang didapati telah dibayar kepada syarikat dadah oleh doktor? || <> Apakah sebabnya para doktor perlu membayar denda? || <> Berapa banyak syarikat telah dibayar oleh pelbagai doktor? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who conduced an investigation on doctors?", "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb3", "answers": [{"text": "ProPublica", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?", "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb4", "answers": [{"text": "AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?", "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb5", "answers": [{"text": "more than $500,000", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?", "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb6", "answers": [{"text": "allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?", "id": "571af2219499d21900609bb7", "answers": [{"text": "at least 21", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?", "id": "571d29295efbb31900334eb4", "answers": [{"text": "more than $500,000", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?", "id": "571d29295efbb31900334eb5", "answers": [{"text": "psychiatry", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?", "id": "571d29295efbb31900334eb6", "answers": [{"text": "$2 billion", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ProPublica", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who conducted an investigation on drugs?", "id": "5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe885", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "Billions of drugs have been paid why which companies?", "id": "5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe886", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$500,000", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "How much was discovered to have been paid to drug companies by doctors?", "id": "5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe887", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines?", "id": "5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe888", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at least 21 doctors", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "How many companies have been paid by various doctors?", "id": "5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe889", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses. Some prominent medical schools have since tightened rules on faculty acceptance of such payments by drug companies."}], ["Selalunya, syarikat multinasional yang besar mempamerkan integrasi menegak, mengambil bahagian dalam pelbagai penemuan dan perkembangan dadah, pembuatan dan kawalan kualiti, pemasaran, penjualan, dan pengedaran. Organisasi yang lebih kecil, sebaliknya, sering menumpukan pada aspek tertentu seperti menemui calon-calon dadah atau membangunkan formulasi. Selalunya, perjanjian kerjasama antara organisasi penyelidikan dan syarikat farmaseutikal besar dibentuk untuk meneroka potensi bahan dadah baru. Baru-baru ini, pelbagai rakyat semakin bergantung kepada organisasi penyelidikan kontrak untuk menguruskan pembangunan dadah. <> Mengapa perjanjian kerjasama penting? || untuk meneroka potensi bahan ubat baru <> Bagaimana syarikat besar menunjukkan integrasi menegak? || mengambil bahagian dalam pelbagai penemuan dan pengembangan dadah, pembuatan dan kawalan mutu, pemasaran, jualan, dan pengedaran <> Apa syarikat besar bergantung pada organisasi luar? || untuk menguruskan pembangunan dadah <> Apakah organisasi yang lebih kecil bertanggungjawab? || menumpukan kepada aspek tertentu seperti menemui calon dadah atau membentuk formulasi <> Apa jenis integrasi yang sering dilakukan syarikat besar? || menegak <> Apakah jenis integrasi yang dilakukan organisasi kecil? || satu aspek khusus <> Apakah jenis perjanjian yang dibuat untuk menyelidik dadah baru yang berpotensi? || perjanjian kerjasama <> Apa jenis organisasi yang syarikat multinasional semakin bergantung? || penyelidikan kontrak <> Mengapa pengedaran kolaborasi penting? || <> Bagaimana syarikat-syarikat besar menunjukkan integrasi multi-nasional? || <> Apa syarikat besar bergantung kepada pemasaran luar? || <> Apakah ubat kecil yang bertanggungjawab? || <> Apakah jenis integrasi yang sering dilakukan ubat besar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why are collaborative agreements important?", "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bbd", "answers": [{"text": "to explore the potential of new drug substances", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do large corporations show vertical integration?", "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bbe", "answers": [{"text": "participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?", "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bbf", "answers": [{"text": "to manage drug development", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are smaller organizations responsible for?", "id": "571af72f9499d21900609bc0", "answers": [{"text": "focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of integration do large corporations often do?", "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334eba", "answers": [{"text": "vertical", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of integration do smaller organizations do?", "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334ebb", "answers": [{"text": "a specific aspect", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?", "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334ebc", "answers": [{"text": "collaborative agreements", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?", "id": "571d29cf5efbb31900334ebd", "answers": [{"text": "contract research", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to explore the potential of new drug substances", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "Why is collaborative distribution important?", "id": "5ad39125604f3c001a3fe665", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "How do large corporations show multi-nationals integration?", "id": "5ad39125604f3c001a3fe666", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to manage drug development", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "What are large companies relying on outside marketing for?", "id": "5ad39125604f3c001a3fe667", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to manage drug development", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "What are smaller drugs responsible for?", "id": "5ad39125604f3c001a3fe668", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "vertical", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What type of integration do large drugs often do?", "id": "5ad39125604f3c001a3fe669", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations. Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances. More recently, multi-nationals are increasingly relying on contract research organizations to manage drug development."}], ["Setiap syarikat utama yang menjual antipsikotik - Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca dan Johnson & Johnson - sama ada menyelesaikan kes kerajaan baru-baru ini, di bawah Akta Tuntutan Salah, untuk beratus-ratus juta dolar atau sedang disiasat untuk kemungkinan kesihatan penipuan penjagaan. Berikutan pertuduhan pemasaran haram, dua rekod penempatan ditetapkan tahun lepas untuk denda jenayah terbesar yang pernah dikenakan ke atas syarikat. Satu melibatkan Zyprexa antipsikotik Eli Lilly, dan yang lain adalah Bextra. Dalam kes Bextra, kerajaan juga mengenakan Pfizer dengan memasarkan secara haram lagi antipsikotik, Geodon; Pfizer menyelesaikan sebahagian daripada tuntutan itu untuk $ 301 juta, tanpa mengakui salah laku. <> Berapakah Pfizer menyelesaikan saman pemasaran haram untuk? || $ 301 juta <> Apa dadah terlibat dalam kes-kes denda jenayah terbesar? || Zyprexa, dan yang lain yang terlibat Bextra <> Apakah Pfizer dituduh secara haram? || Geodon <> Apa syarikat telah terlibat dengan kes-kes penipuan penjagaan kesihatan? || Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca dan Johnson & Johnson <> Apakah kes-kes pemasaran haram tercemar? || Akta Tuntutan Palsu <> Firma seperti Eli Lilly, Pfizer, dan AstraZeneca telah menyelesaikan tuntutan di bawah apa yang berlaku? || Akta Tuntutan Palsu <> Zyprexa dimiliki oleh syarikat apa? || Eli Lilly <> Pfizer didakwa secara haram memasarkan apa ubat antipsikotik? || Geodon <> Pfizer menyelesaikan tuntutan Geodon untuk berapa banyak wang? || $ 301 juta <> Berapakah Eli Lilly menyelesaikan saman pemasaran haram? || <> Apa dadah yang terlibat dalam kes-kes denda Johnson & Johnson terbesar? || <> Apakah Johnson & Johnson dituduh secara haram? || <> Apa syarikat telah terlibat dengan salah laku? || <> Apakah kes-kes pemasaran Johnson & Johnson berada di bawah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?", "id": "571aeca132177014007e9fee", "answers": [{"text": "$301 million", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?", "id": "571aeca132177014007e9fef", "answers": [{"text": "Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?", "id": "571aeca132177014007e9ff0", "answers": [{"text": "Geodon", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?", "id": "571aeca132177014007e9ff1", "answers": [{"text": "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do illegal marketing cases fall under?", "id": "571aeca132177014007e9ff2", "answers": [{"text": "False Claims Act", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?", "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed2", "answers": [{"text": "False Claims Act", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Zyprexa was owned by what company?", "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed3", "answers": [{"text": "Eli Lilly", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?", "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed4", "answers": [{"text": "Geodon", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?", "id": "571d3bc95efbb31900334ed5", "answers": [{"text": "$301 million", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$301 million", "answer_start": 680}], "question": "How much did Eli Lilly settle the illegal marketing suit for?", "id": "5ad3b079604f3c001a3feca7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What drugs were involved in cases of the largest Johnson & Johnson fines?", "id": "5ad3b079604f3c001a3feca8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geodon", "answer_start": 630}], "question": "What was Johnson & Johnson accused of illegally marketing?", "id": "5ad3b079604f3c001a3feca9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What companies have been involved with wrongdoing?", "id": "5ad3b079604f3c001a3fecaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "False Claims Act", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What do Johnson & Johnson marketing cases fall under?", "id": "5ad3b079604f3c001a3fecab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Every major company selling the antipsychotics \u2014 Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson \u2014 has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges of illegal marketing, two of the settlements set records last year for the largest criminal fines ever imposed on corporations. One involved Eli Lilly's antipsychotic Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra. In the Bextra case, the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic, Geodon; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $301 million, without admitting any wrongdoing."}], ["Berbeza dengan sudut pandangan ini, satu artikel dan editorial yang berkaitan dalam New England Journal of Medicine pada bulan Mei 2015 menekankan pentingnya interaksi industri farmaseutikal-ahli perubatan untuk perkembangan rawatan novel, dan berpendapat bahawa kemarahan moral terhadap malfeasance industri telah tidak wajar menyebabkan banyak mengatasi masalah yang dicetuskan oleh konflik kepentingan kewangan. Artikel itu menyebutkan bahawa organisasi penjagaan kesihatan utama seperti National Center for Advancing Sciences Translated by National Institutes of Health, Majlis Penasihat Sains dan Teknologi, Forum Ekonomi Dunia, Yayasan Gates, Trust Wellcome, dan Food and Drug Pentadbiran telah menggalakkan interaksi yang lebih besar antara doktor dan industri untuk membawa faedah yang lebih besar kepada pesakit. <> Siapa yang antara syarikat yang menggalakkan interaksi antara doktor dan industri farmaseutikal? || Forum Ekonomi Dunia, Yayasan Gates, Trust Wellcome, dan Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah <> Bilakah artikel itu keluar tentang kepentingan interaksi? || Mei 2015 <> Apakah sebab di sebalik interaksi ini? || membawa manfaat yang lebih besar kepada pesakit <> Apa yang dipercayai telah mewujudkan konflik kepentingan kewangan? || kemarahan moral terhadap malfeasance industri <> Siapa yang mencetak artikel mengenai kepentingan interaksi? || New England Journal of Medicine <> Apakah penerbitan mempunyai artikel tentang kepentingan interaksi industri farmaseutikal-doktor pada tahun 2015? || New England Journal of Medicine <> Bilakah editorial diterbitkan? || Mei 2015 <> Adakah organisasi penjagaan kesihatan utama menyokong atau tidak menggalakkan interaksi antara doktor dan industri? || menggalakkan interaksi yang lebih besar <> Siapakah beberapa syarikat yang menggalakkan interaksi antara doktor dan Pusat Nasional untuk Memajukan Ilmu Translasional Institut Kesihatan Nasional? || <> Bilakah artikel itu keluar tentang kepentingan doktor? || <> Apakah sebab di sebalik konflik ini? || <> Apa yang dipercayai telah mencipta interaksi doktor? || <> Siapa yang mencetak artikel tentang kepentingan malfasan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?", "id": "571af11632177014007e9ff8", "answers": [{"text": "World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?", "id": "571af11632177014007e9ff9", "answers": [{"text": "May 2015", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the reason behind these interactions?", "id": "571af11632177014007e9ffa", "answers": [{"text": "bring greater benefits to patients", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?", "id": "571af11632177014007e9ffb", "answers": [{"text": "moral outrage over industry malfeasance", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?", "id": "571af11632177014007e9ffc", "answers": [{"text": "New England Journal of Medicine", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?", "id": "571d26ce5efbb31900334eae", "answers": [{"text": "New England Journal of Medicine", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the editorial published?", "id": "571d26ce5efbb31900334eaf", "answers": [{"text": "May 2015", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?", "id": "571d26ce5efbb31900334eb0", "answers": [{"text": "encouraged greater interactions", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health?", "id": "5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "May 2015", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "When did the article come out about the importance of doctors?", "id": "5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bring greater benefits to patients", "answer_start": 793}], "question": "What was the reason behind these conflicts?", "id": "5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "moral outrage over industry malfeasance", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What was believed to have created physician interactions?", "id": "5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New England Journal of Medicine", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance?", "id": "5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest. The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the President\u2019s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients."}], ["Pengiklanan adalah perkara biasa dalam jurnal penjagaan kesihatan dan melalui laluan media arus perdana. Di sesetengah negara, terutamanya Amerika Syarikat, mereka dibenarkan mengiklankan terus kepada orang awam. Syarikat-syarikat farmaseutikal biasanya menggunakan orang jualan (sering disebut 'pemberi ubat' atau, istilah yang lebih tua, 'lelaki perincian') untuk memasarkan secara langsung dan secara peribadi kepada doktor dan penyedia penjagaan kesihatan yang lain. Di sesetengah negara, terutamanya AS, syarikat farmaseutikal juga menggunakan pelobi untuk mempengaruhi ahli politik. Pemasaran ubat-ubatan preskripsi di Amerika Syarikat dikawal selia oleh Akta Pemasaran Dadah Preskripsi Persekutuan 1987. <> \"Pemberi ubat\" biasanya disewa oleh jenis firma apa? || Syarikat farmaseutikal <> Undang-undang apa yang mengawal pemasaran dadah di Amerika Syarikat? || Akta Pemasaran Dadah Preskripsi 1987 <> Siapa yang membuat pengiklan ubat dadah? || secara langsung dan peribadi kepada doktor <> \"wakil AS\" biasanya disewa oleh jenis firma apa? || <> Apa undang-undang mengawal pemasaran dadah di sesetengah negara? || <> Siapa yang mengembalikan pasaran AS? || <> Siapa yang syarikat AS biasanya menggunakan? || <> Apakah media pemasaran di Amerika Syarikat dikawal oleh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "\"Drug reps\" are usually hired by what type of firms?", "id": "571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c250", "answers": [{"text": "Pharmaceutical companies", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law regulates drug marketing in the US?", "id": "571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c251", "answers": [{"text": "Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do drug reps market to?", "id": "571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c252", "answers": [{"text": "directly and personally to physicians", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pharmaceutical companies", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "\"US reps\" are usually hired by what type of firms?", "id": "5ad3a829604f3c001a3feae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "What law regulates drug marketing in some countries?", "id": "5ad3a829604f3c001a3feae8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "directly and personally to physicians", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "Who do US reps market to? ", "id": "5ad3a829604f3c001a3feae9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sales people", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "Who do US companies generally employ?", "id": "5ad3a829604f3c001a3feaea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What is marketing of media in the US regulated by?", "id": "5ad3a829604f3c001a3feaeb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market directly and personally to physicians and other healthcare providers. In some countries, notably the US, pharmaceutical companies also employ lobbyists to influence politicians. Marketing of prescription drugs in the US is regulated by the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987."}], ["Terdapat peningkatan kontroversi di sekitar pemasaran dan pengaruh farmaseutikal. Terdapat tuduhan dan penemuan pengaruh terhadap doktor dan profesional kesihatan lain melalui pemberi ubat, termasuk penyediaan hadiah 'hadiah' dan maklumat berat sebelah untuk profesional kesihatan; pengiklanan yang sangat lazim dalam jurnal dan persidangan; membiayai organisasi penjagaan kesihatan bebas dan kempen promosi kesihatan; melobi pakar perubatan dan ahli politik (lebih daripada industri lain di AS); penajaan sekolah perubatan atau latihan jururawat; penajaan acara pendidikan berterusan, dengan pengaruh pada kurikulum; dan mengupah doktor sebagai perunding berbayar di papan penasihat perubatan. <> Penasihat dadah telah dituduh memberi apa yang diberikan kepada profesional kesihatan? || 'hadiah' dan maklumat berat sebelah <> Pemasar dadah telah mengupah siapa sebagai perunding berbayar? || pakar perubatan <> Apakah penerbitan iklan dadah yang biasa dijumpai? || jurnal dan persidangan <> Apa yang ada penuduh dadah yang dituduh memberi kepada persidangan? || <> Persidangan telah mengupah siapa sebagai perunding berbayar? || <> Apakah penerbitan apa yang boleh didapati di papan penasihat? || <> Siapa yang telah dituduh mempengaruhi perunding? || <> Apa yang telah menghentikan kontroversi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?", "id": "571d34cadd7acb1400e4c256", "answers": [{"text": "'gifts' and biased information", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?", "id": "571d34cadd7acb1400e4c257", "answers": [{"text": "physicians", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What publications can drug ads be commonly found?", "id": "571d34cadd7acb1400e4c258", "answers": [{"text": "journals and conferences", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "'gifts' and biased information", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What have drug reps been accused of giving to conferences?", "id": "5ad3aa82604f3c001a3feb45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "physicians", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "Conferences have hired who as paid consultants?", "id": "5ad3aa82604f3c001a3feb46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "journals and conferences", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What publications can advisory boards be commonly found in?", "id": "5ad3aa82604f3c001a3feb47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drug reps", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "Who has been accused of influencing consultants?", "id": "5ad3aa82604f3c001a3feb48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pharmaceutical marketing and influence", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What has stopped controversy?", "id": "5ad3aa82604f3c001a3feb49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns; lobbying physicians and politicians (more than any other industry in the US); sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training; sponsorship of continuing educational events, with influence on the curriculum; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards."}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, produk farmaseutikal baru mesti diluluskan oleh Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah (FDA) sebagai selamat dan berkesan. Proses ini secara amnya melibatkan pengemukaan pemfailan Drug Baru Penyelidikan dengan data pra-klinikal yang mencukupi untuk menyokong proses percubaan manusia. Berikutan kelulusan IND, tiga fasa ujian klinikal manusia yang semakin besar boleh dijalankan. Fasa I umumnya mengkaji ketoksikan menggunakan sukarelawan yang sihat. Fasa II boleh termasuk farmakokinetik dan dos pada pesakit, dan Fasa III adalah kajian keberkesanan yang sangat besar dalam populasi pesakit yang dimaksudkan. Berikutan kejayaan menyelesaikan ujian fasa III, Permohonan Dadah Baru dikemukakan kepada FDA. FDA mengkaji semula data dan jika produk itu dilihat mempunyai penilaian risiko positif, kelulusan untuk memasarkan produk di Amerika Syarikat diberikan. <> Keselamatan dan keberkesanan ubat baru mesti diluluskan oleh organisasi apa di Amerika Syarikat? || Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah <> Apakah jenis pengajuan yang digunakan sebelum memulakan percubaan manusia? || Drug Baru Penyelidikan <> Berapa banyak fasa ujian manusia boleh dilakukan selepas kelulusan IND? || tiga <> Permohonan jenis apa yang difailkan selepas menyelesaikan tiga fasa percubaan manusia? || Aplikasi Dadah Baru <> Apa jenis penilaian risiko yang mengakibatkan meluluskan ubat untuk pergi ke pasaran? || risiko manfaat positif <> Apakah organisasi di Amerika Syarikat mesti meluluskan keselamatan dan keberkesanan ujian? || <> Apakah jenis pemfailan yang digunakan sebelum memulakan penilaian risiko? || <> Berapa banyak fasa percubaan manusia boleh dilakukan selepas semakan? || <> Apakah jenis aplikasi yang difailkan setelah melengkapkan tiga fasa produk? || <> Apakah jenis keputusan penilaian risiko dalam meluluskan ubat untuk terus belajar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?", "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c246", "answers": [{"text": "Food and Drug Administration", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?", "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c247", "answers": [{"text": "Investigational New Drug", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?", "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c248", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?", "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c249", "answers": [{"text": "New Drug Application", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?", "id": "571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c24a", "answers": [{"text": "positive benefit-risk", "answer_start": 776}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Food and Drug Administration", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What organization in the US must approve the safety and efficacy of testing?", "id": "5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe941", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Investigational New Drug", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "What type of filing is used before beginning risk assessment?", "id": "5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe942", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "How many phases of human trials may be done after review?", "id": "5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe943", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New Drug Application", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "What type of application is filed after completing three phases of products?", "id": "5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe944", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "positive benefit-risk", "answer_start": 776}], "question": "What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on to studies?", "id": "5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe945", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. Following the successful completion of phase III testing, a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA. The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted."}], ["Bergantung kepada beberapa pertimbangan, syarikat boleh memohon dan diberi paten untuk dadah, atau proses menghasilkan ubat, yang memberikan hak eksklusif untuk lebih kurang 20 tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya selepas kajian dan ujian yang ketat, yang mengambil masa 10 hingga 15 tahun secara purata, pihak berkuasa kerajaan memberi kebenaran untuk syarikat itu memasarkan dan menjual dadah. Perlindungan paten membolehkan pemilik paten memulihkan kos penyelidikan dan pembangunan melalui margin keuntungan yang tinggi untuk ubat berjenama. Apabila perlindungan paten untuk ubat tamat, ubat generik biasanya dikembangkan dan dijual oleh syarikat bersaing. Pembangunan dan kelulusan generik adalah lebih murah, yang membolehkan mereka dijual pada harga yang lebih rendah. Selalunya pemilik ubat berjenama akan memperkenalkan versi generik sebelum paten tamat tempoh untuk mendapatkan permulaan di pasaran generik. Oleh itu, penstrukturan semula menjadi rutin, didorong oleh tamat paten produk yang dilancarkan semasa \"zaman kegemilangan\" industri pada tahun 1990-an dan kegagalan syarikat untuk membangunkan produk blockbuster baru yang mencukupi untuk menggantikan pendapatan yang hilang. <> Berapa lamakah hak eksklusif dadah biasanya berlarutan? || 20 tahun <> Kerajaan memberi izin untuk memasarkan narkoba setelah berapa tahun? || 10 hingga 15 tahun secara purata <> Apa yang membolehkan pemilik ubat mendapatkan semula kos R & D? || Perlindungan paten <> Apakah jenis dadah yang dihasilkan oleh pesaing sebaik paten tamat? || generik <> Apa dekad ialah \"era keemasan\" industri farmaseutikal? || 1990-an <> Berapa lamakah hak eksklusif syarikat biasanya berlarutan? || <> Kerajaan memberi kebenaran kepada syarikat pasaran selepas berapa tahun? || <> Apa yang membolehkan pemilik ubat memulihkan kos paten? || <> Apakah jenis ubat yang dihasilkan oleh pesaing apabila industri sudah tamat tempoh? || <> Apa dekad ialah \"era ubat\" industri farmaseutikal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?", "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec8", "answers": [{"text": "20 years", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?", "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec9", "answers": [{"text": "10 to 15 years on average", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?", "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334eca", "answers": [{"text": "Patent protection", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?", "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ecb", "answers": [{"text": "generic", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's \"golden era\"?", "id": "571d2dbf5efbb31900334ecc", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 1034}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 years", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "How long do company exclusivity rights usually last?", "id": "5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feabf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 to 15 years on average", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Governments grant permission to market companies after how many years?", "id": "5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Patent protection", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What enables a drug's owner to recover patent costs?", "id": "5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "generic", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "What kind of drug is produced by competitors once an industry expires?", "id": "5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 1034}], "question": "What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's \"drug era\"?", "id": "5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities grant permission for the company to market and sell the drug. Patent protection enables the owner of the patent to recover the costs of research and development through high profit margins for the branded drug. When the patent protection for the drug expires, a generic drug is usually developed and sold by a competing company. The development and approval of generics is less expensive, allowing them to be sold at a lower price. Often the owner of the branded drug will introduce a generic version before the patent expires in order to get a head start in the generic market. Restructuring has therefore become routine, driven by the patent expiration of products launched during the industry's \"golden era\" in the 1990s and companies' failure to develop sufficient new blockbuster products to replace lost revenues."}]], [["Quran dan Muhammad bercakap mengenai kesetaraan dan keadilan kaum seperti dalam Khotbah Perpisahan. Perbezaan suku dan kebangsaan tidak digalakkan. Tetapi selepas berlalu Muhammad, perbezaan puak lama antara orang-orang Arab mula bangkit semula. Berikutan Perang Romawi-Parsi dan Perang Byzantine-Sassanid, perbezaan yang mendalam antara Iraq, secara rasmi di bawah Empayar Sassanid Parsi, dan Syria, secara rasmi di bawah Empayar Byzantine, juga wujud. Masing-masing menginginkan modal negara Islam yang baru ditubuhkan berada di kawasan mereka. Sebelum ini, khalifah kedua Umar sangat teguh pada gabenor dan para pengintipnya mengawasi mereka. Jika dia merasakan bahawa seorang gabenor atau seorang komandan telah tertarik dengan kekayaan, dia telah dipecat dari kedudukannya. <> Siapa yang mengawal Iraq sebelum orang Arab? || Persian Sassanid Empire <> Yang memerintah Syria sebelum ditaklukkan oleh para pengikut Muhammad? || Empayar Byzantine <> Siapa khalifah kedua? || Umar <> Buku apa yang tidak pernah disebut kesamaan kaum? || <> Apa yang digalakkan dalam Al-Quran? || <> Apa yang mula bangkit semula sebelum berlalu Muhammad? || <> Siapa lembut pada gabenor? || <> Kawasan apa yang ingin ibukota Negara Islam berada di luar kawasan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?", "id": "571aa0ea4faf5e1900b8ab56", "answers": [{"text": "Persian Sassanid Empire", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?", "id": "571aa0ea4faf5e1900b8ab57", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the second caliph?", "id": "571aa0ea4faf5e1900b8ab58", "answers": [{"text": "Umar", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Quran", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What book never mentioned racial equality?", "id": "5acf95ab77cf76001a68538a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tribal and nationalistic differences", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What was encouraged in the Quran?", "id": "5acf95ab77cf76001a68538b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "old tribal differences", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What started to resurface before Muhammad's passing?", "id": "5acf95ab77cf76001a68538c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "Who was soft on the governors?", "id": "5acf95ab77cf76001a68538d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Syria", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What area wanted the capital of the Islamic State to be outside their area?", "id": "5acf95ab77cf76001a68538e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman\u2013Persian Wars and the Byzantine\u2013Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position."}], ["Berikutan kematian Husayn, Ibnu al-Zubayr, walaupun tersisa di Mekah, dikaitkan dengan dua pergerakan pembangkang, yang berpusat di Madinah dan yang lain di sekitar Kharijites di Basra dan Arabia. Kerana Medina telah menjadi rumah kepada Muhammad dan keluarganya, termasuk Husain, kata kematiannya dan pemenjaraan keluarganya menyebabkan gerakan pembangkang besar. Pada 683, Yazid menghantar tentera untuk menundukkan kedua-dua pergerakan tersebut. Tentera menindas pembangkang Medina di Pertempuran al-Harrah. Masjid Besar di Medina telah rosak teruk dan penggulingan meluas menyebabkan perbezaan pendapat yang mendalam. Tentera Yazid meneruskan dan mengepung ke Mekah. Pada satu ketika semasa pengepungan, Kaabah telah rosak teruk dalam api. Kemusnahan Kaabah dan Masjid Besar menjadi penyebab utama untuk mengkritik Umayyad dalam sejarah masa lalu. <> Apakah gerakan pembangkang yang berpusat di Arab dan Basra? || Kharijites <> Siapa menghantar tentera pada 683 untuk menghentikan pergerakan pembangkang? || Yazid <> Dalam pertempuran apa pergerakan pembangkang Medali dikalahkan? || Pertempuran al-Harrah <> Di manakah Kaabah terletak? || Mekah <> Berapa banyak gerakan pembangkang yang berkaitan dengan Husayn? || <> Apa masjid di Madinah diperbaiki? || <> Apa tentera mengepung ke Arab? || <> Apa yang menjadi penyebab sambutan Umayyad dalam sejarah yang lalu? || <> Siapa yang menghantar tentera untuk membantu pergerakan pembangkang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?", "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051db", "answers": [{"text": "Kharijites", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?", "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051dc", "answers": [{"text": "Yazid", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?", "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051dd", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of al-Harrah", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Kaaba located?", "id": "571aa02b10f8ca14003051de", "answers": [{"text": "Mecca", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "How many opposition movements was Husayn associated with?", "id": "5acfa37777cf76001a68569e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Grand Mosque", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "What mosque in Medina was repaired?", "id": "5acfa37777cf76001a68569f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yazid's army", "answer_start": 593}], "question": "What army laid siege to Arabia?", "id": "5acfa37777cf76001a6856a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The destruction of the Kaaba and Grand Mosque", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "What became a cause for the celebration of the Umayyads in later histories?", "id": "5acfa37777cf76001a6856a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yazid", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "Who dispatched an army to help the opposition movements?", "id": "5acfa37777cf76001a6856a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and his family, including Husayn, word of his death and the imprisonment of his family led to a large opposition movement. In 683, Yazid dispatched an army to subdue both movements. The army suppressed the Medinese opposition at the Battle of al-Harrah. The Grand Mosque in Medina was severely damaged and widespread pillaging caused deep-seated dissent. Yazid's army continued on and laid siege to Mecca. At some point during the siege, the Kaaba was badly damaged in a fire. The destruction of the Kaaba and Grand Mosque became a major cause for censure of the Umayyads in later histories of the period."}], ["Persaingan di antara suku Arab telah menyebabkan kerusuhan di wilayah-wilayah di luar Syria, terutamanya dalam Perang Saudara Muslim Kedua 680-692 CE dan Pemberontakan Berber dari 740-743 CE. Semasa Perang Saudara Kedua, kepemimpinan klan Umayyad beralih dari cabang keluarga Sufyanid ke cawangan Marwanid. Apabila kempen berterusan meletihkan sumber dan tenaga manusia negeri itu, Umayyad, yang lemah oleh Perang Saudara Islam Ketiga 744-747 CE, akhirnya digulingkan oleh Revolusi Abbasid pada 750 CE / 132 AH. Sebuah cawangan keluarga melarikan diri dari Afrika Utara ke Al-Andalus, di mana mereka mendirikan Khalifah C\u00f3rdoba, yang berlangsung hingga 1031 sebelum jatuh karena Fitna al-\u00c1ndalus. <> Pada tahun apa CE menamatkan Perang Saudara Muslim Kedua? || 692 <> Dalam apa tempoh berlaku Pemberontakan Berber? || 740-743 CE <> Cawangan apa yang mengambil alih kepimpinan Umayyad semasa Perang Saudara Kedua? || Marwanid <> Apa yang menyebabkan kerusuhan di wilayah-wilayah di dalam Syria? || <> Dalam berapa tahun Perang Saudara Muslim Pertama berlaku? || <> Bilakah peralihan bergerak dari cawangan Marwanid ke cawangan Sufyanid? || <> Tahun apakah Khalifah Cordoba bermula? || <> Perang apa yang menguatkan Umayyad? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?", "id": "571a9f0e4faf5e1900b8ab3c", "answers": [{"text": "692", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?", "id": "571a9f0e4faf5e1900b8ab3d", "answers": [{"text": "740\u2013743 CE", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?", "id": "571a9f0e4faf5e1900b8ab3e", "answers": [{"text": "Marwanid", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rivalries between the Arab tribes", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What caused unrest in the provinces inside Syria?", "id": "5acf705877cf76001a684e2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "680\u2013692 CE", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "In what years did the First Muslim Civil War occur?", "id": "5acf705877cf76001a684e2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During the Second Civil War", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "When did leadership shift from the Marwanid branch to the Sufyanid branch?", "id": "5acf705877cf76001a684e2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1031", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What year was the Caliphate of Cordoba started?", "id": "5acf705877cf76001a684e2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Third Muslim Civil War", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What war strengthened the Umayyads?", "id": "5acf705877cf76001a684e2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680\u2013692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740\u2013743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744\u2013747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-\u00c1ndalus."}], ["Menurut tradisi, keluarga Umayyad (juga dikenali sebagai Banu Abd-Shams) dan Muhammad keduanya berasal dari leluhur bersama, Abd Manaf bin Qusai, dan mereka berasal dari kota Mekah. Muhammad turun dari Abd Man\u0101f melalui anaknya Hashim, manakala Umayyad berasal dari Abd Manaf melalui anak lelaki yang lain, Abd-Shams, anaknya Umayya. Oleh itu, kedua keluarga itu dianggap sebagai klan yang berlainan (masing-masing dari Hashim dan Umayya) dari suku yang sama (iaitu kaum Quraisy). Walau bagaimanapun ahli sejarah Syiah Islam mengesyaki bahawa Umayya adalah anak angkat Abd Shams jadi dia bukan saudara darah Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya kemudian dibuang dari keluarga bangsawan. Ahli sejarah Sunni tidak bersetuju dengan ini dan melihat Shia mendakwa sebagai tidak lebih daripada polemik secara terang-terangan disebabkan permusuhan mereka kepada keluarga Umayyad pada umumnya. Mereka menunjuk kepada hakikat bahawa anak-anak lelaki Uthman yang besar, Zaid bin Amr bin Utman bin affan dan Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman telah berkahwin dengan Sukaina dan Fatima anak-anak perempuan Hussein bin Ali untuk memperlihatkan keakraban kekacauan Banu dan Bani Ummayah. <> Apa istilah lain untuk Umayyah? || Banu Abd-Shams <> Secara tradisinya, siapa yang Umayyad dan Muhammad turun? || Abd Manaf ibn Qusai <> Dari mana bandar Umayyad berasal? || Mekah <> Apa anak lelaki Abd-Shams adalah nenek moyang Umayyad? || Umayya <> Siapa yang Abd Manaf bin Qusai turun dari? || <> Siapa yang mengesyaki bahawa Muhammad adalah anak angkat? || <> Ahli sejarah mana yang setuju dengan sejarawan Syiah Muslim? || <> Siapa yang telah berkahwin dengan cucu Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman? || <> Siapa cucu Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e3", "answers": [{"text": "Banu Abd-Shams", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?", "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e4", "answers": [{"text": "Abd Manaf ibn Qusai", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what city did the Umayyads originate?", "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e5", "answers": [{"text": "Mecca", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa06610f8ca14003051e6", "answers": [{"text": "Umayya", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muhammad", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "Who did Abd Manaf ibn Qusai descend from?", "id": "5acf7f9177cf76001a684fca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muslim Shia historians", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "Who suspects that Muhammad was an adopted son?", "id": "5acf7f9177cf76001a684fcb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sunni", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "Which historians agree with the Muslim Shia historians?", "id": "5acf7f9177cf76001a684fcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fatima", "answer_start": 995}], "question": "Who was married to the grandson of Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman?", "id": "5acf7f9177cf76001a684fcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman", "answer_start": 936}], "question": "Who was the grandson of Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan?", "id": "5acf7f9177cf76001a684fce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Man\u0101f via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians suspect that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya was later discarded from the noble family. Sunni historians disagree with this and view Shia claims as nothing more than outright polemics due to their hostility to the Umayyad family in general. They point to the fact that the grand sons of Uthman, Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan and Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman got married to the Sukaina and Fatima the daughters of Hussein son of Ali to show closeness of Banu hashem and Bani Ummayah."}], ["Ali dibunuh pada tahun 661 oleh parti Kharijite. Enam bulan kemudian pada tahun yang sama, demi kepentingan damai, Hasan bin Ali, sangat dihormati atas kebijaksanaannya dan sebagai pendamaian, dan Imam Kedua untuk Syiah, dan cucu Muhammad, membuat perjanjian damai dengan Muawiya I. Dalam perjanjian Hasan-Muawiya, Hasan ibn Ali menyerahkan kuasa kepada Muawiyah dengan syarat ia hanya kepada rakyat dan menjaga mereka aman dan aman, dan setelah kematiannya ia tidak menubuhkan dinasti. Ini telah mengakhiri zaman Khalifah yang Diarahkan Sejati untuk Sunni, dan Hasan bin Ali juga merupakan Imam terakhir bagi Syiah untuk menjadi khalifah. Berikutan itu, Mu'awiyah memecahkan syarat-syarat perjanjian itu dan memulakan dinasti Umayyad, dengan modalnya di Damsyik. <> Dalam tahun apakah Ali dibunuh? || 661 <> Siapa yang membunuh Ali? || Kharijite partisan <> Siapa yang membuat perdamaian dengan Muawiyah I? || Hasan ibn Ali <> Di manakah ibukota dinasti Umayyah? || Damsyik <> Bilakah parti Kharijite terbunuh? || <> Siapa Imam Pertama untuk Shia? || <> Siapa yang mengikuti syarat perjanjian? || <> Siapa yang enggan menyerahkan kuasa kepada Muawiyah? || <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai orang bodoh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Ali killed?", "id": "571a9f4010f8ca14003051c1", "answers": [{"text": "661", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who killed Ali?", "id": "571a9f4110f8ca14003051c2", "answers": [{"text": "Kharijite partisan", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made peace with Muawiyah I?", "id": "571a9f4110f8ca14003051c3", "answers": [{"text": "Hasan ibn Ali", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?", "id": "571a9f4110f8ca14003051c4", "answers": [{"text": "Damascus", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "661", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "When was a Kharijite partisan killed?", "id": "5acf9c8b77cf76001a6854be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hasan ibn Ali", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Who was the First Imam for the Shias?", "id": "5acf9c8b77cf76001a6854bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mu'awiyah", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "Who followed the conditions of the agreement?", "id": "5acf9c8b77cf76001a6854c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hasan ibn Ali", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Who refused to hand over power to Muawiyah?", "id": "5acf9c8b77cf76001a6854c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hasan ibn Ali", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Who was regarded as a fool?", "id": "5acf9c8b77cf76001a6854c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty. This brought to an end the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs for the Sunnis, and Hasan ibn Ali was also the last Imam for the Shias to be a Caliph. Following this, Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital in Damascus."}], ["Khalifah Umayyah (Arab: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629, trans. Al-Khil\u0101fat al-'umawiyya) adalah yang kedua dari empat khalifah Islam utama yang ditubuhkan selepas kematian Muhammad. Khalifah ini berpusat pada dinasti Umayyad (bahasa Arab: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646, al-'Umawiyy\u016bn, atau \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629, Ban\u016b'Umayya, \"Anak-anak Umayya\"), yang berasal dari Mekah. Keluarga Umayyah mula berkuasa di bawah khalifah ketiga, Uthman ibn Affan (r 644-656), tetapi rejim Umayyad diasaskan oleh Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gubernur Syria yang lama, selepas berakhirnya Muslim Pertama Perang Saudara pada tahun 661 CE / 41 AH. Syria kekal sebagai pusat kuasa utama Umayyad selepas itu, dan Damsyik adalah modal mereka. Umayyad meneruskan penaklukan orang Islam, menggabungkan Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, Maghreb dan Semenanjung Iberia (Al-Andalus) ke dunia Islam. Setakat yang paling besar, Khalifah Umayyad meliputi 15 juta km2 (5.79 juta batu persegi), menjadikannya sebagai empayar terbesar (dari segi kawasan - bukan dari segi penduduk) yang belum pernah dilihat dunia, dan kelima terbesar yang pernah wujud. <> Berapa banyak khalifah Islam yang besar wujud selepas kematian Muhammad? || empat <> Siapa khalifah ketiga? || Uthman ibn Affan <> Siapa yang mengasaskan rejim Umayyad? || Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan <> Berapa juta batu persegi adalah khalifah Umayyad pada saiz terbesarnya? || 5.79 <> Berapa banyak khalifah Islam wujud sebelum kematian Muhammad? || <> Siapa khalifah pertama? || <> Bilakah Perang Saudara Muslim Pertama bermula? || <> Apakah khalifah utama Islam yang pertama? || <> Berapa banyak batu persegi besar adalah Khalifah Umayyah di itu yang paling kecil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?", "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab48", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the third caliph?", "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab49", "answers": [{"text": "Uthman ibn Affan", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded the Umayyad regime?", "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab4a", "answers": [{"text": "Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?", "id": "571a9fa84faf5e1900b8ab4b", "answers": [{"text": "5.79", "answer_start": 903}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "How many Islamic caliphates existed before the death of Muhammad?", "id": "5acf6cae77cf76001a684de4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uthman ibn Affan", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "Who was the first caliph?", "id": "5acf6cae77cf76001a684de5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "661 CE/41 AH", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "When did the First Muslim Civil War begin?", "id": "5acf6cae77cf76001a684de6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Umayyad Caliphate", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the first major Islamic caliphate?", "id": "5acf6cae77cf76001a684de7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5.79 million", "answer_start": 903}], "question": "How many square miles big was the Umayyad Caliphate at it's smallest?", "id": "5acf6cae77cf76001a684de8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u200e, trans. Al-Khil\u0101fat al-\u02beumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646\u200e, al-\u02beUmawiyy\u016bn, or \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629, Ban\u016b \u02beUmayya, \"Sons of Umayya\"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644\u2013656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles), making it the largest empire (in terms of area - not in terms of population) the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist."}], ["Berikutan pertempuran ini, Ali berperang melawan Muawiyah, yang dikenali sebagai Pertempuran Siffin. Pertempuran dihentikan sebelum kedua belah pihak telah mencapai kemenangan, dan kedua-dua pihak bersetuju untuk menimbang-nimbang pertikaian mereka. Selepas pertempuran Amr ibn al-As dilantik oleh Muawiyah sebagai penimbang tara, dan Ali melantik Abu Musa Ashaari. Tujuh bulan kemudian, pada Februari 658, dua orang penimbangtara bertemu di Adhruh, kira-kira 10 km barat laut Maan di Jordon. Amr ibn al-As yakin Abu Musa Ashaari bahawa kedua-dua Ali dan Muawiyah harus turun dan khalifah baru dipilih. Ali dan penyokongnya terkejut dengan keputusan yang telah menurunkan Khalifah ke status Muawiyah I. Ali yang dilawan oleh Muawiyah dan Amr. Ali enggan menerima keputusan itu dan mendapati dirinya secara teknikal melanggar ikrarnya untuk mematuhi timbang tara itu. Ini meletakkan Ali dalam kedudukan lemah walaupun di kalangan penyokongnya sendiri. Lawan yang paling lantang di kem Ali adalah orang yang sama yang telah memaksa Ali ke dalam gencatan senjata. Mereka memisahkan diri dari kuasa Ali, bersatu di bawah slogan, \"timbang tara milik Tuhan sahaja.\" Kumpulan ini dikenali sebagai Kharijites (\"mereka yang meninggalkan\"). Pada tahun 659 pasukan Ali dan Kharijit bertemu di Pertempuran Nahrawan. Walaupun Ali memenangi pertempuran, konflik berterusan telah memberi kesan kepada kedudukannya, dan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya beberapa orang Syria kelihatan telah mengiktiraf Muawiyah sebagai khalifah saingan. <> Di mana Muawiyah melawan Ali? || Pertempuran Siffin <> Siapa yang dilantik penimbang tara oleh Ali? || Abu Musa Ashaari <> Dalam pertempuran apakah Ali melawan Kharjites? || Pertempuran Nahrawan <> Apa maksud istilah Kharjites? || mereka yang meninggalkan <> Siapa yang Ali melawan sebelum pertempuran ini? || <> Siapa yang dilantik sebagai penimbangtara sebelum pertempuran? || <> Siapa yang meyakinkan orang lain bahawa khalifah baru tidak boleh dipilih? || <> Nama kumpulan apa bermaksud \"orang yang tinggal\"? || <> Apakah slogan mereka yang tinggal dengan kekuatan Ali? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?", "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051eb", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Siffin", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali?", "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051ec", "answers": [{"text": "Abu Musa Ashaari", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites?", "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051ed", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Nahrawan", "answer_start": 1232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the term Kharjites mean?", "id": "571aa0a810f8ca14003051ee", "answers": [{"text": "those who leave", "answer_start": 1163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who did Ali fight against before this battle?", "id": "5acf9b6977cf76001a685470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amr ibn al-As", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "Who was appointed as an arbitrator before the battle?", "id": "5acf9b6977cf76001a685471", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amr ibn al-As", "answer_start": 439}], "question": "Who convinced the others that a new Caliph should not be elected?", "id": "5acf9b6977cf76001a685472", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kharijites", "answer_start": 1150}], "question": "What group's name means \"those who stay\"?", "id": "5acf9b6977cf76001a685473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arbitration belongs to God alone.", "answer_start": 1080}], "question": "What was the slogan of those who stayed with Ali's force?", "id": "5acf9b6977cf76001a685474", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, \"arbitration belongs to God alone.\" This group came to be known as the Kharijites (\"those who leave\"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph."}], ["Sedangkan Umayyad dan orang Hashim mungkin mengalami kepahitan di antara kedua klan sebelum Muhammad, persaingan berubah menjadi kesengsaraan puak yang teruk selepas Pertempuran Badr. Pertempuran itu menyaksikan tiga pemimpin utama klan Umayyad (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah dan Shaybah) yang dibunuh oleh Hasyim (Ali, Hamza ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib dan Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) dalam tiga huru hara. Ini membantah pembangkang Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cucu Umayya, kepada Muhammad dan kepada Islam. Abu Sufyan berusaha memusnahkan penganut agama baru itu dengan melancarkan pertempuran lain dengan orang Islam yang berpusat di Madinah hanya setahun selepas Pertempuran Badr. Dia melakukan ini untuk membalas kekalahan di Badr. Pertempuran Uhud umumnya dipercayai oleh ulama sebagai kekalahan pertama bagi umat Islam, kerana mereka telah mengalami kerugian yang lebih besar daripada orang Mekah. Selepas pertempuran, isteri Abu Sufyan, Hind, yang juga anak perempuan Utba ibn Rabi'ah, dilaporkan telah memotong mayat Hamza, mengeluarkan hatinya yang kemudiannya cuba dimakan. Namun dalam masa lima tahun selepas kekalahannya dalam Pertempuran Uhud, Muhammad menguasai Mekah dan mengumumkan pengampunan umum untuk semua orang. Abu Sufyan dan isterinya Hind memeluk Islam pada malam sebelum penaklukan Mekah, seperti juga anak mereka (khalifah masa depan Muawiyah I). <> Berapa banyak pemimpin utama Umayyad terbunuh dalam Pertempuran Badr? || tiga <> Siapa yang berperang di Umayyad dalam Pertempuran Badr? || Hashimites <> Apakah ahli sejarah melihat sebagai kekalahan tentera pertama Islam? || Pertempuran Uhud <> Siapa suami Abu Sufyan? || Hind <> Siapa anak Abu Sufyan? || Muawiyah I <> Berapa ramai pemimpin Umayyad yang selamat daripada Pertempuran Badr? || <> Siapa cucu Abu Sufyan ibn Harb? || <> Siapa yang berperang hanya setahun sebelum Pertempuran Badr? || <> Pertempuran apa yang menjadi kekalahan terakhir bagi umat Islam? || <> Siapa anak perempuan Hind? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?", "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5c", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?", "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5d", "answers": [{"text": "Hashimites", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?", "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5e", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Uhud", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?", "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab5f", "answers": [{"text": "Hind", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?", "id": "571aa1474faf5e1900b8ab60", "answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah I", "answer_start": 1292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "How many top leaders of the Umayyads survived the Battle of Badr?", "id": "5acf818077cf76001a685032", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayya", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "Who was the grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb?", "id": "5acf818077cf76001a685033", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abu Sufyan", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "Who fought a battle only a year before the Battle of Badr?", "id": "5acf818077cf76001a685034", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Battle of Uhud", "answer_start": 696}], "question": "What battle was the last defeat for the Muslims?", "id": "5acf818077cf76001a685035", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Utba ibn Rabi'ah", "answer_start": 914}], "question": "Who was the daughter of Hind?", "id": "5acf818077cf76001a685036", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn \u2018Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I)."}], ["Kebanyakan ahli sejarah [yang] menganggap Khalifah Muawiyah (661-80) sebagai penguasa kedua dinasti Umayyad, walaupun beliau adalah orang pertama yang menegaskan hak Umayyah untuk memerintah atas prinsip dinasti. Ia adalah khalifah Uthman Ibn Affan (644-656), seorang anggota klan Umayyad, yang menyaksikan kebangkitan semula itu dan kemudian keturunan klan Umayyad ke koridor kekuasaan. Uthman meletakkan sebahagian daripada anggota puaknya yang dipercayai di kedudukan yang terkenal dan kukuh di seluruh negeri. Yang paling ketara ialah pelantikan Marwan ibn al-Hakam, sepupu pertama Uthman, sebagai penasihat puncaknya, yang menimbulkan kekacauan di kalangan sahabat Hashimite Muhammad, kerana Marwan bersama ayahnya Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As telah kekal diasingkan dari Madinah oleh Muhammad semasa hayatnya. Uthman juga dilantik sebagai gabenor Kufa abangnya, Walid ibn Uqba, yang dituduh oleh Hashmites berdoa utama sementara di bawah pengaruh alkohol. Uthman juga menyatukan gabenor Muawiyah Syria dengan memberinya kawalan ke atas kawasan yang lebih besar dan melantik saudara angkatnya Abdullah ibn Saad sebagai Gabenor Mesir. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak Uthman tidak pernah menamakan seorang pewaris, dia tidak boleh dianggap sebagai pengasas dinasti. <> Bilakah Muawiyah menjadi khalifah? || 661 <> Bilakah khalifah Uthman Ibn Affan berakhir? || 656 <> Siapa anak Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As? || Marwan ibn al-Hakam <> Siapa penguasa kedua untuk aset hak Umayyah untuk memerintah atas kepala dinasti? || <> Siapa yang paling ahli sejarah fikir adalah peraturan pertama dinasti Umayyah? || <> Yang khalifah menyaksikan kejatuhan klan Umayyad? || <> Siapa penasihat tertinggi Marwan ibn al-Hakam'a? || <> Mengapa Uthman dianggap sebagai pengasas dinasti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Muawiyah become caliph?", "id": "571a9fd84faf5e1900b8ab50", "answers": [{"text": "661", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?", "id": "571a9fd84faf5e1900b8ab51", "answers": [{"text": "656", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?", "id": "571a9fd84faf5e1900b8ab52", "answers": [{"text": "Marwan ibn al-Hakam", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Caliph Muawiyah", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who was the second ruler to asset the Umayyads' right to rule on dynastic principal?", "id": "5acf8e3877cf76001a685244", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Caliph Muawiyah", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who do most historians think was the first rules of the Umayyad dynasty?", "id": "5acf8e3877cf76001a685245", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marwan ibn al-Hakam", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "Which caliphate witnessed the downfall of the Umayyad clan?", "id": "5acf8e3877cf76001a685246", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uthman", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "Who was Marwan ibn al-Hakam'a top advisor?", "id": "5acf8e3877cf76001a685247", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "never named an heir", "answer_start": 1158}], "question": "Why can Uthman be considered the founder of a dynasty?", "id": "5acf8e3877cf76001a685248", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661\u201380) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644\u2013656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty."}], ["Pada masa itu, percukaian dan amalan pentadbiran Umayyad dianggap sebagai tidak adil oleh sesetengah orang Islam. Penduduk Kristian dan Yahudi masih autonomi; perkara-perkara perundangan mereka telah diuruskan sesuai dengan undang-undang mereka sendiri dan oleh ketua agama mereka atau mereka yang dilantik, walaupun mereka membayar pajak pungutan untuk kepolisian ke negara pusat. Muhammad telah menyatakan secara jelas semasa hidupnya bahawa kumpulan keagamaan abraham (masih majoriti di zaman Khalifah Umayyah), harus dibenarkan mengamalkan agama mereka sendiri, dengan syarat mereka membayar pajak jizya. Keadaan kebajikan kedua-dua Muslim dan miskin bukan Islam yang dimulakan oleh Umar ibn al Khattab juga telah diteruskan. Isteri Muawiya Maysum (ibu Yazid) juga seorang Kristian. Hubungan antara orang Islam dan orang Kristian di negeri ini stabil pada masa ini. Umayyad terlibat dalam pertempuran yang kerap dengan Byzantine Kristian tanpa peduli dengan melindungi diri mereka di Syria, yang masih banyak Kristian seperti banyak bahagian lain dari kerajaan. Jawatan penting dipegang oleh orang Kristian, beberapa di antaranya milik keluarga yang telah berkhidmat di pemerintahan Byzantine. Penggajian orang Kristian adalah sebahagian daripada dasar asimilasi agama yang lebih luas yang diperlukan oleh kehadiran populasi Kristian yang besar di wilayah yang ditawan, seperti di Syria. Dasar ini juga meningkatkan populariti Muawiya dan mengukuhkan Syria sebagai pangkalannya. <> Apakah bentuk cukai yang perlu dibayar oleh orang Kristian? || jizya <> Siapa ibu Yazid? || Maysum <> Apakah agama Maysum? || Kristian <> Apa populasi tidak mempunyai autonomi? || <> Siapa yang menamatkan negara kebajikan muslim? || <> Agama apa yang tidak pernah memegang jawatan penting dalam Khalifah? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan Muawiya menjadi kurang popular? || <> Apa bahagian empayar kekal sebahagian besar Yahudi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What form of tax were Christians required to pay?", "id": "571a9f6a4faf5e1900b8ab42", "answers": [{"text": "jizya", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Yazid?", "id": "571a9f6a4faf5e1900b8ab43", "answers": [{"text": "Maysum", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Maysum's religion?", "id": "571a9f6a4faf5e1900b8ab44", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christian and Jewish", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What populations did not have autonomy?", "id": "5acf6e1877cf76001a684e16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar ibn al Khattab", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "Who ended the Muslim welfare state?", "id": "5acf6e1877cf76001a684e17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 1096}], "question": "What religion never held prominent positions in the Caliphate?", "id": "5acf6e1877cf76001a684e18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "This policy", "answer_start": 1378}], "question": "What caused Muawiya to become less popular?", "id": "5acf6e1877cf76001a684e19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Syria", "answer_start": 982}], "question": "What part of the empire remained largely Jewish?", "id": "5acf6e1877cf76001a684e1a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that abrahamic religious groups (still a majority in times of the Umayyad Caliphate), should be allowed to practice their own religion, provided that they paid the jizya taxation. The welfare state of both the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor started by Umar ibn al Khattab had also continued. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Christian. The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were stable in this time. The Umayyads were involved in frequent battles with the Christian Byzantines without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious assimilation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base."}], ["Secara geografi, kerajaan dibahagikan kepada beberapa wilayah, sempadannya berubah banyak kali semasa pemerintahan Umayyad. Setiap wilayah mempunyai gabenor yang dilantik oleh khalifah. Gabenor bertanggungjawab terhadap pegawai agama, pemimpin tentera, polis, dan pentadbir sivil di wilayahnya. Perbelanjaan tempatan dibayar oleh cukai yang berasal dari wilayah itu, dengan baki setiap tahun dihantar ke kerajaan pusat di Damsyik. Oleh kerana kuasa pusat penguasa Umayyah berkurang pada tahun-tahun kemudian dinasti itu, sesetengah gabenor mengabaikan penghasilan tambahan cukai ke Damsyik dan menciptakan kekayaan peribadi yang besar. <> Siapa yang melantik gabenor di kerajaan Umayyah? || khalifah <> Di manakah kerajaan Umayyah berpusat? || Damsyik <> Bersama dengan pemimpin tentera, polis dan pentadbiran sivil, apa yang dikendalikan oleh gabenor di wilayahnya? || pegawai agama <> Apa yang tidak dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian? || <> Apakah sempadan empayar dilakukan sebelum pemerintahan Umayyad? || <> Siapa yang melantik khalifah? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh gabenor dengan hasil cukai tambahan pada tahun-tahun awal dinasti? || <> Bilakah kuasa tengah pemerintah Umayyah meningkat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?", "id": "571aa3cf10f8ca140030522b", "answers": [{"text": "khalifah", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the government of the Umayyads based?", "id": "571aa3cf10f8ca140030522c", "answers": [{"text": "Damascus", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?", "id": "571aa3cf10f8ca140030522d", "answers": [{"text": "religious officials", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "empire", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What was not divided into several pieces?", "id": "5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "changed numerous times", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What did the borders of the empire do before the Umayyad reign?", "id": "5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "governor", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "Who appointed the khalifah?", "id": "5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "neglected to send the extra tax revenue", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What did governors do with the extra tax revenue in the early years of the dynasty? ", "id": "5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the later years of the dynasty", "answer_start": 504}], "question": "When did the central power of the Umayyad rulers increase?", "id": "5acfb5d677cf76001a6859da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes."}], ["Muawiyah juga menggalakkan hidup bersama secara aman dengan komuniti Kristian Syria, memberikan pemerintahannya dengan \"damai dan kemakmuran bagi orang Kristian dan orang Arab\", dan seorang penasihat terdekatnya ialah Sarjun, bapa kepada John dari Damsyik. Pada masa yang sama, dia melancarkan perang tanpa henti terhadap Empayar Rom Byzantin. Semasa pemerintahannya, Rhodes dan Crete diduduki, dan beberapa serangan dilancarkan melawan Constantinople. Selepas kegagalan mereka, dan menghadapi pemberontakan Kristian berskala besar dalam bentuk kaum Marda, Muawiyah menyimpulkan keamanan dengan Byzantium. Muawiyah juga menyelia pengembangan ketenteraan di Afrika Utara (asas Kairouan) dan di Asia Tengah (penaklukan Kabul, Bukhara, dan Samarkand). <> Siapa anak Sarjun? || John Damsyik <> Bersama dengan Rhodes, apa yang dimiliki oleh Byzantine yang Muawiyah menduduki? || Crete <> Siapa kumpulan orang Kristian bangkit melawan Muawiyah? || Mardaites <> Apa yang Muawiyah dijumpai di Afrika Utara? || Kairouan <> Yang tidak menggalakkan hidup bersama dengan orang Kristian di Syria? || <> Siapa penasihat paling dekat Muawiyah? || <> Bilakah Rhodes dan Crete dibebaskan dari pekerjaan? || <> Siapa yang menyelia penarikan ketenteraan di Afrika Utara? || <> Di manakah Muawiya menyusut pengembangan ketenteraan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the son of Sarjun?", "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7c", "answers": [{"text": "John of Damascus", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?", "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7d", "answers": [{"text": "Crete", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?", "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7e", "answers": [{"text": "Mardaites", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?", "id": "571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7f", "answers": [{"text": "Kairouan", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who discouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christians in Syria?", "id": "5acf9ef077cf76001a68559c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sarjun", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "Who was Muawiyah's least close adviser?", "id": "5acf9ef077cf76001a68559d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During his reign", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "When were Rhodes and Crete freed from occupation?", "id": "5acf9ef077cf76001a68559e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "Who oversaw a military withdrawal in North Africa?", "id": "5acf9ef077cf76001a68559f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Central Asia", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "Where did Muawiya shrink military expansion in?", "id": "5acf9ef077cf76001a6855a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with \"peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike\", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand)."}], ["Tentera Islam awal menetap di perkampungan jauh dari bandar kerana Umar takut bahawa mereka mungkin tertarik dengan kekayaan dan kemewahan. Dalam proses ini, mereka mungkin berpaling daripada penyembahan Tuhan dan mula mengumpul kekayaan dan menubuhkan dinasti. Apabila Uthman ibn al-Affan menjadi sangat tua, Marwan I, saudara Muawiyah I, jatuh ke dalam vakum, menjadi setiausahanya, perlahan-lahan menganggap lebih banyak kawalan dan melonggarkan beberapa sekatan ini. Marwan saya sebelum ini telah dikecualikan dari jawatan tanggungjawab. Pada tahun 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, anak Abu Bakr, anak angkat Ali ibn Abi Talib, dan datuk besar Ja'far al-Sadiq, menunjukkan beberapa orang Mesir rumah Uthman ibn al-Affan. Kemudian orang Mesir akhirnya membunuh Uthman ibn al-Affan. <> Apa kumpulan yang membunuh Uthman ibn al-Affan? || Mesir <> Siapa yang Marwan saya berkaitan dengan? || Muawiyah I <> Siapa yang mengadopsi Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr? || Ali ibn Abi Talib <> Siapa cucu besar Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr? || Ja'far al-Sadiq <> Yang takut bahawa tentera Islam akan berpaling dari kekayaan? || <> Mengapa pasukan awal Islam tinggal di dalam bandar? || <> Siapa yang membunuh orang Mesir? || <> Siapa yang menganggap kuasa ketika Marwan saya menjadi sangat tua? || <> Siapa anak Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?", "id": "571aa20e10f8ca14003051fd", "answers": [{"text": "Egyptians", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Marwan I related to?", "id": "571aa20e10f8ca14003051fe", "answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah I", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?", "id": "571aa20e10f8ca14003051ff", "answers": [{"text": "Ali ibn Abi Talib", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?", "id": "571aa20e10f8ca1400305200", "answers": [{"text": "Ja'far al-Sadiq", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Who feared that Muslim armies would turn away from wealth?", "id": "5acf974077cf76001a68539e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "Why did early Muslim armies stay inside of cities?", "id": "5acf974077cf76001a68539f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Uthman ibn al-Affan", "answer_start": 744}], "question": "Who murdered the Egyptians?", "id": "5acf974077cf76001a6853a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "Who assumed power when Marwan I became very old?", "id": "5acf974077cf76001a6853a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ja'far al-Sadiq", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "Who was the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?", "id": "5acf974077cf76001a6853a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan."}], ["Acara utama kedua pemerintahan awal Abd al-Malik ialah pembinaan Kubah Batu di Yerusalem. Walaupun kronologi masih agak tidak menentu, bangunan itu seolah-olah telah selesai pada tahun 692, yang bermaksud bahawa ia sedang dibina semasa konflik dengan Ibn al-Zubayr. Ini telah membawa beberapa ahli sejarah, kedua-dua abad pertengahan dan moden, untuk mencadangkan bahawa Dome of the Rock dibina sebagai destinasi untuk menunaikan haji untuk menyaingi Kaabah, yang berada di bawah kawalan Ibn al-Zubayr. <> Dimana kubah Rock dibina? || Baitulmuqaddis <> Pada tahun apakah Kubah Batu telah selesai? || 692 <> Semasa pemerintahannya adalah Kubah Batu yang dibina? || Abd al-Malik <> Apakah peristiwa utama pertama pemerintahan Abd al-Mali? || <> Tahun apa pembinaan kubah Rock bermula? || <> Mengapa Kaabah dibina? || <> Bilakah Kaabah sedang dibina? || <> Tahun apakah Kaaba selesai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the Dome of the Rock built?", "id": "571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab76", "answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?", "id": "571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab77", "answers": [{"text": "692", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?", "id": "571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab78", "answers": [{"text": "Abd al-Malik", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the construction of the Dome of the Rock", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What was the first major event of the early reign of Abd al-Mali?", "id": "5acfa7de77cf76001a685744", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "692", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What year did construction of the Dome of the Rock begin?", "id": "5acfa7de77cf76001a685745", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "destination for pilgrimage", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "Why was the Kaaba built?", "id": "5acfa7de77cf76001a685746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "When was the Kaaba under construction?", "id": "5acfa7de77cf76001a685747", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "692", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "What year was the Kaaba completed?", "id": "5acfa7de77cf76001a685748", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr."}], ["Selepas pembunuhan Uthman di 656, Ali, ahli puak Quraisy dan sepupu dan menantu Muhammad, dipilih sebagai khalifah. Dia tidak lama kemudian bertemu dengan perlawanan dari beberapa puak, kerana pengalaman politiknya yang relatif tidak baik. Ali memindahkan ibunya dari Madinah ke Kufa. Konflik yang terhasil dari 656 hingga 661, dikenali sebagai Fitna Pertama (\"perang saudara\"). Muawiyah I, gabenor Syria, saudara Uthman ibn al-Affan dan Marwan I, mahu penangkapan ditangkap. Marwan Saya memanipulasi semua orang dan mewujudkan konflik. Aisha, isteri Muhammad, dan Talhah dan Al-Zubayr, dua daripada sahabat Muhammad, pergi ke Basra untuk memberitahu Ali untuk menangkap para pelaku yang membunuh Uthman. Marwan saya dan orang lain yang mahu konflik memanipulasi semua orang untuk bertarung. Kedua-dua pasukan bertempur di Battle of the Camel pada tahun 656, di mana Ali memenangi kemenangan yang menentukan. <> Bilakah Uthman mati? || 656 <> Apakah puak yang dimiliki Ali? || Quraysh <> Bersama dengan sepupunya, apa hubungannya dengan Ali? || menantu <> Di manakah modal sebelum Ali mengubahnya? || Medina <> Apa maksud Fitna? || perang saudara <> Bilakah Uthman dilahirkan? || <> Mengapa Ali bertemu dengan sedikit perlawanan? || <> Bilakah berlaku Fitna Kedua? || <> Siapa isteri Marwan I? || <> Siapa yang tidak mahu konflik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Uthman die?", "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f3", "answers": [{"text": "656", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tribe did Ali belong to?", "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f4", "answers": [{"text": "Quraysh", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?", "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f5", "answers": [{"text": "son-in-law", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the capital before Ali changed it?", "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f6", "answers": [{"text": "Medina", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Fitna mean?", "id": "571aa1c110f8ca14003051f7", "answers": [{"text": "civil war", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "656", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "When was Uthman born?", "id": "5acf9a7577cf76001a685426", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political inexperience", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Why did Ali meet with little resistance?", "id": "5acf9a7577cf76001a685427", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "656 until 661", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "When did the Second Fitna occur?", "id": "5acf9a7577cf76001a685428", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aisha", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Who was the wife of Marwan I?", "id": "5acf9a7577cf76001a685429", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marwan I", "answer_start": 712}], "question": "Who did not want conflict?", "id": "5acf9a7577cf76001a68542a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna (\"civil war\"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory."}], ["Yazid meninggal dunia ketika pengepungan sedang berlangsung, dan tentara Umayyah kembali ke Damsyik, meninggalkan Ibn al-Zubayr menguasai Mekah. Anak lelaki Yazid, Muawiyah II (683-84) pada mulanya berjaya dia tetapi nampaknya tidak pernah diiktiraf sebagai khalif di luar Syria. Dua puak yang dikembangkan di Syria: Konfederasi Qays, yang menyokong Ibn al-Zubayr, dan Quda'a, yang menyokong Marwan, keturunan Umayya melalui Wa'il ibn Umayyah. Partisan Marwan menang dalam pertempuran di Marj Rahit, dekat Damsyik, pada 684, dan Marwan menjadi khalifah tidak lama kemudian. <> Siapa anak Yazid? || Muawiya II <> Bilakah pemerintahan Muawiya II bermula? || 683 <> Siapa yang mendapat sokongan daripada Persekutuan Qays? || Ibn al-Zubayr <> Dari mana Marwan turun? || Umayya melalui Wa'il ibn Umayyah <> Pada tahun apakah pertempuran Marj Rahit berlaku? || 684 <> Tentera mana yang meninggalkan Damsyik? || <> Siapa yang diiktiraf sebagai khalif di luar Syria? || <> Siapa keturunan Marwan? || <> Tahun apakah parti-parti Marwan kehilangan pertempuran? || <> Kota apakah yang dilakukan oleh partisan Marwan kehilangan pertempuran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the son of Yazid?", "id": "571aa35110f8ca1400305217", "answers": [{"text": "Muawiya II", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Muawiya II's reign begin?", "id": "571aa35110f8ca1400305218", "answers": [{"text": "683", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?", "id": "571aa35110f8ca1400305219", "answers": [{"text": "Ibn al-Zubayr", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom was Marwan descended?", "id": "571aa35110f8ca140030521a", "answers": [{"text": "Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?", "id": "571aa35110f8ca140030521b", "answers": [{"text": "684", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyad army", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What army left Damascus?", "id": "5acfa43477cf76001a6856c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiya II", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "Who was recognized as caliph outside of Syria?", "id": "5acfa43477cf76001a6856c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Who was a descendant of Marwan?", "id": "5acfa43477cf76001a6856c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "684", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "What year did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle?", "id": "5acfa43477cf76001a6856c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Damascus", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What city did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle near?", "id": "5acfa43477cf76001a6856c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683\u201384) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter."}], ["Marwan digantikan oleh anaknya, Abd al-Malik (685-705), yang mengkonsolidasikan semula pemerintahan Umayyad terhadap khalifah. Pemerintahan awal Abd al-Malik ditandai oleh pemberontakan Al-Mukhtar, yang berpusat di Kufa. Al-Mukhtar berharap dapat menaikkan Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, anak lelaki Ali, kepada khalifah, walaupun Ibn al-Hanafiyyah sendiri mungkin tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan pemberontakan itu. Tentera al-Mukhtar terlibat dalam pertempuran kedua-duanya dengan Umayyad pada tahun 686, mengalahkan mereka di sungai Khazir dekat Mosul, dan dengan Ibn al-Zubayr pada tahun 687, pada masa itu pemberontakan al-Mukhtar telah dihancurkan. Pada tahun 691, pasukan Umayyad menawan Iraq, dan pada 692 tentera yang sama menawan Mekah. Ibn al-Zubayr terbunuh dalam serangan itu. <> Siapa bapa Abd al-Malik? || Marwan <> Bilakah pemerintahan Abd al-Malik bermula? || 685 <> Di manakah Al-Mukhtar? || Kufa <> Siapa bapa Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah? || Ali <> Dalam tahun berapa Ibn al-Zubayr mati? || 692 <> Siapa yang berjaya Abd al-Malik? || <> Berapa tahun berturut-turut Marwan memerintah? || <> Siapa anak lelaki Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah? || <> Bilakah Umayyah mengalahkan tentera al-Mukhtar berhampiran Mosul? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?", "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305221", "answers": [{"text": "Marwan", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?", "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305222", "answers": [{"text": "685", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Al-Mukhtar based? ", "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305223", "answers": [{"text": "Kufa", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?", "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305224", "answers": [{"text": "Ali", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?", "id": "571aa39d10f8ca1400305225", "answers": [{"text": "692", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marwan", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who succeeded Abd al-Malik?", "id": "5acfa72877cf76001a685734", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "685\u2013705", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What span of years did Marwan rule?", "id": "5acfa72877cf76001a685735", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The troops of al-Mukhtar", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "Who was another son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?", "id": "5acfa72877cf76001a685736", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "687", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "When did the Umayyads defeat the troops of al-Mukhtar near Mosul?", "id": "5acfa72877cf76001a685737", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685\u2013705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack."}], ["Pada tahun 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, seorang jeneral Umayyad, berlayar dari Teluk Parsi ke Sindh di Pakistan dan menakluk kedua wilayah Sindh dan Punjab di sepanjang sungai Indus. Penaklukan Sindh dan Punjab, di Pakistan moden, walaupun mahal, adalah keuntungan utama untuk Khalifah Umayyah. Walau bagaimanapun, keuntungan selanjutnya dihentikan oleh kerajaan Hindu di India dalam pertempuran di Rajasthan. Orang Arab cuba menyerang India tetapi mereka dikalahkan oleh raja India utara Nagabhata dari Dinasti Pratihara dan oleh Maharaja India Selatan Vikramaditya II dari dinasti Chalukya pada awal abad ke-8. Selepas ini penulis sejarah Arab mengakui bahawa Khalifah Mahdi \"menyerahkan projek menakluk mana-mana bahagian India.\" <> Bilakah Muhammad bin Wasim belayar ke Pakistan? || 712 <> Bersama Punjab, apa yang ditakluk oleh Muhammad bin Wasim? || Sindh <> Pada apa pertempuran yang dilakukan oleh Hindu India mengalahkan Umayyad? || Rajasthan <> Untuk dinasti apa yang dimiliki oleh Vikramaditya II? || Pratihara <> Siapa raja yang terkenal dalam zaman ini dari dinasti Pratihara? || Nagabhata <> Siapa yang berlayar dari Pakistan pada 712? || <> Tahun apakah Muhammad bin Qasim meninggalkan Pakistan? || <> Apa penaklukan yang mudah untuk Khalifah Umayyah? || <> Siapa yang menghentikan India daripada menyerang orang Arab? || <> Bilakah Maharaja India selatan menyerahkan bangsa Arab? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?", "id": "571aa29f10f8ca140030520d", "answers": [{"text": "712", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?", "id": "571aa29f10f8ca140030520e", "answers": [{"text": "Sindh", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa29f10f8ca140030520f", "answers": [{"text": "Rajasthan", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?", "id": "571aa29f10f8ca1400305210", "answers": [{"text": "Pratihara", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?", "id": "571aa29f10f8ca1400305211", "answers": [{"text": "Nagabhata", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muhammad bin Qasim", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who sailed away from Pakistan in 712?", "id": "5acf9de577cf76001a685538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "712", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What year did Muhammad bin Qasim leave Pakistan?", "id": "5acf9de577cf76001a685539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sindh and Punjab", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What conquests were easy for Umayyad Caliphate?", "id": "5acf9de577cf76001a68553a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "king Nagabhata", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "Who stopped India from invading the Arabs?", "id": "5acf9de577cf76001a68553b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 8th century", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs?", "id": "5acf9de577cf76001a68553c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi \"gave up the project of conquering any part of India.\""}], ["Umar diberi penghormatan atas usaha beliau menyelesaikan masalah fiskal semasa beralih kepada Islam. Semasa zaman Umayyad, majoriti orang yang tinggal di khalifa bukanlah Muslim, tetapi Kristian, Yahudi, Zoroaster, atau ahli-ahli kumpulan kecil lain. Masyarakat agama ini tidak dipaksa untuk menukar agama Islam, tetapi tertakluk kepada cukai (jizyah) yang tidak dikenakan ke atas umat Islam. Situasi ini sebenarnya telah membuat penukaran luas kepada Islam yang tidak diingini dari sudut pandangan hasil negeri, dan terdapat laporan bahawa gabenor wilayah secara aktif tidak menggalakkan penukaran tersebut. Tidak jelas bagaimana Umar cuba menyelesaikan masalah ini, tetapi sumber-sumbernya menggambarkan beliau sebagai berkeras seperti orang Arab dan bukan Islam (umat Islam), dan menghapuskan halangan kepada penukaran orang bukan Islam ke Islam. <> Cukai apa yang dibayar oleh orang bukan Islam dalam tempoh Umayyad? || jizyah <> Apakah istilah lain untuk umat Islam yang bukan Arab? || mawali <> Bersama dengan orang Kristian dan Yahudi, apakah kumpulan agama non-Muslim utama di bawah Umayyad? || Zoroastrian <> Apa cukai yang dibayar oleh orang Islam dalam tempoh Umayyad? || <> Apa istilah bagi orang Arab yang bukan Islam? || <> Siapa yang menggalakkan penukaran untuk menghasilkan lebih banyak pendapatan? || <> Siapa yang menegaskan perlakuan berbeza terhadap orang Arab dan bukan Arab? || <> Siapa yang menambah lebih banyak halangan untuk menukar agama kepada orang bukan Islam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?", "id": "571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab66", "answers": [{"text": "jizyah", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?", "id": "571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab67", "answers": [{"text": "mawali", "answer_start": 758}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab68", "answers": [{"text": "Zoroastrian", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "jizyah", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "What tax did Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?", "id": "5acfafc277cf76001a685860", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mawali", "answer_start": 758}], "question": "What was a term for Arabs who were not Muslim?", "id": "5acfafc277cf76001a685861", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "provincial governors", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "Who encouraged conversions in order to make more revenue?", "id": "5acfafc277cf76001a685862", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "Who insisted on different treatment of Arab and non-Arab Muslims?", "id": "5acfafc277cf76001a685863", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "Who added more obstacles to conversion to Islam for non-Arabs?", "id": "5acfafc277cf76001a685864", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam."}], ["Pada 680 Ibn al-Zubayr melarikan diri dari Madinah ke Mekah. Mendengar bantahan Husayn terhadap Yazid I, rakyat Kufah menghantar Husayn meminta beliau untuk mengambil alih sokongan mereka. Al-Husayn menghantar sepupunya Muslim bin Agail untuk mengesahkan sama ada mereka akan mengadakan perhimpunan di belakangnya. Apabila berita itu sampai kepada Yazid I, dia mengutus Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, penguasa Basrah, dengan arahan untuk menghalang orang-orang Kufa bersatu di belakang Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad berjaya menyebarkan orang ramai yang berkumpul di sekitar Muslim bin Agail dan merampasnya. Menyadari Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad telah diarahkan untuk menghalang Husayn dari menubuhkan dukungan di Kufa, Muslim bin Agail meminta pesan yang akan dikirimkan ke Husayn untuk mencegah imigrasinya ke Kufa. Permintaan itu ditolak dan Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad membunuh Muslim bin Agail. Semasa Ibn al-Zubayr akan tinggal di Mekah sehingga kematiannya, Husayn memutuskan untuk pergi ke Kufa dengan keluarganya, tanpa menyedari kurangnya sokongan di sana. Husayn dan keluarganya dipintas oleh pasukan Yazid I yang diketuai oleh Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, dan Hussain bin Tamim, yang memerangi Al-Husain dan ahli keluarganya sehingga mereka dibunuh. Terdapat 200 orang di kafilah Husayn, kebanyakannya adalah wanita, termasuk adik-beradiknya, isteri, anak perempuan dan anak-anak mereka. Wanita dan anak-anak dari kem Husayn diambil sebagai tawanan perang dan dibawa kembali ke Damsyik untuk dipersembahkan kepada Yazid I. Mereka masih dipenjarakan sehingga pendapat umum menentangnya sebagai berita kematian Husayn dan penyebaran keluarganya. Mereka kemudian diberi laluan kembali ke Madinah. Satu-satunya lelaki yang terselamat dari kafilah adalah Ali bin Husayn yang dengan demam terlalu sakit untuk bertarung ketika kafilah diserang. <> Di mana Ibn al-Zubayr melarikan diri ke 680? || Mekah <> Siapa yang telah menghantar Al-Husayn ke Kufa? || Muslim bin Agail <> Apakah Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad memerintah? || Basrah <> Siapa yang membunuh Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad? || Muslim bin Agail <> Bilakah Ibn al-Zubayr melarikan diri dari Mekah untuk Madinah? || <> Siapa wanita yang terselamat daripada kafilah itu? || <> Siapa yang tidak dapat menyebarkan kerumunan orang yang telah berkumpul? || <> Siapa yang meminta mesej dihantar ke Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad untuk mencegah imigrannya ke Kufa? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan Husayn? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?", "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305205", "answers": [{"text": "Mecca", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?", "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305206", "answers": [{"text": "Muslim bin Agail", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?", "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305207", "answers": [{"text": "Basrah", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?", "id": "571aa25310f8ca1400305208", "answers": [{"text": "Muslim bin Agail", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "680", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Ibn al-Zubayr flee Mecca for Medina?", "id": "5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ali ibn Husayn", "answer_start": 1617}], "question": "Who was the sole female survivor of the caravan?", "id": "5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "Who was not able to disperse the crowd that had gathered?", "id": "5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muslim bin Agail", "answer_start": 623}], "question": "Who requested a message be sent to Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad to prevent his immigration to Kufa?", "id": "5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amru bin Saad", "answer_start": 1005}], "question": "Who led Husayn's forces?", "id": "5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked."}], ["Buku-buku yang ditulis kemudian dalam zaman Abbasiyah di Iran lebih anti Umayyad. Iran adalah Sunni pada masa itu. Terdapat banyak perasaan anti Arab di Iran selepas kejatuhan kerajaan Parsi. Perasaan anti Arab ini juga mempengaruhi buku mengenai sejarah Islam. Al-Tabri juga ditulis di Iran dalam tempoh itu. Al-Tabri adalah koleksi yang besar termasuk semua teks yang dapat dia temukan, dari semua sumber. Ia adalah koleksi yang memelihara segala-galanya untuk generasi akan datang dan untuk generasi masa depan untuk menilai sama ada ia benar atau palsu. <> Dalam era Abbasid yang lalu, apakah cawangan Islam yang mematuhi Iran? || Sunni <> Apa karya sejarah Islam yang ketara ditulis di Iran semasa zaman Abbasid yang kemudian? || Al-Tabri <> Kumpulan apa yang tidak disukai di Iran selepas Empayar Parsi jatuh? || Arab <> Apakah buku-buku yang ditulis pada awal zaman Abbasid seperti? || <> Bilakah tidak ada perasaan anti Arab di Iran? || <> Apa perasaan anti Arab ini gagal mempengaruhi? || <> Apa koleksi teks kecil? || <> Apa koleksi yang dimaksudkan hanya untuk generasi semasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?", "id": "571aa66210f8ca140030526d", "answers": [{"text": "Sunni", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?", "id": "571aa66210f8ca140030526e", "answers": [{"text": "Al-Tabri", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?", "id": "571aa66210f8ca140030526f", "answers": [{"text": "Arab", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anti Umayyad", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What are the books written early in the Abbasid period like?", "id": "5acfc16877cf76001a685ce0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after the fall of the Persian empire", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "When was there not much anti Arab feeling in Iran?", "id": "5acfc16877cf76001a685ce1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "books on Islamic history", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What did this anti Arab feeling fail to influence?", "id": "5acfc16877cf76001a685ce2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Al-Tabri", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What was a small collection of texts?", "id": "5acfc16877cf76001a685ce3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Al-Tabri", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What was a collection meant only for current generations?", "id": "5acfc16877cf76001a685ce4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false."}], ["Hanya penguasa Umayyad (Khalifah Damsyik), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, secara bulat dipuji oleh sumber-sumber Sunni kerana ketakwaan dan keadilannya yang taat. Dalam usahanya untuk menyebarkan Islam, beliau menubuhkan kebebasan untuk Mawali dengan menghapuskan cukai jizyah untuk masuk Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam menyatakan bahawa Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz juga menghentam elaun peribadi yang ditawarkan kepada sanak saudaranya yang menyatakan bahawa dia hanya dapat memberi mereka elaun jika dia memberikan elaun kepada orang lain di empayar. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz kemudiannya diracuni pada tahun 720. Apabila kerajaan berturut-turut cuba membalikkan dasar cukai Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ia mencipta pemberontakan. <> Apa penguasa Umayyad dianggap sangat adil dan alim oleh ulama Sunni? || Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz <Untuk siapa Umar menamatkan jizya? || menukarkan kepada Islam <> Dalam tahun apa Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz mati? || 720 <> Apakah kematian Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz? || beracun <> Kelompok apa yang telah diberikan kepada Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz kebebasan? || Mawali <> Apa penguasa Umayyad dibenci oleh sumber Sunni? || <> Bilakah Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz dilahirkan? || <> Apa yang berlaku apabila kemudian kerajaan cuba meneruskan dasar cukai Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz? || <> Apa yang sebulat suara memuji sebahagian besar penguasa Umayyah? || <> Siapa yang menubuhkan cukai jizya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?", "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca140030524f", "answers": [{"text": "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom did Umar end the jizya?", "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305250", "answers": [{"text": "converts to Islam", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?", "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305251", "answers": [{"text": "720", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?", "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305252", "answers": [{"text": "poisoned", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?", "id": "571aa5ad10f8ca1400305253", "answers": [{"text": "Mawali", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What Umayyad ruler is hated by Sunni sources?", "id": "5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "720", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "When was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz born?", "id": "5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it created rebellion", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "What happened when later governments tried to continue Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies?", "id": "5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sunni sources", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What unanimously praised most of the Umayyad rulers?", "id": "5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Who established the jizya tax?", "id": "5acfc09f77cf76001a685caa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion."}], ["Sekitar 746, Abu Muslim mengambil alih kepimpinan Hashimiyya di Khurasan. Pada tahun 747, beliau berjaya memulakan pemberontakan terbuka terhadap pemerintahan Umayyad, yang dilakukan di bawah tanda bendera hitam. Beliau kemudiannya menubuhkan kendali Khurasan, mengusir gabenor Umayyad, Nasr ibn Sayyar, dan menghantar tentera ke arah barat. Kufa jatuh ke Hashimiyya pada tahun 749, kubu Umayyah terakhir di Iraq, Wasit, diletakkan di bawah pengepungan, dan pada bulan November tahun yang sama Abu al-Abbas diiktiraf sebagai khalifah baru di masjid di Kufa. titik ini Marwan menggerakkan pasukannya dari Harran dan maju ke arah Iraq. Pada Januari 750 kedua-dua pasukan bertemu dalam Pertempuran Zab, dan Umayyad dikalahkan. Damsyik jatuh ke Abbasid pada bulan April, dan pada bulan Ogos, Marwan terbunuh di Mesir. <> Siapa yang menjadi pemimpin Khurasan Hashimiyya di sekitar 746? || Abu Muslim <> Apakah simbol yang digunakan oleh Abu Muslim dalam pemberontakannya terhadap Umayyad? || bendera hitam <> Siapa gubernur Umayyad Khurasan yang dikalahkan oleh Abu Muslim? || Nasr ibn Sayyar <> Bilakah Hashimiyya menakluki Kufa? || 749 <> Di manakah Marwan mati? || Mesir <> Yang melakukan pemberontakan di bawah tanda bendera putih? || <> Tahun apakah kawalan Khurasan ditubuhkan? || <> Apakah kubu Umayyah pertama di Iraq? || <> Bilakah Marwan diiktiraf sebagai khalifah baru di masjid di Kufa? || <> Berapa bulan Abu Muslim terbunuh di Mesir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?", "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305263", "answers": [{"text": "Abu Muslim", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305264", "answers": [{"text": "black flag", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?", "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305265", "answers": [{"text": "Nasr ibn Sayyar", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?", "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305266", "answers": [{"text": "749", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Marwan die?", "id": "571aa61910f8ca1400305267", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abu Muslim", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Who carried out a revolt under the sign of the white flag?", "id": "5acfb4c977cf76001a6859a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "747", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What year was control of Khurasan established?", "id": "5acfb4c977cf76001a6859a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wasit", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "What was the first Umayyad stronghold in Iraq?", "id": "5acfb4c977cf76001a6859aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "749", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "When was Marwan recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa?", "id": "5acfb4c977cf76001a6859ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 766}], "question": "What month was Abu Muslim killed in Egypt?", "id": "5acfb4c977cf76001a6859ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt."}], ["Dengan sumber yang terhad, Muawiyah membuat sekutu. Muawiyah berkahwin dengan Maysum anak perempuan ketua suku Kalb, yang merupakan suku Arab Kristian besar Yahudi di Syria. Perkahwinannya dengan Maysum bermotivasi politik. Suku Kalb masih kekal neutral ketika orang Islam mula-mula pergi ke Syria. Selepas wabak yang menewaskan banyak Tentera Islam di Syria, dengan berkahwin dengan Maysum, Muawiyah mula menggunakan orang Kristian Jacobite, melawan orang Rom. Isteri Muawiya Maysum (ibu Yazid) juga seorang Kristian Jacobite. Dengan sumber yang terbatas dan Byzantine di sempadan, Muawiyah bekerja sama dengan penduduk Kristian setempat. Untuk menghentikan gangguan Byzantine dari laut semasa Perang Arab-Byzantine, pada 649 Muawiyah menubuhkan angkatan laut; yang dikendalikan oleh orang Kristian Monophysitise, Copts dan Jacobite orang Kristian Syria dan tentera Islam. <> Apa nama isteri Muawiyah? || Maysum <> Apakah puak yang dimiliki oleh isteri Muawiyah? || Kalb <> Apa agama suku kaum Muawiyah? || Kristian <> Apakah etnik suku Kalb? || Arab <> Di manakah suku Kalb berdasarkan? || Syria <> Siapa ketua suku Kalb? || <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua suku Kalb berkahwin? || <> Perkahwinan mana yang termotivasi oleh cinta? || <> Siapa yang menggunakan Kristian Jacobite terhadap umat Islam? || <> Bilakah Muawiyah membubarkan tentera laut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?", "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305245", "answers": [{"text": "Maysum", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?", "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305246", "answers": [{"text": "Kalb", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?", "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305247", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?", "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305248", "answers": [{"text": "Arab", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Kalb tribe based?", "id": "571aa54410f8ca1400305249", "answers": [{"text": "Syria", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Who was the chief of the Kalb tribe?", "id": "5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maysum", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Who did the chief of the Kalb tribe marry?", "id": "5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Whose marriage was motivated by love?", "id": "5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muawiyah", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "Who used the Jacobite Christians against the Muslims?", "id": "5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "649", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "When did Muawiyah dissolve the navy?", "id": "5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops."}], ["Anak sulung Abd al-Malik untuk menjadi khalifah adalah Hisham (724-43), yang pemerintahan yang panjang dan penuh peristiwa di atas semua ditandakan dengan pengurangan pengembangan ketenteraan. Hisham menubuhkan mahkamahnya di Resafa di utara Syria, yang lebih dekat dengan sempadan Byzantine daripada Damsyik, dan menyambung semula permusuhan melawan Byzantines, yang telah berlalu berikutan kegagalan pengepungan terakhir Constantinople. Kempen baru menghasilkan beberapa serangan berjaya ke Anatolia, tetapi juga dalam kekalahan utama (Pertempuran Akroinon), dan tidak membawa kepada perkembangan wilayah yang signifikan. <> Siapa bapa Hisham? || Abd al-Malik <> Bilakah pemerintahan Hisham bermula? || 724 <> Di manakah Hisham mendirikan pengadilannya? || Resafa <> Apa kekalahan yang ketara telah dialami oleh orang Arab di bawah Hisham? || Pertempuran Akroinon <> Dalam apa bahagian Syria terletak Resafa? || utara <> Siapa anak pertama Abd al-Malik untuk menjadi khalifah? || <> Berapa tahunkah anak sulung Abd al-Malik memerintah? || <> Pemerintahan yang mana ditandai dengan percepatan pengembangan ketenteraan? || <> Siapa yang menghentikan permusuhan terhadap Byzantine? || <> Siapa anak terakhir Hirsham? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the father of Hisham?", "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba2", "answers": [{"text": "Abd al-Malik", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hisham's reign start?", "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba3", "answers": [{"text": "724", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Hisham base his court?", "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba4", "answers": [{"text": "Resafa", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?", "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba5", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Akroinon", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what part of Syria was Resafa located?", "id": "571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba6", "answers": [{"text": "northern", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hisham", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who was the first son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph?", "id": "5acfb08277cf76001a68589a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "724\u201343", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What years did the first son of Abd al-Malik rule?", "id": "5acfb08277cf76001a68589b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hisham", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Whose reign was marked by the acceleration of military expansion?", "id": "5acfb08277cf76001a68589c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hisham", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "Who stopped hostilities against the Byzantines?", "id": "5acfb08277cf76001a68589d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abd al-Malik", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who was the final son of Hirsham?", "id": "5acfb08277cf76001a68589e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724\u201343), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion."}], ["The Diwan of Umar, yang mewariskan anuitas kepada semua orang Arab dan kepada tentera Islam kaum lain, mengalami perubahan di tangan Umayyad. Orang-orang Umayyab mencontohkan dengan daftar itu dan para penerima menerima pencen sebagai elaun sara hidup walaupun tanpa khidmat aktif. Hisham memperbaharui dan membayar hanya kepada mereka yang menyertai pertempuran. Mengenai pola sistem Byzantine, Umayyah mengubah organisasi tentera mereka secara umum dan membahagikannya kepada lima korps: pusat, dua sayap, pelopor dan pengawal belakang, mengikuti pembentukan yang sama semasa berarak atau di medan peperangan. Marwan II (740-50) meninggalkan bahagian lama dan memperkenalkan Kurdus (kohort), sebuah badan padat kecil. Tentera Umayyah dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian: infantri, pasukan berkuda dan artileri. Pasukan Arab berpakaian dan bersenjata dalam fesyen Yunani. Pasukan berkuda Umayyad menggunakan pelana biasa dan bulat. Artileri yang digunakan arradah (ballista), manjaniq (mangonel) dan dabbabah atau kabsh (ram pemukul). Mesin berat, mesin pengepungan dan bagasi dibawa ke atas unta di belakang tentera. <> Apakah maksud istilah Kurdus dalam bahasa Inggeris? || kohort <> Apa khalifah memerintah dari 740 hingga 750? || Marwan II <> Apa gaya pakaian yang memakai tentera Arab di bawah Marwan II? || Yunani <> Bersama dengan artileri dan infantri, apakah bahagian ketiga pasukan Umayyah di bawah Marwan II? || Pasukan berkuda <> Apa yang Umayyad memanggil mangonel? || manjaniq <> Siapa yang tidak mengubah Diwan Umar? || <> Apa rancangan Bizantium terhadap organisasi tentera mereka? || <> Berapa banyak korps yang ada di Bizantium? || <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan bahagian lama? || <> Dalam apa bentuk tentera Yunani bersenjata? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?", "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305273", "answers": [{"text": "cohort", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?", "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305274", "answers": [{"text": "Marwan II", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?", "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305275", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?", "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305276", "answers": [{"text": "cavalry", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?", "id": "571aa6ba10f8ca1400305277", "answers": [{"text": "manjaniq", "answer_start": 929}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Umayyads", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?", "id": "5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Umayyads", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What did the Byzantines pattern their army organization on?", "id": "5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "How many corps did the Byzantines have?", "id": "5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Marwan II", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "Who reintroduced the old division?", "id": "5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arab", "answer_start": 787}], "question": "In what fashion were Greek troops armed?", "id": "5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740\u201350) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army."}], ["Pergerakan Hashimiyya (sebuah sub-mazhab dari Kaysanites Shia), yang diketuai keluarga Abbasiyah, menggulingkan khalifah Umayyah. Abbasids adalah ahli puak Hasyim, saingan Umayyad, tetapi perkataan \"Hashimiyya\" seolah-olah merujuk kepada Abu Hashim, cucu Ali dan anak Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Mengikut tradisi tertentu, Abu Hashim meninggal dunia pada tahun 717 di Humeima di rumah Muhammad ibn Ali, ketua keluarga Abbasid, dan sebelum mati Muhammad bin Ali sebagai penggantinya. Tradisi ini membenarkan Abbasid untuk menyatupadukan para penyokong pemberontakan Mukhtar yang gagal, yang telah mewakili diri mereka sebagai penyokong Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. <> Apakah kumpulan itu Hashimiyya sebuah mazhab? || Kaysanites Shia <> Yang mengetuai pergerakan Hashimiyya? || Keluarga Abbasid <> Daripada mana puak yang ahli Abbasid? || Hashim <> Tahun berapakah kematian Abu Hashim? || 717 <> Siapa yang dinamakan pengganti oleh Abu Hashim? || Muhammad ibn Ali <> Apakah sub-mazhab Hasyimiyya? || <> Siapa yang mengetuai kaum Shiah Kaysan? || <> Siapa yang menamakan Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya sebagai penggantinya? || <> Apa yang gagal menyatukan penyokong pemberontakan yang gagal? || <> Siapa yang mewakili diri mereka sebagai penyokong Ali? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?", "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523b", "answers": [{"text": "Kaysanites Shia", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Hashimiyya movement?", "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523c", "answers": [{"text": "Abbasid family", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?", "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523d", "answers": [{"text": "Hashim", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?", "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523e", "answers": [{"text": "717", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?", "id": "571aa46c10f8ca140030523f", "answers": [{"text": "Muhammad ibn Ali", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kaysanites Shia", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What was a sub-sect of the Hashimiyya movement?", "id": "5acfb3c477cf76001a685980", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Abbasid family", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who led the Kaysanites Shia?", "id": "5acfb3c477cf76001a685981", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Muhammad ibn Ali", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "Who named Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as his successor?", "id": "5acfb3c477cf76001a685982", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "This tradition", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What failed to rally the supporters of the failed revolt?", "id": "5acfb3c477cf76001a685983", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali?", "id": "5acfb3c477cf76001a685984", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word \"Hashimiyya\" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya."}], ["Mu'awiyah memperkenalkan perkhidmatan pos, Abd al-Malik memperluaskannya di seluruh empayarnya, dan Walid memanfaatkan sepenuhnya. Khalifah Umayyad Abd al-Malik mengembangkan perkhidmatan pos secara tetap. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz mengembangkannya lagi dengan membina caravanserais secara berperingkat di sepanjang lebuh raya Khurasan. Gegaran kuda digunakan untuk penghantaran berita antara khalifah dan ejen dan pegawai yang ditempatkan di wilayah tersebut. Jalan raya utama dibahagikan kepada tahap 12 batu (19 km) setiap satu dan setiap peringkat mempunyai kuda, keldai atau unta siap untuk membawa jawatan. Terutamanya perkhidmatan itu memenuhi keperluan pegawai Kerajaan, tetapi pelancong dan penghantaran penting mereka juga mendapat manfaat daripada sistem tersebut. Kereta-kereta pos juga digunakan untuk pengangkutan tentera yang cepat. Mereka dapat membawa lima puluh hingga seratus orang pada satu masa. Di bawah Gubernur Yusuf bin Umar, jabatan pos Iraq berharga 4,000,000 dirham setahun. <> Siapa yang mula-mula membawa khidmat pos ke tanah Umayyah? || Mu'awiyah <> Di sepanjang jalan raya apakah Umar bin Abdul-Aziz membina caravanserais? || Khurasan <> Bersama dengan kuda dan unta, apa haiwan yang digunakan oleh perkhidmatan pos? || keldai <> Di Dirham, apakah kos tahunan perkhidmatan pos Iraq ketika Yusuf bin Umar menjadi gabenor? || 4,000,000 <> Dalam jarak jauh, sejauh mana setiap peringkat lebuh raya Umayyad? || 19 <> Siapa yang mengakhiri perkhidmatan pos? || <> Siapa yang menyeberang jangkauan perkhidmatan pos sepanjang empayarnya? || <> Siapa yang menghentikan penggunaan kuda dalam perkhidmatan pos? || <> Perkhidmatan apa yang terutama memenuhi keperluan penduduk swasta? || <> Apakah kos jabatan pos Iraq pada tahun ini di bawah Abd al-Malik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?", "id": "571aa72d10f8ca140030527d", "answers": [{"text": "Mu'awiyah", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?", "id": "571aa72d10f8ca140030527e", "answers": [{"text": "Khurasan", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?", "id": "571aa72d10f8ca140030527f", "answers": [{"text": "donkeys", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?", "id": "571aa72d10f8ca1400305280", "answers": [{"text": "4,000,000", "answer_start": 898}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?", "id": "571aa72d10f8ca1400305281", "answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mu'awiyah", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who ended the postal service?", "id": "5acfb6c277cf76001a685a04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abd al-Malik", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?", "id": "5acfb6c277cf76001a685a05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umar bin Abdul-Aziz", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?", "id": "5acfb6c277cf76001a685a06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "postal service", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What service primarily met the needs of private citizens? ", "id": "5acfb6c277cf76001a685a07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4,000,000 dirhams", "answer_start": 898}], "question": "What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?", "id": "5acfb6c277cf76001a685a08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year."}], ["Hisham menderita kekalahan lebih buruk di timur, di mana tenteranya cuba menundukkan kedua-dua Tokharistan, dengan pusatnya di Balkh, dan Transoxiana, dengan pusatnya di Samarkand. Kedua-dua kawasan itu telah ditakluki sebahagiannya, tetapi masih sukar untuk mentadbir. Sekali lagi, kesulitan tertentu membincangkan persoalan penukaran bukan orang Arab, terutama Sogdians of Transoxiana. Berikutan kekalahan Umayyad dalam \"Hari Dahaga\" pada 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, gabenor Khurasan, menjanjikan pelepasan cukai kepada Sogdians yang masuk Islam, tetapi kembali kepada tawarannya apabila ia terbukti sangat popular dan mengancam untuk mengurangkan hasil cukai. Ketidakpuasan di kalangan orang Arab Khurasani meningkat dengan mendadak selepas kerugian yang ditanggung dalam Pertempuran Kejahatan pada 731, dan pada 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj mengetuai pemberontakan yang mendapat sokongan luas dari orang Arab dan orang pribumi, menangkap Balkh tetapi gagal mengambil Merv. Selepas kekalahan ini, pergerakan al-Harith nampaknya telah dibubarkan, tetapi masalah hak-hak umat Islam bukan Arab akan terus melanda Umayyad. <> Apa bandar utama Tokharistan? || Balkh <> Apa bahagian tengah Transoxiana dipanggil? || Samarkand <> Pada tahun apa dahagakan Hari Kiamat? || 724 <> Pertempuran apa yang berlaku pada 731? || Pertempuran yang menajiskan <> Siapa pemimpin pemberontakan 734? || al-Harith ibn Surayj <> Yang mengalami kekalahan yang lebih buruk di barat? || <> Kawasan apa yang mudah untuk mentadbir? || <> Apakah kemenangan Umayyah pada 724? || <> Gabenor apa yang terikat kepada janjinya mengenai pelepasan cukai kepada Sogdians? || <> Siapa yang mampu menangkap Merv? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the main city of Tokharistan?", "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305231", "answers": [{"text": "Balkh", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the central part of Transoxiana called?", "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305232", "answers": [{"text": "Samarkand", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?", "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305233", "answers": [{"text": "724", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What notable battle occurred in 731?", "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305234", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of the Defile", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?", "id": "571aa41910f8ca1400305235", "answers": [{"text": "al-Harith ibn Surayj", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hisham", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who suffered worse defeats in the west?", "id": "5acfb26677cf76001a68592c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tokharistan", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What area was easy to govern?", "id": "5acfb26677cf76001a68592d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Day of Thirst", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What was the Umayyad victory in 724 called?", "id": "5acfb26677cf76001a68592e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "What governor stuck to his promise of tax relief to the Sogdians?", "id": "5acfb26677cf76001a68592f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "al-Harith ibn Surayj", "answer_start": 785}], "question": "Who was able to capture Merv?", "id": "5acfb26677cf76001a685930", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the \"Day of Thirst\" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads."}], ["Dari pangkalan Afrika barat-barat khalifah, serangkaian serbuan di kawasan pesisir Kerajaan Visigothik membuka jalan menuju pendudukan tetap kebanyakan Iberia oleh Umayyad (bermula pada 711), dan ke selatan Gaul (kubu terakhir di Narbonne pada tahun 759). Pemerintahan Hisham menyaksikan berakhirnya perkembangan di barat, berikutan kekalahan tentera Arab oleh Franks di Battle of Tours pada tahun 732. Pada tahun 739, Berber Revolt utama berlaku di Afrika Utara, yang hanya mengalami kesulitan, tetapi ia diikuti dengan keruntuhan kewibawaan Umayyad di al-Andalus. Di India, tentera Arab dikalahkan oleh dinasti India Selatan Chalukya dan oleh Dinasti Praktal India Utara pada abad ke-8 dan orang Arab dihalau keluar dari India. Di Caucasus, konfrontasi dengan Khazar mendahului di bawah Hisham: orang Arab mendirikan Derbent sebagai pangkalan tentera utama dan melancarkan beberapa serangan ke utara Caucasus, tetapi gagal menundukkan Khazar nomaden. Konflik itu sangat sukar dan berdarah, dan tentara Arab bahkan mengalami kekalahan besar pada Pertempuran Marj Ardabil pada tahun 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, masa depan Marwan II, akhirnya mengakhiri perang pada tahun 737 dengan serangan besar-besaran yang dilaporkan telah mencapai sejauh Volga, tetapi Khazar tetap tidak disenangi. <> Bilakah Umayyah mula menduduki Iberia? || 711 <> Apa tahun terakhir yang Umayyad mengadakan Narbonne? || 759 <> Yang mengalahkan orang Arab di Pertempuran Tours? || Franks <> Dalam apa tahun bermula Pemberontakan Berber? || 739 <> Apakah nama Marwan II sebelum dia menjadi khalifah? || Marwan ibn Muhammad <> Apa yang membuka jalan menuju pendudukan orang Umayyah oleh orang Iberia? || <> Bilakah pendudukan Iberia berakhir? || <> Tahun apakah perkembangan khalifah di barat bermula? || <> Pada pertempuran apakah orang Arab mengalahkan orang Frank? || <> Bilakah tentera Arab memenangi kemenangan besar di Pertempuran Marj Ardabil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?", "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab98", "answers": [{"text": "711", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?", "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab99", "answers": [{"text": "759", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?", "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9a", "answers": [{"text": "Franks", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?", "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9b", "answers": [{"text": "739", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?", "id": "571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9c", "answers": [{"text": "Marwan ibn Muhammad", "answer_start": 1112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a series of raids", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "What paved the way towards an occupation of the Umayyads by the Iberians?", "id": "5acfb19477cf76001a6858e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "711", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "When did the occupation of Iberia end?", "id": "5acfb19477cf76001a6858e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "732", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What year did the caliphate's expansion in the west start?", "id": "5acfb19477cf76001a6858e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battle of Tours", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "At what battle did the Arabs defeat the Franks?", "id": "5acfb19477cf76001a6858e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "730", "answer_start": 1107}], "question": "When did the Arab army win a major victory at the Battle of Marj Ardabil?", "id": "5acfb19477cf76001a6858e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued."}], ["Khalifah Umayyah ditandai oleh perkembangan wilayah dan oleh masalah pentadbiran dan kebudayaan yang perkembangannya diwujudkan. Walaupun ada pengecualian yang ketara, Umayyad cenderung menyokong hak-hak keluarga Arab lama, dan khususnya mereka sendiri, berbanding orang-orang Muslim yang baru ditukar (mawali). Oleh itu, mereka menganggap konsep Islam yang kurang universalis daripada banyak pesaing mereka. Sebagai G.R. Hawting telah menulis, \"Islam sebenarnya dianggap sebagai harta bangsawan yang menakluk.\" <> Apakah nama lain untuk orang yang baru masuk Islam? || mawali <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa Umayyah menganggap Islam sebagai agama yang sangat aristokrat? || G.R. Hawting <> Apa jenis keluarga yang dipuji oleh Umayyad? || Arab lama <> Yang khalifah tidak ditandai oleh pengembangan wilayah? || <> Siapa yang memihak kepada hak-hak umat Islam yang baru ditukar? || <> Siapa yang telah membuat pertunjukan mawali itu? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai konsepsi yang lebih sejagat mengenai Islam daripada saingan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?", "id": "571aa87e10f8ca1400305297", "answers": [{"text": "mawali", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?", "id": "571aa87e10f8ca1400305298", "answers": [{"text": "G.R. Hawting", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?", "id": "571aa87e10f8ca1400305299", "answers": [{"text": "old Arab", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyad", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Which caliphate was not marked by territorial expansion?", "id": "5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyads", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Who favored the rights of newly converted Muslims?", "id": "5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "old Arab families", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Who did the mawali show favor to?", "id": "5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyads", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "Who had a more universalist conception of Islam than their rivals?", "id": "5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, \"Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy.\""}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, banyak buku sejarah awal seperti Penaklukan Islam Syria Fatuhusham oleh al-Imam al-Waqidi bahawa setelah penukaran kepada ayah Muawiyah Islam, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb dan saudara-saudaranya, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan dilantik sebagai komandan di tentera Islam oleh Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan dan Hind binti Utbah berperang dalam Pertempuran Yarmouk. Kekalahan Kaisar Byzantine Heraclius di Pertempuran Yarmouk membuka jalan bagi pengembangan Islam ke Yerusalem dan Syria. <> Negara mana yang kehilangan Pertempuran Yarmouk? || Byzantine <> Siapa pemimpin Bizantium di Pertempuran Yarmouk? || Heraclius <> Bersama dengan Syria, di mana umat Islam memanjangkan kawalan mereka selepas Pertempuran Yarmouk? || Yerusalem <> Siapakah bapa Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan? || Abu Sufyan ibn Harb <> Bersama dengan Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb dan Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, apa yang penting umat Islam mengambil bahagian dalam Pertempuran Yarmouk? || Hind bintah Utbah <> Apakah contoh buku sejarah akhir? || <> Apakah bapa dan adik-beradik Muawiyah dilantik sebelum mereka masuk Islam? || <> Siapa yang melantik Muhammad sebagai komander? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah berjuang di pertempuran Yarmouk? || <> Pertempuran apakah yang dimenangi oleh Byzantine? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?", "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc0", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?", "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc1", "answers": [{"text": "Heraclius", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?", "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc2", "answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?", "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc3", "answers": [{"text": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?", "id": "571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc4", "answers": [{"text": "Hind bint Utbah", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What is an example of a late history book?", "id": "5acfb96c77cf76001a685a94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "commanders in the Muslim armies", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "What were Muawiyah's father and brothers appointed as before they converted to Islam?", "id": "5acfb96c77cf76001a685a95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Who appointed Muhammad as a commander?", "id": "5acfb96c77cf76001a685a96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "Who never fought at the battle of Yarmouk?", "id": "5acfb96c77cf76001a685a97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battle of Yarmouk", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What battle did the Byzantines win?", "id": "5acfb96c77cf76001a685a98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria."}], ["Kelompok non-Muslim di Khalifah Umayyah, yang termasuk orang Kristen, Yahudi, Zoroastrian, dan Berber pagan, dipanggil dhimmis. Mereka diberi status yang dilindungi secara sah sebagai warganegara kelas dua selagi mereka menerima dan mengakui ketuanan politik umat Islam yang memerintah. Mereka dibenarkan memiliki mahkamah masing-masing, dan diberi kebebasan agama mereka di dalam kerajaan. [Rujukan?] Walaupun mereka tidak dapat memegang pejabat awam tertinggi di empayar, mereka mempunyai banyak jawatan birokrasi dalam kerajaan. Orang Kristian dan Yahudi masih terus menghasilkan pemikir teologi yang hebat dalam komuniti mereka, namun seiring dengan waktunya, banyak cendekiawan memeluk agama Islam, yang menyebabkan kurangnya pemikir yang hebat dalam komuniti bukan Islam. <> Apakah kumpulan bukan Islam di bawah Umayyad dipanggil? || dhimmis <> Bersama dengan Berbers, Zoroastrians dan Kristian, apa kumpulan non-Muslim yang terkenal di khilafah Umayyah? || Yahudi <> Bersama dengan orang-orang Yahudi, apa agama bukan Islam yang menghasilkan karya-karya teologi yang terkenal di bawah Umayyad? || Kristian <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan Islam di khalifah Umayyah? || <> Siapa yang diberi status yang dilindungi secara sah sebagai warga kelas pertama? || <> Apakah umat Islam yang diharamkan daripada memegang di empayar? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kurangnya pemikir yang hebat dalam masyarakat Islam? || <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan oleh orang bukan Islam untuk mengakui? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?", "id": "571aa83110f8ca1400305291", "answers": [{"text": "dhimmis", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?", "id": "571aa83110f8ca1400305292", "answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa83110f8ca1400305293", "answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dhimmis", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?", "id": "5acfb87077cf76001a685a5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dhimmis", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?", "id": "5acfb87077cf76001a685a5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the highest public offices", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?", "id": "5acfb87077cf76001a685a5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectuals converted", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?", "id": "5acfb87077cf76001a685a5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge? ", "id": "5acfb87077cf76001a685a5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities."}], ["Ramai orang Islam mengkritik Umayyad kerana mempunyai terlalu banyak bukan Islam, bekas pentadbir Rom dalam kerajaan mereka. St John of Damascus juga merupakan pentadbir tinggi dalam pentadbiran Umayyad. Ketika umat Islam mengambil alih bandar-bandar, mereka meninggalkan wakil-wakil politik rakyat dan pengumpul cukai Rom dan pentadbir. Cukai kepada kerajaan pusat dikira dan dirundingkan oleh wakil politik rakyat. Kerajaan Pusat telah membayar untuk perkhidmatan yang diberikannya dan kerajaan tempatan mendapat wang untuk perkhidmatan yang disediakan. Banyak bandar Kristian juga menggunakan beberapa cukai untuk mengekalkan gereja-gereja mereka dan menjalankan organisasi mereka sendiri. Kemudian Umayyah dikritik oleh beberapa orang Islam kerana tidak mengurangi cukai orang-orang yang masuk Islam. Penukaran baru ini terus membayar cukai yang sama yang telah dirundingkan sebelumnya. <> Apa kudus Kristian juga pentadbir Umayyad? || John of Damascus <> Apa pengumpul cukai yang Umayyads sering meninggalkan tempat setelah mereka menaklukkan wilayah? || Roman <> Sebagai tambahan kepada kritikan yang diterima untuk menggaji orang bukan Islam, apa sebabnya mengapa umat Islam mengkritik Umayyad? || tidak mengurangkan cukai orang-orang yang masuk Islam <> Apa yang banyak umat Islam memuji Umayyad? || <> Siapa yang memecat wakil politik rakyat ketika mereka mengambil alih? || <> Apakah kerajaan Pusat tidak bayar? || <> Apa yang banyak bandar-bandar Islam menggunakan beberapa cukai mereka? || <> Siapa yang mengurangkan cukai rakyat yang masuk Islam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?", "id": "571aa92010f8ca140030529d", "answers": [{"text": "John of Damascus", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?", "id": "571aa92010f8ca140030529e", "answers": [{"text": "Roman", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?", "id": "571aa92010f8ca140030529f", "answers": [{"text": "not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What did many Muslims praise the Umayyads for?", "id": "5acfbdb277cf76001a685bce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Muslims", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "Who removed the people's political representatives as they took over?", "id": "5acfbdb277cf76001a685bcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "services it provided", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What was the Central government not paid for?", "id": "5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "maintain their churches", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?", "id": "5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyads", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "Who reduced the taxes of the people who converted to Islam?", "id": "5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated."}], ["Umayyad telah bertemu dengan sambutan yang agak negatif daripada ahli sejarah Islam yang kemudian menuduh mereka mempromosikan kerajaan (mulk, istilah dengan konotasi kezaliman) bukan khalifah sejati (khilafa). Dalam hal ini, jelas khalifah Umayyah menyebut diri mereka bukan sebagai khalifat rasul Allah (\"pengganti Rasul Allah\", gelaran yang disukai oleh tradisi), tetapi sebagai khalifat Allah (\"timbalan Tuhan\"). Perbezaan ini seolah-olah menunjukkan bahawa Umayyad \"menganggap diri mereka sebagai wakil Allah di kepala masyarakat dan melihat tidak perlu untuk berkongsi kuasa keagamaan mereka dengan, atau mewakilkannya kepada kelas ulama yang muncul.\" Sebenarnya, ini adalah sarjana kelas ini, yang sebahagian besarnya didasarkan pada Iraq, yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengumpul dan merekodkan tradisi yang membentuk bahan sumber utama untuk sejarah zaman Umayyad. Oleh itu, dalam membina semula sejarah ini, perlu untuk bergantung terutamanya pada sumber, seperti sejarah Tabari dan Baladhuri, yang ditulis di mahkamah Abbasiyah di Baghdad. <> Apa istilah Arab yang digunakan khalifah Umayyah untuk merujuk kepada diri mereka sendiri? || khalifat Allah <> Di manakah mahkamah Abbasiyah? || Baghdad <> Apakah istilah Arab untuk raja? || mulk <> Apakah tajuk tradisi Arab yang digunakan oleh khalifah? || khalifat rasul Allah <> Apa yang diterjemahkan khalifat Allah dalam bahasa Inggeris? || timbalan Allah <> Yang mempunyai penerimaan positif dari sejarawan Islam yang kemudian? || <> Apa istilah untuk raja yang mempunyai konotasi kebebasan? || <> Siapa yang memanggil Umayyad sebagai khalifah sejati? || <> Siapa yang melihat keperluan untuk berkongsi kuasa agama dengan ulama-ulama agama? || <> Sejarah apa yang ditulis di luar mahkamah Abbasiyah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?", "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd4", "answers": [{"text": "khalifat Allah", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Abbasid court based?", "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd5", "answers": [{"text": "Baghdad", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term for kingship?", "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd6", "answers": [{"text": "mulk", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?", "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd7", "answers": [{"text": "khalifat rasul Allah", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?", "id": "571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd8", "answers": [{"text": "deputy of God", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyads", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?", "id": "5acfbce377cf76001a685b84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mulk", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?", "id": "5acfbce377cf76001a685b85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "later Islamic historians", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?", "id": "5acfbce377cf76001a685b86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Umayyads", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?", "id": "5acfbce377cf76001a685b87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tabari and Baladhuri", "answer_start": 1015}], "question": "What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?", "id": "5acfbce377cf76001a685b88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah (\"successor of the messenger of God\", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah (\"deputy of God\"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads \"regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars.\" In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad."}]], [["Istilah asfalt dan bitumen sering digunakan secara bergantian untuk bermaksud kedua-dua bentuk semula jadi dan bentuk bahan tersebut. Dalam bahasa Inggeris Amerika, asfalt (atau simen asfalt) adalah sisa yang ditapis dengan teliti dari proses penyulingan minyak mentah terpilih. Di luar Amerika Syarikat, produk ini sering dipanggil bitumen. Ahli geologi sering memilih istilah bitumen. Penggunaan biasa sering merujuk kepada pelbagai bentuk asfalt / bitumen sebagai \"tar\", seperti di La Brea Tar Pits. Satu lagi istilah kuno untuk asfalt / bitumen adalah \"padang\". <> Bagaimana perkataan bitumen dan asfalt sering digunakan? || Secara bergantian <> Di mana bitumen istilah biasa untuk residu halus dari minyak mentah? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah asfalt dipanggil di luar AS? || bitumen <> Kumpulan apa yang suka istilah bitumen bukan asfalt? || Geologi <> Apakah istilah penamaan untuk asfalt? || tar <> Istilah asfalt sering dipilih oleh siapa? || <> Tar adalah istilah kuno untuk apa? || <> Pitch dan apa istilah lain yang sering digunakan secara bergantian? || <> Satu lagi cara untuk mengatakan tar aspal adalah dengan hanya mengatakan apa? || <> Apakah bahan yang biasanya dipanggil di luar La Brea Tar Pits? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?", "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02a", "answers": [{"text": "interchangeably", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?", "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02b", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is asphalt called outside of the US?", "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02c", "answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?", "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02d", "answers": [{"text": "Geologists", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a naming term for asphalt?", "id": "571b16ff32177014007ea02e", "answers": [{"text": "tar", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geologists", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "The term asphalt is often preferred by who?", "id": "5ace2eff32bba1001ae49d11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "Tar is an archaic term for what?", "id": "5ace2eff32bba1001ae49d12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Pitch and what other term are often used interchangeably?", "id": "5ace2eff32bba1001ae49d13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Another way to say asphalt tar is to simply say what ?", "id": "5ace2eff32bba1001ae49d14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What is the substance usually called outside of the La Brea Tar Pits?", "id": "5ace2eff32bba1001ae49d15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as \"tar\", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is \"pitch\"."}], ["Pengekstrakan bitumen Albania mempunyai sejarah yang panjang dan diamalkan secara teratur oleh orang Rom. Selepas berabad-abad kedamaian, sebutan pertama bitumen Albania hanya muncul pada tahun 1868, ketika orang Perancis yang menerbitkan deskripsi geologi pertama mengenai deposit bitumen Albania. Pada tahun 1875, hak eksploitasi diberikan kepada kerajaan Uthmaniyyah dan pada tahun 1912, mereka dipindahkan ke syarikat Simsa Itali. Sejak tahun 1945, lombong ini dieksploitasi oleh kerajaan Albania dan sejak 2001 hingga kini, pengurusan itu telah diserahkan kepada sebuah syarikat Perancis yang menganjurkan proses perlombongan untuk pembuatan bitumen semula jadi pada skala perindustrian. <> Apa kumpulan kuno yang menggunakan pengetatan bitumen? || Roma <> Bilakah laporan pertama diterbitkan mengenai pengetatan bitumen di Albania? || 1868 <> Apakah kerajaan mempunyai hak eksploitasi untuk pengetatan bitumen? || Uthmaniyyah <> Bilakah hak Uthmaniyyah diberikan kepada syarikat Simsa? || 1912 <> Bilakah pengurusan bitumen Albania yang diambil oleh Perancis? || 2001 <> Sebutan terakhir mengenai bitumen Albania muncul pada tahun berapa? || <> The Coquand Albania menerbitkan penerangan pertama tentang apa? || <> Bilakah hak eksploitasi diberikan kepada Empayar Rom? || <> Bilakah Simsa menerima skala perindustrian? || <> Apa yang dipindahkan ke Simsa pada tahun 1917? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What ancient group used bitumen extraction?", "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea016", "answers": [{"text": "Romans", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?", "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea017", "answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?", "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea018", "answers": [{"text": "Ottoman", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?", "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea019", "answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?", "id": "571b0a5532177014007ea01a", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "The last known mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared in what year?", "id": "5ace7b5932bba1001ae4a7b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "deposits of Albanian bitumen", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "The Albanian Coquand published the first description of what?", "id": "5ace7b5932bba1001ae4a7b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1875", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "When were the exploitation rights given to the Roman Empire? ", "id": "5ace7b5932bba1001ae4a7b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1912", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "When did Simsa receive the industrial scale?", "id": "5ace7b5932bba1001ae4a7b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exploitation rights", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What was transferred to Simsa in 1917?", "id": "5ace7b5932bba1001ae4a7b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale."}], ["Bitumen semulajadi yang terbesar di dunia, yang dikenali sebagai pasir minyak Athabasca terletak di Pembentukan McMurray Utara Alberta. Pembentukan ini adalah dari Cretaceous awal, dan terdiri daripada banyak lensa pasir berfaedah dengan minyak sehingga 20%. Kajian isotop menyifatkan deposit minyak menjadi kira-kira 110 juta tahun. Dua formasi yang lebih kecil tetapi masih sangat besar berlaku di pasir minyak Sungai Peace dan pasir minyak Lake Cold, di sebelah barat dan tenggara pasir minyak Athabasca, masing-masing. Dari deposit bitumen Alberta, hanya sebahagian daripada pasir minyak Athabasca yang cukup cetek untuk sesuai untuk perlombongan permukaan. 80% yang lain perlu dihasilkan oleh telaga minyak menggunakan teknik pemulihan minyak yang dipertingkatkan seperti saliran graviti yang dibantu stim. <> Apakah nama deposit bitumen terbesar di dunia? || Pasir minyak Athabasca <> Di manakah pasir minyak Athabasca terletak? || Northern Alberta <> Apakah tempoh formatif yang dihasilkan bitumen? || awal Cretaceous <> Berapa lama deposit Athabasca? || 110 juta tahun <> Apa peratusan pemulihan bitumen adalah dengan telaga minyak? || 80% <> Terletak di Pembentukan McMurray, apakah deposit terkecil bitumen semulajadi yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Terletak di Sungai Perdamaian, apakah deposit bitumen semulajadi terbesar yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Dua pembentukan terbesar berlaku di pasir minyak di mana sungai itu? || <> Dua pembentukan terbesar terjadi di pasir minyak di mana tasik itu? || <> Apa 70% yang dihasilkan oleh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?", "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609bff", "answers": [{"text": "Athabasca oil sands", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?", "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c00", "answers": [{"text": "Northern Alberta", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What formative period  produced bitumen?", "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c01", "answers": [{"text": "early Cretaceous", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old are the Athabasca deposits?", "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c02", "answers": [{"text": "110 million years", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?", "id": "571b19ad9499d21900609c03", "answers": [{"text": "80%", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athabasca oil sands", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Located in the McMurray Formation, what is the smallest deposit of natural bitumen known as? ", "id": "5ace540432bba1001ae4a2c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Athabasca oil sands", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Located in the Peace River, what is the largest deposit of natural bitumen known as? ", "id": "5ace540432bba1001ae4a2c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peace River", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which river? ", "id": "5ace540432bba1001ae4a2c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cold Lake", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which lake? ", "id": "5ace540432bba1001ae4a2c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil wells", "answer_start": 675}], "question": "What is the other 70% produced by? ", "id": "5ace540432bba1001ae4a2c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage."}], ["Aspal / bitumen biasanya disimpan dan diangkut pada suhu sekitar 150 \u00b0 C (302 \u00b0 F). Kadangkala minyak diesel atau minyak tanah bercampur sebelum penghantaran untuk mengekalkan kecairan; selepas penghantaran, bahan-bahan ringan ini dipisahkan daripada campuran. Campuran ini sering dipanggil \"bitumen feedstock\", atau BFS. Sesetengah trak dump mengangkut ekzos enjin panas melalui paip di badan pembuangan supaya bahan tersebut menjadi panas. Punggung tippers yang membawa asfalt / bitumen, serta beberapa peralatan pengendalian, juga disembur dengan ejen pelepas sebelum mengisi untuk membebaskan pelepasan. Minyak diesel tidak lagi digunakan sebagai agen pelepas kerana kebimbangan alam sekitar. <> Mengenai suhu yang dihantar asfalt? || 150 \u00b0 C <> Untuk mempromosikan apa ciri minyak diesel yang ditambah kepada asfalt untuk penghantaran? || kecairan <> Apakah campuran cecair yang dipanggil? || bitumen bahan bakar <> Ciri lori apa yang kadang-kadang digunakan untuk mengekalkan asfalt hangat? || ekzos enjin <> Oleh kerana kebimbangan apakah bahan api diesel tidak lagi digunakan sebagai agen pelepas untuk mengangkut asfalt? || alam sekitar <> Untuk mengekalkan kecairan, apa yang kadang-kadang bercampur dengan ekzos enjin? || <> Minyak diesel atau minyak tanah sering dicampurkan ke dalam apa yang harus mengekalkan kehangatan? || <> Oleh kerana kebimbangan jenis minyak diesel yang kini digunakan sebagai ejen pelepas? || <> Keprihatinan alam sekitar adalah sebab ekzos enjin tidak lagi digunakan sebagai apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "About what temperature is asphalt shipped?", "id": "571b08d99499d21900609beb", "answers": [{"text": "150 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?", "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bec", "answers": [{"text": "liquidity", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the liquefied mixture called? ", "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bed", "answers": [{"text": "bitumen feedstock", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?", "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bee", "answers": [{"text": "engine exhaust", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?", "id": "571b08d99499d21900609bef", "answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "diesel oil or kerosene", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "To retain liquidity, what is sometimes mixed in with engine exhaust?", "id": "5ace78f932bba1001ae4a773", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Diesel oil or kerosene is often mixed into what to retain warmth? ", "id": "5ace78f932bba1001ae4a774", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 628}], "question": "Due to what kind of concerns is diesel oil now used as a release agent?", "id": "5ace78f932bba1001ae4a775", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "release agent", "answer_start": 607}], "question": "Environmental concerns are the reason engine exhaust is no longer used as what?", "id": "5ace78f932bba1001ae4a776", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 \u00b0C (302 \u00b0F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called \"bitumen feedstock\", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns."}], ["Apabila penyelenggaraan dijalankan pada turapan asfalt, seperti pengilangan untuk menghilangkan permukaan yang dipakai atau rosak, bahan yang dikeluarkan dapat dikembalikan ke suatu fasilitas untuk diproses menjadi campuran turapan baru. Asfalt / bitumen dalam bahan yang dibuang boleh diaktifkan kembali dan digunakan semula dalam campuran turapan baru. Dengan kira-kira 95% jalan berturap yang dibina atau timbul dengan asfalt, sejumlah besar bahan turapan aspal ditebus setiap tahun. Menurut kaji selidik industri yang dijalankan setiap tahun oleh Pentadbiran Lebuhraya Persekutuan dan Persatuan Pelekap Asfalt Nasional, lebih daripada 99% asfalt yang dikeluarkan setiap tahun dari permukaan jalan semasa projek pelebaran dan pelapisan digunakan semula sebagai sebahagian daripada trak, jalan raya, bahu dan tanggul baru. <> Apa yang digunakan asfalt yang dipakai semula? || campuran turapan baru <> Berapakah bilangan asfalt yang dibeli setiap tahun dituntut semula? || 99% <> Berapakah peratusan jalan raya yang baru muncul dengan asfalt? || 95% <> Semasa tindakan apa yang sering ditangkap semula asfalt? || penyelenggaraan <> Sebab mengapa asfalt dikeluarkan dari jalan? || dipakai atau rosak <> Di manakah tinjauan yang dikeluarkan akan dikembalikan untuk diproses menjadi campuran baru? || <> Di mana asfalt dinyahaktifkan digunakan? || <> 99% peratus daripada apa yang dibina dengan menggunakan asfalt? || <> Berapa kerapkah Pentadbiran Asfalt Persekutuan menjalankan tinjauan? || <> 99% asfalt yang dikeluarkan dari permukaan jalan semasa jenis-jenis projek yang digunakan semula untuk menjalankan tinjauan industri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is used asphalt turned back into?", "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bd7", "answers": [{"text": "new pavement mixtures", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?", "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bd8", "answers": [{"text": "99%", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?", "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bd9", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?", "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bda", "answers": [{"text": "maintenance", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? ", "id": "571b058d9499d21900609bdb", "answers": [{"text": "worn or damaged", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a facility", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Where can the removed surveys be returned for processing into new mixtures?", "id": "5ace62f532bba1001ae4a517", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new pavement mixes", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "Where is the deactivated asphalt put back to use?", "id": "5ace62f532bba1001ae4a518", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "paved roads", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "99% percent of what are constructed by using asphalt?", "id": "5ace62f532bba1001ae4a519", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "annually", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "How often does the Federal Asphalt Administration conduct surveys?", "id": "5ace62f532bba1001ae4a51a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "widening and resurfacing", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "99% of asphalt that is removed from road surfaces during what type of projects is reused for conducting industry surveys?", "id": "5ace62f532bba1001ae4a51b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments."}], ["Sebilangan besar asfalt yang digunakan secara komersil diperoleh daripada petroleum. Walau bagaimanapun, sejumlah besar aspal berlaku dalam bentuk pekat. Deposit asfalt / bitumen secara semulajadi terbentuk dari sisa-sisa alga mikroskopik (diatom) dan benda-benda lain yang hidup sekali lagi. Sisa-sisa ini disimpan di lumpur di dasar laut atau tasik di mana organisma hidup. Di bawah haba (di atas 50 \u00b0 C) dan tekanan pengebumian jauh di bumi, jenazah telah diubah menjadi bahan seperti asfalt / bitumen, kerogen, atau petroleum. <> Dari manakah kebanyakan aspal datang? || petroleum <> Apakah sumber asfalt semula jadi? || barang yang pernah hidup <> Berapa banyak haba diperlukan untuk pengeluaran semulajadi asfalt? || di atas 50 \u00b0 C <> Selain haba, apa keperluan lain yang diperlukan untuk membentuk asfalt? || Tekanan <> Apa produk panas dan tekanan lain yang membentuk pembentukan asfalt dan petroleum? || kerogen <> Kebanyakan petroleum yang digunakan untuk tujuan komersil diperoleh daripada apa? || <> Alasan hidup semasa adalah sumber apa? || <> Apa produk panas dan tekanan pembentukan asfalt dan menghasilkan alga mikroskopik? || <> Selain tekanan, apa yang diperlukan untuk membentuk lumpur? || <> Selain haba, apa yang diperlukan untuk membentuk Selain tekanan, apa yang diperlukan untuk membentuk lumpur ?? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From where does most asphalt come?", "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf5", "answers": [{"text": "petroleum", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?", "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf6", "answers": [{"text": "once-living things", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?", "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf7", "answers": [{"text": "above 50 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?", "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf8", "answers": [{"text": "pressure", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?", "id": "571b188b9499d21900609bf9", "answers": [{"text": "kerogen", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Most of the petroleum used for commercial purposes is obtained from what?", "id": "5ace3a4132bba1001ae49f5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Naturally occurring deposits", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "Current living things are the source of what?", "id": "5ace3a4132bba1001ae49f5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kerogen", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "What product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and microscopic algae produce?", "id": "5ace3a4132bba1001ae49f5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heat", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "Besides pressure, what is required to form mud?", "id": "5ace3a4132bba1001ae49f5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pressure", "answer_start": 433}], "question": "Besides heat, what is required to form Besides pressure, what is required to form mud??", "id": "5ace3a4132bba1001ae49f5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 \u00b0C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum."}], ["Penggunaan pertama aspal / bitumen di Dunia Baru adalah oleh orang-orang asli. Di pantai barat, seawal abad ke-13, orang-orang Tongva, Luise\u00f1o dan Chumash mengumpul asfalt / bitumen secara semulajadi yang meresap ke permukaan di atas deposit petroleum yang mendasari. Ketiga-tiga menggunakan bahan itu sebagai pelekat. Ia ditemui pada banyak artifak peralatan dan barang-barang upacara yang berbeza. Sebagai contoh, ia digunakan untuk mengait untuk mematuhi gourds atau shell penyu untuk mengetuk pemegang. Ia juga digunakan dalam hiasan. Manik-manik kecil pusingan kecil sering dijadikan asphaltum untuk memberikan hiasan. Ia digunakan sebagai pengawal pada bakul untuk membuat mereka tahan air untuk membawa air. Asphaltum juga digunakan untuk mengelak papan-papan di perahu-samudra. <> Apa kumpulan yang mula-mula menggunakan asfalt? || Orang-orang asli <> Untuk tujuan apa yang digunakan oleh orang Indian Amerika menggunakan asfalt? || pelekat <> Apakah deposit semulajadi yang menggunakan asfalt? || petroleum <> Apa yang akan dicapai pengguna awal aspal dengan meletakkannya pada bakul? || kedap air <> Mengenai jenis bot apa jenis asfalt yang digunakan untuk menutup papan? || kano <> Orang asing adalah yang pertama menggunakan apa yang ada di Dunia Baru? || <> Kumpulan apa yang pertama menggunakan manik kulit? || <> Apa yang digunakan pada manik-manik shell untuk mematuhi labu? || <> Apa yang digunakan pada kerang penyu untuk memberi hiasan? || <> Apa yang digunakan pada kulit kura-kura sebagai sealant? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group initially made use of asphalt?", "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bcd", "answers": [{"text": "indigenous peoples", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? ", "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bce", "answers": [{"text": "adhesive", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?", "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bcf", "answers": [{"text": "petroleum", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?", "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bd0", "answers": [{"text": "watertight", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?", "id": "571b037d9499d21900609bd1", "answers": [{"text": "canoes", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World?", "id": "5ace5e3b32bba1001ae4a42b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indigenous peoples", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What group was the first to use shell beads?", "id": "5ace5e3b32bba1001ae4a42c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What was used on shell beads to adhere gourds?", "id": "5ace5e3b32bba1001ae4a42d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Small round shell beads", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "What was used on turtle shells to provide decorations?", "id": "5ace5e3b32bba1001ae4a42e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What was used on turtle shells as a sealant?", "id": "5ace5e3b32bba1001ae4a42f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luise\u00f1o and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes."}], ["Di Alberta, lima pengangkat bitumen menghasilkan minyak mentah sintetik dan pelbagai produk lain: Peningkatan Tenaga Suncor berhampiran Fort McMurray, Alberta menghasilkan minyak mentah sintetik ditambah bahan api diesel; Syncrude Canada, Sumber Asli Kanada, dan Nexen upgraders berhampiran Fort McMurray menghasilkan minyak mentah sintetik; dan Shell Scotford Upgrader berhampiran Edmonton menghasilkan minyak mentah sintetik ditambah bahan makanan perantaraan untuk Penapis Minyak Shell yang berdekatan. Pengangkat keenam yang sedang dalam pembinaan pada tahun 2015 berhampiran Redwater, Alberta, akan menaikkan separuh bitumen mentahnya secara terus ke bahan api diesel, dengan baki output yang dijual sebagai bahan mentah kepada kilang penapis minyak dan petrokimia yang berdekatan. <> Berapa banyak penaikkan aspal beroperasi di Alberta? || lima <> Apakah produk sintetik yang dihasilkan oleh pembaikpulih? || minyak mentah <> Selain minyak mentah, apakah yang dihasilkan kilang Suncor Energy? || bahan api diesel <> Di manakah pembaik keenam yang dibina di Alberta? || Redwater, Alberta <> Berapa banyak pengeluaran kilang Redwater akan menjadi bahan api diesel? || separuh <> Berapa banyak penaik bit bitumen menghasilkan minyak mentah sintetik di Edmonton? || <> Bilakah pembaharuan ketujuh dijadualkan dijadualkan dalam pembinaan? || <> Pembaharuan keenam akan meningkatkan dua pertiga daripada apa? || <> Sisa output akan dijual kepada Suncor Energy sebagai apa? || <> Di manakah pembaikian Shell Oil terletak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?", "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be1", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?", "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be2", "answers": [{"text": "crude oil", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?", "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be3", "answers": [{"text": "diesel fuel", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?", "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be4", "answers": [{"text": "Redwater, Alberta", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?", "id": "571b074c9499d21900609be5", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "How many bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil in Edmonton?", "id": "5ace6ecd32bba1001ae4a699", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "When is the seventh upgrader scheduled to be under construction?", "id": "5ace6ecd32bba1001ae4a69a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "The sixth upgrader will upgrade two thirds of what?", "id": "5ace6ecd32bba1001ae4a69b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "feedstock", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "The remainder of the output will be sold to Suncor Energy as what?", "id": "5ace6ecd32bba1001ae4a69c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "near Fort McMurray", "answer_start": 123}], "question": "Where is the Shell Oil upgrader located?", "id": "5ace6ecd32bba1001ae4a69d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants."}], ["Perkataan asfalt berasal dari Bahasa Inggeris Tengah lewat, sebaliknya dari asphalte Perancis, berdasarkan asphalt Latin Late, asphaltum, iaitu latinasi bahasa Yunani \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e1sphaltos, \u00e1sphalton), perkataan yang bermaksud \"asphalt / bitumen / pitch\" yang mungkin berasal dari \u1f00-, \"tanpa\" dan \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 (sfall\u014d), \"membuat jatuh\". Perhatikan bahawa dalam bahasa Perancis, istilah asphalte digunakan untuk deposit batu kapur yang berasaskan bitumen yang semulajadi, dan untuk produk pembuatan khas yang mempunyai lompang kurang atau kandungan bitumen yang lebih besar daripada \"konkrit asphaltic\" yang digunakan untuk membuka jalan. Fakta penting ialah penggunaan pertama asfalt oleh orang dahulu kala adalah seperti semen untuk mengamankan atau menyatukan pelbagai objek, dan oleh itu nampaknya nama itu sendiri adalah ekspresif dari aplikasi ini. Khususnya Herodotus menyebutkan bahawa bitumen dibawa ke Babylon untuk membina tembok fortifikasi raksasa. Dari bahasa Yunani, perkataan itu diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin lewat, dan dari situ ke bahasa Perancis (asphalte) dan bahasa Inggeris (\"asphaltum\" dan \"asfalt\"). <> Apakah asal mula perkataan asphalt? || late Middle English <> Dari bahasa mana yang asalnya asfalt? || Greek <> Apa maksud perkataan Yunani untuk asfalt? || asfalt / bitumen / padang <> Apakah istilah Perancis untuk asfalt semulajadi? || asfalte <> Untuk membina ciri apa aspal yang dibawa ke Babel? || dinding <> Dari manakah batu kapur yang berasal? || <> Dalam bahasa Yunani, apakah istilah asphalte digunakan? || <> Menurut siapa bitumen dibawa ke Greece untuk membina tembok gergasi? || <> Dalam bahasa apakah asfalt yang digunakan untuk bitumen sintetik yang direndam secara sintetik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the last origination of the word asphalt?", "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea020", "answers": [{"text": "late Middle English", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what language does asphalt initially come?", "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea021", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?", "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea022", "answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the French term for natural asphalt?", "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea023", "answers": [{"text": "asphalte", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?", "id": "571b0c1032177014007ea024", "answers": [{"text": "wall", "answer_start": 897}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late Middle English", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "From where is the word limestone derived?", "id": "5ace820332bba1001ae4a8c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "In Greek, what is the term asphalte used for?", "id": "5ace820332bba1001ae4a8c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herodotus", "answer_start": 805}], "question": "According to who was bitumen brought to Greece to build a giant wall?", "id": "5ace820332bba1001ae4a8c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "In what language is asphalte used for synthetically occurring bitumen soaked limestones?", "id": "5ace820332bba1001ae4a8c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e1sphaltos, \u00e1sphalton), a word meaning \"asphalt/bitumen/pitch\", which perhaps derives from \u1f00-, \"without\" and \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 (sfall\u014d), \"make fall\". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the \"asphaltic concrete\" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English (\"asphaltum\" and \"asphalt\")."}], ["Aspal / bitumen juga berlaku di batu pasir yang tidak dipadatkan dikenali sebagai \"pasir minyak\" di Alberta, Kanada, dan \"pasir tar\" yang sama di Utah, AS. Wilayah Alberta Kanada mempunyai sebahagian besar rizab bitumen semula jadi di dunia, di tiga deposit besar yang meliputi 142,000 kilometer persegi (55,000 meter persegi), satu kawasan yang lebih besar daripada England atau negeri New York. Pasir-batu bitumen ini mengandungi 166 bilion tong (26.4 \u00d7 10 ^ 9 m3) rizab minyak yang ditubuhkan secara komersil, menjadikan Kanada sebagai rizab minyak ketiga terbesar di dunia. dan menghasilkan lebih dari 2.3 juta tong sehari (370 \u00d7 10 ^ 3 m3 / d) minyak mentah berat dan minyak mentah sintetik. Walaupun secara historis ia digunakan tanpa penapisan untuk membuka jalan, hampir semua bitumen kini digunakan sebagai bahan mentah untuk penapisan minyak di Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah istilah lain untuk asfalt? || bitumen <> Selain kejadian di Kanada, di mana AS terdapat aspal? || Utah <> Berapa banyak aspal planet terletak di Kanada? || kebanyakan <> Apakah jumlah kawasan deposit asfalt Kanada? || 142,000 kilometer persegi <> Di mana kebanyakan aspal Kanada berakhir pada hari ini? || penapis minyak <> Bersama dengan negeri Iowa, di mana lagi aspal berlaku di batu pasir unconsolidated? || <> Terdiri daripada empat deposit besar, di mana wilayah kebanyakan rizab bitumen semula jadi di dunia terletak? || <> Di manakah kebanyakan bekalan minyak Kanada berakhir? || <> Apakah jumlah kawasan simpanan asfalt Kemboja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another term for asphalt?", "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00c", "answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?", "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00d", "answers": [{"text": "Utah", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?", "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00e", "answers": [{"text": "most", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?", "id": "571b012e32177014007ea00f", "answers": [{"text": "142,000 square kilometres", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?", "id": "571b012e32177014007ea010", "answers": [{"text": "oil refineries", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alberta, Canada", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "Along with the state of Iowa, where else does asphalt occur in unconsolidated sandstones?", "id": "5ace3b1932bba1001ae49f9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alberta", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "Comprised of four large deposits, in which province are most of the world's natural bitumen reserves located?", "id": "5ace3b1932bba1001ae49f9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil refineries", "answer_start": 742}], "question": "Where does most of the Canadian oil supply end up?", "id": "5ace3b1932bba1001ae49f9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "142,000 square kilometres", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits?", "id": "5ace3b1932bba1001ae49fa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as \"oil sands\" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar \"tar sands\" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4\u00d710^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370\u00d710^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States."}], ["Paten British yang pertama untuk penggunaan asfalt / bitumen adalah 'asphalte paten Cassell atau bitumen' pada tahun 1834. Kemudian pada 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge paten penggunaan asfalt Seyssel (paten # 7849), untuk digunakan dalam trotoar asfalt, melihat ia bekerja di Perancis dan Belgium semasa melawat dengan Frederick Walter Simms, yang bekerja dengannya pada pengenalan asfalt ke Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson menulis bahawa bapanya, Samuel Ryland Phipson, kawan Claridge, juga \"berperanan dalam memperkenalkan trotoar asfal (pada tahun 1836)\". Malah, trotoar mastic telah digunakan sebelum ini di Vauxhall oleh pesaing Claridge, tetapi tanpa kejayaan. <> Bilakah paten British yang pertama untuk penggunaan bitumen? || 1834 <> Bilakah aspal paten Richard Tappin Claridge digunakan di dalam trak? || 25 November 1837 <> Di mana Claridge pernah melihat aspal yang digunakan sebagai trak? || Perancis dan Belgium <> Apakah jenis teknik turapan yang telah dicuba oleh pesaing Claridge? || mastic <> Apa sahabat Claridge membantu dalam memperkenalkan asfalt untuk digunakan dalam trotoar? || Samuel Ryland Phipson <> Pada tahun apakah paten Cassell Perancis atau Belgium dikeluarkan? || <> Paten kedua, paten Cassell, dikeluarkan pada tahun mana? || <> Pada hari apakah paten Claridge # 5309 paten penggunaan asfalt Seyssel? || <> Pada tahun 1845 Richard Tappin Claridge telah mematenkan penggunaan apa? || <> Bilakah paten British kedua menggunakan bitumen dikeluarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?", "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c13", "answers": [{"text": "1834", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?", "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c14", "answers": [{"text": "25 November 1837", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?", "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c15", "answers": [{"text": "France and Belgium", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?", "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c16", "answers": [{"text": "mastic", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?", "id": "571b1d449499d21900609c17", "answers": [{"text": "Samuel Ryland Phipson", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1834", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "In what year was Cassell's patent France or Belgium issued?", "id": "5ace5ac532bba1001ae4a397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1834", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year?", "id": "5ace5ac532bba1001ae4a398", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 November 1837", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "On what day did Claridge's patent #5309 patent the use of Seyssel asphalt? ", "id": "5ace5ac532bba1001ae4a399", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seyssel asphalt", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "In 1845 Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of what?", "id": "5ace5ac532bba1001ae4a39a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1834", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "When was the second British patent for using bitumen issued?", "id": "5ace5ac532bba1001ae4a39b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also \"instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)\". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success."}], ["Ungkapan \"bitumen\" berasal dari bahasa Sanskrit, di mana kita menemui kata-kata jatu, yang bermaksud \"padang,\" dan jatu-krit, yang bermaksud \"penciptaan lapangan\", \"memproduksi padang\" (merujuk kepada pohon-pohon konifer atau resin). Setaraf Latin diklaim oleh sesetengahnya sebagai asal-usul gwitu (berkaitan dengan padang), dan oleh yang lain, pixtumens (puding atau pukulan keras), yang kemudiannya dipendekkan kepada bitumen, dan seterusnya melalui bahasa Perancis ke bahasa Inggeris. Daripada akar yang sama diperoleh kata Anglo Saxon cwidu (mastix), kata Jerman Kitt (simen atau mastic) dan kata korsia Norse lama. <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari perkataan bitumen? || Sanskrit <> Apakah perkataan Sanskrit diterjemahkan sebagai? || pitch creating <> Untuk apa perkataan bahasa Inggeris yang diterjemahkan Latin? || pitch <> Melalui bahasa apakah yang digunakan bitumen untuk mencapai bahasa Inggeris? || Perancis <> Berapakah perkataan yang diterjemahkan Anglo Saxon? || mastix <> Di manakah ungkapan \"Perancis\" berasal? || <> Di mana ungkapan bahasa \"bitumen\" berasal? || <> Apa maksud perkataan Anglo Saxon Kitt? || <> Apa maksud perkataan cwidu Jerman? || <> Apa maksud perkataan Norse kitt? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What language originated the word bitumen?", "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3b", "answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Sanskrit word translate as?", "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3c", "answers": [{"text": "pitch creating", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what English word does the Latin translate?", "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3d", "answers": [{"text": "pitch", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?", "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3e", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?", "id": "571b42be9499d21900609c3f", "answers": [{"text": "mastix", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "Where did the expression \"French\" originate?", "id": "5ace831032bba1001ae4a8ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanskrit", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "Where did the French expression \"bitumen\" originate?", "id": "5ace831032bba1001ae4a8f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cement or mastic", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "What does the Anglo Saxon word Kitt mean?", "id": "5ace831032bba1001ae4a8f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mastix", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What does the German word cwidu mean?", "id": "5ace831032bba1001ae4a8f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cement or mastic", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "What does the Norse word kitt mean?", "id": "5ace831032bba1001ae4a8f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The expression \"bitumen\" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning \"pitch,\" and jatu-krit, meaning \"pitch creating\", \"pitch producing\" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada."}], ["Pada tahun 1838, terdapat kegemparan aktiviti keusahawanan yang melibatkan asfalt / bitumen, yang mempunyai kegunaan di luar paving. Sebagai contoh, asfalt juga boleh digunakan untuk lantai, pemeriksaan lembap di bangunan, dan untuk kalis air pelbagai jenis kolam renang dan mandi, dengan kedua-dua mereka sendiri membiak di abad ke-19. Di pasaraya London, terdapat pelbagai tuntutan tentang eksklusif kualiti asfalt dari Perancis, Jerman dan England. Dan banyak paten telah diberikan di Perancis, dengan banyaknya aplikasi paten yang ditolak di England kerana kesamaan mereka antara satu sama lain. Di England, \"Claridge adalah jenis yang paling banyak digunakan pada tahun 1840-an dan 50-an\" <> Pada tahun apakah asfalt digunakan untuk kegunaan selain dari jalan raya? || 1838 <> Di mana tempat-tempat asfalt digunakan sebagai kalis air? || kolam renang dan mandi <> Atas sebab apakah asfalt yang digunakan di lantai bangunan? || pemeriksaan lembap <> Bilakah asfalt Claridge yang paling kerap digunakan? || 1840-an dan 50-an <> Banyak daripada apa yang diberikan di Perancis, tetapi ditolak di Britain? || paten <> Dalam tahun apakah aspal digunakan untuk benda selain mandi? || <> Di mana tempat-tempat asfalt digunakan sebagai kalis bunyi? || <> Mengapa asfalt digunakan di lantai paten? || <> Apa yang sering diberikan di Britain, tetapi ditolak di Perancis? || <> Apa yang sering dinafikan di seluruh Perancis, Jerman dan England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?", "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c27", "answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?", "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c28", "answers": [{"text": "pools and baths", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?", "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c29", "answers": [{"text": "damp proofing", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? ", "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c2a", "answers": [{"text": "1840s and 50s", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?", "id": "571b212d9499d21900609c2b", "answers": [{"text": "patents", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was asphalt used for things other than bathing?", "id": "5ace5c1f32bba1001ae4a3db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pools and baths", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "In what places were asphalt used as soundproofing?", "id": "5ace5c1f32bba1001ae4a3dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "damp proofing", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "Why was asphalt used in the flooring of patents?", "id": "5ace5c1f32bba1001ae4a3dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patents", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "What were often granted in Britain, but denied in France?", "id": "5ace5c1f32bba1001ae4a3de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patent applications", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What were often denied throughout France, Germany and England?", "id": "5ace5c1f32bba1001ae4a3df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, \"Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s\""}], ["Sejumlah teknologi membenarkan asfalt / bitumen bercampur pada suhu yang jauh lebih rendah. Ini melibatkan pencampuran dengan pelarut petroleum untuk membentuk \"pemotongan\" dengan titik lebur yang dikurangkan, atau campuran dengan air untuk menjadikan asfalt / bitumen menjadi emulsi. Emulsi aspal mengandungi sehingga 70% asfalt / bitumen dan biasanya kurang daripada 1.5% bahan kimia tambahan. Terdapat dua jenis utama emulsi dengan afiniti yang berbeza untuk agregat, kationik dan anionik. Emulsi asfalt digunakan dalam pelbagai aplikasi. Chipseal melibatkan penyemburan permukaan jalan dengan emulsi asfalt diikuti oleh lapisan batu hancur, kerikil atau terak hancur. Meter buburan melibatkan penciptaan emulsi asfalt dan agregat dihancurkan halus yang tersebar di permukaan jalan. Asfalt bercampur sejuk juga boleh dibuat dari emulsi asfalt untuk membuat turapan sama dengan asfalt panas campuran, beberapa inci kedalaman dan emulsi aspal juga dicampur menjadi asfalt campuran panas dikitar semula untuk mewujudkan turapan kos rendah. <> Apakah campuran bitumen dengan air dicipta? || emulsi <> Berapa peratus daripada bitumen yang terdapat dalam emulsi bitumen / air? || 70% <> Apakah dua jenis bitumen emulsi? || kationik dan anionik <> Apakah beberapa emulsi bitumen dicampur dengan membuat produk murah? || kitar semula <> Apa jenis treler asfalt yang menyerupai campuran asfalt sejuk? || panas bercampur <> Apa yang membolehkan asfalt dicampur pada suhu yang lebih tinggi? || <> Sehingga 80% emulsi asfalt adalah apa? || <> Kurang daripada 5% emulsi aspal terdiri daripada apa? || <> Berapa banyak jenis chipset dengan pelbagai afinitas yang ada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does mixing bitumen with water create?", "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c31", "answers": [{"text": "emulsion", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?", "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c32", "answers": [{"text": "70%", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?", "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c33", "answers": [{"text": "cationic and anionic", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?", "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c34", "answers": [{"text": "recycled", "answer_start": 949}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?", "id": "571b3d469499d21900609c35", "answers": [{"text": "hot-mixed", "answer_start": 862}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A number of technologies", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What allows asphalt to be mixed at higher temperatures?", "id": "5ace6ccf32bba1001ae4a669", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "Up to 80% of asphalt emulsions is what?", "id": "5ace6ccf32bba1001ae4a66a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chemical additives", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "Less than 5% of asphalt emulsions is comprised of what?", "id": "5ace6ccf32bba1001ae4a66b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "How many types of chipseals with different affinities are there?", "id": "5ace6ccf32bba1001ae4a66c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form \"cutbacks\" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements."}], ["Bitumen digunakan dalam teknologi fotografi awal. Pada tahun 1826 atau 1827, ia digunakan oleh saintis Perancis, Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce untuk membuat gambar tertua yang masih hidup dari alam semula jadi. Bitumen itu bersalut tipis ke plat pewter yang kemudiannya terdedah dalam kamera. Pendedahan kepada cahaya mengeringkan bitumen dan menjadikannya tidak larut, supaya apabila ia kemudian dibilas dengan pelarut hanya kawasan yang mencukupi cahaya kekal. Banyak jam pendedahan dalam kamera diperlukan, menjadikan bitumen tidak praktikal untuk fotografi biasa, tetapi dari 1850-an hingga 1920-an ia digunakan bersama sebagai photoresist dalam pengeluaran plat percetakan untuk pelbagai proses percetakan photomechanical. <> Dalam teknologi awal apa bitumen digunakan? || fotografi <> Apa jurugambar yang menggunakan bitumen untuk membuat gambar semula jadi yang paling awal? || Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce <> Apa ciri penggunaan bitumen dalam fotografi menjadikannya tidak praktikal? || jam pendedahan <> Semasa tempoh apa bitumen digunakan dalam proses percetakan? || 1850-an ke tahun 1920-an <> Pendedahan kepada elemen semulajadi yang diperlukan untuk plat fotografi awal? || cahaya <> Apa yang digunakan dalam teknologi photomechanical awal? || <> Apa yang digunakan saintis Sepanyol Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce untuk membuat gambar tertua yang masih hidup? || <> Pendedahan kepada kegelapan melakukan apa yang menjadi bitumen dan juga membuatnya tidak larut? || <> Apakah pendedahan kepada cahaya mengeras dan membuat larut? || <> Bilakah saintis Sepanyol menggunakan bitumen untuk membuat gambar dari alam semulajadi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what early technology was bitumen used?", "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c09", "answers": [{"text": "photographic", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?", "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0a", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?", "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0b", "answers": [{"text": "hours of exposure", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?", "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0c", "answers": [{"text": "1850s to the 1920s", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?", "id": "571b1b449499d21900609c0d", "answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was used in early photomechanical technology?", "id": "5ace586232bba1001ae4a349", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What did spanish scientist Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce use to make the oldest surviving photograph?", "id": "5ace586232bba1001ae4a34a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hardened", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "Exposure to darkness did what to the bitumen and also made it insoluble? ", "id": "5ace586232bba1001ae4a34b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What did exposure to light harden and make soluble?", "id": "5ace586232bba1001ae4a34c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1826 or 1827", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "When did the Spanish scientist use bitumen to make a photograph from nature?", "id": "5ace586232bba1001ae4a34d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]"}], ["Kayap bumbung menyumbang sebahagian besar baki asfalt / bitumen. Penggunaan lain termasuk semburan lembu, rawatan pagar pasca, dan kalis air untuk fabrik. Asphalt / bitumen digunakan untuk membuat hitam Jepun, lakuer yang dikenali terutamanya untuk kegunaan besi dan keluli, dan ia juga digunakan dalam dakwat cat dan penanda oleh sesetengah syarikat bekalan grafiti untuk meningkatkan ketahanan cuaca dan ketahanan cat atau dakwat, dan menjadikan warna lebih gelap. Aspalt / bitumen juga digunakan untuk mengelak beberapa bateri alkali semasa proses pembuatan. <> Selain bahan api dan paving, apa yang paling banyak digunakan untuk bitumen lain? || Kayap bumbung <> Apa yang diperbuat daripada bitumen yang digunakan untuk pengeluaran besi dan keluli? || Jepun hitam <> Mengapa Jepun hitam digunakan untuk cat luar? || rintangan cuaca <> Selain rintangan cuaca, mengapa lagi Jepun menggunakan hitam dalam cat? || kekal <> Apa produk bitumen yang digunakan dalam pembuatan sebagai sealant? || bateri alkali <> Apa yang menyumbang hampir semua penggunaan grafiti yang tinggal? || <> Penggunaan lain cat atau dakwat termasuk semburan lembu, rawatan pagar pasca dan apa lagi? || <> Semburan lembu boleh digunakan untuk mengelak jenis bateri? || <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai lakuer untuk kegunaan cat dan dakwat? || <> Apa laku laku yang digunakan untuk menjadikan warna lebih ringan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?", "id": "571b40f532177014007ea050", "answers": [{"text": "Roofing shingles", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?", "id": "571b40f532177014007ea051", "answers": [{"text": "Japan black", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?", "id": "571b40f532177014007ea052", "answers": [{"text": "weather resistance", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?", "id": "571b40f532177014007ea053", "answers": [{"text": "permanence", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?", "id": "571b40f532177014007ea054", "answers": [{"text": "alkaline batteries", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roofing shingles", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What accounts for nearly all the remaining graffiti consumption?", "id": "5ace73cf32bba1001ae4a71b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "waterproofing for fabrics", "answer_start": 141}], "question": "Other uses of paint or ink include cattle sprays, fence- post treatments and what else?", "id": "5ace73cf32bba1001ae4a71c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alkaline", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "Cattle sprays can be used to seal what type of batteries?", "id": "5ace73cf32bba1001ae4a71d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan black", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What lacquer is known for its use on paint and ink?", "id": "5ace73cf32bba1001ae4a71e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan black", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "What lacquer is used to make the color lighter?", "id": "5ace73cf32bba1001ae4a71f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process."}], ["Bitumen Kanada tidak berbeza jauh daripada minyak seperti minyak berat berat dan minyak berat Mexico di komposisi kimia, dan kesukaran yang sebenarnya adalah memindahkan bitumen yang sangat likat melalui paip minyak ke kilang penapis. Banyak kilang penapis minyak moden sangat canggih dan boleh memproses bitumen yang tidak dinaik taraf secara langsung ke dalam produk seperti petrol, bahan api diesel, dan asfalt halus tanpa sebarang preprocessing. Ini adalah perkara biasa dalam bidang-bidang seperti pantai Teluk AS, di mana kilang-kilang telah direka untuk memproses minyak Venezuela dan Mexico, dan di kawasan-kawasan seperti Midwest AS di mana kilang-kilang telah dibina semula untuk memproses minyak berat sebagai pengeluaran minyak ringan domestik merosot. Memandangkan pilihan itu, kilang penapis minyak berat biasanya lebih suka membeli bitumen dan bukannya minyak sintetik kerana kos lebih rendah, dan dalam sesetengah kes kerana mereka lebih suka menghasilkan lebih banyak bahan api diesel dan kurang gasolin. Menjelang tahun 2015 pengeluaran dan eksport Kanada bitumen yang tidak dinaik taraf melebihi minyak mentah sintetik pada lebih dari 1.3 juta tong (210 \u00d7 10 ^ 3 m3) sehari, di mana kira-kira 65% dieksport ke Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa sifat bitumen menjadikannya sukar untuk bergerak melalui talian paip? || sangat likat <> Industri apa yang mampu menapis bitumen secara langsung ke petrol tanpa pra-proses? || kilang minyak moden <> Mengapa kilang penapis ingin membeli bitumen dan bukannya minyak sintetik? || kos lebih rendah <> Berapa banyak bitumen Kanada dieksport ke AS menjelang 2015? || 65% <> Apa jenis minyak Kanada bitumen berbeza dengan ketara? || <> Selain daripada minyak tambahan berat Mexico, jenis minyak apa bitumen Kanada tidak begitu berbeza? || <> Selain daripada minyak ringan Venezuela, jenis minyak apa bitumen Kanada tidak begitu besar? || <> Jenis minyak apa bitumen Amerika tidak berbeza jauh dari? || <> Dalam bidang apa yang tidak biasa ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?", "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea03e", "answers": [{"text": "extremely viscous", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?", "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea03f", "answers": [{"text": "modern oil refineries", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?", "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea040", "answers": [{"text": "cost is lower", "answer_start": 807}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?", "id": "571b3b8132177014007ea041", "answers": [{"text": "65%", "answer_start": 1074}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What type of oils does Canadian bitumen differ substantially from?", "id": "5ace71e632bba1001ae4a6e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Venezuelan extra-heavy", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "Other than Mexican extra-heavy oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?", "id": "5ace71e632bba1001ae4a6ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mexican heavy", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Other than Venezuelan-light oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?", "id": "5ace71e632bba1001ae4a6eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What type of oils does American bitumen not differ substantially from?", "id": "5ace71e632bba1001ae4a6ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US Gulf coast", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "In what areas is this uncommon?", "id": "5ace71e632bba1001ae4a6ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210\u00d710^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States."}], ["Jalan-jalan di Amerika Syarikat telah diaspal dengan bahan-bahan yang termasuk asfalt / bitumen sejak sekurang-kurangnya 1870, ketika sebuah jalan di depan Newark, Dewan Bandaraya NJ telah diaspal. Dalam banyak kes, paving awal ini dibuat daripada \"batu bitumen\" yang semulajadi, seperti di Ritchie Mines di Macfarlan di Ritchie County, West Virginia dari 1852 hingga 1873. Pada tahun 1876, paving berasaskan aspal digunakan untuk membuka Pennsylvania Avenue di Washington , DC, pada masanya untuk sambutan abad ke-100. Aspal / bitumen juga digunakan untuk lantai, paving dan kalis air mandi dan kolam renang pada awal abad ke-20, mengikuti trend yang sama di Eropah. <> Sejak tarikh apakah asphalt digunakan untuk membuka jalan di AS? || 1870 <> Di hadapan apa bangunan NJ adalah jalan yang diturap dengan asfalt pada tahun 1870? || Dewan Bandaraya <> Apakah bahan semulajadi yang digunakan di pavings jalan awal? || Batu bituminous <> Dari apa yang dimiliki oleh paun-paun Virginia untuk aspal jalan awal? || Ritchie Mines <> Untuk apa tujuan asfalt yang digunakan di kolam renang dan mandi? || kalis air <> Sejak 1773, jalan-jalan di Amerika Syarikat telah diaspal dengan apa? || <> Apa yang telah diaspal dengan asfalt semenjak sekurang-kurangnya 1920? || <> Apakah Ritchie Mines digunakan untuk kalis air pada abad ke-20? || <> Bilakah New York, Pennsylvania Avenue beraspal? || <> Apakah Dewan Bandaraya NJ digunakan pada awal abad ke-20? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?", "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c1d", "answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?", "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c1e", "answers": [{"text": "City Hall", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What natural substance was used in early road pavings?", "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c1f", "answers": [{"text": "bituminous rock", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?", "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c20", "answers": [{"text": "Ritchie Mines", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?", "id": "571b1eef9499d21900609c21", "answers": [{"text": "waterproofing", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "materials that include asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "Ever since 1773, roads in the United States have been paved with what?", "id": "5ace5f6532bba1001ae4a449", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roads in the US", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What have been paved with asphalt since at least 1920?", "id": "5ace5f6532bba1001ae4a44a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "baths and swimming pools", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What was Ritchie Mines used to waterproof during the 20th century?", "id": "5ace5f6532bba1001ae4a44b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "When was New York's, Pennsylvania Avenue paved?", "id": "5ace5f6532bba1001ae4a44c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flooring, paving and waterproofing", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "What was NJ City Hall used for during the early 20th century?", "id": "5ace5f6532bba1001ae4a44d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring \"bituminous rock\", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe."}], ["Nilai deposit adalah jelas dari permulaan, tetapi cara mengekstrak bitumen tidak. Bandar terdekat, Fort McMurray, Alberta adalah pos perdagangan bulu kecil, pasaran lain jauh, dan kos pengangkutan terlalu tinggi untuk menghantar pasir bitumen mentah untuk membuka. Pada tahun 1915, Sidney Ells dari Cawangan Mines Persekutuan telah membuat percubaan dengan teknik pemisahan dan menggunakan bitumen untuk membuka jalan sepanjang 600 kaki di Edmonton, Alberta. Jalan-jalan lain di Alberta telah diaspal dengan pasir minyak, tetapi pada umumnya tidak ekonomi. Semasa tahun 1920-an Dr Karl A. Clark dari Majlis Penyelidikan Alberta telah mematenkan proses pemisahan minyak air panas dan usahawan Robert C. Fitzsimmons membina kilang pemisahan minyak Bitumount, yang antara tahun 1925 dan 1958 menghasilkan sehingga 300 tong (50 m3) sehari bitumen menggunakan kaedah Dr. Clark. Kebanyakan bitumen digunakan untuk bumbung kalis air, tetapi kegunaan lain termasuk bahan api, minyak pelincir, dakwat pencetak, ubat-ubatan, karat dan cat asid tahan, bumbung tahan api, paving jalan, kulit paten, dan pengawet pos pagar. Akhirnya Fitzsimmons kehabisan wang dan loji itu diambil alih oleh kerajaan Alberta. Hari ini kilang Bitumount adalah Tapak Bersejarah Wilayah. <> Siapa yang bereksperimen dengan teknik pengekstrakan bitumen untuk membuat penghantaran lebih mudah? || Sidney Ells <> Bilakah Ells mula menggunakan bitumen sebagai paving di Alberta? || 1915 <> Apa penyelidik telah mematen proses minyak air panas untuk memisahkan bitumen? || Dr. Karl A. Clark <> Siapa yang membina kilang pemisahan minyak Bitumont? || Robert C. Fitzsimmons <> Untuk apa yang paling pengeluaran Bitumont tumbuhan digunakan untuk kalis air? || bumbung <> Dari mana nilai kaedah Dr Clark jelas? || <> Cara menanam apa yang tidak jelas? || <> Pos perdagangan bulu terbesar berada di bandar? || <> Pada tahun apakah Karl Clark menggunakan bitumen untuk membuka jalan sepanjang 600 kaki di Edmonton? || <> Dalam tahun berapa Sidney Ells menggunakan bitumen untuk membuka 900 kaki jalan di Edmonton? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?", "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea034", "answers": [{"text": "Sidney Ells", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?", "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea035", "answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?", "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea036", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Karl A. Clark", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?", "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea037", "answers": [{"text": "Robert C. Fitzsimmons", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?", "id": "571b3a0d32177014007ea038", "answers": [{"text": "roofs", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the start", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "From when was the value of Dr. Clark's method obvious?", "id": "5ace60db32bba1001ae4a49b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "The means of implanting what were not obvious?", "id": "5ace60db32bba1001ae4a49c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fort McMurray, Alberta", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "The largest fur trading post was in what town?", "id": "5ace60db32bba1001ae4a49d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "In what year did Karl Clark use bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton?", "id": "5ace60db32bba1001ae4a49e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "In what year did Sidney Ells use bitumen to pave 900 feet of road in Edmonton?", "id": "5ace60db32bba1001ae4a49f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site."}], ["Asfalt mentah / bitumen semula jadi yang diresapi dalam batu sedimen adalah stok utama untuk pengeluaran petroleum dari \"Pasir Minyak\" yang kini sedang dibangunkan di Alberta, Kanada. Kanada mempunyai sebahagian besar bekalan aspal / bitumen semulajadi di dunia, meliputi 140,000 kilometer persegi (kawasan lebih besar daripada England), menjadikannya rizab minyak terbukti kedua terbesar di dunia. Pasir pasir Athabasca adalah deposit asfalt / bitumen terbesar di Kanada dan satu-satunya yang boleh diakses untuk perlombongan permukaan, walaupun penemuan teknologi baru-baru ini telah menghasilkan lebih banyak deposit yang dapat dihasilkan oleh kaedah in situ. Kerana kenaikan harga minyak selepas tahun 2003, menghasilkan bitumen menjadi sangat menguntungkan, tetapi akibat penurunan selepas 2014, ia menjadi tidak ekonomik untuk membina semula tanaman baru. Pada tahun 2014, pengeluaran aspal mentah / bitumen Kanada purata kira-kira 2.3 juta tong (370,000 m3) sehari dan dijangka meningkat kepada 4.4 juta tong (700,000 m3) setiap hari pada tahun 2020. Jumlah asfalt / bitumen mentah di Alberta yang boleh diekstrak dianggarkan kira-kira 310 bilion tong (50 \u00d7 10 ^ 9 m3), yang pada kadar 4,400,000 tong sehari (700,000 m3 / d) akan berlangsung sekitar 200 tahun. <> Di mana aspal semula jadi dalam batuan yang dibangunkan sebagai stok umpan untuk pengeluaran petroleum? || Alberta, Kanada <> Berapa luas kawasan perlindungan bitumen asli Kanada? || 140,000 kilometer persegi <> Di manakah kedudukan Kanada dalam bekalan minyak dunia? || kedua terbesar <> Apakah lombong bitumen permukaan Kanada hanya? || Pasir minyak Athabasca <> Apakah jumlah bitumen yang boleh diekstrak di Alberta? || 310 bilion tong <> Berapa banyak kawasan yang mempunyai bekalan bitumen semulajadi terkecil, di Kanada, tutup? || <> Negara manakah yang memelihara minyak yang diketahui ketiga terbesar di dunia? || <> Harga minyak menurun selepas tahun yang mana? || <> Dengan tahun apa pengeluaran pasir minyak Kanada purata 2.3 juta tong sehari? || <> Berapa tahun pengeluaran asfalt / aspal mentah Athabascan purata 2.3 juta tong sehari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?", "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea046", "answers": [{"text": "Alberta, Canada", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?", "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea047", "answers": [{"text": "140,000 square kilometres", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?", "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea048", "answers": [{"text": "second-largest", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?", "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea049", "answers": [{"text": "Athabasca oil sands", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?", "id": "571b3f7632177014007ea04a", "answers": [{"text": "310 billion barrels", "answer_start": 1087}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "140,000 square kilometres", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "How much area does the smallest supply of natural bitumen, in Canada, cover?", "id": "5ace7a3732bba1001ae4a785", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "Which country has the third-largest known oil preserves in the world?", "id": "5ace7a3732bba1001ae4a786", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "Oil prices decreased after which year? ", "id": "5ace7a3732bba1001ae4a787", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "By what year did Canadian oil sands production average 2.3 million barrels per day?", "id": "5ace7a3732bba1001ae4a788", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "By what year did Athabascan crude asphalt/bitumen production average 2.3 million barrels per day?", "id": "5ace7a3732bba1001ae4a789", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from \"Oil sands\", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50\u00d710^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years."}], ["Asfalt mastic adalah jenis asfalt yang berbeza daripada asfalt yang gred (konkrit asfalt) yang padat kerana ia mempunyai kandungan asfalt / bitumen yang lebih tinggi (pengikat), biasanya sekitar 7-10% daripada keseluruhan campuran agregat, berbanding dengan konkrit asfalt yang digulung, yang hanya mempunyai sekitar 5% asphalt / aspal. Bahan termoplastik ini digunakan secara meluas dalam industri bangunan untuk menampung bumbung rata dan tangki bawah tanah. Asfalt mastic dipanaskan pada suhu 210 \u00b0 C (410 \u00b0 F) dan tersebar di lapisan untuk membentuk penghalang yang tidak tahan sekitar 20 milimeter (0.79 inci) tebal. <> Apakah peratusan pengikat dalam asfalt mastic? || 7-10% <> Berapa banyak pengikat tambahan yang melancarkan konkrit aspal mempunyai? || 5% <> Bagaimana aspal digunakan dalam industri pembinaan? || kalis air <> Sebelum menyebarkan, betapa panasnya asfalt mastic dipanaskan? || 210 \u00b0 C <> Apakah ketebalan biasa penyebaran mastic pada bumbung? || 20 milimeter <> Berapa peratus daripada konkrit dalam asfalt mastic? || <> Apakah jenis penghalang yang tidak bertaburan yang berbeza dari asfalt yang bergred padat? || <> Mastic aspal adalah sama dengan asphalt padat yang dinilai kerana mengapa? || <> Konkrit aspal asfalt mempunyai sekitar 7% apa? || <> Apa yang digunakan secara meluas dalam bangunan untuk membuat kalis air asfalt? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?", "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c59", "answers": [{"text": "7\u201310%", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?", "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5a", "answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is asphalt used in the construction industry?", "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5b", "answers": [{"text": "waterproofing", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?", "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5c", "answers": [{"text": "210 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?", "id": "571b4bfe9499d21900609c5d", "answers": [{"text": "20 millimeters", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7\u201310%", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "What percentage of concrete is in mastic asphalt?", "id": "5ace638232bba1001ae4a535", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mastic asphalt", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a type of impervious barrier that differs from dense graded asphalt?", "id": "5ace638232bba1001ae4a536", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "Mastic asphalt is the same as dense graded asphalt because why?", "id": "5ace638232bba1001ae4a537", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "added asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "Rolled asphalt concrete has contains around 7% what?", "id": "5ace638232bba1001ae4a538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thermoplastic substance", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What is widely used in buildings for making asphalt waterproof?", "id": "5ace638232bba1001ae4a539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7\u201310% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 \u00b0C (410 \u00b0F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick."}], ["Oleh kerana kesukaran untuk mengalihkan bitumen mentah melalui saluran paip, bitumen yang tidak dinaik taraf biasanya dicairkan dengan kondensat gas asli dalam bentuk yang disebut dilbit atau dengan minyak mentah sintetik, dipanggil sintetik. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk memenuhi persaingan antarabangsa, banyak bitumen yang tidak dinaik taraf kini dijual sebagai gabungan pelbagai gred bitumen, minyak mentah konvensional, minyak mentah sintetik, dan kondensat dalam produk penanda aras standard seperti Western Canadian Select. Gabungan minyak mentah yang lebat ini direka bentuk untuk mempunyai ciri penapisan seragam untuk bersaing dengan minyak berat yang dipasarkan di peringkat antarabangsa seperti Mayan Mexico atau Dubai Crude Arab. <> Apakah yang dilakukan kepada bitumen mentah untuk mempromosikan pergerakannya melalui saluran paip? || dicairkan <> Apakah kondensat gas asli digunakan untuk mencairkan bitumen? || dilbit <> Apakah aditif mentah sintetik untuk bitumen dipanggil? || sintetik <> Apakah standard campuran bitumen dan minyak yang biasa dijual? || Western Canadian Select <> Dalam apa kegunaan seragam yang dipilih Kanada Barat dimaksudkan untuk unggul? || penyulingan <> Kerana mudah untuk memindahkan apa yang melalui saluran paip tidak ditingkatkan bitumen biasanya dicairkan? || <> Apa bitumen dinaik taraf yang kini dijual untuk memenuhi persaingan antarabangsa? || <> Apa bitumen yang tidak dinaikkan kini dijual untuk memenuhi pertandingan nasional? || <> Campuran minyak mentah pahit dan ringan direka untuk bersaing dengan jenis minyak apa? || <> Campuran minyak mentah yang masam dan berat direka untuk bersaing dengan apa jenis tanda aras? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?", "id": "571b51299499d21900609c63", "answers": [{"text": "diluted", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?", "id": "571b51299499d21900609c64", "answers": [{"text": "dilbit", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?", "id": "571b51299499d21900609c65", "answers": [{"text": "synbit", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?", "id": "571b51299499d21900609c66", "answers": [{"text": "Western Canadian Select", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?", "id": "571b51299499d21900609c67", "answers": [{"text": "refining", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crude bitumen", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "Because it's easy to move what through pipelines is non upgraded bitumen is usually diluted?", "id": "5ace72c132bba1001ae4a6fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What is upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet international competition?", "id": "5ace72c132bba1001ae4a6fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What is non-upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet national competition?", "id": "5ace72c132bba1001ae4a6ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "internationally marketed heavy oils", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "The bitter and light crude oil mix is designed to competed with what types of oils?", "id": "5ace72c132bba1001ae4a700", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "internationally marketed heavy oils", "answer_start": 560}], "question": "The sour and heavy crude oil mix is designed to competed with what types of benchmarks?", "id": "5ace72c132bba1001ae4a701", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude."}], ["Bitumen adalah musuh dari banyak artis pada abad ke-19. Walaupun digunakan secara meluas untuk satu-satu masa, ia akhirnya terbukti tidak stabil untuk digunakan dalam lukisan minyak, terutamanya apabila dicampur dengan pencuci yang paling biasa, seperti minyak biji rami, varnis dan turpentin. Kecuali terencat dengan teliti, bitumen tidak pernah padan sepenuhnya dan pada masa ini akan merosakkan pigmen lain yang bersentuhan dengannya. Penggunaan bitumen sebagai sayu untuk diletakkan dalam bayang-bayang atau dicampur dengan warna-warna lain untuk menyebabkan nada yang lebih gelap mengakibatkan kemerosotan akhirnya banyak lukisan, contohnya dari Delacroix. Mungkin contoh yang paling terkenal mengenai pemusnahan bitumen ialah Rakit Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault dari Medusa (1818-1819), di mana penggunaan bitumennya menyebabkan warna-warna cerah merosot menjadi hijau gelap dan kulit hitam dan cat dan kanvas untuk gesper. <> Apa pigmen yang menggunakan artis abad ke-19 yang dianggap tidak baik? || Bitumen <> Apa bitumen apabila digunakan sebagai cat tidak dilakukan dengan betul? || menguatkan <> Apa pula penggunaan bitumen yang terhad untuk merosakkan lukisan? || kemerosotan <> Apa karya artis yang saya anggap sebagai contoh kesan merosakkan bitumen? || <<Apakah masalah utama yang membuat aspal sebagai pigmen menunjukkan dirinya? || tidak stabil <> Apa musuh penyanyi selama abad ke-19? || <> Apa yang menjadi musuh ramai artis selama abad ke-21? || <> Bitumen terbukti stabil untuk digunakan dalam apa jenis lukisan? || <> Bitumen akan sentiasa memantapkan sepenuhnya apabila apa? || <> Apakah satu contoh mengenai kerosakan minyak biji rami? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?", "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea082", "answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?", "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea083", "answers": [{"text": "solidifies", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?", "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea084", "answers": [{"text": "deterioration", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?", "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea085", "answers": [{"text": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  ", "id": "571b5ffb32177014007ea086", "answers": [{"text": "unstable", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the nemesis of many singers during the 19th century?", "id": "5ace595232bba1001ae4a367", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the nemesis of many artists during the 21th century?", "id": "5ace595232bba1001ae4a368", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "Bitumen proved stable for use in what type of painting?", "id": "5ace595232bba1001ae4a369", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thoroughly diluted", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Bitumen will always fully solidify when what?", "id": "5ace595232bba1001ae4a36a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818\u20131819),", "answer_start": 645}], "question": "What is an example of the destructiveness of linseed oil?", "id": "5ace595232bba1001ae4a36b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818\u20131819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle."}], ["Selenizza terutamanya digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan dalam sektor pembinaan jalan raya. Ia bercampur dengan bitumen tradisional untuk memperbaiki kedua-dua sifat viskoelastik dan penentangan terhadap penuaan. Ia boleh diadun dengan bitumen panas di dalam tangki, tetapi bentuk butirannya membolehkan ia diberi makan di dalam pengadun atau dalam cincin kitar semula bagi tumbuhan asfalt biasa. Aplikasi tipikal lain termasuk pengeluaran asfalt mastic untuk trotoar, jambatan, taman kereta dan jalan bandar serta pengisian cecair penggerudian untuk industri minyak dan gas. Selenizza boleh didapati dalam serbuk atau bahan berbutir pelbagai saiz zarah dan dibungkus dalam beg besar atau dalam beg polyethylene terma. <> Komponen apa yang ditambah kepada bitumen untuk memperbaikinya? || Selenizza <> Untuk apa bahan paving lain Selenizza ditambah? || asphalts mastic <> Apa tujuan Selenizza dalam industri penggerudian? || cecair aditif <> Dalam bentuk apa yang Selenizza ditawarkan? || butiran <> Bagaimana Selenizza dihantar? || beg <> Apa yang kebanyakannya digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan dalam membina cincin kitar semula? || <> Apa yang terdapat dalam bentuk serbuk atau cecair dan ditawarkan dalam pelbagai saiz zarah? || <> Apakah Selenizza bercampur dengan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap jambatan? || <> Apakah Selenizza bercampur dengan memburukkan sifat viskoelastik? || <> Apa mungkin bercampur dengan bitumen sejuk dalam tangki? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What component is added to bitumen to improve it?", "id": "571b55a832177014007ea078", "answers": [{"text": "Selenizza", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what other paving material is Selenizza added?", "id": "571b55a832177014007ea079", "answers": [{"text": "mastic asphalts", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?", "id": "571b55a832177014007ea07a", "answers": [{"text": "fluid additives", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what form is Selenizza offered?", "id": "571b55a832177014007ea07b", "answers": [{"text": "granular", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Selenizza shipped?", "id": "571b55a832177014007ea07c", "answers": [{"text": "bags", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Selenizza", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is mostly used as an additive in constructing recycling rings?", "id": "5ace7c0d32bba1001ae4a7c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Selenizza", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "What is available in powder or fluid form and offered in various particle sizes?", "id": "5ace7c0d32bba1001ae4a7c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What is Selenizza mixed with to improve resistance to bridges?", "id": "5ace7c0d32bba1001ae4a7c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What is Selenizza mixed with to worsen viscoelastic properties?", "id": "5ace7c0d32bba1001ae4a7ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Selenizza", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What may be mixed with cold bitumen in tanks?", "id": "5ace7c0d32bba1001ae4a7cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags."}], ["Dalam bahasa Inggeris Inggeris, perkataan 'asfalt' digunakan untuk merujuk kepada campuran agregat mineral dan asfalt / bitumen (juga dipanggil tarmac dalam istilah umum). Apabila bitumen bercampur dengan tanah liat, ia biasanya dipanggil asphaltum. Kata awal 'asphaltum' kini menjadi kuno dan tidak biasa digunakan. [Rujukan?] Dalam Bahasa Inggeris Amerika, 'asfalt' bersamaan dengan 'bitumen' British. Bagaimanapun, 'asfalt' juga biasa digunakan sebagai bentuk konkrit 'asfalt' yang dipendekkan (oleh itu bersamaan dengan asfalt 'British' atau 'tarmac'). Dalam bahasa Inggeris Australia, bitumen sering digunakan sebagai istilah generik untuk permukaan jalan. Dalam bahasa Inggeris Kanada, perkataan bitumen digunakan untuk merujuk kepada simpanan minyak mentah yang sangat berat di Kanada, manakala asfalt digunakan untuk produk penapisan minyak yang digunakan untuk membuka jalan dan mengeluarkan alat bumbung bumbung dan pelbagai produk kalis air. Bitumen cair (dicairkan dengan naphtha untuk membuatnya mengalir di saluran paip) dikenali sebagai dilbit dalam industri petroleum Kanada, sementara bitumen \"ditingkatkan\" kepada minyak mentah sintetik dikenali sebagai syncrude dan syncrude dicampur dengan bitumen sebagai synbit. Bitumen masih merupakan istilah geologi yang disukai untuk deposit semulajadi yang padu atau separa pepejal petroleum. Batu Bituminus adalah bentuk batu pasir yang diresapi dengan bitumen. Pasir pas Alberta, Kanada adalah bahan yang sama. <> Untuk apa jenis agregat yang digunakan asfalt untuk dirujuk? || campuran <> Apakah campuran bitumen dan mineral yang dipanggil? || Tarmac <> Apabila dicampur dengan tanah liat, apa bitumen dipanggil? || asphaltum <> Dengan kata apa di Amerika, bitumen digunakan secara bergantian? || 'asphalt <> Apakah istilah geologi untuk asfalt? || Bitumen <> Apakah bentuk pita aspal yang dipendekkan? || <> Bitumen sering digunakan sebagai kata umum untuk sirap atap di mana bahasa? || <> di mana industri bitumen tertumpu dikenali sebagai dilbit? || <> Yang mana istilah geografi pilihan untuk deposit semulajadi? || <> Jenis batu apa batu kapur yang dicampur dengan bitumen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?", "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c6d", "answers": [{"text": "mixture", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?", "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c6e", "answers": [{"text": "tarmac", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?", "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c6f", "answers": [{"text": "asphaltum", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?", "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c70", "answers": [{"text": "'asphalt", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the geological term for asphalt?", "id": "571b5e2e9499d21900609c71", "answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 1086}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What is the shortened form of asphalt tarmac?", "id": "5ace83b532bba1001ae4a90b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australian English", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "Bitumen is often used as a generic word for roof shingles in which language?", "id": "5ace83b532bba1001ae4a90c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canadian petroleum industry", "answer_start": 943}], "question": "in which industry is concentrated bitumen known as dilbit?", "id": "5ace83b532bba1001ae4a90d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bitumen", "answer_start": 1086}], "question": "Which is the preferred geographical term for natural deposits?", "id": "5ace83b532bba1001ae4a90e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bituminous rock", "answer_start": 1212}], "question": "What type of rock forms from limestone mixed with bitumen?", "id": "5ace83b532bba1001ae4a90f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen \"upgraded\" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material."}], ["Aspal / bitumen kadangkala boleh dikelirukan dengan \"tar arang batu\", yang merupakan bahan termoplastik hitam yang mirip dihasilkan oleh penyulingan arang batu yang merosakkan. Semasa awal dan pertengahan abad ke-20 apabila gas bandar dihasilkan, tar arang batu adalah produk sampingan yang sedia ada dan digunakan secara meluas sebagai pengikat bagi agregat jalan. Penambahan tar ke jalan macadam membawa kepada perkataan tarmac, yang kini digunakan dalam istilah umum untuk merujuk kepada bahan pembuatan jalan. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak 1970-an, apabila gas asli berjaya gas bandar, asfalt / bitumen telah sepenuhnya mengatasi penggunaan tar arang batu dalam aplikasi-aplikasi ini. Contoh lain dari kekeliruan ini termasuk La Brea Tar Pits dan pasir minyak Kanada, yang keduanya mengandungi bitumen semula jadi dan bukan tar. Pitch adalah istilah lain yang kadang kala digunakan untuk merujuk kepada asfalt / bitumen, seperti di Pitch Lake. <> Untuk apa bahan yang sama boleh asfalt dikelirukan? || arang batu <> Untuk apa yang digunakan dalam arang batu jalan raya? || pengikat <> Apakah perkataan biasa digunakan untuk menggambarkan gabungan tar dan macadam? || Tarmac <> Kegunaan apa yang telah mendorong keperluan untuk menghasilkan jalan dengan tar arang batu? || gas asli <> Daripada tar, apa yang La Brea Tars Pits mengandung? || bitumen <> Apakah warna oren darah dan kadangkala keliru dengan \"tar arang\"? || <> Bahan endotermik yang mana yang kadang-kadang keliru dengan asfalt? || <> Yang minyak yang sama boleh asfalt dibingungkan dengan? || <> Bat coal telah benar-benar mengatasi penggunaan asfalt sejak dekade itu? || <> Apa yang digunakan sebagai padang untuk agregat jalan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?", "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05a", "answers": [{"text": "coal tar", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what was coal tar used in road paving?", "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05b", "answers": [{"text": "binder", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?", "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05c", "answers": [{"text": "tarmac", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?", "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05d", "answers": [{"text": "natural gas", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?", "id": "571b44c232177014007ea05e", "answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a blood orange color and sometimes confused with \"coal tar\"?", "id": "5ace32ce32bba1001ae49dbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal tar", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Which similar endothermic material is sometimes confused with asphalt? ", "id": "5ace32ce32bba1001ae49dc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal tar", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Which similar oil can asphalt be confused with?", "id": "5ace32ce32bba1001ae49dc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "Coal tar has totally overtaken the use of asphalt since which decade?", "id": "5ace32ce32bba1001ae49dc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coal tar", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What was used as pitch for road aggregates?", "id": "5ace32ce32bba1001ae49dc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with \"coal tar\", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake."}], ["Aspal / bitumen adalah serupa dengan bahan organik dalam meteorit karbon. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian terperinci menunjukkan bahawa bahan-bahan ini berbeza. Sumber bitumen Alberta yang luas dipercayai telah bermula sebagai bahan hidup dari tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan laut, terutamanya alga, yang meninggal dunia berjuta-juta tahun lalu ketika lautan kuno menutup Alberta. Mereka diliputi oleh lumpur, dikebumikan secara mendalam di atas eons, dan perlahan dimasak ke dalam minyak oleh panas geotermal pada suhu 50 hingga 150 \u00b0 C (120 hingga 300 \u00b0 F). Kerana tekanan dari peningkatan Gunung Rocky di barat daya Alberta, 80 hingga 55 juta tahun yang lalu, minyak itu dipacu oleh ratusan ratus kilometer timur laut ke dalam deposit pasir bawah tanah yang tertinggal oleh katil sungai kuno dan pantai lautan, sehingga membentuk pasir minyak. <> Kepada apa bahan organik dalam asfalt yang sama? || meteorit <> Apakah lombong bitumen Alberta bermula? || bahan yang hidup <> Apakah jenis bahan hidup yang membentuk asas bitumen? || tumbuhan dan haiwan <> Ciri-ciri asalnya yang mana meliputi Alberta? || lautan <> Apa suhu deposit organik perlu membentuk bitumen di atas eon? || 50 hingga 150 \u00b0 C <> Bitumen adalah serupa dengan bahan bukan organik dalam apa jenis meteorit? || <> Bitumen sangat berbeza dari bahan organik yang terdapat dalam jenis meteorit apa? || <> Beribu-ribu tahun yang lalu samudra purba meliputi kawasan mana? || <> Berapa tahun yang lalu adalah Pergunungan Rocky yang dilindungi di lautan kuno? || <> Berapa tahun yang lalu Gunung Rocky muncul di timur laut Alberta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?", "id": "571b532132177014007ea06e", "answers": [{"text": "meteorites", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?", "id": "571b532132177014007ea06f", "answers": [{"text": "living material", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?", "id": "571b532132177014007ea070", "answers": [{"text": "plants and animals", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature originally covered Alberta?", "id": "571b532132177014007ea071", "answers": [{"text": "ocean", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?", "id": "571b532132177014007ea072", "answers": [{"text": "50 to 150 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonaceous", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Bitumen is similar to inorganic matter in what type of meteorites?", "id": "5ace561832bba1001ae4a2f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbonaceous", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Bitumen varies greatly from organic matter found in what type of meteorites? ", "id": "5ace561832bba1001ae4a2f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alberta", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "Thousands of years ago an ancient ocean covered which area?", "id": "5ace561832bba1001ae4a2f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "millions", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "How many years ago were the Rocky Mountains covered in an ancient ocean?", "id": "5ace561832bba1001ae4a2f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "80 to 55 million", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "How many years ago did the Rocky Mountains arise in northeastern Alberta?", "id": "5ace561832bba1001ae4a2f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 \u00b0C (120 to 300 \u00b0F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands."}], ["Kanada mempunyai deposit bitumen semulajadi yang terbesar di dunia di pasir minyak Athabasca dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Kanada di sepanjang Sungai Athabasca telah lama menggunakannya untuk mengawal kanu mereka. Pada tahun 1719, seorang Cree India bernama Wa-Pa-Su membawa sampel untuk perdagangan kepada Henry Kelsey dari Hudson's Bay Company, yang merupakan rekod pertama Eropah untuk melihatnya. Walau bagaimanapun, sehingga 1787 peniaga bulu dan penjelajah Alexander MacKenzie melihat pasir minyak Athabasca dan berkata, \"Pada kira-kira 24 batu dari garpu (Athabasca dan Clearwater Rivers) adalah beberapa air pancut bituminus di mana tiang 20 kaki lama boleh dimasukkan tanpa rintangan sekurang-kurangnya. \" <> Negara mana yang mempunyai deposit bitumen terbesar? || Kanada <> Untuk apa yang penduduk asli Kanada menggunakan asfalt sebagai bahan kalis air? || kano <> Siapa pedagang Eropah pertama yang melihat asfalt? || Henry Kelsey <> Untuk apa syarikat perdagangan yang dilakukan Kelsey? || Syarikat Hudson's Bay <> Siapa Eropah pertama yang melihat pasir minyak Athabascan? || Alexander MacKenzie <> Negara mana yang mempunyai deposit bitumen yang paling asli di Amerika Utara? || <> Kanada adalah rumah kepada deposit terkecil di dunia apa? || <> Di mana deposit bitumen semulajadi terkecil di dunia terletak? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Athabasca melihat pasir minyak? || <> Alexander MacKenzie adalah peniaga minyak dan melihat pasir minyak pada tahun berapa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?", "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c4f", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?", "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c50", "answers": [{"text": "canoes", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?", "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c51", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Kelsey", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " For what trading company did Kelsey work?", "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c52", "answers": [{"text": "Hudson\u2019s Bay Company", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?", "id": "571b4aa79499d21900609c53", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander MacKenzie", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which country has North America's largest deposit of naturally occurring bitumen?", "id": "5ace5fe232bba1001ae4a46f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "natural bitumen", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Canada is home to the world's smallest deposit of what?", "id": "5ace5fe232bba1001ae4a470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where is the world's smallest natural bitumen deposit located?", "id": "5ace5fe232bba1001ae4a471", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1787", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "In what year did Athabasca see the oil sands? ", "id": "5ace5fe232bba1001ae4a472", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1787", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "Alexander MacKenzie was a oil trader and saw the oil sands in what year?", "id": "5ace5fe232bba1001ae4a473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, \"At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance.\""}], ["Pada tahun 1838, Claridge memperoleh paten di Scotland pada 27 Mac, dan Ireland pada 23 April, dan pada tahun 1851 sambungan telah dicari untuk ketiga-tiga paten, oleh pemegang amanah sebuah syarikat yang sebelum ini dibentuk oleh Claridge. Ini adalah Syarikat Asphalte Paten Claridge yang dibentuk pada tahun 1838 untuk tujuan memperkenalkan Britain \"Asphalte dalam keadaan semulajadi dari lombong di Pyrimont Seysell di Perancis\", dan \"meletakkan salah satu turapan asfalt pertama di Whitehall\". Percubaan dibuat dari trotoar pada tahun 1838 di jalan kaki di Whitehall, yang stabil di Knightsbridge Barracks, \"dan kemudiannya di ruang di bawah tangga yang menuju dari Waterloo Place ke St. James Park\". \"Pembentukan pada 1838 Paten Asphalte Company Claridge (dengan senarai pembeli aristokrat yang terkenal, dan Marc dan Isambard Brunel masing-masing, jurutera amanah dan perunding), memberikan dorongan besar kepada pembangunan industri asfalt Inggeris\". \"Menjelang penghujung tahun 1838, sekurang-kurangnya dua syarikat lain, Robinson dan syarikat Bastenne, sedang dalam proses pengeluaran\", dengan asfalt dipasangkan di Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, Strand, dan kawasan lantai yang besar di Bunhill Sementara itu, sementara Claridge's Whitehall membuka \"terus (d) dengan baik\". <> Dalam tahun apakah Claridge memperoleh paten untuk penggunaan asfalt? || 1838 <> Dari apa yang saya nyatakan oleh Claridge, menawarkan asfalt? || Pyrimont Seysell <> Apa pembentukan syarikat Claridge dengan penyokong terhormat membantu memberi inspirasi? || Industri asfalt British <> Di tempat yang terkenal apakah Claridge mula-mula mula menguji dan menguji penggunaan trak asfalt? || Whitehall <> Pada tahun 1838 berapa banyak syarikat di samping Claridge menawarkan asfalt? || dua <> Untuk berapa banyak paten yang Claridge mencari sambungan pada tahun 1822? || <> The Canterbury Patent Asphalte Company telah ditubuhkan pada tahun berapa? || <> Who's Patent Asphalte Company didirikan pada tahun 1988? || <> Apa yang dibuat pada trotoar pada tahun 1838 di jalan kaki Canterbury? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?", "id": "571b49039499d21900609c45", "answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?", "id": "571b49039499d21900609c46", "answers": [{"text": "Pyrimont Seysell", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? ", "id": "571b49039499d21900609c47", "answers": [{"text": "British asphalt industry", "answer_start": 901}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?", "id": "571b49039499d21900609c48", "answers": [{"text": "Whitehall", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?", "id": "571b49039499d21900609c49", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 958}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "For how many patents did Claridge seek extensions in 1822?", "id": "5ace5b7132bba1001ae4a3b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "The Canterbury Patent Asphalte Company was established in what year?", "id": "5ace5b7132bba1001ae4a3b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Claridge's", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "Who's Patent Asphalte Company was established in 1988?", "id": "5ace5b7132bba1001ae4a3b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trials", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway of Canterbury?", "id": "5ace5b7132bba1001ae4a3b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain \"Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France\", and \"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall\". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, \"and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park\". \"The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry\". \"By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production\", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving \"continue(d) in good order\"."}], ["Seratus tahun selepas kejatuhan Konstantinopel pada tahun 1453, Pierre Belon menggambarkan dalam pengawasannya pada tahun 1553 bahwa pissasphalto, campuran padang dan aspal, digunakan di Dubrovnik untuk penarikan kapal dari mana ia diekspor ke tempat pasar di Venice di mana ia boleh dibeli oleh sesiapa sahaja. Majalah Mekanik edisi 1838 menyebut penggunaan awal asfalt di Perancis. Risalah bertarikh 1621, oleh \"Monsieur d'Eyrinys, menyatakan bahawa dia telah menemui kewujudan (asphaltum) dalam kuantiti yang besar di sekitar Neufchatel\", dan bahawa dia mencadangkan untuk menggunakannya dalam pelbagai cara - \"terutamanya dalam pembinaan lumbung bukti udara, dan dalam melindungi, dengan cara gerbang, kursus air di kota Paris dari pencerobohan kotoran dan kotoran \", yang pada masa itu membuat air tidak dapat digunakan. \"Dia juga membuktikan kecemerlangan bahan ini untuk membentuk aras dan teras yang tahan lama\" di istana, \"gagasan membentuk teras seperti di jalanan tidak mungkin menyeberangi otak seorang generasi Paris\". Tetapi ia secara umumnya diabaikan di Perancis sehinggalah revolusi 1830. Kemudian, pada tahun 1830-an, terdapat lonjakan minat, dan asfalt telah digunakan secara meluas \"untuk laluan pejalan kaki, bumbung rata, dan lapisan tangki, dan di England, beberapa kegunaan ia telah dibuat untuk tujuan yang serupa \". Peningkatannya di Eropah adalah \"fenomena tiba-tiba\", selepas deposit semulajadi didapati \"di Perancis di Osbann (BasRhin), Parc (l'Ain) dan Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome) walaupun ia juga boleh dibuat secara buatan. Salah satu kegunaan paling awal di Perancis ialah meletakkan kira-kira 24,000 meter persegi dari asfalt Seyssel di Place de la Concorde pada tahun 1835. <> Siapa yang menggambarkan penggunaan bitumen dan padang ke kapal tar? || Pierre Belon <> Bilakah Belon membuat pemerhatian pembuatan kapal? || 1553 <> Pada tahun apakah majalah Perancis menggambarkan penggunaan asfalt? || 1838 <> Selepas apa acara di Perancis, asfalt mula digunakan untuk trotoar dan pelbagai kegunaan lain? || revolusi 1830 <> Di mana di Perancis pada 1835 adalah asfalt digunakan untuk meletakkan trotoar? || Place de la Concorde <> Pada tahun apakah bangkitnya Constantinople? || <> Pada tahun apakah kejatuhan Pemerhatian? || <> Dalam Pemerhatian, Monsieur d'Eyrinys menggambarkan apa? || <> Di manakah tahun edisi Majalah Paris memetik penggunaan awal asfalt di Perancis? || <> Di mana tahun itu edisi Majalah Mekanik memetik penggunaan awal asfalt di Sepanyol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?", "id": "571b46e632177014007ea064", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Belon", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?", "id": "571b46e632177014007ea065", "answers": [{"text": "1553", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?", "id": "571b46e632177014007ea066", "answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?", "id": "571b46e632177014007ea067", "answers": [{"text": "revolution of 1830", "answer_start": 1103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? ", "id": "571b46e632177014007ea068", "answers": [{"text": "Place de la Concorde", "answer_start": 1653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1453", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "In what year was the rise of Constantinople? ", "id": "5ace57a932bba1001ae4a32f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1453", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "In what year was the fall of Observations? ", "id": "5ace57a932bba1001ae4a330", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "In Observations, Monsieur d'Eyrinys described what?", "id": "5ace57a932bba1001ae4a331", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "In which year did an edition of Parisian Magazine cite an early use of asphalt in France? ", "id": "5ace57a932bba1001ae4a332", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "In which year did an edition of Mechanics Magazine cite an early use of asphalt in Spain? ", "id": "5ace57a932bba1001ae4a333", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by \"a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel\", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways \u2013 \"principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth\", which at that time made the water unusable. \"He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces\" in palaces, \"the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation\". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used \"for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes\". Its rise in Europe was \"a sudden phenomenon\", after natural deposits were found \"in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)\", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835."}], ["Selenizza adalah bitumen hidrokarbon pepejal yang semulajadi yang terdapat di dalam deposit asfalt asal Selenice, di Albania, satu-satunya lombong asfalt Eropah yang masih digunakan. Asfalt batuan dijumpai dalam bentuk urat, mengisi retakan pada arah yang lebih mendatar. Kandungan bitumen berbeza dari 83% hingga 92% (larut dalam disulfida karbon), dengan nilai penembusan berhampiran sifar dan titik pelembutan (cincin & bola) sekitar 120 \u00b0 C. Perkara yang tidak larut, yang terdiri daripada bijih silika, berkisar antara 8% hingga 17%. <> Kepada lokasi manakah Selenizza bitumen asli? || Selenice, di Albania <> Apa itu lombong yang tidak biasa? || masih digunakan <> Dengan cara yang mana Selenizza bitumen secara geologi berbeza daripada bitumen yang terdapat di pasir? || batu asfalt <> Apakah variasi dalam asfalt batuan asfalt kandungan? || 83% hingga 92% <> Bagaimana aspal batu ditemui terutamanya? || urat <> Bahan larut terdiri daripada bijih silika dan antara peratusan apa? || <> Jenis bahan apa antara 7% hingga 20%? || <> Pembuluh darah didapati dalam bentuk apa? || <> Kandungan apa berubah dari 80% hingga 93%? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?", "id": "571b684832177014007ea08c", "answers": [{"text": "Selenice, in Albania", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it about the mine that is unusual?", "id": "571b684832177014007ea08d", "answers": [{"text": "still in use", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? ", "id": "571b684832177014007ea08e", "answers": [{"text": "rock asphalt", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?", "id": "571b684832177014007ea08f", "answers": [{"text": "83% to 92%", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the rock asphalt mainly found?", "id": "571b684832177014007ea090", "answers": [{"text": "veins", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "8% to 17%", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "The soluble matter consists mainly of silica ore and ranges from what percentage?", "id": "5ace7ab232bba1001ae4a7a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "insoluble matter", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What type of matter ranges from 7% to 20%?", "id": "5ace7ab232bba1001ae4a7a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rock asphalt", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "The veins are found in the form of what?", "id": "5ace7ab232bba1001ae4a7a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What content varies from 80% to 93%?", "id": "5ace7ab232bba1001ae4a7a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 \u00b0C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%."}], ["Penggunaan terbesar asfalt / bitumen adalah untuk membuat konkrit aspal untuk permukaan jalan raya dan menyumbang kira-kira 85% daripada asfalt yang digunakan di Amerika Syarikat. Campuran turapan konkrit aspal biasanya terdiri daripada 5% simen aspal / bitumen dan 95% agregat (batu, pasir, dan batu). Oleh kerana sifatnya yang sangat likat, simen aspal / bitumen mesti dipanaskan supaya ia boleh dicampur dengan agregat di kemudahan pencampuran asfalt. Suhu yang diperlukan bergantung kepada ciri-ciri asfalt / bitumen dan agregat, tetapi teknologi asfalt campuran panas membolehkan pengeluar mengurangkan suhu yang diperlukan. Terdapat kira-kira 4,000 tumbuhan pencampur konkrit aspal di A.S., dan jumlah yang sama di Eropah. <> Apakah penggunaan asfalt terbesar? || permukaan jalan <> Berapakah peratusan penggunaan bitumen untuk jalan raya di AS? || 85% <> Berapa banyak bitumen dalam campuran konkrit biasa? || 5% <> Apakah peratusan campuran konkrit adalah agregat? || 95% <> Berapa banyak tumbuhan konkrit di AS? || 4,000 <> Perakaunan untuk hampir 75% penggunaan asfalt, apa penggunaan asfalt terbesar? || <> Sebanyak peratus penggunaan bitumen di Eropah yang digunakan untuk permukaan jalan konkrit? || <> Apa yang perlu berlaku kepada tumbuh-tumbuhan supaya mereka boleh bercampur dengan agregat? || <> Apa yang perlu disejukkan sehingga boleh dicampur dengan agregat? || <> Eropah mempunyai 0 tumbuhan pencampur konkrit aspal dan Amerika Syarikat mempunyai berapa banyak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the biggest use of asphalt?", "id": "571b63799499d21900609c81", "answers": [{"text": "road surfaces", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?", "id": "571b63799499d21900609c82", "answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?", "id": "571b63799499d21900609c83", "answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?", "id": "571b63799499d21900609c84", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many concrete plants are in the US?", "id": "571b63799499d21900609c85", "answers": [{"text": "4,000", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "making asphalt concrete for road surfaces", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "Accounting for nearly 75% of asphalt consumption, what is the largest use of asphalt for?", "id": "5ace61a732bba1001ae4a4d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "85%", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What percentage of bitumen consumption in Europe makes up that used for concrete road surfaces?", "id": "5ace61a732bba1001ae4a4d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "heated", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What must happen to plants so they can be mixed with aggregates?", "id": "5ace61a732bba1001ae4a4d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt/bitumen", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What must be cooled so it can mix with aggregates?", "id": "5ace61a732bba1001ae4a4da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 4,000", "answer_start": 640}], "question": "Europe has 0 asphalt concrete mixing plants and the United States has how many?", "id": "5ace61a732bba1001ae4a4db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe."}], ["Pada tahun 1914, Syarikat Claridge telah menandatangani usahasama untuk menghasilkan makadam tar, dengan bahan-bahan yang dihasilkan melalui syarikat subsidiari yang dipanggil Clarmac Roads Ltd. Dua produk yang dihasilkan, iaitu Clarmac, dan Clarphalte, dengan bekas yang dihasilkan oleh Clarmac Roads dan yang terakhir oleh Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., walaupun Clarmac lebih banyak digunakan. [Nota 1] Walau bagaimanapun, Perang Dunia Pertama memberi kesan kewangan kepada Syarikat Clarmac, yang memasuki pembubaran pada tahun 1915. Kegagalan Clarmac Roads Ltd mempunyai kesan aliran kepada Syarikat Claridge, yang telah ditarik balik secara paksa, menghentikan operasi pada tahun 1917, setelah melabur sejumlah besar dana ke dalam usaha baru, kedua-duanya pada awal, dan dalam percubaan seterusnya untuk menyelamatkan Syarikat Clarmac. <> Yang mana dua daripada macadams tar Claridge lebih berjaya? || Clarmac <> Bilakah syarikat Claridge membubarkan? || 1915 <> Apa acara dunia yang menyebabkan berakhirnya syarikat Claridge? || Perang Dunia Pertama <> Apakah syarikat subsidiari yang membawa Claridge ke dalam kehancuran? || Clarmac Roads Ltd <> Apa jenis wang yang dilaburkan oleh Claridge dalam usaha menyelamatkan syarikatnya? || jumlah yang besar <> Pada tahun apakah pembubaran Patent Clarmac Company? || <> Kegagalan syarikat mana yang mempunyai kesan aliran ke atas Perang Dunia Pertama? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Perang Dunia Kedua? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Syarikat Clarmac pada tahun 1917? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Syarikat Claridge pada tahun 1915? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?", "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c77", "answers": [{"text": "Clarmac", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Claridge's company liquidate?", "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c78", "answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?", "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c79", "answers": [{"text": "First World War", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?", "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c7a", "answers": [{"text": "Clarmac Roads Ltd", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?", "id": "571b61ff9499d21900609c7b", "answers": [{"text": "substantial amount", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "In what year was the liquidation of the Patent Clarmac Company?", "id": "5ace5ccb32bba1001ae4a403", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clarmac Roads Ltd", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Which company's failure had a flow-over effect on the First World War?", "id": "5ace5ccb32bba1001ae4a404", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "impacted financially on the Clarmac Company", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What did the Second World War do?", "id": "5ace5ccb32bba1001ae4a405", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "liquidation", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "What happened to the Clarmac Company in 1917?", "id": "5ace5ccb32bba1001ae4a406", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ceasing operations", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "What happened to Claridge's Company in 1915?", "id": "5ace5ccb32bba1001ae4a407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company."}], ["Orang ramai boleh terdedah kepada asfalt di tempat kerja dengan bernafas pada asap atau penyerapan kulit. Institut Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Nasional (NIOSH) telah menetapkan had pendedahan yang disyorkan (REL) sebanyak 5 mg / m3 dalam tempoh 15 minit. Asfalt pada dasarnya adalah bahan lengai yang mesti dipanaskan atau dicairkan ke titik di mana ia menjadi boleh digunakan untuk pengeluaran bahan untuk membuka, bumbung, dan aplikasi lain. Dalam mengkaji kemungkinan bahaya kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan asfalt, Agensi Antarabangsa untuk Penyelidikan Kanser (IARC) menentukan bahawa ia adalah parameter aplikasi, kebanyakannya suhu, kesan pendedahan pekerjaan dan potensi bioavailable hazard / risiko karsinogenik terhadap pelepasan asfalt. Secara khususnya, suhu lebih tinggi daripada 199 \u00b0 C (390 \u00b0 F), ditunjukkan untuk menghasilkan risiko pendedahan yang lebih besar daripada apabila asfalt dipanaskan kepada suhu yang lebih rendah, seperti yang biasanya digunakan dalam pengeluaran dan penempatan campuran turapan aspal. <> Dengan apa cara manusia boleh terdedah kepada bitumen? || asap atau kulit <> Apakah batasan set negara untuk pendedahan asfalt dalam tempoh 15 minit? || 5 mg / m3 <> Bagaimanakah aspal mesti dirawat? || dipanaskan atau dicairkan <> Pada suhu apa yang dipanaskan asfalt dilihat sebagai risiko kesihatan yang lebih besar? || lebih besar daripada 199 \u00b0 C <> Apa ciri dalam rawatan asfalt di tempat kerja menyebabkan bahaya yang paling berpotensi? || suhu <> Bagaimana orang boleh terdedah kepada suhu rendah semasa bekerja? || <> Suhu lebih tinggi daripada 300 darjah Celcius di mana ditunjukkan untuk melakukan apa? || <> Apakah REL yang ditetapkan oleh Institut Penyelidikan Kanser Kebangsaan? || <> Apakah akronim bagi Agensi Antarabangsa Penyelidikan mengenai bahaya karsinogenik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?", "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609c9f", "answers": [{"text": "fumes or skin", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?", "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca0", "answers": [{"text": "5 mg/m3", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How must asphalt be treated to be workable?", "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca1", "answers": [{"text": "heated or diluted", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?", "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca2", "answers": [{"text": "greater than 199 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?", "id": "571b6a2f9499d21900609ca3", "answers": [{"text": "temperature", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "breathing in fumes or skin absorption", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "How can people be exposed to low temperatures while at work?", "id": "5ace7f2132bba1001ae4a83d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "produce a greater exposure risk", "answer_start": 808}], "question": "Temperatures higher than 300 degrees Celsius where shown to do what?", "id": "5ace7f2132bba1001ae4a83e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What is the REL set by the National Institute for Research on Cancer?", "id": "5ace7f2132bba1001ae4a83f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IARC", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What is the acronym for the International Agency for Research on Carcinogenic hazards?", "id": "5ace7f2132bba1001ae4a840", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 \u00b0C (390 \u00b0F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement."}], ["Kira-kira 40,000,000 tan dihasilkan pada tahun 1984 [keperluan kemas kini]. Ia diperolehi sebagai pecahan \"berat\" (iaitu, sukar untuk menyuling). Bahan dengan titik didih lebih besar daripada sekitar 500 \u00b0 C dianggap asfalt. Penyulingan vakum memisahkannya daripada komponen lain dalam minyak mentah (seperti naphtha, petrol dan diesel). Bahan yang dihasilkan biasanya dirawat untuk mengeluarkan sejumlah kecil pelincir yang kecil tetapi berharga dan menyesuaikan sifat-sifat material untuk disesuaikan dengan aplikasi. Dalam unit de-asphalting, asfalt mentah dirawat dengan sama ada propana atau butana dalam fasa superkritik untuk mengeluarkan molekul yang lebih ringan, yang kemudian dipisahkan. Pemprosesan selanjutnya boleh dilakukan dengan \"meniup\" produk: iaitu bertindak balas dengan oksigen. Langkah ini menjadikan produk lebih keras dan lebih likat. <> Berapa banyak tan bitumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1984? || 40,000,000 <> Apakah titik didih yang dianggap sebagai asfalt? || 500 \u00b0 C <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan untuk membahagikan asfalt dari bahan lain? || Penyulingan vakum <> Apakah proses yang digunakan untuk menguatkan asfalt? || meniup <> Dalam memproses asfalt, apakah unit yang digunakan untuk memisahkannya? || de-asphalting <> Berapa banyak tan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1927? || <> Lebih kurang 30,000,000 tan dihasilkan dalam tahun berapa? || <> Apakah bahan dengan titik didih melebihi 200 darjah Celsius? || <> Asfalt dianggap bahan dengan titik beku di bawah berapa darjah? || <> Langkah manakah menjadikan produk kurang likat dan lebih lembut? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?", "id": "571b66819499d21900609c95", "answers": [{"text": "40,000,000", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?", "id": "571b66819499d21900609c96", "answers": [{"text": "500 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?", "id": "571b66819499d21900609c97", "answers": [{"text": "Vacuum distillation", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the process used to harden the asphalt?", "id": "571b66819499d21900609c98", "answers": [{"text": "blowing", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?", "id": "571b66819499d21900609c99", "answers": [{"text": "de-asphalting", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "About 40,000,000", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "How many tons were produced in 1927?", "id": "5ace76bb32bba1001ae4a755", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "About 30,000,000 tons were produced in what year?", "id": "5ace76bb32bba1001ae4a756", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "asphalt", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What is material with a boiling point over 200 degrees Celsius considered?", "id": "5ace76bb32bba1001ae4a757", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "Asphalt is considered material with a freezing point below how many degrees?", "id": "5ace76bb32bba1001ae4a758", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reacting it with oxygen", "answer_start": 724}], "question": "Which step makes the product less viscous and softer?", "id": "5ace76bb32bba1001ae4a759", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the \"heavy\" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 \u00b0C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by \"blowing\" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous."}], ["Minyak mentah sintetik, yang juga dikenali sebagai syncrude, adalah keluaran dari kemudahan peningkatan bitumen yang digunakan berkaitan dengan pengeluaran pasir minyak di Kanada. Pasir Bituminous ditambang dengan menggunakan kuasa besar (100 tan kapasiti) sekop kuasa dan dimuatkan ke lebih banyak (400 ton kapasiti) lori sampah untuk bergerak ke kemudahan menaik taraf. Proses yang digunakan untuk mengeluarkan bitumen dari pasir adalah proses air panas yang asalnya dibangunkan oleh Dr. Karl Clark dari University of Alberta pada tahun 1920-an. Selepas pengekstrakan dari pasir, bitumen dimasukkan ke dalam bitumen pengangkat yang mengubahnya menjadi setara minyak mentah ringan. Bahan sintetik ini adalah cecair yang cukup untuk dipindahkan melalui paip minyak konvensional dan boleh dimasukkan ke dalam kilang minyak konvensional tanpa sebarang rawatan lanjut. Menjelang tahun 2015, pengangkat bitumen Kanada menghasilkan lebih daripada 1 juta tong (160 \u00d7 10 ^ 3 m3) sehari minyak mentah sintetik, di mana 75% dieksport ke kilang minyak di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah minyak mentah sintetik biasanya dipanggil? || syncrude <> Di mana bitumen ditambang diambil untuk penapisan? || kemudahan menaik taraf <> Siapa yang mencipta proses untuk mengeluarkan bitumen daripada pasir? || Dr. Karl Clark <> Berapa dekad apakah Clark membangunkan proses penyingkiran air panas? || 1920-an <> Berapa banyak tong minyak mentah yang diperbaharui setiap hari menjelang 2015? || 1 juta tong <> Apa juga yang dikenali sebagai minyak sinkClark? || <> Apa jenis minyak juga dikenali sebagai suncryde? || <> Proses air sejuk digunakan untuk mengeluarkan apa dari pasir? || <> Proses air sejuk digunakan apabila mengeluarkan bitumen daripada apa? || <> Proses apa yang dilakukan Dr. Karl Clark di University of Canada pada tahun 1935? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is synthetic crude oil usually called?", "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8b", "answers": [{"text": "syncrude", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?", "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8c", "answers": [{"text": "upgrading facility", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?", "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8d", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Karl Clark", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?", "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8e", "answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?", "id": "571b64d79499d21900609c8f", "answers": [{"text": "1 million barrels", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synthetic crude oil", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is also known as synClark oil?", "id": "5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a685", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Synthetic crude oil", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of oil is also known as suncryde?", "id": "5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a686", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bitumen", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "A cold water process is used to extract what from sand?", "id": "5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a687", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sand", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "A cold water process is used when extracting bitumen from what?", "id": "5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a688", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "process used to extract the bitumen from the sand", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What process did Dr. Karl Clark develop at the University of Canada in 1935?", "id": "5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a689", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160\u00d710^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States."}]], [["Victoria menulis kepada bapa saudaranya Leopold, yang dianggap Victoria sebagai \"penasihat terbaik dan paling baik\", untuk mengucapkan terima kasih kepadanya \"untuk prospek kebahagiaan yang besar yang telah anda berikan untuk memberi saya, kepada orang yang dikasihi Albert ... Dia memiliki setiap kualiti yang dapat diinginkan untuk menjadikan saya bahagia, dia sangat masuk akal, begitu baik, dan begitu baik, dan begitu baik juga Dia mempunyai selain luar yang paling menyenangkan dan menarik dan rupa yang anda mungkin dapat melihat. \" Walau bagaimanapun pada 17, Victoria, walaupun berminat dengan Albert, belum lagi bersedia untuk berkahwin. Pihak-pihak tidak melakukan penglibatan formal, tetapi menganggap bahawa perlawanan akan berlangsung pada waktunya. <> Siapa yang dianggap penasihat terbaik dan paling baik Victoria? || paman Leopold <> Siapa yang Victoria menggambarkan sebagai bijak, baik, dan mesra? || Albert <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan Albert ke Victoria? || paman Leopold <> Apa Paman adalah penasihat kegemaran Victoria? || Leopold <> Berapa lama Victoria apabila dia bertemu dengan Albert? || 17 <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan Victoria dan Albert? || Pamannya Leopold <> Kualiti apa yang Victoria percaya Albert berpura-pura ketika dia bertemu dengannya? || setiap kualiti yang boleh diingini untuk menjadikan saya sangat bahagia <> Siapa yang Queen Victoria menganggapnya sebagai \"penasihat terbaik dan paling baik\"? || paman Leopold <> Siapa Victoria tidak bersedia berkahwin pada usia 17 tahun? || Albert <> Apa pendapat Victoria tentang penampilan Albert? || yang luar biasa yang paling menarik dan menyenangkan <> Siapa yang telah memuji Victoria untuk hubungannya dengan Albert? || Pamannya Leopold <> Apa pendapat Victoria tentang Albert pada usia 17 tahun? || Dia memiliki setiap kualiti yang boleh diinginkan untuk menjadikan saya bahagia <> Apa sifat-sifat terbaik Albert? || bijak, begitu baik, dan begitu baik, dan begitu mesra <> Bagaimana Victoria dapat melihat rupa Albert? || yang paling luar biasa dan luar biasa dan rupa <> Berapa lama Victoria ketika dia diperkenalkan kepada Albert? || 17 <> Siapa yang dianggap penasihat terburuk dan paling baik Victoria? || <> Siapa yang menggambarkan Victoria sebagai tidak dapat dipertahankan, bermakna, dan mesra? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah memperkenalkan Albert ke Victoria? || <> Apa Mak Cik adalah penasihat kegemaran Victoria? || <> Berapa lama Victoria semasa dia bertemu Albert? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?", "id": "5722cf8e0dadf01500fa1efd", "answers": [{"text": "uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?", "id": "5722cf8e0dadf01500fa1efe", "answers": [{"text": "Albert", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced Albert to Victoria?", "id": "5722cf8e0dadf01500fa1eff", "answers": [{"text": "uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?", "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fca8", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she met Albert?", "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fca9", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced Victoria and Albert?", "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fcaa", "answers": [{"text": "her uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?", "id": "5723d4e2f6b826140030fcab", "answers": [{"text": "every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom did Queen Victoria consider her \"best and kindest adviser\"? ", "id": "5724e1520ba9f01400d97b99", "answers": [{"text": "uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?", "id": "5724e1520ba9f01400d97b9a", "answers": [{"text": "Albert", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? ", "id": "5724e1520ba9f01400d97b9b", "answers": [{"text": "the most pleasing and delightful exterior", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?", "id": "57258350cc50291900b28549", "answers": [{"text": "her uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?", "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854a", "answers": [{"text": "He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Albert's best qualities?", "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854b", "answers": [{"text": "sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria find Albert's looks?", "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854c", "answers": [{"text": "most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?", "id": "57258350cc50291900b2854d", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Who was considered Victoria's worst and kindest advisor?", "id": "5ad16dd6645df0001a2d1af2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albert", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "Who did Victoria describe as unsensible, mean, and amiable?", "id": "5ad16dd6645df0001a2d1af3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Who never introduced Albert to Victoria?", "id": "5ad16dd6645df0001a2d1af4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "What Aunt was Victoria's favorite adviser?", "id": "5ad16dd6645df0001a2d1af5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "How old was Victoria when she last met Albert?", "id": "5ad16dd6645df0001a2d1af6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her \"best and kindest adviser\", to thank him \"for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.\" However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time."}], ["Pada 2 Mac 1882, Roderick Maclean, seorang penyair yang tidak puas hati yang tersinggung oleh penolakan Victoria untuk menerima salah satu puisinya, ditembak di Queen ketika keretanya meninggalkan stesen keretapi Windsor. Dua anak sekolah dari Kolej Eton melanda dia dengan payung mereka, sehinggalah dia ditangkap oleh seorang anggota polis. Victoria marah apabila dia didapati tidak bersalah kerana alasan kegilaan, tetapi sangat gembira dengan banyak kesetiaan selepas serangan itu mengatakan bahawa ia \"bernilai ditembak di-untuk melihat berapa banyak orang yang disayangi\". <> Siapa yang ditembak di ratu? || Roderick Maclean <> Bilakah pemotretan? || 2 Mac 1882 <> Apakah pekerjaan Maclean? || penyair <> Kolej yang mana dua orang lelaki menghadiri? || Eton College <> Dengan apa yang budak lelaki kolej memukul penembak dengan? || payung <> Siapa yang menembak Ratu Victoria? || Roderick Maclean <> Tahun berapa rotan Queen? || 1882 <> Siapa yang berhenti Maclean selepas dia menembak Ratu? || Dua pelajar sekolah dari Eton College <> Bagaimana pelajar sekolah berhenti Maclean? || melanda dia dengan payung mereka <> Apa yang ditentukan oleh mahkamah adalah nasib untuk Maclean selepas menembak Ratu? || tidak bersalah kerana alasan kegilaan <> Apa yang ditipu oleh penyair di Victoria pada 2 Mac 1882? || Roderick Maclean <> Sekolah apa yang lelaki yang membela Ratu dengan payung hadir? || Eton College <> Apakah keputusan dalam percubaan Roderick Maclean? || dia didapati tidak bersalah oleh sebab kegilaan <> Apa yang menimbulkan serangan terhadap Ratu Victoria ketika dia meninggalkan Windsor? || tersinggung oleh penolakan Victoria untuk menerima salah satu puisinya <> Apa reaksi Victoria terhadap keputusan itu? || marah <> Siapa yang cuba membunuh Ratu? || Roderick Maclean <> Apakah keputusan dalam percubaan Maclean? || tidak bersalah oleh sebab kegilaan <> Apakah kedudukan Victoria yang ditembak? || \"bernilai ditembak di-untuk melihat berapa banyak orang yang disayangi\" <> Bilakah percubaan Maclean untuk menembak Victoria? || 2 Mac 1882 <> Kenapa Maclean menembak di Victoria? || penolakan untuk menerima salah satu puisinya <> Siapa yang tidak pernah ditembak di ratu? || <> Bilakah tidak penggambaran? || <> Apa yang tidak pekerjaan Maclean? || <> Kolej mana yang dihadapi oleh dua orang perempuan? || <> Dengan apa yang tidak budak lelaki itu melanda penembak itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who shot at the queen?", "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc44", "answers": [{"text": "Roderick Maclean", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the shooting?", "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc45", "answers": [{"text": "2 March 1882", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Maclean's occupation?", "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc46", "answers": [{"text": "poet", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which college were to two boys attending?", "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc47", "answers": [{"text": "Eton College", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what did the college boy's hit the shooter with?", "id": "5722cd5df6b826140030fc48", "answers": [{"text": "umbrellas", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who shot Queen Victoria?", "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3b", "answers": [{"text": "Roderick Maclean", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Queen shot?", "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3c", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stopped Maclean after he shot the Queen?", "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3d", "answers": [{"text": "Two schoolboys from Eton College", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the schoolboys stop Maclean?", "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3e", "answers": [{"text": "struck him with their umbrellas", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the court determine was the fate for Maclean after shooting the Queen?", "id": "5723d1300dadf01500fa1f3f", "answers": [{"text": "not guilty by reason of insanity", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disgruntled poet shot at Victoria's carriage on March 2, 1882?", "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b91", "answers": [{"text": "Roderick Maclean", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What school did the boys who defended the Queen with umbrellas attend? ", "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b92", "answers": [{"text": "Eton College", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean's trial? ", "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b93", "answers": [{"text": "he was found not guilty by reason of insanity", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provoked the attack on Queen Victoria as she left Windsor? ", "id": "5724d6a60ba9f01400d97b94", "answers": [{"text": "offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's reaction to the verdict?", "id": "57256b48cc50291900b283c0", "answers": [{"text": "outraged", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attempted to assassinate the Queen?", "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e12", "answers": [{"text": "Roderick Maclean", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the verdict in Maclean's trial?", "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e13", "answers": [{"text": "not guilty by reason of insanity", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Victoria take on being shot at?", "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e14", "answers": [{"text": "\"worth being shot at\u2014to see how much one is loved\"", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Maclean attempt to shoot Victoria?", "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e15", "answers": [{"text": "2 March 1882", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Maclean shoot at Victoria?", "id": "57257f9969ff041400e58e16", "answers": [{"text": "refusal to accept one of his poems", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roderick Maclean", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who never shot at the queen?", "id": "5ad17b65645df0001a2d1dee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2 March 1882", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When wasn't the shooting?", "id": "5ad17b65645df0001a2d1def", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "poet", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "What wasn't Maclean's occupation?", "id": "5ad17b65645df0001a2d1df0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eton College", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "Which college were to two girls attending?", "id": "5ad17b65645df0001a2d1df1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "umbrellas", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "With what didn't the college boy's hit the shooter with?", "id": "5ad17b65645df0001a2d1df2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was \"worth being shot at\u2014to see how much one is loved\"."}], ["Gladstone kembali berkuasa selepas pilihan raya umum 1892; dia berusia 82 tahun. Victoria membantah apabila Gladstone mencadangkan melantik MP Radikal Henry Labouchere kepada Kabinet, jadi Gladstone bersetuju untuk tidak melantiknya. Pada tahun 1894, Gladstone bersara dan, tanpa berunding dengan perdana menteri yang keluar, Victoria melantik Lord Rosebery sebagai perdana menteri. Kerajaannya lemah, dan tahun berikutnya Lord Salisbury menggantikannya. Salisbury kekal sebagai perdana menteri untuk selebihnya pemerintahan Victoria. <> Tahun apakah Gladstone kembali berkuasa? || 1892 <> Berapa lama adalah Gladstone pada tahun 1892? || 82 <> Tahun berapakah Gladstone bersara? || 1894 <> Kedudukan apakah Victoria melantik Lord Rosebery? || perdana menteri <> Tahun apa Gadstone kembali berkuasa? || 1892 <> Berapa lama Gladstone ketika dia kembali berkuasa? || 82 tahun <> Berapa tahunkah Gladstone bersara? || 1894 <> Siapa yang Victoria melantik untuk menggantikan Gladstone? || Lord Rosebery <> Siapa yang menggantikan Lord Rosebery tahun selepas pelantikannya? || Lord Salisbury <> Berapa lama Gladstone selepas pemilihan umum pada tahun 1892? || 82 tahun <> Ahli MP radikal apakah yang membantah Victoria untuk dilantik ke kabinet oleh Gladstone? || Henry Labouchere <> Siapa yang Victoria melantik kepada Perdana Menteri selepas Gladstone bersara pada tahun 1894? || Lord Rosebery <> Siapa yang menggantikan Lord Rosenbery selepas hanya satu tahun kerajaan? || Tuhan Salisbury <> Berapa lama Tuhan Salisbury kekal sebagai Perdana Menteri? || untuk selebihnya pemerintahan Victoria <> Yang telah dikembalikan kepada kuasa pada tahun 1892? || Gladstone <> Siapa yang Victoria melantik sebagai penasihat Gladstone? || Lord Rosebery <> Bagaimana Lord Roseberry akan menjadi Perdana Menteri? || Kerajaannya lemah <> Yang menggantikan Lord Roseberry sebagai Perdana Menteri? || Lord Salisbury <> Berapa lama Perdana Menteri Sailsbury Tuhan? || baki pemerintahan Victoria <> Tahun berapa Gladstone mula berkuasa? || <> Berapa lama adalah Gladstone pada tahun 1829? || <> Tahun apa tidak bersara Gladstone? || <> Kedudukan apa yang tidak Victoria melantik Lord Rosebery? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Gladstone return to power?", "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc4e", "answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Gladstone in 1892?", "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc4f", "answers": [{"text": "82", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Gladstone retire?", "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc50", "answers": [{"text": "1894", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?", "id": "5722cddcf6b826140030fc51", "answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Gadstone return to power?", "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc94", "answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?", "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc95", "answers": [{"text": "82 years old", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Gladstone retire?", "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc96", "answers": [{"text": "1894", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?", "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc97", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Rosebery", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?", "id": "5723d221f6b826140030fc98", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? ", "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435640", "answers": [{"text": "82 years old", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? ", "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435641", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Labouchere", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?", "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435642", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Rosebery", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? ", "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435643", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?", "id": "5724d7b50a492a1900435644", "answers": [{"text": "for the remainder of Victoria's reign", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was returned to power in 1892?", "id": "57258041cc50291900b2853f", "answers": [{"text": "Gladstone", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?", "id": "57258041cc50291900b28540", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Rosebery", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?", "id": "57258041cc50291900b28541", "answers": [{"text": "His government was weak", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?", "id": "57258041cc50291900b28542", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?", "id": "57258041cc50291900b28543", "answers": [{"text": "the remainder of Victoria's reign", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1892", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What year did Gladstone first get to power?", "id": "5ad17d5e645df0001a2d1e1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "82", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "How old was Gladstone in 1829?", "id": "5ad17d5e645df0001a2d1e1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1894", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What year didn't Gladstone retire?", "id": "5ad17d5e645df0001a2d1e1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What position didn't Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?", "id": "5ad17d5e645df0001a2d1e1f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign."}], ["Pada tahun 1839, Melbourne meletak jawatan selepas Radicals dan Tories (keduanya kekalahan Victoria) mengundi menentang rang undang-undang untuk menggantung perlembagaan Jamaica. Rang undang-undang mengeluarkan kuasa politik daripada pemilik ladang yang menentang langkah-langkah yang berkaitan dengan penghapusan perhambaan. Ratu menugaskan Tory, Sir Robert Peel, untuk membentuk kementerian baru. Pada masa itu, adalah adat bagi perdana menteri untuk melantik anggota Rumah Tangga Diraja, yang biasanya sekutu politiknya dan pasangan mereka. Kebanyakan wanita Queen di bilik tidur itu adalah isteri-isteri Whigs, dan Peel dijangka menggantikan mereka dengan isteri-isteri Tories. Dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai krisis bedchamber, Victoria, yang disarankan oleh Melbourne, membantah penyingkiran mereka. Peel enggan untuk mentadbir di bawah sekatan yang dikenakan oleh Ratu, dan dengan itu meletak jawatannya, membolehkan Melbourne kembali ke pejabat. <> Apakah komisi Queen Sir Robert Peel lakukan? || untuk membentuk kementerian baru <> Pada tahun berapa Melbourne meletak jawatan? || 1839 <> Parti mana yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Sir Robert Peel? || Tory <> Apa nama krisis di mana isteri-isteri Tories menggantikan isteri-isteri Whigs? || krisis bedchamber <> Tahun apakah Melbourne meletak jawatan? || 1839 <> Yang mengundi menentang rang undang-undang untuk menamatkan perlembagaan Jamaica? || Radicals and Tories <> Siapa yang membuat suruhanjaya Ratu membentuk kementerian baru? || Sir Robert Peel <> Siapa yang kembali ke pejabat selepas Peel meletak jawatan? || Melbourne <> Penyingkiran wanita bedchamber Queens menjadi dikenali sebagai apa? || krisis bedchamber <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan pada 1839? || Melbourne <> Mengapa Radicals and Tories menentang rang undang-undang mengenai perlembagaan Jamaica? || Rang undang-undang mengeluarkan kuasa politik daripada pemilik ladang yang menentang langkah-langkah yang berkaitan dengan penghapusan perhambaan. <> Apa Tory melakukan komisi Victoria selepas Melbourne meletakkan jawatannya? || Sir Robert Peel <Selepas Ratu Victoria enggan mengganti wanita-wanitanya dengan isteri-isteri Tories, apa yang dilakukan oleh Sir Robert Peel? || meletak jawatan komisinya <> Siapa yang Victoria mengembalikan semula kedudukan selepas Krisis Bedchamber? || Melbourne <> Apa yang Radikal dan Tories lakukan yang menjadikan Melbourne meletak jawatan? || mengundi terhadap rang undang-undang untuk menggantung perlembagaan Jamaica <> Kumpulan mana yang menentang abolisment perhambaan dan kemudiannya dikeluarkan dari kuasa apabila bil itu diundi? || pemilik ladang <> Siapa yang ingin Robert Peel menggantikan wanita di dalam bilik tidur dengan, bukannya isteri-isteri Whigs? || isteri Tories <> Kenapa Peel meletakkan jawatannya? || Peel enggan mentadbir di bawah sekatan yang dikenakan oleh Ratu <> Siapa yang kembali ke pejabat selepas Peel meletak jawatan? || Melbourne <> Apa komisen Raja Sir Robert Peel lakukan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Melbourne telah disewa? || <> Parti mana yang bukan Sir Robert Peel sebahagian? || <> Apakah nama krisis di mana para suami Tories telah menggantikan isteri-isteri para Whigs? || <> Siapa yang mengundi untuk menamatkan perlembagaan Jamaica? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?", "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc5e", "answers": [{"text": "to form a new ministry", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Melbourne resign?", "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc5f", "answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?", "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc60", "answers": [{"text": "Tory", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?", "id": "5722d0bdf6b826140030fc61", "answers": [{"text": "bedchamber crisis", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Melbourne resign?", "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f45", "answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?", "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f46", "answers": [{"text": "Radicals and Tories", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?", "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f47", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Robert Peel", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned to office after Peel resigned?", "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f48", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?", "id": "5723d6630dadf01500fa1f49", "answers": [{"text": "the bedchamber crisis", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resigned their position in 1839? ", "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435654", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?", "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435655", "answers": [{"text": "The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? ", "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435656", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Robert Peel", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? ", "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435657", "answers": [{"text": "resigned his commission", "answer_start": 812}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? ", "id": "5724e3020a492a1900435658", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?", "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d717", "answers": [{"text": "voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?", "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d718", "answers": [{"text": "plantation owners", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?", "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d719", "answers": [{"text": "wives of Tories", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Peel resign his comission?", "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d71a", "answers": [{"text": "Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned to office after Peel resigned?", "id": "57262ed2271a42140099d71b", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to form a new ministry", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What did the King commission Sir Robert Peel to do?", "id": "5ad17030645df0001a2d1b66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Melbourne get hired?", "id": "5ad17030645df0001a2d1b67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tory", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "Which party wasn't Sir Robert Peel a part of?", "id": "5ad17030645df0001a2d1b68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bedchamber crisis", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "What is the name of crisis where the husbands of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?", "id": "5ad17030645df0001a2d1b69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Radicals and Tories", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Who voted for the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?", "id": "5ad17030645df0001a2d1b6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office."}], ["Victoria berkahwin dengan sepupunya yang pertama, Putera Albert Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha, pada tahun 1840. Sembilan orang anaknya berkahwin dengan keluarga diraja dan mulia di benua itu, mengikat mereka bersama-sama dan mendapatkannya sebagai \"nenek Eropah\". Selepas kematian Albert pada tahun 1861, Victoria jatuh ke dalam berkabung mendalam dan mengelakkan penampilan awam. Akibat pengasingannya, republikanisme sementara mendapat kekuatan, tetapi pada separuh akhir pemerintahannya, popularitasnya pulih. Jubilee Emas dan Berliannya adalah masa sambutan umum. <> Siapa yang berkahwin dengan Victoria? || Putera Albert <> Apa nama panggilannya yang diberikan kepadanya kerana anak-anaknya berkahwin dengan keluarga diraja di seluruh benua? || nenek Eropah <> Tahun apakah Putera Albert mati? || 1861 <> Berapa banyak anak yang dia miliki? || sembilan <> Pada separuh akhir pemerintahannya, apa yang terjadi dengan popularitasnya? || Popularitasnya pulih <> Berapa ramai anak yang pernah meraih Ratu Victoria dan Putera Albert? || sembilan <> Apa tahun kematian Alberts? || 1861 <> Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilee adalah masa orang ramai apa? || perayaan <> Apakah nama yang pertama yang berkahwin dengan Victoria? || Putera Albert Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha <> Apa nama panggilan diberikan kepada Ratu Victoria kerana semua anaknya telah berkahwin dengan keluarga mulia? || sepupu pertama <> Apakah nama sepupu pertama yang Queen Victoria telah berkahwin? || Prince Albert dari Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha <> Whatyear melakukan Victoria berkahwin dengan Prince Albert? || 1840 <> Berapa banyak anak yang mempunyai Victoria dan Albert? || sembilan <> tahun berapa Putera Albert mati? || 1861 <> Oleh kerana Victorias berkabung atas kematian Alberts, apa parti politik yang mendapat kekuatan? || republicanism <> Bilakah Queen Victoria berkahwin? || 1840 <> Apa nama suami Victoria? || Prince Albert <> Apakah nama samaran Queen Victoria? || nenek Eropah <> Bilakah republikanisme mendapat kekuatan semasa pemerintahan Queen Victoria? || Selepas kematian Albert pada tahun 1861 <> Berapa ramai anak-anak yang mempunyai Ratu Victoria dan Putera Albert? || sembilan <> Siapa yang berkahwin dengan Victoria? || Putera Albert Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha <> Ketika Victoria dan Putera Albert berkahwin? || 1840 <> Berapa banyak anak yang mempunyai Victoria dan Putera Albert? || sembilan <> Apakah gelaran tidak rasmi Victoria? || nenek Eropah <> Bilakah Putera Albert mati? || 1861 <> Siapa perceraian Victoria? || <> Apakah nama panggilannya yang diberikan kepadanya kerana adik-beradiknya berkahwin dengan keluarga diraja di seluruh benua? || <> Tahun berapa tidak Putera Albert mati? || <> Berapa banyak anak yang tidak mempunyai anak? || <> Dalam separuh awal pemerintahannya, apa yang terjadi dengan popularitasnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Victoria marry?", "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1ee9", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?", "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eea", "answers": [{"text": "the grandmother of Europe", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Prince Albert die?", "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eeb", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did she have?", "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eec", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?", "id": "5722c9db0dadf01500fa1eed", "answers": [{"text": "her popularity recovered", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?", "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f27", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the year of Alberts death?", "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f28", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?", "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f29", "answers": [{"text": "celebration", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?", "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f2a", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?", "id": "5723aae60dadf01500fa1f2b", "answers": [{"text": "first cousin", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?", "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b69", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?", "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6a", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Victoria and Albert have?", "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6b", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Prince Albert die?", "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6c", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?", "id": "572413c70ba9f01400d97b6d", "answers": [{"text": "republicanism", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Queen Victoria get married?", "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b73", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's husband?", "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b74", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's nickname?", "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b75", "answers": [{"text": "the grandmother of Europe", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?", "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b76", "answers": [{"text": "After Albert's death in 1861", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?", "id": "572431470ba9f01400d97b77", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria marry?", "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df4", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?", "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df5", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?", "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df6", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's unofficial title?", "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df7", "answers": [{"text": "the grandmother of Europe", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Prince Albert die?", "id": "57257a9769ff041400e58df8", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "Who did Victoria divorce?", "id": "5ad1696b645df0001a2d1a36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the grandmother of Europe", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What is her nickname that she was given because her siblings married into royal families across the continent?", "id": "5ad1696b645df0001a2d1a37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What year didn't Prince Albert die?", "id": "5ad1696b645df0001a2d1a38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "How many children didn't she have?", "id": "5ad1696b645df0001a2d1a39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "her popularity recovered", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "In the earlier half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?", "id": "5ad1696b645df0001a2d1a3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet \"the grandmother of Europe\". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration."}], ["Pada tahun 1897, Victoria telah menulis arahan untuk pengebumiannya, yang akan menjadi ketenteraan sebagai sesuai dengan anak perempuan tentera dan ketua tentera, dan putih bukan hitam. Pada 25 Januari, Edward VII, Kaiser dan Putera Arthur, Duke of Connaught, membantu mengangkat tubuhnya ke dalam keranda. Dia memakai pakaian putih dan tudung perkahwinannya. Pelbagai mementos yang memperingati keluarga, sahabat dan pelayannya diletakkan di dalam keranda dengannya, atas permintaannya, oleh doktor dan pembuat pakaiannya. Salah satu gaun berpakaian Albert diletakkan di sisinya, dengan pelukan plaster tangannya, sementara kunci rambut John Brown, bersama dengan gambarnya, diletakkan di tangan kirinya yang tersembunyi dari pandangan keluarga dengan hati-hati sekumpulan bunga yang diposisikan. Barang kemas yang ditempatkan di Victoria termasuk cincin perkahwinan ibu John Brown yang diberikan kepadanya oleh Brown pada tahun 1883. Pengebumiannya diadakan pada hari Sabtu, 2 Februari, di Kapel St George, Windsor Castle, dan selepas dua hari berbohong- nyatakan, dia dikebumikan di sebelah Pangeran Albert di Frogmore Mausoleum di Windsor Great Park. Semasa dia dibaringkan untuk berehat di makam, ia mula salji. <> Mana dua orang yang membantu mengangkat badan Victoria ke dalam keranda? || Edward VII, Kaiser dan Putera Arthur, Duke of Connaught <> Apa item dari perkahwinannya Victoria berpakaian di dalam keranda? || kerudung pengantin <> Apa warna pakaiannya? || putih <> Siapa yang berpakaian gaun diletakkan di sisinya? || Albert's <> Tahun apakah Ratu Victoria mati? || 1897 <> Pakaian apa yang Queen Queen dibaringkan? || pakaian putih dan tudung perkahwinannya <> Pelakon plaster dari bahagian tubuh Alberts yang diletakkan di dalam keranda dengan Ratu? || tangannya <> Apa yang diletakkan di tangan kiri Queens ketika dia diletakkan di keranda? || kunci rambut John Brown <> Di manakah pemakaman Ratu Victoria diadakan? || St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle <> Apa yang Victoria memakai atas kematiannya di dalam keranda? || Dia berpakaian putih dan selendang perkahwinannya <> Kepingan rambut siapa yang tersembunyi di tangan kirinya oleh bunga? || John Brown <> Kapan John Brown memberi Victoria cincin perkahwinan ibunya? || 1883 <> Bilakah pengebumian Queen Victoria diadakan? || Sabtu, 2 Februari <> Di mana Ratu Victoria dibaringkan selepas kematiannya? || Frogmore Mausoleum di Windsor Great Park <> Di mana Victoria dibaringkan untuk berehat? || Frogmore Mausoleum di Windsor Great Park <> Bilakah pengebumian Queen Victoria diadakan? || 2 Februari <> Apa yang tersembunyi di tangan Queen Victoria oleh keluarga ayahnya? || kunci rambut John Brown, bersama dengan gambarnya <> Bagaimana Victoria berpakaian untuk pengebumian? || pakaian putih dan tudung perkahwinannya <> Siapa yang meletakkan Victoria ke dalam keranda? || Edward VII, Kaiser dan Putera Arthur, Duke of Connaught <> Yang mana tiga orang membantu mengangkat badan Victoria ke dalam peti mati? || <> Apa item dari perkahwinannya Victoria tidak berpakaian di dalam keranda? || <> Apa warna bukan pakaiannya? || <> Siapa yang berpakaian gaun diletakkan di luar? || <> Tahun apa tidak Queen Victoria mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?", "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc56", "answers": [{"text": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?", "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc57", "answers": [{"text": "wedding veil", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color was her dress?", "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc58", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?", "id": "5722cec2f6b826140030fc59", "answers": [{"text": "Albert's", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Queen Victoria die?", "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fc9e", "answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?", "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fc9f", "answers": [{"text": "a white dress and her wedding veil", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?", "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fca0", "answers": [{"text": "his hand", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?", "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fca1", "answers": [{"text": "a lock of John Brown's hair", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?", "id": "5723d384f6b826140030fca2", "answers": [{"text": "St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle", "answer_start": 927}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? ", "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564a", "answers": [{"text": "She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? ", "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564b", "answers": [{"text": "John Brown", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? ", "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564c", "answers": [{"text": "1883", "answer_start": 872}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? ", "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564d", "answers": [{"text": "Saturday, 2 February", "answer_start": 902}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? ", "id": "5724e0140a492a190043564e", "answers": [{"text": "Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park", "answer_start": 1042}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Victoria laid to rest?", "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1c", "answers": [{"text": "Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park", "answer_start": 1042}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?", "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1d", "answers": [{"text": "2 February", "answer_start": 912}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?", "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1e", "answers": [{"text": "a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Victoria dressed for burial?", "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e1f", "answers": [{"text": "a white dress and her wedding veil", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who placed Victoria into her coffin?", "id": "5725817a69ff041400e58e20", "answers": [{"text": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught", "answer_start": 188}], "question": "Which three people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?", "id": "5ad17ec0645df0001a2d1e40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wedding veil", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What item from her wedding was Victoria not dressed in inside her coffin?", "id": "5ad17ec0645df0001a2d1e41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "What color wasn't her dress?", "id": "5ad17ec0645df0001a2d1e42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albert's", "answer_start": 504}], "question": "Who's dressing gown was placed outside?", "id": "5ad17ec0645df0001a2d1e43", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year didn't Queen Victoria die?", "id": "5ad17ec0645df0001a2d1e44", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow."}], ["Pada tahun 1853, Victoria melahirkan anak kelapannya, Leopold, dengan bantuan anestetik baru, kloroform. Victoria sangat kagum dengan kelegaan yang diberikannya dari rasa sakit bersalin yang digunakannya lagi pada tahun 1857 pada kelahiran anak kesembilan dan terakhirnya, Beatrice, walaupun penentangan dari anggota paderi, yang menganggapnya sebagai pengajaran alkitabiah dan ahli dari profesion perubatan, yang menganggapnya berbahaya. Victoria mungkin mengalami kemurungan post-natal selepas banyak kehamilannya. Surat-surat dari Albert ke Victoria serentak mengeluh tentang kehilangan kendali dirinya. Sebagai contoh, kira-kira sebulan selepas kelahiran Leopold Albert mengadu dalam surat kepada Victoria tentang \"penyesalan histeria\" beliau mengenai \"perkara kecil yang menyedihkan\". <> Siapa anak kelapan Victoria? || Leopold <> Apa anestetik yang membantunya melahirkan anak kelapannya? || chloroform <> Apakah Victoria menderita selepas dia hamil? || post-natal depression <> Mengapa profesional perubatan menasihatkan untuk tidak menggunakan anestetik semasa bersalin? || fikir ia berbahaya <> Apa yang Albert mengadu tentang Victoria? || \"keterlambatan histeris\" beliau mengenai \"perkara kecil yang menyedihkan\" <> Apa nama anak kelapan Victoria? || Leopold <> Apakah nama anestetik baru yang diberikan kepada Victoria untuk kelahiran Leopold? || chloroform <> Tahun berapa Victoria melahirkan anak terakhirnya? || 1857 <> Apa nama anak terakhir Victoria? || Beatrice <> Hysteria dan kehilangan kawalan selepas kejayaan anak-anaknya mungkin disebabkan oleh apa? || kemurungan post-natal <> Bilakah Victoria melahirkan anaknya? || 1853 <> Apakah nama Victorias anak kelapan? || Leopold <> Apakah nama anestetik baru yang digunakan semasa kelahiran leopolds? || kloroform. <> Tahun apa anak lahir victorias? || 1857 <> Apakah nama anak terakhir Victorias? || Beatrice <> Siapa anak kelapan Victoria? || Leopold <> Apakah Victoria yang baru digunakan dalam dua anak melahirkan? || chloroform <> Bilakah anak terakhir Victoria, Beatrice, dilahirkan? || 1857 <> Mengapa ahli-ahli keramat menentang penggunaan kloroform? || memandangnya terhadap ajaran alkitabiah <> Apa yang Albert mengadu tentang dalam surat kepada Victoria selepas kelahiran anak-anaknya? || kehilangan kawalan kendiri <> Apa nama anak kecil Victoria? || Leopold <> Apakah anestetik baru yang digunakan untuk melahirkan anak pada masa Victoria? || kloroform <> Apa nama anak kesembilan Victoria? || Beatrice <> Mengapa ahli-ahli pendeta melawan penggunaan kloroform untuk melahirkan anak? || menganggapnya bertentangan dengan ajaran alkitabiah <Selepas sembilan kehamilan, apa yang Victoria dapat menderita itu akan membuatnya sedih dan tertekan? || kemurungan post-natal <> Siapa anak ke-18 Victoria? || <> Anestetik apa yang membantu dia melahirkan anak ke-18? || <> Apa yang Victoria tidak menderita selepas dia hamil? || <> Mengapa profesional perubatan menasihatkan menggunakan anestetik semasa bersalin? || <> Apa yang Albert tidak mengadu tentang Victoria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Victoria's eighth child?", "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3a", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?", "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3b", "answers": [{"text": "chloroform", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?", "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3c", "answers": [{"text": "post-natal depression", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?", "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3d", "answers": [{"text": "thought it dangerous", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Albert complain about Victoria?", "id": "5722cbc2f6b826140030fc3e", "answers": [{"text": "her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\"", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?", "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc80", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?", "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc81", "answers": [{"text": "chloroform", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?", "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc82", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's final child?", "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc83", "answers": [{"text": "Beatrice", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?", "id": "5723b340f6b826140030fc84", "answers": [{"text": "post-natal depression", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?", "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b5f", "answers": [{"text": "1853", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victorias eighth child?", "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b60", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?", "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b61", "answers": [{"text": "chloroform.", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was victorias final child born?", "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b62", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victorias final child?", "id": "5724125f0ba9f01400d97b63", "answers": [{"text": "Beatrice", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's eighth child? ", "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b87", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? ", "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b88", "answers": [{"text": "chloroform", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? ", "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b89", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? ", "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b8a", "answers": [{"text": "considered it against biblical teaching", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? ", "id": "5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b8b", "answers": [{"text": "loss of self-control", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?", "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e08", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?", "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e09", "answers": [{"text": "chloroform", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?", "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e0a", "answers": [{"text": "Beatrice", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?", "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e0b", "answers": [{"text": "considered it against biblical teaching", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?", "id": "57257d8e69ff041400e58e0c", "answers": [{"text": "post-natal depression", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Who was Victoria's 18th child?", "id": "5ad1746b645df0001a2d1c7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chloroform", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her 18th child?", "id": "5ad1746b645df0001a2d1c7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "post-natal depression", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What did Victoria not suffer from after he pregnancies?", "id": "5ad1746b645df0001a2d1c7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thought it dangerous", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "Why did medical professionals advise using an anaesthetic during childbirth?", "id": "5ad1746b645df0001a2d1c7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\".", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "What did Albert not complain about Victoria?", "id": "5ad1746b645df0001a2d1c7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\"."}], ["Pada bulan Mac 1861, ibu Victoria meninggal, dengan Victoria di sisinya. Melalui membaca karya tulis ibunya, Victoria mendapati bahawa ibunya telah sangat menyayanginya; dia patah hati, dan menyalahkan Conroy dan Lehzen kerana \"jahat\" memisahkannya dari ibunya. Untuk melegakan isterinya semasa kesedihannya yang mendalam dan mendalam, Albert mengambil banyak tugasnya, walaupun sakit dirinya dengan masalah perut kronik. Pada bulan Ogos, Victoria dan Albert melawat anak lelaki mereka, Prince of Wales, yang menghadiri manuver tentera di dekat Dublin, dan menghabiskan beberapa hari bercuti di Killarney. Pada bulan November, Albert dimaklumkan tentang gosip bahawa anaknya telah tidur dengan seorang pelakon di Ireland. Dihargai, Albert pergi ke Cambridge, di mana anaknya sedang belajar, untuk berhadapan dengannya. Pada awal bulan Disember, Albert sangat tidak sihat. Dia didiagnosis dengan demam kepialu oleh William Jenner, dan meninggal pada 14 Disember 1861. Victoria telah hancur. Dia menyalahkan kematian suaminya atas bimbang terhadap penipuan Prince of Wales. Dia telah \"dibunuh oleh perniagaan yang mengerikan itu,\" katanya. Dia memasuki keadaan berkabung dan memakai hitam untuk baki hidupnya. Dia mengelak penampilan awam, dan jarang menjejakkan kaki di London pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. Pengasingan beliau mendapat nama julukan \"janda Windsor\". <> Selama tahun mana ibu Victoria mati? || 1861 <> Bagaimana Victoria menyedari bahawa ibunya sangat mencintainya? || Melalui membaca kertas ibunya <> Apa yang dikatakan Albert? || masalah perut kronik <> Apa itu Prince of Wales yang menghadiri di Dublin? || manuver tentera <> Apakah Victoria menyalahkan kematian Albert? || <P> Tahun apakah ibunya Victoria mati? || 1861 <> Siapa yang Victoria menyalahkan hubungan lemahnya dengan ibunya? || Conroy dan Lehzen <> Siapa yang mengambil sebahagian besar tugas Victoria semasa dia menyedihkan kematian ibu? || Albert <> Apakah penyakit yang dialami oleh Albert ketika dia membantu Victoria melalui kesedihannya? || masalah perut kronik <> Tahun berapa Albert mati? || 1861 <> Bilakah ibu Victoria mati? || Mac 1861 <> Apakah penyakit yang telah didiagnosis oleh Albert? || demam tifus <> Bilakah Albert mati akibat penyakitnya? || 14 Disember 1861 <> Apa nama panggilan Victoria mengikuti kematian Alberts? || janda Windsor <> Siapa Putera Wales yang disyaki mempunyai hubungan sulit? || seorang pelakon di Ireland <> Bilakah Duchess mati? || 1861 <> Siapa yang Victoria menyalahkan masalah antara dirinya dan Duchess? || Conroy and Lehzen <> Apa yang menyebabkan kematian Putera Albert? || demam tipus <> Siapa yang Victoria menyalahkan kematian Putera Albert? || anak mereka, Putera Wales <> Apa gosip yang Putera Albert mendengar tentang anak mereka? || telah tidur dengan seorang pelakon di Ireland <> Selama tahun mana ibu Victoria hidup? || <> Bagaimana Victoria menyedari bahawa ibunya sedikit menyayanginya? || <> Apa yang tidak Albert sihat? || <> Apa yang tidak Princess of Wales menghadiri di Dublin? || <> Apa yang tidak Victoria menyalahkan kematian Albert? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During which year did Victoria's mother die?", "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef3", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?", "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef4", "answers": [{"text": "Through reading her mother's papers", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Albert ill with?", "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef5", "answers": [{"text": "chronic stomach trouble", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?", "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef6", "answers": [{"text": "army manoeuvres", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?", "id": "5722ccb20dadf01500fa1ef7", "answers": [{"text": "Prince of Wales's philandering", "answer_start": 964}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria's mother die?", "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8a", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?", "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8b", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy and Lehzen", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?", "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8c", "answers": [{"text": "Albert", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?", "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8d", "answers": [{"text": "chronic stomach trouble", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Albert die?", "id": "5723d010f6b826140030fc8e", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 884}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria's mother die? ", "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435636", "answers": [{"text": "March 1861", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease was Albert diagnosed with? ", "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435637", "answers": [{"text": "typhoid fever", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Albert die of his illness? ", "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435638", "answers": [{"text": "14 December 1861", "answer_start": 872}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? ", "id": "5724d5ba0a492a1900435639", "answers": [{"text": "widow of Windsor", "answer_start": 1257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? ", "id": "5724d5ba0a492a190043563a", "answers": [{"text": "an actress in Ireland", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Duchess die?", "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28535", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?", "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28536", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy and Lehzen", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Prince Albert's death?", "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28537", "answers": [{"text": "typhoid fever", "answer_start": 827}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?", "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28538", "answers": [{"text": "their son, the Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?", "id": "57257e8fcc50291900b28539", "answers": [{"text": "had slept with an actress in Ireland", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "During which year did Victoria's mother live?", "id": "5ad176e7645df0001a2d1d20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Through reading her mother's papers", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "How did Victoria realize that her mother slightly loved her?", "id": "5ad176e7645df0001a2d1d21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chronic stomach trouble", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What wasn't Albert ill with?", "id": "5ad176e7645df0001a2d1d22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince of Wales's philandering", "answer_start": 964}], "question": "What wasn't Princess of Wales attending to in Dublin?", "id": "5ad176e7645df0001a2d1d23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince of Wales's philandering", "answer_start": 964}], "question": "What didn't Victoria blame Albert's death on?", "id": "5ad176e7645df0001a2d1d24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for \"wickedly\" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been \"killed by that dreadful business\", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname \"widow of Windsor\"."}], ["Victoria kemudiannya menggambarkan masa kanak-kanaknya sebagai \"agak melankolik\". Ibunya sangat pelindung, dan Victoria dibesarkan sebahagian besarnya daripada anak-anak lain di bawah sistem \"Sistem Kensington\", satu set peraturan dan protokol yang rumit yang dibuat oleh Duchess dan pengarangnya yang cita-cita dan domineering, Sir John Conroy, yang dikabarkan untuk menjadi kekasih Duchess. Sistem ini menghalang puteri daripada bertemu orang yang ibunya dan Conroy dianggap tidak diingini (termasuk kebanyakan keluarga bapanya), dan direka untuk menjadikannya lemah dan bergantung kepada mereka. The Duchess mengelakkan mahkamah kerana dia telah dirahsiakan oleh kehadiran anak-anak bajingan Raja William, dan mungkin mendorong kemunculan moral moral Victoria dengan menegaskan bahawa anak perempuannya mengelakkan penampilan seksual yang salah. Victoria berkongsi bilik tidur dengan ibunya setiap malam, belajar dengan tutor swasta untuk jadual waktu biasa, dan membelanjakannya bermain-main dengan anak patungnya dan Raja Charles spaniel, Dash. Pelajarannya termasuk Perancis, Jerman, Itali, dan Latin, tetapi dia hanya berbahasa Inggeris di rumah. <> Siapa yang sangat melindungi Victoria? || ibu <> Apakah sistem peraturan yang memisahkannya daripada anak-anak lain? || Sistem Kensington <> Siapa kekasih yang dikhabarkan oleh Belanda? || Sir John Conroy <> Apakah nama anjing Victoria itu? || Dash <> Semasa waktu luangnya, apa yang dia mainkan? || anak patung <> Siapa yang Victoria berkongsi bilik tidur dengan ketika dia masih kecil? || ibunya <> Bahasa apa yang Victoria mengambil pelajaran? || Perancis, Jerman, Itali, dan Latin <> Apa satu-satunya bahasa Victoria bercakap di rumah? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Siapa kekasih ibu Victoria? || Sir John Conroy <> Apakah nama formal yang diberikan kepada sistem peraturan Victoria dibesarkan di bawah? || Sistem Kensington <> Sistem apa yang ibu membimbing Ibu Victorias? || Sistem Kensington <> Siapa yang merupakan pengendali ibu Victorias? || Sir John Conroy <> Siapa yang dikatakan menjadi mangsa kekasih Victorias? || Sir John Conroy <> Siapa yang disyaki kekasih Duchess? || Sir John Conroy <> Apakah nama anjing zaman kanak-kanak Victoria? || Dash <> Apakah Sistem Kensington? || satu set peraturan dan protokol yang rumit yang dibuat oleh Duchess <> Bagaimana Victoria menggambarkan masa kecilnya? || agak melankoli <> Bahasa apa yang Victoria belajar? || Perancis, Jerman, Itali, dan Latin <> Apakah nama King Charles Spaniel Victoria? || Dash <> Apakah beberapa bahasa yang dipelajari oleh Victoria? || Perancis, Jerman, Itali, dan Latin <> Sistem apa yang ada untuk meningkatkan dan mendidik Victoria; sementara juga memberikannya lemah dan bergantung? || Sistem Kensington <> Siapa pengadil dan kohort Duchess? || Sir John Conroy <> Siapa yang termasuk dalam senarai orang bahawa Duchess dan Sir John Conroy tidak mahu Putri Victoria bergaul dengan? || kebanyakan keluarga bapanya <> Siapa yang sangat tidak dilindungi di Victoria? || <> Apakah sistem peraturan yang membuatnya berhubung dengan anak-anak lain? || <> Siapakah sahabat Belanda yang dikhabarkan? || <> Apakah nama kucing Victoria? || <> Semasa masa lapangnya, apa yang dia tidak bermain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was extremely protective over Victoria?", "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc30", "answers": [{"text": "mother", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?", "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc31", "answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?", "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc32", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's dog's name?", "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc33", "answers": [{"text": "Dash", "answer_start": 994}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During her free time, what did she play with?", "id": "5722caddf6b826140030fc34", "answers": [{"text": "dolls", "answer_start": 958}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?", "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f31", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What languages did Victoria take lessons in?", "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f32", "answers": [{"text": "French, German, Italian, and Latin", "answer_start": 1021}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?", "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f33", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 1076}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's mothers lover?", "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f34", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?", "id": "5723b1ae0dadf01500fa1f35", "answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What system did Victorias mother raise her under?", "id": "5724149a0a492a1900435612", "answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?", "id": "5724149a0a492a1900435613", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?", "id": "5724149a0a492a1900435614", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?", "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562c", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?", "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562d", "answers": [{"text": "Dash", "answer_start": 994}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Kensington System?", "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562e", "answers": [{"text": "an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria describe her childhood?", "id": "5724d2c40a492a190043562f", "answers": [{"text": "rather melancholy", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What languages did Victoria study? ", "id": "5724d2c40a492a1900435630", "answers": [{"text": "French, German, Italian, and Latin", "answer_start": 1021}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?", "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58dfe", "answers": [{"text": "Dash", "answer_start": 994}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?", "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58dff", "answers": [{"text": "French, German, Italian, and Latin", "answer_start": 1021}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?", "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58e00", "answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?", "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58e01", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?", "id": "57257bd469ff041400e58e02", "answers": [{"text": "most of her father's family", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mother", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Who was extremely unprotective over Victoria?", "id": "5ad16b84645df0001a2d1a8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What system of rules kept her in contact with other children?", "id": "5ad16b84645df0001a2d1a8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Who was the Dutchess' rumored friend?", "id": "5ad16b84645df0001a2d1a8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dash", "answer_start": 994}], "question": "What was Victoria's cat's name?", "id": "5ad16b84645df0001a2d1a8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dolls", "answer_start": 958}], "question": "During her free time, what didn't she play with?", "id": "5ad16b84645df0001a2d1a90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria later described her childhood as \"rather melancholy\". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called \"Kensington System\", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home."}], ["Di peringkat antarabangsa, Victoria mengambil minat yang mendalam dalam peningkatan hubungan antara Perancis dan Britain. Dia membuat dan menganjurkan beberapa lawatan antara keluarga diraja Britain dan House of Orleans, yang berkaitan dengan perkahwinan melalui Coburgs. Pada tahun 1843 dan 1845, dia dan Albert tinggal bersama Raja Louis Philippe saya di ch\u00e2teau d'Eu di Normandy; dia adalah raja pertama British atau Inggeris untuk melawat Perancis sejak pertemuan Henry VIII dari England dan Francis I dari Perancis di Bidang Kain Emas pada tahun 1520. Ketika Louis Philippe membuat perjalanan timbal balik pada tahun 1844, ia menjadi Raja Perancis pertama melawat kedaulatan British. Louis Philippe digulingkan dalam revolusi 1848, dan melarikan diri ke buangan di England. Pada ketinggian menakutkan revolusioner di United Kingdom pada bulan April 1848, Victoria dan keluarganya meninggalkan London untuk keselamatan yang lebih besar dari Osborne House, sebuah estet persendirian di Isle of Wight yang mereka beli pada tahun 1845 dan dibangunkan semula. Demonstrasi oleh Chartist dan nasionalis Ireland gagal menarik sokongan yang meluas, dan ketakutan itu meninggal dunia tanpa sebarang gangguan besar. Lawatan pertama Victoria ke Ireland pada tahun 1849 adalah kejayaan perhubungan awam, tetapi ia tidak mempunyai kesan atau kesan jangka panjang terhadap pertumbuhan nasionalisme Irlandia. <> Yang mana dua negara yang Victoria cuba memperbaiki hubungan antara? || Perancis dan Britain <> Bagaimana hubungan keluarga House of Orleans dan British Royal? || oleh perkahwinan melalui Coburgs <> Siapa yang Victoria tinggal bersama di Normandy? || Raja Louis Philippe I <> Tahun apa Louis Philippe melawat England? || 1844 <> Tahun apakah Victoria pertama kali melawat Ireland? || 1849 <> Apa dua negara yang Victoria mengambil minat yang besar dalam meningkatkan hubungan antara? || Perancis dan Britain <> Queen Victoria mengadakan pertemuan antara keluarga diraja Britain dan rumah apa yang dapat membantu memperbaiki hubungan antara Britain dan Perancis? || House of Orleans <> Apa nama Raja Normandy yang Victoria dan Albert tinggal bersama pada tahun 1843 dan 1845? || Raja Louis Philippe I <> Siapa Raja Perancis pertama yang melawat Queen Victoria? || Louis Philippe <> Apa tahun pertama lawatan Victorias ke Ireland? || 1849 <> Siapa raja Perancis pertama yang melawat Queen Victoria? || Louis Philippe <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Louis Philippe selepas revolusi di Perancis? || melarikan diri ke buangan di England <> Di manakah Victoria dan keluarganya berundur ke keselamatan semasa konflik pada tahun 1848? || Osborne House <> Negara mana yang pertama kali dilawati oleh Victoria pada tahun 1849? || Ireland <> Apa keluarga Perancis yang Victoria cuba untuk memupuk hubungan dengan? || House of Orleans <> Apa salah satu kebimbangan utama Victoria? || penambahbaikan hubungan antara Perancis dan Britain <> Bilakah Louis Phillipe digulingkan? || 1848 <> Di mana Victoria dan keluarganya pergi untuk keselamatan semasa menakutkan revolusi pada April 1848? || Osborne House, estet persendirian di Isle of Wight <> Bilakah rumah Osborne dibeli? || 1845 <> Kumpulan mana yang menunjukkan dan berusaha untuk membawa revolusi sebelum, akhirnya, gagal? || Chartist dan nasionalis Ireland <> Tiga negara mana yang Victoria cuba memperbaiki hubungan antara? || <> Bagaimanakah rumah Orleans dan keluarga Diraja Britain tidak berkaitan? || <> Siapa yang tidak tinggal di Victoria di Normandy? || <> Tahun apa Louis Philippe meninggalkan England? || <> Berapa tahun pertama Victoria menjauhi Ireland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which two countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?", "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f03", "answers": [{"text": "France and Britain", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related?", "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f04", "answers": [{"text": "by marriage through the Coburgs", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy?", "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f05", "answers": [{"text": "King Louis Philippe I", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Louis Philippe visit England?", "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f06", "answers": [{"text": "1844", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria first visit Ireland?", "id": "5722d1770dadf01500fa1f07", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 1145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two countries did Victoria take a large interest in improving relations between?", "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f4f", "answers": [{"text": "France and Britain", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France?", "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f50", "answers": [{"text": "House of Orleans", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the King of Normandy that Victoria and Albert stayed with in 1843 and 1845?", "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f51", "answers": [{"text": "King Louis Philippe I", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first French King to visit Queen Victoria?", "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f52", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Philippe", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Victorias first visit to Ireland?", "id": "5723dd7f0dadf01500fa1f53", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 1145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first French king to visit Queen Victoria? ", "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97b9f", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Philippe", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France? ", "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba0", "answers": [{"text": "fled to exile in England", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria and her family retreat to safety during a conflict in 1848? ", "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba1", "answers": [{"text": "Osborne House", "answer_start": 861}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nation was visited for the first time by Victoria in 1849?", "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba2", "answers": [{"text": "Ireland", "answer_start": 1134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French family did Victoria try to foster relations with? ", "id": "5724e4370ba9f01400d97ba3", "answers": [{"text": "House of Orleans", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of Victoria's major concerns?", "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc25", "answers": [{"text": "improvement of relations between France and Britain", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Louis Phillipe deposed?", "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc26", "answers": [{"text": "1848", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria and her family go to for safety during the revolutionary scare of April 1848?", "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc27", "answers": [{"text": "Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight", "answer_start": 861}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Osborne house purchased?", "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc28", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 941}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which groups were demonstrating and trying to bring about a revolution before, ultimately, failing?", "id": "572632a1ec44d21400f3dc29", "answers": [{"text": "Chartists and Irish nationalists", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France and Britain", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Which three countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?", "id": "5ad1736a645df0001a2d1c38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by marriage through the Coburgs", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family unrelated?", "id": "5ad1736a645df0001a2d1c39", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King Louis Philippe I", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "Who didn't Victoria stay with in Normandy?", "id": "5ad1736a645df0001a2d1c3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1844", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What year did Louis Philippe leave England?", "id": "5ad1736a645df0001a2d1c3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 1145}], "question": "What year did Victoria first shun Ireland?", "id": "5ad1736a645df0001a2d1c3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at ch\u00e2teau d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped. Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism."}], ["Pada tahun 1845, Ireland dilanda tembakau kentang. Dalam empat tahun akan datang lebih sejuta orang Ireland mati dan satu juta lagi berhijrah dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai Kebuluran Besar. Di Ireland, Victoria dilabel \"The Famine Queen\". Dia secara peribadi menyumbangkan \u00a3 2,000 kepada bantuan kelaparan, lebih daripada penderma individu lain, dan juga menyokong Geran Maynooth untuk seminari Roman Katolik di Irlandia, walaupun pembangkang Protestan. Cerita yang dia sumbangkan hanya \u00a3 5 untuk bantuan kepada orang Ireland, dan pada hari yang sama memberi jumlah yang sama untuk Battersea Dogs Home, adalah mitos yang dihasilkan menjelang akhir abad ke-19. <> Tahun berapa adalah ubi kentang di Ireland? || 1845 <> Berapa lama Kelaparan Besar yang terakhir? || empat tahun <> Berapa banyak orang Ireland mati semasa Kelaparan Besar? || lebih sejuta <> Apakah label yang diberikan kepada Queen Victoria semasa Kelaparan Besar? || Ratu Kelaparan <> Berapa banyak wang yang diberikan Victoria memberi bantuan kelaparan? || \u00a3 2,000 <> Apa krisis yang melanda Ireland pada tahun 1845? || blight kentang <> Berapa ramai orang mati semasa Great Famine di Ireland? || lebih sejuta <> Apa yang Queen Victoria dipanggil di Ireland semasa Kelaparan Besar? || The Queen of Famine <> Kisah apa kemudian terbukti palsu tentang Victoria semasa Kelaparan Besar? || bahawa dia menyumbangkan hanya \u00a3 5 untuk bantuan kepada orang Ireland, dan pada hari yang sama memberikan jumlah yang sama dengan Battersea Dogs Home <> Seberapa besar Ratu Victoria sebenarnya mendermakan untuk menyokong bantuan di Ireland, menjadikan dia penderma individu teratas? || \u00a3 2,000 <> Apa yang berlaku yang menghancurkan sebahagian besar Ireland? || kentang hancur <> Bilakah kencing kentang bermula? || 1845 <> Berapa banyak orang kehilangan Ireland untuk kentang kentang? || satu juta <> Apa yang menyebabkan kentang kentang dipanggil Victoria? || Queen's Famine <> Berapa banyakkah yang diberikan oleh Victoria ke Ireland untuk membantu kelegaan kelaparan? || \u00a3 2,000 <> Berapa tahun penyakit kentang kentang di Scotland? || <> Berapa lama tidak Kelaparan Besar yang terakhir? || <> Berapa banyak orang Ireland yang hidup semasa Kelaparan Besar? || <> Apakah label yang diberikan kepada Queen Victoria semasa Perayaan Besar? || <> Berapa banyak wang yang disumbangkan oleh Victoria untuk bantuan perang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the potato blight in Ireland?", "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcd8", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Great Famine last?", "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcd9", "answers": [{"text": "four years", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?", "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcda", "answers": [{"text": "over a million", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?", "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcdb", "answers": [{"text": "The Famine Queen", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?", "id": "5723e989f6b826140030fcdc", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a32,000", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?", "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd1", "answers": [{"text": "potato blight", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?", "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd2", "answers": [{"text": "over a million", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? ", "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd3", "answers": [{"text": "The Famine Queen", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? ", "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd4", "answers": [{"text": "that she donated only \u00a35 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? ", "id": "5724efd30ba9f01400d97bd5", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a32,000", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?", "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84043", "answers": [{"text": "potato blight", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the potato blight begin?", "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84044", "answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?", "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84045", "answers": [{"text": "a million", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?", "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84046", "answers": [{"text": "The Famine Queen", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?", "id": "5726440789cfff1900a84047", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a32,000", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1845", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year was the potato blight in Scotland?", "id": "5ad172b0645df0001a2d1c0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four years", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "How long didn't the Great Famine last?", "id": "5ad172b0645df0001a2d1c0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over a million", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "How many Irish people lived during the Great Famine?", "id": "5ad172b0645df0001a2d1c0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Famine Queen", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Feast?", "id": "5ad172b0645df0001a2d1c0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a32,000", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "How much money did Victoria donate to war relief?", "id": "5ad172b0645df0001a2d1c0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\". She personally donated \u00a32,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only \u00a35 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century."}], ["Victoria melawat tanah besar Eropah secara kerap untuk bercuti. Pada tahun 1889, semasa tinggal di Biarritz, dia menjadi raja pertama yang memerintah dari Britain untuk menjejakkan kaki di Sepanyol ketika dia melintasi sempadan untuk lawatan singkat. Menjelang April 1900, Perang Boer begitu tidak popular di tanah besar Eropah bahawa perjalanan tahunannya ke Perancis seolah-olah tidak dapat dielakkan. Sebaliknya, Ratu pergi ke Ireland untuk kali pertama sejak 1861, sebahagiannya untuk mengakui sumbangan rejim Irlandia ke perang Afrika Selatan. Pada bulan Julai, anak lelaki kedua Alfred (\"Affie\") meninggal dunia; \"Oh, Tuhan! Affie miskin saya juga pergi\", dia menulis dalam jurnalnya. \"Ia adalah tahun yang dahsyat, tetapi tidak ada satu pun yang sedih dan kengerian.\" <> Siapa yang memerintah kerajaan pertama dari Britain untuk menginjakkan kaki di Sepanyol? || Victoria <> Tahun apakah Queen Victoria pertama kali menginjakkan kaki di Sepanyol? || 1889 <> Berapa tahun Victoria menghentikan lawatan tahunannya ke Sepanyol akibat perang Boer? || 1900 <> Di mana lawatan Victoria bukannya Sepanyol semasa perang Boer? || Ireland <> Tahun berapa anak lelaki Victoria Alfred mati? || 1900 <> Di mana Victoria tinggal di Sepanyol pada tahun 1889? || Biarritz <> Perang apa yang menghalang Ratu Victoria daripada mengambil perjalanan tahunannya ke Perancis pada tahun 1900? || Boer War <> Apa negara yang melawat Victoria bukannya Perancis semasa Perang Boer? || Ireland <> Anak-anak Queen of the Queen yang meninggal dunia pada bulan Julai tahun itu? || anaknya yang kedua Alfred <> Di manakah Victoria sering pergi bercuti? || tanah besar Eropah <> Pada tahun 1889, apakah Victoria yang pertama mengangkat raja dari Inggeris untuk melakukan? || kaki di Sepanyol <> Mengapa Victoria melawat Ireland pada tahun 1861? || mengakui sumbangan rejim Irlandia ke perang Afrika Selatan <> Mengapa Victoria dinasihatkan untuk tidak melawat Perancis pada April 1900? || Perang Boer <> Apa tragedi yang dilakukan Victoria pada bulan Julai 1900? || anaknya yang kedua Alfred (\"Affie\") meninggal <> Siapa yang memerintah raja terakhir dari Britain untuk menginjakkan kaki di Sepanyol? || <> Berapa tahunkah Queen Victoria melangkah ke Sepanyol? || <> Berapa tahun Victoria memulakan lawatan tahunannya ke Sepanyol disebabkan perang Boer? || <> Di manakah kunjungan Victoria bukannya Perancis semasa perang Boer? || <> Tahun apa anak perempuan Victoria yang kedua Alfred mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?", "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f77", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?", "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f78", "answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?", "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f79", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?", "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f7a", "answers": [{"text": "Ireland", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?", "id": "5723e3290dadf01500fa1f7b", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889? ", "id": "5724e9730a492a190043565e", "answers": [{"text": "Biarritz", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?", "id": "5724e9730a492a190043565f", "answers": [{"text": "Boer War", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? ", "id": "5724e9730a492a1900435660", "answers": [{"text": "Ireland", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year? ", "id": "5724e9730a492a1900435661", "answers": [{"text": "her second son Alfred", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria often go for holiday?", "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac57e", "answers": [{"text": "mainland Europe", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?", "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac57f", "answers": [{"text": "set foot in Spain", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?", "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac580", "answers": [{"text": "acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?", "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac581", "answers": [{"text": "the Boer War", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?", "id": "5726376e89a1e219009ac582", "answers": [{"text": "her second son Alfred (\"Affie\") died", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Victoria", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the last reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?", "id": "5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1889", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What year did Queen Victoria last set foot in Spain?", "id": "5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What year did Victoria start her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?", "id": "5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ireland", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "Where did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer war?", "id": "5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What year did Victoria's second daughter Alfred die?", "id": "5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred (\"Affie\") died; \"Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too\", she wrote in her journal. \"It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.\""}], ["Victoria secara fizikal tidak menonjol - dia tegap, dowdy dan tidak lebih daripada lima kaki tinggi-tetapi dia berjaya memproyeksikan imej besar. Dia mengalami ketidakpuasan pada tahun-tahun pertama janda, tetapi disukai selama 1880-an dan 1890-an, ketika ia memelihara kekaisaran sebagai tokoh matriarkal yang baik. Hanya selepas pelepasan buku harian dan suratnya, sejauh mana pengaruh politiknya diketahui ramai. Biografi Victoria yang ditulis sebelum banyak bahan utama menjadi tersedia, seperti Queen Victoria Lytton Strachey tahun 1921, kini dianggap tidak diketahui. Biografi yang ditulis oleh Elizabeth Longford dan Cecil Woodham-Smith, masing-masing pada tahun 1964 dan 1972, masih lagi dikagumi. Mereka, dan lain-lain, menyimpulkan bahawa sebagai orang Victoria adalah emosi, keras kepala, jujur, dan lurus bercakap. <> Berapa tinggi ialah Queen Victoria? || tidak lebih daripada lima kaki <> Tahap pengaruh politik Victorias menjadi terkenal selepas penerbitan apa? || buku harian dan suratnya <> Tahun berapa Elizabeth Longford menulis biografi Victoria? || 1964 <> Tahun berapakah Cecil Woodham Smith menulis biografi Victorias? || 1972 <> Berapa tinggi ialah Queen Victoria? || lima kaki <> Siapa yang menulis biografi tentang Queen Victoria yang kini dianggap tidak ketinggalan zaman? || Lytton Strachey <> Apa wanita menulis biografi Queen Victoria pada tahun 1964? || Elizabeth Longford <> Bilakah Celcil Woodham-Smith juga menulis biografi yang baik tentang Victoria? || 1972 <> Apakah Victoria suka, secara fizikal? || tegak, dowdy dan tidak lebih daripada lima kaki tinggi <> Bilakah orang benar-benar mula memahami fikiran politik Queen Victoria? || selepas pelepasan buku harian dan suratnya <> Siapa dua ahli biografi yang baik dari Queen Victoria? || Elizabeth Longford dan Cecil Woodham-Smith <> Bilakah biografi terbaik ditulis oleh Ratu Victoria? || 1964 dan 1972 <> Orang macam apakah Victoria? || emosi, tegar, jujur, dan lurus bercakap <> Berapa tinggi ialah Victor Victor? || <> Tahap pengaruh politik Victorias menjadi tidak diketahui selepas penerbitan apa? || <> Tahun berapakah Elizabeth Longford membaca biografi Victoria? || <> Tahun berapakah Cecil Woodham Smith membaca biografi Victorias || <> Siapa yang membaca biografi tentang Ratu Victoria yang sekarang dianggap tidak ketinggalan zaman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How tall was Queen Victoria?", "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f81", "answers": [{"text": "no more than five feet tall", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?", "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f82", "answers": [{"text": "her diary and letters", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?", "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f83", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?", "id": "5723e4a30dadf01500fa1f84", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall was Queen Victoria? ", "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435666", "answers": [{"text": "five feet", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? ", "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435667", "answers": [{"text": "Lytton Strachey", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?", "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435668", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth Longford", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria? ", "id": "5724ea4d0a492a1900435669", "answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria like, physically?", "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac598", "answers": [{"text": "stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?", "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac599", "answers": [{"text": "after the release of her diary and letters", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?", "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac59a", "answers": [{"text": "Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?", "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac59b", "answers": [{"text": "1964 and 1972", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of person was Victoria?", "id": "57263a9f89a1e219009ac59c", "answers": [{"text": "emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no more than five feet tall", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "How tall was Queen Victor?", "id": "5ad17f87645df0001a2d1e54", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "her diary and letters", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "The extent of Victorias political influence became unknown after the publishing of what?", "id": "5ad17f87645df0001a2d1e55", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 688}], "question": "What year did Elizabeth Longford read a biography of Victoria?", "id": "5ad17f87645df0001a2d1e56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1972", "answer_start": 697}], "question": "What year did Cecil Woodham Smith read Victorias biography", "id": "5ad17f87645df0001a2d1e57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lytton Strachey", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "Who read the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? ", "id": "5ad17f87645df0001a2d1e58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria was physically unprepossessing\u2014she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall\u2014but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking."}], ["Selepas Pemberontakan India pada tahun 1857, Syarikat India Timur India, yang telah memerintah banyak India, dibubarkan, dan harta benda dan protektorat Britain di benua kecil India secara rasmi dimasukkan ke dalam Kerajaan British. Ratu mempunyai pandangan yang agak seimbang terhadap konflik, dan mengutuk kekejaman di kedua-dua pihak. Dia menulis mengenai \"perasaan seram dan penyesalannya terhadap hasil perang saudara berdarah\", dan menegaskan, diseru oleh Albert, bahawa sebuah pengumuman rasmi yang mengumumkan pemindahan kuasa dari perusahaan itu kepada negara \"harus menghirup perasaan kemurahan hati, kebajikan dan toleransi agama \". Atas arahannya, rujukan yang mengancam \"melemahkan agama dan adat resam\" telah digantikan oleh laluan yang menjamin kebebasan beragama. <> Tahun apakah pemberontakan India? || 1857 <> Apa syarikat dibubarkan selepas pemberontakan India? || British East India Company <> Syarikat apa yang memerintah banyak India sebelum berakhirnya Pemberontakan India? || British East India Company <> Siapa yang Queen mengutuk Pemberontakan India? || kedua belah pihak <> Penguasa apa yang dibubarkan setelah Pemberontakan India pada tahun 1857? || British East India Company <> Yang menggalakkan Victoria untuk mengeluarkan kenyataan rasmi mengenai konflik perang saudara di India? || Albert <> Apa yang berlaku kepada British selepas pemberontakan tahun 1857? || telah secara rasmi dimasukkan ke dalam Kerajaan British <> Pernyataan apa yang diganti dalam pengisytiharannya tentang perang saudara? || rujukan yang mengancam \"melemahkan agama dan adat asli\" <sebelum 1857, yang menguasai sebahagian besar India? || British East India Company <> Apa yang menyebabkan Syarikat Hindia Timur India kehilangan kawalan ke India? || Pemberontakan India 1857 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada aset Syarikat Hindia Timur British selepas ia dikeluarkan dari kuasa? || secara rasmi dimasukkan ke dalam British Empire <> Bagaimana pandangan Queen terhadap Pemberontakan India? || pandangan yang relatif seimbang tentang konflik itu, dan mengutuk kekejaman di kedua belah pihak <> Apa yang Victoria percaya bahawa perisytiharan rasmi memindahkan kawalan dari syarikat kepada monarki yang akan dilakukan? || \"harus bernafas perasaan kemurahan hati, kebajikan dan toleransi agama\" <> Tahun apakah Pemberontakan India? || <> Syarikat apa yang dibubarkan sebelum Pemberontakan India? || <> Siapa yang tidak mengutuk Ratu dalam Pemberontakan India? || <> Apa syarikat tidak memerintah India sebelum berakhirnya Pemberontakan India? || <> Yang mendorong Victoria untuk mengeluarkan kenyataan tidak rasmi mengenai konflik perang saudara di India? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1fa7", "answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1fa8", "answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company ruled much of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1fa9", "answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Queen condemn in the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5723ec9f0dadf01500fa1faa", "answers": [{"text": "both sides", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ruler was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion in 1857?", "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bdb", "answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who encouraged Victoria to issue an official statement on the conflict of the civil war in India? ", "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bdc", "answers": [{"text": "Albert", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the British possesions after the Rebellion of 1857? ", "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bdd", "answers": [{"text": "were formally incorporated into the British Empire", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? ", "id": "5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bde", "answers": [{"text": "a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\"", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before 1857, who controlled most of India?", "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbb8", "answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the British East India Company to lose control of India?", "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbb9", "answers": [{"text": "the Indian Rebellion of 1857", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the assets of the British East India Company after it was removed from power?", "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbba", "answers": [{"text": "formally incorporated into the British Empire", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Queen view the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbbb", "answers": [{"text": "relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria believe that an official proclamation transferring control from the company to the monarchy would do?", "id": "57264f47f1498d1400e8dbbc", "answers": [{"text": "\"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\"", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1857", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What year was the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5ad179eb645df0001a2d1dc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What company was dissolved before the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5ad179eb645df0001a2d1dc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "Who didn't the Queen condemn in the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5ad179eb645df0001a2d1dc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British East India Company", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What company ruled none of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?", "id": "5ad179eb645df0001a2d1dc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albert,", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "Who encouraged Victoria to issue an unofficial statement on the conflict of the civil war in India? ", "id": "5ad179eb645df0001a2d1dca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. She wrote of \"her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war\", and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state \"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\". At her behest, a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom."}], ["Pada masa penyertaannya, kerajaan dipimpin oleh perdana menteri Whig Lord Melbourne, yang pada masa itu menjadi pengaruh yang kuat terhadap Ratu yang tidak berpengalaman dalam politik, yang bergantung pada nasihatnya. Charles Greville menganggap Melbourne dan bapanya yang tidak berumah tangga itu \"bersemangat menggembirakannya kerana dia mungkin anaknya jika dia mempunyai satu\", dan Victoria mungkin melihatnya sebagai tokoh bapa. Penobatannya berlangsung pada 28 Jun 1838 di Westminster Abbey. Lebih 400,000 pelawat datang ke London untuk perayaan. Dia menjadi orang pertama yang berdaulat untuk tinggal di Istana Buckingham dan mewarisi pendapatan dari Lancaster dan Cornwall serta diberikan elaun senarai sivil sebanyak \u00a3 385,000 setahun. Secara kewangan berhemah, dia melunasi hutang bapanya. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Kerajaan pada masa pendakian Victorias? || Lord Melbourne <> Apa nama Perdana Menteri Whig pada masa pendudukan Victorias? || Lord Melbourne <> Bilakah coronation Queen Victorias diadakan? || 28 Jun 1838 <> Di manakah penobatan Victorias diadakan? || Westminster Abbey <> Berapa ramai pelawat datang ke London untuk kejayaan Victorias? || Lebih daripada 400,000 <> Apa yang Whig adalah Perdana Menteri semasa kesertaan Victoria? || Lord Melbourne <> Yang berfikir bahawa Melbourne melihat Victoria seolah-olah dia anak perempuannya? || Charles Greville <> Bilakah coronasi Victoria berlaku di Westminster Abbey? || 28 Jun 1838 <> Berapa ramai orang melawat London untuk Penobatan Queen Victoria? || 400,000 <> Apa elaun Victoria apabila menjadi Ratu? || \u00a3 385,000 setahun <> Siapa yang mengetuai kerajaan pada masa pendakian Victoria? || Whig perdana menteri Lord Melbourne <> Pengaruh macam apakah Melbourne ke Victoria? || berkuasa <> Kapan penobatan Victoria? || 28 Jun 1838 <> Apa kejayaan utama yang dicapai Victoria dengan elaun senarai sivilnya? || dia melunaskan hutang ayahnya <> Di manakah Queen Victoria tinggal? || Istana Buckingham <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Kerajaan pada masa Victorias jatuh? || <> Apakah nama Perdana Menteri Whig ketika jatuh Victorias? || <> Bilakah tidak kejayaan Ratu Victorias diadakan? || <> Di manakah bukan kejayaan Victorias diadakan? || <> Berapa ramai pengunjung meninggalkan London untuk kejayaan Victorias? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession?", "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f93", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias ascession?", "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f94", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victorias coronation held?", "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f95", "answers": [{"text": "28 June 1838", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Victorias coronation held?", "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f96", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster Abbey", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many visitors came to London for Victorias coronation?", "id": "5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f97", "answers": [{"text": "Over 400,000", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Whig was prime minister during Victoria's accession? ", "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bc7", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who thought that Melbourne saw Victoria as if she was his daughter? ", "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bc8", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Greville", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria's coronation take place at Westminster Abbey?", "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bc9", "answers": [{"text": "28 June 1838", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people visited London for the Coronation of Queen Victoria? ", "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bca", "answers": [{"text": "400,000", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's allowance upon becoming Queen? ", "id": "5724eebf0ba9f01400d97bcb", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3385,000 per year", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was leading the government at the time of Victoria's accension?", "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3cd", "answers": [{"text": "Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of influence was Melbourne to Victoria?", "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3ce", "answers": [{"text": "powerful", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Victoria's coronation?", "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3cf", "answers": [{"text": "28 June 1838", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major accomplishment did Victoria achieve with her civil list allowance?", "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3d0", "answers": [{"text": "she paid off her father's debts", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Queen Victoria reside?", "id": "5726434238643c19005ad3d1", "answers": [{"text": "Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Government at the time of Victorias fall?", "id": "5ad16eea645df0001a2d1b0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Melbourne", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias fall?", "id": "5ad16eea645df0001a2d1b0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "28 June 1838", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "When wasn't Queen Victorias coronation held?", "id": "5ad16eea645df0001a2d1b10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westminster Abbey", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "Where wasn't Victorias coronation held?", "id": "5ad16eea645df0001a2d1b11", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Over 400,000", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "How many visitors left London for Victorias coronation?", "id": "5ad16eea645df0001a2d1b12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the time of her accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, who relied on him for advice. Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was \"passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one\", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure. Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations. She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of \u00a3385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father's debts."}], ["Pengasingan diri Victoria dari orang awam berkurang populariti monarki, dan menggalakkan pertumbuhan pergerakan republikan. Dia menjalankan tugas rasmi kerajaannya, namun memilih untuk tetap terpencil di kediaman dirajanya-Windsor Castle, Osborne House, dan harta swasta di Scotland yang dia dan Albert telah memperoleh pada tahun 1847, Istana Balmoral. Pada bulan Mac 1864, seorang penunjuk perasaan melumpuhkan notis di pagar Istana Buckingham yang mengumumkan \"premis memerintah ini untuk dibiarkan atau dijual sebagai akibat daripada perniagaan yang merosot penghuni akhir\". Pamannya Leopold menulis kepada beliau menasihatinya supaya muncul di khalayak ramai. Dia bersetuju untuk melawat taman-taman dari Persatuan Hortikultur Diraja di Kensington dan mengambil perjalanan melalui London dalam pengangkutan terbuka. <> Apabila Victoria mengasingkan dirinya dari orang ramai, pergerakan apa yang mula berkembang? || pergerakan republikan <> Di manakah Victoria mengasingkan diri? || di kediaman diraja <> Apa nama Estate swasta di Scotland yang dibeli oleh Albert dan Victoria? || Istana Balmoral <> Tahun berapakah Queen dan Albert membeli Istana Balmoral? || 1847 <> Tahun berapa penunjuk perasaan melampirkan nota ke pintu di Istana Buckingham mengatakan ia akan dijual? || 1864 <> Apa harta persendirian Victoria yang ditemui dengan Albert pada tahun 1847? || Istana Balmoral <> Di mana pelindung meletakkan notis kerana kekurangan penampilan awam Queen Victoria pada bulan Mac 1864? || Istana Buckingham <> Di mana lawatan Victoria selepas Leopold menasihatkannya untuk membuat penampilan lebih ramai? || taman-taman Persatuan Hortikultur Diraja di Kensington <> Pergerakan apa yang mendapat populariti disebabkan kekurangan Victoria yang muncul di khalayak ramai? || pergerakan republik <> Apa sebab utama monarki Victoria tidak begitu popular seperti yang lain? || pengasingan diri dari orang awam <> Apa pengasingan Victoria memberi laluan kepada? || pertumbuhan pergerakan republikan <> Siapa yang menasihatkan Vicotria untuk mula bermain di depan umum? || Pamannya Leopold <> Di manakah Victoria melawat untuk menjadi lebih dalam pandangan umum? || Persatuan Hortikultur Diraja di Kensington <> Apa lagi yang dilakukan Victoria untuk cuba mengembalikan imejnya yang dahulu? || Berkendara melalui London dalam kereta terbuka <> Ketika Victoria mengasingkan dirinya dari orang awam, gerakan apa yang mula berkembang? || <> Di mana Victoria tidak mengasingkan diri? || <> Apakah nama Taman awam di Scotland yang dibeli oleh Albert dan Victoria? || <> Tahun berapa Raja dan Albert membeli Istana Balmoral? || <> Tahun berapakah Ratu dan Albert menjual Istana Balmoral? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?", "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1f9d", "answers": [{"text": "the republican movement", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria isolate herself?", "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1f9e", "answers": [{"text": "in her royal residences", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?", "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1f9f", "answers": [{"text": "Balmoral Castle", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?", "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1fa0", "answers": [{"text": "1847", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?", "id": "5723eae00dadf01500fa1fa1", "answers": [{"text": "1864", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?", "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435682", "answers": [{"text": "Balmoral Castle", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?", "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435683", "answers": [{"text": "Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances? ", "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435684", "answers": [{"text": "the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public? ", "id": "5724f0d20a492a1900435685", "answers": [{"text": "republican movement", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?", "id": "572646e3708984140094c137", "answers": [{"text": "self-imposed isolation from the public", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria's isolation give way to?", "id": "572646e3708984140094c138", "answers": [{"text": "the growth of the republican movement", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?", "id": "572646e3708984140094c139", "answers": [{"text": "Her uncle Leopold", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?", "id": "572646e3708984140094c13a", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?", "id": "572646e3708984140094c13b", "answers": [{"text": "take a drive through London in an open carriage", "answer_start": 723}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the republican movement", "answer_start": 122}], "question": "When Victoria isolated himself from the public, what movement began to grow?", "id": "5ad17761645df0001a2d1d3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in her royal residences", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Where did Victoria not isolate herself?", "id": "5ad17761645df0001a2d1d3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Balmoral Castle", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "What was the name of the public Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?", "id": "5ad17761645df0001a2d1d40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1864", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What year did the King and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?", "id": "5ad17761645df0001a2d1d41", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1864", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What year did the Queen and Albert sell Balmoral Castle?", "id": "5ad17761645df0001a2d1d42", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences\u2014Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced \"these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business\". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage."}], ["Palmerston meninggal pada tahun 1865, dan selepas kementerian ringkas yang diketuai oleh Russell, Derby kembali berkuasa. Pada tahun 1866, Victoria menghadiri Pembukaan Parlimen Negeri buat kali pertama sejak kematian Albert. Pada tahun berikutnya beliau menyokong lulus Akta Pembaharuan 1867 yang menggandakan pengundi dengan menggandakan francais kepada ramai pekerja bandar, walaupun dia tidak memihak kepada undi untuk wanita. Derby meletak jawatan pada 1868, digantikan oleh Benjamin Disraeli, yang memikat Victoria. \"Semua orang suka bersyukur,\" katanya, \"dan apabila anda datang kepada kerabat diraja, anda harus meletakkannya dengan selendang.\" Dengan frasa \"kami penulis, Ma'am\", dia memuji dia. Kementrian Disraeli hanya berlangsung beberapa bulan, dan pada penghujung tahun, saingan Liberalnya, William Ewart Gladstone, dilantik sebagai perdana menteri. Victoria mendapati sikap Gladstone jauh lebih menarik; dia bercakap dengannya, dia dianggap telah mengadu, seolah-olah dia \"mesyuarat awam dan bukan wanita\". <> Siapa yang meninggal pada tahun 1865? || Palmerston <> Yang meletak jawatan pada tahun 1868? || Derby <> Berapa lama Disraeli di pejabat? || perkara bulan <> Siapa saingan Disraeli? || William Ewart Gladstone <> Apa pandangan politik yang berlaku Gladstone? || Liberal <> Tahun apa Palmerston mati? || 1865 <> Siapa yang membiarkan kementerian untuk masa yang sangat singkat selepas kematian Palmerston? || Russell <> Yang kembali berkuasa selepas Russels memerintah ringkas kementerian? || Derby <> Berikutan kematian Alberts, apakah tahun pertama Victoria menghadiri pembukaan Parlimen? || 1866 <> Siapa yang menggantikan Derby selepas peletakan jawatannya? || Benjamin Disraeli <> Tahun apakah Pamerston mati? || 1865 <> Apa peristiwa yang dihadiri Victoria pada tahun 1866 buat kali pertama berikutan kematian Albert? || Pembukaan Parlimen <> Apa Akta oleh Victoria memberikan keupayaan untuk mengundi kepada pekerja lelaki, tetapi bukan wanita? || Akta Pembaharuan 1867 <> Siapa yang menggantikan Derby ketika dia meletak jawatan pada tahun 1868? || Benjamin Disraeli <> Apa Liberal menggantikan Disraeli selepas hanya beberapa bulan yang pendek di pejabat? || William Ewart Gladstone <> Kapan Palmerston mati? || 1865 <> Siapa yang akhirnya kembali ke pejabat selepas kematian Palmerston? || Derby <> Bilakah Derby meletak jawatan? || 1868 <> Siapa pengganti Derby? || Benjamin Disraeli <> Berapa lama disralei yang terakhir di pejabat? || hanya berlangsung beberapa bulan <> Siapa yang meninggal pada 1856? || <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan pada tahun 1886? || <> Berapa lama Disraeli tidak berada di pejabat? || <> Siapa yang bukan saingan Disraeli? || <> Apa pandangan politik yang tidak dipegang Gladstone? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who died in 1865?", "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f15", "answers": [{"text": "Palmerston", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resigned in 1868?", "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f16", "answers": [{"text": "Derby", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Disraeli in office?", "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f17", "answers": [{"text": "matter of months", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Disraeli's rival?", "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f18", "answers": [{"text": "William Ewart Gladstone", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political view did Gladstone hold?", "id": "5722d2bb0dadf01500fa1f19", "answers": [{"text": "Liberal", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Palmerston die?", "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f63", "answers": [{"text": "1865", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston?", "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f64", "answers": [{"text": "Russell", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry?", "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f65", "answers": [{"text": "Derby", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Following Alberts death, what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment?", "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f66", "answers": [{"text": "1866", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Derby after his resignation?", "id": "5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f67", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Disraeli", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Pamerston die? ", "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb3", "answers": [{"text": "1865", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert's death?", "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb4", "answers": [{"text": "State Opening of Parliament", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men, but not women? ", "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb5", "answers": [{"text": "Reform Act 1867", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868? ", "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb6", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Disraeli", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office? ", "id": "5724e70a0ba9f01400d97bb7", "answers": [{"text": "William Ewart Gladstone", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Palmerston die?", "id": "5726341a271a42140099d74f", "answers": [{"text": "1865", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston's death?", "id": "5726341a271a42140099d750", "answers": [{"text": "Derby", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Derby resign?", "id": "5726341a271a42140099d751", "answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Derby's replacement?", "id": "5726341a271a42140099d752", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Disraeli", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Disralei last in office?", "id": "5726341a271a42140099d753", "answers": [{"text": "only lasted a matter of months", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Palmerston", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who died in 1856?", "id": "5ad178d7645df0001a2d1d84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Derby", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "Who resigned in 1886?", "id": "5ad178d7645df0001a2d1d85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "matter of months", "answer_start": 671}], "question": "How long was Disraeli not in office?", "id": "5ad178d7645df0001a2d1d86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Ewart Gladstone,", "answer_start": 735}], "question": "Who wasn't Disraeli's rival?", "id": "5ad178d7645df0001a2d1d87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liberal", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "What political view didn't Gladstone hold?", "id": "5ad178d7645df0001a2d1d88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. \"Everyone likes flattery,\" he said, \"and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.\" With the phrase \"we authors, Ma'am\", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were \"a public meeting rather than a woman\"."}], ["Pada 14 Januari 1858, seorang pelarian Itali dari Britain yang memanggil Orsini cuba membunuh Napoleon III dengan bom yang dibuat di England. Krisis diplomatik yang menjejaskan kerajaan, dan Palmerston meletak jawatan. Derby telah dikembalikan semula sebagai perdana menteri. Victoria dan Albert menghadiri pembukaan lembangan baru di pelabuhan tentera Perancis Cherbourg pada 5 Ogos 1858, dalam usaha oleh Napoleon III untuk meyakinkan Britain bahawa persiapan tenteranya diarahkan ke tempat lain. Pada kedatangannya, Victoria menulis kepada Derby untuk menegurnya untuk keadaan miskin Tentera Laut Diraja berbanding dengan orang Perancis. Kementerian Derby tidak bertahan lama, dan pada bulan Jun 1859 Victoria mengenang Palmerston ke pejabat. <> Di manakah Orsini dari? || Britain <> Siapa yang Orsini cuba membunuh? || Napoleon III <> Kedudukan apa yang Derby memegang? || Perdana Menteri <> Apa yang berlaku pada bulan Jun 1859? || Victoria mengimbas kembali Palmerston ke pejabat <> Apakah tarikh percubaan percubaan Napoleon? || 14 Januari 1858 <> Apa nama orang yang cuba membunuh Napoleon? || Orsini <> Di manakah bom yang digunakan Orsini untuk membunuh Napoleon? || England <> Yang mengundurkan diri kerana percubaan dalam kehidupan Napoleons? || Palmerston <> Apa nama pelabuhan ketenteraan Perancis yang dibuka pada 5 Ogos 1858? || pelabuhan Cherbourg <> Siapa yang selamat dari percubaan assasination oleh pelarian Itali Orsini pada tahun 1858? || Napoleon III <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan mereka berikutan skandal kerana bom Orsini yang dibuat di England? || Palmerston <> Apa pelabuhan ketenteraan baru di Perancis melakukan lawatan Victoria dan Albert selepas krisis pada tahun 1858? || Cherbourg <> Mengapa Victoria mengkritik Derby selepas lawatannya dengan Napoleon III? || negeri miskin Tentera Laut Diraja berbanding dengan orang Perancis <> Siapa yang telah ditarik Victoria ke pejabat setelah kekecewaannya dengan Derby pada bulan Jun 1859? || Palmerston <> Siapa yang cuba membunuh Napoleon? || seorang pelarian Itali dari Britain bernama Orsini <> Bilakah Orsinin cuba membunuh Napoleon? || 14 Januari 1858 <> Bagaimana Orsini cuba membunuh Napoleon? || bom <> Bilakah Victoria meminta Palmerston untuk meneruskan pejabatnya? || Jun 1859 <> Di manakah Victoria melawat yang membawa beliau untuk menegur Derby untuk keadaan Tentera Laut Diraja? || Pelabuhan tentera Perancis Cherbourg <> Di mana bukan Orsini dari? || <> Siapa yang Orsini cuba untuk tidak membunuh? || <> Kedudukan apa yang tidak dipegang oleh Derby? || <> Apa yang berlaku pada bulan Jun 1895? || <> Apa tarikh pembunuhan Napoleon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Orsini from?", "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f0d", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Orsini try to assassinate?", "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f0e", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Derby hold?", "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f0f", "answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in June 1859?", "id": "5722d2050dadf01500fa1f10", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria recalled Palmerston to office", "answer_start": 656}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon?", "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f59", "answers": [{"text": "14 January 1858", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon?", "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5a", "answers": [{"text": "Orsini", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made?", "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5b", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life?", "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5c", "answers": [{"text": "Palmerston", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858?", "id": "5723df250dadf01500fa1f5d", "answers": [{"text": "port of Cherbourg", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858?", "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97ba9", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini's bomb being made in England? ", "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97baa", "answers": [{"text": "Palmerston", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858?", "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97bab", "answers": [{"text": "Cherbourg", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III? ", "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97bac", "answers": [{"text": "the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859? ", "id": "5724e5bd0ba9f01400d97bad", "answers": [{"text": "Palmerston", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon?", "id": "57263383271a42140099d745", "answers": [{"text": "an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon?", "id": "57263383271a42140099d746", "answers": [{"text": "14 January 1858", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon?", "id": "57263383271a42140099d747", "answers": [{"text": "a bomb", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?", "id": "57263383271a42140099d748", "answers": [{"text": "June 1859", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?", "id": "57263383271a42140099d749", "answers": [{"text": "French military port of Cherbourg", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Where wasn't Orsini from?", "id": "5ad1757b645df0001a2d1cc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Who did Orsini try not to assassinate?", "id": "5ad1757b645df0001a2d1cc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prime minister", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What position didn't Derby hold?", "id": "5ad1757b645df0001a2d1cc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Victoria recalled Palmerston to office", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "What happened in June 1895?", "id": "5ad1757b645df0001a2d1cc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14 January 1858", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What was the date of an assasination on Napoleon?", "id": "5ad1757b645df0001a2d1cc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one. Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office."}], ["Pada tahun 1830, Duchess of Kent dan Conroy mengambil Victoria merentasi pusat England untuk melawat Malvern Hills, berhenti di bandar-bandar dan rumah-rumah besar di sepanjang jalan. Perjalanan yang sama ke bahagian lain di England dan Wales diambil pada tahun 1832, 1833, 1834 dan 1835. Untuk kegelisahan Raja, Victoria dengan bersemangat menyambut setiap perhentian. William membandingkan perjalanan ke kemajuan diraja dan prihatin bahawa mereka menggambarkan Victoria sebagai saingannya dan bukannya ahli warisnya. Victoria tidak suka perjalanannya; pusingan berterusan penampilan awam membuat dia letih dan sakit, dan ada sedikit masa untuk dia berehat. Dia membantah atas alasan penolakan Raja, tetapi ibunya menolak aduannya sebagai motivasi oleh cemburu, dan memaksa Victoria untuk meneruskan lawatan. Di Ramsgate pada Oktober 1835, Victoria menghidap demam yang teruk, yang pada awalnya ditolak oleh Conroy sebagai sikap berpura-pura. Walaupun Victoria sakit, Conroy dan Duchess tidak berjaya membakarnya untuk menjadikan Conroy setiausaha persendiriannya. Sebagai seorang remaja, Victoria menentang percubaan yang berterusan oleh ibunya dan Conroy untuk melantiknya untuk kakitangannya. Setelah ratu, dia mengharamkan dia dari kehadirannya, tetapi dia tinggal di rumah ibunya. <> Pada tahun 1830, apa bahagian England yang pergi ke Victoria dengan Belandaess Kent dan Conroy? || pusat England <> Apa bandar Victoria melawat di tengah-tengah England dalam perjalanannya dengan Dutchess kent dan Conroy? || Malvern Hills <> Berapa tahun perjalanan yang sama dengan perjalanan Queen ke Melvern Hills? || 1832, 1833, 1834 dan 1835 <> Siapa yang marah bahawa Victoria disambut pada setiap lawatannya ke England tengah? || William <> Willam prihatin bahawa Victoria akan digambarkan sebagai apa kerana perjalanannya ke tengah England? || saingannya <> Siapa yang mengambil Victoria dalam perjalanan ke Malvern Hills pada tahun 1830? || Duchess of Kent dan Conroy <> Siapa yang marah pada seberapa baik menerima Victoria dalam lawatannya di pedalaman England dan Wales? || William <> Di manakah Victoria menjadi sakit serius semasa salah satu perjalanannya? || Ramsgate <> Siapa yang Victoria sangat tidak suka sehingga dia mengharamkannya dari kehadirannya begitu dia menjadi Ratu? || Conroy <> Kedudukan apa yang Conroy cuba dan gagal mendapatkan Victoria untuk melantiknya semasa sakit dan kemudiannya? || sekretaris swasta <> Siapa yang Victoria yakin untuk membuatnya menjadi rahsia ketika dia sangat sakit? || Conroy <> Bagaimana perasaan Victoria tentang semua perjalanan? || tidak menyukai <> Apa yang mengganggu Raja mengenai cara Victoria diterima ketika dia berhenti? || bersemangat dialu-alukan dalam setiap <> Mengapa Raja tidak suka Victoria mengambil perjalanan? || bimbang bahawa mereka menggambarkan Victoria sebagai saingannya <> Apabila dia dijadikan Ratu, apakah yang dilakukan Victoria mengenai Conroy? || mengharamkannya dari kehadirannya <> Pada tahun 1803, apa bahagian England yang pergi ke Victoria dengan Belandaess Kent dan Conroy? || <> Apa bandar Victoria melawat di tengah-tengah England dalam perjalanannya tanpa Dutchess kent dan Conroy? || <> Berapa tahun perjalanan yang sama dengan perjalanan Raja ke Melvern Hills dibuat? || <> Siapa yang terganggu bahawa Victoria tidak dialu-alukan pada setiap lawatannya ke England tengah? || <> Willam prihatin bahawa Victoria akan digambarkan sebagai apa kerana perjalanannya ke luar England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?", "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f89", "answers": [{"text": "the centre of England", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?", "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8a", "answers": [{"text": "Malvern Hills", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?", "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8b", "answers": [{"text": "1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?", "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8c", "answers": [{"text": "William", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?", "id": "5723e6740dadf01500fa1f8d", "answers": [{"text": "his rival", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?", "id": "5724eddd0a492a190043566e", "answers": [{"text": "the Duchess of Kent and Conroy", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? ", "id": "5724eddd0a492a190043566f", "answers": [{"text": "William", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? ", "id": "5724eddd0a492a1900435670", "answers": [{"text": "Ramsgate", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? ", "id": "5724eddd0a492a1900435671", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy", "answer_start": 1002}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? ", "id": "5724eddd0a492a1900435672", "answers": [{"text": "private secretary", "answer_start": 1013}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?", "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac612", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy", "answer_start": 1103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?", "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac613", "answers": [{"text": "disliked", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?", "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac614", "answers": [{"text": "enthusiastically welcomed in each", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?", "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac615", "answers": [{"text": "concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?", "id": "5726418889a1e219009ac616", "answers": [{"text": "banned him from her presence", "answer_start": 1155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the centre of England", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "In 1803, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?", "id": "5ad16c46645df0001a2d1a9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malvern Hills", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip without the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?", "id": "5ad16c46645df0001a2d1a9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What years were journeys similar to the King trip to Melvern Hills made?", "id": "5ad16c46645df0001a2d1aa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the King", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "Who was annoyed that Victoria wasn't welcomed at each of her visits to central England?", "id": "5ad16c46645df0001a2d1aa1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his rival", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to outer England?", "id": "5ad16c46645df0001a2d1aa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household."}], ["Pada tahun 1887, Empayar British merayakan Jubli Emas Victoria. Victoria menandakan ulang tahun kelima puluh kesertaannya pada 20 Jun dengan jamuan yang mana 50 raja dan putera telah dijemput. Keesokan harinya, beliau mengambil bahagian dalam perarakan dan menghadiri majlis terima kasih di Westminster Abbey. Pada masa ini, Victoria sekali lagi sangat popular. Dua hari kemudian pada 23 Jun, dia terlibat dua orang Muslim India sebagai pelayan, salah seorang daripada mereka adalah Abdul Karim. Beliau kemudian dinaikkan pangkat menjadi \"Munshi\": mengajarnya Hindustani, dan bertindak sebagai kerani. Keluarganya dan penahannya terkejut, dan menuduh Abdul Karim memata-matai untuk Liga Patriotik Islam, dan membiarkan Ratu menentang orang Hindu. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (anak lelaki Sir Henry) mendapati bahawa Munshi telah berbohong tentang keturunannya, dan melaporkan kepada Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, \"Munshi menduduki posisi yang sama dengan John Brown yang biasa dilakukan.\" Victoria menolak aduan mereka sebagai prasangka kaum. Abdul Karim kekal dalam perkhidmatannya sehingga dia kembali ke India dengan pencen atas kematiannya. <> Berapa banyak raja dan putera dijemput untuk Jubli Emas? || 50 <> ulang tahun apa tahun yang dimenangi oleh Jubilee Emas? || ulang tahun kelima puluh <> Yang menuduh Karim mengintip? || Keluarga dan penahannya <> Apa Munshi berbohong? || anak lelakinya <> Tahun apakah Victoria Jubilee diadakan? || 1887 <> Apa nama menunggu yang dinaikkan kepada Munshi? || Abdul Karim <> Whio adalah ayah Equerry Frederick Ponsonby? || Sir Henry <> Siapa tahu bahawa Munshi baru Victoria berbohong tentang keturunannya? || Equerry Frederick Ponsonby <> Siapa yang Ponsonby melaporkan Munshis terletak tentang keturunannya? || Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India <> Bilakah Jubli Emas Queen Victoria? || 1887 <> Apakah Abdul Karim mengajar Ratu Victoria selepas promosinya? || Hindustan <> Siapa yang Karim dituduh mengintip oleh keluarga Victoria? || Liga Patriotik Islam <> Siapa yang mendapati bahawa Karim telah berbohong tentang keturunannya ke Victoria? || Equerry Frederick Ponsonby <> Hari apa Ratu Victoria merayakan Jubli Emasnya pada jamuan makan malam dengan raja dan ratu dari negara lain? || 20 Jun <> Bilakah Jubli Emas Victoria? || 1887 <> Apa gunanya Jubli Emas? || ulang tahun kelima kesertaannya <> Siapa yang dinaikkan pangkat dari pelayan kepada Munshi? || Abdul Karim <> Mengapa keluarga Victoria menolak Abdul Karim? || mengintip untuk Liga Patriotik Islam, dan membiasakan Ratu terhadap Hindu <> Berapa lama Karim dalam pekerjaan Ratu? || sehingga dia kembali ke India dengan pencen pada kematiannya <> Berapa banyak raja dan putera tidak diundang ke Jubilee Emas? || <> Ulang tahun apa tahun yang dimenangi Jubli Perak? || <> Siapa yang menuduh Karim tidak mengintip? || <> Apa yang tidak Munshi berbohong? || <> Tahun apakah Victoria Jubilee diadakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?", "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc66", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?", "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc67", "answers": [{"text": "fiftieth anniversary", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who accused Karim of spying?", "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc68", "answers": [{"text": "Her family and retainers", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Munshi lying about?", "id": "5722d357f6b826140030fc69", "answers": [{"text": "his parentage", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?", "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f6d", "answers": [{"text": "1887", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?", "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f6e", "answers": [{"text": "Abdul Karim", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?", "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f6f", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?", "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f70", "answers": [{"text": "Equerry Frederick Ponsonby", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?", "id": "5723e1e80dadf01500fa1f71", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India", "answer_start": 814}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? ", "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bbd", "answers": [{"text": "1887", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? ", "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bbe", "answers": [{"text": "Hindustani", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? ", "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bbf", "answers": [{"text": "Muslim Patriotic League", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? ", "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bc0", "answers": [{"text": "Equerry Frederick Ponsonby", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? ", "id": "5724e8960ba9f01400d97bc1", "answers": [{"text": "20 June", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?", "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc3f", "answers": [{"text": "1887", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?", "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc40", "answers": [{"text": "the fiftieth anniversary of her accession", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?", "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc41", "answers": [{"text": "Abdul Karim", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?", "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc42", "answers": [{"text": "spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?", "id": "572635ccec44d21400f3dc43", "answers": [{"text": "until he returned to India with a pension on her death", "answer_start": 1013}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "How many kings and princes weren't invited to the Golden Jubilee?", "id": "5ad17cf2645df0001a2d1e12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fiftieth anniversary", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What year anniversary does the Silver Jubilee celebrate?", "id": "5ad17cf2645df0001a2d1e13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Her family and retainers", "answer_start": 542}], "question": "Who accused Karim of not spying?", "id": "5ad17cf2645df0001a2d1e14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his parentage", "answer_start": 783}], "question": "What wasn't Munshi lying about?", "id": "5ad17cf2645df0001a2d1e15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1887", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year was Victoria's Silver Jubilee held?", "id": "5ad17cf2645df0001a2d1e16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to \"Munshi\": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, \"the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.\" Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death."}], ["Ayah Victoria adalah Putera Edward, Duke of Kent dan Strathearn, anak keempat Raja Inggris yang memerintah, George III. Sehingga tahun 1817, keponakan Edward, Princess Charlotte dari Wales, adalah cucu George III yang hanya sah. Kematiannya pada tahun 1817 menimbulkan krisis penggantian yang membawa tekanan kepada Duke Kent dan saudara-saudaranya yang belum berkahwin untuk berkahwin dan mempunyai anak. Pada 1818, beliau berkahwin dengan Puteri Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, seorang puteri Jerman janda dengan dua orang anak-Carl (1804-1856) dan Feodora (1807-1872) -dengan pernikahan pertamanya kepada Putera Leiningen. Saudaranya Leopold adalah duda Puteri Charlotte. Anak tunggal Duke dan Duchess of Kent, Victoria, dilahirkan pada jam 4.15 pagi pada 24 Mei 1819 di Kensington Palace di London. <> Siapa Raja Inggeris yang memerintah sehingga 1817? || George III <> Siapa satu-satunya cucu George iii hingga 1817? || Puteri Charlotte Wales <> Tahun berapa puteri Charlotte Wales mati? || 1817 <> Siapa yang Duke of kent berkahwin pada tahun 1818? || Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld <> Siapa Queen Victorias bapa? || Prince Edward, Duke of Kent dan Strathearn <> Siapakah cucu George III yang hanya sah? || Puteri Charlotte of Wales <> Siapa yang telah berkahwin dengan Pangeran Edward pada 1818 dengan harapan dapat menghasilkan seorang anak? || Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld <> Siapa yang Princess Victoria janda? || Putera Leiningen <> Berapa kali Ratu Victoria dilahirkan pada 24 Mei 1819? || 4.15 a.m <> Siapa Puteri Charlotte berkahwin hingga kematiannya? || Leopold <> Siapa ibu dan bapa Queen Victoria? || The Duke and Duchess of Kent <> Kapan Ratu Victoria lahir? || 4.15 a.m. pada 24 Mei 1819 <> Apakah tajuk rasmi ayah Queen Victoria? || Prince Edward, Duke of Kent dan Strathearn, anak keempat Raja United Kingdom yang memerintah, George III <> Apakah gelaran rasmi ibu Queen Victoria? || Puteri Victoria dari Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld <> Siapa anak-anak Puteri Victoria dari perkawinan sebelumnya? || Carl (1804-1856) dan Feodora (1807-1872) <> Siapa yang bukan bapa Queen Victorias? || <> Siapa Raja Kerajaan Inggeris yang memerintah sehingga 1871? || <> Siapa satu-satunya cucu George iii hingga 1871? || <> Tahun apakah Putri Charlotte Wales sakit? || <> Siapa yang Duke of kent berkahwin pada tahun 1881? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?", "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b06", "answers": [{"text": "George III", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?", "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b07", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Charlotte of Wales", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?", "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b08", "answers": [{"text": "1817", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?", "id": "5723fd980ba9f01400d97b09", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victorias father?", "id": "5723fd9a0a492a19004355ce", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?", "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c71", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Charlotte of Wales", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?", "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c72", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?", "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c73", "answers": [{"text": "Prince of Leiningen", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?", "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c74", "answers": [{"text": "4.15 a.m", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death? ", "id": "572521040ba9f01400d97c75", "answers": [{"text": "Leopold", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?", "id": "57266c49708984140094c581", "answers": [{"text": "The Duke and Duchess of Kent", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria born?", "id": "57266c49708984140094c582", "answers": [{"text": "4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?", "id": "57266c49708984140094c583", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?", "id": "57266c49708984140094c584", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?", "id": "57266c49708984140094c585", "answers": [{"text": "Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Who wasn't Queen Victorias father?", "id": "5ad16a59645df0001a2d1a62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George III", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1871?", "id": "5ad16a59645df0001a2d1a63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Princess Charlotte of Wales", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1871?", "id": "5ad16a59645df0001a2d1a64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1817", "answer_start": 257}], "question": "What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales get sick?", "id": "5ad16a59645df0001a2d1a65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1881?", "id": "5ad16a59645df0001a2d1a66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children\u2014Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)\u2014by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London."}], ["Victoria adalah anak perempuan Prince Edward, Duke of Kent dan Strathearn, anak keempat Raja George III. Kedua-dua Duke of Kent dan King George III meninggal pada tahun 1820, dan Victoria dibesarkan di bawah pengawasan ketat oleh ibu kelahirannya Jerman, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Dia mewarisi takhta yang berumur 18 tahun, selepas tiga adik lelaki ayahnya telah meninggal dunia, tanpa meninggalkan anak-anak yang sah. United Kingdom telah menjadi monarki perlembagaan yang mantap, di mana kedaulatan memegang kekuasaan politik yang agak sedikit. Secara peribadi, Victoria cuba untuk mempengaruhi dasar kerajaan dan perlantikan menteri; secara terbuka, dia menjadi ikon kebangsaan yang dikenal pasti dengan piawaian ketat akhlak peribadi. <> Tahun berapakah Bapa Victorias mati? || 1820 <> Tahun apakah Raja George III mati? || 1820 <> Kebangsaan apakah ibu Queen Victorias? || Jerman <> Berapa lama Victoria ketika dia mewarisi tahta? || 18 <> Apa nama ayah Victoria? || Putera Edward, Duke of Kent dan Strathearn <> Bilakah Duke of Kent mati? || 1820 <> Apa nama ibu Victoria? || Puteri Victoria dari Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld <> Pada zaman apa Victoria mewarisi takhta, apabila kematian tiga adik lelaki sulungnya? || 18 <> Siapa bapa Victoria? || Prince Edward, Duke of Kent dan Strathearn, anak keempat Raja George III <> Siapa yang mengangkat Victoria? || ibu Victoria Victoria dari Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld <> Bilakah Victoria mewarisi takhta England? || berumur 18 <> Mengapa Victoria mewarisi takhta? || tiga adik lelaki ayahnya telah meninggal dunia, tidak meninggalkan kanak-kanak yang sah yang masih hidup <> Apakah jenis pemerintahan England yang pernah ada pada masa itu? || monarki perlembagaan <> Tahun berapa tidak Bapa Victorias mati? || <> Apa kebangsaan bukan ibu Queen Victorias? || <> Berapa lama Victoria ketika dia menolak takhta? || <> Apa nama ibu Victoria itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Victorias Father die?", "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fba", "answers": [{"text": "1820", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did King George III die?", "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fbb", "answers": [{"text": "1820", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?", "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fbc", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?", "id": "5723f4900dadf01500fa1fbd", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's father? ", "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bed", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Duke of Kent die? ", "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bee", "answers": [{"text": "1820", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Victoria's mother's name?", "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bef", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?", "id": "5724f76c0ba9f01400d97bf0", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's father?", "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d1", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who raised Victoria?", "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d2", "answers": [{"text": "mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?", "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d3", "answers": [{"text": "aged 18", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Victoria inherit the throne?", "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d4", "answers": [{"text": "her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of government did England have at the time?", "id": "57265f505951b619008f70d5", "answers": [{"text": "constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1820", "answer_start": 158}], "question": "What year didn't Victorias Father die?", "id": "5ad168dc645df0001a2d1a1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What nationality wasn't Queen Victorias mother?", "id": "5ad168dc645df0001a2d1a1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "How old was Victoria when she rejected the throne?", "id": "5ad168dc645df0001a2d1a1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What wasn't Victoria's mother's name?", "id": "5ad168dc645df0001a2d1a1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality."}], ["Walaupun ratu, sebagai seorang wanita muda yang belum berkahwin Victoria dikehendaki oleh konvensyen sosial untuk hidup dengan ibunya, walaupun perbezaan mereka terhadap Sistem Kensington dan pergantungan ibunya pada Conroy. Ibunya dihantar ke sebuah pangsapuri terpencil di Istana Buckingham, dan Victoria sering enggan berjumpa dengannya. Apabila Victoria mengadu ke Melbourne bahawa kedekatan ibunya menjanjikan \"siksaan selama bertahun-tahun\", Melbourne bersimpati tetapi berkata ia dapat dielakkan oleh perkawinan, yang disebut Victoria sebagai \"alternatif schocking [sic]\". Dia menunjukkan minat dalam pendidikan Albert untuk peranan masa depan yang dia harus bermain sebagai suaminya, tetapi dia menentang percubaan untuk tergesa-gesa ke perkahwinannya. <> Apakah status perkahwinan Victoria ketika dia menjadi ratu? || belum berkahwin <> Whi apakah Victoria terpaksa tinggal bersama kerana dia belum berkahwin? || ibunya <> Victoria dan ibunya mempunyai perbezaan mengenai sistem apa? || Sistem Kensington <> Victoria dan ibunya mempunyai perbezaan di antara ibu-ibu ibunya tentang siapa? || Conroy <> Di manakah ibu Victorias ditugaskan untuk hidup? || sebuah apartmen terpencil di Buckingham Palace <> Apa yang Victoria dan ibunya tidak bersetuju? || Sistem Kensington <> Siapa ibu Victoria terus bergantung, walaupun tidak suka Victoria? || Conroy <> Kepada siapakah Ratu Victoria merungut bahawa perkahwinan itu merupakan alternatif yang mengejutkan untuk presiden ibunya? || Melbourne <> Di mana kedua Queen Victoria dan ibunya tinggal selepas dia menjadi Ratu? || Istana Buckingham <> Di manakah Victoria hidup pada awal pemerintahannya? || dengan ibunya <> Mengapa Victoria hidup dengan ibunya pada permulaan pemerintahannya? || dikehendaki oleh konvensyen sosial <> Apa yang boleh membenarkan kebebasan Victoria daripada hidup dengan ibunya? || Perkahwinan <> Bagaimana Victoria merasa perlu berkahwin untuk melarikan diri hidup dengan ibunya? || \"alternatif\" \"Bagaimana perasaan Victoria tentang prospek untuk hidup dengan ibunya, tidak kira berapa jauh di istana mereka meletakkannya? || dekat dengan janji \"siksaan selama bertahun-tahun\" <> Apakah status perkahwinan Victoria ketika dia menjadi puteri? || <> Whi apakah Victoria terpaksa hidup dengan kerana dia telah berkahwin? || <> Victoria dan ayahnya mempunyai perbezaan mengenai sistem apa? || <> Victoria dan ibunya mempunyai perbezaan di antara bapanya dengan siapa? || <> Di manakah Ibu Victorias ditugaskan mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?", "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fcd", "answers": [{"text": "unmarried", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?", "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fce", "answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?", "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fcf", "answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?", "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fd0", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?", "id": "5723f8090dadf01500fa1fd1", "answers": [{"text": "a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria and her mother disagree on? ", "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a4", "answers": [{"text": "the Kensington System", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure? ", "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a5", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence? ", "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a6", "answers": [{"text": "Melbourne", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen? ", "id": "5724fc250a492a19004356a7", "answers": [{"text": "Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?", "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a1", "answers": [{"text": "with her mother", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?", "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a2", "answers": [{"text": "was required by social convention", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?", "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a3", "answers": [{"text": "marriage", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?", "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a4", "answers": [{"text": "a \"schocking  [sic] alternative\"", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?", "id": "572664dd708984140094c4a5", "answers": [{"text": "close proximity promised \"torment for many years\"", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unmarried", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the princess?", "id": "5ad17097645df0001a2d1b8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "her mother", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was married?", "id": "5ad17097645df0001a2d1b8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kensington System", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Victoria and her father had differences over what system?", "id": "5ad17097645df0001a2d1b90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Conroy", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over her fathers reliances on who?", "id": "5ad17097645df0001a2d1b91", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "Where was Victorias mother assigned to die?", "id": "5ad17097645df0001a2d1b92", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised \"torment for many years\", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a \"schocking  [sic] alternative\". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock."}], ["Victoria bertukar menjadi 18 pada 24 Mei 1837, dan sebuah kabupaten dielakkan. Pada 20 Jun 1837, William IV meninggal dunia pada usia 71 tahun, dan Victoria menjadi Ratu United Kingdom. Di dalam buku hariannya, dia menulis, \"Saya bangun pukul 6.00 oleh Mamma, yang memberitahu saya Ketua Biskop Canterbury dan Lord Conyngham berada di sini dan ingin melihat saya. Saya keluar dari katil dan pergi ke bilik duduk saya (hanya dalam gaun berpakaian saya) dan bersendirian, dan melihatnya. Lord Conyngham kemudian mengenali saya bahawa Paman saya, Raja, tidak lagi, dan telah tamat pada 12 minit lalu 2 pagi ini, dan akibatnya saya adalah Ratu. \" Dokumen rasmi yang disediakan pada hari pertama pemerintahannya menggambarkannya sebagai Alexandrina Victoria, tetapi nama pertama ditarik balik pada kehendaknya sendiri dan tidak digunakan lagi. <> Pada tarikh apa Victoria bertukar menjadi 18? || 24 Mei 1837 <> Pada tarikh apa William IV mati? || 20 Jun 1837 <> Berapa lama William IV ketika dia meninggal dunia? || 71 <> Apa nama yang diberi kepada Victoria pada dokumen rasmi? || Alexandrina Victoria <> Apa masa yang tepat Victorias Paman, Raja, meninggal? || 12 minit lalu 2 <> Bilakah Victoria bertukar 18? || 24 Mei 1837 <> Bilakah Victoria menjadi Ratu apabila kematian William IV? || 20 Jun 1837 <> Apa nama Victoria disebut sebagai pada hari pertama pemerintahannya? || Alexandrina Victoria <> Berapa lama Paman Victoria, Raja Willaim pada masa kematiannya? || 71 <> Siapa yang memaklumkan Victoria tentang lulus Pamannya dan bahawa dia kini menjadi Ratu England? || Uskup Agung Canterbury dan Lord Conyngham <> Apa yang menyebabkan Victoria menjadi Ratu Kerajaan United? || 20 Jun 1837, William IV meninggal <> Siapa yang datang untuk memberitahu Victoria bahawa dia akan menjadi Ratu Kerajaan United? || Uskup Agung Canterbury dan Lord Conyngham <> Apa nama dokumen rasmi pertama raja monarki Victoria yang disenaraikan sebagai? || Alexandrina Victoria <> Berapa lama William IV ketika dia meninggal dunia? || 71 <> Di mana dia menerima berita bahawa dia menjadi ratu? || duduk-bilik <> Pada apa tarikh Victoria bertukar 81? || <> Pada tarikh apa William V mati? || <> Berapa lama William IV ketika dia selamat? || <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada Victoria pada dokumen tidak rasmi? || <> Apa masa yang tepat Victorias Paman, Putera itu mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did Victoria turn 18?", "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0a", "answers": [{"text": "24 May 1837", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did William IV die?", "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0b", "answers": [{"text": "20 June 1837", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was William IV when he died?", "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0c", "answers": [{"text": "71", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?", "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandrina Victoria", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?", "id": "5723f6f7f6b826140030fd0e", "answers": [{"text": "12 minutes past 2", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria turn 18?", "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97bfd", "answers": [{"text": "24 May 1837", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death? ", "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97bfe", "answers": [{"text": "20 June 1837", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?", "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97bff", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandrina Victoria", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death? ", "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97c00", "answers": [{"text": "71", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England? ", "id": "5724fb430ba9f01400d97c01", "answers": [{"text": "the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?", "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddfc", "answers": [{"text": "20 June 1837, William IV died", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?", "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddfd", "answers": [{"text": "Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?", "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddfe", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandrina Victoria", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was William IV when he died?", "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8ddff", "answers": [{"text": "71", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?", "id": "572663fbf1498d1400e8de00", "answers": [{"text": "sitting-room", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24 May 1837", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "On what date did Victoria turn 81?", "id": "5ad16e7f645df0001a2d1b04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 June 1837", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "On what date did William V die?", "id": "5ad16e7f645df0001a2d1b05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "71", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "How old was William IV when he survived?", "id": "5ad16e7f645df0001a2d1b06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexandrina Victoria", "answer_start": 651}], "question": "What is the name given to Victoria on unofficial documents?", "id": "5ad16e7f645df0001a2d1b07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12 minutes past 2", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the Prince, died?", "id": "5ad16e7f645df0001a2d1b08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, \"I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen.\" Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again."}], ["Pada 29 Mei 1842, Victoria sedang menaiki kereta di sepanjang The Mall, London, ketika John Francis menunjuk pistol ke arahnya tetapi pistol itu tidak menyala; dia melarikan diri. Pada keesokan harinya, Victoria memandu laluan yang sama, dengan lebih cepat dan dengan pengiring yang lebih besar, dalam usaha yang sengaja untuk mencetuskan Francis untuk mengambil tindakan kedua dan menangkapnya dalam perbuatan itu. Seperti yang dijangka, Francis menembaknya, tetapi dia dirampas oleh anggota polis pakaian biasa, dan disabitkan dengan pengkhianatan yang tinggi. Pada 3 Julai, dua hari selepas hukuman mati Francis dipindahkan ke pengangkutan untuk kehidupan, John William Bean juga cuba memanah pistol di Ratu, tetapi ia hanya dimuatkan dengan kertas dan tembakau dan terlalu kecil. Edward Oxford merasakan percubaan itu digalakkan oleh pembebasannya pada 1840. Bean dihukum penjara 18 bulan. Dalam serangan yang sama pada tahun 1849, orang Ireland yang menganggur William Hamilton melancarkan pistol penuh serbuk di kereta Victoria ketika melewati Perlembagaan Hill, London. Pada tahun 1850, Ratu menanggung kecederaan ketika dia diserang oleh pegawai bekas tentera yang mungkin gila, Robert Pate. Ketika Victoria sedang menunggang kereta, Pate memukulnya dengan tongkatnya, menghancurkan bonetnya dan memarinya. Kedua-dua Hamilton dan Pate dihukum untuk tempoh tujuh tahun. <> Apa nama lelaki yang cuba menembak Ratu Victoria? || John Francis <> Pada tarikh apa John Francis cuba menembak Ratu Victoria? || 29 Mei 1842 <> Di manakah Ratu Victoria ketika Francis cuba menembaknya? || menaiki kereta di sepanjang The Mall, London <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Francis selepas percubaannya untuk menembak Victoria? || dia melarikan diri <> Mengapa Francis gagal membunuh Ratu Victoria? || pistol itu tidak menyala <> Siapa yang membuat dua percubaan yang tidak berjaya terhadap kehidupan Queen Victoria pada tahun 1842? || John Francis <> Apakah hukuman akhir John Francis untuk cubaan kehidupan Queens? || pengangkutan untuk kehidupan <> Siapa yang ditembak di Queen Victoria pada 3 Julai, hari selepas hukuman John Francis dipancarkan? || John William Bean <> Siapa yang menembak tembakan di pengangkutan Queen Victoria pada tahun 1849? || William Hamilton <> Siapakah orang yang menerima tujuh tahun hukuman pengangkutan kerana memukul Victoria di kepala dengan rotannya? || Robert Pate <> Siapa yang melepaskan pengawal Victoria setelah cuba menembak dia? || John Francis <> Apa yang berlaku kepada John Francis selepas percubaan kedua untuk menembak Ratu? || hukuman mati dikembalikan kepada pengangkutan untuk kehidupan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh John William Bean di Queen Victoria? || kertas dan tembakau <> Apakah akibat dari percubaan John William Bean untuk membakar Ratu? || 18 bulan di penjara <> Bilakah William Hamilton membakar serbuk di kereta Victoria? || 1849 <> Apa nama lelaki yang cuba menyelamatkan Ratu Victoria? || <> Pada tarikh apa John Francis cuba membantu Queen Victoria? || <> Di mana tidak Queen Victoria ketika Francis cuba menembaknya? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Francis selepas percubaannya untuk tidak menembak Victoria? || <> Mengapa Francis gagal membantu Queen Victoria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the man that tried to shoot Queen Victoria?", "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd14", "answers": [{"text": "John Francis", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did John Francis try to shoot Queen Victoria?", "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd15", "answers": [{"text": "29 May 1842", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Queen Victoria when Francis tried to shoot her?", "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd16", "answers": [{"text": "riding in a carriage along The Mall, London", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Francis after his attempt to shoot Victoria?", "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd17", "answers": [{"text": "he escaped", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Francis fail to kill Queen Victoria?", "id": "5723f90ff6b826140030fd18", "answers": [{"text": "the gun did not fire", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made two unsuccessful attempts on Queen Victoria's life in 1842?", "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1b", "answers": [{"text": "John Francis", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was John Francis's eventual sentence for the attempt on the Queens life? ", "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1c", "answers": [{"text": "transportation for life", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who shot at Queen Victoria on July 3, days after John Francis's sentence was commuted? ", "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1d", "answers": [{"text": "John William Bean", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who fired a shot at Queen Victoria's carriage in 1849?", "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1e", "answers": [{"text": "William Hamilton", "answer_start": 838}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What person recieved a seven year transportation sentence for striking Victoria on the head with his cane? ", "id": "5724fd9a0ba9f01400d97c1f", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Pate", "answer_start": 1052}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who escaped Victoria's guards after attempting to fire a shot at her?", "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83d8", "answers": [{"text": "John Francis", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to John Francis after his second attempt to fire on the Queen?", "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83d9", "answers": [{"text": "death sentence was commuted to transportation for life", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did John William Bean try to fire at Queen Victoria?", "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83da", "answers": [{"text": "paper and tobacco", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the consequences of John William Bean's attempt to fire at the Queen?", "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83db", "answers": [{"text": "18 months in jail", "answer_start": 770}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did William Hamilton fire a powder charge at Victoria's carriage?", "id": "572667c7dd62a815002e83dc", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 812}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Francis", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What was the name of the man that tried to save Queen Victoria?", "id": "5ad1721f645df0001a2d1be2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "29 May 1842", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "On what date did John Francis try to help Queen Victoria?", "id": "5ad1721f645df0001a2d1be3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "riding in a carriage along The Mall, London", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "Where wasn't Queen Victoria when Francis tried to shoot her?", "id": "5ad1721f645df0001a2d1be4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "he escaped", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "What happened to Francis after his attempt not to shoot Victoria?", "id": "5ad1721f645df0001a2d1be5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the gun did not fire", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "Why did Francis fail to help Queen Victoria?", "id": "5ad1721f645df0001a2d1be6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire; he escaped. The following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to provoke Francis to take a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plain-clothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge. Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London. In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation."}], ["Semasa kelahirannya, Victoria adalah kelima dalam barisan penggantian selepas ayahnya dan tiga kakaknya: Prince Regent, Duke of York, dan Duke of Clarence (kemudian William IV). Putera Regent dan Duke of York telah tersisih dari isteri mereka, yang kedua-duanya telah melampaui usia kanak-kanak, sehingga kedua saudara sulung tidak mungkin mempunyai anak lagi. The Dukes of Kent dan Clarence berkahwin pada hari yang sama 12 bulan sebelum kelahiran Victoria, tetapi kedua-dua anak perempuan Clarence (lahir pada 1819 dan 1820 masing-masing) meninggal sebagai bayi. Kakek dan ayah Victoria meninggal pada tahun 1820, dalam seminggu satu sama lain, dan Duke of York meninggal pada tahun 1827. Pada kematian pamannya, George IV pada tahun 1830, Victoria menjadi ahli waris untuk pamannya yang masih hidup, William IV. Akta Kabupaten 1830 membuat peruntukan khas untuk Duchess of Kent untuk bertindak sebagai bupati jika William meninggal sementara Victoria masih kecil. Raja William tidak mempercayai kemampuan Duchess untuk menjadi bupati, dan pada tahun 1836 diisytiharkan di hadapannya bahawa dia ingin hidup sampai hari jadi ke-18 Victoria, sehingga kabupaten dapat dihindari. <> Apakah Victorias tempat berturut-turut kepada takhta ketika dia dilahirkan? || kelima <> Tahun berapakah ayah dan kakek Victoria mati? || 1820 <> Apakah tempoh masa antara kematian bapa dan datuk Victoria? || dalam seminggu satu sama lain <> Tahun apakah Duke of York mati? || 1827 <> Tahun apakah Victorias Uncle George IV mati? || 1830 <> Tempat mana Victoria dalam garis keturunan selepas kelahirannya? || kelima <> Orang-orang daugeter bayi yang kedua meninggal, meninggalkan dia tanpa pewaris takhta England? || Duke of Clarence <> Bilakah George IV mati? || 1830 <> Apakah Akta 1830? || membuat peruntukan khas untuk Duchess of Kent untuk bertindak sebagai bupati jika William meninggal sementara Victoria masih kecil. <> Siapa yang tidak mempercayai kemampuan Duchesses untuk memerintah di tempat Victoria sehingga ia menjadi usianya? || Raja William <> Di manakah Victoria jatuh dalam garis keturunan? || kelima <> Siapa yang datang dalam barisan untuk takhta sebelum Victoria? || ayahnya dan ketiga saudaranya yang lebih tua <> Apa yang terjadi ketika Victoria Uncle George IV meninggal dunia? || menjadi ahli waris menganggap bapa saudaranya yang masih hidup. || William IV <> Siapa yang bertindak sebagai bupati sekiranya George meninggal sedangkan Victoria masih kecil? || Duchess of Kent <> Apa Victorias tempat berturut-turut untuk tahta ketika dia meninggal? || <> Berapa tahunkah bapa dan datuk Victoria bertahan hidup? || <> Berapa lama masa antara kematian bapa dan saudara Victoria? || <> Tahun apakah Duke of York bertahan? || <> Tahun apakah Victorias Uncle George V mati? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she was born?", "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc3", "answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria's father and grandfather die?", "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc4", "answers": [{"text": "1820", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather?", "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc5", "answers": [{"text": "within a week of each other", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Duke of York die?", "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc6", "answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victorias Uncle George IV die?", "id": "5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc7", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What place was Victoria in the line of succession after her birth? ", "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435690", "answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose infant daugheters both died, leaving him without an heir to the throne of England? ", "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435691", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Clarence", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did George IV die? ", "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435692", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Regency Act of 1830?", "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435693", "answers": [{"text": "made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who distrusted the Duchesses capability to reign in Victoria's place until she became of age? ", "id": "5724f8890a492a1900435694", "answers": [{"text": "King William", "answer_start": 916}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria fall in the line of succession?", "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a6", "answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who came in line for the throne before Victoria?", "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a7", "answers": [{"text": "her father and his three older brothers", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened when Victoria's Uncle George IV died?", "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a8", "answers": [{"text": "became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's last surviving uncle?", "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1a9", "answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor?", "id": "57267e59f1498d1400e8e1aa", "answers": [{"text": "Duchess of Kent", "answer_start": 828}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she died?", "id": "5ad16aef645df0001a2d1a7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1820", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "What year did Victoria's father and grandfather survive?", "id": "5ad16aef645df0001a2d1a7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within a week of each other", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "What was the length of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and brother?", "id": "5ad16aef645df0001a2d1a7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1827", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "What year did the Duke of York survive?", "id": "5ad16aef645df0001a2d1a7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "What year did Victorias Uncle George V die?", "id": "5ad16aef645df0001a2d1a80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children. The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants. Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827. On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor. King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided."}], ["Anak lelaki bongsu Victoria, Leopold, dipengaruhi oleh penyakit darah hemofilia B dan dua daripada lima anaknya, Alice dan Beatrice, adalah pembawa. Hemophiliacs diraja yang berasal dari Victoria termasuk cucunya, Tsarevich Alexei dari Rusia, Alfonso, Putera Asturias, dan Infante Gonzalo dari Sepanyol. Kehadiran penyakit di keturunan Victoria, tetapi tidak di dalam nenek moyangnya, membawa kepada spekulasi moden bahawa ayahnya yang sebenarnya bukanlah Duke of Kent tetapi haemophiliac. Tidak ada bukti dokumentari tentang haemophiliac berkaitan dengan ibu Victoria, dan sebagai pembawa lelaki selalu mengalami penyakit itu, walaupun seorang lelaki itu sudah ada, dia akan sakit parah. Adalah lebih berkemungkinan mutasi timbul secara spontan kerana ayah Victoria berusia lebih dari 50 pada masa kelahirannya dan haemophilia muncul lebih kerap pada anak-anak ayah yang lebih tua. Mutasi spontan menyumbang kira-kira satu pertiga daripada kes. <> Apa penyakit pembekuan darah yang dilakukan oleh anak bongsu Victorias? || haemophilia B <> Berapa banyak anak perempuan Victorias yang membawa penyakit pembekuan darah yang Leopold mempunyai? || Dua <> dipercayai bahawa Victorias ayah sejati adalah hemophiliac dan bukan siapa? || Duke of Kent <> Apakah jenis kelamin pembawa yang selalu menderita penyakit pembekuan darah haemophi; ia B? || lelaki <> Berapa lama bapa Victorias pada masa konsepnya? || Lebih dari 50 <> Apakah penyakit yang ada pada anak bongsu Victoria? || penyakit hemofilia darah-pembekuan B <> Yang mana dua anak perempuan Victoria juga merupakan pembawa untuk gangguan pembekuan darah? || Alice and Beatrice <> Siapa bapa Queen Victoria yang dikabarkan bukannya Duke of Kent? || haemophiliac <> Apa penyakit yang merosakkan Leopold dan dibawa oleh dua anak perempuan Victoria? || haemophilia B <> Yang hemophiliacs diraja dikatakan berasal dari Victoria? || Tsarevich Alexei dari Rusia, Alfonso, Putera Asturias, dan Infante Gonzalo dari Sepanyol <> Yang mana dari putri Victoria yang menjadi pembawa haemophilia? || Alice and Beatrice <> Apa faktor besar mengenai sama ada atau tidak anak akan secara spontan mengembangkan haemophilia? || bapa tua <> Berapa banyak kelahiran timbul kes-kes hemofilia yang spontan? || kira-kira satu pertiga daripada kes-kes <> Apa penyakit pembekuan darah yang dilakukan oleh anak lelaki Victorias? || <> Berapa banyak anak Victorias yang membawa penyakit pembekuan darah yang Leopold mempunyai? || <> Dipercayai bahawa Victorias benar ibu adalah hemophiliac dan bukan siapa? || <> Berapa umur pembawa yang selalu menderita penyakit pembekuan darah haemophi; ia B? || <> Berapa lama bapa Victorias pada masa kematiannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?", "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1faf", "answers": [{"text": "haemophilia B", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?", "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb0", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?", "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb1", "answers": [{"text": "the Duke of Kent", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?", "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb2", "answers": [{"text": "male", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?", "id": "5723f31e0dadf01500fa1fb3", "answers": [{"text": "over 50", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease did Victoria's youngest son have? ", "id": "5724f6be0a492a190043568a", "answers": [{"text": "the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder? ", "id": "5724f6be0a492a190043568b", "answers": [{"text": "Alice and Beatrice", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?", "id": "5724f6be0a492a190043568c", "answers": [{"text": "a haemophiliac", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?", "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82a8", "answers": [{"text": "haemophilia B", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?", "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82a9", "answers": [{"text": "Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?", "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82aa", "answers": [{"text": "Alice and Beatrice", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?", "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82ab", "answers": [{"text": "older fathers", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?", "id": "57265c18dd62a815002e82ac", "answers": [{"text": "about a third of cases", "answer_start": 924}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "haemophilia B", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What blood clotting disease did Victorias oldest son have?", "id": "5ad18069645df0001a2d1e68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "How many of Victorias sons were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?", "id": "5ad18069645df0001a2d1e69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Duke of Kent", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "It was believed that Victorias true mother was a hemophiliac and not who?", "id": "5ad18069645df0001a2d1e6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "male", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "What is the age of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?", "id": "5ad18069645df0001a2d1e6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 50", "answer_start": 779}], "question": "How old was Victorias father at the time of her death?", "id": "5ad18069645df0001a2d1e6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases."}], ["Sebelas hari selepas percubaan pembunuhan Orsini di Perancis, anak sulung Victoria berkahwin dengan Prince Frederick William of Prussia di London. Mereka telah bertunang sejak September 1855, ketika Puteri Victoria berusia 14 tahun; perkahwinan itu ditangguhkan oleh Ratu dan Putera Albert sehingga pengantin perempuan itu berumur 17 tahun. Ratu dan Albert berharap anak perempuan mereka dan menantunya akan menjadi pengaruh liberalisasi dalam pembesaran negeri Prusia. Victoria merasakan \"sakit hati\" untuk melihat putrinya meninggalkan England untuk Jerman; \"Ia benar-benar membuatkan saya gemetar\", dia menulis kepada Princess Victoria dalam salah satu surat yang kerap dia berkata, \"apabila saya melihat sekeliling kepada semua saudara perempuan yang manis, bahagia, tidak sedarkan diri, dan berfikir saya harus memberi mereka juga satu demi satu.\" Hampir satu tahun kemudian, Princess Victoria melahirkan cucu pertama Queen, Wilhelm, yang akan menjadi Kaiser Jerman yang terakhir. <> Siapa anak sulung Victorias berkahwin? || Prince Frederick William of Prussia <> Di manakah anak sulung Victoria tertidur? || London <> Berapa lama adalah Princess Victoria ketika dia bersetuju untuk berkahwin dengan Pangeran? || 14 <> Berapa lama adalah Putri Victoria ketika dia telah menikah? || 17 <> Di manakah puteri Victoria berpindah selepas dia telah berkahwin? || Jerman <> Siapa yang Princess Victoria berkahwin pada usia 17? || Putera Frederick William of Prussia <> Berapa lama adalah Putri Victoria ketika dia bertunangan dengan Prince Frederick? || 14 <> Di manakah Putri Victoria dan suaminya pergi selepas perkahwinan mereka? || Jerman <> Apa nama cucu pertama Queen Victoria? || Wilhelm <> Kedudukan apa yang kemudian dimiliki Wilhelm di Jerman? || Jerman Kaiser terakhir <> Bilakah anak sulung Victoria berkahwin? || Sebelas hari selepas percubaan pembunuhan Orsini <> Berapa lama anak perempuan tertua Victoria ketika dia ditipu? || 17 <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh Ratu Victoria untuk perkahwinan antara anak perempuannya dan Putera Frederick William? || meliberalisasikan pengaruh dalam pembesaran negara Prusia <> Siapa cucu pertama Queen itu? || Wilhelm <> Apa masa depan menanti cucu pertama Queen Victoria? || Kaiser Jerman yang terakhir <> Siapa anak perempuan yang paling muda Victorias berkahwin? || <> Di mana anak perempuan bongsu Victoria berkahwin? || <> Berapa lama adalah Putri Victoria ketika dia bersetuju untuk menceraikan Putera? || <> Berapa lama adalah Putri Victoria ketika dia tidak menikah? || <> Siapa yang tidak Princess Victoria berkahwin pada usia 17? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?", "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe1", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria's oldest daughter get married?", "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe2", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince?", "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe3", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she was married?", "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe4", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married?", "id": "5723fc250dadf01500fa1fe5", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17? ", "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c25", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick? ", "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c26", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage? ", "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c27", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen Victoria's first grandchild? ", "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c28", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm", "answer_start": 814}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany? ", "id": "572501720ba9f01400d97c29", "answers": [{"text": "last German Kaiser", "answer_start": 844}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Victoria's oldest daughter married?", "id": "57266b70708984140094c567", "answers": [{"text": "Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victoria's oldest daughter when she was amrried?", "id": "57266b70708984140094c568", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William?", "id": "57266b70708984140094c569", "answers": [{"text": "liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Queen's first grandchild?", "id": "57266b70708984140094c56a", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm", "answer_start": 814}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria?", "id": "57266b70708984140094c56b", "answers": [{"text": "the last German Kaiser", "answer_start": 840}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Who did Victorias youngest daughter marry?", "id": "5ad17607645df0001a2d1cee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Where did Victoria's youngest daughter get married?", "id": "5ad17607645df0001a2d1cef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to divorce the Prince?", "id": "5ad17607645df0001a2d1cf0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she wasn't married?", "id": "5ad17607645df0001a2d1cf1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany;", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "Who didn't Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17? ", "id": "5ad17607645df0001a2d1cf2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17. The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. Victoria felt \"sick at heart\" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; \"It really makes me shudder\", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, \"when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too \u2013 one by one.\" Almost exactly a year later, Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Kaiser."}], ["Kementerian Russell, walaupun Whig, tidak disukai oleh Ratu. Beliau mendapati sangat menyakitkan Setiausaha Luar, Lord Palmerston, yang sering bertindak tanpa berunding dengan Kabinet, Perdana Menteri, atau Ratu. Victoria mengadu kepada Russell bahawa Palmerston menghantar pesanan rasmi kepada pemimpin asing tanpa pengetahuannya, tetapi Palmerston dikekalkan di pejabat dan terus bertindak atas inisiatifnya sendiri, walaupun dia mengulangi pengulangannya. Ia hanya pada tahun 1851 bahawa Palmerston dikeluarkan selepas dia mengumumkan kelulusan kerajaan British terhadap rampasan Presiden Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte di Perancis tanpa berunding dengan Perdana Menteri. Pada tahun berikutnya, Presiden Bonaparte diisytiharkan Maharaja Napoleon III, yang mana pentadbiran Russell telah digantikan oleh kerajaan minoriti yang diketuai oleh Lord Derby. <> Apa parti politik Russells kementerian? || Whig <> Apa nama setiausaha asing yang Victoria mendapati ofensif? || Lord Palmerston <> Kepada siapakah yang mengadu tentang Palmerston? || Russell <> Berapa tahun Palmerston dikeluarkan dari pejabat? || 1851 <> Apakah nama Bonapartes Presiden berubah? || Maharaja Napoleon III <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang Lord Palmerston? || Setiausaha Luar <> Skandal apa yang mendorong penghapusan Palmerstons pada tahun 1851? || dia mengumumkan kelulusan pemerintah British terhadap rampasan Presiden Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte di Perancis tanpa berunding dengan Perdana Menteri <> Presiden Bonaparte diumumkan apa di Perancis? || Maharaja Napoleon III <> Yang secara ringkas menggantikan Russell sebagai Perdana Menteri? || Lord Derby <> Apa yang Victoria meluahkan rasa tidak senangnya kepada Russell tentang Palmerton? || Palmerston menghantar pesanan rasmi kepada pemimpin asing tanpa pengetahuannya <> Siapa Menteri Luar Negeri Kementerian Russell? || Lord Palmerston <> Kepada pesta apa yang dimiliki Russell dan Palmerston? || Whig <> Apa yang menggantikan pentadbiran Russell? || kerajaan minoriti yang diketuai oleh Lord Derby <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Presiden Bonaparte pada tahun 1852? || mengisytiharkan Maharaja Napoleon III <> Siapa yang Palmerston gagal mendapatkan kelulusan daripada mengumumkan sokongan kerajaan rampasan kuasa Napoleon? || Perdana Menteri <> Apa parti politik bukan kementerian Russells? || <> Apa nama setiausaha asing yang Victoria didapati ok? || <> Kepada siapa yang tidak mengadu tentang Victoria mengenai Palmerston? || <> Tahun apakah Palmerston ditegakkan? || <> Kedudukan apa yang tidak dipegang Lord Palmerston? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What political party was Russells ministry?", "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd1e", "answers": [{"text": "Whig", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?", "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd1f", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Palmerston", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?", "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd20", "answers": [{"text": "Russell", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Palmerston removed from office?", "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd21", "answers": [{"text": "1851", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was president Bonapartes name changed to?", "id": "5723fa94f6b826140030fd22", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Napoleon III", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Lord Palmerston hold?", "id": "572500580a492a19004356ac", "answers": [{"text": "Foreign Secretary", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?", "id": "572500580a492a19004356ad", "answers": [{"text": "he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "President Bonaparte was declared what in France? ", "id": "572500580a492a19004356ae", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Napoleon III", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister? ", "id": "572500580a492a19004356af", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Derby", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton? ", "id": "572500580a492a19004356b0", "answers": [{"text": "Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?", "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df00", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Palmerston", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?", "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df01", "answers": [{"text": "Whig", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced Russell's administration?", "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df02", "answers": [{"text": "a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby", "answer_start": 781}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?", "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df03", "answers": [{"text": "declared Emperor Napoleon III", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup? ", "id": "57266a1ef1498d1400e8df04", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Whig", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What political party wasn't Russells ministry?", "id": "5ad173d5645df0001a2d1c56", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Palmerston", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found ok?", "id": "5ad173d5645df0001a2d1c57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russell", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "To whom didn't Victoria complain about Palmerston?", "id": "5ad173d5645df0001a2d1c58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1851", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "What year was Palmerston upheld in office?", "id": "5ad173d5645df0001a2d1c59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Foreign Secretary", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What position didn't Lord Palmerston hold?", "id": "5ad173d5645df0001a2d1c5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby."}], ["Pada 17 Mac 1883, dia jatuh beberapa tangga di Windsor, yang meninggalkan dia lumpuh sehingga Julai; dia tidak pernah pulih sepenuhnya dan dilanda reumatik selepas itu. Brown meninggal dunia 10 hari selepas kemalangannya, dan kekecewaan setiausaha persendiriannya, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria mula bekerja pada biografi eulogistik Brown. Ponsonby dan Randall Davidson, Dekan Windsor, yang kedua-duanya melihat draf awal, menasihatkan Victoria menentang penerbitan, dengan alasan bahawa ia akan mencetuskan khabar angin hubungan cinta. Manuskrip itu musnah. Pada awal tahun 1884, Victoria menerbitkan Lebih Lanjut Daun dari Journal of a Life di Highlands, sekuel ke buku terdahulu, yang dia dedikasikan kepada \"petani peribadi yang setia dan kawan setia John Brown\". Pada hari selepas ulang tahun pertama kematian Brown, Victoria dimaklumkan oleh telegram bahawa anak bungsunya, Leopold, telah meninggal dunia di Cannes. Dia adalah \"yang paling disayangi anak-anak lelaki saya\", dia mengeluh. Bulan berikutnya, anak bongsu Victoria, Beatrice, bertemu dan jatuh cinta dengan Putera Henry Battenberg pada perkahwinan cucu Victoria Victoria Princess of Hesse dan oleh Rhine kepada saudara Henry, Prince Louis Battenberg. Beatrice dan Henry merancang untuk berkahwin, tetapi Victoria menentang perlawanan pada mulanya, yang ingin menjaga Beatrice di rumah untuk bertindak sebagai temannya. Selepas setahun, dia dimenangi oleh perkahwinan oleh janji Henry dan Beatrice untuk terus hidup dan menghadiri. <> Tahun apa Victoria jatuh ke tangga di Windsor? || 1883 <Selepas dia menundukkan tangga, apakah isu kesihatan Victoria yang dimajukan selepas itu? || reumatik kemudian <> Siapa yang meninggal 10 hari selepas Victorias jatuh ke bawah tangga? || Brown <> Siapa rahsia swasta Victorias pada tahun-tahun selepas kemalangan di Windsor? || Sir Henry Ponsonby <> Bagaimana Victoria diberitahu tentang anak bongsunya yang mati leopolds? || oleh telegram <> Bilakah Queen Victoria cedera selepas jatuh beberapa tangga? || 17 Mac 1883 <> Siapa yang Queen Victoria menulis biografi tentang yang tidak pernah diterbitkan? || John Brown <> Di manakah anak bungsu Victoria, Leopold mati? || Cannes <> Victoria pada mulanya menentang perkahwinan Beatrice dengan lelaki apa? || Putera Henry dari Battenberg <> Dimana Beatrice bertemu dan jatuh cinta dengan Putera Henry? || pada majlis perkahwinan cucu Victoria Victoria Princess of Hesse <> Apa yang menyebabkan penyakit rematik Victoria? || dia jatuh beberapa tangga di Windsor <> Siapa yang meninggal 10 hari selepas kemalangan Victoria? || Brown <> Apa yang Victoria mula bekerja selepas kematian Brown? || biografi eulogistik <> Siapa yang menentang Victoria menulis biografi Brown? || Sir Henry Ponsonby <> Apa yang berlaku dalam kehidupan Victoria pada hari selepas ulang tahun satu tahun kematian Brown? || anak bongsu beliau, Leopold, telah meninggal dunia di Cannes <> Tahun apa tidak Victoria jatuh tangga di Windsor? || <> Selepas dia jatuh tangga, apa masalah kesihatan Victoria yang dibina dengannya selepas itu? || <> Siapa yang tinggal 10 hari selepas Victorias jatuh ke tangga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Victoria fall down the stairs at Windsor?", "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcec", "answers": [{"text": "1883", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After her fall down the stairs, what health issue was Victoria plaged with thereafter?", "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fced", "answers": [{"text": "rheumatism thereafter", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who died 10 days after Victorias fall down the stairs?", "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcee", "answers": [{"text": "Brown", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victorias private secretary during the years following her accident at Windsor?", "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcef", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry Ponsonby", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Victoria notified of her youngest son leopolds death?", "id": "5723ee85f6b826140030fcf0", "answers": [{"text": "by telegram", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria get injured after taking a fall down some stairs? ", "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be3", "answers": [{"text": "17 March 1883", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Queen Victoria write a biography about that was never published? ", "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be4", "answers": [{"text": "John Brown", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria's youngest son, Leopold die? ", "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be5", "answers": [{"text": "Cannes", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Victoria initially opposed Beatrice's marriage to what man? ", "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be6", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Henry of Battenberg", "answer_start": 1025}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Beatrice meet and fall in love with Prince Henry? ", "id": "5724f58b0ba9f01400d97be7", "answers": [{"text": "at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse", "answer_start": 1052}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Victoria's rheumatism?", "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ff9", "answers": [{"text": "she fell down some stairs at Windsor", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who died 10 days after Victoria's accident?", "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffa", "answers": [{"text": "Brown", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria begin working on after Brown's death?", "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffb", "answers": [{"text": "a eulogistic biography", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was opposed to Victoria writing a biography of Brown?", "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffc", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry Ponsonby", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in Victoria's life on the day after the one year anniversary of Brown's death?", "id": "5726559d5951b619008f6ffd", "answers": [{"text": "her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes", "answer_start": 842}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1883", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What year didn't Victoria fall down the stairs at Windsor?", "id": "5ad17be2645df0001a2d1df8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rheumatism thereafter", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "After her fall up the stairs, what health issue was Victoria plaged with thereafter?", "id": "5ad17be2645df0001a2d1df9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brown", "answer_start": 738}], "question": "Who lived 10 days after Victorias fall down the stairs?", "id": "5ad17be2645df0001a2d1dfa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter. Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. The manuscript was destroyed. In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her \"devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown\". On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was \"the dearest of my dear sons\", she lamented. The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by Henry and Beatrice's promise to remain living with and attending her."}], ["Mengikut adat yang dikekalkan sepanjang janda, Victoria menghabiskan Krismas pada tahun 1900 di Osborne House di Isle of Wight. Rheumatism di kakinya telah menyebabkan lumpuhnya, dan penglihatannya tersasar oleh katarak. Melalui awal Januari, dia berasa \"lemah dan tidak sihat\", dan pada pertengahan Januari dia \"mengantuk ... terkejut, [dan] keliru\". Dia meninggal dunia pada hari Selasa, 22 Januari 1901, pada separuh masa lalu enam malam, pada usia 81 tahun. Anaknya dan pengganti Raja Edward VII, dan cucunya tertua, Kaisar Wilhelm II dari Jerman, berada di tempat tidurnya. Pomeranian haiwan kegemarannya, Turri, diletakkan di atas tempat tidurnya sebagai permintaan terakhir. <> Di mana Victoria menghabiskan Krismas tahun 1900? || Osborne House <> Di mana rumah Osborne yang Victoria menghabiskan natal di tempat? || di Isle of Wight <> Apa yang menyebabkan Victoria menjadi lemah? || Rheumatism di kakinya <> Mengapa penglihatan Victorias mendung? || katarak <> Apakah tarikh kematian Queen Victorias? || 22 Januari 1901 <> Di mana Osborne House terletak? || Isle of Wight <> Bilakah Queen Victoria mati? || Selasa, 22 Januari 1901 <> Berapa lama adalah Ratu Victoria selepas kematiannya? || 81 <> Siapa pengganti Queen Victoria selepas kematiannya? || Raja Edward VII <> Siapa yang dia mahu melihat pada kematiannya, menjadikannya permintaan terakhirnya? || haiwan kesayangan Pomeranian, Turri <> Di mana Victoria biasanya menghabiskan Christmases? || Osborne House on Isle of Wight <> Apa yang menyebabkan Victoria terhad pergerakan kemudian dalam hidup? || Rheumatism <> Whaen Ratu Victoria mati? || Selasa, 22 Januari 1901 <> Berapa lama Victoria ketika dia meninggal dunia? || 81 <> Siapa pengganti Queen Victoria? || Raja Edward VII <> Dimana Victoria menghabiskan Krismas tahun 1901? || <> Di mana rumah Osborne yang Victoria menghabiskan natal di tempat tidak? || <> Apa yang tidak menyebabkan Victoria menjadi lemah? || <> Mengapa penglihatan Victorias tidak terbayang? || <> Apakah tarikh kelahiran Queen Victorias? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?", "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b41", "answers": [{"text": "Osborne House", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?", "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b42", "answers": [{"text": "on the Isle of Wight", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had caused Victoria to be lame?", "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b43", "answers": [{"text": "Rheumatism in her legs", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?", "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b44", "answers": [{"text": "cataracts", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the date of Queen Victorias death?", "id": "572409ef0ba9f01400d97b45", "answers": [{"text": "22 January 1901", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Osborne House located?", "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28395", "answers": [{"text": "Isle of Wight", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Queen Victoria die? ", "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28396", "answers": [{"text": "Tuesday, 22 January 1901", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? ", "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28397", "answers": [{"text": "81", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? ", "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28398", "answers": [{"text": "King Edward VII", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? ", "id": "572562c9cc50291900b28399", "answers": [{"text": "pet Pomeranian, Turri", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?", "id": "57267966708984140094c749", "answers": [{"text": "Osborne House on the Isle of Wight", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?", "id": "57267966708984140094c74a", "answers": [{"text": "Rheumatism", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whaen did Queen Victoria die?", "id": "57267966708984140094c74b", "answers": [{"text": "Tuesday, 22 January 1901", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she died?", "id": "57267966708984140094c74c", "answers": [{"text": "81", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victoria's successor?", "id": "57267966708984140094c74d", "answers": [{"text": "King Edward VII", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Osborne House", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1901?", "id": "5ad17e54645df0001a2d1e2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Isle of Wight", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at not located?", "id": "5ad17e54645df0001a2d1e2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rheumatism in her legs", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What hadn't caused Victoria to be lame?", "id": "5ad17e54645df0001a2d1e30", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cataracts", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Why was Victorias eyesight unclouded?", "id": "5ad17e54645df0001a2d1e31", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22 January 1901", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What was the date of Queen Victorias birth?", "id": "5ad17e54645df0001a2d1e32", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt \"weak and unwell\", and by mid-January she was \"drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused\". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request."}], ["Melalui pemerintahan Victoria, penubuhan sebuah monarki perlembagaan moden di Britain berterusan. Pembaharuan sistem pengundian meningkatkan kuasa House of Commons dengan mengorbankan House of Lords dan raja. Pada tahun 1867, Walter Bagehot menulis bahawa raja hanya mengekalkan \"hak untuk dirujuk, hak untuk menggalakkan, dan hak untuk memberi amaran\". Apabila monarki Victoria menjadi lebih simbolik daripada politik, ia memberi penekanan yang kuat terhadap nilai moral dan keluarga, berbanding dengan skandal seksual, kewangan dan peribadi yang telah dikaitkan dengan ahli-ahli sebelumnya di Hanover dan yang telah mendiskreditkan monarki. Konsep \"monarki keluarga\", yang mana kelas menengah yang berkembang dapat dikenal pasti, telah dipertahankan. <> Apa jenis monarki dibentuk di bawah Ratu Victoria? || moden monarki perlembagaan <> Reformasi kepada sistem apa yang meningkatkan kuasa rumah untuk komuniti? || sistem pengundian <> Sebagai peraturan Victorias menjadi kurang politikal, apa nilai yang ditekankan? || moral dan nilai-nilai keluarga <> Apa jenis monarki yang ditubuhkan seperti masa berlalu dalam aturan Victorias? || keluarga monarki <> Bagaimana pembaharuan sistem pengundian Britains mempengaruhi House of Commons? || Meningkatkan kuasa <> Apa yang paling penting sebagai monarki di bawah Ratu Victoria beralih dari politik ke simbolik? || penekanan pada moral dan nilai keluarga <> Idea apa yang diperteguhkan di mana kelas menengah yang semakin meningkat di Britain dapat mengenal pasti? || keluarga kerajaan <> Apakah pemerintahan Queen Victoria dipertimbangkan? || kerajaan monarki perlembagaan moden <> Kerajaan jenis apakah pemerintahan Victoria yang bersandar? || moden monarki perlembagaan <> Apa yang meningkatkan kuasa di Dewan Rakyat? || Pembaharuan sistem pengundian <> Siapa yang membayar harga untuk pembaharuan sistem pengundian? || House of Lords dan raja <> Daripada politik, apakah monarki Victoria? || simbolik <> Apakah monarki bahawa semakin banyak pertengahan yang boleh mendapatkan sokongan dan sokongan? || keluarga <> Apa jenis monarki yang dibentuk selepas Queen Victoria? || <> Memperbaiki sistem apa yang meningkatkan kuasa rumah yang tidak masuk akal? || <> Sebagai peraturan Victorias menjadi lebih polikal, apa nilai yang ditekankan? || <> Jenis monarki apa yang dibatalkan kerana masa berlalu dalam aturan Victorias? || <> Bagaimana pembaharuan sistem pengundian Britains tidak menjejaskan Dewan Rakyat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?", "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435600", "answers": [{"text": "modern constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?", "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435601", "answers": [{"text": "the voting system", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?", "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435602", "answers": [{"text": "morality and family values", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?", "id": "57240c3b0a492a1900435603", "answers": [{"text": "family monarchy", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? ", "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c62", "answers": [{"text": "increased the power", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? ", "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c63", "answers": [{"text": "emphasis on morality and family values", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?", "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c64", "answers": [{"text": "family monarchy", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? ", "id": "572564fc69ff041400e58c65", "answers": [{"text": "modern constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?", "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86cc", "answers": [{"text": "modern constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What increased the power in the House of Commons?", "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86cd", "answers": [{"text": "Reforms of the voting system", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?", "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86ce", "answers": [{"text": "House of Lords and the monarch", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?", "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86cf", "answers": [{"text": "symbolic", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?", "id": "57267c3ddd62a815002e86d0", "answers": [{"text": "family", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern constitutional monarchy", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What kind of monarchy was formed after Queen Victoria?", "id": "5ad1800a645df0001a2d1e5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the voting system", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "Reforms to what system increased the power of the house of uncommons?", "id": "5ad1800a645df0001a2d1e5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "morality and family values", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "As Victorias rule became more polical, what values were emphasized?", "id": "5ad1800a645df0001a2d1e60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "family monarchy", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "What type of monarchy was cancelled as time went on in Victorias rule?", "id": "5ad1800a645df0001a2d1e61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased the power", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "How did the reforms of Britains voting system not affect the House of Commons? ", "id": "5ad1800a645df0001a2d1e62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained \"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn\". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the \"family monarchy\", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified."}], ["Napoleon III, sejak sekutu terdekat Crimean War Britain, melawat London pada April 1855, dan dari 17 hingga 28 Ogos pada tahun yang sama Victoria dan Albert kembali melawat. Napoleon III bertemu pasangan itu di Dunkirk dan menemani mereka ke Paris. Mereka melawat Exposition Universelle (pengganti kepada Albert's 1851 brainchild Exhibition Great) dan makam Napoleon I di Les Invalides (yang mana jenazahnya baru sahaja dikembalikan pada tahun 1840), dan merupakan tetamu kehormatan pada bola 1.200 tetamu di Istana daripada Versailles. <> yang menjadi pengundi paling dekat sejak perang Crimea? || Napoleon III <> Bilakah Napoleon III melawat London? || April 1855 <> Di manakah Napoleon Bertemu Victoria dan Albert? || Dunkirk <> Napoleon menemani Victoria dan Alber ke bandar apa yang dirancangkan? || Paris <> Victoria dan Albert adalah tetamu kehormatan pada bola besar yang berlaku di mana? || Istana Versailles <> Siapa sekutu terdekat Britains yang mengikuti Perang Krimea? || Napoleon III <> Apa yang Napoleon III dan pasangan diraja melawat? || Exposition Universelle <> Bilakah Napoleon saya tetap kembali ke tempat berehat di Les Invalides? || 1840 <> Berapa ramai tetamu yang menyaksikan bola di Istana Versaille dengan Napoleon III dan pasangan diraja hadir? || 1,200 <> Di manakah Napoleon III bertemu Victoria dan Albert, sebelum menemani mereka ke Paris? || Dunkirk <> Bilakah Napoleon I masih dikebumikan di makamnya? || 1840 <> Siapa sekutu terdekat Britain selepas Perang Krimea? || Napoleon III <> Dimana Victoria dan Albert menghormati tetamu di bola yang dilemparkan oleh Napoleon III? || Istana Versailles <> Bilakah Napoleon III melawat London? || April 1855 <> yang menguasai musuh terdekat sejak Perang Krimea? || <> Bilakah Napoleon ii melawat London? || <> Di mana tidak Napoleon Bertemu Victoria dan Albert? || <> Napoleon yang tidak diiringi Victoria dan Alber ke bandar apa yang dirasakan lawatan itu? || <> Victoria dan Albert adalah tetamu kehormatan pada bola kecil yang berlaku di mana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?", "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b2d", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Napoleon iii visit London?", "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b2e", "answers": [{"text": "April 1855", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?", "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b2f", "answers": [{"text": "Dunkirk", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?", "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b30", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?", "id": "572407900ba9f01400d97b31", "answers": [{"text": "the Palace of Versailles", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?", "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c48", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit? ", "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c49", "answers": [{"text": "Exposition Universelle", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides? ", "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c4a", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?", "id": "5725600a69ff041400e58c4b", "answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?", "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e07e", "answers": [{"text": "Dunkirk", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?", "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e07f", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?", "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e080", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?", "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e081", "answers": [{"text": "Palace of Versailles", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Napoleon III visit London?", "id": "5726768af1498d1400e8e082", "answers": [{"text": "April 1855", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Napoleon III", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "who was britains closest enemy since the Crimean war?", "id": "5ad174e3645df0001a2d1c98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 1855", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "When did Napoleon ii visit London?", "id": "5ad174e3645df0001a2d1c99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dunkirk", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Where didn't Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?", "id": "5ad174e3645df0001a2d1c9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Napoleon unaccompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?", "id": "5ad174e3645df0001a2d1c9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Palace of Versailles", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a small ball that took place where?", "id": "5ad174e3645df0001a2d1c9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles."}], ["Melalui tahun 1860-an, Victoria semakin bergantung pada pelayan lelaki dari Scotland, John Brown. Desas-desus fitnah tentang hubungan romantis dan perkahwinan rahasia muncul di cetak, dan Queen dirujuk sebagai \"Puan Brown\". Kisah hubungan mereka adalah subjek filem 1997 Mrs. Brown. Lukisan oleh Sir Edwin Henry Landseer yang menggambarkan Ratu dengan Brown dipamerkan di Akademi Diraja, dan Victoria menerbitkan buku, Daun dari Journal of Our Life di Highlands, yang menampilkan Brown dengan jelas dan di mana Ratu memuji dia dengan sangat baik. <> Apakah nama manservent yang telah dimiliki oleh Victoria dalam tahun 1860? || John Brown <> Di manakah John brown, Victorias manservant, dari? || Scotland <> Apakah jenis sambungan yang dikhabarkan wujud antara Victoria dan John Brown? || hubungan romantis <> Apa nama panggilan diberikan kepada Queen Victoria apabila khabar angin tentang hubungan dengan John Brown timbul? || Puan Brown <> Apakah nama filem 1997 yang menggambarkan hubungan antara Victoria dan John brown? || Puan Brown <> Negara apakah yang menjadi pelayan lelaki Queen Victoria dengan siapa dia dikhabarkan mempunyai kepentingan romantik? || Scotland <> Apakah nama filem yang menceritakan kisah percintaan Queen Victoria dengan John Brown? || Puan Brown <> Apa artis yang dicat Ratu dan Brown yang digantung di Royal Academy? || Sir Edwin Henry Landseer <> Dalam apa yang ditulis oleh Queen Victoria adalah John Brown memuji? || Daun dari Jurnal Kehidupan Kita di Dataran Tinggi <> Manservent manakah yang paling dipercayai sekutu Victoria? || John Brown <> Filem manakah yang dibuat mengenai perkara yang mengkritik yang dipercayai oleh Victoria dengan John Brown? || Mrs. Brown <> Buku mana yang diterbitkan oleh Victoria yang tidak dilakukan apa-apa untuk diambil dari khabar angin mengenai dia dan John Brown? || Daun dari Jurnal Kehidupan Kita di Dataran Tinggi <> Siapa yang membuat ciri Ratu di dalam bukunya yang menarik banyak kritikan? || John Brown <> Apakah nama manservent yang Victoria pada tahun 1870? || <> Apa jenis sambungan yang dikhabarkan tidak wujud antara Victoria dan John Brown? || <> Di manakah John brown, Victorias kekasih, dari? || <> Apakah nama filem 1979 yang menggambarkan hubungan antara Victoria dan John brown? || <> Apakah nama panggilan yang diberikan kepada Queen Victoria ketika khabar angin mengenai hubungan dengan John Brown meninggal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?", "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f6", "answers": [{"text": "John Brown", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?", "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f7", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?", "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f8", "answers": [{"text": "a romantic connection", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?", "id": "572408e80a492a19004355f9", "answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Brown", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?", "id": "572408e80a492a19004355fa", "answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Brown", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?", "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c50", "answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?", "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c51", "answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Brown", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?", "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c52", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Edwin Henry Landseer", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?", "id": "5725616c69ff041400e58c53", "answers": [{"text": "Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?", "id": "572678a5708984140094c73b", "answers": [{"text": "John Brown", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?", "id": "572678a5708984140094c73c", "answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Brown", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?", "id": "572678a5708984140094c73d", "answers": [{"text": "Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?", "id": "572678a5708984140094c73e", "answers": [{"text": "John Brown", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Brown", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1870's?", "id": "5ad177f2645df0001a2d1d5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a romantic connection", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "What kind of a connection was rumored to not  exist between Victoria and John Brown?", "id": "5ad177f2645df0001a2d1d5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scotland", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "Where was John brown, Victorias lover, from?", "id": "5ad177f2645df0001a2d1d5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Brown", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What was the name of the 1979 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?", "id": "5ad177f2645df0001a2d1d5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Brown", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown died?", "id": "5ad177f2645df0001a2d1d60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as \"Mrs. Brown\". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly."}], ["Pada pilihan raya umum 1874, Disraeli telah dikembalikan kepada kuasa. Beliau meluluskan Akta Pengawasan Peribahasa Awam 1874, yang menghilangkan ritual Katolik dari liturgi Anglikan dan yang disokong oleh Victoria. Dia lebih suka perkhidmatan ringkas dan mudah, dan secara peribadi menganggap dirinya lebih sejajar dengan Gereja presbyterian Scotland daripada Gereja Episkopal England. Dia juga menolak Akta Tajuk Diraja 1876 melalui Parlimen, sehingga Victoria mengambil gelaran \"Permaisuri India\" dari 1 Mei 1876. Gelar baru itu diumumkan di Delhi Durbar pada 1 Januari 1877. <> Pada pemilihan umum tahun apa Adakah Disraeli kembali berkuasa? || 1874 <> Tahun berapakah Akta Pengawasan Ibadah Umum diluluskan? || 1874 <> Apa gereja Victoria menganggap dirinya sejajar dengannya? || Gereja Presbyterian Scotland <> Apa Akta yang menolak Disraeli melalui Parlimen pada tahun 1876? || Akta Tajuk Diraja 1876 <> Pada tahun 1876 Victoria memegang gelaran apa? || Permaisuri India <> Apa yang menghilangkan Ritual Katolik daripada perkhidmatan Anglikan? || Undang-undang Peraturan Perundangan Awam 1874 <> Apakah gereja mana Ratu Victoria menganggap kegemarannya? || presbyterian Church of Scotland <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Akta Tajuk Diraja 1876? || Disraeli <> Bilakah Queen Victoria menamakan Empress India? || 1 Mei 1876 <> Di mana tajuk baru Maharani India diisytiharkan? || Delhi Durbar <> Bilakah Disraeli kembali ke pejabat? || 1874 <> Apa perubahan yang disokong oleh Victoria, apakah Disraeli membuat kepada liturgi Anglician? || menghilangkan upacara Katolik <> Di manakah Victoria benar-benar menyelaraskan dirinya ketika datang kepada agama? || Gereja presbyterian Scotland <> Apa yang membolehkan Victoria menjadi Maharani India? || Akta Tajuk Diraja 1876 <> Tindakan Whic, yang diluluskan oleh Disraeli, membenarkannya untuk mengubah liturgi Anglician? || Undang-undang Peraturan Perundangan Awam 1874 <> Dalam pilihan raya umum tahun apakah Disraeli ditendang dari kuasa? || <> Tahun berapakah Akta Pengawasan Ibadah Umum diluluskan? || <> Apa gereja Victoria menganggap dirinya tidak tersentuh? || <> Apa Akta yang menolak Disraeli melalui Parlimen pada tahun 1867? || <> Pada tahun 1867 Victoria memegang gelaran apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?", "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4b", "answers": [{"text": "1874", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?", "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4c", "answers": [{"text": "1874", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?", "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4d", "answers": [{"text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?", "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4e", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Titles Act 1876", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1876 Victoria held what title?", "id": "57240b550ba9f01400d97b4f", "answers": [{"text": "Empress of India", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? ", "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c58", "answers": [{"text": "Public Worship Regulation Act 1874", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? ", "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c59", "answers": [{"text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?", "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c5a", "answers": [{"text": "Disraeli", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? ", "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c5b", "answers": [{"text": "1 May 1876", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? ", "id": "572563c469ff041400e58c5c", "answers": [{"text": "Delhi Durbar", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Disraeli returned to office?", "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e118", "answers": [{"text": "1874", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?", "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e119", "answers": [{"text": "removed Catholic rituals", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?", "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e11a", "answers": [{"text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?", "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e11b", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Titles Act 1876", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?", "id": "57267a58f1498d1400e8e11c", "answers": [{"text": "Public Worship Regulation Act 1874", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1874", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "In a general election of what year was Disraeli kicked from power?", "id": "5ad17a6a645df0001a2d1dd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1874", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?", "id": "5ad17a6a645df0001a2d1dd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "presbyterian Church of Scotland", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What Church did Victoria consider herself unaligned with?", "id": "5ad17a6a645df0001a2d1dd2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Royal Titles Act 1876", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1867?", "id": "5ad17a6a645df0001a2d1dd3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Empress of India", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "In 1867 Victoria held what title?", "id": "5ad17a6a645df0001a2d1dd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877."}], ["Antara April 1877 dan Februari 1878, dia mengancam sebanyak lima kali untuk membantah ketika menekan Disraeli untuk bertindak melawan Rusia semasa Perang Russo-Turki, tetapi ancamannya tidak memberi kesan kepada peristiwa atau kesimpulannya dengan Kongres Berlin. Dasar luar negara Disraeli, yang diiktiraf oleh Victoria, menyebabkan konflik seperti Perang Anglo-Zulu dan Perang Anglo-Afghan Kedua. \"Jika kita mengekalkan kedudukan kita sebagai Kuasa pertama,\" dia menulis, \"kita mesti ... bersedia untuk serangan dan peperangan, di suatu tempat atau lain-lain, SAMPAI.\" Victoria menyaksikan perkembangan Empayar Britania sebagai peradaban dan jinak, melindungi penduduk pribumi dari kuasa-kuasa yang lebih agresif atau penguasa kejam: \"Tidak ada kebiasaan kita untuk negara-negara lampau\", katanya, \"melainkan kita diwajibkan & terpaksa berbuat demikian. \" Keprihatinan Victoria, Disraeli kehilangan pilihan raya umum 1880, dan Gladstone kembali sebagai perdana menteri. Ketika Disraeli meninggal pada tahun berikutnya, dia dibutakan oleh \"air mata yang cepat jatuh\", dan mendirikan sebuah tablet peringatan \"yang diletakkan oleh Sovereign and Friend yang bersyukurnya, Victoria R.\" <> Siapa yang Victoria cuba meyakinkan Disraeli untuk bertindak melawan semasa perang Russo-Turki? || Rusia <> Apa kesan ancaman Victorias terhadap kesan Russo = perang Turki? || tiada kesan <> Apa dasar Disraeli yang menyokong Victoria? || dasar luar negara pengembang <> Siapa yang kehilangan pemilihan Disraeli pada tahun 1880? || Disraeli <> Siapa yang kembali sebagai perdana menteri ketika Disraeli kehilangan pemilihan umum pada tahun 1880? || Gladstone <> Apa yang menyebabkan Ratu Victoria mengancam untuk menyingkirkan lima kali? || Perang Russo-Turki <> Apa yang menamatkan Perang Russo-Turki? || Kongres Berlin <> Mengapa Ratu Victoria ingin mengambil alih negara-negara lain? || melindungi penduduk asli dari kuasa yang lebih agresif atau penguasa kejam <> Siapa terpilih Perdana Menteri selepas Disareli kehilangan pemilihan pada tahun 1880? || Gladstone <> Kepada siapa Ratu Victoria mendedikasikan peringatan selepas kematiannya untuk layanan bersyukur? || Disraeli <> Posisi apa yang diambil oleh Victoria tentang bagaimana untuk menjadi kuasa kejayaan dan kedudukan tertinggi? || disiapkan untuk serangan dan peperangan, di suatu tempat atau yang lain, CONTINUALLY <> Siapa memenangi pilihan raya umum 1880? || Gladstone <> Apa konflik yang boleh dikaitkan dengan pendirian Disraeli terhadap dasar luar? || Perang Anglo-Zulu dan Perang Anglo-Afghan Kedua <> Apa tempat Victoria memorialize Disraeli? || sebuah tablet peringatan <> Siapa yang Victoria cuba meyakinkan Disraeli untuk bertindak melawan semasa perang Russo-Turki? || <> Apa kesan ancaman Victorias terhadap kesan Russo = perang Turki? || <> Apa dasar Disraeli yang Victoria tidak menyokong? || <> Siapa yang hilang pemilihan Disraeli pada 1808? || <> Siapa yang kembali sebagai perdana menteri ketika Disraeli kehilangan pemilihan umum pada tahun 1808? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?", "id": "572406670a492a19004355ec", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?", "id": "572406670a492a19004355ed", "answers": [{"text": "no impact", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse?", "id": "572406670a492a19004355ee", "answers": [{"text": "expansionist foreign policy", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880?", "id": "572406670a492a19004355ef", "answers": [{"text": "Disraeli", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880?", "id": "572406670a492a19004355f0", "answers": [{"text": "Gladstone", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times? ", "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838b", "answers": [{"text": "Russo-Turkish War", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ended the Russo-Turkish War?", "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838c", "answers": [{"text": "Congress of Berlin", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries? ", "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838d", "answers": [{"text": "protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880?", "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838e", "answers": [{"text": "Gladstone", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? ", "id": "57255f04cc50291900b2838f", "answers": [{"text": "Disraeli", "answer_start": 897}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power?", "id": "572675735951b619008f7337", "answers": [{"text": "be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the 1880 general election?", "id": "572675735951b619008f7338", "answers": [{"text": "Gladstone", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli's stance on foreign policy?", "id": "572675735951b619008f7339", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli?", "id": "572675735951b619008f733a", "answers": [{"text": "a memorial tablet", "answer_start": 984}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?", "id": "5ad17ae9645df0001a2d1de4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no impact", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?", "id": "5ad17ae9645df0001a2d1de5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expansionist foreign policy,", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What Disraeli policy did Victoria don't endorse?", "id": "5ad17ae9645df0001a2d1de6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Disraeli", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1808?", "id": "5ad17ae9645df0001a2d1de7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gladstone", "answer_start": 854}], "question": "Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1808?", "id": "5ad17ae9645df0001a2d1de8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. \"If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power\", she wrote, \"we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY.\" Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\" To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by \"fast falling tears\", and erected a memorial tablet \"placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.\""}], ["Pada permulaan pemerintahannya, Victoria menjadi popular, tetapi reputasinya menderita dalam tipu muslihat di 1839 ketika seorang wanita wanita yang sedang menunggu, Lady Flora Hastings, mengembangkan pertumbuhan perut yang banyak dikabarkan menjadi perkahwinan yang luar biasa kehamilan oleh Sir John Conroy. Victoria percaya khabar angin itu. Dia membenci Conroy, dan menghina \"Lady Flora\" itu, kerana dia telah berkomplot dengan Conroy dan Duchess of Kent dalam Sistem Kensington. Pada mulanya, Lady Flora enggan mengemukakan pemeriksaan perubatan telanjang, sehingga pada pertengahan bulan Februari dia akhirnya bersetuju, dan didapati sebagai seorang dara. Conroy, keluarga Hastings dan pembangkang Tories menganjurkan kempen akhbar membabitkan Ratu dalam penyebaran khabar angin palsu tentang Lady Flora. Apabila Lady Flora meninggal pada bulan Julai, bedah siasat mendedahkan tumor besar pada hati beliau yang telah menggantikan perutnya. Pada penampilan awam, Victoria dianiaya dan dianiaya sebagai \"Puan Melbourne\". <> Tahun berapa reputasi Victorias mula menderita? || 1839 <> Apakah pekerjaan wanita Flora Hastings di rumah Victorias? || salah satu daripada ibu-ibu yang menunggu-Nya <> Masalah kesihatan apa yang membangkitkan kemajuan Flora yang mula meruntuhkan reputasi Victorias? || Pertumbuhan perut <> Apakah Flora telah membangkitkan pertumbuhan perut yang dikabarkan? || seorang kehamilan yang keluar nikah <> Siapa yang dikhabarkan menjadi bapa Flora Hastings \"kehamilan\"? || Sir John Conroy <> Apa wanita yang menunggu di tengah-tengah skandal pengadilan 1839? || Lady Flora Hastings <> Apakah punca kematian Lady Flora pada bulan Julai? || tumor besar pada hati <> Dengan siapa Lady Flora menyalahgunakan Queen Victoria? || Conroy dan Duchess of Kent <> Apa yang Queen Victoria dipanggil selepas kematian Lady Flora? || Puan Melbourne <> Siapa, di mahkamah Victoria, dituduh mempunyai kehamilan di luar mariage? || salah seorang wanita yang menanti-nanti, Lady Flora Hastings <> Siapa yang dipercayai sebagai bapa kepada \"bayi\" Lady Flor? || Sir John Conroy <> Apakah Victoria memikirkan Lady Flora? || hina <> Mengapa Victoria benci Sir Conroy dan Lady Flora? || Sistem Kensington <> Apa sebenarnya penyebab \"kehamilan\" Lady Flora? || tumor besar pada hati yang telah membedakan abdomen <> tahun berapa reputasi Victorias mula pulih? || <> Apakah pekerjaan Tuan Flora Hastings di rumah Victorias? || <> Apakah isu kesihatan yang dilakukan Flora bergembira yang mula membantu reputasi Victorias? || <> Apa yang tidak Flora menyuntikkan pertumbuhan perut yang dikabarkan? || <> Siapa yang dikatakan ibu kepada Flora Hastings \"kehamilan\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?", "id": "572403030a492a19004355e2", "answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?", "id": "572403030a492a19004355e3", "answers": [{"text": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?", "id": "572403030a492a19004355e4", "answers": [{"text": "an abdominal growth", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?", "id": "572403030a492a19004355e5", "answers": [{"text": "an out-of-wedlock pregnancy", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings \"pregnancy\"?", "id": "572403030a492a19004355e6", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?", "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435712", "answers": [{"text": "Lady Flora Hastings", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July? ", "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435713", "answers": [{"text": "large tumour on her liver", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria? ", "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435714", "answers": [{"text": "Conroy and the Duchess of Kent", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?", "id": "572531fd0a492a1900435715", "answers": [{"text": "Mrs. Melbourne", "answer_start": 926}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?", "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84dc", "answers": [{"text": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's \"baby\"?", "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84dd", "answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?", "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84de", "answers": [{"text": "despised", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?", "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84df", "answers": [{"text": "the Kensington System", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's \"pregnancy\"?", "id": "5726706bdd62a815002e84e0", "answers": [{"text": "large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What year did Victorias reputation begin to recover?", "id": "5ad16f9d645df0001a2d1b48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What was the job of sir Flora Hastings in Victorias household?", "id": "5ad16f9d645df0001a2d1b49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an abdominal growth", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What health issue did Flora hastings develop that began to help Victorias reputation?", "id": "5ad16f9d645df0001a2d1b4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an out-of-wedlock pregnancy", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What wasn't Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?", "id": "5ad16f9d645df0001a2d1b4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir John Conroy", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "Who was rumored to be the mother of Flora Hastings \"pregnancy\"?", "id": "5ad16f9d645df0001a2d1b4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised \"that odious Lady Flora\", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as \"Mrs. Melbourne\"."}], ["Semasa kehamilan pertama Victoria pada tahun 1840, dalam beberapa bulan pertama perkahwinan itu, Edward Oxford, yang berusia 18 tahun, cuba membunuhnya semasa dia sedang menaiki kereta dengan Putera Albert dalam perjalanan untuk melawat ibunya. Oxford melepaskan tembakan dua kali, tetapi sama ada kedua-dua peluru terlepas atau, kerana dia kemudian mendakwa, senjata itu tidak ditembak. Dia telah dicuba untuk pengkhianatan yang tinggi dan didapati bersalah, tetapi dibebaskan atas dasar kegilaan. Dalam serangan segera selepas itu, populariti Victoria melonjak, mengurangkan ketidakpuasan sisa berhubung urusan Hastings dan krisis bedchamber. Anak perempuannya, yang juga bernama Victoria, dilahirkan pada 21 November 1840. Ratu membenci sedang mengandung, melihat penyusuan susu dengan jijik, dan menganggap bayi yang baru lahir itu hodoh. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tempoh tujuh belas tahun berikutnya, dia dan Albert mempunyai lapan lagi anak: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (1841), Alice (1843), Alfred (1844), Helena (1846) Louise (1848), Arthur (1850), Leopold (1853) dan Beatrice (1857). <> Tahun apakah Queen Victorias kehamilan pertama? || 1840 <> Siapa yang cuba untuk membunuh Victoria ketika dia sedang dalam perjalanan? || Edward Oxford <> Berapa lama adalah Edward Oxford? || 18 <> Siapa yang sedang menunggang kereta Victoria dengan Oxford cuba menumpaskannya? || Putera Albert <> Berapa kalikah Oxford menembak pistol di Victoria dan terlepas? || dua kali <> Siapa yang cuba membunuh Ratu Victoria semasa dia mengandung anak pertamanya? || Edward Oxford <> Bilakah anak perempuan pertama Queen Victoria dilahirkan? || 21 November 1840 <> Queen Victoria dan Putera Albert mempunyai berapa banyak anak selepas kelahiran Victoria? || lapan <> Berapa tahun adalah Albert Edward, anak lelaki pertama yang lahir dari Queen Victoria? || 1841 <> Apa acara kehidupan utama yang dihadapi Victoria ketika dia juga harus menentang percubaan pembunuhan yang pertama? || kehamilan pertama <> Bilakah percubaan pembunuhan pertama Victoria? || 1840 <> Apakah percubaan pembunuhan pertama dilakukan untuk pemerintahan Victoria? || populariti melambung <> Apa yang dilakukan Edward Edward selepas percubaan pembunuhannya? || pengkhianatan yang tinggi <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Edward Oxford selepas dia didapati bersalah atas pengkhianatan yang tinggi? || dibebaskan atas dasar kegilaan <> Berapa tahun Ratu Victorias mengandung terakhir? || <> Siapa yang cuba membunuh Victoria semasa dia sedang menunggang kereta? || <> Berapa lama tidak Edward Oxford? || <> Siapa yang menaiki kereta Victoria dengan Oxford cuba membantu dia? || <> Berapa kalikah Oxford menembak pistol di Victoria dan memukul? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy?", "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b23", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage?", "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b24", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Oxford", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Edward Oxford?", "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b25", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her?", "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b26", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?", "id": "5724052a0ba9f01400d97b27", "answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child?", "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c40", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Oxford", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born? ", "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c41", "answers": [{"text": "21 November 1840", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth? ", "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c42", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born? ", "id": "57255dc469ff041400e58c43", "answers": [{"text": "1841", "answer_start": 873}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt?", "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8570", "answers": [{"text": "first pregnancy", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Victoria's first assassination attempt?", "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8571", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign?", "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8572", "answers": [{"text": "popularity soared", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt?", "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8573", "answers": [{"text": "high treason", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason?", "id": "57267420dd62a815002e8574", "answers": [{"text": "acquitted on the grounds of insanity", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What year was Queen Victorias last pregnancy?", "id": "5ad17166645df0001a2d1bbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Oxford", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a car?", "id": "5ad17166645df0001a2d1bbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "How old wasn't Edward Oxford?", "id": "5ad17166645df0001a2d1bc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to aid her?", "id": "5ad17166645df0001a2d1bc1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and hit?", "id": "5ad17166645df0001a2d1bc2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857)."}], ["Pada tahun 1870, sentimen republik di Britain, yang dipelihara oleh pengasingan Queen, telah dirangsang selepas penubuhan Republik Perancis Ketiga. Rali republikan di Trafalgar Square menuntut pengalihan Victoria, dan Ahli Parlimen Radical bercakap terhadapnya. Pada bulan Ogos dan September 1871, dia sakit parah dengan abses di lengannya, yang Joseph Lister berjaya lanced dan dirawat dengan semburan asid karboksik antiseptik barunya. Pada akhir November 1871, pada puncak pergerakan republikan, Prince of Wales menghidap demam kepialu, penyakit yang dipercayai membunuh bapanya, dan Victoria takut anaknya akan mati. Ketika ulang tahun kesepuluh kematian suaminya mendekat, keadaan anaknya tidak membaik, dan tekanan Victoria terus berlanjut. Untuk kegembiraan umum, dia melangkah. Ibu dan anak lelaki menghadiri perarakan awam melalui London dan layanan bersyukur pada Katedral St Paul pada 27 Februari 1872, dan rasa republikan mereda. <> Tahun apakah Republik Perancis Ketiga ditubuhkan? || 1870 <> Di manakah perhimpunan republik yang dipanggil untuk menyingkirkan Vuictorias? || Trafalgar Square <> Siapa bercakap menentang Victoria di perhimpunan di Trafalgar Square? || Ahli Parlimen Radikal <> Pada tahun 1871, Victoria menjadi sakit parah dengan abses pada bahagian badannya? || tangan <> Siapa yang memelihara dan merawat abses pada lengan Queen Victorias? || Joseph Lister <> Bagaimana sentimen republik di Britain berubah? || dirangsang selepas penubuhan Republik Perancis Ketiga <> Di mana perhimpunan memanggil penyingkiran Queen Victoria diadakan? || Trafalgar Square <> Apakah rawatan canggih yang digunakan oleh Joseph Lister untuk merawat penyakit Queen Victoria? || semburan asid karboksik antiseptik baru <> Apakah penyakit yang hampir mengambil kehidupan Putera Wales? || demam kepialu <> Apa yang membantu merangsang orang awam dalam tahun 1870? || penubuhan Republik Perancis Ketiga <> Bilakah Republik Perancis Ketiga datang ke tempat kejadian? || 1870 <> WHat adalah antiseptik baru yang digunakan untuk merawat abcesses pada tahun 1870? || semburan asid karboksik <> Apakah penyakit yang dikontrak oleh Putera Wales yang hampir menamatkan hidupnya? || demam kepialu <> yang bercakap terhadap Victoria di Trafalgar Square? || Ahli Parlimen radikal <> Selepas apa acara kesihatan Prince of Wales mula bertambah baik? || ulang tahun kesepuluh kematian suaminya <> Tahun apakah Republik Perancis Ketiga merobohkan? || <> Di mana perhimpunan republika diadakan yang dipanggil untuk promosi Vuictorias? || <> Siapa bercakap menyokong Victoria di perhimpunan di Trafalgar Square? || <> Pada 1817, Victoria menjadi sakit parah dengan abses pada bahagian badannya? || <> Siapa yang memelihara dan tidak pernah merawat abses pada lengan Queen Victorias? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Third French Republic established?", "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b19", "answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?", "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1a", "answers": [{"text": "Trafalgar Square", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?", "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1b", "answers": [{"text": "Radical MPs", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?", "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1c", "answers": [{"text": "arm", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?", "id": "5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1d", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Lister", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?", "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c38", "answers": [{"text": "boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? ", "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c39", "answers": [{"text": "Trafalgar Square", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?", "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c3a", "answers": [{"text": "new antiseptic carbolic acid spray", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? ", "id": "57255c8a69ff041400e58c3b", "answers": [{"text": "typhoid fever", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?", "id": "57267189708984140094c640", "answers": [{"text": "establishment of the Third French Republic", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?", "id": "57267189708984140094c641", "answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?", "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cb", "answers": [{"text": "carbolic acid spray", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?", "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cc", "answers": [{"text": "typhoid fever", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?", "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cd", "answers": [{"text": "Radical MPs", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?", "id": "57267f57f1498d1400e8e1ce", "answers": [{"text": "the tenth anniversary of her husband's death", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year was the Third French Republic demolished?", "id": "5ad17959645df0001a2d1db4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trafalgar Square", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias promotion?", "id": "5ad17959645df0001a2d1db5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Radical MPs", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "Who spoke in support of Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?", "id": "5ad17959645df0001a2d1db6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arm,", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "In 1817, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?", "id": "5ad17959645df0001a2d1db7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joseph Lister", "answer_start": 327}], "question": "Who lanced and never treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?", "id": "5ad17959645df0001a2d1db8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided."}], ["Menjelang 1836, abang Duchess, Leopold, yang telah menjadi Raja Belanda sejak 1831, berharap untuk berkahwin dengan keponakannya kepada Putera Albert Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha. Leopold, ibu Victoria, dan bapa Albert (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha) adalah adik-beradik. Leopold mengatur ibu Victoria untuk menjemput saudaranya Coburg untuk melawatnya pada Mei 1836, dengan tujuan memperkenalkan Victoria kepada Albert. Walau bagaimanapun, William IV tidak bersetuju dengan mana-mana perlawanan dengan Coburgs, dan sebaliknya mengutamakan saman Pangeran Alexander dari Belanda, anak kedua Prince of Orange. Victoria sedar tentang pelbagai rancangan pernikahan dan secara kritis menilai perarakan para raja yang layak. Menurut catatan hariannya, dia menikmati syarikat Albert dari awal. Selepas lawatan itu dia menulis, \"[Albert] sangat tampan, rambutnya adalah seperti warna yang sama dengan saya, matanya besar dan biru, dan dia mempunyai hidung yang indah dan mulut yang manis dengan gigi halus; wajahnya adalah ungkapannya, yang paling menyenangkan. \" Alexander, sebaliknya, adalah \"sangat jelas\". <> Saudara Belanda, Leopold adalah Raja dari negara mana? || the Belgians <> Apa tahun Leopold menjadi Raja orang Belgia? || 1831 <> Siapa keponakan leopold? || Putera Albert Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha <> Siapa ayah Alberts? || Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg dan Gotha <> Bagaimana Victoria menggambarkan penampilan fizikal Alexander? || sangat jelas <> Siapa yang tidak setuju dengan perkahwinan yang dicadangkan antara Victoria dan Albert? || William IV <> Siapakah lelaki William IV yang mahu Victoria berkahwin? || Putera Alexander dari Belanda <> Putera Alexander adalah anak kedua? || Putera Orange <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Victoria mengenai suaminya, Putera Alexander dari Orange? || sangat jelas <> Bagaimana perasaan Victoria tentang Albert? || menikmati syarikat Albert dari awal <> Siapa yang mahu melihat Victoria dan Albert berkahwin? || saudara perempuan Duchess, Leopold <> yang menentang Victoria berkahwin dengan Albert, atau mana-mana Coburg? || William IV <> Siapa yang merasa William IV adalah suami yang sesuai untuk Victoria? || Putera Alexander dari Belanda <> Saudara Belanda yang Leopold adalah Ratu dari negara mana? || <> Tahun apa Leopold menjadi Raja Belgium? || <> Siapa yang leopold? || <> Siapa yang bukan ayah Alberts? || <> Bagaimana Victoria menggambarkan penampilan mental Alexander? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?", "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355d8", "answers": [{"text": "the Belgians", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?", "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355d9", "answers": [{"text": "1831", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the nephew of leopold?", "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355da", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Alberts father?", "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355db", "answers": [{"text": "Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?", "id": "5723febc0a492a19004355dc", "answers": [{"text": "very plain", "answer_start": 1084}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?", "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570a", "answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead? ", "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570b", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Alexander of the Netherlands", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prince Alexander was the second son of whom? ", "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570c", "answers": [{"text": "Prince of Orange", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange? ", "id": "5725231f0a492a190043570d", "answers": [{"text": "very plain", "answer_start": 1084}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about Albert?", "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f7279", "answers": [{"text": "enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?", "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f727a", "answers": [{"text": "the Duchess's brother, Leopold", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?", "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f727b", "answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?", "id": "57266dcf5951b619008f727c", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Alexander of the Netherlands", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Belgians", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the Queen of what country?", "id": "5ad16d54645df0001a2d1ad6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1831", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What year did Leopold become King of the Belgiums?", "id": "5ad16d54645df0001a2d1ad7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "Who was the neice of leopold?", "id": "5ad16d54645df0001a2d1ad8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Who wasn't Alberts father?", "id": "5ad16d54645df0001a2d1ad9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "very plain", "answer_start": 1084}], "question": "How did Victoria describe the mental appearance of Alexander?", "id": "5ad16d54645df0001a2d1ada", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, \"[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.\" Alexander, on the other hand, was \"very plain\"."}], ["Victoria gembira apabila Gladstone meletak jawatan pada 1885 selepas bajetnya dikalahkan. Dia fikir kerajaannya adalah \"yang paling buruk yang pernah saya alami\", dan menyalahkannya kerana kematian Jenderal Gordon di Khartoum. Gladstone digantikan oleh Lord Salisbury. Namun kerajaan Salisbury hanya bertahan selama beberapa bulan, dan Victoria terpaksa mengenang Gladstone, yang disebut sebagai \"setengah gila & benar-benar dalam banyak hal lelaki tua yang tidak masuk akal\". Gladstone cuba meluluskan rang undang-undang yang memberikan peraturan rumah Ireland, tetapi untuk kegembiraan Victoria ia dikalahkan. Dalam pilihan raya yang akan datang, parti Gladstone kehilangan Salisbury dan kerajaan bergilir lagi. <> Berapa tahun Gladstone meletak jawatan? || 1885 <> Gladstone meletak jawatan selepas apa yang dibenci? || bajetnya <> Victoria menyalahkan Gladstone kerana kematian siapa? || Ketua Gordon di Khartoum. <> Siapa yang menggantikan Gladstone selepas dia meletak jawatan? || Lord Salisbury <> Berapa lama pemerintahan Lord Salisburys yang terakhir? || beberapa bulan <> Lelaki apa yang Gladstone disalahkan selepas kematiannya di Khartoum? || Ketua Gordon <> Siapa yang menggantikan Gladstone hanya dalam beberapa bulan? || Lord Salisbury <> Apa yang telah berlaku untuk Gladstone undang-undang untuk melewati keadaan, banyak untuk kesenangan Queen Victoria? || pemberian peraturan rumah Ireland <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Gladstone sekali lagi dalam pemilihan umum? || Salisbury <> Mengapa Gladstone meletak jawatan pada tahun 1885? || anggarannya dikalahkan <> Bilakah Gladstone meletak jawatan? || 1885 <> Mengapa Gladstone meletak jawatan? || anggarannya dikalahkan <> Bagaimana perasaan Victoria mengenai peletakan jawatan Gladstone? || gembira <> Siapa maut Victoria menyalahkan Gladstone? || Ketua Gordon <> Siapa yang menggantikan Gladstone? || Lord Salisbury <> Tahun apa tidak Gladstone meletak jawatan? || <> Gladstone meletak jawatan selepas apa yang tidak dibenci? || <> Victoria menyalahkan Gladstone untuk kehidupan siapa? || <> Siapa yang menggantikan Gladstone selepas dia dipecat? || <> Berapa lama kerajaan Lord Salisburys tidak bertahan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Gladstone resign?", "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b55", "answers": [{"text": "1885", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?", "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b56", "answers": [{"text": "his budget", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?", "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b57", "answers": [{"text": "General Gordon at Khartoum.", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?", "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b58", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Lord Salisburys government last?", "id": "57240d2b0ba9f01400d97b59", "answers": [{"text": "a few months", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?", "id": "5725662acc50291900b2839f", "answers": [{"text": "General Gordon", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? ", "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a0", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? ", "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a1", "answers": [{"text": "granting Ireland home rule", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?", "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a2", "answers": [{"text": "Salisbury", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? ", "id": "5725662acc50291900b283a3", "answers": [{"text": "his budget was defeated", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Gladstone resign?", "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ea", "answers": [{"text": "1885", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Gladstone resign?", "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86eb", "answers": [{"text": "his budget was defeated", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?", "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ec", "answers": [{"text": "pleased", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?", "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ed", "answers": [{"text": "General Gordon", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Gladstone?", "id": "57267cb7dd62a815002e86ee", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1885", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What year didn't Gladstone resign?", "id": "5ad17c60645df0001a2d1dfe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "his budget", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Gladstone resigned after what wasn't defeted?", "id": "5ad17c60645df0001a2d1dff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Gordon at Khartoum", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "Victoria blamed Gladstone for the life of who?", "id": "5ad17c60645df0001a2d1e00", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Salisbury", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "Who replaced Gladstone after he was fired?", "id": "5ad17c60645df0001a2d1e01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a few months", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "How long did Lord Salisburys government not last?", "id": "5ad17c60645df0001a2d1e02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again."}], ["Menurut salah seorang ahli biografinya, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria menulis purata 2,500 perkataan setiap hari semasa kehidupan dewasanya. Dari Julai 1832 sehingga sebelum kematiannya, dia menyimpan jurnal terperinci, yang akhirnya merangkumi 122 jilid. Selepas kematian Victoria, anak perempuannya yang paling muda, Princess Beatrice, telah dilantik sebagai pelaksana sasteranya. Beatrice menyalin dan menyunting buku harian yang meliputi kesertaan Victoria dan seterusnya membakar asal-usul dalam proses itu. Walaupun kemusnahan ini, kebanyakan buku harian masih wujud. Sebagai tambahan kepada salinan Beatrice yang diedit, Lord Esher menyalin volume dari 1832 hingga 1861 sebelum Beatrice memusnahkannya. Sebahagian daripada korespondensi Victoria yang luas telah diterbitkan dalam jilid edited oleh A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, dan Richard Hough antara lain. <> Berapa banyak perkataan sehari menulis Victoria? || purata 2,500 <> Berapa tahun Victoria memulakan jurnal? || 1832 <> Berapa banyak jilid jurnal Queen Victorias? || 122 <> Siapa anak bongsu Victorias? || Princess Beatrice <> Apa yang dilakukan Beatrice kepada ibu-ibu diari selepas kematiannya? || disalin dan diedit <> Berapa banyak jurnal yang ditulis oleh Ratu Victoria sepanjang hayatnya? || 122 <> Siapa yang telah dilantik sebagai pelaksana sastera Queen Victoria setelah kematiannya? || Princess Beatrice <> Apa yang dilakukan Beatrice dengan jurnal selepas dia menyalin dan menyuntingnya? || membakar asal-usul <> yang menyalin jurnal-jurnal Queen Victoria dari tahun 1832 hingga 1861? || Tuhan Esher <> Apa yang dikatakan biografer Queen Victoria menulis purata 2500 perkataan setiap hari dalam jurnalnya? || Giles St Aubyn <> Seberapa besar seorang penulis adalah Ratu? || Victoria menulis purata 2,500 perkataan setiap hari <> Berapa jumlah jilidnya jurnal jurnalnya? || 122 jilid <> Siapa pelukis sastera Victoria? || anak perempuan bungsunya, Princess Beatrice <> Apa yang dilakukan Beatrice dengan jurnal ibunya? || disalin dan diedit <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Beatrice dengan buku-buku harian ibunya? || dibakar <> Berapa banyak perkataan dalam sehari membaca Victoria? || <> Tahun apa Victoria berhenti menyimpan jurnal? || <> Berapa banyak jilid tidak dalam jurnal Queen Victorias? || <> Siapa anak sulung Victorias? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Beatrice kepada ibu-ibu diari sebelum kematiannya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many words a day did Victoria write?", "id": "57240e580a492a1900435608", "answers": [{"text": "average of 2,500", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?", "id": "57240e580a492a1900435609", "answers": [{"text": "1832", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?", "id": "57240e580a492a190043560a", "answers": [{"text": "122", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victorias youngest daughter?", "id": "57240e580a492a190043560b", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Beatrice", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?", "id": "57240e580a492a190043560c", "answers": [{"text": "transcribed and edited", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?", "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6a", "answers": [{"text": "122", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? ", "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6b", "answers": [{"text": "Princess Beatrice", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? ", "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6c", "answers": [{"text": "burned the originals", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? ", "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6d", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Esher", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?", "id": "5725677c69ff041400e58c6e", "answers": [{"text": "Giles St Aubyn", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How avid of a writer was the Queen?", "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7483", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many volumes did her journal span?", "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7484", "answers": [{"text": "122 volumes", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's literary executer?", "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7485", "answers": [{"text": "her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?", "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7486", "answers": [{"text": "transcribed and edited", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?", "id": "57267d5c5951b619008f7487", "answers": [{"text": "burned", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "average of 2,500", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "How many words a day did Victoria read?", "id": "5ad17f1f645df0001a2d1e4a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1832", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What year did Victoria stop keeping a journal?", "id": "5ad17f1f645df0001a2d1e4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "122", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "How many volumes was not in Queen Victorias journal?", "id": "5ad17f1f645df0001a2d1e4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Princess Beatrice", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "Who was Victorias oldest daughter?", "id": "5ad17f1f645df0001a2d1e4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "transcribed and edited", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries before her death?", "id": "5ad17f1f645df0001a2d1e4e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others."}]], [["Di beberapa negara anti-Masonry sering dikaitkan dengan antisemitisme dan anti-Zionisme. Sebagai contoh, Pada tahun 1980, kod undang-undang dan undang-undang di Iraq telah diubah oleh Parti Ba'ath yang memerintah Saddam Hussein, menjadikannya suatu kejahatan untuk \"mempromosikan atau mengiktiraf prinsip-prinsip Zionis, termasuk Freemasonry, atau yang mengaitkan diri dengan organisasi Zionis\". Profesor Andrew Prescott dari University of Sheffield menulis: \"Sejak sekurang-kurangnya masa Protokol para Penatua Sion, antisemitisme telah bekerjasama dengan anti-batu, jadi tidak menghairankan bahawa tuduhan bahawa 11 September adalah plot Zionis telah disertai dengan cadangan bahawa serangan itu diilhamkan oleh urutan dunia masonik \". <> Apakah dua perkara yang berkaitan dengan anit-batu? || antisemitisme dan anti-Zionisme <> Berapa tahunkah Parti Ba'ath membuat Freemasonry suatu kejahatan? || 1980 <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa tidak mengejutkan bahawa penyalah gunaan untuk 9/11 cuba disalahkan atas perintah dunia masonik? || Profesor Andrew Prescott <> Menurut Profesor Andrew Prescott, berapa lama antisemitisme pergi bersama-sama dengan anti-batu? || Sejak sekurang-kurangnya masa Protokol Penatua Zion <> Di beberapa negara, anti-Masonry berkaitan dengan apa? || antisemitisme dan anti-Zionisme <> Siapa yang mengubah kod perundangan dan undang-undang di Iraq pada tahun 1980? || Parti Ba'ath yang memerintah Saddam Hussein <> Yang mencadangkan serangan 11 September di Amerika Syarikat telah diilhamkan oleh urutan dunia masonik? || Profesor Andrew Prescott <> Apakah dua perkara yang anti-batu sentiasa dikaitkan? || <> Tahun apakah Parti Ba'ath membuat Freemasonry bercuti? || <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa mengejutkan bahawa penyalah gunaan untuk 9/11 cuba disalahkan atas perintah dunia masonik? || <> Siapa yang mengubah kod perundangan dan undang-undang di Iraq pada tahun 1780? || <> Berapa lama antisemitisme telah menentang anti-batu menurut Profesor Andrew Prescott? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?", "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf5", "answers": [{"text": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?", "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf6", "answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?", "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf7", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Andrew Prescott", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?", "id": "5724fb2b0ba9f01400d97bf8", "answers": [{"text": "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?", "id": "572639beec44d21400f3dc61", "answers": [{"text": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?", "id": "572639beec44d21400f3dc62", "answers": [{"text": "Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?", "id": "572639beec44d21400f3dc63", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Andrew Prescott", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What are two things that anti-masonry is always associated with?", "id": "5acfa86377cf76001a685762", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a holiday?", "id": "5acfa86377cf76001a685763", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Professor Andrew Prescott", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "Who wrote that it was shocking that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?", "id": "5acfa86377cf76001a685764", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "Who changed the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1780?", "id": "5acfa86377cf76001a685765", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "How long has antisemitism been against anti-masonry according to Professor Andrew Prescott?", "id": "5acfa86377cf76001a685766", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to \"promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations\". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: \"Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order\"."}], ["Sebahagian besar upacara Masonik terdiri dari upacara derajat. Calon untuk Freemasonry secara progresif dimulakan ke dalam Freemasonry, pertama pada tahap Majelis Masuk. Beberapa waktu kemudian, dalam upacara berasingan, mereka akan diluluskan pada tahap Fellowcraft, dan akhirnya mereka akan dinaikkan ke tahap Master Mason. Dalam semua upacara ini, calon diamanahkan dengan kata laluan, tanda-tanda dan genggaman yang khusus kepada pangkat barunya. Upacara lain adalah pemasangan tahunan Master dan pegawai Lodge. Dalam sesetengah bidang kuasa Dipasang Master dinilai sebagai pangkat berasingan, dengan rahsia sendiri untuk membezakan ahli-ahlinya. Dalam bidang kuasa lain, gred tidak diiktiraf, dan tiada majlis dalaman menyampaikan rahsia baru semasa pemasangan Master baru Lodge. <> Apa yang kebanyakan ritual masonik terdiri daripada? || majlis ijazah <> Apakah ijazah pertama Masonry? || Memasuki Perantis <> Apakah tahap kedua Masonry? || Fellowcraft <> Apakah tahap terakhir Masonry? || Master Mason <> Apa perkara yang datang dengan setiap ijazah baru dalam Freemasonry? || kata laluan, tanda-tanda dan genggaman <> Sebahagian besar ritual Masonik terdiri daripada apa? || majlis ijazah <> Apakah majlis ijazah pertama? || ijazah Perantis Masuk <> Apa yang datang selepas ijazah Perantis yang Dimasukkan? || derajat Fellowcraft <> Apa gelaran terakhir dalam Freemason? || derajat Master Mason <> Apa upacara tahunan yang dilakukan oleh Freemason? || pemasangan tahunan Master dan pegawai Lodge <> Apa yang tidak ada ritual masonik yang terdiri daripada? || <> Apakah tahap kesembilan Masonry? || <> Apakah tahap kelapan Masonry? || <> Apa yang tidak lagi tahap akhir Masonry? || <> Apa majlis suku tahunan yang dilakukan oleh Freemason? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do most masonic rituals consist of?", "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c07", "answers": [{"text": "degree ceremonies", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first degree of Masonry?", "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c08", "answers": [{"text": "Entered Apprentice", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the second degree of Masonry?", "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c09", "answers": [{"text": "Fellowcraft", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the final degree of Masonry?", "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c0a", "answers": [{"text": "Master Mason", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?", "id": "5724fc080ba9f01400d97c0b", "answers": [{"text": "passwords, signs and grips", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?", "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac608", "answers": [{"text": "degree ceremonies", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first of degree ceremonies?", "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac609", "answers": [{"text": "the degree of Entered Apprentice", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?", "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac60a", "answers": [{"text": "the degree of Fellowcraft", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the final degree in the Freemasons?", "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac60b", "answers": [{"text": "the degree of Master Mason", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?", "id": "5726413f89a1e219009ac60c", "answers": [{"text": "the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "degree ceremonies", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What do no masonic rituals consist of?", "id": "5acf77f077cf76001a684ea8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Entered Apprentice", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What is the ninth degree of Masonry?", "id": "5acf77f077cf76001a684ea9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fellowcraft", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What is the eighth degree of Masonry?", "id": "5acf77f077cf76001a684eaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Master Mason", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What is no longer the final degree of Masonry?", "id": "5acf77f077cf76001a684eab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What quarterly ceremony do Freemasons have?", "id": "5acf77f077cf76001a684eac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge."}], ["Pada awal era Grand Lodge, pada tahun 1720-an, James Anderson menyusun perlembagaan pertama yang dicetak untuk Freemason, asas bagi kebanyakan perlembagaan berikutnya, yang secara khusus mengecualikan wanita dari Freemasonry. Ketika Freemasonry menyebar, tukang batu kontinental mula memasukkan wanita mereka di Lodges of Adoption, yang bekerja tiga derajat dengan nama yang sama dengan kandungan lelaki tetapi berbeda. Perancis secara rasmi meninggalkan percubaan pada awal abad ke-19. Kemudian organisasi yang mempunyai matlamat serupa muncul di Amerika Syarikat, tetapi membezakan nama-nama darjah dari batu-batu lelaki. <> Bilakah perlembagaan pertama untuk Freemasonry dicetak? || semasa 1720-an <> Siapa yang menulis perlembagaan pertama untuk Freemasonry? || James Anderson <> Kumpulan mana yang secara khusus dikecualikan daripada Freemasonry dalam perlembagaan yang dicetak? || wanita <> Apa yang dicipta untuk wanita sebagai Freemasonry mula menyebar? || Lodges Adopsi <> Kapan idea Lodges untuk Pengangkatan ditinggalkan? || awal abad ke-19 <> Ketika fajar era Grand Lodge? || semasa tahun 1720-an <Siapa yang menulis perlembagaan pertama untuk Freemason? || James Anderson <> Siapa yang dikecualikan daripada Freemasonry? || wanita <> Apa yang dipanggil pondok-pondok yang termasuk wanita? || Lodges Adopsi <> Siapa yang meninggalkan golongan wanita dalam eksperimen Freemasonry pada awal abad ke-19? || Bahasa Perancis <> Bilakah satu-satunya perlembagaan untuk Freemasonry dicetak? || <> Siapa yang menguraikan perlembagaan pertama yang dicetak untuk Freemasonry? || <> Kumpulan mana yang tidak diketahui secara khusus dalam Freemasonry dalam perlembagaan yang dicetak? || <> Apa yang dilarang untuk wanita sebagai Freemasonry mula menyebar? || <> Apa yang dipanggil pondok-pondok yang termasuk kucing? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?", "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b7d", "answers": [{"text": "during the 1720s", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?", "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b7e", "answers": [{"text": "James Anderson", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?", "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b7f", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?", "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b80", "answers": [{"text": "Lodges of Adoption", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?", "id": "5724b70a0ba9f01400d97b81", "answers": [{"text": "early 19th century", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?", "id": "57263323271a42140099d73b", "answers": [{"text": "during the 1720s", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?", "id": "57263323271a42140099d73c", "answers": [{"text": "James Anderson", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is excluded from Freemasonry?", "id": "57263323271a42140099d73d", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were lodges called that included women?", "id": "57263323271a42140099d73e", "answers": [{"text": "Lodges of Adoption", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?", "id": "57263323271a42140099d73f", "answers": [{"text": "The French", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "during the 1720s", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "When were the only constitutions for Freemasonry printed?", "id": "5acf8cd577cf76001a6851e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James Anderson", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "Who decomposed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8cd577cf76001a6851e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "Which group was specifically unknown in Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?", "id": "5acf8cd577cf76001a6851e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lodges of Adoption", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What was banned for women as Freemasonry began to spread?", "id": "5acf8cd577cf76001a6851e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lodges of Adoption", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What were lodges called that included cats?", "id": "5acf8cd577cf76001a6851e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry."}], ["Majoriti Freemasonry menganggap untai Liberal (Continental) menjadi tidak teratur, dan dengan demikian menahan pengakuan. Namun, untuk pondok-pondok Continental, mempunyai pendekatan yang berbeza untuk Freemasonry bukan alasan untuk memutuskan hubungan masonik. Pada tahun 1961, sebuah pertubuhan payung, Pusat Penyelidikan dan Penyelidikan Pusat Maklumat (CLIPSAS) ditubuhkan, yang hari ini menyediakan forum untuk kebanyakan Grand Lodges dan Grand Orients di seluruh dunia. Termasuk di dalam senarai lebih dari 70 Grand Lodges dan Grand Orients adalah wakil dari ketiga kategori di atas, termasuk organisasi campuran dan wanita. United Grand Lodge of England tidak berkomunikasi dengan mana-mana bidang kuasa ini, dan mengharapkan sekutunya untuk mengikutinya. Ini mencipta perbezaan antara Anglo-American dan Freemasonry Continental. <> Mengapa Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg ditubuhkan? || menyediakan forum untuk kebanyakan Grand Lodges dan Grand Orients di seluruh dunia <> Bilakah CLIPSAS ditubuhkan? || 1961 <> Apakah dua bahagian utama Freemasonry? || Anglo-Amerika dan Continental <> Apakah Continental Strand dianggap oleh kebanyakan Freemasonry? || Tidak teratur <> Apa untai dianggap tidak teratur oleh majoriti Freemason? || The Liberal (Continental) strand <> Organisasi CLIPSAS dibentuk dalam tahun berapa? || 1961 <> Berapa banyak Grand Lodges dan Grand Orients disenaraikan dalam senarai CLIPSAS? || 70 <> Adakah United Grand Lodge of England berkomunikasi dengan mana-mana 70 lodge pada senarai CLIPSAS? || tidak berkomunikasi <> Mengapa Pusat Penyelarasan dan d'et des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg dibuang? || <> Bilakah CLIPSAS dilarang? || <> Apa satu-satunya bahagian utama Freemasonry? || <> Apakah Strand Continental dianggap oleh semua Freemasonry? || <> Berapa banyak Grand Lodges dan Grand Orients tidak tersenarai dalam senarai CLIPSAS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?", "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c2f", "answers": [{"text": "provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was CLIPSAS set up?", "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c30", "answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two major sections of Freemasonry?", "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c31", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-American and Continental", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?", "id": "572503ad0ba9f01400d97c32", "answers": [{"text": "Irregular", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?", "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193a", "answers": [{"text": "the Liberal (Continental) strand", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?", "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193b", "answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?", "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193c", "answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?", "id": "572644d81125e71900ae193d", "answers": [{"text": "does not communicate", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide", "answer_start": 411}], "question": "Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg removed?", "id": "5acf8c5177cf76001a6851c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1961", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "When was CLIPSAS forbidden?", "id": "5acf8c5177cf76001a6851c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglo-American", "answer_start": 816}], "question": "What is the only major section of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8c5177cf76001a6851c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Irregular", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What is the Continental Strand considered to be by all of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8c5177cf76001a6851c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 517}], "question": "How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are unlisted in the CLIPSAS list?", "id": "5acf8c5177cf76001a6851ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances ma\u00e7onniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry."}], ["Berbeza dengan tuduhan Katolik rasionalisme dan naturisme, bantahan Protestan lebih cenderung didasarkan pada tuduhan mistisisme, ghaib, dan bahkan Setanisme. Pahlawan Masonik Albert Pike sering disebutkan (dalam beberapa kes misquoted) oleh Protestan anti-Mason sebagai kuasa untuk kedudukan Masonry pada isu-isu ini. Walau bagaimanapun, Pike, walaupun tidak dapat dipelajari, bukanlah jurucakap Freemasonry dan juga kontroversi di kalangan Freemason secara umum. Tulisan-tulisannya hanya mewakili pandangan peribadinya, dan juga satu pendapat yang berasaskan sikap dan pemahaman Freemasonry Selatan abad ke-19 di Amerika. Terutama, bukunya membawa di dalam kata pengantar suatu bentuk penafian dari Grand Lodge sendiri. Tiada suara yang pernah dituturkan untuk seluruh Freemasonry. <> Apakah beberapa bantahan Protestan terhadap Freemasonry? || mistisisme, ghaib, dan bahkan satanisme <> Apakah bantahan Katolik kepada Freemasonry? || rasionalisme dan naturalisme <> Yang pada umumnya diterima sebagai suara Freemasonry? || Tidak ada satu suara <> Siapa yang percaya Protestan anti-Mason adalah otoritas mutlak tentang penggunaan mistisisme, Setanisme dan okultisme dalam Freemasonry? || Albert Pike <> Apa sebenarnya Albert Pike yang lebih pakar? || lewat abad ke-19 Freemasonry Selatan Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah agama yang didakwa Freemason sebagai Satanic? || Protestan <> Apa agama yang dikatakan Freemason sebagai tidak wajar dan tidak rasional? || Katolik <> Siapa yang kontroversi antara Freemason? || Albert Pike <> Siapa yang bercakap untuk semua Freemason? || Tidak ada pendapat Albert Pike yang berasaskan apa? || lewat abad ke-19 Freemasonry Selatan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa sajakah ganjaran Protestan kepada Freemasonry? || <> Siapa yang selalu diterima sebagai suara Freemasonry? || <> Siapa yang percaya Protestan anti-Mason adalah pihak berkuasa yang paling parah terhadap penggunaan mistisisme, Satanisme dan ghaib dalam Freemasonry? || <> Apakah Albert Pike sebenarnya lebih daripada seorang amatur? || <> Apakah agama yang didakwa Freemason sebagai mahram? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?", "id": "5724eebf0a492a1900435678", "answers": [{"text": "mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?", "id": "5724eebf0a492a1900435679", "answers": [{"text": "rationalism and naturalism", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?", "id": "5724eebf0a492a190043567a", "answers": [{"text": "No one voice", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?", "id": "5724eebf0a492a190043567b", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Pike", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?", "id": "5724eebf0a492a190043567c", "answers": [{"text": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?", "id": "572634c8271a42140099d763", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? ", "id": "572634c8271a42140099d764", "answers": [{"text": "Catholic", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was controversial among Freemasons?", "id": "572634c8271a42140099d765", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Pike", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has spoke for all Freemasons?", "id": "572634c8271a42140099d766", "answers": [{"text": "No one", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?", "id": "572634c8271a42140099d767", "answers": [{"text": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What are some Protestant rewards to Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf91bf77cf76001a6852b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one voice", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "Who is always accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf91bf77cf76001a6852b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albert Pike", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the worst authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf91bf77cf76001a6852ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry", "answer_start": 597}], "question": "What was Albert Pike actually more of an amateur in?", "id": "5acf91bf77cf76001a6852bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as omniscient?", "id": "5acf91bf77cf76001a6852bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry."}], ["Pada tahun 1799, Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris hampir terhenti kerana pengisytiharan Parlimen. Berikutan revolusi Perancis, Akta Perundangan yang melanggar Undang-Undang 1799 mengharamkan mana-mana mesyuarat kumpulan yang menghendaki anggota mereka untuk mengambil suatu sumpah atau kewajipan. Grand Master dari kedua-dua Moden dan Antartika Grand Lodges menyeru Perdana Menteri William Pitt (yang bukan Freemason) dan menjelaskan kepadanya bahawa Freemasonry adalah penyokong undang-undang dan kuasa yang sah diiktiraf dan terlibat dalam kerja amal. Akibatnya, Freemasonry dikecualikan secara khusus dari segi Akta, dengan syarat setiap Setiausaha rumah persendirian ditempatkan bersama \"Kerani Damai\" setempat bagi ahli-ahli pondoknya sekali setahun. Ini berterusan sehingga 1967 apabila kewajipan peruntukan telah dibatalkan oleh Parlimen. <> Apa yang meletakkan risiko Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris? || Pengisytiharan Parlimen <> Apa yang diharamkan oleh Akta Keadilan yang Menyalahi undang-undang? || mesyuarat kumpulan yang mewajibkan anggotanya untuk mengambil sumpah atau kewajipan <> Bilakah Akta Socities yang Dilanggar? || 1799 <> Apakah setiap rumah persendirian yang diperlukan untuk memberi kepada Kerani Perdamaian setiap tahun? || senarai ahli pondoknya <> Siapa yang memanggil Grand Master untuk menjelaskan bahawa Freemasonry bukanlah masyarakat yang menyalahi undang-undang? || Perdana Menteri William Pitt <> Bahasa Inggeris Freemasonry hampir berhenti pada tahun apa? || 1799 <> Mengapa Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris hampir berhenti pada tahun 1799? || Perisytiharan Parlimen <> Tindakan apa yang dibuat pada tahun 1799 yang melarang sebarang mesyuarat kumpulan yang perlu mengambil sumpah atau kewajipan? || undang-undang yang menyalahi Undang-undang 1799 <> Siapa yang memberikan Freemason sebagai pengecualian Akta 1799? || Perdana Menteri William Pitt <> Tahun berapa parlemen membatalkan pengecualian 1799 yang diberikan kepada Freemason? || 1967 <> Apa yang menyebabkan risiko Freemasonik Kanada? || <> Apa yang menggalakkan Akta Pertubuhan Hukum yang melanggar undang-undang? || <> Bilakah undang-undang Pertubuhan Undang-undang dilupakan? || <> Apakah setiap rumah persendirian yang diperlukan untuk memberi kepada Kerani Keamanan setiap minggu? || <> Mengapa Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris hampir berhenti pada tahun 1699? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What put English Freemasonry at risk?", "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569a", "answers": [{"text": "Parliamentary proclamation", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?", "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569b", "answers": [{"text": "meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?", "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569c", "answers": [{"text": "1799", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?", "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569d", "answers": [{"text": "a list of the members of his lodge", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?", "id": "5724f8f90a492a190043569e", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister William Pitt", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?", "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac574", "answers": [{"text": "1799", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?", "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac575", "answers": [{"text": "Parliamentary proclamation", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?", "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac576", "answers": [{"text": "the Unlawful Societies Act 1799", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?", "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac577", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister William Pitt", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?", "id": "5726367789a1e219009ac578", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Parliamentary proclamation", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "What put Canadian Freemasonry at risk?", "id": "5acfa5af77cf76001a6856fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What did the Unlawful Societies Act encourage?", "id": "5acfa5af77cf76001a6856fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1799", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "When was the Unlawful Societies Act forgotten?", "id": "5acfa5af77cf76001a6856fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a list of the members of his lodge", "answer_start": 685}], "question": "What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every week?", "id": "5acfa5af77cf76001a6856ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Parliamentary proclamation", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1699?", "id": "5acfa5af77cf76001a685700", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local \"Clerk of the Peace\" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament."}], ["Sejak pertengahan abad ke-19, ahli sejarah Masonik telah mencari asal-usul pergerakan itu dalam satu siri dokumen serupa yang dikenali sebagai Old Charges, yang berasal dari Regius Poem sekitar 1425 hingga awal abad ke-18. Memandangkan keanggotaan sebuah mason yang beroperasi, mereka mengaitkan sejarah kesusasteraan kerajinan, tugas grednya, dan cara di mana sumpah kesetiaan akan diambil ketika bergabung. Abad kelima belas juga melihat bukti pertama pakaian upacara. <> Bilakah pakaian upacara pertama muncul dalam budaya Masonik? || Abad kelima belas <> Berapa lama ahli sejarah telah mencari maklumat mengenai pergerakan Masonik? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Apa jenis sumpah yang diambil oleh Mason ketika mereka bergabung? || kesetiaan <> Apakah dokumen tertulis tertua mengenai Freemason? || Regius Poem <> Kapan Puisi Regius ditulis? || 1425 <> Bilakah bintang sejarawan Masonik mencari asal-usul Gerakan Masonik? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Apakah dokumen Masonik yang lama disebut sebagai? || Caj Old <> Caj Old bertarikh dari kapan ke ketika? || sekitar 1425 hingga awal abad ke-18 <> Abad ke-15 juga memperlihatkan bukti tentang sejarah Masonik? || pakaian majlis. <> Tugas grednya adalah contoh dokumen bersejarah apa? || Caj Lama <> Bilakah pakaian upacara terakhir muncul dalam budaya Masonik? || <> Berapa lama ahli sejarah telah menyembunyikan maklumat tentang pergerakan Masonik? || <> Apa jenis sumpah yang ditakdirkan oleh Mason ketika mereka bergabung? || <> Bilakah puisi Regius dicuri? || <> Apakah dokumen-dokumen Masonik yang baru dirujuk sebagai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?", "id": "57241ed90a492a1900435618", "answers": [{"text": "The fifteenth century", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?", "id": "57241ed90a492a1900435619", "answers": [{"text": "middle of the 19th century", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?", "id": "57241ed90a492a190043561a", "answers": [{"text": "fidelity", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?", "id": "57241ed90a492a190043561b", "answers": [{"text": "Regius Poem", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Regius Poem written?", "id": "57241ed90a492a190043561c", "answers": [{"text": "1425", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?", "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d96f", "answers": [{"text": "middle of the 19th century", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the old Masonic document referred as?", "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d970", "answers": [{"text": "Old Charges", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Old Charges are dated from when to when?", "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d971", "answers": [{"text": "about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?", "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d972", "answers": [{"text": "ceremonial regalia.", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?", "id": "57262457ec44d21400f3d973", "answers": [{"text": "Old Charges", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The fifteenth century", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "When did ceremonial regalia last appear in the Masonic culture?", "id": "5acf846477cf76001a685082", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "middle of the 19th century", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "How long have historians been hiding information about the Masonic movement?", "id": "5acf846477cf76001a685083", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fidelity", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What kind of an oath do Masons refuse to take when they join?", "id": "5acf846477cf76001a685084", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1425", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "When was the Regius Poem stolen?", "id": "5acf846477cf76001a685085", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Old Charges", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "What are the new Masonic documents referred as?", "id": "5acf846477cf76001a685086", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia."}], ["Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris merebak ke Perancis pada tahun 1720-an, pertama sebagai pendatang ekspatriat dan diasingkan Jacobites, dan kemudian sebagai lodge Perancis khas yang masih mengikuti upacara Modern. Dari Perancis dan England, Freemasonry merebak ke sebahagian besar Benua Eropah semasa abad ke-18. Grande Loge de France dibentuk di bawah Grand Master of the Duke of Clermont, yang hanya menggunakan kuasa nominal. Penggantinya, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, menyusun semula badan pusat sebagai Grand Orient de France pada tahun 1773. Secara ringkas dilepaskan semasa Revolusi Perancis, Freemasonry Perancis terus berkembang pada abad yang akan datang. <> Bilakah Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris tiba di Perancis? || 1720s <> Siapakah Freemason Bahasa Inggeris pertama di Perancis? || pendatang ekspatriat dan orang-orang Jacobites diasingkan <> Bilakah Freemasonry mula menyebar ke benua Eropah? || Abad ke-18 <> yang membentuk Grand Loge de France? || Duke of Clermont <> Siapa pengganti Duke of Clermont? || Duke of Orl\u00e9ans <> Bilakah Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris tersebar ke Perancis? || The 1720s <> Kapan Freemasonry merebak ke kebanyakan Eropah Kontinental? || abad ke 18 <> Grand Loge de France dibentuk di bawah siapa? || Grand Master of the Duke of Clermont <> Siapa pengganti Grand Master of The Duke of Clermont? || Duke of Orl\u00e9ans <> Bilakah badan pusat Grand Orient de France ditukar? || 1773 <> Bilakah Freemasonry Bahasa Inggeris berakhir di Perancis? || <> Siapa satu-satunya Freemason Inggeris di Perancis? || <> Bilakah Freemasonry mula merebak ke Antartika benua? || <> Siapa yang memusnahkan Grand Loge de France? || <> Bilakah badan pusat Grand Orient de France hilang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?", "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c11", "answers": [{"text": "the 1720s", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the first English Freemasons in France?", "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c12", "answers": [{"text": "lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?", "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c13", "answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who formed the Grand Loge de France?", "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c14", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Clermont", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?", "id": "5724fcfe0ba9f01400d97c15", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Orl\u00e9ans", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did English Freemasonry spread to France?", "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3b9", "answers": [{"text": "the 1720s", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?", "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3ba", "answers": [{"text": "the 18th century", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Grand Loge de France formed under who?", "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3bb", "answers": [{"text": "the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?", "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3bc", "answers": [{"text": "the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?", "id": "572642db38643c19005ad3bd", "answers": [{"text": "1773", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1720s", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "When did English Freemasonry end in France?", "id": "5acf87fa77cf76001a685130", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Who were the only English Freemasons in France?", "id": "5acf87fa77cf76001a685131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18th century", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Antarctica?", "id": "5acf87fa77cf76001a685132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Duke of Clermont", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "Who destroyed the Grand Loge de France?", "id": "5acf87fa77cf76001a685133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1773", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France lost?", "id": "5acf87fa77cf76001a685134", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century."}], ["Hubungan antara Grand Lodges ditentukan oleh konsep Pengiktirafan. Setiap Grand Lodge mengekalkan senarai Grand Lodges lain yang diiktirafkan. Apabila dua Grand Lodges mengiktiraf dan berkomunikasi dengan Masonik satu sama lain, mereka dikatakan bersikap mesra, dan saudara-saudara masing-masing boleh melawat Lodges masing-masing dan berinteraksi dengan Masonik. Apabila dua Grand Lodges tidak berada dalam suasana amal, inter-visitation tidak dibenarkan. Terdapat banyak sebab mengapa satu Grand Lodge akan menahan atau menarik pengiktirafan daripada yang lain, tetapi kedua yang paling biasa adalah Bidang Kuasa dan Keteraturan Eksklusif. <> Konsep apa yang menentukan hubungan antara Grand Lodges? || Pengiktirafan <> Apa yang perlu dua pendatang masuk, untuk melawat? || persahabatan <> Apa, selain Pengiktirafan, mesti berlaku antara dua Grand Lodges supaya mereka dipertimbangkan dalam amal? || Komunikasi Masonik <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan satu Grand Lodge menarik Pengiktirafan daripada yang lain? || Bidang Kuasa dan Keterbatasan Eksklusif <> Apakah ahli-ahli Grand Lodge yang dipanggil? || saudara-saudara <Gran Lodges adalah dalam apa ketika mereka berada di Masonic Communication antara satu sama lain? || persahabatan <> Konsep apa yang digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan antara Grand Lodges? || Pengiktirafan <> Apakah setiap Grand Lodge mempertahankan? || senarai <> Apa yang tidak dibenarkan apabila Grand Lodges tidak bersahaja? || antara lawatan <> Apakah kedua-dua alasan yang paling biasa satu Grand Lodge akan menahan pengiktirafan daripada yang lain? || Bidang Kuasa dan Keterbatasan Eksklusif <> Konsep apa yang menentukan konflik antara Grand Lodges? || <> Apa yang mesti hanya satu penyertaan, untuk menjelajah antara? || <> Apa, selain Pengiktirafan, tidak boleh berlaku di antara dua Grand Lodges agar mereka dipertimbangkan dalam amal? || <> Apakah musuh yang dipanggil Grand Lodge? || <> Apa yang tidak dibenarkan apabila Grand Lodges kosong? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?", "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcce", "answers": [{"text": "Recognition", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?", "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fccf", "answers": [{"text": "amity", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? ", "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcd0", "answers": [{"text": "Masonic communication", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?", "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcd1", "answers": [{"text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?", "id": "5723df4df6b826140030fcd2", "answers": [{"text": "brethren", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?", "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c3", "answers": [{"text": "amity", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?", "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c4", "answers": [{"text": "Recognition", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does each Grand Lodge maintain?", "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c5", "answers": [{"text": "a list", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? ", "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c6", "answers": [{"text": "inter-visitation", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?", "id": "5726225d271a42140099d4c7", "answers": [{"text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Recognition", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "What concept determines conflicts between Grand Lodges?", "id": "5acf801b77cf76001a684fe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "amity", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What must only one lodge be in, in order to inter-visit?", "id": "5acf801b77cf76001a684fe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Masonic communication", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What, besides Recognition, must never happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity?", "id": "5acf801b77cf76001a684fe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brethren", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What are the enemies of a Grand Lodge called?", "id": "5acf801b77cf76001a684fe9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inter-visitation", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are empty?", "id": "5acf801b77cf76001a684fea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity."}], ["Perselisihan semasa Kongres Majlis Tertinggi Lausanne pada tahun 1875 mendorong Grand Orient de France untuk membuat laporan oleh pastor Protestan yang menyimpulkan bahawa, sebagai Freemasonry bukan agama, ia tidak sepatutnya memerlukan kepercayaan agama. Perlembagaan baru dibaca, \"Prinsipnya adalah kebebasan mutlak nurani dan perpaduan manusia\", kewujudan Tuhan dan keabadian jiwa yang dilanda. Adalah mungkin bahawa bantahan segera United Grand Lodge of England sekurang-kurangnya sebahagiannya didorong oleh ketegangan politik antara Perancis dan Britain pada masa itu. Hasilnya ialah penarikan pengiktirafan Grand Orient of France oleh United Grand Lodge of England, keadaan yang berterusan hari ini. <> Mengapa Grand Orient de France menyimpulkan bahawa Freemasonry tidak memerlukan kepercayaan agama? || Freemason bukanlah agama <> Apa yang telah dikeluarkan dari perlembagaan Freemasonry? || kewujudan Tuhan dan keabadian roh <> Yang menarik pengakuan dari Grand Orient de France? || United Grand Lodge of England <> Apakah keadaan yang memungkinkan United Grand Lodge of England menarik diri daripada pengiktirafan Grand Orient de France? || ketegangan politik antara Perancis dan Britain <> Bagaimanakah kepercayaan akan kemuliaan Tuhan dan jiwa abadi digantikan dalam perlembagaan? || Prinsipnya adalah kebebasan mutlak nurani dan perpaduan manusia <> Tahun berapa ia memutuskan bahawa Freemasonry bukan agama? || 1875 <> Apa Grand Lodge mempunyai penarikan pengiktirafan oleh United Grand Lodge of England? || Grand Orient of France <> Apa motivasi Grand Lodge terhadap bantahan England? || ketegangan politik antara Perancis dan Britain <> Siapa yang mempertikaikan Majlis Tertinggi Kongres Lausanne? || Grand Orient de France <> Mengapa Grand Orient de France menyimpulkan bahawa Freemasonry memerlukan kepercayaan agama? || <> Apa yang telah ditambah kepada perlembagaan Freemasonry? || <> Siapakah yang kekal diiktiraf dengan Grand Orient de France? || <> Bagaimana kepercayaan kewujudan Tuhan dan jiwa abadi dijelaskan dalam perlembagaan? || <> Tahun berapa ia memutuskan bahawa Freemasonry adalah agama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?", "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435622", "answers": [{"text": "Freemasonry was not a religion", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?", "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435623", "answers": [{"text": "existence of God and the immortality of the soul", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?", "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435624", "answers": [{"text": "United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?", "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435625", "answers": [{"text": "political tension between France and Britain", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?", "id": "5724b5d10a492a1900435626", "answers": [{"text": "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?", "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dbff", "answers": [{"text": "1875", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?", "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dc00", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Orient of France", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?", "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dc01", "answers": [{"text": "political tension between France and Britain", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?", "id": "572631d1ec44d21400f3dc02", "answers": [{"text": "Grand Orient de France", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Freemasonry was not a religion", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry should require religious belief?", "id": "5acf8bb377cf76001a6851a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the existence of God and the immortality of the soul", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What was added to the Freemasonry constitution?", "id": "5acf8bb377cf76001a6851a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "Who maintained permanent recognition with the Grand Orient de France?", "id": "5acf8bb377cf76001a6851aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "How was the belief of the existence of God and the immortal soul explained in the constitution?", "id": "5acf8bb377cf76001a6851ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1875", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was a religion?", "id": "5acf8bb377cf76001a6851ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, \"Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity\", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today."}], ["Freemasonry terdiri daripada organisasi persaudaraan yang mengesan asal-usul mereka kepada persaudaraan setempat dari stonemasons, yang dari akhir abad keempat belas mengawal kelayakan stonemason dan interaksi mereka dengan pihak berkuasa dan pelanggan. Derajat freemasonry mengekalkan tiga gred persatuan kerajinan abad pertengahan, orang-orang Apprentice, Journeyman atau rakan-rakan (sekarang dipanggil Fellowcraft), dan Master Mason. Ini adalah ijazah yang ditawarkan oleh Freemasonry Craft (atau Blue Lodge). Ahli-ahli organisasi ini dikenali sebagai Freemason atau Mason. Terdapat ijazah tambahan, yang berbeza dengan kawasan dan bidang kuasa, dan biasanya ditadbir oleh badan yang berlainan daripada darjah kraf. <> Di manakah asal-usul Freemasonry? || persaudaraan tempatan stonemasons <> Apakah fraternaties stonemasons bertanggungjawab secara origion? || mengawal kelayakan stonemason dan interaksi mereka dengan pihak berkuasa dan pelanggan <> Di mana derajat Freemasonry berasal? || tiga gred pertengahan kraf kerajinan <> Apa derajat Freemasonry? || Perantis, Pengembara atau rakan-rakan (sekarang dipanggil Fellowcraft), dan Master Mason <> Freemasons mengesan asal mereka kepada apa? || persaudaraan setempat dari stonemasons <> Berapa banyak gred ada dalam kesatuan kraf abad pertengahan? || Tiga gred <> Kraf Freemasonry juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Blue Lodge <> Ahli-ahli Kraft Masonry dipanggil apa? || Freemason atau Mason <> Di mana Freemasonry berakhir? || <> Apakah fraternities dari stonemason mengelakkan tanggungjawab? || <> Apa yang tidak lagi tahap Freemasonry? || <> Berapa banyak raja yang ada dalam kesatuan kraf abad pertengahan? || <> Apakah Freemasonry Craft dilarang kerana dikenali sebagai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are the origins of Freemasonry?", "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c55", "answers": [{"text": "local fraternities of stonemasons", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?", "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c56", "answers": [{"text": "regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?", "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c57", "answers": [{"text": "the three grades of medieval craft guilds", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the degrees of Freemasonry?", "id": "5725187a0ba9f01400d97c58", "answers": [{"text": "Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Freemasons trace their origins to what?", "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81ac", "answers": [{"text": "the local fraternities of stonemasons", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?", "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81ad", "answers": [{"text": "three grades", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?", "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81ae", "answers": [{"text": "Blue Lodge", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Members of Craft Masonry are called what?", "id": "57265415dd62a815002e81af", "answers": [{"text": "Freemasons or Masons", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "local fraternities of stonemasons", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "Where did Freemasonry end?", "id": "5acf766777cf76001a684e6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What were the fraternities of stonemasons avoiding responsibility for?", "id": "5acf766777cf76001a684e6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What are no longer the degrees of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf766777cf76001a684e70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "How many kings are there in medieval craft guilds?", "id": "5acf766777cf76001a684e71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blue Lodge", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What is Craft Freemasonry forbidden as being known as?", "id": "5acf766777cf76001a684e72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees."}], ["Ramai hujah anti-Masonik Islam berkait rapat dengan antisemitisme dan Anti-Zionisme, walaupun kritikan lain dibuat seperti menghubungkan Freemason kepada al-Masih ad-Dajjal (Mesias palsu). Beberapa orang anti-Mason Muslim berpendapat bahawa Freemasonry mempromosikan kepentingan orang-orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia dan salah satu tujuannya ialah memusnahkan Masjid Al-Aqsa untuk membina semula Kuil Sulaiman di Yerusalem. Dalam artikel 28 Kovenannya, Hamas menyatakan bahawa Freemasonry, Rotary, dan kumpulan serupa yang lain \"bekerja demi kepentingan Zionisme dan menurut arahannya ...\" <> Apa yang anti-Masonik Islam menghubungkan Freemasonry? || al-Masih ad-Dajjal (Mesias palsu) Mengapa anti-masonik muslim percaya bahawa Freemason ingin memusnahkan Masjid Al-Aqsa? || Membina Kuil Salomo di Yerusalem <> Apakah kumpulan lain yang anti-masonik muslims link ke zionism? || Rotary <> Apa yang paling banyak perdebatan oleh muslim anti-masonik yang berpusat pada? || antisemitisme dan Anti-Zionisme <> Kepentingan siapa yang muslin anti-masonik takut bahawa Freemason melindungi? || Orang-orang Yahudi berpendapat bahawa Freemasonry mempromosikan apa yang kepentingan orang-orang Yahudi <?> Orang-orang Yahudi berpendapat bahawa Freemasonry mempromosikan apa? Apa artikel yang menyatakan bahawa Freemasonry bekerja demi kepentingan Zionisme? Artikel 28 <> Apa Masonik Islam yang menghubungkan Freemasonry dengan? || <> Mengapa Masonik Muslim percaya bahawa Freemason ingin memusnahkan Masjid Al-Aqsa? || < > Apakah kumpulan lain yang dihubungkan dengan Muslim Masonic kepada Islam? e muslin anti-masonik takut bahawa Freemason menyakiti? || <> Artikel apa yang menyatakan bahawa Freemasonry bekerja demi kepentingan umat manusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to?", "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e6", "answers": [{"text": "al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?", "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e7", "answers": [{"text": "rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism?", "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e8", "answers": [{"text": "Rotary", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on? ", "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356e9", "answers": [{"text": "antisemitism and Anti-Zionism", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting?", "id": "5725140d0a492a19004356ea", "answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry?", "id": "572651f5dd62a815002e816e", "answers": [{"text": "linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah)", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what?", "id": "572651f5dd62a815002e816f", "answers": [{"text": "the interests of the Jews", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism?", "id": "572651f5dd62a815002e8170", "answers": [{"text": "article 28", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah)", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What do Islamic Masonics link Freemasonry to?", "id": "5acf949077cf76001a685340", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "Why do Muslim Masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?", "id": "5acf949077cf76001a685341", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rotary", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What is another group that Masonic Muslims link to Islam?", "id": "5acf949077cf76001a685342", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are hurting?", "id": "5acf949077cf76001a685343", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "article 28", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of humanity?", "id": "5acf949077cf76001a685344", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups \"work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ...\""}], ["Di samping itu, kebanyakan Grand Lodges memerlukan calon untuk mengisytiharkan kepercayaan dalam Makhluk Tertinggi. Dalam beberapa kes, calon mungkin dikehendaki menjadi agama tertentu. Bentuk Freemasonry yang paling biasa di Scandinavia (dikenali sebagai Ritus Sweden), misalnya, hanya menerima orang Kristian. Di sisi lain spektrum, \"Liberal\" atau Freemasonry Continental, yang dicontohkan oleh Grand Orient de France, tidak memerlukan pengisytiharan kepercayaan pada dewa mana-mana, dan menerima atheis (penyebab perpecahan dengan Freemasonry lainnya). <> Kepercayaan apa yang diperlukan oleh calon oleh Grand Lodge? || kepercayaan dalam Keagungan Agung <> Apakah pilar-pilar yang diperlukan untuk menyatakan kepercayaan dalam agama tertentu? || beberapa kes <> yang mana cawangan Freemasonry tidak memerlukan kepercayaan yang tertinggi? || Continental Freemasonry <> Yang mana cabang dari Freemasonry menerima atheis? || \"Liberal\" atau Continental <> Yang mana cawangan Freemasonry hanya menerima orang Kristian? || Ritus Sweden <> Kebanyakan Grand Lodges memerlukan calon untuk mengisytiharkan kepercayaan apa? || Yang Maha Tinggi <> Freemason yang paling biasa di Scandinavia hanya menerima siapa sebagai ahli? || Orang Kristian <> Apa kumpulan Freemason yang menerima atheis? || Grand Orient de France <> Grand Orient de France dianggap jenis Freemasonry? || Liberal \"atau Continental Freemasonry <> Apa kepercayaan adalah pilihan kandidat oleh Grand Lodge? || <> Yang cabang Freemasonry tidak membenarkan kepercayaan yang tertinggi? || <> Yang cabang Freemasonry melaksanakan atheis? || <> Yang mana cawangan Freemasonry hanya menerima kanak-kanak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?", "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c37", "answers": [{"text": "belief in a Supreme Being", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?", "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c38", "answers": [{"text": "few cases", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?", "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c39", "answers": [{"text": "Continental Freemasonry", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?", "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c3a", "answers": [{"text": "\"Liberal\" or Continental", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?", "id": "5725077c0ba9f01400d97c3b", "answers": [{"text": "Swedish Rite", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?", "id": "57264908708984140094c167", "answers": [{"text": "a Supreme Being", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?", "id": "57264908708984140094c168", "answers": [{"text": "Christians", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Freemason group accept atheists?", "id": "57264908708984140094c169", "answers": [{"text": "the Grand Orient de France", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?", "id": "57264908708984140094c16a", "answers": [{"text": "Liberal\" or Continental Freemasonry", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "belief in a Supreme Being", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What belief is optional of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?", "id": "5acf798f77cf76001a684ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Continental Freemasonry", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "Which branch of Freemasonry does not allow a belief in a supreme being?", "id": "5acf798f77cf76001a684ee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Liberal\" or Continental", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "Which branch of Freemasonry executes atheists?", "id": "5acf798f77cf76001a684ee4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Swedish Rite", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts children?", "id": "5acf798f77cf76001a684ee5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, \"Liberal\" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry)."}], ["Maria Deraismes telah dimulakan ke dalam Freemasonry pada tahun 1882, kemudian meletak jawatan untuk membenarkan dia menyambung semula ke Grand Lodge mereka. Setelah gagal untuk menerima penerimaan daripada mana-mana badan mentadbir masonik, dia dan Georges Martin memulakan sebuah masonik bercampur campuran yang benar-benar bekerja ritual masonik. Annie Besant menyebarkan fenomena ini kepada dunia berbahasa Inggeris. Perselisihan mengenai ritual menyebabkan pembentukan badan wanita Freemason secara eksklusif di England, yang merebak ke negara lain. Sementara itu, Perancis telah mencipta semula Penyesuaian sebagai rumah persinggahan wanita pada tahun 1901, hanya untuk membuangnya lagi pada tahun 1935. Namun, pondok-pondok itu terus bertemu, yang menimbulkan, pada tahun 1959, kepada wanita yang mengamalkan benua Freemasonry. <> Bilakah Maria Deraismes dimulakan ke dalam Freemasonry? || 1882 <> Mengapa Deraisme meletak jawatan dari Freemasonry? || membolehkannya menyambung semula Grand Lodge mereka <> Apa yang menyebabkan badan-badan wanita eksklusif Freemason di England? || Perselisihan mengenai ritual <> Siapa, bersama dengan Maria Dersaismes, memulakan bercampur masonik jantina campuran? || Georges Martin <> Siapa yang membawa mesej jantina campuran, berlatih masonik masonik ke bahasa Inggeris? || Annie Besant <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan dari Freemason untuk penginapan mereka untuk menyertai semula Grand Lodge mereka? || Maria Deraismes <> Tahun apakah Maria Deraismes memulakan Freemason? || 1882 <> Maria Deraismes dan siapa lagi yang memulakan bercampur masonik bercampur? || Georges Martin <> Tahun apa manakah lodol masonik semua wanita dicipta? || 1901 <> Berapa tahunkah rumah ibadat masonik perempuan yang diketepikan? || 1935 <> Bilakah Maria Deraismes dibunuh dalam Freemasonry? || <> Mengapa Deraismes tidak suka Freemasonry? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan badan transgender semata-mata Freemason di England? || <> Siapa, bersama dengan Maria Dersaismes, berhenti bercampur masonik jantina campuran? || <> Tahun berapa adalah lodge masonik haiwan yang dibuat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?", "id": "572512df0a492a19004356dc", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?", "id": "572512df0a492a19004356dd", "answers": [{"text": "allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?", "id": "572512df0a492a19004356de", "answers": [{"text": "Disagreements over ritual", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?", "id": "572512df0a492a19004356df", "answers": [{"text": "Georges Martin", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?", "id": "572512df0a492a19004356e0", "answers": [{"text": "Annie Besant", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?", "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8db9e", "answers": [{"text": "Maria Deraismes", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?", "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8db9f", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?", "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8dba0", "answers": [{"text": "Georges Martin", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?", "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8dba1", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?", "id": "57264e55f1498d1400e8dba2", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "When was Maria Deraismes assassinated in Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8d9777cf76001a68521e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their Grand Lodge", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Why did Deraismes dislike Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8d9777cf76001a68521f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Disagreements over ritual", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What led to exclusively transgender bodies of Freemasons in England?", "id": "5acf8d9777cf76001a685220", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Georges Martin", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, stopped a mixed gender masonic lodge?", "id": "5acf8d9777cf76001a685221", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What year was an all-animal masonic lodge created?", "id": "5acf8d9777cf76001a685222", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry."}], ["Tidak ada mekanisme yang jelas di mana organisasi-organisasi perdagangan tempatan menjadi Masonic Mason hari ini, tetapi ritual-ritual dan kata-kata yang paling awal yang diketahui, dari rumah-rumah beroperasi di sekitar abad ke-17 hingga ke-18, menunjukkan kesinambungan dengan ritual-ritual yang dikembangkan pada abad ke-18 kemudian diterima atau Mason spekulatif, kerana para ahli yang tidak mengamalkan kraf fizikal diketahui. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 di Scotland menunjukkan kesinambungan dari sebuah rumah operasi di 1598 ke Lodge Spekulatif moden. Ia terkenal sebagai Masonic Lodge tertua di dunia. <> Sejak berabad-abad berapa kata laluan dan ritual Freemasonry yang paling awal diketahui? || 17th-18th <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan masonik tertua di dunia? || Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 di Scotland <> Apakah ahli-ahli yang tidak mengamalkan kraf fizikal yang dikenali sebagai? || diterima atau spekulasi Mason <> Apabila dibandingkan, bagaimanakah ritual dan kata laluan dari giliran 17-18 abad kepada orang-orang dari abad ke-18 kemudian? || menunjukkan kesinambungan <> Apakah Masonic Lodge tertua di dunia? || Lodge of Edinburgh (Chapel Mary) No. 1 <> Bilakah Lodge of Edinburgh bermula? || 1598 <> Bilakah ritual menjadi serupa di antara Pelbagai Masonik yang berbeza? || pada abad ke-18 yang lalu <> Apa abad yang satu-satunya dengan kata laluan dan ritual Freemasonry diketahui? || <> Apakah satu-satunya lodge Masonik di dunia? || <> Apakah ahli yang mengamalkan kerajinan ajaib yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Bilakah Lodge of Edinburgh ditinggalkan? || <> Bilakah ritual menjadi sama antara Lodonic Masonik yang berbeza? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?", "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356ca", "answers": [{"text": "17th\u201318th", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?", "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356cb", "answers": [{"text": "Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?", "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356cc", "answers": [{"text": "accepted or speculative Masons", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?", "id": "57250fc70a492a19004356cd", "answers": [{"text": "show continuity", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?", "id": "57264b0f5951b619008f6f31", "answers": [{"text": "the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?", "id": "57264b0f5951b619008f6f32", "answers": [{"text": "1598", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?", "id": "57264b0f5951b619008f6f33", "answers": [{"text": "in the later 18th century", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17th", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What century is the only one with passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?", "id": "5acf850e77cf76001a68509e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What is the only Masonic lodge in the world?", "id": "5acf850e77cf76001a68509f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accepted or speculative Masons", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "What were members who practiced the magical craft known as?", "id": "5acf850e77cf76001a6850a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1598", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "When was the Lodge of Edinburgh abandoned?", "id": "5acf850e77cf76001a6850a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the later 18th century", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "When did rituals become identical between different Masonic Lodges?", "id": "5acf850e77cf76001a6850a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th\u201318th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world."}], ["Denominasi dengan sejarah keberatan yang paling lama kepada Freemasonry ialah Gereja Katolik Roma. Keberatan yang dibangkitkan oleh Gereja Katolik Roma berdasarkan dakwaan bahawa Masonry mengajarkan agama deistic naturalistik yang bertentangan dengan doktrin Gereja. Beberapa pengumuman Paus telah dikeluarkan terhadap Freemasonry. Yang pertama ialah Pope Clement XII Dalam eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; yang paling baru adalah Pope Leo XIII Ab apostolici, 15 Oktober 1890. Kod 1917 Hukum Kanonikan secara eksplisit mengisytiharkan bahawa menyertai Freemasonry melibatkan pengecualian secara automatik, dan mengharamkan buku yang memihak kepada Freemasonry. <> Whao terus menentang Freemasonry? || Gereja Roman Katolik <> Mengapa Gereja Katolik menentang Freemason begitu kuat? || mengajar agama deistic naturalistik <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan proletar Papal pertama terhadap Freemasonry? || Pope Clement XII <> Kapan penganugerahan Papal pertama terhadap Freemasonry dibuat? || 28 April 1738 <> Apakah Freemasonry yang paling terkini? || Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 Oktober 1890 <> Siapa yang mempunyai sejarah yang paling lama bantahan terhadap Freemasonry? || Gereja Roman Katolik <> Undang-undang apa yang mengharamkan buku yang memihak kepada Freemasonry? || Undang-undang Canon 1917 Undang-undang <> Gereja Roman Katolik bantahan kepada Freemason berdasarkan apa? || Masonry mengajar agama deistic naturalistik <> Apa pope pertama mengeluarkan pengumuman Paus terhadap Freemason? || Paus Clement XII <Paus apa yang baru-baru ini mengeluarkan pengumuman Paus terhadap Freemason? || Paus Leo XIII <> Siapa yang tidak boleh menentang Freemasonry? || <> Mengapa Gereja Katolik meluluskan Freemason begitu kuat? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan satu-satunya dakwaan Papal terhadap Freemasonry? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai sejarah bantahan yang paling pendek terhadap Freemasonry? || <> Apa undang-undang yang diperlukan buku yang memihak kepada Freemasonry? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?", "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b6", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?", "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b7", "answers": [{"text": "teaches a naturalistic deistic religion", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?", "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b8", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Clement XII", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?", "id": "572504be0a492a19004356b9", "answers": [{"text": "28 April 1738", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?", "id": "572504be0a492a19004356ba", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?", "id": "57264651dd62a815002e802e", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?", "id": "57264651dd62a815002e802f", "answers": [{"text": "The 1917 Code of Canon Law", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?", "id": "57264651dd62a815002e8030", "answers": [{"text": "Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?", "id": "57264651dd62a815002e8031", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Clement XII", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?", "id": "57264651dd62a815002e8032", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Leo XIII", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Who can never oppose Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8f4577cf76001a68526c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "teaches a naturalistic deistic religion", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Why does the Catholic Church approve of the Freemasons so strongly?", "id": "5acf8f4577cf76001a68526d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pope Clement XII", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "Who issued the only Papal pronouncement against Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8f4577cf76001a68526e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "Who has the shortest history of objection to Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8f4577cf76001a68526f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The 1917 Code of Canon Law", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What law required books favoring Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf8f4577cf76001a685270", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry."}], ["Bidang kuasa eksklusif adalah konsep di mana hanya satu Grand Lodge akan diiktiraf di kawasan geografis. Sekiranya dua Grand Lodges mendakwa bidang kuasa ke atas kawasan yang sama, Grand Lodges yang lain perlu memilih antara mereka, dan mereka mungkin tidak semua memutuskan untuk mengenali yang sama. (Pada tahun 1849, contohnya, Grand Lodge of New York dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan saingan, masing-masing mendakwa Grand Lodge yang sah. Lain-lain Grand Lodges terpaksa memilih antara mereka sehingga perpecahan itu sembuh.) Bidang kuasa eksklusif boleh diketepikan apabila dua Grand Lodges yang berleluasa adalah diri mereka sendiri dalam Persahabatan dan bersetuju untuk berkongsi bidang kuasa (contohnya, sejak Grand Lodge Connecticut berada di Amity dengan Prince Hall Grand Lodge di Connecticut, prinsip Jurisdiksi Eksklusif tidak terpakai, dan Grand Lodges lain boleh mengiktiraf kedua-duanya). <> Apakah Bidang Kuasa Eksklusif? || hanya satu Grand Lodge yang akan diiktiraf di kawasan geografi <> Apa yang berlaku jika dua Grand Lodges cuba menubuhkan diri mereka di kawasan yang sama? || Grand Lodges yang lain perlu memilih di antara mereka <> Apa yang boleh berlaku jika dua Grand Lodges yang berleluasa di Amity dan memutuskan untuk berkongsi bidang kuasa? || Jurisdiksi eksklusif boleh diketepikan <> Jika dua Grand Lodges yang berleluasa berada di Amity dan memutuskan untuk mengetepikan Bidang Eksklusif, siapa yang mesti mengakui Grand Lodges yang lain? || mengiktiraf kedua <> Apa yang harus dilakukan oleh Grand Lodges yang lain jika dua Grand Lodges yang mengagumkan tidak dapat bersetuju untuk berkongsi wilayah tersebut? || pilih antara mereka <> Konsep apa yang hanya mengenali satu Grand Lodge di kawasan geografi yang diberikan? || Bidang kuasa eksklusif <> Pada tahun apakah Grand Lodge di New York Split menjadi dua kumpulan saingan yang berasingan? || 1849 <> Bilakah Bidangkuasa Eksklusif diketepikan? || apabila kedua-dua Grand Lodges yang berlapis-lapis itu berada dalam Amity dan bersetuju untuk berkongsi bidang kuasa <> Apakah Bidang Kuasa yang Dikecualikan? || <> Apa yang berlaku jika tiada Grand Lodges cuba menubuhkan diri di kawasan yang sama? || <> Apa yang boleh berlaku jika dua Grand Lodges yang berleluasa di Amity dan membuat keputusan untuk tidak berkongsi bidang kuasa? || <> Konsep apa yang hanya mengenali beberapa Grand Lodges di kawasan geografi tertentu? || <> Tahun apakah Grand Lodge di New York Split menjadi tiga kumpulan saingan berasingan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?", "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c41", "answers": [{"text": "only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?", "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c42", "answers": [{"text": "the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?", "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c43", "answers": [{"text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?", "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c44", "answers": [{"text": "recognise both", "answer_start": 814}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?", "id": "57250cbd0ba9f01400d97c45", "answers": [{"text": "choose between them", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?", "id": "57264a12dd62a815002e8086", "answers": [{"text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?", "id": "57264a12dd62a815002e8087", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?", "id": "57264a12dd62a815002e8088", "answers": [{"text": "when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What is Excluded Jurisdiction?", "id": "5acf80aa77cf76001a685018", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "What happens if no Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?", "id": "5acf80aa77cf76001a685019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived", "answer_start": 487}], "question": "What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to not share jurisdiction?", "id": "5acf80aa77cf76001a68501a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Exclusive Jurisdiction", "answer_start": 748}], "question": "What concept only recognizes several Grand Lodges in a given geographical area?", "id": "5acf80aa77cf76001a68501b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into three separate rival factions?", "id": "5acf80aa77cf76001a68501c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both)."}], ["Rekod yang dipelihara Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Pejabat Utama Keselamatan Reich) memperlihatkan penganiayaan Freemason semasa Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Rekod Bertulis) diawasi oleh Profesor Franz Six dan bertanggungjawab untuk tugas-tugas \"ideologi\", yang mana bermaksud penciptaan propaganda antisemit dan anti-Masonik. Walaupun nombor itu tidak diketahui dengan tepat, dianggarkan antara 80,000 dan 200,000 Freemason terbunuh di bawah rejim Nazi. Penghuni kem tahanan konsentrasi Masonik dinilai sebagai tahanan politik dan memakai segitiga merah yang terbalik. <> Berapa banyak Freemason dipercayai telah dibunuh di bawah Rejim Nazi Hitler? || antara 80,000 hingga 200,000 <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan penagih seperti Freemason? || tahanan politik <> Pengenal apa yang Nazi membuat pengawal Freemason memakai? || segitiga merah yang terbalik <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mencipta propaganda antisemetik dan anti-masonik? || Profesor Franz Six <> Di manakah kebanyakan informan mengenai Freemason yang dianiaya di Holocaust yang terletak? || Rekod yang disimpan di Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Pejabat Utama Keselamatan Reich) <> Apakah Pejabat Utama Relch Security juga dipanggil? || Reichssicherheitshauptamt <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk tugas-tugas ideologi rekod bertulis? || Profesor Franz Six <> Berapa banyak Freemason dibunuh di bawah rejim Nazi? || antara 80,000 dan 200,000 <> Apa yang harus dipakai para penghuni kem tahanan musonik? || segitiga merah yang terbalik. <> Berapa banyak Freemason yang dipercayai telah dibangkitkan di bawah Rejim Nazi Hitler? || <> Dewa apa jenis yang dianggap sebagai Freemason? || <> Pengenal apa yang Nazi membuat banduan Freemason menyembunyikan? || <> Apakah Pejabat Utama Keselamatan Reich perlu dipanggil? || <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk tugas geografi rekod lisan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?", "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4b", "answers": [{"text": "between 80,000 and 200,000", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?", "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4c", "answers": [{"text": "political prisoners", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?", "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4d", "answers": [{"text": "inverted red triangle", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?", "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4e", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Franz Six", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?", "id": "572517240ba9f01400d97c4f", "answers": [{"text": "The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office)", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?", "id": "572652fd708984140094c265", "answers": [{"text": "Reichssicherheitshauptamt", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?", "id": "572652fd708984140094c266", "answers": [{"text": "Professor Franz Six", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?", "id": "572652fd708984140094c267", "answers": [{"text": "between 80,000 and 200,000", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?", "id": "572652fd708984140094c268", "answers": [{"text": "an inverted red triangle.", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 80,000 and 200,000", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "How many Freemasons are believed to have been resurrected under Hitler's Nazi Regime?", "id": "5acfa93b77cf76001a68578a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "political prisoners", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "What kind of deity was a Freemason considered to be?", "id": "5acfa93b77cf76001a68578b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inverted red triangle", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisoners conceal?", "id": "5acfa93b77cf76001a68578c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reichssicherheitshauptamt", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What is the Reich Security Main Office required to be called?", "id": "5acfa93b77cf76001a68578d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Professor Franz Six", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Who was responsible for geography tasks of the verbal records?", "id": "5acfa93b77cf76001a68578e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for \"ideological\" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number is not accurately known, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle."}], ["Pada tahun 1933, Gereja Ortodoks Yunani secara rasminya mengisytiharkan bahawa menjadi Freemason merupakan tindakan murtad dan oleh itu, sehingga dia bertobat, orang yang terlibat dengan Freemasonry tidak dapat mengambil bahagian dalam Ekaristi. Ini secara umumnya disahkan di seluruh Gereja Ortodoks Timur. Kritik Ortodoks Freemasonry setuju dengan versi Roman Katolik dan Protestan: \"Freemasonry tidak dapat sama sekali sesuai dengan Kekristianan sejauh ini adalah organisasi rahasia, bertindak dan mengajar dalam misteri dan rahasia dan menegaskan rasionalisme.\" <> Tindakan apa yang dilarang oleh Gereja Greek Ortodoks kepada Freemason? || tidak boleh mengambil bahagian dalam Ekaristi <> Apakah sikap rasmi pada Freemasonry oleh Gereja Ortodoks Yunani? || tidak dapat bersesuaian dengan agama Kristian <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika seseorang di Gereja Ortodoks Yunani menjadi Freemason? || merupakan satu perbuatan murtad <> Bilakah Gereja Ortodoks Yunani mengisytiharkan menjadi Freemason adalah satu perbuatan murtad? || 1933 <> Yang agama utama lain memegang kepercayaan yang sama, mengenai Freemasonry, sebagai Gereja Ortodoks Yunani? || Roman Katolik dan Protestan <> Pada tahun apakah Gereja Ortodoks Yunani mengisytiharkan bahawa menjadi Freemason merupakan tindakan murtad? || 1933 <> Freemasonry tidak boleh serasi dengan apa yang menurut Gereja Ortodoks? || Kristian <> Freemason tidak boleh mengambil bahagian dalam apa yang sehinggalah mereka bertobat menurut Gereja Ortodoks Yunani? || Ekaristi <> Tindakan apakah yang wajib oleh Gereja Greek Ortodoks kepada Freemason? || <> Apakah sikap tidak rasmi pada Freemasonry oleh Gereja Ortodoks Yunani? || <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika seseorang di Gereja Ortodoks Yunani melihat Freemason? || <> Apakah satu-satunya agama yang memegang kepercayaan yang sama, mengenai Freemasonry, sebagai Gereja Ortodoks Yunani? || <> Tahun apakah Gereja Ortodoks Yunani mengisytiharkan bahawa tidak menjadi Freemason merupakan tindakan murtad? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?", "id": "572506730a492a19004356c0", "answers": [{"text": "cannot partake of the Eucharist", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?", "id": "572506730a492a19004356c1", "answers": [{"text": "cannot be at all compatible with Christianity", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?", "id": "572506730a492a19004356c2", "answers": [{"text": "constitutes an act of apostasy", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?", "id": "572506730a492a19004356c3", "answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?", "id": "572506730a492a19004356c4", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic and Protestant", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?", "id": "572647a0f1498d1400e8dafe", "answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?", "id": "572647a0f1498d1400e8daff", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?", "id": "572647a0f1498d1400e8db00", "answers": [{"text": "the Eucharist", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "partake of the Eucharist", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What action is mandatory by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?", "id": "5acf93b877cf76001a685310", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compatible with Christianity", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What is the unofficial stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?", "id": "5acf93b877cf76001a685311", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constitutes an act of apostasy", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church saw a Freemason?", "id": "5acf93b877cf76001a685312", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What is the only religion that holds the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?", "id": "5acf93b877cf76001a685313", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that not being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?", "id": "5acf93b877cf76001a685314", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: \"Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism.\""}], ["Freemasonry Hall Prince wujud kerana penolakan awal pondok-pondok Amerika untuk mengakui Afrika-Amerika. Pada tahun 1775, seorang putera bernama Prince Hall, Afrika, bersama-sama dengan empat belas orang Afrika-Amerika yang lain, telah dimulakan ke rumah tentera British dengan waran dari Grand Lodge of Ireland, yang gagal mendapatkan kemasukan dari pondok-pondok lain di Boston. Ketika tentera Lodge meninggalkan Amerika Utara, orang-orang lima belas lelaki itu diberi kuasa untuk bertemu sebagai Lodge, tetapi tidak untuk memulakan Mason. Pada tahun 1784, individu-individu ini memperoleh Waran dari Perdana Grand Lodge England (GLE) dan membentuk African Lodge, Nombor 459. Apabila UGLE dibentuk pada tahun 1813, semua Lodges yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat telah dilanda gulungan mereka - sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh Perang dari 1812. Oleh itu, dipisahkan dari kedua-dua UGLE dan mana-mana Grand Lodge US yang diiktiraf, Afrika Lodge bertajuk sendiri sebagai Afrika Lodge, Nombor 1 - dan menjadi de facto \"Grand Lodge\" (Lodge ini tidak akan dikelirukan dengan Pelbagai Grand Lodges di Benua Afrika). Seperti yang lain di Freemasonry A.S., Freemasonry Prince Hall tidak lama lagi berkembang dan dianjurkan pada sistem Grand Lodge untuk setiap negeri. <> Kenapa terbentuk Freemasonry Prince Hall? || penolakan permulaan Amerika awal untuk mengakui Afrika-Amerika <> Kapan terbentuknya Prince Hall Freemasonry? || 1775 <> Apa yang berlaku ketika UGLE dibentuk pada tahun 1813? || Lodges yang berpusat di A.S. telah dilanda gulungan mereka <> Apa yang Africian Lodge, Nombor 459 menjadi setelah mereka dikeluarkan dari UGLE? || African Lodge, Number 1 <> Apa itu Africian Lodge, Nombor 1 yang dianggap selepas mereka berubah dari Africian Lodge, Nombor 459? || menjadi de facto \"Grand Lodge\" <> Apa yang wujud hari ini kerana penolakan awal pondok Amerika untuk mengakui orang Afrika Amerika? || Prince Hall Freemasonry <> Pada tahun apakah Pangeran Hall masuk ke rumah tentera British? || 1775 <> Kapan Afrika Lodge, nombor 459, terbentuk? || 1784 <> Bilakah terbentuk UGLE? || 1813 <> Afrika Lodge kembali bertajuk sendiri apa? || Lodge Afrika, Nombor 1 <> Mengapa Pangeran Hall Freemasonry dilarang? || <> Bilakah Pangeran Hall Freemasonry dilupakan? || <> Apa yang berlaku ketika UGLE dibentuk pada tahun 1913? || <> Apakah Afrika Lodge, Nombor 3 dianggap selepas mereka berubah dari African Lodge, Nombor 456? || <> Apa yang tidak lagi berlaku hari ini kerana penolakan para pendatang Amerika awal untuk mengakui Amerika Afrika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?", "id": "572511840a492a19004356d2", "answers": [{"text": "refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?", "id": "572511840a492a19004356d3", "answers": [{"text": "1775", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?", "id": "572511840a492a19004356d4", "answers": [{"text": "U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?", "id": "572511840a492a19004356d5", "answers": [{"text": "African Lodge, Number 1", "answer_start": 864}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?", "id": "572511840a492a19004356d6", "answers": [{"text": "became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\"", "answer_start": 894}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?", "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db70", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Hall Freemasonry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?", "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db71", "answers": [{"text": "1775", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?", "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db72", "answers": [{"text": "1784", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the UGLE formed?", "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db73", "answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The African Lodge re-titled itself what?", "id": "57264caef1498d1400e8db74", "answers": [{"text": "the African Lodge, Number 1", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry outlawed?", "id": "5acf86b477cf76001a6850da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1775", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "When was Prince Hall Freemasonry forgotten?", "id": "5acf86b477cf76001a6850db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1913?", "id": "5acf86b477cf76001a6850dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\"", "answer_start": 894}], "question": "What was African Lodge, Number 3 considered after they changed from African Lodge, Number 456?", "id": "5acf86b477cf76001a6850dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Hall Freemasonry", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What no longer exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?", "id": "5acf86b477cf76001a6850de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls \u2013 due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 \u2013 and became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state."}], ["The Masonic Lodge adalah unit organisasi dasar Freemasonry. The Lodge bertemu secara teratur untuk menjalankan perniagaan formal yang biasa dari mana-mana organisasi kecil (membayar bil, menganjurkan acara sosial dan amal, memilih anggota baru, dll.). Sebagai tambahan kepada perniagaan, pertemuan itu dapat melakukan upacara untuk memberi gelar Masonic atau menerima kuliah, yang biasanya terdapat pada beberapa aspek sejarah atau ritual Masonik. Pada akhir pertemuan, Lodge mungkin menunda majlis makan malam rasmi, atau dewan perayaan, kadang-kadang melibatkan penyiaran dan lagu. <> Apakah unit organisasi asas Freemasonry? || The Masonic Lodge <> Nama contoh-contoh perniagaan formal biasa yang Freemason ada di rumah mereka. || membayar bil, menganjurkan acara sosial dan kebajikan, memilih ahli baru <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku pada akhir mesyuarat mesyuarat? || makan malam rasmi <> Apa unit organisasi yang kompleks Freemasonry? || <> Apa yang selalu berlaku pada akhir pertemuan lodge? || <> Di mana Freemason hanya bertemu pada majlis khas? || <> Organisasi apa yang tidak dibenarkan untuk mempunyai upacara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?", "id": "57265fe1708984140094c3fb", "answers": [{"text": "The Masonic Lodge", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.", "id": "57265fe1708984140094c3fc", "answers": [{"text": "pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?", "id": "57265fe1708984140094c3fd", "answers": [{"text": "a formal dinner", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Masonic Lodge", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the complex organizational unit of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf777777cf76001a684ea0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a formal dinner", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "What always happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?", "id": "5acf777777cf76001a684ea1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Lodge", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Where do Freemasons meet only on special occasion?", "id": "5acf777777cf76001a684ea2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Freemasonry", "answer_start": 54}], "question": "What organization was not allowed to have ceremonies?", "id": "5acf777777cf76001a684ea3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song."}], ["Malah dalam demokrasi moden, Freemasonry kadang-kadang dilihat dengan tidak percaya. Di UK, Mason bekerja di sistem keadilan, seperti hakim dan pegawai polis, dari tahun 1999 hingga 2009 yang diperlukan untuk mendedahkan keahlian mereka. Walaupun siasatan parlimen mendapati bahawa tidak ada bukti yang salah, ia dirasakan bahawa mana-mana kesetiaan yang berpotensi Masons mungkin, berdasarkan sumpah mereka untuk menyokong rakan-rakan Mason, harus telus kepada orang ramai. Dasar menghendaki pengisytiharan keanggotaan masonik pemohon untuk jawatan peradilan (hakim dan hakim) telah berakhir pada tahun 2009 oleh Setiausaha Kehakiman Jack Straw (yang telah memulakan keperluan pada tahun 1990-an). Straw menyatakan bahawa peraturan itu dianggap tidak seimbang, kerana tiada salah laku atau penyelewengan telah ditunjukkan sebagai hasil hakim yang Freemason. <> Hakim dan pegawai polis perlu mendedahkan keahlian Freemason mereka dalam tahun berapa di England? || dari 1999 hingga 2009 <> Yang menamatkan dasar pendedahan Masonik Inggeris pada tahun 2009? || Setiausaha Kehakiman Jack Straw <> Keadilan Setiausaha Jack Straw mengakhiri undang-undang pendedahan Masonik atas dasar apa? || peraturan ini dianggap tidak seimbang <> Yang menamatkan dasar pendedahan Masonik Inggeris pada tahun 2004? || <> Mengapa Setiausaha Kehakiman Jack Straw memulakan undang-undang penutupan Masonik? || <> Apa demokrasi yang selalu melihat Freemasonry dengan amanah? || <> Siapa yang dikehendaki supaya tidak telus kepada orang ramai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?", "id": "57265ec2708984140094c3d3", "answers": [{"text": "from 1999 to 2009", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?", "id": "57265ec2708984140094c3d4", "answers": [{"text": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?", "id": "57265ec2708984140094c3d5", "answers": [{"text": "the rule was considered disproportionate", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw", "answer_start": 588}], "question": "Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2004?", "id": "5acfa7be77cf76001a68573c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the rule was considered disproportionate", "answer_start": 685}], "question": "Why did Justice Secretary Jack Straw begin the Masonic closure law?", "id": "5acfa7be77cf76001a68573d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern democracies", "answer_start": 8}], "question": "What democracies always view Freemasonry with trust?", "id": "5acfa7be77cf76001a68573e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Masons", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "Who was required to not be transparent to the public?", "id": "5acfa7be77cf76001a68573f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons."}], ["Semasa majlis permulaan, calon itu dijangka bersumpah (biasanya pada jumlah teks suci sesuai dengan kepercayaan agama pribadinya) untuk memenuhi kewajiban tertentu sebagai Mason. Dalam masa tiga darjah, tukang batu baru akan berjanji untuk menyimpan rahsia darjah mereka dari peringkat rendah dan orang luar, dan untuk membantu sesama Mason dalam kesusahan (sejauh praktikal dan permit undang-undang). Terdapat arahan tentang tugas-tugas Freemason, tetapi secara keseluruhan, Freemason dibiarkan meneroka kerajinan dengan cara yang mereka paling memuaskan. Sesetengahnya akan meneroka ritual dan simbolisme kerajinan itu, yang lain akan menumpukan penglibatan mereka di sisi sosial Lodge, sementara yang lain akan menumpukan perhatian pada fungsi amal pondok itu. <> Bilakah seorang calon bersumpah untuk memenuhi kewajibannya sebagai Mason? || Semasa upacara inisiasi <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh calon? || biasanya pada jumlah teks suci <> Berapa banyak derajat mesti bersumpah Mason untuk menyimpan rahasia dari orang luar? || tiga darjah <> Adakah Freemason bebas untuk meneroka kerajinan? || Freemason dibiarkan meneroka kerajinan dengan cara yang paling memuaskan. <> Bilakah kandidat kehilangan keupayaan untuk memenuhi kewajibannya sebagai Mason? || <> Apa peluh calon? || <> Berapa banyak derajat mesti bersumpah Mason untuk memberitahu orang luar? || <> Apa yang Freemason perlu lakukan untuk kraf mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?", "id": "5726613a708984140094c421", "answers": [{"text": "During the ceremony of initiation", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a candidate swear on?", "id": "5726613a708984140094c422", "answers": [{"text": "usually on a volume of sacred text", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?", "id": "5726613a708984140094c423", "answers": [{"text": "three degrees", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?", "id": "5726613a708984140094c424", "answers": [{"text": "Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "During the ceremony of initiation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When does a candidate lose ability to fulfill his obligations as a Mason?", "id": "5acf7a3977cf76001a684f02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "usually on a volume of sacred text", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What does a candidate sweat on?", "id": "5acf7a3977cf76001a684f03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three degrees", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "How many degrees must a Mason swear to tell outsiders?", "id": "5acf7a3977cf76001a684f04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "What are Freemasons required to do for their craft?", "id": "5acf7a3977cf76001a684f05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge."}], ["Pondok Masonium wujud di Iraq seawal 1917, apabila rumah pertama di bawah United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) dibuka. Sembilan lodge di bawah UGLE wujud pada tahun 1950-an, dan pondok Scotland dibentuk pada tahun 1923. Walau bagaimanapun, kedudukan berubah setelah revolusi, dan semua pondok-pondok terpaksa ditutup pada tahun 1965. Kedudukan ini kemudian diperkuat di bawah Saddam Hussein; hukuman mati adalah \"ditetapkan\" bagi mereka yang \"mempromosikan atau meraih prinsip Zionis, termasuk freemasonry, atau yang mengaitkan diri dengan organisasi Zionis.\" <> Berapa lama ada Masonic Lodges di Iraq? || seawal tahun 1917 <> Berapa banyak lodges wujud di Iraq pada tahun 1950-an? || Sembilan <> Apakah penalti terbesar yang dapat dihadapi oleh Freemason di Iraq sekarang? || hukuman mati <> Bilakah semua lodge di Iraq terpaksa ditutup? || 1965 <> Bilakah Lodge Scotland ditubuhkan di Iraq? || 1923 <> Bilakah pondok Masonic bermula di Iraq? || 1917 <> Siapa yang membuka Lodge pertama di Iraq? || United Grand Lodge of England <> Kapan masjid Scotland pertama yang dibuka di Iraq? || 1923 <> Semua pondok Masonik terpaksa ditutup di Iraq dalam tahun berapa? || 1965 <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan hukuman mati kepada Freemason yang tinggal di Iraq? || Saddam Hussein <> Berapa lamakah Masonic Lodges telah dilarang di Iraq? || <> Berapa banyak pondok-pondok wujud di Iraq pada 1350-an? || <> Apakah ganjaran terbesar yang dapat dihadapi oleh Freemason di Iraq sekarang? || <> Bilakah Lodge Rusia ditubuhkan di Iraq? || <> Siapa yang membuka satu-satunya Lodge di Iraq? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?", "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c67", "answers": [{"text": "as early as 1917", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?", "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c68", "answers": [{"text": "Nine", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?", "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c69", "answers": [{"text": "the death penalty", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?", "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c6a", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?", "id": "57251e0e0ba9f01400d97c6b", "answers": [{"text": "1923", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?", "id": "57265d965951b619008f70a9", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?", "id": "57265d965951b619008f70aa", "answers": [{"text": "the United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?", "id": "57265d965951b619008f70ab", "answers": [{"text": "1923", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?", "id": "57265d965951b619008f70ac", "answers": [{"text": "1965", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?", "id": "57265d965951b619008f70ad", "answers": [{"text": "Saddam Hussein", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as early as 1917", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "How long have Masonic Lodges been banned in Iraq?", "id": "5acfa4d477cf76001a6856d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nine", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1350s?", "id": "5acfa4d477cf76001a6856d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the death penalty", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "What is the greatest reward that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?", "id": "5acfa4d477cf76001a6856d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1923", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "When was a Russian Lodge formed in Iraq?", "id": "5acfa4d477cf76001a6856d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "Who opened the only Lodge in Iraq?", "id": "5acfa4d477cf76001a6856d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was \"prescribed\" for those who \"promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations.\""}], ["Pada tahun 1983, Gereja mengeluarkan undang-undang kanon baru. Tidak seperti pendahulunya, Undang-undang Kanun Kod 1983 tidak menyebut dengan jelas perintah Masonik di kalangan masyarakat rahsia yang dikutuknya. Ia menyatakan: \"Seseorang yang menyertai persatuan yang melawan Gereja harus dihukum dengan hukuman yang adil; seseorang yang mempromosikan atau mengambil jabatan dalam persatuan itu dihukum dengan suatu keputusan.\" Penamaan perintah Masonik ini menyebabkan kedua-dua Katolik dan Freemason percaya bahawa larangan terhadap Katolik menjadi Freemason mungkin telah diangkat, terutama setelah liberalisasi dianggap Vatikan II. Walau bagaimanapun, perkara itu dijelaskan apabila Kardinal Joseph Ratzinger (kemudian Paus Benediktus XVI), sebagai Pengawas Jemaat untuk Doktrin Iman, mengeluarkan Deklarasi mengenai Persatuan Masonik, yang menyatakan: \"... penghakiman negatif Gereja berkenaan Persatuan Masonik kekal tidak berubah kerana prinsip mereka selalu dianggap tidak dapat dipertikaikan dengan doktrin Gereja dan oleh itu keanggotaan mereka tetap dilarang. Orang yang setia yang mendaftar dalam persatuan Masonik berada dalam keadaan dosa yang berat dan tidak dapat menerima Perjamuan Kudus. \" Untuk bahagiannya, Freemasonry tidak pernah membantah kepada orang Katolik yang menyertai persaudaraan mereka. Mereka Grand Lodges dengan amal dengan UGLE menafikan tuntutan Gereja. UGLE kini menyatakan bahawa \"Freemasonry tidak berusaha untuk menggantikan agama Mason atau memberikan pengganti untuknya.\" <> Pada tahun berapa kod baru untuk Hukum Kanon yang dikeluarkan oleh gereja? || 1983 <> Siapa yang menjelaskan kod baru undang-undang Canon tahun 1983? || Kardinal Joseph Ratzinger <> Adakah Freemasons membenarkan Katolik dalam persaudaraan mereka? || Freemasonry tidak pernah membantah kepada Katolik yang menyertai persaudaraan mereka <> Tahun berapa adalah kod lama kepada Hukum Kanon yang dikeluarkan oleh gereja? || <> Siapa yang menjelaskan kod baru undang-undang Canon tahun 1973? || <> Mengapa Katolik tidak dibenarkan masuk ke Freemasonry? || <> Yang pondok-pondok yang tidak pernah bersahaja dengan UGLE? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?", "id": "57265c69dd62a815002e82b2", "answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?", "id": "57265c69dd62a815002e82b3", "answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?", "id": "57265c69dd62a815002e82b4", "answers": [{"text": "Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity", "answer_start": 1189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1983", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year was an old code to the Canon Law issued by the church?", "id": "5acf90d077cf76001a68529c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1973?", "id": "5acf90d077cf76001a68529d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged", "answer_start": 830}], "question": "Why are Catholics not allowed into Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf90d077cf76001a68529e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grand Lodges", "answer_start": 1265}], "question": "Which lodges are never in amity with UGLE?", "id": "5acf90d077cf76001a68529f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1983, the Church issued a new code of canon law. Unlike its predecessor, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies it condemns. It states: \"A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict.\" This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of Vatican II. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations, which states: \"... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion.\" For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE deny the Church's claims. The UGLE now states that \"Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it.\""}], ["Freemasonry, kerana ia wujud dalam pelbagai bentuk di seluruh dunia, mempunyai keanggotaan yang dianggarkan oleh United Grand Lodge of England sekitar enam juta di seluruh dunia. Persaudaraan secara administratif dianjurkan ke Grand Lodges bebas (atau kadang-kadang Grand Orients), masing-masing yang mengawal bidang kuasa Masoniknya sendiri, yang terdiri daripada Lodges bawahan (atau konstituen). Bidang kuasa tunggal yang terbesar, dari segi keanggotaan, ialah United Grand Lodge of England (dengan keanggotaan dianggarkan sekitar seperempat juta). Grand Lodge of Scotland dan Grand Lodge of Ireland (bersama-sama) mempunyai kira-kira 150,000 ahli. Di Amerika Syarikat jumlah keahlian hanya kurang dari dua juta. <> Seberapa besar keanggotaan Freemasonry? || sekitar enam juta di seluruh dunia <> Apa jurisdiksi tunggal terbesar Freemasonry? || United Grand Lodge of England <> Berapa ramai ahli yang mempunyai UGLE? || sekitar seperempat juta <> Apakah nombor keahlian Amerika Syarikat? || hanya di bawah dua juta <> Berapa ramai ahli yang Grand Lodge of Scotland dan Grand Lodge of Ireland mempunyai, bersama-sama? || 150,000 <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Freemasonry? || kira-kira enam juta di seluruh dunia <> Apa lodge mempunyai jurisdiksi tunggal terbesar Freemasonry? || United Grand Lodge of England <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Grand Lodge of England? || sekitar satu perempat juta <> The Grand Lodges Scotland dan Ireland mempunyai berapa banyak ahli? || kira-kira 150,000 ahli <> Amerika Syarikat mempunyai bilangan ahli Freemason? || hanya di bawah dua juta <> Berapa ramai orang kehilangan keahlian Freemasonry? || <> Apakah satu-satunya hakim tunggal Freemasonry? || <> Berapa ramai ahli yang kehilangan UGLE setiap tahun? || <> Berapa ramai ahli yang meninggalkan Amerika Syarikat? || <> Berapa banyak anjing di Grand Lodge of England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How large is the membership of Freemasonry?", "id": "572519c80a492a19004356f8", "answers": [{"text": "around six million worldwide", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?", "id": "572519c80a492a19004356f9", "answers": [{"text": "United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members does the UGLE have?", "id": "572519c80a492a19004356fa", "answers": [{"text": "around a quarter million", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the membership numbers of the United States?", "id": "572519c80a492a19004356fb", "answers": [{"text": "just under two million", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?", "id": "572519c80a492a19004356fc", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members are in Freemasonry?", "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8204", "answers": [{"text": "around six million worldwide", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?", "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8205", "answers": [{"text": "the United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?", "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8206", "answers": [{"text": "around a quarter million", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?", "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8207", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 150,000 members", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The United States has how many Freemason members?", "id": "572656fbdd62a815002e8208", "answers": [{"text": "just under two million", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "around six million worldwide", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "How many people lost membership of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf7ae777cf76001a684f26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What is the only single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf7ae777cf76001a684f27", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "around a quarter million", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "How many members does the UGLE lose every year?", "id": "5acf7ae777cf76001a684f28", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "just under two million", "answer_start": 674}], "question": "How many members left the United States?", "id": "5acf7ae777cf76001a684f29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "How many dogs are in the Grand Lodge of England?", "id": "5acf7ae777cf76001a684f2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million."}], ["Rumah persinggahan Amerika yang paling awal berada di Pennsylvania. Pemungut untuk pelabuhan Pennsylvania, John Moore, menulis tentang menghadiri pondok-pondok di sana pada tahun 1715, dua tahun sebelum pembentukan Grand Lodge pertama di London. Premier Grand Lodge of England melantik Master Besar Provinsi untuk Amerika Utara pada tahun 1731, yang berpusat di Pennsylvania. Pondok-pondok lain di tanah jajahan itu mendapat kebenaran daripada Antert Grand Lodge di England, Grand Lodge of Scotland, dan Grand Lodge of Ireland, yang sangat diwakili dalam pondok-pondok tentera British. Ramai lodge telah wujud tanpa sebarang waran dari mana-mana Grand Lodge, memohon dan membayar kebenaran mereka hanya selepas mereka yakin akan kelangsungan hidup mereka sendiri. <> Di mana terdapat Logdes Amerika yang paling awal diketahui? || Pennsylvania <> Apa yang paling awal bahawa pondok-pondok muncul di Amerika? || 1715 <> Bilakah Sarjana Besar Provinsi untuk Amerika Utara dilantik? || 1731 <> Di mana lain Lodges Amerika mendapatkan pengiktirafan mereka dari? || Antert Grand Lodge of England, Grand Lodge of Scotland, dan Grand Lodge of Ireland <> Bilakah pondok-pondok tanpa izin terlebih dahulu memohon untuk diiktiraf? || selepas mereka yakin akan kelangsungan hidup mereka <> Di manakah tempat tinggal paling awal di Amerika? || Pennsylvania <> Siapa pengumpul untuk pelabuhan Pennsylvania pada tahun 1715? || John Moore <> Seorang Guru Besar Wilayah untuk Amerika Utara mula-mula dilantik? || 1731 <> Guru Besar Provinsi untuk Amerika Utara adalah tempat di mana? || Pennsylvania <> Di mana terdapat hanya American Lodges yang diketahui? || <> Apa yang paling awal bahawa pondok-pondok meletup di Amerika? || <> Bilakah Guru Besar Provinsi untuk Dunia yang dilantik? || <> Bilakah lodges tanpa keizinan terlebih dahulu terpakai dilupakan? || <> Siapa pengumpul untuk pelabuhan Pennsylvania pada tahun 1615? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?", "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c5d", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?", "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c5e", "answers": [{"text": "1715", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?", "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c5f", "answers": [{"text": "1731", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?", "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c60", "answers": [{"text": "Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?", "id": "57251c250ba9f01400d97c61", "answers": [{"text": "after they were confident of their own survival", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the earliest lodges in America?", "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd2", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?", "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd3", "answers": [{"text": "John Moore", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?", "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd4", "answers": [{"text": "1731", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?", "id": "5726596df1498d1400e8dcd5", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "Where were the only known American Lodges located?", "id": "5acf862b77cf76001a6850c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1715", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What is the earliest that lodges exploded in America?", "id": "5acf862b77cf76001a6850c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1731", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "When was a Provincial Grand Master for The World appointed?", "id": "5acf862b77cf76001a6850c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "after they were confident of their own survival", "answer_start": 706}], "question": "When did the lodges without prior authorizations apply to be forgotten?", "id": "5acf862b77cf76001a6850c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Moore", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1615?", "id": "5acf862b77cf76001a6850ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival."}], ["Bentuk ritual di mana Grand Orient Perancis didasarkan telah dihapuskan di England dalam peristiwa-peristiwa yang membawa kepada pembentukan United Grand Lodge of England pada tahun 1813. Walau bagaimanapun kedua-dua bidang kuasa terus dalam amity (pengakuan bersama) hingga peristiwa tahun 1860-an dan 1870-an memandu baji seolah-olah kekal di antara mereka. Pada tahun 1868, Majlis Tertinggi Ritus Scotland Purba dan Diterima Negeri Louisiana muncul dalam bidang kuasa Grand Lodge of Louisiana, yang diiktiraf oleh Grand Orient de France, tetapi dianggap oleh badan yang lebih tua sebagai pencerobohan bidang kuasa mereka. Badan ritus Skotlandia yang baru mengakui kulit hitam, dan resolusi Grand Orient pada tahun berikutnya bahawa warna, bangsa, mahupun agama tidak boleh menghilangkan seorang lelaki dari Masonry mendorong Grand Lodge untuk menarik pengiktirafan, dan ia memujuk Amerika Utara Lodges lain untuk melakukan sama. <> Bilakah United Grand Lodge of England Dibentuk? || 1813 <> Grand Orient de France dan United Grand Lodge of England terus berlembut sampai kapan? || tahun 1860-an dan 1870-an <> Tahun apakah Majlis Tertinggi Ritus Scotland Kuno dan Diterima Louisiana muncul dalam bidang kuasa Grand Lodge of Louisiana? || 1868 <> Ketika United Grand Lodge of England dibongkar? || <> Tahun berapakah Majlis Tertinggi Ritus Scotland Kuno dan Diterima Louisiana hilang dalam bidang kuasa Grand Lodge of Louisiana? || <> Apa persinggahan tidak pernah berlaku dengan orang lain? || <> Siapa yang membuat badan ritual Scottish baru enggan mengakui? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?", "id": "57265b4e708984140094c377", "answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?", "id": "57265b4e708984140094c378", "answers": [{"text": "the 1860s and 1870s", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?", "id": "57265b4e708984140094c379", "answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "When was the United Grand Lodge of England demolished?", "id": "5acf889e77cf76001a685142", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana disappear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?", "id": "5acf889e77cf76001a685143", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Grand Lodge of England", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What lodge was never in amity with another?", "id": "5acf889e77cf76001a685144", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blacks", "answer_start": 631}], "question": "Who did the new Scottish rite body refuse to admit?", "id": "5acf889e77cf76001a685145", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same."}], ["Calon untuk Freemasonry akan bertemu dengan ahli yang paling aktif di Lodge yang mereka bergabung sebelum mereka dimulakan. Proses ini bervariasi di antara bidang kuasa, tetapi calon biasanya akan diperkenalkan oleh seorang kawan di fungsi sosial Lodge, atau pada suatu bentuk malam terbuka di Lodge. Pada zaman moden, orang yang berminat sering mengesan Lodge tempatan melalui Internet. Onus adalah calon untuk meminta untuk bergabung; manakala calon-calon boleh digalakkan bertanya, mereka tidak dijemput. Sebaik sahaja siasatan awal dibuat, temu bual biasanya diikuti untuk menentukan kesesuaian calon. Sekiranya calon memutuskan untuk meneruskan dari sini, undi Lodge atas permohonan itu sebelum dia (atau dia, bergantung pada Jurisdiksi Masonik) boleh diterima. <> Bagaimana Freemason dijemput untuk menyertai rumah persinggahan? || mereka tidak pernah dijemput <> Bagaimana seseorang menjadi Freemason? || Onus adalah calon untuk meminta untuk menyertai <> Bolehkah wanita meminta untuk menjadi anggota Masonik Lodge? || bergantung pada Jurisdiksi Masonik <> Bagaimana anda dapat mencari rumah untuk meminta menjadi ahli? || menjejaki Lodge tempatan melalui Internet <> Calon untuk Freemasonry mesti melakukan apa sebelum dimulakan? || akan bertemu ahli yang paling aktif di Lodge mereka yang menyertai <> Calon biasanya diperkenalkan kepada tempat tinggal oleh siapa? || kawan <> Sekarang, ramai orang yang berminat mencari Lodge Masonik menggunakan apa? || Internet <> Calon-calon tidak pernah apa yang menjadi lodge Masonik? || tidak pernah dijemput <> Apa yang biasanya mengikuti pertanyaan awal calon? || satu wawancara <> Bagaimana Freemason diminta untuk meninggalkan rumah? || <> Mengapa tidak sesiapa boleh menjadi Freemason? || <> Dapatkah haiwan peliharaan meminta untuk menjadi anggota Masonik Lodge? || <> Apa yang selalu mengikuti siasatan awal calon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?", "id": "572519280a492a19004356f0", "answers": [{"text": "they are never invited", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does one become a Freemason?", "id": "572519280a492a19004356f1", "answers": [{"text": "The onus is on candidates to ask to join", "answer_start": 388}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?", "id": "572519280a492a19004356f2", "answers": [{"text": "depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?", "id": "572519280a492a19004356f3", "answers": [{"text": "track down a local Lodge through the Internet", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated? ", "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81d8", "answers": [{"text": "will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?", "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81d9", "answers": [{"text": "a friend", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?", "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81da", "answers": [{"text": "the Internet", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?", "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81db", "answers": [{"text": "never invited", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?", "id": "572655ecdd62a815002e81dc", "answers": [{"text": "an interview", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they are never invited", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "How are Freemasons asked to leave a lodge?", "id": "5acf78c877cf76001a684ec6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The onus is on candidates to ask to join", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "Why can't anyone become a Freemason?", "id": "5acf78c877cf76001a684ec7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction", "answer_start": 705}], "question": "Can pets ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?", "id": "5acf78c877cf76001a684ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an interview", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "What always follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?", "id": "5acf78c877cf76001a684ec9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated. The process varies between jurisdictions, but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function, or at some form of open evening in the Lodge. In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet. The onus is on candidates to ask to join; while candidates may be encouraged to ask, they are never invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, an interview usually follows to determine the candidate's suitability. If the candidate decides to proceed from here, the Lodge ballots on the application before he (or she, depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction) can be accepted."}], ["Idea persaudaraan Masonic mungkin turun dari definisi undang-undang abad ke-16 seorang saudara sebagai orang yang telah mengangkat sumpah saling menyokong kepada yang lain. Oleh itu, Mason bersumpah pada setiap tahap untuk menyimpan kandungan rahsia darjah itu, dan untuk menyokong dan melindungi saudara-saudara mereka kecuali mereka melanggar undang-undang. Di kebanyakan Lodges, sumpah atau kewajipan diambil pada Jilid Undang-undang Suci, yang mana buku wahyu ilahi adalah sesuai dengan kepercayaan agama saudara lelaki (biasanya Alkitab dalam tradisi Anglo-Amerika). Dalam Freemasonia benua Progresif, buku-buku selain tulisan suci dibenarkan, menyebabkan pecah antara Grand Lodges. <> Adakah tukang batu dibenarkan untuk mendedahkan rahsia setiap darjah? || Mason bersumpah pada setiap tahap untuk menyimpan kandungan rahsia darjah <> Bagaimana sumpah diambil? || pada Volume Undang-undang Suci <> Dalam cawangan apakah boleh buku, selain tulisan suci, digunakan untuk tujuan pengambilan sumpah? || Freemasonry kontinental yang progresif <> Apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai Volume Undang-undang Suci? || mana buku wahyu ilahi adalah sesuai dengan keyakinan agama saudara saudaranya <> Mason bersumpah untuk melindungi saudara-saudara mereka kecuali mereka apa? || telah melanggar undang-undang <> Kebanyakan lodges mempunyai sumpah yang diambil pada apa? || Volume Undang-undang Suci <> Mason bersumpah pada setiap tahap untuk melakukan apa? || menyimpan kandungan rahsia darjah <> Kenapa tukang batu dibenarkan untuk mendedahkan rahsia setiap darjah? || <> Bagaimana sumpah diambil sebagai palsu? || <> Apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai Volume of Sacred Math? || <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh Masons untuk dijaga agar dilindungi? || <> Apa cawangan Freemasonry memerlukan buku selain tulisan suci? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?", "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435702", "answers": [{"text": "Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are oaths taken?", "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435703", "answers": [{"text": "on a Volume of Sacred Law", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?", "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435704", "answers": [{"text": "Progressive continental Freemasonry", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?", "id": "57251b2c0a492a1900435705", "answers": [{"text": "whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?", "id": "572657f1708984140094c327", "answers": [{"text": "have broken the law", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most lodges have the oath taken on what?", "id": "572657f1708984140094c328", "answers": [{"text": "Volume of Sacred Law", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mason swear at each degree to do what?", "id": "572657f1708984140094c329", "answers": [{"text": "keep the contents of that degree secret", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Why are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?", "id": "5acf836377cf76001a68506e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on a Volume of Sacred Law", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "How are oaths taken as fake?", "id": "5acf836377cf76001a68506f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Math?", "id": "5acf836377cf76001a685070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "have broken the law", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What are Masons required to have done in order to be protected?", "id": "5acf836377cf76001a685071", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Progressive continental Freemasonry", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What branch of Freemasonry requires books other than scripture?", "id": "5acf836377cf76001a685072", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges."}], ["Di Itali, Freemasonry telah dikaitkan dengan skandal yang berkaitan dengan Propaganda Due Propose (a.k.a. P2). Penginapan ini disewa oleh Grande Oriente d'Italia pada tahun 1877, sebagai rumah tumpangan untuk melawat Masons tidak dapat menghadiri pondok-pondok mereka sendiri. Di bawah kepimpinan Licio Gelli, pada akhir 1970-an, P2 terlibat dalam skandal kewangan yang hampir memusnahkan Bank Vatican. Walau bagaimanapun, pada masa ini pondok itu beroperasi secara bebas dan tidak teratur, kerana Grand Orient telah membatalkan piagamnya dan mengusir Gelli pada tahun 1976. <> Freemasonry dikaitkan dengan skandal di Itali kerana apa? || Propaganda Due Prophecy <> The Propaganda Due Lodge telah disewa oleh siapa? || Grande Oriente d'Italia <> Bilakah Grande Oriente d'italia menyewa Propaganda Due Lodge? || 1877 <> Propaganda Due Lodge juga tahu apa? || P2 <> Bilakah Grand Orient d'italia mengusir Licio Gelli dan membatalkan piagam P2? || 1976 <> Apakah Freemasonry dikaitkan dengan skandal di Perancis kerana? || <> Siapa yang memusnahkan Propaganda Due Lodge? || <> Bilakah Grande Oriente d'italia membuang Propaganda Due Lodge? || <> Bilakah Grand Orient d'italia memberi ganjaran kepada Licio Gelli dan mempromosikan piagam P2? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?", "id": "57266b29708984140094c557", "answers": [{"text": "Propaganda Due lodge", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?", "id": "57266b29708984140094c558", "answers": [{"text": "Grande Oriente d'Italia", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?", "id": "57266b29708984140094c559", "answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?", "id": "57266b29708984140094c55a", "answers": [{"text": "P2", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?", "id": "57266b29708984140094c55b", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Propaganda Due lodge", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What was Freemasonry linked to scandal in France due to?", "id": "5acfa63b77cf76001a685706", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grande Oriente d'Italia", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Who destroyed the Propaganda Due Lodge?", "id": "5acfa63b77cf76001a685707", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "When did the Grande Oriente d'italia remove the Propaganda Due Lodge?", "id": "5acfa63b77cf76001a685708", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "When did the Grand Orient d'italia reward Licio Gelli and promote the charter of P2?", "id": "5acfa63b77cf76001a685709", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976."}], ["Pemisahan yang meluas pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 Amerika Syarikat menjadikan sukar bagi Afrika-Amerika untuk bergabung dengan Lodges di luar bidang kuasa Dewan Putera - dan mustahil untuk pengiktirafan antara bidang kuasa antara pihak berkuasa Masonic A.S. sejajar. Menjelang 1980-an, diskriminasi sedemikian adalah sesuatu yang lalu, dan hari ini kebanyakan Aula Besar A.S. mengiktiraf rakan-rakan Prince Hall mereka, dan pihak berkuasa kedua-dua tradisi sedang berusaha ke arah pengiktirafan penuh. United Grand Lodge of England tidak mempunyai masalah dengan mengenali Prince Hall Grand Lodges. Semasa meraikan warisan mereka sebagai pondok hitam Amerika, Prince Hall terbuka kepada semua lelaki tanpa mengira bangsa atau agama. <> Bilakah layon Masonic Amerika Utara mengiktiraf ahli-ahli dari Prince Hall Lodge? || Pada tahun 1980an <> Siapakah yang dibuka oleh Prince Hall Lodge? || Dewan Putera dibuka kepada semua orang <> Adakah United Grand Lodge of England mengenali Prince Hall Lodges? || The United Grand Lodge of England tidak mempunyai masalah dengan mengenali Prince Hall Grand Lodges <> Kapan Masonic Amerika Utara menempatkan anggota api dari Prince Hall Lodge? || <> Siapakah yang bersembunyi di Prince Hall Lodge? || <> Apa pondok-pondok yang tidak dikenali lagi? || <> Apa Grand Lodges memerlukan ahli menjadi orang kulit hitam Amerika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?", "id": "57266692dd62a815002e83ae", "answers": [{"text": "By the 1980s", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?", "id": "57266692dd62a815002e83af", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Hall is open to all men", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?", "id": "57266692dd62a815002e83b0", "answers": [{"text": "The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "By the 1980s", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "When did North American Masonic lodges fire members of the Prince Hall Lodge?", "id": "5acf879277cf76001a685114", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Hall is open to all men", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "Who is the Prince Hall Lodge hiding?", "id": "5acf879277cf76001a685115", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Hall Grand Lodges", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What lodges are no longer recognized?", "id": "5acf879277cf76001a685116", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prince Hall Grand Lodges", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What Grand Lodges require members to be black Americans?", "id": "5acf879277cf76001a685117", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions \u2013 and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion."}], ["Sejak penubuhan Freemasonry, ramai Uskup Gereja England telah menjadi Freemason, seperti Uskup Agung Geoffrey Fisher. Pada masa lalu, beberapa ahli Gereja England akan melihat sebarang ketidakcocokan dengan bersandar pada Kekristianan Anglikan dan mengamalkan Freemasonry. Walau bagaimanapun dalam dekad-dekad kebelakangan ini, tempahan tentang Freemasonry telah meningkat dalam Anglicanisme, mungkin disebabkan oleh peningkatan sayap evangelis gereja. Bekas Uskup Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, kelihatan menyimpan beberapa tempahan mengenai ritual Masonik, sementara itu ingin agar tidak menimbulkan serangan kepada Freemason di dalam dan di luar Gereja England. Pada tahun 2003, beliau merasa perlu untuk meminta maaf kepada Freemason British selepas dia mengatakan bahawa kepercayaan mereka tidak sesuai dengan agama Kristian dan bahawa dia telah melarang pelantikan Freemason kepada jawatan kanan di keuskupannya ketika dia adalah Uskup Monmouth. <> Apakah Uskup Agung Inggeris adalah ahli Freemason? || Geoffrey Fisher <> Apa bekas Uskup Canterbury mempunyai tempahan tentang Freemason? || Dr Rowan Williams <> Tahun berapa Dr Rowan Williams meminta maaf kepada Freemason? || 2003 <> Dr Rowan Williams juga Uskup apa? || Uskup Monmouth <> Apa Uskup Austria Austria adalah ahli Freemason? || <> Apa bekas Uskup Canterbury mempunyai penghargaan dari Freemason? || <> Tahun berapa Dr Rowan Williams memusnahkan Freemason? || <> Apakah Dr. Rowan Williams seorang Kardinal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?", "id": "572669465951b619008f71e3", "answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey Fisher", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?", "id": "572669465951b619008f71e4", "answers": [{"text": "Dr Rowan Williams", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?", "id": "572669465951b619008f71e5", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?", "id": "572669465951b619008f71e6", "answers": [{"text": "Bishop of Monmouth", "answer_start": 912}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey Fisher", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What Austrian Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?", "id": "5acf923377cf76001a6852cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dr Rowan Williams", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "What former Archbishop of Canterbury has accolades from the Freemasons?", "id": "5acf923377cf76001a6852cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 686}], "question": "What year did Dr. Rowan Williams destroy the Freemasons?", "id": "5acf923377cf76001a6852ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "of Monmouth", "answer_start": 919}], "question": "What was Dr. Rowan Williams a Cardinal of?", "id": "5acf923377cf76001a6852cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth."}], ["Grand Lodge pertama, Grand Lodge of London dan Westminster (kemudian dipanggil Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), ditubuhkan pada 24 Jun 1717, ketika empat Lodges London sedia ada bertemu untuk makan malam bersama. Banyak Lodgings Bahasa Inggeris menyertai badan kawal selia yang baru, yang memasuki tempoh publisiti dan pengembangan diri. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak Lodges tidak dapat mengesahkan perubahan yang dilakukan oleh beberapa Lodges GLE kepada ritual (mereka dikenali sebagai Modern), dan beberapa dari mereka membentuk Grand Lodge saingan pada 17 Julai 1751, yang mereka sebut sebagai \"Antient Grand Lodge of England. \" Kedua-dua Grand Lodges bersemangat untuk ketuanan sehingga Moden berjanji untuk kembali ke upacara kuno. Mereka bersatu pada 27 Disember 1813 untuk membentuk United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE). <> The Grand Lodge of England juga tahu apa? || GLE <> Bilakah Grand Lodge of England ditubuhkan? || 24 Jun 1717 <> The Grand Grand Lodge of England dibentuk pada tarikh apa? || 17 Julai 1751 <> United Grand Lodge of England dibentuk pada tarikh apa? || 27 Disember 1813 <> Lodges yang tidak dapat menyokong GLE kemudian dipanggil apa? || The Moderns <> Apa yang boleh Grand Lodge of England tidak pernah dikenali sebagai? || <> Bilakah Grand Lodge of England lenyap? || <> Apakah pondok-pondok yang hilang yang dipanggil? || <> Penduduk mana yang menolak untuk menyertai badan kawal selia yang baru? || <> Yang pondok-pondok yang sentiasa harmoni sempurna antara satu sama lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?", "id": "572665ad5951b619008f719d", "answers": [{"text": "GLE", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?", "id": "572665ad5951b619008f719e", "answers": [{"text": "24 June 1717", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?", "id": "572665ad5951b619008f719f", "answers": [{"text": "17 July 1751", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?", "id": "572665ad5951b619008f71a0", "answers": [{"text": "27 December 1813", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?", "id": "572665ad5951b619008f71a1", "answers": [{"text": "the Moderns", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GLE", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What can The Grand Lodge of England never be known as?", "id": "5acf85a677cf76001a6850a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24 June 1717", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "When did the Grand Lodge of England vanish?", "id": "5acf85a677cf76001a6850a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Moderns", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "What were lodges that disappeared called?", "id": "5acf85a677cf76001a6850aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Many English Lodges", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Which lodges refused to join the new regulatory body?", "id": "5acf85a677cf76001a6850ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grand Lodges", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "Which lodges were always in perfect harmony with one another?", "id": "5acf85a677cf76001a6850ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the \"Antient Grand Lodge of England.\" These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE)."}], ["Secara amnya, Freemasonry Continental bersimpati kepada Freemasonry di kalangan wanita, sejak 1890-an ketika pondok-pondok Perancis membantu pergerakan koin masonik yang muncul dengan mempromosikan cukup ahli mereka ke tahap ke-33 Ritus Skotlandia Kuno dan Diterima untuk membolehkan mereka, pada tahun 1899, untuk membentuk dewan besar mereka sendiri, yang diakui oleh Majlis Grand Continental lain Ritus itu. United Grand Lodge of England mengeluarkan kenyataan pada tahun 1999 yang mengenali dua pondok besar wanita di sana untuk menjadi biasa tetapi semua peserta. Oleh karena itu, mereka tidak dikenali sebagai biasa, mereka adalah bagian dari Freemasonry \"secara umum\". Sikap pondok besar Anglo-Amerika yang paling biasa tetap bahawa wanita Freemason tidak sah Mason. <> Bilakah orang Perancis cuba mencipta pondok-pondok bersama? || 1890-an <> Ketika United United Lodge di England mengenali dua pondok Masonik perempuan? || 1999 <> Apa yang dipromosikan oleh pondok-pondok perancis untuk cuba mendapatkan wanita yang diterima masuk ke Freemason? || ke-33 Ritus Scotland Purba dan Diterima <> Adakah pondok-pondok besar Anglo-Amerika menerima wanita sebagai ahli hari ini? || kebanyakan pondok-pondok besar Anglo-Amerika tetap kekal bahawa wanita Freemason tidak sah Masons <> Bilakah Rusia cuba untuk membuat pondok-masonik bersama-sama? || <> Bilakah United Grand Lodge of England melupakan dua pondok Masonik perempuan? || <> Apa yang dipromosikan oleh pondok-pondok perancis untuk cuba mendapatkan lelaki yang diterima masuk ke Freemason? || <> Di mana wanita diiktiraf sebagai Mason yang ideal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?", "id": "57266813708984140094c4fd", "answers": [{"text": "the 1890s", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?", "id": "57266813708984140094c4fe", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?", "id": "57266813708984140094c4ff", "answers": [{"text": "the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?", "id": "57266813708984140094c500", "answers": [{"text": "most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1890s", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "When did Russia try to create co-masonic lodges?", "id": "5acf8e1677cf76001a68523c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "When did the United Grand Lodge of England forget the two female Masonic lodges?", "id": "5acf8e1677cf76001a68523d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What did the french lodges promote to try to get men accepted into the Freemasons?", "id": "5acf8e1677cf76001a68523e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "most regular Anglo-American grand lodges", "answer_start": 650}], "question": "Where are women recognized as the ideal Masons?", "id": "5acf8e1677cf76001a68523f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry \"in general\". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons."}], ["Ketetapan adalah konsep berdasarkan kepatuhan kepada Tanda-tanda Masonik, keperluan keahlian asas, prinsip dan ritual kraf. Setiap Grand Lodge menetapkan takrifnya sendiri mengenai apa yang menjadi landasan ini, dan dengan itu apa yang biasa dan apa yang tidak teratur (dan definisi tidak semestinya sepadan antara Grand Lodges). Pada asasnya, setiap Grand Lodge akan memegang landmark (keperluan, prinsip dan ritual) yang kerap, dan menilai Grand Lodges lain berdasarkan mereka. Sekiranya perbezaannya signifikan, satu Grand Lodge boleh mengisytiharkan \"Tidak teratur\" yang lain dan menarik balik atau menahan pengiktirafan. <> Konsep apa yang berdasarkan kepada kepatuhan kepada Tanda-tanda Masonik, keperluan keahlian asas, dan prinsip dan ritual kraf? || Keterbatasan <> Adakah setiap definisi ketetapan yang sama di seluruh semua Masonic Lodges? || Setiap Grand Lodge menetapkan takrifnya sendiri <> Apabila boleh Grand Lodge mengisytiharkan rumah lain sebagai tidak teratur? || Jika perbezaannya bermakna <> Konsep apa yang tidak berdasarkan pematuhan kepada Tanda-tanda Masonik, keperluan keahlian asas, dan prinsip dan ritual kraf? || <> Bilakah bolehkah Grand Lodge mengisytiharkan rumah lain sebagai biasa? || <> Apa yang tidak pernah dianggap \"tidak teratur\"? || <> Mengapa tanda-tanda untuk setiap Grand Lodge sama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?", "id": "572662b9708984140094c46f", "answers": [{"text": "Regularity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?", "id": "572662b9708984140094c470", "answers": [{"text": "Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?", "id": "572662b9708984140094c471", "answers": [{"text": "If the differences are significant", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Regularity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What concept is not based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?", "id": "5acf816477cf76001a68502a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "If the differences are significant", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as regular?", "id": "5acf816477cf76001a68502b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "every Grand Lodge", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What are never considered \"Irregular\"?", "id": "5acf816477cf76001a68502c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adherence to Masonic Landmarks", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Why are landmarks for every Grand Lodge the same?", "id": "5acf816477cf76001a68502d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other \"Irregular\" and withdraw or withhold recognition."}], ["Semua Freemason memulakan perjalanan mereka dalam \"kerajinan\" dengan dimulakan secara progresif, diluluskan dan dibesarkan ke dalam tiga darjah Kraf, atau Blue Lodge Masonry. Dalam ketiga-tiga ritual ini, calon akan mengajar makna simbol Lodge secara progresif, dan diamanahkan dengan genggaman, tanda dan kata-kata untuk menandakan kepada Mason lain bahawa dia telah dimulakan. Inisiasi ini merupakan sebahagian daripada kiasan dan ceramah sebahagian, dan berputar di sekitar pembinaan Bait Salomo, dan kesenian dan kematian arkitek ketuanya, Hiram Abiff. Ijazah adalah Perantis yang dimasuki, Fellowcraft dan Master Mason. Walaupun banyak versi ritual ini wujud, dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua susun atur rumah dan versi yang berbeza dari mitos Hiram, setiap versi dapat dikenali oleh mana-mana Freemason dari mana-mana bidang kuasa. <> Semua Freemason secara progresif dimulakan, diluluskan, dan dibesarkan dalam tiga darjah? || Kerajinan, atau Blue Lodge Masonry <> Inisiasi adalah bagian alegori dan bagian apa? || kuliah <> Apakah akhir dari tiga langkah Freemasonry? || Master Mason <> Siapa arkitek ketua bait Salomo? || Hiram Abiff <> Berapa banyak versi mitos Hiram yang ada? || sekurang-kurangnya dua <> Apa semua Freemasons secara progresif dimulakan, diluluskan, dan dibesarkan dalam enam darjah? || <> Apa yang terakhir dari tujuh langkah Freemasonry? || <> Siapa ahli arkitek paling buruk di Bait Suci Salomo? || <> Berapa banyak versi bendera Hiram di sana? || <> Apakah langkah pertama untuk hanya beberapa Freemason? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?", "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de0e", "answers": [{"text": "Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The initiations are part allegory and part what?", "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de0f", "answers": [{"text": "lecture", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?", "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de10", "answers": [{"text": "Master Mason", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?", "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de11", "answers": [{"text": "Hiram Abiff", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?", "id": "57266454f1498d1400e8de12", "answers": [{"text": "at least two", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "What are all Freemasons progressively initiated, passed, and raised in six degrees of?", "id": "5acf825f77cf76001a685050", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Master Mason", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "What is the final of the seven steps of Freemasonry?", "id": "5acf825f77cf76001a685051", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hiram Abiff", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "Who was the worst architect of the Temple of Solomon?", "id": "5acf825f77cf76001a685052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at least two", "answer_start": 671}], "question": "How many versions of the Hiram flag are there?", "id": "5acf825f77cf76001a685053", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "being progressively initiated", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What is the first step for only some Freemasons?", "id": "5acf825f77cf76001a685054", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All Freemasons begin their journey in the \"craft\" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction."}]], [["Sekitar 930 BCE, kerajaan terbahagi kepada Kerajaan Yehuda selatan dan Kerajaan Israel utara. Dari pertengahan abad ke-8 BCE Israel semakin bertambah konflik dengan kerajaan neo-Asyur yang berkembang. Di bawah Tiglath-Pileser III, ia pertama kali memisahkan wilayah Israel menjadi beberapa unit kecil dan kemudian memusnahkan ibukotanya, Samaria (722 SM). Pemberontakan Israel (724-722 BCE) telah dihancurkan selepas pengepungan dan penangkapan Samaria oleh raja Asyur Sargon II. Anak Sargon, Sennacherib, cuba dan gagal untuk menakluk Yehuda. Rekod Asyur mengatakan bahawa dia menyusun 46 kota berdinding dan mengepung Yerusalem, meninggalkan setelah menerima penghormatan yang luas. <> Bilakah kerajaannya berpecah? || 930 BCE <> Apakah nama modal yang musnah itu? || Samaria <> yang menangkap Samaria? || Raja Asyur Sargon II", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the kingdom split?", "id": "5725b43c89a1e219009abd14", "answers": [{"text": "930 BCE", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the destroyed capital?", "id": "5725b43c89a1e219009abd15", "answers": [{"text": "Samaria", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who captured Samaria?", "id": "5725b43c89a1e219009abd16", "answers": [{"text": "Assyrian king Sargon II", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724\u2013722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute."}], ["Pengertian \"Tanah Israel\", yang dikenali dalam bahasa Ibrani sebagai Eretz Yisrael, telah menjadi penting dan suci bagi orang-orang Yahudi sejak zaman Alkitab. Menurut Taurat, Tuhan menjanjikan tanah itu kepada tiga orang Patriark orang Yahudi. Atas asas kitab suci, tempoh tiga Patriarkah telah diletakkan di suatu tempat di awal milenium ke-2 BCE, dan Kerajaan Israel pertama ditubuhkan sekitar abad ke-11 BCE. Kerajaan dan negara-negara Israel kemudiannya memerintah seketika selama empat ratus tahun yang akan datang, dan dikenali dari pelbagai sumber-sumber alkitab. <> Apakah \"Tanah Israel\" yang dikenali dalam bahasa Ibrani? || Eretz Yisrael <> Menurut Taurat, Tuhan menjanjikan tanah kepada berapa banyak orang? || tiga <> Kapan kerajaan pertama Israel ditubuhkan? || awal tahun 2000 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the \"Land of Israel\" known as in Hebrew?", "id": "5725b39bb80e561500fa6f44", "answers": [{"text": "Eretz Yisrael", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?", "id": "5725b39bb80e561500fa6f45", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?", "id": "5725b39bb80e561500fa6f46", "answers": [{"text": "early 2nd millennium BCE", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The notion of the \"Land of Israel\", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources."}], ["Dengan pemerintahan Parsi berturut-turut, rantau ini, yang terbahagi di antara wilayah Syria-Coele dan kemudiannya otonom Yehud Medinata, secara beransur-ansur berkembang kembali ke dalam masyarakat bandar, sebahagian besarnya didominasi oleh orang Yahudi. Penaklukan Yunani sebahagian besar melangkau rantau ini tanpa sebarang rintangan atau minat. Diperbadankan ke Ptolemaic dan akhirnya Seleucid Empires, Levant selatan sangat melenceng, membina ketegangan antara orang Yahudi dan Yunani. Konflik itu meletus pada 167 BCE dengan Pemberontakan Maccabean, yang berjaya mendirikan Kerajaan Hasmonean yang bebas di Yehuda, yang kemudiannya berkembang di banyak Israel moden, ketika Seleucid secara beransur-ansur hilang kendali di rantau ini. <> Bilakah konflik antara orang Yahudi dan orang Yunani meletus? || 167 BCE <> Apa yang ditubuhkan dalam Pemberontakan Maccabean? || Kerajaan Hasmonean <> Yang menguasai masyarakat? || Judean", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?", "id": "5725b4ef38643c19005acb93", "answers": [{"text": "167 BCE", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?", "id": "5725b4ef38643c19005acb94", "answers": [{"text": "Hasmonean Kingdom", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dominated the society?", "id": "5725b4ef38643c19005acb95", "answers": [{"text": "Judeans", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region."}], ["Rekod pertama nama Israel (sebagai ysr\u1ec9\ua723r) terjadi di stele Merneptah, didirikan untuk Mesir Firaun Merneptah c. 1209 SM, \"Israel dibinasakan dan benihnya tidak.\" \"Israel\" ini adalah entiti budaya dan mungkin politik di dataran tinggi pusat, cukup baik ditubuhkan untuk dilihat oleh orang Mesir sebagai cabaran yang mungkin untuk hegemoni mereka, tetapi kumpulan etnik dan bukan negara yang teratur; Keturunan orang Israel mungkin termasuk Semites yang berasal dari Kanaan dan Orang Laut. McNutt berkata, \"Mungkin selamat untuk mengandaikan bahawa semasa zaman Zaman Besi penduduk mula mengenali dirinya sebagai 'orang Israel',\" membezakan dirinya dari orang Kanaan melalui penanda seperti larangan perkahwinan, penekanan pada sejarah keluarga dan silsilah, dan agama. <> Bilakah rekod pertama nama Israel berlaku? || Apa yang dilakukan oleh nenek moyang orang Israel? || Semit <> Apa yang dilarang orang Kanaan? || perkahwinan", {"qas": [{"question": "When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?", "id": "5725b404271a42140099d057", "answers": [{"text": "Merneptah stele", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?", "id": "5725b404271a42140099d058", "answers": [{"text": "Semites", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Canaanites prohibit?", "id": "5725b404271a42140099d059", "answers": [{"text": "intermarriage", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first record of the name Israel (as ysr\u1ec9\ua723r) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.\" This \"Israel\" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, \"It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'\", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion."}], ["Penduduk Israel, seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh Biro Pusat Statistik Israel, dianggarkan pada 2016 menjadi 8,476,600 orang. Ia adalah satu-satunya negara majoriti Yahudi di dunia, dengan 6,345,400 warga, atau 74.9%, yang ditetapkan sebagai orang Yahudi. Kelompok warganegara kedua terbesar di negara ini dilambangkan sebagai orang Arab, berjumlah 1,760,400 orang (termasuk Druze dan kebanyakan orang Arab Timur Yerusalem). Sebilangan besar orang Arab Israel adalah Muslim Sunni, dengan jumlah yang lebih kecil tetapi signifikan separuh tinggal Bedevin Negev; yang lain adalah orang Kristian dan Druze. Lain-lain minoriti yang lebih kecil termasuk Maronites, Samaritans, orang Dom dan Roma, Black Hebrew Israel, orang Afrika Sub-Sahara, Armenians, Circassians, orang perahu Vietnam dan lain-lain. Israel juga menjadi tuan rumah kepada penduduk asing dan pencari suaka bukan penduduk asing dari Afrika dan Asia. <> Apakah penduduk Israel pada tahun 2016? || 8,476,600 <> Berapa ramai warga Israel di Israel? || 6,345,400 <> Berapa ramai warga Israel di Arab? || 1,760,400", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the population of Israel in 2016?", "id": "5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f2e", "answers": [{"text": "8,476,600", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?", "id": "5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f2f", "answers": [{"text": "6,345,400", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many citizens in Israel are Arab?", "id": "5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f30", "answers": [{"text": "1,760,400", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia."}], ["Pada 586 SM Raja Nebukadnezar II dari Babylon menaklukkan Yehuda. Menurut Alkitab Ibrani, dia memusnahkan Bait Salomo dan mengasingkan orang Yahudi ke Babel. Kekalahan itu juga dicatatkan oleh orang Babilonia (lihat Tawarikh Babel). Pada 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia menakluki Babel dan mengambil alih empayarnya. Cyrus mengeluarkan perisytiharan yang memberikan negara-negara yang ditundukkan (termasuk rakyat Yehuda) kebebasan beragama (untuk teks asal, yang menyokong naratif alkitabiah hanya dalam istilah yang sangat luas, lihat Cyrus Cylinder). Menurut Alkitab Ibrani 50.000 orang Yahudi, yang dipimpin oleh Zerubabel, kembali ke Yehuda dan membangun kembali bait suci. Kumpulan kedua 5,000, diketuai oleh Ezra dan Nehemiah, kembali ke Yehuda pada tahun 456 BCE meskipun orang-orang bukan Yahudi menulis kepada Cyrus untuk cuba menghalang mereka kembali. <> Siapa yang menaklukkan Yehuda? || Raja Nebukadnezar II <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi yang kembali ke Zerubabel ke Yehuda? || 50,000 <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang memimpin Ezra? || 5,000", {"qas": [{"question": "Who conquered Judah?", "id": "5725b47eec44d21400f3d415", "answers": [{"text": "King Nebuchadnezzar II", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah?", "id": "5725b47eec44d21400f3d416", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Judeans did Ezra lead?", "id": "5725b47eec44d21400f3d417", "answers": [{"text": "5,000", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return."}], ["Dalam Undang-undang Asasnya, Israel mendefinisikan dirinya sebagai negara Yahudi dan demokratik. Israel adalah demokrasi perwakilan dengan sistem parlimen, perwakilan berkadar dan hak pilih sejagat. Perdana menteri berfungsi sebagai ketua kerajaan dan Knesset bertindak sebagai badan legislatif. Israel adalah negara maju dan ahli OECD, dengan ekonomi terbesar ke-35 di dunia dengan nominal keluaran dalam negara kasar pada 2015 [update]. Negara ini mendapat manfaat daripada tenaga kerja yang berkemahiran tinggi dan merupakan antara negara yang paling berpendidikan di dunia dengan salah satu daripada peratusan tertinggi rakyatnya yang memegang ijazah pendidikan tinggi. Negara ini mempunyai taraf hidup paling tinggi di Timur Tengah dan keempat tertinggi di Asia, dan mempunyai salah satu harapan hidup yang tertinggi di dunia. <> Israel menentukan dirinya sebagai apa? || Negara Yahudi dan demokratik <> Di mana kedudukan ekonomi Israel di kedudukan? || 35 <> Di mana taraf hidup Israel di Asia? || keempat", {"qas": [{"question": "Israel defines itself as what?", "id": "5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2c", "answers": [{"text": "Jewish and democratic state", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Israel's economy ranked?", "id": "5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2d", "answers": [{"text": "35th", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia?", "id": "5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2e", "answers": [{"text": "fourth", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world."}], ["Nama-nama Tanah Israel dan Anak-anak Israel secara historis digunakan untuk merujuk kepada Kerajaan Israel dan seluruh rakyat Yahudi. Nama \"Israel\" (Standard Yisra'el, Isr\u0101'\u012bl; Septuagint Greek: \u1f38\u03c3\u03c1\u03b1\u03ae\u03bb Isra\u0113l; 'El (Tuhan) meneruskan / peraturan' walaupun selepas Hosea 12: 4 sering ditafsirkan sebagai \"perjuangan dengan Tuhan\" yang, menurut Bible Ibrani, diberikan namanya selepas dia berjaya bergulat dengan malaikat Tuhan. Dua belas anak lelaki Yakub menjadi nenek moyang orang Israel, yang juga dikenali sebagai Dua Belas Suku Israel atau Bani Israel. Yakub dan anak-anaknya telah tinggal di Kanaan tetapi dipaksa oleh kelaparan untuk pergi ke Mesir untuk empat generasi, bertahan 430 tahun, sehingga Musa, cucu besar Yakub, memimpin orang Israel kembali ke Kanaan semasa \"Keluaran\". Artefak arkeologi yang paling awal menyebutkan perkataan \"Israel\" adalah Stele Merneptah Mesir purba (bertarikh pada akhir abad ke-13 SM). <> Siapa Musa? || seorang cucu besar Yakub <> yang memimpin orang Israel kembali ke Kanaan semasa \"Keluaran?\" || Musa <> Apa maksud perkataan \"Israel\"? || Jacob", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Moses?", "id": "5725b349b80e561500fa6f3e", "answers": [{"text": "a great-great grandson of Jacob", "answer_start": 756}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus?\"", "id": "5725b349b80e561500fa6f3f", "answers": [{"text": "Moses", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the word \"Israel\" refer to?", "id": "5725b349b80e561500fa6f40", "answers": [{"text": "Jacob", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name \"Israel\" (Standard Yisra\u02beel, Isr\u0101\u02be\u012bl; Septuagint Greek: \u1f38\u03c3\u03c1\u03b1\u03ae\u03bb Isra\u0113l; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as \"struggle with God\") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus\". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word \"Israel\" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE)."}], ["Israel (/ \u026azre\u026a\u0259l / atau / \u026azri\u02d0\u0259l /; Ibrani: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc Yisr\u0101'el; Arab: \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 Isr\u0101'\u012bl), secara rasmi Negeri Israel (Ibrani: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medinat jis\u0281a\u0294el] \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 Dawlat Isr\u0101'\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u0294i\u02d0l]), adalah sebuah negara berdaulat di Asia Barat. Negara ini terletak di Timur Tengah di pantai tenggara Laut Mediterranean dan pantai utara Teluk Aqaba di Laut Merah. Ia bersempadan dengan Lubnan di utara, Syria di timur laut, Jordan di timur, wilayah Palestin (yang dituntut oleh Negara Palestina dan sebahagiannya dikuasai oleh Israel) yang terdiri daripada Tebing Barat dan Jalur Gaza di timur dan barat, masing-masing, dan Mesir ke barat daya. Ia mengandungi ciri-ciri geografi dalam kawasan yang agak kecil. Pusat kewangan dan teknologi Israel adalah Tel Aviv sementara Jerusalem adalah modal sendiri yang ditetapkan dan bandar individu yang paling ramai penduduk di bawah pentadbiran kerajaan negara. Kedaulatan Israel ke atas Baitulmuqaddis tidak diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa. [Nota 1] <> Apakah keadaan rasmi Israel? || Israel <> Di mana terletak Israel? || Timur Tengah <> Apakah pusat kewangan dan teknologi Israel? || Tel Aviv", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the official State of Israel?", "id": "5725b26b69ff041400e58e26", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Israel located?", "id": "5725b26b69ff041400e58e27", "answers": [{"text": "Middle East", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's Israel's financial and technology center?", "id": "5725b26b69ff041400e58e28", "answers": [{"text": "Tel Aviv", "answer_start": 894}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel (/\u02c8\u026azre\u026a\u0259l/ or /\u02c8\u026azri\u02d0\u0259l/; Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Yisr\u0101'el; Arabic: \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b7\u05ea \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc\u200e Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el [medi\u02c8nat jis\u0281a\u02c8\u0294el] ( listen); Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644\u200e Dawlat Isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl [dawlat \u0294isra\u02d0\u02c8\u0294i\u02d0l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]"}], ["Pada 29 November 1947, Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mencadangkan penggunaan dan pelaksanaan Rancangan Partition for Mandatory Palestine. Pelan PBB ini menetapkan sempadan untuk negara-negara Arab dan Yahudi baru dan juga menetapkan kawasan Baitulmuqaddis dan sekitarnya yang akan ditadbir oleh PBB di bawah rejim antarabangsa. Akhir Mandat British untuk Palestin ditetapkan pada tengah malam pada 14 Mei 1948. Pada hari itu, David Ben-Gurion, ketua eksekutif Organisasi Zionis dan presiden Agensi Yahudi untuk Palestine, menyatakan \"penubuhan sebuah negara Yahudi dalam Eretz Israel, yang dikenali sebagai Negeri Israel, \"yang akan mula berfungsi dari penamatan mandat itu. Sempadan negeri baru tidak dinyatakan dalam deklarasi. Tentera Arab jiran menyerbu mandat mantan Palestin pada keesokan harinya dan memerangi tentera Israel. Israel sejak itu berperang beberapa perang dengan negara-negara Arab jiran, yang selama ini telah menduduki Tebing Barat, Semenanjung Sinai (1956-57, 1967-82), sebahagian dari Lubnan Selatan (1982-2000), Jalur Gaza (1967- 2005, masih dianggap sibuk selepas pemisahan 2005) dan Dataran Tinggi Golan. Ia melanjutkan undang-undangnya ke Dataran Tinggi Golan dan Baitulmuqaddis Timur, tetapi bukannya Tebing Barat. Upaya menyelesaikan konflik Israel-Palestin tidak menghasilkan keamanan. Bagaimanapun, perjanjian damai antara Israel dan kedua-dua Mesir dan Jordan telah berjaya ditandatangani. Pendudukan Israel terhadap Gaza, Tebing Barat dan Baitulmuqaddis Timur merupakan pendudukan tentera yang paling lama di dunia pada zaman moden. [Nota 2] <> Bilakah PBB mengesyorkan Rancangan Partisan? || 29 November 1947 <> Bilakah berakhirnya mandat British? || tengah malam pada 14 Mei 1948 <> Siapa ketua eksekutif Organisasi Zionis? || David Ben-Gurion", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?", "id": "5725b267b80e561500fa6f28", "answers": [{"text": "29 November 1947", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the end of the British Mandate set?", "id": "5725b267b80e561500fa6f29", "answers": [{"text": "midnight on 14 May 1948", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?", "id": "5725b267b80e561500fa6f2a", "answers": [{"text": "David Ben-Gurion", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel,\" which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956\u201357, 1967\u201382), part of Southern Lebanon (1982\u20132000), Gaza Strip (1967\u20132005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2]"}], ["Gelombang pertama penghijrahan Yahudi modern ke Palestina yang dikuasai Uthmaniyyah, yang dikenal sebagai Aliyah Pertama, bermula pada tahun 1881, ketika orang Yahudi melarikan diri pogrom di Eropa Timur. Walaupun pergerakan Zionis sudah ada dalam praktik, wartawan Austro-Hungarian Theodor Herzl dikreditkan dengan penubuhan Zionisme politik, sebuah gerakan yang berusaha untuk menubuhkan sebuah negara Yahudi di Tanah Israel, dengan demikian menawarkan penyelesaian kepada apa yang dipanggil Askar Yahudi Negara-negara Eropah, selaras dengan matlamat dan pencapaian projek-projek nasional yang lain pada masa itu. Pada tahun 1896, Herzl menerbitkan Der Judenstaat (State of the Jews), yang menawarkan visinya tentang keadaan Yahudi masa depan; tahun berikutnya dia mengetuai Kongres Zionis yang pertama. <> Apakah gelombang pertama perpindahan Yahudi moden ke Palestina yang dikuasai Uthmaniyyah yang dikenali sebagai? || Pertama Aliyah <> Kapan mula Aliyah Pertama bermula? || 1881 <> Siapakah yang dikreditkan sebagai penubuhan Zionisme politik? || Theodor Herzl", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as?", "id": "5725b701ec44d21400f3d437", "answers": [{"text": "First Aliyah", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the First Aliyah begin?", "id": "5725b701ec44d21400f3d438", "answers": [{"text": "1881", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is credited as founding political Zionism?", "id": "5725b701ec44d21400f3d439", "answers": [{"text": "Theodor Herzl", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish Question of the European states, in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time. In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), offering his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he presided over the first Zionist Congress."}], ["Sejak kewujudan diaspora Yahudi terdahulu, ramai orang Yahudi telah bercita-cita untuk kembali ke \"Sion\" dan \"Tanah Israel\", walaupun jumlah usaha yang harus dibelanjakan untuk tujuan itu adalah masalah perselisihan. Harapan dan kehormatan orang Yahudi yang tinggal di pengasingan adalah tema penting dalam sistem kepercayaan Yahudi. Selepas orang Yahudi diusir dari Sepanyol pada tahun 1492, beberapa komuniti menetap di Palestin. Pada abad ke-16, masyarakat Yahudi menyerang akar di Empat Kota Suci-Yerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, dan Safed-dan pada tahun 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid mengetuai sekumpulan 1,500 orang Yahudi ke Yerusalem. Pada separuh kedua abad ke-18, penentang lawan Eropah Timur Hasidisme, yang dikenali sebagai Perushim, menetap di Palestin. <> Ramai orang Yahudi telah bercita-cita hendak kembali ke mana? || Zion <> Di mana beberapa masyarakat Yahudi menetap setelah mereka diusir dari Sepanyol? || Palestin <> Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid mengetuai sekumpulan orang Yahudi ke Yerusalem? || 1,500", {"qas": [{"question": "Many Jews have aspired to return to where?", "id": "5725b6c4271a42140099d07b", "answers": [{"text": "Zion", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain?", "id": "5725b6c4271a42140099d07c", "answers": [{"text": "Palestine", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?", "id": "5725b6c4271a42140099d07d", "answers": [{"text": "1,500", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to \"Zion\" and the \"Land of Israel\", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities\u2014Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed\u2014and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine."}], ["Pada 1260, kawalan diteruskan kepada sultan Mesir Mamluk. Negara ini terletak di antara dua pusat kekuatan Mamluk, Kaherah dan Damsyik, dan hanya melihat beberapa pembangunan di sepanjang jalan pos yang menghubungkan kedua bandar. Baitulmuqaddis, meskipun ditinggalkan tanpa perlindungan sebarang tembok bandar sejak 1219, juga menyaksikan banyak projek pembinaan baru yang berpusat di sekitar kawasan Masjid Al-Aqsa (Temple Mount). Pada tahun 1266 Mamluk Sultan Baybars menukar Gua para Patriaku di Hebron ke tempat suci Islam yang eksklusif dan mengharamkan orang Kristian dan Yahudi dari masuk, yang sebelum ini dapat memasukinya dengan bayaran. Larangan itu tetap berlaku sehingga Israel menguasai bangunan pada tahun 1967. </ p> <p> Bilakah kawalannya diserahkan kepada sultan Mesir Mamluk? || 1260 <> Apakah dua pusat kuasa Mamluk terletak di negara ini? || Kaherah dan Damaskus <> Bilakah Mamluk Sultan Baybars masuk ke Gua Patriark? || 1266", {"qas": [{"question": "When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?", "id": "5725b679ec44d21400f3d431", "answers": [{"text": "1260", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?", "id": "5725b679ec44d21400f3d432", "answers": [{"text": "Cairo and Damascus", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?", "id": "5725b679ec44d21400f3d433", "answers": [{"text": "1266", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967."}], ["Pada tahun 1165, Maimonides melawat Baitulmuqaddis dan berdoa di Gunung Kuil, di \"rumah suci yang besar\". Pada 1141 penyair Sepanyol-Yahudi, Yehuda Halevi, mengeluarkan seruan kepada orang-orang Yahudi untuk berpindah ke Tanah Israel, perjalanan yang dilakukannya. Pada 1187 Sultan Saladin, pengasas dinasti Ayyubid, mengalahkan Tentara Salib di Pertempuran Hattin dan kemudiannya menawan Yerusalem dan hampir semua Palestin. Pada masa yang sama, Saladin mengeluarkan perisytiharan yang mengundang orang Yahudi untuk kembali dan menetap di Yerusalem, dan menurut Yehuda al-Harizi, mereka melakukan: \"Sejak hari orang-orang Arab mengambil Yerusalem, penduduk Israel mendiami itu.\" Al-Harizi membandingkan keputusan Saladin yang membolehkan orang Yahudi menubuhkan semula diri mereka di Yerusalem kepada yang dikeluarkan oleh raja Parsi Cyrus the Great lebih dari 1,600 tahun yang lalu. <> Bilakah Maimonides melawat Yerusalem? || 1165 <<Siapakah yang mengeluarkan panggilan kepada orang Yahudi untuk berhijrah ke Tanah Israel? || Yehuda Halevi <> Siapakah pengasas dinasti Ayyubid? || Sultan Saladin", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?", "id": "5725b5ca38643c19005acbaf", "answers": [{"text": "1165", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?", "id": "5725b5ca38643c19005acbb0", "answers": [{"text": "Yehuda Halevi", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?", "id": "5725b5ca38643c19005acbb1", "answers": [{"text": "Sultan Saladin", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the \"great, holy house\". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: \"From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it.\" Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier."}], ["The Aliyah Kedua (1904-14), bermula selepas pogrom Kishinev; kira-kira 40,000 orang Yahudi menetap di Palestin, walaupun hampir separuh daripadanya ditinggalkan. Kedua-dua gelombang pertama dan kedua pendatang adalah terutamanya Yahudi Ortodoks, walaupun Aliyah Kedua termasuk kumpulan sosialis yang menubuhkan gerakan kibbutz. Semasa Perang Dunia I, Setiausaha Luar Inggeris, Arthur Balfour menghantar Deklarasi Balfour tahun 1917 kepada Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, Baron Rothschild 2), pemimpin komuniti Yahudi British, yang menyatakan bahawa Britain bermaksud untuk mewujudkan sebuah rumah \"Yahudi negara\" \"dalam Mandat Palestin. <> Bilakah Aliyah Kedua bermula? || selepas pogrom Kishinev <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi menetap di Palestin? || 40,000 <> Gelombang pendatang pertama dan kedua terutamanya yang mana? || Yahudi Ortodoks", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Second Aliyah begin?", "id": "5725b74038643c19005acbbf", "answers": [{"text": "after the Kishinev pogrom", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Jews settled into Palestine?", "id": "5725b74038643c19005acbc0", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who?", "id": "5725b74038643c19005acbc1", "answers": [{"text": "Orthodox Jews", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Second Aliyah (1904\u201314), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish \"national home\" within the Palestinian Mandate."}], ["Pada 1211, masyarakat Yahudi di negara ini diperkuat oleh ketibaan kumpulan yang diketuai oleh lebih 300 rabbi dari Perancis dan England, di antaranya Rabbi Samson ben Abraham dari Sens. Nachmanides, rabbi Sepanyol abad ke-13 dan pemimpin Yahudi terkemuka yang diiktiraf memuji tanah Israel dan melihat penyelesaiannya sebagai perintah positif yang diberikan kepada semua orang Yahudi. Beliau menulis, \"Jika orang-orang bukan Yahudi ingin membuat perdamaian, kita akan membuat kedamaian dan meninggalkan mereka dengan syarat-syarat yang jelas, tetapi bagi negeri itu, kita tidak akan meninggalkannya di tangan mereka, atau di tangan mana-mana bangsa, tidak dalam mana-mana generasi. \" <> Bilakah masyarakat Yahudi dikuatkan oleh rabbi? || 1211 <> Siapa rabbi Sepanyol abad ke-13 dan pemimpin Yahudi yang diiktiraf? || Nachmanides <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Nachmanides? || \"Sekiranya bangsa-bangsa lain ingin membuat perdamaian, kita akan membuat kedamaian dan meninggalkan mereka dengan jelas", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?", "id": "5725b62aec44d21400f3d421", "answers": [{"text": "1211", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?", "id": "5725b62aec44d21400f3d422", "answers": [{"text": "Nachmanides", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Nachmanides write?", "id": "5725b62aec44d21400f3d423", "answers": [{"text": "\"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote \"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation.\""}], ["Legiun Yahudi, sebuah kumpulan terutamanya sukarelawan Zionis, dibantu, pada tahun 1918, dalam penaklukan British Palestin. Pertahanan Arab terhadap pemerintahan British dan imigresen Yahudi membawa kepada rusuhan Palestin 1920 dan pembentukan sebuah milisi Yahudi yang dikenali sebagai Haganah (yang bermaksud \"Pertahanan\" dalam bahasa Ibrani), dari mana Irgun dan Lehi, atau Stern Gang, kumpulan paramiliter kemudian berpecah off. Pada tahun 1922, Liga Bangsa-Bangsa memberikan Britain mandat ke atas Palestin dengan syarat yang termasuk Deklarasi Balfour dengan janjinya kepada orang-orang Yahudi, dan dengan peruntukan serupa mengenai Palestin Arab. Penduduk kawasan pada masa ini adalah kebanyakannya Arab dan Muslim, dengan Yahudi menyumbang kira-kira 11%, dan Arab Kristian pada kira-kira 9.5% penduduk. <> Apa Legiun Yahudi? || satu kumpulan terutamanya sukarelawan Zionis <> Bilakah Liga Bangsa-Bangsa memberikan Britain mandat ke atas Palestin? || 1922 <> Apakah maksud Haganah dalam bahasa Ibrani? || Pertahanan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Jewish Legion?", "id": "5725b77c271a42140099d091", "answers": [{"text": "a group primarily of Zionist volunteers", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?", "id": "5725b77c271a42140099d092", "answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?", "id": "5725b77c271a42140099d093", "answers": [{"text": "The Defense", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning \"The Defense\" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population."}], ["Semasa pengepungan Baitulmuqaddis oleh Perang Salib Pertama pada tahun 1099, penduduk Yahudi di bandar ini bertempur dengan garis garisan Fatimiyah dan penduduk Islam yang berusaha dengan sia-sia mempertahankan kota melawan Tentara Salib. Apabila bandar itu jatuh, kira-kira 60,000 orang dibunuh, termasuk 6,000 orang Yahudi yang mencari perlindungan di sinagoga. Pada masa ini, seribu tahun selepas kejatuhan negara Yahudi, terdapat masyarakat Yahudi di seluruh negara. Lima puluh daripadanya diketahui dan termasuk Baitulmuqaddis, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Kaisarea, dan Gaza. Menurut Albert dari Aachen, penduduk Yahudi Haifa adalah pasukan pertempuran utama di bandar itu, dan \"bercampur dengan tentara Saracen [Fatimid], mereka berjuang dengan berani selama hampir satu bulan sehingga dipaksa berundur oleh pasukan Tentara Salib dan tentera darat . Bagaimanapun, Joshua Prawer menyatakan keraguan terhadap cerita itu, dengan menyatakan bahawa Albert tidak menghadiri Perang Salib dan bahawa peranan yang menonjol untuk orang Yahudi tidak disebut oleh sumber lain. - bincangkan] <> Siapa penduduk Yahudi bertengkar dengan? || Fatimid garrison <> Berapa ramai orang yang dibunuh apabila bandar itu jatuh? || 60,000 <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang mencari perlindungan? || 6,000", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?", "id": "5725b58fec44d21400f3d41b", "answers": [{"text": "Fatimid garrison", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were massacred when the city fell?", "id": "5725b58fec44d21400f3d41c", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Jews were seeking refuge?", "id": "5725b58fec44d21400f3d41d", "answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and \"mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops\", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? \u2013 discuss]"}], ["Dengan penurunan Herodian, Judea, berubah menjadi wilayah Rom, menjadi tempat perjuangan orang Yahudi terhadap Greco-Rom, yang memuncak dalam Perang Yahudi-Rom, berakhir dengan pemusnahan luas, pengusiran, dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Kehadiran Yahudi di rantau ini semakin berkurangan setelah kegagalan pemberontakan Bar Kokhba melawan Empayar Roma pada 132 CE. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kehadiran Yahudi kecil yang berterusan dan Galilea menjadi pusat keagamaannya. Mishnah dan sebahagian daripada Talmud, teks-teks Yahudi pusat, telah dibentuk pada abad ke-2 hingga ke-4 di Tiberias dan Yerusalem. Wilayah ini diduduki kebanyakannya oleh Greco-Rom di pantai dan orang Samaria di negara bukit. Kekristianan secara beransur-ansur berkembang ke atas paganisme Rom, ketika kawasan itu berada di bawah pemerintahan Byzantine. Melalui abad ke-5 dan keenam, peristiwa-peristiwa dramatik dari pemberontakan orang Samaria yang diulangi membina semula tanah itu, dengan kehancuran besar-besaran terhadap masyarakat Kristian Byzantin dan Samaria dan penurunan penduduk. Selepas penaklukan Persia dan pemasangan Persemakmuran Yahudi yang pendek pada tahun 614 CE, Empayar Byzantine mengalahkan negara itu pada tahun 628. <> Bilakah kehadiran Yahudi berkurang di rantau ini? || 132 CE <> Siapa yang menakluki negara ini pada tahun 628? || Byzantine Empire <> Apa yang berkembang daripada paganisme Rom? || Kristian", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?", "id": "5725b54789a1e219009abd1a", "answers": [{"text": "132 CE", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who conquered the country in 628?", "id": "5725b54789a1e219009abd1b", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 1139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was evolving over Roman paganism?", "id": "5725b54789a1e219009abd1c", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628."}], ["Ketiga (1919-23) dan Keempat Aliyah (1924-29) membawa tambahan 100,000 orang Yahudi ke Palestin. Akhirnya, kemunculan Nazisme dan penganiayaan yang semakin meningkat terhadap orang Yahudi pada tahun 1930-an Eropah membawa kepada Aliyah Kelima, dengan kemasukan seperempat juta orang Yahudi. Ini adalah penyebab utama pemberontakan Arab 1936-39 di mana pihak berkuasa Mandat British bersama militan Zionis Haganah dan Irgun menewaskan 5,032 orang Arab dan mencederakan 14,760, mengakibatkan lebih sepuluh peratus daripada populasi Arab Palestin lelaki dewasa yang terbunuh, cedera, dipenjarakan atau diasingkan. British memperkenalkan sekatan terhadap imigresen Yahudi ke Palestin dengan Kertas Putih tahun 1939. Dengan negara-negara di seluruh dunia berpaling pelarian Yahudi melarikan diri dari Holocaust, gerakan rahasia yang dikenali sebagai Aliyah Bet dianjurkan untuk membawa orang Yahudi ke Palestin. Menjelang akhir Perang Dunia II, penduduk Yahudi Palestin telah meningkat kepada 33% daripada jumlah penduduk. Pada 22 Julai 1946, Irgun menyerang ibu pejabat pentadbiran Inggeris untuk Palestin, yang ditempatkan di sayap selatan Raja David Hotel di Baitulmuqaddis. 91 orang pelbagai kebangsaan telah terbunuh dan 46 orang cedera. Hotel ini adalah tempat pejabat pusat pihak berkuasa mandatori British Palestin, terutamanya Sekretariat Kerajaan Palestin dan Ibu Pejabat Angkatan Bersenjata British di Palestin dan Transjordan. Serangan awalnya telah mendapat persetujuan Haganah (kumpulan utama pasukan tentera Yahudi di Palestin). Ia dianggap sebagai tindak balas kepada Operasi Agatha (satu siri serbuan yang meluas, termasuk satu di Agensi Yahudi, yang dijalankan oleh pihak berkuasa British) dan merupakan yang paling mematikan diarahkan ke British semasa era Mandat (1920-1948). <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang membawa Aliyah Ketiga dan Keempat membawa ke Palestin? || 100,000 <> Bilakah Irgun menyerang ibu pejabat pentadbiran British? || 22 Julai 1946 <> Apakah populasi Yahudi di Palestin pada akhir Perang Dunia II? || 33%", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine?", "id": "5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44d", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters?", "id": "5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44e", "answers": [{"text": "July 22, 1946", "answer_start": 939}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II?", "id": "5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44f", "answers": [{"text": "33%", "answer_start": 907}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Third (1919\u201323) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924\u201329) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. Finally, the rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936\u201339 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760, resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population. On July 22, 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah (the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine). It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha (a series of widespread raids, including one on the Jewish Agency, conducted by the British authorities) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920\u20131948)."}], ["Beberapa imigran baru tiba sebagai pelarian tanpa harta benda dan ditempatkan di kem sementara yang dikenali sebagai ma'abarot; menjelang 1952, lebih 200,000 pendatang tinggal di bandar-bandar khemah ini. Dalam tempoh ini, makanan, pakaian dan perabot harus dicatatkan dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai Tempoh Penghematan. Keperluan untuk menyelesaikan krisis menyebabkan Ben-Gurion menandatangani perjanjian ganti rugi dengan Jerman Barat yang mencetuskan protes massa oleh orang-orang Yahudi yang marah atas gagasan bahawa Israel boleh menerima pampasan kewangan untuk Holocaust. <> Apakah kem-kem sementara yang dikenali sebagai? || ma'abarot <> Berapa ramai pendatang yang tinggal di bandar-bandar khemah ini? || Lebih 200,000 <> Siapa yang menandatangani perjanjian ganti rugi dengan Jerman Barat? || Ben-Gurion", {"qas": [{"question": "What were temporary camps known as?", "id": "5725ba0bec44d21400f3d469", "answers": [{"text": "ma'abarot", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many immigrants lived in these tent cities?", "id": "5725ba0bec44d21400f3d46a", "answers": [{"text": "over 200,000", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany?", "id": "5725ba0bec44d21400f3d46b", "answers": [{"text": "Ben-Gurion", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust."}], ["Akibatnya, penduduk Israel meningkat dari 800,000 hingga dua juta antara 1948 dan 1958. Antara 1948 dan 1970, kira-kira 1,150,000 pelarian Yahudi berpindah ke Israel. Para pendatang datang ke Israel kerana alasan yang berbeza. Ada yang percaya kepada ideologi Zionis, sementara yang lain berpindah untuk melarikan diri dari penganiayaan. Ada orang lain yang melakukannya untuk menjanjikan kehidupan yang lebih baik di Israel dan sebilangan kecil yang diusir dari tanah air mereka, seperti orang Yahudi Inggeris dan Perancis di Mesir selepas Krisis Suez. <> Penduduk Israel meningkat dari 800,000 ke antara tahun 1948 dan 1958? || dua juta <> Apa ideologi yang dilakukan oleh beberapa imigran? || Zionis <> Antara tahun 1948 dan 1970, berapa pelarian Yahudi pindah ke Israel? || 1,150,000", {"qas": [{"question": "The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?", "id": "5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d463", "answers": [{"text": "two million", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ideology did some immigrants believe in?", "id": "5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d464", "answers": [{"text": "Zionist", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?", "id": "5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d465", "answers": [{"text": "1,150,000", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis."}], ["Pada 6 Oktober 1973, ketika orang Yahudi memerhatikan Yom Kippur, tentera Mesir dan Syria melancarkan serangan mengejutkan terhadap pasukan Israel di Semenanjung Sinai dan Dataran Tinggi Golan, yang membuka Perang Yom Kippur. Perang berakhir pada 26 Oktober dengan Israel berjaya menangkis tentera Mesir dan Syria tetapi telah mengalami lebih daripada 2,500 tentera yang terbunuh dalam peperangan yang secara kolektif mengambil 10-35,000 nyawa dalam masa 20 hari sahaja. Siasatan dalaman melepaskan kerajaan tanggungjawab kegagalan sebelum dan semasa perang, tetapi kemarahan orang ramai memaksa Perdana Menteri Golda Meir meletak jawatan. <> Bilakah tentera Mesir dan Syria melancarkan serangan kejutan terhadap tentera Israel? || 6 Oktober 1973 <> Berapa banyak nyawa yang hilang? || 10-35,000 <> Siapa terpaksa meletak jawatan? || Perdana Menteri Golda Meir", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces?", "id": "5725bb2838643c19005acbfb", "answers": [{"text": "6 October 1973", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lives were lost?", "id": "5725bb2838643c19005acbfc", "answers": [{"text": "10\u201335,000", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was forced to resign?", "id": "5725bb2838643c19005acbfd", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister Golda Meir", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, that opened the Yom Kippur War. The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10\u201335,000 lives in just 20 days. An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign."}], ["Keesokan harinya, tentera empat negara Arab-Mesir, Syria, Transjordan dan Iraq-memasuki apa yang telah menjadi Mandatori British Palestin, melancarkan Perang Arab-Israel 1948; Kontingen dari Yaman, Maghribi, Arab Saudi dan Sudan menyertai perang. Tujuan yang jelas dari pencerobohan ini adalah untuk mencegah penubuhan negara Yahudi pada awal, dan beberapa pemimpin Arab bercakap tentang memacu orang Yahudi ke laut. Menurut Benny Morris, orang Yahudi merasakan bahawa tentera Arab menyerang bertujuan menyembelih orang Yahudi. Liga Arab menyatakan bahawa pencerobohan itu untuk mengembalikan undang-undang dan ketenteraman dan untuk mencegah pertumpahan darah lebih lanjut. <> Apa empat negara Arab memasuki British Mandatory Palestine? || Mesir, Syria, Transjordan dan Iraq <> Bilakah Perang Arab-Israel dilancarkan? || 1948 <> Apa maksud pasukan tentera Arab menyerang? || menyembelih orang Yahudi", {"qas": [{"question": "What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine?", "id": "5725b8e6271a42140099d0af", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Arab-Israeli War launched?", "id": "5725b8e6271a42140099d0b0", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the invading Arab armies aim?", "id": "5725b8e6271a42140099d0b1", "answers": [{"text": "slaughter the Jews", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The following day, the armies of four Arab countries\u2014Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq\u2014entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed."}], ["Pada 15 Mei 1947, Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu yang baru ditubuhkan telah memutuskan bahawa sebuah jawatankuasa, Jawatankuasa Khas Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu di Palestin (UNSCOP), diwujudkan \"untuk mempersiapkan pertimbangan pada sidang tetap Dewan Perhimpunan yang akan datang mengenai persoalan Palestin \". Dalam Laporan Jawatankuasa bertarikh 3 September 1947 kepada Perhimpunan Agung PBB, majoriti Jawatankuasa Bab VI mencadangkan rancangan untuk menggantikan Mandat British dengan \"Negara Arab yang bebas, Negara Yahudi yang bebas, dan Kota Yerusalem. .. yang terakhir berada di bawah Sistem Pemegang Amanah Antarabangsa \". Pada 29 November 1947, Perhimpunan Agung mengguna pakai resolusi yang mengesyorkan penggunaan dan pelaksanaan Rancangan Pemisahan dengan Kesatuan Ekonomi sebagai Resolusi 181 (II). Rancangan yang dilampirkan pada resolusi pada asasnya adalah yang dicadangkan oleh majoriti Jawatankuasa dalam Laporan 3 September 1947. <> Apakah UNSCOP itu? || Jawatankuasa Khas Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu di Palestin <> Bilakah terbentuknya UNSCOP? || 15 Mei 1947 <> Apa yang terakhir berada di bawah Sistem Pemegang Amanah Antarabangsa? || Bandar Baitulmuqaddis", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the UNSCOP?", "id": "5725b89c89a1e219009abd70", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the UNSCOP formed?", "id": "5725b89c89a1e219009abd71", "answers": [{"text": "15 May 1947", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System?", "id": "5725b89c89a1e219009abd72", "answers": [{"text": "City of Jerusalem", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee, United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), be created \"to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine\". In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the UN General Assembly, the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with \"an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System\". On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union as Resolution 181 (II). The Plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the Report of 3 September 1947."}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II, Britain mendapati dirinya dalam konflik yang sengit dengan komuniti Yahudi berhubung batas imigresen Yahudi, serta konflik berterusan dengan masyarakat Arab melalui tahap had. Haganah menyertai Irgun dan Lehi dalam perjuangan bersenjata melawan pemerintahan British. Pada masa yang sama, ratusan ribu mangsa dan pelarian Holocaust Yahudi mencari kehidupan baru jauh dari komuniti mereka yang musnah di Eropah. Yishuv cuba untuk membawa pelarian ke Palestin tetapi banyak yang telah ditolak atau dibundarkan dan ditempatkan di kem tahanan di Atlit dan Cyprus oleh British. Penindasan keganasan berpunca daripada pengeboman King David Hotel pada tahun 1946 yang dicirikan oleh Bruce Hoffman sebagai salah satu \"kejadian pengganas paling maut pada abad ke-20\". Pada tahun 1947, kerajaan British mengumumkan akan menarik diri dari Mandatory Palestine, menyatakan ia tidak dapat mencapai penyelesaian yang diterima oleh kedua-dua Arab dan Yahudi. <> Apa negara yang mengalami konflik dengan komuniti Yahudi selepas Perang Dunia II? || Britain <> Kapan pengeboman Raja David Hotel? || 1946 <> Bilakah kerajaan British mengumumkan ia akan menarik diri dari Mandatory Palestine? || 1947", {"qas": [{"question": "What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II?", "id": "5725b83b271a42140099d0a9", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the King David Hotel bombing?", "id": "5725b83b271a42140099d0aa", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine?", "id": "5725b83b271a42140099d0ab", "answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the \"most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century\". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews."}], ["Berikutan perang 1967 dan resolusi \"tiga angka\" Liga Arab, semasa perang 1967-1970, Israel menghadapi serangan dari Mesir di Sinai, dan dari kumpulan Palestin yang mensasarkan Israel di wilayah yang diduduki, di Israel yang betul, dan seluruh dunia. Paling penting di kalangan pelbagai kumpulan Palestin dan Arab adalah Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin (PLO), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1964, yang pada mulanya berkomitmen untuk \"perjuangan bersenjata sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk membebaskan tanahair\". Pada akhir 1960-an dan awal 1970-an, kumpulan Palestin melancarkan gelombang serangan terhadap sasaran Israel dan Yahudi di seluruh dunia, termasuk pembunuhan beramai-ramai atlet Israel pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1972 di Munich. Kerajaan Israel bertindak balas dengan kempen pembunuhan terhadap penganjur pembunuhan beramai-ramai itu, pengeboman dan serbuan di ibu pejabat PLO di Lubnan. <> Di manakah pembunuhan beramai-ramai Israel? || 1972 Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas di Munich <> Apakah resolusi Liga Arab? || tiga nos <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh ELO? || perjuangan bersenjata sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk membebaskan tanah air", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes?", "id": "5725baec38643c19005acbf5", "answers": [{"text": "1972 Summer Olympics in Munich", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the resolution of the Arab league?", "id": "5725baec38643c19005acbf6", "answers": [{"text": "three nos", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the ELO commit itself on?", "id": "5725baec38643c19005acbf7", "answers": [{"text": "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the 1967 war and the \"three nos\" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967\u20131970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to \"armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland\". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon."}], ["Imigresen ke Israel pada akhir 1940-an dan awal 1950-an dibantu oleh Jabatan Imigresen Israel dan Mossad LeAliyah Bet yang ditaja oleh kerajaan yang bukan kerajaan (\"Institusi untuk Imigresen Haram\"). Kedua-dua kumpulan ini memudahkan logistik imigresen biasa seperti mengatur pengangkutan, tetapi pihaknya juga terlibat dalam operasi rahasia di negara-negara, terutamanya di Timur Tengah dan Eropah Timur, di mana kehidupan orang Yahudi dipercayai berada dalam bahaya dan keluar dari tempat-tempat itu sukar. Mossad LeAliyah Bet terus mengambil bahagian dalam usaha imigresen sehingga dibubarkan pada tahun 1953. Kemasukan orang yang selamat dari Holocaust dan orang Yahudi dari tanah Arab dan Muslim telah berhijrah ke Israel selama 3 tahun pertama dan jumlah Yahudi meningkat dari 700,000 menjadi 1,400,000, kebanyakannya menghadapi penganiayaan di negara asalnya. Imigresen adalah mengikut Rancangan Satu Juta. <> Siapa yang membantu imigresen ke Israel? || Jabatan Imigresen Israel <> Imigresen sesuai dengan apa? || Satu Rancangan Juta <> Bilakah Mossad LeAliyah Bet dibubarkan? || 1953", {"qas": [{"question": "Who aided the immigration to Israel?", "id": "5725b95a38643c19005acbdb", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli Immigration Department", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The immigration was in accordance to what?", "id": "5725b95a38643c19005acbdc", "answers": [{"text": "One Million Plan", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?", "id": "5725b95a38643c19005acbdd", "answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet (\"Institution for Illegal Immigration\"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan."}], ["Pada tahun 1950 Mesir menutup Terusan Suez untuk penghantaran dan ketegangan Israel yang dipasang sebagai pertempuran bersenjata yang berlaku di sepanjang sempadan Israel. Semasa tahun 1950-an, Israel sering diserang oleh rakyat Palestin, hampir selalu menentang orang awam, terutamanya dari Jalur Gaza yang diduduki Mesir, yang membawa kepada beberapa serangan balas Israel. Pada tahun 1956, Great Britain dan Perancis mensasar untuk menguasai Terusan Suez, yang telah dinasionalisasi oleh Mesir (lihat Krisis Suez). Pengepungan berterusan Terusan Suez dan Selat Tiran untuk penghantaran Israel, bersama dengan jumlah serangan Fedayeen yang semakin meningkat terhadap penduduk selatan Israel, dan kuburan Arab yang baru dan mengancam, mendorong Israel untuk menyerang Mesir. Israel menyertai persekutuan rahsia dengan Great Britain dan Perancis dan mengatasi Semenanjung Sinai tetapi ditekan untuk menarik diri oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu sebagai balasan untuk jaminan hak penghantaran Israel di Laut Merah melalui Selat Tiran dan Kanal [rujukan?]. Perang itu mengakibatkan pengurangan ketara penyusupan sempadan Israel. <> Bilakah Mesir menutup Terusan Suez ke Israel? || 1950 <> Siapa yang Israel sering diserang? || </ P> <p> Apakah peperangan itu terjadi? || pengurangan ketara penyusupan sempadan Israel", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?", "id": "5725ba3dec44d21400f3d46f", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Israel frequently attacked by?", "id": "5725ba3dec44d21400f3d470", "answers": [{"text": "Palestinian fedayeen", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the war result in?", "id": "5725ba3dec44d21400f3d471", "answers": [{"text": "significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration", "answer_start": 1011}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration."}], ["Nasionalis Arab yang diketuai oleh Presiden Mesir Gamal Abdel Nasser enggan mengakui Israel, dan menyeru kemusnahannya. Menjelang 1966, hubungan Israel-Arab telah merosot ke titik pertempuran sebenar yang berlaku antara pasukan Israel dan Arab. Pada bulan Mei 1967, Mesir menguasai tenteranya berhampiran sempadan dengan Israel, mengusir pasukan pengaman PBB, yang ditempatkan di Semenanjung Sinai sejak tahun 1957, dan menyekat akses Israel ke Laut Merah [rujukan?]. Negara-negara Arab lain menggerakkan pasukan mereka. Israel mengulangi bahawa tindakan ini adalah casus belli. Pada 5 Jun 1967, Israel melancarkan serangan awal terhadap Mesir. Jordan, Syria dan Iraq bertindak balas dan menyerang Israel. Dalam Perang Enam Hari, Israel mengalahkan Jordan dan menawan Tebing Barat, mengalahkan Mesir dan menawan Semenanjung Gaza dan Semenanjung Sinai, dan menewaskan Syria dan menawan Dataran Tinggi Golan. Batasan Yerusalem telah diperbesarkan, menggabungkan Yerusalem Timur, dan Laluan Hijau 1949 menjadi sempadan pentadbiran antara Israel dan wilayah yang diduduki. <> Siapa yang enggan mengakui Israel? || Presiden Mesir Gamal Abdel Nasser <> Bilakah Mesir memaksa tentera itu berhampiran sempadan dengan Israel? || 1967 <> Apa yang menjadi sempadan pentadbiran antara Israel dan wilayah yang diduduki? || Garisan hijau", {"qas": [{"question": "Who refused toe recognize Israel?", "id": "5725ba9d38643c19005acbef", "answers": [{"text": "Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel?", "id": "5725ba9d38643c19005acbf0", "answers": [{"text": "1967", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories?", "id": "5725ba9d38643c19005acbf1", "answers": [{"text": "Green Line", "answer_start": 932}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel, and called for its destruction. By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces. In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea[citation needed]. Other Arab states mobilized their forces. Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli. On 5 June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Jordan, Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel. In a Six-Day War, Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank, defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights. Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories."}], ["Intifada Pertama, pemberontakan Palestin terhadap pemerintahan Israel, berlaku pada tahun 1987, dengan gelombang demonstrasi yang tidak terkoordinasi dan keganasan yang berlaku di Tebing Barat dan Gaza yang diduduki. Sepanjang enam tahun berikutnya, Intifada menjadi lebih teratur dan termasuk langkah-langkah ekonomi dan budaya yang bertujuan mengganggu pendudukan Israel. Lebih daripada seribu orang terbunuh dalam keganasan. Semasa Perang Teluk 1991, PLO menyokong Saddam Hussein dan serangan peluru berpandu Iraq terhadap Israel. Walaupun kemarahan awam, Israel mengamalkan panggilan AS untuk menahan diri daripada memukul balik dan tidak mengambil bahagian dalam perang itu. <> Bilakah Intifada Pertama keluar? || 1987 <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh dalam keganasan? || Lebih daripada seribu orang <> PLO menyokong siapa semasa Perang Teluk? || Saddam Hussein", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the First Intifada break out?", "id": "5725bcba38643c19005acc25", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the violence?", "id": "5725bcba38643c19005acc26", "answers": [{"text": "More than a thousand people", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "PLO supported who during the Gulf War?", "id": "5725bcba38643c19005acc27", "answers": [{"text": "Saddam Hussein", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war."}], ["Selepas kejatuhan ceramah dan lawatan kontroversi oleh pemimpin Likud Ariel Sharon ke Gunung Kuil, Intifada Kedua bermula. Beberapa pengulas berpendapat bahawa pemberontakan itu telah dirancang oleh Yasser Arafat kerana kejatuhan rundingan damai. Sharon menjadi perdana menteri dalam pilihan raya khas 2001. Semasa masa jabatannya, Sharon melaksanakan rancangannya secara bersendirian untuk menarik balik dari Jalur Gaza dan juga menerajui pembinaan penghalang Bank Barat Israel, yang mengakhiri Intifada. Pada masa ini 1,100 orang Israel telah terbunuh, kebanyakannya dalam pengeboman bunuh diri. Kematian Palestin, pada 30 April 2008, mencapai 4,745 terbunuh oleh pasukan keselamatan Israel, 44 terbunuh oleh orang awam Israel, dan 577 terbunuh oleh rakyat Palestin. <> Siapa yang melawat Gunung Kuil? || Ariel Sharon <> Ketika Ariel Sharon menjadi perdana menteri? || 2001 <> Berapa banyak kematian orang Palestin pada 30 April 2008? || 4,745", {"qas": [{"question": "Who visited the Temple Mount?", "id": "5725bd7fec44d21400f3d49f", "answers": [{"text": "Ariel Sharon", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister?", "id": "5725bd7fec44d21400f3d4a0", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008?", "id": "5725bd7fec44d21400f3d4a1", "answers": [{"text": "4,745", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Yasser Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks. Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, ending the Intifada. By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed, mostly in suicide bombings. The Palestinian fatalities, by 30 April 2008, reached 4,745 killed by Israeli security forces, 44 killed by Israeli civilians, and 577 killed by Palestinians."}], ["Pilihan raya Knesset 1977 menandakan titik perubahan besar dalam sejarah politik Israel ketika parti Likud Menachem Begin mengambil alih kawalan dari Parti Buruh. Kemudian pada tahun itu, Presiden Mesir Anwar El Sadat membuat lawatan ke Israel dan bercakap sebelum Knesset dalam pengiktirafan pertama Israel oleh ketua negara Arab. Dalam dua tahun yang berikutnya, Sadat dan Begin menandatangani Perjanjian Camp David (1978) dan Perjanjian Keamanan Israel-Mesir (1979). Sebagai balasannya, Israel menarik diri dari Semenanjung Sinai, yang ditawan Israel semasa Perang Enam Hari pada tahun 1967, dan bersetuju untuk memasuki perundingan mengenai autonomi untuk Palestin di Tebing Barat dan Semenanjung Gaza. <> Di manakah Anwar El Sadat membuat perjalanan? || Israel <> Apakah tanda Sadat dan Begin? || Camp David Accords <> Israel berundur dari mana? || Semenanjung Sinai", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to?", "id": "5725bb6d89a1e219009abda0", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sadat and Begin sign?", "id": "5725bb6d89a1e219009abda1", "answers": [{"text": "Camp David Accords", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israel withdrew from where?", "id": "5725bb6d89a1e219009abda2", "answers": [{"text": "Sinai Peninsula", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel\u2013Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip."}], ["Pada 11 Mac 1978, serbuan gerila PLO dari Lubnan membawa kepada Pembantaian Jalan Pesisir. Israel bertindak balas dengan melancarkan serangan ke selatan Lubnan untuk menghancurkan PLO di selatan Sungai Litani. Kebanyakan pejuang PLO menarik diri, tetapi Israel berjaya menjamin keamanan selatan Lebanon sehingga pasukan PBB dan tentera Lubnan dapat mengambil alih. PLO tidak lama lagi meneruskan dasar serangan terhadap Israel. Dalam beberapa tahun akan datang, PLO menyusup ke selatan dan terus menyerang serentak melintasi sempadan. Israel melakukan pelbagai serangan balas dengan udara dan di lapangan. <> Bilakah kejadian Pembantaian Pantai Pesisir berlaku? || 11 Mac 1978 <> Siapa yang mendapat selatan Lubnan? || Israel <> Di manakah pangkalan PLO terletak? || selatan Sungai Litani", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur?", "id": "5725bbb338643c19005acc0b", "answers": [{"text": "11 March 1978", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who secured southern Lebanon?", "id": "5725bbb338643c19005acc0c", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the PLO bases located?", "id": "5725bbb338643c19005acc0d", "answers": [{"text": "south of the Litani River", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground."}], ["Sementara itu, kerajaan Begin memberikan insentif bagi Israel untuk menetap di Tebing Barat yang diduduki, meningkatkan geseran dengan penduduk Palestin di kawasan itu. Undang-undang Asas: Baitulmuqaddis, Ibukota Israel, yang diluluskan pada tahun 1980, dipercayai oleh beberapa orang untuk mengesahkan pengilhakan Yerusalem Israel pada tahun 1967 melalui perintah kerajaan, dan menimbulkan kontroversi antarabangsa terhadap status kota. Tiada undang-undang Israel telah menentukan wilayah Israel dan tidak ada perbuatan yang khusus termasuk Jerusalem Timur di dalamnya. Kedudukan majoriti negara anggota PBB tercermin dalam banyak resolusi yang mengisytiharkan bahawa tindakan yang diambil oleh Israel untuk menyelesaikan warganya di Tebing Barat, dan mengenakan undang-undang dan pentadbirannya di Baitulmuqaddis Timur, adalah haram dan tidak sah. Pada tahun 1981, Israel telah mencaplok Dataran Tinggi Golan, walaupun pencerobohan tidak diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa. <> Bilakah Israel menduduki Dataran Tinggi Golan? || 1981 <> Apakah Ibukota Israel? || Yerusalem <> Yang menyediakan insentif untuk orang Israel untuk menetap di Tebing Barat yang diduduki? || Mulakan kerajaan", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?", "id": "5725bc2838643c19005acc17", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Capital of Israel?", "id": "5725bc2838643c19005acc18", "answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?", "id": "5725bc2838643c19005acc19", "answers": [{"text": "Begin's government", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally."}], ["Wilayah yang berdaulat Israel (mengikut garis penandaan Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata 1949 dan tidak termasuk semua wilayah yang ditangkap oleh Israel semasa Perang Enam Hari 1967) adalah lebih kurang 20,770 kilometer persegi (8,019 meter persegi), di mana dua peratus adalah air . Bagaimanapun, Israel begitu sempit sehingga zon ekonomi eksklusif di Mediterranean adalah dua kali ganda kawasan tanah di negara ini. Jumlah kawasan di bawah undang-undang Israel, termasuk Timur Baitulmuqaddis dan Dataran Tinggi Golan, adalah 22,072 kilometer persegi (8,522 meter persegi), dan jumlah kawasan di bawah kawalan Israel, termasuk wilayah tentera yang dikuasai tentera dan sebahagiannya di Tebing Barat, adalah 27,799 kilometer persegi (10,733 meter persegi). Walaupun saiznya kecil, Israel adalah rumah kepada pelbagai ciri geografi, dari padang pasir Negev di selatan ke lembah Jezreel yang subur dataran rendah, gunung di Galilea, Carmel dan ke arah Golan di utara. Dataran Pantai Israel di tepi pantai Mediterranean adalah rumah kepada 57 peratus penduduk negara itu. Timur di dataran tinggi tengah terletak Lembah Jordan Rift, yang membentuk sebahagian kecil Lembah Rift Besar 6.500 kilometer (4,039 mi). <> Di mana Lembah Jordan Rift terletak? || Timur di dataran tinggi tengah <> Berapa 57% penduduk negara? || Plain Pantai Israel <> Seberapa besar wilayah Israel yang berdaulat? || 20,770 kilometer persegi", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?", "id": "5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfc", "answers": [{"text": "East of the central highlands", "answer_start": 1041}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's home to 57% of the nation's population?", "id": "5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfd", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli Coastal Plain", "answer_start": 934}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?", "id": "5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfe", "answers": [{"text": "20,770 square kilometers", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley."}], ["Pada 7 Jun 1981, tentera udara Israel memusnahkan reaktor nuklear tunggal Iraq, untuk menghalang program senjata nuklear Iraq. Reaktor sedang dibina di luar Baghdad. Berikutan siri serangan PLO pada tahun 1982, Israel menyerang Lebanon tahun itu untuk memusnahkan pangkalan-mula yang PLO melancarkan serangan dan peluru berpandu ke Israel utara. Dalam enam hari pertama pertempuran, orang Israel memusnahkan pasukan tentera PLO di Lubnan dan secara tegas mengalahkan orang Syria. Siasatan kerajaan Israel - Suruhanjaya Kahan - kemudiannya memegang Begin, Sharon dan beberapa jeneral Israel sebagai tidak langsung bertanggungjawab terhadap pembunuhan Sabra dan Shatila. Pada tahun 1985, Israel bertindak balas terhadap serangan pengganas Palestin di Cyprus dengan mengebom ibu pejabat PLO di Tunis. Israel berundur dari kebanyakan Lebanon pada tahun 1986, tetapi mengekalkan zon penampan sempadan di selatan Lebanon hingga 2000, dari mana pasukan Israel terlibat dalam konflik dengan Hizbullah. <> Bilakah angkatan udara Israel memusnahkan reaktor nuklear Iraq? || 7 Jun 1981 <> Mengapa mereka memusnahkan reaktor nuklear? || menghalang program senjata nuklear Iraq <> Apakah penyelidikan kerajaan dimulakan? || Suruhanjaya Kahan", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor?", "id": "5725bc7d271a42140099d0e5", "answers": [{"text": "7 June 1981", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor?", "id": "5725bc7d271a42140099d0e6", "answers": [{"text": "impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What government inquiry held Begin?", "id": "5725bc7d271a42140099d0e7", "answers": [{"text": "Kahan Commission", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry \u2013 the Kahan Commission \u2013 would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah."}], ["Pada akhir tahun 1990-an, Israel, di bawah kepimpinan Benjamin Netanyahu, menarik diri dari Hebron, dan menandatangani Memorandum Sungai Wye, memberikan kawalan yang lebih besar kepada Pihak Berkuasa Kebangsaan Palestin. Ehud Barak, Perdana Menteri yang dipilih pada tahun 1999, memulakan milenium baru dengan menarik pasukan dari Lubnan Selatan dan mengadakan perundingan dengan Penguasa Otorita Palestina Yasser Arafat dan Presiden A.S. Bill Clinton pada Kemuncak Kem David Camp 2000. Semasa sidang kemuncak itu, Barak menawarkan pelan untuk penubuhan negara Palestin. Negara yang dicadangkan termasuk keseluruhan Jalur Gaza dan lebih dari 90% dari Tebing Barat dengan Jerusalem sebagai modal bersama, walaupun ada yang berpendapat bahawa rancangan itu adalah untuk kawasan tambahan yang akan menyebabkan cantonisasi Tebing Barat menjadi tiga blok, yang Delegasi Palestin menyamakan dengan \"bantustan\" Afrika Selatan, satu perkataan yang dipersoalkan oleh perunding Israel dan Amerika. Setiap pihak menyalahkan pihak lain untuk kegagalan rundingan itu. <> Yang mengetuai Israel pada 1990-an? || Benjamin Netanyahu <> Apa yang dilakukan Benjamin Netanyahu? || Wye River Memorandum <> Siapa terpilih Perdana Menteri pada tahun 1999? || Ehud Barak", {"qas": [{"question": "Who led Israel in the 1990s?", "id": "5725bd3189a1e219009abdc0", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?", "id": "5725bd3189a1e219009abdc1", "answers": [{"text": "Wye River Memorandum", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?", "id": "5725bd3189a1e219009abdc2", "answers": [{"text": "Ehud Barak", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African \"bantustans\", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks."}], ["Pada tahun 1992, Yitzhak Rabin menjadi Perdana Menteri berikutan pilihan raya di mana partinya meminta kompromi dengan jiran Israel. Pada tahun berikutnya, Shimon Peres bagi pihak Israel, dan Mahmoud Abbas untuk PLO, menandatangani Perjanjian Oslo, yang memberi Pihak Berkuasa Kebangsaan Palestin hak untuk memerintah bahagian Tebing Barat dan Gaza. PLO juga mengiktiraf hak Israel untuk wujud dan menjanjikan pengakhiran keganasan. Pada tahun 1994, Perjanjian Keamanan Israel-Jordan ditandatangani, menjadikan Jordan menjadi negara Arab kedua untuk menormalkan hubungan dengan Israel. Sokongan orang Arab untuk Perjanjian itu telah rosak oleh penerusan penempatan Israel dan pusat pemeriksaan, dan kemerosotan keadaan ekonomi. Sokongan awam Israel untuk Perjanjian itu merosot apabila Israel diserang oleh serangan bunuh diri Palestin. Akhirnya, semasa meninggalkan perhimpunan damai pada bulan November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin dibunuh oleh seorang Yahudi jauh-kanan yang menentang Perjanjian. <> Siapa yang menjadi Perdana Menteri pada tahun 1992? || Yitzhak Rabin <> Bilakah Perjanjian Damai Israel-Jordan ditandatangani? || 1994 <> Bilakah Yitzhak Rabin dibunuh? || November 1995", {"qas": [{"question": "Who became the Prime Minister in 1992?", "id": "5725bcfc38643c19005acc2b", "answers": [{"text": "Yitzhak Rabin", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed?", "id": "5725bcfc38643c19005acc2c", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?", "id": "5725bcfc38643c19005acc2d", "answers": [{"text": "November 1995", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism. In 1994, the Israel\u2013Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel. Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks. Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords."}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2006, serangan artileri Hezbollah terhadap komuniti sempadan utara Israel dan penculikan rentas sempadan dua tentera Israel mendahului Perang Lubnan Kedua bulan yang panjang. Pada 6 September 2007, Angkatan Udara Israel memusnahkan reaktor nuklear di Syria. Pada bulan Mei 2008, Israel mengesahkan ia telah membincangkan perjanjian damai dengan Syria selama setahun, dengan Turki sebagai perhubungan antara. Walau bagaimanapun, pada akhir tahun ini, Israel memasuki konflik lain sebagai gencatan senjata antara Hamas dan Israel runtuh. Perang Gaza berlangsung tiga minggu dan berakhir selepas Israel mengumumkan gencatan senjata unilateral. Hamas mengumumkan gencatan senjata sendiri, dengan syarat pengeluaran dan pembukaan sempadan sempadannya sendiri. Walaupun pelancaran roket dan serangan balas Israel tidak dapat dihentikan sepenuhnya, gencatan senjata rapuh tetap teratur. Dalam apa yang dikatakan oleh Israel sebagai tindak balas terhadap lebih seratus serangan roket Palestin di bandar-bandar selatan Israel, Israel memulakan operasi di Gaza pada 14 November 2012, yang berlangsung selama lapan hari. Israel memulakan operasi lain di Gaza berikutan peningkatan serangan roket oleh Hamas pada Julai 2014. <> Bilakah Angkatan Udara Israel memusnahkan reaktor nuklear di Syria? || 6 September 2007 <> Siapa yang mengumumkan gencatan senjata sendiri? || Hamas <> Berapa lama operasi di Gaza pada November lalu? || lapan hari", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria?", "id": "5725bdd9271a42140099d109", "answers": [{"text": "6 September 2007", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who announced its own ceasefire? ", "id": "5725bdd9271a42140099d10a", "answers": [{"text": "Hamas", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the operation in Gaza in November last?", "id": "5725bdd9271a42140099d10b", "answers": [{"text": "eight days", "answer_start": 1024}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014."}], ["Pada tahun 2016, populasi Israel adalah dianggarkan 8,476,600 juta orang, di mana 6,345,400 (74.9%) dicatatkan oleh kerajaan sivil sebagai Yahudi. 1,760,400 orang Arab terdiri daripada 20.7% penduduk, manakala orang Kristian bukan Arab dan orang yang tidak mempunyai agama yang disenaraikan dalam pendaftaran awam adalah 4.4%. Sejak sedekad lalu, banyak pekerja asing dari Romania, Thailand, China, Afrika, dan Amerika Selatan telah menetap di Israel. Angka-angka tepat tidak diketahui, kerana ramai daripada mereka tinggal di negara ini secara haram, tetapi anggaran dijalankan di rantau 203,000. Menjelang Jun 2012, kira-kira 60,000 pendatang Afrika telah memasuki Israel. Sekitar 92% penduduk Israel tinggal di kawasan bandar. <> Apakah populasi Israel pada tahun 2016? || 8,476,600 <> Berapa ramai pendatang Afrika masuk ke Israel pada Jun 2012? || 60,000 <> Berapa ramai penduduk Israel yang tinggal di kawasan bandar? || 92%", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Israel's population in 2016?", "id": "5725c38d271a42140099d16d", "answers": [{"text": "8,476,600", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many African migrants entered Israel by June 2012?", "id": "5725c38d271a42140099d16e", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Israelis live in urban areas?", "id": "5725c38d271a42140099d16f", "answers": [{"text": "92%", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2016, Israel's population was an estimated 8,476,600 million people, of whom 6,345,400 (74.9%) were recorded by the civil government as Jews. 1,760,400 Arabs comprised 20.7% of the population, while non-Arab Christians and people who have no religion listed in the civil registry made up 4.4%. Over the last decade, large numbers of migrant workers from Romania, Thailand, China, Africa, and South America have settled in Israel. Exact figures are unknown, as many of them are living in the country illegally, but estimates run in the region of 203,000. By June 2012, approximately 60,000 African migrants had entered Israel. About 92% of Israelis live in urban areas."}], ["Suhu di Israel berbeza-beza, terutamanya semasa musim sejuk. Kawasan pesisir, seperti Tel Aviv dan Haifa, mempunyai iklim Mediterranean yang tipikal dengan musim sejuk, musim hujan dan musim panas yang panjang. Kawasan Beersheba dan Utara Negev mempunyai iklim semi-gersang dengan musim panas yang panas, musim dingin yang sejuk dan hari hujan yang lebih sedikit daripada iklim Mediterranean. Negev Selatan dan kawasan Arava mempunyai iklim padang pasir dengan musim panas yang sangat panas dan kering, dan musim sejuk yang sedikit dengan beberapa hari hujan. Suhu tertinggi di benua Asia (54.0 \u00b0 C atau 129.2 \u00b0 F) dicatatkan pada tahun 1942 di Tirat Zvi kibbutz di lembah sungai Jordan utara. <> Apakah jenis iklim yang ada di Tel Aviv? || Mediterranean <> Apakah jenis iklim yang ada di Arava? || padang pasir <> Apakah suhu rekod tertinggi di Tirat Zvi? || 54.0 \u00b0 C", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of climate does Tel Aviv have?", "id": "5725c30f38643c19005acc75", "answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of climate does Arava have?", "id": "5725c30f38643c19005acc76", "answers": [{"text": "desert", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the highest recorded temperature in Tirat Zvi?", "id": "5725c30f38643c19005acc77", "answers": [{"text": "54.0 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. Coastal areas, such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev has a semi-arid climate with hot summers, cool winters and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate. The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have desert climate with very hot and dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (54.0 \u00b0C or 129.2 \u00b0F) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley."}], ["Sungai Jordan berjalan di sepanjang Lembah Rift Jordan, dari Gunung Hermon melalui Lembah Hulah dan Laut Galilea ke Laut Mati, titik terendah di permukaan Bumi. Selanjutnya selatan adalah Arabah, yang berakhir dengan Teluk Eilat, sebahagian dari Laut Merah. Unik kepada Israel dan Semenanjung Sinai adalah makhteshim, atau cirque erosi. Makhtesh terbesar di dunia ialah Ramon Crater di Negev, yang berukuran 40 hingga 8 kilometer (25 oleh 5 mi). Laporan mengenai status alam sekitar lembangan Mediterranean menyatakan bahawa Israel mempunyai jumlah spesies tumbuhan terbesar bagi setiap meter persegi di semua negara di lembangan. <> Apa sungai yang mengalir di sepanjang Lembah Rift Jordan? || Sungai Jordan <> Apa makhtesh terbesar di dunia? || Ramon Crater <> Israel mempunyai bilangan terbesar bagi setiap meter persegi di lembangan? || spesies tumbuhan", {"qas": [{"question": "What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?", "id": "5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e7", "answers": [{"text": "Jordan River", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest makhtesh in the world?", "id": "5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e8", "answers": [{"text": "Ramon Crater", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin?", "id": "5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e9", "answers": [{"text": "plant species", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi). A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin."}], ["Di kawasan pergunungan lain yang melampau boleh berangin, sejuk, dan kawasan-kawasan di ketinggian 750 meter atau lebih (ketinggian yang sama seperti Yerusalem) biasanya akan menerima sekurang-kurangnya satu salji setiap tahun. Dari Mei hingga September, hujan di Israel jarang berlaku. Dengan sumber air yang terhad, Israel telah membangunkan pelbagai teknologi penjimatan air, termasuk pengairan titisan. Israel juga mengambil kesempatan daripada cahaya matahari yang cukup untuk tenaga solar, menjadikan Israel sebagai negara utama dalam penggunaan tenaga suria per kapita (hampir setiap rumah menggunakan panel solar untuk pemanasan air). <> Israel maju apa? || pelbagai teknologi penjimatan air <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Israel? || cahaya matahari <> Yang mengetuai negara dalam penggunaan tenaga solar? || Israel", {"qas": [{"question": "Israel developed what?", "id": "5725c34889a1e219009abe0c", "answers": [{"text": "various water-saving technologies", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Israelis take advantage of?", "id": "5725c34889a1e219009abe0d", "answers": [{"text": "sunlight", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who leads the nation in solar energy use?", "id": "5725c34889a1e219009abe0e", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the other extreme mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and areas at elevation of 750 meters or more (same elevation as Jerusalem) will usually receive at least one snowfall each year. From May to September, rain in Israel is rare. With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation. Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy, making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita (practically every house uses solar panels for water heating)."}], ["Pada tahun 2009 [update], lebih 300,000 warga Israel tinggal di penempatan Tebing Barat seperti Ma'ale Adumim dan Ariel, termasuk penempatan yang mendahului penubuhan Negara Israel dan yang ditubuhkan semula selepas Perang Enam Hari, di bandar-bandar seperti Hebron dan Gush Etzion. Pada tahun 2011, terdapat 250,000 orang Yahudi yang tinggal di Baitulmuqaddis Timur. 20,000 orang Israel tinggal di penempatan Heights Golan. Jumlah peneroka Israel lebih dari 500,000 (6.5% daripada penduduk Israel). Kira-kira 7,800 warga Israel tinggal di penempatan di Semenanjung Gaza, sehingga mereka dipindahkan oleh kerajaan sebagai sebahagian daripada pelan penangguhan 2005 mereka. <> Berapa ramai warga Israel tinggal di penempatan Tebing Barat? || lebih 300,000 <> Berapa ramai penduduk Israel tinggal di penempatan Heights Golan? || 20,000 <> Bilakah Israel dipindahkan dari Gaza? || 2005", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements?", "id": "5725c3d389a1e219009abe1c", "answers": [{"text": "over 300,000", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Israelis lived in Golan Heights settlements?", "id": "5725c3d389a1e219009abe1d", "answers": [{"text": "20,000", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were Israelis evacuated from Gaza Strip?", "id": "5725c3d389a1e219009abe1e", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan."}], ["Membentuk 16% daripada penduduk, umat Islam membentuk minoriti agama minoriti Israel. Kira-kira 2% penduduk adalah Kristian dan 1.5% adalah Druze. Penduduk Kristian terutamanya terdiri daripada orang Kristian Arab, tetapi juga termasuk pendatang pasca-Soviet, buruh asing asal-usul multinasional, dan pengikut Judaisme Mesianik, yang dipertimbangkan oleh kebanyakan orang Kristian dan Yahudi untuk menjadi bentuk kekristenan. Ahli-ahli kumpulan agama lain, termasuk penganut Buddha dan Hindu, mengekalkan kehadiran di Israel, walaupun dalam bilangan yang kecil. Daripada lebih daripada satu juta pendatang dari bekas Kesatuan Soviet di Israel, sekitar 300,000 dianggap bukan Yahudi oleh rumpun Ortodoks. <> Umat Islam membentuk berapa banyak penduduk Israel? || 16% <> 2% daripada penduduk di Israel adalah apa? || Christian <> Druze membuat peratus apa? || 1.5%", {"qas": [{"question": "Muslims make up how much of the Israel's population?", "id": "5725c491ec44d21400f3d51b", "answers": [{"text": "16%", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "2% of the population in Israel are what?", "id": "5725c491ec44d21400f3d51c", "answers": [{"text": "Christian", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Druze makes up what percent?", "id": "5725c491ec44d21400f3d51d", "answers": [{"text": "1.5%", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate."}], ["Lembah Jordan Rift adalah hasil pergerakan tektonik dalam sistem kesalahan Laut Mati Transformasi (DSF). DSF membentuk sempadan transformasi antara Plat Afrika ke barat dan Plat Arab di timur. Dataran Tinggi Golan dan semua Jordan adalah sebahagian daripada Lempengan Arab, manakala Galilea, Tebing Barat, Pinggir Pantai, dan Negev bersama-sama dengan Semenanjung Sinai berada di Plat Afrika. Pelepasan tektonik ini membawa kepada aktiviti seismik yang agak tinggi di rantau ini. Keseluruhan segmen Lembah Jordan dianggap telah pecah berulang kali, contohnya semasa dua gempa bumi besar yang terakhir di sepanjang struktur ini pada 749 dan 1033. Defisit dalam slip yang telah dibina sejak peristiwa 1033 cukup untuk menyebabkan gempa bumi Mw ~ 7.4 . <> Apakah hasil pergerakan tektonik dalam Transformasi Laut Mati? || Jordan Rift Valley <> Apa pelepasan tektonik berlaku? || aktiviti seismik tinggi di rantau ini <> Defisit boleh menyebabkan gempa magnitud apa yang berlaku? || Mw ~ 7.4.", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform?", "id": "5725c27f38643c19005acc65", "answers": [{"text": "Jordan Rift Valley", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the tectonic disposition lead to?", "id": "5725c27f38643c19005acc66", "answers": [{"text": "high seismic activity in the region", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur?", "id": "5725c27f38643c19005acc67", "answers": [{"text": "Mw~7.4.", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4."}], ["Israel mempunyai dua bahasa rasmi, bahasa Ibrani dan Arab. Bahasa Ibrani adalah bahasa utama negara dan dikatakan setiap hari oleh majoriti penduduk, dan Arab dituturkan oleh minoriti Arab dan Ibrani diajar di sekolah Arab. Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa rasmi semasa tempoh Mandat; ia hilang status ini selepas penciptaan Israel, tetapi mengekalkan peranan yang setanding dengan bahasa rasmi, seperti yang dapat dilihat dalam tanda jalan dan dokumen rasmi. Ramai orang Israel berkomunikasi dengan baik dalam bahasa Inggeris, kerana banyak program televisyen disiarkan dalam Bahasa Inggeris dengan sub judul dan bahasa itu diajar dari gred awal di sekolah rendah. Di samping itu, universiti-universiti Israel menawarkan kursus-kursus dalam bahasa Inggeris mengenai pelbagai mata pelajaran. Sebagai sebuah negara pendatang, banyak bahasa boleh didengar di jalanan. Oleh kerana imigrasi massal dari bekas Kesatuan Soviet dan Ethiopia (kira-kira 130,000 orang Yahudi Ethiopia tinggal di Israel), Rusia dan Amharic dituturkan secara meluas. Lebih dari satu juta pendatang berbahasa Rusia tiba di Israel dari negara-negara bekas Kesatuan Soviet antara tahun 1990 dan 2004. Perancis dituturkan oleh sekitar 700,000 orang Israel, kebanyakannya berasal dari Perancis dan Afrika Utara (lihat Yahudi Maghrebi). <> Apakah dua bahasa rasmi Israel? || Ibrani dan Arab <> Berapa ramai orang Israel yang berbahasa Perancis? || 700,000 <> Berapa ramai pendatang Rusia tiba di Israel? || satu juta", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two official languages of Israel?", "id": "5725c455ec44d21400f3d515", "answers": [{"text": "Hebrew and Arabic", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Israelis speak French?", "id": "5725c455ec44d21400f3d516", "answers": [{"text": "700,000", "answer_start": 1125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel?", "id": "5725c455ec44d21400f3d517", "answers": [{"text": "one million", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status after the creation of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language, as may be seen in road signs and official documents. Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see Maghrebi Jews)."}], ["Israel ditubuhkan sebagai tanah air untuk orang-orang Yahudi dan sering disebut sebagai negara Yahudi. Undang-undang Pulang negara memberikan semua orang Yahudi dan keturunan Yahudi hak kewarganegaraan Israel. Lebih tiga suku, atau 75.5%, penduduk adalah Yahudi dari kepelbagaian latar belakang Yahudi. Sekitar 4% orang Israel (300,000), yang ditakrifkan secara etnik sebagai \"orang lain\", adalah keturunan Rusia dari asal-usul Yahudi atau keluarga yang bukan Yahudi mengikut undang-undang rabinik, tetapi layak untuk kewarganegaraan Israel di bawah Undang-undang Pulangan. Kira-kira 75% Yahudi Israel dilahirkan di Israel, 17% adalah pendatang dari Eropah dan Amerika, dan 8% adalah pendatang dari Asia dan Afrika (termasuk Dunia Arab). Orang Yahudi dari Eropah dan bekas Kesatuan Soviet dan keturunan mereka dilahirkan di Israel, termasuk Yahudi Ashkenazi, membentuk kira-kira 50% orang Israel Yahudi. Orang-orang Yahudi yang meninggalkan atau melarikan diri negara-negara Arab dan Muslim serta keturunan mereka, termasuk Yahudi Mizrahi dan Sephardi, membentuk sebahagian besar penduduk Yahudi yang lain. Kadar perceraian Yahudi berjalan lebih dari 35% dan kajian terbaru menunjukkan bahawa peratusan Israel turun dari Yahudi Sephardi dan Ashkenazi meningkat sebanyak 0.5 peratus setiap tahun, dengan lebih daripada 25% anak sekolah sekarang berasal dari kedua-dua komuniti. <> Apa tanah air untuk orang Yahudi? || Israel <> Lebih kurang berapa berapa orang Yahudi Israel dilahirkan di Israel? || 75% <> Sebanyak peratus kadar perkahwinan Yahudi di? || 35%", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the homeland for Jewish people?", "id": "5725c41889a1e219009abe2c", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many Israeli Jews are born in Israel?", "id": "5725c41889a1e219009abe2d", "answers": [{"text": "75%", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent are Jewish intermarriage rates at?", "id": "5725c41889a1e219009abe2e", "answers": [{"text": "35%", "answer_start": 1071}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship. Over three quarters, or 75.5%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Around 4% of Israelis (300,000), ethnically defined as \"others\", are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return. Approximately 75% of Israeli Jews are born in Israel, 17% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 8% are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab World). Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel, including Ashkenazi Jews, constitute approximately 50% of Jewish Israelis. Jews who left or fled Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants, including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, form most of the rest of the Jewish population. Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35% and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year, with over 25% of school children now originating from both communities."}], ["Gempa bumi yang paling dahsyat yang kita ketahui telah berlaku pada 31 SM, 363, 749, dan 1033 CE, iaitu setiap ca. 400 tahun secara purata. Gempa bumi merosakkan yang membawa kepada mogok kehidupan yang serius pada setiap 80 tahun. Walaupun peraturan pembinaan yang ketat kini sedang dilaksanakan dan bangunan baru-baru ini dibina adalah selamat gempa bumi, pada tahun 2007 [update] majoriti bangunan di Israel lebih tua daripada peraturan ini dan banyak bangunan awam serta 50,000 bangunan kediaman tidak memenuhi tahap baru piawaian dan \"dijangka runtuh\" jika terdedah kepada gempa yang kuat. Memandangkan keadaan politik yang rapuh di rantau Timur Tengah dan kehadirannya di tempat suci utama, gempa yang mencapai magnitud 7 pada skala Richter boleh membawa kesan buruk bagi keamanan dunia. <> Bilakah gempa bumi yang paling bencana berlaku? || 31 SM, 363, 749, dan 1033 CE <> Berapa banyak bangunan kediaman tidak memenuhi piawaian pembinaan? || 50,000 <> Berapa kerapkah gempa yang mengakibatkan kehilangan nyawa yang serius? || setiap 80 tahun", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the most catastrophic earthquakes occur?", "id": "5725c2d6271a42140099d15d", "answers": [{"text": "31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many residential buildings did not meet construction standards?", "id": "5725c2d6271a42140099d15e", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often do earthquakes that lead to serious loss of life occur?", "id": "5725c2d6271a42140099d15f", "answers": [{"text": "every 80 years", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most catastrophic earthquakes we know of occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average. Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years. While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007[update] the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were \"expected to collapse\" if exposed to a strong quake. Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace."}], ["Negara Israel dibahagikan kepada enam daerah pentadbiran utama, yang dikenali sebagai mehozot (tunggal: mahoz) - Pusat, Haifa, Baitulmuqaddis, Utara, Selatan, dan Daerah Tel Aviv, serta Wilayah Judea dan Samaria di Tebing Barat . Semua wilayah Judea dan Samaria dan bahagian-bahagian wilayah Jerusalem dan Utara tidak diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa sebagai sebahagian daripada Israel. Daerah-daerah dibahagikan lagi ke lima belas daerah yang dikenal sebagai nafot (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea; singular: nafa), yang dibahagikan kepada 50 wilayah alam. <> Negara Israel dibahagikan kepada berapa banyak daerah pentadbiran? || enam <> Apa daerah-daerah ini dikenali sebagai? || mehozot <> Berapa banyak sub-distrik? || lima belas", {"qas": [{"question": "The State of Israel is divided into how many administrative districts?", "id": "5725c6cd271a42140099d19b", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are these districts known as?", "id": "5725c6cd271a42140099d19c", "answers": [{"text": "mehozot", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many sub-districts are there?", "id": "5725c6cd271a42140099d19d", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d5\u05ea; singular: mahoz) \u2013 Center, Haifa, Jerusalem, North, Southern, and Tel Aviv Districts, as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank. All of the Judea and Samaria Area and parts of the Jerusalem and North districts are not recognized internationally as part of Israel. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as nafot (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea; singular: nafa), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions."}], ["Israel beroperasi di bawah sistem parlimen sebagai republik demokratik dengan hak pilih sejagat. Anggota parlimen yang disokong oleh majoriti parlimen menjadi perdana menteri-biasanya ini adalah ketua parti terbesar. Perdana Menteri adalah ketua kerajaan dan ketua kabinet. Israel dikuasai oleh parlimen 120 anggota, yang dikenali sebagai Knesset. Keahlian Knesset didasarkan pada perwakilan proporsional partai politik, dengan ambang batas 3.25%, yang dalam praktiknya telah menghasilkan pemerintah gabungan. <> Israel beroperasi di bawah jenis sistem apa? || parlimen <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Knesset? || 120 <> Ahli Knesset berdasarkan apa? || perwakilan proporsional parti politik", {"qas": [{"question": "Israel operates under what kind of system?", "id": "5725c61489a1e219009abe72", "answers": [{"text": "parliamentary", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members are in the Knesset?", "id": "5725c61489a1e219009abe73", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Knesset member is based on what?", "id": "5725c61489a1e219009abe74", "answers": [{"text": "proportional representation of political parties", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister\u2014usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet. Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties, with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments."}], ["Israel mempunyai sistem pengadilan tiga peringkat. Di peringkat terendah adalah mahkamah majistret, yang terletak di kebanyakan bandaraya di seluruh negara. Di atas mereka adalah mahkamah daerah, berkhidmat sebagai kedua mahkamah rayuan dan mahkamah contoh pertama; mereka terletak di lima daripada enam daerah Israel. Peringkat ketiga dan tertinggi adalah Mahkamah Agung, yang terletak di Yerusalem; ia berfungsi sebagai peranan ganda sebagai mahkamah rayuan tertinggi dan Mahkamah Tinggi. Dalam peranan yang kedua, Mahkamah Agung memerintah sebagai mahkamah contoh pertama, membenarkan individu, kedua-dua warganegara dan bukan warganegara, untuk petisyen terhadap keputusan pihak berkuasa negeri. Walaupun Israel menyokong matlamat Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa, ia tidak meratifikasi Statuta Rom, memetik kebimbangan mengenai keupayaan mahkamah untuk bebas dari ketidakadilan politik. <> Sistem pengadilan apa jenis Israel? || tiga peringkat <> Di mana Mahkamah Agung terletak? || Yerusalem <> Apakah tahap tertinggi? || Mahkamah Agung", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of court system does Israel have?", "id": "5725c65038643c19005acca9", "answers": [{"text": "three-tier", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Supreme Court located?", "id": "5725c65038643c19005accaa", "answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest tier?", "id": "5725c65038643c19005accab", "answers": [{"text": "Supreme Court", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has a three-tier court system. At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are district courts, serving as both appellate courts and courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities. Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court, it has not ratified the Rome Statute, citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality."}], ["Untuk tujuan statistik, negara ini dibahagikan kepada tiga kawasan metropolitan: kawasan metropolitan Tel Aviv (penduduk 3,206,400), kawasan metropolitan Haifa (penduduk 1.021.000), dan wilayah metropolitan Beer Sheva (penduduk 559.700). Perbandaran terbesar Israel, penduduk dan kawasan, adalah Baitulmuqaddis dengan 773,800 penduduk di kawasan 126 kilometer persegi (49 batu persegi) (pada tahun 2009). Statistik kerajaan Israel di Baitulmuqaddis termasuk penduduk dan kawasan Baitulmuqaddis Timur, yang diiktiraf secara meluas sebagai sebahagian daripada wilayah Palestin di bawah pendudukan Israel. Tel Aviv, Haifa, dan Rishon LeZion menjadi bandar paling ramai di Israel, dengan populasi 393,900, 265,600, dan 227,600. <> Berapa banyak kawasan metropolitan di sana? || tiga <> Kawasan metropolitan apa yang mempunyai populasi terbesar? || Tel Aviv <> Apakah populasi Beer Sheva? || 559,700", {"qas": [{"question": "How many metropolitan areas are there?", "id": "5725c706ec44d21400f3d539", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What metropolitan area has the largest population?", "id": "5725c706ec44d21400f3d53a", "answers": [{"text": "Tel Aviv", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of Beer Sheva?", "id": "5725c706ec44d21400f3d53b", "answers": [{"text": "559,700", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For statistical purposes, the country is divided into three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv metropolitan area (population 3,206,400), Haifa metropolitan area (population 1,021,000), and Beer Sheva metropolitan area (population 559,700). Israel's largest municipality, in population and area, is Jerusalem with 773,800 residents in an area of 126 square kilometres (49 sq mi) (in 2009). Israeli government statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem, which is widely recognized as part of the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation. Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Rishon LeZion rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 393,900, 265,600, and 227,600 respectively."}], ["Israel mempunyai sembilan universiti awam yang disubsidi oleh kerajaan dan 49 kolej swasta. Universiti Ibrani Yerusalem, universiti kedua tertua Israel selepas Technion, menempatkan Perpustakaan Negara Israel, repositori terbesar di dunia Judaica dan Hebraica. The Technion, Universiti Ibrani, dan Institut Weizmann secara konsisten berada di kalangan 100 universiti terkemuka dunia oleh ranking akademik ARWU yang berprestij. Universiti Ibrani Yerusalem dan Universiti Tel Aviv disenaraikan di kalangan 100 universiti teratas dunia oleh majalah Times Higher Education. Universiti utama lain di negara ini termasuk Universiti Bar-Ilan, Universiti Haifa, Universiti Terbuka, dan Universiti Ben-Gurion di Negev. Universiti Ariel, di Tebing Barat, adalah institusi universiti yang terbaru, dinaik taraf dari status kolej, dan yang pertama dalam lebih dari tiga puluh tahun. Tujuh universiti penyelidikan di Israel (tidak termasuk Universiti Terbuka) secara konsisten berada di kedudukan teratas di kalangan 500 teratas di dunia. <> Berapa banyak universiti awam yang ada di Israel? || Israel <> Berapa banyak kolej swasta yang ada di Israel? || 49 <> Apa universiti tertua di Israel? || Technion", {"qas": [{"question": "How many public universities does Israel have?", "id": "5725c5e0271a42140099d17f", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many private colleges does Israel have?", "id": "5725c5e0271a42140099d180", "answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the oldest university in Israel?", "id": "5725c5e0271a42140099d181", "answers": [{"text": "Technion", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's second-oldest university after the Technion, houses the National Library of Israel, the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica. The Technion, the Hebrew University, and the Weizmann Institute consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by the prestigious ARWU academic ranking. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the world's top 100 universities by Times Higher Education magazine. Other major universities in the country include Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa, The Open University, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Ariel University, in the West Bank, is the newest university institution, upgraded from college status, and the first in over thirty years. Israel's seven research universities (excluding the Open University) are consistently ranked among top 500 in the world."}], ["Sistem undang-undang Israel menggabungkan tiga tradisi undang-undang: undang-undang umum Inggeris, undang-undang sivil, dan undang-undang Yahudi. Ia berdasarkan prinsip stare decisis (precedent) dan merupakan sistem adversarial, di mana pihak-pihak dalam guaman membawa bukti di hadapan mahkamah. Kes-kes mahkamah ditentukan oleh hakim-hakim profesional dan bukan juri. Perkahwinan dan perceraian di bawah bidang kuasa mahkamah agama: Yahudi, Muslim, Druze, dan Kristian. Satu jawatankuasa anggota Knesset, Hakim Mahkamah Agung, dan anggota Bar Israel menjalankan pemilihan hakim. Pentadbiran mahkamah Israel (kedua-dua \"General\" mahkamah dan Mahkamah Buruh) dibawa oleh Pentadbiran Mahkamah, yang terletak di Yerusalem. Kedua-dua Mahkamah dan Mahkamah Buruh adalah mahkamah tanpa kertas: penyimpanan fail mahkamah, serta keputusan mahkamah, dijalankan secara elektronik. Undang-undang Asas Israel: Maruah dan Kebebasan Manusia berusaha untuk mempertahankan hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan di Israel. <> Apakah tradisi undang-undang yang menggabungkan Israel? || Undang-undang biasa Inggeris, undang-undang sivil, dan undang-undang Yahudi <> Prinsip apa yang berdasarkannya? || stare decisis <> Apakah Undang-undang Asas Israel? || Maruah manusia", {"qas": [{"question": "What legal traditions does Israel combine?", "id": "5725c691271a42140099d195", "answers": [{"text": "English common law, civil law, and Jewish law", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What principle is it based on?", "id": "5725c691271a42140099d196", "answers": [{"text": "stare decisis", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Israel's Basic Law?", "id": "5725c691271a42140099d197", "answers": [{"text": "Human Dignity", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel's legal system combines three legal traditions: English common law, civil law, and Jewish law. It is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent) and is an adversarial system, where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries. Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts: Jewish, Muslim, Druze, and Christian. A committee of Knesset members, Supreme Court justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges. Administration of Israel's courts (both the \"General\" courts and the Labor Courts) is carried by the Administration of Courts, situated in Jerusalem. Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts: the storage of court files, as well as court decisions, are conducted electronically. Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel."}], ["Sejak penaklukan Israel terhadap wilayah-wilayah ini, penempatan Israel dan pemasangan tentera telah dibina di dalam setiap mereka. Israel telah memohon undang-undang awam ke Dataran Tinggi Golan dan Baitulmuqaddis Timur dan memberikan penghuninya kekal status tetap dan keupayaan untuk memohon kewarganegaraan. Tebing Barat, di luar pemukiman Israel di dalam wilayah itu, tetap berada di bawah pemerintahan tentera langsung, dan penduduk Palestin di kawasan ini tidak boleh menjadi warga Israel. Israel menarik balik pasukan tenteranya dan membongkar penempatan Israel di Semenanjung Gaza sebagai sebahagian daripada perpecahannya dari Gaza walaupun ia terus mengekalkan kawalan ruang udara dan perairannya. Majlis Keselamatan PBB telah mengisytiharkan penggabungan Dataran Tinggi Golan dan Baitulmuqaddis Timur sebagai \"batal dan tidak sah\" dan terus memandang wilayah-wilayah seperti yang diduduki. Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa, badan kehakiman utama Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, menegaskan, dalam pendapat penasihatnya pada 2004 tentang kesahihan pembinaan penghalang Bank Barat Israel, bahawa tanah yang ditangkap oleh Israel dalam Perang Enam Hari, termasuk Baitulmuqaddis Timur , wilayah yang diduduki. <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan penggabungan Dataran Tinggi Golan dan Baitulmuqaddis Timur? || Majlis Keselamatan PBB <> Apa yang ditangkap oleh Israel dalam Perang Enam Hari? || Tebing Barat Israel <> Di manakah Israel menarik diri dan membubarkan pasukan tenteranya? || Jalur Gaza", {"qas": [{"question": "Who declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem?", "id": "5725c76638643c19005accd5", "answers": [{"text": "UN Security Council", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War?", "id": "5725c76638643c19005accd6", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli West Bank", "answer_start": 1006}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Israel withdraw and disband its military forces?", "id": "5725c76638643c19005accd7", "answers": [{"text": "Gaza Strip", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since Israel's capture of these territories, Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them. Israel has applied civilian law to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship. The West Bank, outside of the Israeli settlements within the territory, has remained under direct military rule, and Palestinians in this area cannot become Israeli citizens. Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters. The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be \"null and void\" and continues to view the territories as occupied. The International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations, asserted, in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem, are occupied territory."}], ["Bandar Yerusalem sangat penting bagi orang Yahudi, Muslim dan Kristian kerana ia adalah rumah tapak yang penting untuk kepercayaan agama mereka, seperti Kota Lama yang menggabungkan Tembok Barat dan Gunung Kuil, Masjid Al-Aqsa dan Gereja Holy Sepulcher. Lain-lain lokasi agama yang penting di Israel adalah Nazareth (suci dalam agama Kristian sebagai tapak Annunciation Mary), Tiberias dan Safed (dua dari Empat Kota Suci dalam Judaisme), Masjid Putih di Ramla (suci dalam Islam sebagai kuil nabi Saleh), dan Gereja Saint George di Lod (suci dalam agama Kristian dan Islam sebagai makam Saint George atau Al Khidr). Beberapa tanda agama lain terletak di Tebing Barat, antara mereka Makam Yusuf di Nablus, tempat kelahiran Yesus dan Makam Rahel di Betlehem, dan Gua para Patriark di Hebron. Pusat pentadbiran Iman Bah\u00e1'\u00ed dan Kuil B\u00e1b terletak di Pusat Dunia Bah\u00e1'\u00ed di Haifa; pemimpin iman dimakamkan di Acre. Selain kakitangan penyelenggaraan, tidak ada komuniti Bah\u00e1'\u00ed di Israel, walaupun ia adalah destinasi untuk ziarah. Staf Bah\u00e1'\u00ed di Israel tidak mengajarkan iman mereka kepada Israel mengikuti dasar yang ketat. Beberapa batu di selatan Pusat Dunia Bah\u00e1'\u00ed adalah pusat Timur Tengah gerakan reformis Ahmadiyah. Persekitaran campuran orang Yahudi dan Ahmadi Arab adalah satu-satunya jenisnya di negara ini. <> Apa yang merangkumi Tembok Barat dan Gunung Kuil? || Old City <> Dimana Makam Rachel? || Betlehem <> Siapa yang tidak mengajar iman mereka kepada orang Israel? || Kakitangan Bah\u00e1'\u00ed", {"qas": [{"question": "What incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount?", "id": "5725c509ec44d21400f3d52b", "answers": [{"text": "Old City", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Rachel's Tomb?", "id": "5725c509ec44d21400f3d52c", "answers": [{"text": "Bethlehem", "answer_start": 813}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do not teach their faith to Israelis?", "id": "5725c509ec44d21400f3d52d", "answers": [{"text": "Bah\u00e1'\u00ed staff", "answer_start": 1146}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safed (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in Lod (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr). A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron. The administrative center of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith and the Shrine of the B\u00e1b are located at the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Centre in Haifa; the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages. Bah\u00e1'\u00ed staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy. A few miles south of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Centre is the Middle East centre of the reformist Ahmadiyya movement. Its mixed neighbourhood of Jews and Ahmadi Arabs is the only one of its kind in the country."}], ["Israel mempunyai jangka hayat sekolah sebanyak 15.5 tahun dan kadar celik huruf 97.1% menurut Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Undang-undang Pendidikan Negeri, yang diluluskan pada tahun 1953, menubuhkan lima jenis sekolah: negara sekular, agama negara, ultra ortodoks, sekolah penyelesaian komunal, dan sekolah Arab. Sekular awam adalah kumpulan sekolah terbesar, dan dihadiri oleh majoriti pelajar Yahudi dan bukan Arab di Israel. Kebanyakan orang Arab menghantar anak mereka ke sekolah di mana bahasa Arab adalah bahasa arahan. Pendidikan adalah wajib di Israel untuk kanak-kanak berumur antara tiga hingga lapan belas tahun. Sekolah dibahagikan kepada tiga peringkat - sekolah rendah (gred 1-6), sekolah menengah (gred 7-9), dan sekolah menengah (gred 10-12) - berpuncak dengan peperiksaan matrikulasi Bagrut. Kemahiran dalam subjek teras seperti matematik, bahasa Ibrani, bahasa Ibrani dan kesusasteraan umum, bahasa Inggeris, sejarah, tulisan suci Alkitab dan sivik diperlukan untuk menerima sijil Bagrut. Di sekolah-sekolah Arab, Kristian dan Druze, peperiksaan pengajian Alkitab digantikan dengan peperiksaan mengenai warisan Muslim, Kristian atau Druze. Orang Arab Kristian adalah salah satu golongan paling berpendidikan di Israel. Maariv telah menggambarkan sektor Arab Kristian sebagai \"sistem pengajian yang paling berjaya\", memandangkan umat Kristian Arab menonjolkan yang terbaik dari segi pendidikan berbanding dengan mana-mana kumpulan lain yang menerima pendidikan di Israel. Kanak-kanak Israel dari keluarga berbahasa Rusia mempunyai kadar lulus bagrut yang lebih tinggi di peringkat sekolah tinggi. Walaupun di kalangan anak imigran yang dilahirkan di FSU, kadar lulus bagrut adalah tertinggi di kalangan keluarga dari negara FSU Barat di Rusia, Ukraine, Belarus dan Moldova (di 62.6%), dan lebih rendah di kalangan negara-negara dari Asia Tengah dan negara-negara FSU Kaukasia. Pada tahun 2003, lebih separuh daripada semua graduan kedua belas Israel memperoleh sijil matrikulasi. <> Apakah jangka hayat sekolah di Israel? || 15.5 tahun <> Apakah kadar celik huruf di Israel? || 97.1% <> Apa yang perlu untuk menerima sijil Bagrut? || Kitab suci dan civics", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the school expectancy in Israel?", "id": "5725c5b138643c19005acc95", "answers": [{"text": "15.5 years", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate in Israel?", "id": "5725c5b138643c19005acc96", "answers": [{"text": "97.1%", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate?", "id": "5725c5b138643c19005acc97", "answers": [{"text": "Biblical scripture and civics", "answer_start": 886}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has a school life expectancy of 15.5 years and a literacy rate of 97.1% according to the United Nations. The State Education Law, passed in 1953, established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction. Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen. Schooling is divided into three tiers \u2013 primary school (grades 1\u20136), middle school (grades 7\u20139), and high school (grades 10\u201312) \u2013 culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate. In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage. Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Maariv have describe the Christian Arabs sectors as \"the most successful in education system\", since Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. Israeli children from Russian-speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high-school level. Although amongst immigrant children born in the FSU, the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from Western FSU states of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova (at 62.6%), and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states. In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate."}], ["Pendidikan di Israel sangat dihargai dalam kebudayaan kebangsaan dengan nilai-nilai sejarahnya sejak semula kepada Israel Kuno dan dilihat sebagai satu blok asas kehidupan Israel purba. Budaya Israel memandang tinggi pendidikan tinggi sebagai kunci kepada mobiliti yang lebih tinggi dan status sosioekonomi dalam masyarakat Israel. Penekanan pendidikan dalam masyarakat Israel pergi ke jurang dalam diaspora Yahudi dari Pergerakan Renaissance dan Pencerahan sepanjang jalan ke akar Zionisme pada tahun 1880-an. Masyarakat Yahudi di Levant adalah orang pertama yang memperkenalkan pendidikan wajib di mana komuniti terancang, tidak kurang daripada ibu bapa, bertanggungjawab untuk pendidikan generasi Yahudi yang akan datang. Dengan penekanan budaya Yahudi yang kontemporari, promosi kesarjanaan dan pembelajaran dan kecenderungan yang kuat untuk mempromosikan penanaman intelektual serta kadar pencapaian pendidikan universiti yang tinggi menunjukkan bagaimana masyarakat Israel menghargai pendidikan tinggi. Sistem pendidikan Israel telah dipuji atas pelbagai sebab, termasuk kualiti tinggi dan peranan utamanya dalam memacu perkembangan ekonomi Israel dan ledakan teknologi. Banyak pemimpin dan organisasi perniagaan antarabangsa seperti pengasas Microsoft Bill Gates memuji Israel kerana pendidikan berkualiti tinggi dalam membantu merangsang pembangunan ekonomi Israel. Pada tahun 2012, negara ini menduduki tempat kedua di kalangan negara-negara OECD (diikat dengan Jepun dan selepas Kanada) untuk peratusan 25 hingga 64 tahun yang mencapai pendidikan tinggi dengan 46 peratus berbanding dengan purata OECD sebanyak 32 peratus. Di samping itu, hampir dua kali lebih ramai orang Israel berusia 55-64 memegang ijazah pendidikan tinggi berbanding dengan negara-negara OECD yang lain, dengan 47 peratus memegang ijazah akademik berbanding purata OECD sebanyak 25%. Pada tahun 2012, negara ini menduduki tempat ketiga di dunia dalam jumlah darjah akademik per kapita (20 peratus daripada penduduk). <> Apakah kedudukan Israel di kalangan negara-negara OECD? || kedua <> Apa itu peringkat dalam bilangan ijazah akademik per kapita? || ketiga <> Yang memuji Israel kerana pendidikan yang berkualiti tinggi? || Bill Gates", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Israel ranked among OECD countries?", "id": "5725c576271a42140099d179", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 1395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did it rank in the number of academic degrees per capita?", "id": "5725c576271a42140099d17a", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 1829}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who praised Israel for its high quality education?", "id": "5725c576271a42140099d17b", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Gates", "answer_start": 1255}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Education in Israel is highly valued in the national culture with its historical values dating back to Ancient Israel and was viewed as one fundamental blocks of ancient Israelite life. Israeli culture views higher education as the key to higher mobility and socioeconomic status in Israeli society. The emphasis of education within Israeli society goes to the gulf within the Jewish diaspora from the Renaissance and Enlightenment Movement all the way to the roots of Zionism in the 1880s. Jewish communities in the Levant were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community, not less than the parents, was responsible for the education of the next generation of Jews. With contemporary Jewish culture's strong emphasis, promotion of scholarship and learning and the strong propensity to promote cultivation of intellectual pursuits as well as the nations high university educational attainment rate exemplifies how highly Israeli society values higher education. The Israeli education system has been praised for various reasons, including its high quality and its major role in spurring Israel's economic development and technological boom. Many international business leaders and organizations such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel's economic development. In 2012, the country ranked second among OECD countries (tied with Japan and after Canada) for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 46 percent compared with the OECD average of 32 percent. In addition, nearly twice as many Israelis aged 55\u201364 held a higher education degree compared to other OECD countries, with 47 percent holding an academic degree compared with the OECD average of 25%. In 2012, the country ranked third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population)."}], ["Bantuan luar negara Israel sangat rendah di kalangan negara-negara OECD, membelanjakan kurang daripada 0.1% daripada GNI untuk bantuan asing, berbanding 0.7% disyorkan. Derma amal antarabangsa individu juga sangat rendah, dengan hanya 0.1% sumbangan amal yang dihantar kepada penyebab asing. Walau bagaimanapun, Israel mempunyai sejarah menyediakan bantuan kecemasan dan pasukan tindak balas kemanusiaan kepada bencana di seluruh dunia. Usaha kemanusiaan Israel secara rasmi dimulakan pada tahun 1958, dengan penubuhan MASHAV, Kementerian Luar Negeri Agensi Kerjasama Pembangunan Antarabangsa. <> Berapa banyak yang Israel belanja untuk bantuan asing? || kurang dari 0.1% <> Bilakah MASHAV ditubuhkan? || 1958 <> Israel mempunyai sejarah menyediakan apa? || bantuan kecemasan", {"qas": [{"question": "How much does Israel spend on foreign aid?", "id": "5725cb6c271a42140099d1e5", "answers": [{"text": "less than 0.1%", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was MASHAV established?", "id": "5725cb6c271a42140099d1e6", "answers": [{"text": "1958", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israel has a history of providing what?", "id": "5725cb6c271a42140099d1e7", "answers": [{"text": "emergency aid", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israeli foreign aid ranks very low among OECD nations, spending less than 0.1% of its GNI on foreign aid, as opposed to the recommended 0.7%. Individual international charitable donations are also very low, with only 0.1% of charitable donations being sent to foreign causes. However, Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world. Israel's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1958, with the establishment of MASHAV, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Agency for International Development Cooperation."}], ["Status Yerusalem Timur dalam penyelesaian perdamaian masa depan kadang-kadang menjadi isu yang sukar dalam perundingan antara pemerintah Israel dan wakil rakyat Palestina, sebagaimana Israel menganggapnya sebagai wilayah berdaulat, serta sebahagian dari modalnya. Kebanyakan rundingan yang berkaitan dengan wilayah telah berdasarkan Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 242, yang menekankan \"ketidakmampuan pemerolehan wilayah melalui perang\", dan seruan Israel untuk menarik diri dari wilayah yang diduduki sebagai balasan untuk menormalkan hubungan dengan Arab menyatakan, sebuah prinsip yang dikenal sebagai \"Tanah untuk perdamaian\". <> Israel melihat Jerusalem Timur sebagai apa? || wilayah berdaulat <> Apa yang menekankan ketidakupayaan pemerolehan wilayah melalui peperangan? || Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 242 <> Apakah prinsip normalisasi hubungan dengan negara Arab? || Tanah untuk kedamaian", {"qas": [{"question": "Israel views East Jerusalem as what?", "id": "5725c7df89a1e219009abe94", "answers": [{"text": "sovereign territory", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war?", "id": "5725c7df89a1e219009abe95", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 242", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states?", "id": "5725c7df89a1e219009abe96", "answers": [{"text": "Land for peace", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians, as Israel views it as its sovereign territory, as well as part of its capital. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which emphasises \"the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war\", and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as \"Land for peace\"."}], ["Hubungan Jerman yang kuat dengan Israel termasuk kerjasama dalam usaha sains dan pendidikan dan kedua-dua negara terus menjadi rakan kongsi ekonomi dan ketenteraan yang kuat. Di bawah perjanjian ganti rugi, menjelang 2007 [mengemaskini] Jerman telah membayar 25000000000 \u20ac untuk membayar ganti rugi kepada negara Israel dan individu yang selamat dari Holocaust Israel. UK telah mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik penuh dengan Israel sejak pembentukannya mempunyai dua lawatan dari ketua negara pada tahun 2007. UK dilihat mempunyai hubungan \"semula jadi\" dengan Israel berdasarkan Mandat British untuk Palestin. Hubungan antara kedua-dua negara juga diperkuat dengan usaha bekas perdana menteri Tony Blair untuk menyelesaikan dua resolusi negara. Israel termasuk dalam Dasar Kejiranan Eropah (ENP) Kesatuan Eropah, yang bertujuan untuk membawa EU dan jirannya lebih dekat. <> Berapa banyak bayaran Jerman dalam reparasi ke negara Israel? || 25 bilion euro <> Apa perdana menteri membantu hubungan? || Tony Blair <> Apa tujuan untuk membawa EU dan jirannya lebih dekat? || Dasar Kejiranan Eropah", {"qas": [{"question": "How much did Germany pay in reparations to the Israeli state?", "id": "5725ca76ec44d21400f3d597", "answers": [{"text": "25 billion euros", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prime minister helped relations?", "id": "5725ca76ec44d21400f3d598", "answers": [{"text": "Tony Blair", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aims at bringing EU and its neighbours closer?", "id": "5725ca76ec44d21400f3d599", "answers": [{"text": "European Neighbourhood Policy", "answer_start": 735}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Germany's strong ties with Israel include cooperation on scientific and educational endeavors and the two states remain strong economic and military partners. Under the reparations agreement, by 2007[update] Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors. The UK has kept full diplomatic relations with Israel since its formation having had two visits from heads of state in 2007. The UK is seen as having a \"natural\" relationship with Israel on account of the British Mandate for Palestine. Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister Tony Blair's efforts for a two state resolution. Israel is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer."}], ["Israel mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan 158 negara dan mempunyai 107 misi diplomatik di seluruh dunia; negara yang mereka tidak mempunyai hubungan diplomatik termasuk kebanyakan negara Islam. Hanya tiga anggota Liga Arab yang telah menormalkan hubungan dengan Israel: Mesir dan Jordan menandatangani perjanjian damai pada tahun 1979 dan 1994, dan Mauritania memilih hubungan diplomatik penuh dengan Israel pada tahun 1999. Meskipun perjanjian damai antara Israel dan Mesir, Israel masih secara meluas dianggap sebagai negara musuh di kalangan orang Mesir. Di bawah undang-undang Israel, Lubnan, Syria, Arab Saudi, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, dan Yaman adalah negara musuh, dan warga Israel tidak boleh melawat mereka tanpa izin dari Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Iran mempunyai hubungan diplomatik dengan Israel di bawah dinasti Pahlavi tetapi menarik balik pengiktirafannya terhadap Israel semasa Revolusi Islam. Akibat Perang Gaza 2008-09, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, dan Venezuela menggantung hubungan politik dan ekonomi dengan Israel. <> Berapa banyak negara Israel mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik? || 158 <> Berapa banyak misi diplomatik yang mereka ada? || 107 <> Berapa ramai ahli Liga Arab mempunyai hubungan dengan Israel? || tiga", {"qas": [{"question": "How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations?", "id": "5725c9de271a42140099d1bb", "answers": [{"text": "158", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many diplomatic missions do they have?", "id": "5725c9de271a42140099d1bc", "answers": [{"text": "107", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Arab League members have relations with Israel?", "id": "5725c9de271a42140099d1bd", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008\u201309 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel."}], ["Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet adalah dua negara pertama yang mengiktiraf Negara Israel, setelah menyatakan pengiktirafan secara kasar pada masa yang sama. Amerika Syarikat menganggap Israel sebagai \"rakannya yang paling dapat diandalkan di Timur Tengah,\" berdasarkan \"nilai-nilai demokrasi yang sama, pertalian keagamaan, dan kepentingan keamanan\". Hubungan dua hala mereka adalah multidimensi dan Amerika Syarikat adalah penyokong utama proses damai Arab-Israel. Tumpuan Amerika Syarikat dan Israel berbeza pada beberapa isu, seperti Dataran Tinggi Golan, Baitulmuqaddis dan penempatan. Amerika Syarikat telah menyediakan $ 68 bilion bantuan ketenteraan dan $ 32 bilion geran kepada Israel sejak tahun 1967, di bawah Akta Bantuan Asing (tempoh permulaan 1962), lebih daripada mana-mana negara lain untuk tempoh tersebut hingga 2003. <> Siapakah yang menjadi dua negara pertama untuk mengenali Negara Israel? || Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet <> Yang menganggap Israel sebagai rakan kongsi paling dipercayai di Timur Tengah? || Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak bantuan Amerika Syarikat dalam bantuan ketenteraan? || $ 68 bilion", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel?", "id": "5725ca26ec44d21400f3d591", "answers": [{"text": "United States and the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who regards Israel as it's most reliable partner in the Middle East?", "id": "5725ca26ec44d21400f3d592", "answers": [{"text": "The United States", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the United States provide in military assistance?", "id": "5725ca26ec44d21400f3d593", "answers": [{"text": "$68 billion", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The United States and the Soviet Union were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel, having declared recognition roughly simultaneously. The United States regards Israel as its \"most reliable partner in the Middle East,\" based on \"common democratic values, religious affinities, and security interests\". Their bilateral relations are multidimensional and the United States is the principal proponent of the Arab-Israeli peace process. The United States and Israeli views differ on some issues, such as the Golan Heights, Jerusalem, and settlements. The United States has provided $68 billion in military assistance and $32 billion in grants to Israel since 1967, under the Foreign Assistance Act (period beginning 1962), more than any other country for that period until 2003."}], ["Walaupun Turki dan Israel tidak menjalin hubungan diplomatik penuh hingga 1991, Turki telah bekerjasama dengan Negara sejak pengiktirafannya Israel pada tahun 1949. Hubungan Turki dengan negara-negara majoriti Muslim di rantau ini pada masa-masa menyebabkan tekanan dari negara-negara Arab dan Islam untuk mengaitkan hubungannya dengan Israel. Hubungan antara Turki dan Israel telah mengalami kemerosotan selepas Perang Gaza 2008-09 dan serangan Israel ke armada Gaza. IHH, yang menganjurkan flotilla itu, adalah amal Turki yang telah dicabar pada hubungan dengan Hamas dan Al-Qaeda. Hubungan antara Israel dan Greece telah bertambah sejak 1995 disebabkan oleh penurunan hubungan Israel-Turki. Kedua-dua negara mempunyai perjanjian kerjasama pertahanan dan pada tahun 2010, Angkatan Udara Israel menjadi tuan rumah Pasukan Hellenic Greece di dalam latihan bersama di pangkalan Uvda. Israel adalah pengimport produk kedua terbesar di Timur Tengah. Eksplorasi minyak dan gas bersama Cyprus-Israel yang berpusat di lapangan gas Leviathan merupakan faktor penting bagi Greece, memandangkan hubungannya yang kuat dengan Cyprus. Kerjasama dalam kabel kuasa elektrik sub-laut terpanjang di dunia, EuroAsia Interconnector, telah memperkuat hubungan antara Cyprus dan Israel. <> Bilakah Turki dan Israel menubuhkan hubungan diplomatik yang penuh? || 1991 <> Siapa yang menganjurkan flotilla? || IHH <> Bilakah hubungan Israel dan Turki mengambil kemerosotan? || selepas Perang Gaza 2008-09", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations?", "id": "5725cadc38643c19005acd0d", "answers": [{"text": "1991", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who organized the flotilla?", "id": "5725cadc38643c19005acd0e", "answers": [{"text": "IHH", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Israel and Turkey's relations take a downturn?", "id": "5725cadc38643c19005acd0f", "answers": [{"text": "after the 2008\u201309 Gaza War", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991, Turkey has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel. Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008\u201309 Gaza War and Israel's raid of the Gaza flotilla. IHH, which organized the flotilla, is a Turkish charity that has been challenged on ties to Hamas and Al-Qaeda. Relations between Israel and Greece have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli-Turkish relations. The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece\u2019s Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base. Israel is the second largest importer of Greek products in the Middle East. The joint Cyprus-Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus. Cooperation in the world's longest sub-sea electric power cable, the EuroAsia Interconnector, has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel."}], ["Tebing Barat telah dilampirkan oleh Jordan pada tahun 1950, berikutan penolakan Arab terhadap keputusan PBB untuk mewujudkan dua negara di Palestina. Hanya Britain yang mengiktiraf pengilhakan ini dan Jordan telah menyerahkan tuntutannya kepada wilayah itu kepada PLO. Tebing Barat telah diduduki oleh Israel pada tahun 1967 semasa Perang Enam Hari. Penduduknya terutama penduduk Palestin, termasuk pelarian Perang Arab-Israel 1948. Dari pekerjaan mereka pada 1967 hingga 1993, penduduk Palestin yang tinggal di wilayah ini berada di bawah pentadbiran tentera Israel. Sejak surat pengakuan Israel-PLO, kebanyakan penduduk dan bandar Palestin berada di bawah bidang kuasa dalaman Pihak Berkuasa Palestin, dan hanya sebahagiannya kawalan tentera Israel, walaupun Israel telah beberapa kali mengalihkan tenteranya dan mengembalikan semula pentadbiran tentera penuh selama tempoh pergolakan. Sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangan yang semakin meningkat sebagai sebahagian daripada Intifada Kedua, kerajaan Israel mula membina penghalang Israel Barat Bank. Apabila selesai, kira-kira 13% daripada Barrier akan dibina di Green Line atau di Israel dengan 87% di dalam Tebing Barat. <> Bilakah Tebing Barat dilampirkan oleh Jordan? || 1950 <> Apakah majoriti penduduk di Tebing Barat? || Palestin <> Berapa peratus daripada halangan yang akan dibina di Green Line? || 13%", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan?", "id": "5725c843ec44d21400f3d55d", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the majority of the population in the West Bank?", "id": "5725c843ec44d21400f3d55e", "answers": [{"text": "Palestinians", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line?", "id": "5725c843ec44d21400f3d55f", "answers": [{"text": "13%", "answer_start": 1033}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population are mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration. Since the Israel\u2013PLO letters of recognition, most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the Second Intifada, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier. When completed, approximately 13% of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87% inside the West Bank."}], ["Antara 1985 dan 2015, Israel menghantar 24 delegasi IDF mencari dan menyelamat unit ke 22 negara. Di Haiti, sejurus selepas gempa bumi 2010, Israel adalah negara pertama yang mendirikan sebuah hospital lapangan yang mampu melakukan operasi pembedahan. Israel menghantar lebih dari 200 doktor dan kakitangan perubatan untuk mula merawat Haiti yang cedera di tempat kejadian. Pada akhir misi kemanusiaannya 11 hari kemudian, delegasi Israel telah merawat lebih daripada 1,110 pesakit, menjalankan 319 operasi yang berjaya, menyampaikan 16 kelahiran dan diselamatkan atau dibantu menyelamatkan empat individu. Walaupun terdapat masalah radiasi, Israel adalah salah satu negara pertama yang menghantar delegasi perubatan ke Jepun berikutan bencana gempa bumi dan tsunami. Israel menghantar pasukan perubatan ke bandar Kurihara yang dilanda tsunami pada tahun 2011. Sebuah klinik perubatan yang dikendalikan oleh pasukan IDF yang terdiri daripada kira-kira 50 ahli menampilkan wad kanak-kanak pediatrik, pembedahan, bersalin dan ginekologi, dan otolaryngologi, bersama dengan jabatan optometri, makmal, sebuah farmasi dan unit rawatan intensif. Selepas mengubati 200 pesakit dalam dua minggu, pasukan kecemasan yang telah menderma menyumbangkan peralatannya kepada orang Jepun. <> Berapa banyak perwakilan unit mencari dan menyelamat IDF antara 1985 dan 2015? || 24 <> Berapa ramai doktor menghantar Israel ke Haiti? || lebih 200 <> Berapa banyak pesakit yang pernah dijamu oleh doktor Israel di Jepun? || 200", {"qas": [{"question": "How many delegations of IDF search and rescue units between 1985 and 2015?", "id": "5725cbbc89a1e219009abedc", "answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many doctors did Israel send to Haiti?", "id": "5725cbbc89a1e219009abedd", "answers": [{"text": "over 200", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many patients did Israeli doctors treat in Japan?", "id": "5725cbbc89a1e219009abede", "answers": [{"text": "200", "answer_start": 1067}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between 1985 and 2015, Israel sent 24 delegations of IDF search and rescue unit to 22 countries. In Haiti, immediately following the 2010 earthquake, Israel was the first country to set up a field hospital capable of performing surgical operations. Israel sent over 200 medical doctors and personnel to start treating injured Haitians at the scene. At the conclusion of its humanitarian mission 11 days later, the Israeli delegation had treated more than 1,110 patients, conducted 319 successful surgeries, delivered 16 births and rescued or assisted in the rescue of four individuals. Despite radiation concerns, Israel was one of the first countries to send a medical delegation to Japan following the earthquake and tsunami disaster. Israel dispatched a medical team to the tsunami-stricken city of Kurihara in 2011. A medical clinic run by an IDF team of some 50 members featured pediatric, surgical, maternity and gynecological, and otolaryngology wards, together with an optometry department, a laboratory, a pharmacy and an intensive care unit. After treating 200 patients in two weeks, the departing emergency team donated its equipment to the Japanese."}], ["Jalur Gaza diduduki oleh Mesir dari 1948 hingga 1967 dan kemudian oleh Israel selepas tahun 1967. Pada tahun 2005, sebagai sebahagian daripada peletakan perpisahan sepihak Israel, Israel memecat semua peneroka dan pasukannya dari wilayah itu. Israel tidak menganggap Jalur Gaza sebagai wilayah yang diduduki dan mengisytiharkannya sebagai \"wilayah asing\". Pandangan itu telah dipertikaikan oleh banyak pertubuhan kemanusiaan antarabangsa dan pelbagai badan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Berikutan bulan Jun 2007, apabila Hamas mengambil alih kuasa di Semenanjung Gaza, Israel mengetatkan kawalannya terhadap lintasan Gaza sepanjang sempadannya, serta laut dan udara, dan menghalang orang daripada memasuki dan keluar dari kawasan itu kecuali untuk kes terpencil yang dianggap sebagai kemanusiaan. Gaza mempunyai sempadan dengan Mesir dan perjanjian antara Israel, Kesatuan Eropah dan PA memerintah bagaimana persimpangan sempadan akan berlaku (ia dipantau oleh pemerhati Eropah). Mesir mematuhi perjanjian ini di bawah Mubarak dan menghalang akses ke Gaza sehingga April 2011 apabila ia mengumumkan ia membuka sempadannya dengan Gaza. <> Jalur Gaza diduduki oleh siapa dari 1948 hingga 1967? || Mesir <> Yang menduduki Jalur Gaza selepas tahun 1967? || Israel <> Bilakah Hamas menganggap ia kuasa di Semenanjung Gaza? || Jun 2007", {"qas": [{"question": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967?", "id": "5725c99938643c19005accfd", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?", "id": "5725c99938643c19005accfe", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?", "id": "5725c99938643c19005accff", "answers": [{"text": "June 2007", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a \"foreign territory\". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza."}], ["India telah menjalinkan hubungan diplomatik penuh dengan Israel pada tahun 1992 dan telah memupuk perkongsian ketenteraan, teknologi dan kebudayaan yang kuat dengan negara sejak itu. Menurut tinjauan pendapat antarabangsa yang dijalankan pada tahun 2009 bagi pihak Kementerian Luar Israel, India adalah negara yang paling pro-Israel di dunia. India adalah pelanggan peralatan ketenteraan Israel terbesar dan Israel adalah rakan kongsi ketenteraan kedua terbesar India selepas Persekutuan Rusia. India juga merupakan rakan ekonomi Asia ketiga terbesar Israel dan kedua-dua negara mempunyai tentera serta hubungan teknologi ruang luas. India menjadi pasaran sumber utama bagi Israel dari Asia pada tahun 2010 dengan 41,000 ketibaan pelancong pada tahun itu. Azerbaijan adalah salah satu dari beberapa negara Islam majoriti untuk membangunkan hubungan strategik dan ekonomi dua hala dengan Israel. Azerbaijan membekalkan Israel dengan sejumlah besar keperluan minyaknya, dan Israel telah membantu memodenkan Angkatan Tentera Azerbaijan. Di Afrika, Ethiopia adalah sekutu utama dan terdekat Israel di benua itu kerana kepentingan politik, agama dan keselamatan yang sama. Israel memberikan kepakaran kepada Ethiopia mengenai projek pengairan dan beribu-ribu orang Yahudi Ethiopia (Beta Israel) tinggal di Israel. <> Bilakah India mewujudkan hubungan diplomatik yang penuh dengan Israel? || 1992 <> Siapa negara yang paling pro-Israel di dunia? || India <> Israel adalah rakan perdagangan ketenteraan kedua terbesar di India selepas siapa? || Persekutuan Russia", {"qas": [{"question": "When did India establish full diplomatic ties with Israel?", "id": "5725cb32ec44d21400f3d5a5", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's the most pro-Israel country in the world?", "id": "5725cb32ec44d21400f3d5a6", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israel is the second-largest military trading partner of India after who?", "id": "5725cb32ec44d21400f3d5a7", "answers": [{"text": "Russian Federation", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel."}], ["Hari bekerja di Israel adalah hari Ahad hingga Khamis (untuk kerja selama lima hari), atau Jumaat (untuk kerja selama enam hari). Dalam pemeliharaan Shabbat, di tempat-tempat di mana Jumaat adalah hari kerja dan majoriti penduduk adalah Yahudi, hari Jumaat adalah \"hari yang pendek\", biasanya berlangsung hingga 14:00 pada musim dingin, atau 16:00 pada musim panas. Beberapa cadangan telah dibangkitkan untuk menyesuaikan minggu kerja dengan majoriti dunia, dan menjadikan hari Ahad sebagai hari kerja, sementara memanjangkan waktu kerja pada hari-hari lain atau menggantikan hari Jumaat dengan hari Ahad sebagai hari kerja. <> Apakah hari-hari bekerja di Israel? || Ahad hingga Khamis <> Jumaat dipertimbangkan apa? || hari yang pendek <> Beberapa cadangan telah dibangkitkan untuk melakukan apa? || membuat hari Ahad tidak berfungsi", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the days of working in Israel?", "id": "5725ced6271a42140099d213", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday through Thursday", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Friday is considered what?", "id": "5725ced6271a42140099d214", "answers": [{"text": "short day", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Several proposals have been raised to do what?", "id": "5725ced6271a42140099d215", "answers": [{"text": "make Sunday a non-working day", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday (for a five-day workweek), or Friday (for a six-day workweek). In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a \"short day\", usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:00 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day."}], ["Walaupun sumber asli yang terhad, pembangunan intensif sektor pertanian dan perindustrian sejak beberapa dekad yang lalu telah menjadikan Israel sebahagian besarnya mencukupi dalam penghasilan makanan, selain bijirin dan daging lembu. Import ke Israel, berjumlah $ 77.59 bilion pada tahun 2012, termasuk bahan mentah, peralatan ketenteraan, barangan pelaburan, berlian kasar, bahan api, bijirin, barangan pengguna. Eksport utama termasuk elektronik, perisian, sistem berkomputer, teknologi komunikasi, peralatan perubatan, farmaseutikal, buah-buahan, bahan kimia, teknologi ketenteraan, dan memotong berlian; pada tahun 2012, eksport Israel mencapai $ 64.74 bilion. <> Import kepada Israel berjumlah pada tahun 2012? || $ 77.59 bilion <> Eksport Israel mencapai apa yang pada tahun 2012? || $ 64.74 bilion <> Apa eksport utama di Israel? || elektronik, perisian, sistem berkomputer", {"qas": [{"question": "Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012?", "id": "5725cdb989a1e219009abefc", "answers": [{"text": "$77.59 billion", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israeli exports reached what in 2012?", "id": "5725cdb989a1e219009abefd", "answers": [{"text": "$64.74 billion", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the leading exports in Israel?", "id": "5725cdb989a1e219009abefe", "answers": [{"text": "electronics, software, computerized systems", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Imports to Israel, totaling $77.59 billion in 2012, include raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods. Leading exports include electronics, software, computerized systems, communications technology, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, fruits, chemicals, military technology, and cut diamonds; in 2012, Israeli exports reached $64.74 billion."}], ["Israel adalah sebuah negara terkemuka dalam pembangunan tenaga suria. Israel adalah pemimpin global dalam pemuliharaan air dan tenaga geoterma, dan perkembangan teknologi canggih dalam perisian, komunikasi dan sains hayat membangkitkan perbandingan dengan Silicon Valley. Menurut OECD, Israel juga menduduki tempat pertama di dunia dalam perbelanjaan Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan (R & D) sebagai peratusan KDNK. Intel dan Microsoft membina pusat penyelidikan dan pembangunan luar negara yang pertama di Israel, dan syarikat multinasional berteknologi tinggi lain seperti IBM, Google, Apple, HP, Cisco Systems, dan Motorola telah membuka kemudahan R & D di negara ini. <> Israel adalah negara utama dalam pembangunan? || tenaga suria <> Israel menduduki tempat pertama di dunia dalam apa? || perbelanjaan ke atas Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan <> Apa syarikat membina pusat penyelidikan dan pembangunan luar negara yang pertama di Israel? || Intel dan Microsoft", {"qas": [{"question": "Israel is a leading country of what development?", "id": "5725ce0a38643c19005acd47", "answers": [{"text": "solar energy", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israel is ranked 1st in the world in what?", "id": "5725ce0a38643c19005acd48", "answers": [{"text": "expenditure on Research and Development", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What companies built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel?", "id": "5725ce0a38643c19005acd49", "answers": [{"text": "Intel and Microsoft", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy. Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley. According to the OECD, Israel is also ranked 1st in the world in expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. Intel and Microsoft built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Google, Apple, HP, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened R&D facilities in the country."}], ["Israel dianggap negara paling maju di Asia Barat Daya dan Timur Tengah dalam pembangunan ekonomi dan perindustrian. Pendidikan universiti berkualiti Israel dan penubuhan penduduk yang bermotivasi dan berpendidikan tinggi bertanggungjawab untuk memacu pertumbuhan teknologi tinggi negara dan pembangunan ekonomi pesat. Pada tahun 2010, ia menyertai OECD. Negara ini menduduki tempat ke-3 di rantau ini dan ke-38 di seluruh dunia dalam Indeks Pembuatan Perniagaan Bank Dunia serta dalam Laporan Daya Saing Global Forum Ekonomi Dunia. Ia mempunyai bilangan syarikat startup kedua terbesar di dunia (selepas Amerika Syarikat) dan bilangan terbesar syarikat tersenarai NASDAQ di luar Amerika Utara. <> Siapa yang dianggap negara paling maju di Asia Barat Daya? || Israel <> Bilakah Israel menyertai OECD? || 2010 <> Di manakah kedudukan Israel dalam bilangan syarikat permulaan di dunia? || kedua", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia?", "id": "5725cd6a89a1e219009abef6", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Israel join the OECD?", "id": "5725cd6a89a1e219009abef7", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Israel rank in number of startup companies in the world?", "id": "5725cd6a89a1e219009abef8", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia and the Middle East in economic and industrial development. Israel's quality university education and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and rapid economic development. In 2010, it joined the OECD. The country is ranked 3rd in the region and 38th worldwide on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report. It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America."}], ["Angkatan Pertahanan Israel adalah satu-satunya sayap tentera pasukan keselamatan Israel, dan diketuai oleh Ketua Staf Besarnya, Ramatkal, yang bawahan kepada Kabinet. IDF terdiri daripada tentera, angkatan udara dan angkatan laut. Ia diasaskan semasa Perang Arab-Israel 1948 dengan menyatukan organisasi paramiliter-terutama Haganah-yang mendahului penubuhan negara. IDF juga menggunakan sumber Direktorat Perisikan Ketenteraan (Aman), yang berfungsi dengan Mossad dan Shabak. Angkatan Pertahanan Israel telah terlibat dalam beberapa peperangan utama dan konflik sempadan dalam sejarah singkatnya, menjadikannya salah satu angkatan bersenjata yang paling terlatih di dunia. <> Apakah sayap tentera tunggal pasukan keselamatan Israel? || Pasukan Pertahanan Israel <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua IDF? || Ramatkal <> Bilakah IDF diasaskan? || 1948", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?", "id": "5725cbf3271a42140099d1f1", "answers": [{"text": "Israel Defense Forces", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the head of the IDF?", "id": "5725cbf3271a42140099d1f2", "answers": [{"text": "Ramatkal", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the IDF founded?", "id": "5725cbf3271a42140099d1f3", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations\u2014chiefly the Haganah\u2014that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world."}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2007, ahli perniagaan dan pelabur Amerika Syarikat Warren Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway membeli sebuah syarikat Israel, Iscar, pengambilalihan bukan U.S. pertama, dengan harga $ 4 bilion. Sejak tahun 1970-an, Israel telah menerima bantuan ketenteraan dari Amerika Syarikat, serta bantuan ekonomi dalam bentuk jaminan pinjaman, yang kini menyumbang kira-kira setengah daripada hutang luar negeri Israel. Israel mempunyai salah satu daripada hutang luar negeri yang paling rendah di dunia maju, dan merupakan pemberi pinjaman bersih dari segi hutang luar negeri bersih (jumlah nilai aset berbanding liabiliti dalam instrumen hutang yang terhutang di luar negara), yang pada bulan Disember 2015 [update] berdiri pada lebihan AS $ 118 bilion. <> Apa pelabur membeli Iscar? || Warren Buffett <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat mula memberikan bantuan asing kepada Israel? || 1970-an <> Apakah lebihan hutang Israel pada bulan Disember 2015? || US $ 118 bilion", {"qas": [{"question": "What investor bought Iscar?", "id": "5725ce66ec44d21400f3d5df", "answers": [{"text": "Warren Buffett", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did United States begin to provide foreign aid to Israel?", "id": "5725ce66ec44d21400f3d5e0", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Israel's debt surplus in December 2015?", "id": "5725ce66ec44d21400f3d5e1", "answers": [{"text": "US$118 billion", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In July 2007, American business magnate and investor Warren Buffett's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company, Iscar, its first non-U.S. acquisition, for $4 billion. Since the 1970s, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a net lender in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which in December 2015[update] stood at a surplus of US$118 billion."}], ["Tentera negara bergantung kepada sistem senjata berteknologi tinggi yang direka dan dikilangkan di Israel serta beberapa import asing. Peluru berpandu Arrow adalah salah satu sistem peluru berpandu anti balistik yang berfungsi di dunia. Siri peluru berpandu udara ke udara Python sering dianggap sebagai salah satu senjata paling penting dalam sejarah ketenteraannya. Peluru berpandu Israel adalah salah satu ATGM yang paling banyak dieksport di dunia. Sistem pertahanan udara anti-rudal Iron Dome Israel mendapat penghargaan di seluruh dunia selepas memintas beratus-ratus roket tembaga artileri Qassam, 122 mm Grad dan Fajr-5 oleh pejuang Palestin dari Semenanjung Gaza. Sejak Perang Yom Kippur, Israel telah membangunkan rangkaian satelit peninjauan. Kejayaan program Ofeq telah menjadikan Israel salah satu daripada tujuh negara yang mampu melancarkan satelit tersebut. <> Tentera bergantung pada apa? || sistem senjata berteknologi tinggi <> Apakah salah satu senjata paling penting dalam sejarah ketenteraan Israel? || Siri peluru berpandu udara ke udara Python <> Kejayaan program apa yang telah menjadikan Israel salah satu daripada tujuh negara yang mampu melancarkan satelit? || Ofeq", {"qas": [{"question": "The military relies on what?", "id": "5725cc8b38643c19005acd2f", "answers": [{"text": "high-tech weapons systems", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the most crucial weapons in Israel's military history?", "id": "5725cc8b38643c19005acd30", "answers": [{"text": "Python air-to-air missile series", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The success of what program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching satellites?", "id": "5725cc8b38643c19005acd31", "answers": [{"text": "Ofeq", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nation's military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. The Arrow missile is one of the world's few operational anti-ballistic missile systems. The Python air-to-air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history. Israel's Spike missile is one of the most widely exported ATGMs in the world. Israel's Iron Dome anti-missile air defense system gained worldwide acclaim after intercepting hundreds of Qassam, 122 mm Grad and Fajr-5 artillery rockets fire by Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip. Since the Yom Kippur War, Israel has developed a network of reconnaissance satellites. The success of the Ofeq program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites."}], ["Israel dipercayai secara meluas mempunyai senjata nuklear serta senjata kimia dan biologi pemusnah besar-besaran. Israel tidak menandatangani Perjanjian mengenai Non-Proliferasi Senjata Nuklear dan mengekalkan dasar kekaburan yang disengajakan terhadap keupayaan nuklearnya. Kapal selam Dolphin Tentera Laut Israel dipercayai bersenjata dengan peluru berpandu Popeye Turbo nuklear, yang menawarkan keupayaan mogok kedua nuklear. Sejak Perang Teluk pada tahun 1991, ketika Israel diserang oleh peluru berpandu Irak Scud, semua rumah di Israel dikehendaki mempunyai bilik keamanan diperkuat, Merkhav Mugan, yang tidak dapat ditembusi oleh bahan kimia dan biologi. <> Israel dipercayai percaya diri? || senjata nuklear <> Apa yang bersenjata dengan peluru berpandu Popeye Turbo nuklear? || Kapal selam Dolphin Tentera Laut Israel <> Semua rumah di Israel dikehendaki mempunyai bilik yang dipanggil apa? || Merkhav Mugan", {"qas": [{"question": "Israel is widely believed to possess what?", "id": "5725ccd5271a42140099d1fd", "answers": [{"text": "nuclear weapons", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles?", "id": "5725ccd5271a42140099d1fe", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All homes in Israel are required to have a room called what?", "id": "5725ccd5271a42140099d1ff", "answers": [{"text": "Merkhav Mugan", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities. The Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles, offering nuclear second strike capability. Since the Gulf War in 1991, when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles, all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room, Merkhav Mugan, impermeable to chemical and biological substances."}], ["Israel mempunyai salah satu nisbah tertinggi perbelanjaan pertahanan kepada KDNK semua negara maju, hanya diunggulkan oleh Oman dan Arab Saudi. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 1984, negara membelanjakan 24% daripada KDNK untuk membela diri. Menjelang 2006, angka itu menurun kepada 7.3%. Israel adalah salah satu pengeksport senjata terbesar di dunia, dan menduduki tempat keempat di dunia untuk eksport senjata pada tahun 2007. Majoriti eksport senjata Israel tidak dilaporkan untuk alasan keselamatan. Sejak tahun 1967, Amerika Syarikat menjadi penyumbang utama bantuan ketenteraan Israel kepada Israel: AS dijangka menyediakan negara dengan $ 3.15 bilion setahun dari 2013 hingga 2018. Israel secara konsisten dinilai rendah dalam Indeks Keamanan Global, kedudukan ke-148 daripada 162 negara untuk keamanan pada 2015. <> Apa dua negara mempunyai perbelanjaan pertahanan yang lebih tinggi kepada nisbah KDNK berbanding Israel? || Oman dan Arab Saudi <> Sebanyak peratus daripada KDNK itu dibelanjakan untuk mempertahankan diri pada tahun 1984? || 24% <> Apakah kedudukan Indeks Keamanan Global Israel pada 2015? || 148th", {"qas": [{"question": "What two countries have a higher defense spending to GDP ratio than Israel?", "id": "5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5cf", "answers": [{"text": "Oman and Saudi Arabia", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984?", "id": "5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5d0", "answers": [{"text": "24%", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Israel's Global Peace Index rank in 2015?", "id": "5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5d1", "answers": [{"text": "148th", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has one of the highest ratios of defense spending to GDP of all developed countries, only topped by Oman and Saudi Arabia. In 1984, for example, the country spent 24% of its GDP on defense. By 2006, that figure had dropped to 7.3%. Israel is one of the world's largest arms exporters, and was ranked fourth in the world for weapons exports in 2007. The majority of Israel's arms exports are unreported for security reasons. Since 1967, the United States has been a particularly notable foreign contributor of military aid to Israel: the US is expected to provide the country with $3.15 billion per year from 2013 to 2018. Israel is consistently rated low in the Global Peace Index, ranking 148th out of 162 nations for peacefulness in 2015."}], ["Kebanyakan Israel disusun menjadi tentera pada usia 18 tahun. Lelaki berkhidmat dua tahun dan lapan bulan dan wanita dua tahun. Berikutan perkhidmatan mandatori, lelaki Israel menyertai pasukan simpanan dan biasanya melakukan beberapa minggu tugas rizab setiap tahun sehingga empat puluhan. Kebanyakan wanita dikecualikan daripada kewajipan rizab. Rakyat Arab dari Israel (kecuali Druze) dan mereka yang terlibat dalam kajian agama sepenuh masa dikecualikan daripada perkhidmatan ketenteraan, walaupun pengecualian pelajar yeshiva telah menjadi sumber perselisihan dalam masyarakat Israel selama bertahun-tahun. Alternatif bagi mereka yang menerima pengecualian di pelbagai alasan adalah Sherut Leumi, atau perkhidmatan negara, yang melibatkan program perkhidmatan di hospital, sekolah dan rangka kerja kebajikan sosial yang lain. Sebagai hasil daripada program wajibnya, IDF mengekalkan kira-kira 176,500 tentera aktif dan tambahan 445,000 tentera. <> Berapa umur yang paling Israel disusun ke dalam tentera? || 18 <> Berapa lama wanita berkhidmat dalam tentera? || dua tahun <> Apa warganegara dikecualikan daripada perkhidmatan tentera? || Warga Arab", {"qas": [{"question": "What age are most Israelis drafted into the military?", "id": "5725cc4e271a42140099d1f7", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long do women serve in the military?", "id": "5725cc4e271a42140099d1f8", "answers": [{"text": "two years", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What citizens are exempt from military service?", "id": "5725cc4e271a42140099d1f9", "answers": [{"text": "Arab citizens", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve two years and eight months and women two years. Following mandatory service, Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. Arab citizens of Israel (except the Druze) and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service, although the exemption of yeshiva students has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years. An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is Sherut Leumi, or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks. As a result of its conscription program, the IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists."}], ["Pelancongan, terutamanya pelancongan keagamaan, adalah industri penting di Israel, dengan iklim sederhana, pantai, arkeologi, tapak bersejarah dan alkitabiah negara, dan geografi yang unik juga menarik pelancong. Masalah keselamatan Israel telah menyebabkan tol di industri, tetapi jumlah pelancong yang masuk adalah pada pemulihan. Pada tahun 2013, satu rekod sebanyak 3.54 juta pelancong melawat Israel dengan tempat tarikan yang paling popular ialah Tembok Barat dengan 68% pelancong yang melawat sana. Israel mempunyai jumlah tertinggi muzium per kapita di dunia. <> Apa industri penting di Israel? || Pelancongan <> Berapa ramai pelancong melawat Israel pada tahun 2013? || 3.54 juta <> Apa tarikan pelancong yang paling popular di Israel? || Tembok Barat", {"qas": [{"question": "What is an important industry in Israel?", "id": "5725d0d338643c19005acd8b", "answers": [{"text": "Tourism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tourists visited Israel in 2013?", "id": "5725d0d338643c19005acd8c", "answers": [{"text": "3.54 million", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most popular tourist attraction in Israel?", "id": "5725d0d338643c19005acd8d", "answers": [{"text": "Western Wall", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological, other historical and biblical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound. In 2013, a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68% of tourists visiting there. Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world."}], ["Kebudayaan Israel yang pelbagai berasal dari kepelbagaian penduduknya: Yahudi dari masyarakat diaspora di seluruh dunia telah membawa tradisi kebudayaan dan keagamaan mereka kembali dengan mereka, mewujudkan periuk api adat dan kepercayaan Yahudi. Israel adalah satu-satunya negara di dunia di mana hidup berkisar kalendar Ibrani. Cuti kerja dan cuti sekolah ditentukan oleh cuti orang Yahudi, dan hari rehat rasmi adalah Sabtu, Sabat Yahudi. Minit Arab Israel yang besar juga telah meninggalkan jejaknya mengenai budaya Israel dalam bidang seperti seni bina, muzik, dan masakan. <> Di manakah kebudayaan Israel yang pelbagai berasal dari? || kepelbagaian populasi <> Kehidupan berkisar tentang apa yang ada di Israel? || Kalender Ibrani <> Kerja dan cuti sekolah ditentukan oleh apa? || Cuti orang Yahudi", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does Israel's diverse culture stem from?", "id": "5725d10a89a1e219009abf40", "answers": [{"text": "diversity of its population", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Life revolves around what in Israel?", "id": "5725d10a89a1e219009abf41", "answers": [{"text": "Hebrew calendar", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Work and school holidays are determined by what?", "id": "5725d10a89a1e219009abf42", "answers": [{"text": "Jewish holidays", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of its population: Jews from diaspora communities around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions back with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs. Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar. Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays, and the official day of rest is Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. Israel's substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture, music, and cuisine."}], ["Israel dihidangkan oleh dua lapangan terbang antarabangsa, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Ben Gurion, hab utama negara untuk perjalanan udara antarabangsa berhampiran Tel Aviv-Yafo, Lapangan Terbang Ovda di selatan, serta beberapa lapangan terbang domestik kecil. Ben Gurion, lapangan terbang terbesar Israel, mengendalikan 12.1 juta penumpang pada tahun 2010. Di pantai Mediterranean, Pelabuhan Haifa adalah pelabuhan tertua dan terbesar di negara ini, manakala Pelabuhan Ashdod adalah salah satu daripada beberapa pelabuhan air yang dalam di dunia yang dibina di atas laut terbuka. Di samping itu, Pelabuhan Eilat yang lebih kecil terletak di Laut Merah, dan digunakan terutamanya untuk berdagang dengan negara-negara Far East. <> Apakah hab utama negara untuk perjalanan udara antarabangsa? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Ben Gurion <> Apa pelabuhan tertua dan terbesar di negara ini? || Haifa Port <> Berapa banyak lapangan terbang antarabangsa di Israel? || dua", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the country's main hub for international air travel?", "id": "5725d09038643c19005acd85", "answers": [{"text": "Ben Gurion International Airport", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the country's oldest and largest port?", "id": "5725d09038643c19005acd86", "answers": [{"text": "Haifa Port", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many international airports are in Israel?", "id": "5725d09038643c19005acd87", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries."}], ["Israel mempunyai 18,096 kilometer (11,244 mi) jalan berturap, dan 2.4 juta kenderaan bermotor. Jumlah kenderaan bermotor setiap 1,000 orang adalah 324, agak rendah berbanding dengan negara maju. Israel mempunyai 5,715 bas pada laluan yang dijadwalkan, dikendalikan oleh beberapa syarikat penerbangan, yang terbesar adalah Egged, melayani sebagian besar negara. Keretapi merentasi 949 kilometer (590 mi) dan dikendalikan semata-mata oleh Keretapi Israel milik kerajaan (Semua angka adalah untuk 2008). Berikutan pelaburan utama bermula dari awal hingga pertengahan 1990-an, bilangan penumpang kereta api setahun telah meningkat daripada 2.5 juta pada tahun 1990, kepada 35 juta pada tahun 2008; kereta api juga digunakan untuk mengangkut kargo sebanyak 6.8 juta tan setahun. <> Berapa kilometer jalan raya beraspal yang ada di Israel? || 18,096 <> Berapa banyak bas yang mempunyai laluan berjadual di Israel? || 5,715 <> Berapa banyak kargo yang mengangkut kereta api setiap tahun? || 6.8 juta tan", {"qas": [{"question": "How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have?", "id": "5725d058ec44d21400f3d605", "answers": [{"text": "18,096", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?", "id": "5725d058ec44d21400f3d606", "answers": [{"text": "5,715", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much cargo do railways transport per year?", "id": "5725d058ec44d21400f3d607", "answers": [{"text": "6.8 million tons", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has 18,096 kilometers (11,244 mi) of paved roads, and 2.4 million motor vehicles. The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons was 324, relatively low with respect to developed countries. Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes, operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country. Railways stretch across 949 kilometers (590 mi) and are operated solely by government-owned Israel Railways (All figures are for 2008). Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 35 million in 2008; railways are also used to transport 6.8 million tons of cargo, per year."}], ["Sastera Israel terutamanya puisi dan prosa yang ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani, sebagai sebahagian daripada kebangkitan bahasa Ibrani sebagai bahasa lisan sejak pertengahan abad ke-19, walaupun sebuah literatur kecil diterbitkan dalam bahasa lain, seperti bahasa Inggeris. Mengikut undang-undang, dua salinan semua bahan bercetak yang diterbitkan di Israel mesti disimpan di Perpustakaan Negara Israel di Universiti Ibrani Yerusalem. Pada tahun 2001, undang-undang telah dipinda untuk merangkumi rakaman audio dan video, dan media bukan cetakan yang lain. Pada tahun 2013, 91 peratus daripada 7,863 buku yang dipindahkan ke perpustakaan berada dalam bahasa Ibrani. Minggu Buku Ibrani diadakan setiap bulan Jun dan menampilkan pameran buku, bacaan awam, dan penampilan oleh penulis Israel di seluruh negara. Pada minggu ini, anugerah sastera terkemuka Israel, Hadiah Sapir, dibentangkan. [Rujukan?] <> Kesusasteraan Israel terutamanya ditulis dalam apa? || Ibrani <> Bilakah Minggu Buku Ibrani diadakan? || Jun <> Apakah ganjaran sastera terbaik Israel? || Hadiah Sapir", {"qas": [{"question": "Israeli literature is primarily written in what?", "id": "5725d14aec44d21400f3d615", "answers": [{"text": "Hebrew", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the Hebrew Book Week held?", "id": "5725d14aec44d21400f3d616", "answers": [{"text": "June", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Israel's top literary reward?", "id": "5725d14aec44d21400f3d617", "answers": [{"text": "the Sapir Prize", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages, such as English. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the National Library of Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media. In 2013, 91 percent of the 7,863 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew. The Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs, public readings, and appearances by Israeli authors around the country. During the week, Israel's top literary award, the Sapir Prize, is presented.[citation needed]"}], ["Universiti-universiti Israel adalah antara 100 universiti terkemuka dunia dalam bidang matematik (Universiti Ibrani, TAU dan Technion), fizik (TAU, Universiti Ibrani dan Institut Sains Weizmann), kimia (Institut Sains Techniz dan Weizmann), sains komputer (Weizmann Institute of Science, Technion, Universiti Ibrani, TAU dan BIU) dan ekonomi (Universiti Ibrani dan TAU). Israel telah menghasilkan enam saintis memenangi Hadiah Nobel sejak tahun 2002 dan telah kerap disenaraikan sebagai salah satu negara dengan nisbah tertinggi kertas saintifik per kapita di dunia. Israel telah mengetuai dunia dalam kertas penyelidikan stem sel per kapita sejak tahun 2000. <> Universiti-universiti Israel pangkat di mana dalam matematik? || 100 <> Berapa banyak saintis yang memenangi Hadiah Nobel telah menghasilkan Israel? || enam <> Israel mengetuai dunia dalam apa kertas penyelidikan per kapita? || penyelidikan sel stem", {"qas": [{"question": "Israeli universities rank where in mathematics?", "id": "5725cf22271a42140099d219", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Nobel Prize-winning scientists has Israel produced?", "id": "5725cf22271a42140099d21a", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Israel leads the world in what research papers per capita?", "id": "5725cf22271a42140099d21b", "answers": [{"text": "stem-cell research", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israeli universities are among 100 top world universities in mathematics (Hebrew University, TAU and Technion), physics (TAU, Hebrew University and Weizmann Institute of Science), chemistry (Technion and Weizmann Institute of Science), computer science (Weizmann Institute of Science, Technion, Hebrew University, TAU and BIU) and economics (Hebrew University and TAU). Israel has produced six Nobel Prize-winning scientists since 2002 and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of scientific papers per capita in the world. Israel has led the world in stem-cell research papers per capita since 2000."}], ["Pada tahun 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon berkongsi Hadiah Nobel dalam Sastera dengan pengarang Yahudi Jerman, Nelly Sachs. Penyair terkemuka Israel adalah Yehuda Amichai, Nathan Alterman dan Rachel Bluwstein. Novelis Israel kontemporari terkenal di dunia termasuk Amos Oz, Etgar Keret dan David Grossman. Ahli satir Israel-Arab, Sayed Kashua (yang menulis dalam bahasa Ibrani) juga dikenali di peringkat antarabangsa. Israel juga telah menjadi rumah dua penyair dan penulis utama Palestin: Emile Habibi, yang novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist, dan tulisan lain, memenangi hadiah Israel untuk kesusasteraan bahasa Arab; dan Mahmoud Darwish, dianggap oleh banyak orang sebagai \"penyair kebangsaan Palestin.\" Darwish dilahirkan dan dibesarkan di Israel utara, tetapi menjalani kehidupan orang dewasa di luar negara selepas menyertai Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin. [Shigeru] Yosef Agnon berkongsi Hadiah Nobel dengan siapa pada tahun 1966? || Nelly Sachs <> Apa satirist Israel-Arab diketahui di peringkat antarabangsa? || Sayed Kashua <> Siapa yang menulis novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist? || Emile Habibi", {"qas": [{"question": "Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize with who in 1966?", "id": "5725d19938643c19005acd91", "answers": [{"text": "Nelly Sachs", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Israel-Arab satirist is internationally known?", "id": "5725d19938643c19005acd92", "answers": [{"text": "Sayed Kashua", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist?", "id": "5725d19938643c19005acd93", "answers": [{"text": "Emile Habibi", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs. Leading Israeli poets have been Yehuda Amichai, Nathan Alterman and Rachel Bluwstein. Internationally famous contemporary Israeli novelists include Amos Oz, Etgar Keret and David Grossman. The Israeli-Arab satirist Sayed Kashua (who writes in Hebrew) is also internationally known.[citation needed] Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers: Emile Habibi, whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist, and other writings, won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature; and Mahmoud Darwish, considered by many to be \"the Palestinian national poet.\" Darwish was born and raised in northern Israel, but lived his adult life abroad after joining the Palestine Liberation Organization.[citation needed]"}], ["Agensi Angkasa Israel menyelaraskan semua program penyelidikan angkasa Israel dengan matlamat saintifik dan komersial. Pada tahun 2012 Israel menduduki tangga kesembilan di dunia oleh Indeks Daya Saing Ruang Futron. Israel adalah satu daripada hanya tujuh negara yang membina satelit masing-masing dan melancarkan pelancar mereka sendiri. Shavit adalah kenderaan pelancaran angkasa yang dihasilkan oleh Israel untuk melancarkan satelit kecil ke orbit bumi rendah. Ia pertama kali dilancarkan pada tahun 1988, menjadikan Israel negara kelapan mempunyai kemampuan pelancaran ruang. Roket Shavit dilancarkan dari ruang angkasa di Palmachim Airbase oleh Agensi Angkasa Israel. Sejak tahun 1988, Industri Aeroangkasa Israel telah merancang dan membina sekurang-kurangnya 13 satelit komersial, penyelidikan dan pengintip. Sesetengah satelit Israel disenaraikan di antara sistem ruang paling maju di dunia. Pada tahun 2003, Ilan Ramon menjadi angkasawan pertama Israel, yang berkhidmat sebagai pakar muatan STS-107, misi maut Space Shuttle Columbia. <> Apa yang menyelaras dengan semua program penyelidikan ruang angkasa Israel? || Agensi Angkasa Israel <> Indeks Daya Saing Futron menduduki tempat Israel pada tahun 2012? || kesembilan di dunia <> Bilakah Israel melancarkan satelit pertama itu? || 1988", {"qas": [{"question": "What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs?", "id": "5725d003271a42140099d22f", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli Space Agency", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Futron's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012?", "id": "5725d003271a42140099d230", "answers": [{"text": "ninth in the world", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Israel launch it's first satellite?", "id": "5725d003271a42140099d231", "answers": [{"text": "1988", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Israeli Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's Space Competitiveness Index. Israel is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low earth orbit. It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability. Shavit rockets are launched from the spaceport at the Palmachim Airbase by the Israeli Space Agency. Since 1988 Israel Aerospace Industries have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia."}], ["Israel adalah salah satu pemimpin teknologi dunia dalam teknologi air. Pada tahun 2011, industri teknologi airnya bernilai kira-kira $ 2 bilion setahun dengan eksport tahunan produk dan perkhidmatan dalam puluhan juta dolar. Kekurangan air di negara ini telah mendorong inovasi dalam teknik pemuliharaan air, dan pemodenan pertanian yang besar, pengairan titisan, dicipta di Israel. Israel juga berada di barisan hadapan teknologi penyahgaraman dan kitar semula air. Kilang air laut reverse osmosis (SWRO) Ashkelon, yang terbesar di dunia, telah dipilih sebagai \"Penyulingan Tanaman Tahun\" dalam Anugerah Air Global pada tahun 2006. Israel menganjurkan Pameran dan Persidangan Teknologi Air tahunan (WaTec) yang menarik ribuan orang dari seluruh dunia. Pada 2014, program penyahairan Israel menyediakan kira-kira 35% air minuman Israel dan dijangka membekalkan 40% menjelang 2015 dan 70% menjelang 2050. Sehingga 29 Mei 2015, lebih daripada 50 peratus air untuk isi rumah, pertanian dan industri Israel dihasilkan secara buatan. Sebagai hasil inovasi dalam teknologi osmosis terbalik, Israel dijangka menjadi pengeksport bersih air pada tahun-tahun mendatang. <> Berapa nilai industri teknologi air Israel? || $ 2 bilion setahun <> Apa tumbuhan penyahgaraman terbesar di dunia? || Osmosis songsang air laut Ashkelon <> Berapa banyak air minuman yang dihasilkan oleh program penyahgaraman Israel? || 35%", {"qas": [{"question": "How much is Israel's water technology industry worth?", "id": "5725cf7938643c19005acd6b", "answers": [{"text": "$2 billion a year", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the largest desalination plant in the world?", "id": "5725cf7938643c19005acd6c", "answers": [{"text": "The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much drinking water is produced by Israel's desalination programs?", "id": "5725cf7938643c19005acd6d", "answers": [{"text": "35%", "answer_start": 844}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel is one of the world's technological leaders in water technology. In 2011, its water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques, and a substantial agricultural modernization, drip irrigation, was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant, the largest in the world, was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global Water Awards in 2006. Israel hosts an annual Water Technology Exhibition and Conference (WaTec) that attracts thousands of people from across the world. By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050. As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years."}], ["Israel telah memeluk tenaga solar; para juruteranya berada di canggih teknologi tenaga suria dan syarikat surianya bekerja pada projek-projek di seluruh dunia. Lebih dari 90% rumah Israel menggunakan tenaga solar untuk air panas, per kapita tertinggi di dunia. Menurut angka kerajaan, negara menjimatkan 8% penggunaan elektriknya setiap tahun kerana menggunakan tenaga suria dalam pemanasan. Kejadian tahunan tinggi sinar matahari di latitud geografi mewujudkan keadaan yang ideal untuk apa yang industri penyelidikan dan pembangunan solar terkenal di Gurun Negev. Israel mempunyai infrastruktur kereta elektrik moden yang melibatkan rangkaian seluruh negara di stesen pengisian untuk memudahkan pengecasan dan pertukaran bateri kereta. Adalah difikirkan bahawa ini akan mengurangkan kebergantungan minyak Israel dan menurunkan kos bahan api dari beratus-ratus pengendali Israel yang menggunakan kereta yang hanya menggunakan bateri elektrik. Model Israel sedang dipelajari oleh beberapa negara dan dilaksanakan di Denmark dan Australia. Bagaimanapun, syarikat kereta api Israel yang mengetuk kereta api Better Place ditutup pada 2013. <> Berapa banyak rumah di Israel menggunakan tenaga solar untuk air panas? || Lebih 90% <> Berapa banyak tenaga elektrik yang disimpan di negara ini setahun? || 8% <> Bilakah Tempat Betul ditutup? || 2013", {"qas": [{"question": "How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water?", "id": "5725cfb4271a42140099d21f", "answers": [{"text": "Over 90%", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much electricity does the country save per year?", "id": "5725cfb4271a42140099d220", "answers": [{"text": "8%", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Better Place shut down?", "id": "5725cfb4271a42140099d221", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 1109}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating. The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert. Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of recharging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries. The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia. However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013."}], ["Sukan penonton yang paling popular di Israel adalah bola sepak persatuan dan bola keranjang. Liga Premier Israel adalah liga bola sepak utama negara, dan Liga Super Bola Keranjang Israel adalah liga bola keranjang utama. Maccabi Haifa, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv dan Beitar Jerusalem adalah kelab sukan terbesar. Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa dan Hapoel Tel Aviv telah bertanding dalam Liga Juara-Juara UEFA dan Hapoel Tel Aviv mencapai peringkat suku akhir Piala UEFA. Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. telah memenangi kejuaraan Eropah dalam bola keranjang enam kali. <> Apakah sukan penonton yang paling popular di Israel? || persatuan bola sepak dan bola keranjang <> Apakah liga bola sepak utama negara? || Liga Perdana Israel <> Apakah liga bola keranjang utama? || Liga Super Bola Keranjang Israel", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the most popular spectator sports in Israel?", "id": "5725d3e4271a42140099d271", "answers": [{"text": "association football and basketball", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the country's premier football league?", "id": "5725d3e4271a42140099d272", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli Premier League", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the premier basketball league?", "id": "5725d3e4271a42140099d273", "answers": [{"text": "Israeli Basketball Super League", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most popular spectator sports in Israel are association football and basketball. The Israeli Premier League is the country's premier football league, and the Israeli Basketball Super League is the premier basketball league. Maccabi Haifa, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Beitar Jerusalem are the largest sports clubs. Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Tel Aviv have competed in the UEFA Champions League and Hapoel Tel Aviv reached the UEFA Cup quarter-finals. Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. has won the European championship in basketball six times."}], ["Israel adalah rumah kepada ramai pemuzik Palestin, termasuk ahli muzik terkenal yang terkenal di dunia dan pemain biola Taiseer Elias, penyanyi Amal Murkus, dan saudara Samir dan Wissam Joubran. Pemuzik Arab Israel telah mencapai kemasyhuran di luar sempadan Israel: Elias dan Murkus sering bermain untuk penonton di Eropah dan Amerika, dan pemain oud Darwish Darwish (pelajar Prof Elias) telah dianugerahkan hadiah pertama dalam pertandingan oud Arab di Mesir pada tahun 2003. Akademi Muzik dan Tarian Jerusalem mempunyai program ijazah lanjutan, yang diketuai oleh Taiseer Elias, dalam muzik Arab. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah biola violin yang diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa adalah dari Israel? || Taiseer Elias <> Yang telah dianugerahkan hadiah pertama dalam pertandingan oud Arab di Mesir pada tahun 2003? || Darwish Darwish <> Siapa ketua program ijazah lanjutan dalam muzik Arab? || Taiseer Elias", {"qas": [{"question": "What internationally acclaimed violin virtuoso is from Israel?", "id": "5725d2cc271a42140099d24f", "answers": [{"text": "Taiseer Elias", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003?", "id": "5725d2cc271a42140099d250", "answers": [{"text": "Darwish Darwish", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the head of the advanced degree program in Arabic music?", "id": "5725d2cc271a42140099d251", "answers": [{"text": "Taiseer Elias", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israel is home to many Palestinian musicians, including internationally acclaimed oud and violin virtuoso Taiseer Elias, singer Amal Murkus, and brothers Samir and Wissam Joubran. Israeli Arab musicians have achieved fame beyond Israel's borders: Elias and Murkus frequently play to audiences in Europe and America, and oud player Darwish Darwish (Prof. Elias's student) was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003. The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance has an advanced degree program, headed by Taiseer Elias, in Arabic music.[citation needed]"}], ["Masakan Israel telah mengadopsi, dan terus menyesuaikan diri, unsur-unsur pelbagai gaya masakan Yahudi, terutamanya gaya memasak Mizrahi, Sephardic, dan Ashkenazi, bersama dengan Yahudi Maghribi, Yahudi Iraq, Yahudi Ethiopia, Yahudi India, Yahudi Yahudi dan pengaruh Yahudi Yaman . Ia menggabungkan banyak makanan yang dimakan secara tradisi di masakan Arab, Timur Tengah dan Mediterranean, seperti falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, dan za'atar, yang menjadi bahan lazim dalam masakan Israel. Schnitzel, pizza, hamburger, kentang goreng, nasi dan salad juga sangat biasa di Israel. Apa gaya masakan memasak masakan Israel? || Mizrahi, Sephardic, dan Ashkenazi <> Apakah bahan-bahan biasa dalam masakan Israel? || falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, dan za'atar <> Schnitzel, pizza, burger, kentang goreng, nasi dan salad juga sangat biasa di mana? || Israel", {"qas": [{"question": "What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted?", "id": "5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64b", "answers": [{"text": "Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What common ingredients are in Israeli cuisine?", "id": "5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64c", "answers": [{"text": "falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common where?", "id": "5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64d", "answers": [{"text": "Israel", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israeli cuisine has adopted, and continues to adapt, elements of various styles of Jewish cuisine, particularly the Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi styles of cooking, along with Moroccan Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, Ethiopian Jewish, Indian Jewish, Iranian Jewish and Yemeni Jewish influences. It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the Arab, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines, such as falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar, which have become common ingredients in Israeli cuisine. Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common in Israel.[citation needed]"}], ["Pada tahun 1964, Israel menganjurkan dan memenangi Piala Negara-Negara Asia; pada tahun 1970 pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Israel berjaya melayakkan diri ke Piala Dunia FIFA, yang masih dianggap sebagai pencapaian terbesar dalam sukan bola sepak Israel. [Sukan] Sukan Asia 1974 yang diadakan di Tehran, adalah Sukan Asia yang terakhir yang Israel menyertai, dan dilanda negara-negara Arab yang enggan bersaing dengan Israel, dan Israel sejak berhenti bertanding dalam pertandingan Asia. Israel dikecualikan daripada Sukan Asia 1978 kerana keselamatan dan perbelanjaan yang terlibat jika mereka mengambil bahagian. Pada tahun 1994, UEFA bersetuju untuk mengakui Israel dan semua organisasi sukan Israel kini bersaing di Eropah. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah Israel menjadi tuan rumah dan memenangi Piala Negara-Negara Asia? || 1964 <> Bilakah pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Israel layak ke Piala Dunia FIFA? || 1970 <> Apa yang Sukan Asia lepas yang Israel menyertai? || Sukan Asia 1974", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Israel host and win the Asian Nations Cup?", "id": "5725d426271a42140099d277", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup?", "id": "5725d426271a42140099d278", "answers": [{"text": "1970", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the last Asian Games that Israel participated in?", "id": "5725d426271a42140099d279", "answers": [{"text": "1974 Asian Games", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1964 Israel hosted and won the Asian Nations Cup; in 1970 the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup, which is still considered[by whom?] the biggest achievement of Israeli football.[citation needed] The 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran, were the last Asian Games in which Israel participated, and was plagued by the Arab countries which refused to compete with Israel, and Israel since ceased competing in Asian competitions. Israel was excluded from the 1978 Asian Games due to security and expense involved if they were to participate. In 1994, UEFA agreed to admit Israel and all Israeli sporting organizations now compete in Europe.[citation needed]"}], ["Muzium Israel di Baitulmuqaddis adalah salah satu institusi budaya Israel yang paling penting dan rumah-rumah skrip Laut Mati, bersama dengan koleksi seni Judaica dan Eropah yang luas. Muzium Holocaust kebangsaan Israel, Yad Vashem, adalah arkib pusat dunia maklumat berkaitan Holocaust. Beth Hatefutsoth (Muzium Diaspora), di kampus Universiti Tel Aviv, adalah sebuah muzium interaktif yang menumpukan kepada sejarah komuniti Yahudi di seluruh dunia. Selain dari muzium-muzium utama di bandar-bandar besar, terdapat seni-seni yang berkualiti tinggi di banyak bandar dan kibbutzim. Mishkan Le'Omanut pada Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad adalah muzium seni terbesar di utara negara ini. <> Apakah salah satu institusi kebudayaan Israel yang paling penting? || Muzium Israel di Yerusalem <> Apakah sebuah muzium interaktif di kampus Universiti Tel Aviv? || Beth Hatefutsoth <> Apakah muzium seni terbesar di utara negara ini? || Mishkan Le'Omanut pada Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of Israel's most important culturural institutions?", "id": "5725d31238643c19005acdab", "answers": [{"text": "The Israel Museum in Jerusalem", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University?", "id": "5725d31238643c19005acdac", "answers": [{"text": "Beth Hatefutsoth", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest art museum in the north of the country?", "id": "5725d31238643c19005acdad", "answers": [{"text": "Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art. Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information. Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world. Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim. Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country."}], ["Masakan Israel termasuk hidangan tempatan serta hidangan yang dibawa ke negara ini oleh pendatang Yahudi dari diaspora. Sejak ditubuhkan Negeri pada tahun 1948, dan terutamanya sejak akhir 1970-an, masakan gabungan Israel telah berkembang. Kira-kira separuh penduduk Israel-Yahudi membuktikan untuk menjaga halal di rumah. Restoran kosher, walaupun jarang berlaku pada tahun 1960-an, menjadikan kira-kira 25% daripada keseluruhan sehingga 2015 [update], mungkin mencerminkan nilai-nilai sekular yang paling penting bagi mereka yang makan. Restoran hotel lebih cenderung untuk melayani makanan halal. Pasaran runcit yang tidak halal secara tradisinya jarang, tetapi berkembang dengan pesat dan berikutan kemasukan imigran dari Eropah Timur dan Rusia pada tahun 1990-an. Bersama ikan, arnab dan burung unta, daging babi yang sering disebut \"daging putih\" di Israel-dihasilkan dan dimakan, walaupun dilarang oleh agama Yahudi dan Islam. <> Bilakah masakan fusion Israel mula-mula berkembang? || 1948 <> Kosher restoran membuat apa peratus daripada jumlah restoran? || 25% <> Apakah daging babi sering dipanggil di Israel? || daging putih", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Israeli fusion cuisine first developed?", "id": "5725d36038643c19005acdb1", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kosher restaurants make up what percent of total restaurants?", "id": "5725d36038643c19005acdb2", "answers": [{"text": "25%", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is pork often called in Israel?", "id": "5725d36038643c19005acdb3", "answers": [{"text": "white meat", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israeli cuisine includes local dishes as well as dishes brought to the country by Jewish immigrants from the diaspora. Since the establishment of the State in 1948, and particularly since the late 1970s, an Israeli fusion cuisine has developed. Roughly half of the Israeli-Jewish population attests to keeping kosher at home. Kosher restaurants, though rare in the 1960s, make up around 25% of the total as of 2015[update], perhaps reflecting the largely secular values of those who dine out. Hotel restaurants are much more likely to serve kosher food. The non-kosher retail market was traditionally sparse, but grew rapidly and considerably following the influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe and Russia during the 1990s. Together with non-kosher fish, rabbits and ostriches, pork\u2014often called \"white meat\" in Israel\u2014is produced and consumed, though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam."}], ["Lagu-lagu rakyat kanonik bangsa, yang dikenali sebagai \"Lagu Tanah Israel,\" menangani pengalaman para perintis dalam membina tanah air Yahudi. Tarian bulatan Hora yang diperkenalkan oleh peneroka awal Yahudi pada asalnya popular di Kibbutzim dan masyarakat luar. Ia menjadi simbol pembinaan semula Zionis dan keupayaan untuk mengalami kegembiraan di tengah-tengah penjimatan. Ia kini memainkan peranan penting dalam tarian rakyat moden Israel dan sering dilakukan pada majlis perkahwinan dan perayaan lain, dan tarian kumpulan di seluruh Israel. [Tarian yang diperlukan] Tarian moden di Israel adalah bidang yang berkembang pesat, dan beberapa koreografer Israel seperti Ohad Naharin, Rami Beer, Barak Marshall dan banyak lagi, dianggap [oleh siapa?] Menjadi antara pencipta antarabangsa yang paling serba boleh dan asli yang bekerja hari ini. Syarikat terkenal Israel termasuk Syarikat Tarian Batsheva dan Syarikat Tarian Kontemporari Kibbutz. [Rujukan?] <> Apa lagu-lagu rakyat kanonik negara yang dikenali sebagai? || Lagu Tanah Israel <> Apa yang menjadi lambang pembinaan semula zionis? || Tarian Hora bulatan <> Apa bidang yang berkembang di Israel? || Tarian moden", {"qas": [{"question": "What the nation's canonical folk songs known as?", "id": "5725d27dec44d21400f3d633", "answers": [{"text": "Songs of the Land of Israel", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction?", "id": "5725d27dec44d21400f3d634", "answers": [{"text": "Hora circle dance", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's a flourishing field in Israel?", "id": "5725d27dec44d21400f3d635", "answers": [{"text": "Modern dance", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The nation's canonical folk songs, known as \"Songs of the Land of Israel,\" deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland. The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the Kibbutzim and outlying communities. It became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction and of the ability to experience joy amidst austerity. It now plays a significant role in modern Israeli folk dancing and is regularly performed at weddings and other celebrations, and in group dances throughout Israel.[citation needed] Modern dance in Israel is a flourishing field, and several Israeli choreographers such as Ohad Naharin, Rami Beer, Barak Marshall and many others, are considered[by whom?] to be among the most versatile and original international creators working today. Famous Israeli companies include the Batsheva Dance Company and the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company.[citation needed]"}], ["Catur adalah sukan utama di Israel dan dinikmati oleh orang-orang dari semua peringkat umur. Terdapat banyak pemain nuklear Israel dan pemain catur Israel yang memenangi beberapa kejohanan dunia belia. Israel memenangi kejohanan antarabangsa tahunan dan menganjurkan Kejohanan Catur Tim Dunia pada tahun 2005. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Persekutuan Catur Dunia bersetuju dengan projek pengajaran catur dalam sekolah-sekolah Israel, dan ia telah diperkenalkan ke dalam kurikulum beberapa sekolah. Kota Beersheba telah menjadi pusat catur nasional, dengan permainan yang diajar di taman kanak-kanak di kota ini. Mengikut sebahagiannya kepada imigresen Soviet, ia adalah rumah kepada jumlah terbesar catur nenek moyang mana-mana bandar di dunia. Pasukan catur Israel memenangi pingat perak pada Olimpik Catur 2008 dan gangsa, yang menduduki tempat ketiga di kalangan 148 pasukan, pada Olimpik 2010. Grandmaster Israel Boris Gelfand memenangi Piala Dunia Catur pada 2009 dan Kejohanan Calon 2011 untuk hak untuk mencabar juara dunia. Dia hanya kalah dalam Kejohanan Catur Dunia 2012 untuk memerintah juara dunia Anand selepas pemutus seri catur laju. [Rujukan?] <> Apa sukan utama di Israel? || Catur <> Apa bandar telah menjadi pusat catur negara? || Beersheba <> Siapa yang memenangi Piala Catur pada tahun 2009? || Boris Gelfand", {"qas": [{"question": "What's a leading sport in Israel?", "id": "5725d45b89a1e219009abf62", "answers": [{"text": "Chess", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city has become a national chess center?", "id": "5725d45b89a1e219009abf63", "answers": [{"text": "Beersheba", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the Chess Cup in 2009?", "id": "5725d45b89a1e219009abf64", "answers": [{"text": "Boris Gelfand", "answer_start": 866}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chess is a leading sport in Israel and is enjoyed by people of all ages. There are many Israeli grandmasters and Israeli chess players have won a number of youth world championships. Israel stages an annual international championship and hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005. The Ministry of Education and the World Chess Federation agreed upon a project of teaching chess within Israeli schools, and it has been introduced into the curriculum of some schools. The city of Beersheba has become a national chess center, with the game being taught in the city's kindergartens. Owing partly to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world. The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the 2008 Chess Olympiad and the bronze, coming in third among 148 teams, at the 2010 Olympiad. Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand won the Chess World Cup in 2009 and the 2011 Candidates Tournament for the right to challenge the world champion. He only lost the World Chess Championship 2012 to reigning world champion Anand after a speed-chess tie breaker.[citation needed]"}], ["Muzik Israel mengandungi pengaruh muzik dari seluruh dunia; Muzik Sephardic, melodi Hasidic, muzik Belly menari, muzik Greek, jazz, dan rock pop adalah sebahagian daripada adegan muzik. Di antara orkestra yang terkenal di dunia adalah Orkestra Filharmonik Israel, yang telah beroperasi lebih dari tujuh puluh tahun dan hari ini melakukan lebih daripada dua ratus konsert setiap tahun. Israel juga telah menghasilkan banyak nota pemuzik, beberapa yang mencapai kemasyhuran antarabangsa. Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman dan Ofra Haza adalah antara pemuzik yang terkenal di dunia yang dilahirkan di Israel. Israel telah mengambil bahagian dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision hampir setiap tahun sejak 1973, memenangi pertandingan tiga kali dan menganjurkannya dua kali. Eilat telah menganjurkan perayaan muzik antarabangsanya sendiri, Pesta Jazz Laut Merah, setiap musim panas sejak 1987. <> Apa orkestra Israel telah beroperasi selama lebih dari tujuh puluh tahun? || Orkestra Filharmonik Israel <> Apa tiga pemuzik yang terkenal di peringkat antarabangsa dilahirkan di Israel? || Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman dan Ofra Haza <> Yang menganjurkan pesta muzik antarabangsa sendiri setiap musim panas? || Eilat", {"qas": [{"question": "What Israeli orchestra has been in operation for more than seventy years?", "id": "5725d1ecec44d21400f3d62d", "answers": [{"text": "Israel Philharmonic Orchestra", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What three internationally acclaimed musicians were born in Israel?", "id": "5725d1ecec44d21400f3d62e", "answers": [{"text": "Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hosts its own international music festival every summer?", "id": "5725d1ecec44d21400f3d62f", "answers": [{"text": "Eilat", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world; Sephardic music, Hasidic melodies, Belly dancing music, Greek music, jazz, and pop rock are all part of the music scene. Among Israel's world-renowned orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year. Israel has also produced many musicians of note, some achieving international stardom. Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel.[citation needed] Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice. Eilat has hosted its own international music festival, the Red Sea Jazz Festival, every summer since 1987."}]], [["Para ilmuwan dan ahli sejarah dibahagikan kepada apa peristiwa yang menandakan berakhirnya zaman Hellenistik. Tempoh Hellenistik boleh dilihat sama ada dengan penaklukan terakhir tanah air Yunani oleh Rom pada tahun 146 SM berikutan Perang Achean, dengan kekalahan akhir Kerajaan Ptolemaik pada Pertempuran Actium pada tahun 31 SM, atau bahkan langkah Rom maharaja Constantine yang Agung dari ibukota Empayar Rom ke Constantinople pada 330 AD. \"Hellenistic\" dibezakan dari \"Hellenic\" dalam yang pertama merangkumi seluruh bidang pengaruh Yunani kuno langsung, sementara yang terakhir merujuk kepada Yunani itu sendiri. <> Bilakah kekalahan terakhir Kerajaan Ptolemaik? || 31 SM <> Siapa penguasa Rom? || Constantine the Great <> Bilakah ibu kota Romawi beralih ke Constantinople? || 330 AD <> Istilah apa yang mentakrifkan pengaruh budaya Yunani? || Hellenistic <> Di manakah Empayar Rom berpindah ke 330 AD? || Constantinople", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d067", "answers": [{"text": "31 BC", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Roman emporer?", "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d068", "answers": [{"text": "Constantine the Great", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?", "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d069", "answers": [{"text": "330 AD", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term defines the influence of Greek culture?", "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d06a", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?", "id": "5725b63f271a42140099d06b", "answers": [{"text": "Constantinople", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. \"Hellenistic\" is distinguished from \"Hellenic\" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself."}], ["Walaupun beberapa serpihan wujud, tidak ada kerja bersejarah yang masih hidup sehingga seratus tahun selepas kematian Alexander. Karya ahli sejarah Hellenistik utama Hieronymus of Cardia (yang bekerja di bawah Alexander, Antigonus I dan pengganti lain), Duris dari Samos dan Phylarchus yang digunakan oleh sumber yang masih hidup semuanya hilang. Sumber yang paling awal dan paling dipercayai untuk masa Hellenistik adalah Polybius Megalopolis (sekitar 200-118), seorang negarawan Liga Achaean hingga 168 BCE ketika ia dipaksa pergi ke Roma sebagai sandera. Sejarahnya akhirnya berkembang menjadi empat puluh buku, yang meliputi tahun 220 hingga 167 SM. <> Apakah sumber paling awal yang boleh dipercayai di zaman Hellenistik? || Polybius <> Di manakah Polybius dari? || Megalopolis <> Di mana Polybius terpaksa pergi sebagai tebusan? || Roma <> Berapa tahun lamanya buku Polybius? || 220 hingga 167 SM <> Apa Liga adalah Polybius seorang negarawan? || Achaean", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?", "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd76", "answers": [{"text": "Polybius", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Polybius from?", "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd77", "answers": [{"text": "Megalopolis", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?", "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd78", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years do Polybius books cover?", "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd79", "answers": [{"text": "220 to 167 BCE", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What League was Polybius a statesman?", "id": "5725b96289a1e219009abd7a", "answers": [{"text": "Achaean", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE."}], ["\"Hellenistic\" adalah perkataan moden dan konsep abad ke-19; idea zaman Hellenistik tidak wujud di Yunani Kuno. Walaupun perkataan yang berkaitan dengan bentuk atau makna, mis. Hellenist (Bahasa Yunani Kuno: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, Hell\u0113nist\u0113s), telah dibuktikan sejak zaman purba, ia adalah JG Droysen pada pertengahan abad ke-19, yang dalam karya klasiknya Geschichte des Hellenismus, iaitu Sejarah Hellenisme, mencipta istilah Hellenistik untuk merujuk dan mentakrifkan tempoh ketika budaya Yunani menyebar di dunia non-Yunani setelah penaklukan Alexander. Mengikuti Droysen, istilah Hellenistik dan berkaitan, mis. Hellenisme, telah digunakan secara meluas dalam pelbagai konteks; penggunaan yang ketara dalam Budaya dan Anarki oleh Matthew Arnold, di mana Hellenisme digunakan berbeza dengan Hebraisme. <> Siapa yang menulis Geschichte des Hellenismus? || J. G. Droysen <> Apa artinya Geschichte des Hellenismus? || Sejarah Hellenisme <> Siapa yang menulis Budaya dan Anarki? || Matthew Arnold <> Berapa abad apakah Hellenistik menjadi konsep? || 19 <> Dalam Budaya dan Anarki, Hebraisme berbeza dengan apa? || Hellenisme", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?", "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d087", "answers": [{"text": "J. G. Droysen", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?", "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d088", "answers": [{"text": "History of Hellenism", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?", "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d089", "answers": [{"text": "Matthew Arnold", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century did Hellenistic become a concept?", "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d08a", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?", "id": "5725b74c271a42140099d08b", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenism", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\"Hellenistic\" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, Hell\u0113nist\u0113s), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander\u2019s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism."}], ["Philip II adalah raja yang kuat dan berkembang dan dia mengambil kesempatan untuk memperluas wilayah Macedonia. Pada tahun 352 SM, beliau telah mencaplok Thessaly dan Magnesia. Pada tahun 338 SM, Philip mengalahkan tentera Theban dan Athenian gabungan di Pertempuran Chaeronea selepas satu dekad konflik yang buruk. Selepas itu, Philip membentuk League of Corinth, dengan berkesan membawa majoriti Greece di bawah pengaruhnya. Dia dipilih Hegemon dari liga, dan sebuah kempen menentang Achaemenid Empire of Persia telah dirancang. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa kempen ini berada di peringkat awal, dia dibunuh. <> Bilakah Raja Philip yang lampau II Thessaly dan Magnesia? || 352 SM <> Siapa yang merampas Thessaly dan Magnesia? || Philip II <> Kapan Pertempuran Chaeronea? || 338 SM <> Siapa yang membentuk League of Corinth? || Philip <> Siapa Philip II merancang kempen menentang ketika dia dibunuh? || Empayar Achaemenid dari Persia", {"qas": [{"question": "When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?", "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d48f", "answers": [{"text": "352 BC", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?", "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d490", "answers": [{"text": "Philip II", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Chaeronea?", "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d491", "answers": [{"text": "338 BC", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who formed the League of Corinth?", "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d492", "answers": [{"text": "Philip", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?", "id": "5725bbb1ec44d21400f3d493", "answers": [{"text": "Achaemenid Empire of Persia", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated."}], ["Isu utama dengan istilah Hellenistik terletak pada kemudahannya, karena penyebaran budaya Yunani bukanlah fenomena umum yang termaktub dalam istilah tersebut. Beberapa kawasan dunia yang ditaklukkan lebih dipengaruhi oleh pengaruh Yunani daripada yang lain. Istilah Hellenistik juga membayangkan bahawa populasi Yunani adalah majoriti di kawasan yang mereka selesaikan, sementara dalam kebanyakan kes, peneroka Yunani sebenarnya adalah minoriti di kalangan penduduk asli. Penduduk Yunani dan penduduk asli tidak selalu bercampur; orang-orang Yunani bergerak dan membawa budaya mereka sendiri, tetapi interaksi tidak selalu berlaku. <> Berapa banyak dunia ditakluki dipengaruhi oleh pengaruh Yunani? || Beberapa <> Berapa kerap penduduk campuran Yunani dan penduduk asli? || tidak selalu <> Istilah apa yang membayangkan bahawa populasi Yunani adalah majoriti di kawasan yang mereka hadapi? || Hellenistik", {"qas": [{"question": "How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?", "id": "5725b899ec44d21400f3d45d", "answers": [{"text": "Some", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often did Greek population and natives mix?", "id": "5725b899ec44d21400f3d45e", "answers": [{"text": "not always", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?", "id": "5725b899ec44d21400f3d45f", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur."}], ["Greece purba secara tradisional telah menjadi koleksi pecahan negeri-negeri yang sangat bebas. Selepas Perang Peloponnesian (431-404 SM), Greece telah jatuh di bawah hegemoni Spartan, di mana Sparta unggul tetapi tidak semua berkuasa. Hegemoni Spartan digantikan oleh Theban satu selepas Pertempuran Leuctra (371 SM), tetapi selepas Pertempuran Mantinea (362 SM), semua Greece sangat lemah sehingga tidak ada negara yang dapat menuntut keunggulan. Ia bertentangan dengan latar belakang ini, bahawa pencapaian Macedon bermula, di bawah raja Philip II. Macedon terletak di pinggir dunia Yunani, dan walaupun keluarga dirajanya mendakwa keturunan Yunani, orang Makedonia sendiri dipandang rendah sebagai orang-orang Yunani. Walau bagaimanapun, Macedon mempunyai kerajaan yang agak kuat dan berpusat, dan berbanding dengan kebanyakan negara Yunani, secara langsung menguasai kawasan besar. <> Bilakah Perang Peloponnesian? || 431-404 SM <> Apa hegemoney menggantikan Sparta selepas Pertempuran Leuctra? || Theban <> Kapan Pertempuran Leuctra? || 371 SM <> Kapan Pertempuran Mantinea? || 362 SM <> Raja manakah yang meminjamkan Macedon? || Philip II", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Peloponnesian War?", "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd96", "answers": [{"text": "431\u2013404 BC", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?", "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd97", "answers": [{"text": "Theban", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Leuctra?", "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd98", "answers": [{"text": "371 BC", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Mantinea?", "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd99", "answers": [{"text": "362 BC", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king lend the rise of Macedon?", "id": "5725bb0989a1e219009abd9a", "answers": [{"text": "Philip II", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431\u2013404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area."}], ["Meleager dan infantri menyokong pencalonan abang Alexander, Philip Arrhidaeus, sementara Perdiccas, komander berkuda berkuda, menyokong menunggu hingga kelahiran anak yang dilahirkan oleh Alexander oleh Roxana. Setelah infanteri menyerbu istana Babel, kompromi telah diatur - Arrhidaeus (sebagai Philip III) harus menjadi raja, dan harus memerintah bersama anak Roxana, dengan asumsi bahwa ia adalah seorang budak lelaki (sebagaimana yang menjadi Alexander IV). Perdikas sendiri akan menjadi bupati (epimelet) dari kerajaan, dan Meleager letnannya. Tidak lama kemudian, Perdiccas mempunyai Meleager dan pemimpin infantri yang lain dibunuh, dan menganggap sepenuhnya kawalan. Para jeneral yang telah menyokong Perdiccas telah diberi ganjaran dalam pemisahan Babel dengan menjadi satrap dari pelbagai bahagian empayar, tetapi kedudukan Perdiccas goyah, karena, seperti yang ditulis Arrian, \"semua orang curiga terhadapnya, dan dia dari mereka\". <> Siapa saudara lelaki Philip Arrhidaues? || Alexander <> Siapa komander kalbar? || Perdiccas <> yang memerintahkan kematian Meleager? || Perdiccas <> Apa bandar dipecah kepada jeneral yang menyokong Perdiccas? || Babylon <> yang mendokumentasikan bahawa Perdiccas 'telah disangkal? || Arrian", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?", "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb6", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leading calvary commander?", "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb7", "answers": [{"text": "Perdiccas", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who order the death of Meleager?", "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb8", "answers": [{"text": "Perdiccas", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?", "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdb9", "answers": [{"text": "Babylon", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? ", "id": "5725bcdc89a1e219009abdba", "answers": [{"text": "Arrian", "answer_start": 838}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon, a compromise was arranged \u2013 Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become regent (epimeletes) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, \"everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them\"."}], ["Sumber yang paling penting selepas Polybius adalah Diodorus Siculus yang menulis sejarahnya Bibliotheca antara 60 dan 30 BCE dan menghasilkan semula beberapa sumber awal yang penting seperti Hieronymus, tetapi rekeningnya tentang masa Hellenistic dipecahkan setelah pertempuran Ipsus (301). Satu lagi sumber penting, Plutarch (c.50-c.120) Kehidupan Serentak walaupun lebih sibuk dengan isu-isu watak peribadi dan moral, menggariskan sejarah tokoh Helenistik yang penting. Appian Alexandria (lewat abad pertama CE-sebelum 165 CE) menulis sejarah kerajaan Romawi yang merangkumi maklumat beberapa kerajaan Yunani. <> Bilakah Diodorus Siculus menulis Bibliotheca historica? || 60 dan 30 SM <> Apa pertempuran yang menandakan berakhirnya kerja Diodorus Siculus? || pertempuran Ipsus <> Siapa yang menulis Kehidupan Selari? || Plutarch <> Di manakah Apprian dari? || Alexandria <> Penulis mana yang menggariskan sejarah tokoh Helenistik yang penting? || Plutarch", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?", "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd86", "answers": [{"text": "60 and 30 BCE", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?", "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd87", "answers": [{"text": "battle of Ipsus", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Parallel Lives?", "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd88", "answers": [{"text": "Plutarch", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Apprian from?", "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd89", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?", "id": "5725ba4d89a1e219009abd8a", "answers": [{"text": "Plutarch", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch's (c.50\u2014c.120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms."}], ["Tempoh Hellenistik merangkumi tempoh sejarah Yunani kuno (Hellenic) dan sejarah Mediterranean antara kematian Alexander yang Agung pada tahun 323 SM dan kemunculan Empayar Rom sebagai ditandakan oleh Pertempuran Actium pada tahun 31 SM dan penaklukan seterusnya Ptolemaic Mesir tahun yang berikutnya. Pada masa ini pengaruh dan kuasa budaya Yunani berada di puncaknya di Eropah, Afrika dan Asia, mengalami kemakmuran dan kemajuan dalam seni, eksplorasi, kesusasteraan, teater, seni bina, muzik, matematik, falsafah, dan sains. Sebagai contoh, permainan awam yang kompetitif berlaku, idea dalam biologi, dan hiburan popular di teater. Ia sering dianggap sebagai tempoh peralihan, kadang kala dekaden atau degenerasi, berbanding dengan pencerahan era klasik Yunani. Tempoh Helenistik menyaksikan kebangkitan Komedi Baru, puisi Alexandria, Septuagint dan falsafah Stoicism dan Epicureanism. Sains Yunani telah maju dengan karya-karya ahli matematik Euclid dan Archimedes polymath. Bidang keagamaan berkembang untuk memasukkan tuhan-tuhan baru seperti Serekut Greco-Mesir, dewa-dewa timur seperti Attis dan Cybele dan penerapan agama Buddhisme Yunani. <> Apa matematikma memajukan Sains Greek? || Sains Yunani <> Berapa tempoh melihat kemunculan Komedi Baru? || Hellenistic <> Kapan Pertempuran Actium? || 31 SM <> Bilakah Alexander yang Agung mati? || 323 SM <> Berapa tempoh melihat kebangkitan Septuagint? || Hellenistic <> dd || Buddhisme <> d || yang Gre", {"qas": [{"question": "What mathematician advance Greek Science?", "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f34", "answers": [{"text": "Greek Science", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period saw the rise of New Comedy?", "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f35", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Actium?", "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f36", "answers": [{"text": "31 BC", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alexander the Great die?", "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f37", "answers": [{"text": "323 BC", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?", "id": "5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f38", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 802}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "dd", "id": "57262473271a42140099d4ec", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 1185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "d", "id": "57262473271a42140099d4ed", "answers": [{"text": "the Gre", "answer_start": 1090}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism."}], ["Selepas usaha Alexander the Great di Empayar Parsi, kerajaan-kerajaan Hellenistik ditubuhkan di seluruh Asia barat daya (Empayar Seleucid, Kerajaan Pergamon), Afrika timur laut (Kerajaan Ptolemaik) dan Asia Selatan (Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian, Kerajaan Indo-Yunani) . Ini mengakibatkan eksport budaya dan bahasa Yunani kepada alam baru ini melalui penjajahan Yunani-Makedonia, merangkumi sejauh Pakistan moden. Sama juga, kerajaan-kerajaan baru ini dipengaruhi oleh budaya pribumi, mengamalkan amalan tempatan yang bermanfaat, perlu, atau mudah. Kebudayaan Hellenistik dengan demikian mewakili gabungan dunia Yunani Kuno dengan Timur Tengah, Timur Tengah, dan Asia Barat Daya, dan pemergian dari sikap Yunani yang terdahulu ke arah budaya \"gasar\". Periode Helenistik dicirikan oleh gelombang baru penjajahan Yunani (dibezakan dari yang terjadi pada abad ke-8 ke 6 SM) yang menubuhkan bandar-bandar dan kerajaan-kerajaan Yunani di Asia dan Afrika. Kota-kota baru ini terdiri daripada penjajah Yunani yang datang dari berbagai belahan dunia Yunani, dan tidak, seperti sebelumnya, dari \"ibu kota\" tertentu. Pusat kebudayaan utama berkembang dari tanah besar Greece ke Pergamon, Rhodes, dan koloni Yunani baru seperti Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria dan Ai-Khanoum. Campuran penceramah Yunani ini melahirkan dialek berasaskan Attic yang biasa, yang dikenali sebagai Koine Greek, yang menjadi lingua franca melalui dunia Hellenistik. <> Apakah dialek berasaskan Attic yang biasa? || Koine Greek <> Di mana Kerajaan Ptolemaic? || Afrika utara-timur <> Di mana Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian? || Asia Selatan <> Dimana Kerajaan Indo-Yunani? || Asia Selatan <> Di mana Kerajaan Pergamon? || barat daya Asia", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a common Attic-based dialect?", "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba5", "answers": [{"text": "Koine Greek", "answer_start": 1376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba6", "answers": [{"text": "north-east Africa", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?", "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba7", "answers": [{"text": "South Asia", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?", "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba8", "answers": [{"text": "South Asia", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?", "id": "5725b56a38643c19005acba9", "answers": [{"text": "south-west Asia", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards \"barbarian\" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th\u20136th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific \"mother city\". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world."}], ["Sparta tetap bebas, tetapi ia tidak lagi menjadi kuasa ketenteraan utama di Peloponnese. Raja Spartan Cleomenes III (235-222 BCE) mengadakan rampasan kuasa tentera terhadap ephors konservatif dan mendorong pembaharuan sosial dan tanah radikal untuk meningkatkan saiz rakyat Spartan yang mengecut dapat memberikan perkhidmatan ketenteraan dan memulihkan kuasa Spartan. Tawaran Sparta untuk supremasi telah dihancurkan pada Pertempuran Sellasia (222) oleh liga Achaean dan Macedon, yang memulihkan kekuatan ephors. <> Berapa tahunkah peraturan Cleomenes III? || 235-222 BCE <> Pada 222 BCE, Sparta kehilangan Pertempuran apa? || Pertempuran Sellasia <> Siapa yang kalah dalam Pertempuran Sellasia? || Sparta <> Apa pengaruh Sparta di Peloponnese? || bebas", {"qas": [{"question": "What years did Cleomenes III rule?", "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe80", "answers": [{"text": "235\u2013222 BCE", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?", "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe81", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Sellasia", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?", "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe82", "answers": [{"text": "Sparta", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?", "id": "5725c6e189a1e219009abe83", "answers": [{"text": "independent", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235\u2013222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors."}], ["Negara-negara kota lain membentuk negara-negara bersekutu dalam pertahanan diri, seperti Liga Aetolia (sekitar 370 SM), Liga Achaean (sekitar 280 SM), liga Boeotian, \"Liga Utara\" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica dan Tium) dan \"Liga Nesiotik\" Cyclades. Persekutuan ini melibatkan kerajaan pusat yang mengawal dasar dan hal ehwal ketenteraan asing, sementara meninggalkan sebahagian besar pemerintah tempatan ke negara-negara kota, sistem yang disebut sympoliteia. Di negeri-negeri seperti liga Achaean, ini juga melibatkan kemasukan kumpulan etnik lain ke dalam persekutuan dengan hak yang sama, dalam kes ini, bukan Achaeans. Liga Achean mampu mengusir orang Makedonia dari Peloponnese dan Korintus percuma, yang telah menyertai liga. <> Bilakah terbentuk Liga Aetolian? || 370 BCE <> Bilakah Liga Achaean dibentuk? || 280 SM <> Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica dan Tium membentuk liga apa? || Liga Utara <> Sistem apa yang mewakilkan urusan ketenteraan dan luar negeri kepada kerajaan pusat dan urusan tempatan ke negara-negara kota? || sympoliteia <> Apa liga membebaskan Korintus? || Achean", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Aetolian League formed?", "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce1", "answers": [{"text": "370 BCE", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Achaean League formed?", "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce2", "answers": [{"text": "280 BCE", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?", "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce3", "answers": [{"text": "Northern League", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?", "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce4", "answers": [{"text": "sympoliteia", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What league freed Corinth?", "id": "5725c85738643c19005acce5", "answers": [{"text": "Achean", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the \"Northern League\" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the \"Nesiotic League\" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league."}], ["Antigonus kemudian menghantar anaknya Demetrius untuk menguasai semula Greece. Pada tahun 307 ia mengambil Athena, mengusir Demetrius dari Phaleron, gabenor Cassander, dan mengumumkan bandar bebas lagi. Demetrius kini memperhatikan Ptolemy, mengalahkan armadanya di Pertempuran Salamis dan menguasai Cyprus. Selepas kemenangan ini, Antigonus mengambil gelaran raja (basileus) dan memberikannya kepada anaknya, Demetrius Poliorcetes, yang lain diikuti oleh Diadochi. Demetrius meneruskan kempennya dengan meletakkan pengepungan ke Rhodes dan menakluk kebanyakan Greece pada 302, mencipta liga melawan Macedon Cassander. <> Anak manakah yang menghantar Antigonus untuk menguasai semula Greece? || Demetrius <> Bilakah Demetrius mengawal Athens? || 307 <> Siapa yang memberikan gelaran raja kepada Demetrius Poliorcetes? || Antigonus <> Peperangan apa yang Demetrius Poliorcetes mengalahkan armada Ptolemy? || Pertempuran Salamis <> Wilayah apakah yang telah berperang di Pertempuran Salamis? || Cyprus", {"qas": [{"question": "Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?", "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4dd", "answers": [{"text": "Demetrius", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Demetrius take control of Athens?", "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4de", "answers": [{"text": "307", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4df", "answers": [{"text": "Antigonus", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?", "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4e0", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Salamis", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?", "id": "5725c1b9ec44d21400f3d4e1", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon."}], ["Perang Diadochi yang kedua bermula dengan kematian Antipater pada 319 SM. Melewati anaknya sendiri, Cassander, Antipater telah mengisytiharkan Polyperchon penggantinya sebagai Bupati. Cassander bangkit dalam pemberontakan terhadap Polyperchon (yang disertai oleh Eumenes) dan disokong oleh Antigonus, Lysimachus dan Ptolemy. Pada 317, Cassander menyerang Macedonia, mencapai kawalan Macedon, menjatuhkan hukuman ke Olimpia dan menangkap budak lelaki Alexander IV, dan ibunya. Di Asia, Eumenes telah dikhianati oleh orang-orangnya sendiri selepas bertahun-tahun berkempen dan diserahkan kepada Antigonus yang membunuhnya. <> Bilakah Antipater mati? || 319 SM <> Siapa yang membuat deklarasi Antipater sebagai penggantinya? || Polyperchon <> Bilakah Cassander menyerang Macedonia? || 317 <> Siapa yang mengarahkan pelaksanaan Eumenes? || Antigonus <> Yang menghukum Olympias sehingga mati? || Cassander", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Antipater die?", "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc55", "answers": [{"text": "319 BC", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Antipater declar as his successor?", "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc56", "answers": [{"text": "Polyperchon", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Cassander invade Macedonia?", "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc57", "answers": [{"text": "317", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered Eumenes' execution?", "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc58", "answers": [{"text": "Antigonus", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sentenced Olympias to death?", "id": "5725c00938643c19005acc59", "answers": [{"text": "Cassander", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed."}], ["Penglibatan perang yang menentukan adalah ketika Lysimachus menyerang dan mengatasi banyak Anatolia barat, tetapi tidak lama kemudian diasingkan oleh Antigonus dan Demetrius dekat Ipsus di Phrygia. Seleucus tiba pada waktunya untuk menyelamatkan Lysimachus dan sepenuhnya menghancurkan Antigonus di Pertempuran Ipsus pada 301 SM. Gajah perang Seleucus terbukti tegas, Antigonus terbunuh, dan Demetrius melarikan diri ke Greece untuk cuba mengekalkan sisa-sisa pemerintahannya di sana dengan menangkap semula Athena yang memberontak. Sementara itu, Lysimachus mengambil alih Ionia, Seleucus mengambil Cilicia, dan Ptolemy menawan Cyprus. <> Siapa menyelamatkan Lysimachus di Phrygia? || Seleucus <> Yang kalah dalam Pertempuran Ipsus? || Antigonus <> Kapan Pertempuran Ipsus? || 301 BCE <> Selepas Antigonus dibunuh, apa wilayah yang diambil Seleucus? || Cilicia <> Selepas Antigonus dibunuh, kawasan apa yang diambil Ptolemy? || Cyprus", {"qas": [{"question": "Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?", "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe02", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucus", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?", "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe03", "answers": [{"text": "Antigonus", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Ipsus?", "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe04", "answers": [{"text": "301 BCE", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?", "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe05", "answers": [{"text": "Cilicia", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?", "id": "5725c25489a1e219009abe06", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus."}], ["Negara-negara kota bebas tidak dapat bersaing dengan kerajaan-kerajaan Hellenistik dan biasanya dipaksa untuk bersekutu dengan salah satu dari mereka untuk pertahanan, memberikan penghormatan kepada raja-raja Hellenistik sebagai balasan untuk perlindungan. Satu contoh adalah Athens, yang telah ditumpaskan secara tegas oleh Antipater dalam peperangan Lamian (323-322) dan mempunyai pelabuhannya di Piraeus yang dipenjarakan oleh tentera Macedon yang menyokong oligarki konservatif. Selepas Demetrius Poliorcetes menangkap Athens pada 307 dan memulihkan demokrasi, Athenians menghormati dia dan bapanya Antigonus dengan meletakkan patung-patung emas mereka di atas agora dan memberikan mereka gelaran raja. Athens kemudiannya bersekutu dengan Ptolemaic Mesir untuk melenyapkan pemerintahan Makedonia, akhirnya menubuhkan kultus keagamaan untuk raja-raja Ptolemaic dan menamakan salah satu filamen kota sebagai penghormatan kepada Ptolemy atas bantuannya terhadap Macedon. Walaupun wang dan armada Ptolemaic menyokong usaha mereka, Athens dan Sparta dikalahkan oleh Antigonus II semasa Perang Chremonidean (267-61). Athens kemudian diduduki oleh tentera Makedonia, dan dikendalikan oleh pegawai Macedonia. <> Bilakah perang Lamian? || 323-322 <> Bilakah Demetrius Poliorcetes menangkap Athens? || 307 <> Siapa bapa Demetrius Poliorcetes? || Antigonus <> Athens bersekutu dengan rantau apa yang akan menghapuskan peraturan Macedonia? || Mesir Ptolemaic <> Bilakah Perang Chremonidean? || 267-61", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Lamian war?", "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe68", "answers": [{"text": "323-322", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?", "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe69", "answers": [{"text": "307", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?", "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6a", "answers": [{"text": "Antigonus", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?", "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6b", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemaic Egypt", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Chremonidean War?", "id": "5725c5dd89a1e219009abe6c", "answers": [{"text": "267-61", "answer_start": 989}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials."}], ["Semasa zaman Helenistik, pentingnya Yunani dalam dunia berbahasa Yunani menurun dengan ketara. Pusat-pusat besar budaya Hellenistik adalah Alexandria dan Antioch, ibu kota Ptolemaic Mesir dan Syria Seleucid. Penaklukan Alexander sangat meluas di dunia Yunani, menjadikan konflik yang tidak berkesudahan di antara kota-kota yang telah menandakan abad ke-5 dan ke-4 SM kelihatan kecil dan tidak penting. Ia membawa kepada penghijrahan yang mantap, terutamanya yang muda dan bercita-cita, ke empayar Yunani yang baru di timur. Banyak orang Yunani yang berhijrah ke Alexandria, Antioch dan banyak lagi bandar-bandar Hellenistik baru yang ditubuhkan di tengah-tengah Alexander, sejauh Afghanistan dan Pakistan moden. <> Apa modal Mesir Ptolemaic? || Alexandria <> Apa modal Syria Seleucid? || Antioch <> Alexander dan Antioch adalah pusat budaya apa? || Hellenistic <> Apa yang ditakdirkan pemimpin-pemimpin yang meluaskan dunia dunia Yunani? || Alexander <> Apa demografi tertentu berhijrah ke empayar Yunani yang baru? || muda dan bercita-cita tinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?", "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4a", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?", "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4b", "answers": [{"text": "Antioch", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?", "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4c", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?", "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?", "id": "5725c50489a1e219009abe4e", "answers": [{"text": "young and ambitious", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan."}], ["Perang ketiga Diadochi pecah kerana kuasa dan cita-cita Antigonus yang berkembang. Dia mula melepaskan dan melantik satrap seperti seolah-olah dia menjadi raja dan juga menyerbu perbendaharaan kerajaan di Ectabana, Persepolis dan Susa, dengan kira-kira 25,000 talenta. Seleucus terpaksa melarikan diri ke Mesir dan Antigonus tidak lama lagi berperang dengan Ptolemy, Lysimachus, dan Cassander. Dia kemudian menyerang Phoenicia, mengepung Tirus, menyerang Gaza dan mula membina sebuah armada. Ptolemy menyerang Syria dan mengalahkan anak lelaki Antigonus, Demetrius Poliorcetes, dalam Pertempuran Gaza pada 312 SM yang membenarkan Seleucus untuk menguasai Babylonia, dan satrapi timur. Pada 310, Cassander mempunyai anak muda Raja Alexander IV dan ibunya Roxane dibunuh, mengakhiri Dinasti Argead yang memerintah Macedon selama beberapa abad. <> Berapa banyak bakat yang dicuri Diadochi dari Ectabana, Persepolis dan Susa? || 25,000 <> yang mengalahkan Demetrius Poliorcetes? || Ptolemy <> Kapan Pertempuran Gaza? || 312 SM <> Siapa yang mengarahkan kematian Raja Alexander IV? || Cassander <> Tahun berapakah Dinasti Argead berakhir? || 310", {"qas": [{"question": "How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?", "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4cd", "answers": [{"text": "25,000", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4ce", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Gaza?", "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4cf", "answers": [{"text": "312 BC", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?", "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4d0", "answers": [{"text": "Cassander", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Argead Dynasty end?", "id": "5725c0cfec44d21400f3d4d1", "answers": [{"text": "310", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries."}], ["Yang pertama dari perang Diadochi berlaku ketika Perdiccas merancang untuk menikahi kakak Alexander Cleopatra dan mula mempertanyakan kepimpinan Antigonus I Monophthalmus di Asia Minor. Antigonus melarikan diri ke Greece, dan kemudian, bersama-sama dengan Antipater dan Craterus (wakil dari Cilicia yang telah berada di Greece memerangi perang Lamian) menyerang Anatolia. Para pemberontak disokong oleh Lysimachus, satrap Thrace dan Ptolemy, satrap Mesir. Walaupun Eumenes, satrap Cappadocia, mengalahkan pemberontak di Asia Minor, Perdiccas sendiri dibunuh oleh jenderalnya sendiri Peithon, Seleucus, dan Antigen (mungkin dengan bantuan Ptolemy) semasa serangannya ke Mesir (21 Mei hingga 19 Jun, 320) . Ptolemy datang kepada pembunuh Perdiccas, membuat benteng Peithon dan Arrhidaeus di tempatnya, tetapi tidak lama kemudian ini telah sampai kepada perjanjian baru dengan Antipater di Perjanjian Triparadisus. Antipater dijadikan bupati Empayar, dan kedua raja itu dipindahkan ke Macedon. Antigonus tetap bertanggungjawab terhadap Asia kecil, Ptolemy mengekalkan Mesir, Lysimachus mengekalkan Thrace dan Seleucus I menguasai Babel. <> Siapa yang membuat rancangan Diadochi berkahwin? || Cleopatra <> Siapa kakak perempuan Alexander? || Cleopatra <> Siapa pemimpin di Asia Kecil? || Antigonus I Monophthalmus <> Bersama dengan Antipater dan Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus menyerang rantau ini? || Anatolia <> Peithon, Seleucus, dan Antigen membunuh siapa? || Perdiccas", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Diadochi plan to marry?", "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d0ff", "answers": [{"text": "Cleopatra", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Alexander's sister?", "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d100", "answers": [{"text": "Cleopatra", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader in Asia Minor?", "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d101", "answers": [{"text": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?", "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d102", "answers": [{"text": "Anatolia", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?", "id": "5725bd9f271a42140099d103", "answers": [{"text": "Perdiccas", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon."}], ["Selepas kematian Cassander pada 298 BCE, Demetrius, yang masih mengekalkan tentera dan armada setia yang besar, menyerang Macedon, merampas takhta Makedonia (294) dan menaklukkan Thessaly dan kebanyakan pusat Greece (293-291). Dia dikalahkan pada 288 SM ketika Lysimachus dari Thrace dan Pyrrhus dari Epirus menyerang Macedon di dua bidang, dan dengan cepat mengukir kerajaan untuk diri mereka sendiri. Demetrius melarikan diri ke pusat Greece dengan tentera upahannya dan mula membina sokongan di sana dan di utara Peloponnese. Dia sekali lagi mengepung Athena selepas mereka menghidupkannya, tetapi kemudian melancarkan perjanjian dengan Athenians dan Ptolemy, yang membolehkannya menyeberang ke Asia kecil dan berperang melawan kepemilikan Lysimachus di Ionia, meninggalkan anaknya, Antigonus Gonatas di Greece . Selepas kejayaan awal, beliau terpaksa menyerahkan diri ke Seleucus pada 285 dan kemudian meninggal dunia dalam tahanan. Lysimachus, yang telah merampas Macedon dan Thessaly untuk dirinya sendiri, dipaksa berperang apabila Seleucus menyerang wilayahnya di Asia kecil dan telah dikalahkan dan dibunuh pada 281 BCE di Pertempuran Corupedium, berhampiran Sardis. Seleucus kemudiannya cuba menakluki wilayah Eropah Lysimachus di Thrace dan Macedon, tetapi dia dibunuh oleh Ptolemy Ceraunus (\"kilat\"), yang telah berlindung di mahkamah Seleucid dan kemudiannya diiktiraf sebagai raja Macedon. Ptolemy terbunuh apabila Macedon diserang oleh Gauls pada 279, kepalanya terjebak dengan tombak dan negara itu jatuh ke dalam anarki. Antigonus II Gonatas menyerang Thrace pada musim panas 277 dan menewaskan 18,000 Gaul yang besar. Dia cepat-cepat dipuji sebagai raja Macedon dan kemudian memerintah selama 35 tahun. <> Bilakah Cassander mati? || 298 BCE <> Bilakah Demetrius merampas takhta Makedonia? || 294 <> Siapa yang menangkap Demetrius? || Seleucus <> Apa tahun yang dibunuh Seleucus? || 281 SM <> Pada apa pertempuran itu Seleucus terbunuh? || Pertempuran Corupedium", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Cassander die?", "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7b", "answers": [{"text": "298 BCE", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?", "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7c", "answers": [{"text": "294", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who captured Demetrius?", "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7d", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucus", "answer_start": 808}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Seleucus killed?", "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7e", "answers": [{"text": "281 BCE", "answer_start": 1017}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what battle was Seleucus killed ?", "id": "5725c33f38643c19005acc7f", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Corupedium", "answer_start": 1032}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (\"the thunderbolt\"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years."}], ["Philip V, yang berkuasa ketika Doson meninggal pada 221 SM, adalah pemerintah Macedonian yang terakhir dengan bakat dan kesempatan untuk menyatukan Yunani dan memelihara kemerdekaannya terhadap \"awan yang meningkat di barat\": kuasa yang semakin meningkat di Rom . Dia dikenali sebagai \"sayang Hellas\". Di bawah naungannya, Peace of Naupactus (217 SM) membawa perang terakhir antara Macedon dan liga Yunani (perang sosial 220-217) hingga akhir, dan pada masa ini dia menguasai seluruh Yunani kecuali Athena, Rhodes dan Pergamum. <> Bilakah Doson mati? || 221 SM <> Siapa yang mengawal apabila Doson mati? || Philip V <> Penguasa mana yang mempunyai peluang terakhir untuk menyatukan Greece? || Philip V <> Apakah Philip V dikenali? || Sayang Hellas <> Kapan Perasaan Naupaktus? || 217 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Doson die?", "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ab", "answers": [{"text": "221 BC", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took control when Doson died?", "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ac", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?", "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ad", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Philip V known as?", "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5ae", "answers": [{"text": "the darling of Hellas", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Peace of Naupactus?", "id": "5725cb5eec44d21400f3d5af", "answers": [{"text": "217 BC", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the \"cloud rising in the west\": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as \"the darling of Hellas\". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum."}], ["Ptolemy, somatophylax, salah satu daripada tujuh pengawal peribadi yang berkhidmat sebagai jeneral dan timbalan Alexander Agung, dilantik sebagai satrap Mesir selepas kematian Alexander pada 323 SM. Pada 305 SM, beliau mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Raja Ptolemy I, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai \"Soter\" (penyelamat) untuk peranannya dalam membantu Rhodians semasa pengepungan Rhodes. Ptolemy membina bandar-bandar baru seperti Ptolemais Hermiou di Mesir atas dan menetap veterannya di seluruh negara, terutama di wilayah Faiyum. Alexandria, pusat utama budaya dan perdagangan Yunani, menjadi ibukota. Sebagai bandar pelabuhan pertama Mesir, ia adalah pengeksport bijirin utama di Mediterranean. <> Siapa yang dilantik sebagai satrap Mesir selepas kematian Alexander? || Ptolemy <> Bilakah Alexander mati dan Ptolemy menganggap kedudukannya? || 323 SM <> Kapan Ptolemy mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Raja Ptolemy I? || 305 SM <> Apa nama panggilan Rhodians memberikan Ptolemy? || Soter <> Di mana Ptolemy menetap paling banyak veterannya? || Faiyum", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?", "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d651", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?", "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d652", "answers": [{"text": "323 BC", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?", "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d653", "answers": [{"text": "305 BC", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?", "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d654", "answers": [{"text": "Soter", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?", "id": "5725d3b8ec44d21400f3d655", "answers": [{"text": "Faiyum", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as \"Soter\" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean."}], ["Antigonus II, seorang pelajar Zeno dari Citium, membelanjakan sebahagian besar pemerintahannya untuk mempertahankan Macedon melawan Epirus dan menyemai kuasa Macedonia di Greece, pertama melawan Athenians dalam Perang Chremonidean, dan kemudian melawan Liga Achaean Aratus of Sicyon. Di bawah Antigonid, Macedonia sering kekurangan dana, tambang-tambang Pangaeum tidak lagi produktif seperti di bawah Philip II, kekayaan dari kempen Alexander telah digunakan dan pedesaan yang dijarah oleh pencerobohan Gallic. Sejumlah besar penduduk Macedonia juga telah ditempatkan di luar negeri oleh Alexander atau telah memilih untuk berpindah ke bandar-bandar Yunani timur yang baru. Sehingga dua pertiga daripada penduduk berhijrah, dan tentera Macedonia hanya boleh mengira pada levi 25,000 orang, satu kuasa yang jauh lebih kecil daripada di bawah Philip II. <> Perang apa perang Antigonus II melawan Athenians? || Perang Chremonidean <> Lombong apa yang menurun dalam pengeluaran di bawah Antigonids? || Pangaeum <> Seberapa besar tentera Macedonia di bawah Antigonid? || 25,000 orang yang mengajar Antigonus II? || Zeno dari Citium <> Siapa yang mempertahankan Antigonus II? || Epirus", {"qas": [{"question": "What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?", "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d1", "answers": [{"text": "Chremonidean War", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?", "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d2", "answers": [{"text": "Pangaeum", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?", "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d3", "answers": [{"text": "25,000 men", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who taught Antigonus II?", "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d4", "answers": [{"text": "Zeno of Citium", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Antigonus II defend against?", "id": "5725cad4271a42140099d1d5", "answers": [{"text": "Epirus", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II."}], ["Orang Yunani dalam pra-Roman Gaul kebanyakannya terhad kepada pantai Provence di Mediterania. Koloni Yunani pertama di rantau ini adalah Massalia, yang menjadi salah satu pelabuhan perdagangan terbesar Mediterranean pada abad ke-4 SM dengan 6.000 penduduk. Massalia juga merupakan hegemon setempat, yang mengawal bandar-bandar Yunani seperti Nice dan Agde. Duit syiling yang dicetak di Massalia telah ditemui di semua bahagian Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Koin Celtic dipengaruhi oleh rekaan Yunani, dan huruf Yunani dapat ditemui pada pelbagai koin Celtic, terutama di Perancis Selatan. Peniaga dari Massalia menceburkan diri ke pedalaman jauh ke Perancis di Rivers Durance dan Rh\u00f4ne, dan menubuhkan laluan perdagangan di pedalaman ke Gaul, dan ke Switzerland dan Burgundy. Periode Helenistik menyaksikan abjad Yunani tersebar ke selatan Gaul dari Massalia (abad ke-3 dan ke-2 BCE) dan menurut Strabo, Massalia juga merupakan pusat pendidikan, di mana Celts pergi mempelajari bahasa Yunani. Sekutu Roma yang kuat, Massalia mempertahankan kemerdekaannya sehingga ia berpihak kepada Pompey pada 49 BCE dan kemudian diambil oleh pasukan Caesar. <> Apa koloni Yunani pertama di Mediterranean? || Massalia <> Berapa banyak penduduk di Massalia? || 6,000 <> Siapa yang menguasai Nice dan Agde? || Massalia <> Massalia adalah pusat pendidikan menurut siapa? || Strabo <> Bilakah Massalia memihak kepada Pompey? || 49 BCE", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?", "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf30", "answers": [{"text": "Massalia", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many inhabitants were in Massalia?", "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf31", "answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who controlled Nice and Agde?", "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf32", "answers": [{"text": "Massalia", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Massalia was the center of education according to whom?", "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf33", "answers": [{"text": "Strabo", "answer_start": 874}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Massalia side with Pompey?", "id": "5725d04f89a1e219009abf34", "answers": [{"text": "49 BCE", "answer_start": 1045}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rh\u00f4ne, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces."}], ["Salah satu daripada beberapa negeri bandar yang berjaya mengekalkan kemerdekaan sepenuhnya daripada kawalan mana-mana kerajaan Hellenistik adalah Rhodes. Dengan tentera laut yang mahir untuk melindungi armada perdagangannya daripada lanun dan kedudukan strategik yang ideal yang meliputi laluan dari timur ke Aegean, Rhodes berkembang maju semasa zaman Helenistik. Ia menjadi pusat budaya dan perdagangan, syilingnya telah diedarkan secara meluas dan sekolah falsafahnya menjadi salah satu yang terbaik di mediterranean. Selepas bertahan selama satu tahun di bawah pengepungan oleh Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 SM), Rhodians membina Colossus Rhodes untuk memperingati kemenangan mereka. Mereka mengekalkan kemerdekaan mereka dengan penyelenggaraan angkatan tentera yang kuat, dengan mengekalkan sikap yang neutral dengan sengaja dan bertindak untuk memelihara keseimbangan kuasa antara kerajaan-kerajaan Hellenistik utama. <> Apa yang Rhodians membina untuk memperingati kemenangan mereka terhadap Demetrius Poliorcetes? || Colossus of Rhodes <> Berapa tempoh Rhodes berjaya? || Helenistik <> Apakah pasukan tentera membantu Rhodes mengekalkan kemerdekaan mereka? || navy <> Berapa tahun Rhodes diserang oleh Demetrius Poliorcetes? || 304-305 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea4", "answers": [{"text": "Colossus of Rhodes", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period did Rhodes prosper?", "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea5", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?", "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea6", "answers": [{"text": "navy", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "id": "5725c97d89a1e219009abea7", "answers": [{"text": "304-305 BCE", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms."}], ["Pantai Balkan barat didiami oleh pelbagai suku dan kerajaan Illyria seperti kerajaan Dalmatae dan Ardiaei, yang sering terlibat dalam perompakan di bawah Ratu Teuta (memerintah 231 SM hingga 227 SM). Di pedalaman pula adalah Kerajaan Illyrian Paeonia dan suku Agrianes yang merangkumi kebanyakan republik Macedonia moden. Illyrians di pantai Adriatik berada di bawah pengaruh dan pengaruh Hellenisation dan sesetengah puak yang menggunakan bahasa Yunani, menjadi dwibahasa kerana berdekatan dengan koloni Yunani di Illyria. Illyrians mengimport senjata dan perisai dari Yunani Kuno (seperti helm jenis Illyrian, asalnya jenis Yunani) dan juga mengadopsi hiasan Macedon Kuno pada perisai mereka dan tali perang mereka (satu pun telah ditemukan, bertarikh abad ke-3 SM di moden Selce e Poshtme sebahagian daripada Macedon pada masa di bawah Philip V of Macedon). <> Berapa tahunkah pemerintahan Queen Teutra? || 231 SM hingga 227 SM <> Dari manakah Illyrians mengimport senjata dan perisai? || Yunani Kuno <> Apa jenis atau hiasan yang dipaparkan pada ilusi Illyrians dan sabuk perang? || Macedon Purba <> Apakah puak-puak yang didiami di Pantai Balkan? || Illyrian <> Apa suku kaum yang merangkumi kebanyakan republik Macedonia? || Agrianes", {"qas": [{"question": "What years did Queen Teutra reign?", "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd35", "answers": [{"text": "231 BC to 227 BCE", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?", "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd36", "answers": [{"text": "Ancient Greeks", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?", "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd37", "answers": [{"text": "Ancient Macedon", "answer_start": 700}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?", "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd38", "answers": [{"text": "Illyrian", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?", "id": "5725cd5838643c19005acd39", "answers": [{"text": "Agrianes", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon)."}], ["Kerajaan Odrysian adalah kesatuan suku kaum Thracian di bawah raja-raja suku kaum Odrysian kuat yang berpusat di sekitar wilayah Thrace. Pelbagai bahagian Thrace berada di bawah pemerintahan Makedonia di bawah Philip II Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, dan Philip V tetapi juga sering diperintah oleh raja-raja mereka sendiri. The Thracians dan Agrianes digunakan secara meluas oleh Alexander sebagai peltasts dan berkuda ringan, membentuk kira-kira seperlima dari tenteranya. Diadochi juga menggunakan tentera upahan Thracian dalam tentera mereka dan mereka juga digunakan sebagai penjajah. Orang Odrysians menggunakan bahasa Yunani sebagai bahasa pentadbiran dan bangsawan. Bangsawan juga menggunakan fesyen Yunani dalam pakaian, perhiasan dan peralatan ketenteraan, menyebarkannya ke suku-suku lain. Raja-raja Thracian adalah antara yang pertama yang menjadi Hellenised. <> Kawasan apa yang menjadi pusat Kerajaan Odrysian? || Thrace <> Siapa yang menggunakan Thracians dan Agrianes sebagai pasukan berkuda ringan? || Alexander <> Seberapa kecil tentera Alexander terdiri daripada Thracians dan Agrianes? || seperlima <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh orang Odrysian? || Yunani <> Yang mana raja-raja yang antara yang pertama menjadi Hellenized? || Thracian", {"qas": [{"question": "What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?", "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d209", "answers": [{"text": "Thrace", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?", "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20a", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?", "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20b", "answers": [{"text": "one fifth", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was spoken by the Odrysians?", "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20c", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?", "id": "5725ce2e271a42140099d20d", "answers": [{"text": "Thracian", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized."}], ["Pada 215 SM, Philip dengan mata pada Illyria, membentuk satu perikatan dengan musuh Roma, Hannibal dari Carthage, yang membawa kepada perikatan Rom dengan Liga Achaean, Rhodes dan Pergamum. Perang Macedonian Pertama berlaku pada tahun 212 SM, dan berakhir secara tidak konsisten pada 205 SM. Philip terus berperang melawan Pergamon dan Rhodes untuk mengawal Aegean (204-200 BCE) dan mengabaikan permintaan Rom untuk tidak campur tangan di Greece dengan menyerang Attica. Pada tahun 198 SM, semasa Perang Macedonian Kedua Philip ditumpaskan secara tegas di Cynoscephalae oleh prokonsul Rom Titus Quinctius Flamininus dan Macedon kehilangan kesemua wilayahnya di Yunani. Yunani kini dibawa masuk ke dalam pengaruh Rom, walaupun ia mengekalkan autonomi nominal. Akhir dari Antigonid Macedon datang ketika anak Philip V, Perseus, dikalahkan dan ditangkap oleh orang Rom dalam Perang Ketiga Mac (171-168 SM). <> Bilakah Philip membentuk dan bersekutu dengan Hannibal dari Carthage? || 215 SM <> Kapan Perang Macedonian Pertama bermula? || 212 SM <> Kapan Perang Macedonian Pertama berakhir? || 205 SM <> Bagaimana Perang Macedonian Pertama berakhir? || inconclusively <> yang mengalahkan Philip? || Titus Quinctius Flamininus", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?", "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee2", "answers": [{"text": "215 BC", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the First Macedonian War begin?", "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee3", "answers": [{"text": "212 BC", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the First Macedonian War end?", "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee4", "answers": [{"text": "205 BC", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the First Macedonian War end?", "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee5", "answers": [{"text": "inconclusively", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated Philip?", "id": "5725cc0e89a1e219009abee6", "answers": [{"text": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BCE)."}], ["Selatan Itali (Magna Graecia) dan tenggara Sicily telah dijajah oleh orang Yunani pada abad ke-8. Pada abad ke-4 Sicily bandar Yunani utama dan hegemon adalah Syracuse. Semasa zaman Helenistik, tokoh utama di Sicily ialah Agathocles dari Syracuse (361 - 289 SM) yang merampas bandar dengan tentera tentera upahan pada 317 BCE. Agathocles memperluas kuasa di seluruh bandar-bandar Yunani di Sicily, berperang panjang dengan orang-orang Carthaginians, pada satu ketika menyerang Tunisia pada 310 dan mengalahkan tentera Carthaginian di sana. Inilah kali pertama pasukan Eropah telah menyerang rantau ini. Selepas perang ini dia menguasai sebahagian besar tenggara Sicily dan telah mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai raja, dengan meniru raja-raja Hellenistik di timur. Agathocles kemudian menyerang Itali (sekitar 300 SM) dalam mempertahankan Tarentum terhadap Bruttians dan Rom, tetapi tidak berjaya. <> Apa itu Itali Selatan? || Magna Graecia <> Itali Selatan dan tenggara Sicily dijajah oleh orang Yunani pada abad apa? || 8 <> Siapa tokoh utama di Sicily semasa zaman Helenistik? || Agathocles of Syracuse <> Pada 310 Agathocles menyerang Tunisia dan mengalahkan tentera mana? || Carthaginian <> Dalam pertahanan Tarentum, ketika melakukan serangan Agathocles di Italia? || 300 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Southern Italy refered to as?", "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf14", "answers": [{"text": "Magna Graecia", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?", "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf15", "answers": [{"text": "8th", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?", "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf16", "answers": [{"text": "Agathocles of Syracuse", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?", "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf17", "answers": [{"text": "Carthaginian", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?", "id": "5725cf9089a1e219009abf18", "answers": [{"text": "300 BCE", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 \u2013 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful."}], ["Negeri-negeri Helenistik di Asia dan Mesir dikendalikan oleh elit imperium yang memerintah pentadbir Greco-Macedonia dan gabenor yang disokong oleh tentera tentera upahan yang berdiri dan teras kecil peneroka Greco-Macedonian. Promosi imigresen dari Greece adalah penting dalam penubuhan sistem ini. Raja-raja Hellenistik menjalankan kerajaan mereka sebagai ladang-ladang diraja dan sebahagian besar hasil cukai berat masuk ke angkatan tentera dan tentera paramiliter yang memelihara pemerintahan mereka dari sebarang jenis revolusi. Raja-raja Macedonia dan Hellenis dijangka memimpin tentera mereka di lapangan, bersama-sama dengan sekumpulan sahabat atau rakan-rakan bangsawan istimewa (hetairoi, philoi) yang makan dan minum dengan raja dan bertindak sebagai majlis penasihatnya. Satu lagi peranan yang diharapkan oleh raja adalah penaung amal rakyatnya, dermawan awam ini boleh bermakna membina projek-projek dan menyampaikan hadiah tetapi juga mempromosikan budaya dan agama Yunani. <> Siapa yang berlari di negeri Hellenistic Asia dan Mesir? || Pentadbir dan gabenor Greco-Macedonia <> Di manakah raja-raja Hellenistik meletakkan sebahagian besar daripada hasil cukai? || tentera dan tentera paramiliter <> Siapa yang menyerahkan hadiah dalam mempromosikan budaya dan agama Yunani? || raja <> Apa jenis ladang yang raja-raja Hellenistik menjalankan kerajaan mereka? || estet diraja <> Siapa inti teras di negara Hellenistic Asia dan Mesir? || Peneroka Greco-Macedonian", {"qas": [{"question": "Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?", "id": "5725d315271a42140099d25d", "answers": [{"text": "Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?", "id": "5725d315271a42140099d25e", "answers": [{"text": "military and paramilitary forces", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?", "id": "5725d315271a42140099d25f", "answers": [{"text": "the monarch", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?", "id": "5725d315271a42140099d260", "answers": [{"text": "royal estates", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?", "id": "5725d315271a42140099d261", "answers": [{"text": "Greco-Macedonian settlers", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion."}], ["Dalam 255 SM, Ariarathes III mengambil gelaran raja dan menikah Stratonice, seorang anak perempuan Antiochus II, menjadi sekutu kerajaan Seleucid. Di bawah Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia telah berunding dengan Rom, yang pertama sebagai musuh yang menyokong sebab Antiochus yang Agung, kemudian sebagai sekutu melawan Perseus dari Macedon dan akhirnya dalam perang melawan Seleucid. Ariarathes V juga berperang dengan Rom melawan Aristonicus, yang menuntut takhta Pergamon, dan pasukannya dihapuskan pada 130 BCE. Kekalahan ini membolehkan Pontus menyerang dan menakluk kerajaan. <> Siapa yang menikah dengan Stratonice? || Ariarathes III <> Bilakah Stratonice berkahwin dengan Ariarathes III? || 255 B.C. <> Siapa bapa Stratonice? || Antiochus II <> Cappadocia memulakan perjumpaan dengan Rom di bawahnya? || Ariarathes IV <> Tahun apa Ariarathes V kalah? || 130 BCE", {"qas": [{"question": "Who married Stratonice?", "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6d9", "answers": [{"text": "Ariarathes III", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?", "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6da", "answers": [{"text": "255 B.C.", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Stratonice's father?", "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6db", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus II", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?", "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6dc", "answers": [{"text": "Ariarathes IV", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Ariarathes V defeated?", "id": "5725dc6aec44d21400f3d6dd", "answers": [{"text": "130 BCE", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom."}], ["Di bawah Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius Rhodes, Theocritus dan sejumlah penyair lain menjadikan bandar pusat kesusasteraan Hellenistik. Ptolemy sendiri tidak sabar-sabar untuk menggembleng perpustakaan, penyelidikan saintifik dan sarjana individu yang tinggal di dasar perpustakaan. Dia dan penggantinya juga berperang dengan beberapa peperangan dengan Seleucids, yang dikenali sebagai perang Syria, di rantau Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV memenangi pertempuran besar Raphia (217 SM) terhadap Seleucids, menggunakan orang asli Mesir yang terlatih sebagai phalangites. Bagaimanapun tentera Mesir itu memberontak, akhirnya menubuhkan negara Mesir yang menawan di Thebaid antara 205-186 / 5 BCE, melemahkan keadaan Ptolemaic. <> Orang Syria diperjuangkan antara Ptolemy II dan siapa? || Seleucids <> Wilayah apa yang berperang semasa perang Syria? || Coele-Syria <> Yang memenangi pertempuran besar Raphia? || Ptolemy IV <> Kapan pertempuran besar Raphia? || 217 BCE <> Siapa yang kalah Ptolemy IV dalam pertempuran besar Raphia? || Seleucid", {"qas": [{"question": "The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?", "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdc9", "answers": [{"text": "the Seleucids", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?", "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdca", "answers": [{"text": "Coele-Syria", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the great battle of Raphia?", "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdcb", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy IV", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the great battle of Raphia?", "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdcc", "answers": [{"text": "217 BCE", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?", "id": "5725d5a938643c19005acdcd", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucids", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state."}], ["Kerajaan Pontus adalah kerajaan Yunani di pantai selatan Laut Hitam. Ia diasaskan oleh Mithridates I pada 291 SM dan berlangsung sehingga penaklukannya oleh Republik Rom pada tahun 63 SM. Walaupun diperintah oleh sebuah dinasti yang merupakan keturunan Empayar Achaemenid Parsi, ia menjadi hellenized kerana pengaruh bandar-bandar Yunani di Laut Hitam dan kerajaan-kerajaan tetangganya. Budaya Pontic adalah gabungan unsur-unsur Yunani dan Iran, bahagian-bahagian kerajaan yang paling melenceng berada di pantai, diisi oleh koloni Yunani seperti Trapezus dan Sinope, yang menjadi ibu kota kerajaan. Bukti epigrafi juga menunjukkan pengaruh Hellenistik yang luas di pedalaman. Semasa pemerintahan Mithridates II, Pontus bersekutu dengan Seleucids melalui pernikahan dinasti. Pada masa Mithridates VI Eupator, bahasa Yunani adalah bahasa rasmi walaupun bahasa Anatolian terus dibicarakan. <> Apa kerajaan Hellenistic dan di pantai selatan Laut Hitam? || Pontus <> Yang mengasaskan kerajaan Pontus? || Mithridates I <> Kapan Kerajaan Kerajaan Pontus diasaskan? || 291 SM <> Kapan Kerajaan Pontus diambil alih oleh Republik Rom? || 63 SM <> Apakah bahasa rasmi Kerajaan Pontus semasa pemerintahan Mithridates VI Eupator? || Yunani", {"qas": [{"question": "What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?", "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bb", "answers": [{"text": "Pontus", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?", "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bc", "answers": [{"text": "Mithridates I", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?", "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bd", "answers": [{"text": "291 BC", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?", "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2be", "answers": [{"text": "63 BC", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?", "id": "5725dd34271a42140099d2bf", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 824}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken."}], ["Keluarga Ptolemy memerintah Mesir sehingga penaklukan Rom 30 SM. Semua penguasa lelaki dinasti itu mengambil nama Ptolemy. Permaisuri Ptolemaic, yang sebahagiannya adalah adik perempuan suami mereka, biasanya dipanggil Cleopatra, Arsinoe atau Berenice. Ahli garis yang paling terkenal adalah ratu terakhir, Cleopatra VII, yang terkenal dengan peranannya dalam pertempuran politik Rom antara Julius Caesar dan Pompey, dan kemudiannya antara Octavian dan Mark Antony. Bunuh diri beliau pada penaklukan oleh Rom menandakan berakhirnya pemerintahan Ptolemaik di Mesir walaupun kebudayaan Hellenistik terus berkembang di Mesir sepanjang zaman Rom dan Byzantine sehingga penaklukan umat Islam. <> Sehingga tahun berapa keluarga Ptolemy memerintah Mesir? || 30 SM <> Semua penguasa lelaki Mesir mengambil apa nama semasa dinasti Ptolemy? || Ptolemy <> Cleopatra, Arsinoe atau Berenice adalah nama biasa untuk siapa? || Permaisuri Ptolemaic <> Siapa yang merupakan ratu terakhir dan paling terkenal dari dinasti Ptolemy? || Cleopatra VII <> Bagaimana Cleoptra mati? || bunuh diri", {"qas": [{"question": "Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?", "id": "5725d643271a42140099d285", "answers": [{"text": "30 BC", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?", "id": "5725d643271a42140099d286", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?", "id": "5725d643271a42140099d287", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemaic queens", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?", "id": "5725d643271a42140099d288", "answers": [{"text": "Cleopatra VII", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Cleoptra die?", "id": "5725d643271a42140099d289", "answers": [{"text": "suicide", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest."}], ["Orang Bithynia adalah orang Thracian yang tinggal di barat laut Anatolia. Setelah penaklukan Alexander wilayah Bithynia berada di bawah pemerintahan raja bas Bas, yang mengalahkan Calas, jenderal Alexander the Great, dan mengekalkan kemerdekaan Bithynia. Anaknya, Zipoetes I of Bithynia mengekalkan autonomi ini terhadap Lysimachus dan Seleucus I, dan mengambil alih gelaran raja (basileus) pada 297 SM. Anaknya dan pengganti, Nicomedes I, mengasaskan Nicomedia, yang kemudiannya bangkit menjadi kemakmuran yang besar, dan selama pemerintahannya yang panjang (sekitar tahun 278 - 255 SM), serta para penggantinya, kerajaan Bithynia mengadakan tempat yang cukup besar antara monarki kecil Anatolia. Nicomedes juga menjemput Galatians Celtic ke Anatolia sebagai tentera upahan, dan kemudian mereka menghidupkan anaknya Prusias I, yang mengalahkan mereka dalam pertempuran. Raja terakhir mereka, Nicomedes IV, tidak dapat mempertahankan dirinya daripada Mithridates VI dari Pontus, dan, setelah dipulihkan ke takhta oleh Senat Rom, dia mewarisi kerajaannya dengan keinginan kepada republik Roma (74 SM). <> Siapakah orang Thracian yang tinggal di barat laut Anatolia? || The Bithynians <> King Bas mengalahkan jenderal Alexander? || Calas <> Siapa yang menganggap gelar raja dari Bas? || Zipoetes I <> Bilakah Zipoetes saya mengambil peranan raja? || 297 BCE <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Nicomedia? || Nicomedes I", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?", "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6cf", "answers": [{"text": "The Bithynians", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?", "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d0", "answers": [{"text": "Calas", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assumed the title of king from Bas?", "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d1", "answers": [{"text": "Zipoetes I", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?", "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d2", "answers": [{"text": "297 BCE", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded Nicomedia?", "id": "5725dbd4ec44d21400f3d6d3", "answers": [{"text": "Nicomedes I", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 \u2013 c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE)."}], ["Berikutan pembahagian empayar Alexander, Seleucus I Nicator menerima Babylonia. Dari situ, beliau telah mewujudkan sebuah empayar baru yang berkembang untuk memasukkan banyak wilayah berhampiran wilayah Alexander. Pada ketinggian kuasa, ia termasuk pusat Anatolia, Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan hari ini, Pamir, dan bahagian Pakistan. Ia termasuk penduduk yang dianggarkan di antara lima puluh hingga enam puluh juta orang. Di bawah Antiochus I (tahun 324/3 - 261 SM), bagaimanapun, kekaisaran yang tidak berat sebelah itu sudah mula menewaskan wilayah. Pergamum berpecah di bawah Eumenes I yang mengalahkan tentera Seleucid yang dihantar kepadanya. Kerajaan-kerajaan Cappadocia, Bithynia dan Pontus semuanya sama sekali tidak bersandar pada masa ini juga. Seperti Ptolemies, Antiochus I menubuhkan kultus agama yang dinamis, menegaskan ayahnya Seleucus I. Seleucus, secara rasmi dikatakan berasal dari Apollo, mempunyai imam sendiri dan pengorbanan bulanan. Hakisan empayar terus di bawah Seleucus II, yang dipaksa memerangi perang saudara (239-236) terhadap adiknya Antiochus Hierax dan tidak dapat menahan Bactria, Sogdiana dan Parthia daripada berpisah. Hierax mengukir kebanyakan Seleucid Anatolia untuk dirinya sendiri, tetapi dikalahkan, bersama dengan sekutu Galatiannya, oleh Attalus I of Pergamon yang kini juga mendakwa raja. <> Selepas empayar Alexander dipecah, apa wilayah yang diterima Seleucus I Nicator? || Babilonia <> Pergamum dipimpin oleh mereka ketika mereka mengalahkan tentara Seleucid? || Eumenes I <> Yang menentang ayahnya Seleucus I, dan menubuhkan kultus beragama? || Antiochus I <> Apa nama saudara Seleucus II, yang dia berperang dalam perang saudara? || Antiochus Hierax <> Siapa yang akhirnya mengalahkan Seleucid Anatolia? || Attalus I", {"qas": [{"question": "After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?", "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdef", "answers": [{"text": "Babylonia", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?", "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf0", "answers": [{"text": "Eumenes I", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?", "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf1", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus I", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?", "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf2", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus Hierax", "answer_start": 1029}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?", "id": "5725d76e38643c19005acdf3", "answers": [{"text": "Attalus I", "answer_start": 1229}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 \u2013 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship."}], ["Orang-orang Mesir secara riang menerima Ptolemies sebagai pengganti kepada para firaun Mesir yang bebas, walaupun kerajaan melalui beberapa pemberontakan pribumi. Ptolemies mengambil tradisi Firaun Mesir, seperti berkahwin dengan adik-beradik mereka (Ptolemy II adalah orang pertama yang mengamalkan adat ini), yang mereka sendiri digambarkan pada monumen awam dalam gaya Mesir dan pakaian, dan berpartisipasi dalam kehidupan keagamaan Mesir. Kultus penguasa Ptolemaik menggambarkan Ptolemies sebagai dewa, dan kuil-kuil ke Ptolemies didirikan di seluruh kerajaan. Ptolemy Saya juga mencipta tuhan baru, Serapis, yang merupakan gabungan dua dewa Mesir: Apis dan Osiris, dengan sifat-sifat dewa Yunani. Pentadbiran Ptolemaik adalah seperti birokrasi Mesir Kuno, sangat berpusat dan memberi tumpuan untuk memerah sebanyak mungkin pendapatan daripada penduduk walaupun tarif, duti eksais, denda, cukai dan sebagainya. Sekumpulan pegawai kecil, petani cukai, kerani dan pengawas membuat ini mungkin. Pedesaan Mesir ditadbir secara langsung oleh birokrasi diraja ini. Barang-barang luar seperti Cyprus dan Cyrene dijalankan oleh strategoi, komander tentera yang dilantik oleh mahkota. <> Tradisi mana yang dilakukan oleh Ptolemy sebagai ketua Mesir? || Firaun Mesir <> Apa tuhan yang Ptolemy saya buat? || Serapis <> Cyprus dan Cyrene dikendalikan oleh siapa? || strategoi <> Dengan menggunakan kerajaan pusat yang membayar banyak pajak, Ptolemy menjalankan negaranya seperti birokrasi? || Mesir Purba <> Apis dan Osiris digabungkan untuk menjadikan tuhan mana? || Serapis", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?", "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d67d", "answers": [{"text": "Egyptian Pharaohs", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What god did Ptolemy I create?", "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d67e", "answers": [{"text": "Serapis", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?", "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d67f", "answers": [{"text": "strategoi", "answer_start": 1132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?", "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d680", "answers": [{"text": "Ancient Egyptian", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?", "id": "5725d515ec44d21400f3d681", "answers": [{"text": "Serapis", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown."}], ["Selepas kematian Lysimachus, salah seorang pegawainya, Philetaerus, menguasai bandar Pergamum pada tahun 282 SM bersama dengan dada perang Lysimachus yang berjumlah 9.000 talenta dan mengisytiharkan dirinya setia kepada Seleucus I sementara tetap secara de facto bebas. Keturunannya, Attalus I, mengalahkan orang Galatia yang menyerang dan mengisytiharkan diri sebagai raja yang merdeka. Attalus I (241-197BC), adalah sekutu Rom yang kuat terhadap Philip V of Macedon semasa Perang Macedonia dan pertama kali. Atas sokongannya terhadap Seleucids pada tahun 190 BCE, Eumenes II telah diberi ganjaran dengan semua domain Seleucid bekas di Asia Minor. Eumenes II menjadikan Pergamon menjadi pusat budaya dan sains dengan mendirikan perpustakaan Pergamum yang dikatakan hanya kedua di perpustakaan Alexandria dengan 200,000 jilid mengikut Plutarch. Ia termasuk bilik bacaan dan koleksi lukisan. Eumenes II juga membina Alun Pergamum dengan friezes yang menggambarkan Gigantomachy pada acropolis bandar. Pergamum juga merupakan pusat pengeluaran kertas (charta pergamena). The Attalids memerintah Pergamon hingga Attalus III mewarisi kerajaan itu ke Republik Rom pada tahun 133 SM untuk mengelakkan kemungkinan krisis penggantian. <> Pegawai mana yang menguasai Pergamum pada tahun 282 SM? || Philetaerus <> Siapa yang membuat Philetaerus mengisytiharkan dirinya setia? || Seleucus I <> Attalus Saya adalah sekutu kuat Rom dan pemerintah mana? || Philip V of Macedon <> Di mana perpustakaan Pergamum terletak? || Pergamon <> Apa yang menggambarkan Gigantomachy pada acropolis bandar? || Pergamum Altar", {"qas": [{"question": "Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?", "id": "5725d957271a42140099d299", "answers": [{"text": "Philetaerus", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?", "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29a", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucus I", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?", "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29b", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V of Macedon", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the library of Pergamum located?", "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29c", "answers": [{"text": "Pergamon", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?", "id": "5725d957271a42140099d29d", "answers": [{"text": "Pergamum Altar", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241\u2013197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis."}], ["Orang-orang Celts yang menetap di Galatia datang melalui Thrace di bawah pimpinan Leotarios dan Leonnorios sekitar 270 SM. Mereka dikalahkan oleh Seleucus I dalam 'pertempuran Gajah', tetapi masih dapat menubuhkan wilayah Celtic di pusat Anatolia. Orang Galatia dihormati sebagai pahlawan dan digunakan secara meluas sebagai tentera upahan dalam tentera negara pengganti. Mereka terus menyerang kerajaan-kerajaan tetangga seperti Bithynia dan Pergamon, merampas dan mengeluarkan penghormatan. Ini berakhir apabila mereka berpihak kepada putera Seleucid yang menentang Antiochus Hierax yang cuba mengalahkan Attalus, penguasa Pergamon (241-197 SM). Attalus sangat mengalahkan Gaul, memaksa mereka untuk mengurung diri mereka ke Galatia. Tema Dying Gaul (patung terkenal yang dipamerkan di Pergamon) tetap menjadi kegemaran dalam seni Hellenistik untuk generasi yang menandakan kemenangan orang Yunani atas musuh yang mulia. Pada awal abad ke-2 SM, orang Galatia menjadi sekutu Antiochus yang Agung, raja Seleucid yang terakhir berusaha untuk mendapatkan semula kekuasaan di Asia Minor. Pada tahun 189 SM, Rom menghantar Gnaeus Manlius Vulso dalam ekspedisi melawan orang Galatia. Galatia kini dikuasai oleh Rom melalui pemimpin serantau dari tahun 189 SM dan seterusnya. <> Di manakah orang Celt yang menetap di Galatia? || Thrace <> Peperangan apa yang Celt kalah kepada Seleucus I? || pertempuran Gajah <> Patung apa yang terkenal menandakan kemenangan orang Yunani atas musuh yang layak? || Dying Gaul <> Berapa abad lamanya orang Galatia menjadi sekutu Antiochus Agung? || Abad ke-2 SM <> Siapa yang menghantar Gnaeus Manlius Vulso dalam ekspedisi melawan orang Galatia? || Rom", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?", "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfbe", "answers": [{"text": "Thrace", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?", "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfbf", "answers": [{"text": "battle of the Elephants", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?", "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfc0", "answers": [{"text": "Dying Gaul", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?", "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfc1", "answers": [{"text": "2nd century BC", "answer_start": 919}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?", "id": "5725da9f89a1e219009abfc2", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 1066}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241\u2013197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward."}], ["Empayar Seleucid yang luas, seperti Mesir, kebanyakannya didominasi oleh elit politik Greco-Macedonian. Penduduk Yunani di kota-kota yang membentuk elit dominan diperkuat oleh emigrasi dari Yunani. Kota-kota ini termasuk koloni yang baru ditubuhkan seperti Antioch, kota-kota lain tetrapolis Syria, Seleucia (utara Babylon) dan Dura-Europos di Euphrates. Bandar-bandar ini mengekalkan institusi negara kota tradisional Yunani seperti perhimpunan, majlis dan majistret yang dipilih, tetapi ini merupakan fasad untuk mereka sentiasa dikendalikan oleh pegawai kerajaan Seleucid. Selain dari bandar-bandar ini, terdapat juga banyak garnisun Seleucid (choria), koloni tentera (katoikiai) dan kampung-kampung Yunani (komai) yang ditanam Seleucid di seluruh empayar untuk menyusun peraturan mereka. Penduduk 'Greco-Macedon' ini (yang juga termasuk anak-anak peneroka yang telah berkahwin dengan wanita tempatan) boleh membentuk sebuah phalanx 35.000 orang (daripada jumlah Seleucid tentera 80,000) semasa pemerintahan Antiochos III. Selebihnya tentera terdiri daripada tentera asli. Antiochus III yang hebat melakukan beberapa kempen yang kuat untuk merebut semula semua wilayah yang hilang dari kerajaan sejak kematian Seleucus I. Setelah dikalahkan oleh pasukan Ptolemy IV di Raphia (217), Antiochus III memimpin sebuah kempen yang panjang di timur untuk menundukkan jauh wilayah terpencil timur (212-205) termasuk Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia dan Drangiana. Dia berjaya, membawa kebanyakan wilayah-wilayah ini menjadi vassalage nominal dan menerima penghormatan dari penguasa mereka. Selepas kematian Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus mengambil keuntungan dari kelemahan Mesir untuk menakluk Coele-Syria dalam perang Syiah kelima (202-195). Dia kemudian mula mengembangkan pengaruhnya ke wilayah Pergamene di Asia dan melangkah ke Eropah, memantapkan Lysimachia di hellespont, tetapi pengembangannya ke Anatolia dan Greece tiba-tiba dihentikan setelah kekalahan di Battle of Magnesia (190 SM). Dalam Perjanjian Apamea yang mengakhiri perang, Antiochus kehilangan semua wilayahnya di Anatolia di barat Taurus dan terpaksa membayar ganti rugi besar sebanyak 15.000 talenta. <> Empayar Seleucid kebanyakannya didominasi oleh siapa? || Elit politik Greco-Macedonian <> Apa yang dipanggil Seleucid garrison? || choria <> Apa yang dipanggil koloni tentera Seleucid? || katoikiai <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Antiokhus III di Raphia? || Ptolemy IV <> Tahun apa Ptolemy IV mati? || 204", {"qas": [{"question": "The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?", "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d691", "answers": [{"text": "Greco-Macedonian political elite", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Seleucid garrisons called?", "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d692", "answers": [{"text": "choria", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Seleucid military colonies called?", "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d693", "answers": [{"text": "katoikiai", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?", "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d694", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemy IV", "answer_start": 1230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Ptolemy IV die?", "id": "5725d86eec44d21400f3d695", "answers": [{"text": "204", "answer_start": 1600}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents."}], ["Semasa zaman Helenistik, Judea menjadi rantau sempadan antara Empayar Seleucid dan Mesir Ptolemaic dan oleh itu sering menjadi garis depan perang Syria, berganti tangan beberapa kali semasa konflik ini. Di bawah kerajaan Hellenistik, Judea diperintah oleh pejabat keturunan Imam Besar Israel sebagai seorang budak neraka. Tempoh ini juga menyaksikan kebangkitan Judaisme Helenistik, yang mula-mula berkembang di diaspora Yahudi Alexandria dan Antiokhia, dan kemudian menyebar ke Yudea. Produk sastera utama sinkretisme budaya ini adalah terjemahan Septuagint Alkitab Ibrani dari Aramik Ibrani dan Alkitabiah Alkitabiah ke Koin\u00e9 Greek. Alasan penghasilan terjemahan ini seolah-olah ramai orang Yahudi Alexandria kehilangan kemampuan berbahasa Ibrani dan Aram. <> Apa yang ada di antara Empayar Seleucid dan Mesir Ptolemaic semasa zaman Helenistik? || Judea <> Judea diperintah oleh siapa semasa zaman Helenistik? || Imam Besar Israel <> Agama apa yang bangkit di Yudea melanda tempoh Hellenistik? || Judaisme <> Judaisme Hellenistik telah dibangunkan di Alexandria dan apa rantau lain? || Antioch", {"qas": [{"question": "What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?", "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f5", "answers": [{"text": "Judea", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?", "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f6", "answers": [{"text": "High Priest of Israel", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?", "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f7", "answers": [{"text": "Judaism", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?", "id": "5725e72a271a42140099d2f8", "answers": [{"text": "Antioch", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koin\u00e9 Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic."}], ["Tafsiran moden melihat zaman ini sebagai perang saudara di antara bentuk Yahudi Judaisme dan ortodoks. Daripada pemberontakan ini dibentuk sebuah kerajaan Yahudi yang bebas dikenali sebagai Dinasti Hasmonaean, yang berlangsung dari 165 SM hingga 63 SM. Dinasti Hasmonean akhirnya hancur dalam perang saudara, yang bertepatan dengan peperangan sivil di Rom. Penguasa Hasmonean yang terakhir, Antigonus II Mattathias, ditangkap oleh Herod dan dibunuh pada 37 BCE. Walaupun pada mulanya menjadi pemberontakan terhadap ketuanan Yunani, kerajaan Hasmonean dan juga kerajaan Herodian yang diikuti secara beransur-ansur menjadi lebih dan lebih melenceng. Dari 37 SM hingga 6 CE, dinasti Herodian, raja-raja klien Yahudi-Rom, memerintah Yudea. Herod the Great sangat membesar Kuil (lihat Kuil Herod), menjadikannya salah satu struktur agama terbesar di dunia. Gaya kuil yang diperbesar dan seni bina Herodian lainnya menunjukkan pengaruh seni bina Hellenistik yang signifikan. <> Apa kerajaan merdeka dibentuk daripada Pemberontakan Maccabean Judas Maccabeus? || Dinasti Hasmonaean <> Berapa tahunkah Dinasti Hasmonaean wujud? || 165 BCE hingga 63 BCE <> Siapa penguasa Hasmonean yang terakhir? || Antigonus II Mattathias <> Siapa yang telah ditangkap oleh Antigonus II Mattathias? || Herod <> Kapan Antigonus II Mattathias dieksekusi? || 37 BCE", {"qas": [{"question": "What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?", "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6b", "answers": [{"text": "Hasmonaean Dynasty", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?", "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6c", "answers": [{"text": "165 BCE to 63 BCE", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?", "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6d", "answers": [{"text": "Antigonus II Mattathias", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?", "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6e", "answers": [{"text": "Herod", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?", "id": "5725e93b38643c19005ace6f", "answers": [{"text": "37 BCE", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence."}], ["Parthia adalah satrapy Iran timur laut dari kerajaan Achaemenid yang kemudiannya diserahkan kepada empayar Alexander. Di bawah Seleucids, Parthia ditadbir oleh pelbagai satpam Yunani seperti Nicanor dan Philip (satrap). Pada 247 SM, selepas kematian Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, gabenor Seleucid Parthia, memproklamirkan kemerdekaannya dan mula memalsukan duit syiling yang menunjukkan dirinya memakai mahkota diraja dan menuntut kerajaan. Dia memerintah hingga 238 SM ketika Arsaces, pemimpin suku Parni menaklukkan Parthia, membunuh Andragoras dan merasmikan Dinasti Arsacid. Antiochus III menawan semula wilayah kawalan Arsacid pada tahun 209 SM dari Arsaces II. Arsaces II yang didakwa untuk damai menjadi sahabat Seleucids dan tidak sampai pemerintahan Phraates I (168-165 SM), bahawa Arsacids akan mula menegaskan kemerdekaan mereka. <> Bilakah Andragoras menyatakan kemerdekaannya? || 247 SM <> Bilakah pemerintahan Andragoras berakhir? || 238 BCE <> Siapa yang membunuh Andragoras? || Arsaces <> Apa suku Arsaces pemimpin? || Parni <> Bilakah Antiochus III mendapatkan wilayah dari Arsaces II? || 209 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?", "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70b", "answers": [{"text": "247 BC", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Andragoras' reign end?", "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70c", "answers": [{"text": "238 BCE", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who killed Andragoras?", "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70d", "answers": [{"text": "Arsaces", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?", "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70e", "answers": [{"text": "Parni", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?", "id": "5725e38bec44d21400f3d70f", "answers": [{"text": "209 BC", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip (satrap). In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace became a vassal of the Seleucids and it was not until the reign of Phraates I (168\u2013165 BCE), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence."}], ["Kerajaan berkembang ke tahap yang paling besar di bawah Mithridates VI, yang menakluki Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Armenia Kecil, Kerajaan Bosporan, koloni Yunani Tauric Chersonesos dan untuk jangka waktu singkat wilayah Rom Asia. Mithridates VI, dirinya sendiri berasal dari campuran bangsa Parsi dan Yunani, mempersembahkan dirinya sebagai pelindung orang Yunani terhadap 'orang-orang barbarians' Rom yang menggayakan dirinya sebagai \"Raja Mithridates Eupator Dionysus.\" dan sebagai \"pembebas besar\". Mithridates juga menggambarkan dirinya dengan gaya rambut anastole Alexander dan menggunakan simbolisme Herakles yang diturunkan oleh raja-raja Macedonian. Selepas perjuangan panjang dengan Rom dalam peperangan Mithridatic, Pontus telah dikalahkan, sebahagiannya telah dimasukkan ke dalam Republik Romawi sebagai wilayah Bithynia dan Pontus dan setengah timur bertahan sebagai kerajaan klien. <> Siapa yang memerintah ketika kerajaan Pontus 'berada di itu yang terbesar? || Mithridates VI <> Siapa yang menyebut diri mereka King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus? || Mithridates VI <> Apa gaya rambut yang dibuat Mithridates IV salinan dari Alexander? || anastole <> Siapa yang Macedoniankings mendakwa Mithridates IV berasal dari? || Herakles <> Pontus dikalahkan dalam peperangan apa? || Mithridatic", {"qas": [{"question": "Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?", "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0b", "answers": [{"text": "Mithridates VI", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?", "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0c", "answers": [{"text": "Mithridates VI", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?", "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0d", "answers": [{"text": "anastole", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?", "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0e", "answers": [{"text": "Herakles", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pontus was defeated in what wars?", "id": "5725de2a38643c19005ace0f", "answers": [{"text": "Mithridatic", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as \"King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus.\" and as the \"great liberator\". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom."}], ["Kerajaan Nabatean adalah sebuah negara Arab yang terletak di antara Semenanjung Sinai dan Semenanjung Arab. Ibukotanya adalah bandar Petra, sebuah bandar dagang penting di laluan kemenyan. Nabateans menentang serangan Antigonous dan menjadi sekutu orang-orang Hasmoneans dalam perjuangan mereka melawan Seleucids, tetapi kemudian bertempur melawan Herod yang hebat. Penghambaan orang Nabate ternyata agak terlambat dibandingkan dengan kawasan sekitarnya. Budaya material Nabatean tidak menunjukkan pengaruh Yunani sehinggalah pemerintahan Aretas III Philhellene pada abad ke-1 SM. Aretas menawan Damsyik dan membina kompleks dan taman kolam Petra dalam gaya Hellenistik. Walaupun Nabateans pada mulanya menyembah dewa-dewa tradisional mereka dalam bentuk simbolik seperti blok batu atau tiang, semasa zaman Helenistik mereka mula mengenal pasti dewa mereka dengan tuhan Yunani dan menggambarkan mereka dalam bentuk kiasan yang dipengaruhi oleh patung Yunani. Seni Nabatean menunjukkan pengaruh Yunani dan lukisan telah ditemui menggambarkan pemandangan Dionysian. Mereka juga perlahan-lahan menggunakan bahasa Yunani sebagai bahasa perdagangan bersama dengan bahasa Aram dan Arab. <> Apakah Negara Arab berbohong di antara Semenanjung Sinai dan Semenanjung Arab? || Kerajaan Nabatean <> Apa modal Kerajaan Nabatean? || Petra <> Yang bersekutu dengan Kerajaan Nabatean untuk berperang melawan Seleucid? || Hasmoneans <> Di bawah pemerintahannya apakah budaya Nabatean mula menunjukkan pengaruh Yunani? || Aretas III Philhellene <> Berapa abad yang memerintah Aretas III Philhellene? || Pertama", {"qas": [{"question": "What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?", "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2eb", "answers": [{"text": "Nabatean Kingdom", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?", "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ec", "answers": [{"text": "Petra", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?", "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ed", "answers": [{"text": "Hasmoneans", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?", "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ee", "answers": [{"text": "Aretas III Philhellene", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?", "id": "5725e54e271a42140099d2ef", "answers": [{"text": "1st", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic."}], ["Orontid Armenia secara rasmi diluluskan ke empayar Alexander the Great selepas penaklukan Persia. Alexander melantik seorang Orontid bernama Mithranes untuk memerintah Armenia. Armenia kemudiannya menjadi negeri yang sahih dari Empayar Seleucid, tetapi ia mengekalkan tahap autonomi yang besar, mengekalkan raja-raja pribumi. Menjelang akhir 212 SM negara ini dibahagikan kepada dua kerajaan, Armenia Besar dan Armenia Sophene termasuk Commagene atau Armenia Minor. Kerajaan-kerajaan menjadi sangat bebas dari kendali Seleucid sehingga Antiochus III the Great melancarkan perang mereka selama pemerintahannya dan menggantikan raja-raja mereka. <> Orontid Armenia diberikan kepada Alexander the Great setelah ia menguasai kawasan apa? || Persia <> Siapa yang Alexander melantik untuk memerintah Armenia? || Mithranes <> Armenia menjadi negara yang menjadi milik negara mana? || Seleucid <> Berapa tahun Armenia berpecah kepada Armenia dan Armenia yang lebih besar Sophene? || 212 SM <> Siapa yang menyerang Armenia ketika mereka terlalu jauh dari pemerintahan Seleucid? || Antiochus III the Great", {"qas": [{"question": "Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?", "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d701", "answers": [{"text": "Persia", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?", "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d702", "answers": [{"text": "Mithranes", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?", "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d703", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucid", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?", "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d704", "answers": [{"text": "212 BC", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?", "id": "5725df1cec44d21400f3d705", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus III the Great", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers."}], ["Semasa pemerintahan Mithridates I dari Parthia, kawalan Arsacid berkembang menjadi termasuk Herat (pada tahun 167 SM), Babylonia (pada 144 SM), Media (pada tahun 141 SM), Persia (pada tahun 139 SM), dan sebagian besar wilayah Syria 110 SM). Peperangan Seleucid-Parthia berterusan ketika Seleucid menyerang Mesopotamia di bawah Antiochus VII Sidetes (rs 138-129 SM), tetapi akhirnya dia dibunuh oleh serangan balik Parthian. Selepas kejatuhan dinasti Seleucid, orang Parthians sering bertempur melawan Roma yang berdekatan dengan Perang Romawi-Parthian (66 SM - 217 AD). Jejak Hellenisme yang berlimpah terus di bawah empayar Parthia. Orang Parti menggunakan bahasa Yunani dan bahasa Parti mereka sendiri (walaupun kurang daripada bahasa Yunani) sebagai bahasa pentadbiran dan juga menggunakan drakma Yunani sebagai koin. Mereka menikmati teater Yunani dan seni Yunani mempengaruhi seni Parthian. Orang-orang Parti terus menyusahkan tuhan-tuhan Yunani yang disinkronkan bersama dengan dewa-dewa Iran. Raja-raja mereka menubuhkan penganut penguasa dalam cara raja-raja Hellenistik dan sering menggunakan epithet kerajaan Hellenistik. <> The Seleucids menyerang Mesopotamia di bawah bimbingannya? || Antiochus VII Sidetes <> Siapa Antiochus VII Sidetes dibunuh oleh tentera mana? || Parthian <> Berapa tahunkah Perang Romawi-Parthian? || 66 SM - 217 AD <> Apakah mata wang dalam Empayar Parthian? || Drachmas Yunani <> Kekaisaran Parthia menyembah Dewa Yunani dan agama-agama lain yang mana? || Iran", {"qas": [{"question": "The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?", "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05a", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus VII Sidetes", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?", "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05b", "answers": [{"text": "Parthian", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years were the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars?", "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05c", "answers": [{"text": "66 BC \u2013 217 AD", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?", "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05d", "answers": [{"text": "Greek drachmas", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?", "id": "5725e48589a1e219009ac05e", "answers": [{"text": "Iranian", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid\u2013Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138\u2013129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars (66 BC \u2013 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets."}], ["Kerajaan Yunani Bactria bermula sebagai satrapi pemisahan Kerajaan Seleucid, yang, karena saiz empayar, mempunyai kebebasan yang signifikan dari kawalan pusat. Antara 255-246 BCE, gabenor Bactria, Sogdiana dan Margiana (kebanyakan dari Afghanistan masa kini), seorang Diodotus, mengambil proses ini dengan melampau logis dan mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai raja. Diodotus II, anak lelaki Diodotus, telah digulingkan pada kira-kira 230 SM oleh Euthydemus, mungkin satrap Sogdiana, yang kemudian memulakan dinastinya sendiri. Di c. 210 SM, kerajaan Greco-Bactrian diserang oleh kerajaan Seleucid yang kembali di bawah Antiochus III. Semasa menang di lapangan, nampaknya Antiochus menyadari ada kelebihan dalam status quo (mungkin merasakan Bactria tidak dapat dikuasai dari Syria), dan menikahi salah seorang anak perempuannya kepada anak Euthydemus, sehingga mengesahkan dinasti Greco-Bactria . Tidak lama kemudian kerajaan Greco-Bactrian nampaknya telah berkembang, mungkin mengambil kesempatan daripada kekalahan raja Parti Arsaces II oleh Antiochus. <> Bactria dipimpin oleh raja apa 255-246 BCE? || Diodotus <> Bilakah Diodotus II digulingkan? || 230 SM <> Pemimpin apa yang menggulingkan Diodotus II? || Euthydemus <> Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian diserang oleh pemimpin Seleucid? || Antiochus III <> Antiochus III menikahkan putrinya kepada anaknya? || Euthydemus", {"qas": [{"question": "Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?", "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace75", "answers": [{"text": "Diodotus", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Diodotus II overthrown?", "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace76", "answers": [{"text": "230 BC", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What leader overthrew Diodotus II?", "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace77", "answers": [{"text": "Euthydemus", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?", "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace78", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus III", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?", "id": "5725ea4038643c19005ace79", "answers": [{"text": "Euthydemus", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus."}], ["Antara 301 dan 219 SM, Ptolemy memerintah Judea dalam kedamaian yang relatif, dan orang Yahudi sering mendapati mereka bekerja di pentadbiran Ptolemaic dan tentera, yang membawa kepada kebangkitan kelas elit Yahudi Hellenized (mis. Tobiads). Peperangan Antiochus III membawa rantau ini ke dalam kerajaan Seleucid; Yerusalem jatuh ke dalam kawalannya pada tahun 198 dan Kaabah dibaiki dan disediakan dengan wang dan upeti. Antiochus IV Epiphanes memecat Yerusalem dan menjarah Bait Suci pada 169 BCE selepas gangguan di Yudea semasa serangannya yang abortif ke Mesir. Antiochus kemudian mengharamkan upacara dan tradisi agama Yahudi utama di Yudea. Dia mungkin telah mencuba untuk menyerakkan rantau ini dan menyatukan kerajaannya dan tentangan Yahudi untuk akhirnya menyebabkan peningkatan keganasan. Walau apa pun, ketegangan antara puak pro dan anti-Seleucid Yahudi membawa kepada Pemberontakan Maccabean dari Judas Maccabeus dari 174-135 BCE (kemenangannya dirayakan dalam perayaan Yahudi Hanukkah). <> Apakah kelas elit Yahudi dipanggil? || Tobiad <> Judea dibawa ke kerajaan Seleucid yang mana pemimpinnya? || Antiochus III <> Bilakah Yerusalem jatuh ke Antiochus III? || 198 <> Apa pemberontakan yang berjaya disambut dalam perayaan Yahudi Hanukkah? || Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus <> Berapa tahunkah Pemberontakan Maccabean dari Judas Maccabeus? || 174-135 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Jewish elite class called?", "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07c", "answers": [{"text": "the Tobiads", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?", "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07d", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus III", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?", "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07e", "answers": [{"text": "198", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?", "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac07f", "answers": [{"text": "Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus", "answer_start": 864}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?", "id": "5725e86d89a1e219009ac080", "answers": [{"text": "174\u2013135 BCE", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174\u2013135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah)."}], ["Selepas kekalahan Seleucid di Pertempuran Magnesia pada 190 SM, raja-raja Sophene dan Armenia Besar memberontak dan mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan mereka, dengan Artaxias menjadi raja pertama dinasti Artaxiad Armenia pada tahun 188. Semasa pemerintahan Artaxiad, Armenia pergi melalui tempoh hellenisasi. Bukti Numismatik menunjukkan gaya seni Yunani dan penggunaan bahasa Yunani. Sesetengah syiling menggambarkan raja-raja Armenia sebagai \"Philhellenes\". Semasa pemerintahan Tigranes Besar (95-55 SM), kerajaan Armenia mencapai tahap yang paling besar, yang mengandungi banyak bandar Yunani termasuk tetrapolis Syria keseluruhan. Cleopatra, isteri Tigranes yang Agung, mempelawa orang-orang Yunani seperti pengampunan Amphicrates dan sejarawan Metrodorus Scepsis ke mahkamah Armenia, dan - menurut Plutarch - ketika jenderal Rom Lucullus merampas ibukota Armenia Tigranocerta, ia menemukan rombongan Yunani pelakon yang telah tiba untuk bermain untuk Tigranes. Penggantian Tigranes Artavasdes II juga menyusun tragedi Yunani sendiri. <> Bilakah Seleucid mengalahkan Pertempuran Magnesia? || 190 SM <> Siapakah raja pertama Artaxiad dinasti Armenia? || Artaxias <> Koin Artaxian memanggil beberapa raja Armenia apa? || Philhellenes <> Berapa tahunkah Tigranes yang menjadi pemerintahan Agung? || 95-55 SM <> Yang pengganti Tigranes yang terdiri daripada tragedi Yunani? || Artavasdes II", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia?", "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e1", "answers": [{"text": "190 BC", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia?", "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e2", "answers": [{"text": "Artaxias", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what?", "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e3", "answers": [{"text": "Philhellenes", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did Tigranes the Great reign?", "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e4", "answers": [{"text": "95\u201355 BC", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies?", "id": "5725e29c271a42140099d2e5", "answers": [{"text": "Artavasdes II", "answer_start": 980}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization. Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. Some coins describe the Armenian kings as \"Philhellenes\". During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95\u201355 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities including the entire Syrian tetrapolis. Cleopatra, the wife of Tigranes the Great, invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court, and - according to Plutarch - when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes. Tigranes' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself."}], ["Campuran Roman yang meluas di dunia Yunani mungkin tidak dapat dielakkan memandangkan cara umum keunggulan Republik Rom. Interaksi Romawi-Yunani ini bermula sebagai akibat dari negara-negara kota Yunani yang terletak di sepanjang pantai selatan Itali. Rom telah datang untuk menguasai semenanjung Itali, dan menghendaki penyerahan bandar-bandar Yunani untuk pemerintahannya. Walaupun pada awalnya mereka bertentangan, bertentangan dengan Pyrrhus of Epirus, dan mengalahkan orang Roma dalam beberapa pertempuran, bandar-bandar Yunani tidak dapat mengekalkan kedudukan ini dan diserap oleh republik Rom. Tidak lama selepas itu, Rom menjadi terlibat di Sicily, berjuang melawan Carthaginians dalam Perang Punic Pertama. Hasil akhirnya ialah penaklukan Sisilia, termasuk bandar-bandar Yunani sebelum ini, oleh orang-orang Rom. <> Rom mendominasi semenanjung apa? || Itali <> bandar-bandar Yunani diserap oleh republik apa? || Roman <> Roma berperang melawan Carthaginians dalam peperangan apa? || Perang Punic Pertama <> Sicily telah dimenangi oleh siapa dalam peperangan Pertama Punic? || Rom", {"qas": [{"question": "Rome dominated what peninsula?", "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78b", "answers": [{"text": "Italian", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?", "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78c", "answers": [{"text": "Roman", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?", "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78d", "answers": [{"text": "First Punic War", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?", "id": "5725f57eec44d21400f3d78e", "answers": [{"text": "Romans", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans."}], ["Di Arab, Bahrain, yang dirujuk oleh orang Yunani sebagai Tylos, pusat perdagangan mutiara, ketika Nearchus datang untuk menemukannya berkhidmat di bawah Alexander the Great. Laksamana Yunani Nearchus dipercayai telah menjadi yang pertama dari komander Alexander untuk melawat pulau-pulau ini. Tidak diketahui sama ada Bahrain adalah sebahagian daripada Empayar Seleucid, walaupun tapak arkeologi di Qalat Al Bahrain telah dicadangkan sebagai pangkalan Seleucid di Teluk Parsi. Alexander telah merancang untuk menyelesaikan pantai timur Teluk Parsi dengan kolonis Yunani, dan walaupun tidak jelas bahawa ini berlaku pada skala yang dia anggap, Tylos adalah sebahagian besar dari dunia Hellenised: bahasa kelas atas adalah bahasa Yunani ( walaupun Aramaic digunakan sehari-hari), sementara Zeus disembah dalam bentuk Shams tuhan-tuhan Arab. Tylos bahkan menjadi tapak pertandingan olahraga Yunani. <> Apa yang orang Yunani memanggil Bahrain? || Tylos <> Di manakah titik pusat perdagangan mutiara? || Bahrain <> Antara komander Alexanders yang mana yang pertama melawat Bahrain? || Nearchus <> Alexander merancang untuk menjajah bank timur Teluk Parsi dengan etnik kolonis? || Yunani <> Tylos menyembah Zeus dalam bentuk apa sun-god Arab? || Shams", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Greeks call Bahrain?", "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d781", "answers": [{"text": "Tylos", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the central point of pearl trading?", "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d782", "answers": [{"text": "Bahrain", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?", "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d783", "answers": [{"text": "Nearchus", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?", "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d784", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?", "id": "5725f37fec44d21400f3d785", "answers": [{"text": "Shams", "answer_start": 815}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests."}], ["Beberapa rujukan dalam kesusasteraan India memuji pengetahuan Yavana atau orang Yunani. Mahabharata memuji mereka sebagai \"semua yang mengetahui Yavana\" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. \"Raja Yavana, Raja, tahu semua, Suras sangat khusus. dan pencipta mesin terbang yang umumnya dipanggil vimanas. \"Brihat-Samhita\" ahli matematik Varahamihira berkata: \"Orang Yunani, walaupun tidak suci, mesti dihormati kerana mereka dilatih dalam sains dan di dalamnya, yang unggul .....\". <> Apa maksud \"sarvajnaa yavanaa\"? || semua yang mengetahui Yavana <> Yang berkata \"Yavana, O raja, adalah semua yang tahu, Suras sangat khusus.\"? || Mahabharata <> Siapa yang menulis Brihat-Samhita? || Varahamihira <> Siapa kata \"The mlecchas sedang bercinta dengan ciptaan mereka sendiri.\" || Mahabharata <> Yang berkata \"Orang-orang Yunani, walaupun tidak suci, mesti dihormati kerana mereka telah dilatih dalam sains dan di dalamnya, mengungguli orang lain ....\" || Varahamihira", {"qas": [{"question": "What does \"sarvajnaa yavanaa\" mean?", "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d765", "answers": [{"text": "the all-knowing Yavanas", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so.\"?", "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d766", "answers": [{"text": "The Mahabharata", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?", "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d767", "answers": [{"text": "Varahamihira", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said \"The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\"", "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d768", "answers": [{"text": "The Mahabharata", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said \"The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....\"", "id": "5725f02bec44d21400f3d769", "answers": [{"text": "Varahamihira", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as \"the all-knowing Yavanas\" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\" and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The \"Brihat-Samhita\" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: \"The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others.....\" ."}], ["Carthage adalah koloni Phoenician di pantai Tunisia. Budaya Carthaginian bersentuhan dengan orang Yunani melalui koloni Punic di Sicily dan melalui rangkaian perdagangan Mediterranean yang meluas. Walaupun Carthaginians mengekalkan budaya dan bahasa Punic mereka, mereka telah mengamalkan cara Hellenistik, salah satu yang paling menonjol yang merupakan amalan tentera mereka. Pada 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage memulakan siri pembaharuan tentera yang menyalin tentera Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. Inti dari tentera Carthage adalah faleks gaya Yunani yang dibentuk oleh spearmen hoplite warga negara yang telah ditugaskan ke dalam perkhidmatan, walaupun tentera mereka juga termasuk sejumlah besar tentera upahan. Selepas kekalahan mereka dalam perang Punic yang pertama, Carthage mengupah seorang kapten pasukan bayaran Spartan, Xanthippus dari Carthage untuk membaharui pasukan tentera mereka. Xanthippus mereformasi tentera Carthaginian di sepanjang garis ketenteraan Macedonia. <> Carthage berada di pantai negara apa? || Tunisia <> Apa amalan Hellenistik yang sangat mempengaruhi budaya Carthaginian? || tentera <> yang mengubah tentera di Carthage pada 550 BCE? || Mago I of Carthage <> Apakah gaya Yunani adalah teras tentera Carthage? || phalanx <> Apa spartan pembantu tentera membantu pembaharuan tentera Carthage? || Xanthippus Carthage", {"qas": [{"question": "Carthage was on the coast of what country?", "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d367", "answers": [{"text": "Tunisia", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?", "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d368", "answers": [{"text": "military", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?", "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d369", "answers": [{"text": "Mago I of Carthage", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?", "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d36a", "answers": [{"text": "phalanx", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?", "id": "5725f4d2271a42140099d36b", "answers": [{"text": "Xanthippus of Carthage", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines."}], ["Kebudayaan Hellenistik berada pada ketinggian pengaruh dunia dalam zaman Helenistik. Hellenisme atau sekurang-kurangnya Philhellenism mencapai kebanyakan wilayah di sempadan kerajaan-kerajaan Hellenistik. Walaupun sesetengah kawasan ini tidak dikuasai oleh orang Yunani atau juga golongan elite yang berbahasa Yunani, pengaruh Hellenistik tertentu dapat dilihat dalam rekod sejarah dan budaya material di rantau ini. Kawasan-kawasan lain telah menjalin hubungan dengan koloni Yunani sebelum tempoh ini, dan hanya melihat proses Hellenisasi dan intermixing yang berterusan. <> Apa tempoh budaya Hellenistik pada ketinggian itu? || Hellenistic <> Walaupun beberapa wilayah tidak diperintah oleh orang Yunani, mereka masih dipengaruhi oleh budaya mana? || Helenistik <> Helenisme atau Philhellenism mencapai sempadan kerajaan mana? || Hellenistik", {"qas": [{"question": "What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?", "id": "5725f11838643c19005acee1", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?", "id": "5725f11838643c19005acee2", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?", "id": "5725f11838643c19005acee3", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing."}], ["Selepas kematian Demetrius, peperangan sivil antara raja-raja Bactrian di India membenarkan Apollodotus I (daripada 180/175 BCE) untuk menjadikan dirinya bebas sebagai raja Indo-Yunani yang pertama (yang tidak memerintah Bactria). Banyak syilingnya telah ditemui di India, dan dia seolah-olah telah memerintah di Gandhara serta barat Punjab. Apollodotus saya digantikan oleh atau memerintah bersama Antimachus II, mungkin anak raja Bactrian Antimachus I. Pada kira-kira 155 (atau 165) SM ia tampaknya telah berjaya oleh raja-raja Indo-Yunani yang paling berjaya, Menander I. Menander ditukar kepada Buddhisme, dan seolah-olah telah menjadi penaung agung besar; dia teringat dalam beberapa teks Buddha sebagai 'Milinda'. Dia juga memperluas kerajaan ke arah timur ke Punjab, walaupun penaklukan ini agak lama. <> Siapa raja Indo-Yunani pertama yang tidak memerintah Bactria? || Apollodotus I <> Yang berjaya atau memerintah bersama Apollodotus I? || Antimachus II <> Siapa berjaya Antimachus II? || Menander I <> Agama apa yang Menander saya menukar? || Buddhisme <> Apakah Menander saya merujuk kepada dalam teks Buddha? || Milinda", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?", "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75b", "answers": [{"text": "Apollodotus I", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?", "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75c", "answers": [{"text": "Antimachus II", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who succeeded Antimachus II?", "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75d", "answers": [{"text": "Menander I", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion did Menander I convert to?", "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75e", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?", "id": "5725ecc8ec44d21400f3d75f", "answers": [{"text": "Milinda", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral."}], ["Kerentanan Rom di Balkan bermula ketika serangan piratikal Illyrian ke pedagang Rom membawa kepada penyerang Illyria (Perang Illyria Pertama dan Kedua). Ketegangan antara Macedon dan Rom meningkat apabila raja muda Macedon, Philip V menumbuk salah satu daripada lanun ketua, Demetrius of Pharos (bekas klien Rom). Akibatnya, dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan pengaruh Romawi di Balkan, Philip bersekutu dengan Carthage selepas Hannibal telah mengalahkan kekalahan Roma di Battle of Cannae (216 SM) semasa Perang Punic Kedua. Memaksa orang Rom untuk bertempur di hadapan lain ketika mereka berada di bawah tenaga manusia telah mendapatkan Philip permusuhan yang kekal dari orang-orang Rom; satu-satunya hasil sebenar dari Perang Macedonian yang agak keterlaluan (215-202 SM). <> Lanun Illyrian menyebabkan dua peperangan di Balkan dengan apa Empire? || Roman <> Apa raja Macedon membantu perompak Demetrius Pharos? || Philip V <> Hannibal mengalahkan siapa di Battle of Cannae? || Roma <> Kapan Pertempuran Cannae? || 216 SM <> Dalam perang apakah Peperangan Cannae? || Perang Punic Kedua", {"qas": [{"question": "Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?", "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d793", "answers": [{"text": "Roman", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?", "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d794", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?", "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d795", "answers": [{"text": "the Romans", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Cannae?", "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d796", "answers": [{"text": "216 BC", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what war was the Battle of Cannae?", "id": "5725f659ec44d21400f3d797", "answers": [{"text": "Second Punic War", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215\u2013202 BC)."}], ["Selepas kematian Menander (kira-kira 130 SM), Kerajaan nampaknya telah berpecah-belah, dengan beberapa 'raja' terbukti secara kontemporer di rantau yang berbeza. Ini tidak dapat dielakkan melemahkan kedudukan Yunani, dan wilayah seolah-olah telah hilang secara progresif. Sekitar 70 SM, kawasan barat Arachosia dan Paropamisadae hilang kepada serangan-serangan puak, mungkin oleh puak-puak yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengakhiri kerajaan Bactrian. Kerajaan Indo-Scythian yang dihasilkan seolah-olah telah menundukkan kerajaan Indo-Yunani yang tersisa ke arah timur. Kerajaan Indo-Yunani nampaknya telah bertahan di Punjab barat sehingga kira-kira 10 Masehi ketika akhirnya berakhir oleh Indo-Scythians. <> Bilakah Menander mati? || 130 SM <> Apa kerajaan memaksa kerajaan Indo-Yunani di timur? || Indo-Scythian <> Sekitar 70 SM, Arachosia dan apa lagi wilayah yang diambil alih oleh serangan suku? || Paropamisadae <> Saya tidak dapat menjawab soalan lain. Tetapi saya perlu mengisi ruang ini kerana saya tidak dapat menyerahkan hit tersebut. || dalam", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Menander die?", "id": "5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0b8", "answers": [{"text": "130 BC", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?", "id": "5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0b9", "answers": [{"text": "Indo-Scythian", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?", "id": "5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0ba", "answers": [{"text": "Paropamisadae", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ", "id": "5726298fec44d21400f3db09", "answers": [{"text": "in", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians."}], ["Menurut Strabo, Greco-Bactrians nampaknya mempunyai hubungan dengan China melalui laluan perdagangan sutera (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Sumber-sumber India juga mengekalkan hubungan keagamaan antara para bhikkhu Buddha dan orang-orang Yunani, dan beberapa orang Greco-Bactrians telah menukar agama Buddha. Demetrius, anak lelaki dan pengganti Euthydemus, menyerang India barat laut pada tahun 180 SM, selepas kemusnahan kerajaan Mauritania di sana; orang Mauris mungkin sekutu Bactrians (dan Seleucids). Justifikasi tepat untuk pencerobohan itu masih belum jelas, tetapi sekitar 175 SM, orang Yunani memerintah di bahagian barat India. Tempoh ini juga menandakan permulaan pengumpulan sejarah Greco-Bactrian. Demetrius mungkin meninggal sekitar 180 SM; Bukti numismatik mencadangkan kewujudan beberapa raja lain tidak lama kemudian. Adalah mungkin bahawa pada masa ini kerajaan Greco-Bactrian berpecah menjadi beberapa daerah semi-bebas selama beberapa tahun, sering berperang di kalangan mereka. Heliocles adalah Greek terakhir dengan jelas menolak Bactria, kuasanya runtuh dalam menghadapi pencerobohan suku kaum Asia Tengah (Scythian dan Yuezhi), dengan kira-kira 130 SM. Walau bagaimanapun, tamadun bandar Yunani nampaknya telah berterusan di Bactria selepas kejatuhan kerajaan, yang mempunyai kesan hellenising pada suku-suku yang telah menggantikan peraturan Yunani. Kerajaan Kushan yang diikuti terus menggunakan bahasa Yunani pada duit syiling mereka dan orang Yunani terus berpengaruh di empayar. <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Greco-Bactrians mempunyai sambungan melalui jalan sutera? || Strabo <> Ketika Demetrius, anak Euthydemus menyerang India utara-barat? || 180 BC <> Kematian yang mana menandakan permulaan dokumentasi sejarah Greco-Bactrian yang mengelirukan? || Demetrius <> Siapakah orang Yunani yang terakhir memerintah Bactria? || Heliocles", {"qas": [{"question": "Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?", "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a6", "answers": [{"text": "Strabo", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?", "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a7", "answers": [{"text": "180 BC", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?", "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a8", "answers": [{"text": "Demetrius", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?", "id": "5725ebb089a1e219009ac0a9", "answers": [{"text": "Heliocles", "answer_start": 967}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire."}], ["Sebelum zaman Helenistik, jajahan Yunani telah ditubuhkan di pantai peninggalan Crimean dan Taman. Kerajaan Bosporan adalah kerajaan multi-etnik negara-negara kota Yunani dan penduduk suku tempatan seperti Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians dan Cimmerians di bawah dinasti Spartocid (438-110 BCE). Spartosid adalah keluarga Thracian yang tidak dapat diselamatkan dari Panticapaeum. Bosporans mempunyai hubungan perdagangan yang lama dengan orang Scythian dari padang rumput Pontic-Caspian, dan pengaruh Hellenistik dapat dilihat di perkampungan Scythian di Crimea, seperti di Scythian Neapolis. Tekanan Scythian pada kerajaan Bosporan di bawah Paerisades V telah menyebabkan vassalage akhirnya di bawah raja Pontic Mithradates VI untuk perlindungan, sekitar 107 BCE. Ia kemudian menjadi keadaan pelanggan Rom. Lain-lain Scythians di padang rumput Asia Tengah datang ke dalam hubungan dengan budaya Hellenistik melalui Yunani Bactria. Banyak elit Scythian membeli produk Yunani dan beberapa seni Scythian menunjukkan pengaruh Yunani. Sekurang-kurangnya sesetengah orang Scythian sepertinya telah menjadi Hellenized, kerana kita tahu konflik antara elit kerajaan Scythian atas penggunaan cara Yunani. Ini Scythians Hellenized dikenali sebagai \"Scythians muda\". Orang-orang di sekitar Pontic Olbia, yang dikenali sebagai Callipidae, telah digabungkan dan Hellenized Greco-Scythians. <> Sebelum pengaruh Hellenestic, koloni Yunani berada di tepi Taman dan apa lagi semenanjung? || Crimean <> Apa kerajaan di bawah dinasti Spartocid terdiri daripada orang Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians dan Cimmerians? || Bosporan <> Yang orang Scythian dengan Bosporans mempunyai hubungan perdagangan yang kuat dengan? || Pontic-Caspian steppe <> Dari siapakah Scythians of Central Asia menemui kebudayaan Hellenistik? || Yunani Bactria <> Hellenized Scythians dikenali sebagai? || orang Scythia yang muda", {"qas": [{"question": "Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?", "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0de", "answers": [{"text": "Crimean", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?", "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0df", "answers": [{"text": "Bosporan", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?", "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0e0", "answers": [{"text": "Pontic-Caspian steppe", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?", "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0e1", "answers": [{"text": "Greeks of Bactria", "answer_start": 905}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hellenized Scythians were known as?", "id": "5725f28989a1e219009ac0e2", "answers": [{"text": "young Scythians", "answer_start": 1223}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438\u2013110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the \"young Scythians\". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians."}], ["Athens mengekalkan kedudukannya sebagai kerusi pendidikan tinggi yang paling berprestij, terutamanya dalam bidang falsafah dan retorik, dengan banyak perpustakaan dan sekolah falsafah. Alexandria mempunyai Muzium yang monumental (iaitu pusat penyelidikan) dan Perpustakaan Alexandria yang dianggarkan mempunyai 700,000 jilid. Kota Pergamon juga mempunyai perpustakaan yang besar dan menjadi pusat pengeluaran buku utama. Pulau Rhodes mempunyai perpustakaan dan juga mempunyai sekolah menengah yang terkenal untuk politik dan diplomasi. Perpustakaan turut hadir di Antioch, Pella, dan Kos. Cicero dididik di Athens dan Mark Antony di Rhodes. Antioch diasaskan sebagai metropolis dan pusat pembelajaran bahasa Yunani yang mengekalkan statusnya menjadi era kekristianan. Seleucia menggantikan Babylon sebagai metropolis Tigris yang lebih rendah. <> Bandar manakah yang memegang kerusi tinggi yang paling berprestij? || Athens <> Perpustakaan apa yang dianggarkan mempunyai 700,000 jilid? || Perpustakaan Alexandria <> Kota mana yang menjadi pusat pengeluaran buku utama? || Pergamon <> Pulau apa yang mempunyai sekolah menengah yang terkenal untuk diplomasi dan politik? || Rhodes <> Apa yang menggantikan Babylon sebagai metropolis Tigris yang lebih rendah? || Seleucia", {"qas": [{"question": "Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?", "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f7", "answers": [{"text": "Athens", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes?", "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f8", "answers": [{"text": "Library of Alexandria", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which city became a major center of book production?", "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f9", "answers": [{"text": "Pergamon", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics?", "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7fa", "answers": [{"text": "Rhodes", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris?", "id": "572600a9ec44d21400f3d7fb", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucia", "answer_start": 755}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. Alexandria had the monumental Museum (i.e. research center) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes. The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production. The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. Libraries were also present in Antioch, Pella, and Kos. Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity. Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris."}], ["Penyebaran kebudayaan dan bahasa Yunani di seluruh Timur Jauh dan Asia banyak memberi sumbangan kepada pembangunan kota-kota yang baru ditubuhkan dan dasar penjajahan yang disengaja oleh negara-negara pengganti, yang pada gilirannya diperlukan untuk mengekalkan kekuatan tentera mereka. Penempatan seperti Ai-Khanoum, yang terletak di laluan perdagangan, membolehkan budaya Yunani untuk bercampur dan menyebar. Bahasa Filipina dan tentera Alexander II dan tentera (yang terdiri daripada pelbagai orang berbahasa Yunani dan bukan Yunani) adalah versi Attic Greek, dan dari masa ke masa bahasa ini berkembang menjadi Koine, bahasa lingua franca dari negara pengganti. <> Philip II dan tentera pengadilan Alexander berbicara versi bahasa apa? || Attic Greek <> Attic Greek berkembang menjadi bahasa lingua franca? || Koine <> Ai-Khanoum terletak di laluan macam apa? || perdagangan", {"qas": [{"question": "Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?", "id": "5726015e89a1e219009ac142", "answers": [{"text": "Attic Greek", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?", "id": "5726015e89a1e219009ac143", "answers": [{"text": "Koine", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?", "id": "5726015e89a1e219009ac144", "answers": [{"text": "trade", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states."}], ["Nampaknya Alexander sendiri mengejar dasar-dasar yang membawa Hellenisation, seperti asas kota-kota baru dan koloni Yunani. Walaupun ia mungkin merupakan percubaan untuk menyebarkan budaya Yunani (atau seperti kata Arrian, \"untuk menanam pribumi\"), kemungkinan besar ia adalah satu siri tindakan pragmatik yang dirancang untuk membantu pemerintahan kerajaannya yang besar. Bandar dan koloni adalah pusat kawalan pentadbiran dan kuasa Macedonia di rantau yang baru ditakluki. Alexander juga seolah-olah cuba untuk mencipta kelas elit campuran Greco-Persia seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh perkahwinan Susa dan penggunaannya beberapa bentuk pakaian Parsi dan budaya mahkamah. Dia juga membawa rakyat Parsi dan orang bukan Yunani ke dalam tenteranya dan juga unit kavaleri elit pasukan kavaleri. Sekali lagi, lebih baik untuk melihat dasar-dasar ini sebagai tindak balas pragmatik terhadap tuntutan memerintah sebuah empayar besar daripada mana-mana percubaan yang ideal untuk membawa budaya Yunani kepada 'orang-orang barbarians'. Pendekatan ini sangat marah oleh orang Makedonia dan dibuang oleh kebanyakan Diadochi selepas kematian Alexander. Dasar-dasar ini juga boleh ditafsirkan sebagai akibat dari megalomania yang mungkin Alexander semasa tahun-tahun berikutnya. <> Yang mengamalkan amalan Hellenisation dengan menubuhkan bandaraya dan koloni Yunani yang baru? || Alexander <> Perkahwinan Susa adalah contoh bagaimana Alexander mencampurkan budaya Yunani dengan budaya apa yang lain? || Persia <> Siapa yang mengecewakan pendekatan pragmatik Alexander untuk memilih tenteranya? || orang Makedonia <> Alexander mengalami gangguan mental? || megalomania", {"qas": [{"question": "Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?", "id": "5726050338643c19005acf59", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?", "id": "5726050338643c19005acf5a", "answers": [{"text": "Persian", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?", "id": "5726050338643c19005acf5b", "answers": [{"text": "the Macedonians", "answer_start": 1020}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?", "id": "5726050338643c19005acf5c", "answers": [{"text": "megalomania", "answer_start": 1176}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, \"to civilise the natives\"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought in Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry. Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the 'barbarians'. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania during his later years."}], ["Dalam sesetengah bidang kebudayaan Hellenistik berkembang pesat, terutamanya dalam pemeliharaan masa lalu. Negeri-negeri zaman Hellenistik telah dipenuhi dengan masa lalu dan kemuliaannya yang hilang. Pemeliharaan banyak karya seni dan kesusasteraan klasik dan kuno (termasuk karya tiga tragedi klasik klasik, Aeschylus, Sophocles, dan Euripides) adalah disebabkan oleh usaha Yunani Yunani. Muzium dan perpustakaan Alexandria adalah pusat aktiviti pemuliharaan ini. Dengan sokongan kediaman diraja, sarjana Alexandria dikumpulkan, diterjemahkan, disalin, dikelaskan dan dikritik setiap buku yang mereka dapati. Kebanyakan tokoh sastera zaman Hellenistik yang dikaji di Alexandria dan menjalankan penyelidikan di sana. Mereka adalah penyair sarjana, menulis bukan sahaja puisi melainkan risalah pada Homer dan kesusasteraan Yunani kuno dan klasik lain. <> Siapa yang paling bertanggungjawab untuk pemeliharaan kebudayaan Hellenistik? || Greek Hellenistic <> Apa muzium dan jawatan ilmuwan adalah pusat pemuliharaan budaya Hellenistic? || Alexandria <> Di manakah sebagian besar tokoh sastera dalam kajian zaman Helenistik? || Alexandria", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?", "id": "5725fe4f89a1e219009ac13c", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic Greeks", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?", "id": "5725fe4f89a1e219009ac13d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?", "id": "5725fe4f89a1e219009ac13e", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories. The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature."}], ["Sebaliknya, dengan begitu tegas menguasai diri mereka dalam hal-ehwal Yunani, orang-orang Rom sekarang sepenuhnya mengabaikan kerajaan Seleucid yang cepat hancur (mungkin kerana tidak menimbulkan ancaman); dan meninggalkan kerajaan Ptolemaic untuk menurun secara senyap-senyap, sambil bertindak sebagai pelindung pelbagai, untuk menghentikan kuasa-kuasa lain yang membawa Mesir ke atas (termasuk peristiwa yang terkenal dalam pasir semasa Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes cuba menyerang Mesir ). Akhirnya, ketidakstabilan di timur berhampiran akibat kekosongan kuasa yang ditinggalkan oleh keruntuhan empayar Seleucid menyebabkan Pekartian Romawi Pompey Agung memusnahkan negara Seleucid Seleucid, menyerap banyak Syria ke republik Rom. Secara ternama, akhir Ptolemaic Mesir datang sebagai tindakan akhir dalam perang saudara republik antara triumvir Rom Mark Anthony dan Augustus Caesar. Selepas kekalahan Anthony dan kekasihnya, raja Ptolemaic yang terakhir, Cleopatra VII di Pertempuran Actium, Augustus menyerang Mesir dan mengambilnya sebagai warisan pribadinya sendiri. Dengan demikian ia menyelesaikan kedua-dua pemusnahan kerajaan-kerajaan Yunani dan republik Romawi, dan berakhir (di belakang) zaman Hellenistik. <> Siapa yang cuba menceroboh Mesir dalam kejadian yang terkenal di dalam pasir? || Antiochus IV Epiphanes <> Yang prokonul Roman yang menegaskan keadaan Seleucid Seleucid? || Pompey the Great <> Siapa Ptolemaic terakhir raja? || Cleopatra VII <> Pada apa peperangan Mark Anthony dikalahkan? || Pertempuran Actium <> Rantau apa yang dilakukan oleh Augustus sebagai fiefdom peribadi? || Mesir", {"qas": [{"question": "Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?", "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7cd", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?", "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7ce", "answers": [{"text": "Pompey the Great", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?", "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7cf", "answers": [{"text": "Cleopatra VII", "answer_start": 907}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?", "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7d0", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Actium", "answer_start": 928}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?", "id": "5725fd47ec44d21400f3d7d1", "answers": [{"text": "Egypt", "answer_start": 963}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era."}], ["Dinasti Pergamum yang berlaku tidak lama lagi; sekutu Rom sehingga akhir, raja terakhirnya, Attalus III meninggal pada tahun 133 SM tanpa pewaris, dan mengambil persekutuan dengan kesimpulan semulajadi, memohon Pergamum ke Republik Romawi. Perlawanan terakhir Yunani datang pada 88 SM, ketika Raja Mithridates dari Pontus memberontak melawan Rom, ditangkap Rom memegang Anatolia, dan membantai sehingga 100.000 sekutu Roma dan Rom di seluruh Asia Minor. Banyak bandar-bandar Yunani, termasuk Athena, menggulingkan raja-raja boneka Rom dan menyertai beliau dalam peperangan Mithridatic. Ketika dia diusir dari Yunani oleh jenderal Rom Lucius Cornelius Sulla, yang mengepung kota Athens dan meruntuhkan kota itu. Mithridates akhirnya dikalahkan oleh Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) pada tahun 65 SM. Kehancuran selanjutnya dibawa ke Greece oleh perang sivil Romawi, yang sebahagiannya berperang di Greece. Akhirnya, pada tahun 27 SM, Augustus secara langsung menggabungkan Greece ke Empayar Rom yang baru sebagai wilayah Achaea. Perjuangan dengan Rom telah meninggalkan Greece yang berkurang dan degradasi. Walau bagaimanapun, peraturan Romawi sekurang-kurangnya telah menamatkan perang, dan bandar-bandar seperti Athens, Korintus, Thessaloniki dan Patras tidak lama lagi pulih kemakmuran mereka. <> Siapa raja terakhir Dinasti Attalid? || Attalus III <> Bilakah Attalus III mati? || 133 SM <> Siapa yang memohon Pergamum ke Republik Rom? || Attalus III <> Pada tahun apakah rintangan akhir Yunani? || 88 SM <> Siapa yang mengetuai perlawanan terakhir Yunani? || Mithridates of Pontus", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?", "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a3", "answers": [{"text": "Attalus III", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Attalus III die?", "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a4", "answers": [{"text": "133 BC", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?", "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a5", "answers": [{"text": "Attalus III", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the final Greek resistance?", "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a6", "answers": [{"text": "88 BC", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the final Greek resistance?", "id": "5725fc62271a42140099d3a7", "answers": [{"text": "Mithridates of Pontus", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity."}], ["Pengenalan dewa-dewa tempatan dengan dewa-dewa Yunani yang serupa, sebuah amalan yang digelar 'Interpretatio graeca', memfasilitasi pembinaan kuil gaya Yunani, dan budaya Yunani di bandar-bandar juga bermakna bangunan seperti gymnasia dan teater menjadi biasa. Banyak bandar mengekalkan autonomi nominal di bawah pemerintahan raja atau satrap tempatan, dan sering mempunyai institusi gaya Yunani. Dedikasi, patung, seni bina dan prasasti Yunani semuanya telah ditemui. Walau bagaimanapun, budaya tempatan tidak diganti, dan kebanyakannya berjalan seperti dahulu, tetapi sekarang dengan Greco-Macedonian atau elit Hellenized yang baru. Contoh yang menunjukkan penyebaran teater Yunani adalah cerita Plutarch mengenai kematian Crassus, di mana kepalanya dibawa ke mahkamah Parthia dan digunakan sebagai pertunjukan dalam persembahan The Bacchae. Teater juga telah ditemui: contohnya, di Ai-Khanoum di pinggir Bactria, teater mempunyai 35 baris - lebih besar daripada teater di Babylon. <> Amalan mengenal pasti dewa-dewa tempatan dengan dewa-dewa Yunani dipanggil apa? || Interpretatio graeca <> Who wrote the story of Crassus? || Ketua Plutarch <> Crassus 'menggunakan alat penunjuk dalam prestasi apa? || The Bacchae <> Sebuah teater berturut-turut 35 di pinggir Bactria ditemui di kawasan apa? || Ai-Khanoum", {"qas": [{"question": "The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?", "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac152", "answers": [{"text": "Interpretatio graeca", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the story of Crassus?", "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac153", "answers": [{"text": "Plutarch", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?", "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac154", "answers": [{"text": "The Bacchae", "answer_start": 792}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?", "id": "572603a289a1e219009ac155", "answers": [{"text": "Ai-Khanoum", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed 'Interpretatio graeca', facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap, and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus, in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows \u2013 larger than the theater in Babylon."}], ["Apabila Perang Punic Kedua telah diselesaikan, dan orang-orang Rom telah mula menguatkan kekuatan mereka, mereka kelihatan untuk menegaskan semula pengaruh mereka di Balkan, dan untuk membendung perkembangan Philip. Satu alasan untuk perang diberikan oleh keengganan Philip untuk mengakhiri perangnya dengan Attalid Pergamum, dan Rhodes, sekutu Roman. Orang-orang Rom, juga bersekutu dengan Liga Aetolian negara-negara Yunani (yang menimbulkan kekuasaan Philip), dengan demikian mengisytiharkan perang pada Macedon pada 200 SM, memulakan Perang Macedonia Kedua. Ini berakhir dengan kemenangan Rom yang menentukan di Pertempuran Cynoscephalae (197 SM). Seperti kebanyakan perjanjian damai Rom pada masa itu, 'Peace of Flaminius' yang dihasilkan telah direka untuk menghancurkan kuasa parti yang kalah; ganti rugi besar-besaran telah dilevi, armada Philip diserahkan kepada Rom, dan Macedon telah dikembalikan dengan berkesan ke sempadan purba, kehilangan pengaruh ke atas negara-negara di selatan Greece, dan tanah di Thrace dan Asia Kecil. Hasilnya ialah akhir Macedon sebagai kuasa utama di Mediterania. <> Di rantau apakah yang Roma bertujuan untuk menaikkan pengaruh selepas perang Punic Kedua? || Balkan <> Yang menolak untuk mengakhiri peperangan dengan Attitude Pergamum dan Rhodes menyebabkan Perang Macedonia Kedua? || Philip <> Tahun apakah Perang Macedonian bermula? || 200 SM <> Pertempuran mana yang menandakan berakhirnya Perang Macedonia Kedua? || Pertempuran Cynoscephalae <> Apakah kerajaan memenangkan Perang Macedonia Kedua? || Rom", {"qas": [{"question": "In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?", "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d79d", "answers": [{"text": "the Balkans", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?", "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d79e", "answers": [{"text": "Philip", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?", "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d79f", "answers": [{"text": "200 BC", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?", "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d7a0", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Cynoscephalae", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What empire won the Second Macedonian War?", "id": "5725f776ec44d21400f3d7a1", "answers": [{"text": "Roman", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean."}], ["Oleh itu, dalam masa kurang dari dua puluh tahun, Rom telah memusnahkan kuasa salah satu daripada negara pengganti, melumpuhkan yang lain, dan teguh menguatkan pengaruhnya terhadap Yunani. Inilah yang terutama hasil dari cita-cita tinggi raja-raja Macedonia, dan provokasi Rom mereka yang tidak diinginkan; walaupun Rom cepat mengeksploitasi keadaan. Dalam dua puluh tahun lagi, kerajaan Macedon tidak lagi. Mencari untuk menegaskan semula kuasa Macedonia dan kemerdekaan Yunani, anak lelaki Philip V, Perseus menimbulkan kemarahan orang Rom, mengakibatkan Perang Ketiga Mac (171-168 SM). Berjanji, Roma menghapuskan kerajaan Makedonia, menggantikannya dengan empat republik boneka; ini berlangsung lebih dua puluh tahun sebelum Macedon secara rasmi dilampirkan sebagai wilayah Rom (146 SM) selepas pemberontakan lain di bawah Andriscus. Rom kini menuntut agar Liga Achaean, kubu terakhir kemerdekaan Yunani, dibubarkan. The Achaeans menolak dan mengisytiharkan perang ke Rom. Kebanyakan bandar-bandar Yunani berganding dengan pasukan Achaeans, malah budak-budak telah dibebaskan untuk bertempur untuk kemerdekaan Yunani. Konsul Rom Lucius Mummius maju dari Macedonia dan mengalahkan orang Yunani di Korintus, yang dibakar ke tanah. Pada tahun 146 SM, semenanjung Yunani, walaupun bukan pulau-pulau, menjadi sebuah protektorat Rom. Cukai Roman dikenakan, kecuali di Athens dan Sparta, dan semua bandar terpaksa menerima pemerintahan oleh sekutu tempatan Rom. <> Apa nama anak lelaki Philip V yang ingin membawa kemerdekaan Yunani? || Perseus <> Perseus memerangi orang Rom dalam peperangan apa? || Perang Ketiga Mac <> Bilakah Macedonia dilampirkan oleh orang Rom? || 146 SM <> Konsul Rom mana yang mengalahkan orang Yunani di Corinth? || Lucius Mummius <> Bilakah semenanjung Yunani menjadi protektorat Rom? || 146 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?", "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c3", "answers": [{"text": "Perseus", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Perseus fought the Romans in what war?", "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c4", "answers": [{"text": "Third Macedonian War", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?", "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c5", "answers": [{"text": "146 BC", "answer_start": 748}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?", "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c6", "answers": [{"text": "Lucius Mummius", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?", "id": "5725fbcbec44d21400f3d7c7", "answers": [{"text": "146 BC", "answer_start": 1186}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171\u2013168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies."}], ["Akibat kekeliruan di Greece pada akhir Perang Macedonia Kedua, Empayar Seleucid juga menjadi terjerat dengan orang Rom. Seleucid Antiochus III telah bersekutu dengan Philip V of Macedon pada 203 SM, bersetuju bahawa mereka harus bersama menakluk tanah raja Mesir, Ptolemy V. Setelah mengalahkan Ptolemy dalam Perang Syiah Kelima, Antiochus berkonsentrasi menduduki kepemilikan Ptolemaic di Asia Kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, ini membawa Antiochus menjadi konflik dengan Rhodes dan Pergamum, dua sekutu Rom yang penting, dan memulakan 'perang dingin' antara Rom dan Antiochus (tidak dibantu oleh kehadiran Hannibal di mahkamah Seleucid). Sementara itu, di tanah besar Greece, Liga Aetolian, yang berpihak kepada Rom melawan Macedon, kini semakin membenci kehadiran Rom di Greece. Ini mempersembahkan Antiochus III dengan alasan untuk menyerang Greece dan 'membebaskan'nya dari pengaruh Romawi, sehingga memulakan Perang Rom-Syria (192-188 SM). Pada tahun 191 SM, orang Roma di bawah Manius Acilius Glabrio menghalau dia di Thermopylae dan memaksa dia untuk menarik diri ke Asia. Semasa tentera perang Rom ini bergerak ke Asia buat kali pertama, di mana mereka mengalahkan Antiochus lagi di Pertempuran Magnesia (190 SM). Perjanjian yang melumpuhkan telah dikenakan terhadap Antiochus, dengan kepemilikan Seleucid di Asia Minor dibuang dan diberikan kepada Rhodes dan Pergamum, jumlah angkatan laut Seleucid dikurangi, dan ganti rugi perang besar-besaran dimanfaatkan. <> Antiochus III bersekutu dengan raja apa pada tahun 203 SM? || Philip V <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Ptolemy? || Antiochus <> Dalam perang apa Ptolemy dikalahkan? || Perang Kelima Syria <> Apa perang yang berlaku ketika Antiochus III menyerang Greece? || Perang Roman-Syria <> Berapa tahun perang Roma-Syria berlaku? || 192-188 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?", "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf35", "answers": [{"text": "Philip V", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated Ptolemy?", "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf36", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what war was Ptolemy defeated?", "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf37", "answers": [{"text": "Fifth Syrian War", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?", "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf38", "answers": [{"text": "Roman-Syrian War", "answer_start": 905}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?", "id": "5725fa9c38643c19005acf39", "answers": [{"text": "192\u2013188 BC", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192\u2013188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked."}], ["Semasa zaman Helenistik, banyak sekolah pemikiran yang berbeza berkembang. Athens, dengan pelbagai sekolah falsafah, terus menjadi pusat pemikiran falsafah. Walau bagaimanapun, Athens telah kehilangan kebebasan politiknya dan falsafah Hellenistik adalah satu gambaran masa sukar ini. Dalam iklim politik ini, ahli falsafah Hellenistik mencari matlamat seperti ataraxia (un-terganggu), autarki (sara diri) dan apatheia (kebebasan dari penderitaan), yang membolehkan mereka merampas kesejahteraan atau eudaimonia daripada yang paling bertukar kekayaan yang sukar. Pendudukan ini dengan kehidupan dalaman, dengan kebebasan dalaman peribadi dan dengan mengejar eudaimonia adalah semua sekolah falsafah Hellenistik mempunyai kesamaan. <> Apa bandar kekal sebagai pusat pemikiran falsafah? || Athens <> Apa maksud ataraxia? || un-disturbedness <> Apa maksud autarky? || swasembada <> Apa itu apatheia? || kebebasan daripada penderitaan", {"qas": [{"question": "What city remained the center of philosophical thought?", "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d889", "answers": [{"text": "Athens", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ataraxia mean?", "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d88a", "answers": [{"text": "un-disturbedness", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does autarky mean?", "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d88b", "answers": [{"text": "self-sufficiency", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does apatheia mean?", "id": "5726128fec44d21400f3d88c", "answers": [{"text": "freedom from suffering", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common."}], ["Walaupun keengganan awal mereka, para Pemerhati sepatutnya dengan sengaja merealisasikan diri mereka ke rantau masing-masing, mungkin untuk membantu mengekalkan kendali penduduk. Di kerajaan Ptolemaic, kita dapati beberapa orang Mesir Mesir pada abad ke-2 dan seterusnya. Kerajaan Indo-Yunani, kita dapati raja-raja yang telah menukar agama Buddha (mis. Menander). Oleh itu, orang-orang Yunani di kawasan itu secara beransur-ansur menjadi 'setempat', mengamalkan kastam tempatan yang sesuai. Dengan cara ini, budaya hibrid 'Hellenistic' secara semula jadi muncul, sekurang-kurangnya di kalangan masyarakat eselon atas. <> Menander ditukar kepada agama apa? || Budha <> Yunani Yunani di Kerajaan Ptolemaik mula wujud pada abad yang mana? || Kedua <> Yunani mengamalkan apa yang berasal dari budaya tempatan? || Kastam", {"qas": [{"question": "Menander converted to what religion?", "id": "5726097838643c19005acf69", "answers": [{"text": "Buddhism", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?", "id": "5726097838643c19005acf6a", "answers": [{"text": "2nd", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greeks adopted what from local cultures?", "id": "5726097838643c19005acf6b", "answers": [{"text": "customs", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society."}], ["Umur Helenistik juga menyaksikan peningkatan kekecewaan dengan agama tradisional. Kebangkitan falsafah dan sains telah menghilangkan tuhan-tuhan dari banyak domain tradisional mereka seperti peranan mereka dalam pergerakan badan-badan surgawi dan bencana alam. The Sophists mengisytiharkan sentraliti kemanusiaan dan agnostisisme; kepercayaan dalam Euhemerisme (pandangan bahawa tuhan-tuhan itu hanyalah raja-raja dan pahlawan purba), menjadi popular. Ahli falsafah terkenal Epicurus mempromosikan pandangan tuhan-tuhan yang tidak berminat yang tinggal jauh dari alam manusia dalam metakosmia. Kebanggaan para penguasa juga membawa idea keilahian ke bumi. Walaupun terdapat kemerosotan yang ketara dalam keagamaan, ini kebanyakannya dikhaskan untuk kelas berpendidikan. <> Umur Hellinistik menandakan kenaikan jenis agama apa? || tradisional <> yang mengisytiharkan sentraliti kemanusiaan dan agnostikisme? || Sophists <> Apa pandangan \"bahawa para dewa hanya raja-raja dan pahlawan purba\" yang dipanggil? || Euhemerisme <> Siapa sangka bahawa tuhan-tuhan itu jauh dan tidak berminat? || Epicurus <> Raja-raja membawa konsep keilahian ke mana? || rendah diri", {"qas": [{"question": "The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?", "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d405", "answers": [{"text": "traditional", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?", "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d406", "answers": [{"text": "Sophists", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the view \"that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes\" called?", "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d407", "answers": [{"text": "Euhemerism", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?", "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d408", "answers": [{"text": "Epicurus", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?", "id": "57260e5b271a42140099d409", "answers": [{"text": "down to earth", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia. The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes."}], ["Magic telah diamalkan secara meluas, dan ini juga merupakan kesinambungan dari zaman dahulu. Sepanjang dunia Hellenistik, orang akan berkonsultasi dengan oracle, dan menggunakan azimat dan patung untuk menghalang kemalangan atau melemparkan mantra. Juga dibangunkan di era ini adalah sistem astrologi yang rumit, yang berusaha menentukan sifat seseorang dan masa depan dalam pergerakan matahari, bulan, dan planet. Astrologi secara meluas dikaitkan dengan kultus Tyche (nasib, nasib), yang semakin popular dalam tempoh ini. <> Bagaimana orang menjauhkan kemalangan dalam zaman Hellenistik? || daya tarik <> Apakah sistem yang kompleks berdasarkan pergerakan matahari, bulan, dan planet yang menentukan personaliti anda? || Astrologi <> Astrologi dikaitkan dengan kultus mana? || Tyche <> Apa maksud Tyche? || nasib <> Apakah trajektori Astrologi semasa zaman Helenistik? || tumbuh", {"qas": [{"question": "How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?", "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d875", "answers": [{"text": "charms", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?", "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d876", "answers": [{"text": "astrology", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Astrology was associated with which cult?", "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d877", "answers": [{"text": "Tyche", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Tyche mean?", "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d878", "answers": [{"text": "luck", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?", "id": "57260f65ec44d21400f3d879", "answers": [{"text": "grew", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Magic was practiced widely, and these too, were a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology, which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period."}], ["Oleh itu trend-trend Helenisasi diiringi oleh orang-orang Yunani mengamalkan cara-cara asli dari masa ke masa, tetapi ini secara meluas diubah oleh tempat dan oleh kelas sosial. Lebih jauh dari Mediterranean dan yang lebih rendah dalam status sosial, lebih banyak kemungkinan bahawa penjajah adalah mengamalkan cara tempatan, manakala golongan elit Greco-Macedonian dan keluarga Diraja, biasanya tetap benar-benar Yunani dan melihat kebanyakan orang bukan Yunani dengan rasa tidak puas hati. Hanya dengan Cleopatra VII, seorang penguasa Ptolemaic mengganggu untuk mempelajari bahasa Mesir dari subjek mereka. <> Seorang kolonis jauh dari Mediterranean dan rendah dalam kedudukan sosial akan lebih cenderung untuk melakukan apa? || mengguna pakai cara-cara tempatan <> elit Greco-Macedonian tetap berkomitmen kepada budaya apa? || Greek <> Siapa yang orang Yunani tunduk? || bukan orang Yunani <> Siapa penguasa pertama Ptolemaik untuk mempelajari bahasa Mesir? || Cleopatra VII", {"qas": [{"question": "A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?", "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf6f", "answers": [{"text": "adopt local ways", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?", "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf70", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Greeks look down upon?", "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf71", "answers": [{"text": "non-Greeks", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?", "id": "57260a8e38643c19005acf72", "answers": [{"text": "Cleopatra VII", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families, usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It is only until Cleopatra VII, that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects."}], ["Peribadatan penganut pemerintahan dinasti juga merupakan ciri zaman ini, terutama sekali di Mesir, di mana Ptolemies mengamalkan praktik Pharaonic sebelum ini, dan mendirikan diri mereka sebagai raja-raja. Penganut-penganut ini biasanya dikaitkan dengan sebuah kuil tertentu sebagai penghormatan kepada pemerintah seperti Ptolemaieia di Alexandria dan mempunyai perayaan dan persembahan teater mereka sendiri. Penubuhan pemujaan pemerintah lebih berdasarkan pada kehormatan yang sistematis yang ditawarkan kepada raja-raja (pengorbanan, proskinesis, patung-patung, mezbah-mezbah, pujian) yang menjadikan mereka setara dengan para dewa (isotheism) daripada kepercayaan sebenar sifat ilahi mereka. Menurut Peter Green, kultus-kultus ini tidak menghasilkan kepercayaan tulen tentang ketuhanan para penguasa di kalangan orang Yunani dan Macedonia. Penyembahan Alexander juga popular, seperti dalam kultus hidup lama di Erythrae dan tentu saja, di Alexandria, di mana makamnya terletak. <> Amalan apa yang digunakan oleh Ptolemies di mana mereka menganggap diri mereka sebagai raja-raja? || Pharaonic <> Teisme apakah yang mempraktikkan diri anda pada tuhan? || isotheism <> Satu kultus hidup lama dalam Erythrae menyembah pemimpin yang mati? || Alexander <> Di manakah makam Alexander ada? || Alexandria", {"qas": [{"question": "What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?", "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d84f", "answers": [{"text": "Pharaonic", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?", "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d850", "answers": [{"text": "isotheism", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?", "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d851", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Alexander's tomb located?", "id": "57260d4aec44d21400f3d852", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located."}], ["Tempoh Helenistik menyaksikan kebangkitan Komedi Baru, hanya beberapa teks perwakilan yang masih hidup iaitu Menander (lahir 342/1 BCE). Hanya satu permainan, Dyskolos, selamat sepenuhnya. Plot komedi Hellenistic yang baru ini adalah lebih dominan dan rumit, stereotaip yang dilahirkan oleh watak-watak seperti hamba menjadi lebih penting, bahasa itu adalah motif utama dan utama termasuk escapism, perkahwinan, percintaan dan nasib (Tyche). Walaupun tiada tragedi Helenistik tetap utuh, mereka masih banyak dihasilkan pada masa itu, tetapi nampaknya tidak ada gaya terobosan besar, yang tersisa dalam model klasik. The Supplementum Hellenisticum, koleksi serpihan yang ada, mengandungi serpihan 150 penulis. <> Menander adalah salah satu daripada beberapa bahagian yang tersisa dari masa kerja yang berlainan? || Komedi Baru <> Apa satu-satunya permainan yang kekal di dalamnya dari era Komedi Baru? || Dyskolos <> Apakah nama koleksi yang memegang serpihan kerja dari 150 penulis? || The Supplementum Hellenisticum <> Apa dua tahun yang dibahaskan sebagai tarikh di mana Menander dilahirkan? || 342/1 BCE", {"qas": [{"question": "Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?", "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c2", "answers": [{"text": "New Comedy", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?", "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c3", "answers": [{"text": "Dyskolos", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?", "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c4", "answers": [{"text": "The Supplementum Hellenisticum", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?", "id": "572610b989a1e219009ac1c5", "answers": [{"text": "342/1 BCE", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BCE). Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism, marriage, romance and luck (Tyche). Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The Supplementum Hellenisticum, a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors."}], ["Dalam zaman Hellenistik, terdapat banyak kesinambungan dalam agama Yunani: tuhan-tuhan Yunani terus disembah, dan upacara yang sama diamalkan seperti dahulu. Bagaimanapun, perubahan sosio-politik yang dibawa oleh penaklukan empayar Parsi dan emigrasi Yunani di luar negeri bermakna perubahan juga berlaku pada amalan keagamaan. Ini sangat berbeza di lokasi, Athens, Sparta dan kebanyakan bandaraya di tanah besar Yunani tidak melihat banyak perubahan agama atau tuhan-tuhan baru (kecuali Mesir Isis di Athens), manakala kumpulan Etnik Alexandria mempunyai kumpulan tuhan yang sangat bervariasi dan amalan agama, termasuk Mesir, Yahudi dan Yunani. Emigres Yunani membawa agama Yunani mereka di mana sahaja mereka pergi, bahkan sejauh India dan Afghanistan. Orang bukan Yahudi juga mempunyai lebih banyak kebebasan untuk melakukan perjalanan dan perdagangan di seluruh Mediterranean dan dalam tempoh ini kita dapat melihat tuhan-tuhan Mesir seperti Serapis, dan tuhan-tuhan Syiah Atargatis dan Hadad, serta sinagoga Yahudi, yang semuanya bersekongkol di pulau Delos bersama dewa Yunani klasik. Amalan biasa adalah untuk mengenal pasti tuhan-tuhan Yunani dengan tuhan-tuhan asli yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang serupa dan ini membentuk fusions baru seperti Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (Hellenized Atargatis) dan Isis-Demeter. Emigres Yunani menghadapi pilihan agama individu yang tidak mereka hadapi di kota kediaman mereka, di mana dewa-dewa yang mereka sembah itu ditentukan oleh tradisi. <> Apa tuhan Mesir disembah di Athena? || Isis <> Zeus dipasangkan dengan tuhan setempat? || Ammon <> Aphrodite dipasangkan dengan tuhan tempatan? || Hagne <> Isis dipasangkan dengan tuhan setempat? || Demeter", {"qas": [{"question": "What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?", "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf81", "answers": [{"text": "Isis", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Zeus was paired with which local god?", "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf82", "answers": [{"text": "Ammon", "answer_start": 1163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aphrodite was paired with which local god?", "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf83", "answers": [{"text": "Hagne", "answer_start": 1180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Isis was paired with what local god?", "id": "57260c2e38643c19005acf84", "answers": [{"text": "Demeter", "answer_start": 1220}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition."}], ["Penyair-penyair Hellenistik kini mencari perlindungan dari raja-raja, dan menulis kerja-kerja untuk menghormati mereka. Para ulama di perpustakaan di Alexandria dan Pergamon memberi tumpuan kepada pengumpulan, pengkatalogan, dan kritikan sastera karya-karya klasik Atena dan mitos-mitos Yunani kuno. Pengkritik penyair, Callimachus, seorang elitis yang kuat, menulis lagu-lagunya menyamakan Ptolemy II untuk Zeus dan Apollo. Beliau mempromosikan bentuk puitis pendek seperti epigram, epiglion dan iambic dan menyerang epik sebagai asas dan biasa (\"buku besar, kejahatan besar\" adalah doktrinnya). Beliau juga menulis katalog besar-besaran dari perpustakaan Alexandria, Pinakes yang terkenal. Callimachus sangat berpengaruh di zamannya dan juga untuk perkembangan puisi Augustan. Seorang penyair lain, Apollonius Rhodes, cuba menghidupkan semula epik untuk dunia Hellenistik dengan Argonautica. Beliau telah menjadi pelajar Callimachus dan kemudian menjadi ketua pustakawan (prostat) perpustakaan Alexandria, Apollonius dan Callimachus membelanjakan sebahagian besar kerjaya mereka bertarung dengan satu sama lain. Puisi Pastoral juga berkembang pesat dalam era Hellenistik, Theocritus adalah penyair utama yang mempopularkan genre. <> Siapa yang penyair Hellenistic ingin mengadili? || raja-raja <> yang menulis hymns menyamakan Ptolemy II untuk Zeus dan Apollo? || Callimachus <> Siapa kata \"Buku besar, jahat besar\"? || Callimachus <> Apakah nama katalog Callimachus di perpustakaan Alexandria? || Pinakes <> Who wrote Argonautica? || Apollonius Rhodes", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?", "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d87f", "answers": [{"text": "kings", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?", "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d880", "answers": [{"text": "Callimachus", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said \"Big book, big evil\"?", "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d881", "answers": [{"text": "Callimachus", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?", "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d882", "answers": [{"text": "Pinakes", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Argonautica?", "id": "572611c4ec44d21400f3d883", "answers": [{"text": "Apollonius of Rhodes", "answer_start": 720}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common (\"big book, big evil\" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre."}], ["Sepanjang dunia Hellenistik, penjajah Greco-Macedonia ini menganggap diri mereka sendiri dan lebih besar dari \"orang-orang barbarians\" asli dan mengecualikan kebanyakan orang bukan Yunani dari eselon atas mahkamah dan kehidupan kerajaan. Kebanyakan penduduk asli tidak dipanggil Hellenized, mempunyai sedikit akses kepada budaya Yunani dan sering mendapati diri mereka didiskriminasi oleh ketua Hellenic mereka. Sebagai gimnasium dan pendidikan Yunani, mereka hanya untuk orang Yunani. Bandar-bandar dan koloni Yunani mungkin telah mengeksport seni dan seni bina Yunani sejauh Indus, tetapi ini kebanyakannya merupakan kebiasaan budaya Yunani untuk elit Yunani yang dipindahkan. Oleh itu, tahap pengaruh budaya Yunani di seluruh kerajaan Hellenistik sangat terlokasi dan kebanyakannya didasarkan pada beberapa bandar besar seperti Alexandria dan Antioch. Sesetengah orang pribumi belajar bahasa Yunani dan mengamalkan cara Yunani, tetapi ini sebahagian besarnya terhad kepada beberapa elit tempatan yang dibenarkan untuk mengekalkan jawatan mereka oleh Diadochi dan juga beberapa pentadbir peringkat pertengahan yang bertindak sebagai perantara antara bahasa kebangsaan berbahasa Yunani kelas dan subjek mereka. Dalam kerajaan Seleucid misalnya, kumpulan ini hanya berjumlah 2.5 peratus daripada kelas rasmi. <> Orang asli di dunia Hellenistik diskriminasi oleh orang-orang apa? || Gim Yunani <> Hellinistic hanya boleh digunakan oleh siapa? || Yunani <> Apakah bidang kepekatan dari mana budaya Yunani memunculkan? || Sangat setempat <> Berapa peratus daripada kerajaan Seleucid terdiri daripada elit asli? || 2.5", {"qas": [{"question": "Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples?", "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf61", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom?", "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf62", "answers": [{"text": "Greeks", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates?", "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf63", "answers": [{"text": "highly localized", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites?", "id": "5726069c38643c19005acf64", "answers": [{"text": "2.5", "answer_start": 1177}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native \"barbarians\" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus, but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite. The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the Seleucid empire for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class."}], ["Budaya Hellenistik menghasilkan kerusi pembelajaran di seluruh Mediterranean. Ilmu sains Hellenistik berbeza dari sains Yunani dalam sekurang-kurangnya dua cara: pertama, ia mendapat manfaat daripada persenyawaan silang dari idea-idea Yunani dengan mereka yang telah berkembang di dunia Hellenistik yang lebih besar; Kedua, pada tahap tertentu, ia disokong oleh penaung kerajaan di kerajaan yang diasaskan oleh pengganti Alexander. Terutama penting kepada sains Hellenistik ialah bandar Alexandria di Mesir, yang menjadi pusat penyelidikan saintifik utama pada abad ke-3 SM. Para ulama Hellenistik kerap menggunakan prinsip-prinsip yang dibangunkan dalam pemikiran Yunani sebelumnya: penggunaan matematik dan penyelidikan empirikal yang disengajakan, dalam penyelidikan ilmiah mereka. <> Para pengawal Royal pengganti Alexander menyokong jenis sains macam apa? || Hellenistic <> Apa bandar penting terutamanya untuk sains Hellinistik? || Alexandria <> Berapa abadkah Iskandariah menjadi pusat penyelidikan saintifik? || Ke-3", {"qas": [{"question": "The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?", "id": "5726166d89a1e219009ac22c", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?", "id": "5726166d89a1e219009ac22d", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandria", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?", "id": "5726166d89a1e219009ac22e", "answers": [{"text": "3rd", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations."}], ["Peralatan ketenteraan Hellenistik pada umumnya dicirikan oleh peningkatan saiz. Kapal-kapal perang era zaman Hellenistik berkembang dari trireme untuk memasukkan lebih banyak banjir perahu dan bilangan penunggang dan askar yang lebih besar seperti dalam Quadrireme dan Quinquereme. Tessarakonteres Ptolemaic adalah kapal terbesar yang dibina di zaman purba. Enjin pengepung baru telah dibangunkan dalam tempoh ini. Seorang jurutera yang tidak dikenali mengembangkan sayap musim bunga (sekitar 360) dan Dionysios dari Alexandria merancang ballista yang berulang, iaitu Polybolos. Contoh yang dipelihara dari projektil bola berkisar antara 4.4 kg hingga 78 kg (atau lebih 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes terkenal dengan enjin pengepungan besar yang digunakan dalam kempennya, terutamanya semasa pengepungan 12 bulan Rhodes ketika dia mempunyai Epimachos dari Athens membina menara pengepungan 160 ton yang bernama Helepolis, penuh dengan artileri. <> Apa kapal terbesar dibina di zaman purba? || Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres <> Siapa yang mencipta Polybolos? || Dionysios of Alexandria <> Apa jenis senjata yang Polybolos? || ballista <> Yang berat adalah menara pengepungan Helepolis? || 160 tan <> Berapa lamakah pengepungan Demetrius Poliorcetes dari Rhodes? || 12 bulan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?", "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d48d", "answers": [{"text": "Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who invented the Polybolos?", "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d48e", "answers": [{"text": "Dionysios of Alexandria", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of weapon is the Polybolos?", "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d48f", "answers": [{"text": "ballista", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?", "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d490", "answers": [{"text": "160 ton", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?", "id": "57261cc4271a42140099d491", "answers": [{"text": "12-month", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery."}], ["Orang-orang dari semua peringkat umur dan status sosial digambarkan dalam seni zaman Helenistik. Artis seperti Peiraikos memilih subjek kelas bawah tanah dan kelas bawah untuk lukisannya. Menurut Pliny, \"Dia melukis kedai-kedai tukang gunting rambut, gerai tukang sepatu, keledai, makanan dan subjek yang serupa, memperoleh sendiri nama rhyparographos [pelukis kotoran / benda-benda rendah]. Dalam subjek-subjek ini dia dapat memberikan kesenangan yang sempurna, lebih daripada artis lain yang diterima untuk gambar besar mereka \"(Sejarah Alam, Buku XXXV.112). Malah orang-orang barbarians, seperti orang Galatia, digambarkan dalam bentuk heroik, memaparkan tema artistik keganasan mulia. Imej Alexander the Great juga merupakan tema seni yang penting, dan semua diadochi itu sendiri digambarkan meniru rupa muda Alexander. Sejumlah karya terkenal patung Yunani tergolong dalam tempoh Helenistik, termasuk Laoco\u00f6n dan Anak-Anaknya, Venus de Milo, dan Victory Winged Samothrace. <> Artis mana yang memilih subjek kelas biasa dan rendah? || Peiraikos <> Manakah barbarians yang digambarkan dalam bentuk heroik? || Galatians <> Semua diadochi melukis diri untuk kelihatan seperti pemimpin apa? || Alexander the Great <> Venus de Milo tergolong dalam tempoh mana? || Hellenistik", {"qas": [{"question": "Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?", "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d919", "answers": [{"text": "Peiraikos", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?", "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d91a", "answers": [{"text": "Galatians", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?", "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d91b", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander the Great", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Venus de Milo belongs to which period?", "id": "57261e59ec44d21400f3d91c", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenistic", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, \"He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures\" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laoco\u00f6n and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace."}], ["Ahli astronomi seperti Hipparchus (sekitar 190 - 120 SM) dibina atas pengukuran ahli-ahli astronomi Babilon sebelum dia, untuk mengukur precession Bumi. Pliny melaporkan bahawa Hipparchus menghasilkan katalog bintang sistematis yang pertama selepas dia memerhatikan bintang baru (tidak pasti sama ada ini adalah nova atau komet) dan ingin mengekalkan rekod bintang astronomi, supaya bintang-bintang baru lain dapat ditemui. Baru-baru ini telah dituntut bahawa sebuah dunia langit berdasarkan katalog bintang Hipparchus terletak di atas bahu yang luas dari patung Roman abad ke-2 yang besar yang dikenali sebagai Farnese Atlas. Seorang lagi ahli astronomi, Aristarchos of Samos membangun sistem heliosentrik. <> Bilakah Hipparchus dilahirkan? || 190 <> Hipparchus mengukur precession apa? || Bumi <> Yang menyatakan bahawa Hipparchus mencipta peta bintang sistematis yang pertama? || Bintang Pliny <> Hipparchus boleh digambarkan dalam patung yang dipanggil apa? || Farnese Atlas <> Whch astronomer membangunkan sistem heliosentrik? || Aristarchos of Samos", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Hipparchus born?", "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8b9", "answers": [{"text": "190", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hipparchus measured the precession of what?", "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8ba", "answers": [{"text": "Earth", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?", "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8bb", "answers": [{"text": "Pliny", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?", "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8bc", "answers": [{"text": "Farnese Atlas", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?", "id": "572617dfec44d21400f3d8bd", "answers": [{"text": "Aristarchos of Samos", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Astronomers like Hipparchus (c.\u2009190 \u2013 c.\u2009120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system."}], ["Tahap pencapaian Hellenistik dalam astronomi dan kejuruteraan sangat ditunjukkan oleh mekanisme Antikythera (150-100 SM). Ia adalah komputer mekanikal 37-gear yang mengira motosikal Matahari dan Bulan, termasuk gerhana bulan dan matahari yang diramalkan berdasarkan tempoh astronomi yang dipercayai telah dipelajari dari orang Babilonia. Peranti seperti ini tidak dijumpai lagi sehingga abad ke-10, apabila sebuah kalkulator luni-solar lapan yang ditujukan ke dalam astrolabe dijelaskan oleh sarjana Parsi, Al-Biruni. [Tidak seperti rujukan] oleh para jurutera dan ahli astronomi Islam yang lain semasa Zaman Pertengahan. [bukan dalam kutipan yang diberikan] <> Apa nama komputer gear 37 yang menyatakan usul Matahari dan Bulan? || Mekanisme antikythera <> Sehingga abad apa yang peranti serupa seperti mekanisme Antikythera dijumpai? || Ke-10 <Apa sarjana Persia mencatat kalkulator abad ke-10 yang sama dengan mekanisme Antikythera? || Al-Biruni <> Berapa tahunkah mekanisme Antikythera dipikirkan telah dibuat? || 150-100 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?", "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c3", "answers": [{"text": "Antikythera mechanism", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?", "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c4", "answers": [{"text": "10th", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?", "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c5", "answers": [{"text": "Al-Biruni", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?", "id": "572618d0ec44d21400f3d8c6", "answers": [{"text": "150\u2013100 BC", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150\u2013100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]"}], ["Perubatan, yang didominasi oleh tradisi Hippocratic, melihat kemajuan baru di bawah Praxagoras Kos, yang berteori bahawa darah mengembara melalui urat. Herophilos (335-280 SM) adalah yang pertama untuk membuat kesimpulannya mengenai pembedahan badan manusia, vivisection haiwan dan untuk memberikan gambaran yang tepat tentang sistem saraf, hati dan organ-organ utama yang lain. Disebabkan oleh Philinus of Cos (ms 250), seorang pelajar Herophilos, sebuah sekte perubatan baru muncul, sekolah Empirik, yang berdasarkan pemerhatian yang ketat dan menolak punca-punca yang tidak dilihat dari sekolah Dogmatic. <> Siapa yang bertahap bahawa darah mengembara melalui urat? || Praxagoras Kos <> Siapa yang pertama menyelesaikan kesimpulannya dengan pembedahan kadet? || Herophilos <> Sekolah perubatan mana yang berdasarkan pemerhatian ketat? || Empirik <> Siapa yang pertama memberikan penerangan tepat tentang sistem saraf? || Herophilos", {"qas": [{"question": "Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?", "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff3", "answers": [{"text": "Praxagoras of Kos", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?", "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff4", "answers": [{"text": "Herophilos", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?", "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff5", "answers": [{"text": "Empiric", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?", "id": "57261a8e38643c19005acff6", "answers": [{"text": "Herophilos", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335\u2013280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. In\ufb02uenced by Philinus of Cos (\ufb02. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school."}], ["Geometri Hellenistik seperti Archimedes (c. 287 - 212 SM), Apollonius Perga (c 262 - 190 SM), dan Euclid (325 - 265 SM), yang Elemen menjadi buku teks yang paling penting dalam matematik sehingga Abad ke-19, dibina atas kerja-kerja zaman Yunani Helenic. Euclid mengembangkan bukti-bukti bagi Teorema Pythagoras, untuk kegagalan prima, dan bekerja pada lima pepejal Platonik. Eratosthenes menggunakan pengetahuannya tentang geometri untuk mengukur lilitan bumi. Pengiraannya sangat tepat. Dia juga yang pertama mengira kecondongan paksi bumi (sekali lagi dengan ketepatan yang luar biasa). Di samping itu, dia mungkin mengira jarak dari Bumi ke Matahari dengan tepat dan mencipta hari lompat. Dikenali sebagai \"Bapa Geografi\", Eratosthenes juga mencipta peta pertama dunia yang menggabungkan persamaan dan meridian, berdasarkan pengetahuan geografi yang ada pada zaman itu. <> Bilakah Archimedes mati? || 212 SM <> Kapan Euclid dilahirkan? || 325 <> Siapa yang bekerja di lima pepejal Platonik? || Euclid <> Siapa yang mengukur lilitan bumi? || Eratosthenes <> Siapa Bapa Geomtery? || Eratosthenes", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Archimedes die?", "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23c", "answers": [{"text": "212 BC", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Euclid born?", "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23d", "answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who worked on the five Platonic solids?", "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23e", "answers": [{"text": "Euclid", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who measured the circumference of the Earth?", "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac23f", "answers": [{"text": "Eratosthenes", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Father of Geomtery?", "id": "5726172c89a1e219009ac240", "answers": [{"text": "Eratosthenes", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c.\u2009287 \u2013 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c.\u2009262 \u2013 c.\u2009190 BC), and Euclid (c.\u2009325 \u2013 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the \ufb01ve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the \"Father of Geography \", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era."}], ["Seni Hellenistik melihat giliran dari seni Yunani klasik yang idealistik, sempurna, tenang dan tersusun dengan gaya yang dikuasai oleh realisme dan penggambaran emosi (pathos) dan watak (etos). Motif dari naturisme yang nyata yang menipu dalam seni (aletheia) dicerminkan dalam cerita-cerita seperti pelukis Zeuxis, yang dikatakan telah melukis anggur yang kelihatannya begitu nyata sehingga burung-burung datang dan memukul-mukul mereka. Bogel betina juga menjadi lebih popular seperti yang dibintangi oleh Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles dan seni secara umum menjadi lebih erat (mis. Leda dan Pothos Swan dan Scopa). Cita-cita dominan seni Hellenistik adalah keghairahan dan keghairahan. <> Emosi dipanggil apa dalam seni Hellenistik? || pathos <> Karakter dipanggil apa dalam seni Hellenistik? || etos <> Siapakah seniman yang menarik anggur begitu hidup, burung terbang dan pecked pada mereka? || Zeuxis <> Cita-cita seni Hellenistik adalah keghairahan dan apa? || semangat <> Apa lukisan melambangkan bogel betina? || Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles", {"qas": [{"question": "Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?", "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fb", "answers": [{"text": "pathos", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Character is called what in Hellenistic art?", "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fc", "answers": [{"text": "ethos", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?", "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fd", "answers": [{"text": "Zeuxis", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?", "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8fe", "answers": [{"text": "passion", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What painting epitomized the female nude?", "id": "57261d85ec44d21400f3d8ff", "answers": [{"text": "Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion."}], ["Peperangan Hellenistik adalah kesinambungan perkembangan tentera Iphicrates dan Philip II of Macedon, terutamanya penggunaan Phalanx Macedonian, pembentukan pikemen padat, bersempena dengan pasukan berkuda yang berat. Tentera masa Hellenistic berbeza dari zaman klasik yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada tentera profesional dan juga dalam pengkhususan mereka dan kemahiran teknikal dalam peperangan pengepungan. Tentera-tentera Hellenistik jauh lebih besar daripada golongan Yunani klasik yang semakin bergantung kepada tentera upahan Yunani (misthophoroi; lelaki untuk membayar) dan juga pada pasukan bukan Yunani seperti Thracians, Galati, Mesir dan Iran. Sesetengah kumpulan etnik terkenal dengan kemahiran mempertahankan diri mereka dalam mod pertempuran tertentu dan sangat dicari, termasuk pasukan berkuda Tarantine, pemanah Kreta, penyengat Rhodian dan Peltast Thracian. Tempoh ini juga menyaksikan penggunaan senjata dan tentera baru seperti Thureophoroi dan Thorakitai yang menggunakan perisai Thureos bujur dan bertempur dengan javelin dan pedang machaira. Penggunaan cataphracts berperisai besar dan juga pemanah kuda telah diterima pakai oleh Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians dan Pontus. Penggunaan gajah perang juga menjadi biasa. Seleucus menerima gajah perang India dari kekaisaran Maurya, dan menggunakannya untuk memberi kesan yang baik pada pertempuran Ipsus. Dia memelihara 500 dari mereka di Apameia. Ptolemies menggunakan gajah Afrika yang lebih kecil. <> Philip II menggunakan pembentukan tentera padat yang disebut? || Macedonian Phalanx <> Adakah tentera Helenistik lebih kecil atau lebih besar daripada tentera Yunani tradisional? || lebih besar <> The Thorakitai menggunakan apa jenis perisai bujur? || Thureos <> Dari mana Seleucus menerima gajah perang? || Mauryan empire <> Apa jenis gajah yang digunakan oleh Ptolemies? || Gajah Afrika", {"qas": [{"question": "Philip II used a dense military formation called what?", "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac278", "answers": [{"text": "Macedonian Phalanx", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?", "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac279", "answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?", "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac27a", "answers": [{"text": "Thureos", "answer_start": 997}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?", "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac27b", "answers": [{"text": "Mauryan empire", "answer_start": 1285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?", "id": "57261be989a1e219009ac27c", "answers": [{"text": "African elephant", "answer_start": 1427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant."}], ["Epicurean dan Cynics menolak pejabat awam dan perkhidmatan sivik, yang berjumlah penolakan polis itu sendiri, institusi penentu dunia Yunani. Epicurus mempromosikan atomisme dan pertikaian berdasarkan kebebasan dari kesakitan sebagai matlamat utama. Cynics seperti Diogenes of Sinope menolak semua harta benda dan konvensyen sosial (nomos) sebagai tidak wajar dan tidak berguna. Sedangkan Cyrenaics, memeluk hedonisme, dengan alasan bahwa kesenangan adalah satu-satunya kebaikan yang benar. Stoicism, yang diasaskan oleh Zeno dari Citium, mengajar bahawa kebajikan cukup untuk eudaimonia kerana ia akan membolehkan seseorang hidup mengikut Alam atau Logos. Zeno menjadi sangat popular, Athena menubuhkan patung emas kepadanya dan Antigonus II Gonatas menjemputnya ke mahkamah Macedonia. Sekolah filsafat Aristotle (Peripatetika Lyceum) dan Plato (Platonisme di Akademi) juga berpengaruh. Akademi akhirnya akan berpaling kepada Skeptis Akademik di bawah Arcesilaus sehingga ditolak oleh Antiochus dari Ascalon (sekitar 90 BCE) yang memihak kepada Neoplatonisme. Falsafah Yunani, mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap elit pemerintah Yunani. Contohnya termasuk negarawan Athenian Demetrius dari Phaleron, yang telah belajar di lytceum; raja Spartan Cleomenes III yang merupakan pelajar Stoic Sphairos dari Borysthenes dan Antigonus II yang juga Stoic terkenal. Ini juga boleh dikatakan tentang kelas atas Rom, adalah Stoicism dominan, seperti yang dilihat dalam Meditasi Raja Romawi Marcus Aurelius dan karya Cicero. <> Siapa yang mempromosikan kebebasan dari kesakitan sebagai matlamat utama? || Epicurus <> Siapa kata norma-norma sosial dan pemilikan material adalah tidak wajar dan tidak berguna? || Diogenes dari Sinope <> Kumpulan mana yang memeluk hedonisme? || Cyrenaics <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Stoicism? || Zeno of Citium <> Siapa yang menolak Skeptisisme Akademik yang memihak kepada Neoplatonisme? || Antiochus dari Ascalon", {"qas": [{"question": "Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?", "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89b", "answers": [{"text": "Epicurus", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?", "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89c", "answers": [{"text": "Diogenes of Sinope", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group embraced hedonism?", "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89d", "answers": [{"text": "Cyrenaics", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded Stoicism?", "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89e", "answers": [{"text": "Zeno of Citium", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?", "id": "57261589ec44d21400f3d89f", "answers": [{"text": "Antiochus of Ascalon", "answer_start": 999}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero."}], ["Tumpuan pada zaman Hellenistik sepanjang abad ke-19 oleh para sarjana dan ahli sejarah telah membawa kepada isu yang umum untuk kajian tempoh sejarah; ahli sejarah melihat tempoh fokus sebagai cermin tempoh di mana mereka hidup. Ramai ulama abad ke-19 berpendapat bahawa tempoh Helenistik mewakili penurunan budaya dari kecemerlangan Yunani klasik. Walaupun perbandingan ini kini dilihat sebagai tidak adil dan tidak bermakna, ia telah diperhatikan bahawa walaupun pengulas masa itu menyaksikan penghujung era budaya yang tidak dapat dipadankan lagi. Ini mungkin berkait rapat dengan sifat kerajaan. Telah dicatat oleh Herodotus bahawa setelah penubuhan demokrasi Athena: <> Berapa abad para sarjana menganggap masa Hellenistic penurunan budaya dari klasik Yunani? || 19th <> Bagaimana ulama abad ke 19 melihat masa Hellenistic? || cermin <> Pandangan bahawa tempoh Helenistik yang merepresentasikan penurunan budaya telah terbukti tidak bermakna dan apa? || tidak adil", {"qas": [{"question": "What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?", "id": "5726215989a1e219009ac2c8", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?", "id": "5726215989a1e219009ac2c9", "answers": [{"text": "a mirror", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?", "id": "5726215989a1e219009ac2ca", "answers": [{"text": "unfair", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:"}], ["Terdapat trend penulisan sejarah zaman ini untuk menggambarkan seni Hellenistik sebagai gaya dekaden, berikutan Zaman Emas Athena Klasik. Pliny the Elder, setelah menggambarkan arca zaman klasik itu berkata: Cessavit deinde ars (\"kemudian seni hilang\"). Istilah abad ke-18 Baroque dan Rococo kadang-kadang diterapkan, untuk seni masa ini kompleks dan individu. Pembaharuan pendekatan historiografi serta penemuan baru-baru ini, seperti makam Vergina, membolehkan penghayatan yang lebih baik dalam kekayaan seni zaman ini. <> Siapa yang berkata \"maka seni dissapeared\"? || Pliny the Elder <> Penemuan apa makam yang menimbulkan profil seni Hellenistik? || Vergina <> Seni Hellenistik digambarkan sebagai dekaden terutamanya kerana ia mengikuti tempoh gaya mana? || Golden Age of Classical Athens <> Berapa abad dari istilah Baroque dan Rococo? || 18th", {"qas": [{"question": "Who said \"then art dissapeared\"?", "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b1", "answers": [{"text": "Pliny the Elder", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?", "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b2", "answers": [{"text": "Vergina", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?", "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b3", "answers": [{"text": "Golden Age of Classical Athens", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?", "id": "5726207e271a42140099d4b4", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars (\"then art disappeared\"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness."}], ["Perkembangan dalam lukisan termasuk eksperimen di chiaroscuro oleh Zeuxis dan pengembangan lukisan landskap dan lukisan masih hidup. Kuil-kuil Yunani yang dibina semasa zaman Helenistik pada umumnya lebih besar daripada yang klasik, seperti kuil Artemis di Efesus, kuil Artemis di Sardis, dan kuil Apollo di Didyma (dibina semula oleh Seleucus pada 300 BCE). Istana kerajaan (basileion) juga muncul sendiri pada zaman Helenistik, contoh pertama yang menjadi vila abad ke-19 dari Cassander di Vergina. <> Manakah pelukis Yunani yang bereksperimen dalam chiaroscuro? || Zeuxis <> Adakah kuil Yunani dibina dalam zaman Hellenistik lebih besar atau lebih kecil daripada kuil-kuil klasik? || yang lebih besar <> Siapa yang membina semula Apollo di Didyma pada 300 BCE? || Seleucus <> Apa yang dipanggil istana kerajaan Yunani? || basileion <> Apakah contoh pertama zaman istana Hellenistik? || villa Cassander di Vergina", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?", "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92b", "answers": [{"text": "Zeuxis", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?", "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92c", "answers": [{"text": "larger", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?", "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92d", "answers": [{"text": "Seleucus", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a Greek royal palace called?", "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92e", "answers": [{"text": "basileion", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?", "id": "57261f2fec44d21400f3d92f", "answers": [{"text": "villa of Cassander at Vergina", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, William Woodthorpe Tarn, antara Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II dan kejayaan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, memberi tumpuan kepada isu-isu konfrontasi kaum dan budaya dan sifat penjajah. Michael Rostovtzeff, yang melarikan diri dari Revolusi Rusia, menumpukan perhatian kepada kebangkitan borjuasi kapitalis dalam bidang pemerintahan Yunani. Arnaldo Momigliano, seorang Yahudi Itali yang menulis sebelum dan selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, mengkaji masalah persefahaman antara kaum di kawasan yang ditawan. Moses Hadas menggambarkan gambaran sintesis budaya dari perspektif tahun 1950-an, sementara Frank William Walbank pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an mempunyai pendekatan materialistik pada zaman Helenistik, yang memfokuskan pada hubungan kelas. Walau bagaimanapun, baru-baru ini, paprologi C. Pr\u00e9aux telah menumpukan terutamanya kepada sistem ekonomi, interaksi antara raja-raja dan bandar-bandar dan memberikan pandangan yang umumnya pesimis pada masa itu. Peter Green, sebaliknya, menulis dari sudut pandangan liberalisme abad ke-20, fokusnya pada individualisme, pecahan konvensyen, eksperimen dan kekecewaan postmodern dengan semua institusi dan proses politik. <> Siapa yang memberi tumpuan kepada isu konfrontasi kaum dan budaya? || William Woodthorpe Tarn <> Organisasi mana yang Michael Rostovtzeff melarikan diri? || Revolusi Rusia <> Siapa yang mempelajari masalah persefahaman antara kaum di kawasan yang ditawan? || Arnaldo Momigliano <> Frank William Walbank terutamanya menumpukan pada hubungan di dalam gambarannya tentang kebudayaan Hellinistik? || kelas <> Whish Hellinistic sejarawan menumpukan secara primitif pada sistem ekonomi? || C. Pr\u00e9aux", {"qas": [{"question": "Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?", "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4cd", "answers": [{"text": "William Woodthorpe Tarn", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?", "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4ce", "answers": [{"text": "Russian Revolution", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?", "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4cf", "answers": [{"text": "Arnaldo Momigliano", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?", "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4d0", "answers": [{"text": "class", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?", "id": "572622b5271a42140099d4d1", "answers": [{"text": "C. Pr\u00e9aux", "answer_start": 795}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Pr\u00e9aux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes."}]], [["Pada pertengahan tahun 2011, Yayasan mengumumkan dalam \"Tinjauan Strategik Air, Sanitasi dan Kebersihan\" yang baru, bahawa pembiayaannya kini lebih tertumpu kepada sanitasi, khususnya di Afrika sub-Sahara dan Asia Selatan, kerana akses kepada sanitasi yang lebih baik adalah yang paling rendah di wilayah tersebut. Tumpuan pemberian geran mereka sejak tahun 2011 ke atas sains dan teknologi sanitasi (\"teknologi transformatif\"), model penghantaran berskala, pasaran sanitasi bandar, membina permintaan sanitasi, pengukuran dan penilaian serta dasar, advokasi dan komunikasi. <> Apakah asas yang diumumkan pada 2011 || Pada pertengahan tahun 2011, Yayasan mengumumkan dalam \"Ikhtisar Strategi Air, Sanitasi dan Kebersihan\" yang baru \"<> Apa tujuan gambaran keseluruhan baru || Pembiayaan kini memberi tumpuan terutamanya kepada kebersihan, terutamanya di sub-Sahara Afrika dan Asia Selatan, kerana akses kepada kebersihan yang lebih baik adalah yang paling rendah di kawasan tersebut <> Apa yang menjadi fokus sejak 2011 || Tumpuan pemberhentian mereka sejak 2011 pada sains sanitasi dan teknologi (\"teknologi transformatif\") <> Model apa yang telah dihantar || model penghantaran secara berskala, pasaran sanitasi bandar, membina permintaan untuk kebersihan, pengukuran dan penilaian serta dasar, advokasi dan komunikasi <> Apakah teknologi transformasi yang diumumkan pada tahun 2011? || <> Apakah tujuan membiayai teknologi baru? || <> Apakah dasar-dasar advokasi yang telah disampaikan? || <> Di mana komunikasi paling rendah di rantau ini? || <> Berapa tahunkah tumpuan memberi tumpuan kepada pembiayaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the foundation announce in 2011", "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fb", "answers": [{"text": "In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new \"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview\"", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the new overview", "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fc", "answers": [{"text": "funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has been the focus since 2011", "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fd", "answers": [{"text": "Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (\"transformative technologies\")", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What models have been delivered", "id": "5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fe", "answers": [{"text": "delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its new \"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What did the transformative technologies announce in 2011?", "id": "5a0cb8cdf5590b0018dab524", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "What is the purpose of funding the new technology?", "id": "5a0cb8cdf5590b0018dab525", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What advocacy policies have been delivered?", "id": "5a0cb8cdf5590b0018dab526", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Where is communication lowest in the region?", "id": "5a0cb8cdf5590b0018dab527", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What year has the grant making focus been on funding?", "id": "5a0cb8cdf5590b0018dab528", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new \"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview\" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (\"transformative technologies\"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications."}], ["Kepercayaan asas melaburkan aset yang tidak diagihkan, dengan matlamat eksklusif untuk memaksimumkan pulangan pelaburan. Akibatnya, pelaburannya termasuk syarikat-syarikat yang telah dikritik kerana kemiskinan yang semakin memburuk di negara-negara membangun yang sama di mana yayasan cuba meringankan kemiskinan. Ini termasuk syarikat-syarikat yang mencemarkan banyak syarikat farmaseutikal yang tidak menjual ke dalam negara membangun. Sebagai tindak balas kepada kritikan akhbar, yayasan itu mengumumkan pada 2007 kajian semula pelaburannya untuk menilai tanggungjawab sosial. Ia kemudiannya membatalkan kajian semula dan berdiri dengan dasarnya melabur untuk pulangan maksimum, semasa menggunakan hak suara untuk mempengaruhi amalan syarikat. <> Apa yang Amanah melabur || Kepercayaan asas melaburkan aset yang tidak diagihkan <> Apa tujuan pelaburan Amanah || matlamat eksklusif untuk memaksimumkan pulangan pelaburan <> Apa beberapa negatif pelaburan | | pelaburannya termasuk syarikat-syarikat yang telah dikritik kerana memburuk kemiskinan di negara-negara membangun yang sama <> Apa jenis syarikat yang dikritik || Ini termasuk syarikat-syarikat yang mencemarkan syarikat-syarikat besar dan farmaseutikal yang tidak menjual ke dalam negara membangun <> Sebagai hasil daripada pengkritik apa yang diumumkan oleh syarikat || yayasan itu mengumumkan pada tahun 2007 kajian semula pelaburannya untuk menilai tanggungjawab sosial. Ia kemudian membatalkan semakan <> Apa matlamat eksklusif kepercayaan dunia membangun? || <> Apa syarikat melabur? || <> Bilakah syarikat memutuskan untuk menilai kekurangan jualan di negara membangun? || <> Polisi apakah yang dibatalkan oleh syarikat selepas tahun 2007? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the Trust invest", "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc01", "answers": [{"text": "The foundation trust invests undistributed assets", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the goal of the Trust investments ", "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc02", "answers": [{"text": "exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the negatives of the investments ", "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc03", "answers": [{"text": "its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of company's are  critiscized", "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc04", "answers": [{"text": "These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As a result of the critics what did the company announce ", "id": "5725bb4038643c19005acc05", "answers": [{"text": "the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "maximizing the return on investment", "answer_start": 78}], "question": "What is the exclusive goal of the developing world trust?", "id": "5a0cb00ef5590b0018dab4fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "undistributed assets", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What does the company invest?", "id": "5a0cb00ef5590b0018dab4ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "When did the company decide to review its lack of sales in the developing world?", "id": "5a0cb00ef5590b0018dab500", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "investing for maximum return", "answer_start": 606}], "question": "What policy did the company cancel after 2007?", "id": "5a0cb00ef5590b0018dab501", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices."}], ["Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates (atau Yayasan Gates, yang disingkat BMGF) adalah yayasan swasta terbesar di dunia, yang diasaskan oleh Bill dan Melinda Gates. Ia telah dilancarkan pada tahun 2000 dan dikatakan sebagai yayasan persendirian yang terbesar di dunia. Matlamat utama yayasan adalah, secara global, untuk meningkatkan penjagaan kesihatan dan mengurangkan kemiskinan yang melampau, dan di Amerika, untuk mengembangkan peluang pendidikan dan akses kepada teknologi maklumat. Yayasan, yang berpusat di Seattle, Washington, dikendalikan oleh tiga pemegang amanahnya: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates dan Warren Buffett. Pegawai utama lain termasuk Pengerusi Bersama William H. Gates, Sr. dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Susan Desmond-Hellmann. <> Apakah asas swasta terbesar di dunia? || Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates (atau Yayasan Gates, yang disingkat BMGF) adalah yayasan persendirian yang terbesar di dunia <> Di mana yayasan Bill dan Melinda berasaskan? || Yayasan, yang berpusat di Seattle, Washington <> Apa yayasan swasta terbesar di Amerika? || <> Di manakah asas Susan-Desmond Hellmann? || <> Apakah nama-nama pemegang amanah bagi yayasan yang berpusat di Amerika? || <> Apakah matlamat utama yayasan di Seattle? || <> Apa yang mengawal pegawai utama Melinda Gates? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest private foundation in the world?", "id": "5725b3556a3fe71400b89537", "answers": [{"text": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? ", "id": "5725b3556a3fe71400b89538", "answers": [{"text": "The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the largest private foundation in America?", "id": "5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "Where is the Susan-Desmond Hellmann foundation based?", "id": "5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "What are the names of the trustees for the foundation based in America?", "id": "5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What are the primary goals of the foundation in Seattle?", "id": "5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The foundation", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control?", "id": "5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann."}], ["Pada bulan November 2014, Yayasan Rang Undang-Undang dan Melinda Gates mengumumkan bahawa mereka mengamalkan dasar akses terbuka (OA) untuk penerbitan dan data, \"untuk membolehkan akses dan penggunaan semula semua risalah yang diterbitkan oleh peer-reviewed yang dibiayai oleh yayasan, termasuk apa-apa asas set data \". Langkah ini telah banyak dipuji oleh mereka yang bekerja di bidang pembangunan kapasiti dan perkongsian pengetahuan. [Rujukan?] Istilahnya telah dipanggil yang paling ketat di antara dasar-dasar OA yang serupa. Sehingga 1 Januari 2015, dasar Akses Terbuka mereka adalah berkesan untuk semua perjanjian baru. <> Apakah asas yang diumumkan pada bulan November 2014 || Pada bulan November 2014, Yayasan Rang Undang-Undang dan Melinda Gates mengumumkan bahawa mereka menggunakan dasar akses terbuka (OA) untuk penerbitan dan data <> Apakah dasar OA untuk penerbitan dan data? || dasar akses terbuka (OA) untuk penerbitan dan data, \"untuk membolehkan akses tanpa had dan penggunaan semula semua risalah diterbitkan oleh peer yang dibiayai oleh yayasan <> Apa dasar perlindungan OA? || Mulai 1 Januari 2015 Akses Terbuka mereka dasar berkesan untuk semua perjanjian baru. <> Dalam tahun apakah Bill dan Melinda Gates mengamalkan dasar akses terbuka untuk pembangunan kapasiti dan perkongsian pengetahuan? || <> Apa dasar perlindungan perjanjian baru? || <> Apa dasar OA untuk set data yang dilakukan? || <> Apa yang paling memuji di antara dasar yang sama? || <> Bilakah penerbitan dan dasar data yang berkesan untuk perjanjian baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the foundation announce in November 2014", "id": "5725b72fec44d21400f3d43d", "answers": [{"text": "In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?", "id": "5725b72fec44d21400f3d43e", "answers": [{"text": "open access (OA) policy for publications and data, \"to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the OA policy cover ?", "id": "5725b72fec44d21400f3d43f", "answers": [{"text": "As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2014", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Bill and Melinda Gates adopt open access policy for capacity building and knowledge sharing?", "id": "5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "What does the new agreement policy cover?", "id": "5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "What does the OA policy for data sets do?", "id": "5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "open access (OA) policy", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What is the most applauded among similar policies?", "id": "5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "As of January 1, 2015", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "When is the publication and data policy effective for new agreements?", "id": "5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, \"to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets\". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements."}], ["Sanitasi yang bertambah baik di dunia membangun adalah keperluan global, tetapi keutamaan yang diabaikan seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh data yang dikumpulkan oleh Program Pemantauan Bersama untuk Bekalan Air dan Sanitasi (JMP) UNICEF dan WHO. Program ini ditugaskan untuk memantau kemajuan ke arah Matlamat Pembangunan Milenium (MDG) yang berkaitan dengan air minum dan sanitasi. Kira-kira satu bilion orang tidak mempunyai kemudahan sanitasi dan terus membuang air besar, di belakang semak atau di dalam badan air terbuka, tanpa bermaruah atau privasi - yang dipanggil pembuangan air terbuka dan yang menimbulkan risiko kesihatan yang ketara. India adalah negara dengan bilangan orang yang paling ramai mengamalkan pembuangan air terbuka: kira-kira 600 juta orang. India juga menjadi negara tumpuan untuk aktiviti sanitasi asas yang telah menjadi jelas sejak \"Reinvent Fair Toilet\" di Delhi, India pada Mac 2014. <> Apa yang diperlukan di dunia membangun || Sanitasi yang bertambah baik di dunia membangun adalah keperluan global <> Apa data yang dikumpulkan oleh unicef dan Siapa yang menunjukkan || Sanitasi yang bertambah baik di dunia sedang membangun adalah keperluan global, tetapi keutamaan yang diabaikan seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh data yang dikumpulkan <> Berapa banyak orang yang tidak mempunyai kemudahan sanatasi || Kira-kira satu bilion orang tidak mempunyai sebarang kemudahan sanitasi dan terus membuang air besar di dalam selokan, di belakang semak atau di dalam badan air terbuka <> Negara apa yang menjadi pelanggar paling teruk || India adalah negara dengan bilangan orang yang paling ramai mengamalkan pembuangan air terbuka: sekitar 600 juta orang <> India menjadi tuan rumah kepada apa aktiviti || \"Pasang Semula Pameran Tandas\" di Delhi, India pada Mac 2014. <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk WHO? || <> Negara apakah yang menjadi tumpuan aktiviti pemantauan yayasan? || <> Apakah program yang memantau kemajuan ke arah kebersihan yang lebih baik? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang dipantau di bawah JMP? || <> Apa berlaku adil yang dihoskan oleh WHO? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is need in the developing world ", "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d521", "answers": [{"text": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does data collected by unicef and Who show", "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d522", "answers": [{"text": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people have no sanatation facilities", "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d523", "answers": [{"text": "About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country is the worst violator", "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d524", "answers": [{"text": "India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "India is host to what activity", "id": "5725c4b6ec44d21400f3d525", "answers": [{"text": "\"Reinvent the Toilet Fair\" in Delhi, India in March 2014.", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is needed for the WHO?", "id": "5a0cbb29f5590b0018dab52e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 847}], "question": "What country has been the focus of the foundation's monitoring activities?", "id": "5a0cbb29f5590b0018dab52f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What program monitors progress toward improved sanitation?", "id": "5a0cbb29f5590b0018dab530", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "About one billion people", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "How many people are monitored under the JMP?", "id": "5a0cbb29f5590b0018dab531", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reinvent the Toilet Fair", "answer_start": 811}], "question": "What fair took place that was hosted by the WHO?", "id": "5a0cbb29f5590b0018dab532", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the \"Reinvent the Toilet Fair\" in Delhi, India in March 2014."}], ["Pada bulan Mac 2006, yayasan itu mengumumkan geran bernilai US $ 5 juta untuk Misi Keadilan Antarabangsa (IJM), sebuah organisasi hak asasi manusia yang berpusat di Washington, D.C., AS untuk bekerja di bidang pemerdagangan seks. Pengumuman rasmi menjelaskan bahawa pemberian itu akan membenarkan IJM untuk \"membuat model yang dapat ditiru untuk memerangi perdagangan seks dan perhambaan\" yang akan melibatkan pembukaan pejabat di rantau dengan kadar pemerdagangan seks yang tinggi, berikutan penyelidikan. Pejabat ini dibuka selama tiga tahun untuk tujuan-tujuan berikut: \"menjalankan penyelidikan yang menyamar, latihan penguatkuasaan undang-undang, menyelamatkan mangsa, memastikan penjagaan diri yang tepat, dan mencari akuntabilitas pelaku\". <> Apakah asas yang diumumkan pada bulan Mac 2006 || n Mac 2006, yayasan mengumumkan geran AS $ 5 juta untuk Misi Keadilan Antarabangsa (IJM) <> Apakah Misi Keadilan Antarabangsa || sebuah organisasi hak asasi manusia yang berpangkalan di Washington, D.C., AS untuk bekerja di bidang pemerdagangan seks. <> Apa yang akan diberikan oleh geran IJM || pemberian itu akan membolehkan IJM untuk \"membuat model yang dapat ditiru untuk memerangi perdagangan seks dan perbudakan <> Apa yang pejabat yang dibuka oleh ijm melakukan secara khusus || menjalankan penyiasatan menyamar, melatih penguatkuasa undang-undang, menyelamatkan mangsa, memastikan penjagaan lanjut yang sesuai, dan mencari akauntabiliti pelaku \". <> Berapakah pemberian IJM untuk bekerja di bidang latihan penguatkuasaan undang-undang? || <> Apakah nama organisasi siasatan penyamar yang berpusat di Washington DC? || <> Apa yang akan digunakan oleh pejabat yayasan untuk mendapatkannya? || <> Apakah bahagian organisasi pondasi mempunyai kadar yang tinggi? || <> Di manakah IJM sebagai organisasi penguatkuasaan undang-undang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the foundation announce in March 2006 ", "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda6", "answers": [{"text": "n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)", "answer_start": 1}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the International Justice Mission", "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda7", "answers": [{"text": "a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would the grant allow the IJM to do ", "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda8", "answers": [{"text": "the grant would allow the IJM to \"create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the office that ijm opened do specifically ", "id": "5725bc3989a1e219009abda9", "answers": [{"text": "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability\".", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$5 million grant", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "How much was the grant for the IJM for working in the area of training law enforcement?", "id": "5a0cb2c6f5590b0018dab506", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International Justice Mission (IJM)", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What is the name of the undercover investigation organization based in Washington DC?", "id": "5a0cb2c6f5590b0018dab507", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What will the foundation office use the grant for?", "id": "5a0cb2c6f5590b0018dab508", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sex trafficking", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "What does the area of the foundation organization have high rates of?", "id": "5a0cb2c6f5590b0018dab509", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Washington, D.C.", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "Where is the IJM as a law enforcement organization based?", "id": "5a0cb2c6f5590b0018dab50a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to \"create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery\" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: \"conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability\"."}], ["IJM menggunakan wang geran untuk menemui \"Lantern Project\" dan mendirikan sebuah pejabat di kota Cebu Filipina. Pada tahun 2010 hasil projek itu diterbitkan, di mana IJM menyatakan bahawa Lantern Project telah menyebabkan \"peningkatan aktiviti penguatkuasaan undang-undang dalam kes-kes pemerdagangan seks, peningkatan komitmen untuk menyelesaikan kes pemerdagangan seks di kalangan pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang yang dilatih melalui projek , dan peningkatan perkhidmatan seperti tempat perlindungan, kaunseling dan latihan kerjaya - yang disediakan untuk mengedar korban \". Pada masa keputusan itu dikeluarkan, IJM sedang meneroka peluang untuk meniru model di kawasan lain. <> Apakah nama projek yang diasaskan oleh IJM || IJM menggunakan wang ganjaran untuk menemui \"Lantern Project <> Di mana projek tanglung membuka pejabat ||\" Lantern Project \"dan mendirikan sebuah pejabat di Filipina di Cebu. <> Apa yang telah diumumkan oleh tanglung projek pada 2010 || IJM bahawa Project Lantern telah membawa kepada \"peningkatan dalam aktiviti penguatkuasaan undang-undang dalam kes pemerdagangan seks <> Perkhidmatan apa juga telah meningkat oleh tanglung projek || peningkatan dalam perkhidmatan - seperti tempat perlindungan, kaunseling dan latihan kerjaya - disediakan untuk mengedar korban \"<> Apa projek tanglung menjelajah || IJM sedang meneroka peluang untuk meniru model di kawasan lain. <> Apa nama projek yang diasaskan Filipina? || <> Apa jenis perkhidmatan yang bertambah mempunyai projek IJM yang dipimpin? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Project Lantern untuk meniru? || <> Apa IJM komited untuk menyelesaikan sebagai akibat dari Project Lantern? | <> Apa bandar yang dipilih oleh mangsa penyelamat untuk menemui Project Lantern? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the project founded by the IJM ", "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f5", "answers": [{"text": "The IJM used the grant money to found \"Project Lantern", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did project lantern open an office ", "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f6", "answers": [{"text": "\"Project Lantern\" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did project lantern announce in 2010", "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f7", "answers": [{"text": "IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to \"an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What services were also increased by project lantern", "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f8", "answers": [{"text": "increase in services \u2013 like shelter, counseling and career training \u2013 provided to trafficking survivors\"", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was project Lantern exploring ", "id": "5725bd6f271a42140099d0f9", "answers": [{"text": "the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Project Lantern", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What was the name of the project founded in the Philippines?", "id": "5a0cb534f5590b0018dab510", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shelter, counseling and career training", "answer_start": 445}], "question": "What kinds of service increases has the project IJM led to?", "id": "5a0cb534f5590b0018dab511", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the model in other regions.", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "What did Project Lantern want to replicate?", "id": "5a0cb534f5590b0018dab512", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What was the IJM committed to resolving as a result of Project Lantern?", "id": "5a0cb534f5590b0018dab513", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cebu", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "What city was chosen by trafficking survivors to found Project Lantern?", "id": "5a0cb534f5590b0018dab514", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The IJM used the grant money to found \"Project Lantern\" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to \"an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services \u2013 like shelter, counseling and career training \u2013 provided to trafficking survivors\". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions."}], ["Yayasan itu menerangkan di laman webnya bahawa para pemegang amanah membahagikan organisasi itu kepada dua entiti: yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates (yayasan) dan Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates Trust (amanah). Seksyen asas, yang berpusat di Seattle, AS, \"berfokus pada peningkatan kesehatan dan mengurangi kemiskinan yang melampau,\" dan para pemegang amanahnya adalah Bill dan Melinda Gates dan Warren Buffett. Bahagian amanah menguruskan \"aset pelaburan dan hasil pemindahan kepada yayasan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai matlamat amal yayasan\" -nya memegang aset Bill dan Melinda Gates, yang merupakan pemegang amanah tunggal, dan menerima sumbangan daripada Buffett. <> Apa dua entiti yayasan dibahagikan kepada || pemegang amanah membahagikan organisasi menjadi dua entiti: Yayasan Rang Undang-Undang & Melinda Gates (yayasan) dan Yayasan Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates <> Apa yang menjadi tumpuan entiti asas pada || Seksyen asas, yang berpusat di Seattle, AS, \"memberi tumpuan kepada peningkatan kesihatan dan mengurangkan kemiskinan yang melampau <> Apa yang difokuskan oleh entiti Amanah pada || Bahagian amanah menguruskan\" aset pelaburan dan pemindahan hasil kepada yayasan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai asas yayasan matlamat amal <> Apa yang dipegang dalam entiti amanah || ia memegang aset Bill dan Melinda Gates, yang merupakan pemegang amanah tunggal, dan menerima sumbangan dari Buffett <> Apa dua bahagian amanah dibahagikan kepada? || <> Apakah kepercayaan yang berpusat di Seattle mempunyai fokusnya? || <> Apa kepercayaan yang dilakukan dengan aset Warren Buffett? || <> Apa yang Warren Buffett membahagikan asas itu? || <> Bagaimana yayasan menguruskan aset pelaburan dan mencapai matlamat amal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two entities was the foundation divided into ", "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a1", "answers": [{"text": "trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the foundation entity focus on", "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a2", "answers": [{"text": "The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, \"focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Trust entity focus on ", "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a3", "answers": [{"text": "The trust section manages \"the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is held in the trust entity ", "id": "5725b834271a42140099d0a4", "answers": [{"text": "it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust).", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What two sections was the trust divided into?", "id": "5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "manages \"the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What is the trust based in Seattle have as its focus?", "id": "5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it holds the assets", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What does the trust do with Warren Buffett's assets?", "id": "5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two entities", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into?", "id": "5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, \"focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty,", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "How does the foundation manage investment assets and achieve charitable goals?", "id": "5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, \"focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty,\" and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages \"the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals\"\u2014it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett."}], ["Program Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) Yayasan Gates dilancarkan pada pertengahan tahun 2005 sebagai \"Inisiatif Pembelajaran,\" dan menjadi program penuh di bawah Divisi Pembangunan Global pada awal tahun 2010. Yayasan sejak tahun 2005 telah dilaksanakan pelbagai usaha dalam sektor WASH yang melibatkan penyelidikan, percubaan, refleksi, advokasi, dan pelaksanaan lapangan. Pada tahun 2009, Yayasan memutuskan untuk memfokuskan semula usaha WASHnya terutamanya untuk perkhidmatan sanitasi yang mampan untuk golongan miskin, menggunakan perkhidmatan sanitasi tanpa pipa (iaitu tanpa menggunakan pembetung), dan kurang bekalan air. Ini kerana sektor sanitasi umumnya kurang mendapat perhatian daripada penderma lain dan dari kerajaan, dan kerana Yayasan percaya ia mempunyai potensi untuk membuat perubahan nyata melalui pelaburan strategik. <> Apa program WSH yang dilancarkan pada tahun 2005 || Program Air, Sanitasi dan Kebersihan (WSH) Yayasan Gates telah dilancarkan pada pertengahan 2005 <> Bilakah WSH menjadi program penuh || dan menjadi program penuh di bawah Bahagian Pembangunan Global pada awal 2010 <> Apa usaha yang telah diambil oleh WSH || sejak tahun 2005 melakukan pelbagai usaha dalam sektor WASH yang melibatkan penyelidikan, percobaan, refleksi, advokasi, dan pelaksanaan lapangan <> Apa yang telah ditetapkan oleh yayasan pada tahun 2009 || Pada tahun 2009, Yayasan memutuskan untuk memfokuskan semula usaha WASHnya terutamanya pada perkhidmatan sanitasi yang mampan untuk golongan miskin, menggunakan perkhidmatan sanitasi tanpa pipa. Ini kerana sektor sanitasi pada umumnya kurang mendapat perhatian daripada penderma lain dan dari kerajaan <> Tahun apakah program Divisi Pembangunan Global dilancarkan? || <> Usaha apa yang telah diambil oleh Bahagian Pembangunan Global dalam sektor WASH? || <> Bagaimana WASH percaya ia boleh membuat perbezaan dalam sanitasi? || <> Mengapa Bahagian Pembangunan Global memberi tumpuan kepada kebersihan bagi golongan miskin? || <> Pada tahun 2005 apakah asas yang difokuskan pada usaha WASH? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the WSH program launched in 2005", "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d139", "answers": [{"text": "The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the WSH become a full fledeged program", "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13a", "answers": [{"text": "and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What efforts have the WSH taken ", "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13b", "answers": [{"text": "since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the foundation decide in 2009 ", "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13c", "answers": [{"text": "In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "WHy did the foundation make the switch ", "id": "5725c1c3271a42140099d13d", "answers": [{"text": "This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-2005", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What year was the Global Development Division program launched?", "id": "5a0cb6f8f5590b0018dab51a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What efforts has the Global Development Division taken in the WASH sector?", "id": "5a0cb6f8f5590b0018dab51b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "strategic investments", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "How did the WASH believe it could make a difference in sanitation?", "id": "5a0cb6f8f5590b0018dab51c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments", "answer_start": 609}], "question": "Why is the Global Development Division focused on sanitation for the poor?", "id": "5a0cb6f8f5590b0018dab51d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sustainable sanitation services for the poor", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "In 2005 what did the foundation focus its WASH effort on?", "id": "5a0cb6f8f5590b0018dab51e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a \"Learning Initiative,\" and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments."}], ["Pada 25 Jun 2006, Warren Buffett (yang merupakan orang terkaya di dunia, dianggarkan berjumlah US $ 62 bilion pada 16 April 2008) berjanji untuk memberikan asas kira-kira 10 juta saham Berkshire Hathaway Kelas B yang tersebar melalui beberapa tahun melalui sumbangan tahunan, dengan sumbangan tahun pertama 500,000 saham bernilai kira-kira AS $ 1.5 bilion. Buffett menetapkan syarat-syarat supaya sumbangan ini tidak semata-mata meningkatkan sumbangan asas, tetapi berkesan sebagai sumbangan yang mencukupi, menggandakan pemberian tahunan Yayasan: \"Hadiah Buffett datang dengan tiga syarat untuk asas Gates: Bill atau Melinda Gates mesti hidup dan aktif dalam pentadbirannya, ia mesti terus memenuhi syarat sebagai amal dan setiap tahun ia harus memberikan jumlah yang sama dengan hadiah Berkshire tahun sebelumnya, ditambah jumlah tambahan yang sama dengan 5 peratus aset bersih. Buffett memberikan asas dua tahun untuk mematuhi oleh keperluan ketiga. \" Yayasan Gates menerima 5% (500,000) saham pada Julai 2006 dan akan menerima 5% saham tersendiri yang tersisa pada bulan Julai setiap tahun berikutnya (475,000 pada tahun 2007, 451,250 pada tahun 2008). Pada bulan Julai 2013, Buffet mengumumkan satu lagi sumbangan kelas B syarikatnya, kali ini dalam jumlah bernilai $ 2 bilion, pergi ke Yayasan Bill dan Melinda Gates. <> Apa yang diperkirakan bernilai bersih Warren Buffett pada tahun 2008 || Warren Buffett (kemudian orang terkaya di dunia, dianggarkan berjumlah US $ 62 bilion pada 16 April 2008) <> Berapa banyak saham pegangan berkshire telah dijanjikan sebagai sumbangan || berjanji untuk memberi asas kira-kira 10 juta Saham Berkshire Hathaway Class B <> Pada tahun 2013 Buffett mengumumkan satu lagi sumbangan kepada asas untuk berapa banyak || Pada bulan Julai 2013, Buffet telah mengumumkan satu lagi sumbangan kepada kelas B syarikatnya, kali ini dalam jumlah bernilai $ 2 bilion <> Apa itu nilai bersih Warren Buffet pada tahun 2013? || <> Berapakah jumlah saham Bill Gates berjanji untuk menderma? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Melinda Gates supaya sumbangan berfungsi sebagai sumbangan yang sepadan? || <> Apa yang harus dimiliki oleh Bill dan Melinda untuk layak? || <> Pada tahun 2013 Buffet menyumbang jumlahnya kepada Kelas B? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 ", "id": "5725b55d38643c19005acb9f", "answers": [{"text": "Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation ", "id": "5725b55d38643c19005acba0", "answers": [{"text": "pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much ", "id": "5725b55d38643c19005acba1", "answers": [{"text": "In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion", "answer_start": 1149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "estimated worth of US$62 billion", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What was Warren Buffet's net worth in 2013?", "id": "5a0caa87f5590b0018dab4d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "How many shares did Bill Gates pledge to donate?", "id": "5a0caa87f5590b0018dab4d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conditions", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What did Melinda Gates set so the contributions work as a matching contribution?", "id": "5a0caa87f5590b0018dab4d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buffett's gift", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "What must Bill and Melinda earmark shares to qualify for?", "id": "5a0caa87f5590b0018dab4d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "amount worth $2 billion", "answer_start": 1240}], "question": "In 2013 Buffet donated what amount to Class B?", "id": "5a0caa87f5590b0018dab4da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: \"Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement.\" The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation."}], ["Salah satu matlamat asas adalah untuk menurunkan kemiskinan dengan meningkatkan jumlah siswazah kolej di Amerika Syarikat, dan organisasi itu telah membiayai geran \"Reka bentuk dan Penyampaian Bantuan Reimagining\" untuk berfikir kereta kebal dan organisasi advokasi untuk menghasilkan kertas putih mengenai idea-idea untuk mengubah arus sistem bantuan kewangan persekutuan untuk pelajar kolej, dengan matlamat meningkatkan kadar tamat pengajian. Salah satu cara yayasan telah berusaha untuk meningkatkan bilangan graduan kolej adalah untuk mendapatkan mereka melalui kolej lebih cepat, tetapi idea itu telah menerima sedikit tolak daripada organisasi universiti dan kolej. <> Apakah 1 matlamat asas || Salah satu matlamat asas adalah untuk menurunkan kemiskinan dengan meningkatkan jumlah siswazah kolej di Amerika Syarikat <> Satu cara untuk meningkatkan tamat pengajian kolej oleh yayasan adalah || Salah satu cara yayasan telah berusaha untuk meningkatkan bilangan graduan kolej adalah untuk mendapatkan mereka melalui kolej lebih cepat <> bagaimana mereka bekerja pada pembiayaan kolej || Reimagining Design and Delivery \"geran untuk berfikir kereta kebal dan organisasi advokasi <> Apa yang Amerika Syarikat cuba lakukan untuk meningkatkan bilangan graduan kolej? || <> Apakah matlamat berfikir tangki untuk menurunkan kemiskinan di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa kumpulan yang akan menghasilkan geran untuk menukar sistem bantuan kewangan? || <> Apa dana yayasan untuk mengubah kadar kemiskinan? || <> Apa asasnya ingin menurunkan dengan menukar bantuan kewangan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is 1 foundation goal ", "id": "5725cb95271a42140099d1eb", "answers": [{"text": "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is ", "id": "5725cb95271a42140099d1ec", "answers": [{"text": "One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how did they work on college financing ", "id": "5725cb95271a42140099d1ed", "answers": [{"text": "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "get them through college faster", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What has the United States tried to do to increase the number of college graduates?", "id": "5a0cea77f5590b0018dab652", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increasing the number of college graduates", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "What is the goal of think tanks to lower poverty in the United States?", "id": "5a0cea77f5590b0018dab653", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "think tanks and advocacy organizations", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "What groups will produce grants for changing the financial aid system?", "id": "5a0cea77f5590b0018dab654", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What did the foundation fund to change the poverty rate?", "id": "5a0cea77f5590b0018dab655", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "poverty", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What does the foundation want to lower by changing financial aid?", "id": "5a0cea77f5590b0018dab656", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded \"Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges."}], ["Program pembaharuan pendidikan K-12 dan pendidikan tinggi Yayasan Gates telah dikritik oleh beberapa profesional pendidikan, ibu bapa, dan penyelidik kerana mereka telah mendorong perbualan tentang pembaharuan pendidikan sehingga sejauh mana mereka boleh meminggirkan penyelidik yang tidak menyokong Gates 'yang telah ditetapkan pilihan dasar. Beberapa polisi yang disokong oleh Gates seperti sekolah kecil, sekolah piagam, dan peningkatan saiz kelas telah menjadi mahal dan mengganggu, tetapi beberapa kajian menunjukkan mereka tidak meningkatkan hasil pendidikan dan mungkin menyebabkan kemudaratan. Kajian semula saintifik rakan-rakan di Stanford mendapati bahawa Sekolah Piagam tidak meningkatkan prestasi pelajar secara sistematik <> Mengapa asas pembaharuan pendidikan pintar dikritik || mereka boleh meminggirkan penyelidik yang tidak menyokong pilihan dasar Gates yang telah ditetapkan <> Apa beberapa dasar yang disokong oleh gerbang || Beberapa polisi yang disokong oleh Gates seperti sekolah kecil, sekolah piagam, dan peningkatan saiz kelas <> Mempunyai dasar yang dikritik || tetapi beberapa kajian menunjukkan bahawa mereka tidak meningkatkan hasil pendidikan dan mungkin telah menyebabkan kecederaan <> Apa satu kajian khusus sekolah piagam menunjukkan || Kajian saintifik yang dikaji semula di Stanford mendapati bahawa Sekolah Piagam tidak meningkatkan prestasi pelajar secara sistematik <> Apa kajian Stanford mendapati bahawa dasar tidak bertambah baik? || <> Siapa yang mengkritik program pembaharuan sekolah piagam? || <> Mengapa reformasi pendidikan saintifik dikritik? || <> Kajian saintifik mana yang telah mahal dan mengganggu? || <> Apa yang telah ditetapkan keutamaan dasar yang ditunjukkan mengenai sekolah piagam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized", "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5ef", "answers": [{"text": "they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are several of the gates backed policies ", "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5f0", "answers": [{"text": "Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Have the policies been criticized ", "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5f1", "answers": [{"text": "but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does 1 specific study of charter schools show ", "id": "5725ced8ec44d21400f3d5f2", "answers": [{"text": "Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "student performance", "answer_start": 657}], "question": "What do Stanford studies find that policies don't improve?", "id": "5a0cf4e1f5590b0018dab6aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some education professionals, parents, and researchers", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "Who has criticized charter school reform programs?", "id": "5a0cf4e1f5590b0018dab6ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "Why were the scientific educational reforms criticized?", "id": "5a0cf4e1f5590b0018dab6ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "Which scientific studies have been expensive and disruptive?", "id": "5a0cf4e1f5590b0018dab6ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance", "answer_start": 611}], "question": "What have predetermined policy preferences shown about charter schools?", "id": "5a0cf4e1f5590b0018dab6ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance"}], ["The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge adalah usaha penyelidikan dan pembangunan jangka panjang untuk membangunkan tandas yang bersih dan mandiri. Cabaran ini disokong oleh satu lagi program pelaburan untuk membangunkan teknologi baru untuk pengosongan jambatan lubang yang lebih baik (dipanggil oleh yayasan \"Omni-Ingestor\") dan pemprosesan enapcemar tahi (disebut \"Omni-Processor\"). Tujuan \"Pemproses Omni\" adalah untuk menukar habuk (contohnya enapcemar fesal) ke dalam produk yang bermanfaat seperti tenaga dan nutrien tanah dengan potensi untuk membangunkan perniagaan dan pendapatan tempatan. <> Apa yang hendak dicipta semula tandas yang cuba untuk membangunkan || The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge adalah upaya penyelidikan dan pembangunan jangka panjang untuk membangunkan tandas yang bersih, bersih dan mandiri <> Apa pujiannya? | Cabaran ini disokong oleh satu lagi program pelaburan untuk membangunkan teknologi baru untuk mengosongkan jamban lubang yang lebih baik <> Apa pemproses Omni lakukan || Tujuan \"Pemproses Omni\" adalah untuk menukar habuk (contohnya enapcemar fesal) ke dalam produk yang bermanfaat seperti tenaga dan nutrien tanah <> Apakah Reinvent the Toilet Challenge yang ditukar menjadi produk berfaedah? || <> Apa tandas yang berdiri sendiri untuk membangun perniagaan dan pendapatan tempatan? || <> Apa pujian usaha penyelidikan dan pembangunan untuk membangunkan tandas hygenic? || <> Apa program pelaburan lain digunakan untuk menukar enapcemar? || <> Apa program pelaburan lain yang cuba dibangunkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop", "id": "5725c71189a1e219009abe88", "answers": [{"text": "The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What compliments the challenge ", "id": "5725c71189a1e219009abe89", "answers": [{"text": "This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Omni processor do", "id": "5725c71189a1e219009abe8a", "answers": [{"text": "The aim of the \"Omni Processor\" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What does Reinvent the Toilet Challenge convert into beneficial products?", "id": "5a0cc44cf5590b0018dab54c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.", "answer_start": 393}], "question": "What does the stand alone toilet do to develop local business and revenue?", "id": "5a0cc44cf5590b0018dab54d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What compliments the research and development effort to develop a hygenic toilet?", "id": "5a0cc44cf5590b0018dab54e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Omni Processor", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "What does another investment program use to convert sludge?", "id": "5a0cc44cf5590b0018dab54f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a hygienic, stand-alone toilet", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What is another investment program trying to develop?", "id": "5a0cc44cf5590b0018dab550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the \"Omni-Ingestor\") and fecal sludge processing (called \"Omni-Processor\"). The aim of the \"Omni Processor\" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue."}], ["Sejak pelancaran \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge\", lebih daripada sedozen pasukan penyelidikan, terutamanya di universiti-universiti di Amerika Syarikat, Eropah, India, China dan Afrika Selatan, telah menerima geran untuk membangunkan inovatif di tempat dan rawatan sisa di luar tapak penyelesaian untuk golongan miskin bandar. Pemberian itu berada dalam urutan 400,000 USD untuk fasa pertama mereka, diikuti oleh biasanya 1-3 juta USD untuk fasa kedua mereka; ramai daripada mereka menyiasat pemulihan sumber atau teknologi pemprosesan untuk ekskreta atau enapcemar tahi. <> Negara apa yang telah menerima geran || universiti di A.S., Eropah, India, China dan Afrika Selatan, telah menerima geran untuk membangunkan penyelesaian rawatan sisa di tempat dan di luar tapak yang inovatif <> Berapa geran untuk || Pemberian itu berada dalam urutan 400,000 USD untuk fasa pertama mereka, diikuti dengan biasanya 1-3 juta USD untuk fase kedua mereka <> Apa yang banyak menyiasat || ramai daripada mereka menyiasat pemulihan sumber atau teknologi pemprosesan untuk ekskreta atau enapcemar tahi. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Reinvent the Toilet Challenge? || <> Apakah penyelesaian rawatan luar tapak menerima geran? || <> Selepas menerima 1-3 juta untuk fasa pertama berapa geran untuk fasa kedua? || <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menerima geran untuk membantu universiti? || <> Sejak pelancaran penyiasatan pemulihan sumber apa yang telah dilakukan oleh geran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What countries have received grants ", "id": "5725c64b271a42140099d18f", "answers": [{"text": "universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much were the grants for ", "id": "5725c64b271a42140099d190", "answers": [{"text": "The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did many investigate ", "id": "5725c64b271a42140099d191", "answers": [{"text": "many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What did the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge investigate?", "id": "5a0cc174f5590b0018dab542", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What off-site treatment solutions received grants?", "id": "5a0cc174f5590b0018dab543", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "400,000 USD", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "After receiving 1-3 million for the first phase how much were the grants for the second phase?", "id": "5a0cc174f5590b0018dab544", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than a dozen research teams", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "How many teams received grants to help universities?", "id": "5a0cc174f5590b0018dab545", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "Since the launch of investigating resource recovery what did the grants develop?", "id": "5a0cc174f5590b0018dab546", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the launch of the \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge\", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge."}], ["Aspek utama usaha AS Yayasan Gates melibatkan penambahbaikan dasar pendidikan negara di kedua-dua peringkat K-12 dan kolej, termasuk sokongan untuk penilaian guru dan sekolah piagam dan penentangan terhadap pemberhentian berasaskan kekananan dan aspek lain sistem pendidikan yang biasanya disokong oleh kesatuan guru. Ia membelanjakan $ 373 juta untuk pendidikan pada tahun 2009. Ia juga telah menyumbang kepada dua kesatuan guru kebangsaan terbesar. Yayasan ini adalah pendokong awal terbesar Inisiatif Standard Negeri Teras Biasa. <> apakah aspek utama dasar gerbang di AS || Aspek utama usaha Yayasan Gates Yayasan melibatkan penambahbaikan dasar pendidikan negara di kedua-dua K-12 dan peringkat kuliah <> Apa usaha ini termasuk || termasuk sokongan untuk evaluasi guru dan sekolah piagam dan penentangan terhadap pemberhentian berdasarkan kekananan <> berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan pada tahun 2009 || Ia membelanjakan $ 373 juta untuk pendidikan pada tahun 2009. <> Ia adalah pendukung awal apa | | Yayasan ini adalah pendokong awal terbesar Inisiatif Standard Negeri Teras Biasa. <> Berapa banyak kesatuan guru yang dibelanjakan untuk pendidikan pada tahun 2009? || <> Apakah aspek utama dalam Standard Negeri Teras Standard usaha A.S.? || <> Kumpulan apa yang telah didermakan kepada dua sekolah piagam negara yang terbesar? || <> Apa yang dibelanjakan oleh asas Gates untuk menyokong penilaian guru pada tahun 2009? || <> Apa kesatuan guru yang menjadi pendukung awal terbesar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US", "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59d", "answers": [{"text": "A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do these efforts include", "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59e", "answers": [{"text": "including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how much did it spend in 2009", "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59f", "answers": [{"text": "It spent $373 million on education in 2009.", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was an early backer of what ", "id": "5725cad2ec44d21400f3d5a0", "answers": [{"text": "The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$373 million", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "How much did teachers' unions spend on education in 2009?", "id": "5a0ce7f5f5590b0018dab648", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "What is a key aspect of the Common Core State Standards U.S. efforts?", "id": "5a0ce7f5f5590b0018dab649", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Gates Foundation", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What group has donated to the two largest national charter schools?", "id": "5a0ce7f5f5590b0018dab64a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$373 million", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "What did the Gates foundation spend on support for teacher evaluations in 2009?", "id": "5a0ce7f5f5590b0018dab64b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Common Core State Standards Initiative", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "What were teachers' unions the biggest early backer of?", "id": "5a0ce7f5f5590b0018dab64c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative."}], ["Melinda Gates telah menyatakan bahawa yayasan \"telah memutuskan untuk tidak membiayai pengguguran\". Sebagai tindak balas kepada soalan-soalan mengenai keputusan ini, Gates menyatakan dalam jawatan blog pada bulan Jun 2014 bahawa dia \"berjuang dengan masalah\" dan bahawa \"perdebatan emosi dan peribadi mengenai pengguguran mengancam untuk mendapatkan jalan konsensus menyelamatkan nyawa tentang asas perancangan Keluarga\". Sehingga 2013, Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates menyediakan $ 71 juta kepada Rancangan Parenthood, penyedia pengguguran utama A.S., dan organisasi gabungan. <> Apa asasnya membuat keputusan untuk tidak membiayai || telah membuat keputusan untuk tidak membiayai pengguguran \"<> Walaupun mereka memutuskan untuk tidak membiayai pengguguran | | perdebatan emosi dan peribadi tentang pengguguran mengancam untuk mendapatkan cara konsensus menyelamatkan nyawa tentang perancangan keluarga asas <> Sebelum tahun 2013 yayasan memberi caranya Sehingga tahun 2013, Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates menyediakan $ 71 juta kepada Rancangan Parenthood <> Yang memutuskan untuk tidak membiayai perancangan keluarga asas? || <> Pada tahun 2013, perbahasan apa yang dikatakan Bill Gates adalah dalam perjalanan keluarga berencana? || <> Berapa banyakkah Bill & Melinda Gates menderma untuk perancangan keluarga sehingga tahun 2013? || <> Apa organisasi berafiliasi penyedia pengguguran AS utama? || <> Apa isu Bill Gates mengatakan dia bergelut dengan 2014? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the foundation decide not to fund", "id": "5725c918271a42140099d1af", "answers": [{"text": "has decided not to fund abortion\"", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "WHy did they decide not to fund abortion", "id": "5725c918271a42140099d1b0", "answers": [{"text": "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood", "id": "5725c918271a42140099d1b1", "answers": [{"text": "Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Melinda Gates", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who decided not to fund basic family planning?", "id": "5a0cdd8ff5590b0018dab5e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the emotional and personal debate about abortion", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "In 2013 what debate did Bill Gates say is in the way of family planning?", "id": "5a0cdd8ff5590b0018dab5e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$71 million", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "How much did Bill & Melinda Gates donate for family planning up to 2013?", "id": "5a0cdd8ff5590b0018dab5e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Planned Parenthood", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What affiliated organization is the primary US abortion provider?", "id": "5a0cdd8ff5590b0018dab5e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "abortion", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What issue did Bill Gates say he struggled with in 2014?", "id": "5a0cdd8ff5590b0018dab5ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation \"has decided not to fund abortion\". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she \"struggle[s] with the issue\" and that \"the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning\". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations."}], ["Pada tahun 1997, amal memperkenalkan inisiatif Perpustakaan A.S. dengan matlamat \"memastikan bahawa jika anda boleh pergi ke perpustakaan awam, anda boleh sampai ke internet\". Hanya 35% penduduk dunia mempunyai akses ke Internet. Yayasan itu telah memberikan geran, komputer dan perisian yang dipasang, dan menyediakan latihan dan sokongan teknikal dalam perkongsian dengan perpustakaan awam di seluruh negara dalam usaha meningkatkan akses dan pengetahuan. Membantu menyediakan akses dan latihan untuk sumber-sumber ini, asas ini membantu memindahkan perpustakaan awam ke dalam era digital. <> apakah inisiatif perpustakaan AS || Inisiatif Perpustakaan AS dengan matlamat \"memastikan bahawa jika anda boleh pergi ke perpustakaan awam, anda boleh mencapai internet <> Berapa banyak penduduk dunia boleh mencapai internet || Hanya 35% penduduk dunia mempunyai akses ke Internet <> apa yang telah disediakan oleh perpustakaan awam? | Yayasan itu telah memberikan geran, komputer dan perisian yang dipasang, dan menyediakan latihan dan sokongan teknikal dalam perkongsian dengan perpustakaan awam di seluruh negara <> Apa yang dibolehkan membolehkan yayasan ini membantu memindahkan perpustakaan awam ke dalam umur digital. <> Berapa banyak penduduk dunia mempunyai akses ke perpustakaan? || <> Apa yang diberikan perpustakaan untuk meningkatkan akses dan pengetahuan? || <> Apa inisiatif usia digital? || <> Apa yang telah dicapai internet yang didayakan? || <> Apa yang telah dipasang penduduk dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the US libraries initiative ", "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abeac", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of \"ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of the worlds population can reach the internet", "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abead", "answers": [{"text": "Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what have the grants provided public libraries", "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abeae", "answers": [{"text": "The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the grant enabled ", "id": "5725ca1589a1e219009abeaf", "answers": [{"text": "this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "35%", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "How much of the world's population has access to libraries?", "id": "5a0cdf07f5590b0018dab5fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "What has the library given to increase access and knowledge?", "id": "5a0cdf07f5590b0018dab5fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a goal of \"ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is the digital age initiative?", "id": "5a0cdf07f5590b0018dab5fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age", "answer_start": 481}], "question": "What has reaching the internet enabled?", "id": "5a0cdf07f5590b0018dab5fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "installed computers and software", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What has the world's population installed?", "id": "5a0cdf07f5590b0018dab5fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of \"ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet\". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age."}], ["Pada tahun 2011, yayasan itu melancarkan program yang dikenali sebagai \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge\" dengan tujuan untuk mempromosikan pembangunan inovasi dalam reka bentuk tandas untuk memberi manfaat kepada 2.5 bilion orang yang tidak mempunyai akses kepada sanitasi yang selamat dan berkesan. Program ini telah menimbulkan kepentingan utama media arus perdana. Ia telah dilengkapkan dengan program yang dikenali sebagai \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 hingga 2013 dengan beberapa ganjaran susulan sampai 2015) yang melibatkan geran AS $ 100,000 setiap satu dalam pusingan pertama. Kedua-dua skim pembiayaan secara terang-terangan mengecualikan idea projek yang bergantung kepada sistem pembetungan berpusat atau tidak sesuai dengan konteks negara pembangunan. <> Apabila mencipta semula tandas dilancarkan || Pada tahun 2011, yayasan itu melancarkan sebuah program yang dipanggil \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge <> Apa tujuan untuk mencipta semula tandas || untuk menggalakkan pembangunan inovasi dalam reka bentuk tandas untuk memberi manfaat kepada 2.5 bilion orang yang tidak mempunyai akses kepada yang selamat dan berkesan sanitasi <> Program pujian mencipta semula tandas || Ia dilengkapi dengan program yang dipanggil \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 hingga 2013 dengan beberapa ganjaran susulan sampai tahun 2015) <> Apa yang telah dikecualikan oleh skim pembiayaan || Kedua pembiayaan skim dengan jelas mengecualikan idea projek yang bergantung kepada sistem pembetungan berpusat atau tidak sesuai dengan konteks negara pembangunan <> Pada tahun 2011 program apa yang dilancarkan oleh Eksplorasi Cabaran Besar? || <> Apa program yang menjana minat oleh Grand Challenges Explorations? Adakah kedua-dua inovasi tidak termasuk? || <> Program apa yang melengkapkan inovasi dalam reka bentuk tandas? || <> Apa tujuan Grand Challenges Explorations? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was reinvent the toilet launched ", "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc8d", "answers": [{"text": "In 2011, the foundation launched a program called \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the aim of reinvent the toilet ", "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc8e", "answers": [{"text": "to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet ", "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc8f", "answers": [{"text": "It was complemented by a program called \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was excluded by the funding schemes ", "id": "5725c59138643c19005acc90", "answers": [{"text": "Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "In 2011 what program was launched by Grand Challenges Exploration?", "id": "5a0cbf1df5590b0018dab538", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What program generated interest by Grand Challenges Explorations?", "id": "5a0cbf1df5590b0018dab539", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "What did both innovations exclude?", "id": "5a0cbf1df5590b0018dab53a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grand Challenges Explorations\"", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What program complimented innovations in toilet design?", "id": "5a0cbf1df5590b0018dab53b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What was the aim of Grand Challenges Explorations?", "id": "5a0cbf1df5590b0018dab53c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2011, the foundation launched a program called \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge\" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts."}], ["Sebagai sebahagian daripada inisiatif yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan, yayasan itu membiayai wartawan, berfikir tangki, organisasi melobi dan kerajaan. Jutaan dolar geran kepada organisasi berita telah membiayai pelaporan pendidikan dan pendidikan tinggi, termasuk lebih daripada $ 1.4 juta kepada Persatuan Penulis Pendidikan untuk membiayai latihan untuk wartawan yang meliputi pendidikan. Walaupun beberapa pengkritik takut kepada asas untuk mengarahkan perbualan tentang pendidikan atau menolak pandangannya melalui liputan berita, yayasan itu mengatakan ia menyenaraikan semua gerannya secara terbuka dan tidak menguatkuasakan sebarang peraturan untuk kandungan di antara para penerima, yang mempunyai kebebasan editorial. Aktivis kesatuan di Chicago telah menuduh pemberi bantuan Yayasan Gates Teach Plus, yang diasaskan oleh guru dan penyokong baru terhadap pemberhentian berpangkalan di peringkat senior, iaitu \"astroturfing\". <> Apa yang telah dibiayai sebagai sebahagian daripada inisiatif pendidikan || Sebagai sebahagian daripada inisiatif yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan, yayasan itu telah membiayai wartawan, berfikir tangki, organisasi melobi dan kerajaan <> apa jutaan dalam geran yang diberikan kepada agensi berita lakukan || Jutaan dolar geran kepada organisasi berita telah membiayai pelaporan mengenai pendidikan dan pendidikan tinggi <> Pengkritik tidak suka asas penggunaan media mengapa || pengkritik telah menakutkan dasar untuk mengarahkan perbualan mengenai pendidikan atau menolak pandangannya melalui liputan berita <> Di manakah geran senarai yayasan || yayasan itu mengatakan ia menyenaraikan semua gerannya secara terbuka <> yang mendirikan mengajar ditambah || Teach Plus, yang diasaskan oleh guru-guru baru dan peguam bela terhadap pemberhentian yang berpusat di senior <> Apa yang dituduh oleh wartawan Teach Plus? || <> Mengapa kerajaan takut dengan asasnya? || <> Apa yang telah dibiayai sebagai sebahagian daripada inisiatif yang berkaitan dengan berita? || <> Di manakah pemberian senarai yayasan? || <> Siapakah yang menubuhkan Persatuan Penulis Pendidikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has been funded as part of the education initiatives", "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeec", "answers": [{"text": "As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do ", "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeed", "answers": [{"text": "Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Critics don't like the foundations use of media why ", "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeee", "answers": [{"text": "critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the foundation list grants ", "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abeef", "answers": [{"text": "the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who founded teach plus ", "id": "5725cd0a89a1e219009abef0", "answers": [{"text": "Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs", "answer_start": 731}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "astroturfing", "answer_start": 828}], "question": "What have journalists accused Teach Plus of?", "id": "5a0cf1a5f5590b0018dab68c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "Why have governments feared the foundation?", "id": "5a0cf1a5f5590b0018dab68d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What has been funded as part of the news-related initiatives?", "id": "5a0cf1a5f5590b0018dab68e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "Where does the foundation list grantees?", "id": "5a0cf1a5f5590b0018dab68f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs", "answer_start": 764}], "question": "Who founded the Education Writers Association?", "id": "5a0cf1a5f5590b0018dab690", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of \"astroturfing\"."}], ["Yayasan itu telah menyumbangkan berbilion ringgit untuk membantu penderita AIDS, tuberkulosis dan malaria, melindungi berjuta-juta anak dari kematian di tangan penyakit yang dapat dicegah. Walau bagaimanapun, siasatan oleh The Los Angeles Times pada tahun 2007 mendakwa terdapat tiga akibat utama yang tidak diingini dengan peruntukan bantuan asas. Pertama, Afrika sub-Sahara telah mengalami kekurangan doktor primer sebelum ketibaan Yayasan Gates, tetapi \"dengan menuangkan sebahagian besar sumbangan dalam usaha memerangi pembunuhan berprofil tinggi itu sebagai AIDS, penerima Gates telah meningkatkan permintaan untuk latihan yang terlatih, klinisi berpendapatan tinggi, mengalihkan kakitangan dari penjagaan asas \"di sub-Sahara Afrika. \"Saliran otak\" ini menambah kekurangan doktor yang ada dan menarik kakitangan terlatih tambahan dari kanak-kanak dan mereka yang mengalami pembunuh biasa. Kedua, \"tumpuan pada beberapa penyakit telah mengalami kekurangan keperluan asas seperti pemakanan dan pengangkutan\". Ketiga, \"Program vaksin yang dibiayai oleh Gates telah mengarahkan penjaga untuk mengabaikan - bahkan mencegah pesakit dari membahas - penyakit yang tidak dapat dicegah oleh vaksinasi\". <> Yayasan telah menyumbangkan miliaran kepada penghidap || Yayasan itu telah menyumbangkan berbilion ringgit untuk membantu penghidap AIDS, tuberkulosis dan malaria <> Berapa banyak anak yang dilindungi dari kematian || melindungi berjuta-juta kanak-kanak dari kematian di tangan penyakit yang boleh dicegah <> Apakah beberapa akibat dari pelaburan || Penerima Gates telah meningkatkan permintaan untuk klinik yang terlatih, lebih tinggi dibayar, mengalihkan kakitangan dari penjagaan asas \"di sub-Sahara Afrika <> Apa yang menumpukan pada beberapa penyakit yang menyebabkan | |\" tumpuan pada beberapa penyakit telah tidak berubah keperluan asas seperti pemakanan dan pengangkutan <> Program vaksinasi menggalakkan apa || tidak menggalakkan pesakit membincangkan - penyakit yang tidak dapat dielakkan oleh vaksinasi. \"<> Apa yang telah Los Angeles Times menyumbangkan berbilion-bilion untuk? || <> Apa yang memberi tumpuan kepada peruntukan bantuan tidak berubah di Afrika? doktor mengarahkan pengasuh untuk mengabaikan? || <> Bagaimana membincangkan penyakit menambah kekurangan doktor? || <> Apa program AIDS yang dibiayai Gates ingin mengabaikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of ", "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9a", "answers": [{"text": "The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many children were protected from death ", "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9b", "answers": [{"text": "protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some consequences of the investments ", "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9c", "answers": [{"text": "Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care\" in sub-Saharan Africa", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the focus on a few diseases caused ", "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9d", "answers": [{"text": "\"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation", "answer_start": 855}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Vaccinations programs encouraged what ", "id": "5725c87b89a1e219009abe9e", "answers": [{"text": "discourage patients from discussing \u2013 ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent\".", "answer_start": 1038}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What has the Los Angeles Times donated billions for?", "id": "5a0cdba6f5590b0018dab5d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "basic needs such as nutrition and transportation", "answer_start": 901}], "question": "What has the focus on allocation of aid shortchanged in Africa?", "id": "5a0cdba6f5590b0018dab5d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent", "answer_start": 1076}], "question": "What have higher-paid clinicians instructed caregivers to ignore?", "id": "5a0cdba6f5590b0018dab5d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "How did discussing ailments add to the doctor shortage?", "id": "5a0cdba6f5590b0018dab5d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent", "answer_start": 1076}], "question": "What did the Gates-funded AIDS program want to ignore?", "id": "5a0cdba6f5590b0018dab5d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but \"by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care\" in sub-Saharan Africa. This \"brain drain\" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, \"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation\". Third, \"Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore \u2013 even discourage patients from discussing \u2013 ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent\"."}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 2006, Yayasan Rang Undang-Undang & Melinda Gates telah dibahagikan kepada dua entiti: Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates Trust, yang menguruskan aset endowmen dan Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates, yang \"... menjalankan semua operasi dan kerja pemberian bantuan, dan ia adalah entiti yang mana semua geran dibuat \". Juga mengumumkan keputusan untuk \"... membelanjakan semua sumber [Amanah] dalam masa 20 tahun selepas kematian Bill dan Melinda\". Ini akan menutup Amanah Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates dan dengan berkesan menamatkan Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates. Dalam pengumuman yang sama ia mengulangi bahawa Warren Buffett \"... telah menetapkan bahawa hasil dari saham Berkshire Hathaway yang masih dimilikinya akan digunakan untuk tujuan filantropi dalam tempoh 10 tahun selepas hartanya telah diselesaikan\". <> Apa dua entiti yayasan berpecah pada Oktober 2016 || Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates Trust, yang menguruskan aset endowmen dan Yayasan Bill & Melinda Gates <> Bila harus sumber daya amanah dibelanjakan || membelanjakan semua sumber [Amanah] dalam masa 20 tahun selepas kematian Bill dan Melinda <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Prussian Buffet yang menyatakan sahamnya yang berkshire digunakan dalam tempoh 10 tahun selepas kematiannya || hasil dari saham Berkshire Hathaway yang masih dimilikinya untuk digunakan untuk tujuan dermawan dalam tempoh 10 tahun <> Bilakah mesti saham dibelanjakan untuk yayasan itu? || <> Bilakah Bill dan Melinda Gates berkata saham Berkshire Hathaway akan dibelanjakan? || <> Pada tahun 2006 bagaimana perpecahan Berkshire Hathaway? || <> Berapa lama selepas estet telah diselesaikan Adakah saham asas Bill dan Melinda digunakan untuk kedermawanan? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Berkshire Hathaway sebagai sebahagian daripada Trust Trust? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016", "id": "5725cfda38643c19005acd71", "answers": [{"text": "the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When must the trust resources be spent", "id": "5725cfda38643c19005acd72", "answers": [{"text": "spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death ", "id": "5725cfda38643c19005acd73", "answers": [{"text": "the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "When must shares be spent for the foundation?", "id": "5a0cfad6f5590b0018dab6ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled\".", "answer_start": 667}], "question": "When do Bill and Melinda Gates say Berkshire Hathaway shares are to be spent?", "id": "5a0cfad6f5590b0018dab6cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "In 2006 how was Berkshire Hathaway split?", "id": "5a0cfad6f5590b0018dab6d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within 10 years after his estate has been settled", "answer_start": 758}], "question": "How long after the estate has been settled Will the Bill and Melinda gates foundation shares be used for philanthropy?", "id": "5a0cfad6f5590b0018dab6d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What does Berkshire Hathaway manage as part of the Foundation Trust?", "id": "5a0cfad6f5590b0018dab6d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which \"... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made\". Also announced was the decision to \"... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths\". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett \"... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled\"."}]], [["Ekspedisi Spanyol dihantar dari Buenos Aires, yang dianjurkan oleh gabenor Sepanyol kota itu, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. Pada 22 Januari 1724, orang Sepanyol memaksa orang Portugis untuk meninggalkan lokasi dan mula memanjakan kota, pada mulanya dengan enam keluarga bergerak dari Buenos Aires dan tidak lama kemudian oleh keluarga yang tiba dari Kepulauan Canary yang dipanggil oleh penduduk tempatan \"guanches\", \" guanchos \"atau\" canarios \". Terdapat juga satu penduduk Itali yang penting awal dengan nama Jorge Burgues. <> Siapa yang menganjurkan ekspedisi Sepanyol? || Bruno Mauricio de Zabala <> Apa tarikh pasukan Sepanyol melepaskan Portugis? || 22 Januari 1724 <> Siapa yang menjadi penduduk residen Itali yang penting? || Jorge Burgues", {"qas": [{"question": "Who organized the Spanish expedition?", "id": "5725b711271a42140099d081", "answers": [{"text": "Bruno Mauricio de Zabala", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?", "id": "5725b711271a42140099d082", "answers": [{"text": "22 January 1724", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was one significant early italian resident? ", "id": "5725b711271a42140099d083", "answers": [{"text": "Jorge Burgues", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals \"guanches\", \"guanchos\" or \"canarios\". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues."}], ["Beberapa tahun selepas penubuhannya, Montevideo menjadi bandar utama rantau utara R\u00edo de la Plata dan timur Sungai Uruguay, bersaing dengan Buenos Aires untuk dominasi dalam perdagangan maritim. Kepentingan Montevideo sebagai pelabuhan utama Viceroyalty dari R\u00edo de la Plata membawa ia dalam konfrontasi dengan kota Buenos Aires dalam pelbagai kesempatan, termasuk beberapa kali ketika ia diambil alih untuk digunakan sebagai pangkalan untuk mempertahankan wilayah timur daripada Viceroyalty dari serangan Portugis. <> Apa yang menjadi bandar utama di rantau utara Rio de la Plata? || Montevideo <> Apa itu pertempuran Buenos Aires dan Montevideo untuk dominasi? || perdagangan maritim <> Kepentingan Montevideo sebagai pelabuhan utama Viceroyalty di Rio de la Plata membawa konfrontasi dengan bandar apa? || Buenos Aires", {"qas": [{"question": "What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?", "id": "5725b82838643c19005acbc5", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?", "id": "5725b82838643c19005acbc6", "answers": [{"text": "maritime commerce", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?", "id": "5725b82838643c19005acbc7", "answers": [{"text": "Buenos Aires", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the R\u00edo de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions."}], ["Bandar Montevideo mengalami pengepungan lapan tahun antara 1843 dan 1851, di mana ia dibekalkan oleh laut dengan sokongan British dan Perancis. Oribe, dengan sokongan Gubernur Provinsi Buenos Aires yang konservatif itu, Juan Manuel de Rosas, mengepung Colorados di Montevideo, di mana mereka disokong oleh Legiun Perancis, Legiun Itali, Legiun Basque dan batalion dari Brazil. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1851, dengan sokongan tambahan pemberontak Argentina yang menentang Rosas, Colorados mengalahkan Oribe. Pertempuran itu, bagaimanapun, disambung semula pada tahun 1855, ketika Blancos berkuasa, yang dikekalkan sehingga tahun 1865. Selepas itu, Parti Colorado kembali berkuasa, yang dipertahankannya hingga pertengahan abad ke-20. <> Apakah Montevideo menderita antara 1843 dan 1851? || pengepungan <> Bagaimana bekalan British dan Perancis di bandar Montevideo ?? || oleh laut <> Tahun berapakah Colorados mengalahkan Oribe? || 1851", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?", "id": "5725bbfcec44d21400f3d499", "answers": [{"text": "a siege", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??", "id": "5725bbfcec44d21400f3d49a", "answers": [{"text": "by sea", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?", "id": "5725bbfcec44d21400f3d49b", "answers": [{"text": "1851", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851, during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. Oribe, with the support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas, besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally, in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe. The fighting, however, resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until past the middle of the 20th century."}], ["Semasa Revolusi Mei 1810 dan pemberontakan berikutnya di wilayah Rio de la Plata, kerajaan penjajah Spanyol berpindah ke Montevideo. Pada tahun itu dan seterusnya, revolusioner Uruguay Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas bersatu dengan orang lain dari Buenos Aires melawan Sepanyol. Pada tahun 1811, pasukan yang dikerahkan oleh Junta Grande dari Buenos Aires dan pasukan gaucho yang diketuai oleh Artigas memulakan pengepungan Montevideo, yang menolak untuk mematuhi arahan pihak berkuasa baru dalam Revolusi Mei. Pengepungan telah diangkat pada akhir tahun itu, apabila situasi ketenteraan mula merosot di rantau Upper Peru. <> Selepas Revolusi 1810 terdapat pemberontakan berikutnya tentang apa wilayah? || Rio de la Plata <> Dimana kerajaan penjajah Spanyol bergerak setelah pemberontakan wilayah-wilayah di Rio de la Plata? || Montevideo <> Siapa revolusi Uruguay yang bersatu dengan orang lain dari Buenos Aires? || Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas", {"qas": [{"question": "After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? ", "id": "5725b9b589a1e219009abd80", "answers": [{"text": "Rio de la Plata", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?", "id": "5725b9b589a1e219009abd81", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?", "id": "5725b9b589a1e219009abd82", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region."}], ["Pada 3 Februari 1807, tentera British di bawah pimpinan Jeneral Samuel Auchmuty dan Laksamana Charles Stirling menduduki bandar semasa Pertempuran Montevideo (1807), tetapi ia ditawan semula oleh Sepanyol pada tahun yang sama pada 2 September apabila John Whitelocke terpaksa menyerah kepada tentera yang dibentuk oleh pasukan Banda Oriental-kira-kira kawasan yang sama dengan Uruguay moden dan Buenos Aires. Selepas konflik ini, gabenor Montevideo Francisco Javier de El\u00edo menentang pemberontak baru Santiago de Liniers, dan mencipta kerajaan Junta apabila Perang Semenanjung bermula di Sepanyol, yang menentang Liniers. El\u00edo tidak menubuhkan Junta ketika Liniers digantikan oleh Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. <> Bilakah tentera British menduduki bandar Montevideo? || 3 Februari 1807 <> Bilakah Sepanyol menawan semula bandar Montevideo? || 2 September <<Siapa terpaksa menyerahkan diri kepada pasukan yang dibentuk oleh pasukan Banda Oriental? || John Whitelocke <> Siapa yang menggantikan Liniers? || Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros", {"qas": [{"question": "When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?", "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbcb", "answers": [{"text": "3 February 1807", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?", "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbcc", "answers": [{"text": "2 September", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental? ", "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbcd", "answers": [{"text": "John Whitelocke", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Liniers?", "id": "5725b8f638643c19005acbce", "answers": [{"text": "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental\u2014roughly the same area as modern Uruguay\u2014and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de El\u00edo opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. El\u00edo disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros."}], ["Gabenor Sepanyol telah diusir pada tahun 1814. Pada tahun 1816, Portugal menyerang wilayah yang baru dibebaskan dan pada tahun 1821, ia telah dilampirkan ke Banda Oriental dari Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja dan bandnya bernama Treinta y Tres Orientales (\"Tiga Puluh Tiga Dimensi\") mendirikan semula kemerdekaan wilayah itu pada tahun 1825. Uruguay disatukan sebagai negara merdeka pada tahun 1828, dengan Montevideo sebagai ibu negara. Pada tahun 1829, perobohan kubu kota bermula dan perancangan dibuat untuk perpanjangan di luar Ciudad Vieja, yang disebut sebagai \"Ciudad Nueva\" (\"kota baru\"). Perkembangan bandar, bagaimanapun, bergerak sangat lambat kerana peristiwa-peristiwa yang diikuti. <> Tahun apa gabenor Sepanyol dihalau? || 1814 <> Tahun apakah Portugal menyerang wilayah yang baru dibebaskan? || 1816 <> Apakah band Juan Antonio Lavalleja telah berkali-kali? || Treinta y Tres Orientales <> Tahun apa yang disatukan Uruguay sebagai negara merdeka? || 1828", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Spanish governor expelled?", "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d475", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?", "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d476", "answers": [{"text": "1816", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled? ", "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d477", "answers": [{"text": "Treinta y Tres Orientales", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?", "id": "5725ba5aec44d21400f3d478", "answers": [{"text": "1828", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales (\"Thirty-Three Orientals\") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the \"Ciudad Nueva\" (\"new city\"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed."}], ["1830-an Uruguay dikuasai oleh konfrontasi antara Manuel Oribe dan Fructuoso Rivera, dua pemimpin revolusioner yang telah berperang melawan Empayar Brazil di bawah arahan Lavalleja, yang masing-masing telah menjadi golongan puak mereka masing-masing. Politik dibahagikan antara Blancos Oribe (\"putih\"), yang diwakili oleh Parti Kebangsaan, dan Colorados Rivera (\"merah\"), yang diwakili oleh Parti Colorado, dengan nama setiap parti diambil dari warna lambangnya. Pada tahun 1838, Oribe terpaksa meletak jawatan sebagai presiden; dia menubuhkan tentera pemberontak dan memulakan perang saudara yang panjang, Guerra Grande, yang berlangsung hingga 1851. <> Manuel Oribe dan Fructuoso Rivera berperang melawan kerajaan apa? || Empayar Brazil <> Manuel Oribe dan Fructuoso Rivera berjuang di bawah arahannya? || Lavalleja <> Siapa yang mewakili Blancos Oribe? || Parti Kebangsaan <> Yang mewakili Colorados Rivera? || Parti Colorado", {"qas": [{"question": "Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?", "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d487", "answers": [{"text": "Empire of Brazil", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?", "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d488", "answers": [{"text": "Lavalleja", "answer_start": 190}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who represented Oribe's Blancos?", "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d489", "answers": [{"text": "National Party", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who represented Rivera's Colorados?", "id": "5725bae9ec44d21400f3d48a", "answers": [{"text": "Colorado Party", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos (\"whites\"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados (\"reds\"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851."}], ["Ia dikelaskan sebagai Bandar Dunia Beta, menduduki tempat ketujuh di Amerika Latin dan ke-73 di dunia. Dijelaskan sebagai \"tempat bersemangat, eklektik dengan kehidupan budaya yang kaya\", dan \"pusat teknologi dan budaya keusahawanan yang berkembang pesat\", Montevideo menduduki tempat ke-8 di Amerika Latin pada 2013 Indeks Destinasi Destinasi Global MasterCard. Menjelang 2014, juga dianggap sebagai bandar kelima paling mesra gay di dunia, yang pertama di Amerika Latin. Ia adalah pusat perdagangan dan pendidikan tinggi di Uruguay serta pelabuhan utamanya. Bandar ini juga merupakan pusat kewangan dan budaya kawasan metropolitan yang lebih besar, dengan penduduk sekitar 2 juta. <> Apa itu diklasifikasikan sebagai Montevideo? || Kota Beta Dunia <> Apakah pangkat Montevideo ditahan di Amerika Latin pada tahun 2013? || 8th <> Montevideo adalah pusat perdagangan dan pendidikan tinggi di kawasan apa? || Uruguay <> Montevideo adalah pelabuhan utama kawasan apa? || Uruguay <> Apakah populasi Montevideo? || sekitar 2 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Montevideo classified as?", "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb5", "answers": [{"text": "a Beta World City", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?", "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb6", "answers": [{"text": "8th", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?", "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb7", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguay", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Montevideo is the chief port of what area?", "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb8", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguay", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the population of Montevideo?", "id": "5725b5d138643c19005acbb9", "answers": [{"text": "around 2 million", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a \"vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life\", and \"a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture\", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million."}], ["Selepas akhir permusuhan, tempoh pertumbuhan dan pengembangan bermula untuk bandar. Pada tahun 1853 sebuah laluan bas stagecoach telah ditubuhkan menyertai Montevideo dengan penyelesaian Uni\u00f3n yang baru terbentuk dan lampu jalan gas semula jadi pertama telah dirasmikan. [18] 1854-1861 kemudahan sanitasi awam yang pertama dibina. Pada tahun 1856 Teatro Sol\u00eds telah dirasmikan, 15 tahun selepas permulaan pembinaannya. Oleh Dekri, pada bulan Disember 1861 kawasan-kawasan Aguada dan Cord\u00f3n telah diperbadankan kepada Ciudad Nueva (Kota Baru) yang semakin meningkat. Pada tahun 1866, sebuah saluran telegraf bawah air menghubungkan bandar dengan Buenos Aires. Patung Perdamaian, La Paz, didirikan di atas sebuah lajur di Plaza Cagancha dan bangunan Perkhidmatan Pos serta jambatan Paso Molino telah dirasmikan pada tahun 1867. <> Tahun apakah garis bus stagecoach yang ditubuhkan di Montevideo? || 1853 <> Antara tahun berapa lampu jalan gas asli yang dibina? || 1854 hingga 1861 <> Tahun apa Teatro Solis dirasmikan? || 1856 <> Tahun apakah garis telegraf bawah laut menjadikan Montevideo yang bersambung dengan Buenos Aires? || 1866", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?", "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdae", "answers": [{"text": "1853", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?", "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdaf", "answers": [{"text": "1854 to 1861", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated? ", "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdb0", "answers": [{"text": "1856", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?", "id": "5725bcb089a1e219009abdb1", "answers": [{"text": "1866", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Uni\u00f3n and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Sol\u00eds was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cord\u00f3n were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867."}], ["Pada tahun 1868, syarikat trem yang ditarik oleh kuda Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Tranv\u00edas al Paso del Molino y Cerro telah mencipta garis pertama yang menghubungkan Montevideo dengan Uni\u00f3n, resort pantai Capurro dan Villa del Cerro yang merindui industri dan ekonomi, pada masa yang dipanggil Cosmopolis. Pada tahun yang sama, Mercado del Puerto telah dirasmikan. Pada tahun 1869, kereta api pertama syarikat Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay telah dirasmikan menghubungkan Bella Vista dengan bandar Las Piedras. Pada tahun yang sama dan seterusnya, kawasan kejiranan Col\u00f3n, Nuevo Par\u00eds dan La Comercial diasaskan. Yang terkenal dengan pasar hari Ahad kami Trist\u00e1n Narvaja Street telah ditubuhkan di Cord\u00f3n pada tahun 1870. Bekalan air awam ditubuhkan pada tahun 1871. Pada tahun 1878, Bulevar Circunvalaci\u00f3n telah dibina, sebuah boulevard bermula dari Punta Carretas, naik ke hujung utara kota dan kemudian berpaling ke barat ke ujung pantai Capurro. Ia dinamakan semula kepada Artigas Boulevard (nama semasa) pada tahun 1885. Dengan Dekri, pada 8 Januari 1881, kawasan Los Pocitos digabungkan ke Nov\u00edsima Ciudad (Kebanyakan Kota Baru). <> Tahun apa Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro menciptakan baris pertama yang menghubungkan Montevideo dengan Union? || 1868 <> Tahun apakah Mercado del Puerto diresmikan? || 1868 <> Tahun apakah kereta api pertama syarikat Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay diresmikan? || 1869 <> Tahun apakah Bulevar Circunvalcion dibina? || 1878", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?", "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc6", "answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? ", "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc7", "answers": [{"text": "1868", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? ", "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc8", "answers": [{"text": "1869", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? ", "id": "5725bd7989a1e219009abdc9", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Tranv\u00edas al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Uni\u00f3n, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Col\u00f3n, Nuevo Par\u00eds and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Trist\u00e1n Narvaja Street was established in Cord\u00f3n in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalaci\u00f3n was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Nov\u00edsima Ciudad (Most New City)."}], ["Pada tahun 1860, Montevideo mempunyai 57,913 penduduk termasuk beberapa orang asal Afrika yang telah dibawa sebagai hamba dan telah memperoleh kebebasan mereka sekitar pertengahan abad. Menjelang tahun 1880, penduduk telah berkali empat kali, terutamanya kerana imigresen Eropah yang besar. Pada tahun 1908, penduduknya telah berkembang secara besar-besaran kepada 309,331 penduduk. Dalam perjalanan abad ke-20, bandar terus menerima sejumlah besar imigran Eropah, terutamanya Sepanyol dan Itali, diikuti oleh Perancis, Jerman atau Belanda, Inggeris atau Ireland, Polandia, Yunani, Hungaria, Rusia, Kroasia, Lubnan, Armenia, dan Yahudi dari pelbagai asal. Gelombang pendatang terakhir berlaku antara tahun 1945 dan 1955. <> Berapa ramai penghuni Montevideo pada tahun 1860? || 57,913 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada penduduk pada tahun 1880? || telah berkali-kali <> Penduduk empat kali ganda pada tahun 1880 disebabkan terutamanya oleh apa? || imigresen Eropah yang hebat <> Apa yang telah ditanam penduduk pada tahun 1908? || 309,331 penduduk", {"qas": [{"question": "How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?", "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc85", "answers": [{"text": "57,913", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the population by the year 1880?", "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc86", "answers": [{"text": "had quadrupled", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?", "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc87", "answers": [{"text": "the great European immigration", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had the population grown to in 1908?", "id": "5725c35f38643c19005acc88", "answers": [{"text": "309,331 inhabitants", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955."}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, ramai orang Eropah (terutamanya orang Sepanyol dan Itali tetapi juga beribu-ribu dari Eropah Tengah) berhijrah ke bandar. Pada tahun 1908, 30% penduduk bandaraya 300,000 adalah kelahiran asing. Dalam dekad itu bandar berkembang dengan cepat: kawasan kejiranan baru diwujudkan dan banyak penempatan berasingan telah dilampirkan ke bandar, antaranya Villa del Cerro, Pocitos, Prado dan Villa Col\u00f3n. Taman Rod\u00f3 dan Estadio Gran Parque Central juga ditubuhkan, yang berfungsi sebagai tiang pembangunan bandar. <> Berapa abad lamanya banyak orang Eropah yang berhijrah ke bandar Montevideo? || Awal abad ke-20 <> Pada tahun 1908, berapa peratus penduduk bandar itu dilahirkan? || 30% <> Rodo Park dan Estadio Gran Parque Central berfungsi sebagai tiang apa? || pembangunan bandar", {"qas": [{"question": "What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?", "id": "5725bf3138643c19005acc49", "answers": [{"text": "early 20th century", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?", "id": "5725bf3138643c19005acc4a", "answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?", "id": "5725bf3138643c19005acc4b", "answers": [{"text": "urban development", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of the city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighbourhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the Villa del Cerro, Pocitos, the Prado and Villa Col\u00f3n. The Rod\u00f3 Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established, which served as poles of urban development."}], ["Bandar ini mempunyai ketinggian purata 43 meter (141 kaki). Ketinggian tertinggi adalah dua bukit: Cerro de Montevideo dan Cerro de la Victoria, dengan titik tertinggi, puncak Cerro de Montevideo, dinobatkan oleh kubu, Fortaleza del Cerro pada ketinggian 134 meter (440 kaki). Bandar berdekatan dengan jalan raya adalah Las Piedras di utara dan yang disebut Ciudad de la Costa (konglomerasi bandar pesisir) di timur, kedua-duanya dalam lingkungan 20 hingga 25 kilometer (16 mi) dari pusat bandar. Jarak terdekat ke ibu kota jiran dengan jalan adalah, 90 kilometer (56 mi) ke San Jose de Mayo (Jabatan San Jose) dan 46 kilometer (29 mi) ke Canelones (Jabatan Canelones). <> Kota Montevideo mempunyai ketinggian purata apa? || 43 meter <> Berapa jauh ke capitol jiran San Jose de Mayo? || 90 kilometer <> Seberapa jauh ke capitol jiran Canelones? || 46 kilometer", {"qas": [{"question": "The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?", "id": "5725c12c38643c19005acc5f", "answers": [{"text": "43 metres", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?", "id": "5725c12c38643c19005acc60", "answers": [{"text": "90 kilometres", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?", "id": "5725c12c38643c19005acc61", "answers": [{"text": "46 kilometres", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with the highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 metres (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are, 90 kilometres (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 kilometres (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department)."}], ["Yang lebih penting ialah pembahagian bandar raya menjadi 62 orang buruh: kawasan atau wad. Kebanyakan barisan bandaraya seperti Sayago, Ituzaing\u00f3 dan Pocitos-sebelum ini adalah penempatan yang berasingan secara geografi, kemudian diserap oleh pertumbuhan bandar. Lain-lain membesar di sekitar kawasan perindustrian tertentu, termasuk kerja pengawetan garam di Villa del Cerro dan perajang di Nuevo Par\u00eds. Setiap barrio mempunyai identiti sendiri, lokasi geografi dan aktiviti sosial budaya. Sebuah kejiranan yang sangat penting adalah Ciudad Vieja, yang dikelilingi oleh dinding pelindung hingga 1829. Kawasan ini mengandungi bangunan-bangunan paling penting dalam era kolonial dan dekad kemerdekaan awal. <> Apa yang ada di kalangan penduduk bandar dahulu? || penempatan secara geografi yang berasingan <> Apa kejiranan yang sangat penting? || Ciudad Vieja <> Apa yang dikelilingi kejiranan Ciudad Vieja? || dinding pelindung", {"qas": [{"question": "What had many of the city's barrios previously been?", "id": "5725c2c1271a42140099d157", "answers": [{"text": "geographically separate settlements", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a neighborhood of great significance? ", "id": "5725c2c1271a42140099d158", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Vieja", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?", "id": "5725c2c1271a42140099d159", "answers": [{"text": "a protective wall", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Of much greater importance is the division of the city into 62 barrios: neighbourhoods or wards. Many of the city's barrios\u2014such as Sayago, Ituzaing\u00f3 and Pocitos\u2014were previously geographically separate settlements, later absorbed by the growth of the city. Others grew up around certain industrial sites, including the salt-curing works of Villa del Cerro and the tanneries in Nuevo Par\u00eds. Each barrio has its own identity, geographic location and socio-cultural activities. A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja, that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829. This area contains most important buildings of the colonial era and early decades of independence."}], ["Pada 2010 [update], bandar Montevideo telah dibahagikan kepada 8 majlis perbandaran politik (Municipios), yang dirujuk dengan surat dari A hingga G, termasuk CH, yang masing-masing dipengerusikan oleh Datuk Bandar yang dipilih oleh warganegara yang berdaftar di kawasan itu. Bahagian ini, menurut Perbandaran Montevideo, \"bertujuan untuk memajukan desentralisasi politik dan pentadbiran di jabatan Montevideo, dengan tujuan memperdalam penyertaan demokratik rakyat dalam pemerintahan.\" Kepala setiap Municipio dipanggil alcalde atau (jika perempuan) alcaldesa. <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran mempunyai bandar Montevideo dibahagikan pada 2010? || 8 <> Apakah kepala setiap Municipio dipanggil? || alcalde <> Siapa yang memilih datuk bandar perbandaran politik? || warganegara yang berdaftar di kawasan itu", {"qas": [{"question": "How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?", "id": "5725c242ec44d21400f3d4ed", "answers": [{"text": "8", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the head of each Municipio called?", "id": "5725c242ec44d21400f3d4ee", "answers": [{"text": "an alcalde", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities? ", "id": "5725c242ec44d21400f3d4ef", "answers": [{"text": "the citizens registered in the constituency", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, \"aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance.\" The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa."}], ["Perbandaran Montevideo pertama kali dicipta oleh akta undang-undang pada 18 Disember 1908. Datuk Bandar pertama perbandaran (1909-1911) adalah Daniel Mu\u00f1oz. Perbandaran telah dimansuhkan oleh Perlembagaan Uruguay pada tahun 1918, dipulihkan dengan berkesan pada tahun 1933 rampasan kuasa tentera Gabriel Terra, dan secara rasmi dipulihkan oleh Perlembagaan 1934. Perlembagaan 1952 sekali lagi memutuskan untuk menghapuskan majlis perbandaran; ia berkuatkuasa pada bulan Februari 1955. Perbandaran digantikan oleh majlis-majlis jabatan, yang terdiri daripada sebuah dewan eksekutif kolej dengan 7 orang dari Montevideo dan 5 dari kawasan pedalaman. Walau bagaimanapun, majlis-majlis perbandaran telah dihidupkan semula di bawah Perlembagaan 1967 dan telah beroperasi secara berterusan sejak masa itu. <> Perbandaran Montevideo mula-mula dicipta oleh tindakan undang-undang apa? || 18 Disember 1908 <> Siapa Datuk Bandar yang pertama? || Daniel Mu\u00f1oz <> Perbandaran telah dimansuhkan oleh apa? || Perlembagaan Uruguay 1918", {"qas": [{"question": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?", "id": "5725c198ec44d21400f3d4d7", "answers": [{"text": "18 December 1908", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the municipality's first mayor?", "id": "5725c198ec44d21400f3d4d8", "answers": [{"text": "Daniel Mu\u00f1oz", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Municipalities were abolished by what?", "id": "5725c198ec44d21400f3d4d9", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguayan Constitution of 1918", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909\u20131911) was Daniel Mu\u00f1oz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time."}], ["Montevideo terletak di pantai utara R\u00edo de la Plata, lengan Lautan Atlantik yang memisahkan pantai selatan Uruguay dari pantai utara Argentina; Buenos Aires terletak 230 kilometer (140 mi) barat di bahagian Argentina. Sungai Santa Luc\u00eda membentuk sempadan semulajadi antara Montevideo dan Jabatan San Jose di baratnya. Ke utara dan timur bandar adalah Jabatan Canelones, dengan aliran Carrasco membentuk sempadan semula jadi timur. Garis pantai yang membentuk sempadan selatan bandar diselaraskan dengan tunjukan berbatu dan pantai berpasir. Bay of Montevideo membentuk pelabuhan semulajadi, negara terbesar dan salah satu yang terbesar di Southern Cone, dan pelabuhan semulajadi terbaik di rantau ini, berfungsi sebagai komponen penting dalam ekonomi Uruguay dan perdagangan luar negeri. Pelbagai sungai mengalir-lintas bandar dan kosong ke Teluk Montevideo. Pantai dan sungai banyak tercemar dan kemasinan yang tinggi. <> Montevideo terletak di pantai utara apa? || R\u00edo de la Plata <> Sungai apa membentuk sempadan semulajadi antara Jabatan Montevideo dan San Jose? || Sungai Santa Luc\u00eda <> Apa bentuk Bay of Montevideo? || sebuah pelabuhan semulajadi", {"qas": [{"question": "Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?", "id": "5725c051271a42140099d121", "answers": [{"text": "the R\u00edo de la Plata", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?", "id": "5725c051271a42140099d122", "answers": [{"text": "Santa Luc\u00eda River", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Bay of Montevideo form?", "id": "5725c051271a42140099d123", "answers": [{"text": "a natural harbour", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the R\u00edo de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Luc\u00eda River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jos\u00e9 Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity."}], ["Menurut tinjauan sensus yang dilakukan antara 15 Jun dan 31 Julai 2004, Montevideo mempunyai populasi 1,325,968 orang, berbanding jumlah penduduk Uruguay sebesar 3,241,003. Populasi perempuan adalah 707,697 (53.4%) manakala populasi lelaki menyumbang 618,271 (46.6%). Penduduk telah menurun sejak banci sebelumnya dilakukan pada tahun 1996, dengan tingkat pertumbuhan rata-rata tahunan -1,5 per seribu. Penurunan berterusan telah didokumenkan sejak tempoh banci 1975-1985, yang menunjukkan kadar -5.6 setiap seribu. Penurunan ini disebabkan sebahagian besarnya untuk menurunkan kesuburan, sebahagiannya diimbangi oleh kematian, dan ke tahap yang lebih kecil dalam penghijrahan. Kadar kelahiran menurun sebanyak 19% dari 1996 (17 per seribu) hingga 2004 (13.8 seribu). Begitu juga, jumlah kesuburan (TFR) menurun dari 2.24 pada tahun 1996 kepada 1.79 pada tahun 2004. Walau bagaimanapun, kematian terus menurun dengan jangkaan jangka hayat untuk kedua-dua jantina meningkat sebanyak 1.73 tahun. <> Menurut tinjauan sensus yang dilakukan antara 15 Jun dan 31 Julai 2004, apakah populasi Montevideo? || 1,325,968 orang <> Menurut kajian banci yang dijalankan antara 15 Jun dan 31 Julai 2004, apakah penduduk Uruguay? || 3,241,003 <> Menurut tinjauan banci yang dijalankan antara 15 Jun dan 31 Julai 2004, apakah populasi wanita Montevideo? || 707,697 <> Menurut kajian banci yang dijalankan antara 15 Jun dan 31 Julai 2004, apakah populasi lelaki Montevideo? || 618,271", {"qas": [{"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?", "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe32", "answers": [{"text": "1,325,968 persons", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?", "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe33", "answers": [{"text": "3,241,003", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?", "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe34", "answers": [{"text": "707,697", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?", "id": "5725c44089a1e219009abe35", "answers": [{"text": "618,271", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons, compared to Uruguay's total population of 3,241,003. The female population was 707,697 (53.4%) while the male population accounted for 618,271 (46.6%). The population had declined since the previous census carried out in 1996, with an average annual growth rate of \u22121.5 per thousand. Continual decline has been documented since the census period of 1975\u20131985, which showed a rate of \u22125.6 per thousand. The decrease is due in large part to lowered fertility, partly offset by mortality, and to a smaller degree in migration. The birth rate declined by 19% from 1996 (17 per thousand) to 2004 (13.8 per thousand). Similarly, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 2.24 in 1996 to 1.79 in 2004. However, mortality continued to fall with life expectancy at birth for both sexes increasing by 1.73 years."}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, satu kejadian terkenal yang melibatkan kapal perang Jerman poket Admiral Graf Spee berlaku di Punta del Este, 200 kilometer (120 mi) dari Montevideo. Selepas Battle of the River Plate dengan Tentera Laut Diraja dan Tentera Laut Diraja New Zealand pada 13 Disember 1939, Graf Spee berundur ke pelabuhan Montevideo, yang dianggap netral ketika itu. Untuk menghindari risiko kru dalam apa yang dia pikir akan menjadi pertempuran yang kalah, Kapten Hans Langsdorff memecahkan kapal itu pada 17 Disember. Langsdorff melakukan bunuh diri dua hari kemudian. [Rujukan?] Tokoh helang Graf Spee telah diselamatkan pada 10 Februari 2006; untuk melindungi perasaan orang-orang yang masih sensitif terhadap Nazi Jerman, swastika pada kepala kepala itu ditutup ketika ditarik dari air. <> Siapa Laksamana kapal poket Jerman? || Admiral Graf Spee <> Di manakah kejadian terkenal yang melibatkan kapal perang poket Jerman berlaku? || Punta del Este <> Ketika tahun berlakunya Battle of the River Plate? || 13 Disember 1939", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?", "id": "5725bfc338643c19005acc4f", "answers": [{"text": "Admiral Graf Spee", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?", "id": "5725bfc338643c19005acc50", "answers": [{"text": "Punta del Este", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?", "id": "5725bfc338643c19005acc51", "answers": [{"text": "13 December 1939", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este, 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later.[citation needed] The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006; to protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swastika on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled from the water."}], ["Talian telefon pertama dipasang pada 1882 dan lampu jalan elektrik mengambil tempat yang dikendalikan oleh gas pada tahun 1886. Hip\u00f3dromo de Maro\u00f1as mula beroperasi pada tahun 1888, dan kawasan kejiranan Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte dan Conciliaci\u00f3n telah dirasmikan pada tahun 1889. Bangunan baru Sekolah Seni dan Perdagangan, serta Zabala Square di Ciudad Vieja telah dirasmikan pada tahun 1890, diikuti oleh Hospital Itali pada tahun 1891. Pada tahun yang sama, desa Pe\u00f1arol diasaskan. Kejiranan lain yang diasaskan ialah Belgrano dan Belvedere pada tahun 1892, Jacinto Vera pada tahun 1895 dan Trouville pada tahun 1897. Pada tahun 1894 pelabuhan baru telah dibina, dan pada tahun 1897, Stesen Kereta Api Pusat Montevideo telah dirasmikan. <> Bilakah garisan telefon pertama dipasang? || 1882 <> Bilakah lampu jalan elektrik menggantikan lampu yang dikendalikan oleh gas? || 1886 <> Bilakah Hipodromo de Maronas mula beroperasi? || 1888 <> Bilakah Stesen Kereta Api Pusat Montevideo diresmikan? || 1897", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the first telephone lines installed?", "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d10f", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?", "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d110", "answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?", "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d111", "answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? ", "id": "5725bdfa271a42140099d112", "answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hip\u00f3dromo de Maro\u00f1as started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliaci\u00f3n were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Pe\u00f1arol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated."}], ["Montevideo mempunyai lebih daripada 50 hotel, kebanyakannya terletak di kawasan pusat bandar atau di sepanjang pantai Rambla de Montevideo. Kebanyakan hotel berada dalam gaya moden, barat, seperti Sheraton Montevideo, Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel yang terletak di pusat Plaza Independencia dan Plaza Fuerte Hotel di tepi pantai. Sheraton mempunyai 207 bilik tetamu dan 10 suite dan dilengkapi perabot mewah dengan perabot yang diimport. Radisson Montevideo mempunyai 232 bilik dan mengandungi kasino dan dihidangkan oleh Restaurante Arcadia. <> Berapa banyak bilik tetamu yang ada di Sheraton? || 207 <> Berapa banyak suite yang ada di Sheraton? || 10 <> Berapa banyak bilik yang ada di Radisson Montevideo? || 232", {"qas": [{"question": "How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?", "id": "5725c79b38643c19005accdb", "answers": [{"text": "207", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many suites does the Sheraton have?", "id": "5725c79b38643c19005accdc", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?", "id": "5725c79b38643c19005accdd", "answers": [{"text": "232", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Montevideo has over 50 hotels, mostly located within the downtown area or along the beachfront of the Rambla de Montevideo. Many of the hotels are in the modern, western style, such as the Sheraton Montevideo, the Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel located on the central Plaza Independencia, and the Plaza Fuerte Hotel on the waterfront. The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture. The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia."}], ["Syarikat-syarikat milik kerajaan yang paling utama beribu pejabat di Montevideo adalah: AFE (kereta api), ANCAP (Tenaga), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Pelabuhan), ANTEL (telekomunikasi), BHU (simpanan dan pinjaman), BROU (bank) ), OSE (air & kumbahan), UTE (elektrik). Syarikat-syarikat ini beroperasi di bawah undang-undang awam, menggunakan entiti undang-undang yang ditakrifkan dalam Perlembagaan Uruguay yang dipanggil Ente Autonomo (\"entiti autonomi\"). Kerajaan juga memiliki sebahagian daripada syarikat lain yang beroperasi di bawah undang-undang persendirian, seperti yang dimiliki sepenuhnya atau sebahagiannya oleh CND (Perbadanan Pembangunan Nasional). <> Apa jenis syarikat yang menjalankan ANCAP? || Tenaga <> Apa jenis syarikat yang menjalankan ANTEL? || telekomunikasi", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of company does ANCAP run?", "id": "5725c61c38643c19005acc9b", "answers": [{"text": "Energy", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of company does ANTEL run?", "id": "5725c61c38643c19005acc9c", "answers": [{"text": "telecommunications", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are: AFE (railways), ANCAP (Energy), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Ports), ANTEL (telecommunications), BHU (savings and loan), BROU (bank), BSE (insurance), OSE (water & sewage), UTE (electricity). These companies operate under public law, using a legal entity defined in the Uruguayan Constitution called Ente Autonomo (\"autonomous entity\"). The government also owns part of other companies operating under private law, such as those owned wholly or partially by the CND (National Development Corporation)."}], ["Montevideo adalah pusat peruncitan di Uruguay. Bandar ini menjadi pusat perniagaan utama dan hartanah, termasuk banyak bangunan mahal dan menara moden untuk kediaman dan pejabat, dikelilingi oleh ruang hijau yang luas. Pada tahun 1985, pusat membeli-belah pertama di Rio de la Plata, Montevideo Shopping telah dibina. Pada tahun 1994, dengan membina tiga lagi kompleks membeli-belah seperti Shopping Tres Cruces, Portones Shopping, dan Shopping Punta Carretas, peta perniagaan bandar berubah secara dramatik. Penciptaan kompleks membeli-belah membawa perubahan besar dalam tabiat orang-orang Montevideo. Firma-firma global seperti McDonald's dan Burger King dan lain-lain adalah kukuh di Montevideo. <> Apakah peruncitan peruncitan di Uruguay? || Montevideo <> Apa bandar telah menjadi pusat perniagaan dan hartanah? || Montevideo <> Tahun berapa Montevideo Shopping dibina? || 1985", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?", "id": "5725c819271a42140099d1a9", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city has become the centre of business and real estate? ", "id": "5725c819271a42140099d1aa", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Montevideo Shopping  built?", "id": "5725c819271a42140099d1ab", "answers": [{"text": "1985", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay. The city has become the principal centre of business and real estate, including many expensive buildings and modern towers for residences and offices, surrounded by extensive green spaces. In 1985, the first shopping centre in Rio de la Plata, Montevideo Shopping was built. In 1994, with building of three more shopping complexes such as the Shopping Tres Cruces, Portones Shopping, and Punta Carretas Shopping, the business map of the city changed dramatically. The creation of shopping complexes brought a major change in the habits of the people of Montevideo. Global firms such as McDonald's and Burger King etc. are firmly established in Montevideo."}], ["Daerah Pocitos, dekat pantai dengan nama yang sama, mempunyai banyak rumah yang dibina oleh Bello dan Reboratti antara 1920 dan 1940, dengan campuran gaya. Tanda-tanda lain di Pocitos adalah \"Edificio Panamericano\" yang direka oleh Raul Sichero, dan \"Positano\" dan \"El Pilar\" yang direka oleh Adolfo Sommer Smith dan Luis Garc\u00eda Pardo pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an. Walau bagaimanapun, ledakan pembinaan tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an mengubah wajah kejiranan ini, dengan sekumpulan bangunan pangsapuri moden untuk penduduk kelas menengah atas dan menengah. [Rujukan?] <> Daerah apa yang mempunyai banyak rumah yang dibina oleh Bello dan reboratti? || Pocitos <> Antara tahun berapa Bello dan Reboratti membina sebahagian besar rumah di daerah Pocitos? || 1920 dan 1940 <> Siapa yang merancang Edificio Panamericano? || Raul Sichero <> Apa jenis bangunan pangsapuri yang dibina semasa ledakan tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an? || bangunan pangsapuri moden", {"qas": [{"question": "What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?", "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d589", "answers": [{"text": "Pocitos", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district? ", "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d58a", "answers": [{"text": "1920 and 1940", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?", "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d58b", "answers": [{"text": "Raul Sichero", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?", "id": "5725ca05ec44d21400f3d58c", "answers": [{"text": "modern apartment buildings", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the \"Edificio Panamericano\" designed by Raul Sichero, and the \"Positano\" and \"El Pilar\" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis Garc\u00eda Pardo in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighbourhood, with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle class residents.[citation needed]"}], ["The Towers Square, adalah kawasan reka bentuk estetik yang luar biasa, bertujuan untuk menjadi platform untuk pembangunan aktiviti perniagaan, pameran seni, tarian dan persembahan muzik dan tempat sosial. Dataran ini menghubungkan bangunan dan menara yang berbeza yang terdiri daripada Kompleks WTC dan ia adalah akses utama ke kompleks. Alun-alun itu mengandungi pelbagai karya seni, terutamanya patung oleh pemahat Uruguay terkenal Pablo Atchugarry. World Trade Center 4, dengan 40 tingkat dan 53,500 meter persegi (576,000 kaki persegi) ruang sedang dibina pada 2010 [kemas kini yang diperlukan] <> Apa yang dimaksudkan untuk menjadi platform untuk pembangunan aktiviti perniagaan? || Dataran Towers <> Dataran itu mengandungi patung oleh pengukir Uruguay yang terkenal? || Pablo Atchugarry <> Berapa banyak ruang yang diunjurkan oleh World Trade Center 4? || 53,500 meter persegi", {"qas": [{"question": "What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities?", "id": "5725cbb3ec44d21400f3d5b5", "answers": [{"text": "The Towers Square", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor? ", "id": "5725cbb3ec44d21400f3d5b6", "answers": [{"text": "Pablo Atchugarry", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have?", "id": "5725cbb3ec44d21400f3d5b7", "answers": [{"text": "53,500 square metres", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Towers Square, is an area of remarkable aesthetic design, intended to be a platform for the development of business activities, art exhibitions, dance and music performances and social place. This square connects the different buildings and towers which comprise the WTC Complex and it is the main access to the complex. The square contains various works of art, notably a sculpture by renowned Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry. World Trade Center 4, with 40 floors and 53,500 square metres (576,000 sq ft) of space is under construction as of 2010[update].[citation needed]"}], ["Sebagai ibu kota Uruguay, Montevideo adalah pusat ekonomi dan politik negara. Kebanyakan perniagaan terbesar dan terkaya di Uruguay mempunyai ibu pejabat mereka di bandar. Sejak tahun 1990-an, bandar ini telah mengalami perkembangan ekonomi dan pemodenan yang pesat, termasuk dua gedung penting Uruguay-World Trade Center Montevideo (1998), dan Menara Telekomunikasi (2000), ibu pejabat syarikat telekomunikasi milik kerajaan Uruguay ANTEL, yang meningkatkan integrasi bandar ke dalam pasaran global. <> Apakah pusat ekonomi dan politik negara? || Montevideo <> Tahun apakah Pusat Dagangan Dunia Montevideo dibina? || 1998 <> Tahun berapa adalah Menara Telekomunikasi dibina? || (2000", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the economic and political centre of the country?", "id": "5725c4d8271a42140099d173", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?", "id": "5725c4d8271a42140099d174", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?", "id": "5725c4d8271a42140099d175", "answers": [{"text": "(2000", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is the economic and political centre of the country. Most of the largest and wealthiest businesses in Uruguay have their headquarters in the city. Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization, including two of Uruguay's most important buildings\u2014the World Trade Center Montevideo (1998), and Telecommunications Tower (2000), the headquarters of Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL, increasing the city's integration into the global marketplace."}], ["World Trade Center Montevideo dibuka secara rasmi pada tahun 1998, walaupun kerja masih berterusan pada 2010 [update]. Kompleks ini terdiri daripada tiga menara, dua bangunan bertingkat tiga yang disebut World Trade Center Plaza dan World Trade Centre Avenue dan sebuah dataran pusat yang besar yang disebut Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 adalah bangunan pertama yang dirasmikan, pada tahun 1998. [rujukan?] Ia mempunyai 22 lantai dan 17,100 meter persegi ruang. Pada tahun yang sama, saluran dan auditorium itu dinaikkan. World Trade Center 2 telah dirasmikan pada tahun 2002, menara berkembar Pusat Dagangan Dunia 1. Akhirnya, pada tahun 2009, World Trade Center 3 dan World Trade Center Plaza dan Towers Square telah dirasmikan. Ia terletak di antara jalan raya Luis Alberto de Herrera dan 26 de Marzo dan mempunyai 19 tingkat dan 27,000 meter persegi (290,000 kaki persegi) ruang. Dunia Trade Center Plaza direka bentuk untuk menjadi pusat gastronomi bertentangan Towers Square dan Bonavita St. Antara tempat-tempat yang terdapat di alun-alun adalah Burger King, Walrus, Bamboo, Asia de Cuba, Gardenia Mvd, dan La Claraboya Cafe. <> Bilakah World Trade Center Montevideo dibuka secara rasmi? || 1998 <> Apa bangunan pertama yang akan dirasmikan? || World Trade Center 1 <> Bilakah World Trade Center 2 dirasmikan? || 2002 <> Bilakah World Trade Center 3 dirasmikan? || 2009", {"qas": [{"question": "When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open?", "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd13", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first building to be inaugurated? ", "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd14", "answers": [{"text": "World Trade Center 1", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated?", "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd15", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?", "id": "5725caf538643c19005acd16", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998, although work is still ongoing as of 2010[update]. The complex is composed of three towers, two three-story buildings called World Trade Center Plaza and World Trade Center Avenue and a large central square called Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 was the first building to be inaugurated, in 1998.[citation needed] It has 22 floors and 17,100 square metres of space. That same year the avenue and the auditorium were raised. World Trade Center 2 was inaugurated in 2002, a twin tower of World Trade Center 1. Finally, in 2009, World Trade Center 3 and the World Trade Center Plaza and the Towers Square were inaugurated. It is located between the avenues Luis Alberto de Herrera and 26 de Marzo and has 19 floors and 27,000 square metres (290,000 sq ft) of space. The 6,300-square-metre (68,000 sq ft)[citation needed] World Trade Center Plaza is designed to be a centre of gastronomy opposite Towers Square and Bonavita St. Among the establishments on the plaza are Burger King, Walrus, Bamboo, Asia de Cuba, Gardenia Mvd, and La Claraboya Cafe."}], ["Senibina Montevideo berkisar dari bangunan Neoklasik seperti Katedral Metropolitan Montevideo ke gaya Postmodern Pusat Perdagangan Dunia Montevideo atau Menara Telekomunikasi ANTEL 158 meter (518 kaki), pencakar langit tertinggi di negara ini. Bersama Menara Telekomunikasi, Palacio Salvo mendominasi pemandangan Teluk Montevideo. Bangunan bangunan di Old Town mencerminkan imigrasi Eropah yang luas di bandar ini, memaparkan pengaruh seni bina lama Eropah. Bangunan kerajaan yang terkenal termasuk Istana Perundangan, Dewan Bandaraya, Istana Est\u00e9vez dan Menara Eksekutif. Stadium sukan paling terkenal ialah Estadio Centenario dalam Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rod\u00f3 dan Parque Prado adalah tiga taman Montevideo yang hebat. <> Gaya bangunan apa adalah Katedral Metropolitan Montevideo? || Neoklasik <> Gaya bangunan apa yang mana adalah World Trade Center Montevideo? || Postmodern <> Apakah pencakar langit tertinggi di negara ini? || Menara Telekomunikasi ANTEL", {"qas": [{"question": "What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral? ", "id": "5725c950271a42140099d1b5", "answers": [{"text": "Neoclassical", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo? ", "id": "5725c950271a42140099d1b6", "answers": [{"text": "Postmodern", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?", "id": "5725c950271a42140099d1b7", "answers": [{"text": "ANTEL Telecommunication Tower", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the country. The Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building fa\u00e7ades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace, the City Hall, Est\u00e9vez Palace and the Executive Tower. The most notable sports stadium is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rod\u00f3 and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks."}], ["Perbankan secara tradisinya merupakan salah satu daripada sektor eksport perkhidmatan yang paling kuat di Uruguay: negara itu pernah digelar \"Switzerland Amerika\", terutamanya untuk sektor perbankan dan kestabilannya, walaupun kestabilan itu telah diancam pada abad ke-21 oleh iklim ekonomi global baru-baru ini . Bank terbesar di Uruguay adalah Banco Republica (BROU), yang berpusat di Montevideo. Hampir 20 bank swasta, kebanyakannya cawangan bank antarabangsa, beroperasi di negara ini (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, antara lain). Terdapat juga pelbagai broker dan biro perkhidmatan kewangan, antaranya Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Dar\u00edo Cukier, GBU, Horde\u00f1ana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, dan lain-lain. <> Apa yang secara tradisinya menjadi paling kuat sektor eksport perkhidmatan di Uruguay? || Perbankan <> Uruguay pernah digelar sebagai apa? || Switzerland of America <> Apa bank terbesar di Uruguay? || Banco Republica <> Di mana Banco Republica berpusat di? || Montevideo", {"qas": [{"question": "What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?", "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe78", "answers": [{"text": "Banking", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Uruguay was once dubbed as what?", "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe79", "answers": [{"text": "the Switzerland of America", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest bank in Uruguay? ", "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe7a", "answers": [{"text": "Banco Republica", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Banco Republica based in?", "id": "5725c6a489a1e219009abe7b", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed \"the Switzerland of America\", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Dar\u00edo Cukier, GBU, Horde\u00f1ana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc."}], ["Pelancongan menyumbang banyak ekonomi Uruguay. Pelancongan di Montevideo berpusat di kawasan Ciudad Vieja, yang termasuk bangunan tertua di bandar, beberapa muzium, galeri seni, dan kelab malam, dengan Sarand\u00ed Street dan Mercado del Puerto menjadi tempat yang paling kerap dikunjungi di bandar lama. Di pinggir Ciudad Vieja, Plaza Independencia dikelilingi oleh banyak pemandangan, termasuk Teater Sol\u00eds dan Palacio Salvo; plaza itu juga merupakan satu penghujung 18 de Julio Avenue, destinasi pelancongan yang paling penting di bandar di luar Ciudad Vieja. Selain menjadi jalan membeli-belah, jalan raya itu terkenal dengan bangunan Art Deco, tiga lapangan awam penting, Muzium Gaucho, Palacio Municipal dan banyak lagi pemandangan yang lain. Laluan ini membawa kepada Obelisk Montevideo; di luar itu Parque Batlle, yang bersama dengan Parque Prado merupakan destinasi wisata penting lainnya. Di sepanjang pantai, Fortaleza del Cerro, Rambla (jalan pesisir), 13 kilometer (8.1 mi) pantai berpasir, dan Punta Gorda menarik ramai pelancong, seperti Barrio Sur dan Palermo barrios. <> Apa yang menyumbang kepada ekonomi Uruguay? || Pelancongan <> Di manakah pelancongan di Montevideo berpusat di? || Ciudad Vieja area <> Plaza Independencia merupakan salah satu ujung apa? || 18 de Julio Avenue", {"qas": [{"question": "What accounts for much of Uruguay's economy?", "id": "5725c74589a1e219009abe8e", "answers": [{"text": "Tourism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in?", "id": "5725c74589a1e219009abe8f", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Vieja area", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what?", "id": "5725c74589a1e219009abe90", "answers": [{"text": "18 de Julio Avenue", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tourism accounts for much of Uruguay's economy. Tourism in Montevideo is centered in the Ciudad Vieja area, which includes the city's oldest buildings, several museums, art galleries, and nightclubs, with Sarand\u00ed Street and the Mercado del Puerto being the most frequented venues of the old city. On the edge of Ciudad Vieja, Plaza Independencia is surrounded by many sights, including the Sol\u00eds Theatre and the Palacio Salvo; the plaza also constitutes one end of 18 de Julio Avenue, the city's most important tourist destination outside of Ciudad Vieja. Apart from being a shopping street, the avenue is noted for its Art Deco buildings, three important public squares, the Gaucho Museum, the Palacio Municipal and many other sights. The avenue leads to the Obelisk of Montevideo; beyond that is Parque Batlle, which along with the Parque Prado is another important tourist destination. Along the coast, the Fortaleza del Cerro, the Rambla (the coastal avenue), 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) of sandy beaches, and Punta Gorda attract many tourists, as do the Barrio Sur and Palermo barrios."}], ["Fortaleza del Cerro menghadap ke teluk Montevideo. Pos pemerhatian di lokasi ini mula-mula dibina oleh Sepanyol pada akhir abad ke-18. Pada tahun 1802, beacon menggantikan jawatan pemerhatian; pembinaan benteng bermula pada tahun 1809 dan selesai pada tahun 1839. Ia telah terlibat dalam banyak perkembangan sejarah dan telah berulang kali diambil alih oleh pelbagai pihak. Pada tahun 1907, beacon lama diganti dengan elektrik yang lebih kuat. Ia telah menjadi Monumen Negara sejak tahun 1931 dan telah menempatkan sebuah muzium tentera sejak tahun 1916. Hari ini ia adalah salah satu tarikan pelancong di Montevideo. <> Apa yang menghadap ke teluk Montevideo? || Fortaleza del Cerro <> Apa yang menggantikan jawatan pemerhatian pada tahun 1802? || sebuah suar <> Kapan pembinaan benteng bermula? || 1809 <> Bilakah pembinaan benteng pertahanan? || 1839", {"qas": [{"question": "What overlooks the bay of Montevideo?", "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d643", "answers": [{"text": "Fortaleza del Cerro", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What replaced the observation post in 1802?", "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d644", "answers": [{"text": "a beacon", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did construction of the fortress begin?", "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d645", "answers": [{"text": "1809", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did construction of the fortress finish?", "id": "5725d375ec44d21400f3d646", "answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fortaleza del Cerro overlooks the bay of Montevideo. An observation post at this location was first built by the Spanish in the late 18th century. In 1802, a beacon replaced the observation post; construction of the fortress began in 1809 and was completed in 1839. It has been involved in many historical developments and has been repeatedly taken over by various sides. In 1907, the old beacon was replaced with a stronger electric one. It has been a National Monument since 1931 and has housed a military museum since 1916. Today it is one of the tourist attractions of Montevideo."}], ["Palacio Salvo, di persimpangan 18 de Julio Avenue dan Plaza Independencia, telah direka oleh arkitek Mario Palanti dan diselesaikan pada tahun 1925. Palanti, seorang imigran Itali yang tinggal di Buenos Aires, menggunakan rekaan yang sama untuk Palacio Barolo di Buenos Aires, Argentina . Palacio Salvo berdiri tinggi 100 meter (330 kaki), termasuk antena. Ia dibina di laman bekas Confiter\u00eda La Giralda, yang terkenal kerana di mana Gerardo Matos Rodr\u00edguez menulis tango nya \"La Cumparsita\" (1917.) Palacio Salvo pada asalnya bertujuan untuk berfungsi sebagai sebuah hotel tetapi kini merupakan campuran pejabat dan swasta kediaman. <> Siapa yang merancang Palacio Salvo? || Mario Palanti <> Berapa tahun Palacio Salvo selesai? || 1925 <> Berapa tinggi Palacio Salvo berdiri? || 100 meter (330 kaki) tinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the Palacio Salvo?", "id": "5725ccf7271a42140099d203", "answers": [{"text": "Mario Palanti", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Palacio Salvo completed? ", "id": "5725ccf7271a42140099d204", "answers": [{"text": "1925", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?", "id": "5725ccf7271a42140099d205", "answers": [{"text": "100 metres (330 ft) high", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confiter\u00eda La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodr\u00edguez wrote his tango \"La Cumparsita\" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences."}], ["Kumpulan pertama kubu-kubu subsidiari yang pertama dirancang oleh Portugis di Montevideo pada 1701 untuk menubuhkan pangkalan barisan hadapan untuk menghentikan pemberontakan kerap oleh orang Sepanyol yang berasal dari Buenos Aires. Pertahanan ini dirancang di muara Sungai Plate di Colonia del Sacramento. Walau bagaimanapun, rancangan ini hanya membuahkan hasil pada bulan November 1723, ketika Kapten Manuel Henriques de Noronha sampai ke pantai Montevideo dengan tentara, senjata dan kolonis di kapal perang Nossa Senhora de Oliveara. Mereka membina kubu persegi kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, di bawah pengepungan dari pasukan dari Buenos Aires, Portugis menarik diri dari Montevideo Bay pada Januari 1724, selepas menandatangani perjanjian dengan orang Sepanyol. <> Siapa yang merancang kumpulan pertama kubu subsidiari? || Portugis <> Bilakah set pertama kubu-kubu subsidiari pertama dirancang? || 1701 <> kubu-kubu anak syarikat ditubuhkan untuk menghentikan apa? || kerapuhan oleh orang Sepanyol <> Di mana orang Sepanyol datang dari? || Buenos Aires", {"qas": [{"question": "Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?", "id": "5725d297271a42140099d247", "answers": [{"text": "Portuguese", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?", "id": "5725d297271a42140099d248", "answers": [{"text": "1701", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?", "id": "5725d297271a42140099d249", "answers": [{"text": "frequent insurrections by the Spaniards", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the Spaniards emanating from?", "id": "5725d297271a42140099d24a", "answers": [{"text": "Buenos Aires", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires. These fortifications were planned within the River Plate estuary at Colonia del Sacramento. However, this plan came to fruition only in November 1723, when Captain Manuel Henriques de Noronha reached the shores of Montevideo with soldiers, guns and colonists on his warship Nossa Senhora de Oliveara. They built a small square fortification. However, under siege from forces from Buenos Aires, the Portuguese withdrew from Montevideo Bay in January 1724, after signing an agreement with the Spaniards."}], ["Parque Batlle dinamakan sempena nama Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, Presiden Uruguay dari tahun 1911 hingga 1915. Taman ini pada asalnya dicadangkan oleh Akta Mac 1907, yang juga memproyeksikan jalan-jalan dan jalan yang luas. Arkitek landskap Perancis, Carlos Thays, memulakan penanaman pada tahun 1911. Pada tahun 1918, taman itu dinamakan Parque de los Aliados, berikutan kemenangan Sekutu Perang Dunia I. Pada 5 Mei 1930, selepas pengembangan yang besar, ia kemudian dinamakan semula sebagai Parque Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, dalam ingatan ahli politik dan presiden yang terkenal, yang telah meninggal dunia pada tahun 1929. Taman itu telah ditetapkan sebagai Taman Monumen Bersejarah Kebangsaan pada tahun 1975. Pada 2010 [update], taman itu meliputi kawasan seluas 60 hektar (150 ekar ) dan dianggap \"paru-paru\" bandar Montevideo kerana pelbagai jenis pokok yang ditanam di sini. <> Parque Batlle dinamakan sebagai penghormatan kepada siapa? || Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez <> Jose Batile y Ordonez adalah presiden di mana? || Uruguay <> Antara tahun apa yang Presiden Jose Orbonez Ordonez Uruguay? || 1911 hingga 1915 <> Parque Batlle pada asalnya dicadangkan oleh apa? || suatu Akta Mac 1907", {"qas": [{"question": "Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?", "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5fd", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? ", "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5fe", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguay", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay? ", "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5ff", "answers": [{"text": "1911 to 1915", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what?", "id": "5725cf91ec44d21400f3d600", "answers": [{"text": "an Act of March 1907", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Parque Batlle is named in honour of Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los Aliados, following the victory of the Allies of World War I. On 5 May 1930, after significant expansion, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, in memory of the prominent politician and president, who had died in 1929. The park was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975. As of 2010[update], the park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the \"lung\" of the Montevideo city due to the large variety of trees planted here."}], ["Parque Rod\u00f3 adalah barrio (kejiranan) Montevideo dan taman yang terletak di luar batas kejiranan itu sendiri dan milik Punta Carretas. Nama \"Rod\u00f3\" memperingati Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3, penulis Uruguay yang penting yang monumennya berada di sebelah selatan taman utama. Taman ini difahami sebagai taman bandar bergaya Perancis. Selain dari kawasan taman utama yang dibatasi oleh Sarmiento Avenue di selatan, Parque Rod\u00f3 merangkumi sebuah taman hiburan; Estadio Luis Franzini, milik Defensor Sporting; rumput depan Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan jalur barat Club de Golf de Punta Carretas yang merangkumi Canteras (\"kuari\") del Parque Rod\u00f3, Teatro de Verano (\"teater musim panas\") dan Lago (\"tasik\" ) del Parque Rod\u00f3. <> Parque Rodo milik siapa? || Punta Carretas <> Apa nama \"Rodo\" memperingati? || Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3 <> Siapa seorang penulis Uruguay yang penting yang diperingati oleh Parque Rodo? || Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3 <> Parque Rodo pada asalnya dipahami sebagai apa? || sebuah taman bandar bergaya Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Parque Rodo belongs to who?", "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd7d", "answers": [{"text": "Punta Carretas", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the name \"Rodo\" commemorate? ", "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd7e", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was an important Uruguayan writer that is commemorated by Parque Rodo? ", "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd7f", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what?", "id": "5725d03438643c19005acd80", "answers": [{"text": "a French-style city park", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Parque Rod\u00f3 is both a barrio (neighbourhood) of Montevideo and a park which lies mostly outside the limits of the neighbourhood itself and belongs to Punta Carretas. The name \"Rod\u00f3\" commemorates Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3, an important Uruguayan writer whose monument is in the southern side of the main park. The park was conceived as a French-style city park. Apart from the main park area which is delimited by Sarmiento Avenue to the south, Parque Rod\u00f3 includes an amusement park; the Estadio Luis Franzini, belonging to Defensor Sporting; the front lawn of the Faculty of Engineering and a strip west of the Club de Golf de Punta Carretas that includes the Canteras (\"quarry\") del Parque Rod\u00f3, the Teatro de Verano (\"summer theatre\") and the Lago (\"lake\") del Parque Rod\u00f3."}], ["Juga nota utama di Ciudad Vieja ialah Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (atau Plaza Matriz). Dalam dekad pertama kemerdekaan Uruguay persegi ini merupakan hab utama kehidupan bandar. Di alun-alun adalah Cabildo-kerusi kerajaan penjajah-dan Katedral Metropolitan Montevideo. Katedral adalah tempat penguburan Fructuoso Rivera, Juan Antonio Lavalleja dan Venancio Flores. Satu lagi dataran terkenal ialah Plaza Zabala dengan patung ekuestrian Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. Di sebelah selatan, Palacio Taranco, yang pernah menjadi kediaman saudara-saudara Ortiz Taranco, kini menjadi Muzium Seni Hiasan. Beberapa blok barat laut Plaza Zabala adalah Mercado del Puerto, satu lagi destinasi pelancongan utama. <> Apa juga catatan utama di Ciudad Vieja? || Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n <> Apa itu Cabildo? || kerusi pemerintahan kolonial <> Apa tempat penguburan Fructuoso Rivera? || Katedral Metropolitan Montevideo <> Di manakah patung ekuestrian Bruno Mauricio de Zabala terletak? || Plaza Zabala", {"qas": [{"question": "What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja?", "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf02", "answers": [{"text": "Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Cabildo?", "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf03", "answers": [{"text": "the seat of colonial government", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera?", "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf04", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? ", "id": "5725ce3c89a1e219009abf05", "answers": [{"text": "Plaza Zabala", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (or Plaza Matriz). During the first decades of Uruguayan independence this square was the main hub of city life. On the square are the Cabildo\u2014the seat of colonial government\u2014and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera, Juan Antonio Lavalleja and Venancio Flores. Another notable square is Plaza Zabala with the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On its south side, Palacio Taranco, once residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers, is now the Museum of Decorative Arts. A few blocks northwest of Plaza Zabala is the Mercado del Puerto, another major tourist destination."}], ["Rambla adalah jalan yang menyusuri seluruh pantai Montevideo. Maksud harfiah perkataan rambla Sepanyol adalah \"jalan\" atau \"laluan air\", tetapi di Amerika ia kebanyakannya digunakan sebagai \"jalan pesisir\", dan kerana semua jurusan selatan sempadan Uruguay sama ada R\u00edo de la Plata atau Lautan Atlantik , mereka semua mempunyai ramblas juga. Sebagai bahagian integral dari identiti Montevidean, Rambla telah dimasukkan oleh Uruguay dalam senarai Indicative dari tapak Warisan Dunia, walaupun ia belum menerima status ini. Sebelum ini, seluruh Rambla dipanggil Rambla Naciones Unidas (\"Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu\"), tetapi sejak kebelakangan ini nama-nama berbeza telah diberikan kepada bahagian-bahagian tertentu. <> Jalan apa jalan sepanjang garis pantai Montevideo? || The Rambla <> Avenue atau Watercourse adalah makna literal apa perkataan Sepanyol? || rambla <> Di rambla Amerika kebanyakannya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada apa? || \"jalan pesisir\"", {"qas": [{"question": "What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?", "id": "5725d449ec44d21400f3d663", "answers": [{"text": "The Rambla", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?", "id": "5725d449ec44d21400f3d664", "answers": [{"text": "rambla", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?", "id": "5725d449ec44d21400f3d665", "answers": [{"text": "\"coastal avenue\"", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Rambla is an avenue that goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo. The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is \"avenue\" or \"watercourse\", but in the Americas it is mostly used as \"coastal avenue\", and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the R\u00edo de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean, they all have ramblas as well. As an integral part of Montevidean identity, the Rambla has been included by Uruguay in the Indicative List of World Heritage sites, though it has not received this status. Previously, the entire Rambla was called Rambla Naciones Unidas (\"United Nations\"), but in recent times different names have been given to specific parts of it."}], ["Di sebelah timur kawasan taman utama adalah Muzium Seni Visual Negara. Di sisi lain, pasaran jalan yang sangat popular berlaku setiap hari Ahad. Di sebelah utara adalah tasik buatan dengan sebuah kastil kecil yang menempatkan sebuah perpustakaan perbandaran untuk kanak-kanak. Kawasan di baratnya digunakan sebagai pameran fotografi terbuka. Barat taman, di seberang jalan pantai Rambla Presidente Wilson, membentangkan Pantai Ramirez. Secara langsung di sebelah barat taman utama, dan dipunyai oleh Parque Rod\u00f3 barrio, adalah bekas Hotel Parque, yang kini dikenali sebagai Edif\u00edcio Mercosur, tempat duduk parlimen negara-negara anggota Mercosur. Semasa perang gerila, Tupamaros sering menyerang bangunan di kawasan ini, termasuk hotel lama. <> Apa yang ada di sebelah timur taman? || Muzium Seni Visual Negara <> Apa yang mengambil bahagian di sebelah timur taman utama setiap hari Ahad? || pasar jalan yang sangat popular <> Sebelah apa mempunyai tasik tiruan dengan istana kecil? || sebelah utara <> Apa istana kecil di sebelah utara rumah taman? || sebuah perpustakaan perbandaran", {"qas": [{"question": "What is on the east side of the park?", "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d625", "answers": [{"text": "the National Museum of Visual Arts", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?", "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d626", "answers": [{"text": "a very popular street market", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?", "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d627", "answers": [{"text": "north side", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?", "id": "5725d1a6ec44d21400f3d628", "answers": [{"text": "a municipal library", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts. On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday. On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children. An area to its west is used as an open-air exhibition of photography. West of the park, across the coastal avenue Rambla Presidente Wilson, stretches Ramirez Beach. Directly west of the main park are, and belonging to Parque Rod\u00f3 barrio, is the former Parque Hotel, now called Edif\u00edcio Mercosur, seat of the parliament of the members countries of the Mercosur. During the guerilla war the Tupamaros frequently attacked buildings in this area, including the old hotel."}], ["Teater Sol\u00eds adalah teater tertua Uruguay. Ia dibina pada 1856 dan kini dimiliki oleh kerajaan Montevideo. Pada tahun 1998, kerajaan Montevideo memulakan pembinaan semula teater utama, yang termasuk dua kolum US $ 110,000 yang direka oleh Philippe Starck. Pembinaan semula itu selesai pada tahun 2004, dan teater dibuka semula pada bulan Ogos tahun itu. Plaza ini juga menjadi lokasi pejabat Presiden Uruguay (kedua-dua Istana Est\u00e9vez dan Menara Eksekutif). Makam Artigas terletak di pusat plaza. Patung-patung termasuk Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas, wira pergerakan kemerdekaan Uruguay; seorang pengawal kehormatan tetap berjaga di Makam. <> Apakah teater tertua Uruguay? || Teater Sol\u00eds <> Ketika Teater Solis dibina? || 1856 <> Siapa yang memiliki Teater Solis? || Kerajaan Montevideo <> Tahun berapa kerajaan Montevideo memulakan pembinaan semula utama Teater Solis? || 1998 <> Tahun apakah pembinaan semula solis teater selesai? || 2004", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Uruguay's oldest theater? ", "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd25", "answers": [{"text": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was The Solis Theater built?", "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd26", "answers": [{"text": "1856", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns The Solis Theater?", "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd27", "answers": [{"text": "the government of Montevideo", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis  Theater?", "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd28", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?", "id": "5725cc5938643c19005acd29", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre is Uruguay's oldest theatre. It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo. In 1998, the government of Montevideo started a major reconstruction of the theatre, which included two US$110,000 columns designed by Philippe Starck. The reconstruction was completed in 2004, and the theatre reopened in August of that year. The plaza is also the site of the offices of the President of Uruguay (both the Est\u00e9vez Palace and the Executive Tower). The Artigas Mausoleum is located at the centre of the plaza. Statues include that of Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas, hero of Uruguay's independence movement; an honour guard keeps vigil at the Mausoleum."}], ["Parque Batlle (dahulunya: Parque de los Aliados, terjemahan: \"Park of the Allies\") adalah taman utama utama di selatan Avenida Italia dan utara Avenue Rivera. Bersama Parque Prado dan Parque Rod\u00f3 adalah salah satu daripada tiga taman besar yang menguasai Montevideo. Taman dan kawasan sekitarnya merupakan salah satu daripada 62 kawasan kejiranan (barrios) di bandar ini. Barrio Parque Batlle adalah salah satu dari tujuh barri pantai, yang lain adalah Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, dan Punta Gorda. Benteng Parque Battle saat ini termasuk empat bekas distrik: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores dan Batlle Park sendiri dan bersebelahan dengan kejiranan La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos dan Buceo. Ia mempunyai kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dan sebahagian besar isi rumahnya adalah sederhana tinggi atau berpendapatan tinggi. Villa Dolores, sebuah subdistrik Parque Batlle, mengambil namanya dari vila asal Don Alejo Rossell y Rius dan Do\u00f1a Dolores Pereira de Rossel. Berdasarkan alasan mereka, mereka memulakan koleksi haiwan yang menjadi taman zoologi dan dihantar ke bandar pada tahun 1919; pada tahun 1955 Planetarium Montevideo dibina di dalam premisnya. <> Apa taman utama awam terletak di selatan Avenida Italia? || Parque Batlle <> Berapa banyak bekas kabupaten yang membabitkan barisan pertempuran Parque sekarang? || empat <> Apa daerah Parque Batlle mengambil namanya dari vila asal Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius? || Villa Dolores", {"qas": [{"question": "What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? ", "id": "5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f7", "answers": [{"text": "Parque Batlle", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include? ", "id": "5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f8", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius?", "id": "5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f9", "answers": [{"text": "Villa Dolores", "answer_start": 812}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: \"Park of the Allies\") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rod\u00f3 it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Do\u00f1a Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises."}], ["Montevideo Cabildo adalah kerusi pemerintahan semasa zaman kolonial Viceroyalty di R\u00edo de la Plata. Ia terletak di hadapan Perlembagaan Square, di Ciudad Vieja. Dibina antara 1804 dan 1869 dalam gaya Neoklasik, dengan satu siri lajur Doric dan Ionik, ia menjadi Tapak Warisan Negara pada tahun 1975. Pada tahun 1958, Muzium Sejarah dan Arkib Perbandaran telah dirasmikan di sini. Ia menampilkan tiga pameran muzium bandar tetap, serta pameran seni sementara, acara kebudayaan, seminar, simposium dan forum. <> Apakah kerusi kerajaan semasa zaman kolonial Viceroyalty di Rio de la Plata? || The Montevideo Cabildo <> Di mana Montevideo Cabildo terletak? || depan Perlembagaan Square <> Antara tahun berapa Montevideo Cabildo dibina? || antara 1804 dan 1869 <> Gaya apa yang Montevideo Cabildo? || Gaya neoklasik <> Bilakah Montevideo Cabildo menjadi Tapak Warisan Kebangsaan? || 1975.", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata?", "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a3", "answers": [{"text": "The Montevideo Cabildo", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located?", "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a4", "answers": [{"text": "front of Constitution Square", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built?", "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a5", "answers": [{"text": "between 1804 and 1869", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What style was the Montevideo Cabildo?", "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a6", "answers": [{"text": "Neoclassical style", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?", "id": "5725da80271a42140099d2a7", "answers": [{"text": "1975.", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Montevideo Cabildo was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata. It is located in front of Constitution Square, in Ciudad Vieja. Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style, with a series of Doric and Ionic columns, it became a National Heritage Site in 1975. In 1958, the Municipal Historic Museum and Archive was inaugurated here. It features three permanent city museum exhibitions, as well as temporary art exhibitions, cultural events, seminars, symposiums and forums."}], ["Pada awal 1970-an (1973, menjadi khusus) apabila junta tentera mengambil alih kuasa di Uruguay, seni yang dialami di Montevideo. Studio seni masuk ke mod protes, dengan Rimer Cardillo, salah seorang artis terkemuka di negara itu, menjadikan Institut Seni Halus Nasional, Montevideo sebagai \"rintangan panas\". Ini mengakibatkan junta tentera turun ke atas para seniman dengan menutup Institut Seni Halus dan mengusir segala tekanan dan peralatan studio lain. Akibatnya, pembelajaran seni halus hanya di studio swasta yang dijalankan oleh orang-orang yang telah dibebaskan dari penjara, dalam karya percetakan dan di atas kertas serta lukisan dan patung. Ia diteruskan kemudian. <> Apa yang menderita ketika junta tentera mengambil alih kuasa di Uruguay? || seni <> Rimer Cardillo adalah salah satu negara yang mengetuai apa? || artis <> Siapa yang membuat Institut Seni Halus Kebangsaan? || Rimer Cardillo", {"qas": [{"question": "What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?", "id": "5725d9a889a1e219009abfb0", "answers": [{"text": "art", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?", "id": "5725d9a889a1e219009abfb1", "answers": [{"text": "artists", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?", "id": "5725d9a889a1e219009abfb2", "answers": [{"text": "Rimer Cardillo", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the early 1970s (1973, to be particular) when the military junta took over power in Uruguay, art suffered in Montevideo. The art studios went into protest mode, with Rimer Cardillo, one of the country's leading artists, making the National Institute of Fine Arts, Montevideo a \"hotbed of resistance\". This resulted in the military junta coming down heavily on artists by closing the Fine Art Institute and carting away all the presses and other studio equipment. Consequently, the learning of fine arts was only in private studios run by people who had been let out of jail, in works of printing and on paper and also painting and sculpture. It resumed much later."}], ["Perpustakaan awam pertama di Montevideo dibentuk oleh sumbangan awal perpustakaan swasta Bapa Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano, yang meninggal pada tahun 1815. Promotor, pengarah dan penganjurnya adalah Bapa D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga, yang juga melakukan sumbangan besar bersama-sama dengan sumbangan dari Jos\u00e9 Raimundo Guerra, dan juga orang lain dari Biara San Francisco di Salta. Pada tahun 1816 stoknya adalah 5,000 jilid. [Rujukan?] Bangunan semasa Perpustakaan Negara Uruguay (Biblioteca P\u00fablica de Uruguay) telah direka oleh Luis Crespi dalam gaya Neoklasik dan menduduki kawasan seluas 4,000 meter persegi (43,000 kaki persegi). Pembinaan bermula pada tahun 1926 dan akhirnya dirasmikan pada tahun 1964. Pengumpulan semasa mencecah kira-kira 900,000 jilid. <> Siapa yang memberikan sumbangan awal perpustakaan swasta? || Bapa Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano <> Bilakah Bapa Jose Manuel Perez Castellano mati? || 1815 <> Siapa penganjur, pengarah dan penganjur perpustakaan awam pertama di Montevideo? || Bapa D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga", {"qas": [{"question": "Who gave the initial donation of the private library?", "id": "5725d7d789a1e219009abf9a", "answers": [{"text": "Father Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?", "id": "5725d7d789a1e219009abf9b", "answers": [{"text": "1815", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?", "id": "5725d7d789a1e219009abf9c", "answers": [{"text": "Father D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano, who died in 1815. Its promoter, director and organizer was Father D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from Jos\u00e9 Raimundo Guerra, as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta. In 1816 its stock was 5,000 volumes.[citation needed] The current building of the National Library of Uruguay (Biblioteca P\u00fablica de Uruguay) was designed by Luis Crespi in the Neoclassical style and occupies an area of 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft). Construction began in 1926 and it was finally inaugurated in 1964. Its current collection amounts to roughly 900,000 volumes."}], ["Museo Torres Garc\u00eda terletak di Old Town, dan mempamerkan potret-ikon Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda yang luar biasa dari ikon-ikon bersejarah dan lukisan cubist yang mirip dengan Picasso dan Braque. Muzium ini ditubuhkan oleh Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres, janda Torres Garcia, selepas kematiannya pada tahun 1949. Dia juga menubuhkan Yayasan Garc\u00eda Torres, organisasi bukan keuntungan swasta yang menganjurkan lukisan, lukisan, tulisan asal, arkib, objek dan perabot yang direka oleh pelukis serta gambar, majalah dan penerbitan yang berkaitan dengannya. <> The Museo Torres Garcia terletak di mana? || Kota Lama <> Museo Torres Garcia menunjukkan potret yang luar biasa? || Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda <> Siapa yang menubuhkan Muzium Torres Garcia? || Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres <> Manolita Pina Torres adalah janda siapa? || Torres Garcia", {"qas": [{"question": "The Museo Torres Garcia is located where?", "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b3", "answers": [{"text": "the Old Town", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Museo Torres Garcia exhibits whose unusual portraits? ", "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b4", "answers": [{"text": "Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established The Museo Torres Garcia?", "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b5", "answers": [{"text": "Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Manolita Pina Torres was the widow of who?", "id": "5725dcfb271a42140099d2b6", "answers": [{"text": "Torres Garcia", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Museo Torres Garc\u00eda is located in the Old Town, and exhibits Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque. The museum was established by Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres, the widow of Torres Garcia, after his death in 1949. She also set up the Garc\u00eda Torres Foundation, a private non-profit organization that organizes the paintings, drawings, original writings, archives, objects and furniture designed by the painter as well as the photographs, magazines and publications related to him."}], ["Muzium Sejarah Nasional Montevideo terletak di kediaman bersejarah General Fructuoso Rivera. Ia mempamerkan artifak yang berkaitan dengan sejarah Uruguay. Dalam proses yang bermula pada tahun 1998, Muzium Sejarah Alam Negara (1837) dan Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan (1981), digabungkan pada tahun 2001, menjadi Muzium Nasional Sejarah Alam dan Antropologi. Pada bulan Julai 2009, kedua-dua institusi itu lagi menjadi bebas. Muzium Sejarah telah mencaplok lapan rumah bersejarah di bandar ini, lima daripadanya terletak di Ciudad Vieja. Salah satu daripada mereka, di blok yang sama dengan bangunan utama, adalah kediaman bersejarah Antonio Montero, yang menempatkan Museo Romantico. <> Muzium Sejarah Nasional Montevideo terletak di mana? || kediaman bersejarah dari General Fructuoso Rivera <> Apa yang ada di Museo Romantico? || Antonio Montero <> Berapa banyak rumah mempunyai Muzium Sejarah yang dilampirkan? || lapan", {"qas": [{"question": "The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where?", "id": "5725dbef271a42140099d2ad", "answers": [{"text": "the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What houses the Museo Romantico?", "id": "5725dbef271a42140099d2ae", "answers": [{"text": "Antonio Montero", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed?", "id": "5725dbef271a42140099d2af", "answers": [{"text": "eight", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The National History Museum of Montevideo is located in the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera. It exhibits artifacts related to the history of Uruguay. In a process begun in 1998, the National Museum of Natural History (1837) and the National Museum of Anthropology (1981), merged in 2001, becoming the National Museum of Natural History and Anthropology. In July 2009, the two institutions again became independent. The Historical Museum has annexed eight historical houses in the city, five of which are located in the Ciudad Vieja. One of them, on the same block with the main building, is the historic residence of Antonio Montero, which houses the Museo Romantico."}], ["Palacio Taranco terletak di depan Plaza Zabala, di tengah-tengah Ciudad Vieja. Ia didirikan pada awal abad ke-20 sebagai kediaman saudara-saudara Ortiz Taranco di runtuhan teater pertama Montevideo (1793), semasa zaman gaya seni bina dipengaruhi oleh seni bina Perancis. Istana ini direka oleh arkitek Perancis Charles Louis Girault dan Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n yang juga merancang Petit Palais dan Arc de Triomphe di Paris. Ia diluluskan ke bandar dari pewaris Tarancos pada tahun 1943, bersama dengan koleksi berharga perabot dan hiasan Uruguay dan disifatkan oleh bandar sebagai tempat yang ideal untuk sebuah muzium; pada tahun 1972 ia menjadi Muzium Seni Hiasan Montevideo dan pada tahun 1975 ia menjadi Tapak Warisan Kebangsaan. Muzium Seni Hiasan mempunyai koleksi penting lukisan dan seni hiasan Eropah, seni kuno Yunani dan Rom dan seramik Islam pada abad ke-10 hingga ke-18 dari kawasan Iran saat ini. Istana ini sering digunakan sebagai tempat pertemuan oleh pemerintah Uruguay. <> Di mana terletak Palacio Taranco? || jantung Ciudad Vieja <> Bilakah Palacio Taranco didirikan? || awal abad ke-20 <> Palacio Taranco didirikan sebagai kediaman untuk siapa? || Ortiz Taranco bersaudara <> Siapa yang merancang Palacio Taranco? || Arkitek Perancis Charles Louis Girault dan Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Palacio Taranco located?", "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd2", "answers": [{"text": "the heart of Ciudad Vieja", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Palacio Taranco erected?", "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd3", "answers": [{"text": "early 20th century", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?", "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd4", "answers": [{"text": "Ortiz Taranco brothers", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Palacio Taranco?", "id": "5725db2289a1e219009abfd5", "answers": [{"text": "French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th\u201318th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government."}], ["Perkuburan terbesar adalah Cementerio del Norte, yang terletak di bahagian utara bandar. Pemakaman Pusat (Sepanyol: Cementerio central), terletak di Barrio Sur di kawasan selatan bandar, adalah salah satu tanah perkuburan utama Uruguay. Ia adalah salah satu kuburan pertama (berbeza dengan kuburan gereja) di negara ini, yang diasaskan pada tahun 1835 pada masa pengebumian masih dijalankan oleh Gereja Katolik. Ia adalah tempat penguburan banyak Uruguay yang paling terkenal, seperti Eduardo Acevedo, Delmira Agustini, Luis Batlle Berres, Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, Juan Manuel Blanes, Fran\u00e7ois Ducasse, bapa Comte de Lautr\u00e9amont (Isidore Ducasse), Luis Alberto de Herrera, Benito Nardone, Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3, dan Juan Zorrilla de San Mart\u00edn. <> Apa pemakaman terbesar? || Cementerio del Norte <> Di mana Pemakaman Pusat terletak? || Barrio Sur <> Tahun apa yang diasaskan oleh Pemakaman Pusat? || 1835", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest cemetery?", "id": "5725d4e989a1e219009abf68", "answers": [{"text": "Cementerio del Norte", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Central Cemetery located?", "id": "5725d4e989a1e219009abf69", "answers": [{"text": "Barrio Sur", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Central Cemetery founded?", "id": "5725d4e989a1e219009abf6a", "answers": [{"text": "1835", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The largest cemetery is the Cementerio del Norte, located in the northern-central part of the city. The Central Cemetery (Spanish: Cementerio central), located in Barrio Sur in the southern area of the city, is one of Uruguay's main cemeteries. It was one of the first cemeteries (in contrast to church graveyards) in the country, founded in 1835 in a time where burials were still carried out by the Catholic Church. It is the burial place of many of the most famous Uruguayans, such as Eduardo Acevedo, Delmira Agustini, Luis Batlle Berres, Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, Juan Manuel Blanes, Fran\u00e7ois Ducasse, father of Comte de Lautr\u00e9amont (Isidore Ducasse), Luis Alberto de Herrera, Benito Nardone, Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3, and Juan Zorrilla de San Mart\u00edn."}], ["Perkuburan besar lain adalah Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, dan Cementerio Paso Molino. Pemakaman British Montevideo (Cementerio Brit\u00e1nico) adalah satu lagi tanah perkuburan tertua di Uruguay, yang terletak di kawasan kejiranan Buceo. Ramai orang bangsawan dan orang terkemuka dikebumikan di sana. Tanah perkuburan itu berasal apabila orang Inggeris, Encik Thomas Samuel Hood membeli sebidang tanah atas nama penduduk Inggeris pada tahun 1828. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1884 kerajaan memberi pampasan kepada British dengan memindahkan pemakaman ke Buceo untuk menampung pertumbuhan kota. Sebuah bahagian tanah perkuburan, yang dikenali sebagai Tanah Perkuburan British Montevideo Prajurit dan Pelaut, mengandungi kubur beberapa pelayar kebangsaan yang berbeza, walaupun majoriti keturunan Inggeris. Satu Marin Amerika Syarikat, Henry de Costa, dikebumikan di sini. <> Di mana Tanah Perkuburan British Montevideo terletak? || Buceo kejiranan <> Siapa yang membeli sebidang tanah atas nama penduduk Inggeris? || Encik Thomas Samuel Hood <> Bilakah Encik Thomas Samuel Hood membeli sebidang tanah di Tanah Perkuburan British Montevideo? || 1828 <> Bilakah kerajaan mengimbangi British dengan memindahkan tanah perkuburan ke Buceo? || 1884", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?", "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d27d", "answers": [{"text": "Buceo neighborhood", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?", "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d27e", "answers": [{"text": "Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo? ", "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d27f", "answers": [{"text": "1828", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?", "id": "5725d5a3271a42140099d280", "answers": [{"text": "1884", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The other large cemeteries are the Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, and Cementerio Paso Molino. The British Cemetery Montevideo (Cementerio Brit\u00e1nico) is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay, located in the Buceo neighborhood. Many noblemen and eminent persons are buried there. The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828. However, in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth. A section of the cemetery, known as British Cemetery Montevideo Soldiers and Sailors, contains the graves of quite a number of sailors of different nationalities, although the majority are of British descent. One United States Marine, Henry de Costa, is buried here."}], ["Di Montevideo, seperti di rantau Rio de Plata, bentuk muzik yang paling popular adalah tango, milonga dan vals criollo. Lagu-lagu terkenal yang berasal dari Montevideo termasuk \"El Tango supremo\", La Cumparsita \", La Milonga\", \"La Pu\u00f1alada\" dan \"Desde el Alma\", disusun oleh pemuzik Montevideo yang terkenal seperti Gerardo Matos Rodr\u00edguez, Pint\u00edn Castellanos dan Rosita Melo. Tango sangat tertanam dalam kehidupan budaya kota dan merupakan tema untuk banyak bar dan restoran di bandar. Bar Fun Fun ', yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1935, merupakan salah satu tempat yang paling penting untuk tango di Uruguay seperti El Farolito, terletak di bahagian lama bandar raya dan Joventango, Caf\u00e9 Las Musas, Garufa dan Vieja Viola. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada Festival Jazz Montevideo dan mempunyai bar Bancaria Jazz Club yang memenuhi keperluan peminat jazz. <> Tango, milonga dan vals criollo adalah bentuk muzik yang paling popular di rantau apa? || Rantau Rio de Plata <> Ketika Fun Fun Bar ditubuhkan? || 1935 <> Di mana El Farolito terletak? || bahagian lama bandar", {"qas": [{"question": "Tango, milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region?", "id": "5725d86e89a1e219009abfa0", "answers": [{"text": "Rio de Plata region", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Fun Fun Bar established?", "id": "5725d86e89a1e219009abfa1", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is El Farolito located?", "id": "5725d86e89a1e219009abfa2", "answers": [{"text": "the old part of the city", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Montevideo, as throughout the Rio de Plata region, the most popular forms of music are tango, milonga and vals criollo. Many notable songs originated in Montevideo including \"El Tango supremo\", La Cumparsita\", La Milonga\", \"La Pu\u00f1alada\" and \"Desde el Alma\", composed by notable Montevideo musicians such as Gerardo Matos Rodr\u00edguez, Pint\u00edn Castellanos and Rosita Melo. Tango is deeply ingrained in the cultural life of the city and is the theme for many of the bars and restaurants in the city. Fun Fun' Bar, established in 1935, is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito, located in the old part of the city and Joventango, Caf\u00e9 Las Musas, Garufa and Vieja Viola. The city is also home to the Montevideo Jazz Festival and has the Bancaria Jazz Club bar catering for jazz enthusiasts."}], ["Montevideo mempunyai warisan seni bina yang sangat kaya dan sejumlah penulis, artis, dan pemuzik yang mengagumkan. Tango Uruguay adalah satu bentuk tarian unik yang berasal dari kejiranan Montevideo menjelang penghujung tahun 1800-an. Tango, candombe dan murga adalah tiga gaya utama muzik di bandar ini. Bandar ini juga merupakan pusat pawagam Uruguay, yang merangkumi filem komersial, dokumentari dan eksperimen. Terdapat dua syarikat teater filem yang menjalankan tujuh pawagam, sekitar sepuluh orang bebas dan empat pawagam filem seni di bandar. Teater Uruguay dikagumi di dalam dan di luar sempadan Uruguay. Teater Sol\u00eds adalah teater yang paling menonjol di Uruguay dan yang paling tua di Amerika Selatan. Terdapat beberapa syarikat teater terkenal dan ribuan pelakon dan amatur profesional. Pemain drama Montevideo menghasilkan berpuluh-puluh karya setiap tahun; Nota utama ialah Mauricio Rosencof, Ana Magnabosco dan Ricardo Prieto. <> Apa bentuk tarian unik yang berasal dari jiran-jiran di Montevideo? || Tango tango <> tango, candombe dan murga adalah tiga gaya utama apa? || muzik <> Berapa banyak syarikat teater filem di Montevideo? || dua <> Apa teater paling menonjol di Uruguay? || Teater Sol\u00eds", {"qas": [{"question": "What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo?", "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf7e", "answers": [{"text": "Uruguayan tango", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Tango, candombe and murga are three main styles of what?", "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf7f", "answers": [{"text": "music", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo?", "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf80", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay?", "id": "5725d6c689a1e219009abf81", "answers": [{"text": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Montevideo has a very rich architectural heritage and an impressive number of writers, artists, and musicians. Uruguayan tango is a unique form of dance that originated in the neighbourhoods of Montevideo towards the end of the 1800s. Tango, candombe and murga are the three main styles of music in this city. The city is also the centre of the cinema of Uruguay, which includes commercial, documentary and experimental films. There are two movie theatre companies running seven cinemas, around ten independent ones and four art film cinemas in the city. The theatre of Uruguay is admired inside and outside Uruguayan borders. The Sol\u00eds Theatre is the most prominent theatre in Uruguay and the oldest in South America. There are several notable theatrical companies and thousands of professional actors and amateurs. Montevideo playwrights produce dozens of works each year; of major note are Mauricio Rosencof, Ana Magnabosco and Ricardo Prieto."}], ["Institut Montevideo Crandon adalah sebuah sekolah Amerika yang berasal dari mubaligh dan institusi pendidikan Methodist utama di Uruguay. Ditubuhkan pada 1879 dan disokong oleh Persatuan Wanita Gereja Methodist di Amerika Syarikat, ia adalah salah satu institusi yang paling tradisional dan lambang di bandar yang menanamkan nilai-nilai John Wesley. Alumni termasuk presiden, senator, duta besar dan pemenang Hadiah Nobel, bersama dengan pemuzik, saintis, dan lain-lain. Institut Montevideo Crandon mempunyai institusi akademik yang pertama di Amerika Selatan di mana kursus ekonomi rumah diajar. <> Apakah institusi pendidikan metodis utama di Uruguay? || Institut Montevideo Crandon <> Bilakah Institut Montevideo Crandon diasaskan? || 1879 <> Apakah institusi akademik pertama di Amerika Selatan di mana kursus ekonomi rumah diajar? || Institut Montevideo Crandon", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay?", "id": "5725e3de89a1e219009ac042", "answers": [{"text": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded?", "id": "5725e3de89a1e219009ac043", "answers": [{"text": "1879", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught?", "id": "5725e3de89a1e219009ac044", "answers": [{"text": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute is an American School of missionary origin and the main Methodist educational institution in Uruguay. Founded in 1879 and supported by the Women's Society of the Methodist Church of the United States, it is one of the most traditional and emblematic institutions in the city inculcating John Wesley's values. Its alumni include presidents, senators, ambassadors and Nobel Prize winners, along with musicians, scientists, and others. The Montevideo Crandon Institute boasts of being the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught."}], ["Universiti swasta terbesar di Uruguay, juga terletak di Montevideo. ORT Uruguay pertama kali ditubuhkan sebagai organisasi bukan keuntungan pada tahun 1942, dan secara rasmi diperakui sebagai universiti swasta pada bulan September 1996, menjadi institusi pendidikan swasta kedua di negara ini untuk mencapai status itu. [Rujukan?] Ia adalah ahli Dunia ORT, sebuah rangkaian pendidikan antarabangsa yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1880 oleh komuniti Yahudi di Saint Petersburg, Rusia. Universiti ini mempunyai kira-kira 8,000 pelajar, yang diedarkan di antara 5 fakulti dan institut, yang terutama ditujukan ke sains dan teknologi / kejuruteraan. Rektor semasa pada 2010 [kemas kini] ialah Dr. Jorge A. Gr\u00fcnberg. <> Apa universiti swasta terbesar di Uruguay? || ORT Uruguay <> Bilakah ORT Uruguay ditubuhkan? || 1942 <> Bilakah ORT Uruguay disahkan secara rasmi sebagai universiti swasta? || September 1996 <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang mempunyai universiti ORT Uruguay? || kira-kira 8,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest private university in Uruguay?", "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac030", "answers": [{"text": "ORT Uruguay", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was ORT Uruguay established?", "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac031", "answers": [{"text": "1942", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was ORT Uruguay officially certified as a private university?", "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac032", "answers": [{"text": "September 1996", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students does the ORT Uruguay university have?", "id": "5725e35889a1e219009ac033", "answers": [{"text": "about 8,000", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The largest private university in Uruguay, is also located in Montevideo. ORT Uruguay was first established as a non-profit organization in 1942, and was officially certified as a private university in September 1996, becoming the second private educational institution in the country to achieve that status.[citation needed] It is a member of World ORT, an international educational network founded in 1880 by the Jewish community in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The university has about 8,000 students, distributed among 5 faculties and institutes, mainly geared towards the sciences and technology/engineering. Its current rector as of 2010[update] is Dr. Jorge A. Gr\u00fcnberg."}], ["Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Sagrado Coraz\u00f3n (\"Our Lady of the Sacred Heart\"), juga dikenali sebagai Iglesia Punta Carretas (\"Gereja Punta Carretas\"), dibina antara tahun 1917 dan 1927 dalam gaya Revolusi Romanesque. Gereja pada asalnya adalah sebahagian daripada Ordo Friars Minor Capuchin, tetapi kini di paroki Kuria Ecclesiastic. Lokasinya terletak di sudut Solano Garc\u00eda dan Jos\u00e9 Ellauri. Ia mempunyai nave dan lorong. Bumbung mempunyai banyak peti besi. Semasa pembinaan kompleks Perbelanjaan Punta Carretas, retakan utama yang dibangunkan dalam struktur gereja akibat penyelesaian asas pembezaan. <> Apa itu Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon? || Lady of the Sacred Heart <> Apa artinya Iglesia Punta Carretas? || Gereja Punta Carretas <> Antara tahun apa yang dibina oleh Iglesia Punta Carretas? || antara 1917 dan 1927 <> Apa yang dibina oleh Iglesia Punta Carretas? || Gaya kebangkitan Romanesque", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon mean?", "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac020", "answers": [{"text": "Our Lady of the Sacred Heart", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Iglesia Punta Carretas mean?", "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac021", "answers": [{"text": "Punta Carretas Church", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built?", "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac022", "answers": [{"text": "between 1917 and 1927", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stle was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built in?", "id": "5725e17789a1e219009ac023", "answers": [{"text": "Romanesque Revival style", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Sagrado Coraz\u00f3n (\"Our Lady of the Sacred Heart\"), also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas (\"Punta Carretas Church\"), was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style. The church was originally part of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, but is presently in the parish of the Ecclesiastic Curia. Its location is at the corner of Solano Garc\u00eda and Jos\u00e9 Ellauri. It has a nave and aisles. The roof has many vaults. During the construction of the Punta Carretas Shopping complex, major cracks developed in the structure of the church as a result of differential foundation settlement."}], ["Universiti Republik adalah universiti terbesar dan paling penting di negara ini, dengan badan pelajar sebanyak 81,774, menurut banci tahun 2007. Ia diasaskan pada 18 Julai 1849 di Montevideo, di mana kebanyakan bangunan dan kemudahannya masih terletak. Rektor semasa ialah Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. Universiti ini menempatkan 14 fakulti (jabatan) dan pelbagai institut dan sekolah. Ramai yang terkenal di Uruguay telah lulus dari universiti ini, termasuk Carlos Vaz Ferreira, Jos\u00e9 Luis Massera, Gabriel Paternain, Mario Wschebor, Roman Fresnedo Siri, Carlos Ott dan Eladio Dieste <> Apa universiti terbesar di negara ini? || The University of Republic <> Pada tahun 2007, Universiti Republik mempunyai badan pelajar berapa orang? || 81,774 <> Bilakah University of the Republic ditubuhkan? || 18 Julai 1849 <> Siapa rektor semasa The University of the Republic? || Dr. Rodrigo Arocena", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the country's largest university? ", "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac028", "answers": [{"text": "The University of the Republic", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people?", "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac029", "answers": [{"text": "81,774", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the University of the Republic founded?", "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac02a", "answers": [{"text": "18 July 1849", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic?", "id": "5725e1ec89a1e219009ac02b", "answers": [{"text": "Dr. Rodrigo Arocena", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The University of the Republic is the country's largest and most important university, with a student body of 81,774, according to the census of 2007. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. The university houses 14 faculties (departments) and various institutes and schools. Many eminent Uruguayans have graduated from this university, including Carlos Vaz Ferreira, Jos\u00e9 Luis Massera, Gabriel Paternain, Mario Wschebor, Roman Fresnedo Siri, Carlos Ott and Eladio Dieste"}], ["Gereja dan negeri secara rasmi dipisahkan sejak tahun 1916 di Uruguay. Agama dengan kebanyakan pengikut di Montevideo adalah Katolik Rom dan telah menjadi sejak dasar kota. Keuskupan Roma Katolik Roma Montevideo dicipta sebagai Vicariate Apostolik Montevideo pada tahun 1830. Pengganti itu dipromosikan ke Keuskupan Montevideo pada 13 Julai 1878. Paus Leo XIII mengangkatnya ke pangkat keuskupan metropolitan pada 14 April 1897. Baru keuskupan menjadi Metropolitan dari suffragan melihat Canelones, Florida, Maldonado-Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San Jos\u00e9 de Mayo, Tacuaremb\u00f3. <> Gereja dan negeri telah secara rasmi dipisahkan di Uruguay sejak tahun berapa? || 1916 <> Agama apakah yang paling pengikut di Montevideo? || Roman Katolik <> Bilakah Keuskupan Agung Katolik Roma Montevideo dibuat? || 1830", {"qas": [{"question": "Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?", "id": "5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01a", "answers": [{"text": "1916", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?", "id": "5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01b", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholicism", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?", "id": "5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01c", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878. Pope Leo XIII elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 14 April 1897. The new archdiocese became the Metropolitan of the suffragan sees of Canelones, Florida, Maldonado\u2013Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San Jos\u00e9 de Mayo, Tacuaremb\u00f3."}], ["Terdapat juga jenis muzium lain di bandar ini. Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda, terletak di Centro, mempunyai pameran khas budaya sejarah gauchos Uruguay, peralatan kuda, kerja perak dan pasangan (teh), labu, dan bombillas (minuman keras) dalam reka bentuk aneh. Museo Naval, terletak di tepi pantai timur di Buceo dan menawarkan pameran yang menggambarkan sejarah maritim Uruguay. Museo del Autom\u00f3vil, yang dimiliki oleh Kelab Automobil Uruguay, mempunyai koleksi kereta vintaj yang kaya termasuk 1910 Hupmobile. Museo y Parque Fernando Garc\u00eda di Carrasco, sebuah muzium pengangkutan dan kereta, termasuk kereta kuda tua dan beberapa kereta awal. Castillo Pittamiglio, dengan permukaan luar biasa, menyoroti warisan aneh dari Humberto Pittamiglio, alkimis tempatan dan arkitek. <> Di mana Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda terletak? || Centro <> Apa itu bombillas? || (minum jerami <> Di mana Museo Naval terletak? || tepian timur di Buceo <> Di mana Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia terletak? || Carrasco", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located?", "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c5", "answers": [{"text": "the Centro", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are bombillas?", "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c6", "answers": [{"text": "(drinking straws", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Museo Naval located?", "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c7", "answers": [{"text": "the eastern waterfront in Buceo", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located?", "id": "5725deea271a42140099d2c8", "answers": [{"text": "Carrasco", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are also other types of museums in the city. The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda, located in the Centro, has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay's gauchos, their horse gear, silver work and mate (tea), gourds, and bombillas (drinking straws) in odd designs. The Museo Naval, is located on the eastern waterfront in Buceo and offers exhibits depicting the maritime history of Uruguay. The Museo del Autom\u00f3vil, belonging to the Automobile Club of Uruguay, has a rich collection of vintage cars which includes a 1910 Hupmobile. The Museo y Parque Fernando Garc\u00eda in Carrasco, a transport and automobile museum, includes old horse carriages and some early automobiles. The Castillo Pittamiglio, with an unusual fa\u00e7ade, highlights the eccentric legacy of Humberto Pittamiglio, local alchemist and architect."}], ["Proses penubuhan universiti awam negara bermula pada 11 Jun 1833 dengan laluan undang-undang yang dicadangkan oleh Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga. Ia menggelarkan penciptaan sembilan jabatan akademik; Presiden Republik akan meluluskan suatu dekad secara rasmi mewujudkan jabatan-jabatan itu apabila majoriti mereka beroperasi. Pada tahun 1836, Dewan Pengajian Umum dibentuk, menempatkan jabatan-jabatan Latin, falsafah, matematik, teologi dan perundangan. Pada 27 Mei 1838, Manuel Oribe meluluskan sebuah dekri yang mendirikan Universiti Greater Republik. Keputusan itu mempunyai beberapa kesan praktikal, memandangkan ketidakstabilan institusi Republik Oriental Uruguay pada masa itu. <> Bilakah proses pembiayaan universiti awam negara bermula? || 11 Jun 1833 <> Siapa yang mencadangkan undang-undang yang memulakan proses pembiayaan universiti awam negara? || Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga <> Bilakah Dewan Pengajian Umum dibentuk? || 1836 <> Bilakah Manuel Oribe menyerahkan suatu dekri yang mendirikan Universiti Greater Republik? || 27 Mei 1838", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?", "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace2d", "answers": [{"text": "11 June 1833", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?", "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace2e", "answers": [{"text": "Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the House of General Studies formed?", "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace2f", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?", "id": "5725e2ad38643c19005ace30", "answers": [{"text": "27 May 1838", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836, the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence. On 27 May 1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time."}], ["Sebagai ibu kota Uruguay, Montevideo menjadi rumah kepada beberapa festival dan karnival termasuk perayaan Gaucho apabila orang menunggang melalui jalan-jalan dengan menunggang kuda dalam gaucho tradisional. Perayaan tahunan utama adalah Carnaval tahunan Montevideo yang merupakan sebahagian daripada perayaan Hari Karnival kebangsaan, yang disambut di seluruh Uruguay, dengan aktiviti utama di ibu negara, Montevideo. Secara rasmi, cuti umum berlangsung selama dua hari pada Karnival Isnin dan Shrove Selasa sebelum Ash Rabu, tetapi disebabkan oleh perayaan festival, kebanyakan kedai dan perniagaan hampir sepanjang minggu. Semasa karnival terdapat banyak pertunjukan panggung terbuka dan pertandingan dan jalan-jalan dan rumah-rumah dihiasi secara dinamis. \"Tablados\" atau adegan yang popular, baik tetap dan bergerak, didirikan di seluruh bandar. Memaparkan yang ketara termasuklah \"Desfile de las Llamadas\" (\"Parade of the Call\"), yang merupakan perarakan bersatu besar yang diadakan di bahagian selatan pusat bandar, di mana ia menjadi ritual biasa pada awal abad ke-20. Disebabkan skala perayaan, penyediaan bermula seawal Disember dengan pemilihan \"ratu kecantikan zonal\" untuk muncul dalam karnival. <> Apakah perayaan tahunan utama di Montevideo? || Montevideo Carnaval tahunan <> Apa bahagian Montevideo Carnaval tahunan? || pesta kebangsaan Minggu Karnival <> Apa maksud Tablados? || adegan yang popular <> Apakah maksud Desfile de las Llamadas? || Parade Panggilan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?", "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac008", "answers": [{"text": "the annual Montevideo Carnaval", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?", "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac009", "answers": [{"text": "the national festival of Carnival Week", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Tablados mean?", "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac00a", "answers": [{"text": "popular scenes", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?", "id": "5725e02d89a1e219009ac00b", "answers": [{"text": "Parade of the Calls", "answer_start": 866}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is home to a number of festivals and carnivals including a Gaucho festival when people ride through the streets on horseback in traditional gaucho gear. The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week, celebrated throughout Uruguay, with central activities in the capital, Montevideo. Officially, the public holiday lasts for two days on Carnival Monday and Shrove Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, but due to the prominence of the festival, most shops and businesses close for the entire week. During carnival there are many open-air stage performances and competitions and the streets and houses are vibrantly decorated. \"Tablados\" or popular scenes, both fixed and movable, are erected in the whole city. Notable displays include \"Desfile de las Llamadas\" (\"Parade of the Calls\"), which is a grand united parade held on the south part of downtown, where it used to be a common ritual back in the early 20th century. Due to the scale of the festival, preparation begins as early as December with an election of the \"zonal beauty queens\" to appear in the carnival."}], ["Pusat makanan dan minuman tradisional Uruguay di Montevideo adalah Mercado del Puerto (\"Pasar Pelabuhan\"). Torta frita adalah kek pan goreng yang digunakan di Montevideo dan di seluruh Uruguay. Ia biasanya pekeliling, dengan potongan kecil di tengah untuk memasak, dan dibuat dari tepung gandum, ragi, air dan gula atau garam. Daging sapi sangat penting dalam masakan Uruguay dan bahagian penting dari banyak hidangan. Montevideo mempunyai pelbagai restoran, dari masakan tradisional Uruguay hingga masakan Jepun seperti sushi. Restoran terkenal di Montevideo termasuk Arcadia di atas Plaza Victoria, yang dianggap sebagai restoran terbaik di bandar. Arcadia terletak di ruang makan klasik yang diilhamkan oleh Itali dan menyajikan hidangan yang mewah seperti ternakan ikan pai yang diasinkan di cognac, domba panggang yang dipancarkan dengan pudina dan bawang putih, dan itik confit pada pastri strudel yang tipis dengan kubis merah. El Fogon lebih popular dengan pengunjung malam di malam hari. Pedalamannya cerah dan dinding ditutup dengan cermin besar. Secara rasmi restoran barbeku dan makanan laut, ia menyajikan hidangan daging panggang, serta salmon, udang dan cumi. Juga nota adalah Cru. Banyak restoran terletak di sepanjang Rambla di Montevideo. Terdapat sebuah pub Ireland di bahagian timur Daerah Lama yang bernama pub Shannon Irish, satu lagi bukti warisan Eropah di bandar itu. <> Apakah pusat makanan dan minuman Uruguay tradisional di Montevideo? || the Mercado del Puerto <> Apakah franca torta? || kek pan goreng <> Di manakah Arcadia terletak? || di atas Plaza Victoria <> Di mana pub Shannon Irish terletak? || bahagian timur Daerah Lama", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo?", "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1b", "answers": [{"text": "the Mercado del Puerto", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a torta frita?", "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1c", "answers": [{"text": "a pan-fried cake", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Arcadia located?", "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1d", "answers": [{"text": "atop the Plaza Victoria", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Shannon Irish pub located?", "id": "5725df9238643c19005ace1e", "answers": [{"text": "the eastern part of the Old District", "answer_start": 1245}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo is the Mercado del Puerto (\"Port Market\"). A torta frita is a pan-fried cake consumed in Montevideo and throughout Uruguay. It is generally circular, with a small cut in the centre for cooking, and is made from wheat flour, yeast, water and sugar or salt. Beef is very important in Uruguayan cuisine and an essential part of many dishes. Montevideo has a variety of restaurants, from traditional Uruguayan cuisine to Japanese cuisine such as sushi. Notable restaurants in Montevideo include Arcadia atop the Plaza Victoria, widely regarded to be the finest restaurant in the city. Arcadia is set in a classic Italian-inspired dining room and serves lavish dishes such as terrine of pheasant marinated in cognac, grilled lamb glazed with mint and garlic, and duck confit on thin strudel pastry with red cabbage. El Fogon is more popular with the late-night diners of the city. Its interior is brightly lit and the walls covered with big mirrors. Officially a barbecue and seafood restaurant, it serves grilled meat dishes, as well as salmon, shrimp and calamari. Also of note is the Cru. Numerous restaurants are located along the Rambla of Montevideo. There is an Irish pub in the eastern part of the Old District named Shannon Irish pub, another testament to the European heritage of the city."}], ["Terdapat beberapa muzium seni penting di Montevideo. Muzium Seni Visual Nasional di Parque Rod\u00f3 mempunyai lukisan terbesar Uruguay. Muzium Juan Manuel Blanes diasaskan pada tahun 1930, ulang tahun ke-100 Perlembagaan pertama Uruguay, yang signifikan dengan fakta bahawa Juan Manuel Blanes mencatatkan tema patriotik Uruguay. Di belakang muzium ini adalah Taman Jepun yang indah dengan kolam di mana terdapat lebih dari seratus kap. Museo de Historia del Arte, yang terletak di Palacio Municipal, mempunyai replika monumen-monumen kuno dan mempamerkan pelbagai artifak dari Mesir, Mesopotamia, Persia, Yunani, Rom dan budaya Amerika Asli termasuk penemuan tempatan zaman pra-Columbus. The Museo Municipal Precolombino y Colonial, di Ciudad Vieja, telah memelihara koleksi penemuan arkeologi daripada penggalian yang dilakukan oleh ahli arkeologi Uruguay Antonio Taddei. Antiquaries ini adalah pameran seni pra-Columbus dari Amerika Latin, lukisan dan patung dari abad ke-17 dan ke-18 kebanyakannya dari Mexico, Peru dan Brazil. The Museo de Arte Contempo mempunyai pameran yang kecil tetapi mengesankan lukisan dan patung moden Uruguay. <> Di mana terdapat Muzium Seni Visual Negara? || Parque Rod\u00f3 <> Apakah Muzium Seni Visual Nasional mempunyai koleksi terbesar di Uruguay? || lukisan <> Bilakah Muzium Juan Manuel Blanes diasaskan? || 1930 <> Yang dicatatkan tema patriotik Uruguay? || Juan Manuel Blanes <> Di mana Museo de Historia del Arte terletak? || Palacio Municipal", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located?", "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6f7", "answers": [{"text": "Parque Rod\u00f3", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay?", "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6f8", "answers": [{"text": "paintings", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded?", "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6f9", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?", "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6fa", "answers": [{"text": "Juan Manuel Blanes", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located?", "id": "5725de7eec44d21400f3d6fb", "answers": [{"text": "the Palacio Municipal", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There are several other important art museums in Montevideo. The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rod\u00f3 has Uruguay's largest collection of paintings. The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930, the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay, significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manuel Blanes painted Uruguayan patriotic themes. In back of the museum is a beautiful Japanese Garden with a pond where there are over a hundred carp. The Museo de Historia del Arte, located in the Palacio Municipal, features replicas of ancient monuments and exhibits a varied collection of artifacts from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, Rome and Native American cultures including local finds of the pre-Columbian period. The Museo Municipal Precolombino y Colonial, in the Ciudad Vieja, has preserved collections of the archaeological finds from excavations carried out by Uruguayan archaeologist Antonio Taddei. These antiquaries are exhibits of pre-Columbian art of Latin America, painting and sculpture from the 17th and 18th century mostly from Mexico, Peru and Brazil. The Museo de Arte Contempo has small but impressive exhibits of modern Uruguayan painting and sculpture."}], ["Estadio Centenario, stadium bola sepak kebangsaan di Parque Batlle, dibuka pada tahun 1930 untuk Piala Dunia pertama, serta memperingati centenial perlembagaan pertama Uruguay. Dalam Piala Dunia ini, Uruguay memenangi perlawanan menentang Argentina dengan 4 gol untuk 2. Stadium mempunyai 70,000 tempat duduk. Ia disenaraikan oleh FIFA sebagai salah satu stadium klasik dunia bola sepak, bersama dengan Maracan\u00e3, Stadium Wembley, San Siro, Estadio Azteca, dan Stadium Santiago Bernab\u00e9u. Sebuah muzium yang terletak di stadium bola sepak memaparkan memorabilia dari kejohanan Piala Dunia 1930 dan 1950 di Uruguay. Tiket-tiket Muzium memberi akses kepada stadium, berdiri, bilik persalinan dan padang permainan. <> Apa stadium bola sepak negara di Parque Batlle? || Estadio Centenario <> Ketika Estadio Centenario dibuka? || 1930 <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang ada di Estadio Centenario? || 70,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle?", "id": "5725e6a389a1e219009ac070", "answers": [{"text": "Estadio Centenario", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Estadio Centenario opened? ", "id": "5725e6a389a1e219009ac071", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have? ", "id": "5725e6a389a1e219009ac072", "answers": [{"text": "70,000", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Estadio Centenario, the national football stadium in Parque Batlle, was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup, as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay's first constitution. In this World Cup, Uruguay won the title game against Argentina by 4 goals to 2. The stadium has 70,000 seats. It is listed by FIFA as one of the football world's classic stadiums, along with Maracan\u00e3, Wembley Stadium, San Siro, Estadio Azteca, and Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium. A museum located within the football stadium has exhibits of memorabilia from Uruguay's 1930 and 1950 World Cup championships. Museum tickets give access to the stadium, stands, locker rooms and playing field."}], ["Liga Bola Keranjang Uruguay beribu pejabat di Montevideo dan kebanyakan pasukannya berasal dari bandar, termasuk Defensor Sporting, Bigu\u00e1, Aguada, Goes, Malv\u00edn, Uni\u00f3n Atl\u00e9tica, dan Trouville. Montevideo juga merupakan pusat ragbi; ekuestrianisme, yang semakin penting di Montevideo selepas Balapan Lumba-lumba Maro\u00f1a dibuka semula; golf, dengan Club de Punta Carretas; dan kapal layar, dengan Puerto del Buceo, tempat yang ideal untuk kapal layar kapal layar. Kelab Golf Punta Carretas diasaskan pada 1894 meliputi semua kawasan yang dikelilingi oleh sisi barat Bulevar Artigas, Rambla (persiaran Montevideo) dan Parque Rod\u00f3 (Fun Fair). <> Di manakah Liga Bola Keranjang Uruguay beribu pejabat? || Montevideo <> Bilakah Kelab Golf Punta Carretas diasaskan? || 1894 <> Equestrianism kembali penting di Montevideo selepas apa? || Balapan Lumba-lumba Maro\u00f1a dibuka semula", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Uruguayan Basketball League headquartered?", "id": "5725e80089a1e219009ac076", "answers": [{"text": "Montevideo", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Golf Club of Punta Carretas founded?", "id": "5725e80089a1e219009ac077", "answers": [{"text": "1894", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Equestrianism regained importance in Montevideo after what?", "id": "5725e80089a1e219009ac078", "answers": [{"text": "the Maro\u00f1as Racecourse reopened", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Uruguayan Basketball League is headquartered in Montevideo and most of its teams are from the city, including Defensor Sporting, Bigu\u00e1, Aguada, Goes, Malv\u00edn, Uni\u00f3n Atl\u00e9tica, and Trouville. Montevideo is also a centre of rugby; equestrianism, which regained importance in Montevideo after the Maro\u00f1as Racecourse reopened; golf, with the Club de Punta Carretas; and yachting, with the Puerto del Buceo, an ideal place to moor yachts. The Golf Club of Punta Carretas was founded in 1894 covers all the area encircled by the west side of Bulevar Artigas, the Rambla (Montevideo's promenade) and the Parque Rod\u00f3 (Fun Fair)."}], ["Juga di Carrasco adalah Sekolah British di Montevideo, salah satu institusi pendidikan tertua di negara ini, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1908. [rujukan?] Tujuan asalnya adalah untuk memberikan pendidikan anak-anak Uruguay yang lengkap, setanding dengan sekolah-sekolah terbaik di United Kingdom dan untuk mewujudkan ikatan kuat antara kanak-kanak British dan Uruguay yang tinggal di negara ini. Sekolah ini ditadbir oleh Lembaga Gabenor, dipilih oleh Persatuan Sekolah Inggeris di Uruguay, yang presiden kehormatnya adalah Duta Besar British ke Uruguay. Alumni terkenal termasuk mantan menteri kerajaan Pedro Bordaberry Herr\u00e1n dan Gabriel Gurm\u00e9ndez Armand-Ugon. <> Di mana Sekolah British di Montevideo terletak? || Carrasco <> Bilakah Sekolah British di Montevideo ditubuhkan? || 1908 <> Apa maksud asal British School of Montevideo? || untuk memberi anak-anak Uruguay pendidikan yang lengkap", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located?", "id": "5725e50889a1e219009ac064", "answers": [{"text": "Carrasco", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the British Schools of Montevideo established?", "id": "5725e50889a1e219009ac065", "answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the British Schools of Montevideo original purpose?", "id": "5725e50889a1e219009ac066", "answers": [{"text": "to give Uruguayan children a complete education", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Also in Carrasco is The British Schools of Montevideo, one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, established in 1908.[citation needed] Its original purpose was to give Uruguayan children a complete education, on par with the best schools of the United Kingdom and to establish strong bonds between the British and Uruguayan children living in the country. The School is governed by the Board of Governors, elected by the British Schools Society in Uruguay, whose honorary president is the British Ambassador to Uruguay. Prominent alumni include former government ministers Pedro Bordaberry Herr\u00e1n and Gabriel Gurm\u00e9ndez Armand-Ugon."}], ["Pentadbiran Keretapi Negeri Uruguay (AFE) mengendalikan tiga jalur kereta api komuter, iaitu Empalme Olmos, San Jose dan Florida. Garis-garis ini beroperasi di kawasan pinggir bandar utama di Canelones, San Jos\u00e9 dan Florida. Dalam sempadan bandar Montevideo, kereta api tempatan berhenti di Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Columbus (garis ke San Jose dan Florida), Pe\u00f1arol dan Manga (garis Empalme Olmos) stesen. Stesen Pusat Umum Artigas abad ke-19 yang bersejarah yang terletak di kejiranan Aguada, enam blok dari daerah pusat perniagaan, telah ditinggalkan 1 Mac 2003 dan masih ditutup. Sebuah stesen baru, 500 meter (1,600 kaki) utara yang lama dan sebahagian daripada kompleks kompleks Menara Komunikasi, telah mengambil alih trafik kereta api. <> Apakah AFE berdiri? || Pentadbiran Keretapi Negeri Uruguay <> Kejiranan apa yang terletak di Stesen Pusat Artigas Umum? || Aguada <> Bilakah Stesen Pusat Artigas Umum ditinggalkan? || 1 Mac 2003", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the AFE stand for?", "id": "5725e90738643c19005ace65", "answers": [{"text": "The State Railways Administration of Uruguay", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located?", "id": "5725e90738643c19005ace66", "answers": [{"text": "Aguada", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned?", "id": "5725e90738643c19005ace67", "answers": [{"text": "1 March 2003", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The State Railways Administration of Uruguay (AFE) operates three commuter rail lines, namely the Empalme Olmos, San Jose and Florida. These lines operate to major suburban areas of Canelones, San Jos\u00e9 and Florida. Within the Montevideo city limits, local trains stop at Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Columbus (line to San Jose and Florida), Pe\u00f1arol and Manga (line Empalme Olmos) stations. The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada, six blocks from the central business district, was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed. A new station, 500 metres (1,600 ft) north of the old one and part of the Tower of Communications modern complex, has taken over the rail traffic."}], ["Pelabuhan di Montevideo Bay adalah salah satu sebab bandar diasaskan. Ia memberikan perlindungan semulajadi kepada kapal, walaupun dua jeti kini lebih jauh melindungi pintu masuk pelabuhan dari gelombang. Pelabuhan semulajadi ini bersaing dengan pelabuhan besar lain R\u00edo de la Plata, Buenos Aires. Kerja-kerja kejuruteraan utama di pelabuhan itu berlaku antara tahun 1870 dan 1930. Ini enam dekad menyaksikan pembinaan dermaga kayu pertama pelabuhan, beberapa gudang di La Aguada, utara dan selatan Rambla, pelabuhan sungai, dermaga baru, dikorek lembangan sungai dan penapisan La Teja. Ribut besar pada 1923 memerlukan pembaikan kepada banyak kerja kejuruteraan di bandar ini. Sejak separuh kedua abad ke-20, perubahan fizikal telah habis, dan sejak itu kawasan tersebut telah mengalami kemerosotan akibat genangan ekonomi negara. <> Apa yang memberi perlindungan semulajadi kepada kapal-kapal di Montevideo? || Pelabuhan di Montevideo Bay <> Antara tahun berapa kerja kejuruteraan utama di pelabuhan Montevideo Bay berlaku? || 1870 dan 1930 <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1923 yang memerlukan pembaikan kepada banyak kerja kejuruteraan di bandar ini? || Ribut besar", {"qas": [{"question": "What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?", "id": "5725ea3089a1e219009ac098", "answers": [{"text": "The port on Montevideo Bay", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?", "id": "5725ea3089a1e219009ac099", "answers": [{"text": "1870 and 1930", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?", "id": "5725ea3089a1e219009ac09a", "answers": [{"text": "A major storm", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded. It gives natural protection to ships, although two jetties now further protect the harbour entrance from waves. This natural port is competitive with the other great port of R\u00edo de la Plata, Buenos Aires. The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930. These six decades saw the construction of the port's first wooden pier, several warehouses in La Aguada, the north and south Rambla, a river port, a new pier, the dredged river basin and the La Teja refinery. A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city's engineering works. Since the second half of the 20th century, physical changes have ceased, and since that time the area has degraded due to national economic stagnation."}], ["Hospital Vilardeb\u00f3 adalah satu-satunya hospital psikiatri di Montevideo. Dinamakan selepas doktor dan naturalis Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche, ia dibuka pada 21 Mei 1880. Hospital ini pada asalnya merupakan salah satu yang terbaik di Amerika Latin dan pada tahun 1915 meningkat kepada 1,500 pesakit dalam. Hari ini hospital sangat merosot, dengan dinding dan lantai yang rusak, kekurangan ubat, katil, dan bilik untuk kakitangan. Ia mempunyai perkhidmatan kecemasan, pesakit luar, klinik dan bilik rawat inap dan mempunyai kira-kira 610 kakitangan, ahli psikologi, psikiatri, pekerja sosial, pentadbir, pengawal, dan lain-lain. Umur pesakit purata adalah 30 tahun; lebih daripada separuh daripada pesakit tiba oleh perintah mahkamah; 42% menderita skizofrenia, 18% daripada kemurungan dan mania, dan terdapat juga peratusan pesakit ketagihan dadah yang tinggi. <> Apakah satu-satunya hospital psikiatri di Montevideo? || Hospital Vilardebo <> Siapa Hospital Vilardebo dinamakan? || Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche <> Bilakah Hospital Vilardebo dibuka? || 21 Mei 1880 <> Berapakah bilangan pesakit dalam Hospital Vilardebo pada tahun 1915? || 1,500 pesakit dalam", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo?", "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d753", "answers": [{"text": "Hospital Vilardeb\u00f3", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after?", "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d754", "answers": [{"text": "Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Hospital Vilardebo open?", "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d755", "answers": [{"text": "21 May 1880", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915?", "id": "5725ebb3ec44d21400f3d756", "answers": [{"text": "1,500 inpatients", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hospital Vilardeb\u00f3 is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo. Named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche, it opened 21 May 1880. The hospital was originally one of the best of Latin America and in 1915 grew to 1,500 inpatients. Today the hospital is very deteriorated, with broken walls and floors, lack of medicines, beds, and rooms for the personnel. It has an emergency service, outpatient, clinic and inpatient rooms and employs approximately 610 staff, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, administrators, guards, among others. The average patient age is 30 years; more than half of the patients arrive by court order; 42% suffer from schizophrenia, 18% from depression and mania, and there are also a high percentage of drug addicted patients."}], ["Hospital Maciel adalah salah satu hospital tertua di Uruguay dan berdiri di blok yang dibatasi oleh jalan-jalan Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaran\u00ed dan Washington, dengan pintu masuk utama pada 25 de Mayo, 172. Tanah itu pada asalnya didermakan dalam zaman penjajah Sepanyol oleh dermawan Francisco Antonio Maciel, yang bekerjasama dengan Mateo Vidal untuk menubuhkan sebuah hospital dan amal. Bangunan pertama dibina antara 1781 dan 1788 dan kemudiannya berkembang. Bangunan ini bermula dari rancangan 1825 Jos\u00e9 Toribio (anak Tom\u00e1s Toribio) dan kemudian Bernardo Poncini (sayap di jalan Guaran\u00ed, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (sudut Guaran\u00ed dan 25 de Mayo) dan Juli\u00e1n Masquelez (1889). Hospital ini mempunyai kapel yang dibina dalam gaya Greek oleh Miguel Est\u00e9vez pada tahun 1798. <> Apa salah satu hospital tertua di Uruguay? || Hospital Maciel <> Yang mula-mula menyumbangkan tanah untuk Hospital Macie? || Francisco Antonio Maciel <> Bilakah bangunan pertama Hospital Maciel ditubuhkan? || antara 1781 dan 1788", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?", "id": "5725eaa6ec44d21400f3d74d", "answers": [{"text": "Hospital Maciel", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?", "id": "5725eaa6ec44d21400f3d74e", "answers": [{"text": "Francisco Antonio Maciel", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?", "id": "5725eaa6ec44d21400f3d74f", "answers": [{"text": "between 1781 and 1788", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaran\u00ed and Washington, with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo, 172. The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel, who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity. The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon. The present building stems from the 1825 plans of Jos\u00e9 Toribio (son of Tom\u00e1s Toribio) and later Bernardo Poncini (wing on the Guaran\u00ed street, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (corner of Guaran\u00ed and 25 de Mayo) and Juli\u00e1n Masquelez (1889). The hospital has a chapel built in Greek style by Miguel Est\u00e9vez in 1798."}], ["Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte (DNT), sebahagian daripada Kementerian Pengangkutan dan Kerja Raya Nasional, bertanggungjawab terhadap organisasi dan pembangunan infrastruktur pengangkutan Montevideo. Rangkaian perkhidmatan bas merangkumi seluruh bandar. Sebuah stesen bas antarabangsa, Terminal Bas Tres Cruces, terletak di tingkat bawah Tres Cruces Shopping Centre, di sebelah Artigas Boulevard. Terminal ini, bersama Terminal Bas Baltazar Brum (atau Terminal Rio Branco) oleh Pelabuhan Montevideo, mengendalikan jarak jauh dan laluan bas antar bandar yang menghubungkan ke destinasi di Uruguay. <> Apa yang DNT berdiri? || Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap organisasi dan pembangunan infrastruktur pengangkutan Montevideo? || Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte <> Di mana Terminal Bas Tres Cruces terletak? || tingkat bawah Tres Cruces Shopping Centre", {"qas": [{"question": "What does DNT stand for?", "id": "5725e87aec44d21400f3d73d", "answers": [{"text": "Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure?", "id": "5725e87aec44d21400f3d73e", "answers": [{"text": "Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal located?", "id": "5725e87aec44d21400f3d73f", "answers": [{"text": "the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte (DNT), part of the national Ministry of Transport and Public Works, is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure. A bus service network covers the entire city. An international bus station, the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal, is located on the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center, on the side of Artigas Boulevard. This terminal, along with the Baltazar Brum Bus Terminal (or Rio Branco Terminal) by the Port of Montevideo, handles the long distance and intercity bus routes connecting to destinations within Uruguay."}], ["Terletak di Cordon, sekolah St.Brendan, sebelum bernama St.Catherine's adalah persatuan sivil bukan keuntungan, yang mempunyai budaya institusi yang mantap dengan visi yang jelas tentang masa depan. Ia dikenali sebagai salah sebuah sekolah terbaik di negara ini, menyertai pelajar dari bahagian paling kaya di Montevideo, seperti kami, Punta Carretas, Pocitos, Malvin dan Carrasco. Sekolah St. Brendan adalah sekolah dwibahasa, non-denominasi yang menggalakkan pendekatan konstruktivis pedagogi yang memberi tumpuan kepada kanak-kanak secara keseluruhan. Dalam pendekatan ini, pemahaman dibina daripada hubungan kanak-kanak yang membuat antara pengetahuan mereka sendiri dan pengalaman pembelajaran, dengan itu mengembangkan kemahiran berfikir kritis. Ia juga satu-satunya sekolah di negara ini yang melaksanakan tiga Program Baccalaureate Antarabangsa. Ini adalah: <> Di mana sekolah St. Brendan terletak? || Cordon <> Apa sekolah St. Brendan yang sebelum ini dinamakan? || St.Catherine's <> Apa satu-satunya sekolah di negara ini yang melaksanakan tiga Program Baccalaureate antarabangsa? || Sekolah St.Brendan", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is St. Brendan's school located?", "id": "5725e62789a1e219009ac06a", "answers": [{"text": "Cordon", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was St. Brendan's school previously named?", "id": "5725e62789a1e219009ac06b", "answers": [{"text": "St.Catherine\u00b4s", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only school in the country implementing three international Baccalaureate Programmes?", "id": "5725e62789a1e219009ac06c", "answers": [{"text": "St.Brendan\u00b4s school", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Located in Cordon, St.Brendan\u00b4s school, before named St.Catherine\u00b4s is a non-profit civil association, which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future. It is knowned for being one of the best schools in the country, joining students from the wealthiest parts of Montevideo, such us, Punta Carretas, Pocitos, Malvin and Carrasco. St. Brendan\u2019s School is a bilingual, non-denominational school that promotes a pedagogical constructivist approach focused on the child as a whole. In this approach, understanding is built from the connections children make between their own prior knowledge and the learning experiences, thus developing critical thinking skills. It is also the only school in the country implementing the three International Baccalaureate Programmes. These are:"}], ["The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College adalah sebuah sekolah Katolik swasta, bersama-pendidikan, bukan keuntungan yang terletak di persekitaran tenggara di Carrasco. Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1955, ia dianggap sebagai salah satu sekolah tinggi terbaik di negara ini, menggabungkan kurikulum yang ketat dengan aktiviti kurikulum yang kuat. Guru sekolah, profesor sejarah Juan Pedro Toni, adalah ahli Stella Maris Board of Governors dan sekolah itu adalah ahli Organisasi Antarabangsa Baccalaureate (IBO). Senarai lama murid-murid terdahulu termasuk ahli ekonomi, jurutera, arkitek, peguam, ahli politik dan juga juara F1. Sekolah ini juga telah memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan kesatuan ragbi di Uruguay, dengan penciptaan Old Christian Club, kelab alumni sekolah. <> Di mana Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College terletak? || Carrasco <> Bilakah Kolej Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College ditubuhkan? || 1955 <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai salah satu sekolah tinggi terbaik di negara ini? || The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College <> Siapa guru besar Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College? || profesor Juan Pedro Toni", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College located?", "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac052", "answers": [{"text": "Carrasco", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College established?", "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac053", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country?", "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac054", "answers": [{"text": "The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College?", "id": "5725e47289a1e219009ac055", "answers": [{"text": "professor Juan Pedro Toni", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College is a private, co-educational, not-for-profit Catholic school located in the wealthy residential southeastern neighbourhood of Carrasco. Established in 1955, it is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country, blending a rigorous curriculum with strong extracurricular activities. The school's headmaster, history professor Juan Pedro Toni, is a member of the Stella Maris Board of Governors and the school is a member of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO). Its long list of distinguished former pupils includes economists, engineers, architects, lawyers, politicians and even F1 champions. The school has also played an important part in the development of rugby union in Uruguay, with the creation of Old Christians Club, the school's alumni club."}]], [["Bantam adalah sejenis kecil ayam domestik, sama ada versi kecil ahli baka baka, atau \"bantam sejati\" tanpa rakan sejawat yang lebih besar. Nama itu berasal dari kota Bantam di Jawa dimana para pelaut Eropah membeli ayam-ayam kecil tempatan untuk bekalan kapal mereka. Bantams boleh menjadi satu pertiga satu pertiga daripada saiz burung standard dan meletakkan telur yang sama kecil. Mereka disimpan oleh pemegang kecil dan penggemar untuk pengeluaran telur, digunakan sebagai ayam pedas, tujuan hiasan, dan menunjukkan. <> Apa jenis ayam yang diberi nama selepas sebuah bandar di Jawa? || A bantam <> Bagaimana bantam berbeza daripada ayam lain? || Bantam adalah sejenis kecil ayam domestik, sama ada versi kecil ahli baka baka, atau \"bantam sejati\" tanpa rakan sejawat yang lebih besar <> Adakah bantam berbentuk telur berukuran biasa? || Bantams boleh menjadi satu perempat kepada satu pertiga daripada saiz burung standard dan meletakkan telur yang sama kecil <> Di mana bantam disimpan? || disimpan oleh pemegang kecil dan penggemar untuk pengeluaran telur, digunakan sebagai ayam pedih, tujuan hiasan, dan menunjukkan. <> Apakah nama untuk pelbagai ayam Eropah? || <> Negara mana yang terletak di Jawa? || <> Pelayar domestik membeli ayam kecil untuk apa? || <> Apa jenis cacing yang diberi nama selepas sebuah bandar di Jawa? || <> Mengapa bantams tidak dianggap sebagai binatang? || <> Burung apa yang tidak dapat bertelur akibat saiz kecil? || <> Di mana bantam biasanya tersembunyi? || <> Apa yang pelayar tidak suka ayam kecil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?", "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dcc9", "answers": [{"text": "A bantam", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are bantams different from other chickens?", "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dcca", "answers": [{"text": "A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a \"true bantam\" with no larger counterpart", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?", "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dccb", "answers": [{"text": "Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are bantams kept?", "id": "57263fe1ec44d21400f3dccc", "answers": [{"text": "kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bantam", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What is the name for a small variety of European chicken?", "id": "5a84d5577cf838001a46aae2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bantam", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What country is the town of Java located in?", "id": "5a84d5577cf838001a46aae3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shipboard supplies", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Domestic sailors bought small chickens for what?", "id": "5a84d5577cf838001a46aae4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A bantam", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What breed of worm is named after a town in Java?", "id": "5a85ce89b4e223001a8e721d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why are bantams not considered an animal?", "id": "5a85ce89b4e223001a8e721e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bantams", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What bird is unable to lay eggs due to the small size?", "id": "5a85ce89b4e223001a8e721f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Where are bantams usually hidden?", "id": "5a85ce89b4e223001a8e7220", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European sailors", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "What sailors disliked small chickens?", "id": "5a85ce89b4e223001a8e7221", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a \"true bantam\" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing."}], ["Itik adalah burung akuatik bersaiz sederhana dengan bil yang luas, mata di sisi kepala, leher yang cukup panjang, kaki pendek ditetapkan jauh di badan, dan kaki berselaput. Laki-laki, yang dikenali sebagai drake, sering lebih besar daripada perempuan (hanya dikenali sebagai itik) dan berbeza di dalam beberapa baka. Itik domestik adalah omnivor, makan pelbagai jenis haiwan dan tumbuhan seperti serangga akuatik, moluska, cacing, amfibia kecil, air terjun, dan rumput. Mereka memakan air cetek dengan melabur, dengan kepala mereka di bawah air dan ekornya tersinggung. Kebanyakan itik domestik terlalu berat untuk terbang, dan mereka adalah burung sosial, lebih suka hidup dan bergerak bersama-sama dalam kumpulan. Mereka mengekalkan kalung bulu mereka dengan mengental, proses yang menyebarkan rembesan kelenjar preen pada bulu mereka. <> Bagaimana anda mengenal pasti itik dari unggas lain? || burung akuatik bersaiz sederhana dengan bil yang luas, mata di sisi kepala, leher yang cukup panjang, kaki pendek ditetapkan jauh di badan, dan kaki berselaput. <> Apa yang anda panggil bebek lelaki? || drak <> Bagaimana anda dapat mengenal pasti drake dari seorang wanita spesies? || lebih besar daripada perempuan (hanya dikenali sebagai itik) dan berbeza berwarna dalam beberapa baka <> Apakah diet itik dibudidayakan? || serangga akuatik, moluska, cacing, amfibia kecil, air terjun, dan rumput. <> Adakah semua itik terbang ke selatan untuk musim sejuk? || Kebanyakan itik domestik terlalu berat untuk terbang <> Mengapa anda tidak dapat mengenal pasti itik dari unggas lain? || <> Apa yang anda tidak boleh panggil bebek lelaki? || <> Apakah diet itik yang tidak ditanam tidak termasuk? || <> Berapa banyak itik hibernate semasa musim sejuk? || <> Apa yang membuat mustahil untuk itik makan binatang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How can you identify a duck from other poultry?", "id": "57264268271a42140099d7eb", "answers": [{"text": "medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do you call a male duck?", "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ec", "answers": [{"text": "drakes", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?", "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ed", "answers": [{"text": "larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?", "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ee", "answers": [{"text": "aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do all ducks fly south for the winter?", "id": "57264268271a42140099d7ef", "answers": [{"text": "Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why can't you identify a duck from other poultry?", "id": "5a85ddf3b4e223001a8e723b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "drakes", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What can you never call a male duck?", "id": "5a85ddf3b4e223001a8e723c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "What does the diet of cultivated ducks not include?", "id": "5a85ddf3b4e223001a8e723d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Most domestic ducks", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "How many ducks hibernate during the winter?", "id": "5a85ddf3b4e223001a8e723e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fairly long necks", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What makes it impossible for ducks to eat animals?", "id": "5a85ddf3b4e223001a8e723f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers."}], ["Ia dipersetujui secara meluas bahawa mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) adalah nenek moyang semua kerbau itik domestik (dengan pengecualian bebek Muscovy (Cairina moschata), yang tidak berkait rapat dengan bebek lain). Itik ditanam terutamanya untuk daging mereka, telur, dan ke bawah. Begitu juga dengan ayam, pelbagai baka telah dibangunkan, dipilih untuk keupayaan telur, pertumbuhan cepat, dan karkas yang dilindungi dengan baik. Buah komersil yang paling biasa di United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat adalah itik Pekin, yang boleh meletakkan 200 telur setahun dan boleh mencapai berat 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) dalam 44 hari. Di dunia Barat, itik tidak begitu popular seperti ayam, kerana yang terakhir menghasilkan kuantitas daging putih yang lebih besar dan lebih mudah untuk dipelihara secara intensif, membuat harga daging ayam lebih rendah daripada daging itik. Walaupun popular dalam masakan haute, bebek kelihatan kurang kerap dalam industri makanan pasaran massa. Walau bagaimanapun, perkara berbeza di Timur. Itik lebih popular di sana daripada ayam dan kebanyakannya masih digiring dengan cara tradisional dan dipilih untuk keupayaan mereka untuk mencari makanan yang cukup di ladang padi yang dituai dan persekitaran basah lain. <> Apa jenis itik dianggap sebagai yang pertama? || mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) adalah nenek moyang semua kerbau itik domestik (kecuali itik Muscovy <> Apa hasil pembiakan itik untuk manusia? || pelbagai baka telah dibangunkan, dipilih untuk keupayaan telur , pertumbuhan yang cepat, dan karkas yang tertutup dengan baik. <> Variasi apa yang paling biasa di Amerika Syarikat dan Inggeris | | Bebek Pekin <> Mengapa bebek Pekin yang disukai dunia barat? || boleh meletakkan 200 telur satu tahun dan boleh mencapai berat 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) dalam 44 hari <> Mengapa itik lebih biasa daripada ayam lain di masyarakat timur ?? || Itik lebih popular di sana daripada ayam dan kebanyakannya masih digiring di dalam tradisional cara dan dipilih untuk keupayaan mereka untuk mencari makanan yang mencukupi di <> Apa jenis itik dianggap sebagai yang paling buruk? || <> Apa hasil bebek itik dengan manusia? || <> Apa jenis bebek tidak lagi terdapat dalam AS dan UK? || <> Mengapa bebek Pekin tidak baik di dunia barat? || <> Apa variasi biasa ety ayam di barat tidak dijumpai di timur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What breed of duck is considered the first?", "id": "572646a7708984140094c12d", "answers": [{"text": "mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?", "id": "572646a7708984140094c12e", "answers": [{"text": "various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.", "id": "572646a7708984140094c12f", "answers": [{"text": "Pekin duck", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?", "id": "572646a7708984140094c130", "answers": [{"text": "can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??", "id": "572646a7708984140094c131", "answers": [{"text": "Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in", "answer_start": 949}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What breed of duck is considered the worst?", "id": "5a85e192b4e223001a8e7257", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What are the outcomes of breeding ducks with humans?", "id": "5a85e192b4e223001a8e7258", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pekin duck", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "What variety of duck is no longer found in the US and the UK?", "id": "5a85e192b4e223001a8e7259", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "Why is the Pekin duck unfavorable in the western world?", "id": "5a85e192b4e223001a8e725a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ducks", "answer_start": 949}], "question": "What common variety of poultry in the west is not found in the east?", "id": "5a85e192b4e223001a8e725b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments."}], ["Cockfighting dikatakan sebagai penonton tertua di dunia dan mungkin berasal dari Persia 6,000 tahun yang lalu. Dua lelaki matang (ayam atau ayam) ditetapkan untuk bertarung satu sama lain, dan akan melakukannya dengan penuh semangat sehingga seseorang cedera atau dibunuh secara kritikal. Baka seperti Aseel telah dibangunkan di benua kecil India kerana tingkah laku agresif mereka. Sukan ini menjadi sebahagian daripada budaya kaum India kuno, Cina, Yunani, dan Rom, dan jumlah besar dimenangkan atau hilang bergantung pada hasil pertemuan. Cockfighting telah diharamkan di banyak negara pada abad yang lalu atas sebab kekejaman terhadap haiwan. <> Berapa lama dahulu sukan ayam bertarung sudah ada? || Cockfighting dikatakan sebagai penonton tertua di dunia dan mungkin berasal dari Persia 6,000 tahun yang lalu. <> Apa yang disebut digunakan untuk menentukan permainan ayam bertarung dipanggil? || Cockfighting <> Adakah ayam mati dalam sukan sabung ayam? || melawan antara satu sama lain, dan akan melakukannya dengan penuh semangat sehingga seseorang cedera atau dibunuh secara kritikal. <> Pernahkah ada jenis ayam yang benar-benar baik di ayam sabung? || Baka seperti Aseel telah dibangunkan di benua kecil India kerana tingkah laku mereka yang agresif <> Adakah orang bertaruh pada sabung ayam atau adakah ia hanya untuk hiburan? || jumlah wang yang banyak dimenangi atau hilang bergantung kepada hasil pertemuan. <> Apa jenis ayam jantan yang dibangun di benua Cina? || <> Apa yang dikatakan sebagai penonton tertua Persia? || <> Mengapakah kokfighting telah diharamkan di banyak budaya pada abad yang lalu? || <> Bilakah sukan ayam bertarung dihentikan? || <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menentukan permainan ayam pembiakan yang dipanggil? || <> Apa ayam yang tidak akan dilakukan semasa ayam belang? || <> Adakah terdapat jenis kucing yang benar-benar baik pada sabung ayam? || <> Mengapa sabung ayam tidak lagi sesuatu yang orang mahu terlibat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?", "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac5fe", "answers": [{"text": "Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?", "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac5ff", "answers": [{"text": "Cockfighting", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?", "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac600", "answers": [{"text": "fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?", "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac601", "answers": [{"text": "Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?", "id": "572640f689a1e219009ac602", "answers": [{"text": "large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aseel", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What breed of rooster was developed in the Chinese subcontinent?", "id": "5a84d8787cf838001a46ab04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cockfighting", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is said to be Persia's oldest spectator sport?", "id": "5a84d8787cf838001a46ab05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on the grounds of cruelty to animals.", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "Why has cockfighting has been banned in many cultures during the last century?", "id": "5a84d8787cf838001a46ab06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,000 years ago", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "When was the sport of fighting chickens stopped?", "id": "5a85cff6b4e223001a8e7227", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cockfighting", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the term used to define the game of breeding chickens called?", "id": "5a85cff6b4e223001a8e7228", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "What are chickens not going to do during a cockfight?", "id": "5a85cff6b4e223001a8e7229", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "Have there been any types of kittens who were really good at cockfighting?", "id": "5a85cff6b4e223001a8e722a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "Why is cockfighting no longer something people want to be involved with?", "id": "5a85cff6b4e223001a8e722b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals."}], ["Model tanah liat bebek yang terdapat di China sejak 4000 SM mungkin menunjukkan pembiakan itik berlaku di sana semasa budaya Yangshao. Walaupun ini tidak berlaku, pembiakan itik itu berlaku di Timur Jauh sekurang-kurangnya 1500 tahun lebih awal daripada di Barat. Lucius Columella, yang menulis pada abad pertama SM, menasihatkan mereka yang mencari bebek belakang untuk mengumpul telur liar dan meletakkannya di bawah ayam belaka, kerana apabila dibesarkan dengan cara ini, bebek \"mengetepikan sifatnya liar dan tanpa teragak-agak apabila menutup di dalam pena burung \". Walaupun demikian, itik tidak muncul dalam teks pertanian di Eropah Barat sehingga kira-kira 810 AD, ketika mereka mula disebutkan bersama dengan angsa, ayam, dan burung merak seperti yang digunakan untuk pembayaran sewa yang dibuat oleh penyewa kepada pemilik tanah. <> Berapa lama ada itik yang mungkin berada di domisili dengan manusia? || Model tanah liat bebek yang terdapat di China sejak 4000 SM mungkin menunjukkan pembiakan itik berlaku di sana semasa budaya Yangshao <> Seberapa jauh di belakang masyarakat timur adalah budaya barat dalam itik pembiakan? || pembiakan itik itu berlaku di Timur Jauh sekurang-kurangnya 1500 tahun lebih awal daripada di Barat <> Bagaimana Lucius Columella mengesyorkan bahawa seseorang pergi ke sekeliling usaha itik pemburu? || Kumpulkan telur liar dan letakkan di bawah ayam belaka, <> Bilakah bebek itik mula muncul dalam buku-buku Persatuan Eropah Barat? || itik tidak muncul dalam teks pertanian di Eropah Barat sehingga sekitar 810 AD <> Di mana itik pernah digunakan sebagai jenis perdagangan di dunia? || disebutkan bersama dengan angsa, ayam, dan peafowl seperti yang digunakan untuk pembayaran sewa yang dibuat oleh penyewa kepada pemilik tanah. <> Berapa lama itik terus menghindari manusia? || <> Berapa jauh di belakang masyarakat timur adalah budaya barat dalam mengharamkan itik? || <> Bagaimana Lucius Columella mengesyorkan bahawa seseorang pergi tentang perniagaan felines domestating? || <> Bilakah itik mula hilang dari buku-buku Persatuan Eropah Barat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?", "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1942", "answers": [{"text": "Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?", "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1943", "answers": [{"text": "domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?", "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1944", "answers": [{"text": "collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?", "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1945", "answers": [{"text": "ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?", "id": "572644e91125e71900ae1946", "answers": [{"text": "mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dating back to 4000 BC", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "How long have ducks continued to avoid humans?", "id": "5a85dfeeb4e223001a8e7245", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "How far behind the east society was the western culture in banning ducks?", "id": "5a85dfeeb4e223001a8e7246", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go about the business of domesticating felines?", "id": "5a85dfeeb4e223001a8e7247", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 810 AD", "answer_start": 635}], "question": "When did ducks begin to disappear from the books of Western European Society?", "id": "5a85dfeeb4e223001a8e7248", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture. Even if this is not the case, domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West. Lucius Columella, writing in the first century BC, advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen, because when raised in this way, the ducks \"lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen\". Despite this, ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD, when they began to be mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners."}], ["Ayam (/ \u02ccpo\u028altri\u02d0 /) adalah burung-burung yang dijaga oleh manusia untuk telur yang dihasilkannya, daging mereka, bulu mereka, atau kadang-kadang sebagai haiwan peliharaan. Burung-burung ini paling lazimnya ahli-ahli superorder Galloanserae (unggas), terutamanya perintah Galliformes (yang termasuk ayam, puyuh dan kalkun) dan keluarga Anatidae, untuk Anseriformes, yang biasa dikenali sebagai \"unggas air\" dan termasuk itik domestik dan angsa domestik. Unggas juga termasuk burung-burung lain yang dibunuh untuk daging mereka, seperti muda merpati (dikenali sebagai kubis) tetapi tidak termasuk burung liar yang serupa diburu untuk sukan atau makanan dan dikenali sebagai permainan. Perkataan \"ayam\" berasal dari perkataan Perancis / Norman poule, yang berasal dari perkataan Latin pullus, yang bermaksud haiwan kecil. <> Apakah makna ayam dalam kehidupan manusia? || disimpan oleh manusia untuk telur yang dihasilkannya, daging mereka, bulu mereka, atau kadang-kadang sebagai haiwan kesayangan. <> Adakah semua burung liar dan liar dikelaskan sebagai ayam? || tetapi tidak termasuk burung liar yang serupa diburu untuk sukan atau makanan dan dikenali sebagai permainan. <> Apakah jenis burung yang paling sering dianggap sebagai ayam? || ayam, puyuh dan ayam belanda <> Adakah perkataan Latin untuk ayam juga digunakan untuk menafsirkan haiwan kecil yang lain berbanding mana-mana? || dari perkataan Latin pullus, yang bermaksud haiwan kecil. <> Adakah burung lain dianggap umum dalam dunia ayam? || itik domestik dan angsa domestik. <> Apakah burung-burung yang dijaga oleh manusia untuk daging yang mereka hasilkan? || <> Apakah definisi perkataan Perancis \"pullus?\" || <> Apakah istilah Perancis untuk \"ayam\"? || <> Apakah istilah Norman untuk \"unggas air?\" || <> Apakah perkataan Latin untuk merpati? || <> Apa gunanya ayam dalam kehidupan orang asing? || <> Apa jenis burung jarang dianggap ayam? || <> Apa perkataan bermakna makan haiwan kecil dalam bahasa Latin? || <> Apa burung tidak lagi dianggap sebagai unggas? || <> Bahasa apakah perkataan \"unggas\" yang diharamkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?", "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd66", "answers": [{"text": "kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?", "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd67", "answers": [{"text": "but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?", "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd68", "answers": [{"text": "chickens, quails and turkeys", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?", "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd69", "answers": [{"text": "from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?", "id": "5725b87189a1e219009abd6a", "answers": [{"text": "domestic ducks and domestic geese.", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poultry", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are domesticated birds kept by humans for the meat they produce?", "id": "5a84cda07cf838001a46aa98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "small animal", "answer_start": 733}], "question": "What is the definition of the French word \"pullus?\"", "id": "5a84cda07cf838001a46aa99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galloanserae", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What is the French term for \"fowl?\"", "id": "5a84cda07cf838001a46aa9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anseriformes", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What is the Norman term for \"waterfowl?\"", "id": "5a84cda07cf838001a46aa9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "squabs", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What is the Latin word for pigeons?", "id": "5a84cda07cf838001a46aa9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What is the significance of poultry in the lives of aliens?", "id": "5a85bfd2b4e223001a8e71eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chickens, quails and turkeys", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What types of birds are rarely considered poultry?", "id": "5a85bfd2b4e223001a8e71ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pullus", "answer_start": 713}], "question": "What word means to eat small animals in Latin?", "id": "5a85bfd2b4e223001a8e71ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "domestic ducks and domestic geese", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What birds are no longer considered as poultry?", "id": "5a85bfd2b4e223001a8e71ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French/Norman", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "What language was the word \"poultry\" banned from?", "id": "5a85bfd2b4e223001a8e71ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Poultry (/\u02ccpo\u028altri\u02d0/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as \"waterfowl\" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word \"poultry\" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal."}], ["Pengambilan unggas berlaku beberapa ribu tahun yang lalu. Ini mungkin berasal dari orang yang menetas dan membesarkan burung-burung muda dari telur yang dikumpulkan dari liar, tetapi kemudiannya terlibat menjaga burung-burung secara permanen dalam penawanan. Ayam domestik mungkin telah digunakan untuk pertandingan ayam belanda pada mulanya dan burung puyuh disimpan untuk lagu-lagu mereka, tetapi tidak lama kemudian ia sedar betapa bermanfaatnya ia mempunyai sumber makanan yang ditawan. Pembiakan selektif untuk pertumbuhan pesat, keupayaan telur, penyesuaian, bulu dan kepatuhan berlaku selama berabad-abad, dan baka moden sering kelihatan sangat berbeza dari nenek moyang mereka. Walaupun sesetengah burung masih dalam kawanan kecil dalam sistem yang luas, kebanyakan burung yang terdapat di pasaran hari ini diternak dalam perusahaan komersial yang intensif. Ternakan adalah jenis daging yang kedua paling banyak dimakan secara global dan, bersama-sama dengan telur, menyediakan makanan yang bermanfaat kepada nutrisi yang mengandungi protein berkualiti tinggi yang diiringi dengan kadar lemak rendah. Semua daging ternakan perlu ditangani dengan betul dan cukup dimasak untuk mengurangkan risiko keracunan makanan. <> Berapa lama manusia menggunakan ternakan yang domsticated? || pembiakan unggas berlaku beberapa ribu tahun yang lalu <> Apa yang ada orang menggunakan ayam padi untuk selain makanan? || umpan ayam pada mulanya dan burung puyuh disimpan untuk lagu-lagu mereka <> Mengapa orang merasa bahawa taktik pembiakan tambahan diperlukan dalam fasih? || Pembiakan terpilih untuk pertumbuhan pesat, keupayaan telur, penyesuaian, bulu dan kesopanan berlaku <> Adakah penternakan telah mengubah ciri-ciri asli haiwan? || baka moden sering kelihatan sangat berbeza dari nenek moyang mereka. <> Betapa popularnya ayam sebagai manusia yang boleh dimakan? || Ayam adalah jenis daging yang kedua paling banyak dimakan secara global <> Apakah jenis makanan kedua yang paling banyak dimakan dalam negeri? || <> Berapa lamakah masa untuk menghidang ayam? || <> Apakah ayam liar yang digunakan pada mulanya? || <> Apa yang dipelihara puyuh liar pada mulanya? || <> Berapa lama manusia telah dihindari ternakan ayam? || <> Apa yang ada orang menggunakan ayam perangsang selain dari ubat? || <> Mengapa orang merasa bahawa taktik pembiakan tambahan tidak diperlukan dalam ayam? || <> Seberapa popular penggunaan tembikar di kalangan manusia? || <> Mengapa baka moden kelihatan seperti nenek moyang mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?", "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c3", "answers": [{"text": "domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?", "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c4", "answers": [{"text": "cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? ", "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c5", "answers": [{"text": "Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?", "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c6", "answers": [{"text": "modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?", "id": "5725c085ec44d21400f3d4c7", "answers": [{"text": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poultry", "answer_start": 786}], "question": "What is the second most widely eaten type of food domestically? ", "id": "5a84cf967cf838001a46aaa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several thousand years", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "How long did it take to domesticate poultry?", "id": "5a84cf967cf838001a46aaa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cockfighting", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What were wild chickens used for at first?", "id": "5a84cf967cf838001a46aaa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their songs", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What were wild quail kept for at first?", "id": "5a84cf967cf838001a46aaa5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several thousand years", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "How long have humans avoided domesticated poultry?", "id": "5a85c17db4e223001a8e71f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What have people use domesticated poultry for aside from medicine?", "id": "5a85c17db4e223001a8e71f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "Why did humans feel that additional breeding tactics were unnecessary in poultry?", "id": "5a85c17db4e223001a8e71f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "second most widely eaten type of meat globally", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "How popular is pottery consumption among humans?", "id": "5a85c17db4e223001a8e71f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "took place over the centuries", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "Why do modern breeds look the same as their wild ancestors?", "id": "5a85c17db4e223001a8e71f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning."}], ["Sejak pembentukannya, sebilangan besar baka ayam telah ditubuhkan, tetapi dengan pengecualian Leghorn putih, kebanyakan burung komersil berasal dari hibrid. Pada kira-kira 1800, ayam mula dikekalkan pada skala yang lebih besar, dan ladang ternakan unggas tinggi moden hadir di United Kingdom dari sekitar tahun 1920 dan menjadi ditubuhkan di Amerika Syarikat tidak lama selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-20, industri penghasil daging ayam lebih penting daripada industri telur. Pembiakan ayam telah menghasilkan baka dan strain untuk memenuhi keperluan yang berbeza; berbingkai ringan, burung bertelur yang dapat menghasilkan 300 telur setahun; burung yang berkembang pesat, burung yang ditakdirkan untuk digunakan pada usia muda, dan burung utiliti yang menghasilkan kedua-dua telur yang boleh diterima dan karkas yang licin. Burung lelaki tidak diingini dalam industri telur dan sering dapat dikenalpasti sebaik sahaja mereka menetas untuk pemusnahan berikutnya. Dalam ternakan daging, burung-burung ini kadang-kadang dikebumikan (biasanya secara kimia) untuk mencegah pencerobohan. Burung yang dihasilkan, dipanggil capon, mempunyai daging yang lebih lembut dan beraroma. <> Adakah terdapat garis pura-pura untuk ayam hari ini? || kecuali dengan Leghorn putih, kebanyakan burung komersil berasal dari hibrid. <> Bilakah ledakan perniagaan unggas di Amerika Syarikat? || Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-20, industri penghasil daging ayam lebih penting daripada industri telur <> Bagaimana pembiakan membantu dalam industri pakan? || berbingkai ringan, burung bertelur yang dapat menghasilkan 300 telur setahun; cepat berkembang, burung berdaging yang ditakdirkan untuk digunakan <> Bagaimana anda biasanya mengenal pasti ayam ketika sedang menetas? || sering dapat dikenal pasti sebaik sahaja mereka menetas untuk pemusnahan berikutnya <> Apa yang bermula pada tahun 1820? || <> Apa yang berlaku di United Kingdom pada tahun 1900? || <> Apa yang lebih penting daripada industri penghasil daging unggas pada pertengahan abad ke-20? || <> Berapa banyak telur yang dapat menghasilkan burung lelaki dalam setahun? || <> Tahun berapa ladang-ladang ayam bertingkat tinggi yang ditubuhkan di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Mengapa tidak ada pembiakan untuk ayam hari ini? || <> Bilakah perniagaan unggas berakhir secara kekal di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Bagaimana pembiakan memusnahkan industri ayam? || <> Bagaimana anda biasanya mengenal pasti ayam apabila ia tidak menetas? || <> Burung apa yang dikebumikan untuk meningkatkan pencerobohan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?", "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7cb", "answers": [{"text": "with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?", "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7cc", "answers": [{"text": "By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?", "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7cd", "answers": [{"text": "light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?", "id": "57263eda271a42140099d7ce", "answers": [{"text": "can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chickens began to be kept on a larger scale", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What began in 1820?", "id": "5a84d43f7cf838001a46aace", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern high-output poultry farms", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What became present in the United Kingdom in 1900?", "id": "5a84d43f7cf838001a46aacf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the egg-laying industry", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What was of greater importance than the poultry meat-producing industry in the mid-20th century?", "id": "5a84d43f7cf838001a46aad0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 643}], "question": "How many eggs can male birds produce in a year?", "id": "5a84d43f7cf838001a46aad1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1920", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What year did modern high-output poultry farms become established in the United States?", "id": "5a84d43f7cf838001a46aad2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Why does no breeding for poultry exist today?", "id": "5a85c600b4e223001a8e7213", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the mid-20th century", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "When did the poultry business end permanently in the United States?", "id": "5a85c600b4e223001a8e7214", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "How has breeding destroyed the poultry industry?", "id": "5a85c600b4e223001a8e7215", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "has more tender and flavorful meat", "answer_start": 1081}], "question": "How can you normally identify a cock when it doesn't hatch?", "id": "5a85c600b4e223001a8e7216", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Male birds", "answer_start": 822}], "question": "What birds are castrated to increase aggression?", "id": "5a85c600b4e223001a8e7217", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since their domestication, a large number of breeds of chickens have been established, but with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin. In about 1800, chickens began to be kept on a larger scale, and modern high-output poultry farms were present in the United Kingdom from around 1920 and became established in the United States soon after the Second World War. By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry. Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs; light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age, and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase. Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling. In meat breeds, these birds are sometimes castrated (often chemically) to prevent aggression. The resulting bird, called a capon, has more tender and flavorful meat, as well."}], ["Ayam bersaiz sederhana, burung-burung chunky dengan pendirian tegak dan dicirikan oleh sikat merah berisi dan wortel pada kepala mereka. Lelaki, yang dikenali sebagai ayam, biasanya lebih besar, lebih berani berwarna, dan mempunyai bulu yang lebih berlebihan daripada betina (ayam). Ayam adalah burung-burung yang suka makan, berkhasiat dan berkhasiat di bumi yang dalam pencarian alam semulajadi di antara sampah daun untuk benih, invertebrata, dan haiwan kecil lain. Mereka jarang terbang kecuali akibat bahaya yang dirasakan, lebih memilih untuk masuk ke dalam semak belukar jika didekati. Ayam domestik hari ini (Gallus gallus domesticus) terutamanya berasal dari junglefowl merah liar Asia, dengan beberapa input tambahan dari junglefowl kelabu. Domestik dipercayai berlaku di antara 7,000 dan 10,000 tahun yang lalu, dan apa yang dianggap sebagai tulang ayam fosil telah dijumpai di timur laut China bertarikh sekitar 4,400 SM. Ahli-ahli arkeologi percaya pembentukan asalnya untuk tujuan mengatasi ayam, burung lelaki menjadi pejuang yang doughty. Menjelang 4,000 tahun yang lalu, ayam nampaknya telah mencapai Lembah Indus dan 250 tahun kemudian, mereka tiba di Mesir. Mereka masih digunakan untuk berperang dan dianggap sebagai simbol kesuburan. Orang-orang Rom menggunakannya dalam ramalan, dan orang Mesir membuat terobosan apabila mereka mempelajari teknik sukar inkubasi buatan. Sejak itu, pengawetan ayam telah tersebar di seluruh dunia untuk pengeluaran makanan dengan unggas domestik menjadi sumber berharga telur dan daging. <> Apakah ayam jantan dipanggil? || cocks <> Bagaimana ayam lelaki dapat dikenalpasti? || ayam, biasanya lebih besar, lebih berani berwarna, dan mempunyai bulu yang lebih berlebihan daripada betina (ayam). <> Apa yang biasanya digunakan oleh ayam semasa di alam semulajadi liar? || dalam persekitaran semulajadi mencari di antara sampah daun untuk benih, invertebrata, dan haiwan kecil lain. <> Adakah ayam terbang seperti burung lain? || Mereka jarang terbang kecuali akibat bahaya yang dirasakan, lebih memilih untuk masuk ke dalam semak belukar jika didekati. <> Daripada burung apa ayam yang diharamkan? || Ayam domestik hari ini (Gallus gallus domesticus) terutamanya berasal dari junglefowl merah liar di Asia <> Apa yang disifatkan oleh wain merah di kepala mereka? || <> Apakah ayam mempunyai lebih banyak bulu yang dibesar-besarkan daripada? || <> Apa yang dikatakan berlaku 1,000 hingga 17,000 tahun yang lalu? || <> Apa yang terdapat di China sejak 4500 SM? || <> Di manakah ayam mencapai 4250 tahun yang lalu? || <> Apakah ayam jantan tidak dibenarkan dipanggil? || <> Apa yang selalu dimakan ayam ketika dalam persekitaran buatan? || <> Mengapa ayam tidak dapat terbang? || <> Burung apakah ayam yang lebih unggul? || <> Bilakah pembedahan ayam gagal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are male chickens called ?", "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc1", "answers": [{"text": "cocks", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are male chickens able to be identified ?", "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc2", "answers": [{"text": "cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?", "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc3", "answers": [{"text": "in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do chickens fly like other birds?", "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc4", "answers": [{"text": "They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what birds are chickens decended from ?", "id": "5725c6b038643c19005accc5", "answers": [{"text": "Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chickens", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are characterized by red wattles on their heads?", "id": "5a84d2627cf838001a46aac4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cocks", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What do hens have more exaggerated plumage than?", "id": "5a84d2627cf838001a46aac5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Domestication", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "What is thought to have taken place 1,000 to 17,000 years ago?", "id": "5a84d2627cf838001a46aac6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fossilized chicken bones", "answer_start": 801}], "question": "What has been found in China dating back to 4500 BC?", "id": "5a84d2627cf838001a46aac7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indus Valley", "answer_start": 1068}], "question": "Where did chickens reach by 4250 years ago?", "id": "5a84d2627cf838001a46aac8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cocks", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What are male chickens never allowed to be called?", "id": "5a85c4b0b4e223001a8e7209", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "What do chickens always consume when in artificial environments?", "id": "5a85c4b0b4e223001a8e720a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "Why are chickens unable to fly?", "id": "5a85c4b0b4e223001a8e720b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wild red junglefowl of Asia", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "What birds are chickens superior to?", "id": "5a85c4b0b4e223001a8e720c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago", "answer_start": 738}], "question": "When did the domestication of chickens fail?", "id": "5a85c4b0b4e223001a8e720d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chickens are medium-sized, chunky birds with an upright stance and characterised by fleshy red combs and wattles on their heads. Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens). Chickens are gregarious, omnivorous, ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals. They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached. Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia, with some additional input from grey junglefowl. Domestication is believed to have taken place between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, and what are thought to be fossilized chicken bones have been found in northeastern China dated to around 5,400 BC. Archaeologists believe domestication was originally for the purpose of cockfighting, the male bird being a doughty fighter. By 4,000 years ago, chickens seem to have reached the Indus Valley and 250 years later, they arrived in Egypt. They were still used for fighting and were regarded as symbols of fertility. The Romans used them in divination, and the Egyptians made a breakthrough when they learned the difficult technique of artificial incubation. Since then, the keeping of chickens has spread around the world for the production of food with the domestic fowl being a valuable source of both eggs and meat."}], ["\"Unggas\" adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk apa-apa jenis burung buas, ditangkap-dibesarkan untuk utiliti, dan secara tradisinya perkataan telah digunakan untuk merujuk kepada wildfowl (Galliformes) dan burung air (Anseriformes). \"Unggas\" boleh ditakrifkan sebagai unggas domestik, termasuk ayam, ayam belanda, angsa dan itik, yang dibangkitkan untuk pengeluaran daging atau telur dan perkataan juga digunakan untuk daging burung-burung ini digunakan sebagai makanan. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica menyenaraikan kumpulan burung yang sama tetapi juga termasuk unggas guinea dan tikus (merpati muda). Dalam pembiakan unggas R. R. Crawford dan genetik, skuad dihilangkan tetapi puyuh Jepun dan pheasant biasa ditambahkan ke dalam senarai, yang sering dibiakkan dalam penangkapan dan dilepaskan ke dalam liar. Dalam buku klasik 1848 klasik, Ayam Hiasan dan Domestik: Sejarah dan Pengurusan mereka, Edmund Dixon menyertakan bab-bab burung merak, ayam guinea, ayam belanda, ayam belanda, pelbagai jenis angsa, itik muscovy, itik-mayat lain dan semua jenis ayam termasuk bantam. Dalam ucapan bahasa, istilah \"unggas\" sering digunakan secara dekat dengan sinonim dengan \"ayam jantan\" (Gallus gallus), atau dengan \"ayam\" atau bahkan hanya \"burung\", dan banyak bahasa tidak membezakan antara \"unggas\" \". Kedua-dua perkataan juga digunakan untuk daging burung-burung ini. Unggas boleh dibezakan daripada \"permainan\", yang ditakrifkan sebagai burung liar atau mamalia yang diburu untuk makanan atau sukan, perkataan yang juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan daging ini apabila dimakan. <> Apakah dua jenis burung tambahan yang disenaraikan dalam Encyclopedia Britanica sebagai unggas? || ayam guinea dan tikus (burung merpati muda) <> Siapa yang terkenal dengan buku pembiakan ayam dan genetik? || R. D. Crawford <> Apa yang paling luar jangkaan untuk pelbagai jenis ikan phe? || sering dibiakkan dalam kurungan dan dilepaskan ke dalam liar. <> Edmund Dixon paling terkenal dengan apa yang dimasukkan dalam buku beliau pada unggahan tahun 1854? || burung merak, ayam guinea, ayam belanda, ayam belanda, pelbagai jenis angsa, itik muscovy, itik lain dan semua jenis ayam termasuk bantams <> Adakah semua bahasa membuat perbezaan antara unggas dan unggas? || banyak bahasa tidak membedakan antara \"unggas\" dan \"burung\" <? Apakah istilah Jepun untuk merpati muda? || <> Buku apa yang ditulis DR Crawford? || <> Buku apa yang ditulis pada tahun 1884? adalah istilah Jepun untuk \"ayam padi?\" || <> Apa satu-satunya jenis burung yang disenaraikan dalam Encyclopedia Britannica sebagai unggas? || <> Siapa penulis penjara buku Pembiakan dan Genetik? Apa negara yang tidak mempunyai burung yang dianggap sebagai ayam? || <> Apa perkataan yang bermaksud bertentangan dengan ayam? || <> Siapa yang menulis buku klasik pada unggas, Hiasan dan Unggas Domestik: Sejarah dan Pengurusan?", {"qas": [{"question": "What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?", "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe22", "answers": [{"text": "guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?", "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe23", "answers": [{"text": "R. D. Crawford", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?", "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe24", "answers": [{"text": "frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.", "answer_start": 655}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?", "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe25", "answers": [{"text": "peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams", "answer_start": 857}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?", "id": "5725c40889a1e219009abe26", "answers": [{"text": "many languages do not distinguish between \"poultry\" and \"fowl", "answer_start": 1155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "squabs", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What is the Japanese term for young pigeons?", "id": "5a84d0da7cf838001a46aaaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poultry breeding and genetics", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "What book did D. R. Crawford write?", "id": "5a84d0da7cf838001a46aaab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management", "answer_start": 755}], "question": "What book was written in 1884?", "id": "5a84d0da7cf838001a46aaac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gallus gallus", "answer_start": 1096}], "question": "What is the Japanese term for \"domesticated chicken?\"", "id": "5a84d0da7cf838001a46aaad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "guinea fowl", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What is the only type of bird listed in the Encyclopedia Britannica as poultry?", "id": "5a85c369b4e223001a8e71ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "R. D. Crawford", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "Who is the jailed author of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?", "id": "5a85c369b4e223001a8e7200", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What country has no birds that are considered poultry?", "id": "5a85c369b4e223001a8e7201", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fowl", "answer_start": 1212}], "question": "What word means the opposite of poultry?", "id": "5a85c369b4e223001a8e7202", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edmund Dixon", "answer_start": 819}], "question": "Who wrote the 1842 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management?", "id": "5a85c369b4e223001a8e7203", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "\"Poultry\" is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes). \"Poultry\" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons). In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. In colloquial speech, the term \"fowl\" is often used near-synonymously with \"domesticated chicken\" (Gallus gallus), or with \"poultry\" or even just \"bird\", and many languages do not distinguish between \"poultry\" and \"fowl\". Both words are also used for the flesh of these birds. Poultry can be distinguished from \"game\", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the flesh of these when eaten."}], ["Burung burung Guinea berasal dari Afrika selatan, dan spesies yang paling sering dijaga sebagai unggas adalah guineafowl helmet (Numida meleagris). Ia adalah seekor kelabu sederhana atau berbintik-bintik dengan kepala telanjang kecil dengan watt berwarna-warni dan tombol di atas, dan dipelihara oleh zaman orang Yunani kuno dan Rom. Burung-burung Guinea adalah burung-burung yang kuat, burung-burung yang bergaul terutamanya pada serangga, tetapi juga mengonsumsi rumput dan benih. Mereka akan menyimpan taman sayuran yang jelas dari perosak dan akan makan kutu yang membawa penyakit Lyme. Mereka gembira bertapa di pokok-pokok dan memberikan amaran vokal yang kuat mengenai pendekatan pemangsa. Daging dan telur mereka boleh dimakan dengan cara yang sama seperti ayam, burung muda sedang siap untuk meja pada usia kira-kira empat bulan. <> Apa benua adalah evolusi burung guinea yang dikreditkan ke? || Afrika <> Siapa yang pertama membiak unggas guinea? || Yunani kuno dan Rom. <> Selain dari penggunaan bagaimana unggas Guinea berguna kepada manusia. || Mereka akan menyimpan taman sayuran yang jelas dari perosak dan akan makan kutu yang membawa penyakit Lyme. <> Apakah burung-burung Guinea juga memuji untuk mencapai manusia? || bertenggek di pokok dan memberi amaran vokal yang kuat mengenai pendekatan pemangsa. <> Apa bahagian bulan yang berasal dari burung Guinea? || <> Siapa satu-satunya kumpulan untuk memelihara ayam guinea? || <> Mengapa Guinea unggas tidak berguna kepada manusia? || <> Apakah burung-burung Guinea juga memuji untuk mencapai Martians? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?", "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc46", "answers": [{"text": "Africa", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?", "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc47", "answers": [{"text": "ancient Greeks and Romans.", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.", "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc48", "answers": [{"text": "They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?", "id": "5726551cf1498d1400e8dc49", "answers": [{"text": "roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southern Africa", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What part of the moon did Guinea fowl originate from?", "id": "5a860962b4e223001a8e73dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ancient Greeks and Romans", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "Who were the only groups to domesticate a guinea fowl?", "id": "5a860962b4e223001a8e73de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "Why are Guinea fowl useless to humans?", "id": "5a860962b4e223001a8e73df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "What are Guinea fowl also praised for accomplishing for Martians?", "id": "5a860962b4e223001a8e73e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl are hardy, sociable birds that subsist mainly on insects, but also consume grasses and seeds. They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease. They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators. Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months. "}], ["Angsa greylag (Anser anser) dipelihara oleh orang Mesir sekurang-kurangnya 3000 tahun yang lalu, dan spesies liar yang berlainan, angsa angsa (Anser cygnoides), yang dipelihara di Siberia kira-kira seribu tahun kemudian, dikenali sebagai angsa Cina. Kedua-dua hibrid antara satu sama lain dan tombol besar di pangkal paruh, ciri yang ketara dari angsa Cina, hadir pada tahap yang berbeza-beza dalam hibrida ini. Hibrid adalah subur dan telah menghasilkan beberapa baka moden. Walaupun pemburuan awal mereka, angsa tidak pernah mendapat kepentingan komersial ayam dan itik. <> Bilakah angsa greylag pertama dijinakkan oleh manusia? || Angsa greylag (Anser anser) telah dipelihara oleh orang Mesir sekurang-kurangnya 3000 tahun yang lalu <> Apa nama lain angan angsa? || Angsa Cina <> Di mana ia percaya bahawa angsa greylag pertama kali dijinakkan di dunia? || Siberia <> Adakah angsa adalah bahagian penting dalam industri ayam? || Walaupun pemburuan awal mereka, angsa tidak pernah mendapat kepentingan komersial ayam dan itik. <> Bilakah angsa greylag dijinakkan oleh orang Rom? || <> Apa nama lain angsa angsa tidak lagi dikenali? || <> Di mana ia percaya bahawa angsa greylag tidak pernah dijinakkan? || <> Apa lagi yang tidak penting dalam industri ayam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?", "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf6", "answers": [{"text": "The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other name is the swan goose know by ?", "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf7", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese goose", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?", "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf8", "answers": [{"text": "Siberia", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?", "id": "57264781f1498d1400e8daf9", "answers": [{"text": "Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at least 3000 years ago", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "When was the greylag goose domesticated by the Romans?", "id": "5a85e576b4e223001a8e7289", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese goose", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What other name is the swan goose no longer known by?", "id": "5a85e576b4e223001a8e728a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Siberia", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Where is it believed that the greylag goose was never domesticated?", "id": "5a85e576b4e223001a8e728b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "geese", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "What is no longer an important part of the poultry industry?", "id": "5a85e576b4e223001a8e728c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a noticeable feature of the Chinese goose, is present to a varying extent in these hybrids. The hybrids are fertile and have resulted in several of the modern breeds. Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks."}], ["Squab adalah nama yang diberi kepada anak muda burung merpati yang ditakdirkan untuk meja. Seperti burung merpati yang lain, burung yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini berasal dari burung merpati batu (Columba livia). Peragaan utiliti khas dengan ciri-ciri yang wajar digunakan. Dua telur diletakkan dan diinkubasikan selama 17 hari. Apabila mereka menetas, tikus diberi makan oleh kedua ibu bapa pada \"susu merpati\", rembesan tebal yang tinggi dalam protein yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman. Skuad berkembang pesat, tetapi lambat meleleh dan siap untuk meninggalkan sarang di 26 hingga 30 hari dengan berat kira-kira 500 g (18 oz). Pada masa ini, burung merpati dewasa akan meletakkan dan menginkubasi sepasang telur lain dan pasangan prolifik perlu menghasilkan dua squab setiap empat minggu semasa musim pembiakan yang berlangsung selama beberapa bulan. <> Apakah tajuk gourmet yang diberikan kepada merpati? || A squab <> Daripada apa jenis merpati yang decab decan? || merpati batu (Columba livia) <> Adakah squab dianggap berbeza daripada piegon lain oleh manusia selain daripada penggunaan? || Apabila mereka menetas, tikus diberi makan oleh kedua ibu bapa pada \"susu merpati\", rembesan tebal yang tinggi dalam protein yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman <> Seberapa sering merpati yang dapat membiak untuk proses penggunaan? || pasangan yang produktif sepatutnya menghasilkan dua squabs setiap empat minggu semasa musim pembiakan yang berlangsung beberapa bulan <> Apakah gelaran gourmet yang diambil dari merpati? || <> Apa jenis merpati yang mengelakkan cubaan? || <> Mengapa musim pembiakan hanya berlangsung beberapa hari? || <> Berapa banyak squabs yang membuat pasangan merpati yang paling banyak dalam hidup mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?", "id": "572656375951b619008f7003", "answers": [{"text": "A squab", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?", "id": "572656375951b619008f7004", "answers": [{"text": "rock pigeon (Columba livia)", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?", "id": "572656375951b619008f7005", "answers": [{"text": "When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on \"pigeon's milk\", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?", "id": "572656375951b619008f7006", "answers": [{"text": "a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "squab", "answer_start": 2}], "question": "What is the gourmet title that was taken away from pigeons?", "id": "5a860a6cb4e223001a8e73e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rock pigeon (Columba livia)", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What variety of pigeon does the squab avoid?", "id": "5a860a6cb4e223001a8e73e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "Why does the breeding season only last a few days?", "id": "5a860a6cb4e223001a8e73e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "How many squabs do most pigeon pairs make in their lifetime?", "id": "5a860a6cb4e223001a8e73e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on \"pigeon's milk\", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months."}], ["Di seluruh dunia, ayam lebih banyak disimpan daripada jenis unggas lain, dengan lebih daripada 50 bilion burung dibangkitkan setiap tahun sebagai sumber daging dan telur. Secara tradisinya, burung semacam itu akan terus dipelihara secara besar-besaran di dalam kawanan kecil, mencari makan pada waktu siang dan ditempatkan pada waktu malam. Ini masih berlaku di negara-negara membangun, di mana wanita sering membuat sumbangan penting kepada kehidupan keluarga melalui menjaga ayam. Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan populasi dunia dan perbandaran telah menyebabkan sebahagian besar pengeluaran berada di unit pakar yang lebih besar dan lebih intensif. Ini sering terletak berdekatan dengan mana makanan ditanam atau berdekatan dengan tempat daging diperlukan, dan menghasilkan makanan yang murah dan aman yang disediakan untuk masyarakat bandar. Keuntungan pengeluaran sangat bergantung pada harga makanan, yang semakin meningkat. Kos makanan yang tinggi boleh menghadkan perkembangan pengeluaran unggas. <> Apakah jenis puisi yang paling popular yang ditanam? || Di seluruh dunia, lebih banyak ayam disimpan daripada jenis unggas lain <> Berapa banyak burung secara rutin dibesarkan di dunia untuk proses penggunaan? || 50 bilion burung dibangkitkan setiap tahun sebagai sumber daging dan telur. <> Bagaimanakah kos harga untuk pakan ternakan berkaitan dengan kos pujaan untuk pengguna? || Kos makanan yang tinggi boleh mengehadkan perkembangan pengeluaran unggas <> Sebelum perindustrian bagaimana ayam biasanya dijaga? || burung-burung akan dikuasai secara besar-besaran di dalam kawanan kecil, mencari makan pada waktu siang dan ditempatkan pada waktu malam. <> Apakah makna utama ayam kepada wanita di negara maju? || wanita sering membuat sumbangan penting kepada kehidupan keluarga melalui menjaga ayam <> Apakah jenis ternakan yang paling buruk yang ditanam? || <> Berapa banyak burung yang ritualis dikorbankan di dunia untuk proses penggunaan? || <> Bagaimana kos harga untuk makanan haiwan yang tidak berkaitan dengan kos ayam untuk pengguna? || <> Apakah bahaya utama ayam kepada wanita di negara maju? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?", "id": "572657b3708984140094c313", "answers": [{"text": "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?", "id": "572657b3708984140094c314", "answers": [{"text": "50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?", "id": "572657b3708984140094c315", "answers": [{"text": "High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?", "id": "572657b3708984140094c316", "answers": [{"text": "birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?", "id": "572657b3708984140094c317", "answers": [{"text": "the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chickens", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What is the worst type of poultry that is farmed?", "id": "5a860b8fb4e223001a8e73f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "How many birds are ritualistically sacrificed in the world for the consumption process?", "id": "5a860b8fb4e223001a8e73f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production", "answer_start": 810}], "question": "How is the cost of the price for animal feed unrelated to the poultry cost for consumers?", "id": "5a860b8fb4e223001a8e73f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry", "answer_start": 321}], "question": "What is the major danger of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?", "id": "5a860b8fb4e223001a8e73fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production."}], ["Dalam peternakan jarak jauh, burung-burung boleh berkeliaran di luar rumah untuk sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian daripada hari itu. Selalunya, ini terdapat di kandang besar, tetapi burung mempunyai akses kepada keadaan semula jadi dan boleh mempamerkan tingkah laku normal mereka. Sistem yang lebih intensif adalah yarding, di mana burung mempunyai akses ke halaman berpagar dan rumah ayam pada kadar stok yang lebih tinggi. Ayam juga boleh disimpan dalam sistem kandang, tanpa akses ke udara terbuka, tetapi dengan keupayaan untuk bergerak bebas di dalam bangunan. Sistem yang paling intensif untuk ayam bertelur ayam adalah sangkar bateri, sering ditetapkan di beberapa tingkat. Di dalamnya, beberapa burung berkongsi sangkar kecil yang menyekat keupayaan mereka untuk bergerak dan berkelakuan dengan cara biasa. Telur diletakkan di atas lantai sangkar dan dilancarkan ke luar palung untuk memudahkan koleksi. Sangkar bateri untuk ayam telah menyalahi undang-undang di EU sejak 1 Januari 2012. <> Apakah faedah kepada ayam berada di lokasi pertanian jarak jauh? || burung-burung mempunyai akses kepada keadaan semula jadi dan boleh mempamerkan tingkah laku normal mereka <> Apa yarding berhubung dengan industri ladang? || burung mempunyai akses ke halaman berpagar dan rumah ayam pada kadar stok yang lebih tinggi <> Apakah jenis sistem kandang yang paling intensif yang digunakan dalam perniagaan ayam? || sangkar bateri, sering ditetapkan dalam pelbagai tiang <> Bagaimana telur dikumpulkan dalam sistem sangkar bateri? || Telur diletakkan di atas lantai sangkar dan diletakkan di luar palung untuk kemudahan pengumpulan <> Apakah faedah ayam berada di lokasi sangkar? || <> Apa yarding berhubung dengan industri tembikar? || <> Apakah satu-satunya jenis sistem kandang yang digunakan dalam perniagaan ayam? || <> Bagaimana telur dimusnahkan dalam sistem sangkar bateri? || <> Bilakah sangkar bateri menjadi satu-satunya cara untuk membina ayam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?", "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824a", "answers": [{"text": "the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?", "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824b", "answers": [{"text": "birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?", "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824c", "answers": [{"text": "battery cages, often set in multiple tiers", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?", "id": "572658abdd62a815002e824d", "answers": [{"text": "The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What is the benefit to chickens of being in a caged location?", "id": "5a860c4bb4e223001a8e73ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What is yarding in relation to the pottery industry?", "id": "5a860c4bb4e223001a8e7400", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "battery cages, often set in multiple tiers", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "What is the only type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?", "id": "5a860c4bb4e223001a8e7401", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "How are eggs destroyed in the battery cage system?", "id": "5a860c4bb4e223001a8e7402", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 1, 2012", "answer_start": 853}], "question": "When did battery cages become the only way to house hens?", "id": "5a860c4bb4e223001a8e7403", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012."}], ["Puyuh adalah burung yang kecil dan sederhana, berwarna krim. Dalam persekitaran semulajadi, ia terdapat di tempat-tempat yang lembap, di padang rumput kasar, di kalangan tanaman pertanian, dan di tempat lain dengan penutup tebal. Ia memakan benih, serangga, dan invertebrata kecil yang lain. Menjadi kediaman yang paling banyak berkhasiat di bumi, burung puyuh itu tidak sukar, walaupun banyak naluri liarnya ditahan dalam penawanan. Ia diketahui oleh orang Mesir sebelum kedatangan ayam dan digambarkan dalam hieroglif dari tahun 2575 SM. Ia bermigrasi di seluruh Mesir dalam kambing-kambing yang besar dan burung-burung kadang-kadang boleh dijemput dari tanah dengan tangan. Ini adalah puyuh yang biasa (Coturnix coturnix), tetapi kambing-kambing sayuran moden yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada burung puyuh Jepun (Coturnix japonica) yang mungkin dijadikan sejak awal abad ke-11 AD di Jepun. Mereka pada asalnya disimpan sebagai lagu burung, dan mereka dianggap sering digunakan dalam kontes lagu. <> Adakah puyuh pernah digunakan untuk tujuan hiburan? || Mereka pada asalnya disimpan sebagai lagu burung, dan mereka dianggap sering digunakan dalam kontes lagu. <> Di mana puyuh biasanya dijumpai di hutan? || ia ditemui di tempat-tempat yang lembap, di padang rumput kasar, di kalangan tanaman pertanian, dan di tempat lain dengan penutup tebal. <> Apakah diet tipikal terdiri daripada qails? || benih, serangga, dan invertebrata kecil yang lain. <> Dari mana negara yang paling puyuh bangsat turun sekarang? || kawanan kambing domba moden kebanyakannya dari burung puyuh Jepun (Coturnix japonica) <> Mengapa puyuh selalu senyap? || <> Di mana puyuh biasanya tidak kelihatan di dalam hutan? || <> Apakah diet langka yang selalu terdiri daripada puyuh? || <> Negara mana yang diturunkan dari semua puyuh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?", "id": "57265269708984140094c253", "answers": [{"text": "They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can quails typically be found in the wild?", "id": "57265269708984140094c254", "answers": [{"text": "it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?", "id": "57265269708984140094c255", "answers": [{"text": "seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?", "id": "57265269708984140094c256", "answers": [{"text": "modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests", "answer_start": 846}], "question": "Why are quails always silent?", "id": "5a86079eb4e223001a8e73cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Where are quails typically invisible in the wild?", "id": "5a86079eb4e223001a8e73cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What does a rare diet always consist of for quails?", "id": "5a86079eb4e223001a8e73cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 839}], "question": "What country do all domesticated quails descend from?", "id": "5a86079eb4e223001a8e73ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests."}], ["Ayam belanda yang dipelihara moden berasal dari salah satu daripada enam subspesies dari ayam belanda liar (Meleagris gallopavo) yang terdapat di negara-negara Mexico sekarang ini Jalisco, Guerrero dan Veracruz. Suku-suku Pra-Aztec di Mexico tengah-tengah pertama membiak burung sekitar 800 SM, dan kaum Pueblo India yang mendiami Dataran Tinggi Colorado di Amerika Syarikat juga sekitar 200 SM. Mereka menggunakan bulu untuk pakaian, selimut dan tujuan upacara. Lebih 1,000 tahun kemudian, mereka menjadi sumber makanan penting. Orang-orang Eropah pertama yang menemui burung tersebut telah menamakannya sebagai guineafowl, seekor burung yang dikenali sebagai \"burung ayam belanda\" pada masa itu kerana ia telah diperkenalkan ke Eropah melalui Turki. <> Berapa banyak jenis spesies ayam belanda yang baru-baru ini yang disyaki telah dimulakan? || berasal dari salah satu daripada enam subspesies dari turki liar <> Bilakah turkeys pertama kali digunakan dalam tetapan domestikasi? || Suku-suku Pra-Aztec di Mexico tengah-tengah pertama membiakkan burung sekitar 800 SM <> Apa tujuan lain yang telah digunakan oleh ayam belanda yang dipelihara selain dari makanan? || bulu untuk jubah, selimut, dan tujuan upacara <> Bila dan dengan budaya apa yang dimakan ayam belanda mula muncul di Amerika Syarikat? || Orang India Pueblo yang mendiami Dataran Tinggi Colorado di Amerika Syarikat begitu juga sekitar 200 SM. <> Berapa banyak spesies adalah hari baru Bigfoot yang disyaki telah memulakan? || <> Kapan kalkun pertama kali digunakan dalam tetapan bermusuhan? || <> Apa tujuan lain yang mempunyai kalkun yang terancam digunakan untuk selain dari makanan? || <> Kapan dan dengan budaya apa yang dimakan ayam belanda mula muncul di lautan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?", "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e807e", "answers": [{"text": "descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?", "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e807f", "answers": [{"text": "Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?", "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e8080", "answers": [{"text": "feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?", "id": "572649e3dd62a815002e8081", "answers": [{"text": "Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "descended from one of six subspecies", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "How many species is the recent day Bigfoot suspected to have embarked from?", "id": "5a8604c3b4e223001a8e73af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "When were turkeys first used in a hostile setting?", "id": "5a8604c3b4e223001a8e73b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What other purposes have the endangered turkeys been used for aside from food?", "id": "5a8604c3b4e223001a8e73b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the ocean?", "id": "5a8604c3b4e223001a8e73b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a \"turkey fowl\" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey."}], ["Kalkun komersial biasanya dibesarkan di dalam rumah di bawah keadaan terkawal. Ini sering bangunan-bangunan besar, yang dibina untuk menyediakan ventilasi dan keamatan cahaya yang rendah (ini mengurangkan aktiviti burung dan dengan itu meningkatkan kadar penambahan berat badan). Lampu boleh dihidupkan selama 24 jam / hari, atau pelbagai rejimen ringan langkah-langkah untuk menggalakkan burung untuk memberi suapan dengan kerap dan dengan itu berkembang pesat. Wanita mencapai berat penyembelihan pada usia 15 minggu dan lelaki pada kira-kira 19. Burung komersil yang matang mungkin dua kali lebih berat daripada rakan liar mereka. Banyak baka yang berbeza telah dibangunkan, tetapi kebanyakan burung komersial berwarna putih, kerana ini meningkatkan penampilan bangkai, bulu pin kurang terlihat. Turki pada satu masa terutamanya digunakan pada majlis-majlis khas seperti Krismas (10 juta burung di United Kingdom) atau Thanksgiving (60 juta burung di Amerika Syarikat). Walau bagaimanapun, mereka semakin menjadi sebahagian daripada diet harian di banyak bahagian dunia. <> Apa jenis penginapan yang dijinakkan ayam belanda biasanya ditanam? || Kalkun komersial biasanya dibesarkan di dalam rumah di bawah syarat terkawal <> Apakah jenis syarat yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan berat badan dan keuntungan dari ayam komersial? || Lampu boleh dihidupkan selama 24 jam / hari, atau pelbagai rejimen ringan langkah-langkah untuk menggalakkan burung-burung untuk makan secara serentak dan dengan demikian berkembang dengan pesat <> Pada umur berapa ayam belanda purata dianggap bersedia untuk langkah awal proses makanan komersil? || Buah betina mencapai berat penyembelihan pada kira-kira 15 minggu dan lelaki pada kira-kira 19 <> Berapa lagi ayam belanda komersial rata-rata berat berbanding sepupu kalkun liar? || Burung komersil yang matang mungkin dua kali lebih berat berbanding rakan-rakannya liar <> Apakah purata untuk jumlah kalkun dimakan di U pada Hari Kesyukuran? || 60 juta burung di Amerika Syarikat <> Apa ayam belanda yang tidak lagi ditanam? || <> Berapa umur adalah moose dianggap bersedia untuk langkah awal proses makanan komersil? || <> Apakah purata bagi jumlah burung kakak tua yang dimakan di U pada Hari Kesyukuran? || <> Apakah jenis syarat yang digunakan untuk mengurangkan berat badan dan keuntungan dari ayam komersial? || <> Berapa banyak lagi bulu komersil rata-rata berat berbanding dengan sepupu cucu liarnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?", "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80bc", "answers": [{"text": "Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?", "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80bd", "answers": [{"text": "The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?", "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80be", "answers": [{"text": "Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?", "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80bf", "answers": [{"text": "Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?", "id": "57264be9dd62a815002e80c0", "answers": [{"text": "60 million birds in the United States", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indoors under controlled conditions", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What are domesticated turkeys no longer grown in?", "id": "5a860699b4e223001a8e73c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What age is the moose considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?", "id": "5a860699b4e223001a8e73c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60 million birds", "answer_start": 880}], "question": "What is the average for the amount of parrots that are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?", "id": "5a860699b4e223001a8e73c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "What type of conditions are used to decrease the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?", "id": "5a860699b4e223001a8e73c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "How much more does a average commercial feather weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?", "id": "5a860699b4e223001a8e73c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions. These are often large buildings, purpose-built to provide ventilation and low light intensities (this reduces the birds' activity and thereby increases the rate of weight gain). The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly. Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19. Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts. Many different breeds have been developed, but the majority of commercial birds are white, as this improves the appearance of the dressed carcass, the pin feathers being less visible. Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas (10 million birds in the United Kingdom) or Thanksgiving (60 million birds in the United States). However, they are increasingly becoming part of the everyday diet in many parts of the world. "}], ["Angsa domestik jauh lebih besar daripada rakan liar mereka dan cenderung mempunyai leher tebal, postur tegak, dan badan besar dengan hujung belakang yang luas. Burung-burung yang berasal dari greylag adalah besar dan berisi dan digunakan untuk daging, sedangkan angsa Cina mempunyai bingkai yang lebih kecil dan terutama digunakan untuk pengeluaran telur. Denda kedua-duanya dinilai untuk digunakan dalam bantal dan pakaian empuk. Mereka memakan rumput dan rumput, menambah ini dengan invertebrata kecil, dan salah satu daya tarikan pemelihara angsa adalah keupayaan mereka untuk bertumbuh dan berkembang dengan sistem berasaskan rumput. Mereka sangat gregarious dan mempunyai kenangan yang baik dan boleh dibenarkan untuk berkeliaran secara meluas dalam pengetahuan bahawa mereka akan pulang ke rumah pada waktu senja. Angsa Cina lebih agresif dan bising daripada angsa lain dan boleh digunakan sebagai haiwan pengawal untuk memberi amaran kepada penyusup. Daging angsa daging berwarna gelap dan protein tinggi, tetapi mereka menyimpan lemak subkutan, walaupun lemak ini mengandung kebanyakan asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal. Burung-burung terbunuh sama ada sekitar 10 atau kira-kira 24 minggu. Antara umur ini, masalah dengan berpakaian karkas terjadi kerana adanya bulu pin. <> adakah angsa domestik dan liar mempunyai apperearance yang sama? || Angsa domestik jauh lebih besar daripada rakan liar mereka dan cenderung mempunyai leher tebal, postur tegak, dan badan besar dengan hujung belakang yang luas <> Apa jenis angsa digunakan untuk penggunaan manusia? || Burung-burung yang berasal dari greylag <> Apakah jenis angsa yang digunakan paling berkesan untuk pengeluaran telur mereka? || Angsa Cina <> Apakah bulu angsa yang paling biasa digunakan? || gunakan bantal dan pakaian empedu <> Mengapa daging angsa dianggap berlemak? || mereka mendeposit lemak subcutaneously, walaupun lemak ini mengandungi kebanyakan asid lemak tak jenuh <> Apa angsa tidak dapat membuat bunyi? || <> Apakah bulu angsa yang tidak pernah digunakan? || <> Kenapa daging angsa dianggap kurus? || <> Apakah satu-satunya jenis angsa yang tidak digunakan untuk kegunaan manusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?", "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806c", "answers": [{"text": "Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of geese are used for human consumption?", "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806d", "answers": [{"text": "The greylag-derived birds", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?", "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806e", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese geese", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?", "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e806f", "answers": [{"text": "use in pillows and padded garments", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?", "id": "5726488ddd62a815002e8070", "answers": [{"text": "they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids", "answer_start": 874}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese goose", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "What goose is unable to make any sound?", "id": "5a85e6b9b4e223001a8e72a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "use in pillows and padded garments", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What is the down feathers of geese never used for?", "id": "5a85e6b9b4e223001a8e72a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids", "answer_start": 874}], "question": "Why is the meat of geese considered lean?", "id": "5a85e6b9b4e223001a8e72a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "greylag-derived birds", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What is the only type of goose not used for human consumption?", "id": "5a85e6b9b4e223001a8e72a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments. They forage on grass and weeds, supplementing this with small invertebrates, and one of the attractions of rearing geese is their ability to grow and thrive on a grass-based system. They are very gregarious and have good memories and can be allowed to roam widely in the knowledge that they will return home by dusk. The Chinese goose is more aggressive and noisy than other geese and can be used as a guard animal to warn of intruders. The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein, but they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids. The birds are killed either around 10 or about 24 weeks. Between these ages, problems with dressing the carcase occur because of the presence of developing pin feathers."}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, penternak Jepun mula berkembang biak untuk menghasilkan pengeluaran telur yang lebih tinggi. Menjelang tahun 1940, industri telur puyuh berkembang pesat, tetapi peristiwa Perang Dunia II menyebabkan kehilangan telur puyuh yang dibiakkan untuk jenis lagu mereka, serta hampir semua orang yang dibiakkan untuk pengeluaran telur. Selepas peperangan, burung puyuh yang masih hidup digunakan untuk membina semula industri ini, dan semua saluran komersial dan makmal semasa dianggap berasal dari populasi ini. Burung moden boleh menaikkan 300 telur setahun dan negara-negara seperti Jepun, India, China, Itali, Rusia, dan Amerika Syarikat telah menubuhkan industri perladangan Jepun komersial. Burung puyuh Jepun juga digunakan dalam penyelidikan bioperubatan dalam bidang seperti genetik, embriologi, pemakanan, fisiologi, patologi, dan kajian toksik. Burung puyuh ini berkait rapat dengan puyuh biasa, dan banyak burung hibrid muda dilepaskan ke dalam liar setiap tahun untuk menambah populasi liar yang semakin berkurang. <> Mengapa orang-orang Japanse mula membiakkan burung puyuh di abad ke-20? || Penternak Jepun mula berkembang biak untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran telur. <> Bilakah perniagaan telur puyuh mula menjadi industri yang digerakkan oleh ekonomi? || Menjelang tahun 1940, industri telur puyuh berkembang pesat, <> Apa yang menyebabkan penyerapan yang ketara dalam pengeluaran telur puyuh berikutan ledakan industri? || peristiwa-peristiwa Perang Dunia II menyebabkan kehilangan telur puyuh lengkap untuk jenis lagu mereka, dan juga hampir semua orang yang dibiakkan untuk pengeluaran telur <> Berapa banyak telur yang dapat diletakkan pada hari-hari yang ada dalam decendants burung puyuh Jepun? || Burung moden boleh meletakkan 300 telur setahun <> Adakah puyuh digunakan untuk apa-apa tujuan selain daripada penggunaan manusia? || Burung puyuh Jepun juga digunakan dalam penyelidikan bioperubatan dalam bidang seperti genetik, embriologi, pemakanan, fisiologi, patologi, dan kajian ketoksikan <> Mengapa Jepun mula membiak puyuh pada abad ke-16? || <> Bilakah perniagaan telur puyuh gagal menjadi industri yang didorong oleh ekonomi? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan euforia yang ketara dalam pengeluaran telur puyuh berikutan ledakan industri? || <> Bidang apakah puyuh Jepun yang dilarang untuk digunakan? || <> Apa satu-satunya negara dengan industri peternakan puyuh Jepun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?", "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fc9", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?", "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fca", "answers": [{"text": "By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?", "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fcb", "answers": [{"text": "the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?", "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fcc", "answers": [{"text": "Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?", "id": "572653db5951b619008f6fcd", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Why did the Japanese begin to breed quails in the 16th century?", "id": "5a86089fb4e223001a8e73d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1940", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "When did the quail egg business fail to become an economic driven industry?", "id": "5a86089fb4e223001a8e73d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What caused a marked euphoria in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?", "id": "5a86089fb4e223001a8e73d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies", "answer_start": 755}], "question": "What fields are Japanese quail forbidden to be used?", "id": "5a86089fb4e223001a8e73d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "What is the only country with a Japanese quail farming industry?", "id": "5a86089fb4e223001a8e73d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, the few surviving domesticated quail were used to rebuild the industry, and all current commercial and laboratory lines are considered to have originated from this population. Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries. Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies. These quail are closely related to the common quail, and many young hybrid birds are released into the wild each year to replenish dwindling wild populations."}], ["Secara umum, avian influenza adalah penyakit burung yang disebabkan oleh virus influenza-spesifik burung yang tidak biasanya dipindahkan kepada orang-orang; Walau bagaimanapun, orang yang bersentuhan dengan ayam hidup berada pada risiko yang paling besar untuk dijangkiti virus ini dan ini adalah kebimbangan khusus di kawasan-kawasan seperti Asia Tenggara, di mana penyakit itu endemik dalam populasi burung liar dan unggas domestik boleh dijangkiti. Virus mungkin boleh bermutasi menjadi sangat berotak dan menular pada manusia dan menyebabkan pandemik influenza. <> Adakah selesema burung hanya berisiko kepada haiwan? || orang yang bersentuhan dengan ayam hidup berada pada risiko yang paling besar untuk dijangkiti virus <> Apa bahagian dunia dianggap paling berisiko untuk penyebaran selesema burung? || kawasan seperti Asia Tenggara, di mana penyakit itu endemik dalam populasi burung liar dan ayam ternakan boleh dijangkiti <> Apakah bahaya kepada manusia dalam hal penyebaran selesema burung kepada manusia? || Virus mungkin boleh bermutasi menjadi sangat berotak dan menular pada manusia dan menyebabkan pandemik influenza. <> Bolehkah selesema burung menyerap dari burung liar ke burung yang disimpan dalam penternakan? || penyakit itu endemik dalam populasi burung liar dan ternakan dalam negeri boleh dijangkiti. <> Mengapa selesema burung hanya berisiko kepada haiwan? || <> Apa bahagian dunia yang kebal terhadap selesema? || <> Mengapa influenza burung dianggap selamat? || <> Apakah jenis unggas yang kebal terhadap selesema burung? || <> Apa yang paling biasa dijumpai pada orang berbanding dengan burung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?", "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a0", "answers": [{"text": "people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?", "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a1", "answers": [{"text": "areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?", "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a2", "answers": [{"text": "The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?", "id": "5726660bdd62a815002e83a3", "answers": [{"text": "the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "Why is the Avian flu only a risk to animals?", "id": "5a8615a4b4e223001a8e746b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "areas such as Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What portion of the world is immune to the flu?", "id": "5a8615a4b4e223001a8e746c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "Why is the avian influenza considered to be completely safe?", "id": "5a8615a4b4e223001a8e746d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "domestic poultry", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What kind of poultry are immune to avian influenza?", "id": "5a8615a4b4e223001a8e746e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "avian influenza", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What is most commonly found in people compared to birds?", "id": "5a8615a4b4e223001a8e746f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic."}], ["Satu kajian 2011 oleh Institut Penyelidikan Genomik Translasi menunjukkan bahawa 47% daging dan unggas yang dijual di kedai runcit Amerika Syarikat tercemar dengan Staphylococcus aureus, dan 52% daripada bakteria berkenaan menunjukkan ketahanan terhadap sekurang-kurangnya tiga kumpulan antibiotik. Memasak dengan sempurna produk akan membunuh bakteria ini, tetapi risiko pencemaran silang daripada pengendalian produk mentah yang tidak betul masih ada. Juga, ada risiko untuk pengguna daging ayam dan telur untuk jangkitan bakteria seperti Salmonella dan Campylobacter. Produk ayam boleh menjadi tercemar oleh bakteria ini semasa pengendalian, pemprosesan, pemasaran, atau penyimpanan, mengakibatkan penyakit yang ditanggung oleh makanan jika produk dimasak atau ditangani secara tidak wajar. <> Bilakah mungkin bagi baccteria masuk ke dalam ayam sebelum anda mendapatkannya? || Penyelidikan Genomik Translasi <> Berapa peratus daripada ayam ternoda dengan bakteria Staphylococcus? || 47% <> Adakah bakteria yang terdapat pada ayam mudah disingkirkan? || Memasak dengan sempurna produk akan membunuh bakteria ini, <> Apa pertimbangan yang perlu pengguna apabila menggunakan prosedur pengendalian yang selamat dengan ayam tanpa mengira kaedah memasak yang digunakan ?? || risiko pencemaran silang daripada pengendalian produk mentah yang tidak betul masih ada <> Mengapa tidak boleh memasuki bakteria bakteria? || <> Apakah peratusan ubat tercemar dengan bakteria Staphylococcus? || <> Apakah jangkitan bakteria yang tidak mungkin sehingga hari ini? || <> Apakah mitos umum mengenai ayam dan bakteria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?", "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ab", "answers": [{"text": "Translational Genomics Research", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?", "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ac", "answers": [{"text": "47%", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?", "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ad", "answers": [{"text": "Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??", "id": "5726652c708984140094c4ae", "answers": [{"text": "a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Why can't bacteria enter poultry?", "id": "5a8614aeb4e223001a8e7463", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47%", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What percentage of medicine is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?", "id": "5a8614aeb4e223001a8e7464", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Salmonella and Campylobacter", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "What bacterial infections are not possible as of today?", "id": "5a8614aeb4e223001a8e7465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What is a common myth about poultry and bacteria?", "id": "5a8614aeb4e223001a8e7466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled."}], ["Pengeluaran dunia daging itik adalah kira-kira 4.2 juta tan pada tahun 2011 dengan China menghasilkan dua pertiga dari jumlah itu, sekitar 1.7 juta burung. Negara penghasil itik lain yang terkenal di Timur Jauh termasuk Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia dan Korea Selatan (jumlah keseluruhan 12%). Perancis (3.5%) adalah pengeluar terbesar di Barat, diikuti oleh negara EU lain (3%) dan Amerika Utara (1.7%). China juga merupakan pengeluar unggas unggas dan guinea terbesar, dengan 94% bahagian pasaran global sebanyak 2.6 juta tan. <> Berapa banyak itik yang dihasilkan China untuk kegunaan pada tahun 2011? || China menghasilkan dua pertiga daripada jumlah keseluruhan, kira-kira 1.7 bilion burung <> Apa negara-negara lain yang penting untuk perniagaan penternakan itik? || Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia dan Korea Selatan (jumlah keseluruhan 12%) <> Siapa pengeluar daging itik terbesar di kalangan negara-negara barat? || Perancis (3.5%) adalah pengeluar terbesar di Barat, <> Apa peratusan pasaran yang dipegang oleh negara yang menguasai bahagian terbesar pasaran global untuk daging ayam dan guinea guinea || 94% saham <> Berapa banyak bebek yang dihasilkan China untuk kartun pada tahun 2011? || <> Negara apa saja yang memakan daging ayam dan guinea? || <> Di mana makan itik yang dilarang? || <> Siapa satu-satunya pengeluar daging itik di kalangan negara-negara barat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?", "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda4", "answers": [{"text": "China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?", "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda5", "answers": [{"text": "Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?", "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda6", "answers": [{"text": "France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat", "id": "57266066f1498d1400e8dda7", "answers": [{"text": "94% share", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some 1.7 billion birds", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "How many ducks did China produce for cartoons in 2011?", "id": "5a86115eb4e223001a8e7441", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What country only eats goose and guinea fowl meat?", "id": "5a86115eb4e223001a8e7442", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thailand", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "Where is eating duck forbidden?", "id": "5a86115eb4e223001a8e7443", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "Who is the only producer of duck meat among the western nations?", "id": "5a86115eb4e223001a8e7444", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market."}], ["Ayam boleh didapati segar atau beku, sebagai burung keseluruhan atau sebagai sendi (potongan), tulang dalam atau dibebaskan, berpengalaman dalam pelbagai cara, mentah atau siap dimasak. Bahagian-bahagian paling kecil dari burung adalah otot penerbangan di dada, yang dipanggil \"payudara\" daging, dan otot-otot berjalan di kaki, dipanggil \"paha\" dan \"drumstick\". Sayap juga dimakan (sayap Buffalo adalah contoh yang popular di Amerika Syarikat) dan boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga segmen, \"drumette\", \"sayap\" (juga disebut \"rata\"), dan ujung sayap (juga dipanggil \"flapper\"). Di Jepun, sayap sering dipisahkan, dan bahagian ini dirujuk sebagai \u624b \u7fbd \u5143 (asas sayap teba-moto) dan \u624b \u7fbd \u5148 (tip sayap teba-saki). <> Adakah ayam boleh didapati dalam pelbagai bentuk? || segar atau beku, sebagai burung utuh atau sebagai sendi (potongan), tulang dalam atau diperdebatkan, berpengalaman dalam pelbagai cara, mentah atau siap dimasak. <> Apakah bahagian antologi burung yang paling besar kerana ia meleleh untuk memakan daging? || Bahagian-bahagian paling kecil dari burung ialah otot penerbangan di dada, yang dipanggil \"payudara\" daging, dan otot-otot berjalan di kaki, disebut \"paha\" dan \"drumstick\" <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian tertentu burung digunakan untuk sebab-sebab tertentu hubungan dengan penerima? || sayap juga dimakan (sayap Buffalo adalah contoh yang popular di Amerika Syarikat) dan boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga segmen, <> Apakah bentuk cecair yang biasanya disimpan dalam ayam? || <> Makanan macam apa yang tidak boleh dibebaskan? || <> Apa bahagian burung yang dianggap racun? || <> Sayap apa jenis yang tidak lagi dimakan di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Is poultry available in various forms?", "id": "5726618d5951b619008f70ff", "answers": [{"text": "fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?", "id": "5726618d5951b619008f7100", "answers": [{"text": "The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called \"breast\" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the \"thigh\" and \"drumstick\"", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?", "id": "5726618d5951b619008f7101", "answers": [{"text": "wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fresh or frozen", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What liquid form is poultry normally kept in?", "id": "5a861206b4e223001a8e7449", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poultry", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What kind of food can never be deboned?", "id": "5a861206b4e223001a8e744a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the flight muscles on its chest, called \"breast\" meat", "answer_start": 174}], "question": "What part of the bird is considered poison?", "id": "5a861206b4e223001a8e744b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buffalo wings", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What kind of wings are no longer eaten in the US?", "id": "5a861206b4e223001a8e744c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called \"breast\" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the \"thigh\" and \"drumstick\". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier \"drumette\", the \"wingette\" (also called the \"flat\"), and the wing tip (also called the \"flapper\"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as \u624b\u7fbd\u5143 (teba-moto \"wing base\") and \u624b\u7fbd\u5148 (teba-saki \"wing tip\")."}], ["Daging gelap, yang ahli myomi burung merujuk sebagai \"otot merah\", digunakan untuk aktiviti yang berterusan-terutamanya berjalan, dalam hal ayam. Warna gelap berasal dari protein myoglobin, yang memainkan peranan utama dalam pengambilan oksigen dan penyimpanan dalam sel. Sebaliknya, otot putih sesuai untuk aktiviti pecah pendek seperti, untuk ayam, terbang. Oleh itu, daging ayam dan daging paha gelap, manakala daging payudara (yang membentuk otot penerbangan primer) berwarna putih. Burung lain dengan otot payudara lebih sesuai untuk penerbangan yang berkelanjutan, seperti itik dan angsa, mempunyai otot merah (dan karenanya daging gelap) sepanjang. Sesetengah potongan daging termasuk unggas mendedahkan struktur biasa mikroskopik fibrils otot intraselular yang dapat meresap cahaya dan menghasilkan warna-warna cerah, suatu fenomena optik yang kadang-kadang dipanggil penukaran struktur. <> Adakah terdapat sebab-sebab untuk daging gelap yang mempunyai ayam? || Warna gelap berasal dari protein myoglobin, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pengambilan oksigen dan penyimpanan dalam sel <> Apakah daging ayam putih sebenarnya digunakan oleh binatang? || Sebaliknya, otot putih hanya sesuai untuk pecah-pecah aktiviti seperti ayam, terbang, ayam, terbang <> Apa yang menyebabkan daging beberapa ayam menunjukkan pelangi seperti striations colr? || struktur biasa mikroskopik fibrils otot intraselular yang boleh meresap cahaya dan menghasilkan warna-warna cerah <> Adakah beberapa jenis ayam mempunyai lebih banyak daging gelap daripada yang lain? || burung dengan otot payudara lebih sesuai untuk penerbangan yang berkelanjutan, seperti itik dan angsa, mempunyai otot merah (dan karenanya daging gelap) sepanjang <> Apakah satu-satunya jenis daging yang terdapat pada burung? || <> Mengapa daging ayam putih tidak pernah digunakan oleh haiwan? || <> Burung apa yang tidak mempunyai otot payudara? || <> Jenis daging apa yang dianggap berbahaya untuk dimakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?", "id": "572663915951b619008f7135", "answers": [{"text": "The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?", "id": "572663915951b619008f7136", "answers": [{"text": "White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?", "id": "572663915951b619008f7137", "answers": [{"text": "the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?", "id": "572663915951b619008f7138", "answers": [{"text": "birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dark meat", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the only kind of meat available in birds?", "id": "5a8612f3b4e223001a8e7451", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "is suitable only for short bursts of activity", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "Why is white meat of chicken never actually used by the animal?", "id": "5a8612f3b4e223001a8e7452", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ducks and geese", "answer_start": 554}], "question": "What birds have no breast muscle?", "id": "5a8612f3b4e223001a8e7453", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dark meat", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "What kind of meat is considered dangerous to eat?", "id": "5a8612f3b4e223001a8e7454", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as \"red muscle\", is used for sustained activity\u2014chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration."}], ["Bakteria boleh ditanam di makmal mengenai media kultur nutrien, tetapi virus memerlukan sel hidup untuk ditiru. Banyak vaksin untuk penyakit berjangkit boleh ditanam dalam telur ayam yang disenyawakan. Berjuta-juta telur digunakan setiap tahun untuk menjana keperluan vaksin flu tahunan, proses kompleks yang mengambil masa kira-kira enam bulan selepas keputusan dibuat mengenai jenis virus yang dimasukkan ke dalam vaksin baru. Masalah dengan menggunakan telur untuk tujuan ini ialah orang yang mempunyai alahan telur tidak dapat diimunisasi, tetapi kelemahan ini dapat diatasi sebagai teknik baru bagi budaya berasaskan sel dan bukannya budaya berasaskan telur. Budaya berasaskan sel juga akan berguna dalam pandemik apabila sukar untuk mendapatkan jumlah telur yang steril dan subur yang cukup banyak. <> Apakah telur unggas yang digunakan untuk diketepikan? || Banyak vaksin untuk penyakit berjangkit boleh ditanam dalam telur ayam yang disenyawakan. <> Apakah masalah utama yang dihadapi dalam menggunakan ayam untuk menanam vaksin? || alahan telur tidak dapat diimunisasi <> Berapa lamakah vaksin selsema siap sepenuhnya untuk penempatan ke dalam populasi? || proses yang mengambil masa kira-kira enam bulan <> Untuk membuat vaksin, apakah yang diperlukan oleh virus itu bahawa bakteria tidak? || virus memerlukan sel-sel hidup untuk meniru <> Teknologi baru apa yang digunakan dalam proses pembuatan vaksin yang akan membuat vaksin lebih selamat dan lebih mudah untuk kebanyakan pengguna? || . Budaya berasaskan sel <> Mengapa telur unggas tidak berguna selain dari penggunaan? || <> Mengapa tidak ada kesukaran untuk menggunakan ayam untuk menanam vaksin? || <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh virus untuk ditiru di makmal? || <> Apakah proses mudah yang memerlukan masa kira-kira satu bulan untuk dipersiapkan? || <> Makanan apa yang paling jarang dikaitkan dengan alergi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?", "id": "572668125951b619008f71c9", "answers": [{"text": "Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?", "id": "572668125951b619008f71ca", "answers": [{"text": "egg allergies are unable to be immunised", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?", "id": "572668125951b619008f71cb", "answers": [{"text": "process that takes about six months", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?", "id": "572668125951b619008f71cc", "answers": [{"text": "viruses need living cells in which to replicate", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?", "id": "572668125951b619008f71cd", "answers": [{"text": ". Cell-based culture", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "Why are poultry eggs useless aside from consumption?", "id": "5a8616e4b4e223001a8e7475", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "Why is there no difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?", "id": "5a8616e4b4e223001a8e7476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nutrient culture media", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What do viruses need in order to replicate in the laboratory?", "id": "5a8616e4b4e223001a8e7477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "annual flu vaccine requirements", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "What is a simple process that takes about one month to prepare?", "id": "5a8616e4b4e223001a8e7478", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "egg", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "What food is least commonly associated with allergy?", "id": "5a8616e4b4e223001a8e7479", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs."}], ["Kedua-dua pertanian intensif dan bebas mempunyai kebimbangan terhadap kebajikan haiwan. Dalam sistem yang intensif, kanibalisme, bulu pecking dan ventilasi pecking boleh menjadi biasa, dengan sesetengah petani menggunakan paruh memotong sebagai langkah pencegahan. Penyakit juga boleh menjadi biasa dan tersebar dengan cepat melalui kawanan. Dalam sistem yang luas, burung terdedah kepada keadaan cuaca yang buruk dan terdedah kepada pemangsa dan burung liar yang membawa penyakit. Sistem Barn telah didapati mempunyai kebajikan burung terburuk. Di Asia Tenggara, kekurangan kawalan penyakit dalam pertanian bebas telah dikaitkan dengan wabak selesema burung. <> Apakah kebimbangan utama dengan program pembiakan yang intensif? || kanibalisme, bulu pecking dan ventilasi pecking boleh jadi biasa <> Apa langkah-langkah yang kasar yang digunakan para petani untuk mencegah ayam daripada merugikan diri mereka atau orang lain? || sesetengah petani menggunakan paruh memotong sebagai langkah pencegahan <> Apakah beberapa kebimbangan utama dengan program pembiakan yang luas seperti rangkaian percuma? || burung-burung itu terdedah kepada keadaan cuaca yang buruk dan terdedah kepada pemangsa dan burung liar yang membawa penyakit. <> Bagaimana penyebaran selesema burung berkaitan dengan keadaan di mana ayam disimpan? || Di Asia Tenggara, kekurangan kawalan penyakit dalam pertanian bebas telah dikaitkan dengan wabak selesema burung. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai permasalahan paling membimbangkan untuk ayam yang dibesarkan dalam? || Sistem Barn telah didapati mempunyai kebajikan burung terburuk. <> Apakah beberapa masalah kecil dengan program pembiakan yang intensif? || <> Apakah langkah-langkah yang kasar dilakukan petani untuk menggalakkan ayam untuk membahayakan diri mereka sendiri atau orang lain? || <> Apa yang biasanya lambat menyebar melalui kawanan? || <> Apa satu-satunya jenis ladang yang mempunyai kebajikan haiwan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?", "id": "57265c265951b619008f708d", "answers": [{"text": "cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?", "id": "57265c265951b619008f708e", "answers": [{"text": "some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?", "id": "57265c265951b619008f708f", "answers": [{"text": "the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?", "id": "57265c265951b619008f7090", "answers": [{"text": "In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?", "id": "57265c265951b619008f7091", "answers": [{"text": "Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What are some of the minor concerns with intensive breeding programs?", "id": "5a860ec8b4e223001a8e741d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some farmers using beak trimming", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What harsh measures do farmers use to encourage chickens to harm themselves or others?", "id": "5a860ec8b4e223001a8e741e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Diseases", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What are typically slow to spread through the flock?", "id": "5a860ec8b4e223001a8e741f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "free-range farming", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What is the only type of farming that has animal welfare concerns?", "id": "5a860ec8b4e223001a8e7420", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza."}], ["Di banyak negara, pameran unggas kebangsaan dan serantau diadakan di mana peminat memamerkan burung mereka yang dinilai berdasarkan ciri-ciri baka fenotipikal seperti yang ditetapkan oleh piawaian baka masing-masing. Idea pameran ternakan mungkin berasal selepas sabung ayam dijadikan haram, sebagai satu cara untuk mengekalkan elemen kompetitif dalam penternakan ayam. Piawaian baka disusun untuk telur, jenis daging, dan burung-burung hiasan semata-mata, yang bertujuan untuk keseragaman. Kadang-kadang, pameran ayam adalah sebahagian daripada pameran ternakan umum, dan kadang-kadang mereka adalah acara yang berasingan seperti tahunan \"Pertandingan Kejohanan Kebangsaan\" di United Kingdom yang dianjurkan oleh Kelab Unggas di Great Britain. <> Adakah terdapat tempat di mana pencinta ayam dapat melihat beberapa sifat terbaiknya? || Di banyak negara, pameran unggas kebangsaan dan serantau diadakan di mana peminat memamerkan burung-burung mereka. Dalam pertandingan seperti apa ayam ayam? Apa attibutes dianggap berdaya maju? || burung yang dinilai berdasarkan ciri-ciri baka fenotipikal seperti yang ditentukan oleh piawaian baka masing-masing <> Adakah terdapat piawaian baka yang digunakan untuk pertandingan? || Piawai baka telah disediakan untuk telur-laying, jenis daging, dan burung-burung hiasan semata-mata, bertujuan untuk keseragaman <> Apakah beberapa kejohanan ternakan yang paling banyak diketahui? || tahunan \"Pertandingan Kejohanan Kebangsaan\" di United Kingdom yang dianjurkan oleh Kelab Unggas di Great Britain. <> Dari manakah gagasan pertandingan ayam orginate? || Idea pameran ternakan mungkin berasal selepas sabung ayam dijadikan haram, sebagai satu cara untuk mengekalkan elemen yang kompetitif dalam penternakan ayam <> Di mana peternakan kebangsaan dan serantau menunjukkan diharamkan? || <> Apa yang tidak pernah dibuat menyalahi undang-undang yang melibatkan burung bertarung? || <> Apa yang tidak pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada pameran ternakan umum? || <> Apakah kejohanan unggas yang tidak diketahui? || <> Mengapa ayam menunjukkan tidak dibenarkan di kebanyakan negara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?", "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d2", "answers": [{"text": "In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?", "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d3", "answers": [{"text": "birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are there breed standards used for the competitions?", "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d4", "answers": [{"text": "Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?", "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d5", "answers": [{"text": "the annual \"National Championship Show\" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?", "id": "57265dc9dd62a815002e82d6", "answers": [{"text": "The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In many countries", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Where are national and regional poultry shows banned?", "id": "5a860fd3b4e223001a8e742f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cockfighting", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What was never made illegal that involves birds fighting?", "id": "5a860fd3b4e223001a8e7430", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "poultry shows", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What are never part of general livestock shows?", "id": "5a860fd3b4e223001a8e7431", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the annual \"National Championship Show\" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "What are the unknown poultry tournaments?", "id": "5a860fd3b4e223001a8e7432", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enthusiasts exhibit their birds", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Why are poultry shows not allowed in most countries?", "id": "5a860fd3b4e223001a8e7433", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general livestock shows, and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual \"National Championship Show\" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain."}], ["Ternakan adalah jenis daging yang kedua paling banyak dimakan di dunia, yang menyumbang kira-kira 30% daripada jumlah pengeluaran daging di seluruh dunia berbanding babi pada 38%. Enam belas juta ekor burung dibangkitkan setiap tahun untuk digunakan, lebih separuh daripada ini dalam unit pengeluaran industri seperti kilang. Pengeluaran daging broiler global meningkat kepada 84.6 juta ton pada tahun 2013. Pengeluar terbesar adalah Amerika Syarikat (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) dan Kesatuan Eropah (11.3%). Terdapat dua model pengeluaran yang berbeza; model rantaian bekalan Kesatuan Eropah bertujuan membekalkan produk yang dapat dikesan kembali ke ladang asalnya. Model ini menghadapi peningkatan kos untuk melaksanakan keperluan keselamatan makanan tambahan, isu kebajikan dan peraturan alam sekitar. Sebaliknya, model Amerika Syarikat mengubah produk menjadi komoditi. <> Jo yang biasa adalah unggas di dunia? || Ternak adalah jenis daging yang kedua paling banyak dimakan di dunia, kira-kira 30% daripada jumlah pengeluaran daging di seluruh dunia <> Berapa banyak haiwan dari pelbagai ayam yang dibesarkan untuk penggunaan setiap tahun? || Enam belas juta ekor burung dibangkitkan setiap tahun <> Apa jenis energinya adalah unggas yang paling banyak dibangkitkan? || lebih daripada separuh daripada ini dalam unit pengeluaran industri seperti kilang <> Berapa banyak model industri diikuti untuk proses pengeluaran ayam? || Terdapat dua model pengeluaran yang berbeza; <> Apakah model Eropahon perniagaan ayam itu? || model rantaian bekalan Kesatuan Eropah bertujuan untuk membekalkan produk yang dapat dikesan kembali ke ladang asal <> Apakah satu-satunya jenis daging yang dimakan di dunia? || <> Apakah jenis persekitaran ayam yang sentiasa dibesarkan? || <> Berapa banyak model industri tidak diikuti untuk proses pengeluaran ayam? || <> Negara apa yang belum pernah mempunyai ayam sebelum ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?", "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3eb", "answers": [{"text": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?", "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ec", "answers": [{"text": "Sixteen billion birds are raised annually", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?", "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ed", "answers": [{"text": "more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?", "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ee", "answers": [{"text": "There are two distinct models of production;", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?", "id": "57265f0f708984140094c3ef", "answers": [{"text": "the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poultry", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the only type of meat that is eaten in the world?", "id": "5a8610bfb4e223001a8e7439", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "industrialised, factory-like production units", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What type of environment is poultry always raised in?", "id": "5a8610bfb4e223001a8e743a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "How many industry models are not followed for the production process of poultry?", "id": "5a8610bfb4e223001a8e743b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 777}], "question": "What country has never had poultry before?", "id": "5a8610bfb4e223001a8e743c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity."}], ["Ayam meningkat secara intensif untuk daging mereka dikenali sebagai \"broiler\". Baka telah dikembangkan yang boleh berkembang ke saiz bangkai yang boleh diterima (2 kg (4.4 lb)) dalam masa enam minggu atau kurang. Para pembajak tumbuh dengan pesat, kaki mereka tidak dapat sentiasa menyokong berat badan mereka dan sistem jantung dan pernafasan mereka tidak dapat membekalkan oksigen yang mencukupi kepada otot mereka yang sedang berkembang. Kadar kematian pada 1% jauh lebih tinggi daripada burung laying yang kurang intensif yang mengambil masa 18 minggu untuk mencapai berat yang sama. Memproses burung dilakukan secara automatik dengan kecekapan penghantar-tali pinggang. Mereka digantung oleh kakinya, terkejut, dibunuh, dibesarkan, dicemari, dipetik, dipotong, dibuang, dibasuh, dibasuh, disejukkan, dibasuh, ditimbang, dan dibungkus, semuanya dalam masa kurang dari dua jam. <> Apakah saiz purata ayam yang digunakan secara meluas untuk pengeluaran daging yang dinaikkan dalam persekitaran yang intensif? || saiz karkas (2 kg (4.4 lb)) <> Berapa lamakah diperlukan untuk menghidupkan broiler dengan persekitaran yang intensif untuk mencapai saiz yang optimum? || enam minggu atau kurang <> Berapakah kadar kematian di kalangan ayam yang merupakan baka intensivley menjadi broiler? || Kadar kematian pada 1% <> Adakah ayam yang dinaikkan dalam kaedah broiler intensif mengalami kecederaan kesihatan? || kaki mereka tidak boleh selalu menyokong berat badan mereka dan hati mereka dan sistem pernafasan mungkin tidak dapat membekalkan oksigen yang cukup kepada otot mereka yang sedang berkembang. <> Berapa lamakah masa untuk ayam yang dibangkitkan dalam envionment yang kurang intensif untuk mencapai saiz broiler yang optimum? || 18 minggu untuk mencapai berat yang sama <> Apakah ayam yang dibangkitkan hanya untuk rasa fesyen mereka yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Berapa lamakah pengambilan ayam untuk mencapai saiz besar? || <> Apakah kadar kematian di kalangan ayam yang secara intensif dibiakkan menjadi ayam goreng? || <> Mengapa ayam broiler dianggap ayam yang sangat sihat? || <> Bagaimana ayam suka menghabiskan percutian mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment? ", "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcec", "answers": [{"text": "carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?", "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dced", "answers": [{"text": "six weeks or less", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?", "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcee", "answers": [{"text": "Mortality rates at 1%", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?", "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcef", "answers": [{"text": "their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles.", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?", "id": "57265aa2f1498d1400e8dcf0", "answers": [{"text": "18 weeks to reach similar weights", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "broilers", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "What are chickens raised only for their fashion sense known as?", "id": "5a860e2eb4e223001a8e7413", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18 weeks", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "How long does it take a broiler to reach gargantuan size?", "id": "5a860e2eb4e223001a8e7414", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mortality rates at 1%", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "What is the death rate among chickens who are intensively bred to be fried chicken?", "id": "5a860e2eb4e223001a8e7415", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles", "answer_start": 200}], "question": "Why are broilers considered to be very healthy chickens?", "id": "5a860e2eb4e223001a8e7416", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "How do chickens like to spend their vacations?", "id": "5a860e2eb4e223001a8e7417", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as \"broilers\". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb)) in six weeks or less. Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights. Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed, all within the course of little over two hours."}], ["Daging dan telur unggas menyediakan makanan yang bermanfaat untuk nutrisi yang mengandungi protein yang berkualiti tinggi. Ini disertai dengan tahap rendah lemak yang mempunyai campuran asid lemak yang menggalakkan. Daging ayam mengandungi kira-kira dua hingga tiga kali ganda lemak tepu tak tepu sebagai kebanyakan jenis daging merah apabila diukur dengan berat badan. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk dada ayam tanpa kulit, jumlahnya jauh lebih rendah. Satu hidangan 100 g yang dibakar dada ayam mengandungi 4 g lemak dan 31 g protein, berbanding dengan 10 g lemak dan 27 g protein untuk bahagian yang sama steak skirt yang dipanggang. <> Apakah nilai nutrien untuk manusia unggas dan produk ayam? || protein berkualiti tinggi <> Apakah lemak dan kandungan protien dari ram 100g yang mengandungi susu ayam bakar mengandungi? || 4 g lemak dan 31 g protein <> Berapa banyak lemak sihat dalam purata hidangan ayam? || dua hingga tiga kali ganda lemak tepu tak tepu kerana kebanyakan jenis daging merah <> Adakah ayam mengandungi lemak? || tahap lemak yang rendah yang mempunyai campuran asid lemak <> daging apa yang tidak mempunyai nilai pemakanan kepada manusia? || <> Apakah protein daging apa yang paling rendah? || <> Berapakah jumlah lemak penuh lemak yang terdapat pada dada ayam purata? || <> Makanan apa yang dianggap toksik apabila dicampur dengan ayam? || <> Mengapa ayam mempunyai kandungan lemak terendah daging mana-mana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?", "id": "5726696b708984140094c51f", "answers": [{"text": "protein of high quality", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?", "id": "5726696b708984140094c520", "answers": [{"text": "4 g of fat and 31 g of protein", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?", "id": "5726696b708984140094c521", "answers": [{"text": "two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does chicken contain fat?", "id": "5726696b708984140094c522", "answers": [{"text": "low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Poultry meat", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What meat has no nutritional value to humans?", "id": "5a8613dab4e223001a8e7459", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chicken", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What meat's protein is the lowest quality?", "id": "5a8613dab4e223001a8e745a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "4", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "How many full pounds of fat are found in an average chicken breast?", "id": "5a8613dab4e223001a8e745b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eggs", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What food is considered toxic when mixed with poultry?", "id": "5a8613dab4e223001a8e745c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "Why does chicken have the lowest fat content of any meat?", "id": "5a8613dab4e223001a8e745d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein, compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak."}]], [["Di Belanda sendiri, Diet tidak digunakan umum - walaupun Platdiets masih digunakan untuk dialek Limburgish-Ripuarian di timur laut Belgium. Nederlands, kata Belanda rasmi untuk \"Belanda\", tidak menjadi kukuh sehingga abad ke-19. Penamaan ini telah digunakan setakat akhir abad ke-15, tetapi mendapat persaingan daripada istilah Nederduits yang lebih popular, \"Low Dutch\", atas beberapa sebab. Salah satunya adalah ia mencerminkan perbezaan dengan Hoogduits, \"High Dutch\", yang bermaksud bahasa yang digunakan di Jerman. Hoog kemudiannya digugurkan, dan oleh itu, Duits dipersempit dengan maksud untuk merujuk kepada bahasa Jerman. <> Orang Belanda tidak mempunyai kata rasmi untuk bahasa \"Belanda\" hingga abad apa? || 19 <> Apa perkataan yang bermaksud \"Low Dutch\" kadangkala digunakan untuk membezakan bahasa Belanda dari bahasa Jerman? || Nederduits <> Daripada \"Jerman\", perkataan apa yang digunakan untuk merujuk bahasa bahasa Jerman? || Hoogduits <> Apa kata \"Hoogduits\" diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Tinggi Belanda <> Sekarang bahawa \"Nederlands\" digunakan untuk bahasa Belanda dalam bahasa Belanda, apa yang disebut oleh penceramah Belanda untuk bahasa Jerman? || Duits", {"qas": [{"question": "Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the \"Dutch\" language until what century?", "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3a", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word meaning \"Low Dutch\" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?", "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3b", "answers": [{"text": "Nederduits", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Instead of \"German,\" what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?", "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3c", "answers": [{"text": "Hoogduits", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does \"Hoogduits\" translate to in English?", "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3d", "answers": [{"text": "High Dutch", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Now that \"Nederlands\" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?", "id": "5725c49a89a1e219009abe3e", "answers": [{"text": "Duits", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for \"Dutch\", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, \"Low Dutch\", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, \"High Dutch\", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language."}], ["Tiga dialek bahasa Jerman pada asalnya dituturkan di Negara-negara Rendah: Frisian di utara dan di sepanjang pantai barat; Saxon di timur (bersebelahan dengan kawasan rendah Jerman); dan Franconian di tengah dan selatan. Ia adalah dialek Franconian yang ditakrifkan sebagai Old Dutch, dan yang akan berkembang di Belanda Tengah dan kemudian Belanda Modern. Bahagian dalam fasa pembangunan ini kebanyakannya konvensional, kerana peralihan di antara mereka sangat beransur-ansur. Salah satu daripada beberapa saat ahli bahasa dapat mengesan sedikit revolusi adalah apabila bahasa standard Belanda muncul dan dengan cepat menubuhkan dirinya. Perkembangan bahasa Belanda diilustrasikan oleh kalimat berikut di Belanda Lama, Tengah dan Modern: <> Berapa banyak versi bahasa Jermanik yang bercakap di Negara Rendah? || Tiga <> Bahasa Dialek mana yang digunakan di kawasan timur? || Saxon <> Dialek mana yang disebut sebagai \"Old Dutch\"? || Franconian <> Adakah peralihan dari Belanda Lama ke Belanda Moden beransur-ansur, atau adakah ia berlaku dengan cepat? || secara beransur-ansur <> Bahasa Dialek mana yang digunakan di utara dan barat negara-negara rendah? || Frisian", {"qas": [{"question": "How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?", "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad35f", "answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?", "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad360", "answers": [{"text": "Saxon", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dialects are referred to as \"Old Dutch\"?", "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad361", "answers": [{"text": "Franconian", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?", "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad362", "answers": [{"text": "gradual", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? ", "id": "57263e1638643c19005ad363", "answers": [{"text": "Frisian", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:"}], ["Istilah Nederduits, bagaimanapun memperkenalkan kekeliruan yang baru, memandangkan dialek yang tidak bersifat standard yang dituturkan di utara Jerman juga dikenali sebagai Niederdeutsch juga, dan oleh itu rujukan rujukan dalam namanya telah jatuh, yang membawa kepada Nederlands sebagai sebutan untuk merujuk kepada Belanda bahasa. Penggunaan berulang Neder (atau \"rendah\") untuk merujuk kepada bahasa Belanda adalah rujukan kepada lokasi downriver Belanda di delta Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt dekat Laut Utara, memasuki kembali tatanama Latin, mis. Germania Inferior. Lihat juga: Belanda (toponymy). <> Apakah perkataan baru untuk Belanda yang masih menyebabkan kekeliruan dengan bahasa yang digunakan di Jerman? || Nederduits <> Apakah perkataan \"Neder\" diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || rendah <> Belanda \"rendah\" kerana penempatan mereka berhampiran delta oleh Laut Utara? || Bahasa Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta <> Bahasa apa yang memulakan trend merujuk kepada Belanda sebagai \"Germania Inferior\"? || Latin <> \"Nederduits\" sering menyebabkan orang untuk mencampur bahasa Belanda dengan yang dituturkan di kawasan berarah Jerman? || utara", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?", "id": "5725c68938643c19005accaf", "answers": [{"text": "Nederduits", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the word \"Neder\" translate to in English?", "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb0", "answers": [{"text": "low", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Netherlands are \"low\" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?", "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb1", "answers": [{"text": "Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as \"Germania Inferior\"?", "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb2", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"Nederduits\" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? ", "id": "5725c68938643c19005accb3", "answers": [{"text": "north", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or \"low\") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy)."}], ["Bahasa Belanda telah dikenal di bawah pelbagai nama. Di Belanda Tengah, yang merupakan koleksi dialek, dietsc digunakan di Flanders dan Brabant, sementara diet atau duutsc digunakan di Belanda Utara. Ia berasal dari perkataan theodis Lama Germanik, salah satu daripada nama pertama yang pernah digunakan untuk bahasa bukan Romawi di Eropah Barat, yang bermaksud (berkaitan dengan bahasa) orang, iaitu bahasa asli Jerman. Istilah ini digunakan sebagai bertentangan dengan bahasa Latin, bahasa bukan asli penulisan dan Gereja Katolik. Dalam teks pertama yang dijumpai, bertarikh dari 784, ia merujuk kepada dialek Jerman dari Britain. Dalam Sumpah Strasbourg (842) ia muncul sebagai teudisca untuk merujuk kepada bahagian sumpah Jermanik (Rhenish Franconian). <> Apakah istilah Germanik Lama digunakan untuk menggambarkan bahasa bukan Romantik yang berkembang di Eropah? || theudisk <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan untuk menulis dan oleh Gereja Katolik bukan bahasa \"orang\"? || Latin <> Perkataan \"theudisk\" mula-mula dijumpai dalam teks dari tahun berapa? || 784 <> Apa tahun yang ditulis oleh Sumpah Strasbourg? || 842 <> Kata apa yang digunakan dalam Sumpah Strasbourg untuk seksyen Germanik sumpah? || teudisca", {"qas": [{"question": "What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?", "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abdde", "answers": [{"text": "theudisk", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language \"of the people\"?", "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abddf", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The word \"theudisk\" was first found in a text from what year?", "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abde0", "answers": [{"text": "784", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?", "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abde1", "answers": [{"text": "842", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?", "id": "5725c08389a1e219009abde2", "answers": [{"text": "teudisca", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath."}], ["Belanda adalah salah satu saudara terdekat Jerman dan Inggeris [n 5] dan dikatakan secara kasar di antara mereka. [N 6] Belanda, seperti bahasa Inggeris, tidak mengalami peralihan konsonan Tinggi Jerman, tidak menggunakan bahasa Jermanik sebagai penanda tatabahasa, sebahagian besarnya telah meninggalkan penggunaan subjunctive, dan telah meratakan sebahagian besar morfologinya, termasuk sistem kes. [n 7] Ciri-ciri yang dikongsi dengan Jerman termasuk kelangsungan hidup tiga jenis kelamin gramatikal-walaupun dengan beberapa akibat gramatikal [n 8 ] -Dan juga penggunaan zarah modal, penyisihan akhir-obstruen, dan perintah perkataan yang serupa. [N 9] Perbendaharaan kata Belanda kebanyakannya Jermanik dan memasukkan lebih banyak pinjaman Romantik daripada Jerman tetapi kurang daripada bahasa Inggeris. [N 10] dua bahasa adakah Belanda paling menyerupai? || Bahasa Jerman dan Bahasa Inggeris <> Yang tanda aksen Jermanik yang tidak digunakan oleh bahasa Inggeris dan Belanda? || umlaut <> Tidak seperti bahasa Inggeris, kedua bahasa Jerman dan Belanda menggunakan berapa jantina dalam tatabahasa mereka? || tiga <> Kata kerja yang mana tense mempunyai bahasa Inggeris dan Belanda yang paling banyak dibuang? || subjungtif <> Adakah Belanda meminjam lebih kurang dari bahasa Romantik untuk perbendaharaan kata daripada bahasa Jerman? || lebih lagi", {"qas": [{"question": "Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?", "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0db", "answers": [{"text": "German and English", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?", "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0dc", "answers": [{"text": "umlaut", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?", "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0dd", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?", "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0de", "answers": [{"text": "subjunctive", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?", "id": "5725bc3d271a42140099d0df", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[n 5] and is said to be roughly in between them.[n 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including the case system.[n 7] Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders\u2014albeit with few grammatical consequences[n 8]\u2014as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[n 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English.[n 10]"}], ["Walaupun Belanda pada umumnya merujuk kepada bahasa secara keseluruhannya, varietas Belgium kadang-kadang secara kolektif disebut sebagai Flemish. Di kedua-dua Belgium dan Belanda, nama rasmi untuk Belanda adalah Nederlands, dan dialeknya mempunyai nama mereka sendiri, mis. Hollands \"Hollandish\", West-Vlaams \"Western Flemish\", Brabants \"Brabantian\". Penggunaan perkataan Vlaams (\"Flemish\") untuk menggambarkan Standard Dutch untuk variasi yang lazim di Flanders dan digunakan di sana, bagaimanapun, adalah biasa di Belanda dan Belgium. <> Apakah variasi bahasa Belanda yang digunakan di Belgium kadang-kadang dipanggil? || Flemish <> Apa bahasa Belanda yang dipanggil secara rasmi di Belanda? || Nederlands <> Apa yang akan ada di Belgium menyebut variasi bahasa Belanda yang dituturkan di Flanders? || Vlaams <> Apakah nama Belanda untuk dialek bahasa \"Hollandish\"? || Hollands <> Jika \"Vlaams\" adalah \"Flemish,\" apa yang akan disebut oleh pembicara bahasa Inggeris \"West-Vlaams\"? || Barat Flemish", {"qas": [{"question": "What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?", "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc3f", "answers": [{"text": "Flemish", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?", "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc40", "answers": [{"text": "Nederlands", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?", "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc41", "answers": [{"text": "Vlaams", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Dutch name for the \"Hollandish\" dialect of the language?", "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc42", "answers": [{"text": "Hollands", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If \"Vlaams\" is \"Flemish,\" what would English speakers call \"West-Vlaams\"?", "id": "5725be0738643c19005acc43", "answers": [{"text": "Western Flemish", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands \"Hollandish\", West-Vlaams \"Western Flemish\", Brabants \"Brabantian\". The use of the word Vlaams (\"Flemish\") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium."}], ["Di dalam pokok bahasa Indo-Eropah, Belanda dikelompokkan dalam bahasa Jerman, yang bermaksud ia berkongsi nenek moyang bersama bahasa seperti bahasa Inggeris, Jerman, dan bahasa Scandinavia. Semua bahasa Jerman bersatu dengan tunduk kepada pergeseran bunyi undang-undang Grimm dan undang-undang Verner yang berasal dari bahasa Proto-Germanik dan menentukan ciri pembezaan asas dari bahasa Indo-Eropah yang lain. Ini dianggap berasal dari kira-kira pertengahan pertama milenium BCE di Zaman Besi Eropah utara. <> Bahasa mana pokok bahasa Belanda dengan bahasa Inggeris? || Indo-European <> Apa kumpulan bahasa yang perlu mematuhi undang-undang Grimm? || Bahasa Jerman <> Dalam usia berapa pola bunyi yang membezakan bahasa Jermanik? || Zaman Besi <> Bersama dengan undang-undang Grimm, apakah peraturan lain untuk ucapan Jermanik berbunyi? || Undang-undang Verner <> Apakah bahasa perlu dibahagikan kepada kumpulan untuk diklasifikasikan sebagai Bahasa Jerman? || nenek moyang yang sama", {"qas": [{"question": "Which language tree groups Dutch with English?", "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd09", "answers": [{"text": "Indo-European", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?", "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0a", "answers": [{"text": "Germanic", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?", "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0b", "answers": [{"text": "Iron Age", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?", "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0c", "answers": [{"text": "Verner's law", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?", "id": "572642daec44d21400f3dd0d", "answers": [{"text": "common ancestor", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe."}], ["Bahasa Jerman secara tradisinya terbahagi kepada tiga kumpulan: Barat, Timur dan Jermanik Utara. Mereka kekal saling difahami sepanjang Tempoh Migrasi. Belanda bersama-sama dengan bahasa Jerman dan Jerman dari kumpulan Barat Jerman, yang dicirikan oleh beberapa inovasi fonologi dan morfologi yang tidak dijumpai di Jerman Utara dan Timur. Jenis-jenis Barat Jerman pada masa itu biasanya terbahagi kepada tiga kumpulan dialek: Ingvaeonic (Laut Utara Jermanik), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) dan Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). Nampaknya suku kaum Frank sesuai terutamanya dalam kumpulan dialek Istvaeonic dengan pengaruh Ingvaeonic tertentu ke arah barat laut, yang masih terlihat di Belanda moden. <> Ke dalam berapa banyak kumpulan bahasa Jerman biasanya berpecah? || tiga <> Dalam apa tempoh sejarah apakah pelbagai jenis bahasa Jerman berhenti secara kolektif difahami? || Tempoh Migrasi <> Apakah kumpulan bahasa Jerman termasuk Belanda, Inggeris, dan Jerman? || Jermanik Barat <> Apakah dialek Jermanik Barat yang dituturkan di rantau Laut Utara? || Ingvaeonic <> Kumpulan dialek mana yang termasuk kebanyakan puak Frankish? || Istvaeonic", {"qas": [{"question": "Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?", "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1930", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?", "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1931", "answers": [{"text": "the Migration Period", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?", "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1932", "answers": [{"text": "West Germanic", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?", "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1933", "answers": [{"text": "Ingvaeonic", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?", "id": "572644b91125e71900ae1934", "answers": [{"text": "Istvaeonic", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch."}], ["Sehingga kira-kira abad ke-16, penceramah semua jenis bahasa Jermanik Barat dari mulut Rhine ke Alps telah terbiasa merujuk kepada ucapan asli mereka sebagai Dietsch, (Neder) duyts atau beberapa cognate lain dari theudisk. Ini tidak dapat dielakkan kepada kekeliruan kerana terma yang serupa merujuk kepada bahasa yang berbeza. Oleh itu, pada abad ke-16, pembezaan berlaku. Disebabkan persaingan komersil dan kolonial Belanda pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17, istilah Inggeris datang untuk merujuk secara eksklusif kepada Belanda. Pengecualian yang ketara ialah Pennsylvania Dutch, yang merupakan pelbagai bahasa Jerman Barat yang dipanggil Deitsch oleh penceramahnya. Jersey Belanda, sebaliknya, seperti yang dituturkan sehingga tahun 1950-an di New Jersey, adalah sebuah kraftangan Belanda. <> Dalam abad apa pembezaan dibuat untuk membersihkan kekeliruan tentang bahasa Jermanik Barat? || 16 <Apa dialek Jerman Barat Belanda mengandungi nama negara A.S.? || Pennsylvania Dutch <> Apakah perkataan Belanda Pennsylvania asli untuk bahasa itu? || Deitsch <> Dalam apa dekad apakah orang-orang di New Jersey berhenti bercakap Jersey Belanda? || 1950-an", {"qas": [{"question": "In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?", "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f3", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?", "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f4", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania Dutch", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?", "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f5", "answers": [{"text": "Deitsch", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?", "id": "5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f6", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole."}], ["Di luar Negara Rendah, ia adalah bahasa ibunda majoriti penduduk Suriname, dan juga memegang status rasmi di negara pulau Caribbean di Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao dan Sint Maarten. Minoriti sejarah di hujung kepupusan kekal di bahagian Perancis dan Jerman, dan di Indonesia, [n 1] manakala sehingga setengah juta penutur asli boleh tinggal di Amerika Syarikat, Kanada dan Australia digabungkan. [N 2] The Cape Dutch dialek Afrika Selatan telah berkembang menjadi bahasa Afrikaans, bahasa anak perempuan yang saling difahami [n 3] yang dikatakan sedikit sebanyak 16 juta orang, terutamanya di Afrika Selatan dan Namibia. [n 4] <> Di mana tempat dengan kata \"nama\" di dalamnya adakah kebanyakan orang berbahasa Belanda? || Suriname <> Kepulauan di Caribbean yang termasuk Belanda sebagai bahasa rasmi termasuk Cura\u00e7ao, Sint Maarten, dan tempat lain? || Aruba <> Telah dianggarkan sehingga bilangan penceramah asli Belanda tinggal di Australia, A.S., dan Kanada? || setengah juta <> Di Afrika Selatan, Belanda telah berkembang selama bertahun-tahun dalam bahasa anak perempuan apa? || Afrikaans <> Apakah anggaran rendah untuk bilangan orang yang berbahasa Afrikaans? || 16 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "In what place with the word \"name\" in it do most people speak Dutch?", "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d47d", "answers": [{"text": "Suriname", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Cura\u00e7ao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?", "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d47e", "answers": [{"text": "Aruba", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?", "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d47f", "answers": [{"text": "half a million", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?", "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d480", "answers": [{"text": "Afrikaans", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?", "id": "5725ba9aec44d21400f3d481", "answers": [{"text": "16 million", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]"}], ["Identiti Frank muncul dan begitu pula dengan bahasa Frankish atau Franconian. Bahasa itu sendiri tidak dibuktikan dengan baik. Pengecualian yang ketara adalah prasasti Bergakker, yang terletak di dekat kota Tiel, Belanda, yang mungkin mewakili rekod utama Frankish abad ke-5. Walaupun beberapa nama tempat yang direkodkan dalam teks Rom boleh dikatakan dianggap sebagai perkataan tunggal \"Belanda\" yang tertua, seperti vadam (Belanda moden: wad, bahasa Inggeris: \"mudflat\"), prasasti Bergakker menghasilkan bukti morfologi Belanda yang paling lama, tetapi tidak ada konsensus mengenai penafsiran seluruh teks. <> Apa istilah lain untuk \"Frankish\"? || Franconian <> Apa bandar paling dekat dengan prasasti Bergakker? || Tiel <> Untuk abad yang manakah beberapa penyelidik mengaitkan prasasti Bergakker? || 5th <> Apa perkataan yang terdapat dalam tulisan Rom menjadi \"wad\" dalam bahasa Belanda moden? || vadam <> Apakah perkataan Belanda \"wad\" bermaksud dalam bahasa Inggeris? || mudflat", {"qas": [{"question": "What's another term for \"Frankish\"?", "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daec", "answers": [{"text": "Franconian", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?", "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daed", "answers": [{"text": "Tiel", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?", "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daee", "answers": [{"text": "5th", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word found in Roman writings became \"wad\" in modern Dutch?", "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daef", "answers": [{"text": "vadam", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Dutch word \"wad\" mean in English?", "id": "572646f6f1498d1400e8daf0", "answers": [{"text": "mudflat", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest \"Dutch\" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: \"mudflat\"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text."}], ["Belanda Lama secara semula jadi berkembang menjadi Belanda Tengah. Tahun 1150 sering kali dinamakan sebagai masa ketidakpatuhan itu, tetapi ia sebenarnya menandakan masa penulisan bahasa Belanda yang berlimpah dan dalam tempoh ini kesusasteraan Belanda Abad Pertengahan yang kaya telah berkembang. Terdapat pada masa itu tiada bahasa standard yang luas; Belanda Tengah agak nama kolektif untuk beberapa dialek berkait rapat yang nenek moyangnya adalah Old Dutch. Tetapi mereka semua saling difahami. Malah, kerana bahasa Belanda adalah bahasa yang agak konservatif, karya-karya sastera yang berlatarbelakangkan zaman sekarang sering dibaca untuk penutur moden. <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari bahasa Belanda Tengah? || Bahasa Belanda Lama <> Tahun berapa yang dikatakan oleh beberapa penyelidik menandakan titik apabila Old Dutch berubah? || 1150 <> Daripada satu bahasa tunggal, apa kumpulan yang berkongsi asal-usul dalam bahasa Belanda Lama menyebut istilah \"Belanda Tengah\"? || dialek berkait rapat <> Adakah teks yang ditulis dalam bahasa Belanda Tengah boleh dibaca atau tidak difahami oleh pembicara Belanda hari ini? || boleh dibaca", {"qas": [{"question": "What language did Middle Dutch come from?", "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1eb", "answers": [{"text": "Old Dutch", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?", "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1ec", "answers": [{"text": "1150", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term \"Middle Dutch\" refer to?", "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1ed", "answers": [{"text": "closely related dialects", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?", "id": "57264e6f708984140094c1ee", "answers": [{"text": "readable", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers."}], ["Di sebelah timur terdapat kawasan dialek Belanda Rendah Saxon, yang terdiri daripada wilayah-wilayah di Groningen, Drenthe dan Overijssel, dan bahagian-bahagian wilayah Gelderland juga. Sungai IJssel kira-kira membentuk aliran air linguistik di sini. Kelompok ini, walaupun tidak Low Franconian dan dekat dengan orang Jerman Rendah, dianggap sebagai Belanda, kerana beberapa alasan. Dari abad ke-14 hingga ke-15 dan seterusnya, pusat bandarnya (Deventer, Zwolle dan Kampen serta Zutphen dan Doesburg) semakin dipengaruhi oleh Belanda bertulis barat dan menjadi kawasan campuran bahasa. Dari abad ke-17 dan seterusnya, ia secara beransur-ansur dimasukkan ke dalam kawasan bahasa Belanda. Dalam erti kata lain, kumpulan ini adalah bahasa Belanda serentak tetapi tidak diakronik. [Rujukan?] <> Apa dialek bahasa Belanda yang dituturkan dalam Drenthe? || Dutch Low Saxon <> Apa nama sungai yang menandakan dialektika dibahagikan di Belanda? || IJssel <> Walaupun Belanda Rendah Saxon mirip dengan Low German, ia diselaraskan serentak dengan bahasa mana? || Bahasa Belanda <yang mana wilayah Belanda hanya sebahagiannya terdiri daripada penutur bahasa Belanda rendah Saxon? || Gelderland <> Bilakah bandar-bandar seperti Diventer dan Zutphen mula menjadi lebih linguistik? || Abad ke-14 hingga ke-15", {"qas": [{"question": "What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?", "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9a", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch Low Saxon", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?", "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9b", "answers": [{"text": "IJssel", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?", "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9c", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?", "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9d", "answers": [{"text": "Gelderland", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?", "id": "572657f0f1498d1400e8dc9e", "answers": [{"text": "14th to 15th century", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]"}], ["Dialek-dialek Belanda dan bahasa serantau tidak dituturkan seketika seperti dulu. Penyelidikan terbaru oleh Geert Driessen menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan dialek dan bahasa serantau di kalangan orang dewasa dan remaja Belanda semakin menurun. Pada tahun 1995, 27 peratus daripada penduduk dewasa Belanda bercakap dialek atau bahasa serantau secara tetap, sementara pada tahun 2011 ini tidak lebih dari 11 peratus. Pada tahun 1995, 12 peratus daripada kanak-kanak sekolah rendah yang bersuara bercakap dialek atau bahasa serantau, pada tahun 2011 ini telah menurun kepada 4 peratus. Daripada tiga bahasa serantau yang diiktiraf secara lisan diucapkan kebanyakan (pada tahun 2011 di kalangan orang dewasa 54%, di kalangan kanak-kanak 31%) dan Belanda Rendah Saxon paling kurang (dewasa 15%, kanak-kanak 1%); Frisian menempati posisi tengah (dewasa 44%, kanak-kanak 22%). <> Organisasi apa yang meneliti penggunaan dialek Belanda serantau dan mendapati penggunaannya merosot? || Geert Driessen <> Berapa peratus orang dewasa di Belanda bercakap dialek atau bahasa serantau pada tahun 1995? || 27 <> Berapa banyak kanak-kanak sekolah rendah yang didapati bercakap dialek atau bahasa serantau menjelang 2011? || 4 peratus <> Apa bahasa serantau yang paling biasa diucapkan di Belanda? || Limburgish <> Pada tahun 2011, berapa peratus orang dewasa Belanda bercakap Frisian? || 44%", {"qas": [{"question": "What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?", "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb6", "answers": [{"text": "Geert Driessen", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?", "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb7", "answers": [{"text": "27", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?", "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb8", "answers": [{"text": "4 percent", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?", "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcb9", "answers": [{"text": "Limburgish", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?", "id": "572658ebf1498d1400e8dcba", "answers": [{"text": "44%", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%)."}], ["Proses penyeragaman bermula pada Abad Pertengahan, terutama di bawah pengaruh Pengadilan Ducal Burgundy di Dijon (Brussels setelah 1477). Dialek Flanders dan Brabant adalah yang paling berpengaruh sekitar masa ini. Proses penyeragaman menjadi lebih kuat pada permulaan abad ke-16, terutama berdasarkan kepada dialek bandar Antwerp. Pada 1585 Antwerp jatuh ke tentera Sepanyol: ramai yang melarikan diri ke Belanda Utara, di mana Republik Belanda mengisytiharkan kemerdekaannya dari Sepanyol. Mereka terutamanya mempengaruhi dialek bandar di wilayah Holland. Pada tahun 1637, satu lagi langkah penting telah dibuat ke arah bahasa yang bersatu, apabila Statenvertaling, penterjemahan utama Alkitab yang pertama ke dalam bahasa Belanda, telah dibuat bahawa orang dari seluruh republik baru dapat memahami. Ia menggunakan unsur-unsur dari pelbagai, walaupun Belanda Rendah Saxon, dialek tetapi kebanyakannya didasarkan pada dialek-dialek bandar Holland pasca abad ke-16. <> Apa pengadilan di Dijon sebelum 1477 mempunyai tangan dalam menstandardikan bahasa Belanda? || Burgundian Ducal Court <> Yang mana dua dialek Belanda mempunyai pengaruh terbesar pada Abad Pertengahan? || Flanders dan Brabant <> Yang abad menandakan kemajuan besar dalam standardisasi Belanda yang dibawa oleh Antwerp? || 16th <> Tahun apakah Sepanyol menawan Antwerp? || 1585 <> Apa terjemahan bahasa Belanda pertama yang dipanggil? || Statenvertaling", {"qas": [{"question": "What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?", "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbf8", "answers": [{"text": "Burgundian Ducal Court", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?", "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbf9", "answers": [{"text": "Flanders and Brabant", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?", "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbfa", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?", "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbfb", "answers": [{"text": "1585", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?", "id": "5726525ff1498d1400e8dbfc", "answers": [{"text": "Statenvertaling", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century."}], ["Percubaan ayat Belanda Lama sangat jarang berlaku. Rekod tertua pertama yang terdapat dalam undang-undang Salik. Dari dokumen Frankish ini ditulis sekitar 510 hukuman tertua telah dikenal pasti sebagai Belanda: Maltho thi afrio lito (saya katakan kepada anda, saya membebaskan kamu, serf) digunakan untuk membebaskan serf. Satu lagi serpihan lama Belanda adalah Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (Ikan sedang berenang di dalam air). Yang tertua memulihkan teks bahasa Belanda yang lebih besar adalah sumpah baptisan Utrecht (776-800) bermula dengan Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Adakah anda meninggalkan syaitan [...] Saya meninggalkan syaitan). Mungkin ayat paling terkenal Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (Semua burung telah mula membuat sarang, kecuali saya dan kamu, apa yang kita tunggu), bertarikh sekitar tahun 1100, yang ditulis oleh Biarawan Flemish di biara di Rochester, England. <> Adakah rekod bertulis dari Belanda Lama jarang atau biasa? || jarang <> Apa dokumen Frankish mengandungi contoh rekod tertua Belanda? || undang Salik <> Makhluk apa yang berenang dalam frasa Belanda \"Visc flot aftar themo uuatare\"? || ikan <> Di manakah biksu yang menulis hukuman Belanda yang paling terkenal? || Rochester, England <> Apa dokumen Belanda yang penting dalam sejarah bermula dengan ungkapan \"Forsachistu diobolae\"? || sumpah baptisan Utrecht", {"qas": [{"question": "Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?", "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d0", "answers": [{"text": "rare", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?", "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d1", "answers": [{"text": "the Salic law", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase \"Visc flot aftar themo uuatare\"?", "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d2", "answers": [{"text": "fish", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?", "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d3", "answers": [{"text": "Rochester, England", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase \"Forsachistu diobolae\"?", "id": "57264c62dd62a815002e80d4", "answers": [{"text": "the Utrecht baptismal vow", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England."}], ["Dialek yang berbeza menunjukkan perubahan bunyi dalam vokal yang berbeza (walaupun beralih antara diphthongs dan monophthongs), dan dalam sesetengah kes konsonan juga mengalihkan sebutan. Contohnya, keanehan West Flemings (dan ke tahap yang lebih rendah, East Flemings) ialah, yang bersuara velar fricative (ditulis sebagai \"g\" dalam bahasa Belanda) beralih kepada fritatif glottal bersuara (ditulis sebagai \"h\" dalam bahasa Belanda) manakala huruf \"h\" di Flemish Barat menjadi bisu (seperti dalam bahasa Perancis). Akibatnya, apabila West Flemish cuba untuk bercakap Standard Dutch, mereka sering tidak dapat mengucapkan bunyi g-, dan menyebutnya mirip dengan bunyi h. Ini meninggalkan f.e. tiada perbezaan antara \"diadakan\" (wira) dan \"geld\" (wang). Atau dalam beberapa kes, mereka menyedari masalah itu, dan membetulkan \"h\" ke dalam bunyi bisar fricative atau g-voar yang bersuara, sekali lagi tidak membezakannya. <> Apa perkataan Belanda untuk \"wang\"? || geld <> West Flemings melafazkan Belanda \"g\" sebagai fleksibel glottal bersuara, yang akan diwakili oleh apa huruf dalam bahasa Belanda yang standard? || \"h\" <> Apa bahasa Eropah lain yang mempunyai bisu \"h\" seperti yang dilakukan oleh West Flemings? || Perancis <> Kata apa yang bermakna \"pahlawan\" akan seorang penceramah West Fleming mungkin melafazkan sama dengan \"geld\"? || yang diadakan <> Jika penceramah West Fleming menjadi lebih berhati-hati untuk mengelakkan \"h\" senyap, mereka mungkin betul-betul menjadi bunyi apa? || g-bunyi", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"money\"?", "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7075", "answers": [{"text": "geld", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "West Flemings pronounce the Dutch \"g\" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?", "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7076", "answers": [{"text": "\"h\"", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other European language has a mute \"h\" like the West Flemings do?", "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7077", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word that means \"hero\" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as \"geld\"?", "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7078", "answers": [{"text": "held", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent \"h,\" they might over-correct into what sound?", "id": "57265aba5951b619008f7079", "answers": [{"text": "g-sound", "answer_start": 781}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as \"g\" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as \"h\" in Dutch), while the letter \"h\" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between \"held\" (hero) and \"geld\" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the \"h\" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference."}], ["Belanda milik sub-kelompok Barat Jerman sendiri, West Low Franconian, dipasangkan dengan bahasa kakaknya Limburgish, atau Lower Franconian Timur. Saudara terdekat adalah anak perempuan Afrikaans yang saling difahami. Bahasa Jermanik Barat yang lain yang berkaitan dengan bahasa Belanda adalah bahasa Jerman, bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa Frisian, dan bahasa-bahasa yang tidak berstandar rendah Bahasa Jerman dan Yiddish. Belanda menonjol dalam menggabungkan ciri-ciri Ingvaeonic yang kecil (yang berlaku secara konsisten dalam Bahasa Inggeris dan Frisian dan berkurang dari intensitas dari 'barat ke timur' ke atas pesawat Jermanik Barat benua) dengan kebanyakan ciri-ciri Istvaeonic, di mana sebahagian daripada mereka juga dimasukkan dalam bahasa Jerman . Tidak seperti Jerman, Belanda (selain dari Limburgish) tidak pernah dipengaruhi sama sekali oleh gerakan 'selatan ke utara' pergeseran bunyi Jerman Tinggi, dan mempunyai beberapa perubahan sendiri. Gabungan perubahan ini mengakibatkan berlainan waktu dalam bahasa-bahasa standard yang berasingan, tetapi mempunyai pelbagai persamaan dan perbezaan di antara mereka. Untuk perbandingan antara bahasa Jermanik Barat, lihat bahagian Morfologi, Tatabahasa dan Perbendaharaan Kata. <> Apa nama \"cheesy\" untuk East Low Franconian? || Bahasa Limburgish <> Bahasa apa yang paling mempunyai persamaan dengan dialek bahasa Low Eastern Franconian Belanda? || Afrikaans <> Bersama dengan bahasa Jerman dan Inggeris, apa bahasa Jermanik yang diseragamkan seperti bahasa Belanda? || Frisian <> Bahasa yang tidak diseragamkan seperti bahasa Belanda termasuk bahasa Yiddish dan bahasa Jermanik lain yang mana? || Rendah Jerman <> Berbanding dengan Belanda, bahasa apa yang dipengaruhi oleh pergeseran bunyi Jerman Tinggi? || Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the \"cheesy\" name for East Low Franconian?", "id": "572655bf708984140094c2c7", "answers": [{"text": "Limburgish", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?", "id": "572655bf708984140094c2c8", "answers": [{"text": "Afrikaans", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?", "id": "572655bf708984140094c2c9", "answers": [{"text": "Frisian", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?", "id": "572655bf708984140094c2ca", "answers": [{"text": "Low German", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?", "id": "572655bf708984140094c2cb", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary."}], ["Old Low Franconian atau Old Dutch dianggap sebagai peringkat utama dalam pembangunan bahasa Belanda yang berasingan. \"Rendah\" di Old Low Franconian merujuk kepada Frank yang diucapkan di Negara-negara Rendah di mana ia tidak dipengaruhi oleh peralihan konsonan Tinggi Jerman, yang bertentangan dengan Franconia Tengah dan tinggi di Jerman. Yang terakhir ini akan berevolusi dengan Allemanic ke Old High German. Pada masa yang sama, undang-undang spirulina hidung Ingvaeonic menyebabkan pembangunan Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) dan Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hampir tidak dipengaruhi oleh sama ada pembangunan, Old Dutch tetap dekat dengan bahasa asal orang Frank, orang-orang yang akan memerintah Eropah selama berabad-abad. Walau bagaimanapun, bahasa itu telah mengalami perkembangan sendiri, seperti penyebaran terakhir yang menghalang pada peringkat awal. Malah, dengan menilai dari penemuan di Bergakker, nampaknya bahasa tersebut telah mengalami ciri ini semasa zaman Frank Lama. <> Apa nama lain untuk Frisian Lama? || Anglo-Frisian <> Apa nama lain untuk Bahasa Inggeris Lama? || Anglo-Saxon <> Bahasa apa yang tinggal sangat mirip dengan bahasa yang digunakan oleh Franks? || Lama Belanda <> Berapa tempoh adalah prasasti Bergakker dari yang menunjukkan ciri-ciri bahasa Belanda Lama? || Old Frankish <> Apa nama lain untuk Old Dutch yang menunjukkan perbezaannya dari Franconian Jerman? || Old Low Franconian", {"qas": [{"question": "What's another name for Old Frisian?", "id": "57264a2e708984140094c181", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Frisian", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's another name for Old English?", "id": "57264a2e708984140094c182", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Saxon", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?", "id": "57264a2e708984140094c183", "answers": [{"text": "Old Dutch", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?", "id": "57264a2e708984140094c184", "answers": [{"text": "Old Frankish", "answer_start": 955}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?", "id": "57264a2e708984140094c185", "answers": [{"text": "Old Low Franconian", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The \"Low\" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period."}], ["Di Belanda Selatan (kini Belgium dan Luxembourg) perkembangannya berbeza. Di bawah bahasa Sepanyol, kemudian bahasa Austria, dan kemudian pemerintahan peraturan bahasa Belanda ditangguhkan. Negara, undang-undang, dan pendidikan semakin banyak menggunakan bahasa Perancis, tetapi lebih dari separuh penduduk Belgia bercakap dialek Belanda. Dalam abad kesembilan belas, gerakan Flemish berdiri untuk hak-hak Belanda, yang kebanyakannya disebut Flemish. Tetapi dalam bersaing dengan bahasa Perancis, variasi dalam dialek adalah kelemahan yang serius. Oleh kerana penyeragaman adalah proses yang panjang, bahasa Belanda yang berbahasa Belanda mengaitkan dirinya dengan bahasa standard yang telah berkembang di Belanda selama berabad-abad. Oleh itu, keadaan di Belgium pada dasarnya tidak berbeza dengan yang di Belanda, walaupun terdapat perbezaan yang dapat dikenali dalam sebutan, setanding dengan perbezaan sebutan antara standard British dan bahasa Inggeris Amerika standard. Pada tahun 1980 Belanda dan Belgium menyimpulkan Perjanjian Kesatuan Bahasa. Perjanjian ini memaparkan prinsip bahawa kedua-dua negara perlu menyusun dasar bahasa mereka antara satu sama lain, antara lain, untuk sistem ejaan yang sama. <> Apakah nama lama untuk wilayah geografi yang sekarang adalah Belgium dan Luxembourg? || Belanda Selatan <> Apa orang memerintah Belanda Selatan selepas Austria? || Perancis <> Tahun apakah Belanda dan Belgium bersetuju dengan perjanjian untuk menampung bahasa masing-masing? || 1980 <> Apa nama perjanjian yang membawa dialek Belgium dan Belanda bersama-sama? || Perjanjian Kesatuan Bahasa <> Kesamaan antara Belanda yang diucapkan oleh orang-orang di Belanda dan Belgium yang berbahasa Belanda dapat dibandingkan dengan hubungan antara bahasa Inggeris Inggeris dan bahasa apa? || Inggeris amerika", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?", "id": "57265446708984140094c29b", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Netherlands", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?", "id": "57265446708984140094c29c", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?", "id": "57265446708984140094c29d", "answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 973}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?", "id": "57265446708984140094c29e", "answers": [{"text": "Language Union Treaty", "answer_start": 1020}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?", "id": "57265446708984140094c29f", "answers": [{"text": "American English", "answer_start": 952}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling."}], ["Tidak seperti negara-negara Eropah yang lain, Belanda memilih untuk tidak mengikuti dasar pengembangan bahasa di kalangan masyarakat pribumi di tanah jajahannya. Walau bagaimanapun pada suku terakhir abad ke-19, elit tempatan mendapat kecekapan dalam bahasa Belanda untuk memenuhi keperluan memperluas birokrasi dan perniagaan. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan Belanda tetap enggan mengajar Belanda secara besar-besaran kerana takut menggugat kestabilan koloni. Belanda, bahasa kuasa, sepatutnya kekal di tangan elit terkemuka. <> Menjelang akhir abad apakah ia menjadi penting bagi lebih ramai orang di koloni Belanda untuk berbicara bahasa Belanda? || 19 <Apa segmen VIP penduduk di koloni Belanda belajar bahasa Belanda untuk mengambil bahagian dalam perniagaan dan kerajaan? || elit tempatan <> Apakah kerajaan Belanda takut melakukan jika mereka mengajar koloni Belanda mereka? || menghancurkan koloni <> Pemimpin mahu menggantungkan pengetahuan bahasa Belanda kerana bahasa itu apa? || kuasa", {"qas": [{"question": "Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?", "id": "57266c455951b619008f7249", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?", "id": "57266c455951b619008f724a", "answers": [{"text": "local elite", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?", "id": "57266c455951b619008f724b", "answers": [{"text": "destabilising the colony", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?", "id": "57266c455951b619008f724c", "answers": [{"text": "power", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite."}], ["Ramai penutur asli Belanda, baik di Belgium dan Belanda, menganggap bahawa Afrikaans dan Frisian Barat adalah dialek Belanda tetapi dianggap berasingan dan berbeza dari bahasa Belanda: bahasa perempuan dan bahasa perempuan. Afrikaans berkembang terutamanya dari dialek Belanda abad ke-17, tetapi mempunyai pengaruh dari pelbagai bahasa lain di Afrika Selatan. Walau bagaimanapun, ia masih sebahagian besarnya saling difahami dengan Belanda. (Barat) Frisian berkembang dari cawangan Germanik Barat yang sama seperti Old English dan kurang serupa dengan bahasa Belanda. <> Dialek apa yang dianggap sebagai bahasa kakak kepada Belanda? || Frisian Barat <> Yang dialek Belanda sangat berbeza sehingga ia sering dipanggil bahasa perempuan? || Afrikaans <> Afrikaans kebanyakannya berasal dari Belanda yang dituturkan dalam abad apa? || 17 <> Pengaruh Belanda terhadap orang Afrika adalah berpengalaman dengan bahasa dari negara apa? || Afrika Selatan <> Frasa dua perkataan menggambarkan hubungan di mana penceramah Belanda dan Afrikaans dapat memahami satu sama lain? || saling difahami", {"qas": [{"question": "What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?", "id": "57266080708984140094c409", "answers": [{"text": "West Frisian", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?", "id": "57266080708984140094c40a", "answers": [{"text": "Afrikaans", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?", "id": "57266080708984140094c40b", "answers": [{"text": "17th", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?", "id": "57266080708984140094c40c", "answers": [{"text": "South Africa", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?", "id": "57266080708984140094c40d", "answers": [{"text": "mutually intelligible", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch."}], ["Di samping peralihan bunyi, terdapat banyak contoh perbezaan akhiran. Selalunya perubahan sufik mudah (seperti beralih antara -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), kadang-kadang akhiran malah bergantung kepada peraturan tatabahasa yang agak khusus untuk dialek tertentu. Sekali lagi mengambil West Flemish sebagai contoh. Dalam bahasa itu, kata-kata \"ja\" (ya) dan \"nee\" (tidak) juga dikaitkan dengan subjek ayat (sering tersirat). Peraturan tatabahasa yang berasingan ini jauh lebih sukar untuk meniru dengan betul daripada pergeseran bunyi mudah, menjadikannya mudah untuk mengenali orang yang tidak membesar di rantau tertentu, walaupun dekad selepas mereka berpindah. <> Apa perkataan Flemish Barat untuk \"tidak\"? || nee <> Bagaimana anda akan memberitahu penceramah West Flemish \"ya\"? || ja <> Apa bahagian kalimat yang West Flemish sepadan dengan kes \"ya\" atau \"tidak\" untuk? || subjek <> Adakah perbezaan linguistik menjadikannya sukar atau mudah untuk menunjukkan seseorang yang berpindah dari rantau Belanda yang berbeza? || mudah <> Yang lebih mudah bagi penceramah bukan asli untuk meniru: peraturan tatabahasa atau peralihan bunyi? || peralihan bunyi", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the West Flemish word for \"no\"?", "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd22", "answers": [{"text": "nee", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How would you tell a West Flemish speaker \"yes\"?", "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd23", "answers": [{"text": "ja", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a \"yes\" or \"no\" to?", "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd24", "answers": [{"text": "subject", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?", "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd25", "answers": [{"text": "easy", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?", "id": "57265bf4f1498d1400e8dd26", "answers": [{"text": "sound shifts", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words \"ja\" (yes) and \"nee\" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved."}], ["Selepas kemerdekaan, Belanda digugurkan sebagai bahasa rasmi dan digantikan oleh Melayu. Namun bahasa Indonesia mewarisi banyak kata dari Belanda: kata-kata untuk kehidupan seharian serta istilah sains dan teknologi. Seorang sarjana berpendapat bahawa 20% perkataan bahasa Indonesia dapat ditelusuri kembali dengan kata-kata Belanda, yang banyak diterjemahkan untuk mencerminkan sebutan fonetik misalnya. kantoor (bahasa Belanda untuk \"pejabat\") di bahasa Indonesia adalah kantor, manakala bas (\"bas\") menjadi bis. Di samping itu, banyak kata bahasa Indonesia yang dikategorikan sebagai bahasa jawa pada bahasa Belanda, misalnya, rumah sakit (bahasa Indonesia untuk \"hospital\") dipecah pada ziekenhuis Belanda (secara harfiah \"rumah yang sakit\"), kebun binatang (\"zoo\") dierentuin \"taman haiwan\"), dasar undang-undang (\"perlembagaan\") daripada grondwet (secara harfiah \"undang-undang tanah\"). Akaun ini untuk beberapa perbezaan perbendaharaan kata antara Indonesia dan Melayu. <> Apa yang menjadi bahasa rasmi Indonesia setelah mereka menyatakan kemerdekaannya? || Bahasa Melayu <> Apakah perkataan Indonesia untuk \"pejabat\"? || kantor <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan istilah bahasa Indonesia dari Belanda secara harfiah diterjemahkan yang telah menjadi standar? || Bahasa Turki <> Apa perkataan Belanda untuk sebuah hospital telah dipadam masuk ke \"rumah sakit\" Indonesia? || ziekenhuis <> Apakah calque Indonesia untuk perkataan Belanda yang secara literal diterjemahkan sebagai \"taman haiwan\"? || kebun binatang", {"qas": [{"question": "What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?", "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df82", "answers": [{"text": "Malay", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the Indonesian word for \"office\"? ", "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df83", "answers": [{"text": "kantor", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?", "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df84", "answers": [{"text": "calques", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian \"rumah sakit\"?", "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df85", "answers": [{"text": "ziekenhuis", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as \"animal garden\"?", "id": "57266e09f1498d1400e8df86", "answers": [{"text": "kebun binatang", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for \"office\") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus (\"bus\") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for \"hospital\") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally \"house of the sick\"), kebun binatang (\"zoo\") on dierentuin (literally \"animal garden\"), undang-undang dasar (\"constitution\") from grondwet (literally \"ground law\"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay."}], ["Sesetengah dialek Flemish sangat berbeza sehingga mereka mungkin dianggap sebagai varian bahasa yang berasingan, walaupun kepentingan bahasa yang kuat dalam politik Belgia akan menghalang kerajaan mengelompokkannya. Flemish Barat khususnya kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai variasi yang berbeza. Sempadan dialek dialek ini tidak sesuai dengan sempadan politik sekarang, tetapi mencerminkan bahagian yang lebih tua dan abad pertengahan. Kumpulan dialek Brabantian, misalnya, juga meluas ke sebagian besar selatan Belanda, dan begitu juga Limbur. Flemish Barat juga bercakap di Zeelandic Flanders (sebahagian dari wilayah Belanda Zeeland), dan oleh orang-orang tua di Flanders Perancis (kawasan kecil yang bersempadan dengan Belgium). <> Apa dialek Belanda begitu berbeza sehingga ia sering dianggap sebagai varian bahasa? || Flemish Barat <> Apa jenis sempadan kerajaan yang menyebarkan pengedaran dialek, mencerminkan bahagian zaman pertengahan? || sempadan politik <> Wilayah apa Zeelandic Flanders? || Zeeland <> Kawasan apa yang berlaku di Belgium masih ada beberapa orang yang lebih tua yang bercakap di Barat Flemish? || Flanders Perancis <> Bersama Limburgish, apa dialek Belanda yang lain diturunkan ke banyak Belanda selatan? || Brabantian", {"qas": [{"question": "What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?", "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd88", "answers": [{"text": "West Flemish", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?", "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd89", "answers": [{"text": "political boundaries", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?", "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd8a", "answers": [{"text": "Zeeland", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?", "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd8b", "answers": [{"text": "French Flanders", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?", "id": "57265f3bf1498d1400e8dd8c", "answers": [{"text": "Brabantian", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium)."}], ["Sebagai bahasa asing, bahasa Belanda terutamanya diajar di sekolah rendah dan menengah di kawasan-kawasan yang bersebelahan dengan Belanda dan Flanders. Dalam bahasa Belgium yang berbahasa Perancis, lebih 300,000 murid mendaftar dalam kursus bahasa Belanda, diikuti lebih 23,000 di negara Jerman di Lower Saxony dan Rhine-Westphalia Utara, dan sekitar 7,000 di wilayah Perancis Nord-Pas-de-Calais (di mana 4,550 di sekolah rendah). Di peringkat akademik, bilangan terbesar fakulti neerlandistiek boleh didapati di Jerman (30 universiti), diikuti oleh Perancis (20 universiti) dan United Kingdom (5 universiti). <> Berapa banyak pelajar di Belgium sedang belajar bahasa Belanda? || 300,000 <> Berapa ramai pelajar sekolah rendah belajar bahasa Belanda di Nord-Pas-de-Calais? || 4,550 <> Negara mana yang paling banyak menawarkan universiti di neerlandistiek? || Jerman <> Berapa banyak universiti di Perancis menawarkan kursus neerlandistiek? || 20 <> Selain Rhine-Westphalia Utara, negara Jerman mana yang paling ramai orang Belanda? || Lower Saxony", {"qas": [{"question": "About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?", "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee4", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?", "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee5", "answers": [{"text": "4,550", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?", "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee6", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?", "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee7", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?", "id": "572669c3f1498d1400e8dee8", "answers": [{"text": "Lower Saxony", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities)."}], ["Di Eropah, bahasa Belanda adalah bahasa majoriti di Belanda (96%) dan Belgium (59%) serta bahasa minoriti di Jerman dan Perancis Flanders Perancis utara, di mana ia berada di peringkat akhir kematian bahasa. Walaupun Belgium secara keseluruhannya berbilang bahasa, kedua-dua wilayah di mana negara dibahagikan (Flanders, francais Wallonia, Brussels dwibahasa dan zon 'kemudahan' kecil) adalah sebahagian besarnya monolingual. Belanda dan Belgium menghasilkan sebahagian besar muzik, filem, buku dan media lain yang ditulis atau dituturkan dalam bahasa Belanda. Belanda adalah bahasa monokentrik, dengan semua penutur menggunakan bentuk piawai yang sama (diberi kuasa oleh Kesatuan Bahasa Belanda) berdasarkan ortografi Belanda yang menggunakan abjad Latin semasa menulis. Berbeza dengan keseragaman tulisannya, Belanda tidak mempunyai dialek prestij dan mempunyai konteks dialektal yang besar yang terdiri daripada 28 dialek utama, yang mana mereka sendiri boleh dibahagikan kepada sekurang-kurangnya 600 jenis yang boleh dibezakan. <> Berapa peratus orang di Belgium bercakap bahasa Belanda? || 59% <> Apa negara di Eropah mempunyai peratusan tertinggi penceramah Belanda? || Belanda <> Rantau apa yang sedang mengalami kematian bahasa Belanda? || Flanders Perancis <> Apa nama institusi yang memastikan Belanda adalah monocentric? || Kesatuan Bahasa Belanda <> Berapa banyak dialek utama Belanda ada di sana? || 28", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?", "id": "572661f5708984140094c441", "answers": [{"text": "59%", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?", "id": "572661f5708984140094c442", "answers": [{"text": "the Netherlands", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?", "id": "572661f5708984140094c443", "answers": [{"text": "French Flanders", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?", "id": "572661f5708984140094c444", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch Language Union", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?", "id": "572661f5708984140094c445", "answers": [{"text": "28", "answer_start": 857}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties."}], ["Pada paruh kedua abad ke-19 Belanda diharamkan dari semua peringkat pendidikan oleh Prusia dan Perancis dan kehilangan sebagian besar fungsinya sebagai bahasa kebudayaan. Dalam bahasa Jerman dan Perancis, bahasa standard Belanda sebahagian besarnya tidak hadir dan penceramah dialek Belanda akan menggunakan bahasa Jerman atau Perancis dalam ucapan setiap hari. Belanda tidak diberi status undang-undang di Perancis atau Jerman, sama ada oleh pihak berkuasa awam pusat atau serantau dan pengetahuan tentang bahasa itu merosot di kalangan generasi muda. <> Di negara mana selain dari Perancis, Belanda kehilangan sebahagian besarnya penggunaannya pada abad ke-19? || Prussia <> Di Perancis dan Jerman, bahasa mana yang sering digantikan oleh penceramah asli dialek Belanda? || Jerman atau Perancis <> Dalam segmen apa populasi adalah penurunan penggunaan Belanda yang paling menonjol? || generasi muda <> Selain dari Perancis, negara mana yang tidak memberikan status undang-undang Belanda sebagai bahasa? || Jerman <> Bahasa apa yang Perancis dan Prusia dilarang daripada digunakan dalam pendidikan pada akhir abad ke-19? || Belanda", {"qas": [{"question": "In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?", "id": "572668875951b619008f71d3", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?", "id": "572668875951b619008f71d4", "answers": [{"text": "German or French", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?", "id": "572668875951b619008f71d5", "answers": [{"text": "younger generations", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?", "id": "572668875951b619008f71d6", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?", "id": "572668875951b619008f71d7", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations."}], ["Di luar Belanda dan Belgium, dialek di sekitar bandar Jerman Kleve (Selatan Guelderish) kedua-duanya dari segi sejarah dan genetik milik bahasa Belanda. Di Northeastern France, kawasan sekitar Calais adalah bahasa kebangsaan Belanda (West Flemish) yang mana kira-kira 20,000 penutur harian. Bandar-bandar Dunkirk, Gravelines dan Bourbourg hanya menjadi sebahagian besar berbahasa Perancis menjelang akhir abad ke-19. Di pedalaman, sehingga Perang Dunia I, banyak sekolah rendah terus mengajar di Belanda, dan Gereja Katolik terus mengajar dan mengajar katekisme di Flemish di banyak gereja. <> Apa bandar di Jerman sentiasa mempunyai kebanyakan penceramah Belanda? || Kleve <> Berapa banyak orang di sekitar Calais, Perancis berbahasa Belanda setiap hari? || 20,000 <> Sehingga akhir abad apa untuk orang di kota-kota Perancis seperti Gravelines akhirnya beralih ke Perancis dari Belanda? || Ke 19 <gereja mana yang sering berkhotbah di Flemish sebelum Perang Dunia I? || Gereja Katolik <> Dalam apa kawasan Perancis terletak di Calais? || Northeastern France", {"qas": [{"question": "What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?", "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71a7", "answers": [{"text": "Kleve", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?", "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71a8", "answers": [{"text": "20,000", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?", "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71a9", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?", "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71aa", "answers": [{"text": "the Catholic Church", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area of France is Calais located?", "id": "572665cc5951b619008f71ab", "answers": [{"text": "Northeastern France", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes."}], ["Walaupun kehadiran Belanda di Indonesia selama hampir 350 tahun, sebagai sebahagian besar dari Hindia Belanda Belanda, bahasa Belanda tidak mempunyai status rasmi di sana dan minoriti kecil yang dapat berbahasa bahasa dengan lancar adalah ahli terdidik dari generasi tertua, atau yang bekerja dalam profesion undang-undang, kerana beberapa kod perundangan masih hanya terdapat dalam bahasa Belanda. Belanda diajar di pelbagai pusat pendidikan di Indonesia, yang paling penting ialah Pusat Bahasa Erasmus (ETC) di Jakarta. Setiap tahun, kira-kira 1,500 hingga 2,000 pelajar mengambil kursus bahasa Belanda di sana. Secara keseluruhannya, beberapa ribu orang Indonesia belajar bahasa Belanda sebagai bahasa asing. Disebabkan berabad-abad pemerintahan Belanda di Indonesia, banyak dokumen lama ditulis dalam bahasa Belanda. Oleh itu, banyak universiti termasuk Belanda sebagai bahasa sumber, terutamanya untuk pelajar undang-undang dan sejarah. Di Indonesia ini melibatkan sekitar 35,000 pelajar. <> Berapa lamakah pembicara bahasa Belanda di Indonesia? || hampir 350 tahun <> Dalam profesion apa yang sering diperlukan oleh Belanda di Hindia Belanda? || profesion undang-undang <> Institusi apa di Jakarta masih mengajar bahasa Belanda? || Pusat Bahasa Erasmus <> Berapa banyak murid di seluruh Indonesia belajar bahasa Belanda sebagai sebahagian daripada kursus mereka? || 35,000 <> Sebagai tambahan kepada pelajar yang mengikuti pengajian undang-undang, kursus pengajian lain yang sering termasuk bahasa Belanda? || sejarah", {"qas": [{"question": "For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?", "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df28", "answers": [{"text": "almost 350 years", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?", "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df29", "answers": [{"text": "the legal profession", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?", "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df2a", "answers": [{"text": "Erasmus Language Centre", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?", "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df2b", "answers": [{"text": "35,000", "answer_start": 860}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?", "id": "57266b04f1498d1400e8df2c", "answers": [{"text": "history", "answer_start": 809}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students."}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, dialek Belanda yang hampir punah, bahasa Belanda, yang dituturkan oleh keturunan pemukim Belanda abad ke-17 di wilayah Bergen dan Passaic, masih dituturkan menjelang 1921. Bahasa-bahasa kreol yang lain di Belanda yang pernah dituturkan di Amerika termasuk Mohawk Dutch (di Albany, New York), Berbice (dalam Guyana), Skepi (dalam Essequibo, Guyana) dan Negerhollands (di Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat). Pennsylvania Belanda bukan ahli kumpulan dialek Belanda dan kurang dipanggil Pennsylvania German. <> Apa tahun yang dilancarkan oleh Jersey Dutch, menurut rekod? || 1921 <> Apa bahasa yang berpusat di Belanda muncul di kawasan Albany, New York? || Mohawk Dutch <> Apa nama yang lebih tepat untuk Pennsylvania Dutch kerana ia bukan dialek Belanda? || Pennsylvania German <> Yang dialek Belanda pernah dituturkan di Kepulauan Virgin A.S.? || Negerhollands <> Di negara apakah dialek Berbice dan Skepi? || Guyana", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?", "id": "572670205951b619008f72a7", "answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?", "id": "572670205951b619008f72a8", "answers": [{"text": "Mohawk Dutch", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?", "id": "572670205951b619008f72a9", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania German", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?", "id": "572670205951b619008f72aa", "answers": [{"text": "Negerhollands", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?", "id": "572670205951b619008f72ab", "answers": [{"text": "Guyana", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German."}], ["Di Suriname hari ini, bahasa Belanda adalah bahasa rasmi tunggal, dan lebih daripada 60 peratus penduduknya menyebutnya sebagai bahasa ibunda. Bahasa Belanda adalah bahasa pengantar wajib di sekolah-sekolah di Suriname, walaupun untuk penutur bukan asli. Lebih dua puluh empat peratus penduduk bercakap bahasa Belanda sebagai bahasa kedua. Suriname memperoleh kemerdekaannya dari Belanda pada tahun 1975 dan telah menjadi ahli bersekutu dari Kesatuan Bahasa Belanda sejak tahun 2004. Walau bagaimanapun, lingua franca Suriname adalah Sranan Tongo, kira-kira seperlima penduduknya. <> Berapa peratus penduduk Suriname berbahasa Belanda? || 60 <> Bahasa apa yang akan anda dengar jika guru berkunjung ke sekolah di Suriname? || Bahasa Belanda <> Bilakah Suriname secara rasmi menjadi bebas dari Belanda? || 1975 <> Tahun apakah Suriname menyertai Kesatuan Bahasa Belanda? || 2004 <> Apa bahasa umum yang kira-kira 20% orang Suriname bercakap? || Sranan Tongo", {"qas": [{"question": "About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?", "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df94", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?", "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df95", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?", "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df96", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?", "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df97", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?", "id": "57266f10f1498d1400e8df98", "answers": [{"text": "Sranan Tongo", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population."}], ["Unik untuk pembangunan Belanda adalah runtuhan yang lebih tua / pergelutan / gigi + gigi menjadi gigi, diikuti oleh pendirian pra-konsonan / l / dan selepas vokal pendek, mencipta dhi / \u0251u / zout dan pertarungan sepadan dengan Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; Emas Jerman, Salz, Balt dan bahasa Inggeris emas, garam, berani. Ini adalah diphthong yang paling biasa bersama dengan / \u025bi \u0153y /. Ketiga-tiganya biasanya merupakan satu-satunya fonem unik dalam bahasa Belanda. Kecenderungan untuk penutur Bahasa Inggeris asli adalah untuk menyebut nama Belanda dengan / \u025bi / (ditulis sebagai ij atau ei) sebagai / a\u026a /, (seperti vokal Inggeris y) yang biasanya tidak membawa kepada kekeliruan di kalangan pendengar asli, kerana dalam beberapa dialek (contohnya di Amsterdam) sebutan yang sama didengar. <> Surat apa yang mewakili pembawa suara Bahasa Inggeris yang biasa digunakan untuk nama Belanda dengan \"ij\" atau \"ei\" di dalamnya? || y <> Berapa banyak fenomena unik yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan bahasa Belanda? || Tiga <> Apakah istilah yang kita gunakan untuk jenis bunyi yang dibuat untuk dua huruf vokal dengan perkataan seperti \"goud\" atau \"zout\" Belanda? || diphthong <> Sebutan apa yang dilakukan oleh orang tua Belanda / ul / al + pergigian? || ol + pergigian", {"qas": [{"question": "What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with \"ij\" or \"ei\" in them?", "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8706", "answers": [{"text": "y", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?", "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8707", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch \"goud\" or \"zout\"?", "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8708", "answers": [{"text": "diphthong", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?", "id": "57267d7fdd62a815002e8709", "answers": [{"text": "ol + dental", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /\u0251u/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /\u025bi \u0153y/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /\u025bi/ (written as ij or ei) as /a\u026a/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard."}], ["Belanda Belanda tetap menjadi bahasa sastera sehingga permulaan tahun 1920-an, ketika tekanan nasionalisme Afrikaner, \"Afrika\" Belanda lebih disukai daripada piawaian bertulis, yang berpusat di Eropah. Pada tahun 1925, seksyen 137 perlembagaan Kesatuan Afrika Selatan telah dipinda oleh Akta 8 tahun 1925, menyatakan \"perkataan Belanda dalam artikel 137 [...] adalah dengan ini diisytiharkan termasuk orang Afrika\". Perlembagaan 1983 hanya menyenaraikan Bahasa Inggeris dan Afrikaans sebagai bahasa rasmi. Dianggarkan bahawa antara 90% hingga 95% perbendaharaan kata Afrika akhirnya berasal dari Belanda. <> Dalam apa dekad apakah hasil Belanda Belanda kepada dialek tempatan di Afrika Selatan? || 1920-an <> Pada akhirnya, berapa peratus perkataan Afrikaans berasal dari bahasa Belanda? || 95% <> Apa dokumen Afrika Selatan dari tahun 1983 tidak menyenaraikan Belanda sebagai bahasa rasmi? || Perlembagaan <> Apa seksyen perlembagaan diubah oleh Akta 8 tahun 1925 untuk memasukkan orang Afrika dengan Belanda? || 137 <> Tekanan apa yang mempengaruhi peralihan di Afrika Selatan daripada penggunaan Belanda Belanda pada tahun 1920-an? || Nasionalisme Afrikaner", {"qas": [{"question": "In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?", "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfda", "answers": [{"text": "1920s", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?", "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfdb", "answers": [{"text": "95%", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?", "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfdc", "answers": [{"text": "constitution", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?", "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfdd", "answers": [{"text": "137", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?", "id": "5726718ef1498d1400e8dfde", "answers": [{"text": "Afrikaner nationalism", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local \"African\" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating \"the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans\". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin."}], ["Perubahan ini menarik dari sudut pandangan sosiolinguistik kerana ia nampaknya berlaku baru-baru ini, pada tahun 1970-an, dan dipelopori oleh wanita tua yang berpendidikan tinggi dari kelas menengah atas. Penurunan dimhthongs telah lama berlaku dalam banyak dialek Belanda, dan setanding dengan Pergeseran Vokal Besar Inggeris, dan pengungkapan panjang vokal tinggi tinggi dalam Modern High German, yang berabad-abad sebelum sampai ke negeri yang kini ditemui di Polder Dutch. Stroop menegaskan bahawa penurunan pertengahan terbuka untuk membuka diphthongs adalah pembangunan \"semulajadi\" dan tidak dapat dielakkan secara fonetik dan bahawa Belanda, selepas telah memhthongised vokal panjang tinggi seperti Jerman dan Inggeris, \"sepatutnya\" telah menurunkan diphthongs seperti bahasa Jerman dan bahasa Inggeris juga . <> Apa peristiwa linguistik dalam bahasa Inggeris yang kita boleh selari dengan penurunan bahasa Belanda yang diphthongs? || Shift Vokal Besar Bahasa Inggeris <> Dalam apa dekad apakah penurunan dihindong Belanda berlaku? || 1970-an <> Penurunan diphthongs sangat menarik kerana ia dikaitkan dengan apa jantina tunggal? || Wanita <> Apa penyelidik yang mengemukakan bahawa penurunan diphthongs adalah \"semula jadi\"? || Stroop <> Bahasa yang mana, sebagai tambahan kepada bahasa Jerman, telah menggunakan Stroop untuk membandingkan Belanda dengan menyatakan bahawa diphthongs \"seharusnya\" telah diturunkan? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"qas": [{"question": "What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?", "id": "5726801e708984140094c80f", "answers": [{"text": "English Great Vowel Shift", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?", "id": "5726801e708984140094c810", "answers": [{"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?", "id": "5726801e708984140094c811", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is \"natural\"?", "id": "5726801e708984140094c812", "answers": [{"text": "Stroop", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs \"should\" have lowered?", "id": "5726801e708984140094c813", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically \"natural\" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, \"should\" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well."}], ["Menyaksikan frikatif alveolar awal yang tidak bersuara pra-vokal berlaku, walaupun kurang dalam bahasa Belanda daripada dalam bahasa Jerman (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] berbanding Eng tujuh dan LG tujuh [s]), dan juga peralihan dalam / \u03b8 /> / d /. Saham Belanda hanya dengan Low German pembangunan / xs /> / ss / (Du vossen, ossen dan LG V\u00f6sse, Ossen vs. Germ F\u00fcchse, Ochsen dan Eng roxes, ox), dan juga pembangunan / ft / \u2192 / xt / Walaupun ia jauh lebih umum di Belanda (Du zacht dan LG sacht vs. Germ sanft dan Eng soft, tetapi Du kracht vs. LG / Germ kraft dan Eng cognate kraf). <> Adakah menyuarakan fricative alveolar awal pra-vokal yang lebih biasa di Belanda atau Jerman? || Jerman <> Adakah perkembangan / kaki / ke / xt / berlaku lebih dalam Bahasa Jerman Rendah atau Belanda? || Belanda <> Apa perkataan nombor yang dieja sama dalam Bahasa Inggeris dan Rendah Bahasa Jerman? || tujuh <> Apa perkataan Jerman untuk \"tujuh\"? || sieben <> Walaupun dieja berbeza, konsonan pertama perkataan Belanda untuk \"tujuh\" disebut sama dengan rakan sejawat Jermannya? || zeven", {"qas": [{"question": "Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?", "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0c8", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?", "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0c9", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?", "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0ca", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the German word for \"seven\"?", "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0cb", "answers": [{"text": "sieben", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for \"seven\" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?", "id": "5726783af1498d1400e8e0cc", "answers": [{"text": "zeven", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /\u03b8/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG V\u00f6sse, Ossen vs. Germ F\u00fcchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ \u2192 /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft)."}], ["Ia adalah bahasa ketiga Afrika Selatan dari segi penutur asli (~ 13.5%), di mana 53 peratus adalah Coloreds dan 42.4 peratus Putih. Pada tahun 1996, 40 peratus orang Afrika Selatan melaporkan mengetahui Afrikaans sekurang-kurangnya pada tahap komunikasi yang sangat asas. Ia adalah lingua franca di Namibia, di mana ia dituturkan secara asli dalam 11 peratus isi rumah. Secara keseluruhan, Afrikaans adalah bahasa pertama di Afrika Selatan sahaja kira-kira 6,8 juta orang dan dianggarkan menjadi bahasa kedua untuk sekurang-kurangnya 10 juta orang di seluruh dunia, berbanding dengan lebih dari 23 juta dan 5 juta masing-masing, untuk Belanda. <> Lebih kurang berapa peratusan Afrika Selatan adalah penutur bahasa Afrika asli? || 13.5% <> Negara mana yang mempunyai 11% isi rumah yang berbahasa Afrika? || Namibia <> Berapa banyak orang Afrika Selatan yang ditinjau pada tahun 1996 berkata mereka bercakap sekurang-kurangnya sedikit Afrikaans? || 40 peratus <> Berapa banyak orang Afrika Selatan yang berbahasa Afrika sebagai bahasa utama mereka? || 6.8 juta <> Lebih kurang berapa orang di dunia berbahasa Belanda sebagai bahasa kedua? || 5 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?", "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857a", "answers": [{"text": "13.5%", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?", "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857b", "answers": [{"text": "Namibia", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?", "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857c", "answers": [{"text": "40 percent", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?", "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857d", "answers": [{"text": "6.8 million", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?", "id": "57267430dd62a815002e857e", "answers": [{"text": "5 million", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch."}], ["Kedua-dua bahasa ini masih sebahagian besarnya saling difahami, walaupun hubungan ini boleh dalam beberapa bidang (seperti leksikon, ejaan dan tatabahasa) menjadi tidak simetris, kerana lebih mudah bagi penutur Belanda untuk memahami bahasa Afrikaans yang ditulis daripada bahasa Afrikaans untuk memahami bahasa Belanda yang ditulis. Afrikaans secara gramatikal jauh kurang kompleks daripada bahasa Belanda, dan item perbendaharaan kata secara amnya diubah dengan cara yang jelas, mis. vogel menjadi vo\u00ebl (\"burung\") dan regen menjadi re\u00ebn (\"hujan\"). Di Afrika Selatan, bilangan pelajar yang mengikuti Belanda di universiti, sukar untuk dianggarkan, kerana kajian akademik orang Afrika tidak dapat dielakkan termasuk kajian bahasa Belanda. Di tempat lain di dunia, jumlah orang yang belajar Belanda agak kecil. <> Siapa yang mempunyai masa yang lebih sukar memahami bahasa yang lain: pembesar suara Belanda atau penceramah Afrikaans? || Bahasa Afrikaans <> Adakah Afrikaans lebih kurang kompleks berbanding dengan Belanda? || kurang rumit <> Apakah perkataan Belanda untuk \"burung\"? || vogel <> Apakah kata Afrikaans untuk \"hujan\"? || Adakah ia sukar atau mudah untuk menganggarkan bilangan pelajar di Afrika Selatan yang belajar bahasa Belanda? || sukar", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?", "id": "572672e8708984140094c677", "answers": [{"text": "Afrikaans speakers", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?", "id": "572672e8708984140094c678", "answers": [{"text": "less complex", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"bird\"?", "id": "572672e8708984140094c679", "answers": [{"text": "vogel", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Afrikaans word for \"rain\"?", "id": "572672e8708984140094c67a", "answers": [{"text": "re\u00ebn", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?", "id": "572672e8708984140094c67b", "answers": [{"text": "difficult", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes vo\u00ebl (\"bird\") and regen becomes re\u00ebn (\"rain\"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small."}], ["Panjang vokal tidak selalu dianggap sebagai ciri khas dalam fonologi Belanda, kerana ia biasanya berlaku dengan perubahan dalam kualiti vokal. Satu ciri atau yang lain mungkin dianggap berlebihan, dan beberapa analisis fonemik lebih suka memperlakukannya sebagai pembangkang ketegangan. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun tidak dianggap sebahagian daripada pembangkang fonemik, vokal panjang / tegang masih direalisasikan secara fonetik lebih lama daripada rakan-rakan pendek mereka. Perubahan dalam kualiti vokal juga tidak selalu sama dalam semua dialek, dan dalam sesetengahnya terdapat sedikit perbezaan sama sekali, dengan baki panjang ciri membezakan utama. Dan walaupun benar bahawa kata-kata yang lebih tua sentiasa memasangkan panjang vokal dengan perubahan dalam kualiti vokal, kata pinjaman baru telah memperkenalkan semula pembangkang fonemik panjang. [Z\u0254\u02d0n\u0259] (\"zon\") versus zonen [zo\u02d0n\u0259 (n)] (\"anak-anak\"), atau kroes [krus] (\"cawan\" kru \u02d0s] (\"pelayaran\"). <> Apakah kualiti vokal Belanda tidak diiktiraf sebagai tersendiri? || panjang <> Adakah benar atau palsu bahawa kata-kata Belanda yang lebih lama menggabungkan perubahan dalam panjang vokal dan kualiti vokal? || benar <> Bagaimana anda boleh mengatakan \"anak lelaki\" dalam bahasa Belanda? || zonen <> Sejak perubahan kualiti vokal mungkin sedikit di antara dialek, apakah ciri vokal utama yang digunakan untuk membezakannya? || panjang <> Apakah perkataan Belanda \"kroes\" bermaksud dalam bahasa Inggeris? || cawan", {"qas": [{"question": "What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?", "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e146", "answers": [{"text": "length", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?", "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e147", "answers": [{"text": "true", "answer_start": 632}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How would you say \"sons\" in Dutch?", "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e148", "answers": [{"text": "zonen", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?", "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e149", "answers": [{"text": "length", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Dutch word \"kroes\" mean in English?", "id": "57267b49f1498d1400e8e14a", "answers": [{"text": "mug", "answer_start": 892}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [\u02c8z\u0254n\u0259] (\"suns\") versus zone [\u02c8z\u0254\u02d0n\u0259] (\"zone\") versus zonen [\u02c8zo\u02d0n\u0259(n)] (\"sons\"), or kroes [krus] (\"mug\") versus cruise [kru\u02d0s] (\"cruise\")."}], ["Tidak seperti bahasa Jermanik lain, bahasa Belanda tidak mempunyai aspirasi fonologi konsonan. Seperti bahasa Inggeris, Belanda tidak menyertai peralihan konsonan kedua. Seperti kebanyakan bahasa Jermanik, sistem konsonan Belanda tidak mengalami pergeseran konsonan Tinggi Jerman dan mempunyai struktur suku kata yang membenarkan kelompok konsonan yang agak kompleks. Belanda juga mengekalkan penggunaan penuh fraratif velar yang terdapat dalam Proto-Germanic, tetapi hilang atau diubahsuai dalam banyak bahasa Jerman lain. Belanda mempunyai penyingkiran akhir-akhir: pada akhir perkataan, penyataan menyuarakan dinentralisasi dan semua obstruen diucapkan tanpa suara. Contohnya, goede (\"baik\") adalah / \u0263ud\u0259 / tetapi bentuk yang berkaitan adalah / \u0263ut /. Saham Belanda dengan penyisihan penghapusan akhir Jerman (Du brood [bro\u02d0t] dan roti Jerman Brot vs Eng). <> Apa bunyi yang Belanda masih menggunakan dari Proto-Germanic yang telah dihapuskan dalam bahasa Jermanik lain? || velar fricatives <> Bersama dengan Bahasa Inggeris, peralihan sebutan apa yang tidak diterjemah oleh Belanda? || peralihan konsonan kedua <> Bagaimana obstruen diucapkan pada akhir kata-kata Belanda? || tidak bersuara <> Bagaimana anda boleh mengatakan \"baik\" dalam bahasa Belanda? || goede <> Bahasa apa selain bahasa Belanda juga menggunakan penyisihan akhir yang menghalang? || Jerman", {"qas": [{"question": "What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?", "id": "57267681708984140094c707", "answers": [{"text": "velar fricatives", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?", "id": "57267681708984140094c708", "answers": [{"text": "the second consonant shift", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?", "id": "57267681708984140094c709", "answers": [{"text": "voiceless", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How would you say \"good\" in Dutch?", "id": "57267681708984140094c70a", "answers": [{"text": "goede", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?", "id": "57267681708984140094c70b", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede (\"good\") is /\u02c8\u0263ud\u0259/ but the related form goed is /\u0263ut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [bro\u02d0t] and German Brot vs Eng bread)."}], ["Seperti bahasa Jermanik yang paling, Belanda bentuk sebatian kata benda, di mana kata nama pertama mengubah kategori yang diberikan oleh yang kedua (hondenhok = anjing rumah). Tidak seperti bahasa Inggeris, di mana sebatian baru atau kombinasi kata nama lebih panjang sering ditulis dalam bentuk terbuka dengan memisahkan ruang, bahasa Belanda (seperti bahasa Jermanik lain) sama ada menggunakan bentuk tertutup tanpa ruang (boomhuis = rumah pokok) atau menyisipkan tanda hubung (VVD-coryfee = anggota cemerlang VVD, sebuah parti politik). Seperti Jerman, Belanda membenarkan sebatian lama sewenang-wenangnya, tetapi semakin lama mereka mendapat, semakin jarang mereka cenderung. <> Bagaimana seorang pembesar Belanda mengatakan \"rumah anjing\"? || hondenhok <> Adakah Belanda seperti atau tidak seperti bahasa Inggeris dalam rawatan kata nama majmuknya? || Tidak seperti <> \"Rumah pokok,\" yang merupakan dua perkataan dalam bahasa Inggeris, akan menjadi kata tunggal dalam bahasa Belanda? || boomhuis <> Bahasa apa seperti bahasa Belanda dalam membolehkan sebatian menjadi panjang? || Bahasa Jerman <> Dalam bahasa Inggeris, apa yang biasanya memisahkan kata nama majmuk yang baru yang ditulis dalam bentuk terbuka? || ruang", {"qas": [{"question": "How would a Dutch speaker say \"doghouse\"?", "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d2", "answers": [{"text": "hondenhok", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?", "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d3", "answers": [{"text": "Unlike", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"Tree house,\" which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?", "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d4", "answers": [{"text": "boomhuis", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?", "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d5", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?", "id": "5726910cdd62a815002e89d6", "answers": [{"text": "spaces", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be."}], ["Yang lebih rumit masih terdapat dalam ungkapan-ungkapan lexicalized tertentu seperti heer des huizes (secara harfiah, lelaki rumah), dan lain-lain. Ini biasanya sisa-sisa kes (dalam contoh ini, kes genitif yang masih digunakan dalam bahasa Jerman, lih. Der Herr des Hauses) dan kelainan lain tidak lagi digunakan umum pada hari ini. Dalam ungkapan ungkapan lexicalized kata kata kata kata yang kuat dan lemah juga dapat dijumpai, mis. di Heer jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), di mana \"-en\" sebenarnya genitive ending kata nama lemah. Juga dalam kes ini, Jerman mengekalkan ciri ini. Walaupun genitif secara meluas dihindari dalam ucapan. <> Kes apa yang tidak lagi digunakan dalam bahasa Belanda masih terdapat dalam frasa bahasa Jerman seperti \"Der Herr des Hauses\"? || genitive <> Bagaimana anda boleh mengatakan \"lelaki rumah\" dalam bahasa Belanda? || de heer des huizes <> Apa perkataan yang menggambarkan ekspresi yang berdiri sendiri yang mengekalkan beberapa konvensi ketinggalan zaman sebagai pengecualian? || lexicalized <> Kata mana dalam frasa \"het jaar des Heren\" adalah kata nama yang lemah dengan genitive ending ditambah? || Heren", {"qas": [{"question": "What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like \"Der Herr des Hauses\"?", "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8874", "answers": [{"text": "genitive", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How would you say \"the man of the house\" in Dutch?", "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8875", "answers": [{"text": "de heer des huizes", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?", "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8876", "answers": [{"text": "lexicalized", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which word in the phrase \"het jaar des Heren\" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?", "id": "572688eadd62a815002e8877", "answers": [{"text": "Heren", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where \"-en\" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech."}], ["Dalam bahasa Belanda, kurang diminimalkan tidak terhad kepada kata benda dan wujud dalam angka-angka (bertemu z'n tweetjes, \"kami berdua\"), kata ganti (onderonsje, \"t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate\"), zarah lisan (moetje, \"shotgun perkahwinan \"), dan juga preposisi (toetje,\" pencuci mulut \"). Walau bagaimanapun, yang paling ketara, adalah bentuk-bentuk kata sifat dan kata-kata yang kecil. Yang pertama mengambil akhir yang kecil dan dengan itu berfungsi sebagai kata nama, yang terakhir tetap menjadi peribahasa dan selalu diminutif dengan s yang dilampirkan, mis. kata sifat: groen (\"hijau\") \u2192 kata benda: groentje (\"rookie\"); kata keterangan: walaupun (\"hanya\") \u2192 kata keterangan: eventjes (\"hanya seminit\"). <> Kata apa yang digunakan oleh penceramah Belanda untuk apa yang kita sebut sebagai \"perkahwinan senapang patah\"? || moetje <> Dalam bahasa Belanda, bahagian ucapan apa yang menjadi kata sifat dengan berakhirnya kekurangan? || kata benda <> Apabila \"endless\" ending \"ditambahkan\" kepada kata keterangan \"walaupun,\" sebagai sebahagian daripada ucapan yang berfungsi? || kata keterangan <> Apa perkataan Belanda untuk \"hijau\"? || groen <> Dengan ujung kecil \"-tje\" ditambahkan pada kata Belanda untuk \"hijau,\" apa pembentukan baru diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || rookie", {"qas": [{"question": "What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a \"shotgun marriage\"?", "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b1", "answers": [{"text": "moetje", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?", "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b2", "answers": [{"text": "noun", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the diminutive ending \"-tjes\" is added to the adverb \"even,\" as what part of speech does it function?", "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b3", "answers": [{"text": "adverb", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"green\"?", "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b4", "answers": [{"text": "groen", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With the diminutive ending \"-tje\" added to the Dutch word for \"green,\" what does the new formation translate to in English?", "id": "57268c1b708984140094c9b5", "answers": [{"text": "rookie", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, \"the two of us\"), pronouns (onderonsje, \"t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate\"), verbal particles (moetje, \"shotgun marriage\"), and even prepositions (toetje, \"dessert\"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen (\"green\") \u2192 noun: groentje (\"rookie\"); adverb: even (\"just\") \u2192 adverb: eventjes (\"just a minute\")."}], ["Tatabahasa bertulis Belanda telah dipermudahkan sejak 100 tahun yang lalu: kes kini digunakan terutamanya untuk kata ganti nama, seperti ik (I), mij, saya (saya), mijn (saya), wie (siapa), wiens (yang: maskulin atau singular neuter), yang (yang: feminin tunggal, maskulin, feminin atau sebaliknya). Nouns dan adjektif bukan kes yang terkesan (kecuali genitive kata nama yang betul (nama): -s, -'s atau - '). Dalam kes-kes bahasa dan kesukaran bahasa yang telah diucapkan secara beransur-ansur hilang dari suatu tarikh yang lebih awal pada (mungkin abad ke-15) seperti dalam banyak dialek Jermanik Barat benua. <> Apa perkataan Belanda untuk \"saya\"? || mijn <> Berapa lama masa mempunyai peraturan untuk bahasa Belanda yang ditulis menjadi kurang rumit? || 100 tahun <> Apa bahagian ucapan Belanda kebanyakannya menggunakan kes? || kata ganti <> Bahagian ucapan mana yang biasanya tidak khusus dalam bahasa Belanda? || Nouns dan kata sifat <> Dalam abad berapa lama sebelum Belanda melakukan dialek Jerman Jerman yang paling mungkin kehilangan jangkitan kes? || 15th", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"my\"?", "id": "5726866b5951b619008f758f", "answers": [{"text": "mijn", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?", "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7590", "answers": [{"text": "100 years", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?", "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7591", "answers": [{"text": "pronouns", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?", "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7592", "answers": [{"text": "Nouns and adjectives", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?", "id": "5726866b5951b619008f7593", "answers": [{"text": "15th", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects."}], ["Sesetengah kata nama mempunyai dua diminutif berbeza, masing-masing dengan makna yang berbeza: bloem (bunga) \u2192 bloempje (lit. \"bunga kecil\"), tetapi bloemetje (dinyalakan juga \"bunga kecil\", yang bermaksud sejambak). Beberapa kata nama wujud semata-mata dalam bentuk kecil, mis. zeepaardje (kuda laut), sementara banyak, mis. meisje (gadis), yang pada mulanya kecil dari meid (pembantu rumah), telah memperoleh makna bebas dari bentuk-bentuk yang tidak diminutif mereka. Sekurang-kurangnya sedikit boleh ditambah kepada kata nama yang tidak terhitung untuk merujuk kepada satu bahagian: ijs (ais, ais krim) \u2192 ijsje (merawat ais krim, kon ais krim), bier (bir) \u2192 biertje. Beberapa bentuk yang kecil hanya wujud dalam bentuk plural, mis. kleertjes (pakaian). <> Yang diminutif dari \"bloem\" bermaksud \"sejambak\"? || bloemetje <> Apa perkataan Belanda untuk \"kuda laut\" yang tidak mempunyai bentuk tidak diminutif? || zeepaardje <> Apa kata Belanda perkataan mereka untuk \"gadis\" berasal dari yang mempunyai makna yang sama sekali berbeza? || meid <> Apakah perkataan Belanda untuk barang seperti baju dan celana yang anda pakai yang hanya terdapat dalam bentuk jamak? || kleertjes <> Kadang-kadang kata kata yang tidak terhitung dalam bahasa Belanda mendapat akhir yang kecil untuk membuat mereka merujuk kepada apa, seperti kerucut es krim? || satu bahagian", {"qas": [{"question": "Which diminutive of \"bloem\" means a \"bouquet\"?", "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a6", "answers": [{"text": "bloemetje", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"seahorse\" that has no non-diminutive form?", "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a7", "answers": [{"text": "zeepaardje", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Dutch word did their word for \"girl\" come from that has a totally different meaning?", "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a8", "answers": [{"text": "meid", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?", "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3a9", "answers": [{"text": "kleertjes", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?", "id": "57268e0ff1498d1400e8e3aa", "answers": [{"text": "a single portion", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) \u2192 bloempje (lit. \"small flower\"), but bloemetje (lit. also \"small flower\", meaning bouquet). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) \u2192 ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) \u2192 biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing)."}], ["Seperti dalam bahasa Inggeris, bahasa Belanda telah menyebarkan huruf besar ke atas kes tudingan untuk semua kata ganti, cth. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich / mir dich / dir. Terdapat satu pengecualian: bahasa standard menetapkan bahawa dalam orang ketiga jamak, hen digunakan untuk objek langsung, dan hun untuk objek tidak langsung. Pembezaan ini secara buatan diperkenalkan pada abad ke-17 oleh tatabahasa, dan sebahagian besarnya tidak diendahkan dalam bahasa lisan dan tidak difahami oleh pembesar Belanda. Akibatnya, orang ketiga bentuk majmuk hun dan ayam boleh ditukar ganti dalam penggunaan biasa, dengan hun menjadi lebih biasa. Ze bentuk yang tidak ditekankan bersama juga sering digunakan sebagai kedua-dua objek langsung dan tidak langsung dan merupakan strategi mengelakkan berguna apabila orang tidak pasti yang bentuknya digunakan. <> Bahasa apa bahasa selain bahasa Belanda menggunakan huruf kecil dan bukan akusatif untuk kata ganti? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Dalam pengecualian tunggal untuk kes dative, yang kata ganti nama ditetapkan untuk orang ketiga objek langsung plural? || hen <> Bilakah ahli-ahli gramatikal mula-mula melukis garis antara kata ganti orang ketiga untuk kata-kata Belanda? || Abad ke-17 <> Oleh kerana kebanyakan penceramah Belanda tidak mengganggu dengan peraturan hen / hun, yang mana dua yang paling sering digunakan? || hun <> Apabila penceramah bingung tentang sama ada menggunakan hen atau hun, apa bentuk yang tidak ditekankan yang boleh diubahsuai yang mungkin mereka gunakan? || ze", {"qas": [{"question": "What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?", "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d2", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?", "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d3", "answers": [{"text": "hen", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?", "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d4", "answers": [{"text": "17th century", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?", "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d5", "answers": [{"text": "hun", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?", "id": "57268f9cf1498d1400e8e3d6", "answers": [{"text": "ze", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use."}], ["Sebaliknya, beliau berpendapat, perkembangan ini telah dibekukan secara artifisial dalam keadaan \"perantaraan\" dengan penyeragaman sebutan Belanda pada abad ke-16, di mana menurunkan diphthong yang terdapat dalam dialek pedesaan dianggap sebagai hodoh oleh kelas yang berpendidikan dan diisytiharkan dengan sengaja. Kini, bagaimanapun, pada pendapatnya, wanita yang baru kaya dan bebas mampu membiarkan perkembangan semulajadi berlaku dalam ucapan mereka. Stroop membandingkan peranan Polder Dutch dengan pelbagai bandar sebutan British Inggeris yang dikenali sebagai Estuary English. <> Kata apa yang digunakan Stroop untuk menggambarkan tahap statik sebutan diphthong? || \"perantaraan\" <> Apakah kelas-kelas di abad ke-16 menyinggung pengucapan Belanda oleh orang-orang luar? || kelas berpendidikan <> Apa jenis Inggeris Inggeris yang berbeza yang dikatakan Stroop mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan Polder Dutch? || Estuary English <> Apa fenomena pengucapan Belanda yang dibawa oleh sikap golongan elit pada abad ke-16? || standardisasi <> Apa jenis diphthongs yang spesifik adalah penceramah Belanda kurang berpendidikan di pedesaan yang menggunakan pada abad ke-16? || menurunkan diphthongs", {"qas": [{"question": "What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?", "id": "5726822d5951b619008f7509", "answers": [{"text": "\"intermediate\"", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?", "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750a", "answers": [{"text": "educated classes", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?", "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750b", "answers": [{"text": "Estuary English", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?", "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750c", "answers": [{"text": "standardisation", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?", "id": "5726822d5951b619008f750d", "answers": [{"text": "lowered diphthongs", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an \"intermediate\" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English."}], ["Standard Dutch menggunakan tiga jenis jantina untuk membezakan antara jantina semula jadi dan tiga ketika jantina tatabahasa yang menonjol. Tetapi untuk kebanyakan penceramah bukan Belgium, jantina lelaki dan feminin telah digabungkan untuk membentuk jantina biasa (de), sementara pembelot (het) tetap berbeza seperti sebelumnya. Sistem jantina ini adalah serupa dengan kebanyakan bahasa Scandinavian Kontinental. Seperti dalam bahasa Inggeris, tetapi pada tahap yang lebih rendah, tatabahasa inflectional bahasa (contohnya, kata sifat dan kata benda berakhir) telah dipermudahkan dari masa ke masa. <> Berapa banyak jantina yang digunakan oleh Belanda untuk kedua-dua jantina semulajadi dan tatabahasa? || tiga <> Apakah jantina yang majoriti pembicara Belanda bukan Belgium menggunakan bukan maskulin dan feminin? || jantina biasa <> Selain daripada jantina biasa di Belanda bukan Belanda, apa jantina lain yang digunakan speaker? || neuter <> Sistem umum / neuter yang digunakan dalam bahasa Belanda adalah seperti sistem yang digunakan dalam kategori bahasa lain? || Bahasa Kontinental Scandinavia <> Dalam tatabahasa inflectional sederhana, bahasa apa bahasa Belanda sama dengan? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"qas": [{"question": "How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?", "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27a", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?", "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27b", "answers": [{"text": "the common gender", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?", "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27c", "answers": [{"text": "neuter", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?", "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27d", "answers": [{"text": "Continental Scandinavian languages", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?", "id": "5726853df1498d1400e8e27e", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time."}], ["Dalam klausa utama interogatif, urutan kata biasa ialah: kata kerja konjugat yang diikuti oleh subjek; kata kerja yang lain dalam kedudukan terakhir: \"Adakah anda tahu apa itu?\" (secara harfiah \"Bolehkah awak pen anda tidak mencari?\") \"Tidakkah anda dapat mencari pen anda?\"\nDalam bahasa Belanda yang bersamaan dengan pertanyaan yang sama, perkataan itu adalah: kata ganti sindiran (atau ungkapan) + kata kerja + kata kerja yang konjugat; kata kerja lain dalam kedudukan akhir: \"Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?\" (\"Mengapa anda tidak dapat mencari pen anda?\") \"Mengapa anda tidak dapat mencari pen anda?\" \"\nDalam soalan tag, urutan perkataan adalah sama seperti dalam klausa pernyataan: \"Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?\" (\"Anda boleh pen anda tidak dapat mencari?\") \"Anda tidak dapat mencari pen anda?\" \"\nKlausa subordinat tidak mengubah perintah perkataannya: \"Adakah anda tahu apa yang anda maksudkan?\" (\"Bolehkah awak pen anda tidak mencari kerana ia terlalu gelap?\") \"Bolehkah anda tidak menemui pen anda kerana terlalu gelap?\" \"<> Dalam apa jenis klausa Belanda adakah subjek biasanya mengikuti kata kerja konjugat? klausa utama interogatif <> Apa jenis bahasa Inggeris bersamaan dengan perintah perkataan Belanda yang merupakan kata ganti / ungkapan interogatif, maka kata kerja yang diikuti oleh suatu subjek? || a wh-question <> Apa jenis klausa mempunyai urutan kata yang sama dalam Bahasa Belanda sebagai soalan tag? || klausa deklaratif <> Apa yang tidak pernah berubah dalam klausa subordinat dalam bahasa Belanda? || perkataan word <> Apa terjemahan literal frasa Belanda, \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?\" anda pen anda tidak dapat mencari? \"", {"qas": [{"question": "In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?", "id": "57268a8d708984140094c973", "answers": [{"text": "interrogative main clause", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?", "id": "57268a8d708984140094c974", "answers": [{"text": "a wh-question", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?", "id": "57268a8d708984140094c975", "answers": [{"text": "declarative clause", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?", "id": "57268a8d708984140094c976", "answers": [{"text": "word order", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?\"", "id": "57268a8d708984140094c977", "answers": [{"text": "\"Can you your pen not find?\"", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?\" (literally \"Can you your pen not find?\") \"Can't you find your pen?\"\nIn the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: \"Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?\" (\"Why can you your pen not find?\") \"Why can't you find your pen?\"\"\nIn a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: \"Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?\" (\"You can your pen not find?\") \"You can't find your pen?\"\"\nA subordinate clause does not change its word order: \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?\" (\"Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?\") \"Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?\"\""}], ["Perbendaharaan kata Belanda berasal dari bahasa Jerman, dengan bahagian tambahan kata pinjaman sebanyak 20%. Pengaruh asing utama terhadap perbendaharaan kata Belanda sejak abad ke-12 dan berakhir pada tempoh Perancis telah Perancis dan (utara) Perancis, mengira kira-kira 6.8%, atau lebih daripada satu pertiga daripada semua kata pinjaman. Latin, yang telah dituturkan selama berabad-abad di selatan Negara-negara Rendah, dan sejak itu selama berabad-abad telah memainkan peranan utama sebagai bahasa sains dan agama, berikut dengan 6.1%. Tinggi Jerman dan Rendah Jerman, berpengaruh sehingga pertengahan abad ke-19, menyumbang sebanyak 2.7%, tetapi kebanyakannya tidak dapat dikenali kerana banyak kata pinjaman Jerman telah \"Belanda\", cth. Jerman \"Fremdling\" menjadi Belanda \"vreemdeling\". Dari bahasa Inggeris, bahasa Belanda telah mengambil alih kata-kata sejak pertengahan abad ke-19, sebagai akibat daripada kuasa Inggeris dan Amerika Syarikat. Bahagian kata pinjaman bahasa Inggeris adalah kira-kira 1.5%, tetapi angka ini masih meningkat. Sebaliknya, Belanda menyumbangkan banyak kata pinjaman kepada bahasa Inggeris, mencakupi 1.3%. <> Berapakah peratusan perkataan pinjaman yang ada dalam perbendaharaan bahasa Belanda? || 20% <> Bahasa apa yang paling banyak mempengaruhi kosakata Belanda sejak abad ke-12? || Bahasa Perancis <> Bahasa apa bahasa Belanda mendapat peratusan tertinggi kedua perkataan pinjaman dari? || Latin <> Bersama, berapa peratus perkataan pinjaman Belanda berasal dari Jerman Tinggi dan Rendah? || 2.7% <> Dalam perkongsian pinjaman antara Belanda dan Inggeris, bahasa mana yang mendapat peratusan pinjaman yang lebih tinggi? || Belanda", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?", "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e422", "answers": [{"text": "20%", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?", "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e423", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?", "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e424", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?", "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e425", "answers": [{"text": "2.7%", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?", "id": "5726925ef1498d1400e8e426", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 986}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been \"Dutchified\", e.g. German \"Fremdling\" become Dutch \"vreemdeling\". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%."}], ["Belanda ditulis menggunakan skrip Latin. Belanda menggunakan satu aksara tambahan di luar abjad standard, digraf IJ. Ia mempunyai proporsi huruf yang berganda yang tinggi, baik huruf vokal dan konsonan, kerana pembentukan kata majmuk dan juga alat ejaan untuk membezakan banyak bunyi vokal dalam bahasa Belanda. Satu contoh lima huruf berturut-turut berturut-turut adalah perkataan voorraaddoos (wadah penyimpanan makanan). The diaeresis (Belanda: trema) digunakan untuk menandakan vokal yang disebut secara berasingan apabila melibatkan pra-atau akhiran. Sedangkan hiper digunakan apabila masalah ini berlaku dalam kata-kata gabungan. Sebagai contoh; \"be\u00efnvloed\" (dipengaruhi), tetapi zee-eend (itik laut). Pada umumnya, tanda diacritikal lain hanya berlaku dalam kata pinjaman, walaupun aksen akut juga boleh digunakan untuk penekanan atau untuk membezakan antara dua bentuk. Penggunaannya yang paling biasa adalah membezakan antara artikel 'een' (a, a) dan angka '\u00e9\u00e9n' (satu) yang tidak pasti. <> Berapa banyak aksara tambahan yang ada di Belanda selain abjad biasa? || satu <> Apa gunanya kegunaan tambahan aksara Belanda? || digraf <> Oleh kerana Belanda mempunyai banyak bunyi vokal dan kata-kata majmuk, apa yang sering berlaku dalam ejaan Belanda? || huruf berganda <> Apakah satu contoh perkataan Belanda yang mempunyai dua huruf vokal atau konsonan lima kali berturut-turut? || voorraaddoos <> Apakah nama untuk jenis aksen yang digunakan oleh Belanda untuk menandakan perbezaan antara perkataan untuk \"a\" atau \"an\" dan perkataan untuk \"satu\"? || aksen akut", {"qas": [{"question": "How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?", "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a14", "answers": [{"text": "one", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?", "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a15", "answers": [{"text": "digraph", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?", "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a16", "answers": [{"text": "doubled letters", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?", "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a17", "answers": [{"text": "voorraaddoos", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for \"a\" or \"an\" and the word for \"one\"?", "id": "572693fddd62a815002e8a18", "answers": [{"text": "acute accent", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Dutch is written using the Latin script. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (food storage container). The diaeresis (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately when involving a pre- or suffix. Whereas a hyphen is used when this problem occurs in compound words. For example; \"be\u00efnvloed\" (influenced), but zee-eend (sea duck). Generally, other diacritical marks only occur in loanwords, though the acute accent can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms. Its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite article 'een' (a, an) and the numeral '\u00e9\u00e9n' (one)."}]], [["Menjelang tahun 1847, pasangan itu telah menemui istana yang terlalu kecil untuk kehidupan mahkamah dan keluarga mereka yang semakin meningkat, dan akibatnya, sayap baru, yang direka oleh Edward Blore, dibina oleh Thomas Cubitt, yang melingkari kuadrat utama. Barisan Timur yang besar, menghadap The Mall, hari ini adalah \"wajah awam\" Istana Buckingham, dan mengandungi balkoni yang mana keluarga diraja mengakui orang ramai pada masa-masa penting dan selepas Trooping Warna Warna tahunan. Sayap tarian dan suite bilik negara juga dibina dalam tempoh ini, yang direka oleh pelajar Nash Sir James Pennethorne. <> Siapa yang merancang sayap baru untuk istana pada tahun 1847? || Edward Blore <> Sayap baru dibina oleh siapa? || Thomas Cubitt <> Apa depan istana Timur yang dikenali sebagai? || \"muka awam\" Buckingham Palace <> Front Timur mengandungi ciri yang terkenal? || balkoni <> Siapakah pelajar Nash yang merancang sayap bola sayap? || Sir James Pennethorne. <> Siapa yang merancang sayap baru untuk Ratu Victoria dan Putera Albert ketika mereka merasakan mereka memerlukan lebih banyak ruang? || Edward Blore <> Siapa yang membina sayap baru? || Thomas Cubitt <> Apa yang dianggap wajah awam istana? || Front Timur Besar <> Apa sayap lain dibina pada masa ini? || Sayap bola sayap <> Yang mana dari pelajar Nash yang direka Ballroom itu? || Sir James Pennethorne <> Siapa yang merancang sayap biru untuk istana pada tahun 1837? || <> Apakah bahagian barat istana digambarkan sebagai? || <> Siapakah guru Nash yang memusnahkan sayap bola sayap? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai hidung peribadi istana? || <> Apa sayap lain telah dikeluarkan pada masa ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?", "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1c7", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Blore", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new wing was built by whom?", "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1c8", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Cubitt", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the East front of the palace known as?", "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1c9", "answers": [{"text": "\"public face\" of Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The East Front contains what famous feature?", "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1ca", "answers": [{"text": "the balcony", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?", "id": "5725ca9e271a42140099d1cb", "answers": [{"text": "Sir James Pennethorne.", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?", "id": "57261391271a42140099d435", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Blore", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who built the new wing?", "id": "57261391271a42140099d436", "answers": [{"text": "Thomas Cubitt", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered the public face of the palace?", "id": "57261391271a42140099d437", "answers": [{"text": "The large East Front", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other wing was built during this time?", "id": "57261391271a42140099d438", "answers": [{"text": "The ballroom wing", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?", "id": "57261391271a42140099d439", "answers": [{"text": "Sir James Pennethorne", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Blore", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "Who designed the blue wing for the palace in 1837?", "id": "5a7a390f17ab25001a8a03c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"public face\" of Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What is the West front of the palace described as?", "id": "5a7a390f17ab25001a8a03c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir James Pennethorne", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "Who was the teacher of Nash that destroyed the ballroom wing?", "id": "5a7a390f17ab25001a8a03c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The large East Front", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "What is considered the private nose of the palace?", "id": "5a7a390f17ab25001a8a03c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The ballroom wing", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What other wing was removed during this time?", "id": "5a7a390f17ab25001a8a03c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle. The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the \"public face\" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour. The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne."}], ["Rumah yang membentuk teras seni bina istana dibina untuk Duke pertama Buckingham dan Normanby pada tahun 1703 untuk reka bentuk William Winde. Gaya yang dipilih adalah blok tengah yang besar dan tiga dengan dua sayap perkhidmatan flanking yang lebih kecil. Buckingham House akhirnya dijual oleh keturunan Buckingham, Sir Charles Sheffield, pada 1761 kepada George III untuk \u00a3 21,000. Penyewaan Sheffield di halaman taman mulberi, pegangan bebas yang masih dimiliki oleh keluarga diraja, akan luput pada tahun 1774. <> Pada tahun berapa William Winde merancang rumah yang membentuk inti istana? || 1703 <> Siapa yang menjual rumah Buckingham pada tahun 1761? || Sir Charles Sheffield <> Berapakah George III membayar rumah? || \u00a3 21,000 <> Pada tahun apakah tapak pajakan Mulberry yang telah luput? || 1774 <> Berapa banyak sayap perkhidmatan flanking yang dilakukan oleh Buckingham House yang asli? || dua <> Rumah yang merupakan inti dari Buckingham mula dibina untuk siapa? || Adipati Buckingham dan Normanby <> Siapa yang merancang rumah untuk Duke of Buckingham? || William Winde <> Berapa banyak sayap perkhidmatan sayap yang dilakukan Buckingham House? || dua <> yang membeli rumah Buckingham pada 1761? || George III <> Berapa banyak George III membayar untuk Buckingham House? || \u00a3 21,000 <> Tahun berapa William Winde membakar rumah yang membentuk teras istana? || <> Siapa yang menjual rumah Buckingham pada tahun 1741? || <> Berapakah yang dibayar oleh George II untuk rumah itu? || <> Berapa banyak sayap perkhidmatan mengapit yang dikeluarkan oleh Buckingham House asal? || <> Siapa yang membeli Rumah Buckingham pada tahun 1781? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?", "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccb", "answers": [{"text": "1703", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?", "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccc", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Charles Sheffield", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did George III pay for the house?", "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccd", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?", "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005accce", "answers": [{"text": "1774", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?", "id": "5725c6fd38643c19005acccf", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?", "id": "572610b9271a42140099d417", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Buckingham and Normanby", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?", "id": "572610b9271a42140099d418", "answers": [{"text": "William Winde", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?", "id": "572610b9271a42140099d419", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?", "id": "572610b9271a42140099d41a", "answers": [{"text": "George III", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did George III pay for Buckingham House? ", "id": "572610b9271a42140099d41b", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1703", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What year did William Winde burn the house which forms the core of the palace?", "id": "5a7a127317ab25001a8a02da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Charles Sheffield", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "Who sold Buckingham house in 1741?", "id": "5a7a127317ab25001a8a02db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "How much did George II pay for the house?", "id": "5a7a127317ab25001a8a02dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House remove?", "id": "5a7a127317ab25001a8a02dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George III", "answer_start": 356}], "question": "Who bought Buckingham House in 1781?", "id": "5a7a127317ab25001a8a02de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774."}], ["Mungkin rumah pertama yang didirikan di dalam laman web itu adalah dari Sir William Blake, sekitar 1624. Pemilik seterusnya ialah Lord Goring, yang dari 1633 diperluas rumah Blake dan mengembangkan banyak taman hari ini, kemudian dikenali sebagai Goring Great Garden. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau tidak mendapat faedah pegangan bebas di taman mulberi. Tidak kenal dengan Goring, pada tahun 1640 dokumen itu \"gagal meluluskan Seal Besar sebelum Raja Charles I melarikan diri dari London, yang perlu dilakukan untuk pelaksanaan undang-undang\". Ia adalah peninggalan penting yang membantu keluarga diraja British mendapatkan semula pegangan bebas di bawah Raja George III. <> Siapa yang membina rumah pertama di laman web ini? || Sir William Blake <> Pemilik mana yang mengembangkan banyak taman yang masih kelihatan hari ini? || Lord Goring <> Apa kebun Lord Goring yang dikenali sebagai? || Goring Great Garden <> Di bawah mana raja raja Royal Family mendapatkan gelar hak milik percuma? || Raja George III <> Raja mana yang gagal melaksanakan dokumen pegangan bebas Goring sebelum melarikan diri ke London? || Raja Charles I <> Siapa yang memiliki rumah pertama yang dibina di atas tapak ini? || Sir William Blake <> Siapa yang membangunkan kebun hari ini di Buckingham? || Lord Goring <> Apa nama Lord Goring Garden? || Goring Great Garden <> Raja manakah yang melarikan diri ke London meninggalkan keluarga Royal agar tetap bebas dari harta itu? || Raja Charles I <> Siapa yang merobohkan rumah pertama di tapak? || <> Pemilik mana yang tidak membangunkan taman yang masih kelihatan hari ini? || <> Apa taman Lord Goring tersilap dikenali? || <> Raja manakah yang mengeksekusi dokumen pegangan bebas Goring sebelum tinggal di London? || <> Siapa yang membuang rumah terakhir yang dibina di laman web ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who built the first house on the site?", "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe54", "answers": [{"text": "Sir William Blake", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?", "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe55", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Goring", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Lord Goring's garden known as?", "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe56", "answers": [{"text": "Goring Great Garden", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property? ", "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe57", "answers": [{"text": "King George III", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?", "id": "5725c53d89a1e219009abe58", "answers": [{"text": "King Charles I", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owned the first house built on the site?", "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d40f", "answers": [{"text": "Sir William Blake", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?", "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d410", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Goring", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?", "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d411", "answers": [{"text": "Goring Great Garden", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?", "id": "57260fd4271a42140099d412", "answers": [{"text": "King Charles I", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir William Blake", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Who demolished the first house on the site?", "id": "5a7a11e517ab25001a8a02d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Goring", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "Which owner developed none of the garden still seen today?", "id": "5a7a11e517ab25001a8a02d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Goring Great Garden", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What was Lord Goring's garden mistakenly known as?", "id": "5a7a11e517ab25001a8a02d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King Charles I", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "Which king executed Goring's freehold document before staying in London?", "id": "5a7a11e517ab25001a8a02d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir William Blake", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "Who removed the last house built on the site?", "id": "5a7a11e517ab25001a8a02d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden. He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document \"failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London, which it needed to do for legal execution\". It was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III."}], ["Sebelum kematian Putera Albert, istana itu kerap menjadi tempat hiburan hiburan, dan para pemuzik kontemporari yang paling banyak dihiburkan di Buckingham Palace. Komposer Felix Mendelssohn diketahui telah bermain di sana tiga kali. Johann Strauss II dan orkestranya bermain di sana ketika di England. \"Alice Polka\" Strauss pertama kali dilakukan di istana pada tahun 1849 sebagai penghormatan kepada puteri putri, Princess Alice. Di bawah Victoria, Istana Buckingham sering menjadi tempat kostum bola keranjang yang mewah, selain upacara diraja, pelaburan dan persembahan yang biasa. <> Istana sering menganjurkan jenis peristiwa sebelum kematian Putera Albert? || penghibur muzik <> Komposer mana yang bermain di Buckingham pada tiga kali? || Felix Mendelssohn <> Muzik yang mana oleh Johann Strauss mula-mula dilakukan di Buckingham untuk menghormati Princess Alice? || Alice Polka <> Queen Victoria menganjurkan mana jenis bola? || bola pakaian mewah <> Sebelum Prince Albert meninggal apa jenis hiburan yang diadakan di Buckingham? || penghibur muzik <> Komposer mana yang bermain di sana pada tiga kesempatan? || Felix Mendelssohn <> Siapa yang melakukan Alice Polka untuk menghormati Princess Alice? || Johann Strauss II <> Apakah jenis bola yang dimiliki oleh Queen Victoria? || bola kostum mewah <> Yang jenis peristiwa sebelum kematian Putera Albert tidak pernah menjadi tuan rumah oleh istana? || <> Komposer mana yang bermain di Buckingham pada lapan kali? || <> Siapa yang melakukan Alice Polka dalam pembangkang Princess Alice? || <> Apakah jenis bola yang dijauhkan oleh Queen Victoria? || <> Apa jenis hiburan yang diharamkan di Buckingham sebelum Putera Albert meninggal dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?", "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a3", "answers": [{"text": "musical entertainments", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?", "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a4", "answers": [{"text": "Felix Mendelssohn", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?", "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a5", "answers": [{"text": "Alice Polka", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?", "id": "5725d9feec44d21400f3d6a6", "answers": [{"text": "lavish costume balls", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?", "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac210", "answers": [{"text": "musical entertainments", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which composer played there on three occasions?", "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac211", "answers": [{"text": "Felix Mendelssohn", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?", "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac212", "answers": [{"text": "Johann Strauss II", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?", "id": "5726145189a1e219009ac213", "answers": [{"text": "lavish costume balls", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "musical entertainments", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "Which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert were never hosted by the palace?", "id": "5a7a3a1117ab25001a8a03ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Felix Mendelssohn", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "Which composer played at Buckingham on eight occasions?", "id": "5a7a3a1117ab25001a8a03cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johann Strauss II", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "Who performed Alice Polka in opposition of Princess Alice?", "id": "5a7a3a1117ab25001a8a03cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lavish costume balls", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What type of balls did Queen Victoria avoid?", "id": "5a7a3a1117ab25001a8a03cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "musical entertainments", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What sort of entertainment was banned at Buckingham before Prince Albert died?", "id": "5a7a3a1117ab25001a8a03ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's \"Alice Polka\" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations."}], ["Pelbagai pemilik yang dipajak dari tuan-tuan tanah diraja dan pegangan bebas adalah subjek spekulasi bergemuruh pada abad ke-17. Pada masa itu, kampung lama Cross Cross telah lama jatuh ke dalam pereputan, dan kawasan itu kebanyakannya terbiar. Membutuhkan wang, James I menjual sebahagian dari pegangan bebas Mahkota tetapi mengekalkan sebahagian dari tapak tempat ia mendirikan kebun mulberry 4-hektar (16,000 m2) untuk produksi sutera. (Ini adalah di sudut barat laut istana hari ini.) Clement Walker di Anarchia Anglicana (1649) merujuk kepada \"sodom yang baru dibina dan spintri di Mulberry Garden di S. James's\"; ini mencadangkan ia mungkin merupakan tempat yang menyalahi undang-undang. Akhirnya, pada akhir abad ke-17, pegangan bebas itu diwarisi dari hartawan hartanah Sir Hugh Audley oleh pewaris besar Mary Davies. <> Yang hartawan hartanah mana yang mewarisi harta di akhir abad ke-17? || Sir Hugh Audley <> Kampung mana yang telah jatuh ke dalam pembusukan? || Mata Salib <> Siapa yang menubuhkan taman mulberi di atas harta itu? || James I <> Produk apa yang dihasilkan oleh taman mulberi? || sutera <> Siapa yang menyatakan bahawa taman mulberi mungkin tempat untuk kebencian? || Clement Walker <> Bagaimana dengan istana itu tertakluk kepada spekulasi pada abad ke-17? || pegangan bebas <> Kampung mana yang telah jatuh ke dalam pembusukan tetapi abad ke-17? || Mata Salib <> Siapa yang menjual bahagian Crown Freehold? || James I <> Apa jenis taman yang saya buat James? || mulberry <> Apa hasil tanaman mulberi? || sutera. <> Yang hartawan hartanah yang mewarisi harta itu pada akhir abad ke-19? || <> Kampung mana yang menjadi terlalu ramai? || <> Siapa yang memusnahkan taman mulberi di atas harta itu? || <> Produk apa yang mengelakkan taman mulberi? || <> Bagaimana dengan istana itu tertakluk kepada spekulasi pada abad ke-15? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?", "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe12", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Hugh Audley", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which village had fallen into decay?", "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe13", "answers": [{"text": "Eye Cross", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established a mulberry garden on the property?", "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe14", "answers": [{"text": "James I", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What product did the mulberry garden produce?", "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe15", "answers": [{"text": "silk", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?", "id": "5725c35889a1e219009abe16", "answers": [{"text": "Clement Walker", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?", "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86b", "answers": [{"text": "the freehold", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?", "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86c", "answers": [{"text": "Eye Cross", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?", "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86d", "answers": [{"text": "James I", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of garden did James I create?", "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86e", "answers": [{"text": "mulberry", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the mulberry garden produce?", "id": "57260f15ec44d21400f3d86f", "answers": [{"text": "silk.", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Hugh Audley", "answer_start": 737}], "question": "Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 19th century?", "id": "5a7a114017ab25001a8a02bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eye Cross", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "Which village had become overpopulated?", "id": "5a7a114017ab25001a8a02bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "James I", "answer_start": 250}], "question": "Who destroyed a mulberry garden on the property?", "id": "5a7a114017ab25001a8a02be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "silk", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What product did the mulberry garden avoid?", "id": "5a7a114017ab25001a8a02bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the freehold", "answer_start": 685}], "question": "What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 15th century?", "id": "5a7a114017ab25001a8a02c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre (16,000 m2) mulberry garden for the production of silk. (This is at the northwest corner of today's palace.) Clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana (1649) refers to \"new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James's\"; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies."}], ["Pada Zaman Pertengahan, tapak istana masa depan menjadi sebahagian daripada Manor of Ebury (juga dikenali sebagai Eia). Tanah lapang disiram oleh sungai Tyburn, yang masih mengalir di bawah halaman dan sayap selatan istana. Di mana sungai itu boleh dimakan (di Cow Ford), kampung Eye Cross berkembang. Pemilikan tapak berubah tangan berkali-kali; Pemiliknya termasuk Edward the Confessor dan permaisurinya Edith of Wessex pada akhir zaman Saxon, dan, setelah Penaklukan Norman, William the Conqueror. William memberikan laman web ini kepada Geoffrey de Mandeville, yang mewariskannya kepada biarawan Westminster Abbey. <> Sungai mana yang berjalan di bawah istana? || sungai Tyburn <> Situs istana pernah dimiliki oleh permaisuri ratu di zaman Saxon lewat? || Edith of Wessex <> Siapa yang William the Conqueror memberikan tapak istana itu? || Geoffrey de Mandeville <> Situs ini diserahkan kepada biarawan dari biara mana? || Westminster Abbey <> Situs istana yang menjadi sebahagian daripada mana Manor di zaman Middles? || Manor of Ebury <> Apa nama kampung yang tumbuh di Cow Ford? || Cross Cross <> Siapa yang memberi laman web ini kepada biarawan Westminster? || Geoffrey de Mandeville <> Apa nama manor yang pernah wujud di laman web ini? || Manor of Ebury <> Sungai mana yang mengalir di atas istana? || <> Permaisuri mana yang pernah berkahwin di zaman Saxon pernah menyewa tapak istana? || <> Siapa yang William the Conqueror membeli tapak istana dari? || <> Biara mana yang enggan memasuki laman web ini kepada biarawan? || <> Apa nama kampung yang dibakar di Cow Ford? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which river runs underneath the palace?", "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d143", "answers": [{"text": "river Tyburn", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?", "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d144", "answers": [{"text": "Edith of Wessex", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?", "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d145", "answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey de Mandeville", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The site was passed to monks from which abbey?", "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d146", "answers": [{"text": "Westminster Abbey", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?", "id": "5725c1f2271a42140099d147", "answers": [{"text": "Manor of Ebury", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?", "id": "57260e0d89a1e219009ac1a1", "answers": [{"text": "Eye Cross", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?", "id": "57260e0d89a1e219009ac1a2", "answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey de Mandeville", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?", "id": "57260e0d89a1e219009ac1a3", "answers": [{"text": "Manor of Ebury", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "river Tyburn", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "Which river runs above the palace?", "id": "5a7a10b517ab25001a8a02b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edith of Wessex", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Which queen consort in the late Saxon times once rented the site of the palace?", "id": "5a7a10b517ab25001a8a02b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Geoffrey de Mandeville", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "Who did William the Conqueror buy the site of the palace from?", "id": "5a7a10b517ab25001a8a02b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Westminster Abbey", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "Which abbey refused to have the site passed to the monks?", "id": "5a7a10b517ab25001a8a02b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eye Cross", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What was the name of the village that burned at Cow Ford?", "id": "5a7a10b517ab25001a8a02b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey."}], ["Istana Buckingham akhirnya menjadi kediaman diraja utama pada tahun 1837, atas penyertaan Ratu Victoria, yang merupakan raja pertama yang tinggal di sana; pendahulu beliau William IV telah meninggal dunia sebelum selesai. Walaupun bilik-bilik negeri adalah rusuhan warna dan warna, keperluan istana baru agak kurang mewah. Untuk satu perkara, dilaporkan bahawa cerobong-cerobong menghisap begitu banyak sehingga kebakaran terpaksa dibiarkan mati, dan akibatnya mahkamah menggigil dengan kemegahan es. Pengudaraan sangat buruk sehingga pedalaman berbau, dan apabila keputusan diambil untuk memasang lampu gas, ada kebimbangan yang serius mengenai pembentukan gas di tingkat bawah. Ia juga mengatakan bahawa kakitangannya kurang dan malas dan istana itu kotor. Berikutan perkahwinan permaisuri pada tahun 1840, suaminya, Putera Albert, prihatin dengan penyusunan semula pejabat dan kakitangan rumah, dan dengan kesilapan reka bentuk istana. Masalahnya semua diperbaiki pada akhir tahun 1840. Walau bagaimanapun, pembina akan kembali dalam dekad. <> Siapa raja pertama yang tinggal di Istana Buckingham? || Queen Victoria <> yang mati sebelum istana selesai? || William IV <> Buckingham menjadi kediaman asas untuk Keluarga Diraja di mana tahun itu? || 1837 <> Apakah masalah dengan cerobong di istana? || cerobong asap rokok <> Pada akhir tahun mana kebanyakan masalah reka bentuk istana diperbaiki di bawah Putera Albert? || 1840 <> Bilakah Buckingham secara rasmi menjadi kediaman kerajaan utama? || 1837 <> Siapa raja pertama yang tinggal di sana? || Queen Victoria <> Siapa yang meninggal dunia sebelum menyaksikan penyempurnaan Buckingham Palace? || William IV <> Apakah masalah dengan cerobong istana? || cerobong asap yang dihisap <> yang menangani kerosakan reka bentuk istana? || Putera Albert <> Siapa satu-satunya raja yang tinggal di Istana Buckingham? || <> Siapa mati sebaik sahaja istana selesai? || <> Apa yang terbaik tentang cerobong asap di istana? || <> Bilakah Buckingham secara rasmi menjadi kediaman kerajaan tunggal? || <> Siapa yang paling jahat raja yang tinggal di sana? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d57f", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who died before the palace was completed?", "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d580", "answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?", "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d581", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?", "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d582", "answers": [{"text": "the chimneys smoked", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?", "id": "5725c996ec44d21400f3d583", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 971}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?", "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb1", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first monarch to reside there?", "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb2", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?", "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb3", "answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?", "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb4", "answers": [{"text": "the chimneys smoked", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?", "id": "5726129e38643c19005acfb5", "answers": [{"text": "Prince Albert", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Who was the only monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a385917ab25001a8a03ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William IV", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "Who died right as the palace was completed?", "id": "5a7a385917ab25001a8a03ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the chimneys smoked", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What was the best thing about chimneys in the palace?", "id": "5a7a385917ab25001a8a03ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "When did Buckingham officially become the only royal residence?", "id": "5a7a385917ab25001a8a03af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Victoria", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "Who was the worst monarch to reside there?", "id": "5a7a385917ab25001a8a03b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, who was the first monarch to reside there; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion. While the state rooms were a riot of gilt and colour, the necessities of the new palace were somewhat less luxurious. For one thing, it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence. Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when a decision was taken to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors. It was also said that staff were lax and lazy and the palace was dirty. Following the queen's marriage in 1840, her husband, Prince Albert, concerned himself with a reorganisation of the household offices and staff, and with the design faults of the palace. The problems were all rectified by the close of 1840. However, the builders were to return within the decade."}], ["Pengubahsuaian struktur bermula pada tahun 1762. Setelah masuknya ke takhta pada tahun 1820, King George IV meneruskan pengubahsuaian dengan idea itu dalam keadaan rumah yang kecil dan selesa. Semasa kerja sedang berjalan, pada tahun 1826, Raja memutuskan untuk memodifikasi rumah tersebut menjadi sebuah istana dengan bantuan arkiteknya John Nash. Sesetengah perabot dipindahkan dari Carlton House, dan yang lain telah dibeli di Perancis selepas Revolusi Perancis. Fon luar luaran direka untuk mengingati pengaruh neo-klasik Perancis yang disukai oleh George IV. Kos pengubahsuaian meningkat secara dramatik, dan pada tahun 1829 keberkesanan reka bentuk Nash menghasilkan penyingkirannya sebagai arkitek. Semasa kematian George IV pada tahun 1830, adiknya, Raja William IV mengupah Edward Blore untuk menyelesaikan kerja. Pada satu peringkat, William menukarkan istana ke Rumah Parlimen yang baru, selepas pemusnahan Istana Westminster dengan api pada tahun 1834. <> Apa yang Raja George IV awalnya mahu menjadi strukturnya? || rumah yang kecil, selesa <> Raja William berfikir tentang menukar istana ke dalam apa yang selepas api menghancurkan Istana Westminster pada tahun 1834? || Rumah Parlimen yang baru <> Arkitek mana yang membantu mengubah rumah menjadi istana? || John Nash <> Pada tahun apa Nash dihapuskan sebagai arkitek? || 1829 <> Yang telah disewa pada tahun 1830 untuk menyelesaikan kerja di istana? || Edward Blore <> Tahun berapakah pembentukan semula rumah Buckingham bermula? || 1762 <> Apakah rancangan asal George IV untuk rumah itu? || rumah kecil, selesa <> Tahun berapa raja memutuskan untuk membuatnya menjadi istana? || 1826 <> Siapa arkitek utama yang mengubah rumah ke istana? || John Nash <> Siapa yang Raja William IV mengupah untuk menyelesaikan kerja selepas Nash dipecat? || Edward Blore <> Apa yang Raja George IV mula membuat strukturnya? || <> Arkitek mana yang membantu mengubah istana ke rumah? || <> Tahun apa yang dipromosikan Nash sebagai arkitek? || <> Siapa yang dipecat pada tahun 1830 untuk menyelesaikan kerja di istana? || <> Tahun berapakah pembentukan semula rumah Buckingham menjadi diharamkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?", "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d563", "answers": [{"text": "a small, comfortable home", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?", "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d564", "answers": [{"text": "new Houses of Parliament", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?", "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d565", "answers": [{"text": "John Nash", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Nash removed as architect?", "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d566", "answers": [{"text": "1829", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?", "id": "5725c87eec44d21400f3d567", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Blore", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?", "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42b", "answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was George IV's original plan for the house? ", "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42c", "answers": [{"text": "a small, comfortable home", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?", "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42d", "answers": [{"text": "1826", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?", "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42e", "answers": [{"text": "John Nash", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?", "id": "572611a9271a42140099d42f", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Blore", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a small, comfortable home", "answer_start": 152}], "question": "What did King George IV originally make the structure to be?", "id": "5a7a143b17ab25001a8a02f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Nash", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Which architect helped modify the palace into a house?", "id": "5a7a143b17ab25001a8a02f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1829", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "What year was Nash promoted as architect?", "id": "5a7a143b17ab25001a8a02fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Blore", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "Who was fired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?", "id": "5a7a143b17ab25001a8a02fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What year did remodeling of Buckingham House become banned?", "id": "5a7a143b17ab25001a8a02fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash. Some furnishings were transferred from Carlton House, and others had been bought in France after the French Revolution. The external fa\u00e7ade was designed keeping in mind the French neo-classical influence preferred by George IV. The cost of the renovations grew dramatically, and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash's designs resulted in his removal as architect. On the death of George IV in 1830, his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work. At one stage, William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament, after the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834."}], ["Awalnya dikenali sebagai Buckingham House, bangunan di inti istana hari ini adalah sebuah rumah bandar yang besar yang dibina untuk Duke of Buckingham pada tahun 1703 di sebuah laman web yang telah dipunyai oleh swasta selama sekurang-kurangnya 150 tahun. Ia dibeli oleh King George III pada tahun 1761 sebagai kediaman peribadi untuk Queen Charlotte dan dikenali sebagai \"The Queen's House\". Pada abad ke-19 ia dibesarkan, terutamanya oleh arkitek John Nash dan Edward Blore, yang membina tiga sayap di sekitar halaman tengah. Istana Buckingham menjadi tempat kediaman kerajaan Britania pada penyertaan Queen Victoria pada tahun 1837. <> Apa yang Buckingham Palace dikenali sebagai? || Buckingham House <> Siapa yang Buckingham Palace pada asalnya dibina? || Duke of Buckingham <> Raja mana yang memperoleh Buckingham House pada tahun 1761? || King George III <> Apa yang Buckingham House dikenali ketika Queen Charlotte tinggal di sana? || \"Rumah Ratu\" <> Yang dua arkitek telah ditugaskan untuk membesarkan Buckingham pada abad ke-19? || John Nash dan Edward Blore <> Kepada siapa sebenarnya rumah Buckingham yang asalnya dibina? || Adipati Buckingham <> Yang membesarkan rumah pada abad ke-19? || John Nash dan Edward Blore <> Bilakah istana menjadi kediaman London untuk raja-raja? || 1837 <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Buckingham Palace? || <> Siapa yang Buckingham Palace awalnya dibina untuk menentang? || <> Raja manakah yang memperoleh Buckingham House pada tahun 1751? || <> Apakah rumah Buckingham dikenali ketika Queen Charlotte meninggal di sana? || <> Yang mana dua arkitek telah ditugaskan untuk membesarkan Buckingham pada abad ke-17? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Buckingham Palace orginally known as?", "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4af", "answers": [{"text": "Buckingham House", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Buckingham Palace was originally built for?", "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b0", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Buckingham", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1761?", "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b1", "answers": [{"text": "King George III", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte resided there?", "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b2", "answers": [{"text": "\"The Queen's House\"", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 19th century?", "id": "5725bed7ec44d21400f3d4b3", "answers": [{"text": "John Nash and Edward Blore", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was Buckingham house originally built?", "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d802", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of Buckingham", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who enlarged the house in the 19th century?", "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d804", "answers": [{"text": "John Nash and Edward Blore", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the palace become the London residence for the monarchs?", "id": "572604d7ec44d21400f3d805", "answers": [{"text": "1837", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Buckingham House", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is Buckingham Palace currently known as?", "id": "5a7a0f7717ab25001a8a028a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Duke of Buckingham", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "Who was Buckingham Palace originally built to oppose?", "id": "5a7a0f7717ab25001a8a028b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King George III", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1751?", "id": "5a7a0f7717ab25001a8a028c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"The Queen's House\"", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte died there?", "id": "5a7a0f7717ab25001a8a028d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Nash and Edward Blore", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 17th century?", "id": "5a7a0f7717ab25001a8a028e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as \"The Queen's House\". During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}], ["Reka bentuk dalaman awal awal abad ke-19, yang kebanyakannya masih hidup, termasuk penggunaan scagliola berwarna terang dan lapis biru dan merah jambu, dengan nasihat Sir Charles Long. Raja Edward VII mengawasi pemulihan separa dalam skim warna krim dan emas Belle \u00c9poque. Banyak bilik resepsi yang lebih kecil dilengkapi dengan gaya kabupaten Cina dengan perabot dan kelengkapan yang dibawa dari Royal Pavilion di Brighton dan dari Carlton House. Istana ini mempunyai 775 bilik, dan taman adalah taman persendirian terbesar di London. Bilik-bilik negeri, yang digunakan untuk sambutan rasmi dan negeri, terbuka kepada orang ramai setiap tahun untuk kebanyakan bulan Ogos dan September, dan pada hari-hari tertentu pada musim sejuk dan musim bunga. <> Warna apa yang telah ditambah dalam penyingkiran separa yang diawasi oleh Raja Edward VII? || Belle \u00c9poque krim dan emas <> Apa warna asli dari abad ke-19 digunakan pada nasihat Sir Charles Long? || scagliola berwarna terang dan lapis biru dan merah jambu <> Berapa banyak bilik yang ada di istana? || 775 bilik <> Di mana gaya banyak bilik penerimaan yang lebih kecil dilengkapi? || Gaya kabupaten Cina <> Rumah apa banyak perabot dan kelengkapan yang dibawa dari? || Carlton House <> Siapa yang mencadangkan penggunaan scagliola berwarna terang dan lapis biru dan merah jambu? || Sir Charles Long <> Siapa yang menyelia pengubahsuaian yang menggunakan skim warna krim dan emas Belle \u00c9poque? || Raja Edward VII <> Bilik penerimaan tetamu yang lebih kecil dihiasi dengan gaya mana? || Gaya kerajaan Cina <> Perabot dan alat kelengkapan dibawa dari mana rumah itu? || Carlton House <> Apa warna-warna yang telah dikeluarkan dalam pemotongan separa yang diawasi oleh Raja Edward VII? || <> Apa warna asli dari abad ke-18 digunakan pada nasihat Sir Charles Long? || <> Berapa banyak bilik yang istana telah ditutup? || <> Gaya manakah tidak ada ruang penerimaan tetamu yang disediakan? || <> Rumah apa banyak perabot dan kelengkapan yang hilang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?", "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abde8", "answers": [{"text": "Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?", "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abde9", "answers": [{"text": "brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many rooms does the palace have?", "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abdea", "answers": [{"text": "775 rooms", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?", "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abdeb", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese regency style", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?", "id": "5725c0c789a1e219009abdec", "answers": [{"text": "Carlton House", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?", "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d845", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Charles Long", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold colour scheme?", "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d846", "answers": [{"text": "King Edward VII", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?", "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d847", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese regency style", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?", "id": "57260cd1ec44d21400f3d848", "answers": [{"text": "Carlton House", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What colors were removed in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?", "id": "5a7a0ffa17ab25001a8a029e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What original colors from the 18th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?", "id": "5a7a0ffa17ab25001a8a029f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "775", "answer_start": 465}], "question": "How many rooms does the palace have closed off?", "id": "5a7a0ffa17ab25001a8a02a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese regency style", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "Which style are none of the reception rooms furnished in?", "id": "5a7a0ffa17ab25001a8a02a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Carlton House", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "What house were many of the furniture and fittings lost from?", "id": "5a7a0ffa17ab25001a8a02a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring."}], ["Oleh itu, Istana Buckingham adalah simbol dan rumah dari monarki British, galeri seni dan tarikan pelancong. Di sebalik pagar dan pagar yang disusun oleh Bromsgrove Guild pada tahun 1911 dan faedah Webb yang terkenal, yang telah diterangkan dalam sebuah buku yang diterbitkan oleh Royal Collection sebagai melihat \"seperti gagasan semua orang dari sebuah istana\", bukan hanya rumah hari kerja Ratu dan Pangeran Philip tetapi juga kediaman London Duke of York dan Earl and Countess of Wessex. Istana ini juga menempatkan pejabat Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of York, Earl dan Countess of Wessex, Princess Royal, dan Princess Alexandra, dan tempat kerja lebih dari 800 orang. <> Selain daripada menjadi rumah monarki dan tarikan pelancong, apa lagi yang dikenali oleh Istana Buckingham? || galeri seni <> Siapa yang membuat istana gilded pagar dan pagar? || Bromsgrove Guild <> Buckingham Palace juga merupakan London Residence yang Duke? || Duke of York <> Siapa yang istana Buckingham rumah? || Kerajaan British <> Siapa yang menyelesaikan istana gerbang pagar dan gerbang? || Bromsgrove Guild <> Dalam tahun apakah pagar dan pagar siap? || 1911 <> Berapa ramai yang bekerja di Istana Buckingham? || 800 orang <> yang mencuri istana-istana gilded dan pagar? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang dipecat dari Istana Buckingham? || <> Siapa istana Buckingham dibatasi? || <> Tahun apakah pagar dan pagar dicuri? || <> Duke mana yang tidak dibenarkan di Istana Buckingham? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?", "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d311", "answers": [{"text": "art gallery", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?", "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d312", "answers": [{"text": "Bromsgrove Guild", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?", "id": "5725ea96271a42140099d314", "answers": [{"text": "Duke of York", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Buckingham palace home to?", "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a6", "answers": [{"text": "the British monarchy", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?", "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a7", "answers": [{"text": "Bromsgrove Guild", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the railings and gates completed?", "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a8", "answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people work at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "572625bf89a1e219009ac3a9", "answers": [{"text": "800 people", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bromsgrove Guild", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "Who stole the palaces gilded railings and gates?", "id": "5a7a523f17ab25001a8a0508", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 800", "answer_start": 660}], "question": "How many people were fired from Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a523f17ab25001a8a0509", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the British monarchy", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "Who is Buckingham palace restricted from?", "id": "5a7a523f17ab25001a8a050a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1911", "answer_start": 196}], "question": "What year were the railings and gates stolen?", "id": "5a7a523f17ab25001a8a050b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Duke of York", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "Which Duke is not allowed at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a523f17ab25001a8a050c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Thus, Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous fa\u00e7ade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking \"like everybody's idea of a palace\", is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex. The palace also houses the offices of the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of York, Earl and Countess of Wessex, Princess Royal, and Princess Alexandra, and is the workplace of more than 800 people."}], ["Antara tahun 1847 dan 1850, ketika Blore sedang membina sayap timur baru, Pavilion Brighton sekali lagi dirampas kelengkapannya. Akibatnya, banyak bilik di sayap baru mempunyai suasana oriental yang jelas. Bilik Luncheon Cina merah dan biru terdiri daripada bahagian-bahagian Brighton Banqueting dan Bilik Muzik dengan sekeping cerobong oriental besar yang diukir oleh Richard Westmacott. Bilik Lukisan Kuning mempunyai kertas dinding yang dibekalkan pada tahun 1817 untuk Brighton Saloon, dan sekeping cerobong yang merupakan visi Eropah bagaimana potongan cerobong China boleh muncul. Ia telah mengangguk mandarins di niche dan naga bersayap yang menakutkan, yang direka oleh Robert Jones. <> Di manakah banyak kelengkapan untuk sayap timur yang baru? || Pavilion Brighton <> Bilakah sayap timur baru dibina? || Antara 1847 dan 1850 <> Apa tema untuk sayap timur yang baru? || oriental <> Bilik Luncheon Cina merah dan biru mempunyai apa yang menjadi ciri utama? || tong sampah besar oriental <> Siapa yang merancang bahagian cerobong dalam Ruang Lukisan Kuning? || Robert Jones <> Apa bangunan Blore antara 1847 dan 1850? || sayap timur yang baru <> Banyak bilik di sayap timur yang baru dalam gaya apa? || oriental <> Bahagian-bahagian Brighton Pavilion dan Bilik Muzik dari Brighton Pavilion yang mana Buckingham Room? || Bilik Luncheon Cina merah dan biru <> Di manakah tidak ada kelengkapan untuk sayap barat yang baru itu? || <> Bilakah sayap timur yang baru dimusnahkan? || <> Tema apa yang dilarang di sayap timur baru? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan sekeping cerobong di Bilik Lukisan Kuning? || <> Gaya apa yang ada dalam bilik di sayap timur baru? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from?", "id": "5725e762271a42140099d2fd", "answers": [{"text": "Brighton Pavilion", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the new east wing built?", "id": "5725e762271a42140099d2fe", "answers": [{"text": "Between 1847 and 1850", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the theme for the new east wing?", "id": "5725e762271a42140099d2ff", "answers": [{"text": "oriental", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature?", "id": "5725e762271a42140099d300", "answers": [{"text": "large oriental chimney piece", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?", "id": "5725e762271a42140099d301", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Jones", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850?", "id": "572617b838643c19005acfd9", "answers": [{"text": "the new east wing", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style?", "id": "572617b838643c19005acfda", "answers": [{"text": "oriental", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room?", "id": "572617b838643c19005acfdc", "answers": [{"text": "The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brighton Pavilion", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "Where did none of the fittings for the new west wing come from?", "id": "5a7a3dcb17ab25001a8a03fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Between 1847 and 1850", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When was the new east wing destroyed?", "id": "5a7a3dcb17ab25001a8a03fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oriental", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What theme is forbidden in the new east wing?", "id": "5a7a3dcb17ab25001a8a03fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Jones", "answer_start": 636}], "question": "Who removed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?", "id": "5a7a3dcb17ab25001a8a03fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oriental", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What style are in none of the rooms in the new east wing?", "id": "5a7a3dcb17ab25001a8a03fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Between 1847 and 1850, when Blore was building the new east wing, the Brighton Pavilion was once again plundered of its fittings. As a result, many of the rooms in the new wing have a distinctly oriental atmosphere. The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room is made up from parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms with a large oriental chimney piece sculpted by Richard Westmacott. The Yellow Drawing Room has wallpaper supplied in 1817 for the Brighton Saloon, and a chimney piece which is a European vision of how the Chinese chimney piece may appear. It has nodding mandarins in niches and fearsome winged dragons, designed by Robert Jones."}], ["Di tengah sayap ini adalah balkoni yang terkenal dengan Bilik Pusat di belakang pintu kacanya. Ini adalah saloon gaya Cina yang dipertingkatkan oleh Queen Mary, yang, bekerja dengan pereka Sir Charles Allom, mencipta tema Cina yang lebih \"mengikat\" pada akhir 1920-an, walaupun pintu permaidani dibawa dari Brighton pada tahun 1873. Menjalankan panjang piano nobile dari sayap timur adalah galeri yang hebat, yang agak dikenali sebagai Koridor Utama, yang mengendalikan panjang sisi timur kuadrat. Ia mempunyai cermin pintu, dan dinding salib cermin mencerminkan pagoda porselin dan perabot oriental lain dari Brighton. Bilik Luncheon Cina dan Bilik Lukisan Kuning terletak di setiap hujung galeri ini, dengan Pusat Bilik jelas diletakkan di tengah. <> Bilik manakah yang mempunyai balkoni yang terkenal yang digunakan oleh royal? || Bilik Pusat <> Apakah tema utama Bilik Pusat? || Bahasa Cina <> Yang mana Queen menambah tema Cina Room Center pada tahun 1920-an? || Queen Mary <> Pintu perah di Bilik Pusat dibawa dari Brighton pada tahun mana? || 1873 <> Koridor Prinsip mempunyai ciri jenis pintu? || pintu cermin <> Bilik manakah yang mempunyai balkoni yang terkenal? || Bilik Pusat <> Perancang mana yang dilakukan oleh Queen Mary untuk meningkatkan Bilik Pusat? || Sir Charles Allom <> Koridor Prinsip mempunyai jenis pintu? || pintu cermin <> Tahun berapa pintu pintar yang dibawa dari Brighton? || 1873 <> Bilik manakah yang mempunyai balkoni yang dilarang oleh keturunan? || <> Apakah tema menengah di Bilik Pusat? || <> Yang Queen merosakkan tema Cina Room Center pada tahun 1930-an? || <> Bilik manakah yang mengelakkan balkoni yang terkenal? || <> Perancang manakah yang membuat api Queen Mary meningkatkan Bilik Pusat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?", "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5b", "answers": [{"text": "Centre Room", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main theme of the Centre Room?", "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5c", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?", "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5d", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?", "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5e", "answers": [{"text": "1873", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?", "id": "5725e87538643c19005ace5f", "answers": [{"text": "mirrored doors", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which room feature the famous balcony?", "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8cb", "answers": [{"text": "Centre Room", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?", "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8cc", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Charles Allom", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?", "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8cd", "answers": [{"text": "mirrored doors", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?", "id": "57261935ec44d21400f3d8ce", "answers": [{"text": "1873", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centre Room", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Which room has the infamous balcony forbidden by the royals?", "id": "5a7a3edd17ab25001a8a0404", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What is the secondary theme of the Centre Room?", "id": "5a7a3edd17ab25001a8a0405", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "Which Queen ruined the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1930s?", "id": "5a7a3edd17ab25001a8a0406", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centre Room", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Which room avoids the famous balcony?", "id": "5a7a3edd17ab25001a8a0407", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Charles Allom", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "Which designer did Queen Mary fire to enhance the Centre Room?", "id": "5a7a3edd17ab25001a8a0408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer Sir Charles Allom, created a more \"binding\" Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle. It has mirrored doors, and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre."}], ["Pembentangan mahkamah wanita muda bangsawan kepada raja itu berlaku di istana dari pemerintahan Edward VII. Wanita-wanita muda ini dikenali sebagai d\u00e9butantes, dan yang disebut-sebut sebagai \"kedatangan\" mereka-menggambarkan pertunjukan pertama mereka ke dalam masyarakat. D\u00e9butantes memakai pakaian mahkamah penuh, dengan tiga bulu burung unta yang tinggi di rambut mereka. Mereka memasuki, memendekkan, dan melakukan koreograf ke belakang dan berjalan kaki lagi sambil menggerakkan kereta api pakaian panjang yang ditetapkan. (Upacara, yang dikenali sebagai mahkamah petang, sesuai dengan \"ruang lukisan mahkamah\" pemerintahan Victoria.) Selepas Perang Dunia II, upacara itu digantikan oleh majlis-majlis petang kurang formal, biasanya tanpa pakaian kurung dan pakaian mahkamah. <> Di bawah pemerintahannya apakah persidangan mahkamah wanita bangsawan muda berlaku? || Edward VII <> Apa nama untuk upacara di mana debutantes mempunyai pengenalan pertama mereka ke dalam masyarakat? || keluar <> Debutantes memakai bulu burung di rambut mereka? || bulu burung unta <> Selepas majlis Perang Dunia Kedua \"keluar\" digantikan dengan apa acara? || kurang majlis makan tengah hari <> Di bawah pemerintahannya ada debutantes muda yang dikemukakan kepada masyarakat di Mahkamah? || Edward VII <> Apa jenis bulunya yang memakai debutantes di rambut mereka? || bulu burung unta <> Apakah peristiwa di mana debutantes dipersembahkan kepada masyarakat? || \"keluar\" <> Selepas WWII apakah majlis yang akan datang digantikan dengan? || kurang majlis jamuan rasmi <> Yang pemerintahan tidak termasuk persidangan mahkamah wanita bangsawan muda? || <> Apakah nama pengorbanan di mana debutantes mempunyai pengenalan terakhir mereka ke dalam masyarakat? || <> Apa bulu burung melakukan debutantes memakai baju mereka? || <> Apa peristiwa di mana debutantes dibuang dari masyarakat yang dipanggil? || <> Apakah majlis yang akan datang digantikan dengan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?", "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebb", "answers": [{"text": "Edward VII", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?", "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebc", "answers": [{"text": "coming out", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?", "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebd", "answers": [{"text": "ostrich feathers", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After WWII \"coming out\" ceremonies were replaces with what event?", "id": "5725ee8a38643c19005acebe", "answers": [{"text": "less formal afternoon receptions", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?", "id": "57261c35271a42140099d485", "answers": [{"text": "Edward VII", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?", "id": "57261c35271a42140099d486", "answers": [{"text": "ostrich feathers", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?", "id": "57261c35271a42140099d487", "answers": [{"text": "\"coming out\"", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?", "id": "57261c35271a42140099d488", "answers": [{"text": "less formal afternoon receptions", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward VII", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "Whose reign did not include court presentations of young aristocratic ladies?", "id": "5a7a486617ab25001a8a045e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coming out", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What was the name for the sacrifice where debutantes had their last introduction into society?", "id": "5a7a486617ab25001a8a045f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ostrich feathers", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "What bird's feathers did debutantes wear in their shirt?", "id": "5a7a486617ab25001a8a0460", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coming out", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What was the occasion where debutantes were exiled from society called?", "id": "5a7a486617ab25001a8a0461", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less formal afternoon receptions", "answer_start": 633}], "question": "What was the coming out ceremony replaced with during WWII?", "id": "5a7a486617ab25001a8a0462", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII. These young women were known as d\u00e9butantes, and the occasion\u2014termed their \"coming out\"\u2014represented their first entr\u00e9e into society. D\u00e9butantes wore full court dress, with three tall ostrich feathers in their hair. They entered, curtsied, and performed a choreographed backwards walk and a further curtsy, while manoeuvring a dress train of prescribed length. (The ceremony, known as an evening court, corresponded to the \"court drawing rooms\" of Victoria's reign.) After World War II, the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions, usually without choreographed curtsies and court dress."}], ["Istana seperti Windsor Castle, dimiliki oleh Estate Crown. Bukan harta peribadi raja, tidak seperti Rumah Sandringham dan Balmoral Castle. Banyak kandungan dari Istana Buckingham, Istana Windsor, Kensington Palace, dan Istana St James adalah sebahagian daripada Koleksi Diraja, yang dipegang oleh kepercayaan oleh Sovereign; mereka boleh, kadang-kadang, dilihat oleh orang awam di Galeri Queen, berhampiran Royal Mews. Tidak seperti istana dan istana, galeri yang dibina bertujuan terbuka secara berterusan dan memaparkan pilihan barang yang berubah dari koleksi. Ia menduduki tapak kapel yang dimusnahkan oleh serangan udara dalam Perang Dunia II. Bilik-bilik negara istana telah dibuka kepada orang ramai pada bulan Ogos dan September dan pada tarikh-tarikh terpilih sepanjang tahun sejak tahun 1993. Wang yang dibangkitkan dalam yuran penyertaan pada asalnya adalah untuk membina semula Windsor Castle selepas kebakaran tahun 1992 menghancurkan banyak bilik negeri. 476,000 orang melawat istana pada tahun kewangan 2014-15. <> Istana Buckingham sebenarnya dimiliki oleh siapa? || Mahkota Crown <> Di manakah barangan awam boleh dilihat dari Koleksi DiRaja? || Galeri Queen <> Apa yang terdapat di laman web yang kini menjadi Galeri Queen? || kapel <> Apa bahagian istana telah dibuka kepada orang ramai setiap bulan Ogos dan September dan tarikh pilihan lain sejak tahun 1993? || Bilik negeri istana <> Siapa yang memiliki Istana Buckingham dan Windsor Castle? || Mahkota Crown <> Di manakah orang boleh melihat koleksi Royal? || di Queen's Gallery <> Sejak bila bilik-bilik istana dibuka kepada orang ramai? || sejak tahun 1993 <> Berapa ramai orang melawat istana pada tahun fiskal 2014/2015? || 476,000 orang <> Siapa yang tidak pernah memiliki Istana Buckingham? || <> Di mana orang awam tidak dibenarkan melihat item dari Koleksi DiRaja? || <> Apa yang terdapat di tapak yang kini Galeri Raja? || <> Apa bahagian istana telah dibuka kepada orang ramai setiap bulan Ogos dan Julai dan tarikh pilihan lain sejak tahun 1991? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang hilang dari istana pada tahun fiskal 2014-2015? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?", "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d32d", "answers": [{"text": "Crown Estate", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?", "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d32e", "answers": [{"text": "Queen's Gallery", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?", "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d32f", "answers": [{"text": "chapel", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?", "id": "5725ebc2271a42140099d330", "answers": [{"text": "The palace's state rooms", "answer_start": 633}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?", "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35c", "answers": [{"text": "Crown Estate", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where can the public view the Royal Collection?", "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35d", "answers": [{"text": "at the Queen's Gallery", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?", "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35e", "answers": [{"text": "since 1993", "answer_start": 757}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?", "id": "5726252189a1e219009ac35f", "answers": [{"text": "476,000 people", "answer_start": 916}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Crown Estate", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "Who has never owned Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a51c317ab25001a8a04fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen's Gallery", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "Where is the public not allowed to view items from the Royal Collection?", "id": "5a7a51c317ab25001a8a04ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chapel", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "What was located on the site that is now the King's Gallery?", "id": "5a7a51c317ab25001a8a0500", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The palace's state rooms", "answer_start": 633}], "question": "What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and July and other select dates since 1991?", "id": "5a7a51c317ab25001a8a0501", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "476,000 people", "answer_start": 916}], "question": "How many people were missing from the palace in the 2014-2015 fiscal year?", "id": "5a7a51c317ab25001a8a0502", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The palace, like Windsor Castle, is owned by the Crown Estate. It is not the monarch's personal property, unlike Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle. Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews. Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection. It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II. The palace's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993. The money raised in entry fees was originally put towards the rebuilding of Windsor Castle after the 1992 fire devastated many of its state rooms. 476,000 people visited the palace in the 2014\u201315 financial year."}], ["Ketika membayar kunjungan ke negeri Britain, ketua negara asing biasanya dilayan oleh Ratu di Istana Buckingham. Mereka diperuntukkan suite-suite besar yang dikenali sebagai Suite Belgia, terletak di kaki Tangga Menteri, di tingkat bawah Wing Wing yang menghadap ke utara. Bilik-bilik suite dikaitkan dengan koridor sempit, salah satunya diberi ketinggian tambahan dan perspektif oleh kubah-kubah yang direka oleh Nash dalam gaya Soane. Koridor kedua di dalam suite mempunyai Gothic yang mempengaruhi salib di atas vaulting. Bilik Belgium sendiri dihiasi dengan gaya sekarang dan dinamakan sempena Paman Putera Albert L\u00e9opold I, Raja pertama Belgia. Pada tahun 1936, suite itu secara ringkas menjadi pangsapuri peribadi istana ketika mereka diduduki oleh King Edward VIII. <> Di manakah ketua asing tinggal biasanya di Istana Buckingham? || Suite Belgium <> Tingkat apa yang terletak di Belgian Suites? || tingkat bawah <> Suite Belgium terletak di kaki yang mana tangga? || Tangga Menteri <> Bagaimana bilik-bilik di Belgian Suites dikaitkan? || dengan koridor sempit <> Apakah gaya kubah piring di Suite Belgium? || gaya Soane <> Di manakah ketua asing tinggal di Istana Buckingham? || Suite Belgium <> Suite Belgium terletak di bahagian bawah tangga yang mana? || Tangga Menteri <> Di lantai mana yang terletak di Belgium? || lantai dasar <> Bagaimana bilik-bilik di Suite Belgium disambungkan? || dengan koridor yang sempit <> Kubah saucer berada dalam gayanya? || gaya Soane <> Di mana ketua-ketua cendekiawan asing biasanya dihindari di Istana Buckingham? || <> Tingkat apa yang dibakar oleh Belgium Suites? || <> Bagaimana pula bilik-bilik di Belgian Suites dipisahkan? || <> Di mana kepala asing cat di Istana Buckingham? || <> Tingkat mana yang dibatasi oleh Suite Belgium? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d743", "answers": [{"text": "the Belgian Suite", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What floor are the Belgian Suites located?", "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d744", "answers": [{"text": "ground floor", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?", "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d745", "answers": [{"text": "the Minister's Staircase", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?", "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d746", "answers": [{"text": "by narrow corridors", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?", "id": "5725e980ec44d21400f3d747", "answers": [{"text": "the style of Soane", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8e7", "answers": [{"text": "the Belgian Suite", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?", "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8e8", "answers": [{"text": "Minister's Staircase", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?", "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8e9", "answers": [{"text": "the ground floor", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?", "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8ea", "answers": [{"text": "by narrow corridors", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The saucer domes are in whose style?", "id": "57261a80ec44d21400f3d8eb", "answers": [{"text": "the style of Soane", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Belgian Suite", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Where do foreign heads of stay usually avoid in Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a3fbb17ab25001a8a0418", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ground floor", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What floor are the Belgian Suites burned?", "id": "5a7a3fbb17ab25001a8a0419", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by narrow corridors", "answer_start": 327}], "question": "How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites separated?", "id": "5a7a3fbb17ab25001a8a041a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Belgian Suite", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "Where do foreign heads paint at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a3fbb17ab25001a8a041b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ground floor", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "Which floor is the Belgian Suite restricted?", "id": "5a7a3fbb17ab25001a8a041c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace. They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite, situated at the foot of the Minister's Staircase, on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing. The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors, one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane. A second corridor in the suite has Gothic influenced cross over vaulting. The Belgian Rooms themselves were decorated in their present style and named after Prince Albert's uncle L\u00e9opold I, first King of the Belgians. In 1936, the suite briefly became the private apartments of the palace when they were occupied by King Edward VIII."}], ["Duyung pada tahun 1861, Ratu yang duka hati itu menarik diri dari kehidupan awam dan meninggalkan Istana Buckingham untuk tinggal di Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle dan Osborne House. Selama bertahun-tahun istana jarang digunakan, malah diabaikan. Pada tahun 1864, satu nota dijumpai di pagar Istana Buckingham, dengan berkata: \"Ini premis memerintahkan untuk dibiarkan atau dijual, sebagai akibat daripada perniagaan yang merosot penghuni lewat.\" Akhirnya, pendapat awam memaksa Ratu untuk kembali ke London, walaupun pada masa itu dia lebih suka tinggal di tempat lain jika mungkin. Fungsi-fungsi mahkamah masih diadakan di Windsor Castle, dipengerusikan oleh Ratu suram yang biasa berpakaian dalam berkabung hitam, sementara Istana Buckingham tetap ditutup selama hampir sepanjang tahun. <> Ketika tahun Putera Albert mati? || 1861 <> Apa yang memaksa Ratu untuk kembali ke London? || pendapat umum <> Apa nasib Buckingham selepas sebelah kiri? || istana jarang digunakan, malah diabaikan. <> Di mana fungsi mahkamah diadakan di Queens kembali ke London? || Windsor Castle <> Bilakah Putera Albert mati? || 1861 <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh Ratu Victoria sebagai tindak balas terhadap kematiannya? || meninggalkan Istana Buckingham <> Rumah manakah yang tinggal di Queen Victoria selepas dia meninggalkan Buckingham? || Osborne House <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Buckingham selepas Ratu Victoria pergi? || istana jarang digunakan, malah diabaikan <> Di manakah Ratu Victoria memegang fungsi mahkamah pada masa ini? || Istana Windsor <> Ketika tahun Putera Albert dibangkitkan? || <> Apa yang memaksa Ratu untuk meninggalkan London selama-lamanya? || <> Di manakah fungsi mahkamah diadakan semasa pengasingan Queens dari London? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Ratu Victoria sebagai tindak balas kepada kelahiran Putera Albert? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When year did Prince Albert die?", "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfda", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What forced the Queen to return to London?", "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfdb", "answers": [{"text": "public opinion", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?", "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfdc", "answers": [{"text": "the palace was seldom used, even neglected.", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?", "id": "5725dba389a1e219009abfdd", "answers": [{"text": "Windsor Castle", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Prince Albert die?", "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc5", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?", "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc6", "answers": [{"text": "left Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?", "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc7", "answers": [{"text": "Osborne House", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?", "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc8", "answers": [{"text": "palace was seldom used, even neglected", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?", "id": "5726151f38643c19005acfc9", "answers": [{"text": "Windsor Castle", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "When year did Prince Albert resurrect?", "id": "5a7a3b1017ab25001a8a03d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "public opinion", "answer_start": 409}], "question": "What forced the Queen to leave London forever?", "id": "5a7a3b1017ab25001a8a03d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Windsor Castle", "answer_start": 565}], "question": "Where were court functions held upon the Queens exile from London?", "id": "5a7a3b1017ab25001a8a03d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "left Buckingham Palace", "answer_start": 72}], "question": "What did Queen Victoria do in response to Prince Albert's birth?", "id": "5a7a3b1017ab25001a8a03d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: \"These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business.\" Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year."}], ["Dulu, lelaki yang tidak memakai pakaian seragam tentera memakai paha lutut dari reka bentuk abad ke-18. Pakaian malam wanita termasuk kereta wajib dan tiaras atau bulu di rambut mereka (atau kedua-duanya). Kod pakaian yang memakai pakaian seragam mahkamah dan pakaian formal telah semakin santai. Selepas Perang Dunia I, ketika Queen Mary ingin mengikuti fesyen dengan menaikkan roknya beberapa inci dari tanah, dia meminta seorang wanita menunggu untuk memendekkan roknya sendiri untuk mengukur reaksi raja. Raja George V terkejut, jadi ratu itu menyimpan hemlinenya yang tidak berpatah balik. Berikutan penyertaan mereka pada tahun 1936, Raja George VI dan permaisurinya, Queen Elizabeth, membenarkan garis pinggang ranjang siang meningkat. Hari ini, tiada kod pakaian rasmi. Kebanyakan lelaki yang dijemput ke Istana Buckingham pada waktu siang memilih memakai pakaian seragam atau pakaian santai; seorang minoriti memakai jaket pagi, dan pada waktu petang, bergantung pada formalitas majlis itu, dasi hitam atau dasi putih. <> Apa kod pakaian rasmi hari ini di Istana Buckingham? || tidak ada kod pakaian resmi <> Yang mana Queen cuba dan gagal menaikkan hemline pakaiannya selepas WWI? || Ratu Maria <> Raja mana yang terkejut melihat pinggang Ratu yang dibangkitkan beberapa inci? || Raja George V <> Hemline skirt hari dibenarkan untuk naik selepas tahun mana? || 1936 <> Sengketa lutut yang pernah dipakai oleh kaum lelaki ke istana adalah reka bentuk zaman dahulu? || Reka Bentuk abad ke-18 <> Dari abad berapa lelaki yang telah dipakai di Buckingham? || Reka bentuk abad ke-18 <> Apakah wanita wajib memakai rambut mereka? || tiaras atau bulu <> Ratu manakah yang ingin memendekkan hemline skirtnya? || Queen Mary <> Raja mana yang terkejut melihat pinggang yang dibangkitkan di Queen? || George V <> Apakah kod pakaian hari ini di Buckingham? || tidak ada kod pakaian rasmi <> Apa wanita yang perlu dipakai di kaus kaki mereka? || <> Permaisuri mana yang menaikkan hemline pakaiannya selepas WWI? || <> Raja mana yang geli hati melihat pinggang Ratu diangkat beberapa inci? || <> Berapa abad lamanya lutut lutut lelaki yang dilarang di Buckingham? || <> Ratu manakah yang ingin memanjangkan hemline skirtnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace95", "answers": [{"text": "there is no official dress code", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI?", "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace96", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which King was horrified to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?", "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace97", "answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year?", "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace98", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era's design?", "id": "5725ed7838643c19005ace99", "answers": [{"text": "18th-century design", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what century were men's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in?", "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac26e", "answers": [{"text": "18th-century design", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were women obliged to wear in their hair?", "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac26f", "answers": [{"text": "tiaras or feathers", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt's hemline?", "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac270", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen?", "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac271", "answers": [{"text": "George V", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the dress code today at Buckingham?", "id": "57261b6689a1e219009ac272", "answers": [{"text": "there is no official dress code", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tiaras or feathers", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What were women required to wear in their socks?", "id": "5a7a467017ab25001a8a044a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "Which Queen raised the hemline of her dress after WWI?", "id": "5a7a467017ab25001a8a044b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "Which King was amused to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?", "id": "5a7a467017ab25001a8a044c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18th-century", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What century were men's knee breeches forbidden at Buckingham?", "id": "5a7a467017ab25001a8a044d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "Which queen wanted to extend her skirt's hemline?", "id": "5a7a467017ab25001a8a044e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Formerly, men not wearing military uniform wore knee breeches of an 18th-century design. Women's evening dress included obligatory trains and tiaras or feathers in their hair (or both). The dress code governing formal court uniform and dress has progressively relaxed. After World War I, when Queen Mary wished to follow fashion by raising her skirts a few inches from the ground, she requested a lady-in-waiting to shorten her own skirt first to gauge the king's reaction. King George V was horrified, so the queen kept her hemline unfashionably low. Following their accession in 1936, King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth, allowed the hemline of daytime skirts to rise. Today, there is no official dress code. Most men invited to Buckingham Palace in the daytime choose to wear service uniform or lounge suits; a minority wear morning coats, and in the evening, depending on the formality of the occasion, black tie or white tie."}], ["Terus di bawah Pangsapuri Negeri adalah suite bilik yang sedikit kurang dikenali sebagai pangsapuri separa negara. Pembukaan dari Dewan Marmer, bilik-bilik ini digunakan untuk menghiburkan kurang formal, seperti pesta majlis makan tengah hari dan penonton peribadi. Beberapa bilik dinamakan dan dihiasi untuk pelawat tertentu, seperti Bilik 1844, dihiasi pada tahun itu untuk kunjungan Negeri Tsar Nicholas I dari Rusia, dan, di seberang bilik Bow, Bilik 1855, dalam penghormatan lawatan Maharaja Napoleon III dari Perancis. Di tengah-tengah suite ini adalah Bow Room, di mana beribu-ribu tetamu lulus setiap tahun ke Parti Taman Queen di Taman. Queen dan Prince Philip menggunakan suite bilik yang lebih kecil di sayap utara. <> Bilik-bilik mana yang digunakan untuk menghiburkan kurang formal seperti makan tengah hari atau khalayak peribadi? || pangsapuri separa negara <> Bilik mana yang dinamakan untuk lawatan Tsar Nicolas I dari Russia? || 1844 Room <> Bilik 1855 adalah nama yang mana maharaja Eropah? || Maharaja Napoleon III of France <> Para tetamu yang menghadiri Parti-parti Queen's Garden kemungkinan besar akan melihat bilik mana? || Bilik Bow <> Di mana terdapat suite yang digunakan oleh Queen dan Prince Phillip? || sayap utara <> Apa nama bilik kecil yang kurang mewah yang terletak di bawah Pangsapuri Negeri? || pangsapuri separuh negeri <> Apa jenis yang menghiburkan adalah pangsapuri separa negara yang digunakan? || kurang formal menghiburkan <> Siapakah Bilik 1844 yang dinamakan? || Tsar Nicholas I of Russia <> Siapa bilik 1855 yang dinamakan? || Maharaja Napoleon III of France <> Di mana pangsapuri Queen and Prince Phillip terletak? || sayap utara <> Bilik-bilik mana yang digunakan untuk menghiburkan lebih formal seperti makan tengah hari atau khalayak umum? || <> Bilik manakah yang tidak membenarkan lawatan oleh Tsar Nicolas I dari Rusia? || <> Masakan chef yang mana adalah Bilik 1845 dinamakan? || <> Di mana terdapat suite yang digunakan Raja dan Putera Phillip? || <> Siapakah bilik 1744 dinamakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?", "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace51", "answers": [{"text": "the semi-state apartments", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?", "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace52", "answers": [{"text": "1844 Room", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?", "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace53", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Napoleon III of France", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?", "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace54", "answers": [{"text": "Bow Room", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?", "id": "5725e5ce38643c19005ace55", "answers": [{"text": "the north wing", "answer_start": 721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?", "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a5", "answers": [{"text": "semi-state apartments", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?", "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a6", "answers": [{"text": "less formal entertaining", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the 1844 Room named after?", "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a7", "answers": [{"text": "Tsar Nicholas I of Russia", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the 1855 Room named after?", "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a8", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Napoleon III of France", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?", "id": "572616bfec44d21400f3d8a9", "answers": [{"text": "the north wing", "answer_start": 721}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the semi-state apartments", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "Which rooms are used for more formal entertaining such as luncheons or public audiences?", "id": "5a7a3c9517ab25001a8a03f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1844 Room", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "Which room does not allow visits by Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?", "id": "5a7a3c9517ab25001a8a03f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emperor Napoleon III of France", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "Which European chef is The 1845 Room named after?", "id": "5a7a3c9517ab25001a8a03f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the north wing", "answer_start": 721}], "question": "Where are the suites located that the King and Prince Phillip use?", "id": "5a7a3c9517ab25001a8a03f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tsar Nicholas I of Russia", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "Who is the 1744 Room named after?", "id": "5a7a3c9517ab25001a8a03f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing."}], ["Istana ini berukuran 108 meter (354 kaki) dengan 120 meter (390 kaki), tinggi 24 meter (79 kaki) dan mengandungi lebih dari 77,000 m2 (830,000 kaki persegi) ruang lantai. Kawasan lantai lebih kecil daripada Royal Palace of Madrid, Istana Papal di Rom, Louvre di Paris, Istana Hofburg di Vienna, atau Kota Terlarang. Terdapat 775 bilik, termasuk 19 bilik negeri, 52 bilik tidur utama, 188 bilik tidur kakitangan, 92 pejabat, dan 78 bilik mandi. Bilik-bilik utama terdapat di nobile piano di belakang facade taman yang menghadap ke barat di belakang istana. Pusat suite mewah bilik negara ini adalah Bilik Muzik, tunduk besarnya ciri dominan fa\u00e7ade. Mengelilingi Bilik Muzik adalah Blue and the Drawing Rooms. Di tengah-tengah suite, yang berfungsi sebagai koridor untuk menghubungkan bilik-bilik negeri, adalah Galeri Gambar, yang paling terang dan panjang 55 meter (50 m). Galeri digantung dengan pelbagai karya termasuk beberapa oleh Rembrandt, van Dyck, Rubens dan Vermeer; Bilik-bilik lain yang memimpin dari Galeri Gambar adalah Bilik Takhta dan Bilik Lukisan Hijau. Bilik Lukisan Hijau berfungsi sebagai anteroom yang besar ke Ruang Takhta, dan merupakan sebahagian dari laluan upacara ke takhta dari Bilik Pengawal di bahagian atas Tangga Grand. Bilik Pengawal mengandungi patung-patung marmar putih Queen Victoria dan Prince Albert, dalam kostum Rom, yang terletak di tribun yang dipenuhi dengan permadani. Bilik-bilik yang sangat formal ini hanya digunakan untuk upacara peribadatan dan rasmi, tetapi terbuka kepada umum setiap musim panas. <> Berapa banyak bilik tidur utama yang ada di istana? || 52 <> Berapa banyak bilik mandi di sana? || 78 <> Tunduk besar adalah ciri besar fasad di mana stateroom? || Bilik Muzik <> Berapa lamakah Galeri Gambar dalam meter? || 55 meter <> Bilik-bilik mana yang mempunyai patung-patung marmar putih besar Prince Albert dan Queen Victoria? || Bilik Pengawal <> Apakah ruang lantai istana? || 77,000 m2 (830,000 kaki persegi) <> Berapa banyak staterooms yang ada di istana? || 19 bilik negeri <> Berapa banyak bilik mandi yang ada di istana? || 78 bilik mandi <> Berapa banyak pejabat yang ada di istana? || 92 pejabat <> Berapa banyak bilik tidur utama yang memaksakan istana? || <> Berapa banyak bilik mandi yang diperbuat dari emas di sana? || <> Yang stateroom mempunyai busur kecil sebagai ciri fasad? || <> Berapa lamakah Galeri Gambar dalam batu? || <> Berapa banyak pejabat di istana telah ditutup selama-lamanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?", "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d715", "answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bathrooms are there?", "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d716", "answers": [{"text": "78", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?", "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d717", "answers": [{"text": "the Music Room", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?", "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d718", "answers": [{"text": "55 yards", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?", "id": "5725e46dec44d21400f3d719", "answers": [{"text": "The Guard Room", "answer_start": 1236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the floor space of the palace?", "id": "572615c9271a42140099d455", "answers": [{"text": "77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many staterooms does the palace have?", "id": "572615c9271a42140099d457", "answers": [{"text": "19 state rooms", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bathrooms does the palace have?", "id": "572615c9271a42140099d458", "answers": [{"text": "78 bathrooms", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many offices does the palace have?", "id": "572615c9271a42140099d459", "answers": [{"text": "92 offices", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "How many principle bedrooms does the palace spy on?", "id": "5a7a3bd517ab25001a8a03dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "78", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "How many bathrooms are made from gold there?", "id": "5a7a3bd517ab25001a8a03dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Music Room", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "Which stateroom has a small bow as a feature of the facade?", "id": "5a7a3bd517ab25001a8a03de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "55", "answer_start": 848}], "question": "How long is the Picture Gallery in miles?", "id": "5a7a3bd517ab25001a8a03df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "92 offices", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "How many offices in the palace have closed indefinitely?", "id": "5a7a3bd517ab25001a8a03e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The palace measures 108 metres (354 ft) by 120 metres (390 ft), is 24 metres (79 ft) high and contains over 77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft) of floorspace. The floor area is smaller than the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Papal Palace in Rome, the Louvre in Paris, the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, or the Forbidden City. There are 775 rooms, including 19 state rooms, 52 principal bedrooms, 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, and 78 bathrooms. The principal rooms are contained on the piano nobile behind the west-facing garden fa\u00e7ade at the rear of the palace. The centre of this ornate suite of state rooms is the Music Room, its large bow the dominant feature of the fa\u00e7ade. Flanking the Music Room are the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. At the centre of the suite, serving as a corridor to link the state rooms, is the Picture Gallery, which is top-lit and 55 yards (50 m) long. The Gallery is hung with numerous works including some by Rembrandt, van Dyck, Rubens and Vermeer; other rooms leading from the Picture Gallery are the Throne Room and the Green Drawing Room. The Green Drawing Room serves as a huge anteroom to the Throne Room, and is part of the ceremonial route to the throne from the Guard Room at the top of the Grand Staircase. The Guard Room contains white marble statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Roman costume, set in a tribune lined with tapestries. These very formal rooms are used only for ceremonial and official entertaining, but are open to the public every summer."}], ["Di sebelah istana adalah Royal Mews, yang juga direka oleh Nash, di mana kereta-kereta kerajaan, termasuk Gold State Coach, ditempatkan. Jurulatih gosok rococo ini, yang direka oleh Sir William Chambers pada 1760, telah melukis panel oleh G. B. Cipriani. Ia mula-mula digunakan untuk Pembukaan Parlimen Negeri oleh George III pada tahun 1762 dan telah digunakan oleh raja untuk setiap penobatan sejak George IV. Ia terakhir digunakan untuk Jubli Emas Elizabeth II. Juga ditempatkan di mews adalah kuda jurulatih yang digunakan di perarakan istiadat kerajaan. <> Di manakah Pelatih Negeri Emas ditempatkan? || Royal Mews <> Bilakah Coach State Gold pertama kali digunakan? || 1762 <> The Royal Mews rumah yang jenis haiwan? || kuda <> Siapa yang merancang Royal Mews? || Nash <> Dimana Coach State Gold disimpan? || Royal Mews <> Siapa yang merancang Gold State Coach? || Sir William Chambers <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Coach State Gold pertama kali digunakan? || 1762 <> Haiwan apa yang disimpan di dalam kubah? || kuda <> Siapa yang memusnahkan Royal Mews? || <> Di manakah Pelatih Negeri Perak ditempatkan? || <> Siapa yang tahu apa-apa tentang Jurulatih Negara Emas? || <> Bilakah Coach State Gold pernah digunakan? || <> Haiwan apa yang dilarang dalam mews? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Gold State Coach housed?", "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d354", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Mews", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Gold State Coach first used?", "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d356", "answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?", "id": "5725f1dc271a42140099d357", "answers": [{"text": "horses", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Royal Mews?", "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d921", "answers": [{"text": "Nash", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Gold State Coach kept?", "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d922", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Mews", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designed the Gold State Coach?", "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d923", "answers": [{"text": "Sir William Chambers", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?", "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d924", "answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animals are kept in the mews?", "id": "57261ed8ec44d21400f3d925", "answers": [{"text": "horses", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nash", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Who destroyed the Royal Mews?", "id": "5a7a4c3d17ab25001a8a0490", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Royal Mews", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Where is the Silver State Coach housed?", "id": "5a7a4c3d17ab25001a8a0491", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir William Chambers", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "Who knows nothing about the Gold State Coach?", "id": "5a7a4c3d17ab25001a8a0492", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1762", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "When was the Gold State Coach last used?", "id": "5a7a4c3d17ab25001a8a0493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "horses", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What animals are forbidden in the mews?", "id": "5a7a4c3d17ab25001a8a0494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions."}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia I, istana, kemudian rumah Raja George V dan Queen Mary, melarikan diri tanpa cedera. Kandungannya yang lebih berharga telah dipindahkan ke Windsor tetapi keluarga diraja kekal di situ. Raja yang dikenakan catuan di istana itu, banyak kecewa terhadap tetamu dan rumahnya. Kepada penyesalan Raja yang terakhir, David Lloyd George memujuknya untuk pergi lebih jauh dengan mengunci bilik wain dan menjauhi alkohol secara ostentisial, untuk memberikan contoh yang baik kepada kelas pekerja yang sedang inebriated. Para pekerja terus menyerap dan Raja tidak berpuas hati dengan pantang larangannya. Pada tahun 1938, paviliun barat laut, yang direka oleh Nash sebagai konservatori, telah ditukar menjadi kolam renang. <> Siapa yang tinggal di Istana Buckingham semasa WWI? || Raja George V dan Queen Mary <> Di mana barangan berharga dari Buckingham Palace diambil semasa WWI? || Windsor <> Raja menjauhkan diri dari melakukan apa semasa perang? || alkohol <> Pada tahun apa paviliun barat laut berubah menjadi kolam renang? || 1938 <> Siapa yang memujuk raja untuk mengunci gudang wain semasa WWI? || David Lloyd George <> Istana Buckingham tidak disentuh semasa perang? || Perang Dunia I <> Di mana barang-barang berharga dipindahkan semasa perang? || Windsor <> Apa yang Raja menyerah semasa peperangan? || alkohol <> Siapa yang meyakinkan raja untuk mengunci gudang anggur? || David Lloyd George <> Apa paviliun barat laut ditukar pada tahun 1938? || kolam renang <> Yang meninggal dunia di Buckingham Palace semasa WWI? || <> Di mana barang-barang berharga dari Istana Buckingham diambil selepas WWI? || <> Apa yang raja meningkatkan penggunaan semasa perang? || <> Tahun berapa paviliun barat daya berubah menjadi kolam renang? || <> Siapa yang memujuk ratu untuk membuka kunci wain bawah tanah semasa WWI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?", "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37b", "answers": [{"text": "King George V and Queen Mary", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?", "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37c", "answers": [{"text": "Windsor", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The king refrained from doing what during the war?", "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37d", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?", "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37e", "answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?", "id": "5725f5ca271a42140099d37f", "answers": [{"text": "David Lloyd George", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?", "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4b9", "answers": [{"text": "World War I", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?", "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4ba", "answers": [{"text": "Windsor", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the King give up during the war?", "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4bb", "answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?", "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4bc", "answers": [{"text": "David Lloyd George", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?", "id": "572621ec271a42140099d4bd", "answers": [{"text": "swimming pool", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King George V and Queen Mary", "answer_start": 49}], "question": "Who died at Buckingham Palace during WWI?", "id": "5a7a500217ab25001a8a04cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Windsor", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "Where were worthless items from Buckingham Palace taken after WWI?", "id": "5a7a500217ab25001a8a04cd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "alcohol", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What did the king increase consumption of during the war?", "id": "5a7a500217ab25001a8a04ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1938", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What year was the south-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?", "id": "5a7a500217ab25001a8a04cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "David Lloyd George", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Who persuaded the queen to unlock the wine cellars during WWI?", "id": "5a7a500217ab25001a8a04d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed. Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ. The King imposed rationing at the palace, much to the dismay of his guests and household. To the King's later regret, David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol, to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class. The workers continued to imbibe and the King was left unhappy at his enforced abstinence. In 1938, the north-west pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into a swimming pool."}], ["Pada 15 September 1940, yang dikenali sebagai Battle of Britain Day, seorang juruterbang RAF, Ray Holmes dari RAF Squadron No. 504 merempuh seorang pengebom Jerman yang percaya ia akan mengebom Istana. Holmes telah kehabisan peluru dan membuat keputusan pantas untuk merangsangnya. Holmes diselamatkan. Kedua-dua pesawat itu terhempas. Malah Dornier Do 17 pengebom itu kosong. Ia telah rosak, dua anak kapalnya telah terbunuh dan selebihnya diselamatkan. Juruterbangnya, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, mendarat, hanya untuk mati selepas luka yang diderita semasa serangan itu. Semasa keturunan Dornier, ia entah bagaimana membongkar bomnya, salah satunya melanda Istana. Ia kemudian terhempas di depan stesen London Victoria. Enjin pembom kemudiannya dipamerkan di Muzium Perang Imperial di London. Juruterbang British menjadi Rasulullah selepas perang, dan meninggal pada usia 90 tahun 2005. <> Apakah tarikh Pertempuran Hari Britain? || 15 September 1940 <> Apakah Ray Holmes fikir juruterbang Jerman akan membom? || Istana <> Jenis pesawat apakah keranjang Jerman Holmes merempuh? || Dornier Do 17 bomber <> Selepas perang apa yang menjadi Holmes? || Permaisuri Raja <> Berapa tahun kematian Ray Holmes? || 2005 <> Apakah 15 September 1940 yang dikenali sebagai? || Pertempuran Hari Britain <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Ray Holmes terhadap juruterbang Jerman? || Istana <> Apa yang dilakukan Holmes untuk menghentikan Plane Jerman? || ram it <> Jenis pesawat apakah Plane Jerman? || Dornier Do 17 pengebom <> Bilakah Holmes mati? || 2005 <> Apa tarikh perayaan Hari Britain? || <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Ray Holmes bahawa juruterbang Jerman akan memulihkan? || <> Jenis pesawat apa jenis Holmes mengelakkan kerajinan Jerman? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Holmes semasa perang? || <> Apa tahun yang dilahirkan Ray Holmes? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?", "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac114", "answers": [{"text": "15 September 1940", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?", "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac115", "answers": [{"text": "the Palace", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?", "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac116", "answers": [{"text": "Dornier Do 17 bomber", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the war what did Holmes become?", "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac117", "answers": [{"text": "King's Messenger", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Ray Holmes die?", "id": "5725f7a389a1e219009ac118", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is September 15, 1940 known as?", "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2ee", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Britain Day", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?", "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2ef", "answers": [{"text": "the Palace", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?", "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2f0", "answers": [{"text": "ram it", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of aircraft was the German Plane?", "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2f1", "answers": [{"text": "Dornier Do 17 bomber", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Holmes die?", "id": "5726245b89a1e219009ac2f2", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15 September 1940", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What is the date of the celebration of Britain Day?", "id": "5a7a513117ab25001a8a04ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Palace", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to restore?", "id": "5a7a513117ab25001a8a04eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dornier Do 17 bomber", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes avoiding?", "id": "5a7a513117ab25001a8a04ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King's Messenger", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "What did Holmes become during the war?", "id": "5a7a513117ab25001a8a04ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 839}], "question": "What year did Ray Holmes give birth?", "id": "5a7a513117ab25001a8a04ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 15 September 1940, known as the Battle of Britain Day, an RAF pilot, Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace. Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it. Holmes bailed out. Both aircraft crashed. In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty. It had already been damaged, two of its crew had been killed and the remainder bailed out. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, landed, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack. During the Dornier's descent, it somehow unloaded its bombs, one of which hit the Palace. It then crashed into the forecourt of London Victoria station. The bomber's engine was later exhibited at the Imperial War Museum in London. The British pilot became a King's Messenger after the war, and died at the age of 90 in 2005."}], ["Pelaburan, yang meliputi persaudaraan dengan menyebarkan pedang, dan anugerah lain berlaku di Ballroom istana, yang dibina pada 1854. Di sepanjang 36.6 m (120 kaki), 18 m (59 kaki) dan 13.5 m (44 kaki ) tinggi, ia adalah bilik terbesar di istana. Ia telah menggantikan ruang takhta yang penting dan digunakan. Semasa investasinya, Ratu berdiri di atas takhta takhta di bawah kanopi beludru gergasi, yang dikenal sebagai shamiana atau baldachin, yang digunakan di Delhi Durbar pada tahun 1911. Sebuah band tentera bermain di galeri pemuzik sebagai penerima penghargaan pendekatan Ratu dan menerima penghormatan mereka, disaksikan oleh keluarga dan rakan mereka. <> Dimana Pelaburan berlaku? || di Ballroom istana <> Tahun apakah Ballroom dibina? || 1854 <> Bilik manakah yang mempunyai Ballroom diganti dari segi penggunaan dan kepentingannya? || ruang takhta <> Apa yang Ratu berdiri semasa Penyelidikan? || takhta takhta <> Knighthood diberikan oleh yang digelar dengan objek apa? || pedang <> Apa bilik terbesar di istana? || Ballroom <> The Ballroom menggantikan mana ruangan lain dari segi kepentingan dan penggunaannya? || ruang takhta <> Di mana Pelaburan tidak pernah berlaku? || <> Tahun apakah Ballroom ditiup? || <> Bilik manakah yang Ballroom tidak pernah berubah dari segi penggunaan dan kepentingannya? || <> Apa bilik terkecil di istana? || <> Apa yang Ratu duduk semasa Penyelidikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where do Investitures take place?", "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d33f", "answers": [{"text": "in the palace's Ballroom", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was The Ballroom built?", "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d340", "answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance?", "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d341", "answers": [{"text": "the throne room", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?", "id": "5725ef6e271a42140099d343", "answers": [{"text": "the throne dais", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?", "id": "57261d0d38643c19005ad02e", "answers": [{"text": "a sword", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest room in the palace?", "id": "57261d0d38643c19005ad02f", "answers": [{"text": "Ballroom", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use?", "id": "57261d0d38643c19005ad031", "answers": [{"text": "the throne room", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the palace's Ballroom", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Where do Investitures never take place?", "id": "5a7a48f817ab25001a8a0468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1854", "answer_start": 146}], "question": "What year was The Ballroom blown up?", "id": "5a7a48f817ab25001a8a0469", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the throne room", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "Which room has The Ballroom never changed in terms of both use and importance?", "id": "5a7a48f817ab25001a8a046a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the palace's Ballroom", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What is the smallest room in the palace?", "id": "5a7a48f817ab25001a8a046b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the throne dais", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What does the Queen sit on during Investitures?", "id": "5a7a48f817ab25001a8a046c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854. At 36.6 m (120 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 13.5 m (44 ft) high, it is the largest room in the palace. It has replaced the throne room in importance and use. During investitures, the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a shamiana or a baldachin, that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. A military band plays in the musicians' gallery as award recipients approach the Queen and receive their honours, watched by their families and friends."}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, istana itu dibom sembilan kali, yang paling serius dan dipublikasikan yang mengakibatkan pemusnahan kapel istana pada tahun 1940. Liputan acara ini dimainkan di pawagam-pawagam di seluruh UK untuk menunjukkan kesengsaraan biasa kaya dan miskin. Satu bom jatuh di kuadrangle istana manakala Raja George VI dan Queen Elizabeth berada di kediaman, dan banyak tingkap ditiup dan kapel itu dimusnahkan. Walau bagaimanapun, liputan masa perang mengenai insiden tersebut sangat terhad. Raja dan Ratu difilmkan memeriksa rumah mereka yang dibombardir, Ratu yang tersenyum, seperti biasa, rapi berpakaian topi dan sepadan dengan nada yang kelihatan tidak terganggu oleh kerusakan di sekelilingnya. Pada masa ini, Ratu itu terkenal dengan menyatakan: \"Saya gembira kami telah dibom, kini saya dapat melihat Timur di muka\". Keluarga diraja dilihat sebagai berkongsi kesusahan subjek mereka, seperti yang dilaporkan The Graphic Sunday: <> Berapa kali istana dibom di WWII? || sembilan kali <> Apa yang musnah pada tahun 1940? || istana istana <> Raja-raja mana yang berada di kediaman Buckingham Palace semasa WWII? || Raja George VI dan Queen Elizabeth <> Pengeboman Buckingham Palace menunjukkan apa yang berlaku kepada orang ramai? || kesengsaraan biasa kaya dan miskin <> Apa yang musnah dalam salah satu pengeboman yang melanda istana pada Perang Dunia II? || the chapel <> The King and Queen telah difilmkan melakukan apa selepas pengeboman? || memeriksa rumah bom mereka <> Keluarga diraja dilihat sebagai berkongsi apa dengan mata pelajaran mereka selepas pengeboman? || kesusahan mereka subjek <> Berapa kali istana dirombak dalam WWII? || <> Apa dinaik taraf pada tahun 1940? || <> Raja mana yang hilang dari Buckingham Palace semasa Perang Dunia II? || <> Apakah keluarga diraja tidak pernah berkongsi dengan subjek mereka selepas pengeboman? || <> Apa yang tersembunyi daripada orang ramai akibat pengeboman Istana Buckingham? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?", "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf11", "answers": [{"text": "nine times", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was destroyed in 1940?", "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf12", "answers": [{"text": "the palace chapel", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?", "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf13", "answers": [{"text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?", "id": "5725f69138643c19005acf14", "answers": [{"text": "the common suffering of rich and poor", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?", "id": "57262370271a42140099d4e2", "answers": [{"text": "the chapel", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?", "id": "57262370271a42140099d4e3", "answers": [{"text": "inspecting their bombed home", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?", "id": "57262370271a42140099d4e4", "answers": [{"text": "their subjects' hardship", "answer_start": 834}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nine times", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "How many times was the palace remodeled in WWII?", "id": "5a7a50c717ab25001a8a04e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the palace chapel", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What was upgraded in 1940?", "id": "5a7a50c717ab25001a8a04e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "Which monarchs were missing from Buckingham Palace during WWII?", "id": "5a7a50c717ab25001a8a04e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their subjects' hardship", "answer_start": 834}], "question": "What did the royal family never share with their subjects after the bombings?", "id": "5a7a50c717ab25001a8a04e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the common suffering of rich and poor", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What was hidden from the public as a result of the bombing of Buckingham Palace?", "id": "5a7a50c717ab25001a8a04e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times, the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940. Coverage of this event was played in cinemas all over the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor. One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence, and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed. War-time coverage of such incidents was severely restricted, however. The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home, the smiling Queen, as always, immaculately dressed in a hat and matching coat seemingly unbothered by the damage around her. It was at this time the Queen famously declared: \"I'm glad we have been bombed. Now I can look the East End in the face\". The royal family were seen as sharing their subjects' hardship, as The Sunday Graphic reported:"}], ["Perjamuan negara juga berlaku di Ballroom; makan malam rasmi ini diadakan pada petang pertama lawatan negeri oleh ketua asing negara. Pada majlis-majlis ini, sehingga 170 tetamu dalam \"ikat pinggang dan hiasan\" formal, termasuk tiaras, meja makan diletakkan bersama Grand Service, koleksi plat gilt perak yang dibuat pada tahun 1811 untuk Prince of Wales, kemudian George IV . Penerimaan terbesar dan paling formal di Istana Buckingham berlaku setiap bulan November apabila Ratu menghiburkan para anggota korps diplomatik. Pada majlis besar ini, semua bilik negeri sedang digunakan, kerana keluarga diraja meneruskannya, bermula di pintu utara Galeri Gambar yang hebat. Seperti yang dirasakan oleh Nash, semua pintu besar, dua cermin berdiri terbuka, mencerminkan banyak candelier kristal dan sconce, mewujudkan ilusi optik yang sengaja ruang dan cahaya. <> Di manakah Banquets menyatakan berlaku? || Ballroom <> Dalam bulan berapa Ratu menghiburkan kor diplomatik? || November <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menetapkan meja makan untuk makan malam rasmi? || Perkhidmatan Utama <> Bilakah perkhidmatan Grand dibuat? || 1811 <> Kepada siapa yang dibuat oleh Perkhidmatan Besar? || Putera Wales <> Di mana jamuan negara berlaku? || di Ballroom <> Bilakah jamuan negara diadakan? || petang pertama lawatan negara oleh ketua asing <> Apakah jadual makan yang disediakan untuk bangsawan negeri? || Servis Utama <> Siapa Perkhidmatan Grand yang asalnya dibuat? || Putera Wales <> Di mana Perjamuan Negara dilarang? || <> Bulan berapakah Ratu mempromosikan korp diplomatik? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menetapkan meja makan untuk makan malam kasual? || <> Bilakah Perkhidmatan Grand dikeluarkan? || <> Bilakah jamuan negara dielakkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where do State Banquets take place?", "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d349", "answers": [{"text": "the Ballroom", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?", "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34a", "answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?", "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34b", "answers": [{"text": "the Grand Service", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Grand Service made?", "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34c", "answers": [{"text": "1811", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For whom was the Grand Service made?", "id": "5725f0ec271a42140099d34d", "answers": [{"text": "the Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do state banquets take place?", "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d905", "answers": [{"text": "in the Ballroom", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are state banquets held?", "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d906", "answers": [{"text": "the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?", "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d907", "answers": [{"text": "the Grand Service", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Grand Service originally made for?", "id": "57261df0ec44d21400f3d909", "answers": [{"text": "Prince of Wales", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Ballroom", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Where are State Banquets forbidden?", "id": "5a7a497317ab25001a8a0472", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What month does the Queen promote the diplomatic corps?", "id": "5a7a497317ab25001a8a0473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Grand Service", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "What is used to set the dining table for casual dinners?", "id": "5a7a497317ab25001a8a0474", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1811", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "When was the Grand Service removed?", "id": "5a7a497317ab25001a8a0475", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "When are state banquets avoided?", "id": "5a7a497317ab25001a8a0476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal \"white tie and decorations\", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps. On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light."}], ["Pada tahun 1901, penyertaan Edward VII menyaksikan kehidupan baru menghembus ke istana. Raja baru dan isterinya, Queen Alexandra selalu berada di barisan hadapan masyarakat tinggi London, dan teman-teman mereka, yang dikenali sebagai \"Marlborough House Set\", dianggap sebagai yang paling terkenal dan bergaya zaman itu. Buckingham Palace-Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibule dan galeri yang dihiasi semula dalam skema Belle \u00e9poque dan skema warna emas yang mereka simpan hari ini-sekali lagi menjadi persekitaran untuk menghiburkan pada skala yang hebat tetapi meninggalkan beberapa yang merasakan Raja Edward Penyimpanan semula berat adalah bertentangan dengan kerja asal Nash. <> Dalam tahun apakah Edward VII naik ke takhta? || 1901 <> Jenis Edward VII dan rakan-rakan Queen Alexandra tahu apa? || \"Marlborough House Set\" <> Beberapa berfikir bahawa pilihan redecoration Raja Edward VII adalah bertentangan dengan yang sebelum kerja? || Raja Nash <> Raja manakah yang membuat pemeriksaan besar-besaran dalam skim warna krim dan emas Belle Epoque? || Raja Edward <> Apa kumpulan kawan-kawan Raja Edward VII dan Queen Alexandra dipanggil? || Rumah Marlborough Set <> Apa yang bertentangan dengan karya asli Nash di istana? || Raja Edward yang redecorations berat <> Bilakah Raja Edward VII mengambil takhta? || 1901 <> Warna apa yang digunakan dalam pembacaan semula yang diawasi oleh Raja Edward VII? || Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold <> Apa tahun Edward VII menolak untuk naik ke takhta? || <> Raja mana yang mengarahkan pengubahsuaian kecil dalam skema warna krim dan perak Belle Epoque? || <> Apakah kumpulan orang yang dinamakan King Edward VII dan Queen Alexandra? || <> Apa yang menyokong kerja asal Nash di istana? || <> Warna apa yang dielakkan dalam pemutihan semula yang diawasi oleh Raja Edward VI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?", "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d779", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?", "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d77a", "answers": [{"text": "\"the Marlborough House Set\"", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?", "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d77b", "answers": [{"text": "Nash's", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?", "id": "5725f343ec44d21400f3d77c", "answers": [{"text": "King Edward", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?", "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04b", "answers": [{"text": "the Marlborough House Set", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?", "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04c", "answers": [{"text": "King Edward's heavy redecorations", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did King Edward VII take the throne?", "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04d", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?", "id": "57261fd438643c19005ad04e", "answers": [{"text": "Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What year did Edward VII decline to ascend to the throne?", "id": "5a7a4d7117ab25001a8a04ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King Edward", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "Which king commissioned minor redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and silver color scheme?", "id": "5a7a4d7117ab25001a8a04af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Marlborough House Set", "answer_start": 203}], "question": "What were the group of people that King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra avoided called?", "id": "5a7a4d7117ab25001a8a04b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King Edward's heavy redecorations", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What supported Nash's original work in the palace?", "id": "5a7a4d7117ab25001a8a04b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold", "answer_start": 420}], "question": "What colors were avoided in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VI?", "id": "5a7a4d7117ab25001a8a04b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as \"the Marlborough House Set\", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace\u2014the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today\u2014once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work."}], ["Kerja bangunan utama yang terakhir berlaku semasa pemerintahan King George V ketika, pada tahun 1913, Sir Aston Webb telah direka semula Blore's 1850 East Front untuk menyerupai sebahagian Lyme Park di Giacomo Leoni di Cheshire. Permukaan utama yang diperbaharui (batu Portland) ini direka untuk menjadi latar belakang Victoria Memorial, patung peringatan besar Queen Victoria, diletakkan di luar pintu utama. George V, yang telah berjaya menggantikan Edward VII pada tahun 1910, mempunyai personaliti yang lebih serius daripada bapanya; penekanan yang lebih besar kini diletakkan pada tugas-tugas rasmi yang menghiburkan dan diraja daripada pihak yang mewah. Beliau mengatur satu siri persembahan arahan yang memaparkan pemuzik jazz seperti Band Dixieland Jazz Asli (1919) - persembahan jazz pertama untuk ketua negara, Sidney Bechet, dan Louis Armstrong (1932), yang meraih istana penamaan pada tahun 2009 untuk a (Jenis) Plak Biru oleh Brecon Jazz Festival sebagai salah satu tempat yang membuat sumbangan terbesar kepada muzik jazz di United Kingdom. Isteri George V, Queen Mary adalah seorang peniaga seni, dan mengambil minat dalam koleksi Royal perabot dan seni, kedua-duanya memulihkan dan menambahkannya. Queen Mary juga mempunyai banyak lekapan dan kelengkapan baru yang dipasang, seperti sepasang monyet karya bergaya Khemah marmar oleh Benjamin Vulliamy, bertarikh 1810, yang Queen dipasang di lantai bawah Bow Room, bilik yang sangat rendah di tengah-tengah fa\u00e7ade taman. Queen Mary juga bertanggungjawab untuk hiasan Bilik Lukisan Biru. Bilik ini, panjang 69 kaki (21 meter), yang sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Bilik Lukisan Selatan, mempunyai siling yang direka khusus oleh Nash, yang dipenuhi dengan kurungan konsol gilt yang besar. <> Di bawah pemerintahannya apa kerja bangunan utama yang terakhir berlaku? || Raja George V <> Fasad asas Front Timur dibuat dari apa jenis batu? || Batu permata <> Raja yang mana yang lebih suka menghiburkan pegawai dan tugas kerajaan untuk pesta mewah? || George V <> Siapa yang menambah dan memulihkan perabot ke The Royal Collection? || Queen Mary <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menghiasi Bilik Lukisan Biru? || Queen Mary <> Siapa yang direka semula Blore's 1850 East Front? || Sir Aston Webb <> Fasad yang diperbaiki dibuat dari apa jenis batu? || Batu permata <> Yang mana raja memberi penekanan lebih kepada tugas menghiburkan rasmi dan kerajaan bukannya parti yang mewah? || George V <> Apa koleksi yang dilakukan oleh Queen Mary dengan menambah dan memulihkan kepingan? || Koleksi Royal perabot dan seni <> Yang menghiasi Bilik Lukisan Biru? || Ratu Maria <> Yang pemerintahan tidak pernah mempunyai kerja bangunan besar yang berlaku? || <> Raja manakah yang menghindari tugas menghiburkan rasmi dan kerajaan yang memihak kepada partai-partai mewah? || <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan dan merosakkan perabot di The Royal Collection? || <> Siapa yang direka semula Blore's 1820 West Front? || <> Siapa yang membakar Ruang Lukisan Hijau? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?", "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf01", "answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?", "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf02", "answers": [{"text": "Portland stone", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?", "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf03", "answers": [{"text": "George V", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?", "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf04", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 998}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?", "id": "5725f47f38643c19005acf05", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 1414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?", "id": "5726213938643c19005ad065", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Aston Webb", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?", "id": "5726213938643c19005ad066", "answers": [{"text": "Portland stone", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?", "id": "5726213938643c19005ad067", "answers": [{"text": "George V", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?", "id": "5726213938643c19005ad068", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Collection of furniture and art", "answer_start": 1072}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?", "id": "5726213938643c19005ad069", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 1414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "King George V", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Whose reign never had a major building works take place?", "id": "5a7a4e3d17ab25001a8a04b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George V", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "Which king avoided official entertaining and royal duties in favor of lavish parties?", "id": "5a7a4e3d17ab25001a8a04b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 1144}], "question": "Who removed and ruined furniture in The Royal Collection?", "id": "5a7a4e3d17ab25001a8a04ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Aston Webb", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "Who redesigned Blore's 1820 West Front?", "id": "5a7a4e3d17ab25001a8a04bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Mary", "answer_start": 1144}], "question": "Who burned the Green Drawing Room?", "id": "5a7a4e3d17ab25001a8a04bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when, in 1913, Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni's Lyme Park in Cheshire. This new, refaced principal fa\u00e7ade (of Portland stone) was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial, a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria, placed outside the main gates. George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties. He arranged a series of command performances featuring jazz musicians such as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1919) \u2013 the first jazz performance for a head of state, Sidney Bechet, and Louis Armstrong (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom. George V's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts, and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble Empire-style chimneypieces by Benjamin Vulliamy, dating from 1810, which the Queen had installed in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden fa\u00e7ade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room. This room, 69 feet (21 metres) long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed specially by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets."}]], [["Pada 13 Disember 1904, Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just dan Croatian Franjo Hanaman diberikan paten Hungary (No. 34541) untuk lampu filamen tungsten yang bertahan lebih lama dan memberikan cahaya yang lebih cerah daripada filamen karbon. Lampu filamen tungsten pertama kali dipasarkan oleh syarikat Hungary Tungsram pada tahun 1904. Jenis ini sering dipanggil Tungsram-mentol di banyak negara Eropah. Mengisi mentol dengan gas lengai seperti argon atau nitrogen menghalang penyejatan filamen tungsten berbanding mengendalikannya dalam vakum. Ini membolehkan suhu yang lebih besar dan keberkesanan yang lebih besar dengan pengurangan dalam kehidupan filamen. <> Yang pencipta mematenkan lampu filamen tungsten? || Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman <> Bilakah Just dan Hanaman menerima paten mereka untuk lampu filamen tungsten? || 13 Disember 1904 <> Syarikat mana yang pertama memasarkan lampu filamen tungsten? || Tungsram <> Jenis gas apa yang mengisi tiub filamen tungsten? || argon atau nitrogen <> Apakah nama ganti biasa untuk mentol filamen tungsten di Eropah? || Tungsram-bulbs <> Siapa yang tidak diberikan paten dari lampu filamen tungsten? || <> Siapa yang telah diberikan paten No. 34540? || <> Siapa yang menerima paten mereka pada tahun 1905? || <> Jenis gas apa yang tidak mengisi bola filamen tungsten? || <> Apa yang bukan nama ganti biasa untuk mentol filamen tungsten di Eropah. ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?", "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff4", "answers": [{"text": "Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?", "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff5", "answers": [{"text": "13 December 1904", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?", "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff6", "answers": [{"text": "Tungsram", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?", "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff7", "answers": [{"text": "argon or nitrogen", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?", "id": "5725de3489a1e219009abff8", "answers": [{"text": "Tungsram-bulbs", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who was not granted a patent fr the tungsten filament lamp?", "id": "5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who was granted patent No. 34540?", "id": "5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "Who receive their patent in 1905?", "id": "5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "argon or nitrogen", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb?", "id": "5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tungsram-bulbs", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe.", "id": "5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1efa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 13 December 1904, Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life."}], ["Lewis Latimer, yang bekerja pada masa itu oleh Edison, telah membangunkan satu kaedah penambahbaikan haba yang merawat filamen karbon yang mengurangkan kerosakan dan membiarkannya dibentuk menjadi bentuk novel, seperti bentuk filamen Maxim yang \"M\" ciri. Pada 17 Januari 1882, Latimer menerima paten untuk \"Proses Pengilangan Karbon\", satu kaedah yang lebih baik untuk menghasilkan filamen mentol lampu, yang dibeli oleh Syarikat Lampu Elektrik Amerika Syarikat. Latimer dipatenkan penambahbaikan lain seperti cara yang lebih baik untuk melampirkan filamen kepada sokongan wayar mereka. <> Siapa yang membangunkan kaedah pengolahan haba yang membenarkan filamen karbon dibentuk menjadi bentuk? || Lewis Latimer <> Bilakah Latimer paten \"Proses Pengilangan Karbon\" nya? || 17 Januari 1882 <> Syarikat manakah yang membeli paten Latimer? || Syarikat Light Electric Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang menggunakan Latimer ketika dia mengembangkan paten pertamanya? || Edison <> Siapa yang mengembangkan kaedah filamen karbon yang lebih baik pada tahun 1882? || <> Bilakah Edison paten \"Proses Pengilangan Karbon\" nya? || <> Apa cara yang tidak diperbaiki untuk menghasilkan mentol? || <> Apa yang tidak dibeli oleh Syarikat Lampu Elektrik Amerika Syarikat? || <> Siapa yang tidak menggunakan Latimer ketika dia mengembangkan paten pertamanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?", "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb6", "answers": [{"text": "Lewis Latimer", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Latimer patent his \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\"?", "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb7", "answers": [{"text": "17 January 1882", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company purchased Latimer's patent?", "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb8", "answers": [{"text": "United States Electric Light Company", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?", "id": "5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb9", "answers": [{"text": "Edison", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lewis Latimer", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who developed an improved method of carbon filaments in 1882?", "id": "5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "17 January 1882", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "When did Edison patent his \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\"?", "id": "5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What was not an improved method for production of a light bulb?", "id": "5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What was not purchased by the United States Electric Light Company?", "id": "5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edison", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Who did not employ Latimer when he developed his first patent?", "id": "5ad18c22645df0001a2d1ef0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic \"M\" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports."}], ["Albon Man, seorang peguam New York, memulakan Electro-Dynamic Light Company pada tahun 1878 untuk mengeksploitasi paten-patennya dan William Sawyer. Seminggu kemudian Syarikat Pencahayaan Elektrik Amerika Syarikat telah dianjurkan. Syarikat ini tidak membuat pemasangan komersial pertama lampu pijar sehingga kejatuhan 1880 di Mercantile Safe Deposit Company di New York City, kira-kira enam bulan selepas lampu pijar Edison dipasang di Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim adalah ketua jurutera di Syarikat Pencahayaan Elektrik Amerika Syarikat. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Syarikat Cahaya Elektro-Dinamik? || Albon Man <> Siapa ketua jurutera di Syarikat Pencahayaan Elektrik Amerika Syarikat? || Hiram S. Maxim <> Di mana Syarikat Lampu Elektrik Dinamik memasang lampu pertama? || Mercantile Safe Deposit Company <> Bilakah Syarikat Lampu Elektrik Dinamik memasang lampu pertamanya? || jatuh tahun 1880 <> Syarikat mana yang dianjurkan dahulu, Syarikat Lampu Elektrik Dinamik atau Syarikat Lampu Elektrik Amerika Syarikat? || Electro-Dynamic Light Company <> Siapa yang memulakan Syarikat Cahaya Elektro-Dinamik pada tahun 1890? || <> Siapa paten lain yang tidak mengeksploitasi Man Albon? || <> Di manakah pemasangan pertama lampu pijar pada tahun 1890? || <> Siapa arkitek ketua di Syarikat Pencahayaan Elektrik Amerika Syarikat? || <> Siapa yang tidak membuat pemasangan pertama mereka sehingga musim bunga tahun 1880? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?", "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf86", "answers": [{"text": "Albon Man", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?", "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf87", "answers": [{"text": "Hiram S. Maxim", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?", "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf88", "answers": [{"text": "Mercantile Safe Deposit Company", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?", "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf89", "answers": [{"text": "fall of 1880", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?", "id": "5725d74389a1e219009abf8a", "answers": [{"text": "Electro-Dynamic Light Company", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Albon Man", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who began the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1890?", "id": "5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William Sawyer", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "Whose other patents did Albon Man not exploit?", "id": "5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mercantile Safe Deposit Company", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Where was the first installation of incandescent lamps in 1890?", "id": "5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hiram S. Maxim", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "Who was the chief architect at the United States Electric Lighting Company?", "id": "5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United States Electric Lighting Company", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Who did not make their first installation until the spring of 1880?", "id": "5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City, about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company."}], ["Mentol pijar telah digantikan dengan pelbagai jenis lampu elektrik, seperti lampu pendarfluor, lampu pendarfluor padat (CFL), lampu pendarfluor katod sejuk (CCFL), lampu pelepasan intensiti tinggi dan lampu diod pemancar cahaya (LED) . Beberapa bidang kuasa, seperti Kesatuan Eropah, China, Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat sedang dalam proses menghentikan penggunaan lampu mentah pijar sementara yang lain, termasuk Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil dan Australia, telah melarang mereka. <> Apa undang-undang yang dibuat Australia mengenai mentol lampu pijar? || melarang mereka sudah <> Bagaimana Amerika Syarikat merawat mentol lampu pijar? || menanggalkan penggunaan lampu mentah pijar <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan singkatan CCFL? || lampu pendarfluor katod sejuk <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan CFL akronim? || lampu pendarfluor padat <> Apa maksud LED singkatan? || diod pemancar cahaya <> Jenis mentol apa yang belum diganti dalam banyak aplikasi oleh jenis lampu elektrik lain? || <> Bagaimana India merawat mentol lampu pijar? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan singkatan CCFL tidak merujuk kepada? || <> Apakah akronim LED tidak merujuk? || <> Apa arti CFL akronim tidak merujuk kepada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?", "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abebe", "answers": [{"text": "prohibited them already", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?", "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abebf", "answers": [{"text": "phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym CCFL refer to?", "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abec0", "answers": [{"text": "cold cathode fluorescent lamps", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym CFL refer to?", "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abec1", "answers": [{"text": "compact fluorescent lamps", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym LED refer to?", "id": "5725cafc89a1e219009abec2", "answers": [{"text": "light-emitting diode", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent bulbs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of bulb has not been replaced in many application by other types of electric light?", "id": "5ad186e4645df0001a2d1e9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "How is India treating incandescent light bulbs?", "id": "5ad186e4645df0001a2d1e9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cold cathode fluorescent lamps", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What does the acronym CCFL not refer to?", "id": "5ad186e4645df0001a2d1ea0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light-emitting diode lamps", "answer_start": 228}], "question": "What does the acronym LED not refer to?", "id": "5ad186e4645df0001a2d1ea1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compact fluorescent lamps", "answer_start": 120}], "question": "What does the acronym CFL not refer to?", "id": "5ad186e4645df0001a2d1ea2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already."}], ["Pada tahun 1872, Alexander Alexander Lodygin mencipta bola lampu pijar dan memperoleh paten Rusia pada tahun 1874. Ia digunakan sebagai pembakar dua rod karbon seksyen yang berkurang di dalam penerima gelas, tertutup rapat, dan diisi dengan nitrogen, disusun secara elektrik supaya arus boleh dilepaskan ke karbon kedua apabila pertama kali digunakan. Kemudian dia tinggal di Amerika Syarikat, menukar namanya kepada Alexander de Lodyguine dan memohon dan mendapatkan paten untuk lampu pijar yang mempunyai kromium, iridium, rhodium, rutenium, osmium, molibdenum dan filamen tungsten, dan mentol menggunakan filamen molibdenum telah ditunjukkan di dunia adil 1900 di Paris. <> Siapa paten mentol lampu pijar di Rusia pada tahun 1874? || Alexander Lodygin <> Apa yang digunakan Lodygin sebagai pembakar di dalam lampunya? || dua rod karbon <> Dalam tahun apakah Lodygin menunjukkan lampu di Pameran Dunia? || 1900 <> Apa yang diubah namanya oleh Lodygin selepas berpindah ke Amerika Syarikat? || Alexander de Lodyguine <> Bilakah Lodygin mencipta lampu pertamanya? || 1872 <> Siapa yang tidak paten bola lampu pijar pada tahun 1872? || <> Siapa yang tidak menunjukkan pada pameran dunia pada tahun 1900 di Paris? || <> Bilakah Anxander Lodygin menukar namanya? || <> Siapa yang mencipta lampu pertamanya pada tahun 1700? || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan Lodygin sebagai pembakar dalam lampunya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?", "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60b", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander Lodygin", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?", "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60c", "answers": [{"text": "two carbon rods", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?", "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60d", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?", "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60e", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander de Lodyguine", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?", "id": "5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60f", "answers": [{"text": "1872", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander Lodygin", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who did not patent an incandescent light bulb in 1872?", "id": "5ad188d0645df0001a2d1eba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander de Lodyguine", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "Who did not demonstrate at the world fair in 1900 in Paris?", "id": "5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "When did Anxander Lodygin change his name?", "id": "5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Alexander Lodygin", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who invented his first lamp in the 1700's?", "id": "5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two carbon rods", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What did Lodygin not use as a burner in his lamp?", "id": "5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris."}], ["Thomas Edison memulakan penyelidikan serius dalam membangun lampu pijar praktikal pada tahun 1878. Edison memfailkan permohonan paten pertamanya untuk \"Improvement In Electric Lights\" pada 14 Oktober 1878. Selepas banyak eksperimen, pertama dengan karbon pada awal 1880-an dan kemudian dengan platinum dan logam lain , pada akhirnya Edison kembali ke filamen karbon. Ujian pertama yang berjaya adalah pada 22 Oktober 1879, dan berlangsung 13,5 jam. Edison terus memperbaiki reka bentuk ini dan pada 4 November 1879, memfailkan paten Amerika Syarikat untuk lampu elektrik menggunakan \"filamen karbon atau jalur bergelung dan dihubungkan ... ke wayar hubungan platina.\" Walaupun paten itu menerangkan beberapa cara untuk mencipta filamen karbon termasuk menggunakan \"benang kain kapas dan kain, kayu cincin, kertas bergelung dalam pelbagai cara,\" Edison dan pasukannya kemudiannya mendapati bahawa filamen buluh berkebun boleh berlangsung lebih dari 1200 jam. Pada tahun 1880, pengukir Oregon Railroad dan Navigasi Syarikat, Columbia, menjadi aplikasi pertama untuk lampu elektrik pijar Edison (ia juga merupakan kapal pertama untuk menggunakan penggunaan dinamo). <> Bilakah Edison memulakan penyelidikan ke dalam lampu pijar? || 1878 <> Dengan apa bahan Edison membuat filamen pertamanya? || karbon <> Berapa lama cahaya terbakar Edison semasa ujian kejayaan pertamanya pada tahun 1879? || 13.5 jam <> Apa jenis kayu yang digunakan Edison dalam filamennya yang lebih baik? || buluh <> Apakah nama kapal pertama menggunakan lampu Edison? || Columbia <> Siapa yang memulakan penyelidikan untuk mengembangkan lampu pijar yang praktikal? || <> Siapa yang memfailkan permohonan paten pertamanya pada tahun 1890? || <> Apakah Edison menolak penggunaan selepas eksperimennya dengan platinum dan logam lain? || <> Jenis bahan apa yang tidak digunakan dalam paten AS untuk lampu elektrik pada bulan November 1879? || <> Jenis bahan apa yang digunakan Edison yang tidak dapat bertahan lebih daripada 1200 jam? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?", "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d669", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what material did Edison make his first filament?", "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66a", "answers": [{"text": "carbon", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?", "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66b", "answers": [{"text": "13.5 hours", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?", "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66c", "answers": [{"text": "bamboo", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?", "id": "5725d45bec44d21400f3d66d", "answers": [{"text": "Columbia", "answer_start": 936}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas Edison", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who began research into developing a practical incandescent lamp? ", "id": "5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ece", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas Edison", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who filed his first patent application in 1890?", "id": "5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ecf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbon", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "What did Edison turn refuse to use after his experiment with platinum and other metals?", "id": "5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ed0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbon", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "What type of material was not used in the US patent for an electric lamp in November 1879?", "id": "5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ed1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bamboo", "answer_start": 826}], "question": "What type of material did Edison use that could not last more than 1200 hours?", "id": "5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ed2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for \"Improvement In Electric Lights\" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using \"a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires.\" Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using \"cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways,\" Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo)."}], ["Mentol cahaya pijar, lampu pijar atau globe cahaya pijar adalah cahaya elektrik dengan filamen kawat yang dipanaskan pada suhu yang tinggi, dengan melepaskan arus elektrik melaluinya, sehingga ia bersinar dengan cahaya yang kelihatan (incandescence). Filamen panas dilindungi daripada pengoksidaan dengan mentol kaca atau kuarza yang diisi dengan gas lengai atau dipindahkan. Dalam lampu halogen, penyejatan filamen dihalang oleh proses kimia yang menanggalkan wap logam ke filamen, memanjangkan hayatnya. Mentol lampu dibekalkan dengan arus elektrik melalui terminal melalui suapan atau wayar yang tertanam di dalam kaca. Kebanyakan mentol digunakan dalam soket yang menyediakan sokongan mekanikal dan sambungan elektrik. <> Jenis tenaga apa yang menjadikan cahaya mentol pijar bercahaya? || arus elektrik <> Bahagian mana mana mentol lampu pijar dipanaskan? || filamen kawat <> Apakah sebahagian daripada mentol lampu halogen membekalkan arus elektrik? || terminal melalui suapan atau wayar yang tertanam di kaca <> Apa yang menyediakan elektrik kepada kebanyakan mentol lampu? || soket <> Jenis mentol mana yang menggunakan gas lengai? || mentol pijar cahaya <> Jenis cahaya apa yang mempunyai filamen kawat dipanaskan pada suhu yang rendah? || <> Apa yang tidak mempunyai arus elektrik yang berjalan melalui filamen kawat? || <> Apakah sebahagian daripada mentol lampu halogen tidak membekalkan arus elektrik? || <> Apa yang tidak menyediakan tenaga elektrik kepada kebanyakan mentol lampu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?", "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d53f", "answers": [{"text": "electric current", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?", "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d540", "answers": [{"text": "wire filament", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?", "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d541", "answers": [{"text": "feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?", "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d542", "answers": [{"text": "a socket", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?", "id": "5725c70dec44d21400f3d543", "answers": [{"text": "incandescent light bulb", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent light bulb", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What type of light has a wire filament heated to a low temperature?", "id": "5ad1854a645df0001a2d1e84", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent light bulb", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "What does not have electric current running through a wire filament?", "id": "5ad1854a645df0001a2d1e85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What part of a halogen light bulb does not supply electric current?", "id": "5ad1854a645df0001a2d1e86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a socket", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "What does not provide electricity to most light bulbs?", "id": "5ad1854a645df0001a2d1e87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections."}], ["Keberkesanan cahaya sumber cahaya dapat ditakrifkan dalam dua cara. Keberkesanan bercahaya berseri (LER) adalah nisbah fluks cahaya yang dipancarkan (fluks bercahaya) kepada jumlah kuasa yang dipancarkan ke atas semua panjang gelombang. Sumber keberkesanan bercahaya (LES) adalah nisbah fluks cahaya yang dipancarkan (fluks bercahaya) kepada jumlah input kuasa ke sumbernya, seperti lampu. Cahaya yang boleh dilihat diukur dalam lumens, satu unit yang ditakrifkan sebahagiannya oleh kepekaan mata manusia yang berbeza kepada jarak cahaya yang berlainan. Tidak semua panjang gelombang tenaga elektromagnet yang kelihatan sama-sama berkesan merangsang mata manusia; keberkesanan cahaya tenaga bersinar (LER) adalah ukuran seberapa baik pengagihan tenaga sepadan dengan persepsi mata. Unit-unit kecekapan bercahaya adalah \"lumens per watt\" (lpw). LER maksimum mungkin adalah 683 lm / W untuk cahaya hijau monokromatik pada 555 nanometer panjang gelombang, kepekaan puncak mata manusia. <> Apa maksud singkatan LER? || keberkesanan bercahaya yang bercahaya <> Apakah LER maksima mungkin? || 683 lm / W <> Dalam berapa banyak cara seseorang dapat menentukan keberkesanan cahaya sumber cahaya? || dua cara <> Apakah definisi keberkesanan bercahaya yang bercahaya? || nisbah fluks cahaya yang dapat dilihat yang dipancarkan (fluks bercahaya) kepada jumlah kuasa yang dipancarkan ke atas semua panjang gelombang <> Apa maksud singkatan LES? || sumber keberkesanan bercahaya <> Apa yang boleh ditakrifkan dalam tiga cara? || <> Apa maksud LER akronim? || <> Apa maksud LES akronim? || <> Apakah nisbah nisbah cahaya yang dapat dilihat kepada jumlah input kuasa kepada sumbernya? || <> Apakah LER minimum mungkin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the acronym LER refer to?", "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d319", "answers": [{"text": "radiant luminous efficacy", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum LER possible?", "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31a", "answers": [{"text": "683 lm/W", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?", "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31b", "answers": [{"text": "two ways", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?", "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31c", "answers": [{"text": "the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the acronym LES refer to?", "id": "5725eaf7271a42140099d31d", "answers": [{"text": "source luminous efficacy", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Luminous efficacy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What may be defined in three ways?", "id": "5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "radiant luminous efficacy", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What does the acronym LER not stand for?", "id": "5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "source luminous efficacy", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What does the acronym LES not stand for?", "id": "5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "source luminous efficacy (LES)", "answer_start": 221}], "question": "What is not the ratio of the visible light flux emitted to the total power input to the source?", "id": "5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "683 lm/W", "answer_start": 852}], "question": "What is the minimum LER possible?", "id": "5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are \"lumens per watt\" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye."}], ["Mentol pijar adalah kurang berkesan daripada kebanyakan jenis lampu elektrik; mentol pijar menukarkan kurang daripada 5% tenaga yang mereka gunakan ke cahaya yang kelihatan, dengan lampu mentol standard purata sekitar 2.2%. Tenaga yang lain ditukar kepada haba. Keberkesanan cahaya mentol pijar khas adalah 16 lumen per watt, berbanding dengan 60 lm / W untuk mentol neon padat atau 150 lm / W untuk beberapa lampu LED putih. Sesetengah aplikasi mentol pijar sengaja menggunakan haba yang dihasilkan oleh filamen. Aplikasi seperti inkubator, kotak brooding untuk ayam, lampu haba untuk tangki reptilia, pemanasan inframerah untuk pemanasan industri dan proses pengeringan, lampu lava, dan mainan Mudah Bake Oven. Mentol pijar biasanya mempunyai jangka hayat yang pendek berbanding dengan jenis pencahayaan lain; sekitar 1,000 jam untuk mentol lampu rumah versus biasanya 10,000 jam untuk pendarfluor padat dan 30,000 jam untuk lampu LED. <> Adakah mentol pijar lebih kurang berkesan daripada kebanyakan lampu elektrik? || kurang efisien <> Berapa peratuskah tenaga mentol lampu standard yang sebenarnya ditukar kepada cahaya yang kelihatan? || 2.2% <> Yang mana lebih berkesan: lampu pendarfluor padat atau LED? || LED <> Berapa lama mentol pijar tipikal yang terakhir? || 1,000 jam <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tenaga yang mentol pijar tidak berubah menjadi cahaya? || Tenaga yang lain ditukar kepada haba. <> Apa yang lebih berkesan daripada kebanyakan jenis lampu elektrik? || <> Berapakah peratusan tenaga yang sebenarnya tidak ditukarkan kepada cahaya yang kelihatan dalam mentol lampu standard? || <> Berapakah peratusan tenaga yang sebenarnya tidak ditukarkan kepada cahaya yang kelihatan dalam mentol cahaya yang tidak disengajakan? || <> Jenis bola jenis apa yang biasanya mempunyai jangka hayat yang panjang? || <> Apa yang tidak berlaku kepada tenaga yang mentol pijar tidak menyembunyikan cahaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?", "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d553", "answers": [{"text": "less efficient", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?", "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d554", "answers": [{"text": "2.2%", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?", "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d555", "answers": [{"text": "LED", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?", "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d556", "answers": [{"text": "1,000 hours", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?", "id": "5725c812ec44d21400f3d557", "answers": [{"text": "The remaining energy is converted into heat.", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent bulbs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are more efficient than most other types of electric lighting?", "id": "5ad1864c645df0001a2d1e8c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2.2", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What percentage of energy is not actually converted to visible light in a standard light bulb?", "id": "5ad1864c645df0001a2d1e8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5%", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "What percentage of energy is not actually converted to visible light in an incadescent light bulb?", "id": "5ad1864c645df0001a2d1e8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent", "answer_start": 725}], "question": "What type of bulb typically has a long life span?", "id": "5ad1864c645df0001a2d1e8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The remaining energy is converted into heat.", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What does not happen to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not covert into light?", "id": "5ad1864c645df0001a2d1e90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs."}], ["Dengan bantuan Charles Stearn, ahli pam vakum, pada tahun 1878, Swan telah menghasilkan satu kaedah pemprosesan yang menghindarkan pemendapan mentol awal. Ini telah menerima Paten British pada tahun 1880. Pada 18 Disember 1878, sebuah lampu menggunakan rod karbon yang langsing ditunjukkan pada mesyuarat Persatuan Kimia Newcastle, dan Swan memberikan demonstrasi kerja pada pertemuan mereka pada 17 Januari 1879. Ia juga ditunjukkan kepada 700 orang yang menghadiri pertemuan Persatuan Sastera dan Filsafat Newcastle upon Tyne pada 3 Februari 1879. Lampu ini menggunakan batang karbon dari lampu arka dan bukannya filamen langsing. Oleh itu, mereka mempunyai rintangan yang rendah dan memerlukan konduktor yang sangat besar untuk membekalkan arus yang diperlukan, jadi mereka tidak praktikal secara komersial, walaupun mereka memberikan demonstrasi kemungkinan cahaya pijar dengan vakum yang agak tinggi, konduktor karbon, dan wayar plumbum platinum . Selain memerlukan terlalu banyak arus untuk sistem elektrik stesen pusat menjadi praktikal, mereka mempunyai masa yang sangat singkat. Swan mengalihkan perhatiannya untuk menghasilkan filamen karbon yang lebih baik dan cara melampirkan hujungnya. Dia mencipta satu kaedah merawat kapas untuk menghasilkan 'benang parchmentised' dan memperoleh Paten British 4933 pada tahun 1880. Dari tahun ini ia mula memasang bola lampu di rumah dan mercu tanda di Inggris. Rumahnya adalah yang pertama di dunia yang disalakan oleh bola lampu dan juga rumah pertama di dunia yang dinyalakan oleh kuasa hidroelektrik. Pada tahun 1878 rumah Lord Armstrong di Cragside juga merupakan antara rumah pertama yang dinyalakan oleh elektrik. Pada awal tahun 1880-an, beliau telah memulakan syarikatnya. Pada tahun 1881, Teater Savoy di City of Westminster, London dinyalakan oleh bola lampu pijar Swan, yang merupakan teater pertama, dan bangunan awam yang pertama di dunia, disalakan sepenuhnya oleh elektrik. <> Di manakah Joseph Swan menunjukkan lampunya pada Januari 1879? || pada mesyuarat Newcastle Chemical Society <> Pakar pam vakum mana yang membantu Swan mencipta lampunya? || Charles Stearn <> Mengapa lampu pertama Swan tidak berdaya maju? || 'benang parchmentised' <> Bilakah Swan menerima paten untuk benang parchmentised? || 1880 <> Apakah bangunan awam pertama yang memasang lampu elektrik? || Teater Savoy di Kota Westminster, London <> Siapa yang tidak membantu Swan pada tahun 1878? || <> Apakah kaedah Swan tidak berkembang pada tahun 1878? || <> Apa yang tidak ditunjukkan pada mesyuarat Persatuan Kimia Newcastle? || <> Apa yang ditunjukkan kepada penonton 800 yang menghadiri mesyuarat Persatuan Sastera dan Filsafat Newcastle? || <> Mengapa lampu pertama Swan boleh dijual secara komersil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?", "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda1", "answers": [{"text": "at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?", "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda2", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Stearn", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?", "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda3", "answers": [{"text": "'parchmentised thread'", "answer_start": 1182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?", "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda4", "answers": [{"text": "1880", "answer_start": 1241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first public building to install electric lighting?", "id": "5725d2ee38643c19005acda5", "answers": [{"text": "the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London", "answer_start": 1624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Charles Stearn", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Who did not help Swan in 1878?", "id": "5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "processing that avoided the early bulb blackening", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What method did Swan not develop in 1878?", "id": "5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a lamp using a slender carbon rod", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What was not shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemistry Society?", "id": "5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a lamp using a slender carbon rod", "answer_start": 227}], "question": "What was shown to an audience of 800 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle?", "id": "5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "'parchmentised thread'", "answer_start": 1182}], "question": "Why was Swan's first lamp commercially viable?", "id": "5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious \u2013 discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity."}], ["Mentol lampu pijar terdiri daripada kandang kaca yang ketat (sampul surat, atau mentol) dengan filamen wayar tungsten di dalam mentol, di mana arus elektrik diluluskan. Wayar kenalan dan pangkalan dengan dua (atau lebih) konduktor menyediakan sambungan elektrik ke filamen. Mentol lampu pijar biasanya mengandungi batang atau kaca gunung berlabuh ke pangkal bola yang membolehkan kenalan elektrik berjalan melalui sampul tanpa kebocoran udara atau gas. Wayar kecil yang tertanam di batangnya pula menyokong filamen dan wayar plumbumnya. <> Apakah nama kandang kaca ketat udara di dalam mentol pijar? || sampul surat <> Apa filamen terbuat dari? || dawai tungsten <> Berapa banyak konduktor yang terdapat dalam asas mentol? || dua (atau lebih) <> Apa yang menghalang udara atau gas kebocoran dari mentol? || tiang batang atau gelas yang berlabuh di dasar mentol <> Fungsi apa yang dilakukan oleh wayar kecil dalam tiang lampu mentol? || Kawat-kawat kecil yang tertanam dalam batang pada gilirannya menyokong filamen dan wayar plumbum <> Apa yang terdiri daripada kandang kaca tanpa ketat? || <> Apa filamen tidak dibuat? || <> Apa yang membenarkan kebocoran udara atau gas dalam asas mentol? || <> Apa yang tidak menyokong filamen dan wayar plumbumnya? || <> Apakah yang mempunyai empat konduktor yang menyediakan sambungan elektrik ke filamen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?", "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffb", "answers": [{"text": "the envelope", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the filament made of?", "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffc", "answers": [{"text": "tungsten wire", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?", "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffd", "answers": [{"text": "two (or more)", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?", "id": "57261afa38643c19005acffe", "answers": [{"text": "a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base", "answer_start": 328}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?", "id": "57261afa38643c19005acfff", "answers": [{"text": "Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure?", "id": "5ad19767645df0001a2d20c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tungsten wire", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What is the filament not made of?", "id": "5ad19767645df0001a2d20c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base?", "id": "5ad19767645df0001a2d20c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Small wires embedded in the stem", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "What does not support the filament and its lead wires?", "id": "5ad19767645df0001a2d20c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Contact wires and a base", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament?", "id": "5ad19767645df0001a2d20ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires."}], ["Bantahan untuk mengharamkan penggunaan lampu mentol pijar termasuk kos awal alternatif yang lebih tinggi dan kualiti lampu lampu pendarfluor yang lebih rendah. Sesetengah orang mempunyai kebimbangan tentang kesan kesihatan lampu pendarfluor. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun ia mengandungi merkuri, prestasi alam sekitar CFLs jauh lebih baik daripada mentol lampu, kebanyakannya kerana mereka menggunakan tenaga yang kurang dan dengan itu sangat mengurangkan impak alam sekitar pengeluaran kuasa. Lampu LED bahkan lebih cekap, dan bebas daripada merkuri. Mereka dianggap sebagai penyelesaian terbaik dari segi keberkesanan dan keberkesanan kos. <> Adakah prestasi alam sekitar CFLs lebih baik atau lebih buruk daripada yang berpunca dari incandescents? || lebih baik <> Jenis mentol jenis mana yang paling kos efektif dan teguh? || Lampu LED <> Apakah beberapa bantahan untuk mengharamkan mentol pijar? || kos awal alternatif yang lebih tinggi dan kualiti cahaya lampu pendarfluor yang lebih rendah <> Apakah bahan di dalam mentol CFL menimbulkan kebimbangan kesihatan? || merkuri <> Adakah CFLs mengambil lebih banyak, kurang, atau jumlah tenaga yang sama seperti mentol pijar? || lebih kurang <> Apa yang tidak mengandungi merkuri? || <> Apa jenis cahaya yang menggunakan lebih banyak tenaga dan dengan itu sangat mengurangkan kesan alam sekitar pengeluaran kuasa? || <> Apakah yang ada pada CFLS yang menyebabkan masalah kesihatan orang? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai penyelesaian paling teruk dari segi keberkesanan dan keberkesanan kos? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?", "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1fc", "answers": [{"text": "better", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?", "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1fd", "answers": [{"text": "LED lamps", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?", "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1fe", "answers": [{"text": "higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?", "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac1ff", "answers": [{"text": "mercury", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?", "id": "5726134f89a1e219009ac200", "answers": [{"text": "much less", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CFLs", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What does not contain mercury?", "id": "5ad192db645df0001a2d2008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CFLs", "answer_start": 304}], "question": "What type of light consumes much more energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production?", "id": "5ad192db645df0001a2d2009", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mercury", "answer_start": 262}], "question": "What does CFLS's have that cause people health concerns?", "id": "5ad192db645df0001a2d200a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "LED lamps", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What is regarded as the worst solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness?", "id": "5ad192db645df0001a2d200b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness."}], ["Banyak perkiraan hubungan elektrik digunakan. Lampu besar mungkin mempunyai pangkalan skru (satu atau lebih kenalan di ujung, satu di cangkerang) atau pangkalan bayonet (satu atau lebih kenalan di pangkalan, cangkerang digunakan sebagai kenalan atau hanya digunakan sebagai sokongan mekanikal). Sesetengah lampu tiub mempunyai hubungan elektrik pada kedua-dua hujungnya. Lampu mini boleh mempunyai asas baji dan kenalan dawai, dan beberapa lampu tujuan automotif dan khas mempunyai terminal skru untuk sambungan ke wayar. Kenalan di soket lampu membolehkan arus elektrik melepasi pangkalan ke filamen. Penarafan kuasa untuk lampu mentol pijar berkisar dari kira-kira 0.1 watt kepada kira-kira 10,000 watt. <> Apakah nama untuk pangkalan dengan satu atau lebih kenalan di hujung dan satu di shell? || asas skru <> Apakah nama untuk asas lampu dengan satu atau lebih kenalan di pangkalan dan cengkerang yang digunakan sebagai kenalan atau hanya digunakan sebagai sokongan mekanikal? || asas bayonet <> Apakah maksud kenalan dalam soket lampu? || biarkan arus elektrik melepasi pangkalan ke filamen <> Apakah pelbagai penarafan kuasa untuk mentol pijar? || 0.1 watt kepada kira-kira 10,000 watt <> Jenis lampu mana yang menggunakan terminal skru untuk sambungan ke wayar? || lampu tujuan automotif dan khas <> Apakah jenis asas yang tidak mempunyai lampu besar? || <> Pangkalan asas apa yang tidak digunakan untuk sokongan mekanikal? || <> Jenis asas apakah lampu mini tidak boleh dimiliki? || <> Apa yang tidak membenarkan arus elektrik melalui pangkalan ke filamen? || <> Kedudukan kuasa siapa yang berkisar dari sekitar .0001 hingga .01? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?", "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac296", "answers": [{"text": "screw base", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?", "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac297", "answers": [{"text": "bayonet base", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?", "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac298", "answers": [{"text": "allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?", "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac299", "answers": [{"text": "0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?", "id": "57261e1d89a1e219009ac29a", "answers": [{"text": "automotive and special purpose lamps", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What type of base do large lamps not have?", "id": "5ad198f2645df0001a2d20f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bayonet", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "What base is not used for mechanical support?", "id": "5ad198f2645df0001a2d20f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wedge base and wire contacts", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have?", "id": "5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Contacts in the lamp socket", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament?", "id": "5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 578}], "question": "Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01?", "id": "5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament. Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts."}], ["Oleh kerana mentol lampu pijar menggunakan lebih banyak tenaga daripada alternatif seperti CFL dan lampu LED, banyak kerajaan telah memperkenalkan langkah-langkah untuk mengharamkan penggunaannya, dengan menetapkan standard keberkesanan minimum yang lebih tinggi daripada yang dapat dicapai oleh lampu pijar. Langkah-langkah untuk mengharamkan mentol lampu telah dilaksanakan di Kesatuan Eropah, Amerika Syarikat, Rusia, Brazil, Argentina, Kanada dan Australia, antara lain. Di Eropah, SPR telah mengira bahawa larangan itu menyumbang 5 hingga 10 bilion euro kepada ekonomi dan menjimatkan 40 TWH tenaga elektrik setiap tahun, menerjemahkan pengurangan pelepasan CO2 sebanyak 15 juta tan. <> Adakah mentol lampu pijar menggunakan tenaga yang lebih atau kurang berbanding CFLs dan lampu LED? || lebih banyak <> Berapakah larangan cahaya pijar di Eropah menyumbang kepada ekonomi setiap tahun? || 5 hingga 10 bilion euro <> Berapa banyak tenaga yang larangan cahaya pijar di Eropah menjimatkan setiap tahun? || 40 TWh elektrik <> Berapa banyak pelepasan CO2 yang larangan cahaya pijar di Eropah menjimatkan setiap tahun? || 15 juta tan <> Bagaimana undang-undang ditulis yang membawa larangan lampu mentol pijar? || dengan menetapkan piawaian keberkesanan minimum yang lebih tinggi daripada yang boleh dicapai oleh lampu pijar <> Apakah jenis lampu mentol menggunakan kurang tenaga daripada alternatif? || <> Jenis sumber cahaya apa yang telah diperkenalkan untuk penggunaan berterusan? || <> Berapakah larangan cahaya pijar di Asia menyumbang kepada ekonomi setiap tahun? || <> Berapa banyak pelepasan CO2 yang melarang cahaya larangan di Asia menjimatkan setiap tahun? || <> Bagaimana undang-undang yang ditulis yang membawa penggunaan terus lampu mentol pijar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?", "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf93", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?", "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf94", "answers": [{"text": "5 to 10 billion euros", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?", "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf95", "answers": [{"text": "40 TWh of electricity", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?", "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf96", "answers": [{"text": "15 million tonnes", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?", "id": "57260f0538643c19005acf97", "answers": [{"text": "by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What type of light bulbs use less energy than alternatives?", "id": "5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What type of light source has  had measures introduced for the continued use of?", "id": "5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 to 10 billion euros", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "How much does the incandescent light ban in Asia contribute to the economy each year?", "id": "5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15 million tonnes", "answer_start": 581}], "question": "How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Asia save each year?", "id": "5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "How are laws written that bring about the continued use of incandescent light bulbs?", "id": "5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the United States, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia, among others. In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year, translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes."}], ["Terdapat banyak sumber cahaya yang tidak pijar, seperti lampu pendarfluor, lampu pelepasan intensiti tinggi dan lampu LED, yang mempunyai kecekapan bercahaya yang lebih tinggi, dan sesetengahnya telah direka untuk dipasang di lekapan untuk lampu pijar. Peranti ini menghasilkan cahaya dengan pendaratan. Lampu ini menghasilkan garis spektrum diskret dan tidak mempunyai \"ekor\" luas pelepasan inframerah yang tidak dapat dilihat. Dengan pemilihan yang berhati-hati mengenai peralihan tahap tenaga elektron yang digunakan, dan lapisan fluoresen yang mengubah suai pengedaran spektrum, spektrum yang dipancarkan boleh ditala untuk meniru rupa sumber pijar, atau suhu warna lain yang berlainan cahaya putih. Oleh kerana garis spektrum diskrit dan bukan spektrum yang berterusan, cahaya tidak sesuai untuk aplikasi seperti fotografi dan sinematografi. <> Adakah lampu pendarfluor mempunyai kecekapan bercahaya yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada pijar? || lebih tinggi <> Bagaimana sumber cahaya pencahayaan diubahsuai untuk menyerupai rupa incandescents? || Dengan pemilihan yang berhati-hati mengenai peralihan tahap tenaga elektron yang digunakan, dan lapisan fluoresen yang mengubah suai pengedaran spektrum <> Mengapa sumber cahaya luminescent tidak sesuai untuk fotografi? || Oleh kerana garis spektrum diskrit dan bukan spektrum yang berterusan <> Lampu mana yang mempunyai kecekapan cahaya yang lebih rendah? || <> Alat mana yang tidak menghasilkan cahaya dengan pendaratan? || <> Apakah lampu menghasilkan garis spektrum yang terkenal dan mempunyai \"ekor\" luas pelepasan inframerah yang dapat dilihat? || <> Mengapa sumber cahaya luminescent sesuai untuk fotografi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?", "id": "5726086889a1e219009ac16e", "answers": [{"text": "higher", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?", "id": "5726086889a1e219009ac16f", "answers": [{"text": "By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?", "id": "5726086889a1e219009ac170", "answers": [{"text": "Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fluorescent lamp", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Which lights have lower luminous efficiency?", "id": "5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fluorescent", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Which devices do not produce light by luminescence?", "id": "5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fluorescent", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What lamps produce prominent spectral lines and have a broad \"tail\" of visible infrared emissions?", "id": "5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum", "answer_start": 676}], "question": "Why are luminescent light sources ideal for photography?", "id": "5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete spectral lines and do not have the broad \"tail\" of invisible infrared emissions. By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution, the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources, or other different color temperatures of white light. Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum, the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography."}], ["Kebanyakan mentol lampu mempunyai kaca jelas atau bersalut. Mentol kaca bersalut mempunyai bahan serbuk putih di dalam yang dipanggil kaolin. Kaolin, atau kaolinit, adalah tanah liat putih dan berwarna kapur dalam bentuk serbuk yang halus, yang ditiup dan disimpan secara elektrostatik di bahagian dalam mentol. Ia menyebarkan cahaya yang dikeluarkan dari filamen, menghasilkan cahaya yang lebih lembut dan teragih. Pengilang boleh menambah pigmen ke kaolin untuk menyesuaikan ciri-ciri cahaya terakhir yang dipancarkan dari mentol. Mentol yang disebarkan Kaolin digunakan secara meluas dalam pencahayaan dalaman kerana cahaya yang relatif lembut. Jenis mentol berwarna lain juga dibuat, termasuk pelbagai warna yang digunakan untuk \"lampu parti\", lampu pokok Krismas dan lampu hiasan lain. Ini dibuat dengan mewarna kaca dengan dopan; yang biasanya logam seperti kobalt (biru) atau kromium (hijau). Kaca yang mengandungi Neodymium kadang-kadang digunakan untuk memberikan cahaya yang lebih semula jadi. <> Apakah bahan serbuk dalam mentol lampu bersalut kaca? || kaolin <> Bagaimana kaolin diletakkan di dalam mentol? || ditiup dan disimpan secara elektrostatik <> Apakah kesan salutan kaolin pada corak cahaya? || cahaya yang lebih lembut dan teragih <> Bagaimana mentol lampu berwarna Krismas dicipta? || dengan mewarna kaca dengan dopan <> Bagaimana kaolin mencipta cahaya yang lebih lembut? || Ia menyebarkan cahaya yang dipancarkan dari filamen <> Apa jenis kaca yang tidak mempunyai mentol? || <> Apa yang tidak menutup bulb kaca? || <> Apa itu tanah liat hitam, berwarna coklat di dalam mentol kaca? || <> Apa yang tidak menghasilkan cahaya yang teragih sama rata? || <> Apa yang kadang-kadang digunakan untuk menyediakan cahaya yang lebih bersifat buatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?", "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad019", "answers": [{"text": "kaolin", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?", "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01a", "answers": [{"text": "blown in and electrostatically deposited", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?", "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01b", "answers": [{"text": "a more gentle and evenly distributed light", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?", "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01c", "answers": [{"text": "by coloring the glass with a dopant", "answer_start": 784}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does kaolin create a more gentle light?", "id": "57261c3438643c19005ad01d", "answers": [{"text": "It diffuses the light emitted from the filament", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either clear or coated glass", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What type of glass does a light bulb not have?", "id": "5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What does not coat the glass bulb?", "id": "5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kaolin, or kaolinite", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What is a black, chalky clay on the inside of a glass bulb?", "id": "5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kaolin", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "What does not produce a gentle ans evenly distributed light?", "id": "5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Neodymium-containing glass", "answer_start": 884}], "question": "What is sometimes used to provide a more artificial appearing light?", "id": "5ad1983e645df0001a2d20ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for \"party bulbs\", Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light."}], ["Dipercepatkan oleh undang-undang di pelbagai negara yang memberi mandat kecekapan mentol yang lebih tinggi, mentol pijar \"hibrid\" baru telah diperkenalkan oleh Philips. Pensil \"Halogena Energy Saver\" boleh menghasilkan kira-kira 23 lm / W; kira-kira 30 peratus lebih cekap daripada incandescents tradisional, dengan menggunakan kapsul reflektif untuk mencerminkan radiasi inframerah bekas terbuang semula ke filamen yang dapat dipancarkan semula sebagai cahaya yang kelihatan. Konsep ini dipelopori oleh Duro-Test pada tahun 1980 dengan produk komersial yang menghasilkan 29.8 lm / W. Reflektor yang lebih maju berdasarkan penapis gangguan atau kristal fotonik secara teorinya boleh menghasilkan kecekapan yang lebih tinggi, sehingga had sekitar 270 lm / W (40% daripada keberkesanan maksimum yang mungkin). Eksperimen percubaan bukti makmal telah menghasilkan sebanyak 45 lm / W, menghampiri keberkesanan mentol pendarfluor padat. <> Syarikat manakah yang memperkenalkan mentol pijar hibrid? || Philips <> Berapa lebih berkesan adalah mentol Halogena Energy Saver berbanding dengan incandescents? || 30 persen <> Apa perusahaan pertama memasarkan mentol lampu menggunakan teknik kapsul reflektif untuk meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga? || Ujian Duro <> Apakah kecekapan maksima teoretikal mentol kapsul reflektif? || 270 lm / W <> Apakah kecekapan maksimum mentol kapsul reflektif seperti yang diuji dalam makmal? || 45 lm / W <> Syarikat mana yang tidak memperkenalkan mentol pijar hibrid? || <> Apa yang tidak menggalakkan Philips untuk memperkenalkan mentol pijar hibrid? || <> Apa yang boleh menghasilkan kira-kira 25 Im / W? || <> Apakah 40% kurang berkesan daripada pijar tradisional? || <> Konsep mana yang tidak dipelopori oleh Duro-Test pada tahun 1980? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?", "id": "57261826271a42140099d473", "answers": [{"text": "Philips", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?", "id": "57261826271a42140099d474", "answers": [{"text": "30 percent", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?", "id": "57261826271a42140099d475", "answers": [{"text": "Duro-Test", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?", "id": "57261826271a42140099d476", "answers": [{"text": "270 lm/W", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?", "id": "57261826271a42140099d477", "answers": [{"text": "45 lm/W", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philips", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Which company did not introduce hybrid incandescent bulbs? ", "id": "5ad19690645df0001a2d20a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What did not prompt Philips to introduce the hybrid incandescent bulbs? ", "id": "5ad19690645df0001a2d20a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Halogena Energy Saver\" incandescents", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What can produce about 25 Im/W?", "id": "5ad19690645df0001a2d20a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Halogena Energy Saver\" incandescents", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What is 40% less efficient than traditional incandescent?", "id": "5ad19690645df0001a2d20a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reflective capsule", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "Which concept was not pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980?", "id": "5ad19690645df0001a2d20a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new \"hybrid\" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The \"Halogena Energy Saver\" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light. This concept was pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980 with a commercial product that produced 29.8 lm/W. More advanced reflectors based on interference filters or photonic crystals can theoretically result in higher efficiency, up to a limit of about 270 lm/W (40% of the maximum efficacy possible). Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments have produced as much as 45 lm/W, approaching the efficacy of compact fluorescent bulbs."}], ["Walaupun tidak cekap, mentol lampu pijar mempunyai kelebihan dalam aplikasi di mana pembiakan warna yang tepat adalah penting, kerana spektrum hitam yang berterusan yang dipancarkan dari filamen cahaya mentol pijar menghasilkan rendition warna hampir sempurna, dengan indeks penunjuk warna 100 (yang paling mungkin) . Pengimbangan putih masih diperlukan untuk mengelakkan warna \"hangat\" atau \"sejuk\", tetapi ini adalah proses sederhana yang hanya memerlukan suhu warna dalam Kelvin sebagai input untuk peralatan pembiakan visual moden, seperti video atau kamera masih melainkan ia sepenuhnya automatik. Prestasi rendering warna lampu pijar tidak dapat dipadankan dengan LED atau lampu neon, walaupun mereka dapat menawarkan prestasi yang memuaskan untuk aplikasi yang tidak kritikal seperti pencahayaan rumah. Oleh itu, cahaya yang menyeimbangkan cahaya itu lebih rumit, memerlukan pelarasan tambahan untuk mengurangkan contohnya, warna-warna cetakan hijau-magenta, dan walaupun betul-betul putih seimbang, pembiakan warna tidak akan sempurna. <> Apakah tujuan penyeimbangan putih? || untuk mengelakkan terlalu warna \"hangat\" atau \"sejuk\" <> Daripada lampu pijar, lampu neon dan LED, yang mempunyai prestasi rendering warna terbaik? || lampu pijar <> Apakah indeks penunjuk warna cahaya pijar? || 100 <> Mengapa lampu incandescent mempunyai warna yang unggul? || spektrum hitam yang berterusan dipancarkan dari filamen mentol cahaya pijar <> Apakah skor indeks rendering warna tertinggi yang mungkin? || 100 <> Apa yang tidak mempunyai kelebihan dalam aplikasi di mana pembiakan warna penting? || <> Apa yang bukan tujuan penyeimbangan putih? || <> Apa yang boleh dipadankan dengan lampu LED atau lampu pendarfluor? || <> Siapa pewarnaan indeks pewarnaan ialah 109? || <> Apa yang tidak memerlukan pelarasan tambahan untuk mengurangkan cetakan warna magenta hijau? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the purpose of white-balancing?", "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15a", "answers": [{"text": "to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?", "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15b", "answers": [{"text": "incandescent lights", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?", "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15c", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?", "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15d", "answers": [{"text": "the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the highest possible color rendering index score?", "id": "572607cd89a1e219009ac15e", "answers": [{"text": "100", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What does not have an advantage in applications where color reproduction is important?", "id": "5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "What is not the purpose of white-balancing?", "id": "5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights?", "id": "5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent light", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "Whose coloring rendering index is 109?", "id": "5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent lights", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "What does not require additional adjustments to reduce green-magenta color casts?", "id": "5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect."}], ["Kos awal bagi mentol pijar adalah kecil berbanding kos tenaga yang digunakan sepanjang hayatnya. Mentol pijar mempunyai kehidupan yang lebih pendek daripada kebanyakan pencahayaan lain, faktor penting jika penggantian tidak mencukupi atau mahal. Sesetengah jenis lampu, termasuk pijar dan pendarfluor, memancarkan cahaya yang kurang kerana umur mereka; ini mungkin menyusahkan, atau boleh mengurangkan jangka hayat yang berkesan kerana penggantian lampu sebelum kegagalan total. Perbandingan kos operasi lampu pijar dengan sumber cahaya yang lain mesti termasuk keperluan pencahayaan, kos lampu dan kos buruh untuk menggantikan lampu (mengambil kira jangka hayat lampu berkesan), kos elektrik yang digunakan, kesan operasi lampu pada pemanasan dan sistem penyaman udara . Apabila digunakan untuk pencahayaan di rumah dan bangunan komersil, tenaga yang hilang kepada haba dapat meningkatkan tenaga yang diperlukan oleh sistem penghawa dingin bangunan. Semasa musim panas pemanasan yang dihasilkan oleh mentol tidak terbuang, walaupun dalam kebanyakan kes, kos yang lebih efektif untuk mendapatkan haba dari sistem pemanasan. Walau apa pun, selama setahun sistem pencahayaan yang lebih cekap menjimatkan tenaga di hampir semua iklim. <> Adakah lampu pijar memancarkan lebih banyak, kurang, atau jumlah cahaya yang sama ketika umur mereka? || kurang <> Alat apa yang memerlukan lebih banyak tenaga kerana penggunaan lampu pijar? || sistem penghawa dingin bangunan bangunan <> Adakah lampu pijar mempunyai kehidupan yang lebih panjang atau lebih pendek daripada sumber lampu lain? || pendek <> Apakah beberapa faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam mengira kos operasi lampu? || keperluan pencahayaan, kos lampu dan kos buruh untuk menggantikan lampu (dengan mengambil kira jangka hayat lampu berkesan), kos elektrik yang digunakan <> Apa yang lebih kos efektif, panas dari mentol pijar atau haba dari sistem pemanasan bangunan? || haba dari sistem pemanasan <> Kos awal siapa yang besar berbanding kos tenaga yang digunakan sepanjang hayatnya? || <> Sinar yang memancarkan lebih banyak cahaya ketika mereka berumur? || <> Apakah jenis cahaya yang mempunyai jangka hayat yang lebih panjang daripada sumber lain? || <> Apakah jenis sistem pencahayaan kurang cekap sepanjang tempoh setahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?", "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf77", "answers": [{"text": "less", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?", "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf78", "answers": [{"text": "a building's air conditioning system", "answer_start": 875}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?", "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf79", "answers": [{"text": "shorter", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?", "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf7a", "answers": [{"text": "illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?", "id": "57260ae238643c19005acf7b", "answers": [{"text": "heat from the heating system", "answer_start": 1040}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent bulb", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Whose initial cost is large compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime?", "id": "5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Whose light emits more light as they age?", "id": "5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent", "answer_start": 112}], "question": "What type of light has a longer life span than other sources?", "id": "5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "incandescent", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "What type of lighting system is less efficient over the course of a year?", "id": "5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates."}], ["Spektrum yang dipancarkan oleh radiator hitam pada suhu mentol pijar tidak sepadan dengan ciri kepekaan mata manusia; cahaya yang dipancarkan tidak kelihatan putih, dan kebanyakannya tidak berada dalam julat panjang gelombang di mana mata paling sensitif. Filamen tungsten memancarkan kebanyakan sinaran inframerah pada suhu di mana ia kekal pepejal - di bawah 3,695 K (3,422 \u00b0 C; 6,191 \u00b0 F). Donald L. Klipstein menerangkan cara ini: \"Radiator termal yang ideal menghasilkan cahaya yang kelihatan paling cekap pada suhu sekitar 6,300 \u00b0 C (6,600 K; 11,400 \u00b0 F). Walaupun pada suhu tinggi ini, banyak radiasi adalah sama ada inframerah atau ultraviolet , dan keberkesanan bercahaya teori (LER) adalah 95 lumen per watt. \" Tiada bahan yang diketahui boleh digunakan sebagai filamen pada suhu ideal ini, yang lebih panas dari permukaan matahari. Had atas lampu kebiruan bercahaya (LER) adalah sekitar 52 lumen per watt, nilai teori yang dipancarkan oleh tungsten pada titik leburnya. <> Pada suhu apa radiator termal yang paling cekap menghasilkan cahaya? || 6,300 \u00b0 C <> Apakah had atas LER daripada lampu pijar? || 52 lumens per watt <> Jenis sinaran apa yang membentuk majoriti pengeluaran filamen tungsten? || radiasi inframerah <> Apakah kelemahan dalam warna cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh mentol pijar? || cahaya yang dipancarkan tidak kelihatan putih, <> Apakah nilai tungsten TOR tungsten pada titik leburnya? || 52 lumens per watt <> Apa yang kelihatan putih kepada mata manusia apabila ia dipancarkan? || <> Apakah had bawah untuk LER lampu pijar? || <> Apa yang tidak memancarkan kebanyakan sinaran inframerah pada suhu di mana ia tetap kukuh? || <> Apa yang tidak inframerah atau ultraviolet? || <> Apa bahan yang diketahui boleh digunakan sebagai filamen pada 95 lumens per watt? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?", "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005acea9", "answers": [{"text": "6,300 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?", "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005aceaa", "answers": [{"text": "52 lumens per watt", "answer_start": 902}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?", "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005aceab", "answers": [{"text": "infrared radiation", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?", "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005aceac", "answers": [{"text": "the light emitted does not appear white,", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?", "id": "5725ee0a38643c19005acead", "answers": [{"text": "52 lumens per watt", "answer_start": 902}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted?", "id": "5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f12", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,300 \u00b0C", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?", "id": "5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tungsten filaments", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid?", "id": "5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "radiation", "answer_start": 607}], "question": "What is not infrared or ultraviolet?", "id": "5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No known material", "answer_start": 720}], "question": "What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt?", "id": "5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid \u2013 below 3,695 K (3,422 \u00b0C; 6,191 \u00b0F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: \"An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 \u00b0C (6,600 K; 11,400 \u00b0F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt.\" No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point."}], ["Semasa gas lengai mengurangkan penyejatan filamen, ia juga menjalankan haba dari filamen, dengan itu menyejukkan filamen dan mengurangkan kecekapan. Pada tekanan dan suhu malar, kekonduksian terma gas bergantung pada berat molekul gas dan luas keratan rentas molekul gas. Gas berat molekul yang lebih tinggi mempunyai kekonduksian haba yang lebih rendah, kerana kedua-dua berat molekulnya lebih tinggi dan juga kawasan keratan rentasnya lebih tinggi. Gas Xenon meningkatkan kecekapan kerana berat molekulnya yang tinggi, tetapi juga lebih mahal, jadi penggunaannya terhad kepada lampu yang lebih kecil. <> Mengapa gas inert mengurangkan kecekapan? || menjalankan haba dari filamen, dengan itu menyejukkan filamen <> Apa yang mempengaruhi kekonduksian terma gas? || berat molekul gas dan bahagian keratan rentas molekul gas <> Bagaimana berat molekul gas berkaitan dengan kekonduksian terma? || Gas berat molekul yang lebih tinggi mempunyai kekonduksian haba yang lebih rendah <> Kenapa gas xenon tidak lebih banyak digunakan? || lebih mahal, jadi penggunaannya terhad kepada lampu yang lebih kecil <> Apakah kelebihan menggunakan gas lengai dalam mentol? || mengurangkan penyejatan filamen <> Apa yang tidak mengurangkan penyejatan filamen? || <> Apa yang menjalankan haba dan memanaskan filamen? || <> Apa yang tidak menjejaskan kekonduksian terma gas? || <> Mengapa gas xenon digunakan secara meluas? || <> Apakah kelemahan menggunakan gas lengai dalam mentol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?", "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7a7", "answers": [{"text": "conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?", "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7a8", "answers": [{"text": "molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?", "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7a9", "answers": [{"text": "Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is xenon gas not more widely used?", "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7aa", "answers": [{"text": "more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?", "id": "57263c94271a42140099d7ab", "answers": [{"text": "reduces filament evaporation", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inert gas", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What does not reduce filament evaporation?", "id": "5ad1a04b645df0001a2d2142", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inert gas", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What conducts heat and heats the filament?", "id": "5ad1a04b645df0001a2d2143", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "What does not affect the thermal conductivity of a gas?", "id": "5ad1a04b645df0001a2d2144", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more expensive", "answer_start": 542}], "question": "Why is xenon gas widely used?", "id": "5ad1a04b645df0001a2d2145", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduces filament evaporation", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What is a disadvantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?", "id": "5ad1a04b645df0001a2d2146", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps."}], ["Dalam pembuatan mentol kaca, sejenis \"mesin reben\" digunakan. Riben kaca berterusan diluluskan sepanjang tali pinggang penghantar, dipanaskan dalam relau, dan kemudian ditiup dengan muncung udara yang sejajar dengan melebarkan lubang dalam tali pinggang penghantar ke dalam acuan. Oleh itu, mentol kaca dicipta. Selepas mentol ditiup, dan disejukkan, mereka dipotong mesin reben; Mesin tipikal ini menghasilkan 50,000 mentol sejam. Filamen dan pendukungnya dipasang pada batang kaca, yang bersatu dengan bola. Udara dipam keluar dari mentol, dan tiupan pengangkut dalam batang batang ditutup oleh api. Mentol itu kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam pangkalan lampu, dan seluruh pemasangan diuji. <> Apa jenis mesin yang mengeluarkan mentol lampu kaca. || mesin reben <> Berapa banyak mentol yang menghasilkan mesin reben purata setiap jam? || 50,000 <> Bagaimana filamen melekat pada mentol? || dipasang pada batang kaca, yang bersatu dengan mentol <> Bagaimana tabung pengungsian dimeteraikan? || oleh api <> Apa yang meniup bola kaca ke dalam bentuk ciri mereka? || tepat sejajar dengan muncung udara <> Jenis mesin apa yang tidak digunakan dalam mentol lampu pembuatan? || <> Apa yang tidak dilalui sepanjang tali pinggang penghantar ketika membuat mentol? || <> Apa yang disejukkan dalam relau dan ditiup oleh muncung udara sejajar walaupun lubang dalam tali pinggang penghantar? || <> Apa yang tidak dimeteraikan oleh api? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.", "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db91", "answers": [{"text": "ribbon machine", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?", "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db92", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the filament attached to the bulb?", "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db93", "answers": [{"text": "assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the evacuation tube sealed?", "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db94", "answers": [{"text": "by a flame", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?", "id": "57262c83ec44d21400f3db95", "answers": [{"text": "precisely aligned air nozzles", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"ribbon machine", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What type of machine is not used in manufacturing light bulbs?", "id": "5ad19a94645df0001a2d210a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A continuous ribbon of glass", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What is not passed along a conveyor belt when making bulbs?", "id": "5ad19a94645df0001a2d210b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A continuous ribbon of glass", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What is cooled in a furnace and blown by aligned air nozzles though holes in the conveyor belt?", "id": "5ad19a94645df0001a2d210c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the evacuation tube in the stem press", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What is not sealed by a flame?", "id": "5ad19a94645df0001a2d210d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of \"ribbon machine\" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested."}], ["Untuk meningkatkan kecekapan lampu, filamen biasanya terdiri daripada pelbagai gegelung dawai halus bergelung, yang juga dikenali sebagai 'coil coiled'. Untuk lampu 120-volt 60-watt, panjang tiub filamen tungsten biasanya 22.8 inci (580 mm), dan diameter filaminya ialah 0.0018 inci (0.046 mm). Keuntungan gegelung gegelung ialah penyejatan filamen tungsten adalah pada kadar silinder tungsten yang mempunyai garis pusat sama dengan gegelung bergelung. Filamen gegelung coil menguap lebih perlahan daripada filamen lurus kawasan permukaan yang sama dan kuasa pemancar cahaya. Akibatnya, filamen boleh menjadi panas, yang menghasilkan sumber cahaya yang lebih efisien, sambil mengurangkan penyejatan supaya filamen akan bertahan lebih lama daripada filamen lurus pada suhu yang sama. <> Berapa lamakah filamen tungsten biasa yang tidak disusun untuk mentol 60 watt? || 22.8 inci <> Apakah kelebihan filamen gegelung yang berputar di atas filamen lurus? || Filamen gegelung coil menguap dengan lebih perlahan <> Apakah kesan positif yang membolehkan filamen mengalir lebih lambat? || sumber cahaya yang lebih cekap <> Apakah diameter filamen khas pada mentol 60-watt? || 0.0018 inci <> Apa yang tidak meningkatkan kecekapan lampu? || <> Berapa lamakah filamen tungsten yang tidak teratur khas untuk mentol 40 watt? || <> Apakah kelemahan kumparan gegelung vs filamen lurus? || <> Apakah kesan negatif yang menyebabkan penyebab filamen menguap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?", "id": "57263583271a42140099d77f", "answers": [{"text": "22.8 inches", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?", "id": "57263583271a42140099d780", "answers": [{"text": "The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?", "id": "57263583271a42140099d781", "answers": [{"text": "more efficient light source", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?", "id": "57263583271a42140099d782", "answers": [{"text": "0.0018 inches", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What did not improve efficiency of the lamp?", "id": "5ad19e59645df0001a2d2130", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22.8 inches", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 40-watt bulb?", "id": "5ad19e59645df0001a2d2131", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "What are the disadvantage of the coiled coil vs a straight filament?", "id": "5ad19e59645df0001a2d2132", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more efficient light source", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "What negative effects does a slower evaporating filament cause?", "id": "5ad19e59645df0001a2d2133", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil. The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power. As a result, the filament can then run hotter, which results in a more efficient light source, while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature."}], ["Pada tahun 1906, filamen tungsten diperkenalkan. Logam tungsten pada asalnya tidak boleh didapati dalam bentuk yang membolehkan ia ditarik ke dalam wayar halus. Filamen yang diperbuat daripada serbuk tungsten sintered agak rapuh. Menjelang 1910, satu proses telah dibangunkan oleh William D. Coolidge di General Electric untuk menghasilkan bentuk tungsten mulur. Proses ini memerlukan serbuk tungsten ke dalam bar, kemudian beberapa langkah sintering, swaging, dan kemudian lukisan kawat. Telah didapati bahawa filamen tungsten yang sangat tulen terbentuk dalam kegunaannya, dan rawatan \"doping\" yang kecil dengan kalium, silikon, dan oksida aluminium pada tahap beberapa ratus bahagian per juta sangat bertambah baik dengan kehidupan dan ketahanan tungsten filamen. <> Bilakah filamen tungsten diperkenalkan? || 1906 <> Apakah masalah dengan pembuatan filamen tungsten? || Logam tungsten pada asalnya tidak boleh didapati dalam bentuk yang membolehkan ia ditarik ke dalam wayar halus. <> Siapa yang membangunkan bentuk tungsten mulur? || William D. Coolidge <> Bilakah bentuk gelung tungsten dicipta? || 1910 <> Apa bahan lain digabungkan dengan tungsten? || kalium, silicon, dan oksida aluminium <> Apa yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1900? || <> Apa yang mula-mula tersedia dalam bentuk yang membenarkannya dimasukkan ke dalam wayar halus? || <> Apa yang membuat filamen agak kuat? || <> Siapa yang tidak membangunkan bentuk tungsten mulur? || <> Di mana William D. Coolidge bekerja pada tahun 1902? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the tungsten filament introduced?", "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc11", "answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?", "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc12", "answers": [{"text": "Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires.", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?", "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc13", "answers": [{"text": "William D. Coolidge", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?", "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc14", "answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other materials were combined with tungsten?", "id": "57263203ec44d21400f3dc15", "answers": [{"text": "potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tungsten filament", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What was introduced in 1900?", "id": "5ad19d3c645df0001a2d2126", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tungsten metal", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What was initially available in a form that allowed it to drawn into fine wires?", "id": "5ad19d3c645df0001a2d2127", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sintered tungsten powder", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What made filaments quite strong?", "id": "5ad19d3c645df0001a2d2128", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "William D. Coolidge", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "Who did not develop the ductile form of tungsten?", "id": "5ad19d3c645df0001a2d2129", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "Where was William D. Coolidge employed in 1902?", "id": "5ad19d3c645df0001a2d212a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small \"doping\" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments."}], ["Pada tahun 1902, syarikat Siemens membangunkan filamen lampu tantalum. Lampu ini lebih berkesan daripada filamen karbon grafit dan boleh beroperasi pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. Oleh kerana logam tantalum mempunyai ketahanan yang rendah daripada karbon, filamen lampu tantalum agak panjang dan memerlukan pelbagai sokongan dalaman. Filamen logam mempunyai sifat pemendekan secara beransur-ansur digunakan; filamen dipasang dengan gelung besar yang diperketatkan digunakan. Ini menjadikan lampu yang digunakan selama beberapa ratus jam agak rapuh. Filamen logam mempunyai sifat pecah dan kimpalan semula, walaupun ini biasanya mengurangkan rintangan dan memendekkan hayat filamen. General Electric membeli hak untuk menggunakan filamen tantalum dan menghasilkannya di Amerika Syarikat sehingga tahun 1913. <> Apa syarikat mencipta filamen cahaya tantalum? || Siemens <> Dalam tahun apakah filamen cahaya tantalum dicipta? || 1902 <> Apakah kelebihan utama filamen cahaya tantalum? || Lampu ini lebih berkesan daripada filamen karbon grafit dan boleh beroperasi pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. <> Siapa yang membeli hak untuk filamen cahaya tantalum dari Siemens? || General Electric <> Bilakah GE menghentikan pengeluaran filamen cahaya tantalum? || 1913 <> Siapa yang mengembangkan filamen cahaya tantalum pada tahun 1905? || <> Apakah lampu kurang berkesan daripada filamen karbon grafit? || <> Apa yang mempunyai ketahanan yang lebih tinggi daripada karbon? || <> Siapa yang membeli hak untuk menggunakan filamen tantalum dan kemudian menghasilkannya di Kanada pada tahun 1913? || <> Apakah kelebihan kecil filamen cahaya tantalum dari Siemens? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What company invented the tantalum light filament?", "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbad", "answers": [{"text": "Siemens", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?", "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbae", "answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?", "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbaf", "answers": [{"text": "These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?", "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb0", "answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?", "id": "57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb1", "answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Siemens", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905?", "id": "5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tantalum lamp filament", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What lamps were less efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments?", "id": "5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tantalum metal", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "What had a higher resistivity than carbon?", "id": "5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 665}], "question": "Who bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produce then in Canada in 1913?", "id": "5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens?", "id": "5ad19c8d645df0001a2d2120", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913."}], ["Dalam sebuah lampu konvensional, tungsten yang telah menguap akhirnya memekatkan pada permukaan dalaman sampul kaca, menjadikannya gelap. Untuk mentol yang mengandungi vakum, kegelapan adalah seragam di seluruh permukaan sampul surat. Apabila pengisian gas lengai digunakan, tungsten yang disejat dibawa dalam arus perolakan terma gas, yang disimpan secara sengaja di bahagian paling atas sampul dan memerah hanya bahagian sampul tersebut. Satu lampu pijar yang memberikan 93% atau kurang daripada output cahaya awalnya pada 75% daripada nilai hidupnya dianggap tidak memuaskan, apabila diuji menurut Penerbitan IEC 60064. Kehilangan cahaya disebabkan oleh penyejatan filamen dan pemutihan mentol. Kajian mengenai masalah pemutihan mentol menyebabkan penemuan kesan Edison, pelepasan termionik dan penemuan tiub vakum. <> Apa yang menghidupkan mentol konvensional sepanjang hayatnya? || Tungsten yang telah menguap akhirnya memekatkan pada permukaan dalaman sampul kaca <> Apakah garis panduan IEC untuk tahap kehilangan cahaya yang tidak dapat diterima? || Satu lampu pijar yang memberi 93% atau kurang daripada output cahaya awalnya pada 75% daripada umurnya yang dinilai dianggap tidak memuaskan <> Apakah punca utama kehilangan cahaya? || Kehilangan cahaya disebabkan oleh penyejatan filamen dan pemutihan mentol <> Di mana mentol dihembuskan tungsten yang disimpan semasa gas lengai digunakan? || di bahagian paling atas sampul <> Di mana mentol dihempap tungsten yang disimpan semasa vakum digunakan? || di seluruh permukaan sampul <> Apa yang menyala mentol konvensional? || <> Apa yang berlaku apabila mentol tidak mengandungi vakum? || <> Apakah garis panduan IEC untuk tahap kehilangan cahaya yang boleh diterima? || <> Apa yang tidak menyebabkan kehilangan cahaya atau pemendapan mentol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?", "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5be", "answers": [{"text": "the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?", "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5bf", "answers": [{"text": "An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory", "answer_start": 461}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the primary causes of light loss?", "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5c0", "answers": [{"text": "Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?", "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5c1", "answers": [{"text": "on the uppermost part of the envelope", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?", "id": "57263f2889a1e219009ac5c2", "answers": [{"text": "across the entire surface of the envelope", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What lightens a conventional bulb?", "id": "5ad1a28b645df0001a2d2156", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What happens when bulbs do not contain a vacuum?", "id": "5ad1a28b645df0001a2d2157", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "What is the IEC guidelines for acceptable level of light loss?", "id": "5ad1a28b645df0001a2d2158", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filament evaporation", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What does not cause light loss or bulb blackening?", "id": "5ad1a28b645df0001a2d2159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas, depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope. An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory, when tested according to IEC Publication 60064. Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening. Study of the problem of bulb blackening led to the discovery of the Edison effect, thermionic emission and invention of the vacuum tube."}], ["Semasa operasi biasa, tungsten filamine menguap; filamen lebih panas, lebih cekap menguap lebih cepat. Oleh kerana itu, hayat lampu filamen adalah peralihan antara kecekapan dan panjang umur. Perdaganan biasanya ditetapkan untuk menyediakan seumur hidup beberapa ratus hingga 2,000 jam untuk lampu yang digunakan untuk pencahayaan umum. Lampu teater, fotografi, dan ramalan mungkin mempunyai hayat berguna hanya beberapa jam, jangka hayat dagangan untuk keluaran tinggi dalam bentuk padat. Lampu servis umum sepanjang hayat mempunyai kecekapan yang lebih rendah tetapi digunakan di mana kos menukar lampu adalah tinggi berbanding dengan nilai tenaga yang digunakan. <> Apa yang menentukan berapa cepat filamen tungsten menguap? || lebih panas, filamen yang lebih cekap menguap lebih pantas <> Apakah matlamat biasa untuk kehidupan mentol filamen tungsten? || beberapa ratus hingga 2,000 jam <> Jenis lampu apa yang mungkin mempunyai kehidupan yang singkat? || Lampu teater, fotografi dan ramalan <> Apakah tradeoff yang biasa dalam reka bentuk lampu mentol? || kecekapan dan panjang umur <> Apa yang tidak menentukan berapa cepat filamen tungsten menguap? || <> Apa yang tidak berurusan antara kecekapan dan umur panjang? || <> Jenis bola jenis apa yang biasanya mempunyai masa 3000 jam? || <> Apakah jenis lampu mempunyai kecekapan yang lebih tinggi tetapi digunakan di mana kosnya tinggi berbanding dengan nilai tenaga yang digunakan? || <> Jenis lampu mana yang mempunyai hayat berguna beberapa hari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?", "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dca9", "answers": [{"text": "hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?", "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dcaa", "answers": [{"text": "several hundred to 2,000 hours", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?", "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dcab", "answers": [{"text": "Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?", "id": "57263e44ec44d21400f3dcac", "answers": [{"text": "efficiency and longevity", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hotter, more-efficient filaments", "answer_start": 68}], "question": "What does not determine how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?", "id": "5ad1a1cc645df0001a2d214c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the lifetime of a filament lamp", "answer_start": 136}], "question": "What is not a trade-off between efficiency and longevity?", "id": "5ad1a1cc645df0001a2d214d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tungsten", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What type of bulb typically has a life of 3000 hours?", "id": "5ad1a1cc645df0001a2d214e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Long-life general service lamps", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "What type of lamp has higher efficiency but are used where the cost is high compared to the value of energy used?", "id": "5ad1a1cc645df0001a2d214f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "What type of lamp has a useful life of a few days?", "id": "5ad1a1cc645df0001a2d2150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination. Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours, trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form. Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used."}], ["Peranan gas adalah untuk mencegah penyejatan filamen, tanpa memperkenalkan kerugian haba yang ketara. Untuk sifat-sifat ini, ketakstabilan kimia dan berat atom atau molekul yang tinggi adalah wajar. Kehadiran molekul gas mengetuk atom-atom tungsten yang dibebaskan kembali ke filamen, mengurangkan penyejatannya dan membolehkannya beroperasi pada suhu yang lebih tinggi tanpa mengurangkan hayatnya (atau, untuk beroperasi pada suhu yang sama, memanjangkan hayat filamen). Ia bagaimanapun memperkenalkan kehilangan haba (dan oleh itu kehilangan kecekapan) dari filamen, melalui pengaliran haba dan perolakan haba. <> Apakah masalah yang berpotensi dengan penggunaan gas dalam mentol? || memperkenalkan kehilangan haba (dan oleh itu kehilangan kecekapan) <> Apakah sifat kimia ideal untuk gas dalam mentol? || ketakserasian kimia dan berat atom atau molekul tinggi <> Apakah maksud gas dalam mentol? || untuk mengelakkan penyejatan filamen, tanpa memperkenalkan kerugian haba yang ketara <> Bagaimana gas mencegah penyejatan filamen? || Kehadiran molekul gas mengetuk atom-atom tungsten yang dibebaskan kembali ke filamen <> Peranan siapa yang membolehkan penyejatan filamen? || <> Jenis sifat apa yang tidak sesuai untuk gas dalam mentol? || <> Apa yang tidak mengetuk atom tungsten yang dibebaskan kembali ke filamen? || <> Apa yang memperkenalkan kenaikan haba dari filamen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?", "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e5", "answers": [{"text": "introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?", "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e6", "answers": [{"text": "chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?", "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e7", "answers": [{"text": "to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?", "id": "57262605271a42140099d5e8", "answers": [{"text": "The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the gas", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament?", "id": "5ad199b4645df0001a2d2102", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb?", "id": "5ad199b4645df0001a2d2103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The presence of gas molecules", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament?", "id": "5ad199b4645df0001a2d2104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The presence of gas molecules", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What introduces heat gain from the filament?", "id": "5ad199b4645df0001a2d2105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). It however introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) from the filament, by heat conduction and heat convection."}], ["Salah satu masalah bola lampu elektrik standard adalah filamen notching kerana penyejatan filamen. Variasi kecil dalam resistivitas sepanjang filamen menyebabkan \"titik panas\" membentuk pada titik-titik yang lebih tinggi; satu variasi diameter hanya 1% akan menyebabkan pengurangan 25% dalam hayat perkhidmatan. Titik panas ini menguap lebih cepat daripada seluruh filamen, yang meningkatkan rintangan pada ketika itu-ini menghasilkan maklum balas positif yang berakhir dengan jurang kecil biasa dalam filamen yang kelihatan sehat. Irving Langmuir mendapati bahawa gas lengai, bukannya vakum, akan menghalang penyejatan. Mentol lampu pensijilan perkhidmatan am lebih kurang 25 watt dalam penarafan kini diisi dengan campuran kebanyakan argon dan beberapa nitrogen, atau kadangkala krypton. Lampu yang dikendalikan pada arus terus membangunkan penyelewengan stairstep rawak pada permukaan filamen yang boleh mengurangkan jangka hayat pada separuh berbanding operasi AC; aloi yang berbeza dari tungsten dan rhenium boleh digunakan untuk mengatasi kesannya. <> Apakah kesan negatif \"titik panas\" yang terbentuk di filamen? || satu variasi diameter hanya 1% akan menyebabkan pengurangan 25% dalam hayat perkhidmatan <> Siapa yang mendapati bahawa gas lengai dapat memperlahankan penyejatan? || Irving Langmuir <> Yang gas biasanya digunakan dalam mentol? || argon dan sesetengah nitrogen, atau kadang-kadang krypton <> Aloi jenis mana yang boleh mengurangkan penyelewengan \"stairstep\" dalam filamen mentol? || aloi tungsten dan rhenium <> Apakah kelebihan mentol lampu elektrik standard? || <> Apakah variasi besar dalam resistiviti sepanjang filamen menyebabkan? || <> Apa yang menyejat lebih perlahan daripada seluruh filamen? || <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Irving Langmuir yang akan meningkatkan penyejatan? || <> Gas mana yang biasanya tidak digunakan dalam mentol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the negative effect of \"hot spots\" forming on the filament?", "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc59", "answers": [{"text": "a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?", "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc5a", "answers": [{"text": "Irving Langmuir", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?", "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc5b", "answers": [{"text": "argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which type of alloys can decrease \"stairstep\" irregularities in light bulb filaments?", "id": "5726398eec44d21400f3dc5c", "answers": [{"text": "alloys of tungsten and rhenium", "answer_start": 929}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filament notching due to evaporation of the filament", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What is an advantage of the standard electric light bulb?", "id": "5ad19f40645df0001a2d2138", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"hot spots\" to form at points of higher resistivity", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What do large variations in resistivity along the filament cause?", "id": "5ad19f40645df0001a2d2139", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hot spots", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "What evaporates slower than the rest of the filament?", "id": "5ad19f40645df0001a2d213a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inert gas", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What did Irving Langmuir find that would increase evaporation?", "id": "5ad19f40645df0001a2d213b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton", "answer_start": 718}], "question": "Which gases are not typically used in a light bulb?", "id": "5ad19f40645df0001a2d213c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause \"hot spots\" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point\u2014this creates a positive feedback that ends in the familiar tiny gap in an otherwise healthy-looking filament. Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas, instead of vacuum, would retard evaporation. General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton. Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect."}], ["Filamen mentol lampu pertama yang berjaya diperbuat daripada karbon (dari kertas karbon atau buluh). Filamen karbon awal mempunyai pekali suhu rintangan negatif - kerana ia semakin panas, rintangan elektrik mereka menurun. Ini menjadikan lampu sensitif kepada turun naik dalam bekalan kuasa, memandangkan peningkatan voltan yang kecil akan menyebabkan filamen menjadi panas, mengurangkan rintangannya dan menyebabkan ia lebih banyak menghasilkan kuasa dan haba. Dalam proses \"berkelip\", filamen karbon dipanaskan oleh arus yang melewati mereka semasa di dalam sebuah kapal yang dipindahkan yang mengandungi wap hidrokarbon (biasanya petrol). Karbon yang disimpan di filamen oleh rawatan ini meningkatkan keseragaman dan kekuatan filamen serta kecekapan mereka. Filamen metalisasi atau \"grafit\" telah mula dipanaskan terlebih dahulu dalam ketuhar suhu tinggi sebelum memasang dan memasang lampu. Ini mengubah karbon menjadi grafit yang lebih kuat dan melembutkan filamen. Ini juga menukar filamen untuk mempunyai pekali suhu positif, seperti konduktor logam, dan membantu menstabilkan penggunaan kuasa lampu, suhu dan output cahaya terhadap variasi kecil dalam voltan bekalan. <> Apa bahan yang diperbuat daripada filamen mentol yang pertama? || karbon <> Apakah masalah utama dengan filamen karbon awal? || kerana mereka semakin panas, rintangan elektrik mereka menurun <> Apa kesan positif proses kilat? || meningkatkan keseragaman dan kekuatan filamen serta kecekapan mereka <> Ciri-ciri apa grafit membaiki filamen? || lagi menguatkan dan melicinkan filamen <> Apakah kesan memberi filamen sebagai pekali suhu yang positif? || membantu menstabilkan penggunaan kuasa lampu, suhu dan output cahaya terhadap variasi kecil dalam voltan bekalan <> Apakah filamen mentol lampu gagal yang pertama dibuat? || <> Apa yang mempunyai koefisien suhu positif? || <> Apa yang tidak menjadi masalah untuk filamen karbon awal? || <> Apakah kesan negatif proses kilat? || <> Apa yang tidak menguatkan lagi dan tidak melicinkan filamen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?", "id": "57262d20271a42140099d703", "answers": [{"text": "carbon", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?", "id": "57262d20271a42140099d704", "answers": [{"text": "as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the positive effects of the flashing process?", "id": "57262d20271a42140099d705", "answers": [{"text": "improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What properties of graphite improved the filament?", "id": "57262d20271a42140099d706", "answers": [{"text": "further strengthened and smoothed the filament", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?", "id": "57262d20271a42140099d707", "answers": [{"text": "helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage", "answer_start": 1077}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "carbon", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from?", "id": "5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2112", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Early carbon filaments", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence?", "id": "5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2113", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What was not a problem for early carbon filaments?", "id": "5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2114", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency", "answer_start": 678}], "question": "What were negative effects of the flashing process?", "id": "5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2115", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "metallized or \"graphitized\" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly", "answer_start": 759}], "question": "What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament?", "id": "5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2116", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance \u2014 as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the \"flashing\" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or \"graphitized\" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage."}], ["Dalam lampu banjir yang digunakan untuk pencahayaan fotografi, tradeoff dibuat ke arah yang lain. Berbanding dengan mentol perkhidmatan umum, untuk kuasa yang sama, mentol ini menghasilkan lebih banyak cahaya, dan (yang lebih penting) cahaya pada suhu warna yang lebih tinggi, dengan perbelanjaan yang sangat berkurangnya kehidupan (yang mungkin sekurang-kurangnya dua jam untuk jenis Lampu P1). Batasan suhu atas filamen adalah titik lebur logam. Tungsten adalah logam dengan titik lebur tertinggi, 3,695 K (6,191 \u00b0 F). Mentol unjuran selama 50 jam, misalnya, direka untuk beroperasi hanya 50 \u00b0 C (122 \u00b0 F) di bawah titik lebur tersebut. Lampu sedemikian boleh mencapai sehingga 22 lumen per watt, berbanding dengan 17.5 untuk lampu servis am 750 jam. <> Pada suhu apa suhu bola lampu unjuran 50-jam yang biasa beroperasi? || 50 \u00b0 C (122 \u00b0 F) <> Logam manakah yang mempunyai titik lebur tertinggi? || Tungsten <> Apakah kehidupan biasa lampu P1? || serendah dua jam <> Bagaimana suhu warna berbeza untuk pencahayaan fotografi? || Suhu warna yang lebih tinggi <> Suhu apa yang mentolakan unjuran 60-jam kehidupan biasa? || <> Apa lampu boleh mencapai sehingga 23 lumen per watt? || <> Apakah logam yang digunakan dengan titik lebur terendah? || <> Apakah kehidupan yang tidak sekata dari lampu P1? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?", "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db96", "answers": [{"text": "50 \u00b0C (122 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which metal has the highest melting point?", "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db97", "answers": [{"text": "Tungsten", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?", "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db98", "answers": [{"text": "as short as two hours", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?", "id": "57264e34f1498d1400e8db99", "answers": [{"text": "higher color temperature", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50 \u00b0C (122 \u00b0F)", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "What temperature does a typical 60-hour-life projection bulb operate?", "id": "5ad1acf3645df0001a2d21b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50-hour-life projection bulb", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "What lamp can achieve up to 23 lumens per watt?", "id": "5ad1acf3645df0001a2d21b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tungsten", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "What metal is used with the lowest melting point?", "id": "5ad1acf3645df0001a2d21b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as short as two hours", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "What is the atypical life of a P1 lamp? ", "id": "5ad1acf3645df0001a2d21b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp). The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point, 3,695 K (6,191 \u00b0F). A 50-hour-life projection bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 \u00b0C (122 \u00b0F) below that melting point. Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt, compared with 17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp."}], ["Satu variasi lampu pijar tidak menggunakan filamen kawat panas, tetapi sebaliknya menggunakan arka melanda pada elektrod manik sfera untuk menghasilkan haba. Elektrod itu kemudian menjadi pijar, dengan arka menyumbang sedikit kepada cahaya yang dihasilkan. Lampu sedemikian digunakan untuk unjuran atau pencahayaan untuk alat saintifik seperti mikroskop. Lampu arka ini berlari pada voltan yang agak rendah dan filamen tungsten dimasukkan untuk memulakan pengionan dalam sampul surat. Mereka memberikan cahaya pekat yang kuat dari lampu arka tetapi lebih mudah beroperasi. Dikembangkan sekitar tahun 1915, lampu-lampu ini telah dipindahkan oleh lampu merkuri dan xenon. <> Apakah versi pengganti pengganti lampu pijar untuk filamen kawat? || arka melanda pada elektrod manik sfera <> Apakah aplikasi biasa untuk jenis mentol ini? || alat saintifik seperti mikroskop <> Bilakah gaya lampu ini terbentuk? || 1915 <> Apa yang menggantikan gaya ini lampu? || merkuri dan lampu arka xenon <> Jenis lampu apa yang menggunakan filamen kawat panas? || <> Jenis lampu apa yang tidak menggunakan arka yang dipukul pada elektrod manik sfera? || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan umum untuk jenis mentol ini? || <> Jenis lampu biasanya berlari pada voltan yang agak tinggi? || <> Apa jenis lampu yang menyediakan cahaya pekat rendah yang lebih sukar untuk dikendalikan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?", "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad397", "answers": [{"text": "an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a common application for this type of bulb?", "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad398", "answers": [{"text": "scientific instruments such as microscopes", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was this style of lamp developed?", "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad399", "answers": [{"text": "1915", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What displaced this style of lamp?", "id": "5726419e38643c19005ad39a", "answers": [{"text": "mercury and xenon arc lamps", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A variation of the incandescent", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of lamp used a hot wire filament?", "id": "5ad1a59e645df0001a2d2172", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A variation of the incandescent lamp", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of lamp did not use an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode?", "id": "5ad1a59e645df0001a2d2173", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "scientific instruments such as microscopes", "answer_start": 300}], "question": "What was not a common use for this type of bulb?", "id": "5ad1a59e645df0001a2d2174", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arc", "answer_start": 350}], "question": "What type of lamp typically ran on relatively high voltages?", "id": "5ad1a59e645df0001a2d2175", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "arc", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "What type of lamp provided a low concentrated light that was harder to operate?", "id": "5ad1a59e645df0001a2d2176", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contributing little to the light produced. Such lamps were used for projection or illumination for scientific instruments such as microscopes. These arc lamps ran on relatively low voltages and incorporated tungsten filaments to start ionization within the envelope. They provided the intense concentrated light of an arc lamp but were easier to operate. Developed around 1915, these lamps were displaced by mercury and xenon arc lamps."}], ["Hubungan di atas adalah sah untuk hanya beberapa peratus perubahan voltan sekitar syarat-syarat undian, tetapi mereka menunjukkan bahawa lampu yang beroperasi pada jauh lebih rendah daripada voltan undian boleh bertahan selama ratusan kali lebih lama daripada keadaan yang dinilai, walaupun dengan keluaran cahaya yang sangat berkurang. \"Centennial Light\" adalah mentol lampu yang diterima oleh Guinness Book of World Records sebagai telah dibakar hampir terus menerus di stesen pemadam kebakaran di Livermore, California, sejak tahun 1901. Walau bagaimanapun, mentol memancarkan cahaya yang sama dengan mentol empat watt . Cerita yang sama dapat diberitahu mengenai bola 40 watt di Texas yang telah diterangi sejak 21 September 1908. Ia pernah tinggal di sebuah rumah opera di mana selebriti terkenal berhenti untuk mengambil cahaya, dan dipindahkan ke muzium daerah pada tahun 1977. <> Bilakah \"Cahaya Centennial\" mula terbakar? || 1901 <> Berapakah cahaya yang dikeluarkan oleh mentol itu? || cahaya yang setara dengan mentol empat watt <> Bilakah mentol tahan lama di Texas mula meneruskan pencahayaan? || 21 September 1908 <> Di manakah mentol Texas memulakan hidupnya? || sebuah rumah opera <> Apa yang tidak diterima oleh Rekod Dunia Rekod Guinness? || <> Apa yang mula membakar pada tahun 1801? || <> Apa yang membakar hampir berterusan di sebuah stesen kebakaran di Claremont, California? || <> Tahun berapakah mentol tahan lama di New York mula meneruskan pencahayaan? || <> Apa yang dipindahkan ke galeri seni kawasan pada tahun 1977? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the \"Centennial Light\" begin burning?", "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f5d", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much light does the bulb emit?", "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f5e", "answers": [{"text": "the equivalent light of a four watt bulb", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?", "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f5f", "answers": [{"text": "21 September 1908", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?", "id": "57264d1a5951b619008f6f60", "answers": [{"text": "an opera house", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centennial Light", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What was not accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records?", "id": "5ad1ac19645df0001a2d21aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centennial Light", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What started burning in 1801?", "id": "5ad1ac19645df0001a2d21ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centennial Light", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What was burning almost continuously at a fire station in Claremont, California?", "id": "5ad1ac19645df0001a2d21ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21 September 1908", "answer_start": 629}], "question": "What year did the long-lasting bulb in New York begin continuing illumination?", "id": "5ad1ac19645df0001a2d21ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908", "answer_start": 575}], "question": "What was moved to an area art gallery in 1977?", "id": "5ad1ac19645df0001a2d21ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The \"Centennial Light\" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977."}], ["Lampu pijar adalah beban rintangan hampir murni dengan faktor kuasa 1. Ini bermakna kuasa sebenar yang digunakan (dalam watt) dan kuasa jelas (dalam volt-amperes) adalah sama. Mentol lampu pijar biasanya dipasarkan mengikut kuasa elektrik yang digunakan. Ini diukur dalam watt dan bergantung terutamanya pada rintangan filamen, yang pada gilirannya bergantung terutamanya pada panjang filamen, ketebalan, dan bahan. Untuk dua tiang voltan, jenis, warna, dan kejelasan yang sama, mentol yang lebih tinggi memberi lebih banyak cahaya. <> Apakah faktor kuasa 1 bermakna? || kuasa sebenar yang digunakan (dalam watt) dan kuasa yang jelas (dalam volt-amperes) sama <> Apa yang menentukan utama watt daripada mentol pijar? || rintangan filamen <> Apa yang menentukan rintangan filamen? || panjang filamen, ketebalan, dan bahan <> Seberapa dekat lampu lampu pijar datang kepada beban rintangan tulen? || Lampu pijar adalah beban rintangan hampir murni <> Semua perkara lain menjadi sama, bagaimana watt menjejaskan cahaya yang dipancarkan? || lampu mentol yang lebih tinggi memberi lebih banyak cahaya <> Jenis lampu mana yang mempunyai faktor kuasa 2? || <> Apakah faktor kuasa 2 bermakna? || <> Bagaimana cahaya incandescent biasanya tidak dipasarkan? || <> Apa yang tidak pada dasarnya menentukan watts daripada mentol pijar? || <> Bagaimana watt tidak mempengaruhi cahaya yang dipancarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does a power factor of 1 mean?", "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f017f", "answers": [{"text": "the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?", "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0180", "answers": [{"text": "the resistance of the filament", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What determines the resistance of the filament?", "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0181", "answers": [{"text": "the filament's length, thickness, and material", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?", "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0182", "answers": [{"text": "Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?", "id": "5726438f994a9e14006f0183", "answers": [{"text": "the higher-powered bulb gives more light", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent lamps", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What type of lamp has a power factor of 2?", "id": "5ad1a692645df0001a2d217c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What does the power factor of 2 mean?", "id": "5ad1a692645df0001a2d217d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "according to the electrical power consumed", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "How are incandescent light typically not marketed?", "id": "5ad1a692645df0001a2d217e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the filament's length, thickness, and material", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What does not principally determine the wattage of an incandescent bulb?", "id": "5ad1a692645df0001a2d217f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the higher-powered bulb gives more light", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "How does wattage not affect light emitted?", "id": "5ad1a692645df0001a2d2180", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material. For two bulbs of the same voltage, type, color, and clarity, the higher-powered bulb gives more light."}], ["Sejumlah kecil wap air di dalam mentol lampu dapat mempengaruhi cahaya gelap. Wap air melepaskan hidrogen dan oksigen pada filamen panas. Oksigen menyerang logam tungsten, dan zarah oksida tungsten yang dihasilkan bergerak ke bahagian yang lebih sejuk dari lampu. Hidrogen dari wap air mengurangkan oksida, mengubah wap air dan meneruskan kitaran air ini. Bersamaan dengan setetes air yang diagihkan lebih 500,000 lampu akan meningkat dengan ketara. Jumlah zat besi seperti zirkonium diletakkan di dalam lampu sebagai getter untuk bertindak balas dengan sebarang oksigen yang boleh membakar komponen lampu semasa operasi. <> Bagaimana wap air di dalam mentol lampu menjejaskan lampu? || ketara meningkatkan kegelapan <> Mengapa air meningkatkan kegelapan lampu? || Oksigen menyerang logam tungsten, dan zarah oksida tungsten yang dihasilkan bergerak ke bahagian yang lebih sejuk dari lampu. <> Apakah contoh bahan yang ditambah pada mentol lampu untuk mengurangkan kesan ini? || zirkonium <> Berapa banyak air yang diperlukan untuk menyebabkan kegelapan ini menjejaskan? || Bersamaan setitik air yang diagihkan melebihi 500,000 lampu <> Apa yang tidak boleh mempengaruhi kegelapan lampu? || <> Apakah patah hidrogen dan oksigen pada filamen sejuk? || <> Mengapa air mengurangkan kegelapan lampu? || <> Apa yang ditambahkan pada mentol lampu untuk meningkatkan kegelapan? || <> Berapakah jumlah air yang berkurangan secara mendadak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?", "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5dc", "answers": [{"text": "significantly increase darkening", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does water increase lamp darkening?", "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5dd", "answers": [{"text": "The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp.", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?", "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5de", "answers": [{"text": "zirconium", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?", "id": "57263fde89a1e219009ac5df", "answers": [{"text": "The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can insignificantly affect lamp darkening?", "id": "5ad1a38a645df0001a2d215e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Water vapor", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What is broken into hydrogen and oxygen at the cool filament?", "id": "5ad1a38a645df0001a2d215f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "Why does water decrease lamp darkening?", "id": "5ad1a38a645df0001a2d2160", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "zirconium", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "What is added to light bulbs to increase darkening?", "id": "5ad1a38a645df0001a2d2161", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "How much water will significantly decrease darkening?", "id": "5ad1a38a645df0001a2d2162", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation."}], ["Mentol lampu pijar datang dalam pelbagai bentuk dan saiz. Nama-nama bentuk mungkin sedikit berbeza di sesetengah wilayah. Kebanyakan bentuk ini mempunyai sebutan yang terdiri daripada satu atau lebih huruf yang diikuti oleh satu atau lebih nombor, mis. A55 atau PAR38. Huruf mewakili bentuk mentol tersebut. Angka-angka mewakili diameter maksimum, sama ada dalam 1/8 inci, atau dalam milimeter, bergantung kepada bentuk dan rantau. Sebagai contoh, reflektor 63 mm ditetapkan R63, tetapi di Amerika Syarikat, mereka dikenali sebagai R20 (2.5 in). Walau bagaimanapun, di kedua-dua wilayah, reflektor PAR38 dikenali sebagai PAR38. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan huruf dalam sebutan bentuk mentol? || bentuk mentol <> Apakah angka-angka yang dikenal pasti dalam bentuk mentol? || diameter maksima <> Bolehkah nama bentuk mentol tertentu berbeza-beza? || Nama-nama bentuk mungkin sedikit berbeza di sesetengah kawasan <> Unit-unit yang mana saiz mentol diukur? || 1/8 inci, atau dalam milimeter <> Apa yang tidak datang dalam pelbagai bentuk dan saiz? || <> Apa yang tidak berbeza di sesetengah wilayah? || <> Bagaimana mentol lampu pijar tidak ditetapkan? || <> Apa yang perlu surat tidak diwakili pada bola? || <> Apa nombor yang tidak diwakili pada mentol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?", "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8054", "answers": [{"text": "the shape of the bulb", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?", "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8055", "answers": [{"text": "the maximum diameter", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?", "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8056", "answers": [{"text": "The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What units are the bulb sizes measured in?", "id": "572647a6dd62a815002e8057", "answers": [{"text": "1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Incandescent light bulbs", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What does not come in a range of shapes and sizes?", "id": "5ad1a85e645df0001a2d218e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The names of the shapes", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "What is not different in some regions?", "id": "5ad1a85e645df0001a2d218f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "How are incandescent light bulbs not designated?", "id": "5ad1a85e645df0001a2d2190", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shape", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What must the letters not represent on a bulb?", "id": "5ad1a85e645df0001a2d2191", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the maximum diameter, either in 1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "What does the number not represent on a bulb?", "id": "5ad1a85e645df0001a2d2192", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38."}], ["Lampu yang sangat kecil mungkin mempunyai wayar sokongan filamen yang dilanjutkan melalui asas lampu, dan boleh disalurkan terus ke papan litar bercetak untuk sambungan. Beberapa jenis lampu reflektor termasuk terminal skru untuk sambungan wayar. Kebanyakan lampu mempunyai pangkalan logam yang sesuai dengan soket untuk menyokong lampu dan menjalankan arus ke wayar filamen. Pada akhir abad ke-19, pengeluar memperkenalkan pelbagai asas lampu yang tidak sesuai. General Electric memperkenalkan saiz asas standard untuk lampu pijar tungsten di bawah tanda niaga Mazda pada tahun 1909. Piawaian ini tidak lama lagi diterima pakai di Amerika Syarikat, dan nama Mazda telah digunakan oleh banyak pengeluar di bawah lesen sepanjang tahun 1945. Hari ini kebanyakan lampu pijar untuk perkhidmatan lampu umum menggunakan Skru Edison dalam saiz candelabra, perantaraan, atau saiz piawai atau mogul, atau bayonet sentuhan berganda. Standard teknikal untuk pangkalan lampu termasuk ANSI standard C81.67 dan IEC standard 60061-1 untuk ukuran lampu komersial yang umum, untuk menjamin keterkaitan antara produk pengilang yang berbeda. Lampu asas bayonet sering digunakan dalam lampu automotif untuk melawan melonggarkan akibat getaran. Pangkalan bipin sering digunakan untuk halogen atau lampu reflektor. <> Syarikat mana yang memperkenalkan saiz asas standard untuk lampu pijar? || General Electric <> Dalam tahun apakah saiz asas piawai diperkenalkan untuk lampu pijar? || 1909 <> Apakah beberapa piawaian teknikal yang biasa untuk asas lampu? || ANSI standard C81.67 dan IEC standard 60061-1 <> Apakah jenis asas biasa untuk lampu automotif? || Lampu asas Bayonet <> Apakah jenis pangkalan biasa untuk lampu halogen? || asas bipin <> Apa yang tidak dapat disalurkan secara langsung ke papan litar bercetak di banyak lampu yang sangat kecil? || <> Apakah beberapa lampu reflektor tidak termasuk untuk sambungan wayar? || <> Apa yang diperkenalkan pada penghujung abad ke-18 oleh pengeluar? || <> Siapa yang bukan yang pertama memperkenalkan saiz standard untuk lampu pijar? || <> Tahun apakah tanda niaga Mazda ditolak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?", "id": "57264a04708984140094c177", "answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?", "id": "57264a04708984140094c178", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?", "id": "57264a04708984140094c179", "answers": [{"text": "ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?", "id": "57264a04708984140094c17a", "answers": [{"text": "Bayonet base lamps", "answer_start": 1046}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?", "id": "57264a04708984140094c17b", "answers": [{"text": "bipin base", "answer_start": 1145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "filament support wires", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What cannot be directly soldered to a printed circuit board in many very small lamps?", "id": "5ad1a9b2645df0001a2d2198", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "screw terminals", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What do some reflector-type lamps not include for connection of wires?", "id": "5ad1a9b2645df0001a2d2199", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a multitude of incompatible lamp bases", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What was introduces in the late 18th century by manufacturers?", "id": "5ad1a9b2645df0001a2d219a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "Who was not the first to introduce standard sizes for incandescent lamps?", "id": "5ad1a9b2645df0001a2d219b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What year was the Mazda trademark rejected?", "id": "5ad1a9b2645df0001a2d219c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps."}], ["Ini bermakna pengurangan voltan operasi sebanyak 5% akan lebih daripada dua kali ganda hidup mentol, dengan perbelanjaan mengurangkan output cahayanya sebanyak kira-kira 16%. Ini mungkin perdagangan luar biasa untuk lampu mentol yang berada di lokasi yang sukar untuk akses (contohnya, lampu isyarat atau lekapan tergantung dari siling tinggi). Mentol sepanjang hayat mengambil kesempatan daripada trade-off ini. Oleh kerana nilai kuasa elektrik yang mereka makan adalah lebih daripada nilai lampu, lampu servis umum menekankan kecekapan sepanjang hayat operasi yang panjang. Objektifnya adalah untuk meminimumkan kos cahaya, bukan kos lampu. Mentol awal mempunyai kehidupan sehingga 2500 jam, tetapi pada tahun 1924 satu kartel bersetuju untuk membatasi kehidupan hingga 1000 jam. Apabila ini didedahkan pada tahun 1953, General Electric dan pengeluar terkemuka Amerika yang lain diharamkan daripada menghadkan kehidupan. <> Apakah tahap pengurangan voltan diperlukan untuk menggandakan kehidupan mentol pijar? || pengurangan 5% dalam voltan operasi <> Bilakah pengeluar lampu mentol menubuhkan kartel untuk mengehadkan kehidupan mentol? || 1924 <> Bilakah pihak berkuasa memecah kartel cahaya mentol? || 1953 <> Apakah batasan buatan rendah pada kehidupan mentol yang diletakkan oleh kartel? || 1000 jam <> Apakah contoh aplikasi yang baik untuk mentol sepanjang hayat? || lokasi sukar untuk akses (contohnya, lampu isyarat atau lekapan tergantung dari siling tinggi) <> Apa pengurangan voltan f tahap diperlukan untuk tiga kali ganda kehidupan mentol pijar? || <> Apakah perdagangan yang tidak dapat diterima di luar musuh bola lampu di lokasi yang sukar untuk mengakses? || <> Apakah lampu khidmat umum tidak menekankan sepanjang hayat operasi yang panjang? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada syarikat-syarikat ringan dan barangan perkilangan Amerika pada tahun 1964? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?", "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f37", "answers": [{"text": "a 5% reduction in operating voltage", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?", "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f38", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 653}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?", "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f39", "answers": [{"text": "1953", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?", "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f3a", "answers": [{"text": "1000 hours", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?", "id": "57264b7c5951b619008f6f3b", "answers": [{"text": "difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 5% reduction in operating voltage", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What level f voltage reduction is required to triple the life of an incandescent bulb?", "id": "5ad1ab1b645df0001a2d21a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "What is an unacceptable trade off foe a light bulb in a difficult to access location?", "id": "5ad1ab1b645df0001a2d21a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "efficiency", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What do general service lamps not emphasize over long operating life?", "id": "5ad1ab1b645df0001a2d21a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life", "answer_start": 734}], "question": "What happened to light companies and American manufactures in 1964?", "id": "5ad1ab1b645df0001a2d21a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). Long-life bulbs take advantage of this trade-off. Since the value of the electric power they consume is much more than the value of the lamp, general service lamps emphasize efficiency over long operating life. The objective is to minimize the cost of light, not the cost of lamps. Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours, but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours. When this was exposed in 1953, General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life."}], ["Rintangan sebenar filamen bergantung pada suhu. Rintangan sejuk tungsten-filamen lamp adalah sekitar 1/15 rintangan panas filamen apabila lampu beroperasi. Sebagai contoh, lampu 100-watt, 120-volt mempunyai rintangan 144 ohm apabila dinyalakan, tetapi rintangan sejuk lebih rendah (kira-kira 9.5 ohm). Oleh kerana lampu pijar adalah beban rintangan, pengendali fasa mudah TRIAC dimmers boleh digunakan untuk mengawal kecerahan. Hubungan elektrik mungkin membawa simbol penarafan \"T\" yang menunjukkan bahawa mereka direka untuk mengawal litar dengan ciri-ciri arus lampu tinggi tungsten yang tinggi. Untuk 100-watt, lampu servis umum 120-volt, arus menstabilkan kira-kira 0.10 saat, dan lampu mencapai 90% kecerahan penuh selepas kira-kira 0.13 saat. <> Apa yang menentukan rintangan filamen? || suhu <> Apakah simbol penarafan \"T\" pada hubungan elektrik? || mereka direka bentuk untuk mengawal litar dengan ciri arus lampau yang tinggi semasa lampu tungsten <> Berapa lamakah ia memerlukan mentol 100 watt biasa untuk mencapai 90% kecerahannya? || 0.13 saat <> Bagaimana rintangan sejuk lampu filamen tungsten berbanding dengan rintangan panas? || Rintangan sejuk lampu tungsten-filamen adalah kira-kira 1/15 rintangan panas filamen <> Apakah rintangan mentol pijar 100-watt bersinar biasa? || 144 ohms <> Apa yang tidak menentukan rintangan sebenar filamen? || <> Apa simbol penarafan \"T\" pada hubungan elektrik tidak bermakna? || <> Berapa lamakah diperlukan mentol 60-watt tipikal untuk mencapai 90% kecerahannya? mentol lampu khas 60 watt? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What determines the resistance of a filament?", "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194c", "answers": [{"text": "temperature", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a \"T\" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?", "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194d", "answers": [{"text": "they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?", "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194e", "answers": [{"text": "0.13 seconds", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?", "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae194f", "answers": [{"text": "The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?", "id": "572644fa1125e71900ae1950", "answers": [{"text": "144 ohms", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temperature dependent", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What does not determine the actual resistance of a filament?", "id": "5ad1a7d3645df0001a2d2186", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "What does a \"T' rating symbol on an electrical contact not mean?", "id": "5ad1a7d3645df0001a2d2187", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "0.13 seconds", "answer_start": 751}], "question": "How long does it take a typical 60-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?", "id": "5ad1a7d3645df0001a2d2188", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "144 ohms", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What is the resistance of a typical lit 60 watt bulb?", "id": "5ad1a7d3645df0001a2d2189", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a \"T\" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds."}], ["Lampu halogen mengurangkan penyejatan filamen yang tidak sekata dan menghapuskan kegelapan sampul dengan mengisi lampu dengan gas halogen pada tekanan rendah, bukan gas lengai. Kitaran halogen meningkatkan hayat mentol dan menghalang kegelapannya dengan mengurangkan tungsten dari bahagian dalam mentol ke filamen. Lampu halogen boleh mengendalikan filamen pada suhu yang lebih tinggi daripada lampu gas penuh lampu dengan kuasa yang sama tanpa kehilangan kehidupan operasi. Mentol tersebut jauh lebih kecil daripada mentol pijar biasa, dan banyak digunakan di mana pencahayaan sengit diperlukan dalam ruang yang terhad. Lampu gentian optik untuk mikroskop optik adalah satu aplikasi biasa. <> Adakah bulb halogen meningkat, mengurangkan, atau tidak memberi kesan kepada penyejatan filamen? || mengurangkan <> Bagaimana mentol halogen mengurangkan kegelapan dari masa ke masa? || dengan menghidupkan semula tungsten dari bahagian dalam mentol ke filamen <> Adakah mentol halogen beroperasi pada suhu yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada pijar? || lebih tinggi <> Bagaimana saiz mentol halogen berbanding dengan pijar? || mentol jauh lebih kecil daripada mentol pijar biasa <> Apakah keadaan paling biasa apabila mentol halogen digunakan? || di mana pencahayaan sengit diperlukan dalam ruang yang terhad <> Jenis mentol yang mana peningkatan penyejatan tidak sekata? || <> Bagaimanakah mentol halogen meningkatkan gelap dari masa ke masa? || <> Jenis cahaya apa yang boleh beroperasi pada suhu yang lebih rendah daripada lampu lampu gas yang biasa? || <> Jenis mentol apa yang lebih besar daripada mentol pijar biasa? || <> Di manakah mentol halogen tidak digunakan secara meluas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation?", "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d3", "answers": [{"text": "reduces", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?", "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d4", "answers": [{"text": "by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent?", "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d5", "answers": [{"text": "higher", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?", "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d6", "answers": [{"text": "bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used?", "id": "572640d4271a42140099d7d7", "answers": [{"text": "where intense illumination is needed in a limited space", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "halogen lamp", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What type of bulb increases uneven evaporation?", "id": "5ad1a496645df0001a2d2168", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "How does the halogen bulb increase darkening over time?", "id": "5ad1a496645df0001a2d2169", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "halogen", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What type of light can operate at a lower temperature than a standard gas filled lamp?", "id": "5ad1a496645df0001a2d216a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "halogen", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What type of bulbs are much larger than normal incandescent bulbs?", "id": "5ad1a496645df0001a2d216b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "where intense illumination is needed in a limited space", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "Where are halogen bulbs not widely used?", "id": "5ad1a496645df0001a2d216c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament. The halogen lamp can operate its filament at a higher temperature than a standard gas filled lamp of similar power without loss of operating life. Such bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs, and are widely used where intense illumination is needed in a limited space. Fiber-optic lamps for optical microscopy is one typical application."}], ["Lampu yang direka untuk voltan yang berbeza mempunyai keberkesanan bercahaya yang berlainan. Contohnya, lampu 100-watt, 120-volt akan menghasilkan kira-kira 17.1 lumen per watt. Lampu dengan jangka hayat yang sama tetapi direka untuk 230 V akan menghasilkan hanya sekitar 12.8 lumens per watt, dan lampu yang sama direka untuk 30 volt (lampu kereta api) akan menghasilkan sebanyak 19.8 lumens per watt. Lampu voltan yang lebih rendah mempunyai filamen tebal, untuk penarafan kuasa yang sama. Mereka boleh berjalan lebih panas untuk hayat yang sama sebelum filamen menguap. <> Berapakah jumlah lumens per watt yang menghasilkan 100 watt biasa, menghasilkan 120 volt lampu? || 17.1 lumens per watt <> Bagaimana saiz filamen berkaitan dengan tahap voltan? || Lampu voltan yang lebih rendah mempunyai filamen tebal <> Apakah kesan filamen tebal pada suhu mentol? || Mereka boleh berjalan lebih panas untuk hayat yang sama sebelum filamen menguap. <> Berapakah jumlah lumens per watt yang menghasilkan lampu kereta biasa? || sebanyak 19.8 lumens per watt <> Apakah lampu watt boleh menghasilkan 17.3 lumens per watt? || <> Bagaimana saiz filamen tidak berkaitan dengan tahap voltan? || <> Apa yang tidak mempengaruhi filamen tebal pada suhu mentol? || <> Berapakah jumlah lumens per watt yang menghasilkan lampu kereta api yang tidak biasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?", "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812c", "answers": [{"text": "17.1 lumens per watt", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does filament size relate to voltage level?", "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812d", "answers": [{"text": "Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?", "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812e", "answers": [{"text": "They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?", "id": "57264eefdd62a815002e812f", "answers": [{"text": "as much as 19.8 lumens per watt", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a 100-watt", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What watt lamp can produce 17.3 lumens per watt?", "id": "5ad1addc645df0001a2d21bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "How does a filament size not relate to voltage level?", "id": "5ad1addc645df0001a2d21bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "What is not effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?", "id": "5ad1addc645df0001a2d21be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as much as 19.8 lumens per watt", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "How many lumens per watt does an atypical train light produce?", "id": "5ad1addc645df0001a2d21bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates."}], ["Dalam menangani soalan yang mencipta lampu pijar, sejarawan Robert Friedel dan Paul Israel menyenaraikan 22 pencipta lampu pijar sebelum Joseph Swan dan Thomas Edison. Mereka menyimpulkan bahawa versi Edison dapat mengatasi yang lain kerana gabungan tiga faktor: bahan pijar yang berkesan, vakum yang lebih tinggi daripada yang lain dapat dicapai (dengan menggunakan pam Sprengel) dan rintangan yang tinggi yang menjadikan pengagihan kuasa dari sumber terpusat secara ekonomi berdaya maju. <> Apa yang menjadikan pengedaran kuasa secara ekonomi dalam lampu Edison? || rintangan tinggi <> Berapa banyak pencipta datang dengan lampu elektrik sebelum Thomas Edison? || 22 <> Bagaimana Edison mencapai vakum yang lebih tinggi daripada pencipta lain? || dengan penggunaan pam Sprengel <> Ahli sejarah mana yang menulis tentang kelebihan lampu Edison berbanding versi awal yang lain? || Robert Friedel dan Paul Israel <> Berapa banyak pencipta yang membuat senarai ahli sejarah yang tidak mencipta lampu pijar? || <> Apa yang membuat pengagihan tenaga ekonomi tidak berdaya maju dalam lampu Edison? || <> Apa empat faktor yang menjadikan edison versi ekonominya berdaya maju? || <> Yang mana tiga ahli sejarah menulis kesimpulan bahawa versi Edison lebih maju daripada versi awal yang lain? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?", "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f81", "answers": [{"text": "high resistance", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?", "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f82", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?", "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f83", "answers": [{"text": "by use of the Sprengel pump", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?", "id": "57264f1c5951b619008f6f84", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Friedel and Paul Israel", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "How many inventors do historians list that did not invent the incandescent lamp?", "id": "5ad1881b645df0001a2d1ea8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by use of the Sprengel pump", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What made power distribution economically non-viable in Edison's lamp?", "id": "5ad1881b645df0001a2d1ea9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "What four factors made Edison's version economically viable?", "id": "5ad1881b645df0001a2d1eaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Friedel and Paul Israel", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Which three historians wrote the conclusion that Edison's version was more viable than other early versions?", "id": "5ad1881b645df0001a2d1eab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable."}]], [["Arsenal tamat di tempat pertama atau kedua dalam liga dalam lapan musim pertama Wenger di sebelas musim di kelab itu, walaupun tidak pernah dapat mempertahankan gelaran. Sehingga Julai 2013, mereka adalah hanya satu daripada lima pasukan, yang lain adalah Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea dan Manchester City, telah memenangi Liga Perdana sejak dibentuk pada tahun 1992. Arsenal tidak pernah melangkah melepasi peringkat suku akhir Liga Juara sehingga 2005-06; pada musim itu mereka menjadi kelab pertama dari London dalam sejarah lima puluh tahun persaingan untuk mencapai perlawanan akhir, di mana mereka dipukuli 2-1 oleh Barcelona. Pada Julai 2006, mereka berpindah ke Stadium Emirates, selepas 93 tahun di Highbury. <> Termasuk Arsenal, berapa banyak pasukan yang memenangi Liga Perdana sehingga 2013? || lima <> Dalam apa tahun yang dicipta Liga Perdana? || 1992 <> Apa pasukan mengalahkan Arsenal di final Liga Juara-Juara pada musim 2005-2006? || Barcelona <> Untuk stadium apa yang dilakukan FC Arsenal pada tahun 2006? || Stadium Emirates <> Berapa tahun bermain di Highbury? || 93 <> Siapa yang Arsenal bersaing dalam Liga Kejuaraan 2005-06? || <> Siapa yang memenangi Liga Kejuaraan 2012-2013? || <> Dalam apa stadium bermain Manchester City? || <> Manchester United bermain di stadium apa? || <> Apakah pasukan pertama United Kingdom mencapai kejohanan Liga Juara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Including Arsenal, how many  teams  had won the Premier League up to 2013?", "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e3", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Premier League created?", "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e4", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?", "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e5", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?", "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e6", "answers": [{"text": "Emirates Stadium", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?", "id": "5725dd19ec44d21400f3d6e7", "answers": [{"text": "93", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chelsea", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "Who did Arsenal compete against in the 2005-06 Championship League?", "id": "5acd052e07355d001abf31bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Blackburn Rovers", "answer_start": 265}], "question": "Who won the 2012-2013 Championship League?", "id": "5acd052e07355d001abf31bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emirates Stadium", "answer_start": 659}], "question": "In what stadium does Manchester City play?", "id": "5acd052e07355d001abf31be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 695}], "question": "Manchester United plays in what stadium?", "id": "5acd052e07355d001abf31bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester United", "answer_start": 246}], "question": "What was the first United Kingdom team to reach the Champion League final?", "id": "5acd052e07355d001abf31c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005\u201306; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2\u20131 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury."}], ["Arsenal mula memenangi pingat perak sekali lagi dengan kejutan pelantikan ahli fisioterapi kelab Bertie Mee sebagai pengurus pada tahun 1966. Selepas kalah dua Piala Liga, mereka memenangi piala Eropah pertama mereka, Piala Inter-Cities 1969-70. Ini diikuti dengan kejayaan yang lebih besar: Liga pertama dan Piala FA berganda pada 1970-71. Ini menandakan titik tinggi awal dekad; Sisi kemenangan dua kali tidak lama lagi dipecahkan dan dekad berikut dicirikan oleh beberapa kekurangan dekat, bermula dengan penamat Arsenal sebagai pelari FA Cup pada tahun 1972, dan pelari Divisi Pertama pada 1972-73. <> Bilakah Bertie Mee menjadi pengurus Arsenal? || 1966 <> Apakah kedudukan Mee dalam kelab Arsenal sebelum menjadi pengurus? || ahli fisioterapi <> Di mana musim itu Arsenal memenangi piala Eropah pertama? || 1969-70 <> Berapa lama selepas trofi pertama Arsenal memenangi pertandingan yang buruk? || dekade <> Pada musim apa Arsenal memenangi Liga pertama dan Piala FA? || 1970-71 <> Siapa pengurus Arsenal pada tahun 1965? || <> Siapa yang memenangi piala Eropah pertama? || <> Siapa yang memenangi Piala FA pada tahun 1972? || <> Siapa yang memiliki Arsenal pada tahun 1966? || <> Berapa lama kekalahan Arsenal sebelum 1966? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?", "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d267", "answers": [{"text": "1966", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?", "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d268", "answers": [{"text": "physiotherapist", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?", "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d269", "answers": [{"text": "1969\u201370", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?", "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d26a", "answers": [{"text": "decade", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?", "id": "5725d32f271a42140099d26b", "answers": [{"text": "1970\u201371", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bertie Mee", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Who was Arsenal's manager in 1965?", "id": "5acd011f07355d001abf3174", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who won the first European trophy?", "id": "5acd011f07355d001abf3175", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 507}], "question": "Who won the FA Cup in 1972?", "id": "5acd011f07355d001abf3176", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bertie Mee", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "Who owned the Arsenal's in 1966?", "id": "5acd011f07355d001abf3177", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "decade", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "How long was Arsenal's losing streak prior to 1966?", "id": "5acd011f07355d001abf3178", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966. After losing two League Cup finals, they won their first European trophy, the 1969\u201370 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970\u201371. This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972\u201373."}], ["Pada tahun 1886, pekerja amuniti Woolwich mengasaskan kelab itu sebagai Dataran Dail. Pada tahun 1913, kelab melintasi bandar itu ke Stadium Arsenal di Highbury. Mereka menjadi kelab terdekat Tottenham Hotspur, bermula dari derby London Utara. Pada tahun 2006, mereka berpindah ke Stadium Emirates di Holloway berhampiran. Arsenal memperoleh \u20ac 435.5m pada 2014-15, dengan Emirates Stadium menjana pendapatan tertinggi dalam bola sepak dunia. Berdasarkan aktiviti media sosial dari 2014-15, fanbase Arsenal adalah yang kelima terbesar di dunia. Forbes menganggarkan kelab bernilai $ 1.3 bilion pada 2015. <> Apakah nama asal pasukan Arsenal? || Dial Square <> Kapan Arsenal terbentuk pada asalnya? || 1886 <> Bilakah Arsenal berpangkalan di Highbury? || 1913 <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal beralih ke Holloway? || 2006 <> Bagaimana Forbe percaya kelab Arsenal bernilai pada tahun 2015? || $ 1.3 bilion <> Di manakah Arsenal bermain pada tahun 1886? || <> Pasukan apa yang mempunyai fanbase terbesar di dunia? || <> Berapa harga yang ditawarkan oleh Tottenham Hotspurs sehingga 2015? || <> Dalam apa stadium yang bermain Tottenham Hotspur? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Tottenham Hotspur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original name of the Arsenal team?", "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd03", "answers": [{"text": "Dial Square", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Arsenal originally formed?", "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd04", "answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?", "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd05", "answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?", "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd06", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?", "id": "5725caa738643c19005acd07", "answers": [{"text": "$1.3 billion", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 126}], "question": "Where did Arsenal play in 1886?", "id": "5accfef107355d001abf313e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What team has the biggest fanbase in the world?", "id": "5accfef107355d001abf313f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1.3 billion", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "How much are the Tottenham Hotspurs worth as of 2015?", "id": "5accfef107355d001abf3140", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emirates Stadium", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "In what stadium do the Tottenham Hotspur play?", "id": "5accfef107355d001abf3141", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Woolwich munitions workers", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who founded the Tottenham Hotspur?", "id": "5accfef107355d001abf3142", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned \u20ac435.5m in 2014\u201315, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014\u201315, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015."}], ["Arsenal melantik Herbert Chapman sebagai pengurus pada tahun 1925. Setelah memenangi liga dua kali dengan Huddersfield Town pada tahun 1923-24 dan 1924-25 (lihat Musim dalam sepakbola Inggeris), Chapman membawa Arsenal kemenangan pertama mereka yang pertama. Taktik dan latihan revolusionernya, bersama dengan penanda pemain bintang seperti Alex James dan Cliff Bastin, meletakkan asas penguasaan bola sepak Inggeris pada tahun 1930-an. Di bawah bimbingannya, Arsenal memenangi piala utama pertamanya - kemenangan pada Piala FA 1930 sebelum mendahului dua Kejohanan Liga, pada 1930-31 dan 1932-33. Di samping itu, Chapman berada di belakang penamaan semula 1932 stesen London Underground dari \"Gillespie Road\" kepada \"Arsenal\", menjadikannya satu-satunya stesen Tube yang dinamakan khusus selepas sebuah kelab bola sepak. <> Pengurus mana yang dilantik untuk memimpin Arsenal pada tahun 1925? || Herbert Chapman <> Apakah gaya taktik Chapman yang menyediakan asas untuk kejayaan kelab Arsenal? || revolusioner <> Dalam sedekad apa Arsenal menguasai bola sepak Inggeris? || 1930s <> Apa pengurus kelab bola sepak mendapat stesen bawah tanah diganti nama untuk Arsenal? || Chapman <> Apa salah satu kemenangan utama Arsenal? || 1930 FA Cup Akhir <> Apakah nama salah seorang pelatih Arsenal sebelum tahun 1925? || <> Pada tahun apakah dibina Huddersfield Town? || <> Apakah Herbert Chapman tahun lalu sebagai jurulatih Arsenal? || <> Siapa yang menamakan pasukan Arsenal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925?", "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd57", "answers": [{"text": "Herbert Chapman", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Chapman's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club's success?", "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd58", "answers": [{"text": "revolutionary", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football?", "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd59", "answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal?", "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd5a", "answers": [{"text": "Chapman", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of Arsenal's first major wins?", "id": "5725cedc38643c19005acd5b", "answers": [{"text": "1930 FA Cup Final", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herbert Chapman", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What was the name of one of Arsenal's coaches prior to 1925?", "id": "5acd005507355d001abf3158", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1925", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "In what year was Huddersfield Town formed?", "id": "5acd005507355d001abf3159", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1932", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "What was Herbert Chapman's last year as Arsenal's coach?", "id": "5acd005507355d001abf315a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herbert Chapman", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "Who named the team Arsenal?", "id": "5acd005507355d001abf315b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal appointed Herbert Chapman as manager in 1925. Having already won the league twice with Huddersfield Town in 1923\u201324 and 1924\u201325 (see Seasons in English football), Chapman brought Arsenal their first period of major success. His revolutionary tactics and training, along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, laid the foundations of the club's domination of English football in the 1930s. Under his guidance Arsenal won their first major trophies \u2013 victory in the 1930 FA Cup Final preceded two League Championships, in 1930\u201331 and 1932\u201333. In addition, Chapman was behind the 1932 renaming of the local London Underground station from \"Gillespie Road\" to \"Arsenal\", making it the only Tube station to be named specifically after a football club."}], ["Arsenal adalah kelab pertama dari selatan England untuk menyertai Liga Bola Sepak, pada tahun 1893. Mereka memasuki Divisyen Pertama pada tahun 1904, dan sejak itu telah mengumpulkan titik kedua. Dihancurkan sekali sahaja, pada tahun 1913, mereka meneruskan rentetan terpanjang di bahagian atas. Pada tahun 1930-an, Arsenal memenangi lima Kejuaraan Liga dan dua Piala FA, dan satu lagi Piala FA dan dua Kejuaraan selepas perang. Pada 1970-71, mereka memenangi Liga pertama dan Piala FA Double. Antara 1988 dan 2005, mereka memenangi lima gelaran Liga dan lima Piala FA, termasuk dua lagi Doubles. Mereka menyelesaikan abad ke-20 dengan kedudukan liga purata tertinggi. <> Apakah kelab bola sepak pertama dari selatan England untuk menyertai Liga Bola Sepak? || Arsenal <> Bilakah Arsenal menyertai Liga Bola Sepak? || 1893 <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal layak ke Divisyen Pertama? || 1904 <> Berapa banyak kejohanan liga yang dimenangi Arsenal pada tahun 1930-an? || lima <> Apa kedudukan kedudukan liga Arsenal pada akhir abad lalu? || Purata tertinggi <> Siapa kelab kedua dari selatan England untuk menyertai Liga Bola Sepak? || <> Siapa yang telah mengumpulkan paling mata? || <> Dalam apa bahagian Arsenal pada tahun 1893? || <> Berapa banyak Kejohanan Liga mempunyai Arsenal dalam semua? || <> Berapa banyak Doubles Piala FA memenangi Arsenal sejak tahun 2005? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League?", "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d56d", "answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Arsenal join the Football League?", "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d56e", "answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division?", "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d56f", "answers": [{"text": "1904", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s?", "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d570", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Arsenal's league position ranking at the end of the last century?", "id": "5725c8caec44d21400f3d571", "answers": [{"text": "highest average", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the second club from the south of England to join The Football League?", "id": "5accfdb907355d001abf312c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who has accumulated the most points?", "id": "5accfdb907355d001abf312d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "First Division", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "In what division was Arsenal in 1893?", "id": "5accfdb907355d001abf312e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "How many League Championships has Arsenal won in all?", "id": "5accfdb907355d001abf312f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "How many FA Cup Doubles has Arsenal won since 2005?", "id": "5accfdb907355d001abf3130", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have since accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970\u201371, they won their first League and FA Cup Double. Between 1988 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position."}], ["Kejayaan kelab pada akhir 1990-an dan dekad pertama abad ke-21 berhutang dengan perlantikan Arsene Wenger pada 1996 sebagai pengurus. Wenger membawa taktik baru, rejim latihan baru dan beberapa pemain asing yang melengkapkan bakat Inggeris sedia ada. Arsenal memenangi Liga dan Piala yang kedua pada 1997-98 dan satu pertiga pada 2001-02. Di samping itu, kelab itu mencapai perlawanan akhir Piala UEFA 1999-2000 (kalah dalam penalti ke Galatasaray), menang dalam Piala FA 2003 dan 2005, dan memenangi Liga Perdana pada 2003-04 tanpa kalah satu perlawanan, pencapaian yang mendapat bahagian gelaran \"The Invincibles\". Kejayaan itu dicapai dalam tempoh 49 pertandingan liga yang tidak terkira dari 7 Mei 2003 hingga 24 Oktober 2004, rekod kebangsaan. <> Apa pengurus di akhir 1990-an membawa kejayaan kepada Arsenal? || Ars\u00e8ne Wenger <> Selain taktik dan latihan yang lebih baik, apa yang dilakukan Wenger kepada pasukan Arsenal? || Pemain asing <> Dalam apa musim Arsenal memenangi Liga kedua dan Piala dua? || 1997-98 <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekalahan Arsenal ke Galatasarey pada musim 1999-2000? || penalti <> Apa piala yang dimenangkan Arsenal pada musim 2003-2004 tanpa kalah satu pertandingan? || Liga Perdana <> Siapa pengurus Arsenal pada tahun 1995? || <> Bilakah Liga dan Cup pertama Arsenal? || <> Siapa yang Arsenal memenangi Piala FA pada tahun 2003? || <> Siapa Arsenal memenangi Piala FA pada tahun 2005? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Galatasaray mencapai Piala UEFA yang pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?", "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfc8", "answers": [{"text": "Ars\u00e8ne Wenger", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?", "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfc9", "answers": [{"text": "foreign players", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?", "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfca", "answers": [{"text": "1997\u201398", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?", "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfcb", "answers": [{"text": "penalties", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?", "id": "5725dab089a1e219009abfcc", "answers": [{"text": "Premier League", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ars\u00e8ne Wenger", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Who was the manager of Arsenal in 1995?", "id": "5acd03d907355d001abf31aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997\u201398", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "When was Arsenal's first League and Cup double?", "id": "5acd03d907355d001abf31ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galatasaray", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "Who did Arsenal win its FA Cup over in 2003?", "id": "5acd03d907355d001abf31ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galatasaray", "answer_start": 437}], "question": "Who did Arsenal win its FA Cup over in 2005?", "id": "5acd03d907355d001abf31ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "In what year did Galatasaray reach its first UEFA Cup?", "id": "5acd03d907355d001abf31ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Ars\u00e8ne Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997\u201398 and a third in 2001\u201302. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003\u201304 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname \"The Invincibles\". The feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record."}], ["Terry Neill telah direkrut oleh lembaga Arsenal untuk menggantikan Bertie Mee pada 9 Julai 1976 dan pada usia 34 tahun dia menjadi pengurus Arsenal termuda setakat ini. Dengan penandatanganan baru seperti Malcolm Macdonald dan Pat Jennings, dan bakat bakat di sisi seperti Liam Brady dan Frank Stapleton, kelab ini menikmati bentuk terbaik sejak dua kali ganda 1971, mencapai tiga perlawanan akhir Piala FA (1978, 1979 dan 1980 ), dan kalah dalam Final Piala Pemenang Piala 1980 pada penalti. Kejayaan hanya kelab pada masa ini adalah kemenangan 3-2 pada Manchester United pada akhir Piala FA 1979, yang dianggap sebagai klasik. <> Pada tarikh apakah Bertie Mee digantikan oleh Arsenal? || 9 Julai 1976 <> Apa pengurus Arsenal menggantikan Mee? || Terry Neill <> Tindakan apa yang membawa kemakmuran kepada Arsenal? || penandatanganan baru <> Jumlah pertandingan akhir piala yang dicapai Arsenal di || trio <> Dalam berapa tahun Arsenal masuk ke final Piala FA? || 1978, 1979 dan 1980 <> Berapa lama Bertie Mee pada tahun 1976? || <> Siapa yang pernah menjadi pengurus tertua Arsenal? || <> Siapa pengurus Manchester United pada tahun 1979? || <> Siapa yang kalah Arsenal pada Piala Eropah 1980? || <> Pada tahun apakah dibentuk Manchester United? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal?", "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdb7", "answers": [{"text": "9 July 1976", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Arsenal manager replaced Mee?", "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdb8", "answers": [{"text": "Terry Neill", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What action brought prosperity to Arsenal?", "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdb9", "answers": [{"text": "new signings", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in", "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdba", "answers": [{"text": "trio", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals?", "id": "5725d46038643c19005acdbb", "answers": [{"text": "1978, 1979 and 1980", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "How old was Bertie Mee in 1976?", "id": "5acd01d607355d001abf317e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bertie Mee", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Who has been the oldest manager of Arsenal?", "id": "5acd01d607355d001abf317f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bertie Mee", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Who was the manager of Manchester United in 1979?", "id": "5acd01d607355d001abf3180", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester United", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "Who did Arsenal lose to at the 1980 European Cup?", "id": "5acd01d607355d001abf3181", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "In what year was Manchester United formed?", "id": "5acd01d607355d001abf3182", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Terry Neill was recruited by the Arsenal board to replace Bertie Mee on 9 July 1976 and at the age of 34 he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date. With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double, reaching a trio of FA Cup finals (1978, 1979 and 1980), and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties. The club's only success during this time was a last-minute 3\u20132 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic."}], ["Kembalinya bekas pemain George Graham sebagai pengurus pada tahun 1986 telah membawa kemuliaan ketiga. Arsenal memenangi Piala Liga pada 1987, musim pertama Graham yang bertanggungjawab. Ini diikuti dengan kemenangan kejuaraan Liga pada 1988-89, dengan gol terakhir pada perlawanan akhir musim ini menentang rakan-rakan liga Liverpool. Graham Arsenal memenangi gelaran lain pada 1990-91, kalah hanya satu perlawanan, memenangi Piala FA dan Piala Liga dua kali pada 1993, dan trofi Eropah kedua, Piala Pemenang Piala Eropah, pada tahun 1994. Reputasi Graham terancam apabila dia ditemui telah mengambil sogokan dari ejen Rune Hauge untuk menandatangani pemain tertentu, dan dia dibuang kerja pada tahun 1995. Penggantinya, Bruce Rioch, hanya bertahan selama satu musim, meninggalkan kelab itu selepas pertikaian dengan lembaga pengarah. <> Apa bekas pemain Arsenal menjadi pengurus pada tahun 1986? || George Graham <> Di bawah arahan Graham, trofi apakah kemenangan Arsenal pada tahun 1987? || Piala Liga <> Apa pesaing yang kalah Arsenal untuk memenangi gelaran liga pada musim 1988-89? || Liverpool <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal memenangi Piala Eropah kedua mereka? || 1994 <> Tindakan apa yang dilakukan Graham untuk ditangkap oleh Arsenal? || sogokan <> Pada tahun apakah George Graham bermain pertama untuk Arsenal? || <> Di mana Piala Liga dimainkan pada tahun 1987? || <> Apa salah seorang pemain Rune Hauge memberi duit kepada George Graham untuk menandatangani? || <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Arsenal untuk gelaran 1990-91? || <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Arsenal untuk perlawanan Piala Eropah 1994 mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?", "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa6", "answers": [{"text": "George Graham", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?", "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa7", "answers": [{"text": "League Cup", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?", "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa8", "answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?", "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfa9", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?", "id": "5725d87089a1e219009abfaa", "answers": [{"text": "kickbacks", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "In what year did George Graham first play for Arsenal?", "id": "5acd028907355d001abf319a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Where was the League Cup played in 1987?", "id": "5acd028907355d001abf319b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bruce Rioch", "answer_start": 679}], "question": "What was one of the player Rune Hauge gave money to George Graham to sign?", "id": "5acd028907355d001abf319c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Who did Arsenal beat for their 1990-91 title?", "id": "5acd028907355d001abf319d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Who did Arsenal beat for their 1994 European Cup match?", "id": "5acd028907355d001abf319e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. This was followed by a League title win in 1988\u201389, won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990\u201391, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and a second European trophy, the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors."}], ["Arsenal mencapai perlawanan akhir Piala Liga 2007 dan 2011, kalah 2-1 kepada Chelsea dan Birmingham City. Kelab itu tidak mendapat trofi utama sejak Piala FA 2005 sehingga 17 Mei 2014, ketika Arsenal mengalahkan Hull City pada Piala FA 2014, kembali dari defisit 2-0 untuk memenangi perlawanan 3-2. Ini memenuhi syarat mereka untuk Perisai Komuniti FA 2014 di mana mereka akan memainkan juara Liga Perdana Manchester City. Mereka mencatat kemenangan 3-0 dalam perlawanan itu, memenangi trofi kedua mereka dalam tempoh tiga bulan. Sembilan bulan selepas kejayaan Komuniti Shield mereka, Arsenal muncul dalam final Piala FA untuk tahun kedua berturut-turut, mengalahkan Aston Villa 4-0 di final dan menjadi kelab paling berjaya dalam sejarah kejohanan dengan 12 gelaran. Pada 2 Ogos 2015, Arsenal mengalahkan Chelsea 1-0 di Stadium Wembley untuk mengekalkan Perisai Komuniti dan memperoleh gelaran Komuniti Ke-14 mereka. <> Apa pasukan terkenal yang mengalahkan Arsenal untuk Piala Liga pada tahun 2007? || Chelsea <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Arsenal untuk Piala Liga 2011> || Birmingham City <> Berapa banyak kemenangan yang dilakukan Arsenal untuk membuat pasukan paling berjaya dalam sejarah Piala FA? || 12 <> Pasukan apa yang ditakdirkan Arsenal di Wembley pada tahun 2015? || Chelsea <> Bagaimana tajuk Shield Komuniti mempunyai Arsenal? || 14 <> Siapa yang Arsenal memenangi Piala FA 2005? || <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Arsenal untuk memenangi trofi pertamanya dalam tempoh tiga bulan? || <> Dalam stadium apa yang dimainkan oleh Hull City? || <> Dalam apa stadium Piala FA 2014 dimainkan? || <> Berapa banyak gelaran kejohanan yang dimiliki Aston Villa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007?", "id": "5725df1689a1e219009abffe", "answers": [{"text": "Chelsea", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup>", "id": "5725df1689a1e219009abfff", "answers": [{"text": "Birmingham City", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history?", "id": "5725df1689a1e219009ac000", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015?", "id": "5725df1689a1e219009ac001", "answers": [{"text": "Chelsea", "answer_start": 782}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How Community Shield titles does Arsenal have?", "id": "5725df1689a1e219009ac002", "answers": [{"text": "14", "answer_start": 859}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chelsea", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "Who did Arsenal win the 2005 FA Cup over?", "id": "5acd063507355d001abf31ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hull City", "answer_start": 214}], "question": "Who did Arsenal beat to win their first trophy in three months?", "id": "5acd063507355d001abf31cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wembley Stadium", "answer_start": 797}], "question": "In what stadium does Hull City play?", "id": "5acd063507355d001abf31d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wembley Stadium", "answer_start": 797}], "question": "In what stadium was the 2014 FA Cup Final played?", "id": "5acd063507355d001abf31d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 740}], "question": "How many tournament titles does Aston Villa have?", "id": "5acd063507355d001abf31d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2\u20131 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2\u20130 deficit to win the match 3\u20132. This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City. They recorded a resounding 3\u20130 win in the game, winning their second trophy in three months. Nine months after their Community Shield triumph, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row, thrashing Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles. On 2 August 2015, Arsenal beat Chelsea 1\u20130 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title."}], ["Kelab Bola Sepak Arsenal dibentuk sebagai Dial Square pada tahun 1886 oleh pekerja di Royal Arsenal di Woolwich, tenggara London, dan dinamakan semula Royal Arsenal tidak lama kemudian. Kelab ini dinamakan semula kepada Woolwich Arsenal selepas menjadi sebuah syarikat yang terhad pada tahun 1893. Kelab ini menjadi ahli selatan pertama Liga Bola Sepak pada tahun 1893, bermula di Divisi Kedua dan memenangi promosi ke Divisi Pertama pada tahun 1904. Kelompok kelab Pengasingan geografi mengakibatkan kehadiran yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan kelab-kelab lain, yang menyebabkan kelab menjadi terperosok dalam masalah kewangan dan secara berkesan bankrap pada 1910, apabila mereka diambil alih oleh ahli perniagaan Henry Norris dan William Hall. Norris cuba memindahkan kelab ke tempat lain, dan pada tahun 1913, selepas penyingkiran kembali ke Divisyen Kedua, Arsenal berpindah ke Stadium Arsenal yang baru di Highbury, utara London; mereka menjatuhkan \"Woolwich\" dari nama mereka pada tahun berikutnya. Arsenal hanya menduduki tempat kelima di bahagian kedua semasa musim kompetitif pra-perang terakhir tahun 1914-15, tetapi tetap dipilih untuk menyertai Divisyen Pertama ketika bola sepak kompetitif disambung semula pada 1919-20, dengan mengorbankan saingan tempatan Tottenham Hotspur. Beberapa buku telah melaporkan bahawa pilihan raya ini ke bahagian 1 telah dicapai dengan cara yang meragukan. <> Apa kumpulan dari kilang munitions di Woolwich membentuk kelab Arsenal? || pekerja <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal menjadi sebuah syarikat terhad? || 1893 <> Bilakah Arsenal beralih ke Stadium Arsenal di Highbury? || 1913 <> Di mana bahagiannya adalah kedudukan Arsenal oleh permulaan WWI? || Bahagian kedua <> Menjelang tahun 1920 di mana kedudukan Arsenal berada di bahagian? || Bahagian Pertama <> Apakah kehadiran purata permainan Arsenal pada tahun 1913? || <> Pada tahun apakah Henry Norris dilahirkan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Tottenham Hotspur terbentuk? || <> Siapa yang memiliki Tottenham Hotspur pada tahun 1913? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club?", "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c5", "answers": [{"text": "workers", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year had Arsenal become a limited company?", "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c6", "answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury?", "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c7", "answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI?", "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c8", "answers": [{"text": "second division", "answer_start": 961}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division?", "id": "5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c9", "answers": [{"text": "First Division", "answer_start": 1076}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1910", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "What was the average attendance of an Arsenal's game in 1913?", "id": "5accffbe07355d001abf3150", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "In what year was Henry Norris born?", "id": "5accffbe07355d001abf3151", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "In what year were the Tottenham Hotspur formed?", "id": "5accffbe07355d001abf3152", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry Norris and William Hall", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "Who owned the Tottenham Hotspur in 1913?", "id": "5accffbe07355d001abf3153", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, north London; they dropped \"Woolwich\" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914\u201315, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919\u201320, at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Some books have reported that this election to division 1 was achieved by dubious means."}], ["Secara meluas dirujuk sebagai Highbury, Stadium Arsenal adalah rumah kelab dari September 1913 hingga Mei 2006. Stadion asal direka oleh arkitek bola sepak terkenal Archibald Leitch, dan mempunyai reka bentuk yang biasa untuk banyak alasan bola sepak di UK pada masa itu, dengan pendirian tunggal dilindungi dan tiga bank terbuka di teres. Seluruh stadium telah diberi pembaikan besar-besaran pada tahun 1930-an: baru Art Deco Barat dan Timur berdiri dibina, dibuka pada tahun 1932 dan 1936 masing-masing, dan bumbung telah ditambahkan ke teres Utara Bank, yang dibom semasa Perang Dunia Kedua dan tidak dipulihkan sehingga 1954. <> Bilakah Arsenal FC meninggalkan stadium Highbury? || Mei 2006 <> Bilakah Stadium Arsenal di Highbury pertama kali menjadi rumah kelab? || September 1913 <> Apa arkitek yang direka stadium asal di Highbury? || Archibald Leitch <> Dalam sedekad apakah Stadium Arsenal telah dirombak? || 1930-an <> Bilakah stadium Arsenal dibom? || Perang Dunia Kedua <> Di mana stadium telah dimainkan Arsenal sejak tahun 2006? || <> Siapa yang menubuhkan stadium baru Arsenal, dibina pada tahun 2006? || <> Pada tahun apakah dibom Highbury? || <> Pada bulan berapa tahun 1913 apakah Highbury dibuka? || <> Pada bulan apakah pada tahun 1936 apakah Art Deco East berdiri selesai dibina? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?", "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d399", "answers": [{"text": "May 2006", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?", "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39a", "answers": [{"text": "September 1913", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?", "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39b", "answers": [{"text": "Archibald Leitch", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?", "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39c", "answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?", "id": "5725fabf271a42140099d39d", "answers": [{"text": "Second World War", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "In which stadium has Arsenal played since 2006?", "id": "5acd106a07355d001abf32ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Archibald Leitch", "answer_start": 173}], "question": "Who designed Arsenal's new stadium, built in 2006?", "id": "5acd106a07355d001abf32eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "In what year was Highbury bombed?", "id": "5acd106a07355d001abf32ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "In what month in 1913 did Highbury open?", "id": "5acd106a07355d001abf32ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "September", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "In what month in 1936 did the Art Deco East stands finish being constructed?", "id": "5acd106a07355d001abf32ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing. The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954."}], ["Tema monogram telah dikembangkan menjadi lencana gaya Art Deco di mana huruf A dan C dibingkai bola sepak daripada huruf F, seluruhnya ditetapkan dalam sempadan heksagon. Contoh awal logo korporat yang diperkenalkan sebagai sebahagian daripada penjenamaan semula Herbert Chapman pada tahun 1930-an, digunakan bukan sahaja pada baju Final Piala tetapi sebagai ciri reka bentuk di Stadium Highbury, termasuk di atas pintu masuk utama dan bertatahkan di lantai. Dari tahun 1967, meriam putih sering dipakai pada baju, sehingga digantikan oleh puncak kelab, kadang-kadang dengan penambahan nama panggilan \"The Gunners\", pada tahun 1990-an. <> Apakah gaya logo yang dibuat oleh Chapman pada tahun 1930-an? || Art Deco <> Apakah logo awal Arsenal sebagai contoh? || logo korporat <> Di manakah gaya lencana gaya Art Deco digunakan dengan jelas? || Stadium Highbury <> Apa nama gelaran kelab Arsenal kadangkala muncul di baju kelab? || The Gunners <> Kapan logo kanun putih diganti dengan kelab kelab? || 1990-an <> Dalam apa dekad apakah Herbert Chapman menyertai Arsenal? || <> Dalam sedekad apa Arsenal dijuluki sebagai \"The Gunners\"? || <> Apa yang dipakai pada baju Arsenal sebelum tahun 1967? || <> Dalam apa gaya seni adalah meriam putih yang ditarik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?", "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d335", "answers": [{"text": "Art Deco", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?", "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d336", "answers": [{"text": "corporate logo", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?", "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d337", "answers": [{"text": "Highbury Stadium", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?", "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d338", "answers": [{"text": "The Gunners", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?", "id": "5725ed5b271a42140099d339", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "In what decade did Herbert Chapman join Arsenal?", "id": "5acd0a8f07355d001abf3212", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930s", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "In what decade was Arsenal nicknamed as \"The Gunners\"?", "id": "5acd0a8f07355d001abf3213", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a white cannon", "answer_start": 455}], "question": "What was worn on Arsenal shirts prior to 1967?", "id": "5acd0a8f07355d001abf3214", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Art Deco", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "In what art style is the white cannon drawn?", "id": "5acd0a8f07355d001abf3215", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border. This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors. From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname \"The Gunners\", in the 1990s."}], ["Apabila Nike mengambil alih dari Adidas sebagai penyedia kit Arsenal pada tahun 1994, warna jauhnya Arsenal diubah lagi menjadi baju biru dan seluar pendek dua warna. Sejak munculnya kit kit replika yang lumayan, kit jauh telah berubah dengan kerap, dengan Arsenal biasanya melepaskan kedua-dua pilihan dan ketiga pilihan kit. Dalam tempoh ini reka bentuk itu sama ada semua reka bentuk biru, atau variasi pada kuning dan biru tradisional, seperti jalur logam dan jalur laut logam yang digunakan pada musim 2001-02, kelabu kuning dan gelap yang digunakan dari tahun 2005 hingga 2007, dan kuning dan merah pada tahun 2010 hingga 2013. Sehingga tahun 2009, kit pergi berubah setiap musim, dan kit pergi keluar menjadi kit pilihan ketiga jika kit rumah baru diperkenalkan pada tahun yang sama. <> Pengilang apa yang menjadi pembekal seragam Arsenal pada tahun 1994? || Nike <> Jenama manakah penyedia kit sebelum tahun 1994? || Adidas <> Untuk merayu kepada apa kit telah berubah secara teratur? || pasaran kit replika <> Apa jenis warna tradisional Arsenal sering digunakan untuk kit jauh? || kuning dan biru <> Sejak tahun berapa kit telah diubah setiap tahun? || 2009 <> Pada tahun apakah warna kit rumah Arsenal telah berubah? || <> Warna apa warna dari Arsenal ketika Adidas menjadi penyedia kit? || <> Kit warna apa yang dilakukan oleh Arsenal semasa musim 2002-03? || <> Kit warna apa yang dilakukan oleh Arsenal semasa musim 2004-05? || <> Dalam tahun apakah pasaran kit replika mula menjadi lumayan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What manufacturer became Arsenal's uniform provider in 1994?", "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac11e", "answers": [{"text": "Nike", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?", "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac11f", "answers": [{"text": "Adidas", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly?", "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac120", "answers": [{"text": "replica kit market", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits?", "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac121", "answers": [{"text": "yellow and blue", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since what year has the away kit been changed every year?", "id": "5725f93b89a1e219009ac122", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "In what year was Arsenal's home colours kits last changed?", "id": "5acd0f9107355d001abf32c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "metallic gold and navy strip", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "What color was Arsenal's away colours when Adidas was the kit provider?", "id": "5acd0f9107355d001abf32c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all blue", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What color away kit did Arsenal wear during the 2002-03 season?", "id": "5acd0f9107355d001abf32c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yellow and blue", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What color away kit did Arsenal wear during the 2004-05 season?", "id": "5acd0f9107355d001abf32c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "In what year did the replica kit market start to become lucrative?", "id": "5acd0f9107355d001abf32c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts. Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits. During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001\u201302 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013. As of 2009, the away kit is changed every season, and the outgoing away kit becomes the third-choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year."}], ["Pada musim 2011-12, Arsenal meraikan ulang tahun ke-125 mereka. Perayaan ini termasuk versi diubahsuai dari puncak yang dipakai pada penyokong mereka untuk musim ini. Puncaknya berwarna putih, dikelilingi oleh 15 ekor daun oak ke kanan dan 15 daun laurel ke kiri. Daun oak mewakili 15 ahli pengasas kelab yang bertemu di pub Royal Oak. 15 daun laurel mewakili terperinci reka bentuk pada enam buah pens yang dibayar oleh bapa pendiri untuk menubuhkan kelab. Daun laurel juga mewakili kekuatan. Untuk melengkapkan puncak, 1886 dan 2011 ditunjukkan pada kedua-dua sisi moto \"Forward\" di bahagian bawah puncak. <> Perayaan apa yang telah dilakukan Arsenal pada musim 2011-12? || Ulang tahun ke-125 <> Apa 15 daun oak di puncak ulang tahun menunjukkan? || ahli pengasas <> Tarikh apa yang digambarkan pada puncak ulang tahun Arsenal? || 1886 dan 2011 <> Apa moto yang ditunjukkan pada puncak ulang tahun kelab Arsenal? || Teruskan <> Di manakah pasukan Arsenal memakai puncak ulang tahun? || pada penyokong mereka <> Berapa banyak bapa pendiri di Arsenal? || <> Apa yang ada di atas puncak? || <> Apa warna huruf \"Forward\"? || <> Apa warna daun laurel di puncak? || <> Apa warna daun oak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?", "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec3", "answers": [{"text": "125th year anniversary", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?", "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec4", "answers": [{"text": "founding members", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?", "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec5", "answers": [{"text": "1886 and 2011", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?", "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec6", "answers": [{"text": "Forward", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?", "id": "5725eedb38643c19005acec7", "answers": [{"text": "on their jerseys", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15", "answer_start": 371}], "question": "How many founding fathers were there of Arsenal?", "id": "5acd0b3f07355d001abf322c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the motto \"Forward\"", "answer_start": 601}], "question": "What is on top of the crest?", "id": "5acd0b3f07355d001abf322d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What color are the letters of \"Forward\"?", "id": "5acd0b3f07355d001abf322e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What color are the laurel leaves on the crest?", "id": "5acd0b3f07355d001abf322f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "What color are the oak leaves?", "id": "5acd0b3f07355d001abf3230", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 2011\u201312 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto \"Forward\" at the bottom of the crest."}], ["Untuk sebahagian besar sejarah Arsenal, warna rumah mereka berwarna merah terang dengan lengan putih dan seluar pendek putih, walaupun ini tidak selalu berlaku. Pilihan merah adalah pengiktirafan sumbangan amal dari Nottingham Forest, sejurus selepas asas Yayasan Arsenal pada tahun 1886. Dua ahli pendiri Dial Square, Fred Beardsley dan Morris Bates, adalah bekas pemain Forest yang telah berpindah ke Woolwich untuk bekerja. Ketika mereka menyusun pasukan pertama di kawasan itu, tiada kit yang dapat ditemui, sehingga Beardsley dan Bates menulis pulang untuk mendapatkan bantuan dan menerima seperangkat kit dan bola. Kemeja itu berwarna redcurrant, warna merah gelap, dan dipakai dengan seluar pendek putih dan kaus kaki dengan gelang biru dan putih. <> Apa warna kemeja rumah Arsenal? || merah terang <> Sebagai pengiktirafan apa acara itu warna merah yang diterima pakai untuk baju Arsenal? || derma amal <> Yang ahli pendiri bertanggungjawab untuk baju merah? || Fred Beardsley dan Morris Bates <> Apakah nama awal bagi Arsenal FC? || Dial Square <> Apakah warna seluar pendek dan kaus kaki seragam awal? || putih <> Apa warna kasut pemain Arsenal? || <> Warna apa baju baju hutan Forest? || <> Pada tahun apakah pasukan bola sepak Nottingham Forest diasaskan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Fred Beardsley bermain pertama untuk Hutan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Morris Bates berhenti bermain untuk Hutan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What has the color of the Arsenal  home shirts been?", "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d4", "answers": [{"text": "bright red", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?", "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d5", "answers": [{"text": "charitable donation", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?", "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d6", "answers": [{"text": "Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?", "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d7", "answers": [{"text": "Dial Square", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the color  of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?", "id": "5725f1a489a1e219009ac0d8", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bright red", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What color are Arsenal players shoes?", "id": "5acd0bfd07355d001abf3244", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What color were Forest players shirts?", "id": "5acd0bfd07355d001abf3245", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "In what year was Nottingham Forest's football team founded?", "id": "5acd0bfd07355d001abf3246", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "In what year did Fred Beardsley first play for Forest?", "id": "5acd0bfd07355d001abf3247", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "In what year did Morris Bates stop playing for Forest?", "id": "5acd0bfd07355d001abf3248", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops."}], ["Warna rumah Arsenal menjadi inspirasi untuk sekurang-kurangnya tiga kelab lain. Pada tahun 1909, Sparta Prague menggunakan kit merah gelap seperti yang dipakai oleh Arsenal pada masa itu; pada tahun 1938, Hibernian mengadopsi reka bentuk lengan baju Arsenal di jalur hijau dan putih mereka sendiri. Pada tahun 1920, pengurus Sporting Clube de Braga kembali dari permainan di Highbury dan menukar kit hijau pasukannya kepada pendua merah Arsenal dengan lengan putih dan seluar pendek, yang menimbulkan nama samaran Os Arsenalistas. Pasukan-pasukan ini masih memakai reka bentuk sehingga ke hari ini. <> Apakah pasukan awal menyalin warna semasa Arsenal berwarna merah pada tahun 1909? || Sparta Prague <> Apa pasukan pada tahun 1938 menggunakan gaya kit yang sama, tetapi dalam warna hijau? || Hibernian <> Dengan mengatasi kit pasukan Arsenal dengan tepat, nama panggilan apa yang diberikan kepada Sporting Clube de Braga? || Os Arsenalistas <> Berapa lamakah Arsenal yang diilhamkan oleh kelab-kelab kucing yang memakai pakaian seragam mereka? || ke hari ini <> Apakah warna asal Sporting Clube de Braga? || hijau <> Dalam apa stadium yang bermain Sparta Prague? || <> Apa nama panggilan Sparta Prague? || <> Kit warna apa yang dilakukan Sparta Prague pada tahun 1908? || <> Apa warna lengan Sparta Prague? || <> Siapa yang memenangi pertandingan 1920 antara Arsenal dan Sporting Clube de Braga yang berlangsung di Highbury? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What early team copied the Arsenal's red current color in 1909?", "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac104", "answers": [{"text": "Sparta Prague", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team in 1938 used the same style of kit, but in green?", "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac105", "answers": [{"text": "Hibernian", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly, what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga?", "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac106", "answers": [{"text": "Os Arsenalistas", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms?", "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac107", "answers": [{"text": "to this day", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Sporting Clube de Braga's original color?", "id": "5725f56a89a1e219009ac108", "answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "In what stadium does Sparta Prague play?", "id": "5acd0d8207355d001abf3272", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Os Arsenalistas", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What's the nickname of Sparta Prague?", "id": "5acd0d8207355d001abf3273", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "green", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What color kit did Sparta Prague wear in 1908?", "id": "5acd0d8207355d001abf3274", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dark red", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What color are Sparta Prague's sleeves?", "id": "5acd0d8207355d001abf3275", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who won the 1920 game between Arsenal and Sporting Clube de Braga that took place at Highbury?", "id": "5acd0d8207355d001abf3276", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip. In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas. These teams still wear those designs to this day."}], ["Diluncurkan pada tahun 1888, puncak pertama Royal Arsenal menampilkan tiga meriam yang dilihat dari atas, menunjuk ke arah utara, serupa dengan lambang benteng Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (sekarang ini dipindahkan ke kot tangan Royal Borough of Greenwich). Ini kadang-kadang boleh dikelirukan untuk cerobong asap, tetapi kehadiran kepala singa yang diukir dan cascabel pada masing-masing adalah petunjuk jelas bahawa mereka adalah meriam. Ini dijatuhkan selepas pindah ke Highbury pada tahun 1913, hanya untuk dimulihkan pada tahun 1922, apabila kelab itu menggunakan puncak yang memaparkan satu meriam, menunjuk ke arah timur, dengan nama samaran The Gunners, bertulis di sebelahnya; puncak ini hanya berlangsung hingga tahun 1925, ketika meriam diterbalikkan ke arah barat dan barisannya menjadi tipis. <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal mula-mula mencipta puncak untuk pasukan? || 1888 <> Apa bahagian dari puncak Arsenal kadang-kadang salah untuk cerobong asap? || tiga meriam <> Selepas pasukan berpindah ke bandar apakah meriam itu ditinggalkan di puncak? || Highbury <> Apa nama samaran diminta kembali ke kanon di puncak kelab? || The Gunners <> Dalam tahun apakah imej kanon lebih lanjut ditapis pada puncak Arsenal? || 1925 <> Pada tahun berapakah Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich membangunkan kot itu senjata? || <> Dalam apa tahun lakukan Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich pemindahan kepada jata Royal Borough of Greenwhich? || <> Apakah puncak Arsenal dari tahun 1913 hingga 1921? || <> Apa yang menjadi puncak Arsenal sejak tahun 1925? || <> Di mana Arsenal bermain sebelum tahun 1913? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?", "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac08e", "answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?", "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac08f", "answers": [{"text": "three cannon", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?", "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac090", "answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?", "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac091", "answers": [{"text": "The Gunners", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?", "id": "5725e99c89a1e219009ac092", "answers": [{"text": "1925", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1888", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "In what year did the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich develop its coat of arms?", "id": "5acd070807355d001abf31d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1922", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "In what year did the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich transfer to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwhich?", "id": "5acd070807355d001abf31d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What was the Arsenal crest from 1913 to 1921?", "id": "5acd070807355d001abf31da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "single cannon, pointing eastwards", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "What has been the Arsenal crest since 1925?", "id": "5acd070807355d001abf31db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "Where did Arsenal play prior to 1913?", "id": "5acd070807355d001abf31dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon. This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down."}], ["Selama bertahun-tahun warna-warni Arsenal adalah baju putih dan sama ada seluar pendek hitam atau putih. Pada musim 1969-70, Arsenal memperkenalkan kit jauh dari baju kuning dengan seluar pendek biru. Kit ini dipakai pada Final Piala FA 1971 ketika Arsenal mengalahkan Liverpool untuk mengamankan gol kedua buat kali pertama dalam sejarah mereka. Arsenal mencapai final Piala FA sekali lagi pada tahun berikutnya memakai jalur pulang merah dan putih dan dipukul oleh Leeds United. Arsenal kemudian bertanding dalam tiga perlawanan Piala FA berturut-turut antara 1978 dan 1980 yang memakai jalur kuning dan biru bertuah mereka, yang kekal di kelab itu sehingga pelepasan kit hijau dan tentera laut pada 1982-83. Musim berikutnya, Arsenal kembali ke skema kuning dan biru, walaupun dengan warna biru lebih gelap daripada sebelumnya. <> Sepanjang musim apakah baju putih Arsenal berwarna putih dan seluar pendek putih atau hitam? || 1969-70 musim <> Bilakah Arsenal menghilangkan warna atau baju kuning dan seluar pendek biru? || Musim 1969-70 <> Untuk apa persaingan yang dilakukan Arsenal menggunakan kit pergi kuning dan biru? || 1971 FA Cup Final <> Apa yang Arsenal mempertimbangkan warna kuning dan biru setelah kehilangan final Piala FA memakai merah dan putih? || bertuah <> Apakah perbezaan dalam warna biru Arsenal dalam kit pergi selepas 1983? || warna gelap <> Apa kaus kaki warna jauh yang dipakai Arsenal selama bertahun-tahun? || <> Apa warna kaus kaki yang dipakai pemain Arsenal pada musim 1969-70? || <> Apa lengan warna yang dilakukan Arsenal pada musim 1969-70? || <> Apa warna kemeja Arsenal semasa musim 1969-70? || <> Apa warna baju dipakai oleh pemain Liverpool pada tahun 1971? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?", "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d38f", "answers": [{"text": "1969\u201370 season", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?", "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d390", "answers": [{"text": "1969\u201370 season", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?", "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d391", "answers": [{"text": "1971 FA Cup Final", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?", "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d392", "answers": [{"text": "lucky", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?", "id": "5725f7af271a42140099d393", "answers": [{"text": "darker shade", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What away color socks did Arsenal wear for many years?", "id": "5acd0e8c07355d001abf32a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What color socks did Arsenal players wear during the 1969-70 season?", "id": "5acd0e8c07355d001abf32a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What color sleeves did Arsenal have in the 1969-70 season?", "id": "5acd0e8c07355d001abf32a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What was Arsenal's home shirt colours during the 1969-70 season?", "id": "5acd0e8c07355d001abf32a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "yellow", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "What color shirts were worn by Liverpool players in 1971?", "id": "5acd0e8c07355d001abf32a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969\u201370 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their \"lucky\" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982\u201383. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before."}], ["Pada tahun 1933, Herbert Chapman, mahu pemainnya lebih jelas berpakaian, mengemas kini kit itu, menambah lengan putih dan menukar teduh kepada kotak pilar berwarna terang. Dua kemungkinan telah dicadangkan untuk asal-usul lengan putih. Satu cerita melaporkan bahawa Chapman menyedari penyokong di berdiri memakai baju tanpa lengan merah di atas baju putih; yang lain adalah bahawa dia diilhamkan oleh pakaian serupa yang dipakai oleh kartunis, Tom Webster, dengan siapa Chapman bermain golf. Terlepas dari kisahnya yang sebenarnya, baju merah dan putih telah datang untuk menentukan Arsenal dan pasukan telah memakai kombinasi itu, selain dari dua musim. Yang pertama ialah 1966-67, ketika Arsenal memakai baju merah; ini terbukti tidak popular dan lengan putih kembali pada musim berikutnya. Yang kedua adalah 2005-06, musim lalu yang Arsenal bermain di Highbury, ketika pasukan memakai kemeja redcurrant seperti yang dipakai pada tahun 1913, musim pertama mereka di stadion; kelab itu kembali ke warna biasa pada awal musim depan. Pada musim 2008-09, Arsenal menggantikan lengan baju tradisional putih dengan lengan merah dengan jalur putih yang luas. <> Pengurus apa yang memperbaharui baju seragam pemain pada tahun 1933? || Herbert Chapman <> Apa warna merah terang yang dilakukan oleh Chapman? || kotak tiang merah <> Apa perubahan yang tersendiri buat Chapman ke baju Arsenal? || lengan putih <> Untuk gaya baju apa yang diketahui Arsenal? || merah dan putih <> Apa yang Arsenal mahu memperingati dengan memakai baju merah gelap pada musim terakhir mereka di Highbury? || musim pertama <> Apa warna baju lengan Arsenal sebelum 1933? || <> Dalam apa stadium yang bermain Arsenal selepas musim 2005-06? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Herbert Chapman menjadi pengurus Arsenal? || <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal diasaskan? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Arsenal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?", "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f0", "answers": [{"text": "Herbert Chapman", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?", "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f1", "answers": [{"text": "pillar box red", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?", "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f2", "answers": [{"text": "white sleeves", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?", "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f3", "answers": [{"text": "red and white", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?", "id": "5725f36689a1e219009ac0f4", "answers": [{"text": "first season", "answer_start": 937}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What color was Arsenal's sleeves before 1933?", "id": "5acd0cc307355d001abf3256", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 839}], "question": "In what stadium did Arsenal play after the 2005-06 season?", "id": "5acd0cc307355d001abf3257", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Herbert Chapman become manager of Arsenal?", "id": "5acd0cc307355d001abf3258", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1933", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was Arsenal founded?", "id": "5acd0cc307355d001abf3259", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Herbert Chapman", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who founded Arsenal?", "id": "5acd0cc307355d001abf325a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966\u201367, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005\u201306, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008\u201309 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe."}], ["Pada tahun 1949, kelab itu melancarkan satu misteri yang dimodernisasi yang memaparkan gaya meriam yang sama di bawah nama kelab itu, yang ditulis dalam huruf hitam, dan di atas lambang binaan Metropolitan Borough of Islington dan tatal yang ditulis dengan moto Latin yang baru diadopsi, Victoria Concordia Crescit \"kemenangan berasal dari keharmonian\", dicipta oleh editor program kelab Harry Homer. Buat pertama kalinya, puncaknya dijadikan warna, yang sedikit berubah di atas hayat puncak, akhirnya menjadi merah, emas dan hijau. Kerana banyak revisi di puncak, Arsenal tidak dapat hak cipta itu. Walaupun kelab itu berjaya mendaftarkan diri sebagai tanda dagang, dan telah berjuang (dan akhirnya memenangi) pertarungan yang panjang dengan pedagang jalanan tempatan yang menjual barang dagangan \"tidak rasmi\" Arsenal, akhirnya Arsenal mencari perlindungan undang-undang yang lebih komprehensif. Oleh itu, pada tahun 2002 mereka memperkenalkan puncak baru yang memaparkan garis melengkung yang lebih moden dan gaya ringkas, yang boleh menjadi hak cipta. Meriam itu sekali lagi menghadap timur dan nama kelab itu ditulis dalam huruf besar sans-serif di atas meriam itu. Hijau digantikan oleh biru tua. Puncak baru dikritik oleh beberapa pendukung; Persatuan Penyokong Bebas Arsenal mendakwa bahawa kelab itu telah mengabaikan banyak sejarah dan tradisi Arsenal dengan reka bentuk moden radikal sedemikian, dan peminat-peminat itu tidak betul-betul berunding mengenai isu itu. <> Apa moto Latin ditambah ke puncak pada tahun 1949? || Victoria Concordia Crescit <> Pada tahun 1949 apa tambahan baru dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kelab kelab Arsenal? || diberikan dalam warna <> Apakah pendirian undang-undang yang digunakan Arsenal untuk memenangi tuntutan undang-undang terhadap peniaga? || tanda dagangan <> Dalam tahun apakah Arsenal menghasilkan puncak yang telah diubahsuai yang boleh berhak cipta? || 2002 <> Siapa yang penyokong Arsenal fikir seharusnya telah dirujuk sebelum mengumumkan puncak baru? || peminat <> Apakah moto Arsenal sebelum tahun 1949? || <> Dalam tahun apakah editor program Harry Homer menyertai Arsenal? || <> Apa warna awal pada tahun 1949? || <> Pada tahun apakah Arsenal akhirnya memenangi tuntutan tanda dagangannya terhadap penjual jalanan? || <> Pada tahun apakah Persatuan Penyokong Bebas Arsenal dibentuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?", "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace85", "answers": [{"text": "Victoria Concordia Crescit", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?", "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace86", "answers": [{"text": "rendered in colour", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?", "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace87", "answers": [{"text": "trademark", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?", "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace88", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?", "id": "5725ebb338643c19005ace89", "answers": [{"text": "fans", "answer_start": 1337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Victoria Concordia Crescit", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What was Arsenal's motto prior to 1949?", "id": "5acd094507355d001abf31f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did programme editor Harry Homer join Arsenal?", "id": "5acd094507355d001abf31f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "red, gold and green", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "What was the crest's initial colors in 1949?", "id": "5acd094507355d001abf31f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 865}], "question": "In what year did Arsenal finally win its trademark lawsuit against a street vendor?", "id": "5acd094507355d001abf31f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year was the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association formed?", "id": "5acd094507355d001abf31f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit \"victory comes from harmony\", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold \"unofficial\" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue."}], ["Selalu ada penyokong Arsenal di luar London, dan sejak kedatangan televisyen satelit, penyokong penyokong ke sebuah kelab bola sepak telah menjadi kurang bergantung pada geografi. Akibatnya, Arsenal mempunyai sejumlah besar penggemar dari luar London dan di seluruh dunia; Pada tahun 2007, 24 UK, 37 Ireland dan 49 kelab penyokong luar negara lain bergabung dengan kelab. Laporan 2011 oleh SPORT + MARKT menganggarkan fanbase global Arsenal pada 113 juta. Aktiviti media sosial kelab itu adalah yang paling tinggi kelima dalam dunia bola sepak semasa musim 2014-15. <> Apa media telah menambah asas peminat Arsenal? || televisyen satelit <> Berapa banyak kelab penyokong di luar Britain yang ada di 2007 yang bergabung dengan Arsenal? || 49 <> Pada tahun 2011 apa yang diperkirakan peminat Arsenal? || 113 juta <> Apakah kedudukan dunia media sosial Arsenal pada musim 2015-15? || kelima tertinggi <> Dalam zaman satelit dan media sosial, apa yang menjadi peminat sekarang kurang bergantung? || geografi <> Apa kelab mempunyai aktiviti media sosial tertinggi semasa musim 2014-15? || <> Siapa yang memenangi musim 2014-15? || <> Berapa ramai penyokong Arsenal Amerika ada di sana? || <> Berapa ramai orang mengikuti akaun media sosial Arsenal? || <> Dalam tahun apakah SPORT + MARKT mula mencetak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?", "id": "57260512271a42140099d3cf", "answers": [{"text": "satellite television", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many supporter clubs outside Britain  were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?", "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d0", "answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?", "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d1", "answers": [{"text": "113 million", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?", "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d2", "answers": [{"text": "fifth highest", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?", "id": "57260512271a42140099d3d3", "answers": [{"text": "geography", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What club had the highest social media activity during the 2014-15 season?", "id": "5acd16c507355d001abf3422", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "Who won the 2014-15 season?", "id": "5acd16c507355d001abf3423", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "24", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "How many American Arsenal supporter clubs are there?", "id": "5acd16c507355d001abf3424", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "113 million", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "How many people follow Arsenal's social media accounts?", "id": "5acd16c507355d001abf3425", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "In what year did SPORT+MARKT start printing?", "id": "5acd16c507355d001abf3426", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club. A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million. The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014\u201315 season."}], ["Persaingan yang paling lama dan paling sengit di Arsenal adalah dengan jiran utama mereka yang terdekat, Tottenham Hotspur; perlawanan antara kedua-duanya disebut sebagai derbies North London. Persaingan lain di London termasuk yang ada di Chelsea, Fulham dan West Ham United. Di samping itu, Arsenal dan Manchester United membangun persaingan yang kuat di akhir 1980-an, yang semakin meningkat pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini apabila kedua-dua kelab bersaing untuk kejuaraan Liga Perdana - sehingga 2003 undian dalam talian oleh Banci Peminat Bola Sepak Manchester United sebagai pesaing Arsenal, diikuti oleh Tottenham dan Chelsea. Satu tinjauan tahun 2008 menyenaraikan pertandingan Tottenham sebagai lebih penting. <> Apa kelab bola sepak adalah saingan utama Arsenal? || Tottenham Hotspur <> Sejak Arsenal dan Tottenham Hotspurs sangat dekat dengan geografi, apakah peraduan di antara mereka yang dipanggil? || North London derbies <> Apa kelab yang mempunyai Arsenal telah bertahan sejak 1980-an? || Manchester United <> Apa persaingan mencetuskan persaingan dengan Manchester? || Gelaran Liga Perdana <> Apa pendapat pengundi tahun ini bahawa persaingan Tottenham adalah yang paling besar? || 2008 <> Siapa yang paling hebat persaingan Chelsea? || <> Pungutan suara 2008 menunjukkan pasukan mana yang saingan terbesar West Ham United? || <> Menurut pungutan dalam talian 2003 yang merupakan kelab saingan terbesar Fulham? || <> Dalam tahun apa yang diasaskan oleh West Ham United? || <> Apakah perlawanan antara Chelsea dan Manchester United dipanggil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What football club is Arsenal's greatest rival?", "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac164", "answers": [{"text": "Tottenham Hotspur", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since the Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspurs are geographically so close , what is the contest between them called?", "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac165", "answers": [{"text": "North London derbies", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What club has Arsenal have an increased rivalry since the 1980s?", "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac166", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester United", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester?", "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac167", "answers": [{"text": "Premier League title", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year's poll of supporters said that the Tottenham rivalry was greatest?", "id": "5726083a89a1e219009ac168", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West Ham United", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "Who is Chelsea's biggest rivalry with?", "id": "5acd176407355d001abf3440", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chelsea", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "A 2008 poll showed which team is West Ham United's biggest rival?", "id": "5acd176407355d001abf3441", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tottenham Hotspur", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "According to a 2003 online poll who is Fulham's biggest rival club?", "id": "5acd176407355d001abf3442", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 468}], "question": "In what year was West Ham United founded?", "id": "5acd176407355d001abf3443", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North London derbies", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What are matches between Chelsea and Manchester United called?", "id": "5acd176407355d001abf3444", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies. Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea, Fulham and West Ham United. In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title \u2013 so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal's biggest rivals, followed by Tottenham and Chelsea. A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important."}], ["Sama seperti semua kelab bola sepak Inggeris utama, Arsenal mempunyai beberapa kelab penyokong domestik, termasuk Kelab Penyokong Bola Sepak Arsenal, yang bekerja rapat dengan kelab, dan Persatuan Penyokong Bebas Arsenal, yang mengekalkan garis yang lebih bebas. Kepercayaan Penyokong Arsenal mempromosikan penyertaan yang lebih besar dalam pemilikan kelab oleh peminat. Penyokong kelab juga menerbitkan fanzines seperti The Gooner, Gunflash dan satirical Up The Ass !. Sebagai tambahan kepada lagu-lagu bola sepak Inggeris yang biasa, penyokong menyanyikan lagu \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (kepada lagu \"Go West\"). <> Apa jenis kelab yang ada di Arsenal? || Kelab penyokong domestik <> Kelab penggemar mana yang rapat dengan kelab Arsenal? || Kelab Penyokong Bola Sepak Arsenal <> Apa penyokong kelab lebih terikat dengan Arsenal? || Persatuan Penyokong Bebas Arsenal <> Apa kumpulan peminat mahu lebih banyak hak pemilikan di kelab Arsenal? || Kepercayaan Penyokong Arsenal <> Apa sajakah penyokong Arsenal? || Satu-Tiada kepada Arsenal <> Yang kelab penyokong domestik Arsenal mana yang pertama dicipta? || <> Yang fanzine Arsenal yang pertama diterbitkan? || <> Yang mana kelab penyokong domestik Arsenal yang terakhir ditubuhkan? || <> Apakah Arsenal Fanzine terkini untuk memulakan penerbitan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of clubs does Arsenal have?", "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c5", "answers": [{"text": "domestic supporters' clubs", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club?", "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c6", "answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Football Supporters' Club", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal?", "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c7", "answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club?", "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c8", "answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Supporters' Trust", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters?", "id": "5726030e271a42140099d3c9", "answers": [{"text": "One-Nil to the Arsenal", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Football Supporters' Club", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "Which Arsenal domestic supporters' club was the first to be created?", "id": "5acd15e907355d001abf33fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gunflash", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "Which Arsenal fanzine was the first to be published?", "id": "5acd15e907355d001abf33fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Football Supporters' Club", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "Which was the last Arsenal domestic supporter club to be established?", "id": "5acd15e907355d001abf33fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Up The Arse!", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "What was the latest Arsenal Fanzine to start publishing?", "id": "5acd15e907355d001abf33ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing \"One-Nil to the Arsenal\" (to the tune of \"Go West\")."}], ["Arsenal telah muncul dalam beberapa media \"pertama\". Pada 22 Januari 1927, perlawanan mereka di Highbury menentang Sheffield United adalah perlawanan Liga Inggeris pertama yang disiarkan secara langsung di radio. Sepuluh tahun kemudian, pada 16 September 1937, pertandingan pameran antara pasukan pertama dan rizab Arsenal adalah perlawanan bola sepak pertama di dunia untuk disiarkan secara langsung. Arsenal juga muncul dalam edisi pertama Match of the Day yang disiarkan BBC yang menonjolkan perlawanan mereka menentang Liverpool di Anfield pada 22 Ogos 1964. Liputan BSkyB mengenai perlawanan Januari 2010 Arsenal menentang Manchester United adalah siaran langsung pertama dari acara sukan di televisyen 3D. <> Kenapa perlawanan Arsenal pada 22 Januari 1927 di Highbury yang pertama? || siaran langsung di radio <> Tim apa yang bermain Arsenal pada masa siaran radio pada tahun 1927? || Sheffield United <> Kapan pertandingan Arsenal yang pertama disiarkan secara langsung? || 16 September 1937 <> Untuk penyiaran pertama apa yang diberikan Arsenal menyoroti perlawanan? || Perlawanan Hari BBC <> Dalam apa bentuk yang menyiarkan siaran Arsenal pada perlawanan 2010 menentang Manchester United? || TV 3D <> Dalam stadium apa yang bermain di Arsenal untuk permainan televisyen yang pertama? || <> Pada saluran tv apa yang telah ditunjukkan 16 September 1937 permainan pameran Arsenal? || <> Siapa yang memenangi perlawanan antara Arsenal dan Liverpool pada 22 Ogos 1964? || <> Siapa yang memenangi perlawanan antara Arsenal dan Sheffield United pada 22 Januari 1927? || <> Dalam tahun apakah BskyB menyiarkan pertandingan Arsenal pertamanya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was Arsenal's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first?", "id": "57260ff138643c19005acf9d", "answers": [{"text": "broadcast live on radio", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927?", "id": "57260ff138643c19005acf9e", "answers": [{"text": "Sheffield United", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Arsenal's match the first to be televised live?", "id": "57260ff138643c19005acf9f", "answers": [{"text": "16 September 1937", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights?", "id": "57260ff138643c19005acfa0", "answers": [{"text": "BBC's Match of the Day", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what form was Arsenal's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United?", "id": "57260ff138643c19005acfa1", "answers": [{"text": "3D television", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Highbury", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "In what stadium was Arsenal playing in for the first televised game?", "id": "5acd1b6207355d001abf3556", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "On what tv channel was the 16 September 1937 Arsenal exhibition game shown?", "id": "5acd1b6207355d001abf3557", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "Who won the match between Arsenal and Liverpool on 22 August 1964?", "id": "5acd1b6207355d001abf3558", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sheffield United", "answer_start": 105}], "question": "Who won the match between Arsenal and Sheffield United on 22 January 1927?", "id": "5acd1b6207355d001abf3559", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "In what year did BskyB televise their first Arsenal game?", "id": "5acd1b6207355d001abf355a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal have appeared in a number of media \"firsts\". On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio. A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live. Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964. BSkyB's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television."}], ["Keputusan kewangan Arsenal untuk hasil kumpulan musim 2014-15 bernilai \u00a3 344.5 juta, dengan keuntungan sebelum cukai sebanyak \u00a3 24.7 juta. Inti sepakbola bisnis menunjukkan pendapatan \u00a3 329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League adalah penerbitan yang homogenizes dan membandingkan pendapatan tahunan kelab. Mereka meletakkan pendapatan bola sepak Arsenal pada \u00a3 331.3m (\u20ac 435.5m), menduduki tempat ketujuh Arsenal di kalangan kelab bola sepak dunia. Arsenal dan Deloitte menyenaraikan pendapatan hari perlawanan yang dihasilkan oleh Stadium Emirates sebagai \u00a3 100.4m, lebih daripada stadium bola sepak lain di dunia. <> Di mana kedudukan Deloitte Football Money League pangkat Arsenal di kelab bola sepak dunia? || ketujuh <> Apa nilai tempat Deloitte di Arsenal? || \u00a3 331.3m <> Apakah hari perlawanan perlawanan Emirates Stadium? || \u00a3 100.4m <> Bagaimana prestasi hari perlawanan Arsenal berbanding dengan stadium lain di dunia? || lebih <> Apa yang dilaporkan oleh Arsenal sebelum keuntungan cukai untuk 2014-15? || \u00a3 24.7m <> Siapa yang pertama mendapat pendapatan untuk kelab bola sepak dunia? || <> Berapakah nilai Stadium Emirates? || <> Berapa banyak keuntungan Arsenal datang dari teras bola sepak mereka? || <> Berapa banyak pendapatan yang diperoleh Arsenal semasa musim 2015-16? || <> Berapa banyak keuntungan yang diperoleh Arsenal untuk musim 2013-14? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs?", "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d857", "answers": [{"text": "seventh", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What value does Deloitte place on Arsenal?", "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d858", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3331.3m", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium?", "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d859", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3100.4m", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Arsenal match day revenue compare with other stadium in the world?", "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d85a", "answers": [{"text": "more", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Arsenal report a before tax profit for 2014-15?", "id": "57260d97ec44d21400f3d85b", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a324.7m", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who ranks first in revenue for world football clubs?", "id": "5acd1a9207355d001abf351a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3329.3m", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "How much is Emirates Stadium worth?", "id": "5acd1a9207355d001abf351b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a324.7m", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "How much of Arsenal's profits come from their footballing core?", "id": "5acd1a9207355d001abf351c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3344.5m", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "How much revenue did Arsenal have during the 2015-16 season?", "id": "5acd1a9207355d001abf351d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a324.7m", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "How much profit did Arsenal have for the 2013-14 season?", "id": "5acd1a9207355d001abf351e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal's financial results for the 2014\u201315 season show group revenue of \u00a3344.5m, with a profit before tax of \u00a324.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of \u00a3329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs' annual revenue. They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at \u00a3331.3m (\u20ac435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs. Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as \u00a3100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world."}], ["Highbury boleh memegang lebih daripada 60,000 penonton pada puncaknya, dan mempunyai kapasiti 57,000 sehingga awal 1990-an. Laporan Taylor dan peraturan Liga Primer mewajibkan Arsenal untuk menukar Highbury ke stadion tempat duduk sepanjang waktu untuk musim 1993-94, dengan itu mengurangkan keupayaan untuk 38,419 penonton yang duduk. Keupayaan ini dikurangkan lagi semasa perlawanan Liga Juara-Juara untuk menampung papan pengiklanan tambahan, sehingga selama dua musim, dari tahun 1998 hingga 2000, Arsenal bermain di kandang sendiri di Liga Utama Wembley, yang dapat menempatkan lebih dari 70.000 penonton. <> Apakah kebanyakan orang yang boleh menjadi tuan rumah stadium Highbury? || 60,000 <> Bilakah peraturan Liga menjadikan Arsenal mengurangkan tempat duduk di Highbury? || 1993-94 musim <> Di mana perlawanan Arsenal perlawanan kerana peningkatan kapasiti tempat duduk? || Wembley <> Sepanjang masa apa permainan Arsenal di Wembley? || 1998 hingga 2000 <> Apakah kapasiti tempat duduk yang ditawarkan Wembley yang perlu menarik Arsenal bermain di sana? || 70,000 <> Apa penghunian tertinggi di Highbury pada kemuncaknya? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Wembley dibina? || <> Apakah penghunian maksimum Wembley? || <> Berapa banyak papan iklan yang ada di Wembley? || <> Apa yang dibina dahulu, Highbury atau Wembley? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?", "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac132", "answers": [{"text": "60,000", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury?", "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac133", "answers": [{"text": "1993\u201394 season", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity?", "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac134", "answers": [{"text": "Wembley", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley?", "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac135", "answers": [{"text": "1998 to 2000", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there?", "id": "5725fc3b89a1e219009ac136", "answers": [{"text": "70,000", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,000 spectators", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What was the maximum occupancy of Highbury at its peak?", "id": "5acd117907355d001abf331c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "In what year was Wembley built?", "id": "5acd117907355d001abf331d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70,000 spectators", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "What's the maximum occupancy of Wembley?", "id": "5acd117907355d001abf331e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 449}], "question": "How many advertising board does Wembley have?", "id": "5acd117907355d001abf331f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wembley", "answer_start": 529}], "question": "What was built first, Highbury or Wembley?", "id": "5acd117907355d001abf3320", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s. The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993\u201394 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators. This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators."}], ["Peminat Arsenal sering merujuk kepada diri mereka sebagai \"Gooners\", nama yang berasal dari nama panggilan pasukan, \"The Gunners\". Fanbase adalah besar dan umumnya setia, dan hampir semua perlawanan rumah dijual; pada 2007-08 Arsenal mempunyai kehadiran Liga purata kedua tertinggi untuk kelab Inggeris (60,070, iaitu 99.5% daripada kapasiti yang ada), dan, pada tahun 2015, kehadiran purata sepanjang masa ketiga tertinggi. Arsenal mempunyai kehadiran purata ke tujuh tertinggi kelab bola sepak Eropah hanya di belakang Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, dan Schalke. Lokasi kelab, kawasan kaya bersebelahan seperti Canonbury dan Barnsbury, kawasan bercampur seperti Islington, Holloway, Highbury, dan London Borough of Camden, dan kebanyakannya kawasan kelas kerja seperti Finsbury Park dan Stoke Newington, bermakna penyokong Arsenal telah datang dari pelbagai kelas sosial. <> Apakah nama samaran penyokong Arsenal? || Gooners <> Dari apa namanya Gooners datang? || The Gunners <> Dari kumpulan mana yang penyokong Arsenal datang? || pelbagai kelas sosial <> Di manakah kehadiran permainan Arsenal berhubung dengan kelab Inggeris yang lain? || Purata tertinggi kedua <> Aspek dasar peminat adalah salah satu sebab kehadiran permainan yang besar? || Lokasi <> Pada tahun apa peminat Arsenal mula memanggil diri mereka, \"Gooners\"? || <> Kelab manakah Inggeris yang mempunyai purata kehadiran liga tertinggi untuk 2007-08? || <> Pasukan manakah yang mempunyai kehadiran tertinggi pada tahun 2015? || <> Apakah peminat Real Madrid memanggil diri mereka sendiri? || <> Berapa ramai orang secara purata menghadiri permainan rumah Schalke? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?", "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac148", "answers": [{"text": "Gooners", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what name does Gooners come?", "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac149", "answers": [{"text": "The Gunners", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?", "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac14a", "answers": [{"text": "variety of social classes", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?", "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac14b", "answers": [{"text": "second-highest average", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What aspect of the fan base is one of the  reasons for large game attendance?", "id": "5726016b89a1e219009ac14c", "answers": [{"text": "location", "answer_start": 590}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "In what year did Arsenal fans start calling themselves, \"Gooners\"?", "id": "5acd144007355d001abf33a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Borussia Dortmund", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "Which English club had the highest average league attendance for 2007-08?", "id": "5acd144007355d001abf33a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FC Barcelona", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "Which team had the highest attendance in 2015?", "id": "5acd144007355d001abf33a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Gooners\"", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What do fans of Real Madrid call themselves?", "id": "5acd144007355d001abf33a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,070", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "How many people on average attend a Schalke home game?", "id": "5acd144007355d001abf33a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as \"Gooners\", the name derived from the team's nickname, \"The Gunners\". The fanbase is large and generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007\u201308 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance. Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke. The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes."}], ["Pemegang saham terbesar di papan Arsenal ialah hartawan sukan Amerika Stan Kroenke. Kroenke pertama kali melancarkan tawaran untuk kelab itu pada April 2007, dan menghadapi persaingan untuk saham dari Red and White Securities, yang memperoleh saham pertamanya dari David Dein pada bulan Ogos 2007. Red & White Securities dimiliki oleh jutawan Rusia Alisher Usmanov dan Iran Pembiaya berpusat di London, Farhad Moshiri, walaupun Usmanov membeli pegangan Moshiri pada tahun 2016. Kroenke mendekati ambang pengambilalihan 30% pada bulan November 2009, apabila ia meningkat kepada 18,594 saham (29.9%). Pada April 2011, Kroenke mencapai pengambilalihan penuh dengan membeli pegangan saham Nina Bracewell-Smith dan Danny Fiszman, mengambil pegangan sahamnya kepada 62.89%. Sehingga Jun 2015, Kroenke memiliki 41,698 saham (67.02%) dan Red & White Securities memiliki 18,695 saham (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis telah menjadi Ketua Eksekutif kelab sejak 2009. <> Apa individu pemegang saham terbesar di papan Arsenal? || Stan Kroenke <> Berapa peratuskah saham dalam Arsenal yang dilakukan Kroenke sendiri pada tahun 2011? || 62.89% <> Siapa Ketua Eksekutif Arsenal? || Ivan Gazidis <> Siapa pesaing utama Kroenke untuk saham Arsenal? || Sekuriti Merah & Putih <> Dalam tahun apakah Kreonke dapat mengambil alih stok Arsenal? || April 2011 <> Siapa ketua eksekutif Arsenal sebelum tahun 2009? || <> Berapa saham yang dimiliki Red and White Securities milik Arsenal pada tahun 2007? || <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah David Dein memperoleh sahamnya di Arsenal? || <> Di negara apa yang dilahirkan oleh Ivan Gazidis? || <> Pada tahun apakah Nina Bracewell-Smith dan Danny Fiszman memperoleh saham Arsenal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board?", "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3d9", "answers": [{"text": "Stan Kroenke", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011?", "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3da", "answers": [{"text": "62.89%", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Arsenal's Chief Executive?", "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3db", "answers": [{"text": "Ivan Gazidis", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Kroenke's chief competitor for Arsenal stock?", "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3dc", "answers": [{"text": "Red & White Securities", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock?", "id": "572609bf271a42140099d3dd", "answers": [{"text": "April 2011", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 886}], "question": "Who was Arsenal's chief executive prior to 2009?", "id": "5acd186607355d001abf347e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18,695", "answer_start": 807}], "question": "How many shares did Red and White Securities own of Arsenal in 2007?", "id": "5acd186607355d001abf347f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 2007", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "In what month and year did David Dein acquire his shares in Arsenal?", "id": "5acd186607355d001abf3480", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Russian", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "In what country was Ivan Gazidis born?", "id": "5acd186607355d001abf3481", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "In what year did Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman acquire their shares of Arsenal?", "id": "5acd186607355d001abf3482", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke. Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007. Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016. Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%). In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%. As of June 2015, Kroenke owns 41,698 shares (67.02%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief Executive since 2009."}], ["Syarikat induk Arsenal, Arsenal Holdings plc, beroperasi sebagai syarikat terhad awam yang tidak disebut harga, yang memiliki pemilikannya jauh berbeza daripada kelab-kelab bola sepak lain. Hanya 62,217 saham dalam Arsenal telah dikeluarkan, dan mereka tidak didagangkan di bursa awam seperti FTSE atau AIM; Sebaliknya, mereka didagangkan secara relatif jarang di Bursa Efek dan Derivatif ICAP, pasaran pakar. Pada 10 Mac 2016, satu bahagian dalam Arsenal mempunyai harga pertengahan \u00a3 15,670, yang menetapkan nilai permodalan pasaran kelab itu pada kira-kira \u00a3 975m. Kebanyakan kelab bola sepak tidak disenaraikan di bursa, yang membuat perbandingan langsung dengan nilai mereka sukar. Majalah perniagaan Forbes menghargai Arsenal secara keseluruhan pada $ 1.3 bilion pada tahun 2015. Perunding Brand Finance menghargai jenama kelab dan aset tidak ketara pada $ 703m pada tahun 2015, dan mempertimbangkan Arsenal sebagai jenama global AAA. Penyelidikan oleh Sekolah Perniagaan Henley menggambarkan nilai kelab itu pada \u00a3 1.118 bilion pada 2015, yang kedua tertinggi dalam Liga Perdana Inggeris. <> Dengan apa arti Arsenal beroperasi sebagai sebuah syarikat? || tidak disebutkan awam terbatas <> Berapa banyak saham saham Arsenal di sana? || 62,217 <> Pada 10 Mac, 2016 apakah nilai saham Arsenal? || \u00a3 15,670 <> Nilai apa yang ditempatkan Forbes pada Arsenal pada tahun 2015? || $ 1.3 bilion <> Apa yang bernilai dalam Liga Premier ialah Arsenal? || kedua tertinggi <> Pada pertukaran apakah beberapa saham kelab UK didagangkan? || <> Berapa nilai Forbes menganggarkan nilai Arsenal menjadi sehingga 2017? || <> Berapakah harga saham Arsenal sebanyak 1-1-2018? || <> Kelab mana yang mempunyai nilai tertinggi pada 2015 mengikut Henley Business School? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "By what means does Arsenal operate as a company?", "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e3", "answers": [{"text": "non-quoted public limited", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many shares of Arsenal stock are there?", "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e4", "answers": [{"text": "62,217", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On March 10,2016 what was the value of a share of Arsenal stock?", "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e5", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a315,670", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What value did Forbes place on Arsenal in 2015?", "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e6", "answers": [{"text": "$1.3 billion", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal?", "id": "57260b6a271a42140099d3e7", "answers": [{"text": "second highest", "answer_start": 969}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "FTSE", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "On what exchange are some UK clubs shares traded?", "id": "5acd191807355d001abf34ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$1.3 billion", "answer_start": 719}], "question": "How much does Forbes estimate Arsenal's value to be as of 2017?", "id": "5acd191807355d001abf34af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a315,670", "answer_start": 474}], "question": "How much does a single share of Arsenal cost as of 1-1-2018?", "id": "5acd191807355d001abf34b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What club has the highest value as of 2015 according to Henley Business School?", "id": "5acd191807355d001abf34b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market. On 10 March 2016, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of \u00a315,670, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately \u00a3975m. Most football clubs aren't listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult. Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $1.3 billion in 2015. Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand. Research by the Henley Business School modelled the club's value at \u00a31.118 billion in 2015, the second highest in the Premier League."}], ["Pengembangan Highbury adalah terhad kerana East Stand telah ditetapkan sebagai bangunan tersenarai Grade II dan tiga tempat duduk lain yang berdekatan dengan harta kediaman. Keterbatasan ini menghalang kelab dari memaksimumkan hasil perlawanan pada 1990-an dan dekad pertama abad ke-21, menjadikan mereka dalam bahaya ketinggalan dalam ledakan bola sepak pada masa itu. Selepas mempertimbangkan pelbagai pilihan, pada 2000 Arsenal mencadangkan membina stadium 60,361-kapasiti baru di Ashburton Grove, sejak menamakan Stadium Emirates, kira-kira 500 meter di barat daya Highbury. Projek itu pada awalnya ditangguhkan oleh pita merah dan peningkatan kos, dan pembinaan telah siap pada Julai 2006, pada masanya untuk permulaan musim 2006-07. Stadion itu dinamakan sempena penaja-penajanya, syarikat penerbangan Emirates, yang mana kelab menandatangani perjanjian penajaan terbesar dalam sejarah bola sepak Inggeris, bernilai sekitar \u00a3 100 juta; sesetengah peminat merujuk tanah sebagai Ashburton Grove, atau Grove, kerana mereka tidak bersetuju dengan penajaan korporat nama stadium. Stadion ini akan dikenali sebagai Stadium Emirates sehingga sekurang-kurangnya 2028, dan syarikat penerbangan itu akan menjadi penaja baju kelab sehingga akhir musim 2018-19. Dari permulaan musim 2010-11, stadium stadium telah dikenali secara rasmi sebagai North Bank, East Stand, West Stand dan Clock end. <> Bilakah Arsenal menawarkan rancangan untuk membina stadium baru di Ashburton Grove? || 2000 <> Dengan nama apa yang diketahui akhirnya stadium Arsenal? || Stadium Emirates <> Berapakah jumlah syarikat penerbangan syarikat penerbangan Emirates itu? || \u00a3 100 juta <> Daripada segi apa yang menamakan penamaan stadium, ada beberapa peminat tidak setuju? || penajaan korporat <> Apa jenis perjanjian yang berurusan dengan Emirates? || perjanjian penajaan <> Apa Kedudukan Timur Highbury dekat? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang boleh masuk ke Highbury? || <> Berapa banyak perjanjian penajaan terbesar dalam sejarah bola sepak dunia yang bernilai? || <> Apakah Clock End dekat? || <> Apakah Northbank dekat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?", "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7e7", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?", "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7e8", "answers": [{"text": "Emirates Stadium", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?", "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7e9", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3100 million", "answer_start": 896}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?", "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7ea", "answers": [{"text": "corporate sponsorship", "answer_start": 1004}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?", "id": "5725ff4cec44d21400f3d7eb", "answers": [{"text": "sponsorship deal", "answer_start": 837}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "residential properties", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What was the East Stand of Highbury close to?", "id": "5acd132b07355d001abf337c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60,361", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "How many people could fit into Highbury?", "id": "5acd132b07355d001abf337d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3100 million", "answer_start": 896}], "question": "How much is the largest sponsorship deal in global football history worth?", "id": "5acd132b07355d001abf337e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "residential properties", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What is Clock End close to?", "id": "5acd132b07355d001abf337f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "residential properties", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What is Northbank close to?", "id": "5acd132b07355d001abf3380", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006\u201307 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around \u00a3100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018\u201319 season. From the start of the 2010\u201311 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end."}], ["Arsenal Ladies adalah kelab bola sepak wanita yang bergabung dengan Arsenal. Diasaskan pada tahun 1987, mereka menjadi separuh profesional pada tahun 2002 dan diuruskan oleh Clare Wheatley. Wanita Arsenal adalah pasukan yang paling berjaya dalam bola sepak wanita Inggeris. Pada musim 2008-09, mereka memenangi ketiga-tiga trofi Inggeris utama - Liga Perdana FA Wanita, Piala Wanita FA dan Piala Liga Perdana Wanita FA, dan, pada 2009, adalah satu-satunya pasukan Inggeris yang telah memenangi Piala Wanita UEFA, setelah melakukannya pada musim 2006-07 sebagai sebahagian daripada kuadruple unik. Kelab lelaki dan wanita adalah entiti secara berasingan tetapi mempunyai hubungan rapat; Wanita Arsenal berhak bermain sekali dalam satu musim di Stadium Emirates, walaupun mereka biasanya bermain di rumah mereka di Boreham Wood. <> Apakah nama kelab bola sepak yang bergabung dengan Arsenal? || Arsenal Ladies <> Bilakah pasukan Arsenal Ladies menjadi separuh profesional? || 2002 <> Bagaimana kedudukan Arsenal Ladies dibandingkan dengan pasukan bola sepak wanita Inggeris yang lain? || paling berjaya <> Menjelang tahun 2009 apakah pertandingan yang telah menjadi Ladies Arsenal menjadi satu-satunya pasukan wanita yang telah menang? || Piala Wanita UEFA <> Pada apa stadium wanita Arsenal biasanya bermain? || Boreham Wood. <> Pada tahun apakah Clare Wheatley mula menguruskan Arsenal Ladies? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Boreham Wood dibina? || <> Pasukan manakah yang kedua paling berjaya dalam bola sepak wanita Inggeris? || <> Berapa kali setahun bermain Arsenal Ladies di Boreham Wood? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal?", "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac232", "answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Ladies", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional?", "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac233", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women's football teams?", "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac234", "answers": [{"text": "most successful", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won?", "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac235", "answers": [{"text": "UEFA Women's Cup", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play?", "id": "572616c289a1e219009ac236", "answers": [{"text": "Boreham Wood.", "answer_start": 733}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "In what year did Clare Wheatley start managing Arsenal Ladies?", "id": "5acd1fbd07355d001abf35ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "In what year was Boreham Wood built?", "id": "5acd1fbd07355d001abf35cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Ladies", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Which team is the second most successful in English women's football?", "id": "5acd1fbd07355d001abf35d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "once", "answer_start": 647}], "question": "How many times a year does Arsenal Ladies play at Boreham Wood?", "id": "5acd1fbd07355d001abf35d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal Ladies are the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded in 1987, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley. Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2009, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup, having done so in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple. The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood."}], ["Kejohanan Liga 13 di Arsenal adalah yang ketiga tertinggi dalam bola sepak Inggeris, selepas Manchester United (20) dan Liverpool (18), dan mereka adalah kelab pertama yang mencapai 8 Kejohanan Liga. Mereka memegang trofi Piala FA tertinggi, 12. Kelab itu adalah satu daripada hanya enam kelab yang memenangi Piala FA dua kali berturut-turut, pada 2002 dan 2003, dan 2014 dan 2015. Arsenal telah mencapai tiga Liga dan Piala FA \"Doubles \"(pada tahun 1971, 1998 dan 2002), prestasi yang pernah dicapai oleh Manchester United (1994, 1996 dan 1999). Mereka adalah pasukan pertama dalam bola sepak Inggeris untuk menyelesaikan Piala FA dan Piala Liga dua kali, pada 1993. Arsenal juga merupakan kelab pertama London untuk mencapai final Liga Juara-Juara UEFA, pada 2006, kalah 2-1 ke Barcelona. <> Berapa banyak Kejohanan Liga memenangi Arsenal? || 13 <> Ke mana Kejuaraan Liga Arsenal meletakkannya berbanding dengan pasukan Inggeris lain? || ketiga tertinggi <> Daripada apa jenis trofi yang paling dimiliki Arsenal? || Piala FA Piala <> Dalam apa persaingan yang Arsenal yang pertama memasuki peringkat akhir? || Liga Juara-Juara UEFA <> Apakah pasukan yang mengalahkan Arsenal untuk memenangi Liga Juara-Juara UEFA 2006? || Barcelona <> Apakah salah satu pasukan lain yang memenangi Piala FA dua kali berturut-turut? || <> Berapa kali Barcelona memenangi Liga Juara-Juara UEFA? || <> Pada tahun apakah Kejuaraan Liga terakhir Liverpool? || <> Pada tahun apakah Manchester United ketika kejuaraan Liga pertamanya? || <> Pasukan mana yang mempunyai trofi Piala FA yang kedua? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many League Championships has Arsenal won?", "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac218", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Arsenal's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams?", "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac219", "answers": [{"text": "third highest", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most?", "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac21a", "answers": [{"text": "FA Cup trophies", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals?", "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac21b", "answers": [{"text": "UEFA Champions League", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League?", "id": "5726152c89a1e219009ac21c", "answers": [{"text": "Barcelona", "answer_start": 747}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Liverpool", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What is one of the other teams that has won the FA Cup twice in succession?", "id": "5acd1e9107355d001abf35ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "How many times has Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League?", "id": "5acd1e9107355d001abf35bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "In what year was Liverpool's last League Championship?", "id": "5acd1e9107355d001abf35bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1971", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "In what year did Manchester United when its first League Championship?", "id": "5acd1e9107355d001abf35bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester United", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "Which team has the second most FA Cup trophies?", "id": "5acd1e9107355d001abf35be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18), and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships. They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup \"Doubles\" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2\u20131 to Barcelona."}], ["Arsenal sering dianggap stereotaip sebagai pasukan pertahanan dan \"membosankan\", terutamanya semasa 1970-an dan 1980-an; ramai pelawak, seperti Eric Morecambe, membuat lelucon mengenainya dengan perbelanjaan pasukan. Tema ini diulangi dalam filem 1997 The Full Monty, dalam satu kejadian di mana pelakon utama bergerak dalam barisan dan menaikkan tangan mereka, sengaja meniru perangkap offside pertahanan Arsenal, dalam usaha untuk menyelaraskan rutin striptis mereka. Satu lagi rujukan filem untuk pertahanan kelab itu datang dalam filem Plunkett & Macleane, di mana dua watak dinamakan Dixon dan Winterburn selepas punggung Arsenal yang penuh dengan panjang penuh - Lee Dixon yang berpihak kepada kanan dan Nigel Winterburn sebelah kiri. <> Bagaimana pemain Arsenal digambarkan dalam media? || defensif dan \"membosankan\" <> Dalam apa dekad yang pemain-pemain Arsenal stereotaip dengan cara yang negatif? || 1970-an dan 1980-an <> Filem apa yang menampilkan permainan Arsenal dalam cara yang menghina? || The Full Monty <> Komik mana yang membuat banyak lelucon tentang pemain Arsenal? || Eric Morecambe <> Filem apa yang menggunakan watak-watak yang dinamakan selepas punggung Arsenal? || Plunkett & Macleane <> Dalam tahun apakah pelepasan filem Plunkett & Macleane? || <> Siapa dua watak dalam The Full Monty? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Lee Dixon menyertai Arsenal? || <> Pada tahun apakah permainan terakhir Nigel Winterburn dengan Arsenal? || <> Siapa yang bertanding pada Arsenal pada tahun 1997? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How have Arsenal players portrayed in media?", "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d891", "answers": [{"text": "defensive and \"boring\"", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decades were Arsenal players stereotyped in a negative way?", "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d892", "answers": [{"text": "1970s and 1980s", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film featured a Arsenal play in  derogatory way?", "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d893", "answers": [{"text": "The Full Monty", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which comic made numerous jokes about Arsenal players?", "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d894", "answers": [{"text": "Eric Morecambe", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film uses characters named after Arsenal full backs?", "id": "57261351ec44d21400f3d895", "answers": [{"text": "Plunkett & Macleane", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "In what year did the movie Plunkett & Macleane release?", "id": "5acd1da407355d001abf359c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dixon and Winterburn", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "Who are two of the characters in The Full Monty?", "id": "5acd1da407355d001abf359d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "In what year did Lee Dixon join Arsenal?", "id": "5acd1da407355d001abf359e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "In what year was Nigel Winterburn's last game with Arsenal?", "id": "5acd1da407355d001abf359f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eric Morecambe", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "Who was Arsenal's right-sided in 1997?", "id": "5acd1da407355d001abf35a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \"boring\" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s; many comedians, such as Eric Morecambe, made jokes about this at the team's expense. The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine. Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs \u2013 the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn."}], ["Sebagai salah satu pasukan paling berjaya di negara ini, Arsenal sering muncul apabila bola sepak digambarkan dalam seni di Britain. Mereka membentuk latar belakang ke salah satu filem berkaitan sepakbola yang paling awal, Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939). Filem ini memainkan pertandingan persahabatan antara Arsenal dan pasukan amatur, salah seorang pemainnya diracun ketika bermain. Ramai pemain Arsenal muncul seperti diri mereka sendiri dan pengurus George Allison diberi bahagian bercakap. Baru-baru ini, buku Fever Pitch oleh Nick Hornby adalah akaun autobiografi hidup dan hubungan Hornby dengan bola sepak dan Arsenal khususnya. Diterbitkan pada tahun 1992, ia menjadi sebahagian daripada kebangkitan dan pemulihan bola sepak dalam masyarakat Inggeris pada tahun 1990-an. Buku itu dua kali disesuaikan untuk panggung wayang - filem British 1997 memfokuskan pada kemenangan tajuk Arsenal 1988-89, dan versi Amerika 2005 menampilkan peminat Boston Red Sox besbol. <> Dalam filem apa yang ditunjukkan oleh Arsenal FC? || Arsenal Stadium Mystery <> Apa pengurus Arsenal mempunyai bahagian bercakap dalam filem 1939? || George Allison <> Apa buku oleh Nick Hornby telah dua kali disesuaikan untuk filem? || Fever Pitch <> Bilakah buku Hornby diterbitkan? || 1992 <> Dalam apa dekad filem dan kesusasteraan membantu menghidupkan semula bola sepak di Britain? || 1990-an <> Apakah nama filem 1997 mengenai Arsenal? || <> Apakah nama filem 2005 mengenai Boston Red Sox? || <> Siapa yang menjadi pelakon utama dalam Misteri Stadium Arsenal? || <> Pemain apa yang diracuni semasa filem Misteri Stadium Arsenal? || <> Apa stadium yang bermain di Boston Red Sox? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what film was Arsenal FC shown?", "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d6", "answers": [{"text": "The Arsenal Stadium Mystery", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Arsenal manager had a speaking part in the 1939 film?", "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d7", "answers": [{"text": "George Allison", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film?", "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d8", "answers": [{"text": "Fever Pitch", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Hornby's book published?", "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1d9", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade did film and literature help revive football in Britain?", "id": "5726118689a1e219009ac1da", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fever Pitch", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What was the name of the 1997 movie about Arsenal?", "id": "5acd1c4c07355d001abf356a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fever Pitch", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What was the name of the 2005 movie about the Boston Red Sox?", "id": "5acd1c4c07355d001abf356b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nick Hornby", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "Who was the lead actor in Arsenal Stadium Mystery?", "id": "5acd1c4c07355d001abf356c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nick Hornby", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "What player is poisoned during the Arsenal Stadium Mystery movie?", "id": "5acd1c4c07355d001abf356d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arsenal Stadium", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What stadium do the Boston Red Sox play in?", "id": "5acd1c4c07355d001abf356e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain. They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related films, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939). The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing. Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part. More recently, the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s. The book was twice adapted for the cinema \u2013 the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988\u201389 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox."}]], [["Di dalam masyarakat Barat, skirt, pakaian dan kasut bertumit tinggi biasanya dilihat sebagai pakaian wanita, manakala tali dada biasanya dilihat sebagai pakaian lelaki. Seluar pernah dilihat sebagai pakaian lelaki eksklusif, tetapi pada masa kini dipakai oleh kedua-dua jantina. Pakaian lelaki sering lebih praktikal (iaitu, mereka boleh berfungsi dengan baik di bawah pelbagai situasi), tetapi gaya pakaian yang lebih luas tersedia untuk wanita. Lelaki biasanya dibenarkan untuk membuka peti mereka di pelbagai tempat awam. Ia secara umumnya boleh diterima oleh seorang wanita untuk memakai pakaian tradisional lelaki, manakala yang bersangkutan adalah luar biasa. <> Apa contoh pakaian yang pernah dilihat secara eksklusif untuk lelaki? || Celana <> Apa pakaian jantina yang sering lebih praktikal? || Lelaki <> Apa yang lelaki mungkin biasanya terdedah di lebih banyak tempat? || dada mereka <> Apa yang tidak mungkin menimbulkan kening jika seorang wanita memakainya? || pakaian lelaki <> Apakah pendapat umum tentang lelaki memakai pakaian wanita? || luar biasa <> Apa pakaian eksklusif untuk lelaki? || <> Pakaian wanita sering lebih banyak lagi? || <> Laki-laki biasanya tidak dibenarkan untuk menunjukkan apa di tempat awam || <> Secara umumnya tidak boleh diterima oleh wanita untuk memakai apa? || <> Dalam masyarakat Barat, rok pakaian dan dasi biasanya dilihat sebagai apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?", "id": "57261162271a42140099d421", "answers": [{"text": "Trousers", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gender's clothing is often more practical?", "id": "57261162271a42140099d422", "answers": [{"text": "Male", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can males typically bare in more places?", "id": "57261162271a42140099d423", "answers": [{"text": "their chests", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?", "id": "57261162271a42140099d424", "answers": [{"text": "male clothing", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?", "id": "57261162271a42140099d425", "answers": [{"text": "unusual", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trousers", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "What clothing is exclusively for males?", "id": "5a0cf49bf5590b0018dab6a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "practical", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Female clothing is often more what?", "id": "5a0cf49bf5590b0018dab6a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their chests", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "Males are typically not allowed to show what in public places", "id": "5a0cf49bf5590b0018dab6a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "traditionally male clothing", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "It is generally not acceptable for women to wear what?", "id": "5a0cf49bf5590b0018dab6a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women's clothing", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "In Western society skirts dresses and neckties are typically seen as what?", "id": "5a0cf49bf5590b0018dab6a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual."}], ["Tidak ada cara mudah untuk menentukan apabila pakaian mula-mula dibangun, tetapi beberapa maklumat telah disimpulkan dengan mengkaji kutu. Bulu badan secara khusus tinggal di dalam pakaian, dan menyimpang dari kutu kepala sekitar 107,000 tahun yang lalu, menunjukkan bahawa pakaian ada pada masa itu. Teori lain ialah manusia moden adalah satu-satunya yang terselamat dari beberapa spesies primata yang mungkin memakai pakaian dan pakaian itu mungkin telah digunakan sejak dahulu 650 ribu tahun yang lalu. Perkiraan berasaskan kutu yang lain meletakkan pengenalan pakaian di sekitar 42.000-72.000 BP. <> Apa yang tidak mudah untuk menentukan pakaian? || ketika pakaian pertama kali dikembangkan <> Apa organisme telah menyediakan beberapa informasi tentang garis waktu pakaian? || kutu <> Habitat apa yang spesifik untuk badan? || pakaian <> Apa yang mungkin manusia moden menjadi satu-satunya yang terselamat dari beberapa spesies? || primata <> Berapa ribuan tahun yang lalu mungkin ada pakaian yang dipakai? || 650 <> Apa yang mudah untuk menentukan pakaian? || <> Sila berikan beberapa maklumat mengenai apa? || <> Habitat apa yang dimaksudkan dengan kutu kepala? || <> Lampu menyimpang dari kutu badan berapa lama dahulu? || <> Manusia adalah satu-satunya primata yang mungkin mempunyai apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?", "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d307", "answers": [{"text": "when clothing was first developed", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?", "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d308", "answers": [{"text": "lice", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What habitat is the body louse specific to?", "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d309", "answers": [{"text": "clothing", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?", "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d30a", "answers": [{"text": "primates", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?", "id": "5725ea37271a42140099d30b", "answers": [{"text": "650", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when clothing was first developed", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What is easy to determine about clothing?", "id": "5a0cece5f5590b0018dab65c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "when clothing was first developed", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Please have provided some information about what?", "id": "5a0cece5f5590b0018dab65d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothing", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "What habitat is the head louse is specific to?", "id": "5a0cece5f5590b0018dab65e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "107,000 years", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "Headlights diverge from body lice how long ago?", "id": "5a0cece5f5590b0018dab65f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "worn clothes", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "Humans are the only primates who may have what?", "id": "5a0cece5f5590b0018dab660", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000\u201372,000 BP."}], ["Manusia telah menunjukkan daya cipta yang melampau dalam merancang penyelesaian pakaian untuk bahaya alam sekitar. Contohnya: saman ruang, pakaian dingin, baju besi, saman menyelam, pakaian renang, peralatan penjaga lebah, kulit motosikal, pakaian penglihatan tinggi dan lain-lain pakaian pelindung. Sementara itu, perbezaan antara pakaian dan peralatan perlindungan tidak selalu jelas kerana pakaian yang direka bentuk untuk menjadi bergaya sering mempunyai nilai perlindungan dan pakaian yang direka untuk fungsi sering mempertimbangkan fesyen dalam reka bentuk mereka. Memakai pakaian juga mempunyai implikasi sosial. Mereka meliputi bahagian-bahagian tubuh yang norma-norma sosial perlu dilindungi, bertindak sebagai bentuk perhiasan, dan melayani tujuan sosial yang lain. <> Haiwan apa yang telah menunjukkan daya cipta yang melampau dalam pakaian yang telah dirancangnya? || Manusia <> Apakah ruang sesuai dengan contoh penyelesaian? || bahaya alam sekitar <> Jenis implikasi apa jenis pakaian tertentu? || sosial <> Apa nilai mungkin pakaian yang direka untuk menjadi bergaya juga? || Perlindungan <> Mengapa ada bahagian-bahagian badan yang dilindungi? || norma sosial <> Manusia telah menunjukkan sedikit inventif dalam apa? || <> Apa yang tidak mempunyai implikasi sosial || <> Apa norma sosial tidak memerlukan pakaian? || <> Perbezaan antara pakaian dan apa yang selalu jelas? || <> Pakaian yang direka untuk menjadi bergaya bukanlah juga apa ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?", "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d861", "answers": [{"text": "Humans", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are space suits an example of a solution to? ", "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d862", "answers": [{"text": "environmental hazards", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?", "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d863", "answers": [{"text": "social", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?", "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d864", "answers": [{"text": "protective", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are some parts of the body covered?", "id": "57260df5ec44d21400f3d865", "answers": [{"text": "social norms", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothing solutions to environmental hazards", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Humans have shown little inventiveness in what?", "id": "5a0cf15cf5590b0018dab682", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wearing clothes", "answer_start": 527}], "question": "What does not have social implications", "id": "5a0cf15cf5590b0018dab683", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "They cover parts of the body", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "What do social norms not require of clothes?", "id": "5a0cf15cf5590b0018dab684", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "protective equipment", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "The distinction between clothing and what is always clear?", "id": "5a0cf15cf5590b0018dab685", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "protective", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "Clothing that is designed to be fashionable is not also what", "id": "5a0cf15cf5590b0018dab686", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut\u2014since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes."}], ["Menurut ahli arkeologi dan ahli antropologi, pakaian terawal mungkin terdiri daripada bulu, kulit, daun, atau rumput yang dilapisi, dibalut, atau diikat di sekeliling tubuh. Pengetahuan tentang pakaian tersebut masih disimpulkan, kerana bahan pakaian memburuk dengan cepat dibandingkan dengan batu, tulang, kerang dan artifak logam. Ahli arkeologi telah mengenal pasti jarum jahitan yang sangat awal dari tulang dan gading dari kira-kira 30,000 SM, ditemui berhampiran Kostenki, Rusia pada tahun 1988. Serat rami yang dicelup yang boleh digunakan dalam pakaian telah dijumpai di sebuah gua prasejarah di Republik Georgia yang bermula dari 36,000 BP. <> Bagaimana pakaian paling awal disimpan di dalam badan? || diikat sekitar <> Apa bahan pakaian lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan batu dan tulang? || merosot <> Siapa yang mengenal pasti jarum dari kira-kira 30,000 B.C. || Arkeologi <> Di mana terdapat serat ramu yang mungkin telah digunakan dalam pakaian yang dijumpai? || sebuah gua prasejarah <> Apa yang berlaku pada 36,000 BP? || Serat rami yang dicelup <> Pakaian paling awal disematkan pada apa? || <> Bahan pakaian merosot perlahan berbanding dengan apa? || <> Di mana kita belum menemui serat flaks || <> Ahli arkeologi telah menemui jarum logam awal dari masa dahulu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?", "id": "5726144d271a42140099d441", "answers": [{"text": "tied around", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?", "id": "5726144d271a42140099d442", "answers": [{"text": "deteriorate", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?", "id": "5726144d271a42140099d443", "answers": [{"text": "Archeologists", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?", "id": "5726144d271a42140099d444", "answers": [{"text": "a prehistoric cave", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dates back to 36,000 BP?", "id": "5726144d271a42140099d445", "answers": [{"text": "Dyed flax fibers", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "body.", "answer_start": 168}], "question": "The earliest clothing was pinned to what?", "id": "5a0cf8bef5590b0018dab6bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "Clothing material deteriorates slowly compared to what?", "id": "5a0cf8bef5590b0018dab6bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prehistoric cave", "answer_start": 528}], "question": "Where have we not yet found flax fibers", "id": "5a0cf8bef5590b0018dab6be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30,000 BC,", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Archaeologists have found early metal needles from when?", "id": "5a0cf8bef5590b0018dab6bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP."}], ["Fungsi pakaian yang paling jelas adalah untuk meningkatkan keselesaan pemakai, dengan melindungi pemakai dari unsur-unsur. Di dalam iklim panas, pakaian memberikan perlindungan daripada sinar matahari atau kerosakan angin, manakala dalam iklim sejuk, sifat penebat haba pada umumnya lebih penting. Shelter biasanya mengurangkan keperluan fesyen pakaian. Sebagai contoh, kot, topi, sarung tangan, dan lapisan dangkal lain biasanya dikeluarkan apabila memasuki rumah yang hangat, terutamanya jika seseorang tinggal atau tidur di sana. Begitu juga, pakaian mempunyai aspek bermusim dan serantau, sehingga bahan yang lebih tipis dan lapisan pakaian yang lebih sedikit biasanya dipakai pada musim dan kawasan yang lebih panas daripada yang lebih sejuk. <> Apa penambahbaikan jelas pakaian yang diberikan kepada pemakai? || Keselesaan <> Dalam apa jenis iklim pakaian melindungi daripada sinaran matahari dan kerosakan angin? || panas <> Apa harta pakaian penting dalam iklim sejuk? || penebat haba <> Apa yang mempunyai aspek bermusim dan serantau? || pakaian <> Jenis bahan apa yang cenderung dipakai pada musim panas? || nipis <> Peningkatan paling ketara yang diberikan oleh pakaian adalah apa? || <> Dalam pakaian iklim sejuk melindungi daripada selaran matahari dan apa? || <> Apa yang biasanya meningkatkan keperluan fesyen untuk pakaian? || <> Apa harta pakaian penting dalam iklim panas? || <> Lebih banyak lapisan pakaian pada umumnya dipakai apabila? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer?", "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d323", "answers": [{"text": "comfort", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage?", "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d324", "answers": [{"text": "hot", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What property of clothing is important in cold climates?", "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d325", "answers": [{"text": "thermal insulation", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has seasonal and regional aspects?", "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d326", "answers": [{"text": "clothing", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?", "id": "5725eb6c271a42140099d327", "answers": [{"text": "thinner", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comfort of the wearer", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "The least obvious improvement bestowed by clothing is what?", "id": "5a0cee05f5590b0018dab666", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wind damage,", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "In cold climate clothing protects against sunburn and what?", "id": "5a0cee05f5590b0018dab667", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shelter", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What usually increases the functional need for clothing?", "id": "5a0cee05f5590b0018dab668", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "thermal insulation properties", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "What property of clothing is important in hot climates?", "id": "5a0cee05f5590b0018dab669", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in warmer seasons", "answer_start": 634}], "question": "More layers of clothing are generally worn when?", "id": "5a0cee05f5590b0018dab66a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones."}], ["Pakaian boleh dan telah dalam sejarah dibuat dari pelbagai bahan yang sangat luas. Bahan-bahannya terdiri daripada kulit dan bulu, untuk bahan tenunan, untuk fabrik semulajadi dan sintetik yang rumit dan eksotis. Tidak semua penutup badan dianggap sebagai pakaian. Artikel-artikel yang dibawa bukannya dipakai (seperti dompet), dipakai pada satu bahagian badan dan mudah dikeluarkan (syal), dipakai semata-mata untuk perhiasan (perhiasan), atau yang berfungsi sebagai fungsi selain perlindungan (kacamata) aksesori daripada pakaian, seperti kasut dan topi. <> Apakah perbezaannya dalam bahan pakaian sepanjang sejarah? || sangat luas <> Apa artikel yang dibawa daripada dipakai yang tidak dianggap sebagai pakaian? || dompet <> Perhiasan tidak dianggap pakaian kerana ia biasanya dipakai semata-mata untuk sebab apa? || perhiasan <> Apa itu kasut dan topi yang dipertimbangkan? || aksesori <> Apa contoh sesuatu yang berfungsi sebagai fungsi selain perlindungan? || cermin mata <> Terdapat sedikit variasi dalam bahan yang digunakan untuk apa? || <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai pakaian? || <> Apa artikel pakaian yang dibawa daripada dipakai? || <> Barang kemas biasanya mempertimbangkan pakaian kerana dipakai untuk alasan apa? || <> Kasut dan topi menimbang pakaian daripada apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?", "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac184", "answers": [{"text": "very wide", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?", "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac185", "answers": [{"text": "purses", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?", "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac186", "answers": [{"text": "adornment", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are footwear and hats both considered?", "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac187", "answers": [{"text": "accessories", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?", "id": "57260b4389a1e219009ac188", "answers": [{"text": "eyeglasses", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clothing", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "There has been little variety in materials used for what?", "id": "5a0cef2cf5590b0018dab670", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "body coverings", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "All what is regarded as clothing?", "id": "5a0cef2cf5590b0018dab671", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "purses", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What article of clothing is carried rather than worn?", "id": "5a0cef2cf5590b0018dab672", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adornment", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "Jewelry is usually consider clothing because his worn for what reason?", "id": "5a0cef2cf5590b0018dab673", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "accessories", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "Footwear and hats are consider clothing rather than what?", "id": "5a0cef2cf5590b0018dab674", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats."}], ["Secara fizikal, pakaian melayani banyak tujuan: ia boleh berfungsi sebagai perlindungan dari unsur-unsur, dan dapat meningkatkan keselamatan semasa aktiviti berbahaya seperti hiking dan memasak. Ia melindungi pemakai dari permukaan kasar, tumbuhan yang menyebabkan ruam, gigitan serangga, serpihan, duri dan prickle dengan menyediakan penghalang antara kulit dan alam sekitar. Pakaian boleh melindungi daripada keadaan sejuk atau panas. Selanjutnya, mereka dapat memberikan penghalang yang bersih, menjaga bahan-bahan berjangkit dan beracun dari badan. Pakaian juga memberikan perlindungan daripada radiasi UV yang berbahaya. <> Apa yang boleh disediakan pakaian semasa aktiviti berbahaya? || keselamatan <> Apa jenis permukaan yang boleh melindungi pakaian dari? || kasar <> Apa pakaian menyimpan bahan toksik dari? || badan <> Apa yang boleh melindungi terhadap keadaan sejuk atau panas? || Pakaian <> Jenis radiasi apa jenis pakaian boleh memberikan perlindungan? || UV <> Pakaian tidak dapat melindungi anda dari jenis kegiatan || <> Psikologi apa yang berfungsi dengan banyak tujuan? || <> Apa yang boleh melindungi anda dari permukaan halus || <> Apa yang menawarkan perlindungan untuk pelbagai jenis radiasi? || <> Apa yang membantu anda memanaskan badan dalam keadaan panas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?", "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace3d", "answers": [{"text": "safety", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?", "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace3e", "answers": [{"text": "rough", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?", "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace3f", "answers": [{"text": "body", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?", "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace40", "answers": [{"text": "Clothes", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?", "id": "5725e47538643c19005ace41", "answers": [{"text": "UV", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hazardous", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Clothing cannot protect you from what kind of activities", "id": "5a0ce2a9f5590b0018dab62a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothing", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Psychologically what serves many purposes?", "id": "5a0ce2a9f5590b0018dab62b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clothes", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What can protect you from smooth surfaces", "id": "5a0ce2a9f5590b0018dab62c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clothing", "answer_start": 497}], "question": "What offers protection for many kinds of radiation?", "id": "5a0ce2a9f5590b0018dab62d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Clothes", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What helps keep you warm in hot conditions?", "id": "5a0ce2a9f5590b0018dab62e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation."}], ["Di sesetengah masyarakat, pakaian boleh digunakan untuk menunjukkan pangkat atau status. Di Rom kuno, contohnya, hanya senator yang boleh memakai pakaian yang dicelup dengan ungu Tyrian. Dalam masyarakat Hawaii tradisional, hanya ketua berpangkat tinggi boleh memakai jubah bulu dan palaoa, atau gigi paus diukir. Di bawah Kerajaan Travancore Kerala, (India), kaum wanita kasta yang lebih rendah terpaksa membayar cukai untuk hak untuk menutupi bahagian atas badan mereka. Di China, sebelum penubuhan republik, hanya maharaja yang boleh memakai kuning. Sejarah menyediakan banyak contoh undang-undang sumptuary yang rumit yang mengawal apa yang boleh dipakai orang. Di dalam masyarakat tanpa undang-undang sedemikian, termasuk kebanyakan masyarakat moden, status sosial sebaliknya memberi isyarat dengan pembelian barangan jarang atau mewah yang dibatasi oleh kos kepada mereka yang mempunyai kekayaan atau status. Di samping itu, tekanan rakan sekerja mempengaruhi pilihan pakaian. <> Siapa yang dibenarkan memakai gamren yang dicelup dengan Tyrian ungu di Rom kuno? || senator <> Siapa yang dibenarkan memakai jubah bulu dan palaoa di sekolah tua masyarakat Hawaii? || ketua berpangkat tinggi <> Apa hak wanita kasta yang lebih rendah yang diperlukan untuk membayar cukai untuk memperoleh? || hak untuk menutupi badan atas mereka <> Apa negara yang hanya membenarkan empayar mereka memakai kuning? || China <> Apa pengaruh tekanan rakan sebaya? || pilihan pakaian <> Siapa yang tidak dibenarkan memakai pakaian berwarna ungu di Rom kuno || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan untuk menunjukkan status rancor? || <> Dalam satu negara boleh Maharaja tidak memakai kuning? || <> undang-undang macam apa yang tidak mengawal apa yang boleh dipakai orang ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?", "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ea", "answers": [{"text": "senators", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?", "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1eb", "answers": [{"text": "high-ranking chiefs", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?", "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ec", "answers": [{"text": "the right to cover their upper body", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?", "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ed", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can peer pressure influence?", "id": "5726128a89a1e219009ac1ee", "answers": [{"text": "clothing choice", "answer_start": 822}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "senators", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "Who is not allowed to wear garments dyed purple in ancient Rome", "id": "5a0cf7c8f5590b0018dab6b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothing", "answer_start": 19}], "question": "What is not used to indicate rancor status?", "id": "5a0cf7c8f5590b0018dab6b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China,", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "In one country could the Emperor not wear yellow?", "id": "5a0cf7c8f5590b0018dab6b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "elaborate sumptuary laws", "answer_start": 519}], "question": "what kind of laws do not regulate what people could wear", "id": "5a0cf7c8f5590b0018dab6b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice."}], ["Pakaian melindungi terhadap banyak perkara yang mungkin mencederakan tubuh manusia yang ditemui. Pakaian melindungi orang dari unsur-unsur, termasuk hujan, salji, angin, dan cuaca lain, serta dari matahari. Walau bagaimanapun, pakaian yang terlalu tipis, nipis, kecil, ketat, dan lain-lain, menawarkan perlindungan kurang. Pakaian juga mengurangkan risiko semasa aktiviti seperti kerja atau sukan. Sesetengah pakaian melindungi dari bahaya alam sekitar tertentu, seperti serangga, bahan kimia berbahaya, cuaca, senjata, dan sentuhan dengan bahan yang melelas. Sebaliknya, pakaian boleh melindungi alam sekitar dari pemakainya, seperti para doktor yang memakai scrub perubatan. <> Apa pakaian melindungi daripada perkara yang boleh mencederakannya? || Hujan, salji, dan angin tubuh manusia yang terungkap adalah apa kelas pakaian yang melindungi para pemakai dari? || unsur-unsur <> Pakaian yang terlalu banyak akan menawarkan kurang apa? || perlindungan <> Apakah jenis bahaya bahan kimia berbahaya? || alam sekitar <> Apa jenis pakaian yang doktor pakai untuk melindungi persekitaran mereka? || lulur perubatan <> Pakaian tidak melindungi pemakai dari elemen apa? || <> Pakaian yang sememangnya akan menawarkan apa lagi? || <> Bahan kimia yang tidak sengaja bukan jenis bahaya apa? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh doktor untuk melindungi diri mereka daripada persekitaran mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?", "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac196", "answers": [{"text": "the uncovered human body", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?", "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac197", "answers": [{"text": "elements", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?", "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac198", "answers": [{"text": "protection", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?", "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac199", "answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?", "id": "57260cd689a1e219009ac19a", "answers": [{"text": "medical scrubs", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rain, snow, wind, and other weather", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Clothing does not protect the wearer from what elements?", "id": "5a0cf06ef5590b0018dab67a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "protection", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "Clothing that is sheer will offer more what?", "id": "5a0cf06ef5590b0018dab67b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmental", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Noxious chemicals are not what kind of hazard?", "id": "5a0cf06ef5590b0018dab67c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "medical scrubs.", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "What do doctors were to protect themselves from their surroundings?", "id": "5a0cf06ef5590b0018dab67d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport. Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs."}], ["Walaupun disertasi pada pakaian dan fungsinya muncul dari abad ke-19 sebagai negara penjajah menangani persekitaran baru, penyelidikan saintifik yang disatukan ke dalam fungsi psiko-sosial, fisiologi dan lain-lain pakaian (contohnya perlindungan, kereta) berlaku pada separuh pertama abad ke-20, dengan penerbitan seperti JC Fl\u00fcgel's Psychology of Clothes pada tahun 1930, dan Physiology of Heinology Regulation Heat dan The Science of Clothing pada tahun 1949. Pada tahun 1968, bidang fisiologi alam sekitar telah maju dan berkembang dengan ketara, tetapi sains pakaian berhubung dengan alam sekitar Fisiologi telah berubah sedikit. Walaupun penyelidikan yang banyak telah berlaku dan asas pengetahuan telah berkembang dengan ketara, konsep utama tetap tidak berubah, dan sememangnya buku Newburgh masih dikutip oleh pengarang kontemporari, termasuk mereka yang cuba membangunkan model-model thermoregulatory pembangunan pakaian. <> Berapa abad disertasi pada pakaian mula muncul? || 19th <> Tahun berapa adalah Psikologi Pakaian J. C. Fl\u00fcgel diterbitkan? || 1930 <> Buku siapa yang bertajuk Fisiologi Peraturan Haba dan Sains Pakaian telah diterbitkan pada tahun 1949? || Newburgh's <> Berapa banyak sains pakaian berhubung dengan faktor persekitaran berubah tahun 1968? || sedikit <> Apa yang masih tidak berubah sementara pengetahuan telah berkembang? || konsep utama <> Apa yang menyebabkan disertasi pertama pada pakaian pada abad kelapan belas || <> Siapa yang menerbitkan psikologi pada tahun 1920? || <> Bidang apa yang tidak dibelanjakan dengan ketara sejak tahun 1968? || <> Sains pakaian sehubungan dengan apa yang berubah banyak pada tahun 1968? || <> Kajian yang banyak telah dilakukan untuk mengubah apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?", "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1a8", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was J. C. Fl\u00fcgel's Psychology of Clothes published?", "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1a9", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?", "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1aa", "answers": [{"text": "Newburgh's", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?", "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1ab", "answers": [{"text": "little", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?", "id": "57260f4389a1e219009ac1ac", "answers": [{"text": "the main concepts", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colonising countries dealt with new environments,", "answer_start": 84}], "question": "What led to the first dissertation on clothing in the eighteenth century", "id": "5a0cf397f5590b0018dab696", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "J. C. Fl\u00fcgel's", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "Who published psychology of close in 1920?", "id": "5a0cf397f5590b0018dab697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the field of environmental physiology", "answer_start": 476}], "question": "What field is not spending significantly since 1968?", "id": "5a0cf397f5590b0018dab698", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "environmental physiology", "answer_start": 598}], "question": "The science of clothing in relation to what changed a lot by 1968?", "id": "5a0cf397f5590b0018dab699", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the main concepts", "answer_start": 738}], "question": "Considerable research has been done changing what?", "id": "5a0cf397f5590b0018dab69a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Fl\u00fcgel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development."}], ["Banyak jenis pakaian direka untuk disetrika sebelum dipakai untuk mengeluarkan kedutan. Kebanyakan pakaian moden formal dan separa formal ada dalam kategori ini (contohnya pakaian dan baju). Pakaian besi dipercayai kelihatan bersih, segar, dan kemas. Pakaian kasual kontemporari dibuat daripada bahan bersatu yang tidak mudah kerut, dan tidak memerlukan penyeterikaan. Sesetengah pakaian adalah akhbar tetap, setelah dirawat dengan lapisan (seperti polytetrafluoroethylene) yang menekan kedutan dan membuat penampilan yang halus tanpa menyeterika. <> Apa gunanya pakaian menyeterika? || untuk menghilangkan kedutan <> Apa jenis pakaian yang dipercayai kelihatan kemas, segar dan bersih? || Besi <> Apa bahan tidak mudah kerut? || bersatu <> Bahan akhbar tetap telah dirawat dengan apa? || salutan <> Apa yang menindih polytetrafluoroethylene? || kedutan <> Banyak yang direka untuk disetrika? || <> Apa bahan kerutan dengan mudah? || <> Jenis penutup apa yang menggalakkan keriput? || <> Ia tidak menahan kedut? || <> Melakukan apa yang menimbulkan penampilan kasar tanpa menyeterika? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What's the point of ironing clothing?", "id": "57261e08271a42140099d497", "answers": [{"text": "to remove wrinkles", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?", "id": "57261e08271a42140099d498", "answers": [{"text": "Ironed", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What material doesn't easily wrinkle?", "id": "57261e08271a42140099d499", "answers": [{"text": "knit", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Permanent press materials have been treated with what?", "id": "57261e08271a42140099d49a", "answers": [{"text": "a coating", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?", "id": "57261e08271a42140099d49b", "answers": [{"text": "wrinkles", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothing", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Many what are designed to be ironed?", "id": "5a0d08a3f5590b0018dab716", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "knit", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What material wrinkles easily?", "id": "5a0d08a3f5590b0018dab717", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "permanent press,", "answer_start": 387}], "question": "What type of closing encourages wrinkles?", "id": "5a0d08a3f5590b0018dab718", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "polytetrafluoroethylene", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "It does not suppress wrinkles?", "id": "5a0d08a3f5590b0018dab719", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene)", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "Doing what creates a rough appearance without ironing?", "id": "5a0d08a3f5590b0018dab71a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing."}], ["Dunia pakaian sentiasa berubah, kerana pengaruh budaya baru memenuhi inovasi teknologi. Penyelidik-penyelidik di makmal sains telah membangunkan prototaip untuk fabrik yang boleh memenuhi keperluan fungsian jauh di luar peranan tradisional mereka, contohnya, pakaian yang secara automatik boleh menyesuaikan suhu mereka, melepaskan peluru, imej projek, dan menjana elektrik. Beberapa kemajuan praktikal yang sedia ada kepada pengguna adalah pakaian tahan peluru yang dibuat dengan kain kevlar dan tahan noda yang disalut dengan campuran kimia yang mengurangkan penyerapan cecair. <> Perubahan terus berlaku kerana barangan budaya baru memenuhi jenis inovasi ini. || teknologi <> Apa yang telah dibuat penyelidik dalam makmal sains? || prototaip <> Apa daya asas yang boleh menghasilkan beberapa kain khusus? || elektrik <> Apa pakaian yang boleh dibuat dengan kevlar? || peluru <> Kain tahan api disalut dengan bahan kimia untuk mengurangkan apa? || penyerapan cecair <> Mengapa pakaian lambat untuk berubah? || <> Para saintis sedang mengembangkan apa yang mereka dapat melayani sama ada tujuan fungsional untuk tradisional || <> Beberapa kurang praktikal || <> Kain tahan kain tahan apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.", "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac264", "answers": [{"text": "technological", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have researchers in science labs been making?", "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac265", "answers": [{"text": "prototypes", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?", "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac266", "answers": [{"text": "electricity", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can garments made with kevlar resist?", "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac267", "answers": [{"text": "bullets", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?", "id": "57261a5189a1e219009ac268", "answers": [{"text": "absorption of liquids", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new cultural influences meet technological innovations.", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "Why is clothing slow to change?", "id": "5a0cfd4df5590b0018dab6f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prototypes for fabrics", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "Scientists are developing what they can serve either a functional purpose for a traditional", "id": "5a0cfd4df5590b0018dab6f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Some less practical", "id": "5a0cfd4df5590b0018dab6f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "liquids.", "answer_start": 574}], "question": "Stain resistant fabrics absorb what?", "id": "5a0cfd4df5590b0018dab6f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids."}], ["Pengeluaran penyumberan luar ke negara-negara upah yang rendah seperti Bangladesh, China, India dan Sri Lanka menjadi mungkin apabila Perjanjian Multi Fiber (MFA) dimansuhkan. MFA, yang meletakkan kuota pada import tekstil, dianggap sebagai langkah perlindungan. [Rujukan?] Globalisasi sering dipetik sebagai faktor tunggal yang paling menyumbang kepada keadaan kerja miskin pekerja pakaian. Walaupun banyak negara mengiktiraf perjanjian seperti Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa, yang cuba menetapkan piawaian untuk keselamatan dan hak pekerja, banyak negara telah membuat pengecualian ke bahagian-bahagian tertentu perjanjian atau gagal menguatkannya secara menyeluruh. India misalnya tidak meratifikasi bahagian 87 dan 92 perjanjian. [Rujukan?] <> Pemansuhan MFA menjadikan apa yang mungkin? || Pengeluaran penyumberan luar kepada negara-negara upah yang rendah <> Apa yang MFA meletakkan kuota? || tekstil mengimport <> Apa yang sering dikenalpasti sebagai alasan kurang daripada keadaan kerja yang sesuai untuk pekerja pakaian? || Globalisasi <> Perjanjian apa yang cuba menetapkan piawaian untuk keselamatan dan hak pekerja? || Organisasi Buruh Antarabangsa <> Negara apa yang gagal meratifikasi seksyen 87 dan 92 ILO? || India <> Memansuhkan apa yang menghentikan penyumberan luar negara-negara yang berpendapatan rendah? || <> MFA menghentikan kuota pada apa? || <> Wh apa yang sering disebutkan menyumbang kepada peningkatan keadaan kerja? || <> Apakah perjanjian yang merendahkan standard untuk hak keselamatan pekerja? || <> India telah mengesahkan semua bahagian perjanjian apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?", "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad00f", "answers": [{"text": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the MFA put quotas on?", "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad010", "answers": [{"text": "textiles imports", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?", "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad011", "answers": [{"text": "Globalization", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?", "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad012", "answers": [{"text": "the International Labor Organization", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?", "id": "57261c1f38643c19005ad013", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA)", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "Abolishing what stopped outsourcing to low-wage countries?", "id": "5a0cff13f5590b0018dab704", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "textiles imports", "answer_start": 189}], "question": "The MFA stop quotas on what?", "id": "5a0cff13f5590b0018dab705", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Globalization", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "Wh what is often quoted is contributing to improved working conditions?", "id": "5a0cff13f5590b0018dab706", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the International Labor Organization", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "What treaty lowered standards for worker safety rights?", "id": "5a0cff13f5590b0018dab707", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International Labor Organization,", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "India has ratified all sections of what treaty?", "id": "5a0cff13f5590b0018dab708", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]"}], ["Penggunaan bulu haiwan dalam pakaian berpakaian pada zaman prasejarah. Ia kini dikaitkan dengan negara-negara maju dengan pakaian berjenama yang mahal, walaupun bulu masih digunakan oleh penduduk pribumi di zon arktik dan ketinggian yang lebih tinggi untuk kehangatan dan perlindungannya. Sekali tidak menentu, baru-baru ini telah menjadi tumpuan kempen atas alasan bahawa para pengiklan menganggapnya kejam dan tidak perlu. PETA, bersama-sama dengan hak-hak haiwan dan kumpulan pembebasan haiwan yang lain, menaruh perhatian kepada pertanian bulu dan amalan lain yang mereka anggap kejam. <> Apa yang telah digunakan manusia untuk pakaian sejak zaman prasejarah? || bulu haiwan <> Orang asli dalam apa zon menggunakan bulu untuk kehangatan dan perlindungan? || Artik <> Menggunakan bulu haiwan sebagai pakaian pernah dianggap apa? || tidak menentu <> Siapa yang menganggap bulu binatang menjadi kejam dan tidak perlu? || campaigners <> Apa nama empat huruf kumpulan pembebasan haiwan? || PETA <> Apa yang tidak digunakan untuk pakaian sejak zaman prasejarah? || <> Orang asli di kawasan tropika gunakan untuk apa? || <> Menggunakan apa untuk pakaian selalu kontroversial? || <> Siapa yang menganggap haiwan terlebih dahulu perlu | |", {"qas": [{"question": "What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?", "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28c", "answers": [{"text": "animal fur", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?", "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28d", "answers": [{"text": "arctic", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?", "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28e", "answers": [{"text": "uncontroversial", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?", "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac28f", "answers": [{"text": "campaigners", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?", "id": "57261d7789a1e219009ac290", "answers": [{"text": "PETA", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "animal fur", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What has not been used for clothing since prehistoric times?", "id": "5a0d010cf5590b0018dab70e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "warmth and protection", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "Indigenous people in the tropics use for for what?", "id": "5a0d010cf5590b0018dab70f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "animal fur", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "Using what for clothing has always been controversial?", "id": "5a0d010cf5590b0018dab710", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PETA,", "answer_start": 397}], "question": "Who consider animal first to be necessary", "id": "5a0d010cf5590b0018dab711", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel."}], ["Budaya yang berbeza telah berevolusi dalam pelbagai cara untuk menghasilkan pakaian dari kain. Satu pendekatan hanya melibatkan kain penutup. Ramai orang memakai, dan masih memakai, pakaian yang terdiri daripada segi empat tepat kain yang dibungkus sesuai - misalnya, dhoti untuk lelaki dan sari bagi wanita di benua India, kilt Scotland atau sarung Jawa. Pakaian itu hanya boleh diikat, seperti halnya dua pakaian pertama; atau pin atau tali pinggang memegang pakaian di tempat, seperti dalam kes dua yang terakhir. Kain yang berharga masih belum dipotong, dan orang-orang dari pelbagai saiz atau orang yang sama pada saiz yang berbeza boleh memakai pakaian. <> Berbagai budaya telah menghasilkan cara untuk membuat pakaian dari apa? || kain <> Ramai orang masih memakai pakaian yang bentuk apa? || segi empat <<Apa kewarganegaraan memakai kilt? || Scotland <> Pins atau tali pinggang memegang apa yang berlaku? || pakaian <> Apa bahan berharga yang masih boleh dipotong? || kain <> Budaya yang berbeza telah berevolusi dalam pelbagai cara untuk membuat apa-apa untuk? || <> Beberapa orang masih memakai pakaian yang dibuat dari apa? || <> Pins digunakan untuk memegang apa yang kerajaan India || <> Dengan pakaian Scotland yang terikat? || <> Apakah kelemahan membuat pakaian dari kain tunggal segi empat tepat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?", "id": "57261636271a42140099d45f", "answers": [{"text": "cloth", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?", "id": "57261636271a42140099d460", "answers": [{"text": "rectangles", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality wears kilts?", "id": "57261636271a42140099d461", "answers": [{"text": "Scottish", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pins or belts hold what in place?", "id": "57261636271a42140099d462", "answers": [{"text": "garments", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What precious material may remain uncut?", "id": "57261636271a42140099d463", "answers": [{"text": "cloth", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothes", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "Different cultures have evolved various ways of making whatever for?", "id": "5a0cfb0ff5590b0018dab6d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit", "answer_start": 184}], "question": "Few people still wear garments made of what?", "id": "5a0cfb0ff5590b0018dab6d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the dhoti for men and the sari for women", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "Pins are used to hold up what Indian governments", "id": "5a0cfb0ff5590b0018dab6da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scottish kilt", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "With Scottish garment is tied?", "id": "5a0cfb0ff5590b0018dab6db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What are the disadvantage of making clothes from a single rectangular cloth?", "id": "5a0cfb0ff5590b0018dab6dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit \u2013 for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment."}], ["Kebanyakan aktiviti sukan dan fizikal diamalkan memakai pakaian khas, untuk tujuan praktikal, keselesaan atau keselamatan. Pakaian sukan yang biasa termasuk seluar pendek, baju T-shirt, baju tenis, baju leher, tracksuits dan jurulatih. Pakaian khusus termasuk pakaian basah (untuk berenang, menyelam atau melayari), salopettes (untuk bermain ski) dan baju leher (untuk gimnastik). Juga, bahan spandeks sering digunakan sebagai lapisan asas untuk menyerap peluh. Spandex juga lebih baik untuk sukan aktif yang memerlukan pakaian sesuai bentuk, seperti bola tampar, gusti, trek & lapangan, tarian, gimnastik dan berenang. <> Sebab keselamatan mungkin mengapa seseorang memakai pakaian jenis ini. || Khusus <> Leotard adalah contoh jenis pakaian apa? || sukan <> Apa spandeks menyerap? || peluh <> Apa contoh pakaian yang sesuai? || Spandex <> Apa jenis sukan yang dianggap sebagai gusti? || aktif <> Aktiviti fizikal apa yang tidak memerlukan pakaian khas? || <> Apa spandeks tidak menyerap? || <> Apa yang tidak sukan kerajaan biasa ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.", "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac250", "answers": [{"text": "special", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Leotards are an example of what type of garment?", "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac251", "answers": [{"text": "sportswear", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does spandex soak up?", "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac252", "answers": [{"text": "sweat", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What's an example of a form fitting garment?", "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac253", "answers": [{"text": "Spandex", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of sport is wrestling considered?", "id": "5726193589a1e219009ac254", "answers": [{"text": "active", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Most sports", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What physical activities do not require special clothing?", "id": "5a0cfc9df5590b0018dab6ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sweat", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What the spandex not soak up?", "id": "5a0cfc9df5590b0018dab6ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What are not common sports governments", "id": "5a0cfc9df5590b0018dab6ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming."}], ["Resin yang digunakan untuk membuat baju tidak berkerut melepaskan formaldehid, yang boleh menyebabkan dermatitis kenalan untuk sesetengah orang; tidak ada keperluan pendedahan wujud, dan pada tahun 2008 Pejabat Akauntabiliti Kerajaan A.S. menguji formaldehid dalam pakaian dan mendapati bahawa pada umumnya tahap tertinggi berada dalam kemeja dan seluar bukan kedutan. Pada tahun 1999, satu kajian mengenai kesan membasuh pada tahap formaldehid mendapati selepas 6 bulan selepas mencuci, 7 daripada 27 kemeja mempunyai paras melebihi 75 ppm, iaitu had selamat untuk pendedahan kulit langsung. <> Apa yang melepaskan formaldehid? || Resin <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan dermatitis kenalan untuk sesetengah orang? || formaldehyde <> Pejabat kerajaan apa yang menemui tahap formaldehid yang tinggi dalam pakaian tanpa kerut pada tahun 2008? || Akauntabiliti <> Berapa banyak bulan mencuci melakukan kajian 1999? || 6 <> Berapa banyak ppm adalah batas yang selamat untuk pendedahan kulit langsung ke formaldehid? || 75 <> Kemeja bukan kedutan tidak mengandungi apa? || <> Apa yang tidak menyebabkan dermatitis kenalan? || <> Perjanjian pendedahan wujud untuk apa? || <> Telah didapati bahawa tahap formaldehid yang paling rendah didapati dalam apa? || <> Tujuh puluh lima ppm formaldehida bukan batas yang selamat untuk apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What releases formaldehyde?", "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a0", "answers": [{"text": "A resin", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?", "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a1", "answers": [{"text": "formaldehyde", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?", "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a2", "answers": [{"text": "Accountability", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?", "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a3", "answers": [{"text": "6", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?", "id": "57261ee889a1e219009ac2a4", "answers": [{"text": "75", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A resin", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Non-wrinkle shirts do not contain what?", "id": "5a0d09a2f5590b0018dab720", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formaldehyde", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What does not cause contact dermatitis?", "id": "5a0d09a2f5590b0018dab721", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "formaldehyde", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Disclosure agreements exist for what?", "id": "5a0d09a2f5590b0018dab722", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-wrinkle shirts and pants.", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "It was found that the lowest levels of formaldehyde were found in what?", "id": "5a0d09a2f5590b0018dab723", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "direct skin exposure.", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "Seventy-five ppm of formaldehyde is not a safe limit for what?", "id": "5a0d09a2f5590b0018dab724", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure."}], ["Menjelang tahun-tahun awal abad ke-21, gaya pakaian barat telah, sedikit sebanyak, menjadi gaya antarabangsa. Proses ini bermula beratus-ratus tahun yang lalu, dalam tempoh penjajahan Eropah. Proses penyebaran budaya telah berlanjutan selama berabad-abad ketika perusahaan media Barat telah menembusi pasaran di seluruh dunia, menyebarkan budaya dan gaya Barat. Pakaian fesyen yang cepat juga menjadi fenomena global. Pakaian ini lebih mahal, pakaian Barat yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran. Pakaian yang disumbangkan dari negara-negara Barat juga disampaikan kepada orang-orang di negara-negara miskin oleh organisasi amal. <> Apa yang telah menjadi gaya antarabangsa pada abad ke-21? || gaya pakaian barat <> Penyebaran budaya terus ke atas apa? || berabad-abad <> Apa yang telah ditembusi oleh syarikat Barat? || pasaran di seluruh dunia <> Siapa yang telah menyebarkan budaya dan gaya Barat? || Syarikat-syarikat media barat <> Siapa yang menyumbang membuang pakaian Barat kepada orang-orang di tempat-tempat miskin? || organisasi amal <> gaya pakaian Timur telah menjadi gaya antarabangsa dengan abad apa? || <> Proses ini berakhir dengan apa? || <> Syarikat media Paskah telah menyebarkan apa? || <> Tutup Timur juga dihantar kepada orang miskin oleh siapa? || <> Apa jenis pakaian yang lebih mahal dan dihasilkan secara massal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?", "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe1", "answers": [{"text": "western clothing styles", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?", "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe2", "answers": [{"text": "centuries", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have Western corporations penetrated?", "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe3", "answers": [{"text": "markets throughout the world", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?", "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe4", "answers": [{"text": "Western media corporations", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?", "id": "5726182438643c19005acfe5", "answers": [{"text": "charity organizations", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21st", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "Eastern clothing styles have become international styles by what century?", "id": "5a0cfbf2f5590b0018dab6e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European colonialism.", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "This process ended with what?", "id": "5a0cfbf2f5590b0018dab6e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western culture and styles", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "Easter media corporations have spread what?", "id": "5a0cfbf2f5590b0018dab6e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "charity organizations", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "Eastern close are also delivered to poor people by who?", "id": "5a0cfbf2f5590b0018dab6e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fast fashion clothing", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "What type of garment is more expensive and mass-produced?", "id": "5a0cfbf2f5590b0018dab6e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations."}], ["Walaupun mekanisasi mengubah kebanyakan aspek industri manusia menjelang pertengahan abad ke-20, pekerja pakaian terus bekerja di bawah keadaan yang mencabar yang memerlukan tenaga kerja manual yang berulang-ulang. Pakaian yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran sering dibuat dalam apa yang dipertimbangkan oleh sesetengahnya sebagai sweatshops, yang ditandakan dengan jam kerja yang panjang, kekurangan faedah, dan kekurangan perwakilan pekerja. Walaupun kebanyakan contoh keadaan seperti itu terdapat di negara-negara membangun, pakaian yang dibuat di negara-negara perindustrian juga boleh dihasilkan sama, sering dikendalikan oleh pendatang tanpa dokumen. Syarat-syarat apa jenis kerja yang banyak bertahan? || mencabar <> Apa jenis pakaian yang kerap merupakan produk dari sweatshops? || Massa yang diproduksi <> Apakah ciri-ciri sweatshops di luar kekurangan faedah dan perwakilan? || jam kerja yang panjang <> Keadaan yang buruk yang terdapat di negara-negara membangun juga boleh dijumpai di dalam apa jenis negara? || industri <<Apa jenis imigran yang sering menjadi kakitangan sweatshop? || undocumented <> Apa pekerja menikmati keadaan yang baik? || <> Apa yang memerlukan buruh manual yang berbeza-beza? || <> Di sini pakaian saya sering dihasilkan dalam apa? || <> Kebanyakan contoh yang terdapat dalam negara perindustrian? || <> Apa yang mengubah kebanyakan industri menjelang 1800-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of conditions do many garment works endure?", "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f1", "answers": [{"text": "challenging", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?", "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f2", "answers": [{"text": "Mass-produced", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?", "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f3", "answers": [{"text": "long work hours", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?", "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f4", "answers": [{"text": "industrialized", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?", "id": "57261b6dec44d21400f3d8f5", "answers": [{"text": "undocumented", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "garment workers", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What workers enjoy good conditions?", "id": "5a0cfe3af5590b0018dab6fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mass-produced clothing", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "What requires varied manual labor?", "id": "5a0cfe3af5590b0018dab6fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sweatshops,", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "Here my clothing is often produced in what?", "id": "5a0cfe3af5590b0018dab6fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sweatshops", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "Most examples of what are found in industrial countries?", "id": "5a0cfe3af5590b0018dab6fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mechanization", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What transformed most industry by the 1800s?", "id": "5a0cfe3af5590b0018dab6fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]"}], ["Para saintis masih berdebat ketika orang mula memakai pakaian. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser dan Mark Stoneking, ahli antropologi di Institut Antropologi Evolusi Max Planck, telah menjalankan analisis genetik kutu badan manusia yang mencadangkan pakaian berasal baru-baru ini, sekitar 170,000 tahun yang lalu. Kutu badan adalah penunjuk pakaian yang memakai, kerana kebanyakan manusia mempunyai rambut badan yang jarang, dan kutu itu memerlukan pakaian manusia untuk bertahan. Penyelidikan mereka mencadangkan penemuan pakaian mungkin bertepatan dengan penghijrahan utara Homo sapiens moden dari iklim hangat Afrika, yang dikatakan bermula antara 50,000 dan 100,000 tahun yang lalu. Walau bagaimanapun, kumpulan kedua penyelidik yang menggunakan kaedah genetik yang sama menganggarkan bahawa pakaian berasal sekitar 540,000 tahun yang lalu (Reed et al 2004. PLoS Biology 2 (11): e340). Buat masa ini, tarikh asal pakaian tetap tidak dapat diselesaikan. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah kumpulan orang yang berdebat apabila manusia menyatakan mengenakan pakaian? || Para saintis <> Apa jenis analisis yang telah dilakukan terhadap kutu badan manusia? || genetik <> Apakah kutu memerlukan pakaian manusia? || bertahan <> Apa yang mungkin ada ciptaan pakaian yang berlaku? || penghijrahan utara <> Bagaimana pula dengan asal usul pakaian yang masih belum dijawab? || tarikh <> Para saintis dalam persetujuan tentang ketika orang mula melakukan apa? || <> Apakah jenis analisis yang telah dilakukan pada lampu? || <> Kutu badan memerlukan rambut untuk apa? || <> Penghijrahan ke selatan bertepatan dengan apa? || <> Kebanyakan manusia mempunyai banyak rambut rambut yang membawa kepada apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?", "id": "57261520271a42140099d44b", "answers": [{"text": "Scientists", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?", "id": "57261520271a42140099d44c", "answers": [{"text": "genetic", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do lice require human clothing to do?", "id": "57261520271a42140099d44d", "answers": [{"text": "survive", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may have the invention of clothing happened with?", "id": "57261520271a42140099d44e", "answers": [{"text": "northward migration", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?", "id": "57261520271a42140099d44f", "answers": [{"text": "the date", "answer_start": 858}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wearing clothes", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Scientists are in agreement about when people begin to do what?", "id": "5a0cf9e5f5590b0018dab6c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "genetic", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What type of analysis has been done on headlights?", "id": "5a0cf9e5f5590b0018dab6c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "survive", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "Body lice require hair to what?", "id": "5a0cf9e5f5590b0018dab6c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the invention of clothing", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "Southward migration coincided with what? ", "id": "5a0cf9e5f5590b0018dab6c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Body lice", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "Most humans have lots of hair hair which leads to what?", "id": "5a0cf9e5f5590b0018dab6c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]"}], ["Dalam masa lalu, mending adalah seni. Penjahit yang teliti atau tukang jahit boleh membaiki rompi dengan benang yang dilapisi tiub dan tiang jahitan dengan begitu mahir sehingga air mata itu tidak dapat dibayangkan. Apabila bahan mentah - kain - lebih bernilai daripada buruh, masuk akal untuk membelanjakan tenaga kerja dalam menyimpannya. Pakaian hari ini dianggap sebagai barang yang boleh dibeli. Pakaian yang dibuat secara massal lebih murah daripada buruh yang diperlukan untuk membaikinya. Ramai orang membeli sekeping pakaian baru daripada menghabiskan masa mending. Sudah berjimat masih menggantikan ritsleting dan butang dan menjahit ripped hems. <> Apa yang pernah dianggap sebagai seni, kembali pada hari itu? || mending <> Apa yang boleh dibuat tukang jahit atau pelukis yang mahir menjadikan hampir tidak kelihatan? || air mata <> Mengapa masuk akal untuk menghabiskan masa memasang kain? || bernilai lebih daripada tenaga kerja <> Apa pakaian yang dipertimbangkan hari ini? || barang yang boleh dibeli <> Jenis orang yang mungkin menggantikan ritsleting dan butang? || hemat <> Apa yang masih dianggap sebagai seni hari ini? || <> Seorang ekor biasa atau tukang jahit boleh jadi apa? || <> Apabila kain kurang bernilai daripada tenaga kerja, masuk akal untuk melakukan apa? || <> Apa yang tidak dianggap sebagai perkara yang boleh dibeli hari ini? || <> Apa yang lebih mahal daripada buruh yang diperlukan untuk memperbaikinya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What used to be considered an art, back in the day?", "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b4", "answers": [{"text": "mending", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?", "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b5", "answers": [{"text": "tear", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?", "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b6", "answers": [{"text": "worth more than labor", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is clothing considered today?", "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b7", "answers": [{"text": "a consumable item", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?", "id": "57261ffe89a1e219009ac2b8", "answers": [{"text": "thrifty", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mending", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What is still considered an art today?", "id": "5a0d0a3ff5590b0018dab72a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the tear was practically invisible", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "A mediocre tail or seamstress could make it so what?", "id": "5a0d0a3ff5590b0018dab72b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expend labor in saving it", "answer_start": 261}], "question": "When cloth was worth less than the labor it made sense to do what?", "id": "5a0d0a3ff5590b0018dab72c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cloth", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "What is not considered a consumable item today?", "id": "5a0d0a40f5590b0018dab72d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mass-manufactured clothing", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What is more expensive than the labor required to repair it?", "id": "5a0d0a40f5590b0018dab72e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material \u2013 cloth \u2013 was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems."}]], [["Pasukan ini memainkan pertandingan pertama pada 1876 sebagai anggota pengasas Liga Kebangsaan (NL), akhirnya menjadi secara rasmi sebagai Chicago Cubs untuk musim 1903. Secara rasmi, Cubs terikat untuk menjadi kelab sukan profesional yang paling aktif di AS, bersama-sama dengan Atlanta Braves, yang juga mulai bermain di NL pada tahun 1876 sebagai Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball tidak secara rasmi mengenali National Persatuan Pemain Bola Profesional Sebagai pemain liga utama.) <> Bilakah Chicago Cubs bermain permainan pertama mereka? || 1876 <> Tahun berapa nama Chicago Cubs menjadi rasmi? || 1903 musim <> Apa pasukan lain selain Chicago Cubs terikat sebagai kelab sukan profesional A.S. yang paling lama aktif? || Atlanta Braves", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?", "id": "5725f1c838643c19005acee7", "answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? ", "id": "5725f1c838643c19005acee8", "answers": [{"text": "1903 season", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?", "id": "5725f1c838643c19005acee9", "answers": [{"text": "Atlanta Braves", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)"}], ["Chicago Cubs adalah pasukan besbol profesional Amerika yang terletak di North Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs bersaing dalam Major League Baseball (MLB) sebagai ahli Bahagian Kebangsaan Liga (NL); pasukan ini memainkan permainan besbol rumahnya di Wrigley Field. The Cubs juga merupakan salah satu daripada dua pasukan liga utama aktif yang berpangkalan di Chicago; yang lain ialah Chicago White Sox, yang merupakan ahli bahagian Central League (AL) Amerika. Pasukan ini dimiliki oleh Thomas S. Ricketts, anak lelaki pendiri TD Ameritrade Joe Ricketts. <> Apa pasukan besbol profesional Amerika terletak di sebelah utara Chicago, IL? || The Chicago Cubs <> Apa liga adalah Chicago Cubs? || Liga Kebangsaan <> Di mana Chicago Cubs bermain permainan rumah mereka? || Wrigley Field <> Siapa yang kini memiliki Chicago Cubs? || Joe Ricketts", {"qas": [{"question": "What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago, IL?  ", "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c4", "answers": [{"text": "The Chicago Cubs", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What league are the Chicago Cubs in?", "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c5", "answers": [{"text": "the National League", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games?", "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c6", "answers": [{"text": "Wrigley Field", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who currently owns the  Chicago Cubs?", "id": "5725f0d789a1e219009ac0c7", "answers": [{"text": "Joe Ricketts", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team located on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a members of the National League (NL) Central division; the team plays its home baseball games at Wrigley Field. The Cubs are also one of two active major league teams based in Chicago; the other is the Chicago White Sox, who are a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is currently owned by Thomas S. Ricketts, son of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts."}], ["Pada tahun 1914, eksekutif pengiklanan Albert Lasker memperoleh satu blok besar saham kelab dan sebelum musim 1916 menganggap pemilikan majoriti francais tersebut. Lasker membawa rakan kongsi yang kaya, Charles Weeghman, pemilik rantai kaunter makan tengah hari yang popular yang sebelum ini dimiliki oleh Paus Chicago dari Liga Persekutuan yang masih hidup. Sebagai pemilik utama, pasangan ini memindahkan kelab dari West Side Grounds ke Taman Weeghman yang lebih baru, yang telah dibina untuk Paus hanya dua tahun yang lalu, di mana mereka tetap hingga ke hari ini. The Cubs bertindak balas dengan memenangi panji dalam musim perang yang dipendekkan pada tahun 1918, di mana mereka memainkan peranan dalam laknat pasukan yang lain: Boston Red Sox mengalahkan Cubs Grover Cleveland Alexander's empat permainan kepada dua dalam Siri Dunia 1918, kejuaraan Seri terakhir Boston 2004. <> Siapa yang mendapat blok besar saham Cub pada tahun 1914? || Albert Lasker <> Siapa yang menganggap pemilikan majoriti francais Cubs pada musim 1916? || Albert Lasker <> Siapa yang Albert Lasker membawanya menjadi rakannya dari Chicago Cubs? || Charles Weeghman <> Di manakah Cubs berpindah selepas meninggalkan West Side Grounds? || Taman Weeghman", {"qas": [{"question": "Who obtained a large block of the Cub's shares in 1914?", "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7bb", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Lasker", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who assumed majority ownership of the Cubs franchise by the 1916 season?", "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7bc", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Lasker", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Albert Lasker bring in to be his partner of the Chicago Cubs?", "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7bd", "answers": [{"text": "Charles Weeghman", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Cubs move to after leaving the West Side Grounds?", "id": "5725f926ec44d21400f3d7be", "answers": [{"text": "Weeghman Park", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1914, advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise. Lasker brought in a wealthy partner, Charles Weeghman, the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short-lived Federal League. As principal owners, the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park, which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier, where they remain to this day. The Cubs responded by winning a pennant in the war-shortened season of 1918, where they played a part in another team's curse: the Boston Red Sox defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander's Cubs four games to two in the 1918 World Series, Boston's last Series championship until 2004."}], ["The Cubs mula bermain sebagai Chicago White Stockings, menyertai Liga Kebangsaan (NL) sebagai ahli piagam. Pemiliknya William Hulbert menandatangani pemain berbilang bintang, seperti pitcher Albert Spalding dan infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, dan Adrian \"Cap\" Anson, untuk menyertai pasukan sebelum musim pertama N.L. The White Stockings memainkan permainan rumah mereka di West Side Grounds, menentang darah dan dengan cepat menubuhkan mereka sebagai salah satu pasukan teratas liga baru. Spalding memenangi empat puluh tujuh perlawanan dan Barnes memimpin liga memukul .429 sebagai Chicago memenangi panji Liga Kebangsaan yang pertama, yang pada masa itu adalah hadiah utama permainan. <> Siapa yang Cubs mula bermain? || Stoking Putih Chicago <> Ketika Cubs mula bermain, siapakah pemiliknya? || William Hulbert <> Di manakah White Stockings memainkan permainan rumah mereka? || West Side Grounds", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Cubs began play as?", "id": "5725f4c338643c19005acf0b", "answers": [{"text": "the Chicago White Stockings", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?", "id": "5725f4c338643c19005acf0c", "answers": [{"text": "William Hulbert", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the White Stockings play their home games?", "id": "5725f4c338643c19005acf0d", "answers": [{"text": "West Side Grounds", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cubs began play as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League (NL) as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, and Adrian \"Cap\" Anson, to join the team prior to the N.L.'s first season. The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds,against the bloods and quickly established themselves as one of the new league's top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at .429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the game's top prize."}], ["Dalam dua dekade berikut selepas kesilapan Sianis, Cubs bermain baseball besbol yang paling mudah dilupakan, menyelesaikan antara pasukan terburuk di Liga Kebangsaan pada hampir setiap tahun. Jurulatih / jurulatih lama Phil Cavarretta, yang telah menjadi pemain utama semasa musim '45, dipecat semasa latihan musim bunga pada tahun 1954 selepas mengakui pasukan itu tidak dapat menyelesaikan di tempat kelima. Walaupun shortstop Ernie Banks akan menjadi salah satu pemain bintang dalam liga dalam dekad yang akan datang, mencari bantuan untuknya membuktikan tugas yang sukar, kerana pemain berkualiti seperti Hank Sauer sedikit dan jauh di antara. Ini dikombinasikan dengan keputusan pemilikan yang lemah seperti Kolej Jurulatih dan perdagangan yang tidak diingini oleh Hall of Famer Lou Brock pada masa depan kepada Kardinal untuk pitcher Ernie Broglio (yang memenangi hanya 7 perlawanan dalam tempoh tiga musim yang akan datang) prestasi lapangan. <> Siapa yang menjadi pemain penting pada musim 1945? || Phil Cavarretta <> Musim apa Phil Cavarretta pemain utama untuk Cubs? || yang '45 musim <> Siapa yang dipecat semasa latihan musim bunga pada tahun 1954 selepas mengakui Cubs tidak mungkin menyelesaikan di tempat kelima? || Phil Cavarretta", {"qas": [{"question": "Who had been a key player in the 1945 season?", "id": "5726649df1498d1400e8de18", "answers": [{"text": "Phil Cavarretta", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs?", "id": "5726649df1498d1400e8de19", "answers": [{"text": "the '45 season", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the Cubs were unlikely to finish above fifth place?", "id": "5726649df1498d1400e8de1a", "answers": [{"text": "Phil Cavarretta", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the following two decades after Sianis' ill will, the Cubs played mostly forgettable baseball, finishing among the worst teams in the National League on an almost annual basis. Longtime infielder/manager Phil Cavarretta, who had been a key player during the '45 season, was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place. Although shortstop Ernie Banks would become one of the star players in the league during the next decade, finding help for him proved a difficult task, as quality players such as Hank Sauer were few and far between. This, combined with poor ownership decisions such as the College of Coaches, and the ill-fated trade of future Hall of Famer Lou Brock to the Cardinals for pitcher Ernie Broglio (who won only 7 games over the next three seasons), hampered on-field performance."}], ["The Cubs menikmati satu lagi pukulan pada akhir Perang Dunia II, menamatkan 98-56. Oleh kerana sekatan perjalanan perang, tiga perlawanan pertama dalam Kejohanan Dunia 1945 telah dimainkan di Detroit, di mana Cubs memenangi dua perlawanan, termasuk seorang pemain bola sepak oleh Claude Passeau, dan empat perlawanan terakhir dimainkan di Wrigley. Dalam Game 4 Siri, laknat Kambing Billy diduga diletakkan di atas Cubs ketika P.K. Wrigley melepaskan Billy Sianis, yang telah datang ke Game 4 dengan dua tiket kerusi kotak, satu untuknya dan satu untuk kambingnya. Mereka berkerumun untuk beberapa babak, tetapi Wrigley menuntut kambing meninggalkan taman kerana bau yang tidak menyenangkan itu. Selepas lontarannya, Encik Sianis berkata, \"The Cubs, mereka tidak akan menang lagi.\" The Cubs kehilangan Game 4, kehilangan Siri, dan belum kembali sejak. Ia juga telah dikatakan oleh ramai bahawa Sianis meletakkan \"laknat\" pada Cubs, nampaknya menghalang pasukan daripada bermain dalam Siri Dunia. Selepas kehilangan Siri Dunia 1945 ke Detroit Tigers, Cubs selesai dengan memenangi musim dua tahun akan datang, tetapi pasukan tersebut tidak memasuki permainan pasca musim. <> Mengapa tiga perlawanan pertama dalam Siri Dunia 1945 dimainkan di Detroit? || sekatan perjalanan perang <> Di manakah empat perlawanan terakhir dalam Kejohanan Dunia 1945? || Wrigley <> Dalam apa permainannya adalah laknat Kambing Billy yang dikatakan diletakkan pada Cubs? || Permainan 4 Siri <> Apa yang dikeluarkan dari taman Wrigley kerana bau busuk itu? || kambing", {"qas": [{"question": "Why were the first three games of the 1945 World Series played in Detroit?", "id": "57266409708984140094c499", "answers": [{"text": "wartime travel restrictions", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the final four games of the 1945 World Series played?", "id": "57266409708984140094c49a", "answers": [{"text": "Wrigley", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what game was the Curse of the Billy Goat allegedly laid upon the Cubs?", "id": "57266409708984140094c49b", "answers": [{"text": "Game 4 of the Series", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was ejected from Wrigley park because of it's bad odor?", "id": "57266409708984140094c49c", "answers": [{"text": "goat", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cubs enjoyed one more pennant at the close of World War II, finishing 98\u201356. Due to the wartime travel restrictions, the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit, where the Cubs won two games, including a one-hitter by Claude Passeau, and the final four were played at Wrigley. In Game 4 of the Series, the Curse of the Billy Goat was allegedly laid upon the Cubs when P.K. Wrigley ejected Billy Sianis, who had come to Game 4 with two box seat tickets, one for him and one for his goat. They paraded around for a few innings, but Wrigley demanded the goat leave the park due to its unpleasant odor. Upon his ejection, Mr. Sianis uttered, \"The Cubs, they ain't gonna win no more.\" The Cubs lost Game 4, lost the Series, and have not been back since. It has also been said by many that Sianis put a \"curse\" on the Cubs, apparently preventing the team from playing in the World Series. After losing the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers, the Cubs finished with winning seasons the next two years, but those teams did not enter post-season play."}], ["Pada tahun 1906, francais mencatatkan rekod Liga Utama 116 kemenangan (diikat oleh Pelayan Seattle 2001) dan mencatat peratusan memenangi era moden .763, yang masih berdiri hari ini. Mereka muncul dalam Siri Dunia pertama mereka pada tahun yang sama, jatuh ke saingan crosstown mereka, Chicago White Sox, empat perlawanan ke dua. The Cubs memenangi kejohanan Siri Dunia yang berturutan pada tahun 1907 dan 1908, menjadi pasukan utama Liga Utama yang bermain dalam tiga Kejatuhan Klasik berturut-turut, dan yang pertama memenanginya dua kali. Pasukan ini telah muncul dalam tujuh Siri Dunia berikutan gelaran 1908 mereka, paling baru pada tahun 1945. The Cubs belum memenangi Siri Dunia dalam 107 tahun, kekalahan kejohanan terpanjang dari mana-mana pasukan sukan profesional Amerika Utara yang utama, dan sering disebut sebagai \"Pencinta yang Disayang\" kerana perbezaan ini. Mereka juga dikenali sebagai \"The North Siders\" kerana Wrigley Field, taman rumah mereka sejak 1916, terletak di komuniti North Side Lake View Chicago di 1060 West Addison Street. The Cubs mempunyai persaingan besar dengan Cardinals St Louis. <> Berapa tahunkah cubs merekodkan rekod Liga Utama 116 kemenangan? || 1906 <> Berapakah peratusan kemenangan yang disiarkan oleh Cubs yang masih berdiri hari ini? || .763 <> Siapa pasukan pertama yang bermain dalam tiga Kejatuhan Klasik berturut-turut? || The Cubs <> Berapa banyak siri dunia yang terdapat di Cubs? || tujuh", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins?", "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0e8", "answers": [{"text": "1906", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today?", "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0e9", "answers": [{"text": ".763", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics?", "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0ea", "answers": [{"text": "The Cubs", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?", "id": "5725f32589a1e219009ac0eb", "answers": [{"text": "seven", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1906, the franchise recorded a Major League record 116 wins (tied by the 2001 Seattle Mariners) and posted a modern-era record winning percentage of .763, which still stands today. They appeared in their first World Series the same year, falling to their crosstown rivals, the Chicago White Sox, four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics, and the first to win it twice. The team has appeared in seven World Series following their 1908 title, most recently in 1945. The Cubs have not won the World Series in 107 years, the longest championship drought of any major North American professional sports team, and are often referred to as the \"Lovable Losers\" because of this distinction. They are also known as \"The North Siders\" because Wrigley Field, their home park since 1916, is located in Chicago's North Side Lake View community at 1060 West Addison Street. The Cubs have a major rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals."}], ["Menjelang akhir dekad pertama bimbingan dua Bil, Cubs memenangi panji NL pada tahun 1929 dan kemudian mencapai kejayaan yang luar biasa untuk memenangi panji setiap tiga tahun, menyusul bendera 1929 dengan gelaran liga pada tahun 1932, 1935, dan 1938. Sayangnya, kejayaan mereka tidak sampai ke Kejatuhan Klasik, kerana mereka jatuh ke saingan AL mereka setiap kali. Siri '32 terhadap Yankees menampilkan \"shot shot\" Babe Ruth di Wrigley Field dalam Permainan 3. Terdapat beberapa detik bersejarah untuk Cubs juga; Pada tahun 1930, Hack Wilson, salah satu pemain teratas dalam permainan ini, mempunyai salah satu musim yang paling mengagumkan dalam sejarah MLB, memukul 56 larian di rumah dan membina rekod 191 yang sedang berjalan dalam sejarah. 1930 membanggakan enam Hall of Famers (Wilson, Gabby Hartnett, Rogers Hornsby, George \"High Pockets\" Kelly, Kiki Cuyler dan pengurus Joe McCarthy) menubuhkan rekod purata penalti pasukan semasa .309. Pada tahun 1935, Cubs mendakwa panji dalam fesyen yang menarik, memenangi rekod 21 perlawanan berturut-turut pada bulan September. Kelab '38 melihat Dizzy Dean mengetuai pasukan penganjur pasukannya dan memberikan masa bersejarah ketika mereka memenangi permainan akhir musim penting di Wrigley Field atas Pittsburgh Pirates dengan rumah berjalan kaki yang dikendalikan oleh Gabby Hartnett, yang terkenal di gim baseball sebagai \"The Homer in the Gloamin\". <> Tahun apa Hack Wilson mempunyai salah satu musim yang paling mengagumkan dalam sejarah MLB? || 1930 <> Berapa banyak permainan berturut-turut yang menang Cubs berturut-turut pada tahun 1935? || 21 <> Tahun berapakah Cubs memenangi panji NL? || 1929", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Hack Wilson have one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history?", "id": "57266235708984140094c45f", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many games in a row did the Cubs win in a row during 1935?", "id": "57266235708984140094c460", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 1012}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Cubs win the NL pennant?", "id": "57266235708984140094c461", "answers": [{"text": "1929", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Near the end of the first decade of the double-Bills' guidance, the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years, following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932, 1935, and 1938. Unfortunately, their success did not extend to the Fall Classic, as they fell to their AL rivals each time. The '32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth's \"called shot\" at Wrigley Field in Game 3. There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well; In 1930, Hack Wilson, one of the top home run hitters in the game, had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history, hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs-batted-in record of 191. That 1930 club, which boasted six eventual Hall of Famers (Wilson, Gabby Hartnett, Rogers Hornsby, George \"High Pockets\" Kelly, Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy) established the current team batting average record of .309. In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion, winning a record 21 games in a row in September. The '38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late-season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk-off home run by Gabby Hartnett, which became known in baseball lore as \"The Homer in the Gloamin'\"."}], ["Selepas penganut belakang pada 1880 dan 1881, Hulbert meninggal, dan Spalding, yang telah bersara untuk memulakan barang sukan Spalding, menganggap pemilikan kelab itu. Stoking Putih, dengan Anson bertindak sebagai pemain / pengurus, menangkap panji ketiga berturut-turut mereka pada tahun 1882, dan Anson menegaskan dirinya sebagai superstar yang pertama di dunia. Pada tahun 1885 dan '86, selepas memenangi N.L. panji, Stoking Putih bertemu dengan juara Persatuan Amerika yang pendek dalam versi era Siri Dunia itu. Kedua-dua musim ini menghasilkan pertandingan dengan St Louis Brown Stockings, dengan kelab-kelab yang mengikat pada tahun 1885 dan dengan St Louis menang pada tahun 1886. Ini adalah genesis tentang apa yang akhirnya akan menjadi salah satu persaingan hebat dalam sukan. Secara keseluruhan, Kelab Bola Sepak Base Chicago yang memimpin Anson memenangi enam pennants Liga Kebangsaan antara 1876 dan 1886. Akibatnya, nama samaran kelab Chicago beralih, dan pada tahun 1890 mereka telah dikenali sebagai Chicago Colts, atau kadang-kadang \"Anson's Colts\", merujuk untuk pengaruh Cap dalam kelab. Anson adalah pemain pertama dalam sejarah yang dikreditkan dengan mengumpul 3,000 hits kerjaya. Selepas rekod mengecewakan 59-73 dan tempat ke-9 pada 1897, Anson dibebaskan oleh Cubs sebagai pemain dan pengurus. Oleh kerana ketiadaan Anson dari kelab selepas 22 tahun, wartawan akhbar tempatan mula merujuk kepada Cubs sebagai \"Anak-anak Yatim\". <> Siapa yang menganggap pemilikan Cubs selepas Hulbert meninggal? || Spalding <> Tahun berapakah White Stockings menangkap panji ketiga berturut-turut? || 1882 <> Walaupun Anson mengetuai cubs Chicago berapa panji Liga Nasional mereka menang? || enam <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Chicago Cubs pada tahun 1890? || Chicago Colts <> Siapa pemain pertama dalam sejarah yang dikreditkan dengan mengumpul 3,000 hits kerjaya? || Anson", {"qas": [{"question": "Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died?", "id": "5725f633271a42140099d385", "answers": [{"text": "Spalding", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the White Stockings capture their third consecutive pennant?", "id": "5725f633271a42140099d386", "answers": [{"text": "1882", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While Anson led the Chicago cubs how many National League pennants did they win?", "id": "5725f633271a42140099d387", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Chicago Cubs become know as by 1890?", "id": "5725f633271a42140099d388", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago Colts", "answer_start": 909}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits?", "id": "5725f633271a42140099d389", "answers": [{"text": "Anson", "answer_start": 1000}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881, Hulbert died, and Spalding, who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods, assumed ownership of the club. The White Stockings, with Anson acting as player/manager, captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882, and Anson established himself as the game's first true superstar. In 1885 and '86, after winning N.L. pennants, the White Stockings met the short-lived American Association champion in that era's version of a World Series. Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886. This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports. In all, the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886. As a result, Chicago's club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes \"Anson's Colts\", referring to Cap's influence within the club. Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits. After a disappointing record of 59-73 and a 9th-place finish in 1897, Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager. Due to Anson's absence from the club after 22 years, local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the \"Orphans\"."}], ["Pada tahun 1902, Spalding, yang pada masa ini telah mengubah senarai untuk membanggakan apa yang akan menjadi salah satu pasukan terbaik pada awal abad, menjual kelab itu kepada Jim Hart. Francais itu dijuluki Cubs oleh Chicago Daily News pada tahun 1902, walaupun tidak rasmi menjadi Cubs Chicago hingga musim 1907. Dalam tempoh ini, yang telah dikenali sebagai era bola sepak bola mati, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, dan Frank Chance telah menjadi terkenal sebagai kombinasi dua kali bermain oleh Franklin P. Adams 'puisi Baseball Sad Lexicon. Puisi pertama kali muncul dalam edisi 18th, 1910 di New York Evening Mail. Mordecai \"Tiga Finger\" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, dan Orval Overall adalah beberapa pitcher utama untuk Cubs pada masa ini. Dengan Chance bertindak sebagai pemain-pengurus dari 1905 hingga 1912, Cubs memenangi empat panji dan dua gelaran Seri Dunia dalam tempoh lima tahun. Walaupun mereka jatuh ke White Sox \"Hitless Wonders\" dalam Siri Dunia 1906, Cubs mencatatkan rekod 116 kemenangan dan peratusan kemenangan terbaik (.763) dalam sejarah Liga Utama. Dengan kebanyakan senarai yang sama, Chicago memenangi kejohanan Siri Terbuka Dunia pada tahun 1907 dan 1908, menjadi kelab Major League pertama yang bermain tiga kali dalam Kejatuhan Classic dan yang pertama memenanginya dua kali. Walau bagaimanapun, Cubs belum memenangi Siri Dunia sejak; ini kekal sebagai kemarau kejayaan terpanjang dalam sukan profesional Amerika Utara. <> Siapa yang Spalding menjual Cubs pada tahun 1902? || Jim Hart <> Siapa yang menggelarkan francais Cubs pada tahun 1902? || Berita Harian Chicago <> Siapa yang menulis puisi Lexicon Sadik ini? || Franklin P. Adams <> Yang memegang kemarau kejohanan terpanjang dalam sukan profesional Amerika Utara? || Cubs", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?", "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf2d", "answers": [{"text": "Jim Hart", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?", "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf2e", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago Daily News", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?", "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf2f", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin P. Adams", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?", "id": "5725f81c38643c19005acf30", "answers": [{"text": "the Cubs", "answer_start": 1303}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season. During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai \"Three-Finger\" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the \"Hitless Wonders\" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs have not won a World Series since; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports."}], ["Selepas lebih sedozen musim yang lebih subpar, pada tahun 1981, Cubs mengupah GM Dallas Green dari Philadelphia untuk menghidupkan francais. Green telah menguruskan Phillies pada 1980 untuk merangkul gelaran Seri Dunia. Salah satu langkah GM awalnya membawa masuk basil muda muda liga Phillies bernama Ryne Sandberg, bersama Larry Bowa untuk Iv\u00e1n DeJes\u00fas. The Cubs 1983 telah menamatkan 71-91 di bawah Lee Elia, yang dipecat sebelum musim berakhir Green. Hijau meneruskan budaya perubahan dan membaik pulih senarai pemain Cubs, front-office dan jurulatih sebelum 1984. Jim Frey telah diupah untuk menguruskan 1984 Cubs, dengan bimbingan Don Zimmer ke-3 dan Billy Connors sebagai jurulatih. <> Tahun berapakah Cubs menyewa GM Dallas Green? || 1981 <> Di manakah GM Dallas Green dari? || Philadelphia <> Pasukan apa yang telah diuruskan oleh Dallas Green pada tahun 1980? || Phillies", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did the Cubs hire GM Dallas Green?", "id": "572667e6708984140094c4f7", "answers": [{"text": "1981", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was GM Dallas Green from?", "id": "572667e6708984140094c4f8", "answers": [{"text": "Philadelphia", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980?", "id": "572667e6708984140094c4f9", "answers": [{"text": "Phillies", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After over a dozen more subpar seasons, in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise. Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title. One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor-league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg, along with Larry Bowa for Iv\u00e1n DeJes\u00fas. The 1983 Cubs had finished 71\u201391 under Lee Elia, who was fired before the season ended by Green. Green continued the culture of change and overhauled the Cubs roster, front-office and coaching staff prior to 1984. Jim Frey was hired to manage the 1984 Cubs, with Don Zimmer coaching 3rd base and Billy Connors serving as pitching coach."}], ["Komitmen pasukan untuk bertanding adalah lengkap apabila Green membuat perjanjian midseason pada 15 Jun untuk memacu pusingan awal akibat kecederaan kepada Rick Reuschel (5-5) dan Sanderson. Perjanjian itu membawa 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe dari Cleveland Indians. Joe Carter (yang bersama-sama dengan Triple-A Iowa Cubs pada masa itu) dan pusat gelanggang Mel Hall dihantar ke Cleveland untuk Sutcliffe dan penangkap belakang Ron Hassey (.333 dengan Cubs pada tahun 1984). Sutcliffe (5-5 dengan orang India) segera menyertai Sanderson (8-5 3.14), Eckersley (10-8 3.03), Steve Trout (13-7 3.41) dan Dick Ruthven (6-10 5.04) dalam pusingan awal. Sutcliffe meneruskan 16-1 untuk Cubs dan menangkap Anugerah Cy Young. <> Bilakah Green membuat perjanjian untuk menaikkan putaran permulaan? || 15 Jun <> Kenapa Green membuat perjanjian untuk menaikkan pusingan permulaan? || disebabkan oleh kecederaan kepada Rick Reuschel (5-5) dan Sanderson <> Siapa yang 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher? || Rick Sutcliffe <> Di manakah Rick Sutcliffe sebelum bergerak ke Cubs? || orang Cleveland India", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?", "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8deee", "answers": [{"text": "June 15", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?", "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8deef", "answers": [{"text": "due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5\u20135) and Sanderson", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher?", "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8def0", "answers": [{"text": "Rick Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs?", "id": "572669f2f1498d1400e8def1", "answers": [{"text": "the Cleveland Indians", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The team's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5\u20135) and Sanderson. The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians. Joe Carter (who was with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs at the time) and center fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back-up catcher Ron Hassey (.333 with Cubs in 1984). Sutcliffe (5\u20135 with the Indians) immediately joined Sanderson (8\u20135 3.14), Eckersley (10\u20138 3.03), Steve Trout (13\u20137 3.41) and Dick Ruthven (6\u201310 5.04) in the starting rotation. Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16\u20131 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award."}], ["Peralihan kekayaan Cubs itu dicirikan pada 23 Jun di pertandingan \"NBC Saturday of the Week\" terhadap Cardinals St. Louis. Sejak itu ia telah digelar sebagai \"The Sandberg Game.\" Dengan penonton negara dan Wrigley Field dibungkus, Sandberg muncul sebagai superstar dengan tidak satu, tetapi dua pertandingan mengikat rumah berjalan melawan Cardinals mendekati Bruce Sutter. Dengan tembakannya pada babak 9 dan 10 Wrigley Field meletus dan Sandberg menetapkan peringkat untuk kemenangan comeback yang menyusun Cubs sebagai pasukan untuk mengalahkan di Timur. Tidak ada yang akan menangkap mereka, kecuali Padres di playoffs. <> Peraduan apa yang menggeser Fortunes Cubs? || NBC Saturday Game of the Week <> Apa pertandingan antara Cubs dan St Louis Cardinals telah digelar sebagai? || The Sandberg Game <> Berapa banyak permainan mengikat rumah berjalan Sandberg menentang Cardinals di Sandber Game? || dua", {"qas": [{"question": "What contest shift the Cubs' Fortunes? ", "id": "57266b63708984140094c561", "answers": [{"text": "NBC Saturday Game of the Week", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as?", "id": "57266b63708984140094c562", "answers": [{"text": "The Sandberg Game", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game?", "id": "57266b63708984140094c563", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The shift in the Cubs' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the \"NBC Saturday Game of the Week\" contest against the St. Louis Cardinals. it has since been dubbed simply \"The Sandberg Game.\" With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed, Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one, but two game-tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter. With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East. No one would catch them, except the Padres in the playoffs."}], ["Pada tahun 1984, setiap liga mempunyai dua bahagian, Timur dan Barat. Pemenang bahagian bertemu dalam siri terbaik 5 untuk maju ke Siri Dunia, dalam format \"2-3\", dua pertandingan pertama dimainkan di rumah pasukan yang tidak mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Kemudian tiga perlawanan terakhir dimainkan di rumah pasukan, dengan kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Oleh itu, dua pertandingan pertama dimainkan di Wrigley Field dan tiga lagi di rumah lawan mereka, San Diego. Mitos yang sama dan tidak berasas adalah bahawa sejak Wrigley Field tidak mempunyai lampu pada masa itu Liga Kebangsaan memutuskan untuk memberikan kelebihan lapangan rumah kepada pemenang NL West. Malah, kelebihan lapangan di rumah telah diputar antara pemenang di Timur dan Barat sejak tahun 1969 apabila liga berkembang. Dalam tahun-tahun yang bernombor, NL West mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Dalam tahun-tahun berjumlah yang ganjil, NL East mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Sejak pemenang NL East telah mendapat kelebihan lapangan di 1983, pemenang NL West berhak melakukannya. <> Dalam tahun berapa apakah liga mempunyai dua bahagian? || 1984 <> Pemenang bahagian bertemu dalam apa jenis siri untuk maju ke Siri Dunia? || best-of-5 series <> Di manakah dua perlawanan pertama pemenang di 1984? || Wrigley Field", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the league have two divisions? ", "id": "57266d49708984140094c59b", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The division winners met in what kind of series to advance to the World Series?", "id": "57266d49708984140094c59c", "answers": [{"text": "best-of-5 series", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the first two games of the 1984 division winners held?", "id": "57266d49708984140094c59d", "answers": [{"text": "Wrigley Field", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1984, each league had two divisions, East and West. The divisional winners met in a best-of-5 series to advance to the World Series, in a \"2\u20133\" format, first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage. Then the last three games were played at the home of the team, with home field advantage. Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents, San Diego. A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West. In fact, home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded. In even numbered years, the NL West had home field advantage. In odd numbered years, the NL East had home field advantage. Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983, the NL West winners were entitled to it."}], ["Green menyusun senarai tahun 1984 dengan satu siri transaksi. Pada bulan Disember, 1983 Scott Sanderson diperoleh dari Montreal dalam kesepakatan tiga pasukan dengan San Diego untuk Carmelo Mart\u00ednez. Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (.333 BA pada 1984) telah ditandatangani sebagai ejen bebas. Dalam latihan musim bunga, bergerak terus: LF Gary Matthews dan CF Bobby Dernier datang dari Philadelphia pada 26 Mac, untuk Bill Campbell dan pengurus kecil. Reliever Tim Stoddard (10-6 3.82, 7 menyelamatkan) telah memperoleh hari yang sama untuk pengurus kecil; pitcher veteran Ferguson Jenkins telah dibebaskan. <> Siapa yang membuat senarai tahun 1984 dengan beberapa siri transaksi? || Hijau <> Bilakah Scott Sanderson diperoleh dari Montreal? || Disember, 1983 <> Bilakah LF Gary Matthews dan CF Bobby Dernier datang dari Philadelphia ke Cubs? || 26 Mac", {"qas": [{"question": "Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions?", "id": "57266857dd62a815002e83fe", "answers": [{"text": "Green", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?", "id": "57266857dd62a815002e83ff", "answers": [{"text": "December, 1983", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs?", "id": "57266857dd62a815002e8400", "answers": [{"text": "March 26", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions. In December, 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three-team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Mart\u00ednez. Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (.333 BA in 1984) was signed as a free-agent. In spring training, moves continued: LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26, for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer. Reliever Tim Stoddard (10\u20136 3.82, 7 saves) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released."}], ["Kekeliruan mungkin berpunca daripada hakikat bahawa Major League Baseball telah memutuskan bahawa, sekiranya Cubs membuatnya ke Siri Dunia, pemenang Liga Amerika akan mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah kecuali Cubs menjadi tuan rumah permainan di tapak alternatif sejak lapangan rumah Cubs Wrigley Field belum lagi mempunyai lampu. Rumor adalah Cubs yang dapat mengadakan pertandingan di seluruh kota di Comiskey Park, rumah Chicago White Sox di Liga Amerika. Daripada memegang sebarang permainan di Sox Park saingannya, Cubs membuat perjanjian dengan August A. Busch, pemilik St Louis Cardinals, untuk menggunakan Stadium Busch di St Louis sebagai \"rumah\" Cubs untuk Dunia Siri. Ini telah diluluskan oleh Major League Baseball dan akan membolehkan Cubs menjadi tuan rumah permainan 1 dan 2, bersama dengan permainan 6 dan 7 jika perlu. Pada masa kelebihan lapangan di rumah diputar di antara setiap liga. Tahun-tahun yang agak ganjil AL mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Malah bernombor tahun NL mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Dalam Seri Dunia 1982, Louis Cardinals dari NL mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. Dalam Siri Dunia 1983 Baltimore Orioles dari AL mempunyai kelebihan lapangan di rumah. <> Mengapa cubs perlu mengehadkan permainan rumah mereka di tapak alternatif? || Wrigley Field belum mempunyai lampu <> Di manakah khabar angin bahawa Cubs boleh pulang ke rumah mereka? || Comiskey Park <> Comiskey Park adalah rumah kepada pasukan apa? || Chicago White Sox <> Siapa yang mendapat kelebihan lapangan rumah pada tahun 1983? || Baltimore Orioles", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site?", "id": "57266e865951b619008f728b", "answers": [{"text": "Wrigley Field did not yet have lights", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games?", "id": "57266e865951b619008f728c", "answers": [{"text": "Comiskey Park", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Comiskey Park was the home to what team?", "id": "57266e865951b619008f728d", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago White Sox", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had the home field advantage in 1983?", "id": "57266e865951b619008f728e", "answers": [{"text": "Baltimore Orioles", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that, should the Cubs make it to the World Series, the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights. Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park, home of the American League's Chicago White Sox. Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park, the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch, owner of the St. Louis Cardinals, to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs \"home field\" for the World Series. This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2, along with games 6 and 7 if necessary. At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league. Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage. Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage. In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage. In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage."}], ["Pada tahun 1989, musim penuh pertama dengan besbol malam di Wrigley Field, Don Zimmer's Cubs diketuai oleh sekumpulan veteran utama di Ryne Sandberg, Rick Sutcliffe dan Andre Dawson, yang ditarik oleh tanaman anak-anak muda seperti Mark Grace, Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux, Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton, dan Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith. The Cubs memenangi NL East sekali lagi bahawa musim memenangi 93 perlawanan. Kali ini Cubs bertemu San Francisco Giants di NLCS. Selepas memecah dua perlawanan pertama di kandang, Cubs menuju ke Kawasan Bay, di mana walaupun memimpin memimpin di beberapa titik dalam setiap tiga perlawanan berikutnya, bullpen meltdowns dan kesalahan pengurus akhirnya menyebabkan tiga kerugian lurus. The Cubs tidak dapat mengatasi usaha Will Clark, yang rumahnya melarikan diri dari Maddux, hanya selepas lawatan pengurus ke gundukan itu, memimpin Maddux untuk berfikir Clark tahu apa yang bakal datang. Selepas itu, Maddux akan bercakap dalam sarung tangannya semasa mana-mana perbualan gundukan, bermula apa yang menjadi norma hari ini. Mark Grace adalah 11-17 dalam siri ini dengan 8 RBI. Akhirnya, Giants kehilangan \"Bash Brothers\" dan Oakland A dalam \"Siri Gempa bumi\" yang terkenal. <> Apa tahun pertama musim penuh dengan besbol malam di Wrigley Field? || 1989 <> Siapa yang baru tahun 1989? || Jerome Walton <> Siapa yang baru menjadi pelari tahun Runner-Up pada tahun 1989? || Dwight Smith <> Siapa yang bertemu dengan Cubs di NLCS pada tahun 1989? || San Francisco Giants", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field?", "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84b8", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was rookie of the year in 1989?", "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84b9", "answers": [{"text": "Jerome Walton", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was rookie of the year Runner-Up in 1989?", "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84ba", "answers": [{"text": "Dwight Smith", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs meet in the NLCS during 1989?", "id": "57266f71dd62a815002e84bb", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco Giants", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1989, the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field, Don Zimmer's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg, Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson, who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace, Shawon Dunston, Greg Maddux, Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton, and Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith. The Cubs won the NL East once again that season winning 93 games. This time the Cubs met the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS. After splitting the first two games at home, the Cubs headed to the Bay Area, where despite holding a lead at some point in each of the next three games, bullpen meltdowns and managerial blunders ultimately led to three straight losses. The Cubs couldn't overcome the efforts of Will Clark, whose home run off Maddux, just after a managerial visit to the mound, led Maddux to think Clark knew what pitch was coming. Afterward, Maddux would speak into his glove during any mound conversation, beginning what is a norm today. Mark Grace was 11\u201317 in the series with 8 RBI. Eventually, the Giants lost to the \"Bash Brothers\" and the Oakland A's in the famous \"Earthquake Series.\""}], ["Di NLCS, Cubs mudah memenangi dua perlawanan pertama di Wrigley Field melawan San Diego Padres. The Padres adalah pemenang Divisi Barat dengan Steve Garvey, Tony Gwynn, Eric Show, Goose Gossage dan Alan Wiggins. Dengan kemenangan 13-0 dan 4-2, Cubs perlu memenangi hanya satu perlawanan tiga ke depan di San Diego untuk menjadikannya Siri Dunia. Setelah ditewaskan dalam Game 3 7-1, Cubs kehilangan Game 4 ketika Smith, dengan permainan terikat 5-5, membolehkan rumah yang memenangi perlawanan berjalan ke Garvey di bahagian bawah inning kesembilan. Dalam Game 5, Cubs membawa gol 3-0 ke dalam inning keenam, dan memimpin 3-2 ke dalam ketujuh dengan Sutcliffe (yang memenangi Anugerah Cy Young pada tahun itu) masih di bukit. Kemudian, Leon Durham mempunyai tajam tajam di bawah sarung tangannya. Kesalahan kritikal ini membantu Padres memenangi permainan 6-3, dengan inning ke-7 yang ke-4 dan mengekalkan Chicago daripada 1984 World Series melawan Detroit Tigers. Kehilangan itu berakhir pada musim yang hebat untuk Cubs, satu yang membawa hidup francais tersendiri dan membuat Cubs relevan untuk generasi baru peminat Cubs. <> Siapa yang mudah memenangi dua perlawanan pertama di NLCS? || , Cubs <> Di manakah Cubs mudah memenangi dua pertandingan pertama NLCS? || Wrigley Field <> Siapa yang bermain di babak dalam dua perlawanan pertama NLCS? || San Diego Padres", {"qas": [{"question": "Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS?", "id": "57266ef3dd62a815002e84aa", "answers": [{"text": ", the Cubs", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS?", "id": "57266ef3dd62a815002e84ab", "answers": [{"text": "Wrigley Field", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS?", "id": "57266ef3dd62a815002e84ac", "answers": [{"text": "San Diego Padres", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the NLCS, the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres. The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey, Tony Gwynn, Eric Show, Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins. With wins of 13\u20130 and 4\u20132, the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series. After being beaten in Game 3 7\u20131, the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith, with the game tied 5\u20135, allowed a game-winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning. In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3\u20130 lead into the 6th inning, and a 3\u20132 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe (who won the Cy Young Award that year) still on the mound. Then, Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove. This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6\u20133, with a 4-run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers. The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs, one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans."}], ["Berikutan musim '69, kelab mencatatkan rekod kemenangan untuk beberapa musim yang akan datang, tetapi tiada tindakan playoff. Selepas pemain inti pasukan tersebut mula bergerak, tahun 70-an semakin buruk untuk pasukan, dan mereka dikenali sebagai \"The Losing Loveable.\" Pada tahun 1977, pasukan menemui beberapa nyawa, tetapi pada akhirnya mengalami salah satu runtuhan terbesarnya. Cubs memukul rekod air pada 28 Jun pada 47-22, dengan memimpin permainan 8 1/2 NL East memimpin, kerana mereka diketuai oleh Bobby Murcer (27 Hr / 89 RBI) dan Rick Reuschel (20-10) . Bagaimanapun, Phillies Philadelphia memimpin mendahului dua menerusi All-star, ketika Cubs menyisihkan 19 perlawanan ke atas .500 tetapi mereka kalah pada akhir musim ini, 20-40 selepas 31 Julai. Cubs berakhir di tempat ke-4 di 81-81, manakala Philadelphia melonjak, menamatkan dengan 101 kemenangan. Dua musim berikut juga menyaksikan Cubs turun ke permulaan yang cepat, kerana pasukan itu mengumpul lebih daripada 10 perlawanan di atas .500 baik pada kedua-dua musim, hanya sekali lagi memakai dan bermain buruk kemudian, dan akhirnya menetap kembali ke keadaan biasa. Ciri ini dikenali sebagai \"Jun Swoon.\" Sekali lagi, bilangan permainan Cubs yang luar biasa yang tinggi biasanya dianggap sebagai salah satu sebab untuk perlawanan akhir musim yang tidak konsisten. <> Selama sedekad apakah Cubs dikenali sebagai \"The Losing Loveable\"? || 70-an <> Apa yang sering ditakrifkan sebagai salah satu sebab untuk bermain musim akhir yang tidak konsisten Cubs? || permainan luar biasa yang sangat tinggi <> Tahun berapakah Cubs mengalami salah satu kejatuhan terbesar mereka? || 1977", {"qas": [{"question": "During what decade did the Cubs become known as \"The Loveable Losers\"?", "id": "57266664dd62a815002e83a8", "answers": [{"text": "the 70s", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is often pointed to as the one reason for the Cubs' inconsistent late season play?", "id": "57266664dd62a815002e83a9", "answers": [{"text": "unusually high number of day games", "answer_start": 1070}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Cubs experience one of their biggest collapses?", "id": "57266664dd62a815002e83aa", "answers": [{"text": "1977", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the '69 season, the club posted winning records for the next few seasons, but no playoff action. After the core players of those teams started to move on, the 70s got worse for the team, and they became known as \"The Loveable Losers.\" In 1977, the team found some life, but ultimately experienced one of its biggest collapses. The Cubs hit a high-water mark on June 28 at 47\u201322, boasting an 8 1\u20442 game NL East lead, as they were led by Bobby Murcer (27 Hr/89 RBI), and Rick Reuschel (20\u201310). However, the Philadelphia Phillies cut the lead to two by the All-star break, as the Cubs sat 19 games over .500, but they swooned late in the season, going 20\u201340 after July 31. The Cubs finished in 4th place at 81\u201381, while Philadelphia surged, finishing with 101 wins. The following two seasons also saw the Cubs get off to a fast start, as the team rallied to over 10 games above .500 well into both seasons, only to again wear down and play poorly later on, and ultimately settling back to mediocrity. This trait became known as the \"June Swoon.\" Again, the Cubs' unusually high number of day games is often pointed to as one reason for the team's inconsistent late season play."}], ["Pada tahun 1969, Cubs, yang diuruskan oleh Leo Durocher, membina memimpin besar di Bahagian Timur Liga yang baru dibuat pada pertengahan Ogos. Ken Holtzman menjaringkan gol pada 19 Ogos, dan memimpin bahagian itu berkembang menjadi 8 1/2 perlawanan di Cardinals St Louis dan dengan 9 1/2 perlawanan ke atas New York Mets. Selepas perlawanan 2 September, rekod Cubs adalah 84-52 dengan Mets di tempat kedua di 77-55. Tetapi kemudian coretan yang hilang bermula seperti permulaan kemenangan Mets. The Cubs kehilangan permainan terakhir siri di Cincinnati, kemudian pulang ke rumah untuk bermain semula Pirates Pittsburgh (yang akan berakhir di tempat ketiga). Selepas kalah dua perlawanan pertama dengan skor 9-2 dan 13-4, Cubs membawa masuk ke dalam kesembilan. Kemenangan akan menjadi batu loncatan positif sejak Cubs memainkan siri penting dengan Mets pada keesokan harinya. Tetapi Willie Stargell mengetuk pitch 2-out, 2-strike dari pengawal Cubs 'ace, Phil Regan, ke Sheffield Avenue untuk mengikat skor di puncak kesembilan. The Cubs akan kehilangan 7-5 dalam babak tambahan. Dibebankan oleh empat perlawanan yang kalah, Cubs mengembara ke Stadium Shea untuk satu set dua perlawanan pendek. The Mets memenangi kedua-dua perlawanan, dan Cubs meninggalkan New York dengan catatan 84-58 hanya 1/2 permainan di depan. Bencana diikuti di Philadelphia, sebagai pasukan kehilangan Phillies 99 tetap mengalahkan Cubs dua kali, untuk memperpanjang kekalahan Chicago untuk lapan perlawanan. Dalam pertandingan utama dalam pertandingan kedua, pada 11 September, pemula Cubs, Dick Selma melemparkan percubaan kejutan kepada ketua basemen ketiga, Ron Santo, yang tidak ada tempat berhampiran beg atau bola. Kesalahan melemparkan Selma membuka pintu ke perhimpunan Phillies. Selepas kehilangan Philly yang kedua, Cubs adalah 84-60 dan Mets telah menarik diri pada 85-57. The Mets tidak akan melihat ke belakang. The lapan permainan Cubs yang kalah kalah berakhir pada hari berikutnya di St Louis, tetapi Mets berada di tengah-tengah sepuluh kemenangan berturut-turut, dan Cubs, yang melepaskan diri dari keletihan pasukan, secara amnya merosot dalam semua fasa permainan . The Mets (yang telah kehilangan rekod 120 perlawanan 7 tahun lebih awal), akan terus memenangi Siri Dunia. The Cubs, walaupun rekod 92-70 yang dihormati, akan diingatkan kerana telah kehilangan 17\u00bd permainan yang luar biasa dalam kedudukan ke Mets pada suku akhir musim ini. <> Siapa yang berjaya Cubs pada tahun 1969? || Leo Durocher <> The Cubs membina memimpin besar dalam apa liga di bawah pengurusan Leo Durocher? || Bahagian Kebangsaan Liga Timur <> Bilakah Ken Hoitzman pitch no-hitter? || 19 Ogos <> Siapa yang membuat cubaan mengejut ketulan untuk basemen ketiga Ron Santo? || Dick Selma", {"qas": [{"question": "Who managed the Cubs in 1969?", "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b3", "answers": [{"text": "Leo Durocher", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Cubs built a substantial lead in what league under management of Leo Durocher?", "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b4", "answers": [{"text": "National League Eastern Division", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter?", "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b5", "answers": [{"text": "August 19", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo?", "id": "572665a8708984140094c4b6", "answers": [{"text": "Dick Selma", "answer_start": 1446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1969 the Cubs, managed by Leo Durocher, built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August. Ken Holtzman pitched a no-hitter on August 19, and the division lead grew to 8 1\u20442 games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 1\u20442 games over the New York Mets. After the game of September 2, the Cubs record was 84-52 with the Mets in second place at 77-55. But then a losing streak began just as a Mets winning streak was beginning. The Cubs lost the final game of a series at Cincinnati, then came home to play the resurgent Pittsburgh Pirates (who would finish in third place). After losing the first two games by scores of 9-2 and 13-4, the Cubs led going into the ninth inning. A win would be a positive springboard since the Cubs were to play a crucial series with the Mets the very next day. But Willie Stargell drilled a 2-out, 2-strike pitch from the Cubs' ace reliever, Phil Regan, onto Sheffield Avenue to tie the score in the top of the ninth. The Cubs would lose 7-5 in extra innings. Burdened by a four-game losing streak, the Cubs traveled to Shea Stadium for a short two-game set. The Mets won both games, and the Cubs left New York with a record of 84-58 just 1\u20442 game in front. Disaster followed in Philadelphia, as a 99 loss Phillies team nonetheless defeated the Cubs twice, to extend Chicago's losing streak to eight games. In a key play in the second game, on September 11, Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo, who was nowhere near the bag or the ball. Selma's throwing error opened the gates to a Phillies rally. After that second Philly loss, the Cubs were 84-60 and the Mets had pulled ahead at 85-57. The Mets would not look back. The Cubs' eight-game losing streak finally ended the next day in St. Louis, but the Mets were in the midst of a ten-game winning streak, and the Cubs, wilting from team fatigue, generally deteriorated in all phases of the game. The Mets (who had lost a record 120 games 7 years earlier), would go on to win the World Series. The Cubs, despite a respectable 92-70 record, would be remembered for having lost a remarkable 17\u00bd games in the standings to the Mets in the last quarter of the season."}], ["The Cubs mempunyai jangkaan yang tinggi pada tahun 2002, tetapi skuadnya bermain buruk. Pada 5 Julai 2002, Cubs mempromosikan penolong pengurus besar dan pengarah kakitangan Jim Hendry ke jawatan Pengurus Besar. Kelab itu membalas dengan menyewa Dusty Baker dan dengan membuat beberapa langkah utama dalam '03. Paling penting, mereka berdagang dengan Pittsburgh Pirates untuk pemain tengah Kenny Lofton dan baseman ketiga Aramis Ram\u00edrez, dan menunggang dominasi utama, yang diketuai oleh Kerry Wood dan Mark Prior, ketika Cubs memimpin bahagian bawah regangan. <> Bilakah Cubs menggalakkan penolong pengurus besar dan pengarah pasukan pemain Jim Hendry? || 5 Julai 2002 <> Apa yang dipromosikan oleh Jim Hendry? || kedudukan Pengurus Besar <> Siapa yang menyewa Cubs sebagai respons terhadap promosi Jim Hendry? || Dusty Baker", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry?", "id": "5726716c5951b619008f72d1", "answers": [{"text": "July 5, 2002", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Jim Hendry promoted to?", "id": "5726716c5951b619008f72d2", "answers": [{"text": "the General Manager position", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry's promotion?", "id": "5726716c5951b619008f72d3", "answers": [{"text": "Dusty Baker", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cubs had high expectations in 2002, but the squad played poorly. On July 5, 2002 the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position. The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in '03. Most notably, they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ram\u00edrez, and rode dominant pitching, led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior, as the Cubs led the division down the stretch."}], ["Pada tahun 2004, Cubs merupakan pilihan konsensus oleh kebanyakan saluran media untuk memenangi Siri Dunia. Pengambilalihan offseason Derek Lee (yang telah diperolehi dalam perdagangan dengan Florida untuk Hee-seop Choi) dan kepulangan Greg Maddux hanya menaikkan harapan ini. Walaupun perjanjian pertengahan musim untuk Nomar Garciaparra, kemalangan melanda Cubs lagi. Mereka mengetuai Kad Wild oleh 1.5 perlawanan ke atas San Francisco dan Houston pada 25 September, dan kedua-dua pasukan itu kalah pada hari itu, memberikan Cubs peluang untuk meningkatkan pendahulunya kepada 2.5 perlawanan dengan hanya lapan perlawanan yang tersisa dalam musim ini, tetapi Reliever LaTroy Hawkins menumpaskan simpanan kepada Mets, dan Cubs kehilangan permainan dalam babak tambahan, satu kekalahan yang kelihatannya mengecilkan pasukan, ketika mereka meneruskan jatuhan 6 dari 8 pertandingan terakhir mereka ketika Astros memenangi Wild Card. <> Tahun berapakah kebanyakan kedai media memilih Cubs untuk memenangi Siri Dunia? || 2004 <> Siapa yang diperoleh dalam perdagangan dengan Florida untuk Hee-seop Choi? || Derek Lee <> Siapa pertengahan musim? || Nomar Garciaparra", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did most media outlets pick the Cubs to win the World Series?", "id": "572673895951b619008f72f9", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi?", "id": "572673895951b619008f72fa", "answers": [{"text": "Derek Lee", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mid-season deal for?", "id": "572673895951b619008f72fb", "answers": [{"text": "Nomar Garciaparra", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2004, the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series. The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee (who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi) and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectation. Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra, misfortune struck the Cubs again. They led the Wild Card by 1.5 games over San Francisco and Houston on September 25, and both of those teams lost that day, giving the Cubs a chance at increasing the lead to a commanding 2.5 games with only eight games remaining in the season, but reliever LaTroy Hawkins blew a save to the Mets, and the Cubs lost the game in extra innings, a defeat that seemingly deflated the team, as they proceeded to drop 6 of their last 8 games as the Astros won the Wild Card."}], ["Rookie Starlin Castro memulakan kerjaya pada awal Mei (2010) sebagai permulaan pendek. Walau bagaimanapun, kelab itu bermain buruk pada musim awal, mencari 10 permainan di bawah .500 pada akhir bulan Jun. Di samping itu, pemain lama Carlos Zambrano ditarik dari perlawanan menentang White Sox pada 25 Jun selepas kecondongan dan mencetuskan perlawanan dengan Derrek Lee, dan digantung selama-lamanya oleh Jim Hendry, yang menuntut tingkah laku \"tidak dapat diterima.\" Pada 22 Ogos, Lou Piniella, yang telah mengumumkan persaraannya pada akhir musim, mengumumkan bahawa dia akan meninggalkan Cubs awal untuk menjaga ibunya yang sakit. Mike Quade mengambil alih sebagai pengurus interim untuk perlawanan terakhir 37 tahun ini. Walaupun berada di luar perselisihan playoff, Cubs mengalahkan 24-13 di bawah Quade, rekod terbaik dalam baseball semasa 37 regangan permainan itu, memperoleh Quade untuk memotong tag interim pada 19 Oktober. <<Siapa yang memulakan keretas awal pada awal Mei 2010? || Starlin Castro <> Bilakah debut Starlin Castro sebagai permulaan pendek? || awal Mei (2010) <> Siapa yang mengumumkan pada 22 Ogos mereka meninggalkan Cubs lebih awal? || Lou Piniella <> Mengapa Lou Piniella meninggalkan anak cucu sebelum ini? || menjaga ibunya yang sakit", {"qas": [{"question": "Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?", "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e4", "answers": [{"text": "Starlin Castro", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?", "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e5", "answers": [{"text": "early May (2010)", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely? ", "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e6", "answers": [{"text": "Lou Piniella", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?", "id": "572678f5f1498d1400e8e0e7", "answers": [{"text": "take care of his sick mother", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May (2010) as the starting shortstop. However, the club played poorly in the early season, finding themselves 10 games under .500 at the end of June. In addition, long-time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee, and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry, who called the conduct \"unacceptable.\" On August 22, Lou Piniella, who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season, announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother. Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year. Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24\u201313 under Quade, the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch, earning Quade to have the interim tag removed on October 19."}], ["Selepas menamatkan perlumbaan terakhir di NL Central dengan kemenangan 66 pada 2006, Cubs kembali menjadi alat dan mula \"paling buruk untuk pertama\" pada 2007. Di offseason mereka menandatangani kontrak Alfonso Soriano pada kontrak 8 tahun untuk $ 136 juta dan menggantikan pengurus Dusty Baker dengan pengurus veteran berapi Lou Piniella. Selepas permulaan yang kasar, yang termasuk pergaduhan antara Michael Barrett dan Carlos Zambrano, Cubs mengatasi Milwaukee Brewers, yang telah memimpin bahagian ini untuk sebahagian besar musim ini, dengan kemenangan pada bulan Jun dan Julai, ditambah dengan sepasang dramatik, lewat - kemenangan ke atas Reds, dan akhirnya merangkul NL Central dengan catatan 85-77. The Cubs berdagang Barrett ke Padres, dan kemudian memperoleh Jason Kendall dari Oakland. Kendall sangat berjaya dengan pengurusan pusingan pusingan dan membantu pada plat juga. Menjelang September, Geovany Soto menjadi pemula sepenuh masa di belakang plat, menggantikan Kendall veteran. Mereka bertemu Arizona di NLDS, namun kontroversi diikuti sebagai Piniella, dalam langkah yang telah dialami sejak diteliti, menarik Carlos Zambrano selepas inning keenam duel kendi dengan D-Backs ace Brandon Webb, untuk \"menyelamatkan Zambrano untuk (potensi) Permainan 4. \" The Cubs, bagaimanapun, tidak dapat menemui, kehilangan permainan pertama dan akhirnya mencecah lebih dari 30 pemain basikal dalam sapuan Arizona 3-game. <> Berapa banyak kemenangan yang Cubs menamatkan NL Central pada tahun 2006? || 66 <> Siapa yang telah menandatangani kontrak pada 8 tahun untuk $ 136 juta? || Alfonso Soriano <> Siapa yang menggantikan Dusty Baker sebagai pengurus Cubs? || Lou Piniella", {"qas": [{"question": "How many wins did the Cubs finish the NL Central with in 2006?", "id": "572675ae5951b619008f733f", "answers": [{"text": "66", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was signed to a contract at 8 years for $136 million?", "id": "572675ae5951b619008f7340", "answers": [{"text": "Alfonso Soriano", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Dusty Baker as the Cubs manager?", "id": "572675ae5951b619008f7341", "answers": [{"text": "Lou Piniella", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After finishing last in the NL Central with 66 wins in 2006, the Cubs re-tooled and went from \"worst to first\" in 2007. In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at 8 years for $136 million, and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella. After a rough start, which included a brawl between Michael Barrett and Carlos Zambrano, the Cubs overcame the Milwaukee Brewers, who had led the division for most of the season, with winning streaks in June and July, coupled with a pair of dramatic, late-inning wins against the Reds, and ultimately clinched the NL Central with a record of 85\u201377. The Cubs traded Barrett to the Padres, and later acquired Jason Kendall from Oakland. Kendall was highly successful with his management of the pitching rotation and helped at the plate as well. By September, Geovany Soto became the full-time starter behind the plate, replacing the veteran Kendall. They met Arizona in the NLDS, but controversy followed as Piniella, in a move that has since come under scrutiny, pulled Carlos Zambrano after the sixth inning of a pitcher's duel with D-Backs ace Brandon Webb, to \"....save Zambrano for (a potential) Game 4.\" The Cubs, however, were unable to come through, losing the first game and eventually stranding over 30 baserunners in a 3-game Arizona sweep."}], ["Walaupun kehilangan kredibiliti kegemaran penggemar Grace kepada agensi bebas, dan kekurangan pengeluaran dari pendatang baru Todd Hundley, kapten Don Baylor yang menyatukan musim yang baik pada tahun 2001. Musim bermula dengan Mack Newton dibawa masuk untuk mengajar \"pemikiran positif.\" Salah satu kisah terbesar musim ini berlaku kerana kelab itu membuat perjanjian midseason untuk Fred McGriff, yang telah dikeluarkan selama hampir sebulan ketika McGriff membahaskan mengesahkan klausa tidak ada perdagangannya, ketika Cubs memimpin perlumbaan kad liar sebanyak 2.5 pertandingan awal September. Larian itu meninggal ketika Preston Wilson melanda tiga lari melangkah keluar dari jarak dekat Tom \"Flash\" Gordon, yang menghentikan momentum timnya. Pasukan itu tidak dapat membuat satu lagi tuduhan serius, dan selesai pada 88-74, lima perlawanan di belakang Houston dan St Louis, yang terikat buat pertama kali. Sosa mungkin musim terbaiknya dan Jon Lieber mengetuai pasukannya dengan 20 musim kemenangan. <> Siapa yang menyatukan musim yang baik untuk Cubs pada tahun 2001? || Don Baylor <> Siapa yang dibawa masuk untuk mengajar \"pemikiran positif\"? || Mack Newton <> Siapa yang memukul tiga lari berjalan keluar dari rumah Tom dekat \"Flash\" Gordon? || Preston Wilson", {"qas": [{"question": "Who put together a good season for the Cubs in 2001?", "id": "572670f9dd62a815002e84fa", "answers": [{"text": "Don Baylor", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was brought in to preach \"positive thinking\"?", "id": "572670f9dd62a815002e84fb", "answers": [{"text": "Mack Newton", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom \"Flash\" Gordon?", "id": "572670f9dd62a815002e84fc", "answers": [{"text": "Preston Wilson", "answer_start": 529}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency, and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley, skipper Don Baylor's Cubs put together a good season in 2001. The season started with Mack Newton being brought in to preach \"positive thinking.\" One of the biggest stories of the season transpired as the club made a midseason deal for Fred McGriff, which was drawn out for nearly a month as McGriff debated waiving his no-trade clause, as the Cubs led the wild card race by 2.5 games in early September. That run died when Preston Wilson hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom \"Flash\" Gordon, which halted the team's momentum. The team was unable to make another serious charge, and finished at 88\u201374, five games behind both Houston and St. Louis, who tied for first. Sosa had perhaps his finest season and Jon Lieber led the staff with a 20 win season."}], ["The Cubs berjaya mempertahankan gelaran Liga Nasional mereka pada 2008, pergi ke postseason berturut-turut untuk pertama kalinya sejak 1906-08. Offseason dikuasai oleh tiga bulan perbincangan perdagangan yang tidak berjaya dengan Orioles yang melibatkan 2B Brian Roberts, serta penandatanganan bintang Chunichi Dragons Kosuke Fukudome. Pasukan itu merekodkan kemenangan ke-10,000 pada bulan April, sambil mendahului divisi awal. Reed Johnson dan Jim Edmonds ditambah awal dan Rich Harden diperoleh dari Oakland Athletics pada awal bulan Julai. The Cubs mengetuai cuti All-Star dengan rekod terbaik N.L., dan mengikat rekod liga dengan lapan wakil kepada permainan All-Star, termasuk penangkapan Geovany Soto, yang dinamakan Rookie of the Year. The Cubs menguasai bahagian ini dengan menyusun siri empat permainan di Milwaukee. Pada 14 September, dalam permainan berpindah ke Miller Park disebabkan oleh Badai Ike, Zambrano menonjol tanpa pukulan terhadap Astros, dan enam hari kemudian pasukan itu merebut dengan mengalahkan St Louis di Wrigley. Kelab itu mengakhiri musim dengan rekod 97-64 dan bertemu Los Angeles di NLDS. Cubs yang sangat digemari memimpin mendahului di Game 1, tetapi kejutan besar James Loney dari Ryan Dempster mengubah momentum siri itu. Chicago melakukan banyak kesalahan kritikal dan telah mengalahkan 20-6 dalam penyisipan Dodger, yang memberikan satu lagi berakhir secara tiba-tiba. <> Apa yang bermula Chunichi Dragons ditandatangani pada Cubs pada tahun 2008? || Kosuke Fukudome <> Siapa yang diperoleh dari Oakland Athletics pada awal bulan Julai? || Rich Harden <> Siapa yang dinamakan Rookie of the Year pada tahun 2008? || Geovany Soto <> Siapa yang tidak menyerang Astros pada Spetember ke-14? || Zambrano", {"qas": [{"question": "What  Chunichi Dragons  start was signed to the Cubs in 2008?", "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e0", "answers": [{"text": "Kosuke Fukudome", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July?", "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e1", "answers": [{"text": "Rich Harden", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was named Rookie of the Year in 2008?", "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e2", "answers": [{"text": "Geovany Soto", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who pitched a no-hitter against the Astros on Spetember 14th?", "id": "572676f0dd62a815002e85e3", "answers": [{"text": "Zambrano", "answer_start": 911}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cubs successfully defended their National League Central title in 2008, going to the postseason in consecutive years for the first time since 1906\u201308. The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts, as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome. The team recorded their 10,000th win in April, while establishing an early division lead. Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July. The Cubs headed into the All-Star break with the N.L.'s best record, and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All-Star game, including catcher Geovany Soto, who was named Rookie of the Year. The Cubs took control of the division by sweeping a four-game series in Milwaukee. On September 14, in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike, Zambrano pitched a no-hitter against the Astros, and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley. The club ended the season with a 97\u201364 record and met Los Angeles in the NLDS. The heavily favored Cubs took an early lead in Game 1, but James Loney's grand slam off Ryan Dempster changed the series' momentum. Chicago committed numerous critical errors and were outscored 20\u20136 in a Dodger sweep, which provided yet another sudden ending."}], ["Keluarga Ricketts memperoleh kepentingan majoriti di Cubs pada tahun 2009, mengakhiri tahun-tahun Tribune. Ternyata diborgol oleh kebangkrutan Tribune dan penjualan kelab itu kepada keluarga Ricketts, pencarian Cubs untuk NL Central 3-gambut dimulakan dengan notis bahawa akan kurang melabur ke dalam kontrak daripada tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Chicago terlibat St Louis dalam pertempuran melihat-lihat untuk tempat pertama pada Ogos 2009, tetapi Cardinals bermain dengan laju 20-6 yang agresif pada bulan itu, menunjuk pesaing mereka untuk bertarung dalam perlumbaan Kad Wild, yang mana mereka telah dihapuskan di minggu terakhir musim. The Cubs digugat oleh kecederaan pada 2009, dan hanya mampu melancarkan barisan pembukaan mereka bermula tiga kali sepanjang musim. Baseman ketiga Aramis Ram\u00edrez cedera bahu membalingnya pada pertandingan awal Mei menentang Milwaukee Brewers, mengetepikan dia sehingga awal Julai dan memaksa pemain pelawat seperti Mike Fontenot dan Aaron Miles memainkan peranan yang lebih menonjol. Di samping itu, pemain utama seperti Derrek Lee (yang masih berjaya mencecah .306 dengan 35 HR dan 111 RBI musim itu), Alfonso Soriano dan Geovany Soto juga menyusui kecederaan. The Cubs mencatatkan rekod kemenangan (83-78) untuk musim ketiga berturut-turut, kali pertama kelab telah melakukannya sejak tahun 1972, dan era pemilikan baru di bawah keluarga Ricketts telah diluluskan oleh pemilik MLB pada awal Oktober. <> Bilakah keluarga Ricketts memperoleh kepentingan majoriti di Cubs? || 2009 <> Siapa yang Chicago terlibat dalam pertempuran melihat-lihat untuk tempat pertama pada Ogos 2009? || St Louis <> Apa yang melanda Cubs pada tahun 2009? || kecederaan", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs?", "id": "57267806708984140094c72b", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Chicago engage in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009?", "id": "57267806708984140094c72c", "answers": [{"text": "St. Louis", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What plagued the Cubs in 2009?", "id": "57267806708984140094c72d", "answers": [{"text": "injuries", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009, ending the Tribune years. Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts family, the Cubs' quest for a NL Central 3-peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years. Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009, but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20\u20136 pace that month, designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race, from which they were eliminated in the season's final week. The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009, and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season. Third baseman Aramis Ram\u00edrez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers, sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles. Additionally, key players like Derrek Lee (who still managed to hit .306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season), Alfonso Soriano and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries. The Cubs posted a winning record (83\u201378) for the third consecutive season, the first time the club had done so since 1972, and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts' family was approved by MLB owners in early October."}], ["Walaupun Cubs telah memenangi 89 perlawanan, kejatuhan ini jelas tidak dapat dielakkan, kerana Cubs menderma superstar Sammy Sosa selepas dia meninggalkan permainan terakhir musim awal dan kemudian berbohong mengenainya secara terbuka. Sudah menjadi tokoh yang kontroversial di rumah kelab selepas insiden itu, tindakan Sammy memisahkan sebahagian besar peminatnya yang kuat dan juga beberapa rakan sepasukan yang masih baik dengannya, (banyak rakan sepasukan yang semakin letih dengan Sosa bermain muzik salsa yang kuat di bilik persalinan) dan mungkin mencemarkan tempatnya di Cubs selama bertahun-tahun yang akan datang. Musim yang mengecewakan juga menyaksikan peminat mula menjadi kecewa dengan kecederaan yang berterusan kepada pitchers ace Mark Prior dan Kerry Wood. Selain itu, musim '04 menyebabkan pemergian pengulas terkenal Steve Stone, yang menjadi semakin kritikal terhadap pengurusan semasa siaran dan secara lisan diserang oleh reliever Kent Mercker. Perkara tidak lebih baik pada tahun 2005, walaupun pada tahun kerjaya dari baseman pertama Derrek Lee dan kemunculan Ryan Dempster. Kelab ini bergelut dan mengalami kecederaan utama, hanya menguruskan untuk memenangi 79 perlawanan selepas dipilih oleh ramai untuk menjadi pesaing yang serius untuk N.L. penanda. Pada tahun 2006, bahagian bawah jatuh ketika Cubs selesai 66-96, terakhir di NL Central. <> Siapa yang melakukan perdagangan Cubs selepas meninggalkan permainan terakhir awal dan membohonginya? || Sammy Sosa <> Siapa yang menjadi tokoh kontroversial akibat insiden kelopak? || Sammy Sosa <> Apa pengulas popular yang ditinggalkan pada musim '04? || Steve Stone <> Siapa yang secara lisan menyerang Steve Stone? || Kent Mercker", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Cubs trade after leaving the final game early and lieing about it?", "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a5", "answers": [{"text": "Sammy Sosa", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a controversial figure due to a corked-bat incident?", "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a6", "answers": [{"text": "Sammy Sosa", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What popular commentator left during the '04 season?", "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a7", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Stone", "answer_start": 760}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who verbally attacked Steve Stone?", "id": "5726742e708984140094c6a8", "answers": [{"text": "Kent Mercker", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games, this fallout was decidedly unlovable, as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season's final game early and then lied about it publicly. Already a controversial figure in the clubhouse after his corked-bat incident, Sammy's actions alienated much of his once strong fan base as well as the few teammates still on good terms with him, (many teammates grew tired of Sosa playing loud salsa music in the locker room) and possibly tarnished his place in Cubs' lore for years to come. The disappointing season also saw fans start to become frustrated with the constant injuries to ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood. Additionally, the '04 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone, who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker. Things were no better in 2005, despite a career year from first baseman Derrek Lee and the emergence of closer Ryan Dempster. The club struggled and suffered more key injuries, only managing to win 79 games after being picked by many to be a serious contender for the N.L. pennant. In 2006, bottom fell out as the Cubs finished 66\u201396, last in the NL Central."}], ["Selepas kalah permainan dalam permainan di Game 1, Cubs bergelut dan mengambil 3 perlawanan kepada 1 pendahuluan di atas Marlins Wild Card Florida di NLCS. Florida menutup Cubs di Game 5, tetapi pemain muda Mark Prior mengetuai Cubs di Game 6 ketika mereka memimpin 3-0 ke dalam inning ke-8 dan pada ketika ini ketika insiden yang terjadi sekarang berlaku. Beberapa penonton cuba menangkap bola kotor dari kelawar Luis Castillo. Peminat Chicago Cubs dengan nama Steve Bartman, dari Northbrook, Illinois, meraih bola dan membelinya dari sarung tangan Mois\u00e9s Alou untuk gol kedua dari inning ke-8. Alou bertindak balas marah ke arah berdiri, dan selepas permainan menyatakan bahawa dia akan menangkap bola. Alou pada satu ketika berkata, dia tidak akan dapat bermain, tetapi kemudian mengatakan bahawa ini hanyalah percubaan untuk membuat Bartman berasa lebih baik dan percaya bahawa keseluruhan insiden itu harus dilupakan. Gangguan tidak dipanggil untuk bermain, kerana bola diperintah berada di sisi penonton dinding. Castillo akhirnya dilalui oleh Prior. Dua pertahanan kemudian, dan kekecewaan stadium yang dibungkus, Cec shortstop Alex Gonzalez tidak mempedulikan inning mengakhiri bermain dua kali, memuat pangkalan dan mengarah ke lapan Florida berjalan dan kemenangan Marlin. Walaupun menghantar Kerry Wood ke gundukan dan memimpin dua kali, Cubs akhirnya menurunkan Game 7, dan gagal mencapai Siri Dunia. <> Dalam apa permainan Florida menutup Cubs keluar? || Permainan 5 <> Apa kendi memimpin Cubs dalam Game 6? || Tandakan Sebelum <> Siapa yang memukul bola busuk yang ditimbulkan oleh beberapa penonton? || Luis Castillo", {"qas": [{"question": "In what game did Florida shut the Cubs out?", "id": "572672e5dd62a815002e8532", "answers": [{"text": "Game 5", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pitcher led the Cubs in Game 6?", "id": "572672e5dd62a815002e8533", "answers": [{"text": "Mark Prior", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hit the foul ball that several spectators attempted to catch?", "id": "572672e5dd62a815002e8534", "answers": [{"text": "Luis Castillo", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After losing an extra-inning game in Game 1, the Cubs rallied and took a 3 games to 1 lead over the Wild Card Florida Marlins in the NLCS. Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5, but young pitcher Mark Prior led the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3\u20130 lead into the 8th inning and it was at this point when a now-infamous incident took place. Several spectators attempted to catch a foul ball off the bat of Luis Castillo. A Chicago Cubs fan by the name of Steve Bartman, of Northbrook, Illinois, reached for the ball and deflected it away from the glove of Mois\u00e9s Alou for the second out of the 8th inning. Alou reacted angrily toward the stands, and after the game stated that he would have caught the ball. Alou at one point recanted, saying he would not have been able to make the play, but later said this was just an attempt to make Bartman feel better and believing the whole incident should be forgotten. Interference was not called on the play, as the ball was ruled to be on the spectator side of the wall. Castillo was eventually walked by Prior. Two batters later, and to the chagrin of the packed stadium, Cubs shortstop Alex Gonzalez misplayed an inning ending double play, loading the bases and leading to eight Florida runs and a Marlin victory. Despite sending Kerry Wood to the mound and holding a lead twice, the Cubs ultimately dropped Game 7, and failed to reach the World Series."}], ["Musim '98 akan bermula dengan nota yang muram dengan kematian penyiar legenda Harry Caray. Selepas persaraan Sandberg dan perdagangan Dunston, Cubs mempunyai lubang untuk mengisi dan penandatanganan Henry Rodr\u00edguez, yang dikenali sebagai \"H-Rod\" untuk pembersihan kelawar memberikan perlindungan kepada Sammy Sosa dalam barisan itu, kerana Rodriguez menyerang 31 pusingan- trippers dalam musim pertamanya di Chicago. Kevin Tapani mengetuai kelab itu dengan kerjaya yang tinggi 19 kemenangan, Rod Beck menambat penembak kuat dan Mark Grace berubah menjadi salah satu musim terbaiknya. The Cubs telah dibanjiri oleh perhatian media pada tahun 1998, dan dua pemain utama pasukan itu adalah Sosa dan pemetik api flamethrower Kerry Wood. Prestasi tandatangan Wood adalah satu-memukul Houston Astros, sebuah permainan di mana dia mengikat rekod liga utama sebanyak 20 serangan dalam sembilan babak. Bilangan pemogokan beliau yang teruk mendapat Wood the nickname \"Kid K,\" dan akhirnya memperolehnya sebagai penghargaan NL Rookie of the Year 1998. Sosa terbakar pada bulan Jun, mencatatkan rekod liga utama yang berlangsung pada bulan lalu, dan perlumbaan di rumahnya dengan slugger Cardinals Mark McGwire mengubah pasangan itu menjadi superstar antarabangsa dalam masa beberapa minggu. McGwire menamatkan musim dengan rekod liga utama baru sebanyak 70 rumah, tetapi Sosa's .308 purata dan 66 homer memperolehnya Anugerah MVP Liga Kebangsaan. Selepas mengejar Kad Wild Card ke bawah dengan San Francisco Giants, Chicago dan San Francisco mengakhiri musim biasa yang terikat, dan dengan itu diasingkan dalam playoff satu perlawanan di Wrigley Field di mana baseman ketiga Gary Gaetti melanda akhirnya permainan memenangi homer. Kemenangan itu mendorong Cubs ke postseason sekali lagi dengan musim 90-73. Malangnya, kelelawar semakin sejuk pada bulan Oktober, ketika kelab pengurus Jim Riggleman memukul .183 dan menjaringkan hanya empat perlawanan dalam perjalanan untuk disapu oleh Atlanta. Pada catatan yang positif, mengejar rumah di antara Sosa, McGwire dan Ken Griffey, Jr membantu bola sepak profesional untuk membawa peminat baru serta membawa balik beberapa peminat yang kecewa dengan mogok tahun 1994. The Cubs mengekalkan ramai pemain yang mengalami tahun kerjaya dalam '98, dan selepas permulaan yang cepat pada tahun 1999, mereka runtuh sekali lagi (bermula dengan disapu di tangan White Sox pada pertengahan Jun) dan selesai di bahagian bawah bahagian untuk dua musim yang akan datang. <> Apa penyiar legenda yang maut dalam musim '98? || Harry Caray <> Siapa yang dikenali sebagai \"H-Rod\"? || Henry Rodr\u00edguez <> Berapa banyak pemain sepak bola melakukan slug Rodriguez pada musim pertamanya di Chicago? || 31", {"qas": [{"question": "What legendary broadcaster died in the '98 season?", "id": "5726704cf1498d1400e8dfae", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Caray", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was affectionately known as \"H-Rod\"?", "id": "5726704cf1498d1400e8dfaf", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Rodr\u00edguez", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many round-trippers did Rodriguez slug in his first season in Chicago?", "id": "5726704cf1498d1400e8dfb0", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The '98 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray. After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston, the Cubs had holes to fill and the signing of Henry Rodr\u00edguez, known affectionately as \"H-Rod\" to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup, as Rodriguez slugged 31 round-trippers in his first season in Chicago. Kevin Tapani led the club with a career high 19 wins, Rod Beck anchored a strong bullpen and Mark Grace turned in one of his best seasons. The Cubs were swamped by media attention in 1998, and the team's two biggest headliners were Sosa and rookie flamethrower Kerry Wood. Wood's signature performance was one-hitting the Houston Astros, a game in which he tied the major league record of 20 strikeouts in nine innings. His torrid strikeout numbers earned Wood the nickname \"Kid K,\" and ultimately earned him the 1998 NL Rookie of the Year award. Sosa caught fire in June, hitting a major league record 20 home runs in the month, and his home run race with Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire transformed the pair into international superstars in a matter of weeks. McGwire finished the season with a new major league record of 70 home runs, but Sosa's .308 average and 66 homers earned him the National League MVP Award. After a down-to-the-wire Wild Card chase with the San Francisco Giants, Chicago and San Francisco ended the regular season tied, and thus squared off in a one-game playoff at Wrigley Field in which third baseman Gary Gaetti hit the eventual game winning homer. The win propelled the Cubs into the postseason once again with a 90\u201373 regular season tally. Unfortunately, the bats went cold in October, as manager Jim Riggleman's club batted .183 and scored only four runs en route to being swept by Atlanta. On a positive note, the home run chase between Sosa, McGwire and Ken Griffey, Jr. helped professional baseball to bring in a new crop of fans as well as bringing back some fans who had been disillusioned by the 1994 strike. The Cubs retained many players who experienced career years in '98, and after a fast start in 1999, they collapsed again (starting with being swept at the hands of the cross-town White Sox in mid-June) and finished in the bottom of the division for the next two seasons."}], ["Pada 1 Oktober 1932, dalam permainan tiga Siri Dunia antara Cubs dan New York Yankees, Babe Ruth didakwa melangkah ke pinggan itu, menuding jari ke pelopor medan pusat Wrigley Field dan melanda rumah yang panjang ke pusat. Terdapat spekulasi sama ada \"fakta\" yang mengelilingi cerita itu benar atau tidak, namun Ruth membantu Yankees memenangi kemenangan World Series pada tahun itu dan landasan rumahnya menyumbang pada tempat ke-15 dan terakhir di musim jawatan sebelum dia bersara pada tahun 1935. </ span> Pernahkah permainan tiga Siri Dunia antara Cubs dan New York Yankees? || 1 Oktober 1932 <> Siapa yang didakwa memukul rumah ke Pusat? || Babe Ruth <> Bilakah Babe Ruth bersara? || 1935", {"qas": [{"question": "When was game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees?", "id": "57267da65951b619008f748d", "answers": [{"text": "October 1, 1932", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who allegedly hit a home run to the Center?", "id": "57267da65951b619008f748e", "answers": [{"text": "Babe Ruth", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Babe Ruth retire?", "id": "57267da65951b619008f748f", "answers": [{"text": "1935", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On October 1, 1932, in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees, Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate, pointed his finger to Wrigley Field's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center. There is speculation as to whether the \"facts\" surrounding the story are true or not, but nevertheless Ruth did help the Yankees secure a World Series win that year and the home run accounted for his 15th and last home run in the post season before he retired in 1935."}], ["Pada bulan Jun, 1998, Sammy Sosa meletup untuk mengejar rekod rumah Roger Maris. Sosa mempunyai 13 rumah yang memasuki bulan itu, mewakili kurang daripada separuh jumlah Mark McGwire. Sosa memiliki pertandingan empat pertamanya di rumah itu bulan lalu pada 1 Jun, dan kemudian memecah rekod Rudy York dengan 20 perlawanan di rumah pada bulan itu, rekod yang masih berdiri. Menjelang akhir bulan bersejarahnya, 33 pemain di luar padang mengikat dia dengan Ken Griffey, Jr. dan meninggalkannya hanya empat di belakang McGwire 37. Sosa selesai dengan 66 dan memenangi Anugerah NL MVP. <> Bilakah Sammy Sosa meletup untuk mengejar rekod rumah Roger Maris? || 1998 <> Siapa yang mengejar rekod rumah Roger Maris? || Sammy Sosa <> Sammy Sosa sedang dalam usaha mengalahkan rekod rumahnya? || Roger Maris <Anugerah apa Sammy Sosa menang? || Anugerah NL MVP", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Sammy Sosa explode into pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record? ", "id": "572680bb5951b619008f74f1", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was in pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record?", "id": "572680bc5951b619008f74f2", "answers": [{"text": "Sammy Sosa", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sammy Sosa was in pursuit of beating whose home run record?", "id": "572680bc5951b619008f74f3", "answers": [{"text": "Roger Maris", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did Sammy Sosa win?", "id": "572680bc5951b619008f74f4", "answers": [{"text": "the NL MVP Award", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In June, 1998 Sammy Sosa exploded into the pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record. Sosa had 13 home runs entering the month, representing less than half of Mark McGwire's total. Sosa had his first of four multi-home run games that month on June 1, and went on to break Rudy York's record with 20 home runs in the month, a record that still stands. By the end of his historic month, the outfielder's 33 home runs tied him with Ken Griffey, Jr. and left him only four behind McGwire's 37. Sosa finished with 66 and won the NL MVP Award."}], ["Hanya dalam permulaan kerjayanya yang ketiga, Kerry Wood melancarkan 20 perlawanan ke atas Houston pada 6 Mei 1998. Ini adalah rekod francais dan terikat untuk rekod Liga Utama untuk perlawanan paling banyak dalam satu perlawanan dengan satu periuk (satu-satunya kendi untuk memukul 20 perlawanan dalam perlawanan sembilan perlawanan adalah Roger Clemens, yang mencatatnya dua kali). Permainan ini sering dianggap prestasi yang paling dominan sepanjang masa. Menariknya, padang pertama Wood memukul umpan plat umpan Jerry Foods di facemask. Wood kemudian melepaskan lima pemain utama yang dihadapinya. Wood memukul satu tongkat, Craig Biggio, dan membenarkan satu melanda, single scratch oleh Ricky Guti\u00e9rrez dari sarung tangan ketiga baseman Kevin Orie. Permainan ini hampir menjaringkan kesilapan, yang akan memberi Wood a no-hitter. <> Berapa kerap membunuh Kerry Wood terhadap Houston? || 20 <> Bilakah Kerry Wood membaling 20 perlawanan ke Houston? || 6 Mei 1998 <> Kerry Wood meletupkan 20 perlawanan ke atas pasukan apa? || Houston", {"qas": [{"question": "How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?", "id": "57268162dd62a815002e878a", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?", "id": "57268162dd62a815002e878b", "answers": [{"text": "May 6, 1998", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?", "id": "57268162dd62a815002e878c", "answers": [{"text": "Houston", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Guti\u00e9rrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter."}], ["Pada 23 April 2008, melawan Colorado Rockies, Cubs merekod kemenangan ke-10 musim reguler dalam sejarah francais mereka sejak awal Liga Kebangsaan pada tahun 1876. The Cubs mencapai kejayaan dengan rekod Liga Nasional keseluruhan 10,000 -9,465. Chicago hanya merupakan kelab kedua dalam sejarah Baseball Major League untuk mencapai kejayaan ini, yang pertama menjadi San Francisco Giants pada pertengahan musim 2005. Namun, Cubs memegang tanda kemenangan untuk satu pasukan di satu bandar. Rekod 77-77 kelab Chicago di Persatuan Kebangsaan (1871, 1874-1875) tidak termasuk dalam rekod pencapaian MLB. Siri pasca musim juga tidak termasuk dalam jumlah keseluruhan. Untuk menghormati peristiwa itu, Cubs terbang bendera putih tambahan memaparkan \"10,000\" biru, bersama dengan bendera \"W\" biasa. <> Bilakah Cubs merekod kemenangan 10,000 musim reguler mereka? || 23 April 2008 <> Siapa yang membuat Cubs merekodkan 10,000 musim reguler mereka? || Colorado Rockies <> Bilakah permulaan Liga Kebangsaan? || 1876", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season win?", "id": "57268114708984140094c847", "answers": [{"text": "April 23, 2008", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season against?", "id": "57268114708984140094c848", "answers": [{"text": "Colorado Rockies", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the beginning of the National League?", "id": "57268114708984140094c849", "answers": [{"text": "1876", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 23, 2008, against the Colorado Rockies, the Cubs recorded the 10,000th regular-season win in their franchise's history dating back to the beginning of the National League in 1876. The Cubs reached the milestone with an overall National League record of 10,000-9,465. Chicago was only the second club in Major League Baseball history to attain this milestone, the first having been the San Francisco Giants in mid-season 2005. The Cubs, however, hold the mark for victories for a team in a single city. The Chicago club's 77\u201377 record in the National Association (1871, 1874\u20131875) is not included in MLB record keeping. Post-season series are also not included in the totals. To honor the milestone, the Cubs flew an extra white flag displaying \"10,000\" in blue, along with the customary \"W\" flag."}], ["Pada 23 September 1908, Cubs dan New York Giants terlibat dalam perlumbaan penaltan yang ketat. Kedua-dua kelab itu terikat di bahagian bawah babak kesembilan di Polo Grounds, dan NY mempunyai pelari pertama dan ketiga dan dua selepas Al Bridwell mengetengahkan, menjaringkan Moose McCormick dari tempat ketiga dengan kemenangan kemenangan Giants, tetapi pelari di asas pertama, rookie Fred Merkle, meninggalkan padang tanpa menyentuh pangkalan kedua. Ketika peminat menyerbu lapangan, Cub infielder Johnny Evers memperoleh bola dan menyentuh kedua. Oleh kerana terdapat dua out, satu pasukan dipanggil di pangkalan kedua, mengakhiri inning dan permainan. Kerana tali leher Giants dan Cubs akhirnya terikat untuk tempat pertama. The Giants kehilangan playoff satu permainan berikutnya dan Cubs terus ke Siri Dunia. <> Bilakah Cubs dan New York Giants terlibat dalam perlumbaan penaltan yang ketat? || 23 September 1908 <<Siapakah anak-anak yang terlibat dengan perlumbaan penalti pada 23 September 1908? || New York Giants <> Siapa pelari di pangkalan pertama? || Fred Merkle", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the Cubs and New York Giants involved in a tight pennant race?", "id": "57267d415951b619008f7473", "answers": [{"text": "September 23, 1908", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the Cubs involved with for a tight pennant race on September 23, 1908?", "id": "57267d415951b619008f7474", "answers": [{"text": "New York Giants", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the runner on first base?", "id": "57267d415951b619008f7475", "answers": [{"text": "Fred Merkle", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On September 23, 1908, the Cubs and New York Giants were involved in a tight pennant race. The two clubs were tied in the bottom of the ninth inning at the Polo Grounds, and N.Y. had runners on first and third and two outs when Al Bridwell singled, scoring Moose McCormick from third with the Giants' apparent winning run, but the runner on first base, rookie Fred Merkle, left the field without touching second base. As fans swarmed the field, Cub infielder Johnny Evers retrieved the ball and touched second. Since there were two outs, a forceout was called at second base, ending the inning and the game. Because of the tie the Giants and Cubs ended up tied for first place. The Giants lost the ensuing one-game playoff and the Cubs went on to the World Series."}], ["Pada 25 April 1976, di Stadium Dodger, penunjuk perasaan bapa dan anak berlari ke medan perang dan cuba menyalakan bendera A.S.. Apabila pemain luar Cubs Rick hari Senin melihat bendera di atas tanah dan lelaki dan lelaki itu bergegas dengan perlawanan dan cecair yang lebih ringan, dia melanda dan merampas bendera itu untuk tepukan gemuruh. Apabila dia datang untuk mengetuk dalam setengah inning seterusnya, dia mendapat sambutan hangat daripada orang ramai dan titantron stadium itu memaparkan mesej itu, \"RICK ISIN ... ANDA MEMBUAT GELOMBANG YANG BESAR ...\" Isnin kemudian berkata, \"Jika anda akan membakar bendera itu, jangan lakukan di sekeliling saya. Saya pernah ke hospital veteran terlalu banyak dan melihat terlalu banyak badan patah lelaki yang cuba melindunginya. \" <> Bilakah penunjuk perasaan berjalan ke medan keluar dan cuba menyalakan bendera A.S.? || 25 April 1976 <> Apa stadium yang dilakukan penunjuk perasaan cuba membakar bendera A.S.? || Dodger Stadium <> Siapa yang meraih bendera sebelum penunjuk perasaan dapat menyalakannya? || Rick hari Isnin", {"qas": [{"question": "When did protesters run into the outfield and try to set fire to the U.S. flag?", "id": "572680405951b619008f74d7", "answers": [{"text": "April 25, 1976", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What stadium did protesters try to burn the U.S.  flag?", "id": "572680405951b619008f74d8", "answers": [{"text": "Dodger Stadium", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who grabbed the flag before protesters could light it on fire?", "id": "572680405951b619008f74d9", "answers": [{"text": "Rick Monday", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On April 25, 1976, at Dodger Stadium, father-and-son protestors ran into the outfield and tried to set fire to a U.S. flag. When Cubs outfielder Rick Monday noticed the flag on the ground and the man and boy fumbling with matches and lighter fluid, he dashed over and snatched the flag to thunderous applause. When he came up to bat in the next half-inning, he got a standing ovation from the crowd and the stadium titantron flashed the message, \"RICK MONDAY... YOU MADE A GREAT PLAY...\" Monday later said, \"If you're going to burn the flag, don't do it around me. I've been to too many veterans' hospitals and seen too many broken bodies of guys who tried to protect it.\""}], ["Hack Wilson mencatat rekod 56 rumah dan 190 berlari masuk pada 1930, memecah rekod MLB Lou Gehrig sebanyak 176 RBI. (Pada tahun 1999, RBI tambahan yang hilang secara keliru dikreditkan kepada Charlie Grimm telah ditemui oleh penyelidik Cooperstown Cliff Kachline dan disahkan oleh ahli sejarah Jerome Holtzman, menambah bilangan rekod ke 191.) Pada tahun 2014 rekod itu masih berdiri, tanpa ancaman serius datang sejak Gehrig (184) dan Hank Greenberg (183) dalam era yang sama. Sesiapa yang paling dekat dengan 75 tahun terakhir adalah RBI 165 Manny Ramirez pada tahun 1999. Sebagai tambahan kepada rekod RBI, Wilson 56 home-runs berdiri sebagai rekod Liga Kebangsaan sehingga tahun 1998 apabila Sammy Sosa dan Mark McGwire melanda 66 dan 70, masing-masing. Wilson dinamakan \"Paling Berguna\" pemain tahun itu oleh Persatuan Penulis Baseball 'Amerika, sebagai N.L rasmi. Anugerah Pemain Paling Bernilai tidak dianugerahkan sehingga musim depan. <> Bilakah Hack Wilson menetapkan rekod 56 rumah dan 190 berputar-dalam? || 1930 <> Siapa yang membuat rekod MLB Lou Gehrig 176 RBI? || Hack Wilson <> Bilakah Manny Ramirez mendapat 165 RBI nya? || 1999 <> Apakah Wilson dinamakan oleh Persatuan Penulis Baseball Amerika? || Pemain Paling Berguna", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in?", "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74cf", "answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who Broke Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI?", "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74d0", "answers": [{"text": "Hack Wilson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Manny Ramirez get his 165 RBI?", "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74d1", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Wilson named by the Baseball Writer's Association of America? ", "id": "57267fc85951b619008f74d2", "answers": [{"text": "\"Most Useful\" player", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in in 1930, breaking Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI. (In 1999, a long-lost extra RBI mistakenly credited to Charlie Grimm had been found by Cooperstown researcher Cliff Kachline and verified by historian Jerome Holtzman, increasing the record number to 191.) As of 2014 the record still stands, with no serious threats coming since Gehrig (184) and Hank Greenberg (183) in the same era. The closest anyone has come to the mark in the last 75 years was Manny Ramirez's 165 RBI in 1999. In addition to the RBI record, Wilson 56 home-runs stood as the National League record until 1998, when Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire hit 66 and 70, respectively. Wilson was named \"Most Useful\" player that year by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, as the official N.L. Most Valuable Player Award was not awarded until the next season."}], ["Pada 2 November 2014, Cubs mengumumkan bahawa Joe Maddon telah menandatangani kontrak lima tahun untuk menjadi pengurus ke-54 dalam sejarah pasukan. Pada 10 Disember 2014, Maddon mengumumkan bahawa pasukan telah menandatangani ejen bebas Jon Lester untuk kontrak 6 tahun, $ 155 juta. Banyak lagi perdagangan dan pengambilalihan yang berlaku semasa musim off. Barisan pembukaan hari untuk Cubs mengandungi lima pemain baru termasuk pemain tengah kanan Jorge Soler. Rookies Kris Bryant dan Addison Russell berada di barisan permulaan menjelang pertengahan April, dan pemain baru Kyle Schwarber ditambah pada pertengahan bulan Jun. The Cubs menamatkan musim 2015 dengan rekod 97-65, ketiga terbaik dalam jurusan. Pada 7 Oktober, dalam Game Kad Wildcard Liga Kebangsaan 2015, Jake Arrieta melancarkan satu perlawanan lengkap dan Cubs mengalahkan Pittsburgh Pirates 4-0. <> Bilakah Cubs mengumumkan bahawa Joe Maddon telah menandatangani kontrak lima tahun untuk menjadi pengurus ke-54? || 2 November 2014 <> Siapa yang menandatangani pasukan pada 10 Disember 2014 sebagai ejen bebas? || Jon Lester <> Berapa nilai kontrak Jon Lester? || $ 155 juta <> Apa rekod Cubs selesai pada musim 2015? || 97-65", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Cubs announce that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager?", "id": "57267c335951b619008f7457", "answers": [{"text": "November 2, 2014", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the team sign on December 10, 2014 as a free agent?", "id": "57267c335951b619008f7458", "answers": [{"text": "Jon Lester", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was Jon Lester's contract worth?", "id": "57267c335951b619008f7459", "answers": [{"text": "$155 million", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the record the Cubs finished with during the 2015 season?", "id": "57267c335951b619008f745a", "answers": [{"text": "97\u201365", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On November 2, 2014, the Cubs announced that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager in team history. On December 10, 2014, Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a 6-year, $155 million contract. Many other trades and acquisitions occurred during the off season. The opening day lineup for the Cubs contained five new players including rookie right fielder Jorge Soler. Rookies Kris Bryant and Addison Russell were in the starting lineup by mid-April, and rookie Kyle Schwarber was added in mid-June. The Cubs finished the 2015 season with a record of 97\u201365, third best in the majors. On October 7, in the 2015 National League Wild Card Game, Jake Arrieta pitched a complete game shutout and the Cubs defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates 4\u20130."}], ["Musim 2013 menghasilkan yang sama tahun sebelumnya. Tidak lama sebelum tamat tempoh dagangan, Cubs menjual Matt Garza kepada Texas Rangers untuk Mike Olt, C. J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, dan Justin Grimm. Tiga hari kemudian, Cubs menghantar Alfonso Soriano ke New York Yankees untuk pelayar kecil Corey Black. Jualan api musim pertengahan menyebabkan satu lagi tempat terakhir di NL Central, menamatkan rekod 66-96. Walaupun terdapat peningkatan lima permainan dalam rekod dari tahun sebelumnya, Anthony Rizzo dan Starlin Castro sepertinya mengambil langkah mundur dalam perkembangan mereka. Pada 30 September 2013, Theo Epstein membuat keputusan untuk menembak pengurus Dale Sveum selepas hanya dua musim menerajui Cubs. Regresi beberapa pemain muda dianggap sebagai titik tumpuan utama, sebagai pejabat depan berkata Dale tidak akan dinilai berdasarkan kemenangan dan kerugian. Dalam dua musim sebagai kapten, Sveum selesai dengan rekod 127-197. <> Siapa yang melakukan perdagangan Cubs ke Texas Rangers untuk Mike Olt, C.J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, dan Justin Grimm? || Matt Garza <> Siapa yang menghantar Cubs ke New York Yankees untuk legair kecil Corey Black? || Alfonso Soriano <> Bilakah Theo Epstein membuat keputusan untuk membakar Dale Sveum? || 30 September 2013 <> Berapa banyak musim yang dibelanjakan Dale Sveum dengan Cubs sebelum dipecat? || dua musim", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Cubs trade to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt, C.J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, and Justin Grimm?", "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b0", "answers": [{"text": "Matt Garza", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs send to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black?", "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b1", "answers": [{"text": "Alfonso Soriano", "answer_start": 238}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Theo Epstein made the decision to fire Dale Sveum?", "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b2", "answers": [{"text": "September 30, 2013", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seasons did Dale Sveum spend with the Cubs before getting fired?", "id": "57267b7edd62a815002e86b3", "answers": [{"text": "two seasons", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 2013 season resulted in much as the same the year before. Shortly before the trade deadline, the Cubs traded Matt Garza to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt, C. J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, and Justin Grimm. Three days later, the Cubs sent Alfonso Soriano to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black. The mid season fire sale led to another last place finish in the NL Central, finishing with a record of 66-96. Although there was a five-game improvement in the record from the year before, Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro seemed to take steps backward in their development. On September 30, 2013, Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs. The regression of several young players was thought to be the main focus point, as the front office said Dale would not be judged based on wins and losses. In two seasons as skipper, Sveum finished with a record of 127-197."}], ["Walaupun diperdagangkan untuk periuk periuk Matt Garza dan menandatangani slugger agen bebas Carlos Pe\u00f1a, Cubs menamatkan musim 2011 dengan 20 perlawanan di bawah .500 dengan catatan 71-91. Seminggu selepas musim berakhir, kelab itu dipulihkan dalam bentuk falsafah baru, apabila pemilik baru Tom Ricketts menandatangani Theo Epstein dari Boston Red Sox, menamakannya sebagai Presiden kelab dan memberinya kontrak lima tahun bernilai lebih $ 18 juta, dan kemudiannya dilepaskan pengurus Mike Quade. Epstein, penyokong sabremetrik dan salah seorang arkitek dua tajuk siri dunia di Boston membawa bersama Jed Hoyer untuk mengisi peranan GM dan mengupah Dale Sveum sebagai pengurus. Walaupun pasukan itu mempunyai musim 2012 yang menyedihkan, kehilangan 101 perlawanan (rekod terburuk sejak tahun 1966) itu sebahagian besarnya dijangkakan. Pergerakan pemuda yang dilalui oleh Epstein dan Hoyer bermula sebagai peminat Kerry Wood yang lama telah bersara pada Mei, diikuti oleh Ryan Dempster dan Geovany Soto yang diniagakan ke Texas pada rehat All-Star untuk sekumpulan prospek liga kecil yang diketuai oleh Christian Villanueva. Perkembangan Castro, Anthony Rizzo, Darwin Barney, Brett Jackson dan periuk Jeff Samardzija serta penggantian sistem kecil liga dengan prospek seperti Javier Baez, Albert Almora, dan Jorge Soler menjadi tumpuan utama musim ini. falsafah yang dikatakan oleh pengurusan baru akan membawa sekurang-kurangnya melalui musim 2013. <> Berapa banyak permainan di bawah .500 yang Cubs menyelesaikan musim 2011 dengan? || 20 <> Siapa pemilik baru Cubs? || Tom Ricketts <> Siapa yang baru pemilik tanda Cubs dari Boston Red Sox? || Theo Epstein <> Berapakah kontrak yang diberikan kepada Theo Epstein bernilai? || $ 18 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "How many games under .500 did the Cubs finish the 2011 season with?", "id": "57267aad708984140094c77d", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the new owner of the Cubs?", "id": "57267aad708984140094c77e", "answers": [{"text": "Tom Ricketts", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the new owner of the Cubs sign from the Boston Red Sox?", "id": "57267aad708984140094c77f", "answers": [{"text": "Theo Epstein", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the contract given to Theo Epstein worth?", "id": "57267aad708984140094c780", "answers": [{"text": "$18 million", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite trading for pitcher Matt Garza and signing free-agent slugger Carlos Pe\u00f1a, the Cubs finished the 2011 season 20 games under .500 with a record of 71-91. Weeks after the season came to an end, the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy, as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox, naming him club President and giving him a five-year contract worth over $18 million, and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade. Epstein, a proponent of sabremetrics and one of the architects of two world series titles in Boston brought along Jed Hoyer to fill the role of GM and hired Dale Sveum as manager. Although the team had a dismal 2012 season, losing 101 games (the worst record since 1966) it was largely expected. The youth movement ushered in by Epstein and Hoyer began as longtime fan favorite Kerry Wood retired in May, followed by Ryan Dempster and Geovany Soto being traded to Texas at the All-Star break for a group of minor league prospects headlined by Christian Villanueva. The development of Castro, Anthony Rizzo, Darwin Barney, Brett Jackson and pitcher Jeff Samardzija as well as the replenishing of the minor-league system with prospects such as Javier Baez, Albert Almora, and Jorge Soler became the primary focus of the season, a philosophy which the new management said would carry over at least through the 2013 season."}], ["Kemudahan latihan spring semasa Cubs terletak di Sloan Park di | Mesa, Arizona, di mana mereka bermain di Liga Cactus. Tempat letak kereta 15,000, menjadikannya kemudahan latihan musim bunga terbesar besbol Liga Utama oleh kapasiti. The Cubs setiap tahun menjual kebanyakan permainan mereka di rumah dan di jalan raya. Sebelum Sloan Park dibuka pada tahun 2014, pasukan itu bermain di HoHoKam Park - Dwight Patterson Field dari tahun 1979. \"HoHoKam\" diterjemahkan secara literal dari bahasa asli Amerika sebagai \"orang-orang yang lenyap.\" North Siders telah memanggil Mesa rumah musim bunga mereka untuk kebanyakan musim sejak tahun 1952. <Di manakah kemudahan latihan spring semasa Cubs? || Sloan Park <> Berapa banyak kerusi dalam kemudahan latihan Cubs 'Sloan Park? || 15,000 <> Bilakah Park Sloan dibuka? || 2014", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Cubs' current spring  training facility located?", "id": "572686975951b619008f75a3", "answers": [{"text": "Sloan Park", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seats are in the Cubs' Sloan Park training facility?", "id": "572686975951b619008f75a4", "answers": [{"text": "15,000", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Sloan Park open?", "id": "572686975951b619008f75a5", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cubs' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in |Mesa, Arizona, where they play in the Cactus League. The park seats 15,000, making it Major League baseball's largest spring training facility by capacity. The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road. Before Sloan Park opened in 2014, the team played games at HoHoKam Park - Dwight Patterson Field from 1979. \"HoHoKam\" is literally translated from Native American as \"those who vanished.\" The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952."}], ["Setem Harry Caray mengenai pasukan itu mungkin lebih mendalam daripada Brickhouse, walaupun tempoh 17 tahun, dari 1982 hingga 1997, adalah separuh panjang. Pertama, Caray telah menjadi tokoh Chicago yang terkenal dengan penyiaran permainan White Sox selama satu dekad, setelah menjadi ikon Kardinal St Louis selama 25 tahun. Caray juga mendapat manfaat dari pameran semasa kejohanan NL East pada tahun 1984, yang dilihat secara meluas kerana status WGN sebagai kabel-TV. Panggilan tanda dagangannya \"Lembu Suci!\" dan nyanyiannya yang bersemangat untuk \"Bawa saya keluar ke bola\" selama peregangan inning ke-7 (seperti yang telah dilakukannya dengan White Sox) menjadikan Caray kegemaran penggemar baik secara tempatan dan nasional. <> Berapa lamakah tempoh Harry Caray dengan Cubs? || 17-tahun <> Bagaimana Caray menjadi tokoh Chicago yang terkenal? || dengan penyiaran permainan White Sox selama satu dekade <> Berapa lama telah Caray menjadi ikon Cardinals St Louis? || 25 tahun", {"qas": [{"question": "How long was Harry Caray's tenure  with the Cubs?", "id": "572688fd708984140094c92b", "answers": [{"text": "17-year", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Caray become a well-known Chicago figure?", "id": "572688fd708984140094c92c", "answers": [{"text": "by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long had Caray been a St Louis Cardinals icon?", "id": "572688fd708984140094c92d", "answers": [{"text": "25 years", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Harry Caray's stamp on the team is perhaps even deeper than that of Brickhouse, although his 17-year tenure, from 1982 to 1997, was half as long. First, Caray had already become a well-known Chicago figure by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade, after having been a St Louis Cardinals icon for 25 years. Caray also had the benefit of being in the booth during the NL East title run in 1984, which was widely seen due to WGN's status as a cable-TV superstation. His trademark call of \"Holy Cow!\" and his enthusiastic singing of \"Take me out to the ballgame\" during the 7th inning stretch (as he had done with the White Sox) made Caray a fan favorite both locally and nationally."}], ["Lokasi yang ingin tahu di Pulau Catalina berasal dari pemilik Cubs pemilik William Wrigley Jr. yang paling majoritinya di pulau itu pada tahun 1919. Wrigley membina sebuah poket di pulau itu untuk menempatkan Cubs dalam latihan musim bunga: ia dibina untuk dimensi yang sama seperti Wrigley Padang. (The ballpark telah lama berlalu, tetapi rumah kelab yang dibina oleh Wrigley untuk menempatkan Cubs wujud sebagai Catalina County Club.) Walau bagaimanapun, menjelang 1951 pasukan memilih untuk meninggalkan Pulau Catalina dan latihan musim bunga dipindahkan ke Mesa, Arizona. Persatuan 30-tahun Cubs dengan Catalina di-tulis dalam buku, The Cubs on Catalina, oleh Jim Vitti. . . yang dinamakan 'Book of the Year' oleh The Sporting News. <> Siapa yang mempunyai kepentingan majoriti di pulau Cataline pada tahun 1919? || William Wrigley Jr <> Apa yang Wrigley membina di pulau itu untuk melatih latihan Cubs dalam Spring? || a ballpark <> Bilakah Cubs memilih untuk meninggalkan Pulau Catalina? || 1951", {"qas": [{"question": "Who had a majority interest in Cataline island  in 1919?", "id": "572687a75951b619008f75eb", "answers": [{"text": "William Wrigley Jr", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training?", "id": "572687a75951b619008f75ec", "answers": [{"text": "a ballpark", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Cubs choose to leave Catalina Island?", "id": "572687a75951b619008f75ed", "answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr.'s then-majority interest in the island in 1919. Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training: it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field. (The ballpark is long gone, but a clubhouse built by Wrigley to house the Cubs exists as the Catalina County Club.) However, by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa, Arizona. The Cubs' 30-year association with Catalina is chronicled in the book, The Cubs on Catalina, by Jim Vitti . . . which was named International 'Book of the Year' by The Sporting News."}], ["Jack Brickhouse mengendalikan radio Cubs dan terutama gerai TV untuk bahagian lima dekad, tempoh 34 musim dari 1948 hingga 1981. Dia meliputi permainan dengan tahap semangat yang sering kali tidak dapat dilihat oleh prestasi buruk pasukan di lapangan untuk ramai tahun-tahun tersebut. Tanda dagangannya \"Hey Hey!\" sentiasa mengikuti jalan rumah. Ungkapan itu dinyatakan dalam huruf besar secara menegak di kedua-dua skrin kutub busuk di Wrigley Field. \"Whoo-boy!\" dan \"Wheeee!\" dan \"Oh, abang!\" adalah antara ekspresi haiwan kesayangannya yang lain. Apabila dia mendekati umur persaraan, dia secara peribadi mencadangkan penggantinya. <> Siapa yang mengendalikan gerai radio dan TV Cubs selama lima dekad? || Jack Brickhouse <> Apakah panggilan cap dagang Jack Brickhouse? || Hey Hey! <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Jack Brickhouse ketika dia mendekati umur persaraannya? || dia secara peribadi mencadangkan penggantinya", {"qas": [{"question": "Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?", "id": "572688895951b619008f7601", "answers": [{"text": "Jack Brickhouse", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?", "id": "572688895951b619008f7602", "answers": [{"text": "Hey Hey!", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?", "id": "572688895951b619008f7603", "answers": [{"text": "he personally recommended his successor", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades, the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981. He covered the games with a level of enthusiasm that often seemed unjustified by the team's poor performance on the field for many of those years. His trademark call \"Hey Hey!\" always followed a home run. That expression is spelled out in large letters vertically on both foul pole screens at Wrigley Field. \"Whoo-boy!\" and \"Wheeee!\" and \"Oh, brother!\" were among his other pet expressions. When he approached retirement age, he personally recommended his successor."}], ["Lokasi bekas di Mesa sebenarnya Park HoHoKam yang kedua; yang pertama dibina pada tahun 1976 sebagai rumah latihan musim semi Oakland Athletics yang meninggalkan taman itu pada tahun 1979. Selain dari HoHoKam Park dan Sloan Park, Cubs juga memiliki satu lagi kemudahan latihan Mesa yang dipanggil Fitch Park, kompleks ini menyediakan 25.000 kaki persegi (2,300 m2) kemudahan pasukan, termasuk rumah kelab liga utama, empat medan amalan, satu latihan infield, terowong terikat tertutup, sangkar memukul, kemudahan penyelenggaraan, dan pejabat pentadbiran untuk Cubs. <> Di mana bekas lokasi di Mesa? || HoHoKam Park yang kedua <> Berapa kaki persegi yang disediakan oleh Fitch Park? || 25,000 kaki persegi <> Bilakah rumah latihan musim bunga di Oakland Athletics dibina? || 1976", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the former location in Mesa?", "id": "57268816dd62a815002e885c", "answers": [{"text": "the second HoHoKam Park", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?", "id": "57268816dd62a815002e885d", "answers": [{"text": "25,000 square feet", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?", "id": "57268816dd62a815002e885e", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979. Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park, this complex provides 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of team facilities, including major league clubhouse, four practice fields, one practice infield, enclosed batting tunnels, batting cages, a maintenance facility, and administrative offices for the Cubs."}], ["Selain Mesa, kelab itu telah mengadakan latihan musim bunga di Hot Springs, Arkansas (1886, 1896-1900), (1909-1910) New Orleans (1870, 1907, 1911-1912); Champaign, Illinois (1901-02, 1906); Los Angeles (1903-04, 1948-1949), Santa Monica, California (1905); Lick Perancis, Indiana (1908, 1943-1945); Tampa, Florida (1913-1916); Pasadena, California (1917-1921); Santa Catalina Island, California (1922-1942, 1946-1947, 1950-1951); Taman Rendezvous di Mesa (1952-1965); Blair Field di Long Beach, California (1966); dan Scottsdale, Arizona (1967-1978). <> Di mana Rendezvous Park? || Mesa <> Di mana Blair Field? || Long Beach, California <> Antara tahun berapa kelab memegang latihan musim semi di Scottsdale, Arizona? || (1967-1978)", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Rendezvous Park?", "id": "572686f05951b619008f75bd", "answers": [{"text": "Mesa", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Blair Field?", "id": "572686f05951b619008f75be", "answers": [{"text": "Long Beach, California", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?", "id": "572686f05951b619008f75bf", "answers": [{"text": "(1967\u20131978)", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition to Mesa, the club has held spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas (1886, 1896\u20131900), (1909\u20131910) New Orleans (1870, 1907, 1911\u20131912); Champaign, Illinois (1901\u201302, 1906); Los Angeles (1903\u201304, 1948\u20131949), Santa Monica, California (1905); French Lick, Indiana (1908, 1943\u20131945); Tampa, Florida (1913\u20131916); Pasadena, California (1917\u20131921); Santa Catalina Island, California (1922\u20131942, 1946\u20131947, 1950\u20131951); Rendezvous Park in Mesa (1952\u20131965); Blair Field in Long Beach, California (1966); and Scottsdale, Arizona (1967\u20131978)."}], ["Sebelum menandatangani perjanjian pembangunan dengan Kane County Cougars pada tahun 2012, Cubs mempunyai sekutu kecil Liga Kelas A dalam dua kesempatan dengan Peoria Chiefs (1985-1995 dan 2004-2012). Ryne Sandberg menguruskan Ketua-ketua dari tahun 2006 hingga 2010. Pada masa antara persatuan dengan Ketua-ketua, kelab itu mempunyai hubungan dengan Dragons Dayton dan Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts sering disayangi oleh Chip Caray sebagai \"pasukan kegemaran Steve Stone.\" Kontrak pembangunan 2007 dengan Tennessee Smokies didahului oleh gabungan Double A dengan Orlando Cubs dan West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. Pada 16 September 2014, Cubs mengumumkan pergerakan sekutu Kelas A mereka dari Daytona di Florida State League ke Myrtle Beach di Liga Carolina untuk musim 2015. Dua hari kemudian, pada 18hb, Cubs menandatangani kontrak pembangunan pemain 4 tahun dengan South Bend Silver Hawks dari Midwest League, mengakhiri hubungan ringkas mereka dengan Kane County Cougars dan tidak lama selepas itu menamakan semula Silver Hawks South Bend Cubs. <> Bilakah Cubs menandatangani perjanjian pembangunan dengan Kane County Cougars? || 2012 <> The Cubs mempunyai kelas A minor liga gabungan pada dua kali dengan siapa? || Peoria Chiefs <> Bilakah Cubs mengumumkan pergerakan afiliasi kelas A mereka dari Daytona ke Myrtle Beach? || 16 September 2014", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?", "id": "5726856d708984140094c8cf", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?", "id": "5726856d708984140094c8d0", "answers": [{"text": "Peoria Chiefs", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?", "id": "5726856d708984140094c8d1", "answers": [{"text": "September 16, 2014", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012, the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs (1985\u20131995 and 2004\u20132012). Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010. In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as \"Steve Stone's favorite team.\" The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. On September 16, 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season. Two days later, on the 18th, the Cubs signed a 4-year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs."}], ["The Chicago White Stockings (Chicago Cubs hari ini) memulakan latihan musim bunga di Hot Springs, Arkansas pada tahun 1886. Presiden Albert Spalding (pengasas Spalding Sporting Goods) dan pemain / pengurus Cap Anson membawa pemain mereka ke Hot Springs dan bermain di Hot Springs Baseball Grounds. Konsep ini adalah untuk para pemain mempunyai latihan dan kecergasan sebelum permulaan musim reguler. Selepas White Stockings telah berjaya pada tahun 1886, memenangi Pennant League Nasional, pasukan lain mula membawa pemain mereka ke \"latihan musim semi\". Chicago Cubs, St Louis Browns, New York Yankees, Cardinals St Louis, Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, New York Highlanders, Brooklyn Dodgers dan Boston Red Sox adalah antara pasukan awal untuk tiba. Whittington Park (1894) dan kemudian Majestic Park (1909) dan Fogel Field (1912) semuanya dibina di Hot Springs khusus untuk menjadi tuan rumah pasukan Major League. <> Siapa yang memulakan latihan musim bunga di Hot Springs, Arkansas pada tahun 1886? || Chicago White Stockings <> Siapa yang menjadi pengasas Barangan Sukan Spalding? || Albert Spalding <> Whittington Park, Majestic Park, dan Fogel Field semuanya dibina di mana? || Hot Springs, Arkansas", {"qas": [{"question": "Who began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886?", "id": "57268614dd62a815002e8818", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago White Stockings", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the founder of Spalding Sporting Goods?", "id": "57268614dd62a815002e8819", "answers": [{"text": "Albert Spalding", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whittington Park, Majestic Park, and Fogel Field were all built where?", "id": "57268614dd62a815002e881a", "answers": [{"text": "Hot Springs, Arkansas", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Chicago White Stockings, (today's Chicago Cubs), began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886. President Albert Spalding (founder of Spalding Sporting Goods) and player/manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds. The concept was for the players to have training and fitness before the start of the regular season. After the White Stockings had a successful season in 1886, winning the National League Pennant, other teams began bringing their players to \"spring training\".  The Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, New York Highlanders, Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox were among the early squads to arrive. Whittington Park (1894) and later Majestic Park (1909) and Fogel Field (1912) were all built in Hot Springs specifically to host Major League teams. "}], ["Chicago Cubs belum memenangi kejohanan Siri Dunia sejak tahun 1908, dan belum muncul dalam Kejatuhan Classic sejak tahun 1945, walaupun antara penampilan postseason mereka pada 1984 dan yang paling baru pada tahun 2015, mereka telah membuat postseason tujuh kali. Musim 107 adalah musim kemarau yang paling lama di semua empat liga sukan profesional Amerika Utara, yang juga termasuk Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan (NFL), Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan (NBA), dan Liga Hoki Kebangsaan (NHL). Sebenarnya, gelaran Seri Dunia terakhir Cubs berlaku sebelum tiga liga yang lain pun wujud, dan walaupun penampilan Siri Dunia terakhir Cubs mendahului penubuhan NBA. Kemarau yang dipublikasikan adalah bersamaan dengan kemarau kejohanan oleh Boston Red Sox dan Chicago White Sox, yang kedua-duanya mempunyai lebih daripada 80 tahun antara kejohanan. Adalah perbezaan malang ini yang menyebabkan kelab sering dikenali sebagai \"The Losing Loved.\" Pasukan itu satu kemenangan menentang apa yang sering disebut sebagai \"Kutukan Kambing Billy\" pada tahun 1984 dan 2003 (insiden Steve Bartman), tetapi tidak mampu mendapatkan kemenangan yang akan dihantar ke Siri Dunia. <> Bilakah kali terakhir Chicago Cubs memenangi kejohanan Siri Dunia? || 1908 <> Bilakah kali terakhir Chicago Cubs muncul dalam Fall Classic? || 1945 <> Apa kemarau kejayaan terpanjang di semua empat liga sukan profesional Amerika Utara utama? || 107 musim <> Kejuaraan kejohanan telah membawa kepada Chicago Cubs yang tahu apa? || The Lovable Losers", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the last time the Chicago Cubs win a World Series championship?", "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a4", "answers": [{"text": "1908", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the last time the Chicago Cubs appeared in the Fall Classic?", "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a5", "answers": [{"text": "1945", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues?", "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a6", "answers": [{"text": "107 seasons", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The championship drought has led to the Chicago Cubs being know as what?", "id": "5726821edd62a815002e87a7", "answers": [{"text": "The Lovable Losers", "answer_start": 935}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Chicago Cubs have not won a World Series championship since 1908, and have not appeared in the Fall Classic since 1945, although between their postseason appearance in 1984 and their most recent in 2015, they have made the postseason seven times. 107 seasons is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues, which also includes the National Football League (NFL), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Hockey League (NHL). In fact, the Cubs' last World Series title occurred before those other three leagues even existed, and even the Cubs' last World Series appearance predates the founding of the NBA. The much publicized drought was concurrent to championship droughts by the Boston Red Sox and the Chicago White Sox, who both had over 80 years between championships. It is this unfortunate distinction that has led to the club often being known as \"The Lovable Losers.\" The team was one win away from breaking what is often called the \"Curse of the Billy Goat\" in 1984 and 2003 (Steve Bartman incident), but was unable get the victory that would send it to the World Series."}], ["Pada 11 Mei 2000, Glenallen Hill, yang menghadap pemain Brewers, Steve Woodard, menjadi pemain pertama dan setakat ini, untuk memukul bola bernada ke atas bumbung sebuah bangunan kediaman lima tingkat di seluruh Waveland Ave, di luar dinding lapangan kiri Wrigley Field . Pukulan dianggarkan lebih dari 500 kaki (150 m), tetapi Cubs jatuh ke Milwaukee 12-8. Tidak ada bola yang terkena bola yang pernah melanda papan skor tengah, walaupun pemain asal \"Slammin 'Sammy\", pemain golf Sam Snead, memukulnya dengan bola golf dalam pameran pada tahun 1950-an. Pada tahun 1948, Bill Nicholson hampir tidak merindui papan skor apabila dia melancarkan bola masuk rumah ke Sheffield Avenue dan pada tahun 1959, Roberto Clemente semakin hampir dengan bola masuk rumah yang melanda Waveland Avenue. Pada tahun 2001, satu tembakan Sammy Sosa mendarat di seluruh Waveland dan melantunkan blok ke Kenmore Avenue. Dave Kingman mencecah tembakan pada tahun 1979 yang melanda bumbung teras ketiga di sebelah timur Kenmore, dianggarkan 555 kaki (169 m), dan dianggap sebagai rumah terpanjang di sejarah Wrigley Field. Pada 26 Mei 2015, pemain bola sepak ketiga Cubs, Kris Bryant, memukul seorang homerun yang mengembara kira-kira 477 kaki (145 m) dari videoboard baru di taman kiri. Kemudian pada tahun yang sama, dia memukul seorang homer yang mengembara 495 kaki (151 m) yang juga diselaraskan dari videoboard Pada 13 Oktober 2015, rumah tangga 438 kaki Kyle Schwarber mendarat di videoboard bidang kanan sama baru. <> Siapa yang pertama dan satu-satunya pemain untuk memukul bola bernada ke atas bumbung bangunan lima tingkat di seluruh Waveland Ave? || Glenallen Hill <> Bilakah pemain pertama dan satu-satunya untuk memukul bola bernada ke atas bumbung bangunan lima tingkat di seluruh Waveland Ave? || Mei 11, 2000 <> Siapa yang hampir tidak merasakan papan skor ketika dia melancarkan bola di rumah ke Sheffield Avenue? || Bill Nicholson", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?", "id": "572684db5951b619008f7551", "answers": [{"text": "Glenallen Hill", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?", "id": "572684db5951b619008f7552", "answers": [{"text": "May 11, 2000", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue?", "id": "572684db5951b619008f7553", "answers": [{"text": "Bill Nicholson", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On May 11, 2000, Glenallen Hill, facing Brewers starter Steve Woodard, became the first, and thus far only player, to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across Waveland Ave, beyond Wrigley Field's left field wall. The shot was estimated at well over 500 feet (150 m), but the Cubs fell to Milwaukee 12\u20138. No batted ball has ever hit the center field scoreboard, although the original \"Slammin' Sammy\", golfer Sam Snead, hit it with a golf ball in an exhibition in the 1950s. In 1948, Bill Nicholson barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue and in 1959, Roberto Clemente came even closer with a home run ball hit onto Waveland Avenue. In 2001, a Sammy Sosa shot landed across Waveland and bounced a block down Kenmore Avenue. Dave Kingman hit a shot in 1979 that hit the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore, estimated at 555 feet (169 m), and is regarded as the longest home run in Wrigley Field history. On May 26, 2015, the Cubs rookie third baseman, Kris Bryant, hit a homerun that traveled an estimated 477 feet (145 m) off the park's new videoboard in left field. Later the same year, he hit a homer that traveled 495 feet (151 m) that also ricocheted off of the videoboard On October 13, 2015, Kyle Schwarber's 438-foot home run landed on the equally new right field videoboard."}], ["Maskot pasukan Cubs rasmi adalah cub muda, bernama Clark, yang diterangkan oleh siaran akhbar pasukan sebagai anak muda dan ramah Cub. Clark membuat penampilan sulungnya di Advocate Health Care pada 13 Januari 2014, pada hari yang sama dengan kenyataan akhbar mengumumkan pemasangannya sebagai maskot fizikal rasmi pertama kelab itu. Bear cub itu sendiri telah digunakan di kelab-kelab sejak awal tahun 1900-an dan merupakan inspirasi Chicago Staleys yang mengubah nama pasukan mereka ke Chicago Bears, disebabkan oleh Cubs yang membolehkan pasukan bola sepak bermain di Wrigley Field pada tahun 1930-an. <> Apakah maskot pasukan Cubs rasmi? || beruang beruang muda <> Berapa nama maskot maskot pasukan rasmi? || Clark <> Kapan Clark membuat debutnya? || 13 Januari 2014", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the official Cubs team mascot?", "id": "57268becf1498d1400e8e360", "answers": [{"text": "a young bear cub", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the official Cubs team mascot's name?", "id": "57268becf1498d1400e8e361", "answers": [{"text": "Clark", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Clark make his debut?", "id": "57268becf1498d1400e8e362", "answers": [{"text": "January 13, 2014", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub, named Clark, described by the team's press release as a young and friendly Cub. Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13, 2014, the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club's first ever official physical mascot. The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team's name to the Chicago Bears, due to the Cubs allowing the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s."}], ["Pada 2013, Tom Ricketts dan presiden pasukan Crane Kenney melancarkan rancangan untuk pengubahsuaian swasta bernilai $ 575 juta dari Wrigley Field. Memanggil Projek 1060, pelan yang dicadangkan itu termasuk penambahbaikan yang luas ke stadium, infrastruktur, tandas, kesepakatan, suite, kotak akhbar, bullpens, dan rumah kelab stadium, serta jumbotron kaki 6,000 kaki persegi yang akan ditambah di penjara medan kiri, terowong pelindung, papan video 3,000 kaki persegi di lapangan yang betul, dan, akhirnya, sebuah hotel, plaza, dan kompleks peruncitan pejabat bersebelahan. Pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, kebanyakan usaha untuk melakukan apa-apa pengubahsuaian besar-besaran ke lapangan telah ditentang oleh bandar, bekas Datuk Bandar, Richard M. Daley (peminat White Sox yang kuat), dan terutama pemilik atas bumbung. <> Bilakah Tom Ricketts dan Crane Kenney memperkenalkan rancangan untuk pengubahsuaian yang dibiayai lima tahun di Wrigley Field? || 2013 <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibiayai untuk pengubahsuaian Wrigley Field? || $ 575 juta <> Seberapa besar jumbotron akan berlaku? || 6,000 kaki persegi", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Tom Ricketts and Crane Kenney unveil plans for a five-year funded renovation of Wrigley Field?", "id": "5726928c708984140094ca97", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money has been funded to the renovation of Wrigley Field?", "id": "5726928c708984140094ca98", "answers": [{"text": "$575 million", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big is the jumbotron going to be?", "id": "5726928c708984140094ca99", "answers": [{"text": "6,000-square foot", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2013, Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five-year, $575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field. Called the 1060 Project, the proposed plans included vast improvements to the stadium's facade, infrastructure, restrooms, concourses, suites, press box, bullpens, and clubhouses, as well as a 6,000-square foot jumbotron to be added in the left field bleachers, batting tunnels, a 3,000-square-foot video board in right field, and, eventually, an adjacent hotel, plaza, and office-retail complex. In previously years mostly all efforts to conduct any large-scale renovations to the field had been opposed by the city, former mayor Richard M. Daley (a staunch White Sox fan), and especially the rooftop owners."}], ["\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,\" juga dikenali sebagai \"Tinker to Evers to Chance\" selepas menahannya, adalah puisi baseball 1910 oleh Franklin Pierce Adams. Syair itu dibentangkan sebagai stanza tunggal, meriah dari sudut peminat New York Giants melihat infield Chicago Cubs berbakat dari shortstop Joe Tinker, baseman kedua Johnny Evers, dan baseman pertama Frank Chance melengkapkan permainan berganda. Trio ini mula bermain bersama dengan Cubs pada tahun 1902, dan membentuk kombinasi permainan ganda yang berlangsung hingga April 1912. Cubs memenangi panji empat kali antara 1906 dan 1910, yang sering mengalahkan Giants dalam perjalanan ke Siri Dunia. <> Apakah \"Lexicon Baseball Sadar\" juga dikenali sebagai? || \"Tinker to Evers to Chance\" <> Who wrote \"Lexicon Sad\"? || Franklin Pierce Adams <> Apakah puisi yang ditulis Franklin Pierce Adams? || \"Lexicon Sadik,", {"qas": [{"question": "What was \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\" also known as?", "id": "57268b24708984140094c997", "answers": [{"text": "\"Tinker to Evers to Chance\"", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\"?", "id": "57268b24708984140094c998", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin Pierce Adams", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? ", "id": "57268b24708984140094c999", "answers": [{"text": "\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,\" also known as \"Tinker to Evers to Chance\" after its refrain, is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams. The poem is presented as a single, rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker, second baseman Johnny Evers, and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play. The trio began playing together with the Cubs in 1902, and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912. The Cubs won the pennant four times between 1906 and 1910, often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series."}], ["The Cubs tidak mempunyai maskot fizikal rasmi sebelum Clark, walaupun seorang lelaki dalam 'beruang kutub' mencari pakaian, yang disebut \"The Bear-man\" (atau Beeman), yang agak popular dengan peminat, melancarkan berdiri secara ringkas pada awal 1990-an. Tidak ada rekod sama ada dia hanya seorang peminat dalam kostum atau yang bekerja dengan kelabnya. Melalui musim 2013, terdapat maskot \"Cubbie-bear\" di luar Wrigley pada hari permainan, tetapi tidak ada yang bekerja oleh pasukan. Mereka berpose untuk gambar dengan peminat untuk tips. Yang paling ketara ialah \"Billy Cub\" yang bekerja di luar stadium sehingga lebih dari 6 tahun sehingga Julai 2013, apabila kelab meminta dia berhenti. Billy Cub, yang dimainkan oleh peminat John Paul Weier, tidak berjaya membuat petisyen untuk menjadi maskot rasmi. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh \"The Bear-man\" sebagai pakaian? || 'beruang kutub' mencari pakaian <> Pada musim apa ada maskot \"beruang\" di luar Wrigley pada hari permainan? || 2013 musim <> Siapa yang bermain Billy Cub? || John Paul Weier", {"qas": [{"question": "What did \"The Bear-man\" wear as an outfit?", "id": "57268c675951b619008f7657", "answers": [{"text": "'polar bear' looking outfit", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what season were \"cubbie-bear\" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day?", "id": "57268c675951b619008f7658", "answers": [{"text": "2013 season", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who played Billy Cub?", "id": "57268c675951b619008f7659", "answers": [{"text": "John Paul Weier", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark, though a man in a 'polar bear' looking outfit, called \"The Bear-man\" (or Beeman), which was mildly popular with the fans, paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s. There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club. Through the 2013 season, there were \"Cubbie-bear\" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day, but none are employed by the team. They pose for pictures with fans for tips. The most notable of these was \"Billy Cub\" who worked outside of the stadium until for over 6 years until July 2013, when the club asked him to stop. Billy Cub, who is played by fan John Paul Weier, had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot."}], ["Pada tahun 1975, sekumpulan peminat Chicago Cubs yang berpangkalan di Washington, D.C. membentuk Persatuan Emil Verban. Masyarakat ini merupakan kelab terpilih peminat Cub yang berprofil tinggi, yang kini diketuai oleh Senator Illinois Dick Durbin yang dinamakan untuk Emil Verban, yang dalam tiga musim dengan Cubs pada tahun 1940-an. Verban dipilih sebagai lambang pemain Cub, menerangkan kolumnis George Will, kerana \"Dia mencontohi keramaian di bawah tekanan, dia adalah kompeten tetapi tidak jelas dan menonjolkan etika kerja.\" Verban pada mulanya percaya bahawa dia telah ditertawakan, tetapi rasa sakitnya hilang beberapa tahun kemudian ketika ia terbang ke Washington untuk bertemu dengan Presiden Ronald Reagan, juga anggota masyarakat, di Gedung Putih. Hillary Clinton, Jim Belushi, Joe Mantegna, Rahm Emanuel, Dick Cheney dan banyak lagi telah dimasukkan ke dalam keahliannya. <> Tahun apakah kumpulan peminat Chicago Cubs membentuk Persatuan Emil Verban? || 1975 <> Di manakah pengasas Emil Verban Society berpusat di? || Washington, D.C <> Siapa kini mengetuai Masyarakat Emil Verban? || Senator Illinois Dick Durbin", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did a group of Chicago Cubs fans form the Emil Verban Society?", "id": "5726940af1498d1400e8e460", "answers": [{"text": "1975", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the Emil Verban Society founders based in?", "id": "5726940af1498d1400e8e461", "answers": [{"text": "Washington, D.C", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who currently heads the Emil Verban Society?", "id": "5726940af1498d1400e8e462", "answers": [{"text": "Illinois Senator Dick Durbin", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1975, a group of Chicago Cubs fans based in Washington, D.C. formed the Emil Verban Society. The society is a select club of high profile Cub fans, currently headed by Illinois Senator Dick Durbin which is named for Emil Verban, who in three seasons with the Cubs in the 1940s batted .280 with 39 runs batted in and one home run. Verban was picked as the epitome of a Cub player, explains columnist George Will, because \"He exemplified mediocrity under pressure, he was competent but obscure and typifying of the work ethics.\" Verban initially believed he was being ridiculed, but his ill feeling disappeared several years later when he was flown to Washington to meet President Ronald Reagan, also a society member, at the White House. Hillary Clinton, Jim Belushi, Joe Mantegna, Rahm Emanuel, Dick Cheney and many others have been included among its membership."}], ["Caray mengadakan perbincangan yang meriah dengan pengulas Steve Stone, yang dipilih oleh Harry sendiri, dan penerbit Arne Harris. Caray kerap bermain-main dengan Stone atas cerut batu dan mengapa Stone adalah satu-satunya, manakala Stone akan menentang dengan bersenang-senang di Harry yang \"di bawah pengaruh.\" Batu didedahkan dalam bukunya \"Where's Harry\" yang kebanyakan \"bertengkar\" ini dipentaskan, dan biasanya satu helah yang dikembangkan oleh Harry sendiri untuk menambahkan rasa kepada siaran. The Cubs masih mempunyai \"konduktor tamu\", selalunya selebriti, memimpin orang ramai dalam menyanyi \"Bawa saya keluar ke bola\" semasa peregangan inning ke-7 untuk menghormati ingatan Caray. <> Siapa yang membuat tangan Harry? || Steve Stone <> Siapa Caray sering bergaduh dengan bermain? || Stone <> Mengapa Caray kerap bermain dengan Stone? || lebih dari cerut Batu <> Apa yang orang menyanyi selama inning ke-7 untuk menghormati ingatan Caray? || Bawakan saya ke permainan bola sepak", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Harry hand-pick himself?", "id": "57268a4a708984140094c94f", "answers": [{"text": "Steve Stone", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with?", "id": "57268a4a708984140094c950", "answers": [{"text": "Stone", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone?", "id": "57268a4a708984140094c951", "answers": [{"text": "over Stone's cigar", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?", "id": "57268a4a708984140094c952", "answers": [{"text": "Take me out to the ballgame", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Caray had lively discussions with commentator Steve Stone, who was hand-picked by Harry himself, and producer Arne Harris. Caray often playfully quarreled with Stone over Stone's cigar and why Stone was single, while Stone would counter with poking fun at Harry being \"under the influence.\" Stone disclosed in his book \"Where's Harry\" that most of this \"arguing\" was staged, and usually a ploy developed by Harry himself to add flavor to the broadcast. The Cubs still have a \"guest conductor\", usually a celebrity, lead the crowd in singing \"Take me out to the ballgame\" during the 7th inning stretch to honor Caray's memory."}], ["Pada tahun 1981, selepas 6 dekad di bawah keluarga Wrigley, Cubs dibeli oleh Tribune Company dengan harga $ 20,500,000. Tribune, pemilik Tribune Chicago, Los Angeles Times, WGN Television, WGN Radio dan banyak media lain, mengendalikan kelab itu sehingga Disember 2007, ketika Sam Zell menyelesaikan pembelian seluruh organisasi Tribune dan mengumumkan hasratnya untuk menjual pasukan besbol . Selepas proses hampir dua tahun yang melibatkan pembeli berpotensi seperti Mark Cuban dan kumpulan yang dipimpin oleh Hank Aaron, kepercayaan keluarga TD Ameritrade, Joe Ricketts memenangi proses pembida ketika musim 2009 berakhir. Pada akhirnya, penjualan itu sebulat suara diluluskan oleh pemilik MLB dan keluarga Ricketts mengambil alih pada 27 Oktober 2009. <> Apa syarikat membeli Cubs pada tahun 1981? || Syarikat Tribune <> Berapakah Syarikat Tribune membeli Cubs? || $ 20,500,000 <> Berapa lamakah Cubs berlari di bawah keluarga Wrigley? || 6 dekad", {"qas": [{"question": "What company purchased the  Cubs in 1981?", "id": "57268adcdd62a815002e88e2", "answers": [{"text": "Tribune Company", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Tribune Company purchase the Cubs for?", "id": "57268adcdd62a815002e88e3", "answers": [{"text": "$20,500,000", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long were the Cubs ran under the Wrigley family?", "id": "57268adcdd62a815002e88e4", "answers": [{"text": "6 decades", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1981, after 6 decades under the Wrigley family, the Cubs were purchased by Tribune Company for $20,500,000. Tribune, owners of the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, WGN Television, WGN Radio and many other media outlets, controlled the club until December 2007, when Sam Zell completed his purchase of the entire Tribune organization and announced his intention to sell the baseball team. After a nearly two-year process which involved potential buyers such as Mark Cuban and a group led by Hank Aaron, a family trust of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts won the bidding process as the 2009 season came to a close. Ultimately, the sale was unanimously approved by MLB owners and the Ricketts family took control on October 27, 2009."}], ["Satu lagi maskot tidak rasmi tetapi lebih dikenali ialah Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers yang merupakan penggemar lama dan selebriti tempatan di kawasan Chicago. Dia terkenal dengan pelawat Wrigley Field untuk sorakan idiosyncraticnya di gim besbol, yang biasanya diselingi dengan \"Woo!\" (contohnya, \"Cubs, woo! Cubs, woo! Big-Z, woo! Zambrano, woo! Cubs, woo!\") Penyiar lama Cubs Harry Caray digelar Wickers \"Paru Kulit\" untuk keupayaannya menjerit berjam-jam pada satu masa. Dia tidak dipekerjakan oleh pasukan, walaupun kelab itu mempunyai dua peluang berasingan yang membolehkannya masuk ke bilik pameran dan membenarkan dia sedikit tahap kebebasan apabila dia membeli atau diberikan tiket oleh peminat untuk masuk ke dalam permainan. Dia sebahagian besarnya dibenarkan untuk berkeliaran di taman dan berinteraksi dengan peminat oleh keselamatan Wrigley Field. <> Apa lagi maskot terkenal yang tidak rasmi? || Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers <> Apa yang Ronnie dikenali untuk pelawat Wrigley Field? || cheers idiosyncratic at games besbol <> Apa yang Harry Caray mengetuk Wickers? || \"Kulit Paru-paru", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another unofficial well-known mascot?", "id": "57268d025951b619008f765d", "answers": [{"text": "Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Ronnie known for to Wrigley Field visitors?", "id": "57268d025951b619008f765e", "answers": [{"text": "idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Harry Caray dub Wickers?", "id": "57268d025951b619008f765f", "answers": [{"text": "\"Leather Lungs", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another unofficial but much more well-known mascot is Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers who is a longtime fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area. He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games, generally punctuated with an exclamatory \"Woo!\" (e.g., \"Cubs, woo! Cubs, woo! Big-Z, woo! Zambrano, woo! Cubs, woo!\") Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers \"Leather Lungs\" for his ability to shout for hours at a time. He is not employed by the team, although the club has on two separate occasions allowed him into the broadcast booth and allow him some degree of freedom once he purchases or is given a ticket by fans to get into the games. He is largely allowed to roam the park and interact with fans by Wrigley Field security."}], ["\"Bleacher Bums\" adalah nama yang diberikan kepada peminat, kebanyakannya menghabiskan sebahagian besar hari itu, yang duduk di bahagian bleacher di Wrigley Field. Pada mulanya, kumpulan itu dipanggil \"gelandangan\" kerana ia merujuk kepada sekumpulan peminat yang paling banyak permainan, dan kerana permainan itu adalah permainan sepanjang hari, ia diandaikan bahawa mereka tidak berfungsi. Ramai peminat itu, dan masih, pelajar di kolej di Chicago, seperti DePaul University, Loyola, Northwestern University, dan Illinois-Chicago. Bermain Broadway, yang dibintangi oleh Joe Mantegna, Dennis Farina, Dennis Franz, dan James Belushi berlari selama bertahun-tahun dan didasarkan kepada sekumpulan peminat Cub yang sering bermain permainan kelab. Kumpulan itu dimulakan pada tahun 1967 oleh penggemar khusus Ron Grousl, Tom Nall dan \"bugler gila\" Mike Murphy, yang menjadi tuan rumah radio sukan pada pertengahan hari di WSCR AM 670 \"The Score\" yang berpangkalan di Chicago. Murphy mendakwa bahawa Grousl memulakan tradisi Wrigley untuk melontar ke belakang menentang bola di rumah. Kumpulan semasa diketuai oleh Derek Schaul (Derek the Five Dollar Kid). Sebelum musim 2006, mereka telah dikemaskini, dengan kedai-kedai baru dan bar peribadi (The Batter's Eye) ditambah, dan Bud Light membeli hak-hak penamaan kepada sekeliling pemotretan, dengan membuang mereka Bud Light Bleachers. Pemborong di Wrigley adalah kemasukan umum, kecuali semasa pertandingan. Para peluntur telah disebut sebagai \"Taman Beer Terbesar di Dunia.\" T-shirt yang popular (dijual di dalam taman dan dilesenkan oleh kelab) yang mengatakan \"Wrigley Bleachers\" di hadapan dan frasa \"Shut Up and Drink Your Beer\" pada bahan api sebaliknya stereotaip ini. <> Apa nama panggilan telah diberikan kepada peminat yang duduk di bahagian pelopor di Wrigley Field? || Bleacher Bums <> Siapa yang mengetuai kumpulan semasa? || Derek Schaul <> Apa Bud Light menggelarkan sekelip mata? || Bud Bleachers", {"qas": [{"question": "What nickname has been given to the fans who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field?", "id": "57269335dd62a815002e8a06", "answers": [{"text": "Bleacher Bums", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who heads the current group?", "id": "57269335dd62a815002e8a07", "answers": [{"text": "Derek Schaul", "answer_start": 968}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Bud Light dub the bleacher section?", "id": "57269335dd62a815002e8a08", "answers": [{"text": "the Bud Light Bleachers", "answer_start": 1191}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The \"Bleacher Bums\" is a name given to fans, many of whom spend much of the day heckling, who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field. Initially, the group was called \"bums\" because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games, and since those games were all day games, it was assumed they did not work. Many of those fans were, and are still, students at Chicago area colleges, such as DePaul University, Loyola, Northwestern University, and Illinois-Chicago. A Broadway play, starring Joe Mantegna, Dennis Farina, Dennis Franz, and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club's games. The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl, Tom Nall and \"mad bugler\" Mike Murphy, who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago-based WSCR AM 670 \"The Score\". Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams' home run balls. The current group is headed by Derek Schaul (Derek the Five Dollar Kid). Prior to the 2006 season, they were updated, with new shops and private bar (The Batter's Eye) being added, and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section, dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers. Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission, except during the playoffs. The bleachers have been referred to as the \"World's Largest Beer Garden.\" A popular T-shirt (sold inside the park and licensed by the club) which says \"Wrigley Bleachers\" on the front and the phrase \"Shut Up and Drink Your Beer\" on the reverse fuels this stereotype."}], ["Terletak di kejiranan Lake View di Chicago, Wrigley Field terletak di blok yang tidak teratur yang dibatasi oleh Clark dan Addison Streets dan Waveland dan Sheffield Avenues. Kawasan di sekeliling taman permainan biasanya dirujuk sebagai Wrigleyville. Terdapat koleksi bar sukan dan restoran yang padat di kawasan itu, kebanyakannya dengan tema terinspirasi baseball, termasuk Sluggers, Murphy's Bleachers dan The Cubby Bear. Banyak bangunan apartmen di sekitar Wrigley Field di Waveland dan Sheffield Avenues telah membina peluntur di atas bumbung mereka untuk peminat untuk melihat permainan dan ruang menjual lain untuk iklan. Satu bangunan di Sheffield Avenue mempunyai tanda di atas bumbungnya yang mengatakan \"Eamus Catuli!\" yang Latin untuk \"Let's Go Cubs!\" dan satu lagi kronik masa sejak kejohanan Divisyen, panji, dan kejohanan Siri Dunia. 02 menyatakan dua tahun sejak tajuk NL Central 2008, 65 tahun sejak panji 1945 dan 102 tahun sejak kejohanan Siri Dunia 1908. Pada hari permainan, ramai penduduk menyewa jeti dan jalan masuk mereka untuk mencari tempat letak kereta. Keistimewaan kejiranan itu sendiri telah menjadi kebudayaan Chicago Cubs serta kejiranan Wrigleyville, dan telah menyebabkan digunakan untuk konsert dan acara sukan lain, seperti NHL Winter Classic di antara Chicago Blackhawks dan Detroit Red Wings, serta permainan bola sepak lelaki NCAA 2010 antara Northwestern Wildcats dan Illinois Fighting Illini. <> Di mana terletak Wrigley Field? || Kawasan kejiranan Lake View di Chicago <> Apa kawasan yang mengelilingi papan bola biasanya dirujuk? || Wrigleyville <> Apa yang terdapat banyak bangunan pangsapuri di sekitar Wrigley Field yang dibina di atas bumbung mereka? || peluntur", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Wrigley Field located?", "id": "57268e7edd62a815002e8970", "answers": [{"text": "Chicago's Lake View neighborhood", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the area surrounding the ballpark typically referred to?", "id": "57268e7edd62a815002e8971", "answers": [{"text": "Wrigleyville", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have many apartment buildings  surrounding Wrigley Field built on their rooftops?", "id": "57268e7edd62a815002e8972", "answers": [{"text": "bleachers", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Located in Chicago's Lake View neighborhood, Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues. The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville. There is a dense collection of sports bars and restaurants in the area, most with baseball inspired themes, including Sluggers, Murphy's Bleachers and The Cubby Bear. Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement. One building on Sheffield Avenue has a sign atop its roof which says \"Eamus Catuli!\" which is Latin for \"Let's Go Cubs!\" and another chronicles the time since the last Division title, pennant, and World Series championship. The 02 denotes two years since the 2008 NL Central title, 65 years since the 1945 pennant and 102 years since the 1908 World Series championship. On game days, many residents rent out their yards and driveways to people looking for parking spots. The uniqueness of the neighborhood itself has ingrained itself into the culture of the Chicago Cubs as well as the Wrigleyville neighborhood, and has led to being used for concerts and other sporting events, such as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings, as well as a 2010 NCAA men's football game between the Northwestern Wildcats and Illinois Fighting Illini."}], ["Album yang bertajuk Take Me Out to a Cubs Game telah dikeluarkan pada tahun 2008. Ia adalah koleksi 17 lagu dan rekaman lain yang berkaitan dengan pasukan, termasuk prestasi akhir Harry Caray \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" pada 21 September 1997 , lagu Steve Goodman yang disebutkan di atas, dan penambahan baru \"Baseball Talkin\" (tajuk \"Baseball dan Cubs\") oleh Terry Cashman. Album ini dihasilkan dalam perayaan ulang tahun ke-100 kejayaan Siri Dunia Cubs '1908 dan mengandungi bunyi dan lagu Cubs dan Wrigley Field. <> Bilakah Take Me Out ke permainan Cubs dikeluarkan? || 2008 <> Berapa banyak lagu di Take Me Out ke album Cubs? || 17 lagu <> Kapan prestasi akhir Harry Caray daripada \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\"? || 21 September 1997", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released? ", "id": "572694f3dd62a815002e8a48", "answers": [{"text": "2008", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album?", "id": "572694f3dd62a815002e8a49", "answers": [{"text": "17 songs", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Harry Caray's final performance of \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\"?", "id": "572694f3dd62a815002e8a4a", "answers": [{"text": "September 21, 1997", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008. It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team, including Harry Caray's final performance of \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" on September 21, 1997, the Steve Goodman song mentioned above, and a newly recorded rendition of \"Talkin' Baseball\" (subtitled \"Baseball and the Cubs\") by Terry Cashman. The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field."}], ["Filem 1989 Back to the Future Part II menggambarkan Chicago Cubs mengalahkan pasukan baseball dari Miami dalam Siri Dunia 2015, mengakhiri musim kemarau kejayaan terpanjang di semua empat liga sukan profesional Amerika Utara utama. Pada tahun 2015, Miami Marlins gagal membuat playoff dan mampu membuatnya di pusingan Liga Kebangsaan Liga 2015 2015 dan beralih ke Siri Kejuaraan Liga Kebangsaan 2015 pada 21 Oktober 2015, tarikh di mana protagonis Marty McFly mengembara ke masa depan dalam filem. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 21 Oktober bahawa Cubs telah disapu oleh New York Mets di NLCS. <> Filem apa yang menggambarkan Chicago Cubs mengalahkan pasukan besbol dari Miami dalam Siri Dunia 2015? || Kembali ke Bahagian Masa Depan II <> Pasukan apa yang gagal membuatnya menjadi playoff pada tahun 2015? || Miami Marlins <> Hari apa yang Cubs disapu oleh New York Mets di NLCS? || 21 Okt", {"qas": [{"question": "What film depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series?", "id": "5726956c708984140094cae5", "answers": [{"text": "Back to the Future Part II", "answer_start": 14}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015?", "id": "5726956c708984140094cae6", "answers": [{"text": "Miami Marlins", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day were the Cubs swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS?", "id": "5726956c708984140094cae7", "answers": [{"text": "October 21", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series, ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues. In 2015, the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs and were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21, 2015, the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film. However, it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS."}], ["Pada musim panas tahun 1969, kumpulan studio Chicago menghasilkan rekod tunggal yang dipanggil \"Hei Hey! The Mackel Kudus! (The Cubs Song)\" yang tajuk dan liriknya memasukkan frasa tangkapan dari penyiar TV dan radio masing-masing untuk Cubs, Jack Brickhouse dan Vince Lloyd. Beberapa ahli Cubs merekodkan album yang dipanggil Cub Power yang mengandungi penutup lagu itu. Lagu itu menerima banyak tayangan air tempatan yang musim panas, dengan sangat menggabungkannya dengan musim yang mengasyikkan itu. Ia dimainkan kurang kerap selepas itu, walaupun ia kekal sebagai lagu tema Cubs yang tidak rasmi untuk beberapa tahun selepas itu. <> Tahun apa adalah \"Hey Hey! Tenggiri Kudus!\" (The Cubs Song) yang dihasilkan? || 1969 <> Apakah nama album yang dicatatkan oleh beberapa ahli cubs? || Cub Power <> Apa yang Cubs Song menggabungkan? || frasa tangkapan dari penyiar TV dan radio masing-masing", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the single \"Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)\" produced? ", "id": "57269483708984140094cad7", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?", "id": "57269483708984140094cad8", "answers": [{"text": "Cub Power", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did The Cubs Song incorporate?", "id": "57269483708984140094cad9", "answers": [{"text": "the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called \"Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)\" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after."}]], [["Pada 23 September 1946, mogok pekerja kereta api 8,000 yang kuat bermula di Pusan. Gangguan sivil merebak ke seluruh negara dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai Pemberontakan Musim Sejuk. Pada 1 Oktober 1946, polis Korea membunuh tiga pelajar dalam Pemberontakan Daegu; para penunjuk perasaan melawan serangan, membunuh 38 anggota polis. Pada 3 Oktober, kira-kira 10,000 orang menyerang stesen polis Yeongcheon, membunuh tiga anggota polis dan mencederakan lebih 40 orang; Di tempat lain, kira-kira 20 pegawai tuan tanah dan pegawai Korea Selatan pro-Jepun terbunuh. USAMGIK mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera. <> Apakah ketidaktaatan awam disebabkan oleh mogok pekerja kereta api? || Pemberontakan Musim Luruh <> Kapan Uprising Daegu? || 1946 <> Berapa ramai yang menyerang stesen polis Yeongcheon? || 10,000 <> Bilakah mulakan mogok kereta api Pusasn? || 23 September 1946 <> Bagaimana USAMGIK bertindak balas terhadap pemberontakan? || mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?", "id": "5726298838643c19005ad215", "answers": [{"text": "the Autumn uprising", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Daegu Uprising?", "id": "5726298838643c19005ad216", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?", "id": "5726298838643c19005ad217", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?", "id": "5726298838643c19005ad218", "answers": [{"text": "23 September 1946", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?", "id": "5726298838643c19005ad219", "answers": [{"text": "declared martial law", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law."}], ["Memetik ketidakupayaan Suruhanjaya Bersama untuk membuat kemajuan, kerajaan A.S. memutuskan untuk mengadakan pilihan raya di bawah Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dengan matlamat mewujudkan Korea yang bebas. Pihak berkuasa Soviet dan Komunis Korea enggan bekerjasama dengan alasan ia tidak adil, dan banyak ahli politik Korea Selatan juga memboikotnya. Pilihanraya umum diadakan di Selatan pada 10 Mei 1948. Ia dicemari oleh keganasan dan sabotaj yang mengakibatkan 600 kematian. Korea Utara mengadakan pilihan raya parlimen tiga bulan kemudian pada 25 Ogos. <> Apakah kekurangan kemajuan Suruhanjaya Bersama menyebabkan kerajaan Amerika Syarikat lakukan? || mengadakan pemilihan <> Kenapa Komunis Korea dan Soviet menolak untuk bekerjasama dalam pemilihan dan penciptaan Korea yang bebas? || ia tidak akan adil <> Bilakah pilihan raya umum Korea Selatan diadakan? || 10 Mei 1948 <> Apakah masalah yang dihadapi oleh pilihan raya? || keganasan dan sabotaj <> Siapa yang mengadakan pilihan raya parlimen pada 25 Ogos 1948? || Korea Utara", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?", "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db81", "answers": [{"text": "hold an election", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?", "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db82", "answers": [{"text": "it would not be fair", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the South Korean general election held?", "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db83", "answers": [{"text": "10 May 1948", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What problems did the elections face?", "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db84", "answers": [{"text": "terrorism and sabotage", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?", "id": "57262af9ec44d21400f3db85", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August."}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, Jepun menggunakan makanan, ternakan dan logam Korea untuk usaha perang mereka. Angkatan Jepun di Korea meningkat dari 46.000 askar pada tahun 1941 menjadi 300,000 pada tahun 1945. Korea Selatan telah mengkonskripsikan 2.6 juta buruh paksa yang dikawal dengan pasukan kolaboratoris pasukan Korea; seramai 723,000 orang dihantar untuk bekerja di empayar luar negeri dan di metropolitan Jepun. Menjelang 1942, lelaki Korea ditugaskan ke Angkatan Tentera Jepun. Menjelang Januari 1945, Korea membentuk 32% tenaga buruh Jepun. Pada akhir perang, kuasa dunia lain tidak mengiktiraf pemerintahan Jepun di Korea dan Taiwan. <> Berapa banyak pasukan Jepun berada di Korea pada tahun 1945? || 300,000 <> Di mana 723,000 orang Korea dihantar untuk bekerja? || kerajaan luar negeri dan di metropolitan Jepun <> Siapa yang Jepun bekerjasama dengannya untuk membantu mengawal warga Korea? || Polis Korea <> Pada tahun 1945, berapa peratusan orang Korea yang membentuk pasukan buruh Jepun? || 32% <> Apa tentera yang ditugaskan Korea? || Tentera Jepun Imperial", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?", "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95b", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?", "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95c", "answers": [{"text": "overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?", "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95d", "answers": [{"text": "Korean police force", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?", "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95e", "answers": [{"text": "32%", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What army were Korean men conscripted into?", "id": "572623d0ec44d21400f3d95f", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial Japanese Army", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans made up 32% of Japan's labor force. At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan."}], ["Di China, perang secara rasmi dipanggil \"Perang untuk Menentang Pencerobohan AS dan Bantuan Korea\" (bahasa Cina: \u6297\u7f8e\u5e99\u671d \u6218\u4e89, Cina tradisional: \u6297\u7f8e\u66ff\u671d \u6218\u4e89; pinyin: K\u00e0ngm\u011biyu\u00e1nch\u00e1o zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng), walaupun istilah \"Chaoxian (Korea) Bahasa Cina: \u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89, bahasa Cina tradisional: \u671d\u9bae\u6230\u4e89; pinyin: Ch\u00e1oxi\u01cen zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng) juga digunakan dalam konteks tidak rasmi, bersama dengan istilah \"Konflik Korea\" (bahasa Cina: \u97e9\u6218, bahasa Cina tradisional: \u97d3\u6230; pinyin: H\u00e1n Zh\u00e0n) biasanya digunakan di kawasan-kawasan seperti Hong Kong dan Macau. <> Di, China apakah perang yang secara rasminya dipanggil? || Perang untuk Menentang Pencerobohan Aid dan Bantuan Aid Korea <> Apakah Macau dan Hong Kong memanggil Perang Korea? || Konflik Korea <> Kapan istilah 'Chaoxian War' digunakan sebagai nama untuk Perang Korea? || konteks tidak rasmi", {"qas": [{"question": "In, China what is the war officially called?", "id": "57260d63271a42140099d3f7", "answers": [{"text": "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?", "id": "57260d63271a42140099d3f8", "answers": [{"text": "Korean Conflict", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?", "id": "57260d63271a42140099d3f9", "answers": [{"text": "unofficial contexts", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In China, the war is officially called the \"War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea\" (simplified Chinese: \u6297\u7f8e\u63f4\u671d\u6218\u4e89; traditional Chinese: \u6297\u7f8e\u63f4\u671d\u6230\u722d; pinyin: K\u00e0ngm\u011biyu\u00e1nch\u00e1o zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng), although the term \"Chaoxian (Korean) War\" (simplified Chinese: \u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89; traditional Chinese: \u671d\u9bae\u6230\u722d; pinyin: Ch\u00e1oxi\u01cen zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng) is also used in unofficial contexts, along with the term \"Korean Conflict\" (simplified Chinese: \u97e9\u6218; traditional Chinese: \u97d3\u6230; pinyin: H\u00e1n Zh\u00e0n) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau."}], ["Perang Korea (di Korea Selatan Hangul: Korea Selatan, Hanja: \u97d3\u570b \u6218\u4e89, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Perang Korea\" di Korea Utara Chosungul: \uc870\uad6d \ud574\ubc29 \uc804\uc7c1, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, \"Perang Pembebasan Tanah Raya\"; 25 Jun 1950 - 1953) [a] dimulakan apabila Korea Utara menyerang Korea Selatan. Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, dengan Amerika Syarikat sebagai pasukan utama, datang untuk membantu Korea Selatan. China, bersama dengan bantuan dari Kesatuan Soviet, datang untuk membantu Korea Utara. Perang timbul dari bahagian Korea pada akhir Perang Dunia II dan dari ketegangan global Perang Dingin yang berkembang segera selepas itu. <> Dalam tahun apakah Perang Korea bermula? || 1950 <> Apa yang menyebabkan permulaan Perang Korea? || Korea Utara menyerang Korea Selatan <> Apa negara dibahagikan pada akhir Perang Dunia II? || Korea <> Negara mana yang membantu Korea Selatan semasa perang? || Amerika Syarikat <> Kapan Perang Korea berakhir? || 27 Julai 1953", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Korean War begin?", "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d813", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the start of the Korean War?", "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d814", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea invaded South Korea", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was divided at the end of World War II?", "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d815", "answers": [{"text": "Korea", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country aided South Korea during the war?", "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d816", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Korean War end?", "id": "57260903ec44d21400f3d817", "answers": [{"text": "27 July 1953", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: \ud55c\uad6d\uc804\uc7c1, Hanja: \u97d3\u570b\u6230\u722d, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Korean War\"; in North Korean Chosungul: \uc870\uad6d\ud574\ubc29\uc804\uc7c1, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, \"Fatherland Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 \u2013 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards."}], ["Korea dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada Empayar Jepun sebagai tanah jajahan perindustrian bersama Taiwan, dan kedua-duanya adalah sebahagian dari Sfera Kerjasama Co-Kemakmuran Asia Timur Greater. Pada tahun 1937, Gabenor Jeneral kolonial Jenderal Jir\u014d Minami memerintahkan percubaan budaya percubaan 23.5 juta orang Korea dengan mengharamkan penggunaan dan pembelajaran bahasa Korea, kesusasteraan, dan budaya, untuk digantikan dengan penggunaan wajib dan pengajian mereka Rakan sejawat Jepun. Bermula pada tahun 1939, penduduk dikehendaki menggunakan nama Jepun di bawah dasar S\u014dshi-kaimei. Warga Korea untuk buruh dalam industri perang bermula pada tahun 1939, dengan seramai 2 juta orang Korea yang ditugaskan ke tentera Jepun atau ke buruh Jepun. <> Bersama dengan Taiwan, apa yang dianggap sebagai kekafiran Korea? || Empayar Jepun <> Siapa Gabenor Jeneral kolonial yang mengamanahkan penyatuan budaya rakyat Korea? || Ketua Jir\u014d Minami <> Bahasa apa yang dipaksa belajar oleh orang Korea? || Jepun <> Dasar apa yang memaksa orang Korea menukar nama mereka ke nama Jepun? || Dasar S\u014dshi-kaimei <> Pada tahun 1939, apa yang menyebabkan hampir 2 juta orang Korea dipaksa ke dalam buruh atau tentera? || Pengambilalihan", {"qas": [{"question": "Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?", "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf89", "answers": [{"text": "Empire of Japan", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?", "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8a", "answers": [{"text": "General Jir\u014d Minami", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language were the Korean people forced to learn?", "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8b", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?", "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8c", "answers": [{"text": "S\u014dshi-kaimei policy", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?", "id": "57260ea838643c19005acf8d", "answers": [{"text": "Conscription", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Korea was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan, and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In 1937, the colonial Governor-General, General Jir\u014d Minami, commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language, literature, and culture, to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts. Starting in 1939, the populace was required to use Japanese names under the S\u014dshi-kaimei policy. Conscription of Koreans for labor in war industries began in 1939, with as many as 2 million Koreans conscripted into either the Japanese Army or into the Japanese labor force."}], ["Pada 8 September 1945, Jeneral Amerika Syarikat John R. Hodge tiba di Incheon untuk menerima penyerahan Jepun selatan selari ke-38. Diangkat sebagai gabenor tentera, Ketua Hodge menguasai Korea Selatan secara langsung sebagai ketua Kerajaan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Amerika Syarikat (USAMGIK 1945-48). Dia menubuhkan kawalan dengan memulihkan kuasa pentadbir kolonial Jepun, tetapi dalam menghadapi protes Korea, dia dengan cepat membalikkan keputusan ini. USAMGIK enggan mengiktiraf pemerintahan sementara Republik Rakyat Korea (PRK) yang berpanjangan kerana ia disyaki adalah komunis. <> Siapa yang menerima penyerahan Jepun? || Jenderal John R. Hodge <> Apakah General Hodge melantik kepala? || Kerajaan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Korea <> Apa kerajaan tidak diiktiraf oleh Kerajaan Ketenteraan A.S. A.S. di Korea? || Republik Rakyat Korea <> Mengapa Republik Rakyat Korea tidak diiktiraf? || itu komunis <> Siapa yang Umum mengembalikan kuasa Hodge, menyebabkan protes? || Pentadbir kolonial Jepun", {"qas": [{"question": "Who accepted Japan's surrender?", "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f2", "answers": [{"text": "Gen. John R. Hodge", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was General Hodge appointed the head of?", "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f3", "answers": [{"text": "United States Army Military Government in Korea", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?", "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f4", "answers": [{"text": "People's Republic of Korea", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?", "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f5", "answers": [{"text": "it was communist", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?", "id": "572627b689a1e219009ac3f6", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese colonial administrators", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel. Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945\u201348). He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators, but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision. The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist."}], ["Pada malam 10 Ogos di Washington, Kolonel Amerika Dean Rusk dan Charles H. Bonesteel III ditugaskan untuk membahagikan Semenanjung Korea ke zon pendudukan Soviet dan A.S. dan mencadangkan selari ke-38. Ini dimasukkan ke dalam Perintah Am Amerika No. 1 yang memberi respons kepada penyerahan Jepun pada 15 Ogos. Menjelaskan pilihan selari ke-38, Rusk mengamati, \"walaupun ia jauh ke utara daripada dapat dicapai secara realistik oleh pasukan AS, sekiranya ketidaksepakatan Soviet ... kami merasa penting untuk memasukkan ibukota Korea di kawasan tanggungjawab tentera Amerika \". Dia menyatakan bahawa dia \"menghadapi kekurangan pasukan AS dengan serta merta, dan faktor waktu dan ruang, yang akan membuatnya sukar untuk mencapai jauh ke utara, sebelum pasukan Soviet dapat memasuki kawasan itu\". Sebagai komen Rusk, orang-orang Amerika meragui sama ada kerajaan Soviet bersetuju untuk ini. Stalin bagaimanapun mengekalkan dasar kerjasama perangnya, dan pada 16 Ogos Tentera Merah dihentikan pada selari ke-38 selama tiga minggu untuk menunggu ketibaan pasukan A.S. di selatan. <> Pekerjaan apa yang diberikan Kolonel Dean Rusk dan Charles H. Bonesteel III? || membahagi Semenanjung Korea <> Apa dua bahagian Korea dibahagikan kepada? || Zon pendudukan Soviet dan A.S. <> Perintah apakah pembahagian Korea termasuk? || Perintah Am No. 1 <> Siapa yang sepatutnya bersetuju dengan keputusan AS untuk membahagikan Korea pada selari ke-38? || Stalin <> Apakah faktor dalam menentukan di mana untuk membahagikan zon pendudukan? || ibu negara Korea", {"qas": [{"question": "What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?", "id": "5726255e271a42140099d583", "answers": [{"text": "dividing the Korean Peninsula", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two areas was Korea divided into?", "id": "5726255e271a42140099d584", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet and U.S. occupation zones", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What order was the division of Korea included in?", "id": "5726255e271a42140099d585", "answers": [{"text": "General Order No. 1", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726255e271a42140099d586", "answers": [{"text": "Stalin", "answer_start": 926}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?", "id": "5726255e271a42140099d587", "answers": [{"text": "the capital of Korea", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, \"even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops\". He noted that he was \"faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area\". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south."}], ["Selepas dua bulan pertama konflik, pasukan Korea Selatan berada pada titik kekalahan, dipaksa kembali ke Perimeter Pusan. Pada September 1950, sebuah serangan balas PBB amfibia telah dilancarkan di Inchon, dan memusnahkan banyak penyerang Korea Utara. Mereka yang melarikan diri dan menawan telah dipaksa dengan cepat ke utara sepanjang perjalanan ke sempadan dengan China di Sungai Yalu, atau ke pedalaman pegunungan. Pada ketika ini, pada bulan Oktober 1950, pasukan China melintasi Yalu dan memasuki perang. Campurtangan Cina mencetuskan pengunduran pasukan PBB yang berlanjut hingga pertengahan tahun 1951. Selepas pembalikan kekayaan dramatik ini, yang menyaksikan Seoul menukar tangan empat kali, dua tahun terakhir konflik menjadi perang penolakan, dengan garis depan hampir selari ke-38. Perang di udara, bagaimanapun, tidak pernah menjadi kebuntuan. Korea Utara tertakluk kepada kempen pengeboman besar-besaran. Para pejuang jet berhadapan dengan satu sama lain dalam pertempuran udara untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah, dan juruterbang Soviet secara rahsia terbang untuk mempertahankan sekutu Komunis mereka. <> Pada permulaan konflik, di manakah pasukan Korea Selatan kembali ke? || Pusan Perimeter <> Pada tahun 1950, negara apa yang terlibat dalam perang? || China <> Berapa kali kawalan Seoul berubah? || empat <> Di darat, di mana dua tahun terakhir perang berperang? || dekat dengan selari ke-38 <> Apa jenis pertempuran yang dilihat untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah perang? || pertempuran udara ke udara", {"qas": [{"question": "At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?", "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3ed", "answers": [{"text": "Pusan Perimeter", "answer_start": 112}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1950, what country got involved in the war?", "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3ee", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times did the control of Seoul change?", "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3ef", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?", "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3f0", "answers": [{"text": "close to the 38th parallel", "answer_start": 752}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?", "id": "57260be6271a42140099d3f1", "answers": [{"text": "air-to-air combat", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies."}], ["Korea diperintah oleh Jepun dari 1910 hingga hari-hari penutupan Perang Dunia II. Pada bulan Ogos 1945, Kesatuan Soviet mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Jepun dan dengan persetujuan dengan Korea Utara yang diduduki Amerika Utara selari ke-38. Angkatan A.S. kemudian menduduki selatan dan Jepun menyerah diri. Menjelang tahun 1948, dua kerajaan berasingan telah ditubuhkan. Kedua-dua kerajaan mendakwa sebagai pemerintah Korea yang sah, dan tidak ada pihak yang menerima perbatasan sebagai tetap. Konflik itu meningkat menjadi peperangan terbuka apabila pasukan Korea Utara disokong oleh Kesatuan Soviet dan Korea Selatan yang menyerbu Korea pada 25 Jun 1950. Pada hari itu, Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengakui tindakan Korea Utara ini sebagai pencerobohan dan menyerukan gencatan senjata segera. Pada 27 Jun, Majlis Keselamatan mengguna pakai S / RES / 83: Aduan pencerobohan ke atas Republik Korea dan memutuskan pembentukan dan penghantaran Pasukan PBB di Korea. Dua puluh satu negara Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu akhirnya menyumbang kepada pembelaan Korea Selatan, dengan Amerika Syarikat memberikan 88% anggota tentera PBB. <> Apa negara memerintah Korea pada tahun 1910? || Jepun <> Apa bahagian Korea menduduki Uni Soviet? || utara selari 38 <> Yang menduduki selatan Korea selari ke-38? || Pasukan A.S. <> Apa jawatankuasa United Nations menganggap pencerobohan Korea sebagai tindakan pencerobohan? || Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu <> Berapa banyak negara yang dibantu dalam mempertahankan Korea Selatan? || Dua puluh satu", {"qas": [{"question": "What nation ruled Korea in 1910?", "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82b", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?", "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82c", "answers": [{"text": "north of the 38th parallel", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?", "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82d", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. forces", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?", "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82e", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Security Council", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?", "id": "57260a8fec44d21400f3d82f", "answers": [{"text": "Twenty-one", "answer_start": 893}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and\u2014by agreement with the United States\u2014occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered. By 1948, two separate governments had been set up. Both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces\u2014supported by the Soviet Union and China\u2014invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. On that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83: Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation and dispatch of the UN Forces in Korea. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel."}], ["Pada 7 Jun 1950, Kim Il-sung menyeru pemilihan seluruh Korea pada 5-8 Ogos 1950 dan persidangan perundingan di Haeju pada 15-17 Jun 1950. Pada 11 Jun, Utara menghantar tiga diplomat ke Selatan, sebagai overture keamanan yang ditolak Rhee. Pada 21 Jun, Kim Il-Sung menyemak semula rancangan perangnya untuk melibatkan serangan am merentasi ke-38, bukannya operasi terhad di semenanjung Ongjin. Kim prihatin bahawa ejen-ejen Korea Selatan telah mengetahui mengenai rancangan itu dan pasukan Korea Selatan menguatkan pertahanan mereka. Stalin bersetuju dengan perubahan rancangan ini. <> Siapa yang memohon pilihan raya Korea pada tahun 1950? || Kim Il-sung <> Siapa yang menolak perdamaian? || Rhee <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Kim Il-Sung setelah penolakan keamanan ditolak? || merevisi rancangan perangnya <> Mengapa rancangan perang Kim perlu dikaji semula? || Ejen-ejen Korea Selatan telah belajar tentang rancangan <> Bilakah Kim Il-Sung memanggil persidangan Haeju? || 1950", {"qas": [{"question": "Who called for Korean elections in 1950?", "id": "572686005951b619008f7585", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Il-sung", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rejected the peace gesture?", "id": "572686005951b619008f7586", "answers": [{"text": "Rhee", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected?", "id": "572686005951b619008f7587", "answers": [{"text": "revised his war plan", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Kim's war plan need revising?", "id": "572686005951b619008f7588", "answers": [{"text": "South Korean agents had learned about the plans", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference?", "id": "572686005951b619008f7589", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5\u20138 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15\u201317 June 1950. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South, as a peace overture that Rhee rejected. On 21 June, Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change of plan."}], ["Jeneral Soviet dengan pengalaman tempur yang meluas dari Perang Dunia Kedua dihantar ke Korea Utara sebagai Kumpulan Penasihat Soviet. Jeneral-jeneral ini telah menyelesaikan rancangan untuk serangan itu pada Mei. Rancangan asal menyeru pertikaian yang akan dimulakan di Semenanjung Ongjin di pantai barat Korea. Korea Utara akan melancarkan serangan balas yang akan menawan Seoul dan mengelilingi dan memusnahkan tentera Korea Selatan. Peringkat terakhir akan memusnahkan sisa-sisa kerajaan Korea Selatan, menangkap seluruh Korea Selatan, termasuk pelabuhan. <> Siapa yang dihantar oleh Soviet ke Korea Utara? || Jeneral Soviet <> Dimana konflik di Korea Selatan bermula? || Semenanjung Ongjin <> Apakah jeneral yang dihantar ke Korea Utara secara kolektif dipanggil? || Kumpulan Penasihat Soviet <> Bilakah jeneral memuktamadkan strategi serangan mereka? || Mungkin", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?", "id": "57268408708984140094c89d", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet generals", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?", "id": "57268408708984140094c89e", "answers": [{"text": "Ongjin Peninsula", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?", "id": "57268408708984140094c89f", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Advisory Group", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?", "id": "57268408708984140094c8a0", "answers": [{"text": "May", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. These generals completed the plans for the attack by May. The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch a \"counterattack\" that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants, capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports."}], ["Pada waktu subuh pada hari Ahad, 25 Jun 1950, Tentera Rakyat Korea menyeberangi selat ke-38 di sebalik kebakaran meriam. KPA membenarkan serangannya dengan tuntutan bahawa tentera ROK telah menyerang pertama, dan mereka bertujuan untuk menangkap dan melaksanakan \"pengkhianat bandit Syngman Rhee\". Pertempuran bermula di semenanjung Ongjin yang strategik di barat. Terdapat tuntutan awal Korea Selatan bahawa mereka telah menangkap bandar Haeju, dan urutan peristiwa ini telah menyebabkan beberapa ulama berpendapat bahawa Korea Selatan sebenarnya menembak terlebih dahulu. <> Siapa yang menimbulkan konflik dengan menyeberangi selari ke-38? || Tentera Rakyat Korea <> Di mana pertempuran bermula? || Semenanjung Ongjin <> Yang mengaku telah mengambil alih Haeju? || Korea Selatan <> Siapa yang mempersoalkan dakwaan bahawa Korea Selatan tidak memprovokasi KPA? || ulama <> Siapa yang Tentera Rakyat Korea cuba melaksanakan? || Syngman Rhee", {"qas": [{"question": "Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f2", "answers": [{"text": "Korean People's Army", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the fighting begin?", "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f3", "answers": [{"text": "Ongjin peninsula", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju?", "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f4", "answers": [{"text": "the South Koreans", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA?", "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f5", "answers": [{"text": "scholars", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?", "id": "5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f6", "answers": [{"text": "Syngman Rhee", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the \"bandit traitor Syngman Rhee\". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west. There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju, and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first."}], ["Sumbangan Korea Utara kepada kemenangan Komunis China tidak dilupakan selepas penciptaan Republik Rakyat China pada tahun 1949. Sebagai tanda terima kasih, antara 50,000 dan 70,000 veteran Korea yang berkhidmat di PLA telah dihantar kembali bersama-sama dengan senjata mereka, dan mereka kemudian memainkan peranan penting dalam pencerobohan awal Korea Selatan. China berjanji untuk menyokong Korea Utara sekiranya berlaku perang melawan Korea Selatan. Sokongan Cina mencipta pembahagian yang mendalam antara Komunis Korea, dan pihak berkuasa Kim Il-sung dalam parti Komunis dicabar oleh puak Cina yang diketuai oleh Pak Il-yu, yang kemudian dibersihkan oleh Kim. <> Apa negara membantu Korea Utara menyerang Korea Selatan? || China <> Bilakah Republik Rakyat China dicipta? || 1949 <> Apa yang menyebabkan masalah dalam Parti Komunis Korea? || Sokongan Cina <> Yang mengetuai puak yang mencabar Kim-Il-sung? || Pak Il-yu <> Siapa yang China berjanji untuk menyokong jika konflik harus berlaku antara Korea Utara dan Korea Selatan? || Korea Utara", {"qas": [{"question": "What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?", "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd1", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the People's Republic of China created?", "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd2", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?", "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd3", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese support", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?", "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd4", "answers": [{"text": "Pak Il-yu", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?", "id": "57262f14ec44d21400f3dbd5", "answers": [{"text": "the North Koreans", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim."}], ["Pada April 1950, Stalin memberikan izin Kim untuk menyerang Selatan di bawah syarat bahawa Mao akan bersetuju untuk menghantar bala bantuan jika mereka diperlukan. Stalin menyatakan dengan jelas bahawa pasukan Soviet tidak akan terlibat secara terbuka dalam pertempuran, untuk mengelakkan perang secara langsung dengan rakyat Amerika. Kim bertemu dengan Mao pada Mei 1950. Mao prihatin bahawa Amerika akan campur tangan tetapi bersetuju untuk menyokong pencerobohan Korea Utara. China sangat memerlukan bantuan ekonomi dan tentera yang dijanjikan oleh Soviet. Pada masa itu, orang Cina sedang dalam proses memusnahkan separuh daripada 5.6 juta askar PLA. Walau bagaimanapun, Mao menghantar lebih banyak kaum veteran PLA Korea ke Korea dan berjanji untuk memindahkan tentera lebih dekat ke sempadan Korea. Apabila komitmen Mao dipertahankan, persiapan untuk peperangan dipercepatkan. <> Siapa yang sepatutnya bersetuju untuk menghantar bala bantuan untuk Stalin untuk memberi kebenaran untuk serangan Korea? || Mao <> Siapa yang Soviet tidak mahu terlibat dalam konflik? || orang-orang Amerika <> Apa kebimbangan yang ada terhadap Mao di Korea Selatan? || rakyat Amerika akan campur tangan <> Siapa yang memerlukan bantuan kewangan dan ketenteraan Soviet? || China <> Apa bantuan Mao membolehkan Korea Utara mempercepatkan? || persediaan untuk peperangan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?", "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d0", "answers": [{"text": "Mao", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?", "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d1", "answers": [{"text": "the Americans", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?", "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d2", "answers": [{"text": "the Americans would intervene", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?", "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d3", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?", "id": "5726833add62a815002e87d4", "answers": [{"text": "preparations for war", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated."}], ["Manakala persediaan ini sedang dijalankan di Utara, terdapat pertempuran kerap sepanjang selarian ke-38, terutama di Kaesong dan Ongjin, ramai yang dimulakan oleh Selatan. Republik Korea Army (ROK Army) sedang dilatih oleh AS Korea Tentera Advisory Group (KMAG). Pada malam sebelum perang, komander KMAG Am William Lynn Roberts menyuarakan keyakinan dalam Tentera ROK penuh dan bongkaknya bahawa sebarang serangan Korea Utara hanya akan menyediakan \"Sasaran amalan\". Sementara itu, Syngman Rhee berulang kali menyatakan hasrat untuk menakluk North, termasuk apabila diplomat Amerika Syarikat, John Foster Dulles melawat Korea pada 18 Jun. <> Siapa yang terutamanya memulakan pertempuran di sepanjang selari ke-38? || Selatan <> Kumpulan apa yang melatih tentera Republik Korea? || AS Korea Tentera Kumpulan Penasihat <> Apa umum mempunyai banyak keyakinan di Republik tentera Korea? || Jeneral William Lynn Roberts <> Siapa yang mahu mengambil alih Korea Utara? || Syngman Rhee <> Siapa diplomat yang melawat Korea? || John Foster Dulles", {"qas": [{"question": "Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?", "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b3", "answers": [{"text": "the South", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group trained the Republic of Korea army?", "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b4", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?", "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b5", "answers": [{"text": "General William Lynn Roberts", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted to take over North Korea?", "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b6", "answers": [{"text": "Syngman Rhee", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?", "id": "572686d25951b619008f75b7", "answers": [{"text": "John Foster Dulles", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide \"target practice\". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June."}], ["Dengan berakhirnya perang dengan Jepun, Perang Saudara Cina kembali di antara Komunis China dan Nationalis China. Ketika komunis berjuang untuk ketuanan di Manchuria, mereka disokong oleh pemerintah Korea Utara dengan mat\u00e9riel dan tenaga manusia. Menurut sumber-sumber China, Korea Utara mendermakan 2,000 kereta api bernilai mat\u00e9riel sementara ribuan orang Korea berkhidmat di Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat China (PLA) semasa perang. Korea Utara juga menyediakan Komunis Cina di Manchuria dengan perlindungan yang selamat untuk bukan pejuang dan komunikasi dengan seluruh negara China. <> Yang menyokong Komunis China semasa perang saudara di Manchuria? || Kerajaan Korea Utara <> Apa dua kumpulan yang berperang dalam Perang Saudara Cina? || Komunis Cina dan Cina Nasionalis <> Apa yang dikehendaki oleh komuniti Cina? || keunggulan di Manchuria <> Tentera apa yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang Korea Utara semasa perang saudara? || Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat Cina <> Berapa banyak bahan yang diberikan oleh orang-orang Korea Utara kepada komunis Cina? || 2,000 kereta api kereta bernilai", {"qas": [{"question": "Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?", "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2a7", "answers": [{"text": "North Korean government", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?", "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2a8", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Chinese Communists want?", "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2a9", "answers": [{"text": "supremacy in Manchuria", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?", "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2aa", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese People's Liberation Army", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?", "id": "57262d6838643c19005ad2ab", "answers": [{"text": "2,000 railway cars worth", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with mat\u00e9riel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of mat\u00e9riel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China."}], ["Selepas pembentukan Republik Rakyat China pada tahun 1949, kerajaan China menamakan negara-negara Barat, yang diketuai oleh Amerika Syarikat, sebagai ancaman terbesar terhadap keselamatan nasionalnya. Mengetengahkan penghakiman ini pada penghinaan abad ke-15 di China pada awal abad ke-19, sokongan Amerika kepada para Nasionalis semasa Perang Saudara Cina, dan perjuangan ideologi antara kaum revolusioner dan reaksioner, kepimpinan China percaya bahawa China akan menjadi medan perang kritis di Amerika Syarikat 'perang salib terhadap Komunisme. Sebagai tindak balas dan untuk meningkatkan kedudukan China di kalangan pergerakan Komunis di seluruh dunia, kepimpinan Cina mengamalkan dasar luar yang secara aktif mempromosikan revolusi Komunis di seluruh wilayah di pinggir China. <> Apa negara yang dilihat China sebagai ancaman kepada Republik Rakyat China? || Negara-negara Barat <> Di mana ia percaya bahawa perjuangan menentang Komunisme akan berlaku? || China <> Untuk menunjukkan kekuatan mereka dalam gerakan Komunis antarabangsa, apakah yang dilakukan oleh China? || mempromosikan revolusi Komunis <> Siapa yang menyokong Amerika semasa Perang Saudara Cina? || para nasionalis", {"qas": [{"question": "What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?", "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbf7", "answers": [{"text": "Western nations", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?", "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbf8", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?", "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbf9", "answers": [{"text": "promoted Communist revolutions", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?", "id": "57263127ec44d21400f3dbfa", "answers": [{"text": "the Nationalists", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery."}], ["Hasil pemerintahan Korea Selatan mengumumkan perlembagaan politik nasional pada 17 Julai 1948, dan memilih Syngman Rhee sebagai Presiden pada 20 Julai 1948. Republik Korea (Korea Selatan) didirikan pada 15 Ogos 1948. Di zon pendudukan Korea Selatan, Kesatuan Soviet menubuhkan kerajaan Korea Utara Komunis yang diketuai oleh Kim Il-sung. Rezim Presiden Rhee mengecualikan komunis dan golongan kiri dari politik selatan. Disengajakan, mereka menuju ke bukit-bukit, untuk mempersiapkan perang gerila terhadap kerajaan ROK yang ditaja oleh AS. <> Bilakah perlembagaan Korea Selatan diwujudkan? || 1948 <> Siapa terpilih sebagai presiden Korea Selatan pada 20 Julai 1948? || Syngman Rhee <> Tahun apakah Korea ditubuhkan? || 1948 <> Siapa yang mengetuai Zon Pendudukan Al-Quran Rusia? || Kim Il-sung <> Apa dua kumpulan dikecualikan daripada proses politik Korea Selatan? || komunis dan kiri", {"qas": [{"question": "When was South Korea's constitution created?", "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad29d", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?", "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad29e", "answers": [{"text": "Syngman Rhee", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Republic of Korea established?", "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad29f", "answers": [{"text": "1948", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?", "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad2a0", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Il-sung", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?", "id": "57262c8738643c19005ad2a1", "answers": [{"text": "communists and leftists", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948, and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948. In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviet Union established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-sung. President Rhee's r\u00e9gime excluded communists and leftists from southern politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare for guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government."}], ["Menjelang musim bunga 1950, Stalin percaya keadaan strategik telah berubah. Soviet telah meletupkan bom nuklear pertama mereka pada September 1949; Tentera Amerika telah ditarik sepenuhnya dari Korea; orang Amerika tidak campur tangan untuk menghentikan kemenangan komunis di China, dan Stalin mengira bahawa rakyat Amerika akan lebih kurang sanggup berperang di Korea-yang kelihatannya kurang penting. Soviet juga telah memecah kod yang digunakan oleh AS untuk berkomunikasi dengan kedutaan AS di Moscow, dan membaca petikan ini meyakinkan Stalin bahawa Korea tidak mempunyai kepentingan untuk AS yang akan menjamin konfrontasi nuklear. Stalin memulakan strategi yang lebih agresif di Asia berdasarkan perkembangan ini, termasuk bantuan ekonomi dan ketenteraan yang menjanjikan ke China melalui Perjanjian Persahabatan, Perikatan, dan Mutual Bantuan Bersama China-Soviet. <> Bilakah Soviet mula meletupkan bom nuklear? || 1949 <> Perjanjian apa yang dilakukan oleh Stalin dan China? || Persahabatan Sino-Soviet, Perikatan, dan Perjanjian Bantuan Bersama <> Negara mana yang tidak menghalang kemenangan Komunis di China? || AS <> Siapa yakin bahawa AS tidak lagi berminat dengan Korea? || Stalin <> Dimana Stalin terlibat dalam strategi politik yang agresif? || Asia", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?", "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54a", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?", "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54b", "answers": [{"text": "Sino\u2013Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?", "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54c", "answers": [{"text": "US", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?", "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54d", "answers": [{"text": "Stalin", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?", "id": "5726323e89a1e219009ac54e", "answers": [{"text": "Asia", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea\u2014which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino\u2013Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty."}], ["Sebaliknya, pembela Tentera Darat ROK secara relatif tidak bersedia dan tidak lengkap. Di Selatan ke Naktong, Utara ke Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman melaporkan kesediaan pertempuran rendah ROK pada 25 Jun 1950. Tentera ROK mempunyai 98,000 tentera (65,000 pertempuran, 33,000 sokongan), tidak ada kereta kebal (mereka telah diminta dari tentera AS, tetapi permintaan ditolak), dan 22 - pasukan udara terdiri daripada 12 jenis penghubung dan 10 pesawat penerus maju AT6. Tidak ada pasukan tentera asing yang besar di Korea pada masa pencerobohan itu, tetapi terdapat banyak garrison dan tentera udara A.S. di Jepun. <> Apakah masalah dengan Tentera Darat ROK? || Pembela tentera agak tidak bersedia dan tidak dilengkapi <> Siapa yang menolak permintaan ROK untuk kereta kebal? || Tentera A.S. <> Di negara apakah AS mempertahankan angkatan udara dan garnisun? || Jepun <> Siapa melaporkan bahawa tentera Korea Selatan tidak bersedia untuk berperang? || R.E. Appleman", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the problem with the ROK Army?", "id": "572695b3708984140094caf5", "answers": [{"text": "Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?", "id": "572695b3708984140094caf6", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. military", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?", "id": "572695b3708984140094caf7", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?", "id": "572695b3708984140094caf8", "answers": [{"text": "R.E. Appleman", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion, but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan."}], ["Kesatuan Soviet mencabar legitimasi perang kerana beberapa sebab. Perisikan Angkatan Darat ROK yang mana Resolusi 83 didasarkan berasal dari Intelijen A.S.; Korea Utara tidak dijemput sebagai anggota sementara PBB, yang melanggar Piagam PBB Artikel 32; dan konflik Korea berada di luar skop Piagam PBB, kerana perbatasan sempadan utara-selatan telah dikategorikan sebagai perang saudara. Kerana Kesatuan Soviet memboikot Majlis Keselamatan pada masa itu, para sarjana undang-undang mengemukakan bahawa memutuskan atas tindakan jenis ini memerlukan suara sebulat suara dari lima anggota tetap. <> Negara mana yang mencabar legitimasi Perang Korea? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Di manakah maklumat perisikan yang membawa kepada laluan Resolusi 83 datang? || A.S. Intelligence <> Apa jenis undi yang diperlukan untuk Majlis Keselamatan untuk melakukan tindakan ketenteraan di Korea. || undi sebulat suara <> Berapa ramai ahli tetap yang ada Majlis Keselamatan PBB? || lima <> Apa piagam yang AS percaya telah dilanggar dengan campur tangan dalam konflik Korea? || Piagam PBB Artikel 32", {"qas": [{"question": "What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War?", "id": "572692c45951b619008f7713", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from?", "id": "572692c45951b619008f7714", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Intelligence", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea.", "id": "572692c45951b619008f7715", "answers": [{"text": "unanimous vote", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have?", "id": "572692c45951b619008f7716", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict?", "id": "572692c45951b619008f7717", "answers": [{"text": "UN Charter Article 32", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated UN Charter Article 32; and the Korean conflict was beyond the UN Charter's scope, because the initial north\u2013south border fighting was classed as a civil war. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time, legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members."}], ["Pada hari Sabtu, 24 Jun 1950, Setiausaha Negara Ais Dekan Acheson memberitahu Presiden Truman bahawa Korea Utara telah menyerang Korea Selatan. Truman dan Acheson membincangkan tindak balas pencerobohan A.S. dan bersetuju bahawa Amerika Syarikat diwajibkan untuk bertindak, mengatasi pencerobohan Korea Utara dengan pencerobohan Adolf Hitler pada tahun 1930-an, dengan kesimpulannya bahawa kesilapan penglihatan tidak boleh diulang. Beberapa industri A.S. digerakkan untuk membekalkan bahan, buruh, modal, kemudahan pengeluaran, dan perkhidmatan lain yang diperlukan untuk menyokong objektif ketenteraan Perang Korea. Bagaimanapun, Presiden Truman kemudiannya mengakui bahawa dia percaya melawan pencerobohan itu adalah penting kepada matlamat Amerika yang membendung komunisme seperti yang digariskan dalam Laporan Majlis Keselamatan Negara 68 (NSC-68) (diklasifikasikan pada tahun 1975): <> Setiausaha Negara yang mana Adakah Presiden Truman mengadakan perbincangan mengenai bagaimana AS akan bertindak balas terhadap serangan Korea Selatan? || Dean Acheson <> Pencerobohan Korea Utara Korea Selatan berbanding dengan apa acara? || Pelanggaran Adolf Hitler <> Apa yang tidak mahu dilihat AS? || kesilapan pelepasan <> Penglibatan Amerika Syarikat dalam Perang Korea adalah penting untuk mencapai matlamat apa? || pembendungan global komunisme <> Apa laporan membincangkan matlamat Amerika Syarikat untuk mengandungi komunisme? || Laporan Majlis Keselamatan Negara 68", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?", "id": "57269781708984140094cb25", "answers": [{"text": "Dean Acheson", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?", "id": "57269781708984140094cb26", "answers": [{"text": "Adolf Hitler's aggressions", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the US not want to see repeated?", "id": "57269781708984140094cb27", "answers": [{"text": "the mistake of appeasement", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?", "id": "57269781708984140094cb28", "answers": [{"text": "the global containment of communism", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?", "id": "57269781708984140094cb29", "answers": [{"text": "National Security Council Report 68", "answer_start": 771}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):"}], ["Bertindak atas cadangan Setiausaha Kerajaan Acheson, Presiden Truman memerintahkan Jeneral MacArthur untuk memindahkan mat\u00e9riel kepada Angkatan Tentera Republik Korea semasa memberi perlindungan udara kepada pemindahan warga negara A.S.. Presiden tidak bersetuju dengan penasihat yang mencadangkan pengeboman A.S. sepihak kepada pasukan Korea Utara, dan mengarahkan Armada Ketujuh AS untuk melindungi Republik China (Taiwan), yang pemerintahnya meminta untuk berperang di Korea. Amerika Syarikat menafikan permintaan ROC untuk pertempuran, agar ia tidak mencetuskan pembalasan Cina komunis. Kerana Amerika Syarikat telah menghantar Armada Ketujuh untuk \"menetralkan\" Selat Taiwan, perdana menteri China Zhou Enlai mengkritik kedua-dua inisiatif PBB dan A.S. sebagai \"serangan bersenjata di wilayah China.\" <> Apa bahan umum yang disediakan kepada Republik Korea dan memindahkan rakyat AS? || Jeneral MacArthur <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju dengan idea pemboman secara sepihak kepada tentera Korea Utara? || Presiden Truman <> Apa armada dihantar ke Selat Taiwan? || </ A> Ketakutan provokasi dari Komunis China, apa permintaan negara untuk tentera tempur yang menafikan AS? || Republik China <> Siapa perdana menteri China yang menyeru tindakan Amerika Syarikat dan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu sebagai satu tindakan pencerobohan? || Zhou Enlai", {"qas": [{"question": "What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?", "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad6", "answers": [{"text": "General MacArthur", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?", "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad7", "answers": [{"text": "President Truman", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?", "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad8", "answers": [{"text": "US Seventh Fleet", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?", "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ad9", "answers": [{"text": "Republic of China", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?", "id": "57269adedd62a815002e8ada", "answers": [{"text": "Zhou Enlai", "answer_start": 641}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer mat\u00e9riel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to \"neutralize\" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as \"armed aggression on Chinese territory.\""}], ["Pada 27 Jun, Rhee berpindah dari Seoul dengan beberapa kerajaan. Pada 28 Jun, pada pukul 2 pagi, Angkatan Tentera Korea Selatan meletupkan jambatan lebuh raya di sepanjang Sungai Han dalam usaha untuk menghentikan tentera Korea Utara. Jambatan itu diletupkan manakala 4,000 pelarian menyeberangi jambatan, dan beratus-ratus orang terbunuh. Memusnahkan jambatan itu juga menjejaskan banyak unit tentera Korea Selatan di utara Sungai Han. Walaupun langkah-langkah terdesak sedemikian, Seoul jatuh pada hari yang sama. Sejumlah Ahli Majlis Kebangsaan Korea Selatan kekal di Seoul apabila ia jatuh, dan empat puluh lapan kemudian bersumpah setia kepada Utara. <> Siapa, bersama dengan anggota kerajaan Korea Selatan, melarikan diri dari Korea Selatan? || Rhee <> Jambatan apa yang pelarian cuba untuk menyeberang apabila ia ditiup oleh Tentera Korea Selatan? || Han River <> Berapa banyak anggota Dewan Kebangsaan Korea Selatan yang berjanji setia kepada Seoul? || empat puluh lapan <> Apa yang dilakukan Korea Selatan untuk menyebabkan anggota unit tentera Korea Selatan terjebak berhampiran Sungai Han? || meletupkan jambatan lebuh raya <> Pada hari apakah bandar Seoul ditangkap? || 28 Jun", {"qas": [{"question": "Who, along with members of the South Korean government, fled South Korea?", "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e332", "answers": [{"text": "Rhee", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army?", "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e333", "answers": [{"text": "Han River", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?", "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e334", "answers": [{"text": "forty-eight", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River?", "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e335", "answers": [{"text": "blew up the highway bridge", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What day was the city of Seoul captured?", "id": "57268a0ff1498d1400e8e336", "answers": [{"text": "28 June", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government. On 28 June, at 2 am, the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing the bridge, and hundreds were killed. Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River. In spite of such desperate measures, Seoul fell that same day. A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and forty-eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North."}], ["Menjelang pertengahan 1950, pasukan Korea Utara berjumlah antara 150,000 hingga 200,000 pasukan yang dianjurkan ke dalam 10 bahagian infantri, satu bahagian tangki, dan satu bahagian udara, dengan 210 pesawat pejuang dan 280 tangki, yang menangkap objektif dan wilayah yang dijadualkan, antaranya Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, dan Ongjin. Pasukan mereka termasuk 274 tangki T-34-85, 200 kepingan artileri, 110 pengebom serangan, 150 pesawat pejuang Yak, 78 pelatih Yak, dan 35 pesawat peninjauan. Di samping daya penyerang, KPA Utara mempunyai 114 pejuang, 78 pengebom, 105 tangki T-34-85, dan 30,000 tentera ditempatkan di rizab di Korea Utara. Walaupun setiap angkatan laut terdiri daripada hanya beberapa kapal perang kecil, angkatan laut Utara dan Korea Selatan berperang dalam perang sebagai artileri bawaan laut untuk tentera negara mereka. <> Berapa banyak bahagian infantri yang melakukan N Korea dengan perang? || 10 <> Berapakah bilangan maksimum pasukan Korea Utara yang terlibat dalam perang? || 200,000 <> Berapa ramai askar simpanan Korea Utara? || 30,000 <> Apa jenis kapal tentera laut yang ada di Korea Selatan dan Utara? || kapal perang kecil", {"qas": [{"question": "How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?", "id": "572693ee5951b619008f7739", "answers": [{"text": "10", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?", "id": "572693ee5951b619008f773a", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?", "id": "572693ee5951b619008f773b", "answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?", "id": "572693ee5951b619008f773c", "answers": [{"text": "small warships", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, some 150 Yak fighter planes, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies."}], ["Pada 25 Jun 1950, Majlis Keselamatan PBB sebulat suara mengutuk pencerobohan Korea Utara ke Republik Korea, dengan Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 82. Kesatuan Soviet, kuasa yang memegang kuasa veto, telah memboikot mesyuarat Majlis sejak Januari 1950, membantah Republik China (Taiwan), bukan Republik Rakyat China, mengadakan kerusi tetap di Majlis Keselamatan PBB. Selepas membahaskan perkara itu, Majlis Keselamatan, pada 27 Jun 1950, menerbitkan Resolusi 83 yang mencadangkan negara anggota memberi bantuan ketenteraan kepada Republik Korea. Pada 27 Jun, Presiden Truman mengarahkan kuasa udara dan laut A.S. untuk membantu rejim Korea Selatan. Pada 4 Julai, Timbalan Menteri Luar Soviet menuduh Amerika Syarikat memulakan campur tangan bersenjata bagi pihak Korea Selatan. <> Siapa yang mengutuk tindakan Korea Utara? || Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Yang ahli tetap Majlis Keselamatan PBB memboikot mesyuarat majlis sebagai protes kerusi Taiwan di Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Resolusi apa yang menggalakkan Anggota Majlis Keselamatan untuk menghantar bantuan ketenteraan ke Republik Korea? || Resolusi 83 <> Siapa yang menuduh Amerika Syarikat memulakan campur tangan bersenjata di Korea Selatan? || Timbalan Menteri Luar Soviet Soviet <> Apa yang telah dicapai oleh Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 82? || mengutuk pencerobohan Korea Utara ke Republik Korea", {"qas": [{"question": "Who condemned the actions of North Korea?", "id": "57269034708984140094ca45", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations Security Council", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which permanent member of the UN Security Council boycotted council meetings in protest of Taiwan's seat in the United Nations?", "id": "57269034708984140094ca46", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What resolution encouraged Security Council Members to send military assistance to the Republic of Korea?", "id": "57269034708984140094ca47", "answers": [{"text": "Resolution 83", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who accused the United States of beginning an armed intervention in South Korea?", "id": "57269034708984140094ca48", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 82 accomplish?", "id": "57269034708984140094ca49", "answers": [{"text": "condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea."}], ["Satu aspek perubahan sikap terhadap Korea dan sama ada untuk terlibat adalah Jepun. Terutama selepas kejatuhan China kepada Komunis, pakar-pakar Asia Timur A.S. melihat Jepun sebagai penentangan kritikal terhadap Kesatuan Soviet dan China di rantau ini. Walaupun tidak ada dasar Amerika Syarikat yang menangani Korea Selatan secara langsung sebagai kepentingan nasional, kedekatannya dengan Jepun meningkatkan kepentingan Korea Selatan. Kata Kim: \"Pengiktirafan bahawa keselamatan Jepun memerlukan Korea yang tidak bermusuhan yang membawa langsung kepada keputusan Presiden Truman untuk campur tangan ... Titik penting ... ialah tindak balas Amerika terhadap serangan Korea Utara yang berpunca dari pertimbangan dasar AS ke Jepun. \" <> Negara apa yang dipercayai memberikan pengimbangan kepada penglibatan China dan Soviet Union di Korea? || Jepun <> Presiden mana yang memutuskan untuk campur tangan setelah menyedari keselamatan Jepun akan dipengaruhi oleh permusuhan di Korea? || Presiden Truman <> Mengapa Korea Selatan penting kepada AS? || Dasar Amerika Syarikat ke Jepun <> Apa yang menjejaskan tindak balas Amerika terhadap keadaan di Korea Selatan? || Dasar AS ke Jepun", {"qas": [{"question": "What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?", "id": "57268bee5951b619008f764f", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?", "id": "57268bee5951b619008f7650", "answers": [{"text": "President Truman", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was South Korea important to the US?", "id": "57268bee5951b619008f7651", "answers": [{"text": "US policy toward Japan", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?", "id": "57268bee5951b619008f7652", "answers": [{"text": "US policy toward Japan", "answer_start": 669}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: \"The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan.\""}], ["Sebagai tindak balas awal, Truman meminta blokade laut Korea Utara, dan terkejut untuk mengetahui sekatan sedemikian boleh dikenakan hanya 'di atas kertas', memandangkan Tentera Laut A.S. tidak lagi mempunyai kapal perang yang untuk melaksanakan permintaannya. Malah, disebabkan oleh pemotongan pertahanan yang luas dan penekanan yang dibuat untuk membina sebuah pasukan pengebom nuklear, tiada satu pun daripada perkhidmatan yang berada dalam kedudukan untuk membuat tindak balas teguh dengan kekuatan ketenteraan konvensional. Ketua Omar Bradley, Pengerusi Ketua Staf Bersama, berhadapan dengan menganjurkan semula dan mengerahkan pasukan ketenteraan Amerika yang merupakan bayang-bayang rakan sejawatnya Perang Dunia II. Kesan pemotongan bajet pertahanan pentadbiran Truman kini amat dirasai, ketika tentera Amerika melancarkan satu siri tindakan penjagaan belakang mahal. Tidak ada senjata anti-tangki yang mencukupi, artileri atau perisai, mereka didorong kembali ke semenanjung Korea ke Pusan. Dalam analisis pasca perang tanpa kesediaan angkatan tentera AS yang ditugaskan ke Korea pada musim panas dan musim gugur tahun 1950, Tentera Darat Besar Jeneral Floyd L. Parks menyatakan bahawa \"Banyak yang tidak pernah hidup untuk memberitahu kisah itu harus melawan pelbagai peperangan darat dari menyerang untuk melambatkan tindakan, unit demi unit, lelaki demi lelaki ... Hatiku dapat merebut kemenangan dari rahang kekalahan ... tidak melepaskan kita dari kesalahan menyerahkan daging dan darah kita sendiri masalah. \" <> Mengapa sekatan laut Amerika Syarikat tidak dapat dilaksanakan? || Tentera Laut A.S. tidak lagi mempunyai kapal perang <> Mengapa Amerika Syarikat tidak dapat memberikan respons yang mencukupi kepada pencerobohan Korea? || pemotongan belanjawan pertahanan <> Siapa yang ditugaskan untuk penyusunan semula dan penyebaran tentera AS? || Ketua Omar Bradley <> Siapa terpaksa berundur kembali ke Semenanjung Pusan kerana tidak bersedia? || Tentera Amerika <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa memenangi perang tidak membiarkan meletakkan pasukan AS ke dalam keadaan yang tidak baik? || Ketua Umum Floyd L. Parks", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?", "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aa8", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Navy no longer had the warships", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?", "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aa9", "answers": [{"text": "defense budget cutbacks", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?", "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aaa", "answers": [{"text": "General Omar Bradley", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?", "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aab", "answers": [{"text": "American troops", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?", "id": "5726993bdd62a815002e8aac", "answers": [{"text": "Major General Floyd L. Parks", "answer_start": 1022}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As an initial response, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea, and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only 'on paper', since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request. In fact, because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart. The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions. Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, they were driven back down the Korean peninsula to Pusan. In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that \"Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament.\""}], ["Pertimbangan utama adalah kemungkinan reaksi Soviet sekiranya AS campur tangan. Pentadbiran Truman bimbang bahawa perang di Korea adalah satu serangan yang beralih ke perang umum di Eropah setelah Amerika Syarikat berkomitmen di Korea. Pada masa yang sama, \"[t] tidak ada cadangan daripada sesiapa yang Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu atau Amerika Syarikat dapat mundur dari [konflik]\". Yugoslavia-mungkin sasaran Soviet kerana Tito-Stalin Split-sangat penting untuk mempertahankan Itali dan Yunani, dan negara itu pertama kali dalam senarai senarai pencerobohan Korea Utara selepas \"serangan bahaya utama\". Truman percaya jika pencerobohan tidak diselesaikan, reaksi berantai akan dimulakan yang akan meminggirkan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan menggalakkan pencerobohan Komunis di tempat lain. Majlis Keselamatan PBB meluluskan penggunaan kekerasan untuk membantu Korea Selatan dan AS dengan segera mula menggunakan angkatan udara dan tentera laut yang berada di kawasan itu hingga ke akhirnya. Pentadbiran masih menahan diri daripada melakukan tugas kerana beberapa penasihat percaya orang Korea Utara dapat dihentikan oleh udara dan kuasa laut saja. <> Apa pentadbiran Truman prihatin dengan itu menghalang mereka daripada terlibat dalam konflik Korea? || Reaksi Soviet <> Agensi apa yang meluluskan penggunaan kekerasan di Korea Selatan? || Majlis Keselamatan PBB <> Mengapa AS tidak menghantar tentera darat selepas PBB meluluskan penggunaan kekerasan? || penasihat percaya Korea Utara boleh dihentikan oleh udara dan kuasa tentera laut <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa jika isu-isu di Korea tidak ditangani dengan agresi komunis akan tersebar? || Truman <> Sumber apakah yang ditumpukan AS ke Korea Selatan setelah Majlis Keselamatan diluluskan terlibat dalam konflik bersenjata? || udara dan tentera laut", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Truman administration concerned about that was preventing them from getting involved in the Korean conflict?", "id": "57268e98708984140094c9ff", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet reaction", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agency approved the use of force in South Korea?", "id": "57268e98708984140094ca00", "answers": [{"text": "The UN Security Council", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the US not send in ground troops after the United Nations approved the use of force?", "id": "57268e98708984140094ca01", "answers": [{"text": "advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power", "answer_start": 1070}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread?", "id": "57268e98708984140094ca02", "answers": [{"text": "Truman", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What resources did the US devote to South Korea after the Security Council approved engaging in an armed conflict?", "id": "57268e98708984140094ca03", "answers": [{"text": "air and naval forces", "answer_start": 936}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea. At the same time, \"[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]\". Yugoslavia\u2013a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin Split\u2014was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council's post-North Korea invasion list of \"chief danger spots\". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone."}], ["Selepas pendaratan Incheon, Bahagian Kavalen Pertama memulakan pendahulunya ke utara dari Perimeter Pusan. \"Pasukan Petugas Lynch\" (selepas Leftenan Kolonel James H. Lynch), Batalion ke-3, Resimen Cavalry ke-7, dan dua unit Batalion Kebakaran ke-70 (Charlie Company dan Platun Perisikan Pengesan) telah melaksanakan \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\" km) wilayah musuh untuk menyertai Bahagian Infantri Ke-7 di Osan. The X Corps dengan cepat mengalahkan pembela KPA di sekitar Seoul, dengan itu mengancam untuk memerangkap pasukan KPA utama di Korea Selatan. <> Nama panggilan siapa 'Pasukan Petugas Lynch'? || Leftenan Kolonel James H. Lynch <> Apa yang mendorong 106 kilometer melalui wilayah musuh? || \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\" <> Siapa yang dikalahkan berhampiran Seoul, Korea? || KPA", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?", "id": "5726bf89f1498d1400e8ea22", "answers": [{"text": "Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?", "id": "5726bf89f1498d1400e8ea23", "answers": [{"text": "the \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\"", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?", "id": "5726bf89f1498d1400e8ea24", "answers": [{"text": "the KPA", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. \"Task Force Lynch\" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence\u2013Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea."}], ["Pada 18 September, Stalin menghantar Jeneral H. M. Zakharov ke Korea untuk memberi nasihat kepada Kim Il-sung untuk menghentikan serangannya di sekitar perbatasan Pusan dan menyerahkan semula pasukannya untuk mempertahankan Seoul. Komander Cina tidak diberi taklimat mengenai nombor pasukan Korea Utara atau rancangan operasi. Sebagai komander keseluruhan tentera China, Zhou Enlai mencadangkan bahawa Korea Utara harus cuba menghilangkan pasukan musuh di Inchon hanya jika mereka mempunyai rizab sekurang-kurangnya 100,000 orang; Jika tidak, dia menasihati orang-orang Korea Utara untuk menarik balik pasukan mereka ke utara. <> Siapa yang dihantar ke Korea untuk bertindak sebagai penasihat kepada Kim Il-Sung? || Jeneral H. M. Zakharov <> Mengapa Kim Il-Sung mengundurkan semula tenteranya? || untuk mempertahankan Seoul <> Siapa yang tidak diberi taklimat mengenai pelan operasi atau bilangan tentera dalam pertempuran? || Komandan Cina <> Bilakah sudah dinasihatkan untuk orang Korea Utara cuba mengalahkan pasukan lawan di Inchon? || jika mereka mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 100,000 lelaki", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?", "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea60", "answers": [{"text": "General H. M. Zakharov", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?", "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea61", "answers": [{"text": "to defend Seoul", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?", "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea62", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese commanders", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?", "id": "5726c1e5f1498d1400e8ea63", "answers": [{"text": "if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north."}], ["Sementara itu, garrison A.S. di Jepun terus menghantar tentera dan mat\u00e9riel untuk memperkuat pembela di Perimeter Pusan. Batalion tangki dikerahkan ke Korea terus dari tanah besar A.S. dari pelabuhan San Francisco ke pelabuhan Pusan, pelabuhan Korea terbesar. Menjelang akhir bulan Ogos, Perimeter Pusan mempunyai kira-kira 500 tangki sederhana. Pada awal September 1950, Tentera Darat Rok dan Komando PBB mengalahkan KPA 180,000 hingga 100,000 askar. Tentera PBB, setelah bersedia, membalas serangan dan keluar dari Perimeter Pusan. <> Di mana di Amerika Syarikat terdapat batalion tangki yang terletak? || San Francisco <> Apa itu pelabuhan terbesar di Korea? || pelabuhan Pusan <> Selain Amerika Syarikat, apa negara lain menghantar kakitangan tentera ke Korea? || Jepun <> Siapa yang mempunyai pasukan paling sedikit di Korea? || KPA <> Siapa yang dapat membalas serangan dan memindahkan KPA dari Perimeter Pusan? || Pasukan PBB", {"qas": [{"question": "Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?", "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb5", "answers": [{"text": "San Francisco", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Korea's largest port?", "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb6", "answers": [{"text": "the port of Pusan", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?", "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb7", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?", "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb8", "answers": [{"text": "KPA", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?", "id": "5726bcb2708984140094cfb9", "answers": [{"text": "UN forces", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and mat\u00e9riel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter."}], ["Terhadap pembela PIM Perimeter yang bersemangat dan bersenjata dan bantuan mereka, KPA tidak digemari dan kurang dibekalkan; tidak seperti Komando PBB, mereka tidak mempunyai sokongan tentera laut dan udara. Untuk melegakan Perimeter Pusan, Jeneral MacArthur mengesyorkan pendaratan amfibia di Inchon (kini dikenali sebagai Incheon), berhampiran Seoul dan lebih dari 100 batu (160 km) di belakang garisan KPA. Pada 6 Julai, beliau mengarahkan Major General Hobart R. Gay, Panglima, Bahagian Kavalen Pertama, untuk merancang pendaratan amfib di bahagian di Incheon; pada 12-14 Julai, Bahagian Kembara Pertama yang bermula dari Yokohama, Jepun untuk mengukuhkan Bahagian Infantri ke-24 di dalam Perimeter Pusan. <> Mengapa General MacArthur mencadangkan pendaratan amfibia di Inchon? || Untuk melegakan Perimeter Pusan <> Siapa yang MacArthur meminta untuk merancang serangan amfibia? || Major Jeneral Hobart R. Gay <> Di mana serangan Infantri Pertama? || Yokohama, Jepun <> Mengapa pasukan KPA tidak dapat mempertahankan diri mereka sendiri terhadap pasukan PBB? || KPA tidak digubal dan kurang dibekalkan", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?", "id": "5726be03f1498d1400e8e9d4", "answers": [{"text": "To relieve the Pusan Perimeter", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?", "id": "5726be03f1498d1400e8e9d5", "answers": [{"text": "Major General Hobart R. Gay", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?", "id": "5726be04f1498d1400e8e9d6", "answers": [{"text": "Yokohama, Japan", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?", "id": "5726be04f1498d1400e8e9d7", "answers": [{"text": "the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines. On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12\u201314 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter."}], ["Pada 25 September, Seoul telah ditawan balik oleh pasukan Korea Selatan. Serangan udara Amerika menyebabkan kerosakan berat terhadap KPA, memusnahkan sebahagian besar tangki dan banyak artilinya. Tentera Korea Utara di selatan, bukan secara berkesan mengeluarkan utara, dengan cepat hancur, meninggalkan Pyongyang terdedah. Semasa pengunduran umum hanya 25,000 hingga 30,000 askar berjaya menyertai semula laluan KPA Utara. Pada 27 September, Stalin mengadakan sesi kecemasan Politburo, di mana dia mengutuk ketidakcekapan perintah KPA dan mengadakan penasihat ketenteraan Soviet yang bertanggungjawab atas kekalahan tersebut. <> Apakah sesi kecemasan dipanggil oleh Stalin? || Politburo <> Berapa banyak tentera yang kembali ke garisan KPA selepas berundur? || 25,000 hingga 30,000 <> Yang bertanggungjawab atas kekalahan tentera Korea Utara? || Penasihat tentera Soviet <> Yang menuntut semula Seoul? || Tentera Korea Selatan. <> Apa bandar yang ditinggalkan rawan oleh mundur cepat Korea Utara? || Pyongyang", {"qas": [{"question": "What emergency session was called by Stalin?", "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea86", "answers": [{"text": "Politburo", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?", "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea87", "answers": [{"text": "25,000 to 30,000", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?", "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea88", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet military advisers", "answer_start": 537}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who reclaimed the Seoul?", "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea89", "answers": [{"text": "South Korean forces.", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?", "id": "5726c303f1498d1400e8ea8a", "answers": [{"text": "Pyongyang", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat."}], ["Tidak lama selepas perang bermula, Jeneral MacArthur mula merancang mendarat di Incheon, tetapi Pentagon menentangnya. Apabila diberi kuasa, beliau mengaktifkan gabungan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat dan Kor Marin, dan pasukan Tentera Darat ROK. The X Corps, diketuai oleh Jeneral Edward Almond, Komander, terdiri daripada 40,000 orang dari Bahagian Marin Pertama, Bahagian Infantri ke-7 dan sekitar 8,600 askar Tentera Darat Roket. Pada 15 September, pasukan serangan amfibia menghadapi beberapa pertahanan KPA di Incheon: perisikan ketenteraan, peperangan psikologi, peninjauan gerila, dan pengeboman berlarutan memfasilitasi pertempuran yang agak ringan. Walau bagaimanapun, pengeboman itu memusnahkan sebahagian besar bandar Incheon. <> Siapa yang pada mulanya menentang pelan pendaratan Ketua MacArthur? || Pentagon <> Apa Corps termasuk 40,000 orang dari Bahagian Marin Pertama? || The X Corps <> Siapa yang menyelaraskan usaha Tentara Rok, Kor Marin dan Tentara AS untuk mengatasi pertempuran yang berjaya? || Ketua Edward Almond", {"qas": [{"question": "Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?", "id": "5726bee85951b619008f7ce3", "answers": [{"text": "the Pentagon", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?", "id": "5726bee85951b619008f7ce4", "answers": [{"text": "The X Corps", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?", "id": "5726bee85951b619008f7ce5", "answers": [{"text": "General Edward Almond", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him. When authorized, he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers. By 15 September, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon."}], ["Menjelang bulan Ogos, KPA telah menolak semula Tentera Rok dan Tentera Kelapan Amerika Syarikat ke sekitar Pusan di tenggara Korea. Dalam kemajuan selatan mereka, KPA membersihkan inteligensia Republik Korea dengan membunuh kakitangan awam dan intelektual. Pada 20 Ogos, Ketua MacArthur memberi amaran kepada pemimpin Korea Utara Kim Il-sung bahawa dia bertanggungjawab atas kekejaman KPA. Menjelang September, Komando PBB menguasai perimeter Pusan, yang melampirkan kira-kira 10% dari Korea, dalam garis yang sebahagiannya ditakrifkan oleh Sungai Nakdong. <> Bagaimanakah KPA menyakiti inti intelek Republik Korea? || dengan membunuh kakitangan awam dan intelektual <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap tindakan KPA? || Kim Il-sung <> Di mana Kelapan Amerika Syarikat dan ROK dapat ditolak? || selatan Korea <> Apa badan air yang menyediakan sempadan semulajadi kepada perimeter dikawal arahan PBB? || Sungai Nakdong <> Berapa banyak Korea berada di bawah kawalan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || 10%", {"qas": [{"question": "How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?", "id": "57269eab708984140094cbeb", "answers": [{"text": "by killing civil servants and intellectuals", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?", "id": "57269eab708984140094cbec", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Il-sung", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?", "id": "57269eab708984140094cbed", "answers": [{"text": "southeast Korea", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?", "id": "57269eab708984140094cbee", "answers": [{"text": "Nakdong River", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?", "id": "57269eab708984140094cbef", "answers": [{"text": "10%", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea. In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-sung that he was responsible for the KPA's atrocities. By September, the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter, enclosing about 10% of Korea, in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River."}], ["Pertempuran Osan, pertunangan ketara Amerika yang pertama dalam Perang Korea, melibatkan Pasukan Tugas 540-askar Smith, yang merupakan elemen kecil ke depan dari Divisi Infantri ke-24 yang telah diterbangkan dari Jepun. Pada 5 Julai 1950, Pasukan Petugas Smith menyerang orang-orang Korea Utara di Osan tetapi tanpa senjata yang mampu memusnahkan kereta kebal Korea Utara. Mereka tidak berjaya; hasilnya adalah 180 orang mati, terluka, atau ditahan. KPA maju ke selatan, menolak pasukan AS di Pyongtaek, Chonan, dan Chochiwon, memaksa pengunduran Divisyen ke 24 ke Taejeon, yang ditangkap KPA di Pertempuran Taejon; Bahagian 24 menderita 3,602 tewas dan cedera dan 2,962 ditangkap, termasuk Komander Bahagian, Ketua Umum William F. Dean. <> Pertempuran apa yang dianggap pertarungan penting pertama AS dalam Perang Korea? || Pertempuran Osan <> Bahagian infantri mana yang terlibat dalam Pertempuran Osan? || Bahagian Infantri ke-24 <> Di manakah Bahagian 24 dipaksa berundur ke lokasi mana? || Taejeon <> Pada Pertempuran apakah Bahagian Infantri ke-24 mengalami kerugian besar? || Pertempuran Taejon <> Di negara apakah yang terletak di Pasukan Petugas Smith AS? || Jepun", {"qas": [{"question": "What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?", "id": "57269c875951b619008f77c7", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Osan", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan?", "id": "57269c875951b619008f77c8", "answers": [{"text": "24th Infantry Division", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location?", "id": "57269c875951b619008f77c9", "answers": [{"text": "Taejeon", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses?", "id": "57269c875951b619008f77ca", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Taejon", "answer_start": 609}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country is the US's Task Force Smith located?", "id": "57269c875951b619008f77cb", "answers": [{"text": "Japan", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Battle of Osan, the first significant American engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan. On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean."}], ["Walaupun kejayaan awal Kim telah membawa beliau untuk meramalkan bahawa dia akan menamatkan perang menjelang akhir bulan Ogos, pemimpin Cina lebih pesimis. Untuk mengatasi kemungkinan penyebaran A.S., Zhou Enlai memperoleh komitmen Soviet untuk memiliki sokongan Soviet Union oleh pasukan China dengan penutup udara, dan mengerahkan 260,000 tentera di sepanjang sempadan Korea, di bawah komando Gao Gang. Zhou memerintahkan Chai Chengwen untuk menjalankan kaji selidik topografi Korea, dan mengarahkan Lei Yingfu, penasihat ketenteraan Zhou di Korea, untuk menganalisis keadaan ketenteraan di Korea. Lei membuat kesimpulan bahawa MacArthur kemungkinan akan mencuba pendaratan di Incheon. Selepas berunding dengan Mao, ini akan menjadi strategi MacArthur yang paling mungkin, Zhou memberi taklimat kepada penasihat Soviet dan Korea Utara penemuan Lei, dan mengeluarkan pesanan kepada komander tentera China yang ditempatkan di sempadan Korea untuk mempersiapkan kegiatan tentera laut Amerika di Selat Korea. <> Mengapa Zhou Enlai mahu komitmen yang dilakukan oleh Soviet Union untuk menyokong tentera China? || Untuk mengatasi kemungkinan penyebaran A.S. <> Di manakah Korea Utara meramalkan bahawa MacArthur akan masuk ke Korea? || Incheon <> Siapa yang membantu Korea Utara mempersiapkan perang dengan mengukur negara? || Chai Chengwen <> Di mana tentera Cina menyebarkan tentera sebagai persediaan untuk ketibaan tentera AS? || sempadan Korea <> Walaupun telah diramalkan bahawa Perang Korea akan berakhir pada bulan Ogos, yang kurang yakin tentang ramalan itu? || Pemimpin Cina", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?", "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8de", "answers": [{"text": "To counter a possible U.S. deployment", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?", "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8df", "answers": [{"text": "Incheon", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?", "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8e0", "answers": [{"text": "Chai Chengwen", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?", "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8e1", "answers": [{"text": "the Korean border", "answer_start": 823}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?", "id": "5726b8a5f1498d1400e8e8e2", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese leaders", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible U.S. deployment, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait."}], ["Dalam Pertempuran Pusan Perimeter (Ogos-September 1950), Tentera A.S. menentang serangan KPA bertujuan menangkap bandar di Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, dan Taegu. Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat (USAF) tergendala logistik KPA dengan 40 susunan sokongan tanah harian yang menghancurkan 32 jambatan, menghentikan perjalanan jalan raya dan kereta api paling siang hari. Pasukan KPA terpaksa bersembunyi di dalam terowong pada waktu siang dan bergerak hanya pada waktu malam. Untuk menafikan mat\u00e9riel ke KPA, USAF memusnahkan depot logistik, penapisan petroleum, dan pelabuhan, sementara pasukan udara Angkatan Laut A.S. menyerang hab pengangkutan. Akibatnya, KPA yang dilanjutkan tidak boleh dibekalkan di seluruh selatan. Pada 27 Ogos, pesawat Squadron 67th Fighter secara tersilap menyerang kemudahan di wilayah China dan Kesatuan Soviet memanggil perhatian Majlis Keselamatan PBB terhadap aduan China mengenai insiden itu. Amerika Syarikat mencadangkan supaya komisen India dan Sweden menentukan apa yang AS harus bayar dalam kompensasi tetapi Soviet membatalkan cadangan AS. <> Tentera mana yang cuba menangkap Teague dan Naktong Bulge? || KPA <> Apakah serangan siang hari Tentera Udara AS menyebabkan KPA lakukan? || untuk bersembunyi di dalam terowong pada waktu siang dan bergerak hanya pada waktu malam <> Mengapa Kesatuan Soviet mengadu tentang tindakan AS ke Majlis Keselamatan PBB? || pesawat secara salah menyerang kemudahan di wilayah China <> Bersama dengan India, apakah negara lain yang menentukan sejauh mana AS perlu membayar ganti rugi China? || Sweden <> Mengapa India dan Sweden tidak pernah menentukan berapa banyak AS akan membayar ganti rugi China? || Soviet memveto cadangan AS", {"qas": [{"question": "Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?", "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e958", "answers": [{"text": "KPA", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?", "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e959", "answers": [{"text": "to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?", "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e95a", "answers": [{"text": "aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?", "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e95b", "answers": [{"text": "Sweden", "answer_start": 905}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?", "id": "5726bbb5f1498d1400e8e95c", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviets vetoed the US proposal", "answer_start": 965}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August\u2013September 1950), the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night. To deny mat\u00e9riel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south. On 27 August, 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident. The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal."}], ["Pengintaian udara PBB mengalami kesukaran untuk melihat unit PVA pada siang hari, kerana disiplin perbarisan dan bivouac mereka meminimumkan pengesanan udara. PVA bergerak \"gelap-gelap\" (19: 00-03: 00), dan penyamaran udara (menyembunyikan askar, haiwan pek, dan peralatan) dikerah oleh pukul 05:30. Sementara itu, parti-parti maju siang diketengahkan untuk tapak bivouac seterusnya. Semasa aktiviti siang hari atau berbaris, askar akan tetap tidak bergerak jika pesawat muncul, sehingga ia terbang; Pegawai PVA berada di bawah perintah untuk menembak pelanggar keselamatan. Disiplin medan perang tersebut membenarkan tentera tiga bahagian untuk melancarkan 286 batu (460 km) dari An-tung, Manchuria ke zon tempur dalam masa 19 hari. Satu lagi bahagian divisyen malam berarak dengan laluan gunung yang berselerak, rata-rata 18 batu (29 km) setiap hari selama 18 hari. <> Apa yang membuatkan unit PVA sukar pada siang hari? || disiplin perbarisan dan bivouac mereka <> Apa yang dikatakan pasukan PVA apabila pesawat terbang? || tetap tidak bergerak <> Berapa hari yang diambil pasukan PVA untuk berarak 286 batu? || 19 <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan pegawai PVA jika tentera tidak mematuhi protokol keselamatan? || menembak pelanggar keselamatan <> Apabila PVA akan bertanding untuk meminimumkan kemungkinan dilihat? || 19: 00-03: 00", {"qas": [{"question": "What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?", "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eb7", "answers": [{"text": "their march and bivouac discipline", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?", "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eb8", "answers": [{"text": "remain motionless", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?", "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eb9", "answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?", "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7eba", "answers": [{"text": "shoot security violators", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?", "id": "5726d01c5951b619008f7ebb", "answers": [{"text": "19:00\u201303:00", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched \"dark-to-dark\" (19:00\u201303:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days."}], ["Setelah menyeberang secara rahsia Sungai Yalu pada 19 Oktober, Kumpulan Tentera ke-13 PVA melancarkan Serangan Fasa Pertama pada 25 Oktober, menyerang pasukan PBB yang memajukan sempadan China-Korea. Keputusan ketenteraan yang dibuat semata-mata oleh China mengubah sikap Kesatuan Soviet. Dua belas hari selepas tentera China memasuki perang, Stalin membenarkan Angkatan Udara Soviet untuk menyediakan penutup udara, dan menyokong lebih banyak bantuan ke China. Selepas memusnahkan Kor ROK II di Battle of Onjong, konfrontasi pertama antara tentera Cina dan A.S. berlaku pada 1 November 1950; mendalam di Korea Utara, beribu-ribu tentera dari Tentera ke-39 PVA mengepung dan menyerang Rejimen Cavalry ke-8 dengan serangan tiga cabang dari utara, barat laut, dan barat-dan mengatasi kedudukan pertahanan di Pertempuran Unsan. Serangan mengejut mengakibatkan pasukan PBB berundur kembali ke Sungai Ch'ongch'on, sementara orang Cina tidak disangka-sangka menghilangkan persembunyian gunung setelah kemenangan. Tidak jelas mengapa orang Cina tidak menekan serangan itu dan menindaklanjuti kemenangan mereka. <> Siapa yang memulakan serangan Pertama Fasa? || Kumpulan Tentera ke-13 PVA <> Siapa yang menyerang tahap pertama yang bermotivasi untuk menghantar lebih banyak pasukan dan sumber ke Korea? || Soviet Union <> Bilakah tentera Cina dan AS mempunyai konfrontasi pertama di Korea? || 1 November 1950 <> Di manakah pasukan PBB berundur ketika PVA melaksanakan serangan menyelinap mereka? || Sungai Ch'ongch'on <> Apa yang luar biasa mengenai kejayaan PVA yang berjaya, kejutan? || Orang Cina tidak disangka-sangka menghilang di kawasan persembunyian gunung", {"qas": [{"question": "Who initiated the First Phase offensive?", "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91ac", "answers": [{"text": "PVA 13th Army Group", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?", "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91ad", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?", "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91ae", "answers": [{"text": "1 November 1950", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?", "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91af", "answers": [{"text": "Ch'ongch'on River", "answer_start": 881}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?", "id": "5726d55edd62a815002e91b0", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts", "answer_start": 910}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults\u2014from the north, northwest, and west\u2014and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory."}], ["Pada 30 September, Zhou Enlai memberi amaran kepada Amerika Syarikat bahawa China bersedia untuk campur tangan di Korea jika Amerika melintasi selari ke-38. Zhou cuba memberi nasihat kepada komandan-komandan Korea Utara tentang cara melakukan penarikan balik secara umum dengan menggunakan taktik yang sama yang membolehkan pasukan komunis China berjaya melarikan diri dari Kampanye Penjajah Chiang Kai-shek pada tahun 1930-an, tetapi oleh beberapa akaun komander Korea Utara tidak menggunakan taktik ini berkesan. Ahli sejarah Bruce Cumings berhujah, bagaimanapun penarikan cepat KPA adalah strategik, dengan tentera melebur ke pergunungan dari mana mereka boleh melancarkan serbuan gerila ke atas pasukan PBB yang tersebar di pantai. <> Siapa bersumpah untuk campur tangan jika Amerika Syarikat terlibat dalam konflik Utara dari selari ke-38? || China <> Taktik Zhou Enlai menasihati orang Korea Utara untuk menggunakan semasa pengeluaran mereka adalah sama yang digunakan oleh orang Cina untuk melarikan diri? || Kempen Pengepungan Chiang Kai-shek <> Siapa percaya bahawa Korea Utara hanya kelihatan gagal melaksanakan pelan pengeluaran? || Bruce Cumings <> Apa mungkin matlamat Korea Utara dengan cara mereka menarik diri dari Korea Selatan? || melancarkan serangan gerila <> Siapa yang mengawal komunis Cina melarikan diri pada tahun 1930-an? || Chiang Kai-shek", {"qas": [{"question": "Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7daf", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?", "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db0", "answers": [{"text": "Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?", "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db1", "answers": [{"text": "Bruce Cumings", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?", "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db2", "answers": [{"text": "launch guerrilla raids", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?", "id": "5726c5e45951b619008f7db3", "answers": [{"text": "Chiang Kai-shek", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts."}], ["Sementara itu, pada 10 Oktober 1950, Batalion Tank ke-89 telah dilampirkan ke Bahagian Kavaleri Pertama, meningkatkan perisai yang tersedia untuk Serangan Utara. Pada 15 Oktober, selepas rintangan KPA yang sederhana, Rejimen Cavalry ke-7 dan Charlie Company, Batalion Tank ke-70 menawan bandar Namchonjam. Pada 17 Oktober, mereka mengepung ke kanan, jauh dari jalan utama (ke Pyongyang), untuk menangkap Hwangju. Dua hari kemudian, Bahagian Pertama Cavalry menawan Pyongyang, ibukota utara, pada 19 Oktober 1950. Kim Il Sung dan kerajaannya telah memindahkan ibu kotanya ke Sinuiju - walaupun ketika pasukan UNC menghampiri, kerajaan kembali berpindah - kali ini ke Kanggye. <> Siapa yang tidak menangkap bandar Namchonjam? || KPA <> Apakah ibu kota di Utara? || Pyongyang <> Di mana Kim Il-Sung tempuh sementara memindahkan ibu kota? || Sinuiju <> Apa yang menyebabkan Korea Utara memindahkan modal mereka buat kali kedua? || Pasukan UNC mendekati <> Bilakah Pyongyang ditangkap? || Oktober 1950", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?", "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913a", "answers": [{"text": "KPA", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the capital city in the North?", "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913b", "answers": [{"text": "Pyongyang", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?", "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913c", "answers": [{"text": "Sinuiju", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?", "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913d", "answers": [{"text": "UNC forces approached", "answer_start": 592}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Pyongyang captured?", "id": "5726d182dd62a815002e913e", "answers": [{"text": "October 1950", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju \u2013 although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved \u2013 this time to Kanggye."}], ["Pada 27 September, MacArthur menerima rahsia tertinggi Majlis Keselamatan Negara Memorandum 81/1 dari Truman yang mengingatkan beliau bahawa operasi utara selari ke-38 hanya dibenarkan jika \"pada masa operasi itu tidak ada kemasukan ke Korea Utara oleh Soviet atau Cina utama Pasukan Komunis, tidak ada pengumuman kemasukan yang dicadangkan, ataupun ancaman untuk mengatasi operasi kita secara ketenteraan ... \"Pada 29 September MacArthur memulihkan kerajaan Republik Korea di bawah Syngman Rhee. Pada 30 September, Setiausaha Pertahanan George Marshall menghantar satu-satunya mesej kepada MacArthur: \"Kami mahu anda merasa tidak tergerak secara taktikal dan strategik untuk meneruskan ke utara selari ke-38.\" Pada bulan Oktober, polis ROK menyempurnakan orang yang disyaki bersimpati dengan Korea Utara, dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai yang sama telah dilakukan sehingga awal 1951. <> Apa memorandum menyatakan keadaan untuk terlibat dalam konflik di atas selari ke-38? || Memorandum Majlis Keselamatan Negara 81/1 <> Yang mengawal kerajaan Korea yang baru dipulihkan? || Syngman Rhee <> Siapa yang menghantar mesej kepada MacArthur memberinya kuasa untuk meneruskan selari ke-38? || Setiausaha Pertahanan George Marshall <> Siapa yang mengeksekusi orang yang dipercayai setia kepada Korea Utara? || Polis ROK <> Berapa tahun berhenti hukuman mati? || 1951", {"qas": [{"question": "What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e1", "answers": [{"text": "National Security Council Memorandum 81/1", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?", "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e2", "answers": [{"text": "Syngman Rhee", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e3", "answers": [{"text": "Defense Secretary George Marshall", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?", "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e4", "answers": [{"text": "ROK police", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the executions stop?", "id": "5726c47d708984140094d0e5", "answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 826}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if \"at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily...\" On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: \"We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel.\" During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951."}], ["Pada 27 Jun 1950, dua hari selepas KPA menyerang dan tiga bulan sebelum orang Cina memasuki perang, Presiden Truman menghantar Armada Ketujuh Amerika Syarikat ke Selat Taiwan, untuk menghalang permusuhan antara Republik Rakyat China (Taiwan) dan Republik Rakyat daripada China (RRC). Pada 4 Ogos 1950, dengan pencerobohan RRC di Taiwan dibatalkan, Mao Zedong melaporkan kepada Politburo bahawa dia akan campur tangan di Korea apabila pasukan penyerbuan Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat (PLA) Taiwan disusun semula ke PLA Utara Frontier Force. China membenarkan kemasukannya ke dalam perang sebagai tindak balas kepada \"pencerobohan Amerika dalam nama PBB\". <> Apakah yang dilakukan Presiden Truman untuk menghalang permusuhan antara Republik Rakyat China dan Taiwan? || menghantar Armada Ketujuh Amerika Syarikat ke Selat Taiwan <> Tahun berapa Cina memutuskan untuk memasuki perang? || 1950 <> Apa yang memprovokasi China untuk menyertai perang? || </ Li> <li> Di mana Mao Zedong mengisytiharkan bahawa dia akan campur tangan dalam konflik Korea? || Politburo", {"qas": [{"question": "What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?", "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e1f", "answers": [{"text": "dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did China decide to enter the war?", "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e20", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What provoked China to join the war?", "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e21", "answers": [{"text": "American aggression in the guise of the UN", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?", "id": "5726c9c25951b619008f7e22", "answers": [{"text": "the Politburo", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\"."}], ["Pada 15 Oktober 1950, Presiden Truman dan Jeneral MacArthur bertemu di Wake Island di tengah lautan Pasifik. Mesyuarat ini banyak dipublikasikan kerana keengganan Ketua Umum untuk bertemu dengan Presiden di benua Amerika Syarikat. Kepada Presiden Truman, MacArthur menduga ada sedikit risiko campur tangan Cina di Korea, dan peluang RRC untuk membantu KPA telah luput. Dia percaya PRC mempunyai kira-kira 300,000 tentera di Manchuria, dan kira-kira 100,000-125,000 tentera di Sungai Yalu. Beliau seterusnya membuat kesimpulan bahawa, walaupun separuh daripada pasukan itu mungkin menyeberangi selatan, \"jika orang Cina cuba turun ke Pyongyang, akan ada penyembelihan terbesar\" tanpa perlindungan angkatan udara. <> Di manakah Presiden Truman dan Jeneral MacArthur bertemu pada 15 Oktober 1950? || Wake Island <> Siapa yang enggan bertemu di benua Amerika Syarikat? || Ketua MacArthur <> Apa kata Presiden Truman pada mesyuarat ini? || sedikit risiko campur tangan Cina di Korea <> Siapa yang tidak bimbang tentang idea tentera China bergerak ke selatan ke Korea? || General MacArthur <> Apa yang dipercayai akan berlaku jika orang Cina memasuki konflik itu? || penyembelihan terbesar", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?", "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f25", "answers": [{"text": "Wake Island", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who refused to meet on continental United States?", "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f26", "answers": [{"text": "General MacArthur", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was President Truman told at this meeting?", "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f27", "answers": [{"text": "little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea?", "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f28", "answers": [{"text": "General MacArthur", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?", "id": "5726d3475951b619008f7f29", "answers": [{"text": "the greatest slaughter", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000\u2013125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, \"if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter\" without air force protection."}], ["Dalam satu siri mesyuarat kecemasan yang berlangsung dari 2-5 Oktober, pemimpin China membahaskan sama ada menghantar tentera China ke Korea. Terdapat banyak rintangan di kalangan pemimpin, termasuk ketua-ketua tentera kanan, untuk berhadapan dengan A.S. di Korea. Mao sangat menyokong campur tangan, dan Zhou adalah salah seorang dari beberapa pemimpin Cina yang tegas menyokongnya. Selepas Lin Biao dengan sopan menolak tawaran Mao untuk memerintah tentera China di Korea (memetik rawatan perubatannya yang akan datang), Mao memutuskan bahawa Peng Dehuai akan menjadi komander tentera China di Korea selepas Peng bersetuju untuk menyokong kedudukan Mao. Mao kemudian meminta Peng untuk bercakap memihak kepada campur tangan kepada pemimpin-pemimpin Cina yang lain. Selepas Peng membuat kes itu jika tentera A.S. menakluki Korea dan mencapai Yalu mereka mungkin menyeberang dan menyerang China Politburo bersetuju untuk campur tangan di Korea. Kemudian, orang Cina mendakwa bahawa pengebom AS telah melanggar ruang udara nasional PRC pada tiga kesempatan berasingan dan menyerang sasaran China sebelum China campur tangan. Pada 8 Oktober 1950, Mao Zedong menunjuk semula PLA Utara Frontier Force sebagai Tentera Sukarelawan Rakyat China (PVA). <> Apa yang dibincangkan semasa ceramah kecemasan yang diadakan oleh pemimpin Cina? || sama ada menghantar tentera China ke Korea <> Siapa penyokong untuk campur tangan di Korea? || Mao <> Siapa yang Lin Biao diganti dengan ketika dia enggan memimpin pasukan Cina di Korea? || Peng Dehuai <> Siapa yang meyakinkan para pemimpin Cina yang bertentangan dengan memasuki perang bahawa itu adalah idea yang baik? || Peng <> Apakah yang telah dicipta kembali PLA Utara Frontier Force Force Mao Zedong? || Tentera Sukarelawan Rakyat", {"qas": [{"question": "What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?", "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19b", "answers": [{"text": "whether to send Chinese troops into Korea", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?", "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19c", "answers": [{"text": "Mao", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?", "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19d", "answers": [{"text": "Peng Dehuai", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?", "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19e", "answers": [{"text": "Peng", "answer_start": 624}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?", "id": "5726cc17708984140094d19f", "answers": [{"text": "People's Volunteer Army", "answer_start": 1114}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2\u20135 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After Lin Biao politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea. Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened. On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA)."}], ["Menjelang 1 Oktober 1950, Komando PBB menundukkan KPA ke utara melewati selari ke-38; Tentera Rok melintasi mereka, ke Korea Utara. MacArthur membuat kenyataan yang menuntut penyerahan tanpa syarat KPA. Enam hari kemudian, pada 7 Oktober, dengan kebenaran PBB, pasukan Komando PBB mengikuti pasukan ROK ke utara. The X Corps mendarat di Wonsan (di tenggara Korea Utara) dan Riwon (di utara Korea Utara), yang telah ditangkap oleh pasukan ROK. Tentera AS yang ke-8 dan Angkatan Darat ROK mengusir Korea barat dan menawan bandar Pyongyang, ibu kota Korea Utara, pada 19 Oktober 1950. Pasukan Pertempuran Rejimen Udara yang ke-187 (\"Rakkasans\") membuat pertama dari dua melompat tempur semasa Perang Korea 20 Oktober 1950 di Sunchon dan Sukchon. Misi ke-187 adalah untuk memotong jalan ke utara ke China, mencegah pemimpin Korea Utara melarikan diri dari Pyongyang; dan untuk menyelamatkan tawanan perang Amerika. Pada akhir bulan, pasukan PBB mengadakan 135.000 tawanan perang KPA. Ketika mereka menghampiri sempadan Sino-Korea, pasukan PBB di barat dibahagikan dari orang-orang di timur dengan 50-100 batu medan pergunungan. <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan kenyataan yang menyeru penyerahan tanpa syarat Korea Utara? || MacArthur <> Siapa yang memberi kuasa kepada tentera untuk mengikuti pasukan Korea Utara ke utara? || PBB <> Bagaimana 187 Pasukan Pertempuran Rejimen Udara mencegah pemimpin Korea Utara melarikan diri? || memotong jalan ke utara ke China <> Berapa ramai tawanan perang Korea Utara dipegang oleh pasukan PBB? || 135,000", {"qas": [{"question": "Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?", "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9010", "answers": [{"text": "MacArthur", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?", "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9011", "answers": [{"text": "the UN", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?", "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9012", "answers": [{"text": "cut the road north going to China", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?", "id": "5726c83fdd62a815002e9013", "answers": [{"text": "135,000", "answer_start": 949}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team (\"Rakkasans\") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50\u2013100 miles of mountainous terrain."}], ["Untuk mendapatkan sokongan Stalin, Zhou dan delegasi China pergi ke Moscow pada 8 Oktober, tiba di sana pada 10 Oktober pada ketika itu mereka terbang ke rumah Stalin di Laut Hitam. Di sana mereka memberikan kepemimpinan atas Soviet yang termasuk Joseph Stalin serta Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria dan Georgi Malenkov. Stalin pada mulanya bersetuju untuk menghantar peralatan dan peluru tentera, tetapi memberi amaran kepada Zhou bahawa pasukan udara Soviet akan memerlukan dua atau tiga bulan untuk menyediakan sebarang operasi. Dalam pertemuan berikutnya, Stalin memberitahu Zhou bahawa dia hanya akan menyediakan peralatan China secara kredit, dan pasukan udara Soviet hanya akan beroperasi di atas ruang udara Cina, dan hanya selepas tempoh masa yang tidak didedahkan. Stalin tidak bersetuju untuk menghantar sama ada peralatan ketenteraan atau sokongan udara sehingga Mac 1951. Mao tidak mendapat sokongan udara Soviet yang amat berguna, memandangkan pertempuran akan berlaku di sebelah selatan Yalu. Penghantaran Soviet dari mat\u00e9riel, apabila mereka tiba, terhad kepada sejumlah kecil lori, bom tangan, senapang mesin, dan sejenisnya. <> Di mana Zhou bepergian dengan delegasi Cina untuk meyakinkan Stalin untuk menyokong China? || Laut Hitam <> Berapa lama pasukan udara Soviet perlu mempersiapkan untuk membantu || dua atau tiga bulan <> Di mana Stalin berkata dia akan membenarkan pasukan udara Soviet beroperasi untuk masa yang terhad? || Ruang udara Cina <> Bilakah Stalin bersetuju untuk menghantar China apa-apa jenis sokongan? || Mac 1951 <> Di mana pertempuran berlaku yang menyebabkan sokongan udara Soviet tidak berguna kepada orang Cina? || sebelah selatan Yalu", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?", "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cb", "answers": [{"text": "the Black Sea", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist", "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cc", "answers": [{"text": "two or three months", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?", "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cd", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese airspace", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?", "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1ce", "answers": [{"text": "March 1951", "answer_start": 813}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?", "id": "5726cdc6708984140094d1cf", "answers": [{"text": "the south side of the Yalu", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of mat\u00e9riel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like."}], ["Dalam dua minggu terakhir Februari 1951, Operasi Roundup diikuti oleh Operation Killer, yang dilakukan oleh Tentera Kelapan yang disegarkan semula. Ia adalah serangan berskala besar-besaran, berperang besar untuk eksploitasi senjata api maksimum untuk membunuh pasukan KPA dan PVA sebanyak mungkin. Pembunuh Operasi menyimpulkan dengan I Corps menduduki wilayah selatan Sungai Han, dan Kor IX menawan Hoengseong. Pada 7 Mac 1951, Tentara Kelapan menyerang Operasi Ripper, mengusir PVA dan KPA dari Seoul pada 14 Mac 1951. Ini adalah penaklukan keempat di bandar dalam masa satu tahun, menjadikannya kehancuran; 1.5 juta penduduk pra-perang turun hingga 200,000, dan orang ramai mengalami kekurangan makanan yang teruk. <> Operasi apa yang dimulakan selepas Operasi Roundup yang berjaya? || Operasi Killer <> Apakah matlamat operasi yang mengikuti Operasi Roundup? || untuk membunuh sebanyak mungkin askar KPA dan PVA <> Apa yang menandakan berakhirnya Pembunuh Operasi? || menangkap Hoengseong <> Berapa kali Seoul ditawan dalam setahun? || Ini adalah penaklukan keempat di bandar <> Selain daripada penurunan penduduk yang drastik, isu lain apa yang dihadapi orang di Seoul? || kekurangan makanan yang teruk", {"qas": [{"question": "What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?", "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f8147", "answers": [{"text": "Operation Killer", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?", "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f8148", "answers": [{"text": "to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What signified the end of Operation Killer?", "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f8149", "answers": [{"text": "capturing Hoengseong", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times was Seoul captured in a year?", "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f814a", "answers": [{"text": "This was the city's fourth conquest", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?", "id": "5726e1be5951b619008f814b", "answers": [{"text": "severe food shortages", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible. Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong. On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages."}], ["Pada 11 April 1951, Panglima Komander Truman melepaskan jawatan Ketua MacArthur yang kontroversial, Panglima Tertinggi di Korea. Terdapat beberapa sebab untuk pemecatan itu. MacArthur telah menyeberang selari ke-38 dengan kepercayaan yang salah bahawa orang Cina tidak akan memasuki perang, yang membawa kepada kerugian bersekutu utama. Beliau percaya bahawa sama ada atau tidak untuk menggunakan senjata nuklear harus menjadi keputusannya sendiri, bukan Presiden. MacArthur mengancam untuk memusnahkan China kecuali menyerah kalah. Walaupun MacArthur merasakan kemenangan keseluruhan adalah satu-satunya hasil yang mulia, Truman lebih pesimis mengenai peluangnya pernah terlibat dalam peperangan tanah di Asia, dan merasakan gencatan senjata dan penarikan secara tertib dari Korea boleh menjadi penyelesaian yang sah. MacArthur adalah subjek pemeriksaan kongres pada bulan Mei dan Jun 1951, yang menentukan bahawa dia telah menentang perintah Presiden dan dengan demikian telah melanggar Perlembagaan A.S.. Kritik popular MacArthur adalah bahawa dia tidak pernah menghabiskan malam di Korea, dan mengarahkan perang dari keselamatan Tokyo. <> Siapa yang telah lega dari tugasnya sebagai Panglima di Korea? || Ketua MacArthur <> Siapa yang tidak mempercayai dakwaan MacArthur bahawa kemenangan adalah satu-satunya hasil yang dihormati? || Truman <> Kesalahan apa yang dilakukan oleh MacArthur mengenai selari ke-38? || orang Cina tidak akan masuk perang <> Apa yang ingin dilihat oleh Truman berlaku di Korea? || gencatan senjata dan pengunduran yang teratur <> Yang penglibatannya dalam perang itu didapati melanggar Perlembagaan? || . MacArthur", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?", "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e942e", "answers": [{"text": "General MacArthur", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?", "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e942f", "answers": [{"text": "Truman", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e9430", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese would not enter the war", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?", "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e9431", "answers": [{"text": "a truce and orderly withdrawal", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?", "id": "5726e4e2dd62a815002e9432", "answers": [{"text": ". MacArthur", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's. MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution. MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution. A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo."}], ["Menjelang 30 November, Kumpulan Tentera ke-13 PVA berjaya mengusir Tentera Kelapan A.S. dari barat laut Korea. Mengundurkan diri dari utara lebih cepat daripada mereka menyerang balas, Tentara Kelapan menyeberangi sempadan selari ke-38 pada pertengahan Disember. Semangat PBB melanda dasar batu apabila memerintah Ketua Walton Walker dari Tentara Kedapan A.S. dibunuh pada 23 Disember 1950 dalam kemalangan kereta. Di timur laut Korea pada 11 Disember, A X Corps berjaya melumpuhkan Kumpulan Tentera ke-9 PVA sambil menubuhkan perimeter pertahanan di bandar pelabuhan Hungnam. The X Corps terpaksa berpindah pada 24 Disember untuk mengukuhkan pasukan Tentera Kelapan A.S. yang teruk di selatan. <> Siapa Pasukan Angkatan Tentera ke-13 PVA keluar dari barat laut Korea? || Tentera Kelapan A A.S. <> Siapa kematiannya bukan merupakan mangsa langsung perang? || General Walton Walker <> Kenapa X Corps meninggalkan Hungnam? || untuk menguatkan tentera ke-8 A.S. yang teruk yang teruk <> Apakah kesan kematian Walton Walker terhadap tentera? || Semangat PBB melanda dasar batu", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?", "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926c", "answers": [{"text": "the U.S. Eighth Army", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?", "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926d", "answers": [{"text": "General Walton Walker", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?", "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926e", "answers": [{"text": "to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?", "id": "5726d8cfdd62a815002e926f", "answers": [{"text": "UN morale hit rock bottom", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December. UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident. In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south."}], ["Dengan Leftenan Jeneral Matthew Ridgway yang mengamalkan perintah Tentara Ke-8 AS pada 26 Disember, PVA dan KPA melancarkan Serangan Ketiga Ketiga (juga dikenali sebagai \"Serangan Tahun Baru Cina\") pada Malam Tahun Baru 1950. Menggunakan serangan malam di mana kedudukan memerangi Komando PBB dikelilingi dan kemudian diserang oleh tentera unggul yang mempunyai elemen kejutan, serangan itu disertai dengan sangkakala dan gong yang keras, yang memenuhi tujuan dua kali untuk memudahkan komunikasi taktikal dan membingungkan musuh. Tentera PBB pada mulanya tidak mempunyai kebiasaan dengan taktik ini, dan sebagai akibatnya beberapa askar panik, meninggalkan senjata mereka dan berundur ke selatan. Serangan Tahun Baru Cina mengalahkan pasukan PBB, yang membolehkan PVA dan KPA menakluki Seoul untuk kali kedua pada 4 Januari 1951. <> Apakah Ketidakmampuan Tahap Ketiga yang juga dikenali sebagai? || Serangan Tahun Baru Cina <> Mengapa matlamat telah dicapai oleh gong KPA dan PVA semasa serangan ini? || memudahkan komunikasi taktikal dan membingungkan musuh <> Bagaimana sesetengah tentera PBB bertindak balas terhadap penggunaan bunyi bising? || beberapa askar panik, meninggalkan senjata mereka dan berundur ke selatan <> Apa keuntungan PVA dan KPA dengan menggunakan taktik semasa Serangan Fasa Ketiga || Seoul <> Siapa yang memerintah Angkatan Bersenjata ATA pada masa Serangan Fasa Ketiga? || Leftenan-Jeneral Matthew Ridgway", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?", "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e92fe", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese New Year's Offensive", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?", "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e92ff", "answers": [{"text": "facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?", "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e9300", "answers": [{"text": "some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive", "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e9301", "answers": [{"text": "Seoul", "answer_start": 808}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?", "id": "5726dc19dd62a815002e9302", "answers": [{"text": "Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the \"Chinese New Year's Offensive\") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951."}], ["Pada awal Februari, Bahagian 11 Korea Selatan menjalankan operasi untuk memusnahkan gerila dan rakyat simpatinya di Korea Selatan. Semasa operasi, bahagian dan polis menjalankan pembunuhan beramai-ramai Geochang dan pembunuhan Sancheong-Hamyang. Pada pertengahan bulan Februari, PVA menyerang dengan Serangan Keempat Fase dan mencapai kemenangan awal di Hoengseong. Tetapi serangan itu tidak lama lagi ditekan oleh kedudukan IX Corps di Chipyong-ni di tengah-tengah. Unit-unit Unit Infantri ke-2 dan Batalion Perancis berperang dengan peperangan yang singkat tetapi terdesak yang memecah momentum serangan. Peperangan ini kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai Gettysburg Perang Korea. Pertempuran itu menyaksikan 5,600 tentera Korea, Amerika dan Perancis mengalahkan pasukan China yang unggul. Dikelilingi oleh semua pihak, Pasukan Pertempuran Regimental Pasukan Ke-23 Pasukan Pasukan Awan Agan A.S. dengan Batalion Perancis yang dilampirkan telah diselubungi oleh lebih daripada 25,000 pasukan Komunis China. Angkatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu sebelum ini telah berundur dalam menghadapi pasukan Komunis yang besar dan bukannya terputus, tetapi kali ini mereka berdiri dan bertempur dengan kemungkinan kira-kira 15 hingga 1. Apa yang akan dicapai oleh pembunuhan Sancheong-Hamyang dan Geochang di Selatan Korea? || memusnahkan gerila dan rakyat simpati mereka di Korea Selatan <> Siapa yang menyerang menyebabkan kemenangan di Hoengseong? || PVA <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai Perang Korea yang setara dengan Gettysburg? || Serangan Keempat Fase <> Apakah usaha Battalion Perancis dilakukan terhadap pasukan PVA? || memecahkan momentum serangan <> Berapa banyak prajurit PVA yang berjuang dalam pertempuran ini dan hilang? || lebih daripada 25,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What to be achieved by the Sancheong-Hamyang and Geochang massacres in South Korea?", "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8105", "answers": [{"text": "destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's attack resulted in victory at Hoengseong?", "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8106", "answers": [{"text": "the PVA", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is considered to be the the Korean War's equivalent to Gettysburg?", "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8107", "answers": [{"text": "the Fourth Phase Offensive", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the French Battalion's efforts do to the PVA forces?", "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8108", "answers": [{"text": "broke the attack's momentum", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost?", "id": "5726e07a5951b619008f8109", "answers": [{"text": "more than 25,000", "answer_start": 919}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In early February, the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea. During the operation, the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong-Hamyang massacre. In mid-February, the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong. But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong-ni in the center. Units of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack's momentum. The battle is sometimes known as the Gettysburg of the Korean War. The battle saw 5,600 Korean, American and French troops defeat a numerically superior Chinese force. Surrounded on all sides, the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Warrior Division's 23rd Regimental Combat Team with an attached French Battalion was hemmed in by more than 25,000 Chinese Communist forces. United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off, but this time they stood and fought at odds of roughly 15 to 1."}], ["Pada 25 November di bahagian barat Korea, Kumpulan Tentera ke-13 PVA menyerang dan mengatasi Kor ROK II di Pertempuran Sungai Ch'ongch'on, dan kemudian menghancurkan Divisyen Infantri ke-2 AS pada sayap kanan PBB. Perintah PBB berundur; Retret Tentara Kelapan A.S. (yang paling lama dalam sejarah Tentera AS) dimungkinkan kerana kejayaan Briged Turki, namun sangat mahal, tindakan penangguhan belakang berhampiran Kunuri yang melambatkan serangan PVA selama dua hari (27-29 November). Pada 27 November di bahagian timur Korea, Pasukan Pertempuran Rejim Divisyen Infantri ke-7 AS (3,000 tentera) dan Bahagian Marin Pertama Amerika Syarikat (12,000-15,000 marin) tidak bersedia untuk taktik mengelilingi tiga tentera Kumpulan PVA ke-9 di Pertempuran Reservoir Chosin, tetapi mereka berjaya melarikan diri di bawah sokongan Tentera Udara dan X Corps api-walaupun dengan kira-kira 15,000 mangsa kolektif. <> Yang berundur semasa perang Korea adalah yang paling lama dalam sejarah Tentara AS? || Tentera Kelapan A A <<Yang tindakan yang membantu Tentara Kelapan dapat berundur? || Briged Turki <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang pernah menghadapi Marin 1 di Wadaran Pertahanan Chosin? || 12,000-15,000 <> Apa taktik PVA adalah pasukan AS dan ROK yang tidak bersedia menangani? || Taktik mengelilingi tiga serampang PVA 9 Kumpulan Kumpulan", {"qas": [{"question": "Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?", "id": "5726d76a708984140094d319", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Eighth Army's", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?", "id": "5726d76a708984140094d31a", "answers": [{"text": "Turkish Brigade", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?", "id": "5726d76a708984140094d31b", "answers": [{"text": "12,000\u201315,000", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?", "id": "5726d76a708984140094d31c", "answers": [{"text": "PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics", "answer_start": 686}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27\u201329 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division (12,000\u201315,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire\u2014albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties."}], ["Semasa pemindahan Hungna, kira-kira 193 kapal penghantaran pasukan Komando PBB dan mat\u00e9riel (kira-kira 105,000 tentera, 98,000 orang awam, 17,500 kenderaan, dan 350,000 tan bekalan) telah dipindahkan ke Pusan. SS Meredith Victory telah diperhatikan kerana mengosongkan 14,000 pelarian, operasi menyelamat terbesar oleh kapal tunggal, walaupun ia direka untuk menampung 12 penumpang. Sebelum melarikan diri, pasukan Komando Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu merempuh sebahagian besar bandar Hungnam, terutama kemudahan pelabuhan; dan pada 16 Disember 1950, Presiden Truman mengisytiharkan kecemasan negara dengan Proklamasi Presiden No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), yang tetap berkuat kuasa sehingga 14 September 1978. [b] Keesokan harinya (17 Disember 1950) Kim Il-sung telah dilucutkan hak hak arahan KPA oleh China. Selepas itu, bahagian utama perang menjadi tentera China. Berikutan itu, pada 1 Februari 1951, Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengadopsi draf resolusi yang mengutuk China sebagai penceroboh dalam Perang Korea. <> Apakah nama kapal yang bertanggungjawab untuk menjalankan operasi menyelamat terbesar dengan kapal tunggal? || SS Meredith Victory <> Apa pernyataan Presiden No. 2914, 3 1950? || mengisytiharkan kecemasan nasional <> Berapa tahunkah Proklamasi Presiden diangkat? || 1978 <> Siapa yang dilucutkan hak oleh China? || Kim Il-sung <> Negara apa yang dikecam kerana penyertaan mereka dalam konflik di Korea? || China", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?", "id": "5726da6a708984140094d391", "answers": [{"text": "SS Meredith Victory", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?", "id": "5726da6a708984140094d392", "answers": [{"text": "declared a national emergency", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?", "id": "5726da6a708984140094d393", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 647}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?", "id": "5726da6a708984140094d394", "answers": [{"text": "Kim Il-sung", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?", "id": "5726da6a708984140094d395", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and mat\u00e9riel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War."}], ["Angkatan PBB berundur ke Suwon di barat, Wonju di tengah, dan wilayah utara Samcheok di timur, di mana pertempuran diperparah dan diadakan. PVA telah melampaui kemampuan logistiknya dan dengan itu tidak dapat meneruskan perjalanan di luar Seoul kerana makanan, amunisi, dan mat\u00e9riel dibawa setiap malam, dengan berjalan kaki dan basikal, dari sempadan Sungai Yalu ke tiga garis pertempuran. Pada akhir bulan Januari, apabila mendapati bahawa PVA telah meninggalkan garis pertempuran mereka, Jeneral Ridgway memerintahkan pengintaian yang berkuat kuasa, yang menjadi Operasi Roundup (5 Februari 1951). Kemajuan X Corps berskala penuh berjalan, yang sepenuhnya mengeksploitasi keunggulan udara Komando PBB, menyimpulkan dengan PBB mencapai Sungai Han dan menawan Wonju. <> Mengapa PVA tidak dapat memajukan Seoul? || PVA telah melampaui kemampuan logistiknya <> Apa yang menyebabkan General Ridgway memulakan Operasi Roundup? || PVA telah meninggalkan garis pertempuran mereka <> Apa yang membantu kejayaan Operasi Roundup? || Keadaan udara Komando PBB <> Apa bandar yang ditangkap semula akibat operasi Ridgway? || Wonju <> Bagaimana PVA mengangkut bekalan pada satu titik? || berjalan kaki dan basikal", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?", "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f8079", "answers": [{"text": "The PVA had outrun its logistics capability", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?", "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807a", "answers": [{"text": "PVA had abandoned their battle lines", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?", "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807b", "answers": [{"text": "UN Command's air superiority", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?", "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807c", "answers": [{"text": "Wonju", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?", "id": "5726dd6d5951b619008f807d", "answers": [{"text": "on foot and bicycle", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and mat\u00e9riel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju."}], ["Pada 1 Mac 1951 Mao menghantar kabel kepada Stalin, di mana beliau menekankan kesukaran yang dihadapi oleh pasukan China dan keperluan mendesak untuk penutup udara, terutamanya melalui talian bekalan. Rupanya terkesan dengan usaha perang Cina, Stalin akhirnya setuju untuk membekalkan dua bahagian pasukan udara, tiga bahagian anti-pesawat, dan enam ribu truk. Tentera PVA di Korea terus mengalami masalah logistik yang teruk sepanjang perang. Pada akhir April Peng Dehuai menghantar timbalannya, Hong Xuezhi, kepada Zhou Enlai ringkas di Beijing. Apa yang ditakuti tentera China, kata Hong, bukan musuh, tetapi mereka tidak mempunyai apa-apa untuk dimakan, tidak ada peluru untuk menembak, dan tidak ada trak untuk mengangkut mereka ke belakang apabila mereka cedera. Zhou cuba untuk bertindak balas terhadap kebimbangan logistik PVA dengan meningkatkan pengeluaran Cina dan meningkatkan kaedah bekalan, tetapi usaha ini tidak pernah mencukupi. Pada masa yang sama, program latihan pertahanan udara berskala besar telah dijalankan, dan Tentera Udara Cina mula mengambil bahagian dalam peperangan dari September 1951 dan seterusnya. <> Mengapa Stalin menghantar dua bahagian pasukan udara dan bantuan lain kepada orang Cina? || usaha perang Tiongkok <> Apakah isu-isu yang melanda PVA sepanjang perang? || masalah logistik <> Apakah kebimbangan besar pasukan tentera China? || mereka tidak mempunyai apa-apa untuk makan <> Apakah respons yang tidak berkesan Zhou terhadap isu yang melanda PVA? || meningkatkan pengeluaran Cina dan meningkatkan kaedah bekalan <> Apa yang China memperkenalkan perang pada tahun 1951? || Tentera Udara China", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?", "id": "5726e345708984140094d4dd", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese war effort", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?", "id": "5726e345708984140094d4de", "answers": [{"text": "logistical problems", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?", "id": "5726e345708984140094d4df", "answers": [{"text": "they had nothing to eat", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?", "id": "5726e345708984140094d4e0", "answers": [{"text": "increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did China introduce to the war in 1951?", "id": "5726e345708984140094d4e1", "answers": [{"text": "the Chinese Air Force", "answer_start": 951}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 1 March 1951 Mao sent a cable to Stalin, in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the urgent need for air cover, especially over supply lines. Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort, Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions, three anti-aircraft divisions, and six thousand trucks. PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war. In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy, Hong Xuezhi, to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but that they had nothing to eat, no bullets to shoot, and no trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply, but these efforts were never completely sufficient. At the same time, large-scale air defense training programs were carried out, and the Chinese Air Force began to participate in the war from September 1951 onward."}], ["Ketua Ridgway dilantik sebagai Panglima Tertinggi, Korea; dia berkumpul semula pasukan PBB untuk balas balas berjaya, sementara Jenderal James Van Fleet mengambil alih perintah Tentara Kelapan A A.S.. Serangan lanjut perlahan-lahan memusnahkan pasukan PVA dan KPA; Operasi yang Berani (23-28 Mac 1951) dan Tomahawk (23 Mac 1951) adalah tanah bersama dan infiltrasi udara yang bertujuan untuk menjerat pasukan China antara Kaesong dan Seoul. Pasukan PBB maju ke \"Line Kansas\", utara selari ke-38. Pasukan Pertempuran Rejimen Udara Pertama (\"Rakkasans\") yang ke-187 di dua lompatan pertempuran adalah pada Ahad Paskah, 1951, di Munsan-ni, Korea Selatan, yang bernama Operasi Tomahawk. Misi itu adalah untuk mendapatkan pasukan China dan menghalang pergerakan mereka dari utara. Ambulans Lapangan Parasut India yang ke-60 menyediakan perlindungan perubatan untuk operasi, menjatuhkan ADS dan pasukan pembedahan dan merawat lebih daripada 400 korban peperangan selain daripada mangsa awam yang membentuk teras objektif mereka sebagai unit itu dalam misi kemanusiaan. <> Siapa yang telah dilantik sebagai Panglima Tertinggi di Korea selepas penghapusan General MacArthur? || General Ridgway <> Apakah matlamat Operasi Tomahawk? || berada di belakang pasukan China dan menghalang pergerakan mereka utara <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk membekalkan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada orang awam? || Ambulance Field Parachute India ke-60 <Di bawah bimbingan Jenderal Van Fleet dan Ridgway, pasukan bersama mampu mencapai matlamat apa? || memecah pasukan PVA dan KPA", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?", "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef4e", "answers": [{"text": "General Ridgway", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?", "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef4f", "answers": [{"text": "get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?", "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef50", "answers": [{"text": "The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?", "id": "5726e644f1498d1400e8ef51", "answers": [{"text": "depleted the PVA and KPA forces", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23\u201328 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to \"Line Kansas\", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's (\"Rakkasans\") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission."}], ["Zon Demilari beroperasi di timur laut selari ke-38; ke selatan, ia bergerak ke barat. Ibu kota Korea Selatan Kaesong, tapak perundingan gencatan senjata, pada asalnya berada dalam pra-perang Korea Selatan, tetapi kini adalah sebahagian dari Korea Utara. Perintah Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, yang disokong oleh Amerika Syarikat, Tentera Rakyat Korea Utara, dan Sukarelawan Rakyat China menandatangani Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata pada 27 Julai 1953 untuk mengakhiri pertempuran. Gencatan senjata juga menggesa kerajaan Korea Selatan, Korea Utara, China dan Amerika Syarikat untuk mengambil bahagian dalam perundingan damai yang berterusan. Perang dianggap telah berakhir pada masa ini, walaupun tidak ada perjanjian damai. Korea Utara bagaimanapun mendakwa bahawa ia memenangi Perang Korea. <> Di mana ibu kota Kaesong sekarang terletak? || Korea Utara <> Kawasan apa yang berada di utara dan selatan selari ke-38? || Zon yang Dipadamkan <> Bilakah Perjanjian Gencatan Senjata ditandatangani? || 27 Julai 1953 <> Adakah pernah ada perjanjian damai rasmi selepas perang? || tiada perjanjian damai <> yang percaya bahawa mereka menang dalam peperangan? || Korea Utara", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located?", "id": "5726f173708984140094d695", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?", "id": "5726f173708984140094d696", "answers": [{"text": "The Demilitarized Zone", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Armistice Agreement signed?", "id": "5726f173708984140094d697", "answers": [{"text": "27 July 1953", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?", "id": "5726f173708984140094d698", "answers": [{"text": "there was no peace treaty", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who believes that they were victorious in the war?", "id": "5726f173708984140094d699", "answers": [{"text": "North Korea", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty. North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War."}], ["Selepas perang, Operasi Kemuliaan telah dijalankan dari bulan Julai hingga November 1954, untuk membolehkan negara-negara pejuang menukar buruhan mereka. Sisa-sisa 4,167 Tentera A.S. dan Kor Marin A A.S. telah ditukar untuk 13,528 KPA dan PVA mati, dan 546 orang awam mati di kem tahanan perang PBB telah diserahkan kepada kerajaan Korea Selatan. Selepas Operasi Kemuliaan, 416 tentera Amerika tidak diketahui tentera yang dikebumikan di Tanah Perkuburan Memorial Negara Pasifik (The Punchbowl), di pulau Oahu, Hawaii. Rekod-rekod Pejabat Pertahanan Tawanan Pertahanan / Kilang Pertahanan (DPMO) menunjukkan bahawa RRC dan DPRK menyebarkan 1,394 nama, yang mana 858 adalah benar. Daripada 4,167 bekas yang dikembalikan, pemeriksaan forensik mengenal pasti 4,219 individu. Daripada jumlah ini, 2,944 telah dikenal pasti sebagai Amerika, dan hanya 416 namanya dikenal pasti. Dari tahun 1996 hingga 2006, DPRK pulih 220 kekal berhampiran sempadan Sino-Korea. <> Apa gunanya Operasi Glory? || untuk membenarkan negara-negara pejuang bertukar tewas mereka <Berapa ramai ahli perkhidmatan AS ditukar semasa operasi ini? || 4,167 <> Di manakah jenazah 416 tentera yang tidak dikenali yang meninggal dalam Perang Korea? || Tanah Perkuburan Memorial Kebangsaan Pasifik <> Berapa banyak mayat yang ditemui semula dari sempadan Sino-Korea antara tahun 1996 dan 2006? || 220", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the point of Operation Glory?", "id": "5726f288708984140094d6bd", "answers": [{"text": "to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?", "id": "5726f288708984140094d6be", "answers": [{"text": "4,167", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?", "id": "5726f288708984140094d6bf", "answers": [{"text": "National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?", "id": "5726f288708984140094d6c0", "answers": [{"text": "220", "answer_start": 859}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the war, Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government. After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name. From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border."}], ["Perundingan gencatan senjata yang berterusan, terus berlangsung selama dua tahun, pertama di Kaesong, di sempadan antara Utara dan Korea Selatan, dan kemudian di kampung Panmunjom yang berdekatan. Titik perundingan utama dan masalah adalah tawanan perang (POW). PVA, KPA, dan Komando PBB tidak boleh bersetuju dengan sistem pemulangan kerana banyak askar PVA dan KPA enggan pulang ke utara, yang tidak dapat diterima oleh orang Cina dan Korea Utara. Dalam perjanjian gencatan senjata akhir, yang ditandatangani pada 27 Julai 1953, sebuah Suruhanjaya Pemuliharaan Negara Neutral, di bawah pengerusi Jeneral India, K. S. Thimayya, ditubuhkan untuk menangani perkara itu. <> Berapa lamakah perbincangan gencatan senjata terakhir? || dua tahun <> Apakah isu-isu yang menepis rundingan gencatan senjata? || perang pangkat perang (POW) <> Apa yang dianggap tidak dapat diterima oleh orang Korea Utara dan orang Cina semasa rundingan POW? || ramai askar PVA dan KPA enggan pulang ke utara <> Bilakah perjanjian gencatan senjata akhirnya ditandatangani? || 27 Julai 1953 <> Apa yang ditubuhkan untuk menangani isu-isu di sekitar tawanan perang? || Suruhanjaya Pemulangan Bangsa-Bangsa Neutral,", {"qas": [{"question": "How long did the armistice talks last?", "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95a8", "answers": [{"text": "two years", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What issues stalled the armistice talks?", "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95a9", "answers": [{"text": "prisoner of war (POW) repatriation", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?", "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95aa", "answers": [{"text": "many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the armistice agreement finally signed?", "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95ab", "answers": [{"text": "27 July 1953", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?", "id": "5726ef49dd62a815002e95ac", "answers": [{"text": "Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter."}], ["Tentera China menderita peralatan ketenteraan yang tidak mencukupi, masalah logistik yang serius, talian komunikasi dan bekalan yang melampaui batas, dan ancaman berterusan pengebom PBB. Kesemua faktor ini pada umumnya menyebabkan kadar kecederaan Cina yang jauh lebih besar daripada korban yang ditimpa tentera PBB. Keadaan menjadi sangat serius sehingga, pada November 1951, Zhou Enlai menyeru persidangan di Shenyang untuk membincangkan masalah logistik PVA. Pada mesyuarat itu diputuskan untuk mempercepat pembinaan kereta api dan lapangan terbang di kawasan itu, untuk meningkatkan bilangan trak yang tersedia untuk tentera, dan meningkatkan pertahanan udara dengan cara yang mungkin. Komitmen ini sedikit untuk menangani masalah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh pasukan PVA. <> Adakah tentera PBB atau pasukan Tiongkok mengalami lebih banyak kecederaan perang? || Tentera China <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Zhou Enlai akibat banyaknya korban China? || memanggil persidangan di Shenyang <> Apa tujuan mesyuarat Shengyang? || membincangkan masalah logistik PVA <> Adakah tindakan orang Cina menyelesaikan masalah mereka? || Komitmen ini sedikit untuk menangani masalah tersebut secara langsung", {"qas": [{"question": "Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?", "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955a", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese troops", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?", "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955b", "answers": [{"text": "called a conference in Shenyang", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?", "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955c", "answers": [{"text": "discuss the PVA's logistical problems", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?", "id": "5726ec2bdd62a815002e955d", "answers": [{"text": "These commitments did little to directly address the problems", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops."}], ["Pertempuran utama kebuntuan termasuk Pertempuran Bloody Ridge (18 Ogos-15 September 1951), Pertempuran Punchbowl (31 Ogos-21 September 1951), Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September-15 Oktober 1951), Pertempuran Baldy Lama (26 Jun-4 Ogos 1952), Pertempuran Kuda Putih (6-15 Oktober 1952), Battle of Triangle Hill (14 Oktober-25 November 1952), Pertempuran Bukit Eerie (21 Maret-21 Jun 1952), pengepungan Outpost Harry (10-18 Jun 1953), Battle of the Hook (28-29 Mei 1953), Pertempuran Pork Chop Hill (23 Mac-16 Juli 1953), dan Pertempuran Kumsong (13-27 Julai 1953). <> Kapan Pertempuran Kuda Putih? || 6-15 Oktober 1952 <> Tahun apakah Pertempuran Bloody Ridge? || 1951 <> Apa yang paling pendek dari pertempuran utama yang berlaku semasa kebuntuan? || Pertempuran Hook", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Battle of White Horse?", "id": "5726eadbf1498d1400e8efd4", "answers": [{"text": "6\u201315 October 1952", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?", "id": "5726eadbf1498d1400e8efd5", "answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?", "id": "5726eadbf1498d1400e8efd6", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of the Hook", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August\u201315 September 1951), the Battle of the Punchbowl (31 August-21 September 1951), the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September\u201315 October 1951), the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June\u20134 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6\u201315 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14 October\u201325 November 1952), the Battle of Hill Eerie (21 March\u201321 June 1952), the sieges of Outpost Harry (10\u201318 June 1953), the Battle of the Hook (28\u201329 May 1953), the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (23 March\u201316 July 1953), and the Battle of Kumsong (13\u201327 July 1953)."}], ["Selepas gelombang baru sekatan PBB, pada 11 Mac 2013, Korea Utara mendakwa ia telah membatalkan gencatan senjata 1953 itu. Pada 13 Mac 2013, Korea Utara mengesahkan ia menamatkan Gencatan Senjata 1953 dan mengisytiharkan Korea Utara \"tidak dihalang oleh perisytiharan Utara-Selatan mengenai tidak agresif\". Pada 30 Mac 2013, Korea Utara menyatakan bahawa ia telah memasuki \"keadaan perang\" dengan Korea Selatan dan mengisytiharkan bahawa \"Keadaan semenanjung Korea tidak menjadi damai dan perang tidak berakhir\". Bercakap pada 4 April 2013, Setiausaha Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat, Chuck Hagel, memberitahu akhbar bahawa Pyongyang telah \"memaklumkan secara rasmi\" Pentagon bahawa ia telah \"mengesahkan\" kemungkinan penggunaan senjata nuklear terhadap Korea Selatan, Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat Amerika, termasuk Guam dan Hawaii. Hagel juga menyatakan bahawa Amerika Syarikat akan menggunakan sistem peluru berpandu anti-balistik Terminal Ketinggian Terminal Tinggi ke Guam, kerana ancaman nuklear yang boleh dipercayai dan realistik dari Korea Utara. <> Mengapa Korea Utara menegaskan bahawa gencatan senjata 1953 dilanggar? || gelombang baru sekatan PBB <> Kapan Korea Utara menamatkan pemberontakan? || 13 Mac 2013 <> Pada tahun 2013, siapa negara apa yang Korea Utara mengisytiharkan perang? || Korea Selatan <> Senjata apa yang Korea Utara mendakwa sekarang mempunyai keupayaan untuk digunakan? || senjata nuklear <> Bagaimana Amerika melihat ancaman Korea Utara? || ancaman nuklear yang boleh dipercayai dan realistik", {"qas": [{"question": "Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?", "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6cd", "answers": [{"text": "new wave of UN sanctions", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?", "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6ce", "answers": [{"text": "13 March 2013", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?", "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6cf", "answers": [{"text": "South Korea", "answer_start": 705}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?", "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6d0", "answers": [{"text": "a nuclear weapon", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the United States view North Korea's threats? ", "id": "5726f3cf708984140094d6d1", "answers": [{"text": "credible and realistic nuclear threat", "answer_start": 931}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice. On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea \"is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression\". On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a \"state of war\" with South Korea and declared that \"The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over\". Speaking on 4 April 2013, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had \"formally informed\" the Pentagon that it had \"ratified\" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii. Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea."}], ["Bagi baki Perang Korea, Komando PBB dan PVA berperang, tetapi bertukar wilayah kecil; kebuntuan yang diadakan. Pengeboman besar-besaran Korea Utara berterusan, dan perundingan gencatan senjata yang berlarutan bermula pada 10 Julai 1951 di Kaesong. Di sebelah Cina, Zhou Enlai mengarahkan rundingan damai, dan Li Kenong dan Qiao Guanghua mengetuai pasukan perundingan. Pertempuran berlanjutan sementara perompak berunding; matlamat Pasukan Komando PBB adalah untuk menawan semula semua Korea Selatan dan untuk mengelakkan kehilangan wilayah. PVA dan KPA mencuba operasi yang sama, dan kemudian melaksanakan operasi ketenteraan dan psikologi untuk menguji keputusan Komando PBB untuk meneruskan perang. <> Di mana rundingan gencatan senjata berlaku? || Kaesong <> Apa yang hendak dicapai oleh Komando PBB dengan perbincangan gencatan senjata? || menangkap semula semua Korea Selatan dan untuk mengelakkan kehilangan wilayah <> Taktik apa yang digunakan oleh PVA untuk memujuk Komando PBB untuk meneruskan perang? || operasi ketenteraan dan psikologi <> Adakah terdapat kebakaran semasa rundingan? || Pengeboman besar-besaran Korea Utara terus <> Siapakah yang mengarahkan perundingan gencatan senjata untuk orang Cina? || Zhou Enlai", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did armistice negotiations occur?", "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9500", "answers": [{"text": "Kaesong", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?", "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9501", "answers": [{"text": "recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?", "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9502", "answers": [{"text": "military and psychological operations", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was there a cease fire during the talks?", "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9503", "answers": [{"text": "Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?", "id": "5726e9fadd62a815002e9504", "answers": [{"text": "Zhou Enlai", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the UN Command forces' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory. The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations, and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war."}], ["Pada tahun 1952, Amerika Syarikat memilih presiden baru, dan pada 29 November 1952, presiden terpilih, Dwight D. Eisenhower, pergi ke Korea untuk mempelajari apa yang mungkin menamatkan Perang Korea. Dengan penerimaan pihak Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu terhadap gencatan senjata Perang Korea yang dicadangkan India, KPA, PVA, dan Komando PBB menghentikan api dengan garis pertempuran kira-kira pada selari ke-38. Setelah bersetuju dengan gencatan senjata tersebut, para pemrotes menubuhkan Zon Demilariari Korea (DMZ), yang sejak itu telah dipatuhi oleh KPA dan ROKA, Amerika Syarikat, dan Komando Bersama PBB. <> Siapa yang memilih AS sebagai presiden semasa Perang Korea? || Dwight D. Eisenhower <> Yang meluluskan gencatan senjata Perang Korea yang secara rasmi mengisytiharkan gencatan senjata? || Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu <> Daerah apa yang dicipta oleh pihak yang terlibat dalam konflik Korea? || Zon Demiliterasi Korea (DMZ) <> Bersama dengan Komando Bersama PBB, ROKA dan KPA, negara apa pun yang masih meronda zon demiliterisasi? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apa salah satu perkara pertama yang Dwight Eisenhower yang baru dipilih selepas pilihan raya? || pergi ke Korea untuk mengetahui apa yang mungkin berakhir Perang Korea", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?", "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95d8", "answers": [{"text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?", "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95d9", "answers": [{"text": "the United Nations", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?", "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95da", "answers": [{"text": "Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?", "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95db", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?", "id": "5726f0a6dd62a815002e95dc", "answers": [{"text": "went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands."}], ["Orang Cina menyerang semula pada April 1951, dengan Serangan Fifth Fifth, yang juga dikenali sebagai Serangan Musim Bunga Cina, dengan tiga tentera lapangan (kira-kira 700,000 orang). Teras pertama serangan itu jatuh ke atas I Corps, yang sangat menentang Pertempuran Sungai Imjin (22-25 April 1951) dan Pertempuran Kapyong (22-25 April 1951), membanteras serangan serangan yang dihentikan di \"No-name Line\" utara Seoul. Pada 15 Mei 1951, orang Cina memulakan dorongan kedua Spring Offensive dan menyerang Tentera ROK dan A Corp X A di timur di Sungai Soyang. Selepas kejayaan awal, mereka dihentikan pada 20 Mei. Pada penghujung bulan, Tentera Sedunia A.S. menyerang dan mendapatkan semula \"Line Kansas\", di utara selari ke-38. Halangan \"Line Kansas\" dari PBB dan tindakan bertentangan seterusnya menyerang kebuntuan yang berlangsung sehingga gencatan senjata 1953. <> Apakah fasa Fifth inisiatif kaunter Cina disebut? || Serangan Musim Bunga Cina <> Apa yang mungkin telah bermula sebagai siri serangan yang berkesan oleh kaum Cina yang mendapat semula kawasan mana? || Line Kansas <> Apa yang berakhir dengan gencatan senjata 1953? || jalan buntu <> Berapa banyak tentera yang digunakan oleh orang Cina dalam Fase Serangan Kelima? || tiga medan medan <> Di manakah garis Kansas terletak? || hanya di utara selari ke-38", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?", "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d55f", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese Spring Offensive", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?", "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d560", "answers": [{"text": "Line Kansas", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ended with the armistice of 1953?", "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d561", "answers": [{"text": "the stalemate", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?", "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d562", "answers": [{"text": "three field armies", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Line Kansas located?", "id": "5726e7ab708984140094d563", "answers": [{"text": "just north of the 38th parallel", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive, also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive, with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22\u201325 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22\u201325 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the \"No-name Line\" north of Seoul. On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May. At month's end, the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained \"Line Kansas\", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's \"Line Kansas\" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953."}], ["Pada bulan-bulan selepas persidangan Shenyang Peng Dehuai pergi ke Beijing beberapa kali untuk memberi taklimat kepada Mao dan Zhou tentang kecederaan berat yang dialami oleh tentera China dan kesukaran untuk menjaga garis depan dibekalkan dengan keperluan asas. Peng telah yakin bahawa perang itu akan berlarutan, dan bahawa kedua-dua pihak tidak dapat mencapai kemenangan dalam masa terdekat. Pada 24 Februari 1952, Suruhanjaya Ketenteraan, dipengerusikan oleh Zhou, membincangkan masalah logistik PVA dengan ahli-ahli pelbagai agensi kerajaan yang terlibat dalam usaha perang. Selepas wakil kerajaan menekankan ketidakupayaan mereka untuk memenuhi tuntutan peperangan, Peng, dalam kemarahan yang marah, menjerit: \"Anda ada masalah ini dan itu ... Anda harus pergi ke depan dan melihat dengan mata sendiri apa makanan dan pakaian para askar, tidak untuk bercakap mengenai mangsa, kerana apa yang mereka berikan kepada mereka, kami tidak mempunyai pesawat, kami hanya mempunyai beberapa senjata, tidak ada pengangkutan, tidak ada lagi tentara yang mati kelaparan. beberapa kesukaran anda? \" Suasana menjadi tegang sehingga Zhou terpaksa menangguhkan persidangan itu. Zhou kemudiannya memanggil satu siri mesyuarat, di mana ia bersetuju bahawa PVA akan dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan, yang akan dihantar ke Korea dalam peralihan; untuk mempercepatkan latihan juruterbang Cina; untuk menyediakan lebih banyak senjata anti-pesawat ke garis depan; untuk membeli lebih banyak peralatan ketenteraan dan amunisi dari Kesatuan Soviet; untuk menyediakan tentera dengan lebih banyak makanan dan pakaian; dan, untuk memindahkan tanggungjawab logistik kepada kerajaan pusat. <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa tidak ada pihak yang akan melihat kemenangan di akhir Perang Korea? || Peng Dehuai <> Apakah mesyuarat telah diadakan untuk membincangkan masalah PVA? || Suruhanjaya Ketenteraan, <> Apakah tindakan yang diambil untuk membantu PVA? || PVA akan dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan <> Siapa yang akhirnya bertanggungjawab terhadap logistik akibat penstrukturan semula PVA? || kerajaan pusat", {"qas": [{"question": "Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?", "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f032", "answers": [{"text": "Peng Dehuai", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?", "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f033", "answers": [{"text": "the Military Commission,", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actions were taken to help the PVA?", "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f034", "answers": [{"text": "PVA would be divided into three groups", "answer_start": 1221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?", "id": "5726ee3cf1498d1400e8f035", "answers": [{"text": "the central government", "answer_start": 1574}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government."}], ["Dalam kebanyakan peperangan, angkatan laut PBB telah berpatroli pantai barat dan timur Korea Utara, kapal-kapal tenggelam dan kapal peluru dan menafikan Korea Utara kemampuan untuk membekalkan bekalan dari laut. Selain dari tembakan sekali-sekala dari bateri pantai Korea Utara, ancaman utama Amerika Syarikat dan kapal angkatan laut PBB adalah dari lombong magnetik. Semasa peperangan, lima kapal Tentera Laut A.S. hilang kepada lombong: dua juruterbang renter, dua pengiring kapal terbang dan satu tali laut. Lombong dan tembakan dari meriam pesisir Korea Utara merosakkan 87 buah kapal perang A.S., mengakibatkan sedikit kerosakan yang sederhana. <> Jenis kapal apa yang AS menghabiskan sebahagian besar masa tenggelam? || bekalan dan kapal peluru <> Senjata apa yang menimbulkan ancaman penting kepada kapal-kapal tentera Amerika Syarikat? || lombong magnet <> Berapa banyak kapal perang AS rosak oleh api dan lombong api? || 87 <> Di mana majoriti rondaan tentera laut AS di Korea? || pantai barat dan timur Korea Utara", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?", "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967c", "answers": [{"text": "supply and ammunition ships", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?", "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967d", "answers": [{"text": "magnetic mines", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?", "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967e", "answers": [{"text": "87", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?", "id": "5726f7aedd62a815002e967f", "answers": [{"text": "the west and east coasts of North Korea", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines: two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug. Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships, resulting in slight to moderate damage."}], ["Kerana kedua-dua Korea mempunyai angkatan laut yang signifikan, Perang Korea menampilkan beberapa pertempuran laut. Pertengkaran antara Korea Utara dan Komando PBB berlaku pada 2 Julai 1950; kapal selam Tentera Laut A.S. USS Juneau, kapal perang Diraja Tentera Laut HMS Jamaica, dan kapal perang HMS Black Swan bertempur empat kapal torpedo Korea Utara dan dua kapal perang mortar, dan tenggelam. USS Juneau kemudian tenggelam beberapa kapal peluru yang hadir. Pertempuran laut terakhir Perang Korea berlaku di Inchon, beberapa hari sebelum Pertempuran Incheon; kapal ROK PC-703 tenggelam lapisan lombong Korea Utara di Pertempuran Pulau Haeju, berhampiran Inchon. Tiga kapal bekalan lain telah tenggelam oleh PC-703 dua hari kemudian di Laut Kuning. Selepas itu, kapal-kapal dari negara-negara PBB memegang kawalan yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan tentang laut mengenai Korea. Kapal-kapal pistol digunakan di pengeboman pantai, sementara kapal terbang pesawat memberi sokongan udara ke angkatan darat. <> Mengapa pertempuran perisai laut tidak benar-benar dilihat dalam Perang Korea? || tidak Korea mempunyai angkatan laut yang besar <> Siapa yang mendapat banyak kawalan dan mengekalkan laut? || negara-negara PBB <> yang menguasai mana-mana pertempuran yang mungkin berlaku di laut? || Perintah PBB <> Di mana pertempuran laut terakhir Perang Korea? || Inchon", {"qas": [{"question": "Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?", "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11a", "answers": [{"text": "neither Korea had a significant navy", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?", "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11b", "answers": [{"text": "the UN nations", "answer_start": 706}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?", "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11c", "answers": [{"text": "the UN Command", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?", "id": "5726f69df1498d1400e8f11d", "answers": [{"text": "Inchon", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Because neither Korea had a significant navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica, and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them. USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship PC-703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon. Three other supply ships were sunk by PC-703 two days later in the Yellow Sea. Thereafter, vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea. The gun ships were used in shore bombardment, while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces."}], ["The USAF menentang MiG-15 dengan menghantar lebih tiga skuadron pejuang paling mampu, F-86 Sabre. Ini tiba pada Disember 1950. MiG direka sebagai pemintas pengebom. Ia mempunyai siling perkhidmatan yang sangat tinggi-50,000 kaki (15,000 m) dan membawa senjata yang sangat berat: meriam 37 mm dan meriam 23 mm. Mereka cukup cepat untuk menyelam melepaskan pejuang pejuang P-80 Shooting Stars dan F9F Panthers dan boleh mencapai dan memusnahkan pengebom berat A.S.. Kerugian B-29 tidak dapat dielakkan, dan Angkatan Udara dipaksa untuk beralih dari kempen pengeboman siang hari ke sasaran sasaran pengeboman malam yang kurang tepat. MiGs ditangguhkan oleh F-86 Sabres. Mereka mempunyai siling sebanyak 42,000 kaki (13,000 m) dan bersenjata dengan senapang mesin berkaliber enam .50 (12.7 mm), yang diselaraskan oleh senjata api radar. Jika masuk ke ketinggian yang lebih tinggi, kelebihan melibatkan atau tidak pergi ke MiG. Sebaik sahaja dalam pertempuran penerbangan tingkat tinggi, kedua-dua reka bentuk sayap tersapu mencapai kelajuan maksimum setanding sekitar 660 mph (1,100 km / h). MiG memanjat lebih cepat, tetapi Saber bertukar dan menyelam lebih baik. <> Pesawat apa pesawat AS menghantar ke Korea untuk menentang kuasa MiG-15? || F-86 Saber <> Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan B-29, apakah yang dilakukan oleh Tentera Udara AS? || beralih dari kempen pengeboman siang hari ke pengeboman malam yang semestinya kurang tepat <> Apakah MiG direka untuk menjadi? || pemintas pengebom", {"qas": [{"question": "What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?", "id": "5726fabb708984140094d78b", "answers": [{"text": "F-86 Sabre", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?", "id": "5726fabb708984140094d78c", "answers": [{"text": "switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the MiG designed to be?", "id": "5726fabb708984140094d78d", "answers": [{"text": "bomber interceptor", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the F-86 Sabre. These arrived in December 1950. The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor. It had a very high service ceiling\u201450,000 feet (15,000 m) and carried very heavy weaponry: one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons. They were fast enough to dive past the fighter escort of P-80 Shooting Stars and F9F Panthers and could reach and destroy the U.S. heavy bombers. B-29 losses could not be avoided, and the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing of targets. The MiGs were countered by the F-86 Sabres. They had a ceiling of 42,000 feet (13,000 m) and were armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, which were range adjusted by radar gunsights. If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG. Once in a level flight dogfight, both swept-wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 660 mph (1,100 km/h). The MiG climbed faster, but the Sabre turned and dived better."}], ["Campurtangan Cina pada akhir Oktober 1950 menaikkan Tentera Udara Rakyat Korea (KPAF) Korea Utara dengan MiG-15, salah satu pejuang jet paling maju di dunia. Pesawat MiG yang cepat dan bersenjata melepaskan jet PBB generasi pertama seperti F-80 (Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat) dan Gloster Meteors (Tentera Udara Diraja Australia), menimbulkan ancaman sebenar kepada pengebom B-29 Superfortress walaupun di bawah pengiring tempur. Takut menghadapi AS langsung, Kesatuan Soviet menafikan penglibatan personel mereka dalam apa pun selain peranan nasihat, tetapi pertempuran udara dengan cepat mengakibatkan juruterbang Soviet menjatuhkan sinyal kod mereka dan berbicara melalui tanpa wayar di Rusia. Ini penyertaan Soviet langsung yang diketahui adalah casus belli yang Komando PBB sengaja diabaikan, supaya peperangan untuk semenanjung Korea berkembang untuk menyertakan Kesatuan Soviet, dan berpotensi meningkat menjadi peperangan atom. <> Siapa yang menafikan mempunyai apa-apa yang lebih daripada peranan penasihat dalam Perang Korea? || Soviet Union <> Yang mengabaikan penyertaan langsung Kesatuan Soviet untuk mencegah memperluas Perang Korea ke Uni Soviet? || Perintah PBB <> Apa yang mungkin berlaku jika perang diperluas ke Kesatuan Soviet? || peperangan atom <> Apa yang dilakukan juruterbang Soviet apabila dituduh memainkan peranan penting dalam Perang Korea? || menjatuhkan isyarat kod mereka dan bercakap melalui wayarles di Rusia <> Siapa yang takut terlibat dalam konflik langsung dengan Amerika Syarikat? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"qas": [{"question": "Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War?", "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f192", "answers": [{"text": "the Soviet Union", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f193", "answers": [{"text": "UN Command", "answer_start": 737}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f194", "answers": [{"text": "atomic warfare", "answer_start": 877}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War?", "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f195", "answers": [{"text": "dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian", "answer_start": 600}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States?", "id": "5726f9d3f1498d1400e8f196", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) of North Korea with the MiG-15, one of the world's most advanced jet fighters. The fast, heavily armed MiG outflew first-generation UN jets such as the F-80 (United States Air Force) and Gloster Meteors (Royal Australian Air Force), posing a real threat to B-29 Superfortress bombers even under fighter escort. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union, and potentially escalate into atomic warfare."}], ["Serangan awal oleh pasukan KPA Korea Utara dibantu oleh penggunaan kereta kebal Soviet T-34-85. Sebuah korp tangki Korea Utara yang dilengkapi dengan kira-kira 120 T-34 yang menerajui serangan itu. Ini memandu terhadap Tentera Darat ROK dengan beberapa senjata anti-tangki yang mencukupi untuk menangani T-34s Soviet. Perisai Soviet tambahan telah ditambah apabila serangan itu berkembang. Kereta kebal Korea Utara mempunyai banyak kejayaan awal menentang infantri Korea Selatan, unsur-unsur Bahagian Infantri ke-24, dan Amerika Syarikat membina kereta kebal ringan M24 Chaffee yang mereka temui. Penangkapan oleh pesawat serangan darat adalah satu-satunya cara untuk memperlahankan perisai Korea yang maju. Air pasang berpihak kepada pasukan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada bulan Ogos 1950 apabila Korea Utara mengalami kerugian tangki besar semasa siri pertempuran di mana pasukan PBB membawa peralatan yang lebih berat untuk ditanggung, termasuk tangki sederhana M4A3 Sherman yang disokong oleh kereta kebal berat M26 AS dengan British Centurion, Churchill, dan tangki Cromwell. <> Apakah bentuk serangan itu adalah langkah berkesan untuk memperlahankan perisai Korea? || pesawat penyerang darat <> Apa senjata yang digunakan oleh KPA yang berjaya awal dalam konflik Korea? || Tangki Soviet T-34-85 <> Apa yang membantu pasukan PBB dan mengalihkan perang itu memihak kepada mereka? || Orang-orang Korea Utara mengalami kerugian tangki utama <> Apakah tindakan PBB juga membantu mereka meningkatkan hasil mereka semasa perang? || pasukan PBB membawa alat yang lebih berat <> Berapa banyak tangki di kor tangki Korea Utara? || 120", {"qas": [{"question": "What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?", "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f6", "answers": [{"text": "ground attack aircraft", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?", "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f7", "answers": [{"text": "Soviet T-34-85 tanks", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?", "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f8", "answers": [{"text": "the North Koreans suffered major tank losses", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?", "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0f9", "answers": [{"text": "the UN forces brought heavier equipment", "answer_start": 796}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?", "id": "5726f540f1498d1400e8f0fa", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks."}]], [["Kadang-kadang hanya pematuhan separa dengan perjanjian lesen adalah punca. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 2013, Tentera Darat AS menyelesaikan tuntutan undang-undang dengan Apptricity syarikat yang berpangkalan di Texas, yang menjadikan perisian yang membolehkan tentera mengesan tentera mereka dalam masa nyata. Pada tahun 2004, Tentera AS membayar US $ 4.5 juta untuk lesen 500 pengguna, manakala mendakwa memasang perisian untuk lebih daripada 9000 pengguna; kes itu diselesaikan dengan harga AS $ 50 juta. Pertubuhan anti-cetak rajah utama, seperti BSA, menjalankan pemeriksaan pelesenan perisian secara berkala untuk memastikan pematuhan penuh. <> Apa sebab penyalahgunaan hak cipta? || pematuhan sebahagian <> Siapa yang membuat perisian perisian syarikat Apptricity menulis untuk? || US Army <> Berapa ramai pengguna yang dibayar pada tahun 2004? || 500 pengguna <> Berapakah tuntutan tuntutan? || US $ 50 juta <> Siapakah contoh organisasi anti-cetak rompak yang utama? || BSA <> Apa yang mustahil untuk pelanggaran hak cipta? || <> Siapa yang membuat syarikat perisian Texas Apptricity menulis perkakasan untuk? || <> Berapa ramai pengguna tidak dibayar pada tahun 2004? || <> Berapa banyak tuntutan tuntutan yang ditolak? || <> Siapa contoh organisasi anti-cetak rompak kecil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a possible cause of copyright infringement?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2a", "answers": [{"text": "partial compliance", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2b", "answers": [{"text": "US Army", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many users were paid for in 2004?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2c", "answers": [{"text": "500 users", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much was the lawsuit settled for?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2d", "answers": [{"text": "US$50 million", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2e", "answers": [{"text": "the BSA", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "partial compliance", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What is an impossible cause of copyright infringement?", "id": "5acfcb7477cf76001a686042", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US Army", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "Who did Texas software company Apptricity write hardware for?", "id": "5acfcb7477cf76001a686043", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "How many users weren't paid for in 2004?", "id": "5acfcb7477cf76001a686044", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$50 million", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "How much was the lawsuit rejected for?", "id": "5acfcb7477cf76001a686045", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the BSA", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "Who is an example of a minor anti-piracy organization?", "id": "5acfcb7477cf76001a686046", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance."}], ["Dalam satu kajian yang diterbitkan dalam Journal of Behavioral dan Economic Experimental, dan dilaporkan pada awal Mei 2014, penyelidik dari University of Portsmouth di UK membincangkan penemuan dari meneliti tingkah laku menyalahi haram 6,000 rakyat Finland, berusia tujuh hingga 84 tahun. sebab-sebab untuk memuat turun yang diberikan oleh responden kajian termasuk penjimatan wang; keupayaan untuk mengakses bahan bukan pada pelepasan umum, atau sebelum ia dikeluarkan; dan membantu artis untuk mengelakkan penglibatan dengan syarikat rakaman dan studio filem. <> Apa penyelidik menjalankan kajian pada awal bulan Mei 2014? || University of Portsmouth <> Berapa ramai orang yang terlibat dalam kajian ini? || 6,000 <> Apa jajaran umur orang belajar? || tujuh hingga 84 <> Siapa yang membuat penyokong mahu membantu dengan mengelakkan studio dan syarikat rekod? || artis <> Apa penyelidik menjalankan kajian pada akhir bulan Mei 2014? || <> Berapa ramai orang yang bukan sebahagian daripada kajian ini? || <> Berapakah umur anjing yang dikaji? || <> Siapa yang pengupload ingin membantu dengan mengelakkan studio dan syarikat rakaman? || <> Siapa yang membuat penyerang mahu menyakiti dengan mengelakkan studio dan syarikat rekod? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec3e", "answers": [{"text": "University of Portsmouth", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people were part of the study?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec3f", "answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the age range of people studied?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec40", "answers": [{"text": "seven to 84", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec41", "answers": [{"text": "artists", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "University of Portsmouth", "answer_start": 135}], "question": "What researchers conducted a study in the later part of May 2014?", "id": "5acfcea677cf76001a6860f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "6,000", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "How many people weren't part of the study?", "id": "5acfcea677cf76001a6860f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seven to 84", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What was the age range of dogs studied?", "id": "5acfcea677cf76001a6860fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "artists", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?", "id": "5acfcea677cf76001a6860fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "artists", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "Who did downloaders want to hurt by avoiding studios and record companies?", "id": "5acfcea677cf76001a6860fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios."}], ["Menurut kajian yang sama, walaupun cetak rompak digital menimbulkan kos tambahan di sisi pengeluaran media, ia juga menawarkan akses utama kepada barang media di negara-negara membangun. Tragedi yang kuat yang memihak kepada penggunaan cetak rompak digital dalam ekonomi membangun menegaskan penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang diabaikan sekarang terhadap cetak rompak digital. Di China, isu pelanggaran digital bukan sekadar undang-undang, tetapi sosial - yang berasal dari permintaan yang tinggi untuk barangan murah dan harga berpatutan serta hubungan kerajaan perniagaan yang menghasilkan barangan tersebut. <> Walaupun cetak rompak menambah kos kepada pengeluaran, apa lagi yang ditawarkan kepada negara-negara membangun? || akses utama ke barangan media <> Apa hubungan perdagangan sokongan cetak rompak digital? || penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang diabaikan semasa <> Dalam negara apakah isu sosial pelanggaran digital? || China <> Apakah permintaan tinggi di negara ini? || barangan murah dan berpatutan <> Apakah kerajaan negara ini menyediakan kepada perniagaan yang menghasilkan kandungan? || Sambungan <> Walaupun cetak rompak menambah kos kepada pengeluaran, apa lagi yang ditawarkan kepada negara yang ditubuhkan? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh dilakukan oleh sokongan cetak rompak digital? || <> Di negara apakah isu anti-sosial pelanggaran digital? || <> Apakah permintaan rendah di negara ini? || <> Apakah kerajaan negara ini menyediakan kepada bukan perniagaan yang menghasilkan kandungan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d253", "answers": [{"text": "main access to media goods", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d254", "answers": [{"text": "current neglected law enforcements", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d255", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is in high demand in this country?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d256", "answers": [{"text": "cheap and affordable goods", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d257", "answers": [{"text": "connections", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "main access to media goods", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to established countries?", "id": "5acfcf2777cf76001a68611c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current neglected law enforcements", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What don't the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?", "id": "5acfcf2777cf76001a68611d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "In what country is the issue of digital infringement anti-social?", "id": "5acfcf2777cf76001a68611e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cheap and affordable goods", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What is in low demand in this country?", "id": "5acfcf2777cf76001a68611f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "connections", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What does the government of this country provide to non-businesses that produce content?", "id": "5acfcf2777cf76001a686120", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the same study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy. In China, the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal, but social \u2013 originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods."}], ["Terma-terma cetak rompak dan kecurian sering dikaitkan dengan pelanggaran hak cipta. Makna asal cetak rompak adalah \"rompakan atau keganasan haram di laut\", tetapi istilah itu telah digunakan selama berabad-abad sebagai sinonim untuk perbuatan pelanggaran hak cipta. Sementara itu kecurian, menekankan potensi bahaya komersil pelanggaran kepada pemegang hak cipta. Walau bagaimanapun, hak cipta adalah sejenis harta intelektual, bidang undang-undang yang berbeza dari yang merangkumi rompakan atau kecurian, kesalahan yang berkaitan hanya dengan harta yang nyata. Tidak semua pelanggaran hak cipta mengakibatkan kerugian komersil, dan Mahkamah Agung A.S. memutuskan pada 1985 bahawa pelanggaran tidak mudah sama dengan pencurian. <> Istilah apa yang sering dikaitkan dengan orang yang secara haram menggunakan atau mengedarkan kandungan yang bukan mereka sendiri? || cetak rompak dan kecurian <> Apa maksud sama rompakan atau keganasan haram di laut? || rompakan <> Apa jenis harta yang digunakan oleh hak cipta? || harta intelektual <> Apakah perbezaan antara rompakan dan cetak rompak? || yang berkaitan hanya dengan harta yang nyata <> Pada tahun 1980-an, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan bahawa pelanggaran tidak sama dengan apa? || kecurian <> Istilah apa yang sering dikaitkan dengan orang yang secara sah menggunakan atau mengedarkan kandungan yang bukan mereka sendiri? || <> Apa yang tidak bermakna sama seperti rompakan atau keganasan haram di laut? || <> Apa jenis harta hak cipta yang tidak digunakan? || <> Apa yang sama tentang rompakan dan cetak rompak? || <> Pada tahun 1980-an, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan bahawa pelanggaran sama dengan apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec1", "answers": [{"text": "piracy and theft", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec2", "answers": [{"text": "piracy", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of property is copyright used for?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec3", "answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the difference between robbery and piracy?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec4", "answers": [{"text": "related only to tangible property", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec5", "answers": [{"text": "theft", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "piracy and theft", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What terms are often linked to people who legally use or distribute content that is not their own?", "id": "5acfca0c77cf76001a685fcc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "piracy", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What doesn't mean the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?", "id": "5acfca0c77cf76001a685fcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What kind of property is copyright not used for?", "id": "5acfca0c77cf76001a685fce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theft, offenses related only to tangible property", "answer_start": 451}], "question": "What is the same about robbery and piracy?", "id": "5acfca0c77cf76001a685fcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theft", "answer_start": 648}], "question": "In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement equals what?", "id": "5acfca0c77cf76001a685fd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is \"robbery or illegal violence at sea\", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada perspektif Cusumano, pengarah eksekutif Screen Producers Australia Matt Deaner menjelaskan motivasi industri filem: \"Pengedar biasanya ingin menggalakkan panggung wayang sebagai sebahagian daripada proses ini [mengewangkan melalui pulangan] dan menyekat akses segera ke talian supaya untuk menggalakkan bilangan maksimum orang untuk pergi ke pawagam. \" Deaner menerangkan perkara itu dari segi industri filem Australia, yang menyatakan: \"terdapat sekatan ke atas kuantiti sokongan cukai yang boleh diterima filem kecuali filem itu mempunyai pelepasan pawagam tradisional.\" <> Siapa yang membuat jelas motivasi para pembuat filem? || Matt Deaner <> Yang menggalakkan menonton filem di teater sebagai membuat wang dari filem? || Pengedar <> Apa yang terhad untuk memastikan bilangan terbesar orang menonton filem di teater? || akses segera ke talian <> Apa yang terhad kecuali filem itu mempunyai pelepasan teater tradisional? || sokongan cukai yang boleh diterima oleh filem <> Siapa yang tidak jelas tentang motivasi pembuat filem? || <> Siapa yang tidak menggalakkan menonton filem di teater sebagai membuat wang dari filem? || <> Apa yang terhad untuk memastikan bilangan terkecil orang melihat filem di teater? || <> Apa yang terhad untuk memastikan bilangan orang yang paling banyak menonton filem di rumah? || <> Apa yang tidak dibenarkan kecuali filem itu mempunyai pelepasan teater tradisional? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7eff", "answers": [{"text": "Matt Deaner", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f00", "answers": [{"text": "Distributors", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f01", "answers": [{"text": "immediate access to online", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f02", "answers": [{"text": "tax support that a film can receive", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Matt Deaner", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who made unclear the motivations of the filmmakers?", "id": "5acfce2f77cf76001a6860dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Distributors", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "Who discourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?", "id": "5acfce2f77cf76001a6860dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immediate access to online", "answer_start": 274}], "question": "What is restricted to ensure the smallest number of people see a movie at the theater?", "id": "5acfce2f77cf76001a6860de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the immediate access to online", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at home?", "id": "5acfce2f77cf76001a6860df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tax support that a film can receive", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "What is unrestricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?", "id": "5acfce2f77cf76001a6860e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: \"Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema.\" Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: \"there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release.\""}], ["Cara Cusumano, pengarah Festival Filem Tribeca, menyatakan pada bulan April 2014: \"Pembajakan kurang mengenai orang yang tidak mahu bayar dan lebih banyak mengenai hanya mendesak - kata orang, 'Saya mahu menonton Spiderman sekarang' dan memuat turunnya\". Kenyataan itu berlaku pada tahun ketiga bahawa perayaan itu menggunakan Internet untuk mempersembahkan kandungannya, sementara itu adalah tahun pertama yang menampilkan pameran pengeluar kandungan yang berfungsi secara eksklusif dalam talian. Cusumano selanjutnya menjelaskan bahawa perilaku muat turun tidak semata-mata dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang hanya ingin mendapatkan kandungan secara percuma: <> Apa Cara Cusumano mengatakan tentang cetak rompak pada tahun 2014 yang dikehendaki orang? || immediacy <> Apa perayaan yang dilakukan selama tiga tahun yang lalu apabila pernyataan Cara Cusumano dibuat? || menggunakan Internet untuk membentangkan kandungannya <> Ia adalah tahun pertama Tribeca yang menampilkan pameran pengeluar yang melakukan apa? || kerja secara eksklusif dalam talian <> Apa kelakuan tidak hanya dilakukan oleh orang yang menginginkan kandungan secara percuma? || mengunduh <> Apa cara Cusumano mengatakan tentang cetak rompak pada tahun 2013 yang dikehendaki orang? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Cara Cusumano tentang cetak rompak pada tahun 2014 yang tidak dikehendaki orang? || <> Apa perayaan yang tidak dilakukan selama tiga tahun yang lalu apabila pernyataan Cara Cusumano dibuat? || <> Ia adalah tahun terakhir Tribeca yang menampilkan pameran pengeluar yang melakukan apa? || <> Apakah kelakuan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang mahukan kandungan secara percuma? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9132", "answers": [{"text": "immediacy", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9133", "answers": [{"text": "used the Internet to present its content", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9134", "answers": [{"text": "work exclusively online", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9135", "answers": [{"text": "downloading", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immediacy", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2013 that people want?", "id": "5acfcd4f77cf76001a6860aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "immediacy", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people don't want?", "id": "5acfcd4f77cf76001a6860ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "used the Internet to present its content", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What had the festival not done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?", "id": "5acfcd4f77cf76001a6860ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "work exclusively online", "answer_start": 428}], "question": "It was the last year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?", "id": "5acfcd4f77cf76001a6860ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "downloading", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What behavior is just done by people who want content for free?", "id": "5acfcd4f77cf76001a6860ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: \"Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy \u2013 people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it\". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:"}], ["Pelanggaran hak cipta adalah penggunaan karya yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta tanpa izin, melanggar hak eksklusif tertentu yang diberikan kepada pemegang hak cipta, seperti hak untuk memperbanyak, mengedarkan, memaparkan atau melaksanakan kerja yang dilindungi, atau membuat karya turunan. Pemegang hak cipta biasanya pencipta kerja, atau penerbit atau perniagaan lain yang hak cipta ditugaskan. Pemegang hak cipta secara rutin mengajukan tindakan undang-undang dan teknologi untuk mencegah dan menghukum pelanggaran hak cipta. <> Apakah hak pencipta kandungan yang melindungi karya mereka? || hak untuk menghasilkan semula, mengedarkan, memaparkan atau melaksanakan kerja yang dilindungi atau membuat karya terbitan <> Bagaimana pencipta kandungan melindungi karya mereka daripada pelanggaran? || undang hak cipta <> Siapa yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || pencipta kerja <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang memuat naik video ke YouTube tanpa kebenaran pencipta? || Pelanggaran hak cipta <> Anda menulis lagu yang berdasarkan karya asal, apakah yang dipanggil ini? || kerja terbitan <> Bagaimana pencipta kandungan tidak melindungi karya mereka daripada pelanggaran? || <> Apakah hak pencipta kandungan yang mempunyai karya mereka tidak dilindungi? || <> Siapa yang tidak dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || <> Anda menulis lagu yang didasarkan pada karya yang tidak asli, apakah yang dipanggil ini? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang memuat video ke YouTube dengan kebenaran pencipta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?", "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cd", "answers": [{"text": "right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d0", "answers": [{"text": "copyright law", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is protected by copyright laws?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d2", "answers": [{"text": "work's creator", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d3", "answers": [{"text": "copyright infringement", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d4", "answers": [{"text": "derivative works", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "routinely invoke legal and technological measures", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "How do creators of content not protect their work from infringement?", "id": "5acfc8f777cf76001a685f7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What are the rights of a content creator that has their work unprotected?", "id": "5acfc8f777cf76001a685f7d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned", "answer_start": 271}], "question": "Who is unprotected by copyright laws?", "id": "5acfc8f777cf76001a685f7e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to make derivative works", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "You wrote a song that was based on an unoriginal work, what is this called?", "id": "5acfc8f777cf76001a685f7f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Copyright infringement", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube with the creators permission?", "id": "5acfc8f777cf76001a685f80", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement."}], ["Perselisihan pelanggaran hak cipta biasanya diselesaikan melalui rundingan langsung, notis dan proses pengunduran, atau litigasi di pengadilan sivil. Pelanggaran komersil yang besar atau besar, terutamanya apabila ia melibatkan pemalsuan, kadang-kadang didakwa melalui sistem keadilan jenayah. Peralihan harapan awam, kemajuan dalam teknologi digital, dan jangkauan Internet yang semakin meningkat telah menyebabkan pelanggaran tanpa nama yang meluas bahawa industri yang bergantung kepada hak cipta kini kurang fokus pada mengejar individu yang mencari dan berkongsi kandungan yang dilindungi hak cipta secara dalam talian, dan lebih banyak mengembangkan hak cipta undang-undang untuk mengiktiraf dan menghukum - sebagai pelanggar \"tidak langsung\" - penyedia perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian yang dikatakan memudahkan dan menggalakkan perbuatan individu pelanggaran oleh orang lain. <> Bagaimana pertikaian diselesaikan untuk pelanggaran kecil? || rundingan terus, notis dan proses pengunduran, atau litigasi di mahkamah sivil <> Mengapa pelanggaran hak cipta meningkat baru-baru ini? || Menggeser jangkaan orang ramai, kemajuan dalam teknologi digital, dan peningkatan jangkauan Internet <> Apakah dua contoh kumpulan yang membolehkan anda membuat salinan karya yang dilindungi? || penyedia perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian <> Apakah industri penciptaan kandungan yang memberi tumpuan kepada usaha untuk menghalang pelanggaran? || memperluaskan undang-undang hak cipta <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada orang yang melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta secara besar-besaran? || didakwa melalui sistem keadilan jenayah <> Apakah dua contoh kumpulan yang membolehkan anda mendapatkan salinan karya yang dilindungi? || penyedia perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian <> Bagaimana pertikaian tidak dapat diselesaikan untuk pelanggaran kecil? || <> Mengapa pelanggaran hak cipta menurun baru-baru ini? || <> Apa industri penciptaan kandungan yang memberi tumpuan kepada melakukan untuk membantu pelanggaran? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh berlaku kepada orang yang melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta secara besar-besaran? || <> Apakah dua contoh kumpulan yang tidak membenarkan anda membuat salinan karya yang dilindungi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25a", "answers": [{"text": "direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why has copyright infringement increased recently?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25b", "answers": [{"text": "Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25e", "answers": [{"text": "service providers and software distributors", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?", "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9104", "answers": [{"text": "expanding copyright law", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?", "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9105", "answers": [{"text": "prosecuted via the criminal justice system", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?", "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9106", "answers": [{"text": "service providers and software distributors", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "How are disputes unresolved for small scale infringement?", "id": "5acfc97977cf76001a685f9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "Why has copyright infringement decreased recently?", "id": "5acfc97977cf76001a685f9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize \u2013 as \"indirect\" infringers \u2013 the service providers and software distributors", "answer_start": 591}], "question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to aid infringement?", "id": "5acfc97977cf76001a685f9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What can't happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?", "id": "5acfc97977cf76001a685f9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "service providers and software distributors", "answer_start": 674}], "question": "What are two examples of groups that disallow you to make copies of protected works?", "id": "5acfc97977cf76001a685f9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize \u2013 as \"indirect\" infringers \u2013 the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others."}], ["Pemegang hak cipta sering merujuk kepada pelanggaran hak cipta sebagai kecurian. Dalam undang-undang hak cipta, pelanggaran tidak merujuk kepada kecurian objek fizikal yang mengambil milik pemilik, tetapi suatu contoh di mana seseorang menjalankan salah satu hak eksklusif pemegang hak cipta tanpa kebenaran. Mahkamah telah membezakan antara pelanggaran dan pencurian hak cipta. Sebagai contoh, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat yang diadakan di Dowling v. Amerika Syarikat (1985) bahawa fonorektrik bootleg tidak menjadi harta curi. Sebaliknya, \"gangguan dengan hak cipta tidak mudah disamakan dengan kecurian, penukaran, atau penipuan. Akta Hak Cipta bahkan menggunakan istilah seni yang berasingan untuk menentukan seseorang yang menyalahgunakan hak cipta: '[...] pelanggar hak cipta.'\" Mahkamah mengatakan bahawa dalam kes pelanggaran hak cipta, wilayah yang dijamin kepada pemegang hak cipta oleh undang-undang hak cipta - hak eksklusif tertentu - diserang, tetapi tidak ada kawalan, fizikal atau sebaliknya, diambil alih hak cipta, dan tidak juga pemegang hak cipta yang sepenuhnya dilucutkan menggunakan karya berhak cipta atau menjalankan hak eksklusif yang dipegang. <> Apabila anda dituduh kecurian kerana ia berkaitan dengan undang-undang hak cipta, anda menjalankan hak eksklusif tanpa apa-apa? || kebenaran <> Apa yang ada di mahkamah mengatakan terdapat perbezaan antara? || pelanggaran hak cipta dan pencurian <> Dalam Dowling v. Amerika Syarikat, apakah rekod penculikan tidak? || kecurian, penukaran, atau penipuan <> Apakah istilah seni yang berasingan untuk menentukan penyalahgunaan hakcipta? || Akta Hak Cipta <> Apa yang dikatakan mahkamah diserang? || hak eksklusif tertentu <> Apabila anda dituduh mencuri kerana ia berkaitan dengan undang-undang hak cipta, anda menjalankan hak eksklusif dengan apa? || <> Apa yang tidak ada mahkamah mengatakan terdapat perbezaan antara? || <> Dalam Dowling v. Amerika Syarikat, apakah rekod penculikan di dalamnya? || <> Apakah istilah seni yang berasingan untuk menentukan pembahagian hak cipta? || <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh mahkamah itu diusir? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee5", "answers": [{"text": "authorization", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What have courts said there is a difference between?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee6", "answers": [{"text": "copyright infringement and theft", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee7", "answers": [{"text": "theft, conversion, or fraud", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee8", "answers": [{"text": "The Copyright Act", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the court say was invaded?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee9", "answers": [{"text": "certain exclusive rights", "answer_start": 879}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "authorization", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights with what?", "id": "5acfcaec77cf76001a686016", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright infringement and theft", "answer_start": 335}], "question": "What haven't courts said there is a difference between?", "id": "5acfcaec77cf76001a686017", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theft, conversion, or fraud", "answer_start": 583}], "question": "In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records constitute?", "id": "5acfcaec77cf76001a686018", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Copyright Act", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "What is the separate term of art to define appropriation of copyright?", "id": "5acfcaec77cf76001a686019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "certain exclusive rights", "answer_start": 879}], "question": "What did the court say was evaded?", "id": "5acfcaec77cf76001a68601a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, \"interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'\" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law \u2013 certain exclusive rights \u2013 is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held."}], ["Amalan melabel pelanggaran hak eksklusif dalam kerja-kerja kreatif sebagai \"cetak rompak\" mendahului undang-undang hak cipta berkanun. Sebelum Statute Anne pada tahun 1710, Stationers 'Company of London pada tahun 1557, menerima Piagam Diraja yang memberi syarikat itu satu monopoli dalam penerbitan dan menugaskannya dengan menguatkuasakan piagam itu. Mereka yang melanggar piagam itu diberi label lanun seawal 1603. Istilah \"cetak rompak\" telah digunakan untuk merujuk kepada penyalinan, pengedaran dan penjualan karya yang tidak sah di dalam hak cipta. Perkara 12 1886 Konvensyen Berne untuk Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Artistik menggunakan istilah \"cetak rompak\" berhubung dengan pelanggaran hak cipta, yang menyatakan \"Kerja-kerja cetak rompak boleh disita atas pengimportan ke negara-negara Kesatuan di mana karya asal menikmati perlindungan undang-undang. \" Artikel 61 Perjanjian 1994 tentang Aspek Hak Harta Intelek (TRIPs) yang berkaitan dengan Perdagangan memerlukan prosedur jenayah dan penalti dalam kes \"pemalsuan tanda dagangan yang bersifat sengaja atau cetak rompak hak cipta pada skala komersial.\" Pembajakan secara tradisinya merujuk kepada perbuatan pelanggaran hak cipta yang sengaja dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan kewangan, walaupun baru-baru ini, pemegang hak cipta telah menerangkan pelanggaran hak cipta dalam talian, terutamanya berhubung dengan rangkaian perkongsian fail peer-to-peer, sebagai \"cetak rompak.\" <> Apa yang diberikan oleh Royal Charter kepada Syarikat Stationers 'London? || monopoli pada penerbitan dan menugaskannya dengan menguatkuasakan piagam <> Bagaimana Artikel 12 1886 Konvensyen Berne untuk Perlindungan Kerja Sastera dan Artistik menggunakan istilah cetak rompak? || berhubung dengan pelanggaran hak cipta <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika anda mengimport karya berhak cipta ke negara tempat asal dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || disita atas pengimportan <> Bilakah Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Hak Haku Intelektual Berkaitan dengan Perdagangan? || 1994 <> Piracy telah lebih baru diterangkan dalam talian berhubung dengan apa? || rangkaian perkongsian fail ke rakan-rakan <> Apa yang tidak diberikan oleh Piagam Kerajaan kepada Syarikat Stationers 'London? || <> Bagaimana Artikel 21 1886 Konvensyen Berne untuk Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Artistik menggunakan istilah cetak rompak? || <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika anda mengimport karya berhak cipta ke negara tempat asal tidak dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || <> Bilakah Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Berkaitan Hak Asasi Harta Intelek dimansuhkan? || <> Piracy baru-baru ini diterangkan dalam talian berhubung dengan apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edb", "answers": [{"text": "monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edc", "answers": [{"text": "in relation to copyright infringement", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edd", "answers": [{"text": "seized on importation", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7ede", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 816}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edf", "answers": [{"text": "peer-to-peer file sharing networks", "answer_start": 1249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What did the Royal Charter not give to the Stationers' Company of London?", "id": "5acfca7977cf76001a686004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in relation to copyright infringement", "answer_start": 623}], "question": "How does Article 21 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?", "id": "5acfca7977cf76001a686005", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "seized on importation", "answer_start": 692}], "question": "What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original isn't protected by copyright law?", "id": "5acfca7977cf76001a686006", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 816}], "question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights repealed?", "id": "5acfca7977cf76001a686007", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "peer-to-peer file sharing networks", "answer_start": 1249}], "question": "Piracy has been less recently described online in relation to what?", "id": "5acfca7977cf76001a686008", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as \"piracy\" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. The term \"piracy\" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term \"piracy\" in relation to copyright infringement, stating \"Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection.\" Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of \"willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale.\" Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as \"piracy.\""}], ["Di samping itu, pengantara kini juga difahamkan termasuk portal Internet, penyedia perisian dan permainan, yang menyediakan maklumat maya seperti forum interaktif dan kemudahan ulasan dengan atau tanpa sistem penyederhanaan, agregator pelbagai jenis, seperti agregator berita, universiti, perpustakaan dan arkib, enjin carian web, bilik sembang, blog web, senarai mel, dan mana-mana laman web yang menyediakan akses kepada kandungan pihak ketiga melalui, contohnya, hiperpautan, unsur penting World Wide Web. <> Apa yang termasuk portal Internet, perisian dan permainan? || perantara <> Contoh apa yang menyediakan maklumat maya? || forum interaktif dan kemudahan ulasan <> Berita, universiti, perpustakaan dan arkib adalah contoh dari apa? || agregator <> Apa unsur penting dalam World Wide Web? || hyperlink <> Apa yang tidak termasuk portal Internet, perisian dan permainan? || <> Apa yang termasuk portal Internet, perkakasan dan permainan? || <> Contoh apa yang menyediakan maklumat sebenar? || <> Berita, universiti dan perpustakaan dan arkib bukan contoh apa? || <> Apa unsur yang tidak penting di World Wide Web? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What includes Internet portals, software and games?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9206", "answers": [{"text": "intermediaries", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What examples provide virtual information?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9207", "answers": [{"text": "interactive forums and comment facilities", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9208", "answers": [{"text": "aggregators", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an important element of the World Wide Web?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9209", "answers": [{"text": "hyperlinks", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intermediaries", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What excludes Internet portals, software and games?", "id": "5ad00fba77cf76001a686850", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intermediaries", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What includes Internet portals, hardware and games?", "id": "5ad00fba77cf76001a686851", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "interactive forums and comment facilities", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "What examples provide actual information?", "id": "5ad00fba77cf76001a686852", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "aggregators", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "News, universities and libraries and archives aren't examples of what?", "id": "5ad00fba77cf76001a686853", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hyperlinks", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What is an unimportant element of the World Wide Web?", "id": "5ad00fba77cf76001a686854", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system, aggregators of various kinds, such as news aggregators, universities, libraries and archives, web search engines, chat rooms, web blogs, mailing lists, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example, hyperlinks, a crucial element of the World Wide Web."}], ["Terdapat contoh di mana kerajaan negara mengharamkan filem, mengakibatkan penyebaran video dan DVD yang disalin. Pembuat dokumentari kelahiran Romania Ilinca Calugareanu menulis artikel New York Times yang menceritakan kisah Irina Margareta Nistor, seorang narator untuk TV negara di bawah rejim Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu. Seorang pelawat dari barat memberikan salinan filem-filem Amerika yang disandera, yang digelarkannya untuk melihat rahsia melalui Romania. Menurut artikel itu, dia menyebut lebih daripada 3,000 filem dan menjadi suara keduanya yang paling terkenal di negara ini selepas Ceau\u015fescu, walaupun tidak ada yang tahu namanya hingga bertahun-tahun kemudian. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila negara mengharamkan filem? || penyebaran video dan DVD yang disalin <> Siapa pembuat dokumentari Ilinca Calugareanu menulis artikel untuk? || New York Times <> Apa pekerjaan Irina Margareta Nistor di Romania? || seorang narator untuk TV negeri <> Apa yang diberikan pengunjung kepada Nistor? || salinan filem filem di Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak filem yang diputar oleh Nistor untuk penampilan rahsia di Romania? || 3,000 <> Apa yang berlaku apabila negara menerima filem? || <> Siapa pembuat dokumentari Ilinca Calugareanu membuat gambar? || <> Apa pekerjaan Irina Margareta Nistor di Bulgaria? || <> Berapa banyak filem yang diputar oleh Nistor untuk penonton awam di Romania? || <> Apa yang diambil pengunjung daripada Nistor? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What happens when a country bans a movie?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918a", "answers": [{"text": "the spread of copied videos and DVDs", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918b", "answers": [{"text": "New York Times", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918c", "answers": [{"text": "a narrator for state TV", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a visitor give to Nistor?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918d", "answers": [{"text": "bootlegged copies of American movies", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918e", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the spread of copied videos and DVDs", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What happens when a country accepts a movie?", "id": "5acfcfaa77cf76001a686138", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "New York Times", "answer_start": 179}], "question": "Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu draw a picture for?", "id": "5acfcfaa77cf76001a686139", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a narrator for state TV", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Bulgaria?", "id": "5acfcfaa77cf76001a68613a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "How many movies did Nistor dub for public viewings in Romania?", "id": "5acfcfaa77cf76001a68613b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bootlegged copies of American movies", "answer_start": 338}], "question": "What did a visitor take from Nistor?", "id": "5acfcfaa77cf76001a68613c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor, a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu's regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after Ceau\u015fescu, even though no one knew her name until many years later."}], ["Di sesetengah negara, pengecualian penyalinan peribadi secara jelas memerlukan kandungan yang disalin diperolehi secara sah - iaitu, dari sumber yang dibenarkan, bukan rangkaian perkongsian fail. Negara lain, seperti Belanda, tidak membezakannya; pengecualian di sana telah diandaikan, bahkan oleh kerajaan, untuk memohon kepada apa-apa penyalinan sedemikian, walaupun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail. Walau bagaimanapun, pada bulan April 2014, Mahkamah Keadilan Kesatuan Eropah memutuskan bahawa \"undang-undang negara yang tidak membezakan antara salinan peribadi yang dibuat daripada sumber yang sah dan yang dibuat daripada sumber yang palsu atau cetak rompak tidak boleh diterima.\" Oleh itu, di Belanda, misalnya, muat turun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail tidak lagi sah. <> Apa pengecualian menyalin peribadi dengan jelas? || telah diperoleh secara sah <> Apa contoh negara yang pengecualian diandaikan? || Belanda <> Bilakah Mahkamah Keadilan EU membuat keputusan mengenai perbezaan? || April 2014 <> Di mana negara sedang memuat turun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail tidak lagi sah? || Belanda <> Apa pengecualian penyalinan peribadi secara jelas tidak perlu? || <> Apa contoh negara yang pengecualian tidak diandaikan? || <> Bilakah tidak Mahkamah Keadilan EU membuat keputusan mengenai perbezaan? || <> Di negara manakah yang memuat naik dari rangkaian perkongsian fail tidak lagi sah? || <> Di mana negara sedang memuat turun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail yang selalu sah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e6", "answers": [{"text": "was obtained legitimately", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e7", "answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e8", "answers": [{"text": "April 2014", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e9", "answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "was obtained legitimately", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "What does the personal copying exemption explicitly not need?", "id": "5ad00efa77cf76001a68682a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What is an example of a country that the exemption wasn't assumed?", "id": "5ad00efa77cf76001a68682b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 2014", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "When didn't the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?", "id": "5ad00efa77cf76001a68682c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "In which country is uploading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?", "id": "5ad00efa77cf76001a68682d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Netherlands", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network always legal?", "id": "5ad00efa77cf76001a68682e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately \u2013 i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to apply to any such copying, even from file-sharing networks. However, in April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that \"national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated.\" Thus, in the Netherlands, for example, downloading from file-sharing networks is no longer legal."}], ["Amerika Syarikat v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) adalah kes yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Daerah Amerika Syarikat untuk Daerah Massachusetts yang memutuskan bahawa, di bawah undang-undang hak cipta dan jenayah siber yang berkesan pada masa itu, melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta untuk motif bukan komersil tidak boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang hak cipta jenayah . Keputusan itu menimbulkan apa yang dikenali sebagai \"LaMacchia Loophole,\" di mana tuduhan jenayah penipuan atau pelanggaran hak cipta akan dibuang mengikut piawaian undang-undang semasa, selagi tidak terdapat motif keuntungan yang terlibat. <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat v. LaMacchia bertanding? || 1994 <> Pada masa itu, apa pelanggaran yang tidak boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang hak cipta jenayah? || motif bukan komersil <> Apa kelemahan yang dibuat oleh keputusan itu? || LaMacchia Loophole <> Jika tiada keuntungan yang terlibat, apa yang akan berlaku kepada tuduhan jenayah penipuan? || diberhentikan <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat v. LaMacchia tidak bertanding? || <> Pada masa itu, apa pelanggaran yang boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang hak cipta jenayah? || <> Apa kelemahan yang tidak keputusan itu menimbulkan? || <> Apa kelemahan yang membuat keputusan membunuh? || <> Jika ada keuntungan yang terlibat, apa yang akan berlaku terhadap tuduhan jenayah penipuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a4", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a5", "answers": [{"text": "non-commercial motives", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What loophole did the ruling give rise to?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a6", "answers": [{"text": "LaMacchia Loophole", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a7", "answers": [{"text": "dismissed", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "When was United States v. LaMacchia not contested?", "id": "5acfdc7e77cf76001a686326", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-commercial motives", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "At the time, what infringement could be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?", "id": "5acfdc7e77cf76001a686327", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "LaMacchia Loophole", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What loophole didn't the ruling give rise to?", "id": "5acfdc7e77cf76001a686328", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "LaMacchia Loophole,", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What loophole did the ruling kill?", "id": "5acfdc7e77cf76001a686329", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dismissed", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "If there is profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?", "id": "5acfdc7e77cf76001a68632a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the \"LaMacchia Loophole,\" wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved."}], ["Dalam sesetengah bidang kuasa, hak cipta atau hak untuk menguatkuasakannya boleh ditugaskan secara kontrak kepada pihak ketiga yang tidak mempunyai peranan dalam menghasilkan kerja tersebut. Apabila litigator penyumberan luar ini tidak mempunyai niat untuk mengambil apa-apa kes pelanggaran hak cipta untuk perbicaraan, tetapi hanya membawa mereka cukup jauh melalui sistem undang-undang untuk mengenal pasti dan tepat penyelesaian dari orang yang disyaki pelanggar, pengkritik biasanya merujuk kepada parti itu sebagai \"troll hak cipta . \" Amalan sedemikian mempunyai hasil yang bercampur-campur di A.S. <> Siapa yang boleh diberikan kontrak untuk menguatkuasakan hak cipta dalam beberapa bidang kuasa? || pihak ketiga <> Apa yang berlaku di luar peguam yang membawa pelaku ke mahkamah? || untuk mengenal pasti dan tepat penempatan <> Apa yang pengkritik biasanya memanggil peguam ini? || troll hak cipta <> Apa tindakan undang-undang ini di A.S.? || Hasil bercampur <> Siapa yang tidak dapat diberikan kontrak untuk menguatkuasakan hak cipta di beberapa bidang kuasa? || <> Siapa yang boleh diberikan kontrak untuk menguatkuasakan hak cipta dalam semua bidang kuasa? || <> Apa yang dilakukan di dalam peguam membuat pelaku ke mahkamah? || <> Apa pengkritik tidak pernah memanggil peguam ini? || <> Apa itu undang-undang di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec82", "answers": [{"text": "third party", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec83", "answers": [{"text": "to identify and exact settlements", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do critics usually call these lawyers?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec84", "answers": [{"text": "copyright troll", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec85", "answers": [{"text": "mixed results", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third party", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Who can't be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?", "id": "5acfd1b877cf76001a6861b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "third party", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in all jurisdictions?", "id": "5acfd1b877cf76001a6861b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to identify and exact settlements", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What do inside lawyers take infringers to court for?", "id": "5acfd1b877cf76001a6861b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright troll", "answer_start": 440}], "question": "What do critics never call these lawyers?", "id": "5acfd1b877cf76001a6861b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mixed results", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What don't these lawsuits have in the U.S.?", "id": "5acfd1b877cf76001a6861b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a \"copyright troll.\" Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S."}], ["Tajuk I DMCA A.S., Akta Pelaksanaan Hak Cipta dan Pelaksanaan dan Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Fonogram WIPO mempunyai peruntukan yang menghalang orang daripada \"mengelakkan [suatu] langkah teknologi yang berkesan mengawal akses ke suatu pekerjaan\". Oleh itu jika pengedar karya berhak cipta mempunyai beberapa jenis perisian, peranti akses dongle atau akses kata laluan yang dipasang dalam contoh kerja, sebarang percubaan untuk memintas skim perlindungan salinan seperti itu boleh dilakukan - walaupun Pejabat Hak Cipta AS sedang mengkaji pengisytiharan anticircumvention di bawah DMCA - Pengecualian anticircumvention yang telah disediakan di bawah DMCA termasuk dalam perisian yang direka untuk menapis tapak web yang umumnya dilihat tidak cekap (keselamatan kanak-kanak dan perisian penapisan laman web perpustakaan awam) dan pencegahan mekanisme perlindungan salinan yang telah rosak, telah menyebabkan contoh kerja untuk menjadi tidak beroperasi atau yang tidak lagi disokong oleh pengeluarnya. <> Apakah undang-undang A.S. yang menggunakan Hak Cipta WIPO kerana Title I? || DMCA <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang dengan sengaja memecahkan penyulitan pada filem atau permainan? || \"mengecualikan ukuran teknologi <> Pengecualian anticircumvention pada umumnya dilihat sebagai apa? || | tidak cekap <> Apa keselamatan kanak-kanak dan perisian perpustakaan awam yang digunakan untuk menapis? || laman web <> Apa undang-undang AS yang tidak ' t menggunakan Hak Cipta WIPO kerana ia Tajuk I? || <> Apa undang-undang PBB yang menggunakan Hak Cipta WIPO kerana Tajuk I? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang secara tidak sengaja memecahkan penyulitan pada filem atau permainan? <> Pengecualian anticircumvention pada umumnya tidak kelihatan apa? || <> Apakah keselamatan orang dewasa dan perisian perpustakaan awam yang digunakan untuk menapis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f6", "answers": [{"text": "DMCA", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f7", "answers": [{"text": "\"circumvent[ing] a technological measure", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f8", "answers": [{"text": "inefficient", "answer_start": 691}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are child safety and public library software used to filter?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f9", "answers": [{"text": "website", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DMCA", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is the U.S. law that doesn't use the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?", "id": "5ad00f5877cf76001a68683c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DMCA", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is the U.N. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?", "id": "5ad00f5877cf76001a68683d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "circumvent[ing] a technological measure", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "What is it called when someone unintentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?", "id": "5ad00f5877cf76001a68683e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inefficient", "answer_start": 691}], "question": "Anticircumvention exemptions are generally not seen to be what?", "id": "5ad00f5877cf76001a68683f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "website", "answer_start": 736}], "question": "What are adult safety and public library software used to filter?", "id": "5ad00f5877cf76001a686840", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from \"circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work\". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable \u2013 though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA \u2013 anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers."}], ["Akta Pencurian Elektronik Amerika Syarikat (Akta Pencegahan Elektronik) (undang-undang persekutuan yang diluluskan pada 1997, sebagai tindak balas kepada LaMacchia, memperuntukkan pendakwaan jenayah terhadap individu yang terlibat dalam pelanggaran hak cipta dalam keadaan tertentu, walaupun tidak ada keuntungan kewangan atau faedah komersil dari pelanggaran itu. Penalti maksimum boleh lima tahun penjara dan denda $ 250,000. Akta BERSIH juga menimbulkan ganti rugi statutori sebanyak 50%. Keputusan mahkamah secara eksplisit menarik perhatian pada kekurangan hukum saat ini yang memungkinkan orang untuk memfasilitasi pelanggaran hak cipta massa ketika sedang kebal terhadap pendakwaan di bawah Akta Hak Cipta. <> Apakah undang-undang persekutuan telah meluluskan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1997, sebagai tindak balas kepada LaMacchia Loophole? || Tiada Akta Pencurian Elektronik <> Apakah masa penjara maksimum untuk pelanggaran di bawah undang-undang baru? || lima tahun penjara <> Apa denda monetari maksimum di bawah undang-undang baru? || $ 250,000 <> Berapa banyak ganti rugi statutori yang dibangkitkan oleh? || 50% <> Apa undang-undang yang dipanggil supaya orang menjadi kebal terhadap pendakwaan? || Akta Hak Cipta <> Apakah undang-undang persekutuan telah meluluskan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1999, sebagai tindak balas kepada LaMacchia Loophole? || <> Apakah masa penjara minimum untuk pelanggaran di bawah undang-undang baru? || <> Apakah denda monetari minimum di bawah undang-undang baru? || <> Berapa banyak ganti rugi statutori yang diturunkan oleh? || <> Apa undang-undang yang dipanggil supaya orang menjadi kebal terhadap penganiayaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2c9", "answers": [{"text": "No Electronic Theft Act", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2ca", "answers": [{"text": "five years in prison", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cb", "answers": [{"text": "$250,000", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much were statutory damages raised by?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cc", "answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cd", "answers": [{"text": "Copyright Act", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No Electronic Theft Act", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What federal law did the United States pass in 1999, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?", "id": "5acfdcfa77cf76001a686330", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five years in prison", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What is the minimum prison time for infringement under the new law?", "id": "5acfdcfa77cf76001a686331", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$250,000", "answer_start": 363}], "question": "What is the minimum monetary fine under the new law?", "id": "5acfdcfa77cf76001a686332", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50%", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "How much were statutory damages lowered by?", "id": "5acfdcfa77cf76001a686333", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Copyright Act", "answer_start": 618}], "question": "What was the law called that let people be immune to persecution?", "id": "5acfdcfa77cf76001a686334", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $250,000 in fines. The NET Act also raised statutory damages by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the Copyright Act."}], ["Di A.S., pelanggaran hak cipta kadang-kadang dihadapi melalui tindakan undang-undang di mahkamah sivil, terhadap pengacara yang didakwa secara langsung, atau terhadap penyedia perkhidmatan dan perisian yang menyokong penyalinan tidak sah. Sebagai contoh, korporat gerakan gambar utama MGM Studios memfailkan saman terhadap perkhidmatan perkongsian fail P2P Grokster dan Streamcast kerana peranan penyumbang mereka dalam pelanggaran hak cipta. Pada tahun 2005, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan untuk memihak kepada MGM, memegang bahawa perkhidmatan tersebut boleh dipertanggungjawabkan untuk pelanggaran hak cipta kerana mereka berfungsi dan sesungguhnya, dengan sengaja memasarkan diri mereka sebagai tempat untuk memperoleh filem berhak cipta. Kes MGM v. Grokster tidak membatalkan keputusan Sony yang terdahulu, tetapi melimpahi perairan yang sah; Pereka perisian masa depan yang mampu digunakan untuk pelanggaran hak cipta telah diberi amaran. <> Di A.S., di manakah pelanggaran hak cipta yang dipertandingkan? || Mahkamah Sivil <> Siapa yang studio MGM memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang terhadap? || Grokster dan Streamcast <> Pada tahun 2005, siapa yang membuat keputusan Mahkamah Agung memihak? || MGM <> Apa perkhidmatan perkongsian fail P2P memasarkan diri mereka sebagai? || tempat untuk memperoleh filem hak cipta <> Keputusan kes studio apa TIDAK terbalik? || Sony <> Di A.S., di mana pelanggaran hak cipta tidak bertanding? || <> Siapa yang studio MGM tidak memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang? || <> Pada tahun 2015, siapa yang membuat keputusan Mahkamah Agung memihak? || <> Apa perkhidmatan perkongsian fail P2P tidak memasarkan diri mereka sebagai? || <> Apa keputusan kes studio terbalik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec78", "answers": [{"text": "civil court", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec79", "answers": [{"text": "Grokster and Streamcast", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7a", "answers": [{"text": "MGM", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7b", "answers": [{"text": "venues for acquiring copyrighted movies", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7c", "answers": [{"text": "Sony", "answer_start": 677}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "civil court", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "In the U.S., where is copyright infringement uncontested?", "id": "5acfd13e77cf76001a68618e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grokster and Streamcast", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "Who did MGM studios not file a lawsuit against?", "id": "5acfd13e77cf76001a68618f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "MGM", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "In 2015, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?", "id": "5acfd13e77cf76001a686190", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "venues for acquiring copyrighted movies", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What did P2P file sharing services not market themselves as?", "id": "5acfd13e77cf76001a686191", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sony", "answer_start": 677}], "question": "What studio's case decision was overturned?", "id": "5acfd13e77cf76001a686192", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned."}], ["Pengecualian penyalinan peribadi dalam undang-undang hak cipta negara anggota EU berasal dari Arahan Hak Cipta EU 2001, yang pada umumnya dirumuskan untuk membolehkan anggota EU memberlakukan undang-undang yang menyetujui membuat salinan tanpa kebenaran, selagi mereka digunakan untuk kegunaan pribadi dan bukan komersial. Arahan Hak Cipta tidak bertujuan untuk mengesahkan perkongsian fail, melainkan amalan umum ruang yang memindahkan kandungan yang dilindungi hak cipta dari CD yang dibeli secara sah (contohnya) kepada jenis peranti dan media tertentu, dengan syarat pemegang hak diberi pampasan dan tidak ada perlindungan salinan langkah-langkah dielakkan. Pampasan pemegang hak mengambil pelbagai bentuk, bergantung kepada negara, tetapi secara amnya sama ada levi pada \"rakaman\" peranti dan media, atau cukai ke atas kandungan itu sendiri. Di sesetengah negara, seperti Kanada, kebolehgunaan undang-undang sedemikian untuk menyalin ke peranti simpanan umum seperti pemacu cakera komputer, pemain media mudah alih, dan telefon, yang mana tiada levi dikumpulkan, telah menjadi subjek perdebatan dan usaha selanjutnya untuk pembaharuan undang-undang hak cipta. <> Apa arahan pada 2001 membiarkan negara-negara Kesatuan Eropah untuk menggubal undang-undang yang membenarkan membuat salinan untuk kegunaan peribadi? || Arahan Hak Cipta EU 2001 <> Apakah arahan TIDAK untuk? || mengesahkan perkongsian fail <> Pampasan kepada pemegang hak biasanya levi atau apa lagi? || cukai ke atas kandungan itu sendiri <> Apa contoh negara yang tidak mempunyai levi yang dipungut? || Kanada <> Apakah contoh alat penyimpanan tujuan umum? || cakera keras komputer, pemain media mudah alih dan telefon <> Apa arahan pada 2010 membiarkan negara-negara Kesatuan Eropah untuk membuat undang-undang yang membenarkan membuat salinan untuk kegunaan peribadi? || <> Apakah arahan yang dimaksudkan untuk? || <> Pampasan kepada pemegang hak tidak pernah menjadi levi atau apa lagi? || <> Apa contoh negara yang mempunyai semua levi yang dipungut? || <> Apakah contoh alat penyimpanan tujuan khusus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d2", "answers": [{"text": "EU Copyright Directive of 2001", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the directive NOT intended for?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d3", "answers": [{"text": "legitimize file-sharing", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d4", "answers": [{"text": "a tax on the content itself", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d5", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are examples of general purpose storage devices?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d6", "answers": [{"text": "computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones", "answer_start": 889}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EU Copyright Directive of 2001", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What directive in 2010 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?", "id": "5ad00e0477cf76001a686816", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legitimize file-sharing", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What was the directive intended for?", "id": "5ad00e0477cf76001a686817", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tax on the content itself", "answer_start": 743}], "question": "Compensation to the rights-holder is never a levy or what else?", "id": "5ad00e0477cf76001a686818", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 797}], "question": "What is an example of a country that has all levies collected?", "id": "5ad00e0477cf76001a686819", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones", "answer_start": 889}], "question": "What are examples of specific purpose storage devices?", "id": "5ad00e0477cf76001a68681a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on \"recording\" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law."}], ["Peruntukan jenayah pertama di undang-undang hak cipta A.S. ditambahkan pada tahun 1897, yang menimbulkan hukuman penalti untuk \"pertunjukan dan perwakilan yang melanggar hukum dramatik dan komposisi musik\" jika pelanggaran itu \"sengaja dan untuk keuntungan\". Pelanggaran hak cipta jenayah menghendaki pelanggar bertindak \"untuk tujuan kelebihan komersial atau keuntungan kewangan swasta.\" 17 A.S.C. \u00a7 506. Untuk menubuhkan liabiliti jenayah, pendakwa mesti terlebih dahulu menunjukkan unsur-unsur asas pelanggaran hak cipta: pemilikan hak cipta yang sah, dan pelanggaran hak eksklusif pemegang hak cipta satu atau lebih. Kerajaan kemudiannya harus menetapkan bahawa defendan sengaja dilanggar atau, dengan kata lain, memiliki hak-hak yang diperlukan. Pelanggaran Misdemeanor mempunyai ambang yang sangat rendah dari segi jumlah salinan dan nilai karya yang dilanggar. <> Bilakah bahagian jenayah hak cipta pertama di A.S. ditambah? || 1897 <> Apa jenis penalti dibuat untuk persembahan yang menyalahi undang-undang yang sengaja dan untuk keuntungan? || Misdemeanor <> Apa yang pelanggar kejahatan lakukan untuk didakwa? || untuk tujuan kelebihan komersil atau keuntungan kewangan swasta <> Apa yang harus ditunjukkan oleh prosecuter selepas unsur-unsur asas pelanggaran? || bahawa defendan dengan sengaja melanggar <> Apakah ambang bilangan salinan dan nilai kerja? || ambang yang sangat rendah <> Bilakah bahagian jenayah hak cipta terakhir di A.S. ditambah? || <> Apakah jenis penalti yang dibuat untuk persembahan yang sah dan sengaja? || <> Apa yang pelanggar jenayah tidak dilakukan untuk didakwa? || <> Apa yang tidak harus menunjukkan kepada para pendakwa selepas unsur-unsur asas pelanggaran? || <> Apa yang tidak ambang bilangan salinan dan nilai kerja? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ab", "answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ac", "answers": [{"text": "misdemeanor", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ad", "answers": [{"text": "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ae", "answers": [{"text": "that defendant willfully infringed", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2af", "answers": [{"text": "very low threshold", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "When was the last criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?", "id": "5acfd2e577cf76001a6861ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "misdemeanor", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What type of penalty was made for lawful performances that are willful and for profit?", "id": "5acfd2e577cf76001a6861ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain.", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "What did a criminal infringer not do to be prosecuted?", "id": "5acfd2e577cf76001a6861f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that defendant willfully infringed", "answer_start": 665}], "question": "What mustn't a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?", "id": "5acfd2e577cf76001a6861f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "very low threshold", "answer_start": 785}], "question": "What isn't the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?", "id": "5acfd2e577cf76001a6861f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for \"unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions\" if the violation had been \"willful and for profit.\" Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted \"for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain.\" 17 U.S.C. \u00a7 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works."}], ["Kes-kes mahkamah awal memberi tumpuan kepada liabiliti penyedia perkhidmatan Internet (ISP) untuk menganjurkan, menghantar atau menerbitkan kandungan yang dibekalkan pengguna yang boleh diambil tindakan di bawah undang-undang sivil atau jenayah, seperti fitnah, fitnah, atau pornografi. Oleh kerana kandungan yang berbeza dipertimbangkan dalam sistem undang-undang yang berlainan, dan dengan ketiadaan definisi biasa untuk \"ISP,\" \"papan buletin\" atau \"penerbit dalam talian,\" undang-undang awal mengenai liabiliti pengantara dalam talian berbeza-beza secara meluas dari negara ke negara. Undang-undang pertama mengenai liabiliti pengantara dalam talian telah diluluskan sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an dan seterusnya. [Rujukan?] Siapa yang membuat kes-kes mahkamah awal memberi tumpuan? || Penyedia perkhidmatan Internet <> Apa yang boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang sivil atau jenayah? || fitnah, fitnah, atau pornografi <> Apa hasil undang-undang awal mengenai liabiliti dalam talian? || bervariasi secara meluas dari negara ke negara <> Bilakah undang-undang liabiliti pertama diluluskan? || pertengahan tahun 1990-an <> Siapa yang tidak memusatkan kes mahkamah awal? || <> Siapa yang membuat kes di mahkamah lewat? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang sivil atau jenayah? || <> Apakah keputusan undang-undang awal mengenai liabiliti luar talian? || <> Bilakah undang-undang liabiliti terakhir diluluskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did early court cases focus on?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc2", "answers": [{"text": "Internet service providers", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc3", "answers": [{"text": "libel, defamation, or pornography", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the result of early law on online liability?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc4", "answers": [{"text": "varied widely from country to country", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the first laws of liability passed?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc5", "answers": [{"text": "mid-1990s", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet service providers", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who didn't early court cases focus on?", "id": "5ad0100877cf76001a686864", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Internet service providers", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who did late court cases focus on?", "id": "5ad0100877cf76001a686865", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "libel, defamation, or pornography", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "What couldn't be sued for under civil or criminal law?", "id": "5ad0100877cf76001a686866", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "varied widely from country to country", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "What was the result of early law on offline liability?", "id": "5ad0100877cf76001a686867", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-1990s", "answer_start": 553}], "question": "When were the last laws of liability passed?", "id": "5ad0100877cf76001a686868", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for \"ISPs,\" \"bulletin boards\" or \"online publishers,\" early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]"}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, sama ada dan sejauh mana mana-mana jenis perantara ini mempunyai liabiliti menengah adalah subjek tindakan undang-undang yang berterusan. Struktur rangkaian peer-to-peer yang terdesentralisasi, khususnya, tidak mudah dipenuhi dengan undang-undang yang ada pada liabiliti pengantara dalam talian. Protokol BitTorrent menubuhkan senibina rangkaian yang sepenuhnya untuk mendistribusikan fail besar secara berkesan. Perkembangan terbaru dalam teknologi peer-to-peer ke arah konfigurasi rangkaian yang lebih kompleks dikatakan telah didorong oleh keinginan untuk mengelakkan liabiliti sebagai perantara di bawah undang-undang yang sedia ada. <> Apakah status undang-undang liabiliti menengah? || subjek litigasi yang berterusan <> Apa yang membuat rangkaian peer-to-peer berbeza daripada pembekal dalam talian yang lain? || struktur yang terdesentralisasi <> Apakah tujuan awal protokol BitTorrent? || mengagihkan fail besar dengan berkesan <> Apakah sebab-sebab konfigurasi rangkaian yang lebih rumit dalam pembangunan perisian sebaya? || untuk mengelakkan liabiliti sebagai perantara <> Apakah status undang-undang liabiliti utama? || <> Apa yang menjadikan rangkaian peer-to-peer sama seperti pembekal dalam talian yang lain? || <> Apakah tujuan akhir protokol BitTorrent? || <> Apa tujuan awal protokol BitTorrent? || <> Apakah sebab-sebab konfigurasi rangkaian yang lebih mudah dalam pembangunan perisian peer-to-peer? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the legal status of secondary liability?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d353", "answers": [{"text": "subject of ongoing litigation", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d354", "answers": [{"text": "decentralised structure", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d355", "answers": [{"text": "distribute large files effectively", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d356", "answers": [{"text": "to avoid liability as intermediaries", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "subject of ongoing litigation", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What is the legal status of primary liability?", "id": "5ad012bf77cf76001a6868c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "decentralised structure", "answer_start": 145}], "question": "What makes peer-to-peer networks the same as other online providers?", "id": "5ad012bf77cf76001a6868c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "distribute large files effectively", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What was the final purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?", "id": "5ad012bf77cf76001a6868ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "distribute large files effectively", "answer_start": 381}], "question": "What wasn't the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?", "id": "5ad012bf77cf76001a6868cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to avoid liability as intermediaries", "answer_start": 549}], "question": "What are the reasons for more simple network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?", "id": "5ad012bf77cf76001a6868cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws."}], ["Di Eropah, kes pelanggaran hak cipta Persatuan Perunding Perhubungan Awam Ltd v Akhbar Perlesenan Agensi Ltd mempunyai dua bahagian; orang yang peduli apakah layanan agregator berita melanggar hak cipta generator berita; yang lain berkenaan apakah cache web sementara yang dibuat oleh penyemak imbas web pengguna dari layanan agregator, juga melanggar hak cipta generator berita. Batang pertama telah diputuskan untuk menyokong penjana berita; pada bulan Jun 2014, cabang kedua diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Keadilan Kesatuan Eropah (CJEU), yang memutuskan bahawa cache web sementara pengguna agregator tidak melanggar hak cipta penjana berita. <> Di manakah Persatuan Perunding Perhubungan Awam Ltd v Agensi Perlesenan Surat Khabar Surat Khabar yang dipertandingkan? || Eropah <> Siapa hak cipta yang agregator berita melanggar? || penjana berita <> Bilakah bahagian kedua kes itu diputuskan? || Jun 2014 <> Apa peraturan mahkamah TIDAK pelanggaran? || cache web sementara pengguna <> Di mana Persatuan Perunding Perhubungan Swasta Ltd v Agensi Perlesenan Surat Khabar Ltd bertanding? || <> Di manakah Persatuan Perunding Perhubungan Awam Ltd v Surat Khas Perlesenan Agensi Ltd tidak dipertentangkan? || <> Hak cipta siapa yang bukan agregator berita yang melanggar? || <> Bilakah bahagian kedua kes itu belum selesai? || <> Apakah peraturan mahkamah adalah pelanggaran? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9286", "answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9287", "answers": [{"text": "news generators", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the second part of the case decided?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9288", "answers": [{"text": "June 2014", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9289", "answers": [{"text": "temporary web cache of consumers", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Where was the Private Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?", "id": "5ad0148477cf76001a68690c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europe", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case not contested?", "id": "5ad0148477cf76001a68690d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "news generators", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "Whose copyright weren't news aggregators infringing on?", "id": "5ad0148477cf76001a68690e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2014", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "When was the second part of the case undecided?", "id": "5ad0148477cf76001a68690f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "temporary web cache of consumers", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What did the courts rule was infringement?", "id": "5ad0148477cf76001a686910", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators."}], ["Perbadanan dan badan perundangan mengambil pelbagai jenis langkah pencegahan untuk menghalang pelanggaran hak cipta, dengan banyak tumpuan sejak awal 1990-an sedang menghalang atau mengurangkan kaedah digital pelanggaran. Strategi termasuk pendidikan, undang-undang sivil & jenayah, dan perjanjian antarabangsa, serta mempublikasikan kejayaan litigasi anti-lanun dan mengenakan bentuk perlindungan salinan media digital, seperti teknologi DRM kontroversial dan undang-undang anti-pengintipan, yang membatasi jumlah pengguna kawalan yang ada ke atas penggunaan produk dan kandungan yang telah mereka beli. <> Siapa yang mengambil langkah yang berbeza untuk menghalang pelanggaran? || Korporat dan perundangan <> Apakah fokus utama langkah-langkah ini? || mencegah atau mengurangkan kaedah pelanggaran digital <> Apakah jenis undang-undang yang menjadi strategi untuk mencegah pelanggaran? || sivil & jenayah <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh undang-undang DRM dan anti-pengintipan? || had jumlah pengguna kawalan yang ada <> Siapa yang mengambil langkah yang berbeza untuk membenarkan pelanggaran? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah mengambil langkah yang berbeza untuk menghalang pelanggaran? || <> Apakah fokus kecil langkah-langkah ini? || <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang bukan strategi untuk mencegah pelanggaran? || <> Apa yang tidak dilakukan oleh undang-undang DRM dan anti-pengintipan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bc", "answers": [{"text": "Corporations and legislatures", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the major focus of these steps?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bd", "answers": [{"text": "preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92be", "answers": [{"text": "civil & criminal", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bf", "answers": [{"text": "limit the amount of control consumers have", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Corporations and legislatures", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who takes different steps to allow infringement?", "id": "5ad0163077cf76001a686958", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Corporations and legislatures", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who never takes different steps to prevent infringement?", "id": "5ad0163077cf76001a686959", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What is the minor focus of these steps?", "id": "5ad0163077cf76001a68695a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "civil & criminal", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "What kinds of legislation aren't a strategy for preventing infringement?", "id": "5ad0163077cf76001a68695b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "limit the amount of control consumers have", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "What doesn't DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?", "id": "5ad0163077cf76001a68695c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased."}], ["Di A.S., contohnya, undang-undang kes hak cipta mengandungi keperluan persamaan yang besar untuk menentukan sama ada kerja itu disalin. Begitu juga, mahkamah mungkin memerlukan perisian komputer untuk lulus Ujian Perbandingan Abstraksi-Penapisan (Ujian AFC) untuk menentukan sama ada ia terlalu abstrak untuk memenuhi syarat untuk perlindungan, atau terlalu berbeza dengan kerja asal yang dianggap melanggar. Undang-undang kes yang berkaitan dengan perisian juga menjelaskan bahawa jumlah R & D, usaha dan perbelanjaan yang dimasukkan ke dalam penciptaan kerja tidak mempengaruhi perlindungan hak cipta. <> Negara mana yang memerlukan keperluan keserupaan untuk menentukan sama ada kerja itu disalin? || A.S. <> Ujian apa yang mungkin pengadilan memerlukan perisian untuk lulus untuk menentukan sama ada ia dilindungi atau melanggar? || Ujian Perbandingan Abstraksi-Penapisan <> Apa yang berlaku undang-undang kes perisian mengenai R & D, usaha dan perbelanjaan yang dimasukkan ke dalam penciptaan? || tidak menjejaskan perlindungan hak cipta <> Negara manakah yang memerlukan keperluan persamaan untuk menentukan sama ada kerja itu tidak disalin? || <> Negara manakah yang tidak memerlukan keperluan keserupaan untuk menentukan sama ada kerja itu disalin? || <> Ujian apa yang mungkin pengadilan memerlukan perkakasan untuk lulus untuk menentukan apakah ia dilindungi atau melanggar? || <> Ujian apa yang mungkin pengadilan memerlukan perisian untuk lulus untuk menentukan sama ada ia tidak dilindungi atau melanggar? || <> Apa yang berlaku undang-undang kes perkakasan mengenai R & D, usaha dan perbelanjaan yang dimasukkan ke dalam penciptaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?", "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a2", "answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?", "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a3", "answers": [{"text": "Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?", "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a4", "answers": [{"text": "doesn't affect copyright protection", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work wasn't copied?", "id": "5ad015bf77cf76001a686944", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "Which country doesn't need a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?", "id": "5ad015bf77cf76001a686945", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What test might courts require hardware to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?", "id": "5ad015bf77cf76001a686946", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it isn't protected or infringing?", "id": "5ad015bf77cf76001a686947", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "doesn't affect copyright protection", "answer_start": 485}], "question": "What has hardware case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?", "id": "5ad015bf77cf76001a686948", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection."}], ["Untuk memenuhi syarat untuk perlindungan, kerja mestilah ungkapan dengan tahap keaslian, dan ia mestilah dalam medium tetap, seperti tertulis di atas kertas atau direkodkan secara digital. Ide itu sendiri tidak dilindungi. Maksudnya, satu salinan idea asal orang lain tidak melanggar hakikat melainkan ia menyalin idea yang unik dan nyata dari orang tersebut. Beberapa batasan ini, terutamanya mengenai apa yang layak sebagai asal, hanya terkandung dalam undang-undang kes (precedent kehakiman), dan bukannya dalam undang-undang. <> Jika kerja mesti merangkumi tahap keaslian, apa lagi yang perlu dipertahankan untuk dilindungi? || dalam medium tetap <> Apa yang TIDAK dilindungi? || Ide itu sendiri <> Apa yang membuat salinan idea asal melanggar? || ia menyalin ungkapan yang unik dan nyata dari orang tersebut <> Apakah batasan yang hanya terkandung dalam undang-undang, bukan patung? || apa yang layak sebagai asal <> Jika kerja mesti mengecualikan darjah keaslian, apa lagi yang perlu dipertahankan untuk dilindungi? || <> Jika kerja mesti menyertakan derajat orisinalitas, apa lagi yang tidak boleh dimiliki untuk dilindungi? || <> Apa yang dilindungi? || <> Apa yang menjadikan salinan idea orang kurang ajar melanggar? || <> Apakah batasan yang hanya terkandung dalam undang-undang, dan juga dalam patung-patung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff7", "answers": [{"text": "in a fixed medium", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is NOT protected?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff8", "answers": [{"text": "The idea itself", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff9", "answers": [{"text": "it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ffa", "answers": [{"text": "what qualifies as original", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in a fixed medium", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "If a work must exclude a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?", "id": "5ad0152b77cf76001a686928", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in a fixed medium", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "If a work must include a degree of originality, what else mustn't it contain to be protected?", "id": "5ad0152b77cf76001a686929", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The idea itself", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What is protected?", "id": "5ad0152b77cf76001a68692a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "What makes a copy of an unoriginal idea infringing?", "id": "5ad0152b77cf76001a68692b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "what qualifies as original", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "What limitation is only embodied in case law, and also in statues?", "id": "5ad0152b77cf76001a68692c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes."}], ["Satu lagi contoh adalah amalan pelesenan wajib, di mana undang-undang melarang pemilik hak cipta daripada menafikan lesen untuk menggunakan tertentu jenis kerja tertentu, seperti kompilasi dan persembahan secara langsung muzik. Undang-undang pelesenan wajib secara amnya mengatakan bahawa untuk kegunaan tertentu karya tertentu, pelanggaran tidak berlaku selagi royalti, pada kadar yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang dan bukannya rundingan swasta, dibayar kepada pemilik hak cipta atau kolektif hak kolektif. Beberapa undang-undang berurusan adil, seperti Kanada, termasuk keperluan royalti yang sama. <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila undang-undang melarang pemilik hak cipta daripada menafikan lesen untuk kegunaan tertentu? || pelesenan wajib <> Apakah dua contoh pelesenan ini? || kompilasi dan persembahan secara langsung muzik <> Apa yang berlaku jika royalti dibayar kepada pemilik hak cipta atau wakil? || tiada pelanggaran berlaku <> Apa negara mempunyai undang-undang berurusan adil? || Kanada <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila undang-undang membenarkan pemilik hak cipta menyangkal lesen untuk kegunaan tertentu? || <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila undang-undang melarang pemilik hak cipta daripada menerima lesen untuk kegunaan tertentu? || <> Apa yang tidak ada dua contoh pelesenan ini? || <> Apa yang berlaku jika royalti tidak dibayar kepada pemilik atau wakil hak cipta? || <> Negara apa yang tidak mempunyai undang-undang berurusan yang adil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e927e", "answers": [{"text": "compulsory licensing", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two examples of this licensing?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e927f", "answers": [{"text": "compilations and live performances of music", "answer_start": 180}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e9280", "answers": [{"text": "no infringement occurs", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has fair dealing laws?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e9281", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compulsory licensing", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is it called when a law allows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?", "id": "5ad013e577cf76001a6868f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compulsory licensing", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses?", "id": "5ad013e577cf76001a6868f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "compilations and live performances of music", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What aren't two examples of this licensing?", "id": "5ad013e577cf76001a6868fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no infringement occurs", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What happens if a royalty isn't paid to the copyright owner or representative?", "id": "5ad013e577cf76001a6868fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "What country has no fair dealing laws?", "id": "5ad013e577cf76001a6868fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements."}], ["Jenis perantaraan ini tidak menganjurkan atau menghantar kandungan yang melanggar, diri mereka sendiri, tetapi boleh dianggap di beberapa mahkamah sebagai menggalakkan, membolehkan atau memudahkan pelanggaran oleh pengguna. Pengantara ini mungkin termasuk pengarang, penerbit dan pemasar perisian rangkaian peer-to-peer, dan laman web yang membolehkan pengguna memuat turun perisian tersebut. Dalam hal protokol BitTorrent, perantara mungkin termasuk pelacak torrent dan mana-mana laman web atau enjin carian yang memudahkan akses ke fail torrent. Fail-fail Torrent tidak mengandungi kandungan berhak cipta, tetapi mereka boleh membuat rujukan kepada fail yang dilakukan, dan mereka boleh menunjuk kepada pengesan yang menyelaraskan perkongsian fail tersebut. Beberapa tapak pengindeksan dan carian torrent, seperti The Pirate Bay, kini menggalakkan penggunaan pautan magnet, bukannya pautan terus ke fail torrent, mewujudkan satu lagi kelonggaran; menggunakan pautan sedemikian, fail torrent diperoleh dari rakan sebaya lain, bukan dari laman web tertentu. <> Apa jenis perantara tertentu TIDAK lakukan? || hos atau menghantar kandungan melanggar <> Protokol apa yang menggunakan perantara yang termasuk pelacak torrent? || BitTorrent <> Apa yang fail Torrent TIDAK mengandungi? || Kandungan berhak cipta <> Apakah tapak torrent yang menggunakan pautan magnet untuk berkongsi rakan sebaya? || The Pirate Bay <> Apa jenis perantara tertentu? || <> Apa protokol yang tidak digunakan perantara yang termasuk pelacak torrent? || <> Apa protokol yang digunakan perantara yang tidak termasuk pelacak torrent? || <> Apa yang mengandungi fail Torrent? || <> Apakah tapak torrent yang menggunakan pautan magnet untuk menghalang rakan sebaya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33b", "answers": [{"text": "host or transmit infringing content", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33c", "answers": [{"text": "BitTorrent", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Torrent files NOT contain?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33d", "answers": [{"text": "copyrighted content", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33e", "answers": [{"text": "The Pirate Bay", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "host or transmit infringing content", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What do certain type of intermediaries do?", "id": "5ad0126977cf76001a6868b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BitTorrent", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What protocol do intermediaries not use that include a torrent tracker?", "id": "5ad0126977cf76001a6868b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BitTorrent", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What protocol do intermediaries use that exclude a torrent tracker?", "id": "5ad0126977cf76001a6868ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyrighted content", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "What do Torrent files contain?", "id": "5ad0126977cf76001a6868bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Pirate Bay", "answer_start": 736}], "question": "What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to block peer-to-peer?", "id": "5ad0126977cf76001a6868bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files. Torrent files don't contain copyrighted content, but they may make reference to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of magnet links, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website."}], ["Artikel 10 Konvensyen Berne menyatakan bahawa undang-undang negara memberi keterbatasan kepada hakcipta, supaya perlindungan hak cipta tidak diberikan kepada jenis kegunaan tertentu yang berada di bawah apa yang disebut perjanjian \"amalan adil\", termasuk tetapi tidak terhad kepada petikan minimum yang digunakan dalam kewartawanan dan pendidikan. Undang-undang yang melaksanakan batasan dan pengecualian untuk kegunaan yang sebaliknya akan melanggar secara umum jatuh ke dalam kategori sama ada penggunaan adil atau urusan yang adil. Dalam sistem undang-undang umum, undang-undang amalan yang saksama ini biasanya mengandungi prinsip-prinsip enshrrine yang mendasari terdahulu pengadilan terdahulu, dan dianggap penting untuk kebebasan bersuara. <> Apakah Artikel 10 dari Konvensyen Berne memanggil penggunaan tertentu yang membatasi hak cipta? || amalan adil <> Di manakah petikan yang biasa digunakan? || kewartawanan dan pendidikan <> Apakah kategori yang berfungsi yang biasanya dianggap melanggar hak? || penggunaan adil atau berurusan adil <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh undang-undang ini? || prinsip-prinsip yang mendasari terdahulu terdahulu terdahulu <> Apakah undang-undang ini penting untuk? || kebebasan bercakap <> Apakah Artikel 11 Konvensyen Berne memanggil penggunaan tertentu yang membatasi hak cipta? || <> Apakah Artikel 10 Konvensyen Berne tidak memanggil penggunaan tertentu yang membatas hak cipta? || <> Di mana petikan maksimum yang biasa digunakan? || <> Kategori apa yang berfungsi yang biasanya tidak dianggap melanggar hak? || <> Apakah undang-undang ini tidak mewakili? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fd9", "answers": [{"text": "fair practice", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are minimal quotations commonly used?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fda", "answers": [{"text": "journalism and education", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdb", "answers": [{"text": "fair use or fair dealing", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do these statutes represent?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdc", "answers": [{"text": "principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are these statutes essential to?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdd", "answers": [{"text": "freedom of speech", "answer_start": 635}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fair practice", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What does Article 11 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?", "id": "5ad0137b77cf76001a6868dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fair practice", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention not call certain uses that limit copyright?", "id": "5ad0137b77cf76001a6868dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "journalism and education", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "Where are maximum quotations commonly used?", "id": "5ad0137b77cf76001a6868de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fair use or fair dealing", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "What categories do work that wouldn't normally be considered infringing fall into?", "id": "5ad0137b77cf76001a6868df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "What don't these statutes represent?", "id": "5ad0137b77cf76001a6868e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls \"fair practice,\" including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech."}], ["Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital A.S. (1998) dan Arahan E-Commerce Eropah (2000) menyediakan pengantara dalam talian dengan imuniti berkanun terhad dari liabiliti untuk pelanggaran hak cipta. Pengantara dalam talian yang menganjurkan kandungan yang melanggar hak cipta tidak boleh dipertanggungjawabkan, selagi mereka tidak tahu mengenainya dan mengambil tindakan sebaik sahaja kandungan yang melanggar telah dibawa ke perhatian mereka. Dalam undang-undang A.S. ini dicirikan sebagai \"pelabuhan selamat\" peruntukan. Di bawah undang-undang Eropah, prinsip pentadbir untuk Penyedia Perkhidmatan Internet adalah \"saluran kecil\", yang bermaksud bahawa mereka adalah 'paip' neutral tanpa pengetahuan tentang apa yang mereka bawa; dan 'tidak ada kewajipan untuk memantau' bermaksud bahawa mereka tidak boleh diberi mandat am oleh kerajaan untuk memantau kandungan. Kedua-dua prinsip ini adalah halangan bagi beberapa bentuk penguatkuasaan hak cipta dalam talian dan mereka adalah sebab di sebalik percubaan untuk meminda Pakej Telecom Eropah pada tahun 2009 untuk menyokong langkah-langkah baru terhadap pelanggaran hak cipta. <> Apa undang-undang yang digubal di A.S. pada tahun 1998 memberi pengantara dalam talian kekebalan berkanun yang terhad? || Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital <> Bagaimana undang-undang ini dicirikan di A.S.? || selamat di <> di E.U., apakah prinsip-prinsip untuk ISP? || hanya saluran <> Apa yang dipanggil ketika perantara tidak dapat diberikan perintah oleh pemerintah untuk memantau apa yang terjadi pada layanan mereka? || tiada kewajipan untuk memantau <> Apa yang cuba dipinda pada tahun 2009 untuk menyokong cara-cara baru untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak cipta? || Pakej Telekom Eropah <> Apa undang-undang yang ditolak di A.S. pada tahun 1998 memberi pengantara dalam talian imuniti berkanun terhad? || <> Bagaimana undang-undang ini dicirikan dalam U.N.? || <> Dalam E.U., apakah prinsip-prinsip untuk ISP? || <> Apa yang dipanggil ketika perantara tidak dapat diberikan perintah oleh pemerintah untuk mengabaikan apa yang terjadi pada layanan mereka? || <> Apa yang cuba dipinda pada tahun 2007 untuk menyokong cara baru untuk menghalang pelanggaran hak cipta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb1", "answers": [{"text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is this law characterized in the U.S.?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb2", "answers": [{"text": "safe harbor", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb3", "answers": [{"text": "mere conduit", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb4", "answers": [{"text": "no obligation to monitor", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb5", "answers": [{"text": "European Telecoms Package", "answer_start": 892}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What law rejected in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?", "id": "5ad010c777cf76001a686882", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "safe harbor", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "How is this law characterized in the U.N.?", "id": "5ad010c777cf76001a686883", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mere conduit", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "In the E.U., what aren't the governing principles for ISP's?", "id": "5ad010c777cf76001a686884", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "no obligation to monitor", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to ignore what happens on their services?", "id": "5ad010c777cf76001a686885", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "European Telecoms Package", "answer_start": 892}], "question": "What was attempted to be amended in 2007 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?", "id": "5ad010c777cf76001a686886", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) and the European E-Commerce Directive (2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as \"safe harbor\" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are \"mere conduit\", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European Telecoms Package in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement."}], ["Pada tahun 2007, Institut Inovasi Dasar (IPI) melaporkan bahawa cetak rompak muzik mengambil $ 12.5 bilion daripada ekonomi A.S.. Menurut kajian itu, pemuzik dan mereka yang terlibat dalam industri rakaman bukanlah satu-satunya yang mengalami kerugian yang disebabkan oleh cetak rompak muzik. Peruncit telah kehilangan lebih dari satu bilion dolar, manakala cetak rompak telah menyebabkan 46,000 kerja-kerja peringkat pengeluaran lebih sedikit dan hampir 25,000 pekerjaan runcit. Kerajaan A.S. juga dilaporkan mengalami cetak rompak muzik, kehilangan hasil cukai sebanyak $ 422 juta. <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa pembajakan mengambil $ 12.5 bilion dari ekonomi A.S.? || Institut untuk Inovasi Dasar <> Berapa banyak wang yang hilang? || lebih dari satu bilion dolar <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan peringkat produksi hilang? || 46,000 <> Kerajaan mana yang kehilangan $ 422 juta dalam potensi wang cukai? || Kerajaan A.S. <> Siapa melaporkan bahawa cetak rompak memperoleh $ 12.5 bilion untuk ekonomi A.S.? || <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibuat oleh peruncit? || <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan tahap pengeluaran yang diperoleh? || <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan tahap pengeluaran tidak hilang? || <> Kerajaan manakah yang membuat $ 422 juta dalam potensi wang cukai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f8069", "answers": [{"text": "Institute for Policy Innovation", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money have retailers lost?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806a", "answers": [{"text": "over a billion dollars", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many production-level jobs were lost?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806b", "answers": [{"text": "46,000", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806c", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. government", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Institute for Policy Innovation", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "Who reported that piracy gained $12.5 billion for the U.S. economy?", "id": "5ad0193b77cf76001a6869da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over a billion dollars", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "How much money have retailers made?", "id": "5ad0193b77cf76001a6869db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "46,000", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "How many production-level jobs were gained?", "id": "5ad0193b77cf76001a6869dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "46,000", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "How many production-level jobs weren't lost?", "id": "5ad0193b77cf76001a6869dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. government", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "Which government made $422 million in potential tax money?", "id": "5ad0193b77cf76001a6869de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue."}], ["Profesor Aram Sinnreich, dalam bukunya The Piracy Crusade, menyatakan bahawa hubungan antara merosakkan layar muzik dan penciptaan laman perkongsian fail ke rakan sebaya seperti Napster adalah lemah, berdasarkan korelasi dan bukan penyebab. Beliau berpendapat bahawa industri pada masa itu sedang mengalami pengembangan tiruan, apa yang digambarkannya sebagai \"gelembung sempurna\" - pertemuan kekuatan ekonomi, politik, dan teknologi yang mendorong nilai agregat jualan muzik ke tahap yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini pada akhir abad kedua puluh\". <> Apa buku yang ditulis oleh Professor Aram Sinnreich? || The Piracy Crusade <> Apa yang Sinnreich memanggil hubungan antara penjualan musik rendah dan laman perkongsian rakan-ke-peer? || lemah <> Apakah industri sedang berjalan? || pengembangan tiruan <> Apa yang dia panggil penggabungan kekuatan ekonomi, politik dan teknologi yang mendorong industri muzik? || gelembung sempurna <> Apa buku yang dibaca oleh Profesor Aram Sinnreich? || <> Buku apa yang tidak ditulis oleh Profesor Aram Sinnreich? || <> Apa yang tidak Sinnreich memanggil hubungan antara jualan muzik rendah dan tapak perkongsian rakan-rakan? || <> Apa industri tidak? || <> Apa yang tidak dia panggil penggabungan kekuatan ekonomi, politik dan teknologi yang mendorong industri muzik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede2", "answers": [{"text": "The Piracy Crusade", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede3", "answers": [{"text": "tenuous", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the industry going through?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede4", "answers": [{"text": "artificial expansion", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede5", "answers": [{"text": "perfect bubble", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Piracy Crusade", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich read?", "id": "5ad019e277cf76001a6869e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Piracy Crusade", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What book didn't Professor Aram Sinnreich write?", "id": "5ad019e277cf76001a6869e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tenuous", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What didn't Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?", "id": "5ad019e277cf76001a6869e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "artificial expansion", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What wasn't the industry going through?", "id": "5ad019e277cf76001a6869e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "perfect bubble", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "What doesn't he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?", "id": "5ad019e277cf76001a6869e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a \"'perfect bubble'\u2014a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century\"."}], ["Dalam laporannya 2011, yang dijalankan dengan kerjasama IDC dan Hal Ehwal Awam Ipsos, BSA menyatakan: \"Lebih separuh daripada pengguna komputer peribadi dunia - 57 peratus - mengakui perisian perompakan.\" Tahun kesembilan \"BSA Global Software Piracy Study\" mendakwa bahawa \"nilai komersil pasaran bayangan perisian cetak rompak\" bernilai US $ 63.4 bilion pada tahun 2011, dengan nilai komersial tertinggi perisian cetak rompak yang terdapat di Amerika Syarikat pada tempoh masa itu ( US $ 9,773,000). Menurut kajian 2011, Zimbabwe adalah negara dengan kadar cetak rompak tertinggi, pada 92%, manakala kadar cetak rompak terendah berada di A.S., pada 19%. <> Siapa lagi yang BSA mengeluarkan laporan pada tahun 2011 dengan? || IDC dan Hal Ehwal Awam Ipsos <> Berapakah peratusan orang yang mengakui perompakan perisian? || 57 peratus <> Apakah nilai komersial perisian cetak rompak pada tahun 2011? || US $ 63.4 bilion <> Negara apa yang mempunyai kadar cetak rompak tertinggi? || Zimbabwe <> Apakah kadar cetak rompak A.S.? || 19% <> Siapa lagi yang membuat BSA mengeluarkan laporan pada tahun 2001? || <> Berapa peratus daripada orang yang mengakui merompak perkakasan? || <> Apakah nilai komersil perkakasan cetak rompak pada tahun 2011? || <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai kadar ketidaksukaan paling rendah? || <> Apakah kadar cetak rompak U.N. itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804d", "answers": [{"text": "IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people admit to pirating software?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804e", "answers": [{"text": "57 percent", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804f", "answers": [{"text": "US$63.4 billion", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nation had the higest piracy rate?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f8050", "answers": [{"text": "Zimbabwe", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f8051", "answers": [{"text": "19%", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2001 with?", "id": "5ad018ce77cf76001a6869c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "57 percent", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What percentage of people admit to pirating hardware?", "id": "5ad018ce77cf76001a6869c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$63.4 billion", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What was the commercial value of pirated hardware in 2011?", "id": "5ad018ce77cf76001a6869ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zimbabwe", "answer_start": 501}], "question": "What nation had the lowest nonpiracy rate?", "id": "5ad018ce77cf76001a6869cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "19%", "answer_start": 620}], "question": "What was the U.N.'s piracy rate?", "id": "5ad018ce77cf76001a6869cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: \"Over half of the world's personal computer users \u2013 57 percent \u2013 admit to pirating software.\" The ninth annual \"BSA Global Software Piracy Study\" claims that the \"commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software\" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%."}], ["Perisian Perniagaan Perisikan Perikatan Perniagaan 2011, menganggarkan jumlah nilai komersial perisian yang disalin secara haram menjadi $ 59 bilion pada tahun 2010, dengan pasaran baru muncul $ 31.9 bilion, lebih daripada separuh jumlah keseluruhan. Selanjutnya, pasaran matang untuk kali pertama menerima penghantaran PC yang kurang daripada ekonomi sedang pesat membangun pada 2010, menjadikan pasaran baru muncul yang bertanggungjawab untuk lebih separuh daripada semua komputer yang digunakan di seluruh dunia. Di samping kadar pelanggaran perisian sebanyak 68 peratus berbanding dengan 24 peratus pasaran matang, pasaran baru muncul memandangkan majoriti peningkatan global dalam nilai komersil perisian palsu. China terus mempunyai nilai komersial yang tertinggi dalam perisian tersebut pada $ 8.9 bilion di kalangan negara-negara membangun dan kedua di dunia di belakang Amerika Syarikat pada $ 9.7 bilion pada tahun 2011. Pada tahun 2011, Perisian Perisian Perniagaan mengumumkan bahawa 83 peratus perisian yang digunakan di PC di Afrika telah telah dibajak (tidak termasuk Afrika Selatan). <> Apakah anggaran jumlah nilai perisian cetak rompak pada tahun 2010? || $ 59 bilion <> Siapa yang menyumbang lebih separuh jumlahnya? || pasaran baru muncul <> Apa yang diterima pasaran buat kali pertama? || kurang penghantaran PC daripada ekonomi baru muncul <> Negara apa yang mempunyai nilai runcit perisian paling tinggi? || China <> Berapakah peratusan perisian di Afrika yang haram? || 83 peratus <> Berapakah anggaran jumlah nilai perisian cetak rompak pada tahun 2000? || <> Apa nilai total perisian cetak rompak pada tahun 2010? || <> Siapa yang menyumbang kurang daripada separuh jumlahnya? || <> Apa yang diterima pasaran buat kali terakhir? || <> Negara mana yang mempunyai nilai runcit perisian paling rendah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edea", "answers": [{"text": "$59 billion", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who accounted for over half the total?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edeb", "answers": [{"text": "emerging markets", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What did the established markets receive for the first time?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edec", "answers": [{"text": "less PC shipments than emerging economies", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country has the highest retail value of software?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8eded", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edee", "answers": [{"text": "83 percent", "answer_start": 880}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$59 billion", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2000?", "id": "5ad01a3277cf76001a6869f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$59 billion", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What was the known total value of pirated software in 2010?", "id": "5ad01a3277cf76001a6869f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emerging markets", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "Who accounted for less than half the total?", "id": "5ad01a3277cf76001a6869fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less PC shipments than emerging economies", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "What did the established markets receive for the last time?", "id": "5ad01a3277cf76001a6869fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "83 percent", "answer_start": 880}], "question": "What country has the lowest retail value of software?", "id": "5ad01a3277cf76001a6869fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa)."}], ["Penemuan 2010 GAO A.S. mengenai kesukaran yang besar untuk mengenal pasti kesan ekonomi pelanggaran hak cipta secara tepat telah diperkukuhkan dalam laporan yang sama oleh penyelidikan badan ke dalam tiga anggaran umum yang telah diberikan sebelum ini kepada agensi A.S.. Laporan GAO menjelaskan bahawa sumber - anggaran Biro Siasuran Persekutuan (FBI), pelepasan siaran Kastam dan Perlindungan Sempadan (CBP) dan Persatuan Pengilang Motor dan Peralatan - \"tidak boleh dibuktikan atau dikesan semula kepada sumber data asas atau metodologi. \" <> Badan 2010 apa yang menemui betapa sukarnya untuk melaporkan kesan kewangan pelanggaran dengan tepat? || AO GAO <> Berapa banyak anggaran yang disebutkan pada laporan badan? || tiga <> Apa yang digunakan oleh FBI sebagai sumber? || anggaran <> Apa laporan mengatakan data tidak dapat dibuktikan atau dilacak ke sumber data yang boleh dipercayai? || Laporan GAO <> Badan 2010 apa yang menemui betapa mudahnya melaporkan dengan tepat laporan kesan kewangan pelanggaran? || <> Badan 2010 apa yang menyedari betapa sukarnya untuk melaporkan kesan kewangan pelanggaran secara tidak tepat? || <> Berapa banyak anggaran yang disebutkan pada laporan badan? || <> Apa yang tidak digunakan oleh FBI sebagai sumber? || <> Apa laporan mengatakan data itu dapat dibuktikan atau dikesan kepada sumber data yang boleh dipercayai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9312", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. GAO", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9313", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the FBI use as a source?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9314", "answers": [{"text": "estimate", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9315", "answers": [{"text": "GAO report", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. GAO", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What 2010 body found how easy it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?", "id": "5ad0182477cf76001a6869a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S. GAO", "answer_start": 4}], "question": "What 2010 body found how difficult it is to inaccurately report the financial impact of infringement?", "id": "5ad0182477cf76001a6869a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 194}], "question": "How many uncommonly cited estimates did the body report on?", "id": "5ad0182477cf76001a6869a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "estimate", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "What didn't the FBI use as a source?", "id": "5ad0182477cf76001a6869a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GAO report", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What report said the data could be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?", "id": "5ad0182477cf76001a6869a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources \u2013 a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate \u2013 \"cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology.\""}], ["Sesetengah pemilik hak cipta secara sukarela mengurangkan skop apa yang dianggap pelanggaran dengan menggunakan strategi pelesenan, \"terbuka\" yang agak permisif, bukannya dari segi persetujuan lesen secara persendirian dengan pengguna individu yang mesti terlebih dahulu mencari pemilik hak cipta dan meminta izin, pemilik hak cipta menerbitkan dan mengedarkan karya itu dengan lesen yang disediakan yang boleh digunakan sesiapa, selagi mereka mematuhi syarat-syarat tertentu. Ini mempunyai kesan mengurangkan pelanggaran - dan beban di mahkamah - dengan hanya membenarkan jenis kegunaan tertentu di bawah syarat yang difikirkan munasabah oleh pemilik hak cipta. Contohnya termasuk lesen perisian percuma, seperti GNU General Public License (GPL), dan lesen Creative Commons, yang kebanyakannya digunakan untuk karya visual dan karya sastra. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pemilik hak cipta dengan mengurangkan skop pelanggaran? || menggunakan perizinan yang agak permisif, \"buka\" pelesenan <> Apa yang harus pengguna lakukan di bawah lesen yang disediakan? || mematuhi syarat-syarat tertentu <> Selain mengurangkan beban di mahkamah, apakah kesan lesen ini? || mengurangkan pelanggaran <> Apa contoh lesen perisian percuma? || Lesen Awam GNU Umum <> Apa yang berfungsi lesen Creative Commons secara amnya? || visual dan karya sastera <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pemilik hak cipta dengan meningkatkan skop pelanggaran? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh dilakukan pengguna di bawah lesen yang disediakan? || <> Selain merendahkan beban di mahkamah, apakah kesan lesen ini? || <> Apa contoh lesen perisian berbayar? || <> Apa yang berfungsi lesen Creative Commons secara amnya tidak terpakai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c5", "answers": [{"text": "employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must a user do under a prepared license?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c6", "answers": [{"text": "adhere to certain conditions", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c7", "answers": [{"text": "reducing infringement", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a free software license?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c8", "answers": [{"text": "GNU General Public License", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c9", "answers": [{"text": "visual and literary works", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing strategies", "answer_start": 89}], "question": "What do some copyright owners do by increasing the scope of infringement?", "id": "5ad0172677cf76001a686980", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "adhere to certain conditions", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What mustn't a user do under a prepared license?", "id": "5ad0172677cf76001a686981", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reducing infringement", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "Besides heightening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?", "id": "5ad0172677cf76001a686982", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GNU General Public License", "answer_start": 661}], "question": "What is an example of a paid software license?", "id": "5ad0172677cf76001a686983", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visual and literary works.", "answer_start": 765}], "question": "What works do Creative Commons licenses generally not apply to?", "id": "5ad0172677cf76001a686984", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement \u2013 and the burden on courts \u2013 by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works."}], ["Menurut kajian BSA dan International Data Corporation (IDC) 2007, lima negara yang mempunyai kadar cetak rompak perisian adalah: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); dan 5. Zimbabwe (91%). Menurut hasil kajian, lima negara dengan kadar cetak rompak terendah adalah: 1. A.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Jepun (23%); dan 5. Austria (25%). Laporan 2007 menunjukkan bahawa rantau Asia Pasifik dikaitkan dengan jumlah kerugian tertinggi, dari segi dolar A.S., dengan $ 14,090,000, diikuti oleh Kesatuan Eropah, dengan kerugian $ 12,383,000; jumlah paling rendah dolar AS hilang di rantau Timur Tengah / Afrika, di mana $ 2,446,000 telah didokumenkan. <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian pada tahun 2007 mengenai lima negara dengan kadar cetak rompak perisian yang paling tinggi? || BSA dan Perbadanan Data Antarabangsa <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai kadar cetak rompak perisian yang terendah? || A.S. <> Wilayah manakah yang mempunyai kerugian tertinggi? || Asia-Pasifik <> Berapa banyak kehilangan EU? || $ 12,383,000 <> Di manakah jumlah terendah dolar AS yang hilang? || Rantau Timur Tengah / Afrika <> Siapa yang membuat kajian pada tahun 2000 mengenai lima negara dengan kadar cetak rompak perisian yang paling tinggi? || <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian pada tahun 2007 mengenai lima bandar dengan kadar cetak rompak perisian yang paling tinggi? || <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai kadar tertinggi cetak rompak perkakasan? || <> Kawasan manakah yang mendapat keuntungan tertinggi? || <> Berapakah keuntungan EU? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8eda8", "answers": [{"text": "BSA and International Data Corporation", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8eda9", "answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which region had the highest loss?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edaa", "answers": [{"text": "Asia-Pacific", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the EU lose?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edab", "answers": [{"text": "$12,383,000", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edac", "answers": [{"text": "Middle East/Africa region", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BSA and International Data Corporation", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who did a study in 2000 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?", "id": "5ad0187f77cf76001a6869be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BSA and International Data Corporation", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five cities with the highest rates of software piracy?", "id": "5ad0187f77cf76001a6869bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "Which country had the highest rate of hardware piracy?", "id": "5ad0187f77cf76001a6869c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Asia-Pacific", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "Which region had the highest gain?", "id": "5ad0187f77cf76001a6869c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$12,383,000", "answer_start": 615}], "question": "How much did the EU gain?", "id": "5ad0187f77cf76001a6869c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented."}], ["Untuk mengelakkan cetak rompak filem, gerai standard pengedaran filem adalah untuk filem pertama dikeluarkan melalui teater filem (teater tingkap), secara purata kira-kira 16 setengah minggu, sebelum dikeluarkan kepada Blu-Ray dan DVD (memasuki video tetingkap). Semasa tingkap teater, versi digital filem sering diangkut dalam peranti storan data oleh kurir daripada dengan penghantaran data. Data boleh disulitkan, dengan kekunci yang dibuat untuk berfungsi hanya pada waktu tertentu untuk mengelakkan kebocoran antara skrin. Tanda-tanda Anti-Pembajakan yang dikodkan boleh ditambah kepada filem untuk mengenal pasti sumber salinan haram dan menutupnya. Hasil daripada langkah-langkah ini, satu-satunya versi filem yang tersedia untuk cetak rompak semasa tetingkap teater biasanya \"kamera\" yang dibuat oleh rakaman video skrin filem, yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan versi filem asal. <> Berapa lama filem biasanya dikeluarkan di teater? || kira-kira 16 setengah minggu <> Pada masa ini, bagaimanakah versi digital filem yang diangkut dalam peranti storan data? || oleh kurir <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk filem untuk membenarkannya dipaparkan pada masa-masa tertentu? || disulitkan <> Apa yang boleh dikodkan kepada filem untuk mencari sumber salinan haram? || Tanda-tanda anti-Pembajakan boleh ditambah <> Apa filem-filem versi rendah yang tersedia untuk pembajakan semasa penggambaran filem yang dipanggil? || \"cams\" yang dibuat oleh rakaman video skrin filem <> Berapa lama filem yang pada dasarnya dikeluarkan di teater? || <> Sepanjang masa ini, bagaimanakah versi digital filem yang diangkut dalam peranti penyimpanan data? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh dilakukan pada filem untuk membenarkannya dipaparkan pada masa-masa tertentu? || <> Apa yang boleh dikodkan kepada filem untuk mencari sumber salinan undang-undang? || <> Apa versi filem yang unggul yang boleh didapati untuk cetak rompak semasa penggambaran filem teater? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3db", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 16 and a half weeks", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3dc", "answers": [{"text": "by couriers", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3dd", "answers": [{"text": "encrypted", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3de", "answers": [{"text": "Anti-Piracy marks can be added", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3df", "answers": [{"text": "\"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "16 and a half weeks", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "How long is a movie atypically released in theaters for?", "id": "5ad017ab77cf76001a68699a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by couriers", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "During this time, how aren't digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?", "id": "5ad017ab77cf76001a68699b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "encrypted", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What can't be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?", "id": "5ad017ab77cf76001a68699c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anti-Piracy marks can be added", "answer_start": 547}], "question": "What can be coded to films to find the source of legal copies?", "id": "5ad017ab77cf76001a68699d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "What superior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?", "id": "5ad017ab77cf76001a68699e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually \"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version."}], ["Perundangan telah mengurangkan pelanggaran dengan menyekat skop apa yang dianggap melanggar. Selain daripada menegakkan kewajiban perjanjian hak cipta antarabangsa untuk memberikan keterbatasan dan pengecualian umum, negara-negara telah membuat undang-undang pelesenan wajib yang memohon secara khusus untuk karya dan penggunaan digital. Sebagai contoh, di A.S., DMCA, pelaksanaan Perjanjian Hak Cipta WIPO 1996, menganggap penghantaran digital rakaman audio dilesenkan selagi royalti kolektif dan keperluan pelaporan kolektif ditetapkan. DMCA juga menyediakan pelabuhan selamat untuk penyedia perkhidmatan digital yang pengguna disyaki melanggar hak cipta, dengan itu mengurangkan kemungkinan penyedia itu sendiri dianggap langsung melanggar hak cipta. <> Bagaimana kerajaan menurunkan kadar pelanggaran? || menyempitkan ruang lingkup apa yang dianggap melanggar <> Selain menegakkan perjanjian antarabangsa, apa lagi yang dilakukan negara-negara khusus untuk karya dan penggunaan digital? || undang-undang pelesenan wajib yang digubal <> Apa undang-undang di Amerika menganggap penghantaran digital audio dilesenkan jika syarat-syarat tertentu dipenuhi? || DMCA <> Apa lagi undang-undang ini yang diberikan kepada penyedia perkhidmatan? || pelabuhan selamat <> Siapa yang menyasarkan undang-undang ini? || pembekal yang pengguna disyaki pelanggaran hak cipta <> Bagaimana kerajaan menaikkan kadar pelanggaran? || <> Selain menegakkan perjanjian antarabangsa, apa lagi yang tidak dilakukan negara khusus untuk karya dan penggunaan digital? || <> Apa undang-undang di PBB menganggap penghantaran digital audio dilesenkan jika syarat-syarat tertentu dipenuhi? || <> Apa lagi undang-undang ini tidak diberikan kepada pembekal perkhidmatan? || <> Siapa yang bukan sasaran undang-undang ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How have governments lowered infringement rates?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b3", "answers": [{"text": "narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b4", "answers": [{"text": "enacted compulsory licensing laws", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b5", "answers": [{"text": "DMCA", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else does this law provide to service providers?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b6", "answers": [{"text": "safe harbor", "answer_start": 573}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who does this law target?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b7", "answers": [{"text": "providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement", "answer_start": 605}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "How have governments increased infringement rates?", "id": "5ad016b077cf76001a68696c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enacted compulsory licensing laws", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "Besides upholding international treaty, what else haven't countries done specifically to digital works and uses?", "id": "5ad016b077cf76001a68696d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DMCA", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What law in the UN considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?", "id": "5ad016b077cf76001a68696e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "safe harbor", "answer_start": 573}], "question": "What else doesn't this law provide to service providers?", "id": "5ad016b077cf76001a68696f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement", "answer_start": 605}], "question": "Who doesn't this law target?", "id": "5ad016b077cf76001a686970", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing."}]], [["Kekurangan perpaduan politik di Greece mengakibatkan konflik kerap antara negara-negara Yunani. Perang intra-Yunani yang paling dahsyat ialah Perang Peloponnesian (431-404 SM), yang dimenangi oleh Sparta dan menandakan kematian Empayar Athena sebagai kuasa utama di Yunani kuno. Kedua-dua Athens dan Sparta kemudian dibayangi oleh Thebes dan akhirnya Macedon, dengan yang terakhir menyatukan dunia Yunani di Liga Corinth (juga dikenali sebagai Liga Hellenik atau Liga Yunani) di bawah bimbingan Phillip II, yang dipilih sebagai pemimpin pertama bersatu negara Yunani dalam sejarah. <> Perang dari 431-404 SM dikenali sebagai apa? || Perang Peloponnesian <> Apa yang sering menyebabkan persengketaan antara negara-negara Yunani? || Kekurangan perpaduan politik <> Siapa memenangi peperangan Peloponnesian? || Sparta <> Yang akhirnya membawa orang Yunani bersama-sama? || Macedon <> Siapa pemimpin pertama Greece bersatu? || Phillip II", {"qas": [{"question": "The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? ", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d965", "answers": [{"text": "Peloponnesian War", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What often caused strife between Greek states?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d966", "answers": [{"text": "Lack of political unity", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the Peloponnesian war?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d967", "answers": [{"text": "Sparta", "answer_start": 174}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who eventually brought the Greeks together?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d968", "answers": [{"text": "Macedon", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d969", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip II", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431\u2013404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history."}], ["Nama-nama bagi bangsa Yunani dan orang-orang Yunani berbeza dari nama yang digunakan dalam bahasa, lokasi dan budaya lain. Walaupun Yunani memanggil negara Hellas atau Ellada (Yunani: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 atau \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) dan nama rasminya ialah Republik Hellenic, dalam bahasa Inggeris disebut sebagai Yunani, yang berasal dari istilah Latin Graecia seperti yang digunakan oleh Rom, yang secara harfiah bermaksud 'tanah orang Yunani', dan berasal dari nama Yunani \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2. Walau bagaimanapun, nama Hellas kadang-kadang digunakan dalam Bahasa Inggeris juga. <> Apakah salah satu daripada nama orang Yunani yang memanggil negara mereka? || Hellas <> Apa nama rasmi Greece? || Republik Hellenic <> Dari perkataan apa yang berasal dari Greece? || Graecia <> Apa maksud kerja Graecia? || tanah orang Yunani <> yang memanggil Greece Graecia? || Rom", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8dd", "answers": [{"text": "Hellas", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the official name of Greece?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8de", "answers": [{"text": "Hellenic Republic", "answer_start": 235}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From what word is Greece derived?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8df", "answers": [{"text": "Graecia", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the work Graecia mean?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e0", "answers": [{"text": "the land of the Greeks", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who called Greece Graecia?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e1", "answers": [{"text": "Romans", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 or \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well."}], ["Bukti terdahulu kehadiran nenek moyang manusia di Balkan selatan, bertarikh 270.000 SM, boleh didapati di gua Petralona, di wilayah Yunani Macedonia. Ketiga-tiga tahap zaman batu (Paleolitik, Mesolitik, dan Neolitik) diwakili di Yunani, misalnya di Gua Franchthi. Pemukiman Neolitik di Yunani, yang berasal dari milenium ke-7 SM, adalah yang tertua di Eropa oleh beberapa abad, ketika Yunani terletak pada rute yang mana pertaniannya menyebar dari Timur Jauh ke Eropa. <> Manusia di Balkan telah bertarikh tahun berapa? || 270,000 SM <> Bukti manusia terawal ditemui dalam pembentukan bawah tanah? || Gua Petralona <> Gua Franchthi mempunyai bukti tentang 3 zaman kuno? || Paleolitik, Mesolitik, dan Neolitik <> Yunani mempunyai bukti tentang Orang-orang Umur Batu sepanjang tempoh masa apa? || Milenium ke-7 SM <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan Greece mempunyai beberapa permukiman awal zaman Batu? || berkebun", {"qas": [{"question": "Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac282", "answers": [{"text": "270,000 BC", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac283", "answers": [{"text": "Petralona cave", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac284", "answers": [{"text": "Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac285", "answers": [{"text": "7th millennium BC", "answer_start": 363}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac286", "answers": [{"text": "farming", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe."}], ["Akhir Zaman Gelap secara tradisinya bertarikh 776 SM, tahun Olimpik pertama. Iliad dan Odyssey, teks asas kesusasteraan Barat, dipercayai telah disusun oleh Homer pada abad ke-8 atau ke-7 SM. Dengan berakhirnya Zaman Gelap, muncul beberapa kerajaan dan kota-kota di seluruh semenanjung Yunani, yang merebak ke pantai Laut Hitam, Itali Selatan (Latin: Magna Graecia, atau Greater Greece) dan Asia Kecil. Negara-negara dan koloni mereka mencapai tahap kemakmuran yang besar yang mengakibatkan kebangkitan budaya yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya, yaitu Yunani klasik, yang dinyatakan dalam seni bina, drama, sains, matematik dan falsafah. Pada 508 SM, Cleisthenes memulakan sistem pemerintahan demokratik yang pertama di dunia di Athens. <> Bilakah Sukan Olimpik bermula? || 776 SM <> Karya sastera \"The Odyssey :, ditulis oleh siapa? || Homer <> Tahun apa yang dianggap sebagai yang terakhir dari Zaman Gelap? || 776 SM <> Magna Graecia adalah Latin untuk jangka masa? | Greater Greece <> Dalam tahun berapa Demokrasi dianggap telah bermula? || 508 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Olympic Game begin?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2be", "answers": [{"text": "776 BC", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The literary work \"The Odyssey:, was written by whom?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2bf", "answers": [{"text": "Homer", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c0", "answers": [{"text": "776 BC", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c1", "answers": [{"text": "Greater Greece", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c2", "answers": [{"text": "508 BC", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens."}], ["Selepas tempoh kekeliruan berikutan kematian Alexander, dinasti Antigonid, yang berasal dari salah seorang jeneral Alexander, menubuhkan kawalannya ke atas Macedon dan sebahagian besar negara-negara kota Yunani pada tahun 276 SM. Dari kira-kira 200 SM Republik Rom menjadi semakin terlibat dalam urusan Yunani dan terlibat dalam siri perang dengan Macedon. Kekalahan Macedon di Pertempuran Pydna pada tahun 168 SM menandakan berakhirnya kuasa Antigonid di Yunani. Pada tahun 146 SM Macedonia telah dilampirkan sebagai sebuah wilayah oleh Rom, dan seluruh Yunani menjadi protektorat Rom. <> Siapa yang menguasai Macedon selepas Alexander meninggal? || Dinasti Antigonid <> Empayar Rom menjadi lebih mengawal Greece bermula pada tahun berapa? || 200 SM <> Macedon kehilangan apa yang berperang pada 168 SM? || Pertempuran Pydna <> Dalam tahun apakah Greece menjadi sebahagian daripada Rom? || 146 SM <> Hujung pemerintahan Antigonid bermula pada tahun berapa? || 168 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad16f", "answers": [{"text": "the Antigonid dynasty", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad170", "answers": [{"text": "200 BC", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad171", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Pydna", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad172", "answers": [{"text": "146 BC", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad173", "answers": [{"text": "168 BC", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate."}], ["Greece adalah sebuah negara yang demokratik dan maju dengan ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi maju, kualiti kehidupan yang tinggi dan taraf hidup yang sangat tinggi. Ahli pendiri Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB), Greece adalah ahli kesepuluh untuk menyertai Komuniti Eropah (prekursor ke Kesatuan Eropah) dan telah menjadi sebahagian daripada zon Euro sejak tahun 2001. Ia juga merupakan ahli institusi antarabangsa yang lain, termasuk Majlis Eropah, NATO, [a] OECD, OIF, OSCE dan WTO. Greece, yang merupakan salah satu kuasa perkapalan terbesar di dunia, kuasa pertengahan dan destinasi pelancongan utama, mempunyai ekonomi terbesar di Balkan, di mana ia merupakan pelabur serantau yang penting. <> Greece adalah salah satu ahli yang mengasaskan organisasi apa? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Filsafat politik mana yang mengikuti Greece? || demokratik <> Bilakah Greece menyertai zon Euro? || 2001 <> Greece mempunyai kuasa ekonomi terbesar di mana? || Balkan", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfeb", "answers": [{"text": "United Nations", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which political philosophy does Greece follow?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfec", "answers": [{"text": "democratic", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Greece join the Eurozone?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfed", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece has the biggest economic power where?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfee", "answers": [{"text": "Balkans", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor."}], ["Greece terletak secara strategik di persimpangan Eropah, Asia, dan Afrika. Terletak di hujung selatan semenanjung Balkan, ia bersempadan dengan Albania di barat laut, Republik Macedonia dan Bulgaria di utara dan Turki di timur laut. Greece terdiri daripada sembilan wilayah geografi: Macedonia, Yunani Tengah, Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, Kepulauan Aegean (termasuk Dodecanese dan Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, dan Kepulauan Ionian. Laut Aegea terletak di timur daratan, Laut Ionia di barat, dan Laut Mediterranean di selatan. Greece mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang di Lembangan Mediterranean dan garis pantai terpanjang ke-11 di dunia pada ketinggian 13,676 km (8,498 mi), memaparkan sejumlah besar pulau, di mana 227 didiami. Lapan puluh peratus dari Greece adalah gunung, dengan Gunung Olympus menjadi puncak tertinggi pada 2,918 meter (9,573 kaki). <> Di mana semenanjung terletak di Greece? || Semenanjung Balkan <> Berapa banyak kawasan geografi yang membentuk Greece? || sembilan <> Berapa lamakah garis pantai Greece? || 8,498 mt <> Berapa banyak pulau di Yunani yang didiami? || 227 <> Apakah gunung tertinggi di Greece? || Gunung Olympus", {"qas": [{"question": "On what peninsula is Greece located?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e0", "answers": [{"text": "Balkan peninsula", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many geographic regions make up Greece?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e1", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the coastline of Greece?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e2", "answers": [{"text": "8,498 mi", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e3", "answers": [{"text": "227", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the tallest mountain in Greece?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e4", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Olympus", "answer_start": 839}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft)."}], ["Greece adalah rumah kepada tamadun maju pertama di Eropah dan dianggap sebagai tempat kelahiran tamadun Barat, [sengketa] bermula dengan tamadun Cycladic di pulau-pulau Laut Aegea sekitar 3200 SM, peradaban Minoan di Crete (2700-1500 SM ), dan kemudian tamadun Mycenaean di tanah besar (1900-1100 SM). Peradaban ini mempunyai tulisan, orang Minoans menulis dalam skrip yang tidak diketik yang dikenal sebagai Linear A, dan Mycenaeans dalam Linear B, bentuk awal bahasa Yunani. The Mycenaeans secara beransur-ansur menyerap orang Minoans, tetapi runtuh dengan ganas sekitar 1200 SM, semasa zaman pergolakan serantau yang dikenali sebagai runtuhan Zaman Gangsa. Ini mengalir dalam tempoh yang dikenali sebagai Zaman Gelap Yunani, dari mana rekod tertulis tidak hadir. <> Yunani Purba dianggap berada di mana yang dilahirkan? || Tamadun Barat <> Apakah tamadun terakhir memerintah Greece? || Mycenaean <> Peradaban Mycenaean merosot dalam tempoh masa apa? || 1200 SM <> Sekitar 1200 SM, apa kejatuhan peradaban serantau? || Keruntuhan Zaman Gangsa <> Apa tempoh masa yang dipanggil dari mana penulisan tidak dapat dijumpai. || Zaman kegelapan Yunani", {"qas": [{"question": "Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad041", "answers": [{"text": "Western civilization", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the last civilization to rule Greece?", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad042", "answers": [{"text": "Mycenaean", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? ", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad043", "answers": [{"text": "1200 BC", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad044", "answers": [{"text": "Bronze Age collapse", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad045", "answers": [{"text": "Greek Dark Ages", "answer_start": 701}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700\u20131500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900\u20131100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent."}], ["Menjelang 500 SM, Empayar Parsi menguasai negeri-negeri kota Yunani di Asia Minor dan telah membuat keuntungan wilayah di wilayah Balkan dan Eropah Timur juga. Percubaan oleh sebahagian negara-negara Asia di Asia Minor untuk menggulingkan pemerintahan Parsi gagal, dan Persia menyerang negara-negara daratan Yunani pada 492 SM, tetapi terpaksa berundur setelah kekalahan pada Pertempuran Marathon pada 490 SM. Serangan kedua oleh Persia diikuti pada 480 SM. Walaupun rintangan berani di Thermopylae oleh Spartans dan orang Yunani lain yang diketuai oleh Raja Leonidas, dan penglibatan angkatan laut serentak di Artemisium, [pasukan diperlukan] pasukan Parsi menduduki Athens, yang telah dipindahkan dari masa ke masa, serta secara ringkas mengatasi separuh daripada Greece. Berikutan kemenangan Yunani yang menentu di 480 dan 479 SM di Salamis, Plataea, dan Mycale, orang Persia terpaksa menarik diri untuk kali kedua, menandakan penarikan mereka dari semua wilayah Eropah mereka. Diketuai oleh Athens dan Sparta, kemenangan Yunani dalam Perang Greco-Persia dianggap sebagai detik penting dalam sejarah dunia, ketika 50 tahun perdamaian yang diikuti dikenal sebagai Zaman Emas di Athena, periode mani dari Yunani purba yang meletakkan banyak asas tamadun Barat. <> Pada 500 SM, Yunani telah diperintah oleh siapa? || Empayar Parsi <> Peperangan apa yang menyebabkan Persia kalah pada 490 SM? || Battle of Marathon <> The Spartans membuat pendirian terakhir mereka di lokasi pertempuran mana? || Thermopylae <> Pertempuran antara orang Yunani dan Persia dikenali sebagai apa? || Greco-Persian Wars <> Selepas Persia meninggalkan Eropah, tempoh masa yang diikuti dipanggil apa? || Zaman Keemasan Athens", {"qas": [{"question": "In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d951", "answers": [{"text": "Persian Empire", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d952", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Marathon", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d953", "answers": [{"text": "Thermopylae", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d954", "answers": [{"text": "Greco-Persian Wars", "answer_start": 981}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d955", "answers": [{"text": "Golden Age of Athens", "answer_start": 1102}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization."}], ["Greece mempunyai salah satu sejarah terpanjang di mana-mana negara, dan dianggap sebagai buaian tamadun Barat, dan oleh itu, adalah tempat kelahiran demokrasi, falsafah Barat, Sukan Olimpik, kesusasteraan Barat, historiografi, sains politik, prinsip sains dan matematik utama , dan drama Barat, termasuk kedua-dua tragedi dan komedi. Yunani pertama kali bersatu di bawah Philip of Macedon pada abad keempat SM. Anaknya Alexander the Great dengan cepat menakluki banyak dunia purba, menyebarkan budaya dan sains Yunani dari Mediterranean timur ke Sungai Indus. Diisi oleh Rom pada abad kedua SM, Yunani menjadi bahagian integral dari Empayar Rom dan penggantinya, Empayar Byzantine. Abad pertama AD melihat penubuhan Gereja Ortodoks Yunani, yang membentuk identiti Yunani moden dan menularkan tradisi Yunani ke Dunia Ortodoks yang lebih luas. Jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Uthmaniyyah pada pertengahan abad ke-15, negara negara moden Greece muncul pada tahun 1830 berikutan perang kemerdekaan. Warisan sejarah yang kaya di Greece digambarkan sebahagian besarnya oleh 17 Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO, antara yang paling di Eropah dan dunia. <> Siapa orang pertama yang membawa semua orang Greece bersama-sama? || Philip of Macedon <> Siapa anak Philip dari Macedon? || Alexander the Great <> Greece menjadi sebahagian daripada apa kekaisaran pada abad ke-2 SM? || Roma <> Bilakah gereja Ortodoks Yunani bermula? || abad pertama AD <> Tahun berapa dianggap permulaan Greece moden? || 1830", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfcf", "answers": [{"text": "Philip of Macedon", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd0", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander the Great", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd1", "answers": [{"text": "Rome", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd2", "answers": [{"text": "first century AD", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd3", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 993}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world."}], ["Walaupun sebahagian besar daratan Yunani dan pulau-pulau Aegean berada di bawah kawalan Uthmaniyyah menjelang akhir abad ke-15, Cyprus dan Crete kekal wilayah Venesia dan tidak jatuh ke Uthmaniyyah sehingga 1571 dan 1670 masing-masing. Satu-satunya bahagian dunia yang berbahasa Yunani yang melarikan diri pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah jangka panjang adalah Kepulauan Ionia, yang kekal sebagai Venetian sehingga penangkapan mereka oleh Republik Perancis Pertama pada 1797, kemudian diluluskan ke United Kingdom pada tahun 1809 sehinggalah penyatuan mereka dengan Greece pada tahun 1864 . [halaman diperlukan] <> Orang Ottoman menguasai pulau apa pada penghujung abad ke-15? || Kepulauan Aegean <> Orang-orang Venesia mempunyai kawalan yang mana dua pulau pada abad ke-15? || Cyprus dan Crete <> Orang-orang Ottoman mengambil pulau mana dari orang Venesia? || Cyprus dan Crete <> Pada tahun apakah Kepulauan Ionia yang ditangkap oleh Perancis? || 1797 <> Siapa yang berjaya mengawal Kepulauan Ionia pada tahun 1809? || United Kingdom", {"qas": [{"question": "The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac526", "answers": [{"text": "Aegean islands", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac527", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus and Crete", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac528", "answers": [{"text": "Cyprus and Crete", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac529", "answers": [{"text": "1797", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac52a", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]"}], ["Apabila konflik ketenteraan berlaku di antara Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan negara-negara lain, orang Yunani biasanya mengambil senjata melawan Empayar, dengan beberapa pengecualian. Sebelum revolusi Yunani, terdapat beberapa peperangan yang menyaksikan orang Yunani berperang melawan Uthmaniyyah, seperti penyertaan Yunani dalam Pertempuran Lepanto pada tahun 1571, pemberontakan kaum Epirus dari 1600-1601, Perang Morean pada tahun 1684- 1699, dan Pemberontakan Orlov yang ditimbulkan oleh Rusia pada tahun 1770, yang bertujuan untuk memecah Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang memihak kepada kepentingan Rusia. [Halaman diperlukan] Kebangkitan ini ditumpangi oleh orang Uthmaniyyah dengan pertumpahan darah yang hebat. <> Pertempuran Lepanto berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1571 <> Perang Morean berlaku selama bertahun-tahun? || 1684-1699 <> The Orlov Revolt berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1770 <> The Revolt Orlov adalah yang mana manfaat negara? || Rusia <> Semasa pertempuran 1600 dan 1700-an, orang Yunani biasanya berperang melawan siapa? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"qas": [{"question": "The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d759", "answers": [{"text": "1571", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Morean War took place during which years?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75a", "answers": [{"text": "1684\u20131699", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75b", "answers": [{"text": "1770", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75c", "answers": [{"text": "Russian", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75d", "answers": [{"text": "Ottoman Empire", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600\u20131601, the Morean War of 1684\u20131699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed."}], ["Gereja Ortodoks Yunani dan Patriarkat Ekumenikal Constantinople dianggap oleh kerajaan Uthmaniyyah sebagai pihak berkuasa yang memerintah seluruh penduduk Kristian Ortodoks Empayar Uthmaniyyah, sama ada etnik Yunani atau tidak. Walaupun negara Uthmaniyyah tidak memaksa orang bukan Islam untuk menukar agama Islam, orang Kristian menghadapi beberapa jenis diskriminasi yang bertujuan untuk menyerlahkan status mereka yang rendah dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Diskriminasi terhadap orang Kristian, terutamanya apabila digabungkan dengan perlakuan keras oleh pihak berkuasa Ottoman tempatan, membawa kepada penukaran kepada Islam, jika hanya dengan dangkal. Pada abad ke-19, ramai \"orang Kristian\" kembali kepada kesetiaan agama lama mereka. [Halaman diperlukan] <> Oleh kerana diskriminasi, sesetengah orang Kristian memeluk agama apa? || Islam <> Apakah nama salah satu gereja yang memerintah penduduk Kristian? || Gereja Ortodoks Yunani <> Empayar mana yang menganggap bahawa orang Kristian lebih rendah? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"qas": [{"question": "Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?", "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2cf", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 570}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?", "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2d0", "answers": [{"text": "Greek Orthodox Church", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?", "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2d1", "answers": [{"text": "Ottoman Empire", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]"}], ["Berikutan Perang Salib Keempat dan kejatuhan Constantinople ke \"Latins\" di 1204 tanah besar Greece dipecah antara Kekusalan Yunani Epirus (negara pengganti Byzantine) dan pemerintahan Frank (yang dikenali sebagai Frankokratia), sementara beberapa pulau berada di bawah pemerintahan Venetian. Pembentukan semula ibukota kerajaan Byzantine di Constantinople pada tahun 1261 diiringi oleh pemulihan empayar banyak semenanjung Yunani, walaupun Prinsip Besar Achaea di Peloponnese dan Yunani Menentang Epirus di utara kedua-duanya kekal sebagai kuasa serantau yang penting ke abad ke-14, sementara pulau-pulau masih banyak di bawah kawalan Genoa dan Venesia. <> Greece dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian pemerintah pada tahun berapa? || 1204 <> Constantinople sekali lagi menjadi modal dalam tahun berapa? || 1261 <> Pulau-pulau Yunani pada abad ke-14 berada di bawah kawalan siapa? || Genoa dan Venetian <> Pada 1261 Constantinople adalah ibu kota yang mana kerajaannya? || Byzantine", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb7", "answers": [{"text": "1204", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb8", "answers": [{"text": "1261", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb9", "answers": [{"text": "Genoese and Venetian", "answer_start": 645}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbba", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the \"Latins\" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control."}], ["Pemulihan Byzantine wilayah-wilayah yang hilang bermula pada akhir abad ke-8 dan sebagian besar semenanjung Yunani berada di bawah kawalan kerajaan sekali lagi, secara berperingkat-peringkat, pada abad ke-9. Proses ini difasilitasi oleh kemasukan orang Yunani yang besar dari Sicily dan Asia Minor ke semenanjung Yunani, sementara pada masa yang sama ramai orang Slav yang ditangkap dan ditetap semula di Asia Minor dan mereka yang tersisa diasimilasi. Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, kembalinya kestabilan mengakibatkan semenanjung Yunani mendapat manfaat daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kuat - lebih kuat daripada wilayah Anatolian Empayar. <> Byzantine mula mengambil balik wilayah pada abad yang lalu? || 8 <> The Byzantine mempunyai kawalan ke atas sebahagian besar Yunani dalam abad apa? || 9 <> Slavs yang ditangkap dipindahkan ke kawasan apa? || Asia Minor <> Greece yang stabil membenarkannya untuk apa? || pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kukuh", {"qas": [{"question": "The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9b", "answers": [{"text": "8th", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9c", "answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9d", "answers": [{"text": "Asia Minor", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A stable Greece allowed it to have what?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9e", "answers": [{"text": "strong economic growth", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth \u2013 much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire."}], ["Abad ke-16 dan ke-17 dianggap sebagai \"zaman kegelapan\" dalam sejarah Yunani, dengan prospek menggulingkan pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah yang jauh hanya dengan kepulauan Ionia yang masih bebas dari penguasaan Turki. Corfu bertahan dengan tiga pengepungan besar pada tahun 1537, 1571 dan 1716 yang semuanya mengakibatkan penolakan pihak Uthmaniyyah. Walau bagaimanapun, pada abad ke-18, timbul timbul melalui pengiriman kelas saudagar Yunani yang kaya dan tersebar. Pedagang ini datang untuk menguasai perdagangan dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, menubuhkan komuniti di seluruh Mediterranean, Balkan, dan Eropah Barat. Walaupun penaklukan Uthmaniyyah telah memisahkan Greece dari pergerakan intelektual Eropah yang signifikan seperti Reformasi dan Pencerahan, idea-idea ini bersama dengan cita-cita Revolusi Perancis dan nasionalisme romantis mula menembusi dunia Yunani melalui diaspora perdagangan. pada akhir abad ke-18, Rigas Feraios, revolusioner pertama untuk membayangkan sebuah negara Yunani yang bebas, menerbitkan serangkaian dokumen yang berkaitan dengan kemerdekaan Yunani, termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada lagu kebangsaan dan peta terperinci pertama di Yunani, di Vienna, dan dibunuh oleh ejen Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1798. [halaman diperlukan] <> Zaman Gelap Yunani dianggap sebagai apa tempoh masa? || Abad ke-16 dan ke-17 <> pedagang Yunani memerintah industri perdagangan di mana abad ini? || 18th <> Siapa yang menerbitkan dokumen Yunani yang menyokong kemerdekaan Yunani? || Rigas Feraios <> Rigas Feraios dibunuh oleh pembunuh Uthmaniyah pada tahun berapa? || 1798", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d78f", "answers": [{"text": "16th and 17th centuries", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d790", "answers": [{"text": "18th", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d791", "answers": [{"text": "Rigas Feraios", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? ", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d792", "answers": [{"text": "1798", "answer_start": 1202}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a \"dark age\" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]"}], ["Dari abad ke-4, wilayah-wilayah Balkan Empayar, termasuk Greece, menderita daripada terobosan Invasi Barbar. Serangan dan kemusnahan Goths dan Hun pada abad ke-4 dan ke-5 dan pencerobohan Slavia ke Yunani pada abad ke-7 mengakibatkan keruntuhan dramatik dalam kekuasaan empayar di semenanjung Yunani. Berikutan pencerobohan Slavia, kerajaan empayar mengekalkan kawalan rasmi hanya di pulau-pulau dan kawasan pesisiran pantai, terutamanya bandar berdinding padat penduduk seperti Athens, Korintus dan Tesalonika, manakala beberapa kawasan pergunungan di pedalaman itu sendiri dan terus mengiktiraf empayar kuasa. Di luar kawasan ini, jumlah penyelesaian Slavic yang terhad pada umumnya dianggap telah berlaku, walaupun pada skala yang jauh lebih kecil daripada yang difikirkan sebelumnya. <> Bilakah Slavs menyerang Greece? || Abad ke-7 <> Apa yang menyerang para pembajak menyebabkan kerosakan di Balkan pada abad ke-4. || Barbarian <> Selepas Slav menyerang, kerajaan hanya mengendalikan kawasan apa? || pulau dan kawasan pantai", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Slavs invade Greece?", "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28d", "answers": [{"text": "7th century", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.", "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28e", "answers": [{"text": "Barbarian", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?", "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28f", "answers": [{"text": "islands and coastal areas", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought."}], ["Proses ini selesai pada tahun 27 SM ketika Kaisar Romawi Augustus mengambil bahagian di seluruh wilayah Yunani dan membentuknya sebagai wilayah senatorial dari Achaea. Walaupun keunggulan ketenteraan mereka, orang-orang Rom dikagumi dan menjadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pencapaian budaya Yunani, oleh itu pernyataan terkenal Horace: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit (\"Yunani, walaupun ditangkap, mengambil tawanan liar\"). Episod Homer mengilhami Aeneid of Virgil, dan penulis seperti Seneca yang lebih muda menulis menggunakan gaya Yunani. Wira Rom seperti Scipio Africanus, cenderung untuk mempelajari falsafah dan menganggap budaya dan sains Yunani sebagai contoh yang harus diikuti. Begitu juga, kebanyakan maharaja Romawi mengekalkan kekaguman untuk perkara-perkara dalam bahasa Yunani. Maharaja Rom Nero melawat Yunani pada tahun 66 AD, dan tampil di Sukan Olimpik Kuno, meskipun peraturan terhadap penyertaan bukan Yunani. Hadrian juga sangat gemar orang-orang Yunani; sebelum dia menjadi kaisar, dia berkhidmat sebagai arkon eponim Athens. <> Apakah Kaisar Rom menjadi pemerintah seluruh Greece? || Augustus <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Horace menjadi terkenal? || \"Yunani, walaupun ditangkap, mengambil tawanan penakluk liar\" <> Apa tokoh Rom terkenal yang melawat Greece pada tahun 66 AD? || Nero <> Apa pengarang Grecian yang terkenal mengilhami penulis dan karya mereka? || Homer <> Apa pahlawan Roma mempelajari falsafah dan sains Yunani? || Scipio Africanus", {"qas": [{"question": "What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad179", "answers": [{"text": "Augustus", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What saying by Horace became famous?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17a", "answers": [{"text": "\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\"", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17b", "answers": [{"text": "Nero", "answer_start": 758}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17c", "answers": [{"text": "Homer", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17d", "answers": [{"text": "Scipio Africanus", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit (\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens."}], ["Pada abad ke-14, sebahagian besar dari semenanjung Yunani telah hilang oleh Empayar Byzantine pada mulanya kepada Serbia dan kemudian ke Uthmaniyyah. Pada permulaan abad ke 15, kemajuan Uthmaniyyah bermakna Wilayah Byzantine di Greece adalah terhad terutamanya di bandarnya yang paling lama, Thessaloniki, dan Peloponnese (Mengecilkan Morea). Selepas kejatuhan Constantinople ke Ottoman pada 1453, Morea adalah sisa terakhir Empayar Byzantine untuk menentang Ottoman. Walau bagaimanapun, ini juga jatuh ke Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1460, menyelesaikan penaklukan Uthmaniyyah tanah besar Yunani. Dengan penaklukan Turki, banyak cendekiawan Yunani Byzantine, yang sehingga saat itu bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya untuk memelihara pengetahuan Yunani Klasik, melarikan diri ke Barat, membawa bersama mereka sebuah kesusasteraan besar dan dengan begitu menyumbang dengan besarnya ke Renaissance. <> Banyak orang Yunani yang hilang di mana pada abad ke-14? || Byzantine Empire <> Pada permulaan abad ke-15, kota Byzantine terbesar adalah apa? || Thessaloniki <> Constantinople telah diatasi oleh siapa di 1453? || Uthmaniyyah <> Uthmaniyyah menguasai tanah besar Greece pada tahun berapa? || 1460 <> Siapa yang mempunyai kesan besar pada Renaissance? || Ulama Yunani Byzantine", {"qas": [{"question": "A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51c", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Empire", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51d", "answers": [{"text": "Thessaloniki", "answer_start": 274}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51e", "answers": [{"text": "the Ottomans", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51f", "answers": [{"text": "1460", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? ", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac520", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Greek scholars", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance."}], ["Komuniti berbahasa Yunani dari Hellenized East berperanan dalam penyebaran agama Kristian awal pada abad ke-2 dan ke-3, dan pemimpin dan penulis awal Kristian (terutamanya St Paul) kebanyakannya berbahasa Yunani, walaupun umumnya bukan dari Yunani sendiri. Perjanjian Baru ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani, dan beberapa bahagiannya (Korintus, Tesalonika, Filipi, Wahyu St. John of Patmos) membuktikan pentingnya gereja-gereja di Yunani dalam kekristianan awal. Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar dari Greece berpegang teguh pada paganisme, dan amalan keagamaan Yunani purba masih dalam mode di akhir abad ke-4 AD, ketika mereka dilarang oleh kaisar Rom Theodosius I dalam 391-392. Pertandingan Olimpik yang terakhir telah diadakan pada tahun 393, dan banyak kuil yang musnah atau rosak pada abad yang berikutnya. Di Athens dan kawasan luar bandar, paganisme diiktiraf dengan baik ke abad keenam AD dan bahkan kemudian. Penutupan Akademi Neoplatonic Athens oleh kaisar Justinian pada tahun 529 dianggap oleh ramai untuk menandakan akhir zaman dahulu, walaupun terdapat bukti bahawa Akademi meneruskan kegiatannya untuk beberapa waktu selepas itu. Beberapa daerah terpencil seperti Peloponnese tenggara tetap pagan hingga ke abad ke-10 AD. <> Dalam bahasa apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kitab pertama Alkitab? || Greek <> Agama apa yang dilakukan oleh amalan awal Yunani? || Paganisme <> Sukan Olimpik yang terakhir diadakan di Greece kuno pada tahun berapa? || 393 <> Paganisme dilarang oleh Kaisar Rom? || Theodosius I <> Yang Maharaja menutup sekolah di Athens? || Justinian", {"qas": [{"question": "In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac480", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion did early Greece practice?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac481", "answers": [{"text": "paganism", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? ", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac482", "answers": [{"text": "393", "answer_start": 738}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac483", "answers": [{"text": "Theodosius I", "answer_start": 668}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac484", "answers": [{"text": "Justinian", "answer_start": 975}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD."}], ["Semua orang Yunani bersatu, bagaimanapun, dalam tekad mereka untuk membebaskan wilayah berbahasa Yunani dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah, tanpa menghiraukan dialek yang mereka ucapkan. Terutama di Crete, pemberontakan yang berpanjangan pada 1866-1869 telah menimbulkan semangat nasionalis. Apabila perang meletus antara Rusia dan Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1877, sentimen popular Yunani bergegas ke rantau Rusia, tetapi Greece terlalu miskin, dan terlalu prihatin dengan campur tangan British, secara rasmi memasuki perang. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1881, Thessaly dan bahagian kecil Epirus telah diserahkan ke Greece sebagai sebahagian daripada Perjanjian Berlin, sementara harapan Yunani mengecewakan Crete. <> Perang antara Rusia dan Uthmaniyyah bermula pada tahun berapa? || 1877 <> Pemberontakan berlangsung selama 3 tahun di mana pulau Yunani? || Crete <> Pada tahun apakah Perjanjian Berlin berlaku? || 1881", {"qas": [{"question": "War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?", "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61c", "answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?", "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61d", "answers": [{"text": "Crete", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?", "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61e", "answers": [{"text": "1881", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866\u20131869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete."}], ["Pada akhir Perang Balkan, tahap wilayah dan penduduk Greece telah meningkat. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, perjuangan antara Raja Constantine I dan Perdana Menteri berkarisma Eleftherios Venizelos atas dasar luar negara pada malam Perang Dunia I menguasai adegan politik negara, dan membahagikan negara itu kepada dua kumpulan yang bertentangan. Semasa sebahagian Perang Dunia Pertama, Greece mempunyai dua kerajaan; kerajaan pro-Jerman diraja di Athens dan seorang pro-Britain Veniselis di Thessaloniki. Kedua-dua kerajaan bersatu pada tahun 1917, ketika Yunani secara resmi memasuki perang di sisi Tripente Entente. <> Apa yang membahagikan Greece ke dalam dua kumpulan politik? || dasar luar negara <> Berapa banyak kerajaan yang ada di Greece pada Perang Dunia 1? || dua <> Ketika Greece memasuki Perang Dunia I, di mana pihaknya bertempur? || Triple Entente <> Kerajaan-kerajaan Greece yang banyak datang pada tahun berapa? || 1917", {"qas": [{"question": "What divided Greece into two political groups?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d7ff", "answers": [{"text": "the country's foreign policy", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d800", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d801", "answers": [{"text": "the Triple Entente", "answer_start": 615}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d802", "answers": [{"text": "1917", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente."}], ["Pada tahun 1814, sebuah organisasi rahsia yang dipanggil Filiki Eteria (Persatuan Kawan) diasaskan dengan tujuan membebaskan Greece. The Filiki Eteria merancang untuk melancarkan revolusi di Peloponnese, Prinsipal Danubia dan Constantinople. Yang pertama pemberontakan ini bermula pada 6 Mac 1821 di Principalities Danubia di bawah pimpinan Alexandros Ypsilantis, tetapi ia tidak lama kemudian diturunkan oleh Uthmaniyyah. Peristiwa-peristiwa di utara memacu orang Yunani dari Peloponnese ke tindakan dan pada 17 Mac 1821 Maniots mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Uthmaniyyah. <> Di mana tahun Persatuan Kawan bermula? || 1814 <> Matlamat Pertubuhan Kawan adalah apa? || membebaskan Yunani <> Persatuan Kawan juga dikenal dengan nama apa? || Filiki Eteria <> Yang pertama beberapa revolusi bermula bila? || 6 Mac 1821 <> Perang bermula dengan orang-orang Uthmaniyyah? || 17 Mac 1821", {"qas": [{"question": "In which year did the Society of Friends begin?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad329", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Society of Friends goal was what?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32a", "answers": [{"text": "liberating Greece", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Society of Friends was also known by what name?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32b", "answers": [{"text": "Filiki Eteria", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first of several revolutions began when?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32c", "answers": [{"text": "6 March 1821", "answer_start": 275}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "War was started with the Ottomans when?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32d", "answers": [{"text": "17 March 1821", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans."}], ["Perbelanjaan peningkatan Rasuah dan Trikoupis untuk mewujudkan infrastruktur yang diperlukan seperti Kanal Korintus mengatasi ekonomi Yunani yang lemah, memaksa pengisytiharan insolvensi awam pada tahun 1893 dan untuk menerima pengenaan kuasa Kawalan Kewangan Antarabangsa untuk membayar penghutang negara. Satu lagi isu politik pada abad ke-19 Yunani adalah unik Yunani: soalan bahasa. Orang-orang Yunani bercakap sejenis bahasa Yunani yang dipanggil Demotic. Ramai elit yang berpendidikan melihat ini sebagai dialek petani dan bertekad untuk mengembalikan kemuliaan Yunani Kuno. <> Pada tahun 1893, Greece mengumumkan apa? || insolvensi awam <> Untuk membayar orang yang mereka bayar, Greece harus menerima apa? || Pihak berkuasa Kawalan Kewangan Antarabangsa <> Orang-orang Yunani yang mempunyai pendidikan tinggi melihat dialek apa yang di bawahnya? || Demotic <> Topik hangat di Greece pada abad ke-19 adalah apa? || bahasa", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1893 Greece announced what?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7dd", "answers": [{"text": "public insolvency", "answer_start": 164}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7de", "answers": [{"text": "International Financial Control authority", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7df", "answers": [{"text": "Demotic", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7e0", "answers": [{"text": "language", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek."}], ["Menjelang akhir bulan, Peloponnese berada dalam pemberontakan terbuka terhadap Uthmaniyyah dan pada Oktober 1821 orang Yunani di bawah Theodoros Kolokotronis telah menangkap Tripolitsa. Pemberontakan Peloponnesian dengan cepat diikuti oleh pemberontakan di Crete, Macedonia dan Central Greece, yang akan segera ditindas. Sementara itu, angkatan laut Yunani sementara telah mencapai kejayaan menentang angkatan laut Uthmaniyyah di Laut Aegean dan menghalang bala bantuan Uthmaniyyah dari tiba di laut. Pada tahun 1822 dan 1824 orang Turki dan Mesir merosakkan pulau-pulau, termasuk Chios dan Psara, melakukan pembunuhan besar-besaran penduduk. Ini mempunyai kesan pendapat orang ramai di Eropah barat memihak kepada pemberontak Yunani. [Halaman diperlukan] <> Dalam tahun berapa orang Yunani mengambil Tripolitsa? || 1821 <> Siapa pemimpin pemberontakan Yunani pada tahun 1821? || Theodoros Kolokotronis <> Angkatan Laut Yunani dan Uthmaniyyah berjuang di perairan mana? || Laut Aegean <> Turki dan Mesir menyerang pulau Yunani dalam tahun berapa? || 1822 dan 1824", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc73", "answers": [{"text": "1821", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc74", "answers": [{"text": "Theodoros Kolokotronis", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc75", "answers": [{"text": "Aegean Sea", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc76", "answers": [{"text": "1822 and 1824", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]"}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia Pertama, Greece cuba meluaskan lagi ke Asia Minor, sebuah rantau yang mempunyai populasi penduduk Yunani yang besar pada masa itu, tetapi dikalahkan dalam Perang Greco-Turki 1919-1922, yang menyumbang kepada penerbangan Asia yang besar Orang Yunani kecil. Peristiwa-peristiwa ini bertindih, dengan kedua-duanya terjadi semasa pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yunani (1914-1922), suatu tempoh di mana, menurut pelbagai sumber, para pegawai Uthmaniyyah dan Turki menyumbang kepada kematian beberapa ratus ribu Asia Minor Yunani. Pengeluaran Yunani yang dihasilkan dari Asia Minor telah dibuat kekal, dan berkembang, dalam pertukaran penduduk secara rasmi antara Yunani dan Turki. Pertukaran itu adalah sebahagian daripada terma Perjanjian Lausanne yang mengakhiri perang. <> Berapa tahun peperangan Greco-Turki berlaku? || 1919-1922 <> Selepas Perang Dunia I, Greece ingin memperluaskan ke kawasan apa? || Asia Minor <> Pertukaran orang di antara Yunani dan Turki berlaku berdasarkan perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian Lausanne <> Dalam apa tempoh masa genosida orang Yunani berlaku? || 1914-1922 <> Siapa yang menyebabkan kematian ribuan orang Yunani? || Pegawai Ottoman dan Turki", {"qas": [{"question": "What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196a", "answers": [{"text": "1919\u20131922", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196b", "answers": [{"text": "Asia Minor", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196c", "answers": [{"text": "Treaty of Lausanne", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196d", "answers": [{"text": "1914-1922", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196e", "answers": [{"text": "Ottoman and Turkish officials", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919\u20131922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war."}], ["Berikutan peristiwa bencana di Asia Minor, monarki itu dimansuhkan melalui referendum pada tahun 1924 dan Republik Hellenic Kedua telah diisytiharkan. Perdana Georgios Kondylis mengambil alih kuasa pada tahun 1935 dan secara berkesan menghapuskan republik itu dengan membawa kembali monarki melalui referendum pada tahun 1935. Satu rampasan kuasa diikuti pada tahun 1936 dan dipasang Ioannis Metaxas sebagai ketua rejim diktator yang dikenali sebagai Rejim 4 Ogos. Walaupun pemerintahan diktator, Yunani tetap baik dengan Britain dan tidak bersekutu dengan Axis. <> Raja Yunani telah dimansuhkan ketika? || 1924 <> Pada tahun 1924, apa yang ditubuhkan? || Republik Hellenic Kedua <> Siapa yang menjadi pemimpin Yunani pada tahun 1935? || Perdana Georgios Kondylis <> Raja monarki Yunani ditubuhkan semula oleh siapa? || Perdana Georgios Kondylis <> Pada tahun apakah rampasan kuasa berlaku dan bentuk diktator baru? || 1936", {"qas": [{"question": "The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?", "id": "57264784708984140094c141", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1924, what was established?", "id": "57264784708984140094c142", "answers": [{"text": "Second Hellenic Republic", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the Greek leader in 1935?", "id": "57264784708984140094c143", "answers": [{"text": "Premier Georgios Kondylis", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?", "id": "57264784708984140094c144", "answers": [{"text": "Premier Georgios Kondylis", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?", "id": "57264784708984140094c145", "answers": [{"text": "1936", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'\u00e9tat followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis."}], ["Selepas bertahun-tahun rundingan, tiga Kuasa Besar, Rusia, United Kingdom dan Perancis, memutuskan untuk campur tangan dalam konflik dan setiap negara menghantar angkatan laut ke Greece. Berikutan berita bahawa gabungan armada Uthmaniyyah-Mesir akan menyerang pulau Hydra Yunani, armada bersekutu memintas armada Uthmaniyyah-Mesir di Navarino. Selepas pertumpahan selama seminggu, peperangan bermula yang mengakibatkan kemusnahan pasukan Ottoman-Mesir. Pasukan ekspedisi Perancis dihantar untuk mengawasi pemindahan tentera Mesir dari Peloponnese, sementara orang Yunani meneruskan bahagian yang ditangkap di Central Greece pada tahun 1828. Sebagai hasil dari tahun rundingan, negara Yunani yang baru akhirnya diiktiraf di bawah London Protokol pada tahun 1830. <> Apa tiga negara menghantar Angkatan Laut mereka ke Greece? || Rusia, United Kingdom dan Perancis <> Kapal angkatan laut mana yang dimaksudkan untuk menyerang Hydra? || Uthmaniyyah-Mesir <Tentera laut mana yang memenangi pertempuran Hydra? || armada yang bersekutu <> Pengiktirafan negara Yunani berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1830 <> Apakah perjanjian yang mengakui Greece sebagai negara yang dipanggil? || Protokol London", {"qas": [{"question": "What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d2", "answers": [{"text": "Russia, the United Kingdom and France", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d3", "answers": [{"text": "Ottoman\u2013Egyptian", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which navy won the battle of Hydra?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d4", "answers": [{"text": "the allied fleet", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d5", "answers": [{"text": "1830", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d6", "answers": [{"text": "London Protocol", "answer_start": 725}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830."}], ["Masa berikut ditandai oleh ketidakstabilan, kerana lebih daripada 1.5 juta pelarian Yunani yang tidak berpengalaman dari Turki terpaksa diintegrasikan ke dalam masyarakat Yunani. Kerana istilah \"orang Yunani\" dalam pertukaran itu didasarkan pada agama Yunani Cappadocian, Pontian Yunani, dan pengikut Yunani Yunani Ortodoksi tidak semua tertakluk kepada pertukaran itu juga. Kebanyakan pelarian ini tidak dapat bercakap bahasa itu, dan berasal dari persekitaran asing, seperti kes orang bukan Yunani dan Cappadocian. Pelarian juga membuat rangsangan penduduk perang dramatik, kerana jumlah pelarian adalah lebih daripada seperempat penduduk sebelum Greece. Tugas itu dilakukan dengan menyelesaikan Pontians dan Cappadocians di pergunungan Macedonia, di mana mereka akan beradaptasi dengan lebih baik, dan menyelesaikan penceramah Demotic dan bukan Yunani di Kepulauan Yunani dan bandar-bandar, di mana mereka telah disesuaikan dengan. <> Berapa banyak pelarian Yunani datang dari Turki? || 1.5 juta <> Pelarian Pontian dan Cappadocia dipindahkan ke mana? || Gunung Macedonia <> Demotic berbahasa Yunani pelarian diletakkan di mana? || Kepulauan Yunani dan bandar-bandar", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?", "id": "57264659708984140094c11d", "answers": [{"text": "1.5 million", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?", "id": "57264659708984140094c11e", "answers": [{"text": "Macedonian mountains", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?", "id": "57264659708984140094c11f", "answers": [{"text": "Greek Isles and cities", "answer_start": 798}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term \"Greeks\" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to."}], ["Ketegangan tidak lama lagi berkembang di kalangan puak-puak Yunani yang berlainan, yang membawa kepada dua perang saudara berturut-turut. Sementara itu, Sultan Uthmaniyyah berunding dengan Mehmet Ali dari Mesir, yang bersetuju untuk menghantar anaknya Ibrahim Pasha ke Yunani dengan tentera untuk menindas pemberontakan sebagai balasan untuk keuntungan wilayah. Ibrahim mendarat di Peloponnese pada Februari 1825 dan berjaya dengan cepat: menjelang akhir tahun 1825, sebahagian besar Peloponnese berada di bawah kawalan Mesir, dan kota Missolonghi yang dikepung oleh orang Turki sejak April 1825-jatuh pada April 1826. Walaupun Ibrahim dikalahkan di Mani, dia telah berjaya menghalang kebanyakan pemberontakan di Peloponnese dan Athens telah dikembalikan. <> Berapa banyak perang sivil berturut-turut berlaku antara puak-puak Yunani? || Dua <> yang menghantar Mesir ke Tentera Darat ke Greece? || Ibrahim Pasha <> Ibrahim Pasha mendarat dengan tenteranya ketika? || Februari 1825 <> Pada tahun apakah jatuh Missolonghi kepada orang Mesir? || 1826 <> Ibrahim Pasha akhirnya menghadapi kekalahan di mana? || Mani", {"qas": [{"question": "How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc83", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc84", "answers": [{"text": "Ibrahim Pasha", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc85", "answers": [{"text": "February 1825", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc86", "answers": [{"text": "1826", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc87", "answers": [{"text": "Mani", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi\u2014put under siege by the Turks since April 1825\u2014fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken."}], ["Lapan puluh peratus daripada Greece terdiri daripada gunung atau bukit, menjadikan negara ini sebagai salah satu kawasan pergunungan di Eropah. Gunung Olympus, tempat nyanyian mitos Yunani Dewa, memuncak di puncak Mytikas 2,918 meter (9,573 kaki), tertinggi di negara ini. Western Greece mengandungi beberapa tasik dan tanah lembap dan dikuasai oleh rentang Gunung Pindus. Pindus, penerusan Alpari Dinaric, mencapai ketinggian maksimum 2,637 m (8,652 kaki) di Mt. Smolikas (yang kedua tertinggi di Greece) dan sejarah telah menjadi halangan penting untuk perjalanan timur-barat. <> Berapa tinggi Gunung Olympus? || 9,573 ft <> Gunung tertinggi di rentang Pindus adalah apa? || Mt. Smolikas <> Berapa tinggi adalah Mt. Smolikas? || 8652 kaki", {"qas": [{"question": "How tall is Mount Olympus?", "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db61", "answers": [{"text": "9,573 ft", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?", "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db62", "answers": [{"text": "Mt. Smolikas", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall is Mt. Smolikas?", "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db63", "answers": [{"text": "8,652 ft", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel."}], ["Iklim Greece terutamanya Mediterranean, memaparkan musim sejuk yang ringan dan basah serta panas, musim panas yang kering. Iklim ini berlaku di semua lokasi pesisir, termasuk Athens, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Crete, Peloponnese, Kepulauan Ionian dan bahagian-bahagian wilayah Central Continental Greece. Julat gunung Pindus sangat mempengaruhi iklim negara, kerana kawasan di barat julatnya agak rata-rata (disebabkan pendedahan yang lebih tinggi ke sistem barat daya yang membawa kelembapan) daripada kawasan yang terletak di sebelah timur julat ( akibat kesan bayang hujan). <> Iklim Greece terutamanya jenis apa? || Mediterranean <> iklim Greece dipengaruhi oleh jangkauan apa? || Jarak gunung Pindus <> Timur dari pergunungan Pindus, iklim kering disebabkan oleh apa? || kesan bayang hujan", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece's climate is mainly of what type?", "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dba8", "answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece's climate is affected by what range?", "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dba9", "answers": [{"text": "Pindus mountain range", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?", "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dbaa", "answers": [{"text": "a rain shadow effect", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect)."}], ["Terletak di Eropah Selatan, Greece terdiri dari sebuah tanah besar, semenanjung jutting yang menjelajah ke laut di hujung selatan Balkan, berakhir di semenanjung Peloponnese (dipisahkan dari tanah besar oleh terusan Isthmus dari Corinth) dan terletak di lokasi strategik persimpangan di Eropah, Asia, dan Afrika. Disebabkan garis pantai yang sangat diandaikan dan kepulauan yang banyak, Greece mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang ke-11 di dunia dengan 13,676 km (8,498 mi); sempadan daratnya adalah 1,160 km (721 mi). Negara ini terletak kira-kira antara latitud 34 \u00b0 dan 42 \u00b0 N, dan bujur 19 \u00b0 dan 30 \u00b0 E, dengan mata ekstrem berada: <> Yunani di mana secara geografi? || Eropah Selatan <> Di mana garis pantai Greece berada dalam ranking dunia? || Paling lama ke-11 <> Berapa lamakah garis pantai Greece? || 8,498 mi", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece is where geographically?", "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db50", "answers": [{"text": "Southern Europe", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?", "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db51", "answers": [{"text": "11th longest", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is Greece's coastline?", "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db52", "answers": [{"text": "8,498 mi", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Located in Southern Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34\u00b0 and 42\u00b0 N, and longitudes 19\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 E, with the extreme points being:"}], ["Kawasan pegunungan di barat laut Greece (bahagian Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Makedonia Barat) serta di bahagian tengah pergunungan Peloponnese - termasuk bahagian-bahagian unit serantau Achaea, Arcadia dan Laconia - mempunyai iklim Alpine dengan salji berat . Bahagian pedalaman Greece utara, di Makedonia Tengah dan Timur Macedonia dan Thrace mempunyai iklim yang sederhana dengan musim dingin, lembap yang lembap dan musim panas yang panas yang kering dengan ribut petir yang kerap. Snowfalls berlaku setiap tahun di pergunungan dan kawasan utara, dan salji pendek tidak diketahui walaupun di kawasan selatan rendah, seperti Athens. <> Iklim Yunani di Barat Laut dikenali sebagai apa? || Iklim Alpine <> Iklim Alpine Greece mendapat apa jenis cuaca? || salji tebal <> Utara Greece menduduki apa jenis iklim? || sederhana <> Ia telah diketahui salji walaupun di bandar selatan? || Athens", {"qas": [{"question": "The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f89", "answers": [{"text": "Alpine climate", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8a", "answers": [{"text": "heavy snowfalls", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8b", "answers": [{"text": "temperate", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8c", "answers": [{"text": "Athens", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese \u2013 including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia \u2013 feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens."}], ["Rentang Pindus terus melalui pusat Peloponnese, melintasi kepulauan Kythera dan Antikythera dan menemui jalan ke Aegean barat daya, di pulau Crete dimana akhirnya berakhir. Pulau-pulau Aegean adalah puncak perairan di bawah air yang pernah menjadi lanjutan tanah besar. Pindus dicirikan oleh puncak yang tinggi, curam, yang sering dibedah oleh banyak jurang dan pelbagai landskap karstik yang lain. Vikos Gorge yang menakjubkan, sebahagian daripada Taman Negara Vikos-Aoos di rentang Pindus, disenaraikan oleh buku Guinness World Records sebagai jurang paling dalam di dunia. Satu lagi pembentukan yang ketara ialah tiang batu Meteora, di atas yang telah dibina biara-biara Ortodoks Yunani abad pertengahan. <> Di mana gunung Pindus berakhir? || Pulau Crete <> Kepulauan di Laut Aegean dibentuk oleh apa? || gunung bawah laut <> Apakah jurang yang paling dalam di dunia? || Vikos Gorge", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the Pindus mountain range end?", "id": "57264cde708984140094c1bd", "answers": [{"text": "the island of Crete", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?", "id": "57264cde708984140094c1be", "answers": [{"text": "underwater mountains", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the deepest gorge in the world?", "id": "57264cde708984140094c1bf", "answers": [{"text": "Vikos Gorge", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries."}], ["Phytogeographically, Greece tergolong dalam Kerajaan Boreal dan dikongsi di antara wilayah Mediterranean Timur di Wilayah Mediterranean dan wilayah Illyrian Wilayah Circumboreal. Menurut World Wide Fund for Nature dan Agensi Alam Sekitar Eropah, wilayah Yunani boleh dibahagikan kepada enam ekoregion: hutan raksasa Illyrian, hutan campuran Pindus Mountains, hutan campuran Balkan, Rhodope montane mixed forest, Aegean dan Barat Turki sclerophyllous dan hutan campuran dan hutan Crete Mediterranean. <> Pengagihan tumbuhan Greece milik apa? || Kerajaan Boreal <> Berapa banyak ekoregion yang menduduki Greece? || enam <> Ekoregsi Pindus dan Balkan dikenali sebagai apa? || hutan bercampur <> Ecoregion di Crete dikenali sebagai apa? || Hutan Mediterranean <> Ekspedisi Illyrian dikenali sebagai apa? || hutan luruh", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe4", "answers": [{"text": "the Boreal Kingdom", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many ecoregions occupies Greece?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe5", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe6", "answers": [{"text": "mixed forests", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Crete ecoregion is known as what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe7", "answers": [{"text": "Mediterranean forests", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe8", "answers": [{"text": "deciduous forests", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests."}], ["Pulau-pulau Yunani secara tradisinya dikelompokkan ke dalam kelompok-kelompok berikut: Kepulauan Argo-Saronic di Teluk Saronic berhampiran Athens, Cyclades, koleksi besar tetapi padat yang menduduki bahagian tengah Laut Aegean, kepulauan Aegean Utara, kumpulan longgar dari pantai barat Turki, Dodecanese, satu lagi koleksi yang longgar di tenggara antara Crete dan Turki, Sporades, kumpulan kecil yang ketat di luar pantai timur laut Euboea, dan Kepulauan Ionian, yang terletak di sebelah barat daratan di Laut Ionia. <> Teluk Saronic dekat bandar apa? || Athens <> Pulau Cyclade terletak di mana? || bahagian tengah Laut Aegean <> Kepulauan Aegea Utara terletak di mana? || pantai barat Turki <> Pulau Dodecanese terletak di mana? || antara Crete dan Turki <> Pulau Sporades terletak di mana? || di luar pantai timur laut Euboea", {"qas": [{"question": "The Saronic gulf is near what city?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d7", "answers": [{"text": "Athens", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Cyclade islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d8", "answers": [{"text": "central part of the Aegean Sea", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The North Aegean islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d9", "answers": [{"text": "west coast of Turkey", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Dodecanese islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1da", "answers": [{"text": "between Crete and Turkey", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Sporades islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1db", "answers": [{"text": "off the coast of northeast Euboea", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea."}], ["Greece adalah sebuah republik parlimen yang bersatu. Ketua nominal negara adalah Presiden Republik, yang dipilih oleh Parlemen untuk jangka masa lima tahun. Perlembagaan sekarang telah disediakan dan diterima pakai oleh Parlimen Revisi Parlimen Hellenes dan mula berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1975 selepas kejatuhan junta tentera pada tahun 1967-1974. Ia telah disemak tiga kali sejak, pada tahun 1986, 2001 dan 2008. Perlembagaan, yang mengandungi 120 artikel, memperuntukkan pemisahan kuasa ke cawangan eksekutif, perundangan dan kehakiman, dan memberikan jaminan khusus yang meluas (diperkuat lagi pada tahun 2001) kebebasan awam dan hak sosial. Pilihanraya wanita dijamin dengan pindaan kepada Perlembagaan 1952. <> Jenis republik apakah Greece? || parlimen kesatuan <> Apakah gelaran ketua Greece? || Presiden Republik <> Siapa yang memilih presiden Greece? || Parlimen <> Berapa lama Presiden Greece berkhidmat? || jangka masa lima tahun <> Perlembagaan Greece mempunyai banyak artikel? || 120", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of republic is Greece?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8164", "answers": [{"text": "unitary parliamentary", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the title of the leader of Greece?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8165", "answers": [{"text": "President of the Republic", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who elects the president of Greece?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8166", "answers": [{"text": "the Parliament", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does the President of Greece serve?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8167", "answers": [{"text": "five-year term", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece's constitution has how many articles?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8168", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967\u20131974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution."}], ["Sementara itu, Andreas Papandreou mengasaskan gerakan Sosialis Panhellenic (PASOK) sebagai tindak balas kepada parti Demokrasi Baru Karamanlis yang konservatif, dengan dua formasi politik bergantian dalam kerajaan sejak itu. Greece menyertai NATO pada tahun 1980. Yunani menjadi ahli kesepuluh Komuniti Eropah (kemudiannya disubsidi oleh Kesatuan Eropah) pada 1 Januari 1981, yang memasuki tempoh pertumbuhan yang mampan. Pelaburan yang meluas dalam perusahaan perindustrian dan infrastruktur berat, serta dana dari Kesatuan Eropah dan pendapatan yang semakin meningkat daripada pelancongan, perkapalan dan sektor perkhidmatan yang berkembang pesat menaikkan taraf hidup negara ke tahap yang belum pernah berlaku. Hubungan tradisional yang tegang dengan Turki jiran bertambah baik apabila gempa berturut-turut melanda kedua-dua negara pada tahun 1999, yang membawa kepada pengangkatan veto Yunani terhadap tawaran Turki untuk keanggotaan EU. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan PASOK? || Andreas Papandreou <> Apa PASOK berdiri? || Pergerakan Sosialis Panhellenic <> Dalam tahun berapa adakah Greece kembali menyertai NATO? || 1980 <> Greece menyertai apa yang kemudian menjadi Kesatuan Eropah ketika? || 1 Januari 1981 <> Gempa bumi melanda Greece dan Turki pada tahun mana? || 1999", {"qas": [{"question": "Who founded the PASOK?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1d", "answers": [{"text": "Andreas Papandreou", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does PASOK stand for?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1e", "answers": [{"text": "Panhellenic Socialist Movement", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1f", "answers": [{"text": "1980", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece joined what later became the European Union when?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f20", "answers": [{"text": "1 January 1981", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f21", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership."}], ["Yunani akhirnya diduduki oleh Nazi yang meneruskan pentadbiran Athens dan Thessaloniki, sementara wilayah lain diberikan kepada rakan-rakan Nazi Jerman, Fasis Itali dan Bulgaria. Pendudukan membawa kesusahan yang dahsyat bagi penduduk awam Yunani. Lebih 100,000 orang awam meninggal dunia akibat kebuluran semasa musim sejuk 1941-1942, puluhan ribu lagi meninggal dunia akibat pembelaan oleh Nazis dan kolaborator, ekonomi negara telah musnah dan majoriti orang Yahudi Yunani diusir dan dibunuh di kem-kem tahanan Nazi. Rintangan Yunani, salah satu pergerakan ketahanan yang paling berkesan di Eropa, telah berjuang keras terhadap Nazi dan kolaborator mereka. Penjajah Jerman melakukan banyak kekejaman, hukuman mati, pembunuhan besar-besaran orang awam dan pemusnahan bandar-bandar dan kampung-kampung dalam pembalasan. Dalam perjalanan kempen anti-gerila, ratusan kampung secara sistematik dibakar dan hampir 1,000,000 orang Yunani kehilangan tempat tinggal. Secara keseluruhannya, Jerman mengeksekusi kira-kira 21,000 orang Yunani, 40,000 orang Bulgaria dan 9,000 orang Itali. <> Berapa ramai orang Yunani yang kebuluran kerana pendudukan Nazi? || Lebih 100,000 <> Dalam berapa tahun beribu-ribu orang Yunani kelaparan? || 1941-1942 <> Apa kumpulan awam di Greece bertempur melawan pendudukan Nazi? || Rintangan Yunani <> Berapa banyak warga Yunani yang diganti akibat pembalasan Nazi? || hampir 1,000,000", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db14", "answers": [{"text": "Over 100,000", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db15", "answers": [{"text": "1941\u20131942", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db16", "answers": [{"text": "The Greek Resistance", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db17", "answers": [{"text": "almost 1,000,000", "answer_start": 966}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941\u20131942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000."}], ["Menurut kredit Der Spiegel yang diberikan kepada kerajaan Eropah telah menyamar sebagai \"swap\" dan akibatnya tidak didaftarkan sebagai hutang. Ketika Eurostat pada masa itu mengabaikan statistik yang melibatkan derivatif kewangan, seorang peniaga derivatif Jerman telah memberi komentar kepada Der Spiegel bahawa \"Peraturan Maastricht boleh diasingkan secara sah melalui pertukaran,\" dan \"Pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, Itali menggunakan helah yang sama untuk menutupi hutangnya yang sebenarnya dengan bantuan bank AS yang berbeza. \" Keadaan ini telah membolehkan Yunani dan juga banyak kerajaan Eropah lain untuk melampaui kemampuan mereka, sambil memenuhi sasaran defisit Kesatuan Eropah. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menyembunyikan hutang? || swap <> Swaps membolehkan Greece melakukan apa? || melampaui cara mereka <> Apa negara lain menyembunyikan hutangnya melalui swap? || Itali <> Apa yang boleh diatasi secara sah dengan swap? || Peraturan Maastricht", {"qas": [{"question": "What was used to hide debts?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5a", "answers": [{"text": "swaps", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Swaps allow Greece to do what?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5b", "answers": [{"text": "spend beyond their means", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other country hid its debt through swaps?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5c", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can legally be overcome with swaps?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5d", "answers": [{"text": "The Maastricht rules", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as \"swaps\" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that \"The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,\" and \"In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.\" These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union."}], ["Greece adalah negara maju dengan taraf hidup yang tinggi [rujukan?] Dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang tinggi. Ekonominya sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada sektor perkhidmatan (85.0%) dan industri (12.0%), manakala pertanian menghasilkan 3.0% daripada keluaran ekonomi negara. Industri-industri penting Yunani termasuk pelancongan (dengan 14.9 juta pelancong antarabangsa pada tahun 2009, ia disenaraikan sebagai negara ke-7 paling banyak dikunjungi di Kesatuan Eropah dan ke-16 di dunia oleh Pertubuhan Pelancongan Sedunia Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu) dan perkapalan saudagar (di 16.2% jumlah kapasiti, marin pedagang Yunani adalah yang terbesar di dunia), sementara negara ini juga merupakan pengeluar pertanian yang besar (termasuk perikanan) dalam kesatuan. <> Sektor terbesar ekonomi Greece adalah apa? || sektor perkhidmatan <> Berapa peratus daripada ekonomi sektor perkhidmatan Greece? || 85.0% <> Sebanyak peratus daripada ekonomi pertanian merangkumi? || 3.0% <> Berapa ramai pelancong melawat Greece pada tahun 2009? || 14.9 juta <> Greece memegang pangkat di kalangan negara-negara yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia? || 16th", {"qas": [{"question": "The largest sector of Greece's economy is what?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828a", "answers": [{"text": "the service sector", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828b", "answers": [{"text": "85.0%", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828c", "answers": [{"text": "3.0%", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828d", "answers": [{"text": "14.9 million", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828e", "answers": [{"text": "16th", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is a developed country with high standards of living[citation needed] and high Human Development Index. Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output. Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union."}], ["Greece mempunyai perkhidmatan ketenteraan wajib universal untuk lelaki, manakala perempuan dikecualikan daripada wajib, tetapi mungkin sebaliknya berkhidmat dalam tentera. Sehingga tahun 2009 [kemas kini], perkhidmatan ketenteraan mandatori adalah sembilan bulan untuk warganegara lelaki berumur antara 19 dan 45 tahun. Selain itu, lelaki Yunani antara umur 18 dan 60 yang tinggal di kawasan sensitif strategik mungkin dikehendaki berkhidmat sambilan dalam Pengawal Kebangsaan. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila tentera telah berusaha menjadi tenaga profesional sepenuhnya, kerajaan telah berjanji untuk mengurangkan perkhidmatan ketenteraan wajib atau menghapuskan sepenuhnya. <> Jenis perkhidmatan ketenteraan apa yang diperlukan Greece? || wajib universal <> Bolehkah perempuan digubal ke dalam tentera? || perempuan dikecualikan dari pengesahan <> Apa panjang perkhidmatan ketenteraan yang diperlukan oleh lelaki? || sembilan bulan <> Pada usia berapa lelaki mungkin dikehendaki berkhidmat di Pengawal Kebangsaan? || 18 dan 60", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of military service does Greece require?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7037", "answers": [{"text": "universal compulsory", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can females be drafted into the military?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7038", "answers": [{"text": "females are exempted from conscription", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the length of military service required of men?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7039", "answers": [{"text": "nine months", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f703a", "answers": [{"text": "18 and 60", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military. As of 2009[update], mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. However, as the military has sought to become a completely professional force, the government has promised to reduce mandatory military service or abolish it completely."}], ["Kuasa perundangan dilaksanakan oleh Parlimen unicameral elektif 300 anggota. Statut yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen diisytiharkan oleh Presiden Republik. Pilihanraya parlimen diadakan setiap empat tahun, tetapi Presiden Republik diwajibkan untuk membubarkan Parlimen lebih awal mengenai cadangan Kabinet, memandangkan menangani masalah kebangsaan yang luar biasa. Presiden juga diwajibkan untuk membubarkan Parlimen sebelum ini, jika pembangkang berhasil meloloskan gerakan tidak percaya. <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam parlimen Greece? || 300 <> Berapa kerapkah pilihan raya membantu parlimen? || setiap empat tahun <> Undang-undang Parlimen diberlakukan oleh siapa? || Presiden Republik", {"qas": [{"question": "How many members are in Greece's parliament? ", "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c2", "answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often are elections help for parliament?", "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c3", "answers": [{"text": "every four years", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? ", "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c4", "answers": [{"text": "President of the Republic", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence."}], ["Mengikut Perlembagaan, kuasa eksekutif dilaksanakan oleh Presiden Republik dan Kerajaan. Dari pindaan Perlembagaan 1986, tugas-tugas Presiden telah dikurangkan ke tahap yang besar, dan mereka kini sebahagian besar upacara; kebanyakan kuasa politik itu terletak di tangan Perdana Menteri. Kedudukan Perdana Menteri, ketua kerajaan Greece, dimiliki oleh pemimpin partai politik saat ini yang dapat memperoleh suara keyakinan oleh Parlemen. Presiden Republik secara rasminya melantik Perdana Menteri dan, atas syornya, melantik dan menolak ahli-ahli Kabinet yang lain. <> Perlembagaan telah dipinda untuk mengurangkan kuasa Presiden pada tahun berapa? || 1986 <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa paling politik di Greece? || Perdana Menteri <> Perdana Menteri dipilih oleh siapa? || Parlimen <> Yang secara rasmi menamakan Perdana Menteri? || Presiden Republik", {"qas": [{"question": "The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a4", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the most political power in Greece?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a5", "answers": [{"text": "Prime Minister", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Prime Minister is elected by who?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a6", "answers": [{"text": "the Parliament", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who formally names the Prime Minister?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a7", "answers": [{"text": "President of the Republic", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet."}], ["Sejak pembaharuan program Kallikratis mulai berlaku pada 1 Januari 2011, Greece telah merangkumi tiga belas wilayah yang terbahagi kepada 325 majlis perbandaran. 54 wilayah pemerintahan lama dan pentadbiran peringkat-tinggi telah sebahagian besarnya ditahan sebagai sub-unit wilayah. Tujuh pentadbir pentadbiran terpusat satu hingga tiga wilayah untuk tujuan pentadbiran secara serantau. Terdapat juga satu kawasan autonomi, Gunung Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, \"Gunung Suci\"), yang bersempadan dengan wilayah Macedonia Tengah. <> Berapa rantau di Greece sejak 2011? || tiga belas <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran di Greece? || 325 <> Apa yang berkuatkuasa pada 1 Januari 2011? || Pembaharuan program Kallikratis <> Apa kawasan autonomi di Greece? || Mount Athos <> Di mana terletak Gunung Athos? || bersempadan dengan wilayah Macedonia Tengah", {"qas": [{"question": "How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce2", "answers": [{"text": "thirteen", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many municipalities exist in Greece? ", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce3", "answers": [{"text": "325", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What went into effect on January 1, 2011?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce4", "answers": [{"text": "Kallikratis programme reform", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the one autonomous area in Greece?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce5", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Athos", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Mount Athos located?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce6", "answers": [{"text": "borders the region of Central Macedonia", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, \"Holy Mountain\"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia."}], ["Dasar luar Greece dilaksanakan melalui Kementerian Luar Negeri dan ketua, Menteri Luar Negeri. Menteri sekarang Nikos Kotzias. Menurut laman web rasmi, matlamat utama Kementerian Luar Negeri adalah mewakili Greece sebelum negara-negara lain dan organisasi antarabangsa; melindungi kepentingan negara Yunani dan warganya di luar negara; promosi budaya Yunani; memupuk hubungan yang lebih erat dengan diaspora Yunani; dan promosi kerjasama antarabangsa. Di samping itu, kerana kedudukan politik dan geografinya dengan Eropah, Asia, Timur Tengah dan Afrika, Greece adalah negara yang mempunyai kepentingan geostrategik yang penting dan dianggap sebagai kuasa tengah dan telah membangunkan dasar serantau untuk membantu mempromosikan keamanan dan kestabilan dalam Balkan, Mediterranean, dan Timur Tengah. <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua bagi dasar luar Greece? || Menteri Luar Negeri <> Siapa Menteri Luar Negeri sekarang? || Nikos Kotzias <> Matlamat Kementerian Luar Negeri adalah apa? || mewakili Greece sebelum negara-negara lain dan organisasi-organisasi antarabangsa <> Yunani adalah walaupun apa jenis kuasa? || kuasa tengah <> Greece mempunyai berapa banyak kepentingan strategik? || penting", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?", "id": "57265844708984140094c337", "answers": [{"text": "Minister for Foreign Affairs", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?", "id": "57265844708984140094c338", "answers": [{"text": "Nikos Kotzias", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?", "id": "57265844708984140094c339", "answers": [{"text": "represent Greece before other states and international organizations", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece is though of as what kind of power?", "id": "57265844708984140094c33a", "answers": [{"text": "a middle power", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece has how much strategic importance?", "id": "57265844708984140094c33b", "answers": [{"text": "significant", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Nikos Kotzias. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora; and the promotion of international cooperation. Additionally, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East."}], ["Dengan ekonomi yang lebih besar daripada semua gabungan ekonomi Balkan, Greece adalah ekonomi terbesar di Balkan, dan pelabur serantau yang penting. Greece adalah dua pelabur modal asing di Albania, tiga pelabur asing di Bulgaria, di tiga negara pelabur asing di Romania dan Serbia dan rakan perdagangan paling penting dan pelabur asing terbesar Republik Macedonia. Bank-bank Yunani membuka cawangan baru di suatu tempat di Balkan secara hampir setiap minggu. Syarikat telekomunikasi Yunani OTE telah menjadi pelabur yang kuat di Yugoslavia dan negara-negara Balkan yang lain. <> Ekonomi Greece apa saiznya? || lebih besar daripada semua ekonomi Balkan yang dikombinasikan <> Apakah pangkat Greece memegang sebagai pelabur Albania? || nombor dua <> Apa peringkat Yunani memegang sebagai pelabur Bulgaria? || nombor tiga <> Greece adalah pelabur asing terbesar di kawasan apa? || Republik Macedonia <> OTE dikenali sebagai apa? || Syarikat telekomunikasi Yunani", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece's economy is what size?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c383", "answers": [{"text": "larger than all the Balkan economies combined", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c384", "answers": [{"text": "number-two", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c385", "answers": [{"text": "number-three", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? ", "id": "57265c22708984140094c386", "answers": [{"text": "Republic of Macedonia", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "OTE is known as what?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c387", "answers": [{"text": "Greek telecommunications company", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries."}], ["Kerajaan campuran memimpin negara ke pilihan raya parlimen Mei 2012. Kuasa parti politik tradisional Yunani, PASOK dan Demokrasi Baru, masing-masing berkurang daripada 43% hingga 13% dan dari 33% hingga 18%, kerana sokongan mereka pada politik Mnimonio dan langkah-langkah penjimatan. Parti kiri dari SYRIZA menjadi parti utama kedua, dengan peningkatan dari 4% hingga 16%. Tiada parti boleh membentuk kerajaan mampan, yang membawa kepada pemilihan parlimen pada bulan Jun 2012. Keputusan pilihan raya kedua adalah pembentukan kerajaan gabungan yang terdiri daripada Demokrasi Baru (29%), PASOK (12%) dan Demokratik Kiri (6 %) pihak. <> Pada bulan Mei 2012, yang memulakan pemilihan parlimen? || Kerajaan campuran <> Apa yang menyebabkan kehilangan kuasa parti-parti Greek tradisional? || sokongan mereka terhadap politik Mnimonio dan langkah-langkah penjimatan <> Siapa yang menjadi parti utama kedua selepas pilihan raya? || Parti kiri dari SYRIZA <> Apa yang menyebabkan pemilihan kedua 2012? || Tiada pihak boleh membentuk kerajaan mampan <> Apa hasil demografi pilihan raya kedua? || kerajaan gabungan terdiri daripada Demokrasi Baru (29%), PASOK (12%) dan Parti Demokratik (6%).", {"qas": [{"question": "In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?", "id": "572657145951b619008f7015", "answers": [{"text": "The coalition government", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? ", "id": "572657145951b619008f7016", "answers": [{"text": "their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became the second major party after the elections?", "id": "572657145951b619008f7017", "answers": [{"text": "The leftist party of SYRIZA", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the second election of 2012? ", "id": "572657145951b619008f7018", "answers": [{"text": "No party could form a sustainable government", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the demographic result of the second election?", "id": "572657145951b619008f7019", "answers": [{"text": "coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties."}], ["Ekonomi Yunani dikelaskan sebagai maju dan berpendapatan tinggi. Greece adalah ahli pengasas Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD) dan Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi Laut Hitam (BSEC). Pada tahun 1979, kesertaan negara di Komuniti Eropah dan pasaran tunggal telah ditandatangani, dan prosesnya telah siap pada tahun 1982. Yunani diterima ke dalam Kesatuan Ekonomi dan Monopoli Kesatuan Eropah pada 19 Jun 2000, dan pada Januari 2001 mengadopsi Euro sebagai mata wangnya, menggantikan drakma Yunani pada kadar pertukaran 340.75 drachma kepada Euro. Greece juga merupakan ahli Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa dan Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia, dan menduduki tangga ke-24 pada Indeks Globalisasi KOF untuk tahun 2013. <> Apakah pengelasan ekonomi Yunani? || maju dan berpendapatan tinggi <> Greece membantu menemui organisasi ekonomi apa? || Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD) dan Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi Laut Hitam (BSEC) <> Kapan Greece diterima ke Kesatuan Eropah? || 19 Jun 2000 <> Bilakah Yunani mulai menggunakan Euro sebagai mata wangnya? || Januari 2001 <> Apakah mata wang bekas Greece? || drakma Yunani", {"qas": [{"question": "What classification does the Greek economy hold?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c38d", "answers": [{"text": "advanced and high-income", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece help found what economic organizations?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c38e", "answers": [{"text": "Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Greece accepted into the European Union?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c38f", "answers": [{"text": "19 June 2000", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c390", "answers": [{"text": "January 2001", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Greece's former currency?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c391", "answers": [{"text": "the Greek drachma", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high-income. Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro. Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013."}], ["Dari segi jumlah kapal, Tentera Laut Merchant Yunani berada di 4 di seluruh dunia, dengan 3,150 kapal (741 daripadanya didaftarkan di Greece manakala 2,409 di pelabuhan lain). Dari segi kategori kapal, Greece berada di peringkat pertama dalam kedua-dua kapal tangki dan pembawa pukal kering, keempat dalam bilangan bekas, dan kelima dalam kapal lain. Walau bagaimanapun, jadual armada hari ini lebih kecil daripada paras tertinggi sepanjang 5,000 kapal pada akhir 1970-an. Di samping itu, jumlah kapal yang terbang bendera Yunani (termasuk armada bukan Yunani) adalah 1,517, atau 5.3% daripada dwt di dunia (di kedudukan ke-5). <> Di mana tentera Merchant Yunani berada di kedudukan? || Ke-4 di seluruh dunia <> Berapa banyak kapal yang ada di Tentera Laut Merchant Yunani? || 3,150 <> Di manakah Yunani menilai bilangan tangki? || pertama", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?", "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f5", "answers": [{"text": "4th worldwide", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?", "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f6", "answers": [{"text": "3,150", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?", "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f7", "answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s. Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th)."}], ["Kafe internet yang menyediakan akses bersih, aplikasi pejabat dan permainan berbilang pemain juga merupakan penglihatan biasa di negara ini, manakala internet mudah alih pada rangkaian 3G dan 4G-LTE dan sambungan Wi-Fi boleh didapati di mana-mana sahaja. Penggunaan internet mudah alih 3G / 4G telah meningkat dengan pesat dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, dengan peningkatan 340% antara Ogos 2011 dan Ogos 2012. Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menempatkan Greece di antara 30 negara teratas dengan infrastruktur maklumat dan komunikasi yang sangat maju. <> Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, penggunaan apa yang telah meningkat secara mendadak? || Internet mudah alih 3G / 4G <> Berapa banyak peningkatan penggunaan internet dalam setahun? || 340% <> Di manakah kedudukan Yunani dalam kerja dengan komunikasi? || antara 30 negara teratas", {"qas": [{"question": "In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?", "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddca", "answers": [{"text": "3G/4G mobile internet", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did internet usage increase in one year?", "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddcb", "answers": [{"text": "340%", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?", "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddcc", "answers": [{"text": "among the top 30 countries", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Internet caf\u00e9s that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G and 4G- LTE cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere. 3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years, with a 340% increase between August 2011 and August 2012. The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure."}], ["Semasa abad ke-19 dan ke-20 terdapat pertikaian utama yang dikenali sebagai soalan bahasa Yunani, sama ada bahasa rasmi Yunani mestilah Katharevousa kuno, yang dibuat pada abad ke-19 dan digunakan sebagai bahasa negara dan ilmiah, atau Dimotiki, yang bentuk bahasa Yunani yang berkembang secara semulajadi dari Greek Byzantine dan merupakan bahasa rakyat. Pertikaian itu akhirnya diselesaikan pada tahun 1976, ketika Dimotiki dibuat satu-satunya variasi resmi bahasa Yunani, dan Katharevousa jatuh untuk tidak digunakan. <> Bilakah pertikaian Bahasa Yunani berlaku? || Semasa abad ke-19 dan ke-20 <> Bilakah bahasa Yunani dibuat oleh Katharevousa? || abad ke-19 <> Bahasa mana yang dianggap bahasa orang? || Dimotiki <> Bahasa apa yang dibuat satu-satunya variasi rasmi pada tahun 1976? || Dimotiki <> Dari mana bahasa dimotiki berkembang? || Byzantine Greek", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Greek Language dispute take place?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71f9", "answers": [{"text": "During the 19th and 20th centuries", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fa", "answers": [{"text": "the 19th century", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which language was considered the language of the people?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fb", "answers": [{"text": "Dimotiki", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was made the only official variation in 1976?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fc", "answers": [{"text": "Dimotiki", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which language did Dimotiki evolve?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fd", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine Greek", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse."}], ["Taman teknologi Greece dengan kemudahan inkubator termasuk Taman Sains dan Teknologi Crete (Heraklion), Taman Teknologi Thessaloniki, Taman Teknologi Lavrio dan Taman Sains Patras, Taman Sains dan Teknologi Epirus (Ioannina). Greece telah menjadi ahli Agensi Angkasa Eropah (ESA) sejak tahun 2005. Kerjasama antara ESA dan Jawatankuasa Angkasa Negara Hellenik bermula pada awal 1990-an. Pada tahun 1994, Greece dan ESA menandatangani perjanjian kerjasama pertama mereka. Setelah memohon secara penuh untuk keahlian penuh pada tahun 2003, Greece menjadi ahli keenam belas ESA pada 16 Mac 2005. Sebagai ahli ESA, Greece mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti telekomunikasi dan teknologi agensi, dan Pemantauan Global untuk Inisiatif Keselamatan dan Alam Sekitar. <> Greece telah menjadi ahli agensi apa sejak tahun 2005? || Agensi Angkasa Eropah (ESA) <> Greece dan ESA menandatangani perjanjian pertama mereka dalam tahun berapa? || 1994 <> Bilakah / Greece memohon keahlian ESA? || 2003 <> Greece disenaraikan sebagai ahli ESA? || Keenam belas <> Greece menjadi ahli ESA penuh ketika? || 16 Mac 2005", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712b", "answers": [{"text": "European Space Agency (ESA)", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712c", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712d", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712e", "answers": [{"text": "sixteenth", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece became a full ESA member when?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712f", "answers": [{"text": "16 March 2005", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative."}], ["Ahli sains Yunani terkenal zaman moden termasuk Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (pencipta ujian Pap), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory (terkenal dengan teorema Carath\u00e9odory dan Carath\u00e9odory), Manolis Andronikos (menemui makam Philip II dari Macedon di Vergina) , Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize atas sumbangannya pada fizik quark pesona, sumbangan besar kepada kelahiran Model Standard, teori moden Zarah Elementari), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Anugerah Turing, \"Hadiah Nobel\" Sains Komputer), Christos Papadimitriou (Hadiah Knuth 2002, Hadiah G\u00f6del 2012), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos dan Helene Ahrweiler. <> Apakah saintis Yunani mencipta ujian Pap? || Georgios Papanikolaou <> Siapa yang menemui kubur Philip II of Macedon? || Manolis Andronikos <> Apakah bahasa Yunani memenangi anugerah Turing 2007? || Joseph Sifakis <> Apa yang telah memenangi hadiah pada tahun 2002? || Christos Papadimitriou <> Apakah bahasa Yunani memenangi hadiah Knuth 2005? || Mihalis Yannakakis", {"qas": [{"question": "What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3a", "answers": [{"text": "Georgios Papanikolaou", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3b", "answers": [{"text": "Manolis Andronikos", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3c", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph Sifakis", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3d", "answers": [{"text": "Christos Papadimitriou", "answer_start": 628}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3e", "answers": [{"text": "Mihalis Yannakakis", "answer_start": 689}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory (known for the Carath\u00e9odory theorems and Carath\u00e9odory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the \"Nobel Prize\" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 G\u00f6del Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler."}], ["Sambungan keretapi memainkan peranan yang agak kecil di Greece daripada di banyak negara Eropah yang lain, tetapi mereka juga telah berkembang, dengan sambungan kereta api pinggir bandar / komuter baru, yang diservis oleh Proastiakos sekitar Athens, ke lapangan terbangnya, Kiato dan Chalkida; sekitar Thessaloniki, ke arah bandar Larissa dan Edessa; dan sekitar Patras. Sambungan kereta api antara bandar moden antara Athens dan Thessaloniki juga telah ditubuhkan, manakala peningkatan ke atas dua jalur di banyak bahagian rangkaian 2,500 km (1,600 mi) sedang dijalankan. Talian keretapi antarabangsa menghubungkan bandar-bandar Yunani dengan seluruh Eropah, Balkan dan Turki. <> Berapa lamakah sistem kereta api Greek? || 1,600 mt <> Rancangan menaik taraf keretapi semasa untuk melakukan apa? || dua baris <> Sambungan kereta api moden yang baru telah dibuat di antara dua bandar itu? || Athens dan Thessaloniki", {"qas": [{"question": "How long is the Greek railway system?", "id": "5726612add62a815002e831a", "answers": [{"text": "1,600 mi", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A current railway upgrade plans to do what?", "id": "5726612add62a815002e831b", "answers": [{"text": "double lines", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?", "id": "5726612add62a815002e831c", "answers": [{"text": "Athens and Thessaloniki", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey."}], ["Anggaran minoriti Muslim Yunani yang diiktiraf, yang kebanyakannya terletak di Thrace, berkisar dari 98,000 hingga 140,000, (kira-kira 1%) manakala jumlah pendatang Muslim di antara 200,000 dan 300,000. Pendatang Albania ke Greece biasanya dikaitkan dengan agama Islam, walaupun kebanyakan adalah sekular dalam orientasi. Berikutan Perang Greco-Turki 1919-1922 dan Perjanjian 1923 Lausanne, Greece dan Turki bersetuju untuk perpindahan penduduk berdasarkan identiti budaya dan agama. Kira-kira 500,000 orang Islam dari Greece, yang kebanyakannya ditakrifkan sebagai Turki, tetapi juga orang-orang Yunani Yunani seperti Vallahades dari Macedonia barat, telah ditukar dengan kira-kira 1,500,000 orang Yunani dari Turki. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak pelarian yang menetap di bekas kampung Muslim Uthmaniyyah di Makedonia Tengah dan ditakrifkan sebagai Greek Orthodox Caucasus Greeks tiba dari bekas wilayah Transcaucasus Rusia Kars Wilayah selepas ia telah diubah ke Turki tetapi dalam beberapa tahun sebelum pertukaran penduduk rasmi. <> Apakah minoriti agama di Greece? || Muslim <> Muslim minoriti kebanyakannya terletak di bandar apa? || Thrace <> Pendatang dari Albania biasanya agama apa? || Muslim <> Orang-orang Yunani Yunani berada dalam pertukaran penduduk dengan negara apa? || Turki", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the religious minority in Greece?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d0", "answers": [{"text": "Muslim", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d1", "answers": [{"text": "Thrace", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d2", "answers": [{"text": "Muslim", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d3", "answers": [{"text": "Turkey", "answer_start": 683}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000, (about 1%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation. Following the 1919\u20131922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly those defined as Turks, but also Greek Muslims like the Vallahades of western Macedonia, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in Central Macedonia and were defined as Christian Orthodox Caucasus Greeks arrived from the former Russian Transcaucasus province of Kars Oblast after it had been retroceded to Turkey but in the few years before the official population exchange."}], ["Greece hari ini agak homogen dalam segi linguistik, dengan majoriti penduduk asli menggunakan bahasa Yunani sebagai bahasa pertama atau satu-satunya. Antara penduduk berbahasa Yunani, penceramah dialek Pontic yang tersendiri datang ke Greece dari Asia Minor selepas pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yunani dan merupakan kumpulan yang cukup besar. Dialek Cappadocian datang ke Greece kerana genosida juga, tetapi terancam dan hampir tidak dibicarakan sekarang. Dialek Yunani pribumi termasuk Yunani kuno yang dituturkan oleh Sarakatsani, pengembara gunung tradisional transhument Macedonia dan bahagian-bahagian lain dari Yunani Utara. Bahasa Tsakonian, bahasa Yunani yang berbeza yang berasal dari Doric Greek dan bukan Ionik Yunani, masih dituturkan di beberapa buah desa di Peloponnese tenggara. <> Apakah bahasa yang digunakan oleh kebanyakan orang Yunani? || Greek <> Yunani yang bercakap dialek Pontic berasal dari mana? || Asia Minor <> Yang dialek Yunani yang hampir tidak dituturkan pada masa ini? || Cappadocian <> Dari bahasa mana yang diterbitkan oleh bahasa Tsakonian? || Doric Greek", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the language spoken by most Greeks?", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8446", "answers": [{"text": "Greek", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8447", "answers": [{"text": "Asia Minor", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8448", "answers": [{"text": "Cappadocian", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? ", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8449", "answers": [{"text": "Doric Greek", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese."}], ["Sebilangan besar pelawat di Greece pada tahun 2007 berasal dari benua Eropah, berjumlah 12.7 juta, sementara kebanyakan pengunjung dari satu kebangsaan adalah dari United Kingdom, (2.6 juta), diikuti oleh Jerman (2.3 juta). Pada tahun 2010, kawasan yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Greece ialah Makedonia Tengah, dengan 18% daripada jumlah pelancong negara (berjumlah 3.6 juta pelancong), diikuti oleh Attica dengan 2.6 juta dan Peloponnese dengan 1.8 juta. Northern Greece adalah wilayah geografi yang paling banyak dikunjungi negara, dengan 6.5 juta pelancong, sementara Central Greece kedua dengan 6.3 juta. <> Di manakah kebanyakan pengunjung Greece datang? || benua Eropah <> Berapa ramai pelawat Greece dari Eropah? || 12.7 juta <> Apa bangsa tunggal dengan kebanyakan pelawat? || United Kingdom <> Bahagian manakah dari Greece yang paling banyak dikunjungi? || Macedonia Tengah <> Greece Utara mendapat bilangan pelawat? || 6.5 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddac", "answers": [{"text": "the European continent", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddad", "answers": [{"text": "12.7 million", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the single nation with the most visitors?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddae", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which part of Greece is the most visited?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddaf", "answers": [{"text": "Central Macedonia", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Northern Greece gets how many visitors?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddb0", "answers": [{"text": "6.5 million", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million). In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million. Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million."}], ["Warganegara Yunani yang Katolik Roman dianggarkan sekitar 50,000 dengan komuniti pendatang Katolik Roma di negara ini kira-kira 200,000. Pengikut Kalendar Lama mempunyai 500,000 pengikut. Protestan, termasuk Gereja Evangelikal Yunani dan Gereja Evangelikal Percuma, berdiri kira-kira 30,000. Perhimpunan Tuhan, Gereja Antarabangsa Injil Foursquare dan gereja-gereja Pentakosta lain dari Synod Yunani Gereja Apostolik mempunyai 12,000 ahli. Gereja Bebas Pentakosta Bebas Pentakosta adalah denominasi Protestan terbesar di Greece dengan 120 gereja. Tidak ada statistik rasmi mengenai Gereja Apostolik Percuma Pentakosta, tetapi Gereja Ortodoks menganggarkan pengikutnya sebagai 20.000. Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa melaporkan 28,874 anggota aktif. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini terdapat kebangkitan kecil agama Yunani kuno, dengan anggaran 2,000 orang pengamal aktif, dan 100,000 \"simpatisan\". <> Berapa ramai rakyat asli Yunani adalah Katolik? || 50,000 <> Berapa ramai pendatang Romawi Katolik berada di Greece? || 200,000 <> Berapa ramai orang Protestan tinggal di Greece? || 30,000 <> Berapa banyak gereja mempunyai denominasi Protestan yang terbesar? || 120 <> Berapa banyak Saksi Yehuwa di Greece? || 28,874", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deae", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deaf", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Protestants live in Greece? ", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb0", "answers": [{"text": "30,000", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb1", "answers": [{"text": "120", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb2", "answers": [{"text": "28,874", "answer_start": 751}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members. Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members. In recent years there has been a small-scale revival of the ancient Greek religion, with estimates of 2,000 people active practitioners, and 100,000 \"sympathisers\"."}], ["Orang-orang Yunani mempunyai tradisi lama untuk menilai dan melabur dalam paideia (pendidikan). Paideia adalah salah satu nilai masyarakat tertinggi di dunia Yunani dan Hellenistik sementara institusi Eropah yang pertama digambarkan sebagai sebuah universiti ditubuhkan pada abad ke-5 Constantinople dan beroperasi dalam pelbagai inkarnasi sehinggalah kejatuhan bandar ke Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1453. Universiti Constantinople adalah Kristian Institusi pengajian tinggi sekular pertama di Eropah kerana tidak ada mata pelajaran teologi yang diajar, dan mengingat makna asal universiti dunia sebagai perbadanan pelajar, universiti pertama di dunia. <> Paideia juga dikenali sebagai apa? || pendidikan <> Universiti Eropah pertama dicipta di bandar apa? || Constantinople <> Bilakah Konstantinopel diambil alih oleh Uthmaniyyah? || 1453", {"qas": [{"question": "Paideia is also known as what?", "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8500", "answers": [{"text": "education", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first European university was created in what city?", "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8501", "answers": [{"text": "Constantinople", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?", "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8502", "answers": [{"text": "1453", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education). Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught, and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world\u2019s first university as well."}], ["Kebudayaan Yunani telah berevolusi beribu-ribu tahun, bermula di Mycenaean Greece dan berterusan terutama ke Klasik Yunani, melalui pengaruh Empayar Rom dan kesinambungan Yunani Timur, Empayar Timur atau Empayar Byzantine. Kebudayaan dan negara-negara lain, seperti negara Latin dan Frank, Empayar Uthmaniyyah, Republik Venetia, Republik Genoa, dan Empayar Britania juga telah meninggalkan pengaruh mereka terhadap budaya Yunani moden, walaupun ahli sejarah memperjuangkan Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani dengan menghidupkan semula Greece dan melahirkan entiti kohesif tunggal budaya yang pelbagai. <> Dimana budaya Yunani bermula? || Mycenaean Greece <> Apa sejarah ahli kredit dengan menghidupkan semula budaya Yunani? || Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani <> Perkembangan budaya Yunani telah berkembang sepanjang tempoh masa apa? || beribu tahun", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Greece culture begin?", "id": "57267541708984140094c6c9", "answers": [{"text": "Mycenaean Greece", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?", "id": "57267541708984140094c6ca", "answers": [{"text": "Greek War of Independence", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?", "id": "57267541708984140094c6cb", "answers": [{"text": "thousands of years", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Genoese Republic, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture."}], ["Pendidikan menengah pasca wajib di Greece terdiri daripada dua jenis sekolah: sekolah menengah atas bersatu (Sekolah Menengah, Sekolah Menengah) dan sekolah pendidikan teknikal-vokasional (\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \"TEE\"). Pendidikan menengah pasca wajib juga termasuk institut latihan vokasional (\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \"IEK\") yang menyediakan pendidikan formal tetapi tidak dikelaskan. Memandangkan mereka dapat menerima kedua-dua graduan Gymnasio (sekolah menengah rendah) dan Lykeio (sekolah menengah atas), institusi ini tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai menawarkan tahap pendidikan tertentu. <> Pendidikan menengah Greece mempunyai berapa jenis sekolah? || dua <> Apa salah satu jenis pendidikan menengah Greece? || sekolah menengah atas bersatu <> Apa jenis institut yang menuntut pendidikan menengah termasuk? || latihan vokasional <> Apa jenis pendidikan yang disediakan oleh institusi vokasional? || formal tetapi tidak dikelaskan", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece's secondary education has how many school types?", "id": "57267226708984140094c655", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one type of Greece's secondary education?", "id": "57267226708984140094c656", "answers": [{"text": "unified upper secondary schools", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of institute does secondary education also include?", "id": "57267226708984140094c657", "answers": [{"text": "vocational training", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of education do vocational institutes provide?", "id": "57267226708984140094c658", "answers": [{"text": "formal but unclassified", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf, Genik\u03cc Lykei\u03cc) and technical\u2013vocational educational schools (\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \"TEE\"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \"IEK\") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education."}], ["Pada zaman purba, Greece adalah tempat kelahiran budaya Barat. Demokrasi moden berhutang hutang kepada kepercayaan Yunani dalam kerajaan oleh rakyat, perbicaraan oleh juri, dan kesaksamaan di bawah undang-undang. Orang Yunani purba mempelopori dalam banyak bidang yang bergantung pada pemikiran sistematik, termasuk biologi, geometri, sejarah, falsafah, fizik dan matematik. Mereka memperkenalkan bentuk sastera penting seperti puisi, sejarah, tragedi, dan komedi epik dan lirik. Dalam usaha mengejar ketertiban dan perkadaran, orang Yunani mencipta kecantikan ideal yang sangat mempengaruhi seni Barat. <> Yunani purba adalah tempat kelahiran? || Kebudayaan Barat <> Apa pengaruh falsafah politik Greece? || Demokrasi moden <> Yunani adalah perintis dalam banyak bidang saintifik yang memerlukan apa? || pemikiran sistematik", {"qas": [{"question": "Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?", "id": "5726760c708984140094c6df", "answers": [{"text": "Western culture", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Greece's political philosophy affect?", "id": "5726760c708984140094c6e0", "answers": [{"text": "Modern democracies", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?", "id": "5726760c708984140094c6e1", "answers": [{"text": "systematic thought", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art."}], ["Berhampiran sempadan Yunani utara terdapat juga beberapa kumpulan berbahasa Slavia, yang dikenali sebagai bahasa Slavomacedonian, yang kebanyakan ahlinya mengenal pasti secara etnik sebagai orang Yunani. Dialek mereka boleh diklasifikasikan secara linguistik sebagai bentuk sama ada Macedonia Slavic atau Bulgaria. Dianggarkan bahawa selepas pertukaran penduduk tahun 1923, Macedonia mempunyai 200,000 hingga 400,000 penceramah Slavic. Komuniti Yahudi di Greece secara tradisinya bercakap Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), hari ini diselenggarakan hanya oleh beberapa ribu pembicara. Lain-lain bahasa minoriti yang penting termasuk bahasa Armenia, Georgia, dan dialek Greco-Turk yang dituturkan oleh Urums, komuniti orang Yunani Caucasus dari rantau Tsalka di Georgia tengah dan etnik Yunani dari tenggara Ukraine yang tiba terutamanya di utara Greece sebagai pendatang ekonomi pada tahun 1990-an . <> Di mana kumpulan berbahasa Slavic biasanya dijumpai? || sempadan Yunani utara <> Macedonia mempunyai bilangan penutur Slavic? || 200,000 hingga 400,000 <> Masyarakat Yahudi Yunani bercakap bahasa apa secara tradisinya? || Ladino <> The Urums dikenali untuk bercakap dialek apa? || Greco-Turkic", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8480", "answers": [{"text": "northern Greek borders", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8481", "answers": [{"text": "200,000 to 400,000", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8482", "answers": [{"text": "Ladino", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Urums are known to speak what dialect?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8483", "answers": [{"text": "Greco-Turkic", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic\u2013speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s."}], ["Minor Muslim di Thrace, yang berjumlah kira-kira 0.95% daripada jumlah penduduk, terdiri daripada penutur bahasa Turki, Bulgaria (Pomaks) dan Romani. Romani juga dituturkan oleh Christian Roma di bahagian lain di negara ini. Lebih lanjut bahasa minoriti secara tradisional telah dituturkan oleh kumpulan penduduk serantau di pelbagai bahagian negara. Kegunaan mereka telah menurun secara radikal pada abad ke-20 melalui asimilasi dengan majoriti berbahasa Yunani. Hari ini mereka hanya dikekalkan oleh generasi yang lebih tua dan hampir hancur. Ini berlaku untuk Arvanites, sebuah kumpulan berbahasa Albania yang kebanyakannya terletak di kawasan pedalaman di sekitar ibu kota Athens, dan untuk orang Aromanian dan Moglenites, yang juga dikenali sebagai Vlachs, bahasa yang berkait rapat dengan bahasa Romania dan yang biasa hidup di beberapa kawasan dari pusat pergunungan Yunani. Ahli-ahli kumpulan ini mengenal pasti secara etnik sebagai orang Yunani dan hari ini sekurang-kurangnya dua bahasa dwibahasa dalam bahasa Yunani. <> Umat Islam membentuk berapa banyak penduduk Yunani? || 0.95% <> Bahasa minoriti telah dikurangkan disebabkan oleh apa? || asimilasi dengan majoriti berbahasa Yunani <> Di bahagian-bahagian negara, Romani dituturkan oleh siapa? || Christian Roma <> Kumpulan apa yang dipanggil Vlachs? || Aromanian dan Moglenites", {"qas": [{"question": "Muslims make up how much of the Greek population?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4a", "answers": [{"text": "0.95%", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Minority languages have been reduce due to what?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4b", "answers": [{"text": "assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4c", "answers": [{"text": "Christian Roma", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What groups are called Vlachs?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4d", "answers": [{"text": "Aromanians and Moglenites", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks) and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks and are today all at least bilingual in Greek."}], ["Greece, bersama dengan Itali dan Sepanyol, merupakan pintu masuk utama bagi pendatang tanpa izin yang cuba memasuki EU. Pendatang tanpa izin memasuki Greece kebanyakannya berbuat demikian dari sempadan dengan Turki di Sungai Evros dan kepulauan Aegean timur di seluruh Turki (terutamanya Lesbos, Chios, Kos, dan Samos). Pada tahun 2012, majoriti pendatang tanpa izin memasuki Greece datang dari Afghanistan, diikuti oleh Pakistan dan Bangladesh. Pada tahun 2015, ketibaan pelarian oleh laut telah meningkat secara mendadak disebabkan oleh perang saudara Syria yang berterusan. Terdapat 856,723 ketibaan oleh laut di Greece, peningkatan hampir lima kali ganda pada tempoh yang sama tahun 2014, di mana rakyat Syria mewakili hampir 45%. Dianggarkan 8% daripada pendatang yang memohon suaka di Greece. <> Greece adalah destinasi utama untuk masuk? || pendatang tanpa izin <> Pada tahun 2012, kebanyakan pendatang tanpa izin memasuki Greece dari mana? || Afghanistan <> Imigran yang tiba di laut datang terutamanya atas sebab apa? || Perang saudara Syria <> Berapa ramai pendatang tiba di laut pada tahun 2015? || 856,723 <> Berapa peratus pendatang laut meminta suaka di Greece? || 8%", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece is a major destination for what to enter?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f729d", "answers": [{"text": "illegal immigrants", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f729e", "answers": [{"text": "Afghanistan", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f729f", "answers": [{"text": "Syrian civil war", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f72a0", "answers": [{"text": "856,723", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f72a1", "answers": [{"text": "8%", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece, together with Italy and Spain, is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey (mainly Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Samos). In 2012, the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea have increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war. There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the Syrians represent almost 45%. An estimated 8% of the arrivals applied for asylum in Greece."}], ["Menurut Undang-undang Rangka Kerja (3549/2007), pendidikan tinggi \"Institusi Pendidikan Tertinggi\" (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c5\u03b9\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, An\u00f3tata Ekpaideytik\u00e1 Idr\u00fdmata, \"\u0391\u0395\u0399\") terdiri daripada dua sektor selari: sektor Universiti (Universiti, Politeknik, Universiti Terbuka) dan sektor Teknologi (Institusi Pendidikan Teknikal (TEI) dan Sekolah Pedagogi dan Pendidikan Teknologi). Terdapat juga Institusi Tertiari Institusi Bukan Universiti yang menawarkan kursus yang berorientasikan kursus jangka pendek (2 hingga 3 tahun) yang beroperasi di bawah kuasa Kementerian lain. Pelajar dimasukkan ke Institut ini mengikut prestasi mereka pada peperiksaan peringkat kebangsaan yang berlaku selepas tamat gred ketiga Lykeio. Di samping itu, pelajar berusia dua puluh dua tahun boleh masuk ke Universiti Terbuka Hellenic melalui satu bentuk loteri. The Capodistrian University of Athens adalah universiti tertua di Mediterranean timur. <> Apakah salah satu sektor pendidikan mengikut Undang-undang Rangka Kerja? || Sektor Universiti <> Berapa lamakah kursus institut Tertiari berlangsung? || 2 hingga 3 tahun <> Peperiksaan untuk institut Tertiari diberikan pada tahap gred? || Gred ketiga <> Pada umur berapa pelajar boleh masuk ke universiti Hellenic melalui loteri? || lebih daripada dua puluh dua tahun <> Apa universiti tertua di Mediterranean timur? || The Capodistrian University of Athens", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e008", "answers": [{"text": "University sector", "answer_start": 210}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e009", "answers": [{"text": "2 to 3 years", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00a", "answers": [{"text": "third grade", "answer_start": 754}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00b", "answers": [{"text": "over twenty-two years old", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? ", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00c", "answers": [{"text": "The Capodistrian University of Athens", "answer_start": 901}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education \"Highest Educational Institutions\" (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, An\u00f3tata Ekpaideytik\u00e1 Idr\u00fdmata, \"\u0391\u0395\u0399\") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean."}], ["Satu kajian dari Balai Cerap Migrasi Mediterranean berpendapat bahawa banci 2001 mencatat 762,191 orang yang menetap di Yunani tanpa kewarganegaraan Yunani, yang membentuk sekitar 7% daripada jumlah penduduk. Daripada penduduk bukan warganegara, 48,560 adalah Kesatuan Eropah atau Persatuan Perdagangan Bebas Eropah dan 17,426 orang Cyprus dengan status istimewa. Majoriti berasal dari negara-negara Eropah Timur: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) dan Romania (3%), sementara migran dari bekas Soviet Union (Georgia, Rusia, Ukraine, Moldova, dll) jumlahnya. Sebahagian daripada pendatang dari Albania berasal dari minoriti Yunani di Albania yang berpusat di wilayah Epirus Utara. Tambahan pula jumlah penduduk kebangsaan Albania yang termasuk pendatang sementara dan orang tidak berdokumen adalah sekitar 600,000. <> Pada tahun 2001, berapa penduduk Yunani bukan warganegara? || 762,191 <> Pada tahun 2001, apakah peratusan populasi penduduk bukan warganegara? || 7% <> Dari manakah kebanyakan penduduk bukan warganegara datang? || Negara Eropah Timur <> Berapa jumlah penduduk Albania di Greece? || 600,000", {"qas": [{"question": "In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8492", "answers": [{"text": "762,191", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8493", "answers": [{"text": "7%", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From where did most non-citizen residents come? ", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8494", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern European countries", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the total Albanian population in Greece?", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8495", "answers": [{"text": "600,000", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000."}], ["Greece mempunyai penjagaan kesihatan sejagat. Dalam laporan Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia 2000, sistem penjagaan kesihatannya menduduki tangga ke-14 dalam prestasi keseluruhan 191 negara yang ditinjau. Dalam laporan Save the Children pada 2013, Greece menduduki tempat ke-19 negara terbaik (daripada 176 negara yang dikaji) untuk keadaan ibu dan bayi yang baru dilahirkan. Pada tahun 2010, terdapat 138 hospital dengan 31,000 katil di negara ini, tetapi pada 1 Julai 2011, Kementerian Kesihatan dan Solidariti Sosial mengumumkan rancangannya untuk mengurangkan bilangannya kepada 77 hospital dengan 36,035 katil, sebagai pembaharuan yang diperlukan untuk mengurangkan perbelanjaan dan seterusnya. Perbelanjaan penjagaan kesihatan Yunani sebagai peratusan KDNK adalah 9.6% pada tahun 2007 menurut laporan OECD 2011, tepat di atas purata OECD sebanyak 9.5%. Negara ini mempunyai jumlah terbesar doktor-penduduk-penduduk di mana-mana negara OECD. <> Apakah jenis penjagaan kesihatan yang ada di Greece? || penjagaan kesihatan sejagat <> Di mana sistem penjagaan kesihatan Greece berpangkat dari 191 negara yang dikaji? || Ke-14 Apakah pangkat Greece memegang syarat untuk ibu-ibu dan bayi yang baru dilahirkan? || 19 <> Pada tahun 2010, berapa rumah sakit di Greece? || 138 <> Pada tahun 2011, rancangan dibuat untuk mengurangkan hospital kepada berapa banyak? || 77", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of health care exists in Greece?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6bf", "answers": [{"text": "universal health care", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c0", "answers": [{"text": "14th", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c1", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c2", "answers": [{"text": "138", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c3", "answers": [{"text": "77", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country."}], ["Muzik vokal Yunani memanjang jauh ke zaman kuno di mana chorus campuran-gender dilakukan untuk hiburan, perayaan dan sebab-sebab rohani. Instrumen dalam tempoh itu termasuk aulos berganda dan instrumen rentetan, lirik, terutama jenis khas yang dipanggil kithara. Muzik memainkan peranan penting dalam sistem pendidikan semasa zaman purba. Kanak-kanak lelaki diajar muzik dari usia enam tahun. Pengaruh kemudian dari Empayar Rom, Timur Tengah, dan Empayar Byzantine turut mempengaruhi muzik Yunani. <> Muzik vokal Yunani kembali seberapa jauh dalam sejarah? || zaman purba <> Apakah salah satu alat muzik yang digunakan di Yunani kuno? || lyre <> Semasa Yunani purba, pada usia berapa lelaki mengajar muzik? || enam", {"qas": [{"question": "Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?", "id": "57268218708984140094c871", "answers": [{"text": "ancient times", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? ", "id": "57268218708984140094c872", "answers": [{"text": "lyre", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?", "id": "57268218708984140094c873", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music."}], ["Pencuci mulut manis seperti galaktoboureko, dan minuman seperti ouzo, metaxa dan pelbagai wain termasuk retsina. Masakan Yunani berbeza dari pelbagai bahagian daratan dan dari pulau ke pulau. Ia menggunakan beberapa perasa lebih kerap daripada masakan Mediterranean yang lain: oregano, pudina, bawang putih, bawang, dill dan daun laurel bay. Rempah-rempah dan rempah-rempah lain yang lain termasuk selasih, thyme dan benih adas. Banyak resipi Yunani, terutamanya di bahagian utara negara ini, menggunakan rempah \"manis\" dengan kombinasi daging, contohnya kayu manis dan ulas dalam stew. <> Apakah nama satu pencuci mulut manis di Greece? || galaktoboureko <> Apa salah satu perasa yang biasa digunakan dalam makanan Mediterranean Yunani? || oregano <> Apa salah satu rempah yang manis Yunani suka menggunakan dengan daging? || kayu manis", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?", "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8790", "answers": [{"text": "galaktoboureko", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? ", "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8791", "answers": [{"text": "oregano", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?", "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8792", "answers": [{"text": "cinnamon", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use \"sweet\" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews."}], ["Pada awal kesusasteraan Yunani berdiri dua karya monumental Homer: Iliad dan Odyssey. Walaupun tarikh komposisi berbeza-beza, kerja-kerja ini telah ditetapkan sekitar 800 SM atau selepas. Dalam tempoh klasik banyak genre kesusasteraan barat menjadi lebih menonjol. Puisi Lyrical, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; persembahan dramatik komedi dan tragedi; historiografi, risalah retorik, dialektik falsafah, dan risalah falsafah yang timbul dalam tempoh ini. Dua penyair lirikal utama ialah Sappho dan Pindar. Masa klasik juga melihat subuh drama. <> Apakah dua karya oleh Homer? || Iliad dan Odyssey <> Dalam apa tempoh masa Homer menulis Iliad dan Odyssey? || 800 SM <> Siapa dua penyair lirik yang utama? || Sappho dan Pindar <> Kapan drama pertama bermula dalam sejarah? || Era klasik", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two works by Homer?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f4", "answers": [{"text": "Iliad and the Odyssey", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f5", "answers": [{"text": "800 BC", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were two major lyrical poets?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f6", "answers": [{"text": "Sappho and Pindar", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did drama first begin in history?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f7", "answers": [{"text": "Classical era", "answer_start": 546}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama."}], ["Walaupun teknik polifoni baru berkembang di Barat, Gereja Ortodoks Timur menolak sebarang jenis perubahan. Oleh itu, muzik Byzantine tetap monophonic dan tanpa sebarang iringan instrumental. Akibatnya, dan meskipun terdapat percubaan tertentu oleh penyihir Yunani tertentu (seperti Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos atau Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), muzik Byzantine telah kehilangan unsur-unsur di Barat yang menggalakkan perkembangan seni yang tidak terkawal. Walau bagaimanapun, kaedah ini yang menyimpan muzik jauh dari poliponi, bersama-sama dengan kultur berterusan berabad-abad, membolehkan muzik monophonik berkembang ke tahap tertinggi kesempurnaan. Byzantium mempersembahkan lagu Byzantine monophonic; perbendaharaan melodik nilai yang tidak dapat dipertimbangkan untuk pelbagai rhythmicalnya dan kuasa ekspresif. <> Gereja Ortodoks Timur menolak apa yang berubah dalam muzik? || polyphony <> Muzik tanpa apa-apa bentuk iringan instrumental dikenali sebagai apa? || monophonic <> Satu jenis muzik yang berasal dari Byzantine dipanggil apa? || Bunyi Byzantine", {"qas": [{"question": "The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?", "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e246", "answers": [{"text": "polyphony", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? ", "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e247", "answers": [{"text": "monophonic", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?", "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e248", "answers": [{"text": "Byzantine chant", "answer_start": 695}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power."}], ["Cacoyannis juga mengarahkan Zorba dalam bahasa Yunani dengan Anthony Quinn yang menerima pencalonan Terbaik, Skor Terbaik yang Diadaptasi dan Pencalonan Filem Terbaik. Filem Finos juga menyumbang kepada tempoh ini dengan filem-filem seperti \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf dan banyak lagi. Semasa tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an Theo Angelopoulos mengarahkan satu siri filem terkenal dan dihargai. Filem Eternity dan Harinya memenangi Palme d'Or dan Hadiah Juri Ekumenikal pada Festival Filem Cannes 1998. <> Apa filem terkenal lain yang dilakukan oleh Cacoyannis? || Zorba the Greek <> Yang membintangi filem Zorba the Greek? || Anthony Quinn <> Apa filem memenangi Palme d'Or di Cannes pada tahun 1998? || Keabadian dan Hari <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem Keabadian dan Hari? || Theo Angelopoulos", {"qas": [{"question": "What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c7", "answers": [{"text": "Zorba the Greek", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c8", "answers": [{"text": "Anthony Quinn", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c9", "answers": [{"text": "Eternity and a Day", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74ca", "answers": [{"text": "Theo Angelopoulos", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival."}], ["Masakan Yunani adalah ciri makanan Mediterranean yang sihat, yang dilambangkan oleh hidangan Crete. Masakan Yunani menggabungkan bahan-bahan segar ke dalam pelbagai hidangan tempatan seperti moussaka, stifado, salad Greek, fasolada, spanakopita dan souvlaki. Sesetengah hidangan dapat dikesan kembali ke Yunani purba seperti skordalia (serbuk halus, kacang badam, bawang putih dan minyak zaitun yang tebal), sup lentil, retsina (anggur putih atau rosak yang disemai dengan resin pain) dan pasteli (bar gula-gula dengan biji bijan yang dibakar dengan madu). Sepanjang orang Greece sering menikmati makan dari hidangan kecil seperti meze dengan pelbagai hidangan seperti tzatziki, gurita panggang dan ikan kecil, keju feta, dolmades (beras, kismis dan biji pinus yang dibungkus dalam daun anggur), pelbagai denyutan, zaitun dan keju. Minyak zaitun ditambah kepada hampir setiap hidangan. <> Apakah ciri diet Mediterranean? || Masakan Yunani <> Cabaran diet Mediterranean adalah hidangan dari mana? || Kreta <> Makanan apa yang dapat ditelusuri kembali ke Yunani kuno? || skordalia <> Apa yang ditambahkan ke hampir setiap hidangan di Greece? || Minyak zaitun", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet? ", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e876e", "answers": [{"text": "Greek cuisine", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e876f", "answers": [{"text": "Crete", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e8770", "answers": [{"text": "skordalia", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is added to almost every dish in Greece?", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e8771", "answers": [{"text": "Olive oil", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick pur\u00e9e of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or ros\u00e9 wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish."}], ["Aristotle Stagira, murid terpenting Plato, berkongsi dengan gurunya sebagai gelaran ahli falsafah yang paling dahulunya. Tetapi sementara Plato telah berusaha menjelaskan dan menerangkan perkara-perkara dari sudut pandangan supra-sensual terhadap bentuk-bentuknya, muridnya lebih suka memulakan dari fakta-fakta yang diberikan kepada kami melalui pengalaman. Kecuali dari ketiga-tiga ahli falsafah Yunani yang paling penting, sekolah-sekolah falsafah Yunani yang diketahui oleh pengasas lain pada zaman purba adalah Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skeptisisme dan Neoplatonisme. <> Murid Plato yang dianggap paling penting? || Aristotle of Stagira <> Filsafat Plato cuba menjelaskan kehidupan dari sudut pandangan apa? || falsafah Aristoteles 'supra-sensual' berdasarkan apa pandangan? || pengalaman <> Apakah nama dua sekolah falsafah? || Keraguan dan Neoplatonisme", {"qas": [{"question": "Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e162", "answers": [{"text": "Aristotle of Stagira", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e163", "answers": [{"text": "the supra-sensual", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? ", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e164", "answers": [{"text": "experience", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of two schools of philosophy?", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e165", "answers": [{"text": "Skepticism and Neoplatonism", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism."}], ["Teater Yunani moden dilahirkan selepas kemerdekaan Yunani, pada awal abad ke-19, dan pada mulanya dipengaruhi oleh teater Heptanese dan melodrama, seperti opera Itali. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 adalah teater pertama dan opera rumah Yunani moden dan tempat di mana opera Yunani pertama, Spyridon Xyndas 'Calon Parlimen (berdasarkan libretto Yunani secara eksklusif) telah dilakukan. Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, adegan teater di Athena dikuasai oleh revue, komedi muzik, pengendali dan penolong dan penerbit drama terkenal termasuk Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis dan lain-lain. <> Teater Yunani moden bermula bila? || awal abad ke-19 <> moden teater Yunani dipengaruhi oleh apa? || Teater Heptanese dan melodrama <> Apakah teater pertama Yunani moden? || Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 <> Apakah opera Yunani pertama? || Calon Parlimen <> Siapa yang membuat opera pertama, Calon Parlimen? || Spyridon Xyndas", {"qas": [{"question": "Modern Greek theater began when?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8680", "answers": [{"text": "early 19th century", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8681", "answers": [{"text": "Heptanesean theatre and melodrama", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first theater of modern Greece?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8682", "answers": [{"text": "Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first Greek opera?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8683", "answers": [{"text": "The Parliamentary Candidate", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? ", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8684", "answers": [{"text": "Spyridon Xyndas", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others."}], ["Pawagam pertama kali muncul di Greece pada tahun 1896 tetapi teater cine sebenar pertama dibuka pada tahun 1907. Pada tahun 1914 Asty Films Company diasaskan dan pengeluaran filem lama bermula. Golfo (\u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c6\u03c9), cerita cinta tradisional yang terkenal, dianggap sebagai filem ciri Yunani pertama, walaupun terdapat beberapa produksi kecil seperti berita baru sebelum ini. Pada tahun 1931 Orestis Laskos mengarahkan Daphnis dan Chloe (\u0394\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7), yang mengandungi adegan bogel pertama dalam sejarah pawagam Eropah; ia juga merupakan filem Greek pertama yang dimainkan di luar negara. Pada tahun 1944 Katina Paxinou telah dianugerahkan dengan Anugerah Pelakon Akademi Pelakon Terbaik untuk Siapa Bell Tolls. <> Tahun berapa panggung wayang pertama muncul di Greece? || 1896 <> Pada tahun apakah teater pawagam pertama dibuka di Greece? || 1907 <> Pada tahun 1914 apakah nama syarikat filem yang diasaskan? || Asty Films <> Apa filem filem Greek yang pertama? || Golfo <> Siapa yang mengarahkan adegan bogel pertama dalam sejarah filem Yunani? || Orestis Laskos", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did cinema first appear in Greece?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e870e", "answers": [{"text": "1896", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e870f", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8710", "answers": [{"text": "Asty Films", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first Greek feature film?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8711", "answers": [{"text": "Golfo", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8712", "answers": [{"text": "Orestis Laskos", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (\u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c6\u03c9), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (\u0394\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls."}], ["Tahun 1950-an dan awal 1960-an dianggap oleh ramai untuk menjadi era keemasan pawagam Yunani. Para pengarah dan pelakon zaman ini diakui sebagai tokoh sejarah yang penting di Greece dan ada yang mendapat pujian antarabangsa: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti dan lain-lain. Lebih daripada enam puluh filem setiap tahun dibuat, dengan majoriti mempunyai elemen noir filem. Filem yang terkenal ialah \u0397 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 (1955 diarahkan oleh Giorgos Tzavellas), \u03a0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03a8\u03c9\u03bc\u03af (1951, diarahkan oleh Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 diarahkan oleh Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 diarahkan oleh Cacoyannis dan ditulis oleh Kampanellis). <> Tempoh masa mana yang dianggap zaman kegemilangan sinema Yunani? || 1950-an dan awal 1960-an <> Semasa zaman kegemilangan zaman Yunani, berapa banyak filem yang dibuat setiap tahun? || Lebih daripada enam puluh <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem O Drakos pada tahun 1956? || Nikos Koundouros <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem Stella pada tahun 1955? || Cacoyannis <> Siapa yang menulis filem Stella pada tahun 1955? || Kampanellis", {"qas": [{"question": "Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? ", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8736", "answers": [{"text": "1950s and early 1960s", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8737", "answers": [{"text": "More than sixty", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8738", "answers": [{"text": "Nikos Koundouros", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? ", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8739", "answers": [{"text": "Cacoyannis", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e873a", "answers": [{"text": "Kampanellis", "answer_start": 690}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements. Notable films were \u0397 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), \u03a0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03a8\u03c9\u03bc\u03af (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis)."}], ["Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Yunani, menduduki tempat ke-12 di dunia pada tahun 2014 (dan mencapai tahap ke-8 di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan 2011), dimenangi juara Eropah pada Euro 2004 dalam salah satu kejutan terbesar dalam sejarah sukan dan menjadi salah satu pasukan kebangsaan paling berjaya dalam bola sepak Eropah, menjadi salah satu daripada sembilan pasukan kebangsaan yang memenangi Kejohanan Eropah UEFA. Liga Super Yunani adalah liga bola sepak profesional tertinggi di negara ini yang terdiri daripada lapan belas pasukan. Yang paling berjaya adalah Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athena dan PAOK. <> Kedudukan apa yang dilakukan oleh pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Greece pada 2014. || 12 <> Yunani dinobatkan sebagai juara Eropah dalam apa acara? || Euro 2004 <> Berapa banyak pasukan kebangsaan memenangi Kejohanan Eropah UEFA? || sembilan <> Berapa banyak pasukan dalam Liga Super Greece? || lapan belas <> Siapa yang merupakan salah satu pasukan paling berjaya dalam Liga Super Yunani? || Olympiacos", {"qas": [{"question": "What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.", "id": "57268b01708984140094c98d", "answers": [{"text": "12th", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c98e", "answers": [{"text": "Euro 2004", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c98f", "answers": [{"text": "nine", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many teams are in the Greek Super League?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c990", "answers": [{"text": "eighteen", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c991", "answers": [{"text": "Olympiacos", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek national football team, ranking 12th in the world in 2014 (and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011), were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football, being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship. The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK."}], ["Berhubung dengan muzik klasik, ia melalui pulau Ionia (yang berada di bawah pemerintahan barat dan pengaruh) bahawa semua kemajuan utama muzik klasik barat Eropah diperkenalkan ke tanah besar Yunani. Rantau ini terkenal dengan kelahiran Sekolah Muzik Greek moden pertama (Heptanesean atau Ionian School, Greek: \u0395\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1815. Perwakilan terkenal genre ini termasuk Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras dan Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris dianggap sebagai pengasas Sekolah Muzik Nasional Yunani. <> Melalui pulau mana adalah muzik klasik Eropah yang diperkenalkan kepada orang Yunani? || Ionian <> Kapan sekolah pertama muzik klasik Yunani moden terbentuk? || 1815 <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai pengasas Sekolah Muzik Kebangsaan Yunani? || Manolis Kalomiris", {"qas": [{"question": "Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks?", "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2dc", "answers": [{"text": "Ionian", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?", "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2dd", "answers": [{"text": "1815", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?", "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2de", "answers": [{"text": "Manolis Kalomiris", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: \u0395\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music."}], ["Greece mengambil bahagian dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision sebanyak 35 kali selepas penampilannya pada Peraduan 1974. Pada tahun 2005, Greece menang dengan lagu \"My Number One\", yang dilakukan oleh penyanyi Yunani-Sweden, Elena Paparizou. Lagu itu menerima 230 mata dengan 10 set 12 mata dari Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, United Kingdom, Turki, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden dan Jerman serta menjadi tamparan hebat di negara-negara lain dan terutama di Greece. Peraduan Lagu ke-51 Eurovision telah diadakan di Athens di Balai Induk Olimpik Kompleks Sukan Olimpik Athens di Maroussi, yang dianjurkan oleh Maria Menounos dan Sakis Rouvas. <> Berapa banyak masa telah menyertai Greece dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision? || 35 <> Pada tahun apakah Greece memenangi Peraduan Lagu Eurovision? || 2005 <> Apa lagu Greek memenangi Peraduan Lagu Eurovision pada tahun 2005? || Saya Nombor Satu <> Siapa yang mempersembahkan lagu ini, My Number One, dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision 2005? || Elena Paparizou <> Dimana Peraduan Lagu ke-51 Eurovision diadakan? || Athens", {"qas": [{"question": "How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e31e", "answers": [{"text": "35", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e31f", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e320", "answers": [{"text": "My Number One", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who performed the song, My Number One, in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e321", "answers": [{"text": "Elena Paparizou", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e322", "answers": [{"text": "Athens", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 35 times after its debut at the 1974 Contest. In 2005, Greece won with the song \"My Number One\", performed by Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou. The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece. The 51st Eurovision Song Contest was held in Athens at the Olympic Indoor Hall of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Maroussi, with hosted by Maria Menounos and Sakis Rouvas."}], ["The Heptanese kantadhites (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 'serenades'; sing .: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) menjadi pelopor lagu moden Yunani, mempengaruhi perkembangannya hingga ke tahap yang agak tinggi. Untuk bahagian pertama abad yang akan datang, beberapa komposer Yunani terus meminjam unsur-unsur dari gaya Heptanese. Lagu-lagu yang paling berjaya dalam tempoh 1870-1930 adalah serenades Athenian yang dipanggil, dan lagu-lagu yang dilakukan di atas panggung (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 'lagu-lagu beratur teater') dalam revue, operettas dan nocturnes yang menguasai adegan teater Athens. <> Apakah pelopor lagu moden Yunani? || Heptanesean kantades <> Athenian serenades paling berjaya dalam tempoh masa apa? || 1870-1930 <> Apa pengaruh lagu moden Yunani? || Heptanese kantadh", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?", "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26a", "answers": [{"text": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?", "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26b", "answers": [{"text": "1870\u20131930", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What influenced Greek modern song considerably?", "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26c", "answers": [{"text": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 'serenades'; sing.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870\u20131930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene."}], ["Rebetiko, pada mulanya muzik yang dikaitkan dengan kelas yang lebih rendah, kemudian (dan terutamanya selepas pertukaran penduduk antara Greece dan Turki) mencapai penerimaan umum yang lebih besar kerana pinggir kasar watak subkulturnya yang terang-terangan telah dilembutkan dan dipoles, kadang-kadang sampai ke tahap yang tidak dapat dikenali. Ia adalah pangkalan la\u00efk\u00f3 kemudian (lagu rakyat). Penampilan utama genre ini termasuk Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou dan Glykeria. <> Muzik apa yang mula dikaitkan dengan kelas yang lebih rendah? || Rebetiko <> Rebetiko adalah asas apa? || la\u00efk\u00f3 <> Salah seorang pelukis terkemuka dalam genre laiko siapa? || Apostolos Kaldaras", {"qas": [{"question": "What music began associated with the lower classes?", "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e28e", "answers": [{"text": "Rebetiko", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Rebetiko was the base of what? ", "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e28f", "answers": [{"text": "la\u00efk\u00f3", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?", "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e290", "answers": [{"text": "Apostolos Kaldaras", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later la\u00efk\u00f3 (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria."}], ["Greece adalah tempat kelahiran Olimpik purba, yang pertama kali dirakamkan pada tahun 776 SM di Olympia, dan menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik moden dua kali, Olimpiade Musim Panas 1896 dan Olimpik Musim Panas 2004. Semasa perarakan negara-negara Yunani selalu dipanggil pertama, sebagai negara pendiri pelopor purba Olimpik moden. Negara ini telah bersaing di setiap Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas, satu daripada hanya empat negara yang telah melakukannya. Setelah memenangi 110 pingat (30 emas, 42 perak dan 38 gangsa), Greece menduduki tempat ke-32 oleh pingat emas dalam kiraan pingat Olimpik musim panas sepanjang masa. Pertunjukan terbaik mereka adalah pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1896, apabila Greece menduduki tempat kedua dalam pingat dengan 10 pingat emas. <> Greece adalah tempat kelahiran apa acara sukan? || Sukan Olimpik <> Sukan Olimpik pertama telah direkodkan dalam tahun berapa? || 776 SM <> Di manakah perlawanan Olimpik pertama di 775 SM diadakan? || Olympia <> Semasa perarakan Olimpik di negara-negara, yang selalu dipanggil pertama? || Greece <> Kedudukan apa yang Greece memegang dalam acara Olimpik musim panas sepanjang musim panas? || 32hb", {"qas": [{"question": "Greece is the birthplace of what sporting event?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c945", "answers": [{"text": "Olympic Games", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The first Olympic games was recorded in what year?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c946", "answers": [{"text": "776 BC", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c947", "answers": [{"text": "Olympia", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Olympic parade of nations, who is always called first?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c948", "answers": [{"text": "Greece", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c949", "answers": [{"text": "32nd", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice, the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the parade of nations Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 110 medals (30 gold, 42 silver and 38 bronze), Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the all-time Summer Olympic medal count. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals."}], ["Bersama dengan lagu dan muzik Byzantine (Gereja), orang Yunani juga menanam lagu rakyat Yunani yang dibahagikan kepada dua siklus, akritik dan klephtic. Akritik dicipta antara abad ke-9 dan ke-10 dan menyatakan kehidupan dan perjuangan akrites (pengawal sempadan) kerajaan Byzantin, yang paling terkenal adalah kisah-kisah yang berkaitan dengan Digenes Akritas. Kitaran klephtic menjadi antara tempoh akhir zaman Byzantine dan permulaan Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani. Kitaran klephtic, bersama-sama dengan lagu-lagu sejarah, lagu-lagu (lagu naratif atau balada), lagu-lagu cinta, mantinade, lagu-lagu perkahwinan, lagu-lagu pengasingan dan kengerian menyatakan kehidupan orang Yunani. Terdapat perpaduan antara perjuangan rakyat Yunani untuk kebebasan, kegembiraan dan kesedihan dan sikap mereka terhadap cinta dan kematian. <> Apakah dua kitaran lagu rakyat Yunani? || akritik dan klephtic <> Antara berabad-abad yang kitaran akritik lagu Yunani dicipta? || 9 dan 10 <> Yang lagu kesusasteraan Yunani menyatakan kehidupan orang Yunani? || klephtic", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?", "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a5", "answers": [{"text": "akritic and klephtic", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?", "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a6", "answers": [{"text": "9th and 10th", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?", "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a7", "answers": [{"text": "klephtic", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death."}], ["Pada abad ke-20, komposer Yunani mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan avant garde dan muzik klasik moden, dengan tokoh-tokoh seperti Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, dan Dimitri Mitropoulos yang mencapai keunggulan antarabangsa. Pada masa yang sama, para komposer dan pemuzik seperti Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis dan Demis Roussos mendapat undian antarabangsa untuk muzik mereka, termasuk skor filem terkenal seperti Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America , Keabadian dan Hari, Kereta Kebakaran, Blade Runner, dan lain-lain. Komposer Yunani Amerika yang terkenal dengan skor filem mereka termasuk Yanni dan Basil Poledouris. Penyanyi opera Yunani yang terkenal dan ahli muzik klasik abad ke-20 dan ke-21 termasuk Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros dan lain-lain. <> Siapa yang merupakan salah seorang komposer Yunani abad ke-20 yang mempunyai kesan ke atas muzik klasik moden? || Iannis Xenakis <> Apa salah satu filem terkenal dari komposer Yunani yang menjaringkan? || Zorba the Greek <> Siapa salah seorang komposer Yunani yang terkenal dengan skor filem mereka? || Yanni <> Siapakah penyanyi opera Yunani terkenal pada abad ke-20? || Maria Callas", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8862", "answers": [{"text": "Iannis Xenakis", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8863", "answers": [{"text": "Zorba the Greek", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8864", "answers": [{"text": "Yanni", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8865", "answers": [{"text": "Maria Callas", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others."}], ["Pasukan polo air negara wanita Greece telah muncul sebagai salah satu kuasa utama di dunia, menjadi Juara Dunia selepas kemenangan pingat emas mereka terhadap tuan rumah China pada Kejohanan Dunia 2011. Mereka juga memenangi pingat perak pada Olimpik Musim Panas 2004, pingat emas pada Liga Dunia 2005 dan pingat perak pada Kejohanan Eropah 2010 dan 2012. Pasukan polo air negara lelaki Greece menjadi pasukan polo air terbaik ketiga di dunia pada 2005, selepas kemenangan mereka menentang Croatia dalam pingat gangsa pada Kejohanan Akuatik Dunia 2005 di Kanada. Liga polo air domestik, Polo Air Polo Lelaki Yunani dan Liga Polo Air Yunani Wanita dianggap antara liga nasional teratas di polo air Eropah, kerana kelab-kelabnya telah berjaya dalam pertandingan Eropah. Dalam pertandingan Eropah lelaki, Olympiacos telah memenangi Liga Juara-Juara, Piala Super Eropah dan Triple Crown pada tahun 2002 menjadi kelab pertama dalam sejarah Polo Air untuk memenangi setiap gelaran di mana ia telah bertanding dalam satu tahun (kejohanan Kebangsaan, Piala Nasional, Liga Juara-Juara dan Piala Super Eropah), manakala NC Vouliagmeni telah memenangi Piala Pemenang Piala LEN pada 1997. Dalam pertandingan Eropah wanita, pasukan polo air Yunani (NC Vouliagmeni, Glyfada NSC, Olympiacos, Ethnikos Piraeus) adalah antara yang paling berjaya di Eropah air, telah memenangi sebanyak 4 Piala Juara LEN, 3 LEN Trophies dan 2 Supercup Eropah. <> Dalam tahun apa pasukan polo air wanita Greece memenangi Kejohanan Dunia? || 2011 <> Pingat mana yang memenangi pasukan polo air wanita Greece pada Olimpik Musim Panas 2004? || perak <> Pingat mana yang memenangi pasukan polo air wanita Greece pada Liga Dunia 2005? || emas <> Pasukan polo air lelaki Greece yang menduduki peringkat dunia pada tahun 2005? || ketiga <> Siapa pasukan polo air Greece menewaskan pada Kejohanan Akuatik Dunia 2005? || Croatia", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e1", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e2", "answers": [{"text": "silver", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2005 World League?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e3", "answers": [{"text": "gold", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greece Men's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e4", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Greece Men's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e5", "answers": [{"text": "Croatia", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greece women's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming World Champions after their gold medal win against the hosts China at the 2011 World Championship. They have also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships. The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada. The domestic top water polo leagues, Greek Men's Water Polo League and Greek Women's Water Polo League are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions. In men's European competitions, Olympiacos has won the Champions League, the European Super Cup and the Triple Crown in 2002 becoming the first club in Water polo history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year (National championship, National cup, Champions League and European Super Cup), while NC Vouliagmeni has won the LEN Cup Winners' Cup in 1997. In women's European competitions, Greek water polo teams (NC Vouliagmeni, Glyfada NSC, Olympiacos, Ethnikos Piraeus) are amongst the most successful in European water pol\u03bf, having won as many as 4 LEN Champions Cups, 3 LEN Trophies and 2 European Supercups."}], ["Pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece mempunyai tradisi kecemerlangan dalam dekad yang lalu dalam sukan ini, yang dianggap sebagai kekuatan bola keranjang tertinggi di dunia. Sehingga 2012, ia menduduki tempat ke-4 di dunia dan ke-2 di Eropah. Mereka telah memenangi Kejuaraan Eropah dua kali pada 1987 dan 2005, dan telah mencapai empat keempat dalam dua daripada empat Kejohanan Dunia FIBA yang terakhir, mengambil tempat kedua di dunia pada 2006 Kejohanan Dunia FIBA, selepas kemenangan 101-95 ke atas Pasukan Amerika Syarikat dalam semifinal kejohanan itu. Pertandingan bola keranjang domestik, A1 Ethniki, terdiri daripada empat belas pasukan. Pasukan Greek paling berjaya adalah Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens dan P.A.O.K. Pasukan bola keranjang Yunani adalah yang paling berjaya dalam bola keranjang Eropah dalam 25 tahun terakhir, setelah memenangi sebanyak 9 Euroleagu sejak penubuhan era Euroleague Final Four era pada tahun 1988, manakala negara lain telah memenangi lebih daripada 4 kejohanan Euroleague dalam tempoh ini . Selain 9 pasukan Euroleagu, pasukan bola keranjang Greece (Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens, P.A.O.K, Maroussi) telah memenangi 3 Triple Crowns, 5 Piala Saporta, 2 Piala Kora\u0107 dan 1 Piala Juara Eropah FIBA. Selepas kemenangan Kejohanan Eropah 2005 pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece, Greece menjadi Juara Eropah yang memerintah dalam bola sepak dan bola keranjang. <> Pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece mengadakan ranking dunia pada 2012? || Keempat <> Bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece pada tahun 2012 telah mengadakan ranking apa di Eropah? || 2 <> Berapa kali pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece memenangi kejuaraan Eropah? || dua kali <> Siapa pasukan bola keranjang Yunani menewaskan pada Kejohanan Dunia FIBA 2006? || Pasukan Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah nama liga bola keranjang domestik teratas Greece? || A1 Ethniki", {"qas": [{"question": "The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8926", "answers": [{"text": "4th", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8927", "answers": [{"text": "2nd", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8928", "answers": [{"text": "twice", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8929", "answers": [{"text": "Team USA", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Greece's top domestic basketball league?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e892a", "answers": [{"text": "A1 Ethniki", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe. They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005, and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship, after a spectacular 101\u201395 win against Team USA in the tournament's semifinal. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens and P.A.O.K. Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years, having won as many as 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988, while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period. Besides the 9 Euroleagues, Greek basketball teams (Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens, P.A.O.K, Maroussi) have won 3 Triple Crowns, 5 Saporta Cups, 2 Kora\u0107 Cups and 1 FIBA Europe Champions Cup. After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball."}], ["Dewa utama agama Yunani kuno adalah Dodekatheon, atau Dewa Dua Belas, yang tinggal di puncak Gunung Olympus. Yang paling penting dari semua tuhan Yunani kuno adalah Zeus, raja para dewa, yang telah menikah dengan Hera, yang juga saudara perempuan Zeus. Dewa-dewa Yunani lain yang terdiri daripada Twelve Olympians adalah Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus dan Hermes. Selain daripada kedua belas tuhan ini, orang Yunani juga mempunyai pelbagai kepercayaan mistik lain, seperti nymph dan makhluk lain yang ajaib. <> Dimana tuhan Yunani mitos hidup? || Gunung Olympus <> Dewa-dewa utama Yunani purba yang dikenali sebagai apa? || Dodekatheon <> Yang paling penting dari tuhan-tuhan kuno ialah siapa? || Zeus <> Zeus telah berkahwin dengan dewi mana? || Hera <> Siapa adik perempuan Zeus? || Hera", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the mythical Greek gods live?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a0", "answers": [{"text": "Mount Olympus", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a1", "answers": [{"text": "Dodekatheon", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The most important of the ancient gods was who?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a2", "answers": [{"text": "Zeus", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Zeus was married to which goddess?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a3", "answers": [{"text": "Hera", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Zeus's sister?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a4", "answers": [{"text": "Hera", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon, or the Twelve Gods, who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures."}], ["Menurut undang-undang Yunani, setiap hari Ahad tahun adalah cuti umum. Di samping itu, terdapat empat cuti umum rasmi mandatori: 25 Mac (Hari Kemerdekaan Yunani), Paskah Isnin, 15 Ogos (Assumption atau Dormition of the Virgin Virgin), dan 25 Disember (Krismas). 1 Mei (Hari Buruh) dan 28 Oktober (Hari Ohi) dikawal selia oleh undang-undang sebagai pilihan tetapi adalah adat bagi pekerja diberi hari. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat lebih banyak cuti umum yang dirayakan di Greece daripada yang diumumkan oleh Kementerian Buruh setiap tahun sebagai sama ada wajib atau pilihan. Senarai hari cuti kebangsaan yang tidak ditetapkan ini jarang berubah dan tidak berubah dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, memberikan sejumlah 11 cuti kebangsaan setiap tahun. <> Undang-undang Yunani mengatakan bahawa setiap hari Ahad tahun adalah apa? || cuti <> Berapa banyak cuti umum mandatori rasmi di Greece yang ada? || empat <> Berapa banyak cuti kebangsaan Greece di sana setiap tahun? || sebelas <> Apa salah satu cuti yang dikawal oleh undang-undang sebagai pilihan? || Hari Pekerja", {"qas": [{"question": "Greek law says that every Sunday of the year is a what?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f0", "answers": [{"text": "holiday", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f1", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Greek national holidays are there each year?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f2", "answers": [{"text": "eleven", "answer_start": 680}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f3", "answers": [{"text": "Labour Day", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (Greek Independence Day), Easter Monday, 15 August (Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin), and 25 December (Christmas). 1 May (Labour Day) and 28 October (Ohi Day) are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven national holidays each year."}], ["Berikutan pembunuhan Phillip II, anaknya Alexander III (\"The Great\") menganggap kepimpinan League of Corinth dan melancarkan pencerobohan Empayar Parsi dengan kekuatan gabungan semua negara Yunani pada tahun 334 SM. Tidak terkalahkan dalam peperangan, Alexander telah menakluki Empayar Parsi keseluruhannya pada 330 SM. Pada masa kematiannya pada 323 SM, beliau telah mencipta salah satu empayar terbesar dalam sejarah, yang membentang dari Greece ke India. Empayarnya terbahagi kepada beberapa kerajaan setelah kematiannya, yang paling terkenal adalah Empayar Seleucid, Mesir Ptolemaic, Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian dan Kerajaan Indo-Yunani. Banyak orang Yunani yang berhijrah ke Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia dan banyak lagi bandar-bandar Hellenistik lain di Asia dan Afrika. Walaupun perpaduan politik empayar Alexander tidak dapat dikekalkan, ia mengakibatkan tamadun Yunani dan menyebarkan bahasa Yunani dan budaya Yunani di wilayah yang ditawan oleh Alexander. Sains sains, teknologi dan matematik Yunani pada umumnya dianggap mencapai kemuncaknya semasa zaman Helenistik. <> Alexander III adalah anak lelaki yang? || Phillip II <> Alexander III menyerang kerajaan apakah bapanya dibunuh? || Persia <> Tahun apakah Alexander III menyerang Persia? || 334 SM <> Empayar Persia ditakluk oleh Alexander pada tahun berapa? || 330 SM <> Pada tahun apakah Alexander III mati? || 323 SM", {"qas": [{"question": "Alexander III was the son of whom?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76eb", "answers": [{"text": "Phillip II", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ec", "answers": [{"text": "Persian", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ed", "answers": [{"text": "334 BC", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ee", "answers": [{"text": "330 BC", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which year did Alexander III die?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ef", "answers": [{"text": "323 BC", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III (\"The Great\") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period."}], ["Pasukan bola tampar kebangsaan lelaki Greece telah memenangi dua pingat gangsa, satu di Kejohanan Bola Tampar Eropah dan satu lagi di Liga Bola Tampar Eropah, tempat ke-5 dalam Sukan Olimpik dan tempat ke-6 dalam Kejohanan Dunia Lelaki Bola Tampar FIVB. Liga Yunani, A1 Ethniki, dianggap sebagai salah satu liga bola voli teratas di Eropah dan kelab Yunani telah membuat kejayaan besar dalam pertandingan Eropah. Olympiacos adalah kelab bola tampar paling berjaya di negara ini yang memenangi gelaran domestik dan menjadi satu-satunya kelab Yunani yang telah memenangi gelaran Eropah; mereka telah memenangi dua Piala CEV, mereka telah menjadi juara Liga Juara-Juara dua kali dan mereka bermain dalam sebanyak 12 Final Fours dalam pertandingan Eropah, menjadikan mereka salah satu kelab bola tampar paling tradisional di Eropah. Iraklis juga telah menyaksikan kejayaan besar dalam pertandingan Eropah, dengan tiga kali pelari dari Liga Juara-Juara CEV. <> Pasukan bola tampar kebangsaan lelaki Yunani telah memenangi berapa pingat gangsa? || dua <> Pasukan bola tampar kebangsaan lelaki Yunani datang di tempat mana di Sukan Olimpik? || 5th <> Apa kelab bola voli Yunani yang paling berjaya di negara ini? || Olympiacos <> Siapa satu-satunya kelab bola sepak Yunani untuk memenangi gelaran Eropah? || Olympiacos", {"qas": [{"question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team has won how many bronze medals?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca13", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca14", "answers": [{"text": "5th", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca15", "answers": [{"text": "Olympiacos", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca16", "answers": [{"text": "Olympiacos", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greek men's national volleyball team has won two bronze medals, one in the European Volleyball Championship and another one in the European Volleyball League, a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship. The Greek league, the A1 Ethniki, is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and the Greek clubs have made significant success in European competitions. Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles; they have won two CEV Cups, they have been CEV Champions League runners-up twice and they have played in as many as 12 Final Fours in the European competitions, making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe. Iraklis have also seen significant success in European competitions, having been three times runners-up of the CEV Champions League."}], ["Pada tahun 2011, ia menjadi jelas bahawa bailout tidak mencukupi dan bailout kedua berjumlah \u20ac 130 bilion ($ 173 bilion) telah dipersetujui pada tahun 2012, tertakluk kepada syarat-syarat yang ketat, termasuk pembaharuan kewangan dan langkah-langkah penjimatan yang lebih lanjut. Sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian itu, terdapat pengurangan 53% dalam beban hutang Yunani kepada pemiutang swasta dan apa-apa keuntungan yang dibuat oleh bank pusat Eurozone atas pegangan hutang Yunani mereka akan dipulangkan kembali ke Greece. Greece mencapai lebihan belanjawan kerajaan utama pada tahun 2013. Pada bulan April 2014, Greece kembali ke pasaran bon global kerana berjaya menjual bon kerajaan bernilai \u20ac 3 bilion pada kadar 4.95%. Greece kembali ke pertumbuhan selepas enam tahun penurunan ekonomi pada suku kedua tahun 2014, dan merupakan ekonomi paling pesat berkembang di Eropah pada suku ketiga. <> pada 2012, apakah jumlah bailout itu? || $ 173 bilion <> Berapa banyak hutang kepada pemiutang adalah Greece anggap untuk mengurangkan? || 53% <> Dalam tahun apakah Greece menyedari lebihan belanjawan? || 2013 <> Berapa banyak yang dibuat Greece daripada jualan bon pada tahun 2014? || \u20ac 3 bilion <> Selepas berapa tahun yang diperlukan untuk meraih pertumbuhan ekonomi? || enam tahun", {"qas": [{"question": "in 2012, what was the amount of the bailout?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c3", "answers": [{"text": "$173 billion", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c4", "answers": [{"text": "53%", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c5", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c6", "answers": [{"text": "\u20ac3 billion", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c7", "answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 2011, it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to \u20ac130 billion ($173 billion) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures. As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by Eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece. Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold \u20ac3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%. Greece returned to growth after six years of economic decline in the second quarter of 2014, and was the Eurozone's fastest-growing economy in the third quarter."}]], [["Shell terintegrasi secara vertikal dan aktif dalam setiap bidang industri minyak dan gas, termasuk penerokaan dan pengeluaran, penapisan, pengedaran dan pemasaran, petrokimia, penjanaan kuasa dan perdagangan. Ia mempunyai aktiviti tenaga ringan yang boleh diperbaharui dalam bentuk biofuel dan angin. Ia mempunyai operasi di lebih dari 90 buah negara, menghasilkan sekitar 3.1 juta tong setara minyak sehari dan mempunyai 44,000 stesen servis di seluruh dunia. Shell Oil Company, anak syarikatnya di Amerika Syarikat, merupakan salah satu perniagaan terbesarnya. <> Dalam berapa banyak negara Shell mempunyai operasi? || Lebih dari 90 <> Berapa banyak barel minyak bersamaan yang dihasilkan oleh Shell sehari? || 3.1 juta <> Shell mempunyai bilangan stesen servis di seluruh dunia? || 44,000 <> Apa nama anak syarikat Shell di Amerika Syarikat? || Shell Oil Company <> Shell mempunyai aktiviti tenaga boleh diperbaharui kecil di mana dua kawasan? || biofuel dan angin <> Berapa banyak tong gas yang dihasilkan oleh Shell setiap hari? || <> Berapa banyak stesen perkhidmatan yang ada di Shell di AS? || <> Apa yang Shell menjual 3.1 juta tong sehari? || <> Berapa banyak negara Shell mempunyai aktiviti tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || <> Aspek industri minyak dan gas yang mana Shell tidak aktif? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In how many countries does Shell have operations?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8af", "answers": [{"text": "over 90", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b0", "answers": [{"text": "3.1 million", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell has how many service stations worldwide?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b1", "answers": [{"text": "44,000", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b2", "answers": [{"text": "Shell Oil Company", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b3", "answers": [{"text": "biofuels and wind", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3.1 million", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "How many barrels of gas does Shell produce per day?", "id": "5a6227aaf8d794001af1be96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "44,000", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "How many service stations does Shell have in the US?", "id": "5a6227aaf8d794001af1be97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "oil", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "What does Shell sell 3.1 million barrels of per day?", "id": "5a6227aaf8d794001af1be98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 90 countries", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "How many countries does Shell have renewable energy activities in?", "id": "5a6227aaf8d794001af1be99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exploration and production", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "Which aspect of the oil and gas industry is Shell not active in?", "id": "5a6227aaf8d794001af1be9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses."}], ["Nama Shell dikaitkan dengan Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\". Pada tahun 1833, bapa pengasas Marcus Samuel mengasaskan perniagaan import untuk menjual kerang ke pengumpul London. Apabila mengumpul spesimen kerang di kawasan Laut Caspian pada tahun 1892, Samuel muda menyedari terdapat potensi untuk mengeksport minyak lampu dari rantau ini dan menugaskan kapal tangki minyak buatan pertama di dunia, Murex (Latin untuk jenis siput), untuk masukkan pasaran ini; menjelang 1907 syarikat itu mempunyai armada. Walaupun selama beberapa dekad, syarikat itu mempunyai kilang penapisan di Shell Haven di Thames, tidak ada bukti tentang hal ini yang memberikan nama itu. <> Nama Shell disambungkan dengan syarikat apa? || Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\" <> Apakah tujuan yang dibuat oleh Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\"? || untuk menjual kerang ke pengumpul London <> Apa yang ditemui oleh pengasas muda Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\" sambil mengumpul spesimen kerang di kawasan Laut Caspian? || terdapat potensi untuk mengeksport minyak lampu dari rantau <> Pada tahun apakah syarikat itu mempunyai armada tangki minyak yang beroperasi di rantau Laut Caspian? || 1907 <> Syarikat mengendalikan kilang penapisan di mana sungai selama beberapa dekad? || Thames <> Di manakah Murex dibina? || <> Bilakah kilang di Shell Haven dibina? || <> Apa sungai Marcus mengumpul kerang dari pada tahun 1907? || <> Bilakah Marcus Samuel dilahirkan? || <> Berapa lamakah Samuel muda mengumpulkan spesimen dari Laut Kaspia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The name Shell is connected to what company?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d7", "answers": [{"text": "The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the created of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d8", "answers": [{"text": "to sell seashells to London collectors", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the younger founder of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d9", "answers": [{"text": "there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4da", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4db", "answers": [{"text": "Thames", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 165}], "question": "Where was the Murex built?", "id": "5a624428f8d794001af1bf02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 469}], "question": "When was the refinery at Shell Haven built?", "id": "5a624428f8d794001af1bf03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thames", "answer_start": 577}], "question": "What river did Marcus collect shells from in 1907?", "id": "5a624428f8d794001af1bf04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1833", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "When was Marcus Samuel born?", "id": "5a624428f8d794001af1bf05", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several decades", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "How long did the younger Samuel collect specimens from the Caspian Sea?", "id": "5a624428f8d794001af1bf06", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The name Shell is linked to The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name."}], ["Pada Februari 2010 Shell dan Cosan membentuk usahasama 50:50, Ra\u00edzen, yang terdiri daripada semua etanol Brazil, penjanaan tenaga, pengedaran bahan api dan aktiviti gula Brazil, dan semua perniagaan bahan api dan perniagaan runcit Shell di Brazil. Pada bulan Mac 2010, Shell mengumumkan penjualan beberapa asetnya, termasuk perniagaan gas petroleum cecair (LPG), untuk memenuhi kos perbelanjaan modal yang dirancang $ 28bn. Shell menjemput pembeli untuk mengemukakan bida yang menunjukkan, pada 22 Mac, dengan rancangan untuk menaikkan $ 2-3bn dari penjualan. Pada bulan Jun 2010, Royal Dutch Shell bersetuju untuk memperoleh semua perniagaan Resources Timur untuk pertimbangan tunai sebanyak $ 4.7 bilion. Urus niaga ini termasuk medan gas ketat Resources Resources. <> Dalam tahun apakah Shell dan Cosan membentuk usahasama 50:50? || 2010 <> Apa nama usahasama 50:50 yang dibentuk oleh Shell dan Cosan? || Ra\u00edzen <> Mengapa Shell menjual beberapa asetnya pada bulan Mac 2010? || untuk memenuhi kos program perbelanjaan modal yang dirancang $ 28b <> Berapakah rancangan Shell untuk menaikkan daripada penjualan asetnya? || $ 2-3bn <> Royal Dutch Shell bersetuju untuk memperoleh semua perniagaan entiti apa pada bulan Jun 2010? || Sumber Timur <> Siapa yang berpecah Shell pada tahun 2010? || <> Bilakah Shell membentuk usahasama dengan Raizen? || <> Berapakah harga gas Sumber Timur bernilai? || <> Berapakah harga gas petroleum cecair Shell bernilai? || <> Apa yang dibeli Shell dari Cosan untuk $ 4.7 juta? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d90f", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d910", "answers": [{"text": "Ra\u00edzen", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d911", "answers": [{"text": "to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d912", "answers": [{"text": "$2\u20133bn", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d913", "answers": [{"text": "East Resources", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cosan", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who did Shell split with in 2010?", "id": "5a623299f8d794001af1bed0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "When did Shell form a joint venture with Raizen?", "id": "5a623299f8d794001af1bed1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$4.7 billion", "answer_start": 653}], "question": "How much were the East Resources' gas fields worth?", "id": "5a623299f8d794001af1bed2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$28bn", "answer_start": 398}], "question": "How much was Shell's liquid petroleum gas business worth?", "id": "5a623299f8d794001af1bed3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all the business of East Resources", "answer_start": 590}], "question": "What did Shell buy from Cosan for $4.7 million?", "id": "5a623299f8d794001af1bed4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Ra\u00edzen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2\u20133bn from the sale. In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields."}], ["Secara tradisinya, Shell adalah sebuah perniagaan yang terdesentralisasi di seluruh dunia (terutamanya di hiliran) dengan syarikat-syarikat di lebih dari 100 buah negara, masing-masing beroperasi dengan tahap kemerdekaan yang tinggi. Hulu cenderung jauh lebih berpusat dengan banyak petunjuk teknikal dan kewangan yang datang dari pejabat pusat di Den Haag. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat syarikat-syarikat \"penerokaan dan pengeluaran\" yang sangat besar di beberapa pusat pengeluaran minyak dan gas utama seperti United Kingdom (Shell Expro, Usaha Sama dengan Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, dan Oman. <> Shell secara tradisinya menganggap jenis perniagaan di seluruh dunia? || sangat berpusat <> Shell yang dikendalikan syarikat-syarikat di berapa banyak negara? || lebih dari 100 <> Banyak hala tuju teknikal dan kewangan untuk hulu datang dari entiti apa? || pejabat pusat di The Hague <> Apa jenis syarikat yang ada di beberapa pusat pengeluaran minyak dan gas utama? || \"penerokaan dan pengeluaran\" <> Berapa banyak perniagaan berpusat yang dimiliki Shell? || <> Di manakah kebanyakan arah datang ke hiliran? || <> Pusat pengeluaran apa yang terletak di Nigeria? || <> Berapa banyak negara adalah syarikat penerokaan dan pengeluaran besar? || <> Apa syarikat yang bekerjasama dengan Shell di Brunei untuk usaha sama Shell Expro? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3da", "answers": [{"text": "heavily decentralised", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell operated companies in how many countries?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3db", "answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3dc", "answers": [{"text": "the central offices in The Hague", "answer_start": 306}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3dd", "answers": [{"text": "\"exploration and production\"", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "How many centralised businesses does Shell have?", "id": "5a62468ff8d794001af1bf20", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "central offices in The Hague", "answer_start": 310}], "question": "Where did much of the direction come for the downstream come from?", "id": "5a62468ff8d794001af1bf21", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shell Expro", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "What production centre was located in Nigeria?", "id": "5a62468ff8d794001af1bf22", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "How many countries were large exploration and production companies in?", "id": "5a62468ff8d794001af1bf23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Exxon", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "What company did Shell partner with in Brunei for the joint venture Shell Expro?", "id": "5a62468ff8d794001af1bf24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large \"exploration and production\" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman."}], ["Sepanjang tahun 2013, syarikat itu mula menjual aset gas shale AS dan membatalkan projek gas bernilai AS $ 20 bilion yang akan dibina di negeri Louisiana AS. Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif baru Ben van Beurden telah dilantik pada Januari 2014, sebelum pengumuman bahawa prestasi keseluruhan korporat pada tahun 2013 adalah 38 peratus lebih rendah daripada 2012-nilai saham Shell jatuh sebanyak 3 peratus. Berikutan penjualan majoriti aset Australianya pada Februari 2014, perbadanan itu merancang untuk menjual aset bernilai AS $ 15 bilion lagi dalam tempoh menjelang 2015, dengan tawaran yang diumumkan di Australia, Brazil dan Itali. <> Aset manakah perbadanan mula dijual pada tahun 2013? || Gas syal AS <> Apakah nilai projek gas yang dibatalkan yang akan dibina di Louisiana? || US $ 20 bilion <> Pelantikan CEO baru pada tahun 2014 datang sebelum pengumuman apa? || prestasi keseluruhan korporat pada tahun 2013 adalah 38 peratus lebih rendah daripada 2012 <> Dalam tahun apakah perbadanan menjual majoriti aset Australianya? || 2014 <> Apakah nilai aset korporat yang dirancang untuk dijual menjelang 2015? || US $ 15 bilion <> Siapa CEO pada 2013? || <> Berapakah jumlah penjualan aset syal AS bernilai 2013? || <> Di manakah Shell mula menjual aset gas syal AS? || <> Berapa lebih tinggi prestasi syarikat pada tahun 2013? || <> Berapa nilai aset Australia Shell dijual dalam dolar AS? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad053", "answers": [{"text": "US shale gas", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad054", "answers": [{"text": "US$20 billion", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad055", "answers": [{"text": "the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad056", "answers": [{"text": "2014", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad057", "answers": [{"text": "US$15 billion", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ben van Beurden", "answer_start": 192}], "question": "Who was the CEO in 2013?", "id": "5a6242a5f8d794001af1beda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$20 billion", "answer_start": 99}], "question": "How much was the 2013 sale of US shale gas assets worth?", "id": "5a6242a5f8d794001af1bedb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the US state of Louisiana", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Where did Shell begin selling US shale gas assets?", "id": "5a6242a5f8d794001af1bedc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "38 per cent", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "How much higher was the company's performance in 2013?", "id": "5a6242a5f8d794001af1bedd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$15 billion", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What is the worth of the Australian assets Shell sold in US dollars?", "id": "5a6242a5f8d794001af1bede", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012\u2014the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy."}], ["Perniagaan utama Shell ialah pengurusan syarikat minyak bersepadu secara vertikal. Pengembangan kepakaran teknikal dan komersil dalam semua peringkat integrasi menegak ini, dari pencarian awal untuk minyak (eksplorasi) melalui penuaian (pengeluaran), pengangkutan, penyulingan dan akhirnya perdagangan dan pemasaran menubuhkan kecekapan teras di mana syarikat itu diasaskan. Kecekapan yang sama diperlukan untuk gas asli, yang telah menjadi salah satu perniagaan paling penting di mana Shell terlibat, dan yang menyumbang sebahagian besar keuntungan syarikat. Walaupun model perniagaan yang bersepadu secara vertikal menyediakan skala ekonomi yang ketara dan halangan untuk masuk, setiap perniagaan kini berusaha untuk menjadi unit sokongan sendiri tanpa subsidi dari bahagian lain syarikat. <> Apakah perniagaan utama Shell? || pengurusan sebuah syarikat minyak bersepadu vertikal <> Pembangunan apa yang dua jenis exptertise menubuhkan kecekapan teras di mana syarikat itu diasaskan? || teknikal dan komersial <> Salah satu perniagaan paling penting di mana Shell terlibat adalah apa? || gas asli <> Setiap perniagaan kini berusaha untuk menjadi jenis unit apa? || menyokong sendiri <> Model perniagaan yang menyediakan skala ekonomi yang ketara dan halangan untuk masuk dipanggil apa? || vertikal terintegrasi <> Apa perniagaan paling penting bagi Shell? || <> Apakah unit sokongan sendiri menyediakan kepada syarikat? || <> Apakah jenis kepakaran yang telah dikeluarkan daripada perniagaan? || <> Tahap mana yang tidak memerlukan kepakaran teknikal dan komersial? || <> Apa syarikat bergerak dari memiliki unit yang disokong sendiri? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is Shell's primary business?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b5", "answers": [{"text": "the management of a vertically integrated oil company", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b6", "answers": [{"text": "technical and commercial", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b7", "answers": [{"text": "natural gas", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b8", "answers": [{"text": "self-supporting", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b9", "answers": [{"text": "vertically integrated", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "natural gas", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What is the least important business for Shell?", "id": "5a62458bf8d794001af1bf0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "significant economies of scale and barriers to entry", "answer_start": 654}], "question": "What did self-supporting units provide for the company?", "id": "5a62458bf8d794001af1bf0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "technical and commercial", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What types of expertise have been removed from the business?", "id": "5a62458bf8d794001af1bf0e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all stages", "answer_start": 140}], "question": "Which stage does not require technical and commercial expertise?", "id": "5a62458bf8d794001af1bf0f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shell", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What company is moving away from having self-supported units?", "id": "5a62458bf8d794001af1bf10", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company."}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1907, Royal Dutch Shell Group diwujudkan melalui penggabungan dua syarikat saingan: Royal Dutch Petroleum Company dari Belanda dan \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd dari United Kingdom. Ia adalah langkah yang didorong oleh keperluan untuk bersaing secara global dengan Standard Oil. Syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum adalah sebuah syarikat Belanda yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1890 untuk membangun ladang minyak di Sumatra, dan pada awalnya dipimpin oleh August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, dan Henri Deterding. Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\" (tanda petikan adalah sebahagian daripada nama undang-undang) adalah sebuah syarikat British yang diasaskan pada tahun 1897 oleh Marcus Samuel, Viscount 1 Bearsted, dan Samuel Samuel. Bapa mereka telah memiliki sebuah syarikat antik di Houndsditch, London, yang berkembang pada tahun 1833 untuk mengimport dan menjual peluru laut, dan selepas itu syarikat \"Shell\" mengambil namanya. <> Kumpulan Royal Dutch Shell telah diwujudkan melalui penggabungan yang mana dua syarikat saingannya? || Syarikat Belanda Royal Petroleum Belanda dan \"Shell\" Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan Company Ltd di United Kingdom <> Apakah sebab utama penciptaan Royal Dutch Shell Group? || keperluan untuk bersaing di peringkat global dengan Standard Oil <> Dalam tahun apakah Kumpulan Royal Dutch Shell dibuat? || 1907 <> Pada tahun berapa syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum ditubuhkan? || 1890 <> Mengapa Syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum dibuat? || untuk membangun ladang minyak di Sumatra <> Apa yang dilahirkan oleh August Kessler? || <> Apakah saudara lelaki Hugo Loudon itu? || <> Bilakah syarikat antik bapa saudara Samuel dibuat? || <> Apa nama syarikat antik bapa Marcus Samuel? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d3", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d4", "answers": [{"text": "the need to compete globally with Standard Oil", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d5", "answers": [{"text": "1907", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d6", "answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d7", "answers": [{"text": "to develop an oilfield in Sumatra", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1890", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What was August Kessler born?", "id": "5a622e60f8d794001af1beaa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Samuel Samuel", "answer_start": 677}], "question": "What was Hugo Loudon's brother?", "id": "5a622e60f8d794001af1beac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1833", "answer_start": 776}], "question": "When was the Samuel brothers' father's antique company created?", "id": "5a622e60f8d794001af1bead", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What was the name of Marcus Samuel's father's antique company?", "id": "5a622e60f8d794001af1beae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company \"Shell\" took its name."}], ["Atas sebab-sebab tertentu, firma baru itu beroperasi sebagai syarikat berdaftar dua, di mana syarikat penggabungan mengekalkan kewujudan undang-undang mereka, tetapi dikendalikan sebagai perkongsian satu unit untuk tujuan perniagaan. Istilah penggabungan itu memberikan 60 peratus pemilikan kumpulan baru kepada lengan Belanda dan 40 peratus kepada British. Kepekaan patriotik negara tidak akan membenarkan penggabungan atau pengambilalihan sama ada dari kedua-dua syarikat itu. Syarikat Belanda, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, bertanggungjawab di The Hague pengeluaran dan pembuatan. Sebuah syarikat British dibentuk, yang dikenali sebagai Syarikat Petroleum Anglo-Saxon, yang berpusat di London, mengarahkan pengangkutan dan penyimpanan produk. <> Sebanyak peratus kepunyaan penggabungan itu mengagihkan cabang Belanda? || 60 <> Apa yang menghalang penggabungan besar-besaran kedua-dua syarikat? || Kepekaan patriotik negara <> Apakah fungsi utama Syarikat Anglo-Saxon Petroleum? || untuk mengarahkan pengangkutan dan penyimpanan produk <> Syarikat baru yang dikendalikan sebagai jenis syarikat? || sebuah syarikat berdaftar <<Sebanyak peratus kepemilikan syarikat baru diberikan kepada British? || 40 <> Apa yang menggalakkan penggabungan berskala besar kedua-dua syarikat itu? || <> Apa syarikat british yang bertanggungjawab di The Hague? || <> Apa bandar kedua-dua cawangan firma baru yang terletak di? || <> Apakah nama syarikat Belanda yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pengangkutan dan penyimpanan? || <> Mengapa kedua-dua syarikat berfungsi sebagai perkongsian dwi-unit untuk tujuan perniagaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad005", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad006", "answers": [{"text": "National patriotic sensibilities", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad007", "answers": [{"text": "to direct the transport and storage of the products", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new firm operated as what type of company?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad008", "answers": [{"text": "a dual-listed company", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad009", "answers": [{"text": "40", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National patriotic sensibilities", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "What encouraged a full-scale merger of the two companies?", "id": "5a62307ef8d794001af1beb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company", "answer_start": 595}], "question": "What british company was in charge at The Hague?", "id": "5a62307ef8d794001af1beb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 635}], "question": "What city were both branches of the new firm located in?", "id": "5a62307ef8d794001af1beb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What was the name of the Dutch company in charge of transportation and storage?", "id": "5a62307ef8d794001af1beb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Why did the two companies function as a dual-unit partnership for business purposes?", "id": "5a62307ef8d794001af1beb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence, but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British. National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, was in charge at The Hague of production and manufacture. A British company was formed, called the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products."}], ["Kehadiran syarikat-syarikat seperti Shell di Niger-Delta telah membawa kepada isu-isu alam sekitar yang melampau di Delta Niger. Banyak saluran paip di Niger-Delta yang dimiliki oleh Shell sudah tua dan berkarat. Shell telah mengakui tanggungjawabnya untuk menjaga saluran paip yang baru tetapi juga menafikan tanggungjawab terhadap sebab-sebab alam sekitar. Ini telah membawa kepada protes besar-besaran dari penghuni Niger-Delta dan Amnesty International terhadap Shell dan Friends of the Earth Belanda. Ia juga telah membawa kepada rancangan tindakan memboikot Shell oleh kumpulan alam sekitar, dan kumpulan hak asasi manusia. Pada Januari 2013, sebuah mahkamah Belanda menolak empat dari lima tuduhan yang dibawa terhadap firma berkenaan pencemaran minyak di Delta Niger tetapi mendapati anak syarikat bersalah satu kes pencemaran, memerintahkan pampasan yang akan dibayar kepada petani Nigeria. <> Apakah penyebab isu alam sekitar yang teruk di Delta Niger? || Kehadiran syarikat-syarikat seperti Shell <> Banyak paip yang dimiliki oleh Shell di Niger Delta digambarkan sebagai apa? || lama dan corroded <> Shell telah menerima tanggungjawab untuk menjaga saluran paip dalam keadaan apa? || baru <> Berbeza dengan penerimaan tanggungjawab untuk menjaga saluran paip yang baru, Shell telah menafikan apa? || tanggungjawab penyebab alam sekitar <> Persatuan alam sekitar dan hak asasi manusia telah membuat rancangan tindakan untuk melakukan apa? || Boikot Shell <> Di mana Shell cuba mengekalkan saluran paipnya dalam keadaan murni? || <> Kapan Friends of the Earth mula memprotes Shell? || <> Berapa banyak dakwaan yang diluluskan oleh pengadilan Belanda? || <> Siapa yang Amnesty International perlu membayar untuk satu jumlah pencemaran? || <> Bilakah Shell mengakui tanggungjawab untuk isu-isu alam sekitar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d947", "answers": [{"text": "The presence of companies like Shell", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d948", "answers": [{"text": "old and corroded", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d949", "answers": [{"text": "new", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d94a", "answers": [{"text": "responsibility for environmental causes", "answer_start": 279}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d94b", "answers": [{"text": "boycott Shell", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Niger-Delta", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "Where has Shell tried to keep its pipelines in pristine conditions?", "id": "5a624339f8d794001af1bee4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2013", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "When did Friends of the Earth begin protesting Shell?", "id": "5a624339f8d794001af1bee5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four out of five", "answer_start": 600}], "question": "How many allegations did the Dutch court approve?", "id": "5a624339f8d794001af1bee6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Nigerian farmer", "answer_start": 784}], "question": "Who did Amnesty International have to pay for one count of pollution?", "id": "5a624339f8d794001af1bee7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "When did Shell acknowledge responsibility for the environmental issues?", "id": "5a624339f8d794001af1bee8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer."}], ["Pada bulan November 2004, selepas tempoh kekacauan yang disebabkan oleh penyataan bahawa Shell telah melebih-lebihkan rizab minyaknya, ia diumumkan bahawa Kumpulan Shell akan bergerak ke satu struktur modal tunggal, mewujudkan sebuah syarikat induk baru yang akan dinamai Royal Dutch Shell plc, dengan senarai utamanya di Bursa Saham London, penyenaraian sekunder di Bursa Saham Amsterdam, ibu pejabatnya dan tempat tinggal cukai di The Hague, Belanda dan pejabat berdaftarnya di London. Penyatuan itu selesai pada 20 Julai 2005 dan pemilik asal telah memisahkan syarikat mereka dari bursa masing-masing. Pada 20 Julai 2005, syarikat Shell Transport & Trading Company telah disingkirkan daripada LSE, di mana, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company dari NYSE pada 18 November 2005. Saham syarikat itu dikeluarkan pada kelebihan 60/40 untuk para pemegang saham Royal Belanda sejajar dengan pemilikan asal Kumpulan Shell. <> Dalam tahun berapa ia mengumumkan bahawa Kumpulan Shell akan bergerak ke satu struktur modal tunggal? || 2004 <> Apakah nama syarikat induk baru Shell Group itu? || Royal Dutch Shell plc <> Mengenai pertukaran apa syarikat induk baru Shell Group didaftarkan? || Bursa Saham London <> Di mana Royal Dutch Shell plc beribu pejabat? || The Hague, Netherlands <> Apakah punca tempoh kekacauan sebelum pengumuman bahawa Kumpulan Shell akan bergerak ke satu struktur modal tunggal? || wahyu bahawa Shell telah melebih-lebihkan rizab minyaknya <> Bilakah diketahui bahawa Shell telah melebih-lebihkan rizab minyaknya? || <> Bilakah Shell disenaraikan di LSE? || <> Bilakah Royal Dutch Petroleum ditambah ke NYSE? || <> Berbeza dengan pemilikan asal, pemegang saham diberi apa kelemahan kumpulan Shell? || <> Apa bandar Belanda menempatkan pejabat berdaftar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad023", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad024", "answers": [{"text": "Royal Dutch Shell plc", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad025", "answers": [{"text": "the London Stock Exchange", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad026", "answers": [{"text": "The Hague, Netherlands", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad027", "answers": [{"text": "the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "November 2004", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When was it discovered Shell had been overstating its oil reserves?", "id": "5a6231bef8d794001af1bec6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 July 2005", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "When was Shell listed on the LSE?", "id": "5a6231bef8d794001af1bec7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18 November 2005", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "When was Royal Dutch Petroleum added to the NYSE?", "id": "5a6231bef8d794001af1bec8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "60/40", "answer_start": 800}], "question": "Contrary to the original ownership, shareholders were given what disadvantage of the Shell group?", "id": "5a6231bef8d794001af1bec9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 466}], "question": "What Netherlands city housed the registered office?", "id": "5a6231bef8d794001af1beca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group."}], ["Masalah selanjutnya menghalang projek Artik selepas permulaan penggerudian pada tahun 2012, kerana Shell menangani beberapa isu yang melibatkan permit udara, pensijilan Coast Guard sebuah kapal marin dan kerosakan parah terhadap kelengkapan tumpahan minyak penting. Di samping itu, keadaan cuaca yang sukar mengakibatkan kelewatan penggerudian pada pertengahan 2012 dan keadaan yang sudah teruk telah diperburuk oleh insiden \"Kulluk\" pada akhir tahun ini. Royal Dutch Shell telah melabur hampir AS $ 5 bilion oleh tahap projek ini. <> Keadaan apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan penggerudian pada pertengahan tahun 2012? || cuaca sukar <> Apa yang memburukkan keadaan pada akhir tahun 2012? || Insiden \"Kulluk\" <> Berapakah jumlah yang telah dilaburkan oleh Royal Dutch Shell dalam projek pada akhir tahun 2012? || hampir AS $ 5 bilion <> Dalam tahun apakah penggerudian di rantau Artik bermula? || 2012 <> Bilakah projek Artik berakhir? || <> Siapa yang merosakkan peralatan tumpahan minyak penting? || <> Berapa banyak yang dilaburkan dalam kejadian Kulluk? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan kejadian Kulluk? || <> Perakuan apa yang hilang Kulluk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac530", "answers": [{"text": "difficult weather", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac531", "answers": [{"text": "the \"Kulluk\" incident", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac532", "answers": [{"text": "nearly US$5 billion", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac533", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "When did the Arctic project end?", "id": "5a62874bf8d794001af1c0a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coast Guard", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "Who damaged essential oil-spill equipment?", "id": "5a62874bf8d794001af1c0a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$5 billion", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "How much was invested in the Kulluk incident?", "id": "5a62874bf8d794001af1c0aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "difficult weather conditions", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "What caused the Kulluk incident?", "id": "5a62874bf8d794001af1c0ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coast Guard certification", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What certification was the Kulluk missing?", "id": "5a62874bf8d794001af1c0ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the \"Kulluk\" incident at the end of the year. Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project."}], ["Ketika pelantar minyak Kulluk ditarik ke negeri Washington Amerika untuk diservis sebagai persiapan untuk musim pengeboran 2013, badai musim sejuk pada 27 Disember 2012 menyebabkan kru menunda, serta perkhidmatan penyelamat, kehilangan kawalan keadaan . Pada 1 Januari 2013, Kulluk terletak di tepi pantai Sitkalidak Island, berhampiran dengan hujung timur Pulau Kodiak. Berikutan kemalangan tersebut, majalah Fortune menghubungi Larry McKinney, pengarah eksekutif di Institut Penyelidikan Harte untuk Kajian Gulf of Mexico di Texas A & M, dan dia menjelaskan bahawa \"Kelewatan dua bulan di Artik bukanlah kelewatan selama dua bulan. Kelewatan selama dua bulan dapat menghapuskan keseluruhan musim penggerudian. \" <> Kenapa pelantar minyak Kulluk ditarik ke Washington? || untuk diservis sebagai persediaan untuk musim pengeboran 2013 <> Apa yang menyebabkan kru penunggang dan perkhidmatan menyelamat hilang kawalan sementara rig Kulluk diangkut ke Washington? || ribut musim sejuk <> Pada 1 Januari 2013, Kulluk terletak di luar pantai pulau mana? || Sitkalidak <> Berikutan kejadian itu, majalah yang dihubungi Larry McKinney? || Fortune <> Larry McKinney menjelaskan bahawa kelewatan dua bulan dalam penggerudian boleh melakukan apa? || hapus seluruh musim penggerudian <> Di mana rig minyak Kulluk ditarik dari? || <> Di mana Kullug didasarkan pada bulan Disember? || <> Siapa pengarah eksekutif majalah Fortune itu? || <> Majalah apa yang dikatakan Larry McKinney? || <> Berapa lamakah diperlukan untuk mengangkut Kulluk ke Washington? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc07", "answers": [{"text": "to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc08", "answers": [{"text": "a winter storm", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc09", "answers": [{"text": "Sitkalidak", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc0a", "answers": [{"text": "Fortune", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc0b", "answers": [{"text": "wipe out the entire drilling season", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the American state of Washington", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "Where was the Kulluk oil rig being towed from?", "id": "5a628873f8d794001af1c0bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sitkalidak Island", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Where was the Kullug grounded in December?", "id": "5a628873f8d794001af1c0bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Larry McKinney", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "Who was the executive director of the Fortune magazine?", "id": "5a628873f8d794001af1c0be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fortune", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What magazine did Larry McKinney contact?", "id": "5a628873f8d794001af1c0bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two-month", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "How long did it take to tow the Kulluk to Washington state?", "id": "5a628873f8d794001af1c0c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\""}], ["Tidak jelas jika Shell akan memulakan penggerudian pada pertengahan 2013, berikutan insiden \"Kulluk\" dan, pada bulan Februari 2013, perbadanan menyatakan bahawa ia akan \"berhenti seketika\" projek penggerudian yang diawasi dekat pantai Alaskan pada tahun 2013, dan sebaliknya akan menyediakan untuk penerokaan masa depan. Pada bulan Januari 2014, perbadanan itu mengumumkan pelanjutan penggantungan program penggerudiannya di Artik, dengan ketua eksekutif van Beurden menjelaskan bahawa projek itu \"sedang diteliti\" disebabkan isu pasaran dan dalaman. <> Berikutan peristiwa apa yang tidak pasti jika Shell akan memulakan penggerudian? || kejadian \"Kulluk\" <> Pada bulan Februari 2013, Shell Corporation mengumumkan bahawa ia akan berhenti sejenak? || projek penggerudian yang dipantau di pantai Alaskan <> Shell Corporation mengumumkan pada Januari 2014? || lanjutan penggantungan program penggerudiannya di Arctic <> Yang eksekutif Shell Corporation menjelaskan sebab pengumuman Januari 2014? || van Beurden <> Apakah alasan yang diberikan oleh eksekutif untuk pengumuman Shell Januari 2014? || projek itu \"sedang diteliti\" kerana isu pasaran dan dalaman. <> Projek apa yang berpusat di Alaska? || <> Bilakah van Beurden menjadi ketua eksekutif? || <> Bilakah penggantungan asal program penggerudian? || <> Bilakah shell mengumumkan ia menyambung semula projek Alaskan? || <> Mengapa van Beurden diulas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad319", "answers": [{"text": "the \"Kulluk\" incident", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31a", "answers": [{"text": "its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31b", "answers": [{"text": "the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31c", "answers": [{"text": "van Beurden", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31d", "answers": [{"text": "the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues.", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"Kulluk\"", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What project was based in Alaska?", "id": "5a62926df8d794001af1c0ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 2014", "answer_start": 283}], "question": "When did van Beurden become the chief executive?", "id": "5a62926df8d794001af1c0ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-2013", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "When was the original suspension of the drilling program?", "id": "5a62926df8d794001af1c0f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "When did shell announce it was resuming it Alaskan project?", "id": "5a62926df8d794001af1c0f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "due to both market and internal issues", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "Why was van Beurden under review?", "id": "5a62926df8d794001af1c0f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the \"Kulluk\" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would \"pause\" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues."}], ["Pada 20 Mei 2011, keputusan pelaburan akhir Royal Dutch Shell untuk kemudahan gas asli cecair terapung pertama (FLNG) di dunia telah dimuktamadkan berikutan penemuan kawasan luar pesisir Prelude jauh di luar pantai barat laut Australia dan dianggarkan mengandungi kira-kira 3 trilion kaki kubik rizab bersamaan gas asli-pada tahun 2007. Teknologi FLNG didasarkan pada perkembangan gas asli cecair (LNG) yang dipelopori pada pertengahan abad ke-20 dan memudahkan eksploitasi rizab gas asli yang belum diterokai yang terletak di kawasan terpencil, sering terlalu kecil untuk mengeluarkan apa-apa cara. <> Keputusan pelaburan akhir untuk apa yang dimuktamadkan oleh Royal Dutch Shell pada Mei 2011? || kemudahan gas asli cecair terapung pertama di dunia (> FLNG) <> Lapangan pra-lepas luar pesisir terpencil di mana? || di luar pantai barat laut Australia <> Bidang Prelude dianggarkan mengandungi berapa kaki kubik rizab gas asli? || 3 trilion <> Pada apa perkembangan teknologi FLNG? || gas asli cecair (LNG) <> Teknologi FLNG membekalkan apa? || eksploitasi rizab gas asli yang belum diterokai di kawasan terpencil <> Bilakah Royal Dutch Shell membuat pelaburan pertamanya ke FLNG? || <> Kapan teknologi FLNG dibuat? || <> Apa yang terletak di pantai barat daya Australia? || <> Di mana teknologi FLNG dipelopori? || <> Bilakah kemudahan FLNG dibina? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba3", "answers": [{"text": "the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba4", "answers": [{"text": "off Australia's northwestern coast", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba5", "answers": [{"text": "3 trillion", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what developments was FLNG technology based?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba6", "answers": [{"text": "liquefied natural gas (LNG)", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "FLNG technology faciliates what?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba7", "answers": [{"text": "the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20 May 2011", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Royal Dutch Shell make its first investment into FLNG?", "id": "5a627da5f8d794001af1c040", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-20th century", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "When was FLNG technology created?", "id": "5a627da5f8d794001af1c041", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the remote offshore Prelude field", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "What is located off Australia's southwestern coast?", "id": "5a627da5f8d794001af1c042", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Australia", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "Where were FLNG technologies pioneered?", "id": "5a627da5f8d794001af1c043", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "When was the FLNG facility built?", "id": "5a627da5f8d794001af1c044", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field\u2014located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves\u2014in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way."}], ["Pada April 2010, Shell mengumumkan niatnya untuk melepaskan diri dari perniagaan hiliran semua negara Afrika kecuali Afrika Selatan dan Mesir untuk Vitol dan \"Helios\". Di beberapa negara seperti Tunisia, protes dan mogok berlaku. Shell menafikan khabar angin mengenai sellout itu. Shell meneruskan aktiviti huluan / pengekstrakan minyak mentah di Delta Niger kaya minyak serta kegiatan hiliran / komersil di Afrika Selatan. Pada bulan Jun 2013, syarikat itu mengumumkan kajian semula strategik operasi di Nigeria, membayangkan bahawa aset itu boleh dibahagikan. Pada Ogos 2014, syarikat itu mendedahkan ia sedang dalam proses memuktamadkan penjualan kepentingannya di empat medan minyak Nigeria. <> Apa yang diumumkan oleh Shell pada April 2010? || hasratnya untuk melepaskan diri dari perniagaan hiliran semua negara Afrika kecuali Afrika Selatan dan Mesir untuk Vitol dan \"Helios\" <> Apa yang terjadi di beberapa negara sebagai respons kepada pengumuman Shell April 2010? || bantahan dan mogok mogok <> Pada bulan Jun 2013, Shell mengumumkan peninjauan operasinya di negara mana? || Nigeria <> Pada bulan Ogos 2014, Shell mengumumkan bahawa ia dalam proses melakukan apa? || memuktamadkan penjualan kepentingannya di empat medan minyak Nigeria. <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh Shell adalah alasan untuk mengkaji semula operasi strategik di Nigeria? || aset boleh dibuang <> Apa yang berlaku Shell dari Afrika Selatan dan Mesir? || <> Bilakah protes keluar di Afrika Selatan? || <> Berapa banyak ladang Mesir yang menjual Shell pada tahun 2014? || <> Di manakah Shell melepaskan aktiviti hulunya dari? || <> Bilakah syarikat mengumumkan ulasan Afrika Selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Shell announce in April 2010?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b3", "answers": [{"text": "its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\"", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b4", "answers": [{"text": "protests and strikes broke out", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b5", "answers": [{"text": "Nigeria", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b6", "answers": [{"text": "finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b7", "answers": [{"text": "assets could be divested", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vitol and \"Helios\"", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What did Shell switch from South Africa and Egypt to?", "id": "5a6279caf8d794001af1c010", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April 2010", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did protests break out in South Africa?", "id": "5a6279caf8d794001af1c011", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "How many Egyptian fields did Shell sell in 2014?", "id": "5a6279caf8d794001af1c012", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Niger Delta", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "Where did Shell divest its upstream activities from? ", "id": "5a6279caf8d794001af1c013", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "June 2013", "answer_start": 422}], "question": "When did the company announce a review of South Africa?", "id": "5a6279caf8d794001af1c014", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields."}], ["Melalui kebanyakan sejarah awal Shell, perniagaan Shell Oil Company di Amerika Syarikat secara substansial bebas daripada stoknya yang didagangkan di NYSE dan sedikit penglibatan langsung dari pejabat pusat kumpulan dalam menjalankan perniagaan Amerika. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1984, Royal Dutch Shell telah membuat tawaran untuk membeli saham-saham Shell Oil Company yang tidak dimilikinya (kira-kira 30%) dan walaupun pembangkang daripada beberapa pemegang saham minoriti, yang membawa kepada kes mahkamah, Shell menyelesaikan pembelian untuk jumlah wang daripada $ 5.7 bilion. <> Perniagaan Amerika Syarikat Shell Oil di seluruh sejarah awal digambarkan sebagai apa? || substantially independent <> Di mana pertukarannya adalah saham A.S. Shell Oil yang diniagakan? || NYSE <> Shell Oil Company pada sejarahnya mempunyai sedikit penglibatan langsung dari apa entiti dalam menjalankan perniagaan Amerikanya? || pejabat pusat kumpulan <> Pada tahun apakah Royal Dutch Shell membuat tawaran untuk membeli kira-kira 30% saham Shell Oil Company? || 1984 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Royal Dutch Shell untuk membeli saham Shell Oil Company? || sebuah kes mahkamah <> Sejarah awal Shell melibatkan banyak penglibatan dari apa? || <> Berapa peratus daripada Syarikat Minyak Shell melakukan Royal Dutch Shell sendiri pada tahun 1984? || <> Berapakah kos kes mahkamah? || <> Bilakah Royal Dutch Shell cuba menjual sahamnya? || <> Siapa yang meluluskan buyout shell Royal Dutch? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f2", "answers": [{"text": "substantially independent", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f3", "answers": [{"text": "the NYSE", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f4", "answers": [{"text": "the group's central offices", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f5", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f6", "answers": [{"text": "a court case", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the group's central offices", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "Shell's early history involved a lot of involvement from what?", "id": "5a627c79f8d794001af1c028", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30%", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "What percentage of the Shell Oil Company did Royal Dutch Shell own in 1984?", "id": "5a627c79f8d794001af1c029", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$5.7 billion", "answer_start": 514}], "question": "How much did the court case cost?", "id": "5a627c79f8d794001af1c02a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "When did Royal Dutch Shell try to sell its shares?", "id": "5a627c79f8d794001af1c02b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "minority shareholders", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "Who approved of the Royal Dutch shell buyout?", "id": "5a627c79f8d794001af1c02c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Through most of Shell's early history, the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group's central offices in the running of the American business. However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite opposition from some minority shareholders, which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion."}], ["Shell menjual 9.5% daripada 23.1% kepentingannya dalam Woodside Petroleum pada bulan Jun 2014 dan menasihatkan bahawa ia telah mencapai persetujuan untuk Woodside membeli kembali 9.5% sahamnya pada peringkat seterusnya. Shell menjadi pemegang saham utama di Woodside selepas percubaan pengambilalihan 2001 disekat oleh ketika itu Bendahari Persekutuan Peter Costello dan korporat telah terbuka mengenai hasratnya untuk menjual sahamnya di Woodside sebagai sebahagian daripada sasarannya untuk menumpahkan aset. Pada mesyuarat agung am, yang diadakan pada 1 Ogos 2014, 72 peratus pemegang saham mengundi untuk meluluskan pembelian balik, kurang daripada 75 peratus undi yang diperlukan untuk kelulusan. Kenyataan dari Shell membaca: \"Royal Dutch Shell mengiktiraf keputusan negatif pemegang saham Woodside Petroleum Limited mengenai cadangan pembelian balik terpilih. Shell mengkaji semula pilihannya berhubung baki 13.6 peratus pegangannya.\" <> Sebanyak peratus kepentingannya di Woodside Petroleum telah menjual Shell pada bulan Jun 2014? || 9.5% <> Shell menjadi pemegang saham utama di Woodside selepas percubaan pengambilalihan disekat pada tahun berapa? || 2001 <> Yang menghalang percubaan pengambilalihan? || maka Bendahari Persekutuan Peter Costello <> Berapa peratus daripada pemegang saham mengundi untuk meluluskan pembelian belian 2014? || 72 <Apa peratusan undi pemegang saham perlu meluluskan pembelian belian 2014? || 75 <> Berapa banyak saham Woodside di Shell menjual pada tahun 2001? || <> Apa perbendaharaan Shell cuba mengambil alih Woodside pada tahun 2001? || <> Berapa peratus daripada pemegang saham meluluskan percubaan pengambilalihan? || <> Sebanyak peratus pemegang saham diperlukan untuk menyekat pengambilalihan Woodside? || <> Bilakah mesyuarat itu memutuskan sama ada hendak menjual 9.5% stok Petroleum Woodside? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70d", "answers": [{"text": "9.5%", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70e", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who blocked the takeover attempt?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70f", "answers": [{"text": "then federal Treasurer Peter Costello", "answer_start": 267}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d710", "answers": [{"text": "72", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d711", "answers": [{"text": "75", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9.5%", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "How much Woodside stock in Shell sell in 2001?", "id": "5a627e97f8d794001af1c050", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Peter Costello", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What Shell treasurer try to takeover Woodside in 2001?", "id": "5a627e97f8d794001af1c051", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "72", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What percentage of shareholders approved the takeover attempt?", "id": "5a627e97f8d794001af1c052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "75", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What percentage of shareholders was required to block the Woodside takeover?", "id": "5a627e97f8d794001af1c053", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1 August 2014", "answer_start": 462}], "question": "When was the meeting to decide whether or not to sell 9.5% of its Woodside Petroleum stock?", "id": "5a627e97f8d794001af1c054", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in Woodside Petroleum in June 2014 and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: \"Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding.\""}], ["Berikutan pembelian pajakan luar pesisir pada tahun 2005, Shell memulakan program pengeboran Arctic bernilai US $ 4.5 bilion pada tahun 2006, selepas syarikat membeli rig minyak \"Kulluk\" dan memajak drillship Noble Discoverer. Pada permulaannya, projek itu diketuai oleh Pete Slaiby, eksekutif Shell yang sebelum ini bekerja di Laut Utara. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas pembelian pajakan luar pesisir kedua pada tahun 2008, Shell hanya memulakan kerja penggerudian pada tahun 2012, disebabkan oleh pembaikan pelantar, kelewatan permit daripada pihak berkuasa dan undang-undang yang berkaitan. Rancangan untuk menggerakan di Artik menyebabkan protes dari kumpulan alam sekitar, terutama Greenpeace; Tambahan lagi, penganalisis dalam bidang tenaga, serta industri yang berkaitan, juga menyatakan keraguan kerana persepsi bahawa penggerudian di rantau ini \"terlalu berbahaya kerana keadaan yang teruk dan lokasi terpencil\". <> Shell membeli apa yang pada tahun 2005? || pajakan luar pesisir <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Shell selepas pembelian 2005? || program penggerudian Artik US $ 4.5 bilion <> Apa eksekutif yang pada mulanya mengetuai projek penggerudian Artik? || Pete Slaiby <> Apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan dalam penggerudian selepas pembelian Shell tahun 2008? || pembaikan pelantar, kelewatan permit daripada pihak berkuasa dan tuntutan yang berkaitan <> Rancangan Shell untuk menggerudi dalam Artik membawa kepada protes dari mana kumpulan alam sekitar tertentu? || Greenpeace <> Berapakah kos pembelian pajakan luar pesisir? || <> Apa eksekutif Greenpeace memprotes penggerudian Artik? || <> Apa minyak rig kos Shell $ 4.5bil? || <> Bilakah Pete Slaiby diambil dari program penggerudian Artik? || <> Kapan Pete Slaiby bekerja di Laut Utara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Shell purchased what in 2005?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d721", "answers": [{"text": "an offshore lease", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d722", "answers": [{"text": "its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d723", "answers": [{"text": "Pete Slaiby", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d724", "answers": [{"text": "the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d725", "answers": [{"text": "Greenpeace", "answer_start": 618}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "US$4.5 billion", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "How much did the purchase of an offshore lease cost?", "id": "5a627fdff8d794001af1c05e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pete Slaiby", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What Greenpeace executive protested the Arctic drilling?", "id": "5a627fdff8d794001af1c05f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \"Kulluk\"", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "What oil rig cost Shell $4.5bil?", "id": "5a627fdff8d794001af1c060", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 431}], "question": "When was Pete Slaiby taken off of the Arctic drilling program?", "id": "5a627fdff8d794001af1c061", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "When was Pete Slaiby working in the North Sea?", "id": "5a627fdff8d794001af1c062", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the \"Kulluk\" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship. At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea. However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits. The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is \"too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations\"."}], ["Pada 27 Ogos 2007, Royal Dutch Shell dan Reitan Group, pemilik jenama 7-Eleven di Scandinavia, mengumumkan satu perjanjian untuk merekod semula beberapa stesen perkhidmatan 269 di seluruh Norway, Sweden, Finland dan Denmark, tertakluk kepada mendapatkan kelulusan kawal selia di bawah undang-undang persaingan yang berbeza di setiap negara. Pada April 2010 Shell mengumumkan bahawa perbadanan sedang dalam proses cuba mencari pembeli berpotensi untuk semua operasi di Finland dan sedang melakukan penyelidikan pasaran serupa mengenai operasi Sweden. Pada bulan Oktober 2010 stesen minyak Shell dan rangkaian bekalan bahan api berat di Finland dan Sweden, bersama-sama dengan kilang penapisan yang terletak di Gothenburg, Sweden dijual kepada St1, syarikat tenaga Finland, lebih tepat lagi kepada syarikat induk pemegangan utamanya, Keele Oy. Stesen minyak berjenama Shell akan dijenamakan semula dalam masa maksimum lima tahun dari pengambilalihan dan bilangan stesen minyak dijangka berkurang. Sehingga itu stesen akan beroperasi di bawah lesen jenama Shell. <> Apa syarikat itu pemilik jenama 7-Eleven di Scandinavia? || Reitan Group <> Dalam tahun apakah Royal Dutch Shell dan Reitan Group mengumumkan perjanjian? || 2007 <> Berapa banyak stesen perkhidmatan yang dilakukan Royal Dutch Shell dan Kumpulan Reitan bersetuju untuk merek semula? || kira-kira 269 <> Shell mengumumkan bahawa ia dalam proses melakukan apa yang pada April 2010? || cuba mencari pembeli yang berpotensi untuk semua operasi di Finland <> Pada Oktober 2010, Shell menjual apa ke St1? || stesen minyak dan rangkaian bekalan bahan api berat di Finland dan Sweden, bersama-sama dengan kilang penapisan yang terletak di Gothenburg, Sweden <> Berapa banyak stesen servis yang dibuat oleh Royal Dutch Shell dan jenama Reitan Group di Norway sahaja? || <> Berapa lama masa yang diambil untuk menjenamakan semula stesen perkhidmatan di Norway, Sweden, Finland, dan Denmark? || <> Siapa yang membuat Shell oleh stesen minyak dan rangkaian bekalan kenderaan berat dari? || <> Bilakah St1 dan Reitan Group mengumumkan perjanjian? || <> Apa syarikat induknya menjual Shell pada April 2010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3d", "answers": [{"text": "Reitan Group", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3e", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3f", "answers": [{"text": "some 269", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db40", "answers": [{"text": "trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db41", "answers": [{"text": "gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "269", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group re-brand in Norway alone?", "id": "5a627b3df8d794001af1c01e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "within maximum of five years", "answer_start": 820}], "question": "How long will it take to rebrand the service stations in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark?", "id": "5a627b3df8d794001af1c01f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "St1", "answer_start": 678}], "question": "Who did Shell by gas stations and heavy vehicle supply networks from?", "id": "5a627b3df8d794001af1c020", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 2010", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "When did St1 and Reitan Group announce an agreement?", "id": "5a627b3df8d794001af1c021", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Keele Oy", "answer_start": 765}], "question": "What parent company did Shell sell to in April 2010?", "id": "5a627b3df8d794001af1c022", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy. Shell branded gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence."}], ["Operasi hiliran, yang kini termasuk perniagaan kimia, menghasilkan satu pertiga daripada keuntungan Shell di seluruh dunia dan dikenali untuk rangkaian globalnya yang terdiri daripada lebih daripada 40,000 stesen minyak dan 47 penapisan minyaknya. Perniagaan hiliran, yang terdapat di beberapa negara termasuk penapisan minyak, secara amnya termasuk rangkaian stesen petrol runcit, pembuatan pelincir dan pemasaran, jualan bahan api dan minyak pelincir dan sebilangan produk / pasaran lain seperti LPG dan bitumen. Amalan di Shell adalah bahawa perniagaan-perniagaan ini pada dasarnya tempatan dan mereka lebih baik diuruskan oleh \"syarikat operasi\" tempatan - sering dengan pengurusan pertengahan dan kanan yang diperkuat oleh ekspatriat. Pada 1990-an, paradigma ini mula berubah, dan kebebasan syarikat-syarikat operasi di seluruh dunia secara beransur-ansur dikurangkan. Hari ini, hampir semua operasi Shell dalam pelbagai perniagaan lebih banyak diuruskan secara langsung dari London dan The Hague. Otonomi \"syarikat operasi\" telah dikeluarkan secara besar-besaran, kerana lebih banyak \"perniagaan global\" telah diwujudkan. <> Operasi hiliran kini merangkumi jenis perniagaan? || kimia <> Operasi hiliran menghasilkan apa peratus keuntungan Shell di seluruh dunia? || satu pertiga <> Berapa banyak stesen petrol yang termasuk dalam operasi hiliran operasi Shell global? || Lebih daripada 40,000 <sebelum tahun 1990-an, perniagaan hiliran Shell pada dasarnya dianggap sebagai jenis usaha apa? || tempatan <> Dengan cara bagaimana paradigma perniagaan operasi hiliran Shell mula berubah? || kebebasan syarikat-syarikat operasi di seluruh dunia secara beransur-ansur dikurangkan <> Berapa banyak keuntungan Shell yang dibuat oleh akaun Downstream pada tahun 1990? || <> Bilakah Shell beralih untuk merawat perniagaan sebagai syarikat bebas tempatan? || <> Berapa banyak kilang penapis minyak yang ada di Shell? || <> Berapa banyak stesen minyak yang ada di Shell? || <> Berapa banyak operasi Shell dikawal di London dan bukannya Den Haag? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da67", "answers": [{"text": "chemicals", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da68", "answers": [{"text": "a third", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da69", "answers": [{"text": "more than 40,000", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da6a", "answers": [{"text": "local", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da6b", "answers": [{"text": "the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a third", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "How much of Shell's profits did Downstream account for in 1990?", "id": "5a62793df8d794001af1c000", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 1990s", "answer_start": 695}], "question": "When did Shell switch to treating businesses as local, independent companies?", "id": "5a62793df8d794001af1c001", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "47", "answer_start": 198}], "question": "How many oil refineries does Shell have?", "id": "5a62793df8d794001af1c002", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "How many total petrol stations does Shell have?", "id": "5a62793df8d794001af1c003", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "virtually all", "answer_start": 828}], "question": "How many of Shell's operations are controlled in London instead of Hague?", "id": "5a62793df8d794001af1c004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local \"operating companies\" \u2013 often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell's operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of \"operating companies\" has been largely removed, as more \"global businesses\" have been created."}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an, para penunjuk perasaan mengkritik rekod persekitaran syarikat, terutamanya pencemaran yang mungkin disebabkan oleh cadangan pelupusan platform Brent Spar ke Laut Utara. Walaupun sokongan dari kerajaan Inggeris, Shell membatalkan keputusan itu di bawah tekanan awam tetapi mengekalkan bahawa tenggelam platform itu akan menjadi lebih baik dari segi alam sekitar. Shell kemudian menerbitkan komitmen yang teguh kepada pembangunan mampan, disokong oleh ucapan eksekutif yang menguatkan komitmen ini. <> Untuk apa sebab tertentu penunjuk perasaan mengkritik rekod persekitaran syarikat pada 1990-an? || kemungkinan pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh cadangan pelupusan platform Brent Spar ke Laut Utara <> Apakah entiti yang menyokong Shell semasa protes tahun 1990-an? || Kerajaan UK <> Berikutan pembalikan keputusannya, Shell menerbitkan apa? || komitmen yang teguh kepada pembangunan mampan <> Bilakah platform Brent Spar dibuang ke Laut Utara? || <> Apa kerajaan menentang platform Brent Spar? || <> Apa yang Shell mengakui adalah keputusan alam sekitar yang tidak baik? || <> Apakah komitmen eksekutif mengutuk? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh para penunjuk perasaan pada tahun 1990-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?", "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad323", "answers": [{"text": "the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?", "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad324", "answers": [{"text": "the UK government", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?", "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad325", "answers": [{"text": "an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "When was the Brent Spar platform disposed into the North Sea?", "id": "5a629334f8d794001af1c102", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What government opposed the Brent Spar platform?", "id": "5a629334f8d794001af1c103", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sinking the platform", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What did Shell admit was a poor environmental decision?", "id": "5a629334f8d794001af1c104", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sustainable development", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What commitment did executives condemn?", "id": "5a629334f8d794001af1c105", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the company's environmental record,", "answer_start": 36}], "question": "What did protesters in the 1990s praise?", "id": "5a629334f8d794001af1c106", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better. Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment."}], ["Pada awal tahun 1996, beberapa kumpulan hak asasi manusia membawa kes-kes untuk memegang Shell bertanggungjawab atas dakwaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Nigeria, termasuk pelaksanaan ringkasan, jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan, penyeksaan, rawatan tidak berperikemanusiaan dan penangkapan dan penahanan sewenang-wenangnya. Khususnya, Shell dituduh berkerjasama dalam pelaksanaan Ken Saro-Wiwa dan lapan pemimpin lain dari suku Ogoni di selatan Nigeria, yang digantung pada tahun 1995 oleh raja-raja tentera Nigeria pada masa itu. Tindakan undang-undang dibawa terhadap Royal Dutch Shell dan Brian Anderson, ketua operasi Nigeria. Pada tahun 2009, Shell bersetuju untuk membayar $ 15.5 juta dalam penyelesaian undang-undang. Shell tidak menerima apa-apa tanggungan terhadap tuduhan terhadapnya. <> Pada tahun 1996, beberapa kumpulan memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang untuk memegang Shell bertanggungjawab untuk apa? || dakwaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Nigeria <> Shell dituduh terlibat dalam pelaksanaan yang mana pemimpin suku kaum Nigeria selatan? || Ken Saro-Wiwa <> Pada tahun apakah Shell bersetuju untuk menyelesaikan tindakan undang-undang yang difailkan pada tahun 1996? || 2009 <> Untuk apa jumlah yang disetujui Shell untuk menyelesaikan tuntutan undang-undang 1996? || $ 15.5m <> Berbeza dengan persetujuannya untuk menyelesaikan tuntutan undang-undang 1996, Shell enggan melakukan apa? || menerima apa-apa tanggungan terhadap dakwaan terhadapnya <> Bilakah Brian Anderson digantung? || <> Brian Anderson adalah ketua suku apa? || <> Apakah Ken Saro-Wiwa dituduh? || <> Berapakah jumlah bayar Shell kepada suku Ogoni? || <> Bilakah Shell menuntut Nigeria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad345", "answers": [{"text": "alleged human rights violations in Nigeria", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad346", "answers": [{"text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad347", "answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad348", "answers": [{"text": "$15.5m", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad349", "answers": [{"text": "accepted any liability over the allegations against it", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "When was Brian Anderson hanged?", "id": "5a6293e0f8d794001af1c10c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ogoni", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "Brian Anderson was the leader of what tribe?", "id": "5a6293e0f8d794001af1c10d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human rights violations", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What was Ken Saro-Wiwa accused of?", "id": "5a6293e0f8d794001af1c10e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "$15.5m", "answer_start": 606}], "question": "How much did Shell pay to the Ogoni tribe?", "id": "5a6293e0f8d794001af1c10f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1996", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "When did Shell sue Nigeria?", "id": "5a6293e0f8d794001af1c110", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers. The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement. Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it."}], ["Pada 16 Mac 2012, 52 aktivis Greenpeace dari lima negara berbeza menaiki Fennica dan Nordica, peluncur ais pelbagai guna yang disewa untuk menyokong pelantar penggerudian Shell berhampiran Alaska. Pada masa yang sama, seorang wartawan majalah Fortune bercakap dengan Edward Itta, seorang pemimpin Inupiat Eskimo dan bekas datuk bandar North Slope Borough, yang menyatakan bahawa dia bertentangan dengan rancangan Shell di Artik, kerana dia sangat prihatin bahawa tumpahan minyak dapat memusnahkan budaya memburu-dan-memancing Inupiat Eskimo, tetapi wilayahnya juga menerima pendapatan cukai utama dari pengeluaran minyak dan gas; Selain itu, hasil selanjutnya daripada aktiviti tenaga dianggap penting untuk masa depan standard hidup di komuniti Itta. <> Berapa ramai aktivis Greenpeace menaiki Fennica dan Nordica pada bulan Mac 2012? || 52 <> Berapa banyak negara yang mewakili kumpulan aktivis Greenpeace? || lima <> Apa jenis kenderaan Fennica dan Nordica? || pemburu ic pelbagai guna <> Mengapa Fennica dan Nordica menyewa? || untuk menyokong pelantar penggerudian Shell berhampiran Alaska <> Apa kebimbangan utama Edward Itta? || tumpahan minyak boleh memusnahkan budaya memburu-dan-memancing Inupiat Eskimo <> Berapa banyak negara yang menyokong sokongan pembonceng? || <> Apakah nama wartawan majalah Fortune itu? || <> Berapa ramai aktivis di Fennica sahaja? || <> Siapa Datuk Bandar North Slope Borough pada Mac 2012? || <> Sebenarnya, apakah aktivis Greenpeace? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc95", "answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc96", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc97", "answers": [{"text": "multipurpose icebreakers", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc98", "answers": [{"text": "to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main concern of Edward Itta?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc99", "answers": [{"text": "an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "How many countries did the icebreakers support?", "id": "5a62972ef8d794001af1c12a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Itta", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "What was the name of the Fortune magazine reporter?", "id": "5a62972ef8d794001af1c12b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "52", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "How many activists were on the Fennica alone?", "id": "5a62972ef8d794001af1c12c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Itta", "answer_start": 254}], "question": "Who was the mayor of North Slope Borough in March 2012?", "id": "5a62972ef8d794001af1c12d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the North Slope Borough", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What borough were the Greenpeace activists from?", "id": "5a62972ef8d794001af1c12e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska. Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat Eskimo leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was very concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community."}], ["Pada tahun 2010, kabel bocor mendedahkan bahawa Shell mendakwa telah memasukkan kakitangan ke semua kementerian utama kerajaan Nigeria dan mengetahui \"semua yang sedang dilakukan di kementerian-kementerian itu,\" menurut eksekutif tertinggi Shell di Nigeria. Eksekutif yang sama juga membanggakan bahawa kerajaan Nigeria telah melupakan sejauh mana penyusupan Shell. Dokumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009 (tetapi tidak digunakan dalam kes mahkamah) mendedahkan bahawa Shell secara kerap membuat pembayaran kepada tentera Nigeria untuk mencegah protes. <> Satu komunikasi bocor 2010 mendedahkan bahawa Shell mendakwa telah memasukkan apa ke entiti mana? || kakitangan ke semua kementerian utama kerajaan Nigeria <> Komunikasi yang sama bocor memberitahu Shell mendakwa mengetahui apa? || \"semua yang sedang dilakukan di kementerian-kementerian itu\" <> Mengenai apa yang eksekutif Shell membanggakan berhubung dengan komunikasi bocor? || kerajaan Nigerian telah melupakan sejauh mana penyusupan Shell <> Dokumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009 menunjukkan bahawa Shell membuat pembayaran tetap ke entiti mana? || tentera Nigeria <> Untuk tujuan apa Shell membuat bayaran tetap kepada entiti yang disebutkan dalam dokumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009? || untuk mencegah protes <> Bilakah Shell memberi maklumat kepada pemerintah Nigeria? || <> Siapa yang membayangkan bahawa Shell telah melupakan serangan itu? || <> Tahun apa dokumen yang digunakan dalam kes mahkamah berasal dari? || <> Apakah sumber maklumat dari tahun 2010 tidak digunakan dalam kes mahkamah? || <> Mengapa tentera Nigeria kerap melakukan pembayaran kepada Shell? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad355", "answers": [{"text": "staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad356", "answers": [{"text": "\"everything that was being done in those ministries\"", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad357", "answers": [{"text": "the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad358", "answers": [{"text": "the Nigerian military", "answer_start": 462}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad359", "answers": [{"text": "to prevent protests", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Shell place informants in the Nigerian government?", "id": "5a629472f8d794001af1c116", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Nigerian government", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "Who boasted that Shell had forgotten about the invasion?", "id": "5a629472f8d794001af1c117", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2009", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What year did the documents used in the court case come from?", "id": "5a629472f8d794001af1c118", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a leaked cable", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What source of information from 2010 was not used in the court case?", "id": "5a629472f8d794001af1c119", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to prevent protests", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "Why did the Nigerian military regularly make payments to Shell?", "id": "5a629472f8d794001af1c11a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know \"everything that was being done in those ministries\", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas, Shell memfailkan tindakan undang-undang untuk mendapatkan injunksi daripada kemungkinan protes, dan Benjamin Jealous dari NAACP dan Radford berhujah bahawa tindakan undang-undang itu \"mengejar hak Amerika.\" Menurut Greenpeace, Shell membuat permintaan dengan Google untuk mengharamkan rakaman video tindakan protes Greenpeace yang berlaku di Grand Prix Belgium Formula Satu (F1) yang ditaja Shell pada 25 Ogos 2013, di mana spanduk \"SaveTheArctic.org\" muncul di majlis podium pemenang. Dalam video itu, spanduk yang muncul secara automatik mengendalikan penampilan mereka dengan menggunakan empat antena kereta radio-mendedahkan URL laman web, di samping imej yang terdiri daripada separuh kepala kepala kutub dan separuh logo Shell. <> Kenapa tindakan undang-undang fail Shell? || untuk mencari injunksi dari kemungkinan protes <> Jealous dan Radford menegaskan bahawa tindakan undang-undang yang diambil oleh Shell adalah apa? || \"menginjak hak Amerika.\" <> Greenpeace mendakwa bahawa Shell meminta Google untuk melarang apa? || rakaman video tindakan protes Greenpeace yang berlaku di Grand Prix Belgium Formula Satu (F1) yang ditaja oleh Shell <> Apa sepanduk muncul di podium pemenang pada majlis Ogos 2013? || \"SaveTheArctic.org\" <> Pada majlis 2013, aktivitator mengendalikan penampilan mereka dengan apa? || penggunaan empat antena kereta radio <> Bilakah Shell meminta google untuk mengharamkan rakaman video protes Greenpeace? || <> Apakah logo Greenpeace? || <> Siapa yang memfailkan tindakan undang-undang terhadap Shell? || <> Siapa yang menjalin hubungan dengan SaveTheArctic untuk Grand Prix Belgium? || <> Bagaimana podium pemenang dikawal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why did Shell file lawsuits?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5c8", "answers": [{"text": "to seek injunctions from possible protests", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5c9", "answers": [{"text": "\"trampling American's rights.\"", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5ca", "answers": [{"text": "video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5cb", "answers": [{"text": "\"SaveTheArctic.org\"", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5cc", "answers": [{"text": "the use of four radio car antennas", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "25 August 2013", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "When did Shell ask google to ban video footage of the Greenpeace protests?", "id": "5a62986bf8d794001af1c13e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What is the Greenpeace logo?", "id": "5a62986bf8d794001af1c13f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Jealous", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "Who filed the lawsuits against Shell?", "id": "5a62986bf8d794001af1c140", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Formula One (F1)", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Who did SaveTheArctic partner with for the Belgian Grand Prix?", "id": "5a62986bf8d794001af1c141", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four radio car antennas", "answer_start": 571}], "question": "How were the winners' podiums controlled?", "id": "5a62986bf8d794001af1c142", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was \"trampling American's rights.\" According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which \"SaveTheArctic.org\" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically\u2014activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas\u2014revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo."}]], [["Dalam kertas 1988 yang berpengaruh, Timothy Rowe menamai mamalia sebagai phylogenetically sebagai mamalia kumpulan mahkota, clade yang terdiri daripada nenek moyang biasa monotremes (echidnas dan platypus) dan mamalia therian (marsupial dan placentals) yang paling terkini dan semua keturunan nenek moyang itu. Sejak nenek moyang ini hidup dalam zaman Jurassic, definisi Rowe tidak termasuk semua haiwan dari Triassic sebelumnya, walaupun fakta bahawa fosil Triassic di Haramiyida telah dirujuk kepada Mamalia sejak pertengahan abad ke-19. <> Yang menentukan mamalia sebagai mamalia kumpulan mahkota? || Timothy Rowe <> Dengan definisi Rowe, ketika dia mula mengecualikan haiwan? || Triassic <> Kumpulan mana yang marsupial dan placentals milik? || mamalia therian <> Bagaimana Timothy Rowe mendefinisikan mamalia pada pertengahan abad ke-19? || <> Apakah dua contoh nenek moyang zaman Jurassik yang paling terkini? || <> Dalam tempoh berapa mamalia hidup? || <> Berapa lamakah fosil Juassic dirujuk kepada Mamalia? || <> Apa satu perkara fosil Triassic ditunjukkan mengikut kertas abad ke-19? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?", "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2e8", "answers": [{"text": "Timothy Rowe", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?", "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2e9", "answers": [{"text": "Triassic", "answer_start": 400}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?", "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2ea", "answers": [{"text": "therian mammals", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the crown group mammals", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?", "id": "5a39e3502f14dd001ac7262f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "(echidnas and platypuses)", "answer_start": 182}], "question": "What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?", "id": "5a39e3502f14dd001ac72630", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Jurassic period", "answer_start": 323}], "question": "In what period did mammals live?", "id": "5a39e3502f14dd001ac72631", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "since the mid-19th century", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?", "id": "5a39e3502f14dd001ac72632", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses)", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?", "id": "5a39e3502f14dd001ac72633", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century."}], ["Amniotes pertama nampaknya timbul dalam Carboniferous Akhir. Mereka berasal dari tetrapod amfibia reptiliomorph yang terdahulu, yang tinggal di tanah yang telah didiami oleh serangga dan invertebrata lain serta pakis, lumut dan tumbuhan lain. Dalam beberapa juta tahun, dua keturunan amniote penting menjadi berbeza: sinapsid, yang kemudiannya termasuk leluhur umum mamalia; dan sauropsid, yang akhirnya akan menyertakan penyu, kadal, ular, buaya, dinosaur dan burung. Synapsids mempunyai lubang tunggal (fenestra temporal) rendah pada setiap sisi tengkorak. <> Dari mana tempoh amniotes pertama yang diketahui? || Carboniferous <> Dari mana kumpulan itu amniotes keturunan? || reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods <> Dua keturunan penting amnios menjadi berbeza, apa nama perbezaan itu? || sinapsid <> Sauropsid kemudian akan memasukkan haiwan lain ke dalam kumpulannya? || penyu, cicak, ular, buaya, dinosaur dan burung <> Apakah sifat Synapsids yang berbeza? || lubang tunggal (fenestra temporal) rendah pada setiap sisi tengkorak <> Dari apa tempoh serangga pertama datang? || <> Apa yang telah didiami synapsids? || <> Bilakah tetrapods amphibious menjadi menonjol? || <> Apa yang dilakukan amniotes pada setiap sisi tengkorak? || <> Apakah haiwan yang kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam kumpulan karbon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac504", "answers": [{"text": "Carboniferous", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which group did amniotes descendents of?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac505", "answers": [{"text": "reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac506", "answers": [{"text": "the synapsids", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac507", "answers": [{"text": "turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac508", "answers": [{"text": "single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Late Carboniferous", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "From what period did the first insects come from?", "id": "5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72661", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What already inhabited the synapsids?", "id": "5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72662", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Within a few million years", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "When did amphibious tetrapods become prominent?", "id": "5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72663", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a single hole (temporal fenestra)", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "What do amniotes have on each side of the skull?", "id": "5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72664", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds", "answer_start": 467}], "question": "What animals were later included in the carboniferous group?", "id": "5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72665", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull."}], ["Mamalia termasuk haiwan terbesar di planet ini, rumput dan paus besar lain, serta beberapa yang paling bijak, seperti gajah, primata, termasuk manusia, dan cetacea. Jenis badan asas adalah binatang buatan tanah berkaki empat, tetapi beberapa mamalia disesuaikan untuk kehidupan di laut, di udara, di dalam pokok, atau di atas dua kaki. Kumpulan mamalia terbesar, plasenta, mempunyai plasenta, yang membolehkan janin semasa hamil. Saiz mamalia dalam saiz dari 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 in) kelawar kelawar ke ikan paus biru 33 meter (108 kaki). <> Mamalia spesifik mana yang terbesar sekarang? || ikan paus biru <> Yang mamalia mana yang terkecil? || kumbang bumblebee <> Yang mana empat ekor kucing yang dianggap sebagai yang paling bijak? || gajah <> Seberapa kecil kelawar lebah rata? || 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 in) <> Apakah kumpulan terbesar mamalia, gajah, yang membantu janin semasa kehamilan? || <> Seberapa kecil janin purata? || <> Apakah beberapa janin disesuaikan untuk? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk gajah yang besar? || <> Apakah plasenta membantu kelawar kelawar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which specific mammal is the largest today?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a1", "answers": [{"text": "blue whale", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which mammal is the smallest?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a2", "answers": [{"text": "bumblebee bat", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a3", "answers": [{"text": "elephants", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how small is the average bumble bee bat?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a4", "answers": [{"text": "30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in)", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a placenta", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?", "id": "5a39d5592f14dd001ac72607", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in)", "answer_start": 475}], "question": "How small is the average fetus?", "id": "5a39d5592f14dd001ac72608", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What are some fetuses adapted for?", "id": "5a39d5592f14dd001ac72609", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rorquals", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is another name for a large elephant?", "id": "5a39d5592f14dd001ac7260a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "enables feeding the fetus during gestation", "answer_start": 400}], "question": "What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?", "id": "5a39d5592f14dd001ac7260b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale."}], ["Pada tahun 1997, mamalia telah disemak semula secara komprehensif oleh Malcolm C. McKenna dan Susan K. Bell, yang menghasilkan klasifikasi McKenna / Bell. Buku 1997 mereka, Klasifikasi Mamalia di atas Tahap Spesies, adalah kerja yang paling komprehensif sehingga tarikh sistematika, hubungan, dan kejadian semua taksonomi mamalia, hidup dan pupus, turun pangkat genus, walaupun data genetik molekul terkini mencabar beberapa daripada kumpulan peringkat yang lebih tinggi. Penulis bekerja sama sebagai ahli paleontologi di Muzium Sejarah Alam Amerika, New York. McKenna mewarisi projek dari Simpson dan, dengan Bell, membina sistem hierarki yang telah dikemas kini, meliputi taksonomi yang hidup dan pupus yang mencerminkan silsilah sejarah Mammalia. <> Pada tahun 1997 yang menyemak semula klasifikasi mamalia? || Malcolm C. McKenna dan Susan K. Bell <> Di manakah kedua penulis bekerja bersama sebagai ahli paleontologi? || Muzium Sejarah Alam Amerika <> Dari siapakah McKenna mewarisi projek itu? || Simpson <> Siapa yang Simpson mewarisi projek itu? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada data genetik molekul pada tahun 1997? || <> Apa buku yang ditulis oleh Simpson? || <> Apakah maklumat mengenai mamalia yang melindungi buku Simpson? || <> Apa yang membantu Simpson membina dengan Bell? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?", "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44c", "answers": [{"text": "Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? ", "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44d", "answers": [{"text": "American Museum of Natural History", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?", "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44e", "answers": [{"text": "Simpson", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "McKenna", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "Who did Simpson inherit the project from?", "id": "5a39ecb72f14dd001ac7264d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "comprehensively revised", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?", "id": "5a39ecb72f14dd001ac7264e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Classification of Mammals above the Species Level", "answer_start": 163}], "question": "What was the book written by Simpson?", "id": "5a39ecb72f14dd001ac7264f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?", "id": "5a39ecb72f14dd001ac72650", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a completely updated hierarchical system", "answer_start": 633}], "question": "What did Simpson help construct with Bell?", "id": "5a39ecb72f14dd001ac72651", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia."}], ["Nenek moyang mamalia synapsid awal adalah sphenacodont pelycosaur, sebuah kumpulan yang menghasilkan Dimetrodon bukan mamalia. Pada akhir tempoh Karbon, kumpulan ini menyimpang dari garis sauropsid yang membawa kepada reptilia dan burung hari ini. Garis yang mengikuti kumpulan batang Sphenacodontia membahagikan beberapa kumpulan yang berbeza-beza synapsid bukan mamalia-kadang-kadang disebut sebagai reptilia seperti mamalia-sebelum menimbulkan proto-mamalia (Therapsida) pada era Mesozoik awal. Perintah mamalia moden muncul dalam tempoh Paleogene dan Neogene era Cenozoik, selepas kepupusan dinosaur bukan burung 66 juta tahun yang lalu. <> Dari tempoh masa mana burung dan reptilia mula muncul? || Tempoh karbon <> Bilakah dinosaur bukan burung menjadi pupus? || 66 juta tahun lalu <> Mana-mana leluhur mamalia awal yang dihasilkan bukan Dimetroden mamalia? || sphenacodont pelycosaurs <> Bilakah spenacodont pelycosaur menjadi pupus? || <> Apa yang dipanggil nenek moyang moden moden? || <> Pada akhir tempoh sinapsid, apa yang bukan mamalia dihasilkan? || <> Sphenacodontia muncul dalam zaman Paleogene dan Neogene pada era apa? || <> Pada akhir zaman Karbon apa yang menyimpang dari Neogene yang membawa kepada reptilia dan burung hari ini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?", "id": "5726224738643c19005ad06f", "answers": [{"text": "Carboniferous period", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?", "id": "5726224738643c19005ad070", "answers": [{"text": "66 million years ago", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?", "id": "5726224738643c19005ad071", "answers": [{"text": "sphenacodont pelycosaurs", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "66 million years ago", "answer_start": 621}], "question": "When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?", "id": "5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72625", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sphenacodont pelycosaurs", "answer_start": 44}], "question": "What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?", "id": "5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72626", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dimetrodon", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?", "id": "5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72627", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cenozoic", "answer_start": 559}], "question": "The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?", "id": "5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72628", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sauropsid line", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?", "id": "5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72629", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids\u2014sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles\u2014before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago."}], ["Perkataan \"mamalia\" adalah moden, dari nama saintifik Mammalia yang dicipta oleh Carl Linnaeus pada tahun 1758, berasal dari mamma Latin (\"teat, pap\"). Semua mamalia wanita menyusui anak muda mereka dengan susu, yang dirembeskan dari kelenjar khusus, kelenjar susu. Menurut Spesies Mammal Dunia, 5,416 spesies diketahui pada tahun 2006. Ini dikumpulkan dalam 1,229 genera, 153 keluarga dan 29 pesanan. Pada tahun 2008, IUCN melengkapkan Penilaian Amalan Global Mammal yang terdiri daripada 1,700-saintifik untuk Senarai Merah IUCN, yang mengira 5,488 spesies yang diterima. <> Siapa yang mencipta nama \"mamalia\" dari nama saintifik Mamalia? || Carl Linnaeus <> Apa semua mamalia betina mempunyai persamaan apabila mereka mempunyai anak? || jururawat mereka yang muda dengan susu <> Berapa banyak mamalia diketahui wujud sehingga tahun 2006? || 5,416 <> Berapa banyak keluarga mamalia terdiri daripada pada tahun 2006? || 153 keluarga <> Apakah istilah IUCN dalam 1758? || <> Pada 1758 berapa spesies mamalia diketahui? || <> Apa yang telah diselesaikan oleh Carl Linnaeus pada tahun 2006? || <> Bagaimana senarai Merah IUCN dikumpulkan? || <> Berapa banyak spesies yang diterima di sana menurut Carl Linnaeus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who coined the name \"mammal\" from the scientific name Mammalia?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d93f", "answers": [{"text": "Carl Linnaeus", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d940", "answers": [{"text": "nurse their young with milk", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d941", "answers": [{"text": "5,416", "answer_start": 289}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d942", "answers": [{"text": "153 families", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"mammal\"", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What term  did IUCN coin in 1758?", "id": "5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72611", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,416", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "In 1758 how many mammal species were known?", "id": "5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72612", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment", "answer_start": 414}], "question": "What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?", "id": "5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72613", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "How was the IUCN Red List grouped?", "id": "5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72614", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5,488", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?", "id": "5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72615", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The word \"mammal\" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma (\"teat, pap\"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species."}], ["Kajian molekul berdasarkan analisis DNA telah mencadangkan hubungan baru di kalangan keluarga mamalia sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Kebanyakan penemuan ini telah disahkan secara berasingan oleh data kehadiran / absen retrot transposon. Sistem klasifikasi berdasarkan kajian molekular menunjukkan tiga kumpulan utama atau keturunan mamalia plasenta - Afrani, Xenarthra, dan Boreoeutheria - yang tersebar dari nenek moyang yang terdahulu dalam Cretaceous. Hubungan antara ketiga keturunan ini adalah perbalahan, dan ketiga-tiga hipotesis yang mungkin berbeza telah dicadangkan berkenaan dengan kelompok mana yang basal berkenaan dengan placentals lain. Hipotesis ini adalah Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epnessia (basal Xenarthra), dan Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria pula mengandungi dua keturunan utama - Euarchontoglires dan Laurasiatheria. <> Melalui kajian molekular, apa yang digunakan untuk mencadangkan hubungan baru di kalangan keluarga mamalia? || Analisis DNA <> Semasa kajian Molekul ini, yang mana tiga kumpulan utama mamalia berkongsi nenek moyang yang sama dari tempoh Cretaceous? || Afrani, Xenarthra, dan Boreoeutheria <> Afrotheria, Xenartha, dan Boreoeutheria merosakkan dari mana dua keturunan? || Euarchontoglires dan Laurasiatheria <> Apa yang mempunyai kajian berdasarkan Boreoeutheria yang dicadangkan? || <> Apa yang mempunyai penemuan berdasarkan nenek moyang biasa di Cretaceous telah disahkan oleh? || <> Apakah tiga kumpulan utama Laurasiatheria? || <> Di manakah Euarchontoglires dan Laurasiatheria berasal? || <> Apa dua nenek moyang utama yang sama yang mengandungi Alantogenata? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?", "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8b", "answers": [{"text": "DNA analysis", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?", "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8c", "answers": [{"text": "Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?", "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8d", "answers": [{"text": "Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new relationships among mammal families", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?", "id": "5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac72657", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "retrotransposon presence/absence data", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?", "id": "5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac72658", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?", "id": "5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac72659", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early common ancestors in the Cretaceous", "answer_start": 391}], "question": "Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?", "id": "5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac7265a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria", "answer_start": 810}], "question": "What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?", "id": "5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac7265b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria."}], ["George Gaylord \"Prinsip Klasifikasi dan Klasifikasi Mamalia\" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) adalah sumber asal taksonomi yang disenaraikan di sini. Simpson meletakkan sistematika dari asal-usul mamalia dan hubungan yang diajar secara universal hingga akhir abad ke-20. Sejak klasifikasi Simpson, rekod paleontologi telah disesuaikan semula, dan tahun-tahun intervensi telah melihat banyak perdebatan dan kemajuan mengenai asas sistematis teori itu sendiri, sebahagiannya melalui konsep baru kladistik. Walaupun kerja lapangan secara beransur-ansur membuat klasifikasi Simpson ketinggalan zaman, ia tetap menjadi perkara yang paling dekat dengan pengelasan rasmi mamalia. <> Siapa yang menulis \"Prinsip Pengkelasan dan Klasifikasi Mamalia? || George Gaylord Simpson <> Simpson meletakkan sistematika asal-usul mamalia dan diajar secara universal hingga akhir abad apa? || 20 <> Konsep baru mana sangat diambil alih oleh Simpsons yang banyak dibahaskan sistematisasi teori? || cladistics <> Apa yang dibentangkan oleh Simpson yang diajar secara universal hingga tahun 1945? || <> Apa sumber asal bagi rekod paleontoligal? || <> Apa yang berlaku sejak pengelasan oleh AMNH? || <> Apa taksonomi mengambil alih sistematisasi yang dibahaskan oleh AMNH? || <> Sehingga abad apa yang dikatakan kladistik secara universal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wrote the \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?", "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ec", "answers": [{"text": "George Gaylord Simpson", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?", "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ed", "answers": [{"text": "20th", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?", "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ee", "answers": [{"text": "cladistics", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a systematics of mammal origins and relationships", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?", "id": "5a39eb432f14dd001ac72643", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals\"", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?", "id": "5a39eb432f14dd001ac72644", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the paleontological record has been recalibrated", "answer_start": 332}], "question": "What happened since the classification by the AMNH?", "id": "5a39eb432f14dd001ac72645", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cladistics", "answer_start": 545}], "question": "What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?", "id": "5a39eb432f14dd001ac72646", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "end of the 20th century", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?", "id": "5a39eb432f14dd001ac72647", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "George Gaylord Simpson's \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals\" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals."}], ["Kecuali lima spesies monotremes (mamalia bertelur), semua mamalia moden melahirkan anak muda. Kebanyakan mamalia, termasuk enam pesanan yang paling kaya dengan spesies, tergolong dalam kumpulan plasenta. Tiga pesanan terbesar dalam jumlah, adalah Rodentia pertama: tikus, tikus, landak, memerang, capybaras, dan mamalia lain yang menggigit; maka Chiroptera: kelawar; dan kemudian Soricomorpha: shrews, mol dan solenodons. Tiga pesanan berikutnya, bergantung kepada skim klasifikasi biologi yang digunakan, adalah Primata termasuk manusia; Cetartiodactyla termasuk ikan paus dan mamalia berkuku yang berkaki dua; dan Carnivora, iaitu kucing, anjing, weasel, beruang, anjing laut, dan sanak saudara mereka. <> Berapa banyak spesies mamalia tidak mempunyai kelahiran secara langsung? || lima spesies <> Kumpulan mana yang terdiri daripada kebanyakan mamalia? || Rodentia <> Kumpulan yang manakah juga manusia? || Primates <> Kumpulan yang manakah kucing dan anjing juga? || Carnivora <> Apa semua monotrem moden melahirkan? || <> Kumpulan apa yang ada enam jenis monotremes milik? || <> Yang mana monotreme terdiri daripada kebanyakan mamalia? || <> Apakah monotreme yang kedua selepas Rodentia? || <> Apakah beberapa contoh monotrem yang merupakan sebahagian daripada kumpulan Rodentia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05d", "answers": [{"text": "five species", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group consist of the most mammals?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05e", "answers": [{"text": "Rodentia", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group do humans belong too?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05f", "answers": [{"text": "Primates", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group do cats and dogs belong too?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad060", "answers": [{"text": "Carnivora", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "live young", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What do all modern monotremes give birth to?", "id": "5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the placental group", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What group do the six species of monotremes belong to? ", "id": "5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rodentia", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?", "id": "5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chiroptera", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?", "id": "5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?", "id": "5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives."}], ["Sekiranya Mammalia dianggap sebagai kumpulan mahkota, asalnya boleh dikatakan bertarikh sebagai penampilan haiwan pertama yang diketahui lebih dekat dengan beberapa mamalia yang ada sekarang berbanding dengan orang lain. Ambondro lebih berkait rapat dengan monotremes daripada mamalia therian manakala Amphilestes dan Amphitherium lebih rapat dengan orang-orang; sebagai fosil ketiga-tiga genera bertarikh sekitar 167 juta tahun yang lalu di Jurassic Tengah, ini adalah anggaran munasabah untuk kemunculan kumpulan mahkota. Takrif Kemp yang paling awal dikenali dengan kata-kata itu adalah Tikitherium, bertarikh 225 Ma, sehingga kemunculan mamalia dalam erti kata yang lebih luas ini dapat diberikan pada tarikh Akhir Triassic ini. Dalam apa jua keadaan, julat temporal kumpulan itu meluas hingga ke hari ini. <> Kumpulan mana yang berkaitan rapat dengan Ambondro? || monotremes <> Yang mana dua kumpulan berkait rapat dengan mamalia therian? || Amphilestes and Amphitherium <> Berapa tahunkah mamalia dan mamalia theram kembali? || 167 juta tahun <> Berapa tahun berapa tarikh synapsid kembali? || 225 Ma <> Apa yang paling awal Ambondro yang memenuhi definisi Kemp? || <> Apakah Tikitherium lebih dekat dengan lebih daripada mamalia therian? || <> Berapa tempoh masa adalah fosil ambient yang bertarikh di Jurassic Tengah? || <> Berapa tahun ambigu bertarikh? || <> Apa rupa genera diberikan secara meluas? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d59f", "answers": [{"text": "monotremes", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a0", "answers": [{"text": "Amphilestes and Amphitherium", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a1", "answers": [{"text": "167 million years", "answer_start": 374}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About what year do synapsid date back to?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a2", "answers": [{"text": "225 Ma", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tikitherium", "answer_start": 550}], "question": "What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?", "id": "5a39e9b52f14dd001ac72639", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monotremes", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?", "id": "5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 167 million years ago", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?", "id": "5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "225 Ma", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "About what year are ambondro dated to?", "id": "5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "this Late Triassic date", "answer_start": 641}], "question": "What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?", "id": "5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day."}], ["Apabila endothermy pertama muncul dalam evolusi mamalia tidak pasti. Monotrem moden mempunyai suhu badan yang lebih rendah dan kadar metabolik yang lebih berubah daripada marsupial dan placentals, tetapi ada bukti bahawa beberapa nenek moyang mereka, mungkin termasuk nenek moyang orang, mungkin mempunyai suhu badan seperti orang-orang moden. Beberapa bukti yang didapati setakat ini menunjukkan bahawa cynodont Triassic mempunyai kadar metabolik yang agak tinggi, tetapi tidak konklusif. Bagi haiwan kecil, penutup badan seperti bulu diperlukan untuk penyelenggaraan suhu badan yang tinggi dan stabil. <> Kumpulan haiwan yang mana mempunyai suhu badan yang lebih rendah yang marsupial dan placentals? || monotremes <> Tempoh masa mana yang dicadangkan bahawa cynodonts mempunyai kadar metabolisme yang tinggi? || Triassic <> Mengapakah perlu untuk haiwan yang lebih kecil mempunyai penutup penebat? || penyelenggaraan suhu badan yang tinggi dan stabil <> Apakah bukti yang ditemui mencadangkan mengenai monotrem? || <> Apa yang perlu untuk mengekalkan suhu tubuh stabil? || <> Apakah haiwan kecil berbanding dengan orang lain? || <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa monotrem mempunyai kadar metabolisme yang tinggi? || <> Apakah placentals menggunakan penutup bulu mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?", "id": "5726365038643c19005ad305", "answers": [{"text": "monotremes", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?", "id": "5726365038643c19005ad306", "answers": [{"text": "Triassic", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?", "id": "5726365038643c19005ad307", "answers": [{"text": "maintenance of a high and stable body temperature", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "had fairly high metabolic rates", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "What does evidence found suggest about monotremes?", "id": "5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an insulative covering like fur", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "What do therians need to maintain a stable body temperature?", "id": "5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "What do small animals have compared to therians?", "id": "5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Some of the evidence found so far", "answer_start": 345}], "question": "What suggests that monotremes have high metabolic rates?", "id": "5a39fedc2f14dd001ac726a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What do placentals use their fur covering for?", "id": "5a39fedc2f14dd001ac726a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature."}], ["Epidermis biasanya 10 hingga 30 sel tebal; fungsi utamanya adalah untuk menyediakan lapisan kalis air. Sel terluarnya sentiasa hilang; Sel-sel bottommostnya sentiasa membahagikan dan menolak ke atas. Lapisan tengah, dermis, adalah 15 hingga 40 kali lebih tebal daripada epidermis. Dermis terdiri daripada banyak komponen, seperti struktur tulang dan saluran darah. Hipodermis terdiri daripada tisu adipose. Tugasnya adalah untuk menyimpan lipid, dan untuk menyediakan kusyen dan penebat. Ketebalan lapisan ini berbeza-beza dari spesies hingga spesies. <> Apakah ketebalan khas epidermis? || 10 hingga 30 sel tebal <> Apakah fungsi utama epidermis? || untuk menyediakan lapisan kalis air <> Seberapa lebih tebal adalah dermis ke epidermis? || 15 hingga 40 kali lebih tebal <> Apa dermis terutamanya terdiri daripada? || struktur tulang dan saluran darah <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Hyperdermis? || Tisu adipos <> Apabila hipodermis adalah 10 hingga 30 sel tebal, apakah fungsi utamanya? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada sel terluar hipodermis? || <> Bagaimana sel-sel bottommost dalam hipodermis bertindak? || <> Berapa tebal adalah hipodermis dari dermis? || <> Apakah dua komponen yang membentuk epidermis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc69", "answers": [{"text": "10 to 30 cells thick", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main function of the epidermis?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6a", "answers": [{"text": "to provide a waterproof layer", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6b", "answers": [{"text": "15 to 40 times thicker", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the dermis mainly consist of?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6c", "answers": [{"text": "bony structures and blood vessels", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Hyperdermis consist of?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6d", "answers": [{"text": "adipose tissue", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to provide a waterproof layer", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?", "id": "5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constantly lost", "answer_start": 125}], "question": "What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?", "id": "5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "constantly dividing and pushing upward", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?", "id": "5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15 to 40 times thicker", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "How much thicker is the hypodermis from the dermis?", "id": "5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bony structures and blood vessels", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "What are two components that make up the epidermis?", "id": "5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species."}], ["Bukti yang paling awal dari rambut atau bulu adalah dalam fosil Castorocauda, dari 164 juta tahun yang lalu di Jurassic Tengah. Pada tahun 1950-an, dicadangkan bahawa foramina (laluan) dalam maxillae dan premaxillae (tulang di bahagian depan rahang atas) cynodonts adalah saluran yang membekalkan saluran darah dan saraf ke vibrissae (kumis) dan begitu juga bukti rambut atau bulu; tetapi tidak lama lagi menunjukkan bahawa foramina tidak semestinya menunjukkan bahawa seekor binatang mempunyai vibrissae, seperti kadal moden Tupinambis mempunyai foramina yang hampir sama dengan yang ditemukan di Thrinaxodon cynodont nonmammalia. Sumber-sumber popular, bagaimanapun, terus menyifatkan kumis kepada Thrinaxodon. <> Bilakah ia percaya bahawa rambut terawal diketahui dikatakan wujud? || 164 juta tahun yang lalu <> Bilakah dicadangkan bahawa foramina premaxillae boleh mengandungi rambut yang pertama tahu? || 1950-an <> Yang manakah tempoh masa utama yang dicadangkan dari rambut? || Jurassic <> Apa jenis fosil menunjukkan bukti awal cynodonts? || <> Apa yang dicadangkan mengenai Tupinambis di Thrinaxodon pada tahun 1950-an? || <> Apa sumber popular menimbulkan foramina? || <> Pada masa apakah ia percaya bahawa inilah yang paling awal diketahui wujud? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh kadal moden Castorocauda? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?", "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac566", "answers": [{"text": "164 million years ago", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?", "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac567", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?", "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac568", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic", "answer_start": 115}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Castorocauda", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?", "id": "5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72693", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur", "answer_start": 268}], "question": "What was suggested about the Tupinambis in the Thrinaxodon in the 1950's?", "id": "5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72694", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thrinaxodon", "answer_start": 678}], "question": "What do popular sources attribute foramina to?", "id": "5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72695", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "164 million years ago", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "At what time is it believed the earliest known foramina existed?", "id": "5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72696", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foramina", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What does the modern lizard Castorocauda have?", "id": "5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72697", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon."}], ["Kebanyakan mamalia masih hidup, melahirkan anak muda. Walau bagaimanapun, lima spesies monotreme, platipus dan echidnas, bertelur. Monotrem mempunyai sistem penentuan jantina yang berbeza dari kebanyakan mamalia yang lain. Khususnya, kromosom seks platipus lebih mirip dengan ayam daripada orang mamalia theran. Seperti marsupial dan kebanyakan mamalia yang lain, anak muda yang paling muda adalah larva dan janin, kerana kehadiran tulang epipulan menghalang perkembangan badan, memaksa mereka untuk menghasilkan anak kecil. <> Apakah kumpulan mamalia yang melahirkan anak muda? || viviparous <> Berapa banyak spesies mamalia bertelur? || lima spesies <> Yang mamalia mana yang mempunyai tagihan itik bertelur? || platipus <> Platypus mempunyai kromosom seks yang lebih berkaitan dengan yang lain bukan mamalia? || ayam <> Apa yang membuat viviparous paling monotreme? || <> Apakah marsupial mempunyai yang berbeza daripada kebanyakan mamalia? || <> Berapa banyak spesies mamalia melahirkan hidup muda? || <> Apakah ciri-ciri ayam muda? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh marsupial yang membuat mereka kurang seperti therian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad369", "answers": [{"text": "viviparous", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many species of mammals lay eggs?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36a", "answers": [{"text": "five species", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36b", "answers": [{"text": "platypus", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36c", "answers": [{"text": "chicken", "answer_start": 304}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "giving birth to live young", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What makes most monotreme viviparous?", "id": "5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a sex determination system", "answer_start": 160}], "question": "What do marsupials have that is different from most mammals?", "id": "5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "How many species of mammals give birth to live young?", "id": "5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "larval and fetus-like", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "What are some characteristics of young chickens?", "id": "5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sex chromosomes", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "What do marsupials have that make them less like a therian?", "id": "5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young."}], ["Therapsids berasal dari pelycosaurs di Permian Tengah, kira-kira 265 juta tahun yang lalu, dan menjadi vertebrata tanah yang dominan. Mereka berbeza dari eupelycosaur basal dalam beberapa ciri tengkorak dan rahang, termasuk: fenestrae temporal yang lebih besar dan incisors yang bersaiz yang sama. Keturunan terapi yang membawa kepada mamalia melalui beberapa peringkat, bermula dengan haiwan yang sangat mirip nenek moyang pelycosaur mereka dan berakhir dengan cynodonts probainognathian, yang sebahagiannya mudah dikira sebagai mamalia. Tahap-tahap tersebut dicirikan oleh: <> Dari mana kumpulan dinosaur telah turun Therapsids dari? || pelycosaurs <> Sekitar jam berapa Therapsids menjadi haiwan darat dominan? || 265 juta tahun yang lalu <> Di mana kumpulan telah melakukan Therapsids dengan? || Apabila cusodontian probainognathian <> Bilakah eupelycosaur basal turun dari pelycosaur? || <> Apa yang berlaku di garis tengah terapi di Permian Tengah, 265 juta tahun yang lalu? || <> Bagaimana cynodont Probainognathian berbeza daripada garis keturunan terapi? || <> Apakah ciri-ciri yang menunjukkan bagaimana mamalia berbeza dari pelycosaur? || <> Haiwan apa yang ada pada peringkat akhir Permian Tengah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?", "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b1", "answers": [{"text": "pelycosaurs", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?", "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b2", "answers": [{"text": "265 million years ago", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At which group did Therapsids end with?", "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b3", "answers": [{"text": "probainognathian cynodonts", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?", "id": "5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "became the dominant land vertebrates", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What did the therapsid lineage do in the Middle Permian, 265 million years ago?", "id": "5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in several features of the skull and jaws", "answer_start": 169}], "question": "How do Probainognathian cynodonts differ from the therapsid lineage?", "id": "5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What are some characteristics that show how mammals differ from pelycosaurs?", "id": "5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "probainognathian cynodonts", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What animal was at the end stage of the Middle Permian?", "id": "5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:"}], ["Fosil tertua di kalangan Eutheria (\"binatang sejati\") adalah juramaia sinensis yang kecil seperti \"Jurassic mother from China\", bertarikh 160 juta tahun yang lalu di Jurassic Late. Seorang eutherian kemudian, Eomaia, bertarikh 125 juta tahun yang lalu di Cretaceous Awal, mempunyai beberapa ciri yang sama dengan marsupial tetapi tidak dengan placentals, bukti bahawa ciri-ciri ini hadir dalam nenek moyang yang sama kedua-dua kumpulan tetapi kemudian hilang dalam garis keturunan plasenta. Khususnya: <> Apa fosil tertua di kalangan kumpulan Eutheria? || shrewlike Juramaia sinensis <> Berapa lama dahulu sudah tahu tarikh fosil kembali? || 160 juta tahun yang lalu <> Dalam apa tempoh masa apakah haiwan awal berkongsi beberapa ciri dengan marsupial? || 125 juta tahun yang lalu <> Keturunan yang mana beberapa ciri marsupial awal ini telah hilang? || plasenta <> Apa ciri yang paling terkenal di kalangan marsupial? || <> Berapa tempoh masa adalah marsupial yang bertarikh di Cretaceous Awal? || <> Apa juramaia mempunyai persamaan dengan placentals? || <> Keturunan apa yang menunjukkan beberapa ciri awal awal hilang? || <> Bilakah ibu marsupial dari Cretaceous bertarikh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? ", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c7", "answers": [{"text": "shrewlike Juramaia sinensis", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c8", "answers": [{"text": "160 million years ago", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c9", "answers": [{"text": "125 million years ago", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2ca", "answers": [{"text": "placental", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What is the oldest known feature among the marsupials?", "id": "5a39f6a32f14dd001ac7267f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "125 million years ago", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "What time period is a marsupial dated to in the Early Cretaceous?", "id": "5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72680", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some features", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?", "id": "5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72681", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "placentals", "answer_start": 341}], "question": "What lineage shows some early eutherian features were lost?", "id": "5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72682", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "160 million years ago", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "When was the marsupial mother from the Cretaceous dated to?", "id": "5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72683", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria (\"true beasts\") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or \"Jurassic mother from China\", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:"}], ["Kajian phylogenetik terkini molekul menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan perintah plasenta telah diverged sekitar 100 hingga 85 juta tahun yang lalu dan bahawa keluarga moden muncul dalam tempoh dari zaman Eosen lewat Miosen. Tetapi ahli paleontologi menegaskan bahawa tiada fosil plasenta telah dijumpai dari sebelum akhir Cretaceous. Fosil-fosil placentals yang paling awal tidak dapat dipisahkan berasal dari Paleocene awal, selepas kepupusan dinosaur. Khususnya, saintis baru-baru ini telah mengenal pasti haiwan Paleocene awal bernama Protungulatum donnae sebagai salah satu mamalia placental pertama. Nenek moyang primata yang paling terkenal ialah Archicebus achilles dari sekitar 55 juta tahun yang lalu. Primat kecil ini menimbang 20-30 gram (0.7-1.1 auns) dan boleh dimuatkan dalam sawit manusia. <> Berapa lamakah kebanyakan tempahan berlainan daripada berlainan? || 100 hingga 85 juta tahun yang lalu <> Yang dua tempoh masa utama yang dilakukan oleh placentals? || Eocene melalui Miocene <> Tempoh masa yang manakah fosil-fosil awal mamalia plasenta awal yang tidak dipertikaikan muncul? || Paleocene <> Bilakah yang paling awal diketahui bahawa primate sudah wujud? || 55 juta tahun lalu <> Berapakah berat badan primata pertama? || 20-30 gram (0.7-1.1 auns) <> Di manakah fosil terawal dari Miosen berasal? || <> Apa yang telah dikenal pasti saintis Eocene? || <> Apakah nenek moyang manusia terdahulu dari kira-kira 55 juta tahun yang lalu? || <> Berapa banyak yang diberikan oleh Protungulatum? || <> Apakah ahli sains menentang primata sebelum penghujung Paleocene? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2df", "answers": [{"text": "100 to 85 million years ago", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two major time periods did placentals appear?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e0", "answers": [{"text": "Eocene through the Miocene", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e1", "answers": [{"text": "Paleocene", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e2", "answers": [{"text": "55 million years ago", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the first primate weigh?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e3", "answers": [{"text": "20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce)", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the early Paleocene", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "Where do the earliest fossils of the Miocene come from?", "id": "5a39f9b72f14dd001ac72689", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of the first placental mammals", "answer_start": 537}], "question": "What have scientists identified Eocene as?", "id": "5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Archicebus achilles", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "What is the earliest ancestor of humans from about 55 million years ago?", "id": "5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce)", "answer_start": 696}], "question": "How much did the Protungulatum donnae weigh?", "id": "5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "that no placental fossils have been found", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?", "id": "5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm."}], ["Acara kepupusan Permian-Triassic, yang merupakan peristiwa yang berpanjangan akibat pengumpulan beberapa kepupusan kepupusan, mengakhiri dominasi karnivor di kalangan terapi itu. Pada awal Triassic, kesemua medium hingga karnivora darat utama diambil alih oleh archosaur yang, dalam tempoh masa yang panjang (35 juta tahun), termasuk crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, dan dinosaur. Oleh Jurassic, dinosaur telah datang untuk menguasai niche herbivora terestrial yang besar juga. <> Apakah nama peristiwa tahap kepupusan yang mengakhiri dominasi karnivor di antara terapi? || Permian-Triassic <> Dalam tempoh masa mana arkosaur mula mengambil alih sebagai karnivora yang dominan? || Triassic <> Yang mana tiga kumpulan yang bermula pada awal Triassic? || crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, dan dinosaurs <> Dalam tempoh Jurassic yang mana kumpulan keluar sebagai yang paling menguasai kedua-dua karnivora dan herbivora? || dinosaur <> Mengapa Jurassic adalah suatu acara yang berpanjangan? || <> Apakah tempoh Jurassic berakhir? || <> Apa yang diambil alih oleh karnivor di Permian-Triassic? || <> Apakah jenis haiwan yang dimasukkan dalam Permian-Triassic lebih daripada 35 juta tahun? || <> Apa yang telah dikuasai archosaur oleh Jurassic? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72b", "answers": [{"text": "Permian\u2013Triassic", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72c", "answers": [{"text": "Triassic", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72d", "answers": [{"text": "crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72e", "answers": [{"text": "dinosaurs", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "Why was the Jurassic a prolonged event?", "id": "5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72675", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What did the Jurassic period end?", "id": "5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72676", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all the medium to large land carnivore niches", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "What was taken over by carnivores in the Permian-Triassic?", "id": "5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72677", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What types of animals were included in the Permian-Triassic over 35 million years?", "id": "5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72678", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the large terrestrial herbivore niches", "answer_start": 463}], "question": "What had archosaurs come to dominate by the Jurassic?", "id": "5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72679", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well."}], ["Pernafasan sebahagian besarnya didorong oleh diafragma otot, yang membahagi thorax dari rongga perut, membentuk kubah dengan cembungnya ke arah toraks. Penguncupan diafragma menyerupai kubah, meningkatkan jumlah rongga di mana paru-paru tertutup. Air memasuki melalui rongga lisan dan hidung; ia mengalir melalui laring, trakea dan bronkus dan mengembang alveoli. Relaksasi diafragma mempunyai kesan yang bertentangan, secara semula menarik semula semasa pernafasan normal. Semasa latihan, dinding dinding perut, meningkatkan tekanan pendengaran pada diafragma, dengan itu memaksa udara lebih cepat dan kuat. Sangkar tulang rusuk itu sendiri juga boleh mengembangkan dan mengikat rongga thoracic ke tahap tertentu, melalui tindakan otot pernafasan dan aksesori pernafasan lain. Akibatnya, udara disedut atau dikeluarkan dari paru-paru, sentiasa bergerak ke bawah kecerunan tekanannya. Paru jenis ini dikenali sebagai paru-paru belu kerana ia menyerupai belos pandai besi. Mamalia mengambil oksigen ke dalam paru-paru mereka, dan membuang karbon dioksida. <> Apabila udara memasuki rongga mulut dan hidung, di manakah ia mengalir? || laring, trakea dan bronchi <> Peningkatan tekanan pada diafragma sehingga meningkatkan output udara lebih kerap biasanya disebabkan oleh? || Latihan <> Hasil daripada udara yang disedut masuk atau ditiup keluar dari paru-paru yang memindahkan kecerunan tekanannya dirujuk? || Bellows paru-paru <> Di manakah istilah Bellows Lung berasal? || Bela pandai besi <> Apabila mamalia mengambil oksigen ke dalam diafragma mereka yang santai, apa yang berlaku pada dinding abdomen? || <> Apakah alveoli diilhamkan oleh? || <> Apakah ribet yang boleh menolak secara pasif? || <> Apakah penguncupan thorax dilakukan semasa meningkatkan jumlah rongga paru-paru? || <> Apabila udara memasuki rongga hidung, apa yang sangkar rusuk berkembang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d79f", "answers": [{"text": "larynx, trachea and bronchi", "answer_start": 345}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a0", "answers": [{"text": "exercise", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a1", "answers": [{"text": "bellows lung", "answer_start": 947}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a2", "answers": [{"text": "blacksmith's bellows", "answer_start": 978}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discard carbon dioxide", "answer_start": 1042}], "question": "When mammals take oxygen into their relaxed diaphragm, what happens to the abdominal wall?", "id": "5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "resembles a blacksmith's bellows", "answer_start": 966}], "question": "What is alveoli inspired by?", "id": "5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the thoracic cavity", "answer_start": 700}], "question": "What is the ribcage able to passively recoil?", "id": "5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "flattens the dome", "answer_start": 190}], "question": "What does contraction of the thorax do while increasing the volume of the lung cavity?", "id": "5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the alveoli", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "When air enters the nasal cavity, what does the rib cage expand?", "id": "5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide."}], ["Rambut mamalia, juga dikenali sebagai pelage, boleh berubah warna antara populasi, organisma dalam populasi, dan juga pada organisma individu. Perubahan warna gelap adalah perkara biasa dalam taksonomi mamalia. Kadang-kadang, variasi warna ini ditentukan oleh variasi umur, bagaimanapun, dalam keadaan lain, ia ditentukan oleh faktor lain. Tekanan terpilih, seperti interaksi ekologi dengan populasi lain atau keadaan persekitaran, sering membawa kepada perubahan dalam warna mamalia. Tekanan selektif ini memihak kepada warna-warna tertentu untuk meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup. Penyamaran dianggap sebagai tekanan pemilihan utama yang membentuk warna dalam mamalia, walaupun terdapat bukti bahawa pemilihan seksual, komunikasi, dan proses fisiologi juga boleh mempengaruhi evolusi pewarnaan juga. Penyamaran adalah mekanisme yang paling utama untuk variasi warna, kerana ia membantu dalam penyembunyian organisme dari pemangsa atau dari mangsa mereka. Warna kot juga boleh digunakan untuk komunikasi intraspecies seperti ahli amaran tentang spesies mereka tentang pemangsa, menunjukkan kesihatan untuk tujuan pembiakan, berkomunikasi antara ibu dan muda, dan menakutkan pemangsa. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa dalam beberapa kes, perbezaan warna kot betina dan lelaki boleh menunjukkan tahap nutrisi dan hormon maklumat, yang penting dalam proses pemilihan pasangan. Satu mekanisme akhir untuk variasi warna kot adalah tujuan tindak balas fisiologi, seperti peraturan suhu di persekitaran tropika atau arktik. Walaupun banyak telah diperhatikan tentang variasi warna, kebanyakan genetik yang menghubungkan warna kot kepada gen masih belum diketahui. Tapak genetik di mana gen pigmentasi dijumpai mempengaruhi fenotip dengan: 1) mengubah taburan spasial pigmentasi rambut, dan 2) mengubah ketumpatan dan pengedaran rambut. Pemetaan sifat kuantitatif digunakan untuk lebih memahami pembahagian loci yang bertanggungjawab untuk variasi pigmentasi. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun tapak genetik diketahui, masih banyak yang dapat mengetahui bagaimana gen ini dinyatakan. <> Apakah nama lain digunakan untuk rambut mamalia? || pelage <> Warna rambut mana yang paling biasa di kalangan taksonomi mamalia? || Warna terang gelap <> Selain penyamaran menjadi alasan untuk mempunyai warna rambut tertentu, apakah sebab-sebab lain yang telah dijumpai? || pemilihan seksual, komunikasi, dan proses fisiologi <> Apakah nama lain untuk penyamaran? || <> Bagaimana komunikasi intraspecies bervariasi? || <> Apakah pengedaran loci biasa? || <> Mengapa tekanan terpilih menyokong persekitaran arktik? || <> Ketiga-tiga contoh menunjukkan bagaimana tahap hormon penting dalam proses pemilihan pasangan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name used for mammalian hair?", "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad34f", "answers": [{"text": "pelage", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?", "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad350", "answers": [{"text": "Light-dark color", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? ", "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad351", "answers": [{"text": "sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pelage", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "What is another name for camouflage?", "id": "5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "How does intraspecies communication vary?", "id": "5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the mammalian taxa", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What is distribution of loci common in?", "id": "5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in order to increase survival", "answer_start": 534}], "question": "Why do selective pressures favor arctic environments?", "id": "5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes", "answer_start": 688}], "question": "What three examples show how hormone levels are important in the mate selection process?", "id": "5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed."}], ["Dalam mamalia pintar, seperti primata, cerebrum lebih besar berbanding dengan otak yang lain. Perisikan itu sendiri tidak mudah untuk didefinisikan, tetapi petunjuk kecerdasan termasuk keupayaan untuk belajar, dipadankan dengan fleksibiliti tingkah laku. Tikus, misalnya, dianggap sangat pintar, kerana mereka dapat belajar dan melakukan tugas-tugas baru, keupayaan yang mungkin penting ketika mereka pertama menjajah habitat baru. Dalam sesetengah mamalia, perhitungan makanan kelihatan berkaitan dengan kecerdasan: rusa yang memakan tumbuhan mempunyai otak yang lebih kecil daripada kucing, yang mesti berfikir untuk mengatasi mangsanya. <> Bahagian mana lebih besar berbanding dengan otak pada primata? || cerebrum <> Yang bukan primata mempunyai keupayaan untuk belajar dan melaksanakan tugas baru? || Tikus <> Mamalia dengan otak yang lebih kecil cenderung berada dalam kelas apa dalam rantaian makanan? || mangsa <> Apa bahagian otak lebih besar dalam tikus berbanding dengan otak yang lain? || <> Dengan primata, apa yang berkaitan dengan kecerdasan? || <> Apakah dua indikasi cerebrum yang lebih besar? || <> Apakah kucing boleh lakukan apabila mereka mencari rumah baru? || <> Apa satu perkara yang menunjukkan kucing mempunyai cerebrum besar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?", "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5f8", "answers": [{"text": "cerebrum", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?", "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5f9", "answers": [{"text": "Rats", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?", "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5fa", "answers": [{"text": "prey", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the cerebrum", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What part of the brain is larger in rats compared to the rest of the brain?", "id": "5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "food gathering", "answer_start": 435}], "question": "With primates, what is related to intelligence?", "id": "5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What are two indications of a larger cerebrum?", "id": "5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "learn and perform new tasks", "answer_start": 314}], "question": "What are cats able to do when they find a new home?", "id": "5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "must think to outwit its prey", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What is one thing that shows a cat has a large cerebrum?", "id": "5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey."}], ["Mamalia Viviparous berada di subkelas Theria; Mereka yang tinggal pada hari ini adalah di kalangan kacamata hitam dan megah. Sebuah marsupial mempunyai tempoh kehamilan yang pendek, biasanya lebih pendek daripada siklus estrousnya, dan melahirkan bayi baru yang belum berkembang yang kemudiannya mengalami perkembangan selanjutnya; dalam banyak spesies, ini berlaku dalam kantung seperti kantung, marsupium, yang terletak di bahagian depan abdomen ibu. Ini adalah keadaan plusomorphic di kalangan mamalia viviparous; kehadiran tulang epipulan di semua mamalia bukan plasenta menghalang perkembangan badan yang diperlukan untuk kehamilan penuh. Malah eutherian bukan plasenta mungkin direproduksi semula dengan cara ini. <> Yang sub kelas yang paling mamalia viviparous? || Theria <> Mamalia Viviparous hari ini di mana dua buah kacamata utama? || marsupial dan placental <> Apa yang ada dalam semua mamalia bukan plasenta? || tulang epipubik <> Apa subkelompok orang yang paling plural? || <> Kelas mana-mana orang dewasa plasenta pada hari ini? || <> Di manakah ibu adalah tulang epipulik yang terletak? || <> Apa yang menghalang tempoh kehamilan yang pendek dalam kehamilan penuh? || <> Dalam marsupials apa syarat plesyomorphic yang lebih pendek daripada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?", "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc3", "answers": [{"text": "Theria", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?", "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc4", "answers": [{"text": "marsupial and placental", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is present in all non-placental mammals?", "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc5", "answers": [{"text": "epipubic bones", "answer_start": 480}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Theria", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "What sub class are most placental eutherians in?", "id": "5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marsupial and placental", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What class are placental eutherians in today?", "id": "5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the front of the mother's abdomen", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?", "id": "5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the presence of epipubic bones", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?", "id": "5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "its estrous cycle", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?", "id": "5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way."}], ["Untuk mengekalkan suhu badan yang tetap tinggi adalah tenaga yang mahal - mamalia memerlukan makanan yang berkhasiat dan berlimpah. Walaupun mamalia terawal mungkin pemangsa, spesies yang berbeza telah disesuaikan untuk memenuhi keperluan diet mereka dalam pelbagai cara. Sesetengah makan haiwan lain - ini adalah diet karnivor (dan termasuk diet insektivor). Mamalia lain, yang dipanggil herbivora, makan tumbuhan. Diet herbivorous termasuk subtipe seperti pemakanan buah-buahan dan pemakan rumput. An omnivore makan mangsa dan tumbuhan. Mamalia karnivora mempunyai saluran penghadaman yang mudah, kerana protein, lipid, dan mineral yang terdapat di dalam daging memerlukan sedikit cara untuk pencernaan khusus. Sebaliknya, tumbuh-tumbuhan mengandungi karbohidrat kompleks, seperti selulosa. Oleh itu, saluran penghadaman herbivora menjadi tuan rumah kepada bakteria yang menanam bahan-bahan ini, dan menjadikannya tersedia untuk pencernaan. Bakteria ditempatkan di perut banyak atau dalam cecum besar. Saiz haiwan juga merupakan faktor dalam menentukan jenis diet. Memandangkan mamalia kecil mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan yang kehilangan haba kepada jumlah penjanaan haba, mereka cenderung mempunyai keperluan tenaga yang tinggi dan kadar metabolik yang tinggi. Mamalia yang berat kurang daripada kira-kira 18 oz (500 g) kebanyakannya serangga kerana mereka tidak boleh bertolak ansur dengan proses pencernaan herba yang perlahan dan kompleks. Haiwan yang lebih besar, sebaliknya, menghasilkan lebih banyak haba dan kurang haba ini hilang. Oleh itu, mereka boleh bertolak ansur sama ada proses pengumpulan yang lebih perlahan (yang membiak pada vertebrata yang lebih besar) atau proses penghadaman yang lebih perlahan (herbivora). Tambahan pula, mamalia yang menimbang lebih daripada 18 oz (500 g) biasanya tidak dapat mengumpulkan serangga yang mencukupi semasa waktu bangun untuk mengekalkan diri mereka. Satu-satunya mamalia serangga yang besar adalah mereka yang memakan koloni besar serangga (semut atau rayap). <> Untuk dapat mengekalkan suhu badan yang tetap, apakah yang diperlukan oleh mamalia? || makanan berkhasiat dan berlimpah <> Apa yang dimaksudkan omnivore? || makan kedua-dua mangsa dan tumbuh-tumbuhan <> Apakah kebanyakan mamalia di bawah 18 oz makan? || serangga <> Apa yang menentukan jenis makanan mamalia? || Saiz <> Apakah herbivora digunakan untuk mengekalkan tahap bakteria yang tinggi untuk pencernaan? || <> Apa herbivora ada kerana mereka tidak memerlukan pencernaan khusus? || <> Apakah faktor yang menentukan suhu badan? || <> Apa yang hidup dalam saluran pencernaan omnivora? || <> Di manakah bakteria untuk pencernaan ditempatkan di omnivore? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad39f", "answers": [{"text": "nutritious and plentiful diet", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does a omnivore imply?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a0", "answers": [{"text": "eats both prey and plants", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a1", "answers": [{"text": "insects", "answer_start": 1674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What determines a mammals diet type?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a2", "answers": [{"text": "The size", "answer_start": 973}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a nutritious and plentiful diet", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "What do herbivores use to maintain a high level of bacteria for digestion?", "id": "5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a simple digestive tract", "answer_start": 543}], "question": "What do herbivores have because they don't need specialized digestion?", "id": "5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The size of an animal", "answer_start": 973}], "question": "What is a factor that determines body temperature?", "id": "5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bacteria", "answer_start": 812}], "question": "What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?", "id": "5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum", "answer_start": 922}], "question": "Where are bacteria for digestion housed in an omnivore?", "id": "5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive \u2013 mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals \u2013 this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites)."}], ["Hibridisasi sengaja atau tidak sengaja dua atau lebih spesies haiwan yang berkait rapat melalui pembiakan tawanan adalah aktiviti manusia yang telah wujud selama beribu tahun dan telah berkembang pada masa-masa kebelakangan ini untuk tujuan ekonomi. Bilangan hibrid mamalia antara spesies yang berjaya adalah agak kecil, walaupun telah diketahui bahawa terdapat sejumlah besar hibrida yang terjadi secara semulajadi antara bentuk atau varieti serantau spesies tunggal. [Rujukan?] Ini boleh membentuk zon penggredan yang dikenali sebagai kelopak. Sesungguhnya, perbezaan antara sesetengah spesies yang berbeza boleh menjadi mendung sebaik sahaja ia dapat ditunjukkan bahawa mereka bukan sahaja boleh membiak tetapi menghasilkan keturunan yang subur. Sesetengah haiwan hibrid menunjukkan kekuatan dan daya tahan yang lebih besar daripada sama ada ibu bapa. Ini dikenali sebagai semangat hibrid. Kewujudan keledai (kuda keldai, empangan kuda) yang digunakan secara meluas sebagai draf haiwan yang keras sepanjang sejarah kuno dan moden adalah bukti ini. Contoh lain yang terkenal ialah hibrida singa / harimau, liger, yang merupakan kucing besar terbesar dan kadangkala digunakan dalam sarkas; dan hibrida lembu seperti antara lembu domestik Eropah dan India atau antara lembu domestik dan bison Amerika, yang digunakan dalam industri daging dan dipasarkan sebagai Beefalo. Terdapat beberapa spekulasi bahawa keldai itu sendiri mungkin hasil dari hibridisasi kuno di antara dua spesies keldai liar atau sub-spesies. Haiwan hibrid selalunya tidak subur kerana ibu bapa mereka biasanya mempunyai bilangan kromosom yang sedikit berbeza, menyebabkan kromosom yang tidak berpasangan di dalam sel mereka, yang menghalang pembahagian sel seks dan gonad daripada beroperasi dengan betul, terutama pada lelaki. Terdapat pengecualian kepada peraturan ini, terutamanya jika proses spesiasi relatif baru atau tidak lengkap seperti halnya banyak spesies ternak dan anjing. Biasanya sifat perilaku, permusuhan semulajadi, julat semulajadi dan perbezaan kitaran pembiakan mengekalkan pemisahan spesies yang berkait rapat dan menghalang hibridisasi semulajadi. Walau bagaimanapun, gangguan yang meluas kepada tingkah laku haiwan semulajadi dan julat yang disebabkan oleh aktiviti manusia, bandar-bandar, tempat pembuangan dengan makanan, pertanian, pagar, jalan raya dan lain-lain melakukan haiwan berkumpul bersama yang biasanya tidak membiak. Terdapat contoh yang jelas antara pelbagai sub-spesies serigala kelabu, anjing coyote dan anjing domestik di Amerika Utara. Seperti banyak burung dan mamalia yang dicatatkan pada ibu dan keluarga terdekat mereka sejak kecil, amalan yang digunakan oleh penggemar haiwan adalah untuk memupuk induk yang dirancang dalam program hibridisasi dengan spesies yang sama seperti yang mereka dirancangkan untuk pasangan. <> Apakah nama yang diberikan apabila zon gradasi keluar? || kura-kura <> Apakah nama hibrid singa dan harimau yang diberikan? || liger <> Apakah nama yang dipasarkan dalam industri daging apabila anda melibatkan lembu domestik european atau indian bercampur dengan bison Amerika? || Beefalo <> Apakah nama anak dari dua binatang yang diberikan? || hibrid <> Apakah zon daya tahan yang dirujuk sebagai? || <> Apakah maksudnya apabila spesies yang berkait rapat memperlihatkan kekuatan dan daya tahan yang lebih besar daripada ibu bapa mereka? || <> Apakah beberapa contoh yang menunjukkan bagaimana kekuatan dan daya tahan dikekalkan dalam spesies yang berkaitan? || <> Mengapa lutut lebih subur daripada keldai? || <> Di mana bison Amerika kadang-kadang digunakan untuk menghiburkan orang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f0189", "answers": [{"text": "clines", "answer_start": 525}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018a", "answers": [{"text": "liger", "answer_start": 1019}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018b", "answers": [{"text": "Beefalo", "answer_start": 1264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018c", "answers": [{"text": "hybrid", "answer_start": 2523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clines", "answer_start": 525}], "question": "What is a zone of resilience referred to as?", "id": "5a3a17452f14dd001ac726ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "hybrid vigor", "answer_start": 793}], "question": "What does it mean when closely related species exhibit greater strength and resilience than their parents?", "id": "5a3a17452f14dd001ac726ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences", "answer_start": 1853}], "question": "What are some examples that show how strength and resilience is maintained in related species?", "id": "5a3a17452f14dd001ac726ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes", "answer_start": 1458}], "question": "Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?", "id": "5a3a17452f14dd001ac726f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in circuses", "answer_start": 1081}], "question": "Where is an American bison sometimes used to entertain people?", "id": "5a3a17452f14dd001ac726f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate."}]], [["Dalam dekad-dekad berikut terdapat pertempuran berterusan antara lobi syarikat dan Parlimen. Syarikat itu meminta pertubuhan tetap, sementara Parlimen tidak akan dengan mudah membenarkan ia menjadi autonomi yang lebih besar dan melepaskan peluang untuk mengeksploitasikan keuntungan syarikat. Pada tahun 1712, satu lagi perbuatan memperbaharui status syarikat itu, walaupun hutang itu dibayar balik. Menjelang 1720, 15% daripada import British berasal dari India, hampir semua melalui syarikat itu, yang menegaskan pengaruh lobi syarikat. Lesen ini telah berlanjutan sehingga 1766 dengan satu lagi perbuatan pada tahun 1730. <> pada tahun 1720 apakah% barang impor berasal dari India? || 15% <> Siapa yang meluluskan perbuatan yang menguntungkan keuntungan perusahaan india timur || Parlimen <> yang berhujah melawan parlimen mengenai isu perdagangan yang menyerang Syarikat India Timur || lobi syarikat <> Berapakah peratusan barangan import ditinggalkan di India pada tahun 1720? || <> Siapa yang meluluskan perbuatan yang membuat keuntungan dari syarikat India Barat? || <> Siapa yang berhujah terhadap parlimen mengenai isu perdagangan yang melibatkan Syarikat India Timur? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah mempunyai sebarang perselisihan? || <> Apakah import yang dilarang di India pada tahun 1720? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? ", "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8362", "answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company", "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8363", "answers": [{"text": "Parliament", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company", "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8364", "answers": [{"text": "company lobby", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "15%", "answer_start": 375}], "question": "What percentage of import goods were abandoned in India in 1720?", "id": "5a845d127cf838001a46a78a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Parliament", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Who passed the acts that effected the profits of West India company?", "id": "5a845d127cf838001a46a78b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "company lobby", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involved the East Indian Company?", "id": "5a845d127cf838001a46a78c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the company lobby and the Parliament", "answer_start": 61}], "question": "Who never had any disagreements?", "id": "5a845d137cf838001a46a78d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What imports were forbidden in India in 1720?", "id": "5a845d137cf838001a46a78e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730."}], ["Tiap-tiap terus berusaha dan berjaya merombak Ganj-i-Sawai, yang bertahan dengan kuat sebelum akhirnya mencolok. Ganj-i-Sawai membawa kekayaan yang sangat besar dan, menurut sumber-sumber Syarikat India Timur yang kontemporari, telah membawa saudara kepada Grand Mughal, walaupun tidak ada bukti yang menyatakan bahawa ia adalah anak perempuannya dan pengikutnya. Rampasan dari Ganj-i-Sawai mempunyai nilai keseluruhan antara \u00a3 325,000 dan \u00a3 600,000, termasuk 500,000 kepingan emas dan perak, dan telah dikenali sebagai kapal terkaya yang pernah diambil oleh lanun. <> Berapakah jumlah nilai kargo di Ganj-i-Sawai? || \u00a3 325,000 dan \u00a3 600,000 <> yang berada di Ganji-i-Sawai mengikut EIC? || saudara dari Grand Mughal <> apa yang diketahui oleh Ganj-i-Sawai? || kapal terkaya yang pernah diambil oleh lanun <> Apa yang dikatakan tingginya nilai rampasan yang dilakukan oleh Ganj-i-Sawai? || \u00a3 600,000 <> sebagai masa telah berlalu apa yang telah menjadi tahu sebagai kapal terkaya yang pernah diambil oleh Pirates? || Ganj-i-Sawai <> berapa banyak potongan emas dan perak di Ganj-i-Sawai? || 500,000 keping emas dan perak <> Berapa banyak kepingan luar angkasa ada di Ganj-i-Sawai? || <> Berapa nilai kargo yang tidak diambil dari Ganj-i-Sawai? || <> Siapa yang mengelakkan Ganji-i-Sawai mengikut EIC? || <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Ganj-i-Sawai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac515", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac516", "answers": [{"text": "a relative of the Grand Mughal", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac517", "answers": [{"text": "richest ship ever taken by pirates", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?", "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf6", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3600,000", "answer_start": 409}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?", "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf7", "answers": [{"text": "Ganj-i-Sawai", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf8", "answers": [{"text": "500,000 gold and silver pieces", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "500,000", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "How many extraterrestrial pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "5a845a727cf838001a46a772", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What was the total value of cargo not taken from the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "5a845a727cf838001a46a773", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a relative of the Grand Mughal", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Who avoided the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?", "id": "5a845a727cf838001a46a774", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "richest ship ever taken by pirates", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "What is the Ganj-i-Sawai unknown for?", "id": "5a845a727cf838001a46a775", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between \u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates."}], ["Tidak lama selepas kekalahan Armada Sepanyol pada tahun 1588, para pedagang London membentangkan petisyen kepada Queen Elizabeth I untuk kebenaran untuk berlayar ke Lautan Hindi. Kebenaran itu diberikan, dan walaupun kekalahan Armada Inggeris pada 1589, pada 10 April 1591 tiga kapal belayar dari Torbay di sekitar Cape of Good Hope ke Laut Arab pada salah satu ekspedisi India di luar negeri Inggeris terawal. Salah seorang daripada mereka, Edward Bonventure, kemudian berlayar di sekitar Cape Comorin dan ke Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan seterusnya kembali ke England pada 1594. <> Armada Sepanyol mengalami kekalahan pada tahun berapa? || 1588 <> Siapa yang membuat petisyen di pedagang London mendapatkan kebenaran untuk belayar Lautan Hindi? || <BR> Ratu Elizabeth I <> Apa tahun pertama para pedagang London diberi izin untuk berlayar di Lautan Indina? || 1589 <> berapa banyak kapal belayar Torbay? || tiga <> yang kembali ke England selepas berlayar di sekitar Cape Comorin? || Edward Bonventure <> dalam perenggan ini Armada Sepanyol mengalami kekalahan pada tahun berapa? || 1588 <> berapa banyak kapal belayar dari Torbay? || tiga <> Berapa banyak kapal levitated over Torbay? || <> Siapa yang membuat petisyen pedagang Perancis mendapatkan kebenaran untuk belayar Lautan Hindi? || <> Apa tahun pertama pedagang London diberi kebenaran untuk berlayar Lautan Arktik? || <> Siapa yang kembali ke Mexico setelah berlayar di sekitar Cape Comorin? || <> The Rebel Armada mengalami kekalahan dalam tahun berapa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d935", "answers": [{"text": "1588", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d936", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth I", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d937", "answers": [{"text": "1589", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many ships sailed Torbay?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d938", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d939", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Bonventure", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "id": "57264fa95951b619008f6f92", "answers": [{"text": "1588", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many ships sailed  from Torbay?", "id": "57264fa95951b619008f6f93", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "How many ships levitated over Torbay?", "id": "5a8452777cf838001a46a724", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Queen Elizabeth I", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "Who did the French merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?", "id": "5a8452777cf838001a46a725", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1589", "answer_start": 232}], "question": "What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Arctic Ocean?", "id": "5a8452777cf838001a46a726", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Bonventure", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "Who returned to Mexico after sailing around Cape Comorin?", "id": "5a8452777cf838001a46a727", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1588", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "The Rebel Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "id": "5a8452777cf838001a46a728", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594."}], ["Pada bulan September 1695, Kapten Henry Every, sebuah lanun Inggeris di atas kapal Fancy, tiba di Selat Bab-el-Mandeb, di mana dia bekerjasama dengan lima lagi kapten lanun untuk membuat serangan terhadap armada India yang membuat pelayaran tahunan ke Mocha. Konvoi Mughal termasuk kumpulan Ganj-i-Sawai, yang dilaporkan menjadi yang terbesar di armada Mughal dan kapal terbesar yang beroperasi di Lautan Hindi, dan pengiringnya, Fateh Muhammed. Mereka dilihat melewati selat perjalanan ke Surat. Lanun itu mengejar dan terperangkap dengan Fateh Muhammed beberapa hari kemudian, dan menemui sedikit perlawanan, mengambil kira-kira \u00a3 50,000 hingga \u00a3 60,000. <> Berapa banyak harta yang diambil oleh lanun? || \u00a3 50,000 hingga \u00a3 60,000 <> waht adalah nama kapal terbesar yang beroperasi di lautan India? || Ganj-i-Sawai, <> berapa kerap pelayaran India ke Mocha? || tahunan <> Apa jenis Kapten adalah Henry Setiap? || Pirate Inggeris <> Apa nama Pirate di atas kapal Fancy yang kemudiannya bekerjasama dengan lima orang captionin lanun lain untuk menyerang Armada India? || Kapten Henry Setiap <> Kapten Henry Setiap menyerang Armada India || 1695 <> Dimana Armada indian menuju ke arah mereka ketika diserang oleh Kapten Setiap || Mocha <> Apa yang dikatakan kapal terbesar di Konvoi Mughal di Armada India? || Ganj-i-Sawai <> Berapa banyak harta karun yang diberikan oleh lanun? || <> Apa nama satu-satunya kapal yang beroperasi di Lautan Hindi? || <> Berapa kerap pelayaran India ke Marikh? || <> Jenis Putera apakah Henry Setiap? || <> Kapan Kapten Henry Setiap menyerang Armada Rusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much treasure was taken by pirates?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6dd", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6de", "answers": [{"text": "Ganj-i-Sawai,", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6df", "answers": [{"text": "annual", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Captain was Henry Every?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6e0", "answers": [{"text": "English pirate", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?", "id": "57265924708984140094c353", "answers": [{"text": "Captain Henry Every", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet", "id": "57265924708984140094c354", "answers": [{"text": "1695", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every", "id": "57265924708984140094c355", "answers": [{"text": "Mocha", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?", "id": "57265924708984140094c356", "answers": [{"text": "Ganj-i-Sawai", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "How much treasure was given away by pirates?", "id": "5a8459a47cf838001a46a768", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ganj-i-Sawai", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "What was the name of the only ship operating in the Indian Ocean?", "id": "5a8459a47cf838001a46a769", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "annual", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "How often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mars?", "id": "5a8459a47cf838001a46a76a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English pirate", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What type of Prince was Henry Every?", "id": "5a8459a57cf838001a46a76b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1695", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "When did Captain Henry Every attack the Russian Fleet?", "id": "5a8459a57cf838001a46a76c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some \u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000 worth of treasure."}], ["Ini membolehkan mana-mana firma Inggeris untuk berdagang dengan India, melainkan secara khusus dilarang oleh perbuatan parlimen, dengan itu membatalkan piagam yang telah berkuatkuasa selama hampir 100 tahun. Dengan perbuatan yang diluluskan pada tahun 1698, sebuah syarikat \"Parallel\" East India yang baru (secara rasmi bertajuk Perdagangan Syarikat Inggeris ke Hindia Timur) telah terapung di bawah indemniti yang disokong negeri sebanyak \u00a3 2 juta. Pemegang saham kuat syarikat lama dengan cepat melanggan sejumlah \u00a3 315,000 dalam kebimbangan baru, dan menguasai badan baru itu. Kedua-dua syarikat bergelut dengan satu sama lain untuk beberapa waktu, sama ada di England dan di India, untuk bahagian perdagangan yang dominan. <> firma enlish dibenarkan untuk berdagang dengan India melainkan? || dilarang oleh perbuatan parlimen <> apakah nama syarikat india Timur kedua yang berakhir selari dengan yang pertama? || Syarikat Bahasa Inggeris Berdagang ke Hindia Timur <> Dua syarikat Hindia Timur yang selari mempunyai daya tersembunyi di kedua-dua England dan? || India <> Dalam tahun apakah Akta meluluskan syarikat India Timur yang selari? || 1698 <> Pemegang saham syarikat asal India Timur mencatatkan berapa banyak wang untuk mencuba dan berurusan dengan Syarikat Hindia Timur yang selari? || \u00a3 315,000 <> Apa yang menyebabkan syarikat-syarikat Inggeris dilarang untuk berdagang dengan India kecuali? || <> Tahun berapakah Undang-undang yang diluluskan membuat syarikat Indiana Utara selari? || <> Apa tempat selain dari England apakah East India tidak mempunyai sokongan? || <> Apa nama syarikat Indie Selatan kedua yang akhirnya berjalan selari dengan yang pertama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7105", "answers": [{"text": "prohibited by act of parliament", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7106", "answers": [{"text": "English Company Trading to the East Indies", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7107", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7108", "answers": [{"text": "1698", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7109", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a3315,000", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "prohibited by act of parliament", "answer_start": 71}], "question": "What caused English firms to be forbidden to trade with India unless?", "id": "5a845c747cf838001a46a782", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1698", "answer_start": 208}], "question": "What year was the Act passed the made a parallel North Indiana company?", "id": "5a845c747cf838001a46a783", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What place aside from England did East India have no support from?", "id": "5a845c747cf838001a46a784", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English Company Trading to the East Indies", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What was the name of the second South Indie company that ended up running parallel to the first?", "id": "5a845c747cf838001a46a785", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new \"parallel\" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of \u00a32 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of \u00a3315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade."}], ["Kali ini mereka berjaya, dan pada 31 Disember 1600, Ratu memberikan Piagam Diraja kepada \"George, Earl of Cumberland, dan 215 Knights, Aldermen, dan Burgesses\" di bawah nama, Gabenor dan Perusahaan Perdagangan Pedagang London dengan Hindia Timur . Untuk tempoh lima belas tahun, piagam itu dianugerahkan syarikat baru yang terbentuk sebagai monopoli perdagangan dengan semua negara di sebelah timur Cape of Good Hope dan di barat Selat Magellan. Sir James Lancaster memerintahkan pelayaran Syarikat Hindia Timur pertama pada tahun 1601 dan kembali pada tahun 1603. dan pada bulan Mac 1604 Sir Henry Middleton memerintahkan pelayaran kedua. Jeneral William Keeling, seorang kapten semasa pelayaran kedua, mengetuai pelayaran ketiga dari tahun 1607 hingga 1610. <Apa yang diberikan oleh Ratu kepada mereka untuk meneruskannya? || Piagam Diraja <> Apakah nama Piagam Diraja? || Gabenor dan Syarikat Pedagang London yang berdagang dengan Hindia Timur <> Apa piagam ini memberi mereka? || sebuah monopoli perdagangan dengan semua negara di sebelah timur Tanjung Harapan dan barat Selat Magellan <> Yang memimpin pelayaran ketiga? || Jeneral William Keeling <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran antara 1601 dan 1603? || Sir James Lancaster <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran kedua pada tahun 1604? || Sir Henry Middleton <> Apakah pangkat orang yang memerintahkan pelayaran ketiga? || Umum <> apakah nama syarikat yang berdagang dengan Hindia Timur? || Peniaga-peniaga London <> Berapa tahun berapa Peniaga-peniaga London mempunyai monoploy atas perdagangan? || Lima belas <> Apa yang Ratu mencuri dari mereka untuk berjaya? || <> Apakah nama Piagam Novice? || <> Apa piagam ini diambil dari mereka? || <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran antara 1601 dan 1609? || <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran kelapan pada tahun 1604? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Queen give them for suceeding?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad075", "answers": [{"text": "a Royal Charter", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the Royal Charter?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad076", "answers": [{"text": "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did this charter give them?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad077", "answers": [{"text": "a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the third voyage?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad079", "answers": [{"text": "General William Keeling", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fbf", "answers": [{"text": "Sir James Lancaster", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc0", "answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry Middleton", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc1", "answers": [{"text": "General", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc2", "answers": [{"text": "Merchants of London", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc3", "answers": [{"text": "fifteen", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Royal Charter", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What did the Queen steal from them for succeeding?", "id": "5a8453217cf838001a46a72e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What was the name of the Novice Charter?", "id": "5a8453217cf838001a46a72f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What did this charter take away from them?", "id": "5a8453217cf838001a46a730", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir James Lancaster", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1609?", "id": "5a8453217cf838001a46a731", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sir Henry Middleton", "answer_start": 544}], "question": "Who commanded the eighth voyage in 1604?", "id": "5a8453217cf838001a46a732", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to \"George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses\" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610."}], ["Dalam tempoh dua tahun akan datang, syarikat itu menubuhkan kilang pertamanya di selatan India di bandar Machilipatnam di Pantai Coromandel di Teluk Bengal. Keuntungan yang tinggi yang dilaporkan oleh syarikat selepas pendaratan di India pada mulanya mendorong King James I untuk memberikan lesen subsidiari kepada syarikat perdagangan lain di England. Tetapi pada tahun 1609, beliau memperbaharui piagam yang diberikan kepada syarikat itu untuk tempoh yang tidak ditentukan, termasuk klausa yang menyatakan bahawa piagam itu akan berkuatkuasa jika perdagangan berubah menjadi tidak menguntungkan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut. <> Pada tahun 1609, piagam itu diperbaharui untuk jangka masa apa? || tidak pasti apa yang akan berlaku jika perdagangan tidak mengembalikan keuntungan sekurang-kurangnya 3 tahun? || piagam akan berhenti berkuatkuasa <> mengapa Raja James I melesenkan syarikat perdagangan lain dari england? || keuntungan yang tinggi <> Di manakah kilang pertama di selatan India? || Machilipatnam <> Pada mulanya telah memindahkan King James 1 untuk memberikan lesen subsidiari kepada syarikat perdagangan lain di England? || Keuntungan yang tinggi <> Walaupun syarikat telah memberi tempoh yang tidak pasti apabila memperbaharui piagam mereka apa klausa yang digunakan King James untuk memastikan syarikat tetap menguntungkan || piagam itu akan berkuatkuasa jika perdagangan berubah menjadi tidak menguntungkan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut. <> Berapa tahunkah Peniaga-peniaga London harus menjadi profitabl apabila piagam mereka diperbaharui oleh raja james? || tiga tahun berturut-turut <> Di manakah kilang terburuk di selatan India? || <> Berapa tempoh masa adalah piagam yang diharamkan pada tahun 1609? || <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika perdagangan tidak mengembalikan keuntungan sekurang-kurangnya lapan tahun berturut-turut? || <> Kenapa lesen King James IX syarikat perdagangan lain dari England? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da06", "answers": [{"text": "indefinite", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da07", "answers": [{"text": "charter would cease to be in force", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da08", "answers": [{"text": "high profits", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first factory in south India?", "id": "5726535d708984140094c277", "answers": [{"text": "Machilipatnam", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?", "id": "5726535d708984140094c278", "answers": [{"text": "high profits", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable", "id": "5726535d708984140094c279", "answers": [{"text": "the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?", "id": "5726535d708984140094c27a", "answers": [{"text": "three consecutive years", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Where was the worst factory in south India?", "id": "5a8453fb7cf838001a46a742", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indefinite", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What period of time was the charter banned for in 1609?", "id": "5a8453fb7cf838001a46a743", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "charter would cease to be in force", "answer_start": 444}], "question": "What would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least eight consecutive years?", "id": "5a8453fb7cf838001a46a744", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high profits", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Why did King James IX licence other trading companies from England?", "id": "5a8453fb7cf838001a46a745", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years."}], ["Apabila berita itu tiba di England, ia menimbulkan bantahan. Sebagai tindak balas, satu hadiah sebanyak \u00a3 1,000 telah ditawarkan untuk penangkapan Setiap oleh Majlis Privy dan Syarikat India Timur, yang membawa kepada pemburuan pertama di dunia dalam sejarah yang direkodkan. Rampasan kapal kargo Aurangzeb mempunyai akibat yang serius bagi Syarikat India Timur India. Maharaja Mughal yang marah Aurangzeb mengarahkan Sidi Yaqub dan Nawab Daud Khan untuk menyerang dan menutup empat kilang syarikat di India dan memenjarakan pegawai mereka, yang hampir dipenuhi oleh sekumpulan Mughal yang marah, menyalahkan mereka kerana kemusnahan mereka, dan mengancam untuk meletakkan berakhir dengan semua perdagangan bahasa Inggeris di India. Untuk menenangkan Kaisar Aurangzeb dan terutama Viziernya Asad Khan, Parlimen mengecualikan Setiap dari semua Kisah Rahmat (pengampunan) dan amnesti yang kemudiannya akan dikeluarkan kepada lanun lain. <> Siapa yang menyebabkan pemburuan di seluruh dunia pertama? || Setiap <> Apa jumlah kurnia yang ditawarkan untuk Captian Setiap selepas England mendengar bahawa Ganj-i-Sawai telah diambil || \u00a3 1,000 <> Captian Every adalah fokus rekod pertama di dunia .... apa dalam sejarah? || manhunt <> Apa nama dewan yang menawarkan sebahagian daripada karunia untuk Kapten Setiap || Majlis Privy <> Yang mengambil 4 kapal India Timur dan menahan pegawai mereka sebagai reaksi terhadap serangan ke atas Ganj-i-Sawai || Maharaja Mughal Aurangzeb <> Oleh kerana bahaya yang Kapten Setiap meletakkan kekayaan perdagangan Syarikat India Timur apa Akta dia tidak akan layak untuk bajak laut lain kemudian ditawarkan? || Kisah Rahmat <> Siapa yang menyebabkan perburuan sihir pertama di dunia? || <> Berapa jumlah karunia yang ditawarkan untuk Kapten Setiap selepas Jerman mendengar bahawa Ganj-i-Sawai telah diambil? || <> Apakah nama majlis yang menawarkan semua kurnia untuk Kapten Setiap? || <> Siapa yang mengambil 12 kapal India Timur dan menangkap pegawai mereka sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangan terhadap Ganj-i-Sawai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?", "id": "5726314d271a42140099d739", "answers": [{"text": "Every", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82be", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a31,000", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82bf", "answers": [{"text": "manhunt", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c0", "answers": [{"text": "Privy Council", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c1", "answers": [{"text": "Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c2", "answers": [{"text": "Acts of Grace", "answer_start": 779}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Every", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "Who caused the first worldwide witch-hunt?", "id": "5a845b527cf838001a46a77a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a31,000", "answer_start": 88}], "question": "What was the total bounty offered for Captain Every after Germany heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was taken?", "id": "5a845b527cf838001a46a77b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Privy Council", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What was the name of the council that offered all of the bounty for Captain Every?", "id": "5a845b527cf838001a46a77c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "Who took 12 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "5a845b527cf838001a46a77d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of \u00a31,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates."}], ["Syarikat yang mendapat manfaat daripada patronase imperial, tidak lama lagi memperluaskan operasi perdagangan komersilnya, melepaskan Portugis Negeri da India, yang telah mendirikan pangkalan di Goa, Chittagong, dan Bombay, yang kemudiannya diserahkan kepada Portugal sebagai bagian dari mas kahwin Catherine de Braganza. Syarikat India Timur juga melancarkan serangan bersama dengan Syarikat Hindia Belanda Timur India mengenai kapal Portugis dan Sepanyol di luar pantai China, yang membantu mengamankan pelabuhan mereka di China. Syarikat itu mendirikan jawatan perdagangan di Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), dan Calcutta (1690). Menjelang 1647, syarikat itu mempunyai 23 kilang, masing-masing di bawah komander faktor atau saudagar induk dan gabenor jika dipilih, dan 90 pekerja di India. Kilang-kilang utama menjadi kubu berdinding Fort William di Bengal, Fort St George di Madras, dan Bombay Castle. <> Bilakah pos dagang bombay ditubuhkan? || 1668 <> yang memerintahkan kilang yang dimiliki oleh syarikat India Timur? || faktor atau pedagang induk dan gabenor <> bilangan pekerja di kilang-kilang di India? || 90 <> apa gerbang Fort William di Bengal, Fort St George di Madras dan kastil Bombay sebelum mereka kubu? || kilang-kilang utama <> yang membantu menyertai syarikat India Timur dalam serangan bersama kapal Portugis dan Sepanyol? || Belanda <> menjelang 1647 berapa kilang yang ada syarikat itu? || 23 <> syarikat india timur berubah bagaimana ia melakukan perniagaan dengan berpindah dari memfokuskan pada perlindungan kerajaan kepada jenis perniagaan apa? || operasi perdagangan komersial <> ketika syarikat india timur berpindah ke perdagangan komersial apa yang dilakukan syarikat mereka melampaui? || Portugis Negeri da India <> Kilang-kilang teratas atau paling penting mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang sama? || kubu berdinding <> Bilakah pos perdagangan Bombay dimusnahkan? || <> Berapa banyak kilang telah kehilangan syarikat pada tahun 1647? || <> Siapa yang memerintahkan kilang yang dimiliki oleh syarikat India Utara? || <> Berapa banyak ikan di kilang-kilang di India? || <> Siapa yang membantu menyertai syarikat India Utara dalam serangan bersama kapal Portugis dan Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "when was the bombay trading post established?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ed", "answers": [{"text": "1668", "answer_start": 563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ee", "answers": [{"text": "factor or master merchant and governor", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many employees were in the factories in India?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5f0", "answers": [{"text": "90", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5f1", "answers": [{"text": "major factories", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6fef", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 355}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "by 1647 how many factories did the company have?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff0", "answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 616}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff1", "answers": [{"text": "commercial trading operations", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff2", "answers": [{"text": "Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff3", "answers": [{"text": "walled forts", "answer_start": 769}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1668", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "When was the Bombay trading post destroyed?", "id": "5a8455017cf838001a46a754", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "23", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "How many factories did the company lose by 1647?", "id": "5a8455017cf838001a46a755", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "factor or master merchant and governor", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "Who commanded the factories owned by the North India company?", "id": "5a8455017cf838001a46a756", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "90", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "How many fish were in the factories in India?", "id": "5a8455017cf838001a46a757", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "Who helped join the North India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and German ships?", "id": "5a8455017cf838001a46a758", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle."}], ["Pada tahun 1634, Maharaja Mughal melanjutkan keramahtamahannya kepada pedagang Inggeris ke wilayah Bengal, dan pada tahun 1717 duti kastam sepenuhnya dikecualikan untuk perdagangan. Perniagaan pertambangan syarikat itu kemudiannya kapas, sutera, pewarna indigo, saltpetre, dan teh. Belanda adalah pesaing agresif dan pada masa itu memperluas monopoli mereka perdagangan rempah di Selat Malaka dengan mengusir Portugis pada 1640-41. Dengan pengurangan pengaruh Portugis dan Sepanyol di rantau ini, EIC dan Dutch East India Company (VOC) memasuki masa persaingan sengit, mengakibatkan Perang Anglo-Belanda pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. <> Seberapa penting kapas, sutera, pewarna indigo, garpu dan teh ke syarikat? || Perniagaan utama syarikat <> Nama peperangan yang disebabkan oleh persaingan yang sengit antara EIC dan Dutch East India Company || Perang Anglo-Belanda pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 yang menyebabkan Belanda mengembangkan perdagangan rempah-rempah di Selat Malaka? || mengusir orang Portugis pada tahun 1640-41 <> tahun berapakah maharaja Mughal mencatatkan keduaan? || 1717 <> yang maharaja Mughal memberhentikan keramahan? || Peniaga-peniaga Bahasa Inggeris <> kawasan mana yang disediakan untuk pedagang bahasa inggeris oleh maharaja Mughal? || Benggala <> pada tahun 1717 apa yang menjadikan wilayah Bengal begitu menarik bagi pedagang bahasa Inggeris? || duti kastam yang dibebaskan <> mengapa jenis pewarna adalah salah satu produk utama syarikat India Timur? || pewarna indigo <> Siapa pesaing utama yang mempunyai monopoli perdagangan rempah di Malaka? || Belanda <> perang apa akibat dari persaingan perusahaan perdagangan mulitple pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18? || Anglo-Dutch Wars <> Apa yang menyebabkan orang Yunani mengembangkan perdagangan rempah mereka di Selat Malaka? || <> Tahun apakah maharaja Mughal tegas memerlukan tugas kastam? || <> Kawasan apa yang disediakan untuk peniaga pasaran gelap oleh maharaja Mughal? || <> Siapa yang maharaja Mughal melarang hospitaliti? || <> Apa jenis pewarna adalah salah satu produk utama syarikat India Utara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db29", "answers": [{"text": "The company's mainstay business", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2a", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2b", "answers": [{"text": "ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2c", "answers": [{"text": "1717", "answer_start": 108}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2d", "answers": [{"text": "English traders", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7c", "answers": [{"text": "Bengal", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7d", "answers": [{"text": "waived customs duties", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7e", "answers": [{"text": "indigo dye", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7f", "answers": [{"text": "The Dutch", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc80", "answers": [{"text": "Anglo-Dutch Wars", "answer_start": 577}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What caused the Greeks to expand their spice trade in the Malaccan straits?", "id": "5a8456db7cf838001a46a75e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1717", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What year did the Mughal emperor strictly require customs duties?", "id": "5a8456db7cf838001a46a75f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bengal", "answer_start": 93}], "question": "What region was made available to black market traders by the Mughal emperor?", "id": "5a8456db7cf838001a46a760", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "English traders", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "Who did the Mughal emperor forbid hospitality to?", "id": "5a8456db7cf838001a46a761", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indigo dye", "answer_start": 222}], "question": "What type of dye was one of the North India company's main products?", "id": "5a8456db7cf838001a46a762", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries."}], ["Dalam abad pertama dan separuh pertama, EIC menggunakan beberapa ratus tentera sebagai pengawal. Pengembangan besar datang selepas 1750, ketika ia memiliki 3000 tentara reguler. Menjelang 1763, ia mempunyai 26,000; menjelang 1778, ia mempunyai 67,000. Ia merekrut sebahagian besar pasukan India, dan melatih mereka di sepanjang garis Eropah. Syarikat itu, segar dari kemenangan besar, dan dengan sokongan tenteranya sendiri yang berdisiplin dan berpengalaman sendiri, dapat menegaskan kepentingannya di rantau Carnatic dari pangkalannya di Madras dan di Bengal dari Calcutta, tanpa menghadapi sebarang halangan lagi dari kuasa penjajah yang lain. <> apakah akronim bagi syarikat india timur? || EIC <> Pada tahun 1750 berapa ramai pasukan biasa yang ada EIC? || 3000 <> pada tahun 1778 kebanyakan tentera bahawa EIC telah dari mana? || India <> berapa tahun EIC mempunyai 26,000 tentera dalam pekerja mereka || 1763 <> Apa lagi akronim bagi syarikat India Timur? || <> Berapa banyak pasukan khas yang melakukan pengasingan EIC pada tahun 1750? || <> Siapa yang kebanyakan pasukan yang menyembunyikan EIC pada tahun 1778? || <> Berapa tahun EIC kehilangan 26,000 tentera dalam satu hari? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what is the acronym for the East india company?", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7261", "answers": [{"text": "EIC", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have? ", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7262", "answers": [{"text": "3000", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7263", "answers": [{"text": "Indian", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7264", "answers": [{"text": "1763", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EIC", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is no longer the acronym for the East India company?", "id": "5a84678e7cf838001a46a7ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3000", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "How many special troops did the EIC exile in 1750?", "id": "5a84678e7cf838001a46a7eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "Who were most of the troops that the EIC hid in 1778?", "id": "5a84678e7cf838001a46a7ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1763", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What year did the EIC lose 26,000 troops in one day?", "id": "5a84678e7cf838001a46a7ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers."}], ["Dalam Angkatan Tentera, pegawai British yang pada awalnya dilatih di akademi sendiri syarikat di Addiscombe Military Seminary, selalu mengalahkan kaum India, tidak kira berapa lama perkhidmatan mereka. Pangkat tertinggi yang mana seorang askar India dapat bercita-cita adalah Subadar-Major (atau Rissaldar-Major dalam unit kavaleri), secara efektif setara subaltern kanan. Promosi untuk kedua-dua tentera British dan India adalah dengan ketat, oleh itu tentara India jarang sampai ke peringkat yang ditugaskan oleh Jamadar atau Subadar sebelum mereka berusia pertengahan. Mereka tidak menerima latihan dalam pentadbiran atau kepimpinan untuk menjadikan mereka bebas daripada pegawai British mereka. <> Apakah nama syarikat tentera EIC? || Semenanjung Military Addiscombe <> apa pangkat tertinggi India boleh berada dalam tentera EIC || Subadar-Major <> Semasa dalam tentera EIC pegawai British melampaui pegawai India yang kedua-duanya dipromosikan berdasarkan? || seniority <> Apa nama syarikat sihir EIC? || <> Apakah pangkat tertinggi robot boleh berada dalam tentera EIC? || <> Pegawai mana yang tidak boleh mengalahkan orang India? || <> Siapa yang tidak mendapat latihan untuk tentera? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of EIC military company?", "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84ee", "answers": [{"text": "Addiscombe Military Seminary", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army", "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84ef", "answers": [{"text": "Subadar-Major", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?", "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84f0", "answers": [{"text": "seniority", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Addiscombe Military Seminary", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What was the name of the EIC wizardry company?", "id": "5a846e377cf838001a46a7fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Subadar-Major", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What was the highest rank a robot could be in the EIC army?", "id": "5a846e377cf838001a46a7fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Which officers could never outrank Indians?", "id": "5a846e377cf838001a46a7fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British and Indian soldiers", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "Who received no training for the military?", "id": "5a846e377cf838001a46a7ff", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers."}], ["Dengan kelemahan Marathas yang beransur-ansur selepas tiga peperangan Anglo-Maratha, pihak British juga memperoleh Ganges-Jumna Doab, rantau Delhi-Agra, bahagian Bundelkhand, Broach, beberapa daerah Gujarat, kubu Ahmmadnagar, wilayah Cuttack (termasuk Mughalbandi / bahagian pesisir Odisha, Garjat / negeri-negeri perdana Odisha, Pelabuhan Balasore, bahagian Midnapore daerah Bengal Barat), Bombay (Mumbai) dan kawasan sekitarnya, yang membawa kepada akhir rasmi Kerajaan Maratha dan penubuhan firma Syarikat India Timur India di India. <> Berapa banyak Anglo Maratha perang di sana? || tiga <> Apa kekaisaran berakhir selepas tiga Anglo-Maratha perang? || Maratha empire <> Dengan akhir rasmi Empayar Maratha, EIC mencipta firma yang memegang apa negara? || India <> Adakah Empayar Maratha berakhir dengan cepat atau beransur-ansur? || beransur-ansur <> negara mana yang mengambil alih kubu Ahmmadnagar yang kemudian menjadi sebahagian daripada penyebab Maratha Emprie untuk berakhir? || British <> Berapa banyak pesta Anglo Maratha di sana? || <> Apa empayar berakhir selepas tujuh perang Anglo-Maratha? || <> Berapa lama masa yang diperlukan untuk Maratha empayar untuk menguasai dunia? || <> Apa muzium yang mengambil alih kubu Ahmmadnagar yang kemudian menjadi sebahagian daripada penyebab Maratha Emprie untuk berakhir? || <> Negara apa yang dipegang lemah oleh EIC selepas tamat rasmi kerajaan Maratha? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5cf", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d0", "answers": [{"text": "Maratha empire", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d1", "answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d2", "answers": [{"text": "gradual", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d3", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "How many Anglo Maratha parties were there?", "id": "5a8469077cf838001a46a7f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Maratha empire", "answer_start": 494}], "question": "What empire ended after the seven Anglo-Maratha wars?", "id": "5a8469077cf838001a46a7f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "gradual", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "How long did it take for Maratha empire to dominate the world?", "id": "5a8469077cf838001a46a7f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What museum took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?", "id": "5a8469077cf838001a46a7f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 552}], "question": "What country had a weak hold by the EIC after the formal end of the Maratha empire?", "id": "5a8469077cf838001a46a7f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India."}], ["Dengan Perjanjian Paris (1763), Perancis memperoleh kembali lima pertubuhan yang ditangkap oleh British semasa perang (Pondich\u00e9ry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam dan Chandernagar) tetapi dihalang daripada membina kubu-kubu dan menahan pasukan di Bengal (seni XI). Di tempat lain di India, Perancis tetap menjadi ancaman ketenteraan, terutama semasa Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika, dan sehingga penangkapan Pondich\u00e9ry pada tahun 1793 pada awal Perang Revolusi Perancis tanpa kehadiran ketenteraan. Walaupun pos-pos kecil ini kekal sebagai milik Perancis selama dua ratus tahun yang akan datang, cita-cita Perancis mengenai wilayah India secara efektif diletakkan untuk berehat, dengan itu menghapuskan sumber utama persaingan ekonomi bagi syarikat itu. <> tahun apakah Perjanjian bersetuju dengan Paris? || 1763 <> Perjanjian Paris kembali berapa banyak persediaan yang ditangkap oleh pihak British? || lima <> Perjanjian Paris menghalang Perancis daripada memelihara tentera di lokasi apa? || Bengal <> pada tahun 1793 apakah peperangan yang ditimbulkan Perancis walaupun tanpa presiden ketenteraan yang besar? || Perang Revolusi Perancis <> Tahun apakah Perjanjian Paris tidak bersetuju? || <> Berapa banyak pertubuhan yang ditawan oleh orang Inggeris telah musnah selepas perjanjian Paris? || <> Lokasi mana yang dibenarkan oleh Perancis untuk menghantar tentera disebabkan Perjanjian Paris? || <> Perang apakah Perancis terlibat dengan kehadiran ketenteraan besar pada tahun 1793? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e845e", "answers": [{"text": "1763", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e845f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e8460", "answers": [{"text": "Bengal", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e8461", "answers": [{"text": "French Revolutionary Wars", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1763", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What year was the Treaty of Paris disagreed on?", "id": "5a8466b67cf838001a46a7e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "How many establishments captured by the British were destroyed after the treaty of Paris?", "id": "5a8466b67cf838001a46a7e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bengal", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What location was France allowed to send troops due to the Treaty of Paris?", "id": "5a8466b67cf838001a46a7e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "French Revolutionary Wars", "answer_start": 433}], "question": "What war was the French involved in with a big military presence in 1793?", "id": "5a8466b67cf838001a46a7e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondich\u00e9ry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondich\u00e9ry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company."}], ["Hastings diamanahkan dengan kuasa keamanan dan perang. Hakim dan majistret British juga akan dihantar ke India untuk mentadbir sistem perundangan. Gabenor Jeneral dan dewan akan mempunyai kuasa perundangan yang lengkap. Syarikat ini dibenarkan untuk mengekalkan monopoli maya ke atas perdagangan sebagai pertukaran untuk jumlah dwitahunan dan diwajibkan untuk mengeksport jumlah minimum barang setiap tahun ke Britain. Kos pentadbiran perlu dipenuhi oleh syarikat. Syarikat pada mulanya mengalu-alukan peruntukan ini, tetapi beban tahunan pembayaran menyumbang kepada penurunan kewangan yang mantap. <> Gelaran orang tertinggi dalam india British? || Gubernur Jeneral <> di india British seorang jugde harus datang dari mana untuk mengawasi sistem perundangan? || British <> Gelaran orang tertinggi dalam india British? || Gabenor Jeneral <> Adakah EIC mempunyai monopoli atas pemerintahan atau perdagangan di india british || Dagangan <> Lain-lain maka wang apa yang dikenakan biaya EIC untuk mempunyai kawalan perdagangan yang ada di British India || mengeksport sekurang-kurangnya kuantiti barangan setiap tahun ke Britain <> Siapa yang paling rendah kedudukan orang di British India? || <> Siapa yang tidak boleh dipercayai dengan kuasa damai dan peperangan? || <> Siapa yang dikeluarkan dari India untuk mentadbir sistem perundangan? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa perundangan terhad sahaja? || <> Siapa yang akhirnya muflis kerana monopoli maya mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The highest ranking persons title in British india is?", "id": "572675245951b619008f7333", "answers": [{"text": "The Governor General", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?", "id": "572675245951b619008f7334", "answers": [{"text": "British", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The highest ranking person's title in British india is?", "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c0", "answers": [{"text": "Governor General", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india ", "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c2", "answers": [{"text": "trade", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India", "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c3", "answers": [{"text": "export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Governor General", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Who is the lowest ranking person in British India?", "id": "5a8475a07cf838001a46a816", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hastings", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who couldn't be trusted with the power of peace and war?", "id": "5a8475a07cf838001a46a817", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British judges and magistrates", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Who were removed from India to administer the legal system?", "id": "5a8475a07cf838001a46a818", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Governor General and the council", "answer_start": 147}], "question": "Who had only limited legislative powers?", "id": "5a8475a07cf838001a46a819", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The company", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "Who was eventually bankrupt due to their virtual monopoly?", "id": "5a8475a07cf838001a46a81a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances."}], ["Hutang hutang juga telah dipersetujui dan syarikat itu dibenarkan mengeksport 250 ton garam. Sekali lagi pada tahun 1673, Bank berjaya merundingkan satu lagi kontrak untuk 700 ton garam di \u00a3 37,000 antara raja dan syarikat. Begitu pentingnya keperluan untuk membekalkan angkatan bersenjata di United Kingdom, Amerika dan di tempat lain yang pihak berkuasa kadang-kadang menjadi buta terhadap penjualan untaxed. Seorang gabenor syarikat itu bahkan dilaporkan berkata pada tahun 1864 bahawa dia lebih suka mempunyai garam yang dibuat daripada cukai garam. <> Oleh kerana hutang yang telah dipersetujui apakah 250 tan produk pertama yang diizinkan untuk dieksport oleh syarikat selepas perang tujuh tahun? || saltpetre <> dalam tahun berapa Bank berunding antara raja dan syarikat india Timur untuk 700 ton garam? || 1673 <> Saltpetre digunakan untuk apa yang orang, khususnya keperluan produk ini mempunyai orang yang tidak menjual jualan untaxed? || Angkatan Bersenjata <> Salah seorang gabenor syarikat itu berkata bahawa dia lebih suka mempunyai garam maka dalam bentuk mentahnya? || garam <> berapa banyak 700 tan garam masuk dalam kontrak yang dirundingkan oleh Bank di 1673 || \u00a3 37,000 <> Tahun berapa Adakah bank berunding antara puteri dan syarikat India Utara untuk 600 tan garam? || <> Apa 800 tan produk yang pertama diizinkan untuk dieksport oleh syarikat selepas perang tujuh tahun? || <> Apa orang yang dilarang menggunakan garpu? || <> Berapakah jumlah 700 ton garpu di dalam kontrak yang dirundingkan oleh Bank pada tahun 1573? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7203", "answers": [{"text": "saltpetre", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7204", "answers": [{"text": "1673", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales? ", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7205", "answers": [{"text": "armed forces", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7206", "answers": [{"text": "salt", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7207", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a337,000", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1673", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "What year did Banks negotiate between the princess and the North India company for 600 tons of salt?", "id": "5a8464dd7cf838001a46a7da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "saltpetre", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What 800 tons product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?", "id": "5a8464dd7cf838001a46a7db", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "armed forces", "answer_start": 264}], "question": "What people were forbidden from using saltpetre?", "id": "5a8464dd7cf838001a46a7dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a337,000", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "How much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1573?", "id": "5a8464dd7cf838001a46a7dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at \u00a337,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt."}], ["Pada tahun 1838 dengan jumlah opium yang diseludup masuk ke China mendekati 1,400 ton setahun, orang China mengenakan hukuman mati untuk penyeludupan opium dan menghantar Pesuruhjaya Khas Khas, Lin Zexu, untuk mengekang penyeludupan. Ini mengakibatkan Perang Opium Pertama (1839-42). Selepas perang Hong Kong, pulau diserahkan kepada Britain di bawah Perjanjian Nanking dan pasaran China dibuka kepada peniaga candu Britain dan negara-negara lain. Jardines dan Apcar and Company mendominasi perdagangan, walaupun P & O juga cuba mengambil bahagian. Perang Opium Kedua yang diperjuangkan oleh Britain dan Perancis melawan China bertahan dari 1856 hingga 1860 dan membawa kepada Perjanjian Tientsin, yang melegakan pengimportan opium. Pembubaran merangsang pengeluaran candu domestik Cina dan meningkatkan pengimportan candu dari Turki dan Persia. Persaingan yang semakin meningkat bagi pasaran China menyebabkan India mengurangkan pengeluaran candu dan mempelbagaikan eksportnya. <> pada tahun 1838 apakah hukuman untuk penyeludupan opium ke China? || hukuman mati <> pada tahun 1838 tentang berapa banyak nada Opium yang diseludup ke China setahun? || 1,400 tan <> apakah tajuk orang yang dihantar kepada mereka jika mereka tertangkap dalam penyeludupan Opium ke China? || Pesuruhjaya Khas Khas <> ketika perang pertama bermula? || 1839 <> Perancis bersatu dengan negara apa di dalam perang Opium kedua? || Perancis <> Apa hukuman untuk penyeludupan opium ke Mesir pada tahun 1838? || <> Berapa banyak tan candu yang dicuri dari China pada tahun 1838? || <> Apakah gelaran orang yang dihantar kepada mereka jika mereka telah menangkap penyeludupan Opium ke ruang angkasa? || <> Apa negara yang berdiri lumpuh bersebelahan dengan Britain dalam perang candu kedua? || <> Bilakah berakhirnya perang Opium? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e851e", "answers": [{"text": "death penalty", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e851f", "answers": [{"text": "1,400 tons", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8520", "answers": [{"text": "Special Imperial Commissioner", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when did the first Opium war start?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8521", "answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8522", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "death penalty", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What was the sentence for smuggling opium into Egypt in 1838?", "id": "5a846f547cf838001a46a804", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1,400 tons", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "How many tons of opium were stolen from China per year in 1838?", "id": "5a846f547cf838001a46a805", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Special Imperial Commissioner", "answer_start": 155}], "question": "What was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium into space?", "id": "5a846f547cf838001a46a806", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 562}], "question": "What country stood paralyzed next to Britain in the second opium war?", "id": "5a846f547cf838001a46a807", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1839", "answer_start": 253}], "question": "When did the only Opium war end?", "id": "5a846f547cf838001a46a808", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839\u201342). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports."}], ["Dengan kemunculan Revolusi Perindustrian, Britain melonjak ke hadapan pesaingnya di Eropah. Permintaan untuk komoditi India didorong oleh keperluan untuk mengekalkan tentera dan ekonomi semasa perang, dan dengan peningkatan ketersediaan bahan mentah dan kaedah pengeluaran yang cekap. Sebagai rumah kepada revolusi, Britain mengalami taraf hidup yang lebih tinggi. Kitaran kemakmuran, permintaan dan pengeluarannya mempunyai pengaruh mendalam terhadap perdagangan luar negeri. Syarikat itu menjadi pemain tunggal terbesar dalam pasaran global Britain. William Henry Pyne mencatat dalam bukunya The Microcosm of London (1808) bahawa: <> apakah jenis Revolusi yang membolehkan orang Inggeris menggerakkan pesaingnya di Eropah? || Revolusi Perindustrian <> Apakah nama William Henry Pyne dari 1808? || The Microcosm of London <> Apa yang menjadi pemain terbesar dalam pasaran global British menurut William Henry Pyne? || Syarikat <> Negara mana yang menjadi rumah kepada Revolusi Perindustrian? || Britain <> Pemberontakan perindustrian membangkitkan akses kepada apa jenis bahan? || mentah <> Apakah jenis Revolusi yang membolehkan Britain bergerak lebih maju daripada saingan Asianya? || <> Apa nama buku William Henry Pyne dari tahun 1908? || <> Apa yang menjadi satu-satunya pemain di pasaran global British menurut William Henry Pyne? || <> Negara apa yang telah musnah oleh Revolusi Perindustrian? || <> Jenis bahan apa yang tidak dapat diperoleh hasil daripada Revolusi Perindustrian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e2", "answers": [{"text": "Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e3", "answers": [{"text": "The Microcosm of London", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e4", "answers": [{"text": "The company", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e5", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e6", "answers": [{"text": "raw", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Industrial Revolution", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What was the type of Revolution that allowed Britain to move ahead of its Asian rivals?", "id": "5a8463787cf838001a46a7d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Microcosm of London", "answer_start": 576}], "question": "What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1908?", "id": "5a8463787cf838001a46a7d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The company", "answer_start": 464}], "question": "What became the only player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?", "id": "5a8463787cf838001a46a7d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What country was devastated by the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "5a8463787cf838001a46a7d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "raw", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What type of material became unavailable as a result of the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "5a8463787cf838001a46a7d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:"}], ["Walaupun rintangan sengit dari lobi India Timur di Parlimen dan dari para pemegang saham Syarikat, Akta tersebut diluluskan. Ia memperkenalkan kawalan kerajaan yang substansial dan membenarkan India India secara rasmi di bawah kawalan Mahkota, tetapi dipajak kembali kepada Syarikat dengan harga \u00a3 40,000 selama dua tahun. Di bawah peruntukan yang paling penting, majlis yang terdiri daripada lima ahli telah diwujudkan di Calcutta. Ketiga-tiga ahli yang dicalonkan oleh Parlimen dan mewakili kepentingan Kerajaan boleh, dan selalu akan keluar dari kedua-dua anggota Syarikat. Majlis ini diketuai oleh Warren Hastings, Gubernur yang hadir, yang menjadi Gubernur-Jeneral Bengal yang pertama, dengan kuasa yang tidak jelas mengenai Presiden-Presiden Bombay dan Madras. Pencalonannya, yang dibuat oleh Mahkamah Pengarah, pada masa akan datang tertakluk kepada kelulusan Majlis Empat yang dilantik oleh Mahkota. Pada mulanya, Majlis terdiri daripada Lt. Jeneral Sir John Clavering, Yang Mulia Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, dan Sir Philip Francis. <> EIC telah menyewakan kembali tanah yang mereka pegang di British India oleh apa bahagian pemerintah British? || Parlimen <Berapa banyak parlimen memajak india British untuk EIC (pajakan itu selama dua tahun)? || \u00a3 40,000 <> Kerajaan British mencipta berapa ahli majlis di Calcutta? || lima <> Berapa banyak ahli majlis yang membenarkan dari EIC? || dua <> Dengan mempunyai 3 ahli di majlis di Calcutta dari Kerajaan British mereka selalu dapat ____ dua ahli EIC? || outvote <> Berapakah sewa parlimen Australia untuk EIC (pajakan itu selama dua tahun)? || <> Berapa banyak di majlis di Calcutta yang dicipta oleh Kerajaan Jerman? || <> Berapa ramai ahli majlis dibunuh di EIC? || <> Apakah Gubernur yang dipecat daripada Majlis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01c", "answers": [{"text": "Parliament", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)? ", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01d", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a340,000", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01e", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01f", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e020", "answers": [{"text": "outvote", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\u00a340,000", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "How much did the parliament lease Australia for to EIC (the lease was for two years)?", "id": "5a8475107cf838001a46a80e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "How many were on the council in Calcutta created by the German Government?", "id": "5a8475107cf838001a46a80f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 533}], "question": "How many council members were killed on the EIC?", "id": "5a8475107cf838001a46a810", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warren Hastings", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "What incumbent Governor was dismissed from the Council?", "id": "5a8475107cf838001a46a811", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the Company at \u00a340,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis."}], ["Pada masa ini, Britain dan Perancis menjadi pesaing pahit. Pertengkaran kerap antara mereka berlaku untuk mengawal harta kolonial. Pada tahun 1742, dengan ketakutan akibat monetari perang, kerajaan British bersetuju untuk melanjutkan tarikh akhir untuk perdagangan eksklusif berlesen oleh syarikat di India hingga 1783, sebagai balasan untuk pinjaman lebih kurang \u00a3 1 juta. Antara tahun 1756 dan 1763, Perang Tujuh Tahun mengalihkan perhatian negara ke arah penyatuan dan pertahanan harta wilayahnya di Eropah dan tanah jajahannya di Amerika Utara. <> Kerajaan British agrree untuk memperluaskan lesen untuk syarikat di India hingga 1793 untuk berapa banyak wang || \u00a3 1 juta <> Apakah ketakutan besar yang membawa kerajaan British untuk melanjutkan tarikh akhir bagi lesen perdagangan untuk syarikat itu? || akibat kewangan dari perang <> Apakah nama perang yang berlangsung dari tahun 1756 hingga 1763? || Perang Tujuh Tahun <> Perang tujuh tahun mengubah fokus negara British dari perdagangan untuk melindungi Eropah dan mempertahankan tanah jajahan mana? || jajahan di Amerika Utara <> dalam tahun apakah perang Tujuh tahun || 1763 <> Apa nama perang yang berlangsung dari tahun 1656 hingga 1763? || <> Tahun apakah peperangan Tujuh Tahun? || <> Apa yang tidak relevan yang membawa kerajaan British untuk melanjutkan tarikh akhir bagi lesen perdagangan untuk syarikat itu? || <> Koloni-koloni mana yang ditinggalkan ketika tumpuan negara British keluar dari perdagangan untuk melindungi Eropah? || <> Siapa yang bekerjasama yang paling mendahului Perang Tujuh Tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de5e", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a31 million", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de5f", "answers": [{"text": "monetary consequences of a war", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de60", "answers": [{"text": "Seven Years' War", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de61", "answers": [{"text": "colonies in North America", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in what year did the Seven years' war", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de62", "answers": [{"text": "1763", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Seven Years' War", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "What was the name of the war that lasted from 1656 to 1763?", "id": "5a8461627cf838001a46a7bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1742", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What year was the Seven Years' War prevented?", "id": "5a8461627cf838001a46a7bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "monetary consequences of a war", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What was irrelevant that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?", "id": "5a8461627cf838001a46a7be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colonies in North America", "answer_start": 513}], "question": "Which colonies were abandoned when the British state focus went from trade to protecting Europe?", "id": "5a8461627cf838001a46a7bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Britain and France", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "Who worked together the most leading up to the Seven Years' War?", "id": "5a8461627cf838001a46a7c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of \u00a31 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America."}], ["Sepanjang Perang Napoleon, Syarikat India Timur mengatur surat-surat untuk kapal-kapal seperti Lord Nelson. Ini bukannya supaya mereka boleh membawa meriam untuk menangkis kapal perang, orang persendirian dan lanun di pelayaran mereka ke India dan China (yang boleh mereka lakukan tanpa izin) tetapi supaya mereka berpeluang untuk mengambil hadiah, mereka boleh melakukannya tanpa bersalah kerana cetak rompak. Begitu juga, Earl of Mornington, sebuah kapal packet Syarikat Timur India yang hanya enam senjata api, juga berlayar di bawah surat marque. <> Semasa peperangan Adakah EIC mendapat surat marque untuk kapal-kapalnya || Napoleonic Wars <> Mengapa EIC mahu surat-surat yang paling banyak? || Sekiranya mereka mempunyai peluang untuk mengambil hadiah, mereka boleh berbuat demikian tanpa bersalah merompak. Dengan mengeluarkan surat-surat marque apa wepon mereka harus melindungi dirinya sendiri yang merupakan sebahagian dari kapal mereka? || meriam <> The Earl of Mornington akan mempunyai berapa banyak senjata ___ di kapal EIc? || enam <> Perayaan apa yang EIC mendapat surat marque untuk kapalnya? || <> Kenapa EIC tidak mahu huruf marque? || <> Apa senjata yang mereka miliki untuk perlindungan yang merupakan sebahagian daripada tubuh mereka? || <> Berapa banyak senjata diambil dari Earl of Mornington? || <> Apa yang tidak dibenarkan berlayar di bawah surat marque? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels", "id": "57268541708984140094c8c7", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleonic Wars", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?", "id": "57268541708984140094c8c8", "answers": [{"text": "should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?", "id": "57268541708984140094c8c9", "answers": [{"text": "cannon", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?", "id": "57268541708984140094c8ca", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Napoleonic Wars", "answer_start": 25}], "question": "What celebration did the EIC get a letter of marque for its vessels?", "id": "5a847ff97cf838001a46a892", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Why did the EIC not want the letters of marque?", "id": "5a847ff97cf838001a46a893", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cannon", "answer_start": 175}], "question": "What weapon did they have for protection that was a part of their body?", "id": "5a847ff97cf838001a46a894", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "How many guns were taken from the Earl of Mornington?", "id": "5a847ff97cf838001a46a895", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Earl of Mornington", "answer_start": 426}], "question": "What was not allowed to sail under a letter of marque?", "id": "5a847ff97cf838001a46a896", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque."}], ["Tangan India Timur, yang diberikan pada 1698, adalah: \"Argent adalah Gules silang, di suku ketua dexter suatu peluncur tangan lengan Perancis dan England setiap suku tahun, perisai perhiasan dan secara rapi dinobatkan Or.\" Puncaknya ialah: \"Penjaga singa yang merajalela Atau memegang tali depan yang tepat.\" Para penyokongnya adalah: \"Dua singa yang berjaga penjaga atau, masing-masing menyokong sepanduk erent Argent, dikenakan dengan Gules salib.\" Moto ini adalah AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLI\u00c6 (Latin: Di sebelah kanan Raja dan Senat England). <> EIC Arms memaparkan apa yang raja binatang di atasnya? || singa <> di tangan EIC apa yang singa memegang di forepaws || mahkota <> berapa banyak singa di lengan EIC || Dua tahun yang lalu apakah lengan EIC termasuk kedua-dua Perancis dan England? || 1698 <> Apakah haiwan hutan dalam bahaya pada Lengan EIC? || <> Apakah singa itu ada di kepalanya di tangan EIC? || <> Berapa lumba-lumba berada di lengan EIC? || <> Tahun berapakah senjata EIC termasuk Norway dan Denmark? || <> Senjata apa yang diberikan pada tahun 1798? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25c", "answers": [{"text": "lion", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25d", "answers": [{"text": "crown", "answer_start": 293}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "how many lions were on the EIC arms", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25e", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25f", "answers": [{"text": "1698", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lion", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "What jungle animal is in danger on the EIC Arms?", "id": "5a847e367cf838001a46a874", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a regal crown", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What does the lion have on its head in the arms of EIC?", "id": "5a847e367cf838001a46a875", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "How many dolphins were on the EIC arms?", "id": "5a847e367cf838001a46a876", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1698", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What year did the EIC arms include both Norway and Denmark?", "id": "5a847e367cf838001a46a877", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The East India Company's arms", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What arms were granted in 1798?", "id": "5a847e367cf838001a46a878", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: \"Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or.\" The crest was: \"A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper.\" The supporters were: \"Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules.\" The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLI\u00c6 (Latin: By right of the King and the Senate of England)."}], ["Ibu pejabat Syarikat di London, yang mana kebanyakan dari India ditadbir, adalah Rumah India Timur di Leadenhall Street. Selepas menduduki premis di Philpot Lane dari 1600 hingga 1621; di Crosby House, Bishopsgate, dari 1621 hingga 1638; dan di Leadenhall Street dari 1638 hingga 1648, Syarikat berpindah ke Craven House, sebuah rumah Elizabethan di Leadenhall Street. Bangunan itu telah dikenali sebagai Rumah India Timur pada tahun 1661. Ia telah dibina semula dan dibesarkan pada tahun 1726-9; dan selanjutnya direkodkan dengan ketara dan berkembang pada tahun 1796-1800. Ia akhirnya dikosongkan pada tahun 1860 dan dirobohkan pada tahun 1861-62. Laman ini kini ditempati oleh bangunan Lloyd. <> Di manakah ibu pejabat EIC terletak? || London <> Apa nama kepala sekolah EIC? || Rumah India Timur <> antara 1638 dan 1648 apakah jalan utama ibu pejabat EIC? || Leadenhall Street <> Dimana ibu pejabat EIC berpindah ke selepas 1648? || Craven House <> Apa bangunan sekarang duduk di mana ibu pejabat EIC duduk? || bangunan Lloyd <> Di manakah ibu pejabat EIC tersembunyi? || <> Apa nama ibu pejabat EIC? || <> Jalan mana yang menjadi ibu pejabat EIC apabila ia dikosongkan antara 1628 dan 1643? || <> Dimana ibu pejabat EIC ditinggalkan selepas 1648? || <> Apa hospital sekarang duduk di mana ibu pejabat EIC duduk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where were the EIC  headquarters located?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b3", "answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of EIC headquartes?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b4", "answers": [{"text": "East India House", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b5", "answers": [{"text": "Leadenhall Street", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after  1648?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b6", "answers": [{"text": "Craven House", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b7", "answers": [{"text": "the Lloyd's building", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Where were the EIC headquarters hidden?", "id": "5a8478cf7cf838001a46a83a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East India House", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What was the former name of EIC headquarters?", "id": "5a8478cf7cf838001a46a83b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leadenhall Street", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What street was EIC headquarters on when it was vacated between 1628 and 1643?", "id": "5a8478cf7cf838001a46a83c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Craven House", "answer_start": 296}], "question": "Where was the EIC headquarters abandoned after 1648?", "id": "5a8478cf7cf838001a46a83d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Lloyd's building", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "What hospital now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?", "id": "5a8478cf7cf838001a46a83e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the Company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726\u20139; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796\u20131800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861\u201362. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building."}], ["Pada tahun 1803, satu Akta Parlimen, yang dipromosikan oleh Syarikat India Timur, telah menubuhkan Syarikat Dock East India, dengan tujuan untuk menubuhkan satu set dok baru (East India Docks) terutamanya untuk kegunaan perdagangan kapal dengan India. Dock Brunswick yang sedia ada, sebahagian daripada laman Blackwall Yard, menjadi Dok Eksport; sementara Dock Import baru dibina di utara. Pada tahun 1838 Syarikat Hindia Timur India bergabung dengan Syarikat Hindia Barat India. Dok itu diambil alih oleh Port of London Authority pada tahun 1909, dan ditutup pada 1967. <> pada 1803 adalah tindakan parlimen yang disokong oleh EIC? || yang dipromosikan oleh Syarikat India Timur <> 1803 bertindak membuat program dok apa? || Syarikat Hindia Timur India <> Matlamat Timur di syarikat dok pertama adalah apa? || bertujuan menubuhkan set dok baru (East India Docks) terutamanya untuk kegunaan perdagangan kapal dengan India <> Apakah nama dok eksport EIC selepas perbuatan 1803? || Brunswick Dock <> pada tahun 1838 apa syarikat yang bergabung dengan syarikat induk Timur india dengan? || Syarikat Hindia Barat India <> Apakah tindakan parlimen yang ditentang oleh EIC pada tahun 1803? || <> Apa syarikat dok yang dimusnahkan oleh Akta 1803? || <> Apakah nama pelabuhan eksport EIC selepas tindakan 1903? || <> Syarikat apa syarikat Dock East India berpecah dari tahun 1838? || <> Syarikat dok yang mana tidak pernah diambil oleh Pelabuhan London Authority pada tahun 1909? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC? ", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74dd", "answers": [{"text": "promoted by the East India Company", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the 1803 act created what dock program?", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74de", "answers": [{"text": "East India Dock Company", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74df", "answers": [{"text": "aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74e0", "answers": [{"text": "Brunswick Dock", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with? ", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74e1", "answers": [{"text": "West India Dock Company", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "promoted by the East India Company", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What act of parliament was opposed by EIC in 1803?", "id": "5a84799b7cf838001a46a844", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East India Dock Company", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What dock company was destroyed by the 1803 Act?", "id": "5a84799b7cf838001a46a845", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brunswick Dock", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1903 act?", "id": "5a84799b7cf838001a46a846", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West India Dock Company", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "What company did the East India Dock Company split off from in 1838?", "id": "5a84799b7cf838001a46a847", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "West India Dock Company", "answer_start": 416}], "question": "Which dock company was never taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909?", "id": "5a84799b7cf838001a46a848", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967."}], ["\"Azure, tiga kapal dengan tiga tiang, rigged dan di bawah layar penuh, layar, panji-panji dan penandaan Argent, masing-masing ditahan dengan Gules silang; pada seorang ketua kedua suku Azure dan Gules suku pertama, pada 1 dan 4 fleur -de-lis atau, pada tahun ke-2 dan ke-3 seekor harimau atau, antara dua mawar Gules unggulan Atau berduri Vert. \" Perisai itu sebagai puncak: \"Sfera tanpa bingkai, yang dibatasi dengan Zodiak di tikungan. Atau, di antara dua palang Argot flanel, masing-masing dikenakan dengan Gules salib, di atas sfera perkataan DEUS INDICAT\" (Latin: God Indicates). Penyokongnya adalah dua singa laut (singa dengan ekor ikan) dan motto adalah DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Di mana Tuhan Menuju, Tidak ada Hurts). <> Apakah maksud DEUS INDICAT? || Tuhan Menunjukkan <> jenis bunga apa yang digunakan oleh Gules? || mawar <> selepas DEUT INDICAT jenis haiwan laut yang digambarkan? || singa laut <> dalam petikan di atas berapa banyak kapal dan tiang yang ditunjukkan? || tiga <> haiwan apa yang disenaraikan sebagai sebahagian daripada empat fleur-de-lis dalam petikan di atas || harimau <> Apa indikator DEUS tidak lagi bermakna dalam bahasa Latin? || <> Apa jenis bunga yang dilakukan oleh Gules? || <> Apakah jenis haiwan darat yang digambarkan di puncak perisai di bawah DEUS INDICAT? || <> Apakah maksud DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET dalam bahasa Rusia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does DEUS INDICAT mean?", "id": "57268361708984140094c893", "answers": [{"text": "God Indicates", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what type of flowers did Gules use?", "id": "57268361708984140094c894", "answers": [{"text": "roses", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured?", "id": "57268361708984140094c895", "answers": [{"text": "sea lions", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?", "id": "57268361708984140094c896", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote", "id": "57268361708984140094c897", "answers": [{"text": "leopard", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "God Indicates", "answer_start": 526}], "question": "What does DEUS INDICAT no longer mean in Latin?", "id": "5a847dab7cf838001a46a86c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "roses", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "What type of flowers did Gules avoid?", "id": "5a847dab7cf838001a46a86d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sea lions", "answer_start": 566}], "question": "What type of land animals were pictured on the shield crest under the DEUS INDICAT?", "id": "5a847dab7cf838001a46a86e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts", "answer_start": 651}], "question": "What does DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET mean in Russian?", "id": "5a847dab7cf838001a46a86f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "\"Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert.\" The shield had as a crest: \"A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT\" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts)."}], ["Dasar-dasar agresif Lord Wellesley dan Marquis of Hastings mendorong kepada Syarikat untuk menguasai seluruh India (kecuali Punjab dan Sindh), dan sebahagian dari kerajaan Nepal pada masa itu di bawah Perjanjian Sugauli. Para Putera India telah menjadi pengikut-pengikutnya. Tetapi perbelanjaan peperangan yang membawa kepada kawalan keseluruhan India menimbulkan kewangan Syarikat. Syarikat dipaksa untuk meminta bantuan Parlimen. Ini adalah latar belakang Akta Piagam Tahun 1813 yang, antara lain: <> Apa Tuhan membantu EIC menerusi politiknya, mengawal seluruh india? || Lord Wellesley <> Ketika EIc mengambil alih seluruh India ada, dua pengecualian yang pertama adalah Punjab, apa yang Kedua? || Sindh <> pada masa lalu perjanjian di bawah mahkota memudaratkan kewangan EIC sekarang kerana mereka telah melampaui seluruh India apa yang menjadi masalah terbesar dalam kewangan mereka || perbelanjaan peperangan <> perjanjian apa yang membenarkan Eic masuk ke kerajaan nepal itu? || Perjanjian Sugauli <> EIC menjangkau parlimen untuk mendapatkan bantuan kewangan. ini membawa kepada Akta mana? || Akta Piagam tahun 1813 <> Apakah Tuhan membantu EIC melalui politiknya mengawal seluruh Amerika? || <> Tahun apakah Akta Piagam ditolak? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai dasar yang sangat santai? || <> Siapa yang kehilangan semua kawalan ke atas India? || <> Peristiwa apa yang paling sedikit perbelanjaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749b", "answers": [{"text": "Lord Wellesley", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749c", "answers": [{"text": "Sindh", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749d", "answers": [{"text": "the expense of wars", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749e", "answers": [{"text": "Sugauli Treaty", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749f", "answers": [{"text": "Charter Act of 1813", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Wellesley", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What Lord helped the EIC through his politics take control over all of America?", "id": "5a8478217cf838001a46a830", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 479}], "question": "What year was the Charter Act rejected?", "id": "5a8478217cf838001a46a831", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "Who had very relaxed policies?", "id": "5a8478217cf838001a46a832", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Company", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "Who lost all control over India?", "id": "5a8478217cf838001a46a833", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "wars", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "What events had the least amount of expenses?", "id": "5a8478217cf838001a46a834", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:"}], ["Pada Pertempuran Pulo Aura, yang mungkin kemenangan tentera laut yang paling ketara, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore sebuah konvoi Indiamen dan belayar di atas Warley, memimpin beberapa Indiamen dalam pertengkaran dengan skuadron Perancis, menghalau mereka. Beberapa tahun yang lalu, pada 28 Januari 1797, lima Indiamen, Woodford, di bawah Kapten Charles Lennox, Istana Taunton, Kapten Edward Studd, Kanton, Kapten Abel Vyvyan, dan Boddam, Kapten George Palmer dan Ocean, Kapten John Christian Lochner , telah menemui Admiral de Sercey dan skuadron frigatnya. Pada kesempatan ini, Indiamen juga berjaya membohongi cara mereka untuk keselamatan, dan tanpa sebarang tembakan bahkan dipecat. Akhirnya, pada 15 Jun 1795, Jeneral Goddard memainkan peranan besar dalam menangkap tujuh Hindia Timur Belanda dari St Helena. <> Apakah kemenangan EIC yang paling ketara? || Pertempuran Pulo Aura <> apa jeneral memainkan peranan terbesar dalam penangkapan tujuh Indiamen Timur Belanda? || General Goddard <> Di mana 7 orang Belanda Easteast menangkap? || off St Helena <> Pada tahun 1797 bagaimana Woodford dapat selamat tanpa menembak satu peluru? || penipuan <> pada tahun 1797 yang merupakan kapten Woodford yang pertama kali disenaraikan dari 5 orang captians? || Kapten Charles Lennox <> Apa satu-satunya kekalahan tentera laut EIC? || <> Polis mana yang memainkan peranan terbesar dalam menangkap tujuh Indiamen Timur Belanda? || <> Di manakah 6 Hindia Timur Belanda ditangkap? || <> Bagaimana Indiamen mendapat keselamatan dengan menembak hanya satu peluru pada tahun 1797? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8830", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Pulo Aura", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8831", "answers": [{"text": "General Goddard", "answer_start": 711}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8832", "answers": [{"text": "off St Helena", "answer_start": 791}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8833", "answers": [{"text": "bluffing", "answer_start": 612}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8834", "answers": [{"text": "Captain Charles Lennox", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battle of Pulo Aura", "answer_start": 7}], "question": "What was the only naval defeat EIC had?", "id": "5a8480d67cf838001a46a8a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Goddard", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "What policeman played the largest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?", "id": "5a8480d67cf838001a46a8a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "off St Helena", "answer_start": 791}], "question": "Where were the 6 Dutch East Indiamen captured?", "id": "5a8480d67cf838001a46a8a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bluffing", "answer_start": 612}], "question": "How did the Indiamen get to safety by firing just one bullet in 1797?", "id": "5a8480d67cf838001a46a8a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena."}], ["Akta ini jelas menandakan sempadan antara Crown dan Syarikat. Selepas ini, Syarikat berfungsi sebagai anak syarikat Crown yang mantap, dengan akauntabiliti yang lebih besar untuk tindakannya dan mencapai tahap pengembangan dan penyatuan yang stabil. Setelah buat sementara untuk mencapai keadaan gencatan senjata dengan Mahkota, Syarikat terus memperluas pengaruhnya ke wilayah berdekatan melalui ancaman dan tindakan paksaan. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-19, peraturan Syarikat diperluaskan ke seluruh India, Burma, Malaya, Singapura, dan Hong Kong British, dan seperlima penduduk dunia berada di bawah pengaruh dagangannya. Di samping itu, Pulau Pinang, salah satu negeri di Malaya, menjadi penyelesaian keempat yang paling penting, jawatan presiden, wilayah India Syarikat. <> pada pertengahan abad ke-19 berapa banyak penduduk dunia yang dipengaruhi oleh EIC dan ia berdagang? || kelima <> Kepada EIC di Malaya apakah negeri mana yang dimaksudkan dengan penyelesaian paling improtant? || Pulau Pinang <> pada masa ini perubahan hubungan antara Inggeris dan EIC. EIC menjadi lebih daripada apa yang ke mahkota ?? || anak syarikat yang diperbaharui <> apabila EIC menjadi lebih mirip anak syarikat yang diperbaharui adakah mereka mempunyai akauntabiliti yang lebih besar atau kurang kepada Crown || akauntabiliti yang lebih besar <> Berapa banyak penduduk bulan yang dilaksanakan oleh EIC dan ia berdagang pada pertengahan abad ke-19? || <> Apakah negeri di Malaya tidak mempunyai penempatan penting? || <> Apa yang EIC menjadi kurang kepada mahkota? || <> Apabila EIC menjadi lebih seperti anak syarikat yang diperbaharui apakah mereka mempunyai akauntabiliti yang lebih besar atau kurang untuk Jepun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e150", "answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e151", "answers": [{"text": "Penang", "answer_start": 642}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e152", "answers": [{"text": "regularised subsidiary", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e153", "answers": [{"text": "greater accountability", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fifth", "answer_start": 564}], "question": "How much of the moon's population was effected by EIC and it trade by the middle of the 19th century?", "id": "5a84778c7cf838001a46a828", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Penang", "answer_start": 642}], "question": "What state in Malaya had no important settlements?", "id": "5a84778c7cf838001a46a829", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "regularised subsidiary", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What did the EIC become less of to the crown?", "id": "5a84778c7cf838001a46a82a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "greater accountability", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "When EIC became more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to Japan?", "id": "5a84778c7cf838001a46a82b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories."}], ["Akta Pitt dianggap gagal kerana dengan cepat menjadi jelas bahawa sempadan antara kawalan kerajaan dan kuasa syarikat adalah samar-samar dan sangat subjektif. Kerajaan berasa bertanggungjawab untuk bertindak balas terhadap panggilan kemanusiaan untuk mendapatkan rawatan yang lebih baik terhadap penduduk tempatan di wilayah-wilayah yang diduduki oleh orang-orang Inggeris. Edmund Burke, bekas pemegang saham dan diplomat Syarikat India Timur, dipindahkan untuk menangani masalah tersebut dan memperkenalkan Rang Undang-Undang Pengawalseliaan baru pada 1783. Rang undang-undang itu dikalahkan di tengah lobi oleh para penyokong syarikat dan tuduhan nepotisme dalam cadangan rang undang-undang untuk pelantikan ahli majlis. <> Nama Akta yang merupakan kegagalan dalam mewujudkan borod untuk Mahkota dan EIC untuk menjadi subyektif? || Akta Pitt <> selepas Pitt bertindak Mahkota mula memberi tumpuan lebih kepada usaha _______ orang-orang di dalamnya wilayah? || kemanusiaan <> apakah nama orang yang pernah menjadi pemegang saham besar di EIC dan bercakap dengan isu-isu dengan Rang undang-undang Pengawalseliaan baru pada tahun 1793? || Edmund Burke <> Adakah Rang Undang-Undang Pengawalseliaan baru 1793 diluluskan atau dikalahkan? || dikalahkan <> Apakah nama Akta yang berjaya dalam mewujudkan sempadan untuk Mahkota dan EIC kerana bersikap subjektif? || <> Adakah Rang Undang-Undang Pengawalseliaan baru 1791 diluluskan atau dikalahkan? || <> Siapa satu-satunya pemegang saham Syarikat India Timur? || <> Apakah jenis panggilan yang diabaikan oleh kerajaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e5", "answers": [{"text": "Pitt's Act", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e6", "answers": [{"text": "humanitarian", "answer_start": 218}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e7", "answers": [{"text": "Edmund Burke", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e8", "answers": [{"text": "defeated", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pitt's Act", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the name of the Act that was a success in creating boundaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?", "id": "5a84765d7cf838001a46a820", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "defeated", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "Was the new Regulating Bill of 1791 passed or defeated?", "id": "5a84765d7cf838001a46a821", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edmund Burke", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "Who was the only East India Company shareholder?", "id": "5a84765d7cf838001a46a822", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories", "answer_start": 218}], "question": "What kind of calls did the government ignore?", "id": "5a84765d7cf838001a46a823", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors."}], ["Dari tempoh 1600, canton terdiri daripada St George's Cross mewakili Kerajaan England. Dengan Akta Kesatuan 1707, canton itu dikemaskini untuk menjadi Bendera Kesatuan yang baru yang terdiri daripada bahasa Inggeris St George's Cross yang digabungkan dengan Scottish St Andrew yang mewakili Kerajaan Great Britain. Selepas Kisah Kesatuan 1800 yang menyertai Ireland dengan Great Britain untuk membentuk United Kingdom, bendera Bendera Syarikat Timur India telah diubah dengan sewajarnya untuk memasukkan Saltire Saint Patrick yang mereplikasi Bendera Kesatuan yang dikemaskini mewakili United Kingdom Great Britain dan Ireland. <> dalam tempoh 1600 apa salib Canton merepresentasikan England || St George's Cross <> selepas perbuatan 1707 apa salib kedua ditambah ke Canton untuk british yang hebat || Salib St Andrew <> DI tahun berapakah canton menjadi bendera dengan salib di atasnya dan bukan sekadar salib? || 1707 <> pada tahun yang lalu adakah ireland bergabung dengan british yang hebat? || 1800 <> Apakah nama kesatuan Ireland dan Great Britain dicipta ketika mereka berkumpul? || United Kingdom <> Apa salib Canton mewakili Mesir dalam tempoh 1600? || <> Apa salib kedua dikeluarkan dari Canton selepas Akta Kesatuan 1707? || <> Tahun berapakah Kanton menjadi bendera dengan bintang di atasnya dan bukan sekadar jalur? || <> Tahun apakah Ireland bergabung dengan Jepun secara rasmi? || <> Apakah nama kesatuan Ireland dan Great Britain disabotai ketika mereka berkumpul? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "in the period of  1600 what Canton cross repesented England", "id": "572681d6708984140094c867", "answers": [{"text": "St George's Cross", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "after the act of  1707  what was the second  cross added to the Canton for great britian", "id": "572681d6708984140094c868", "answers": [{"text": "St Andrew's cross", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross?", "id": "572681d6708984140094c869", "answers": [{"text": "1707", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in wat year did  ireland join with great britian offically?", "id": "572681d6708984140094c86a", "answers": [{"text": "1800", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together?", "id": "572681d6708984140094c86b", "answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 392}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "St George's Cross", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What Canton cross represented Egypt in the period of 1600?", "id": "5a847a707cf838001a46a84e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "St Andrew's cross", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What was the second cross removed from the Canton after the Acts of Union 1707?", "id": "5a847a707cf838001a46a84f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1707", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What year did the Canton become a flag with stars on it and not just a stripe?", "id": "5a847a707cf838001a46a850", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1800", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What year did Ireland join with Japan officially?", "id": "5a847a717cf838001a46a851", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "United Kingdom", "answer_start": 563}], "question": "What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britain sabotaged when they came together?", "id": "5a847a717cf838001a46a852", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag\u2014consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross\u2014representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."}], ["Tidak seperti semua rekod Kerajaan British yang lain, rekod-rekod dari Syarikat India Timur (dan penggantinya Pejabat India) tidak di dalam Arkib Negara di Kew, London, tetapi dipegang oleh Perpustakaan British di London sebagai sebahagian daripada Asia, Pasifik dan Afrika Koleksi. Katalog ini boleh dicari dalam talian dalam katalog Access to Archives. Banyak rekod Syarikat India Timur tersedia secara dalam talian di bawah perjanjian bahawa Keluarga di Persatuan British India mempunyai Perpustakaan British. Katalog terbitan ada jurnal dan log kapal Syarikat India Timur, 1600-1834; dan beberapa institusi anak syarikat, termasuk Kolej Syarikat India Timur, Haileybury, dan Addiscombe Military Seminary. <> Di manakah rekod EIC yang ditempatkan hari ini? || Perpustakaan British di London <> Di mana rekod kerajaan British dibina hari ini? || Arkib Negara di Kew <> Adakah anda boleh mencari kebanyakan rekod dalam talian hari ini? || Katalog ini boleh dicari dalam talian dalam katalog Access to Archives <> Di manakah rekod EIC hilang dalam kebakaran? || <> Di mana rekod kerajaan British dimusnahkan hari ini? || <> Kerajaan mana yang tidak lagi menyimpan rekod? || <> Rekod apa yang mahal untuk mengakses dalam talian? || <> Apa syarikat kehilangan semua rekod antara 1600-1834? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are the records of the EIC housed today?", "id": "572687e3708984140094c8fd", "answers": [{"text": "British Library in London", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are the British government's records houseed today?", "id": "572687e3708984140094c8fe", "answers": [{"text": "The National Archives at Kew", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Are you able to search most of the records online today?", "id": "572687e3708984140094c8ff", "answers": [{"text": "The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Library in London", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "Where were the records of the EIC lost in a fire?", "id": "5a8481ba7cf838001a46a8ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The National Archives at Kew, London", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "Where are the British government's records destroyed today?", "id": "5a8481ba7cf838001a46a8af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "British Government", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Which government no longer keeps records?", "id": "5a8481ba7cf838001a46a8b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Many of the East India Company records", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What records are expensive to access online?", "id": "5a8481ba7cf838001a46a8b1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East India Company", "answer_start": 532}], "question": "What company lost all records between 1600\u20131834?", "id": "5a8481ba7cf838001a46a8b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600\u20131834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary."}]], [["Dialog Amoy (Xiamen) adalah hibrida Quanzhou dan dialek Zhangzhou. Taiwan juga merupakan hibrid kedua-dua dialek ini. Taiwan di utara Taiwan cenderung berdasarkan pelbagai Quanzhou, sedangkan Taiwan yang bercakap di selatan Taiwan cenderung berdasarkan ucapan Zhangzhou. Terdapat variasi kecil dalam sebutan dan perbendaharaan kata antara dialek Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou. Tatabahasa umumnya sama. Selain itu, hubungan luas dengan bahasa Jepun telah meninggalkan warisan perkataan pinjaman Jepun di Hokkien Taiwan. Sebaliknya, varian yang digunakan di Singapura dan Malaysia mempunyai banyak kata pinjaman dari bahasa Melayu dan kurang dari bahasa Inggeris dan lain-lain jenis Cina, seperti Teochew yang berkait rapat dan beberapa Kantonis. <> Amoy dialek adalah hibrid dari apa dua dialek? || Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou <> Selain Amoy, apa lagi hibrid Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou? || Taiwan <> Apakah Taiwan di Taiwan Utara berdasarkan? || Quanzhou <> Apakah Taiwan di Taiwan Selatan berdasarkan? || Pidato Zhangzhou <> Di Singapura, variasi Hokkien mempunyai sejumlah besar kata pinjaman dari mana? || Bahasa Melayu <> Apakah dialekt Bahasa Melayu hibrid? || <> Apakah perbezaan antara dialek Taiwan dan Cina? || <> Kawasan mana yang Teochew bercakap, yang juga mempunyai kata pinjaman dari bahasa Melayu? || <> Hubungi dengan China telah menyebabkan perkataan pinjaman dalam dialek apa? || <> Apa itu Hokkien di utara Taiwan berdasarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?", "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b6", "answers": [{"text": "Quanzhou and Zhangzhou", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?", "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b7", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwanese", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?", "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b8", "answers": [{"text": "Quanzhou", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?", "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b9", "answers": [{"text": "Zhangzhou speech", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?", "id": "5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9ba", "answers": [{"text": "Malay", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects", "answer_start": 41}], "question": "What is the Malay dialect a hybrid of?", "id": "5a1e0aaf3de3f40018b26470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary", "answer_start": 297}], "question": "What are the differences between Taiwanese and Chinese dialects?", "id": "5a1e0aaf3de3f40018b26471", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Singapore and Malaysia", "answer_start": 585}], "question": "What area is Teochew spoken, that also has loanwords from Malay?", "id": "5a1e0aaf3de3f40018b26472", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Taiwanese Hokkien", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "Contact with China has lead to loanwords in what dialect?", "id": "5a1e0aaf3de3f40018b26473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Quanzhou variety", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What is Hokkien in northern Taiwan based on?", "id": "5a1e0aaf3de3f40018b26474", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese."}], ["Hokkien mempunyai salah satu inventori phoneme yang paling pelbagai di kalangan jenis Cina, dengan lebih banyak konsonan daripada Standard Mandarin atau Kantonis. Vokal lebih kurang sama dengan Standard Mandarin. Varieti Hokkien mengekalkan banyak sebutan yang tidak lagi terdapat dalam varieti Cina yang lain. Ini termasuk pengekalan / t / permulaan, yang kini / t\u0282 / (Pinyin 'zh') dalam bahasa Mandarin (misalnya 'buluh' \u7af9 tik, tetapi zh\u00fa dalam bahasa Mandarin), telah hilang sebelum abad ke-6 . <> Apa dialek Cina mempunyai lebih banyak konsonan daripada bahasa Mandarin atau Kantonai yang biasa? || Hokkien <> Bagaimana huruf vokal Hokkien berbanding dengan vokal Mandarin Standard? || sama <> Apa jenis retakan Hokkein yang tidak lagi ditemui dalam jenis Cina yang lain? || banyak sebutan <> Hokkien mempunyai salah satu yang paling pelbagai apa, antara jenis Cina? || persediaan phoneme <> Apa bahasa Mandarin dan Kantonis lebih daripada Hokkien? || <> Apa vokal lain yang serupa dengan vokal Kantonis? || <> Apa yang terdapat dalam jenis Hokkien nolonger yang masih terdapat dalam varieti Cina yang lain? || <> Apakah salah satu fonem yang paling tidak pelbagai di kalangan kaum Cina? || <> Apa yang ada di Kantonis lebih banyak di kalangan kaum Cina? || <> Di Hokkien bagaimanakah jenis fonem yang berbeza berbanding dengan Standard Mandarin? || <> Apa yang ada di Mandarin yang tidak dijumpai dalam jenis Cina yang lain? || <> Apakah pengekalan bahasa Kantonis sekarang di Mandarin? || <> Apa jenis Cina mempunyai lebih daripada Standard Mandarin? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?", "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bb7", "answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?", "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bb8", "answers": [{"text": "similar", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?", "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bb9", "answers": [{"text": "many pronunciations", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?", "id": "5726b8385951b619008f7bba", "answers": [{"text": "phoneme inventories", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "consonants", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What do Mandarin and Cantonese have more of than Hokkien?", "id": "5a13416ac8eab200188dc947", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What other vowels are similar to Cantonese vowels?", "id": "5a13416ac8eab200188dc948", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "many pronunciations", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What do Hokkien varieties nolonger have that are still found in other Chinese varieties?", "id": "5a13416ac8eab200188dc949", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is one of the least diverse phoneme among Chinese varieties?", "id": "5a13416ac8eab200188dc94a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one of the most diverse phoneme inventories", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What does Cantonese have more of among Chinese varieties?", "id": "5a1de6524ea40d0018b06fe1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more-or-less similar", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "In Hokkien how do the type of diverse phoneme compare to Standard Mandarin?", "id": "5a1de6524ea40d0018b06fe2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "many pronunciations", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What does Mandarin have that isn't found in other Chinese varieties?", "id": "5a1de6524ea40d0018b06fe3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "/t\u0282/ (Pinyin 'zh')", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What has the retention of Cantonese become now in Mandarin?", "id": "5a1de6524ea40d0018b06fe4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more consonants", "answer_start": 86}], "question": "What do Chinese varieties have more of than Standard Mandarin?", "id": "5a1de6524ea40d0018b06fe5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /t\u0282/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' \u7af9 is tik, but zh\u00fa in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties."}], ["Dialek Hokkien adalah analitik; dalam ayat, susunan kata-kata penting untuk maknanya. Ungkapan asas berikut corak objek-verba-verba (iaitu subjek diikuti oleh kata kerja kemudian oleh objek), walaupun perintah ini sering dilanggar kerana dialek Hokkien adalah topik yang menonjol. Tidak seperti bahasa sintetik, jarang kata-kata menunjukkan masa, jantina dan jamak oleh infleksi. Sebaliknya, konsep-konsep ini dinyatakan melalui kata-kata pengertian, penanda aspek, dan zarah tatabahasa, atau disimpulkan dari konteksnya. Zarah-zarah yang berbeza ditambah kepada satu ayat untuk menentukan lagi statusnya atau intonasi. <> Dalam dialek Hokkien, susunan kata-kata penting untuk apa? || makna <> Apakah corak Hokkien asas mengikuti? || subjek-kata kerja-objek <> Menjadi tajuk topik, apakah pola kalimat asas yang sering tidak digunakan? || subjek-kata kerja-objek <> Tidak seperti bahasa sintetik, apakah ayat-ayat Hokkien tidak menunjukkan? || masa, jantina dan jamak <> Apa yang ditambahkan pada ayat untuk menentukan status atau nada? || Zarah yang berbeza <> Bagaimana bahasa analitik sintetik? || <> Corak apa yang mengikuti bahasa konsep dasar? || <> Bagaimana zarah gramatikal melanggar corak biasa? || <> Apa yang ditambahkan pada ayat untuk menyatakan jamak dengan infleksi? || <> Dengan penanda aspek, apakah susunan perkataan penting untuk? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?", "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d039", "answers": [{"text": "meaning", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?", "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03a", "answers": [{"text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?", "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03b", "answers": [{"text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?", "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03c", "answers": [{"text": "time, gender and plural", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?", "id": "5726bf4d708984140094d03d", "answers": [{"text": "Different particles", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning.", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "How are synthetic languages analytic?", "id": "5a1e0d603de3f40018b2647a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What pattern do basic concept languages follow?", "id": "5a1e0d603de3f40018b2647b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "How do grammatical particles violate the usual pattern?", "id": "5a1e0d603de3f40018b2647c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Different particles", "answer_start": 520}], "question": "What is added to a sentence to specify plural by inflection?", "id": "5a1e0d603de3f40018b2647d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "meaning", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "With aspect markers, what is word arrangement important to?", "id": "5a1e0d603de3f40018b2647e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject\u2013verb\u2013object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation."}], ["Secara umum, dialek Hokkien mempunyai 5 hingga 7 nada fonemik. Menurut sistem tradisional China, bagaimanapun, terdapat 7 hingga 9 \"nada\", [rujukan?] Lebih tepat dipanggil kelas nada kerana dua daripadanya bukan \"memasuki nada\" fonemik (lihat perbincangan mengenai nada Cina). Sandi nada luas. Terdapat variasi kecil di antara sistem nada Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou. Nada Taiwan mengikut pola Amoy atau Quanzhou, bergantung kepada kawasan Taiwan. Banyak dialek mempunyai nada fonemik tambahan (\"nada 9\" mengikut pengiraan tradisional), hanya digunakan dalam perkataan pinjaman khas atau asing. <> Berapa banyak nada fonemik yang mempunyai dialek Hokkien? || 5 hingga 7 <> Apakah nama lain untuk nada fonemik? || kelas nada <> Jenis variasi yang ada di antara sistem nada Quanznou dan Zhangzhou? || kecil <> Corak apa yang mengikuti nada Taiwan? || Amoy atau Quanzhou <> Apakah pola yang digunakan nada Taiwan yang ditentukan oleh? || kawasan Taiwan <> Apa dialek mempunyai kurang daripada 5 nada fonemik? || <> Berapa banyak warna di Chimese moden? || <> Sistem apa yang mempunyai variasi utama dari sistem nada Quanznou? || <> Bilakah nada tambahan 8 digunakan? || <> Apa nada tidak luas? || <> Berapa banyak nada fonemik mempunyai dialek sandhi? || <> Apakah dua sistem nada mempunyai nada fonem tambahan? || <> Namakan perkataan pinjaman asing yang mempunyai 5 hingga 7 nada fonemik? || <> Apa yang mengikuti nada Hokkien bergantung di mana anda berada di Taiwan? || <> Bilakah dialek menggunakan memasukkan nada mengikut perhitungan tradisional? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?", "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c6f", "answers": [{"text": "5 to 7", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for phonemic tones?", "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c70", "answers": [{"text": "tone classes", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?", "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c71", "answers": [{"text": "minor", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?", "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c72", "answers": [{"text": "Amoy or Quanzhou", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?", "id": "5726bc4d5951b619008f7c73", "answers": [{"text": "the area of Taiwan", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien dialects", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "What dialects has less than 5 phonemic tones?", "id": "5a1342dac8eab200188dc94f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "7 to 9", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "How many tones are there in modern Chimese?", "id": "5a1342dac8eab200188dc950", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zhangzhou tone systems", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What system has major variations from Quanznou tone system?", "id": "5a1342dac8eab200188dc951", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in special or foreign loan words.", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "When is the extra tone 8 used?", "id": "5a1342dac8eab200188dc952", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sandhi", "answer_start": 284}], "question": "What tone is not extensive?", "id": "5a1342dac8eab200188dc953", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 to 7", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "How many phonemic tones do sandhi dialects have?", "id": "5a1e08313de3f40018b2645c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What two tone systems have an additional phonemic tone?", "id": "5a1e08313de3f40018b2645d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Name the foreign loan words that have 5 to 7 phonemic tones?", "id": "5a1e08313de3f40018b2645e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "What do Hokkien tones follow depending on where you are in Taiwan?", "id": "5a1e08313de3f40018b2645f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "only in special or foreign loan words.", "answer_start": 574}], "question": "When do dialects use entering tones according to traditional reckoning?", "id": "5a1e08313de3f40018b26460", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 \"tones\",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic \"entering tones\" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone (\"tone 9\" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words."}], ["Terdapat banyak penceramah Hokkien di kalangan orang Cina di luar negara di Asia Tenggara dan juga di Amerika Syarikat. Banyak kaum Han Cina yang berpindah ke rantau ini adalah Hoklo dari selatan Fujian, dan membawa bahasa itu ke bahasa Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (dahulu bekas Hindia Belanda) dan hari ini Malaysia dan Singapura (dahulu Malaya dan Selat British) . Banyak dialek Hokkien di rantau ini sangat mirip dengan Taiwan dan Amoy. Hokkien dilaporkan bahasa ibunda sehingga 98.5% orang Filipina Filipina di Filipina, antaranya dikenali secara tempatan sebagai Lan-nang atau L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113 (\"bahasa orang kami\"). Penceramah Hokkien membentuk kumpulan terbesar Cina di Singapura, Malaysia dan Indonesia. [Rujukan?] <> Siapa yang membawa bahasa Hokkien ke Myanmar? || Han Cina emigran <> Apakah nama sekarang untuk Myanmar? || Burma <> Apakah nama pertama Indonesia? || Hindia Belanda <> Berapa peratus daripada orang-orang Cina Cina di Filipina memusnahkan Hokkien? || 98.5% <> Apakah nama tempatan untuk Hokkien di Filipina? || Lan-nang atau L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113 <> Apa nama bekas Hindia Belanda? || <> Apakah nama semasa Burma? || <> Apakah nama tempatan untuk Lan-nang di Filipina? || <> Yang membentuk kumpulan orang bukan Cina terbesar di Malaysia? || <> Apa artinya Lan-nang di Singapura? || <> Yang membentuk kumpulan terbesar Lan-nang di Singapura? || <> Di mana banyak pendatang Hindia Belanda berasal dari? || <> Berapa banyak orang Cina di Singapura bercakap Lan-nang? || <> Dialek apa yang sangat serupa dengan Hoko dan Lan-nang? || <> Kumpulan apa yang membawa bahasa Amoy ke Burma, Malaysia dan Singapura? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?", "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ab", "answers": [{"text": "Han Chinese emigrants", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the current name for Myanmar?", "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ac", "answers": [{"text": "Burma", "answer_start": 227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the former name for Indonesia?", "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ad", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch East Indies", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?", "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6ae", "answers": [{"text": "98.5%", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?", "id": "57262a0b271a42140099d6af", "answers": [{"text": "Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "What is the former name of the Dutch East Indies?", "id": "5a1324e66614be00188f2561", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Myanmar", "answer_start": 234}], "question": "What is the current name of Burma?", "id": "5a1324e66614be00188f2562", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "What is the local name for Lan-nang in the Philippines?", "id": "5a1324e66614be00188f2563", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien speakers", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "Who form the largest group of non Chinese in Malaysia?", "id": "5a1324e66614be00188f2564", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Our people\u2019s language", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "What does Lan-nang mean in Singapore?", "id": "5a1324e66614be00188f2565", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien speakers", "answer_start": 649}], "question": "Who forms the largest group of Lan-nang in Singapore?", "id": "5a1dd5d34ea40d0018b06fb9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hoklo from southern Fujian", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "Where were many Dutch East Indies emigrants originally from?", "id": "5a1dd5d34ea40d0018b06fba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up to 98.5%", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "How many Chinese in Singapore speak Lan-nang?", "id": "5a1dd5d34ea40d0018b06fbb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region", "answer_start": 379}], "question": "What dialects are highly similar to Hoko and Lan-nang?", "id": "5a1dd5d34ea40d0018b06fbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ethnic Han Chinese emigrants", "answer_start": 111}], "question": "What group brought the Amoy language to Burma, Malaysia and Singapore?", "id": "5a1dd5d34ea40d0018b06fbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113 (\"Our people\u2019s language\"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]"}], ["Hokkien / h\u0252ki\u025bn / (Bahasa Cina tradisional: \u798f\u5efa \u8bdd; bahasa Cina: \u798f\u5efa \u8bdd; pinyin: F\u00faji\u00e0nhu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: Hok-ki\u00e0n o\u0113) atau Quanzhang (Quanzhou-Zhangzhou / Chinchew-Changchew; sekumpulan dialek Min Nan Cina yang saling difahami yang dituturkan di seluruh Asia Tenggara, Taiwan, dan oleh banyak orang Cina lain di luar negara. Hokkien berasal dari dialek di selatan Fujian. Ia berkait rapat dengan Teochew, walaupun pemahaman bersama adalah sukar, dan agak jauh berkaitan dengan Hainanese. Selain Hokkien, terdapat juga dialek Min dan Hakka lain di wilayah Fujian, yang kebanyakannya tidak dapat difahami dengan Hokkien. <> Di mana Hokkien bercakap? || Asia Tenggara <> Di mana asalnya Hokkien? || selatan Fujian <> Bahasa apa yang berkaitan dengan Hokkien? || Teochew <> Bahasa apakah yang berkaitan dengan Hokkien? || Hainanese <> Min dan Hakka dialek dijumpai di mana? || Wilayah Fujian <> Bahasa apa saja yang dituturkan di Asia Tenggara dan Taiwan? || <> Bahasa apa yang dibangun di selatan Fuji? || <> Bahasa apa yang tidak berkaitan dengan Hokkien? || <> Bahasa apa yang berkaitan dengan Hainanese? || <> Apa jenis dialek yang terdapat dalam Fuji || <> Di manakah asal Hainese? || <> Apakah dialek Min berkaitan rapat dengan? || <> Di mana dialek Fujian dituturkan? || <> Apa yang berlaku jika anda bercakap Hokkien dan Hakka yang terdekat? || <> Bahasa apa Min Nan berkaitan dengan jarak jauh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is Hokkien spoken?", "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e2", "answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Hokkien originate?", "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e3", "answers": [{"text": "southern Fujian", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is Hokkien closely related to?", "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e4", "answers": [{"text": "Teochew", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language is Hokkien distantly related to?", "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e5", "answers": [{"text": "Hainanese", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Min and Hakka dialects are found where?", "id": "5726266789a1e219009ac3e6", "answers": [{"text": "Fujian province", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language is only spoken in Southeast Asia and Taiwan?", "id": "5a12dbf56614be00188f254f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language developed in southern Fuji? ", "id": "5a12dbf66614be00188f2550", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Teochew", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What language is Hokkien unrelatated to?", "id": "5a12dbf66614be00188f2551", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What language is Hainanese closely related to?", "id": "5a12dbf66614be00188f2552", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Min and Hakka dialects", "answer_start": 555}], "question": "What type of dialects are found in Fuji", "id": "5a12dbf66614be00188f2553", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "southern Fujian", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "Where did Hainese originate?", "id": "5a1dcfee4ea40d0018b06fa5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Teochew", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What dialect is Min closely related to?", "id": "5a1dcfee4ea40d0018b06fa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Where is the Fujian dialect spoken?", "id": "5a1dcfee4ea40d0018b06fa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mutual comprehension is difficult", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What happens if you speak Hokkien and its close relative Hakka?", "id": "5a1dcfee4ea40d0018b06fa8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hainanese", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "What language is Min Nan distantly related to?", "id": "5a1dcfee4ea40d0018b06fa9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hokkien /h\u0252\u02c8ki\u025bn/ (traditional Chinese: \u798f\u5efa\u8a71; simplified Chinese: \u798f\u5efa\u8bdd; pinyin: F\u00faji\u00e0nhu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: Hok-ki\u00e0n o\u0113) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou\u2013Zhangzhou / Chinchew\u2013Changchew; BP: Zu\u00e1nzi\u016b\u2013Zi\u0101ngzi\u016b) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian. It is closely related to the Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien."}], ["Istilah Hokkien (\u798f\u5efa; h\u0254k\u02e5\u02e5k\u026a\u025bn\u02e8\u02e9) sendiri adalah istilah yang tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Cina untuk merujuk kepada dialek, kerana ia hanya bermaksud wilayah Fujian. Dalam linguistik China, dialek-dialek ini dikenali dengan pengkelasan mereka di bawah Bahagian Quanzhang (Bahasa Cina: \u6cc9 \u6f33 \u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) dari Min Nan, yang berasal dari watak-watak pertama dua pusat bandar Hokkien utama Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou. Variasi ini juga dikenali dengan istilah lain seperti Min Nan yang lebih umum (bahasa Cina tradisional: \u95a9\u5357 \u8a9e, \u95a9\u5357\u8a71, bahasa Cina: \u95fd\u5357 \u8bed, \u95fd\u5357\u8bdd; pinyin: M\u01d0nn\u00e1ny\u01d4, M\u01d0nn\u00e1nhu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m- G\u00ed, B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-o\u0113) atau Southern Min, dan Fulaohua (bahasa Cina tradisional: \u798f\u4f6c \u8a71; bahasa Cina: \u798f\u4f6c \u8bdd; pinyin: F\u00fal\u01ceohu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: H\u014d-l\u00f3-o\u0113). Istilah Hokkien (bahasa Cina: \u798f\u5efa \u8a71; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: hok-ki\u00e0n o\u0113; T\u00e2i-l\u00f4: Hok-ki\u00e0n-u\u0113), sebaliknya digunakan di Asia Tenggara untuk merujuk kepada dialek Min-nan . <> Apa maksud Hokkien? || Wilayah Fujian <> Apakah bahagian dialek yang dimiliki oleh Hokkien? || Bahagian Quanzhang (Bahasa Cina: \u6cc9 \u6f33 \u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) Min Nan <> Di Asia Tenggara, istilah apa yang biasa digunakan untuk merujuk kepada dialek Min-nan? || Hokkien <> Di mana quanzhou dan Zhangzhou terletak? || Hokkien <> Apa istilah tidak bermakna wilayah Fujian? || <> Sistem pengelasan apakah istilah Hokkien berasal? || <> Istilah apa yang berasal dari dua suku kata pertama dua wilayah Hokkien utama? || <> Istilah apa yang digunakan dalam assia pusat untuk menerangkan kepada dialek Min-nan? || <> Apa maksud istilah Quanzhang dalam bahasa Cina? || <> Apa dialek yang dinamakan Zhangzhou? || <> Di mana istilah Fulaohua digunakan terutamanya? || <> Di pusat-pusat bandar, istilah apa yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada dialek Min-nan? || <> Di mana Min Nan dan Southern Min terletak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does Hokkien mean?", "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da71", "answers": [{"text": "Fujian province", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?", "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da72", "answers": [{"text": "Quanzhang Division (Chinese: \u6cc9\u6f33\u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) of Min Nan", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?", "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da73", "answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?", "id": "57262801ec44d21400f3da74", "answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What term does not mean Fujian province?", "id": "5a13199f6614be00188f2559", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Quanzhang Division", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What classification system does the term Hokkien come from?", "id": "5a13199f6614be00188f255a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Min Nan", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What term comes from the first two syllables of the two main Hokkien regions?", "id": "5a13199f6614be00188f255b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 718}], "question": "What term is used in central assia to fefer to Min-nan dialects?", "id": "5a13199f6614be00188f255c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fujian province", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What does the term Quanzhang mean in Chinese?", "id": "5a1dd1c84ea40d0018b06faf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Min-nan dialects", "answer_start": 853}], "question": "What dialect does Zhangzhou refer to?", "id": "5a1dd1c84ea40d0018b06fb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South East Asia", "answer_start": 825}], "question": "Where is the term Fulaohua primarily used?", "id": "5a1dd1c84ea40d0018b06fb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 718}], "question": "In urban centers, what term is used to refer to Min-nan dialects?", "id": "5a1dd1c84ea40d0018b06fb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "Where are Min Nan and Southern Min located?", "id": "5a1dd1c84ea40d0018b06fb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term Hokkien (\u798f\u5efa; h\u0254k\u02e5\u02e5k\u026a\u025bn\u02e8\u02e9) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: \u6cc9\u6f33\u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: \u95a9\u5357\u8a9e, \u95a9\u5357\u8a71; simplified Chinese: \u95fd\u5357\u8bed, \u95fd\u5357\u8bdd; pinyin: M\u01d0nn\u00e1ny\u01d4, M\u01d0nn\u00e1nhu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-g\u00ed,B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-o\u0113) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: \u798f\u4f6c\u8a71; simplified Chinese: \u798f\u4f6c\u8bdd; pinyin: F\u00fal\u01ceohu\u00e0; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: H\u014d-l\u00f3-o\u0113). The term Hokkien (Chinese: \u798f\u5efa\u8a71; Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b: hok-ki\u00e0n o\u0113;T\u00e2i-l\u00f4:Hok-ki\u00e0n-u\u0113), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects."}], ["Dialog Xiamen, yang kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai Amoy, adalah dialek utama yang dituturkan di bandar Xiamen dan daerah sekitarnya di Tong'an dan Xiang'an, yang kedua-duanya kini dimasukkan ke kawasan Greater Xiamen. Dialek ini dibangunkan pada akhir dinasti Ming apabila Xiamen semakin mengambil alih kedudukan Quanzhou sebagai pelabuhan utama perdagangan di tenggara China. Pedagang Quanzhou mula bergerak ke selatan ke Xiamen untuk menjalankan perniagaan mereka sementara petani Zhangzhou mula bergerak ke utara ke Xiamen untuk mencari peluang pekerjaan. Ia adalah pada masa ini apabila keperluan untuk bahasa yang sama timbul. Jenis-jenis Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou sama dalam banyak cara (seperti yang dapat dilihat dari tempat yang sama di Henan Luoyang di mana mereka berasal), tetapi disebabkan oleh perbezaan aksen, komunikasi boleh menjadi masalah. Pengusaha Quanzhou menganggap ucapan mereka sebagai akhlak prestise dan menganggap Zhangzhou sebagai dialek desa. Selama berabad-abad, tahap dialek berlaku dan kedua-dua ucapan bercampur untuk menghasilkan dialek Amoy. <> Apakah nama lain untuk dialek Xiamen? || Amoy <> Apakah dialek utama yang digunakan di Xiamen? || Dialek Xiamen <> Semasa dinasti apa yang dialek Xiamen berkembang? || akhir dinasti Ming <> Apa bandar mengambil alih kedudukan Quanzhou sebagai pelabuhan perdagangan utama di SE China? || Xiamen <> Mengapa para petani dari Zhangzhou bergerak ke utara ke Xiamen? || untuk mencari peluang pekerjaan <> Semasa dinasti apa yang dialek Xiemen disapear? || <> Apakah dialek utama yang dituturkan di Xiang'an dan kawasan suram Tong'an dan Xiamen? || <> Daerah apa sekarang termasuk Tong'an dan Xiang'an? || <> Bilakah Quanzhou mengambil alih kedudukan Xiamen sebagai pelabuhan perdagangan utama? || <> Siapa yang pergi ke selatan mencari pekerjaan? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk dialek Tong'an? || <> Apa dialek yang dibangunkan di dinasti Quanzhou? || <> Apa yang Henan Luoyang menganggap aksen yang lebih baik? || <> Apa yang berlaku dari masa ke masa untuk menghasilkan dialek Henan? || <> Mengapa petani Zhangzhou bergerak ke arah selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for Xiamen dialect?", "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e817e", "answers": [{"text": "Amoy", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?", "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e817f", "answers": [{"text": "Xiamen dialect", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?", "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e8180", "answers": [{"text": "late Ming dynasty", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?", "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e8181", "answers": [{"text": "Xiamen", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?", "id": "5726524fdd62a815002e8182", "answers": [{"text": "in search of job opportunities", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ming dynasty", "answer_start": 245}], "question": "During what dynasty did the Xiemen dialect disapear?", "id": "5a133a91c8eab200188dc93d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xiamen dialect", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the main dialect spoken in Xiang'an and the surrouncing areas of Tong'an and Xiamen?", "id": "5a133a91c8eab200188dc93e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Greater Xiamen area", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What area now includes Tong'an and Xiang'an?", "id": "5a133a91c8eab200188dc93f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "in the late Ming dynasty", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "When was Quanzhou taking over Xiamen's position as the main port of trade?", "id": "5a133a91c8eab200188dc940", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zhangzhou peasants", "answer_start": 458}], "question": "Who was traveling south in search of jobs?", "id": "5a133a91c8eab200188dc941", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amoy", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What is another name for the Tong'an dialect?", "id": "5a1de2ea4ea40d0018b06fd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xiamen dialect", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What dialect developed in the Quanzhou dynasty?", "id": "5a1de2ea4ea40d0018b06fd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "their speech", "answer_start": 846}], "question": "What did Henan Luoyang  consider the better accent to be?", "id": "5a1de2ea4ea40d0018b06fd9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "dialect leveling occurred", "answer_start": 957}], "question": "What happened over time to produce the Henan dialect?", "id": "5a1de2ea4ea40d0018b06fda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to carry on their businesses", "answer_start": 423}], "question": "Why did Zhangzhou peasants travel southwards?", "id": "5a1de2ea4ea40d0018b06fdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect."}], ["Semasa tempoh Tiga Kerajaan China purba, peperangan berterusan berlaku di Dataran Tengah China. Northerners mula memasuki rantau Fujian, menyebabkan rantau ini menggabungkan bahagian dialek Cina utara. Walau bagaimanapun, penghijrahan besar Han Cina utara ke rantau Fujian terutamanya berlaku selepas Bencana Yongjia. Mahkamah Jiha melarikan diri dari utara ke selatan, menyebabkan sejumlah besar Han Cina utara bergerak ke rantau Fujian. Mereka membawa orang Cina lama - yang dituturkan di Dataran Tengah China dari zaman prasejarah hingga abad ke-3 - ke Fujian. Ini kemudian beransur-ansur berubah menjadi dialek Quanzhou. <> Tempoh Tiga Raja adalah tempoh masa di negara apa? || China <> Di manakah perang tertumpu semasa Tempoh Tiga Emas? || Dataran Tengah China <> Apakah bencana yang menyebabkan penghijrahan besar di rantau Fuji? || Bencana Yongjia <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan di dataran tengah China sehingga abad ke-3? || Cina lama <> Apa arahan yang melarikan jin semasa tempoh Tiga Raja? || utara ke selatan <> Apakah nama tempoh perang costant di seluruh Asia? || <> Apa yang disiaster menyebabkan penghijrahan besar-besaran di rantau Fujiian? || <> Apa languagewas yang dituturkan di dataran tengah China selepas abad ke-3? || <> Siapa yang memasuki Fujiian kebanyakannya semasa tempoh Tiga Raja? || <> Apa pengadilan melarikan diri dari selatan ke utara semasa tempoh tiga Raja? || <> Apa yang berlaku semasa tempoh Fujian di China? || <> Apa yang berlaku ketika pengadilan Jin mula memasuki wilayah Fujian? || <> Selepas bencana Quangzhou, kumpulan mana yang berhijrah dari utara? || <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Tiga Kerajaan melarikan diri dari utara ke selatan? || <> Di manakah dialek Yongjia dibawa oleh Han Chinese, bercakap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?", "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe5", "answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?", "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe6", "answers": [{"text": "the Central Plain of China", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?", "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe7", "answers": [{"text": "the Disaster of Yongjia", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?", "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe8", "answers": [{"text": "old Chinese", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?", "id": "57263081ec44d21400f3dbe9", "answers": [{"text": "north to the south", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Three Kingdoms period of ancient China", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What was the name of the period of costant warfare across Asia?", "id": "5a132a07c8eab200188dc929", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Disaster of Yongjia.", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "What disiaster caused a massive migration out of the Fujiian region?", "id": "5a132a07c8eab200188dc92a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "old Chinese", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "What languagewas spoken in the central plain of China after the 3rd century?", "id": "5a132a07c8eab200188dc92b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northerners", "answer_start": 119}], "question": "Who entered Fujiian mostly during the Three Kings period?", "id": "5a132a07c8eab200188dc92c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The J\u00ecn court", "answer_start": 357}], "question": "What court fled from the south to the north during the three Kings period?", "id": "5a132a07c8eab200188dc92d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What happened during the Fujian period in China?", "id": "5a1dd7ee4ea40d0018b06fc3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What happened when the Jin court began to enter the Fujian region?", "id": "5a1dd7ee4ea40d0018b06fc4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Han Chinese", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "After the disaster of Quangzhou, what group migrated from the north?", "id": "5a1dd7ee4ea40d0018b06fc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What happened after the Three Kingdoms fled from north to south?", "id": "5a1dd7ee4ea40d0018b06fc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "Where were Yongjia dialects brought by the Han Chinese, spoken?", "id": "5a1dd7ee4ea40d0018b06fc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The J\u00ecn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese \u2014 spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century \u2014 into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect."}], ["Pada tahun 677 (semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Gaozong), Chen Zheng (\u9673 \u653f), bersama anaknya Chen Yuanguang (\u9673\u5143\u5149), memimpin ekspedisi tentera untuk menenangkan pemberontakan di Fujian. Mereka menetap di Zhangzhou dan membawa fonologi Cina Tengah di utara China pada abad ke-7 ke Zhangzhou; Pada tahun 885, (semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Xizong dari Tang), dua saudara lelaki Wang Chao (\u738b \u6f6e) dan Wang Shenzhi (\u738b \u5be9 \u77e5), memimpin pasukan ekspedisi tentera untuk menenangkan pemberontakan Huang Chao. Mereka membawa fonologi Cina Tengah yang biasa dituturkan di China Utara ke Zhangzhou. Kedua-dua gelombang migrasi dari utara secara amnya membawa bahasa Cina Tengah utara ke rantau Fujian. Ini kemudian beransur-ansur berubah menjadi dialek Zhangzhou. <> Siapa penguasa China pada tahun 677? || Maharaja Gaozong <> Yang mengetuai ekspedisi tentera di Fujian? || Chen Zheng <> Apa nama anak Chen Zheng? || Chen Yuanguang <> Siapa penguasa China pada 885? || Kaisar Xizong dari Tang <> Apakah yang bertanggungjawab membawa bahasa China tengah ke rantau Fujian? || dua gelombang penghijrahan dari utara <> Apa negara yang memerintah Chen Yuanguang pada tahun 677? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Chen Yuanguang dan anaknya memimpin sebuah ekspedisi ketenteraan? || <> Bilakah Wang Chao dan anaknya memimpin ekspedisi untuk menenangkan pemberontakan Huanf Chao? || <> Siapa anak lelaki Wang Chao? || <> Dialek apa yang dilakukan migrasi dari bantuan selatan untuk berkembang? || <> Yang memimpin gelombang migrasi semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Gaozong? || <> Apa yang dibawa oleh Wang Chao pada abad ke-7 ke Zhangzhou? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Wang Shenzhi di China pada 677? || <> Apa nama anak lelaki Wang Chao? || <> Siapa penguasa Xizong pada tahun 677? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the ruler of China in 677?", "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8110", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Gaozong", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the military expedition in Fujian?", "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8111", "answers": [{"text": "Chen Zheng", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?", "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8112", "answers": [{"text": "Chen Yuanguang", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of China in 885?", "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8113", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor Xizong of Tang", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?", "id": "57264e0bdd62a815002e8114", "answers": [{"text": "two waves of migrations from the north", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 247}], "question": "What country did Chen Yuanguang rule in 677?", "id": "5a13352ac8eab200188dc933", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to pacify the rebellion in Fujian", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What did Chen Yuanguang and his son lead a military exedition for?", "id": "5a13352ac8eab200188dc934", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "885", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "When did Wang Chao and his son lead an expedition to pacify the Huanf Chao rebellion?", "id": "5a13352ac8eab200188dc935", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wang Shenzhi", "answer_start": 382}], "question": "Who was Wang Chao's son?", "id": "5a13352ac8eab200188dc936", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zhangzhou dialect", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "What dialect did the migrations from the south help to develop?", "id": "5a13352ac8eab200188dc937", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chen Zheng", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who led waves of migrations during the reign of Emperor Gaozong?", "id": "5a1dda5b4ea40d0018b06fcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "What did Wang Chao bring during the 7th century into Zhangzhou?", "id": "5a1dda5b4ea40d0018b06fce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "What did Wang Shenzhi do in China in 677?", "id": "5a1dda5b4ea40d0018b06fcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chen Yuanguang", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What is Wang Chao's sons name?", "id": "5a1dda5b4ea40d0018b06fd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emperor Gaozong", "answer_start": 28}], "question": "Who was the ruler of Xizong in 677?", "id": "5a1dda5b4ea40d0018b06fd1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (\u9673\u653f), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (\u9673\u5143\u5149), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (\u738b\u6f6e) and Wang Shenzhi (\u738b\u5be9\u77e5), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect."}], ["Hokkien berasal dari Quanzhou. Selepas Perang Opium pada tahun 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) menjadi salah satu pelabuhan perjanjian utama yang akan dibuka untuk perdagangan dengan dunia luar. Dari pertengahan abad ke-19 dan seterusnya, Xiamen perlahan-lahan berkembang menjadi pusat politik dan ekonomi wilayah berbahasa Hokkien di China. Ini menyebabkan dialek Amoy secara beransur-ansur menggantikan kedudukan vokal dialek dari Quanzhou dan Zhangzhou. Dari pertengahan abad ke-19 hingga akhir Perang Dunia II, diplomat barat biasanya mempelajari Amoy Hokkien sebagai dialek pilihan jika mereka berkomunikasi dengan penduduk berbahasa Hokkien di China atau Asia Tenggara. Pada tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an, Taiwan juga mengadakan Amoy Hokkien sebagai piawaiannya dan cenderung menyendiri sendiri ke dialek Amoy. <> Di manakah asal Hokkein? || Quanzhou <> Tahun berapa adalah perang Opium? || 1842 <> Apa nama lain untuk Xiamen? || Amoy <> Pelabuhan apa yang menjadi salah satu pelabuhan perjanjian utama selepas Perang Opium? || Xiamen <> Apa dialek yang diplomat barat belajar untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang berbahasa Hokkien di China? || Amoy Hokkien <Selepas perang Opium tahun 1940-an dan 1950, apa yang menjadi pelabuhan perjanjian besar? || <> Apa yang Zhangzhou perlahan-lahan berkembang ke? || <> Pada tahun 1940 dan 1950 apa yang digunakan Quanzhou sebagai dialek standardnya? || <> Pada tahun apakah perang Asia Tenggara? || <> Di mana asalnya dari Taiwan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Hokkein originate?", "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8b", "answers": [{"text": "Quanzhou", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Opium war?", "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8c", "answers": [{"text": "1842", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for Xiamen?", "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8d", "answers": [{"text": "Amoy", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?", "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8e", "answers": [{"text": "Xiamen", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?", "id": "5726c3e95951b619008f7d8f", "answers": [{"text": "Amoy Hokkien", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xiamen (Amoy)", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "After the 1940's and 1950's Opium War, what became a major treaty port?", "id": "5a1e183b3de3f40018b264be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China.", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What did Zhangzhou slowly develop into?", "id": "5a1e183b3de3f40018b264bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Amoy Hokkien", "answer_start": 669}], "question": "In the 1940's and 1950's what did Quanzhou use as its standard dialect?", "id": "5a1e183b3de3f40018b264c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1842", "answer_start": 57}], "question": "In what year was South-East Asia war?", "id": "5a1e183b3de3f40018b264c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Quanzhou", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "Where did Taiwan originate from?", "id": "5a1e183b3de3f40018b264c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hokkien originated from Quanzhou. After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world. From mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialect variants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also held Amoy Hokkien as its standard and tended to incline itself towards Amoy dialect."}], ["Dialog Hokkien biasanya ditulis menggunakan aksara Cina (\u6f22\u5b57, H\u00e0n-j\u012b). Bagaimanapun, skrip bertulis itu dan masih disesuaikan dengan bentuk sastera, yang berdasarkan kepada cina klasik, bukan bahasa vernakular dan bercakap. Tambahan pula, inventori watak yang digunakan untuk Mandarin (bahasa Mandarin bertulis) tidak sesuai dengan perkataan Hokkien, dan terdapat sebilangan besar aksara tidak rasmi (\u66ff \u5b57, th\u00e8-j\u012b atau th\u00f2e-j\u012b; 'pengganti aksara') yang unik untuk Hokkien (seperti halnya Kantonis). Sebagai contoh, kira-kira 20 hingga 25% morfem Taiwan tidak mempunyai watak Cina yang sesuai atau standard. <> Hokkien biasanya ditulis menggunakan aksara apa? || Cina <> Ditulis Hokkein berdasarkan apa? || Bahasa Cina klasik <> Apakah nama lain untuk cina bertulis standard? || Mandarin <> Lebih kurang berapa peratusan morfem Cina kurang watak Cina yang standard? || 20 hingga 25% <> Apakah peratusan orang Cina bertulis kurang daripada watak Cina yang standard? || <> Bagaimana bahasa Kanton biasanya ditulis? || <> Apa yang digunakan untuk bahasa Mandarin tetapi tidak sesuai dengan kata-kata Taiwan? || <> Apa yang ditulis Kantonis berdasarkan? || <> Apa yang disesuaikan dengan bentuk bahasa Cina? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Hokkien is usually written using what characters?", "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb16", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Written Hokkein is based on what?", "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb17", "answers": [{"text": "classical Chinese", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for standard written chinese?", "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb18", "answers": [{"text": "Mandarin", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?", "id": "5726c81ef1498d1400e8eb19", "answers": [{"text": "20 to 25%", "answer_start": 527}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 20 to 25%", "answer_start": 521}], "question": "What percentage of written Chinese lacks a standard Chinese character?", "id": "5a1e1c4b3de3f40018b264d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using Chinese characters", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "How is Cantonese usually written?", "id": "5a1e1c4b3de3f40018b264d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the character inventory", "answer_start": 238}], "question": "What is used for Mandarin but doesn't correspond to Taiwanese words?", "id": "5a1e1c4b3de3f40018b264d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classical Chinese", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "What is written Cantonese based on?", "id": "5a1e1c4b3de3f40018b264d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the written script", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What is adapted to the spoken form of Chinese?", "id": "5a1e1c4b3de3f40018b264d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (\u6f22\u5b57, H\u00e0n-j\u012b). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (\u66ff\u5b57, th\u00e8-j\u012b or th\u00f2e-j\u012b; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese). For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character."}], ["Hokkien, terutamanya Taiwan, kadang-kadang ditulis dalam skrip Latin menggunakan salah satu daripada beberapa huruf. Antara yang paling popular ialah Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b (Cina tradisional: \u767d\u8a71 \u5b57; bahasa Cina mudah: \u767d\u8bdd \u5b57; pinyin: B\u00e1ihu\u00e0z\u00ec). POJ dibangunkan pertama oleh mubaligh Presbyterian di China dan kemudian oleh Gereja Presbyterian asli di Taiwan; penggunaan abjad ini telah dipromosikan secara aktif sejak akhir abad ke-19. Penggunaan skrip campuran aksara Han dan huruf Latin juga dilihat, walaupun tetap tidak biasa. Alphabets berasaskan Latin yang lain juga wujud. <> Hokkien kadangkala ditulis dalam skrip apa? || Latin <> Apakah nama abjad Cina tradisional? || Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b <> Apakah nama lain untuk POJ? || Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b <> Who developed POJ? || Mubaligh Presbyterian di China <> POJ abjad telah digunakan sejak lewat abad apa? || 19 <<Apakah abjad Latin tradisional disebut? || <> Siapa yang mula-mula mengembangkan skrip aksara Han yang bercampur-campur? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk skrip Latin? || <> Berapa lama skrip bercampur telah digunakan secara aktif? || <> Apa yang tertulis dalam skrip Cina mudah menggunakan salah satu daripada beberapa huruf? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?", "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e905e", "answers": [{"text": "Latin", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?", "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e905f", "answers": [{"text": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for POJ?", "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e9060", "answers": [{"text": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed POJ?", "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e9061", "answers": [{"text": "Presbyterian missionaries in China", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?", "id": "5726ca3ddd62a815002e9062", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What is the traditional Latin alphabet called?", "id": "5a1e22e53de3f40018b264e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Presbyterian missionaries in China", "answer_start": 242}], "question": "Who first developed a mixed script of Han characters?", "id": "5a1e22e53de3f40018b264e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "POJ", "answer_start": 215}], "question": "What is another name for Latin script?", "id": "5a1e22e53de3f40018b264e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "since the late 19th century", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "How long has the mixed script been actively used?", "id": "5a1e22e53de3f40018b264e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hokkien", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is written in the simplified Chinese script using one of several alphabets?", "id": "5a1e22e53de3f40018b264ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Hokkien, especially Taiwanese, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets. Of these the most popular is Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b (traditional Chinese: \u767d\u8a71\u5b57; simplified Chinese: \u767d\u8bdd\u5b57; pinyin: B\u00e1ihu\u00e0z\u00ec). POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based alphabets also exist."}], ["Beberapa perkataan dari pelbagai bahasa Cina Lama yang dituturkan dalam keadaan Wu (di mana bahasa leluhur Min dan keluarga dialek Wu berasal dan yang mungkin dipengaruhi oleh orang Cina yang dituturkan di negeri Chu yang sendiri tidak diasaskan oleh penceramah Cina ), [rujukan?] dan kemudian kata-kata dari Tiongkok Tengah, telah mengekalkan makna asal di Hokkien, sementara banyak rakan sejawatnya dalam Bahasa Cina Mandarin sama ada terjatuh dari penggunaan sehari-hari, telah digantikan dengan perkataan lain (beberapa daripadanya dipinjam dari bahasa lain sementara yang lain adalah perkembangan baru), atau telah mengembangkan makna baru. Begitu juga dengan Hokkien, kerana beberapa makna leksikal berevolusi selaras dengan bahasa Mandarin manakala yang lainnya adalah perkembangan yang inovatif. <> Di mana bahasa asal Min dan Wu berasal? || dalam keadaan Wu <> Cina yang dituturkan dalam Wu dipengaruhi oleh orang Cina yang diucapkan di mana? || keadaan Chu <> Banyak perkataan Cina tengah telah mengekalkan makna mereka di Hokkein tetapi tidak dalam apa? || Bahasa Cina Mandarin <> Lokasi apakah bahasa Mandarin berasal? || <> Apa negeri tidak diasaskan oleh Hokkien? || <> Apa satu perkara yang telah berlaku kepada rakan-rakan Cina Lama? || <> Apa perubahan yang berlaku kepada Wu berbanding dengan bahasa Mandarin? || <> Banyak perkataan makna leksikal yang tinggal di Hokkien tetapi tidak dalam bahasa apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?", "id": "5726c2cc5951b619008f7d85", "answers": [{"text": "in the state of Wu", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?", "id": "5726c2cc5951b619008f7d86", "answers": [{"text": "the state of Chu", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?", "id": "5726c2cc5951b619008f7d87", "answers": [{"text": "Mandarin Chinese", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the state of Wu", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "What location did the language of Mandarin Chinese originate?", "id": "5a1e16ec3de3f40018b264aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the state of Chu", "answer_start": 205}], "question": "What state was not founded by Hokkien?", "id": "5a1e16ec3de3f40018b264ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "have been substituted with other words", "answer_start": 473}], "question": "What is one thing that has happened to the Old Chinese counterparts?", "id": "5a1e16ec3de3f40018b264ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.", "answer_start": 678}], "question": "What changes have happened to Wu compared to Mandarin?", "id": "5a1e16ec3de3f40018b264ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mandarin Chinese", "answer_start": 419}], "question": "Many lexical meaning words have stayed the same in Hokkien but not in what language?", "id": "5a1e16ec3de3f40018b264ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments."}], ["Teks Min Nan, semua Hokkien, boleh bertarikh kembali ke abad ke-16. Contohnya ialah Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, yang mungkin ditulis selepas tahun 1587 oleh Dominikan Sepanyol di Filipina. Satu lagi adalah skrip Dinasti Ming permainan yang dipanggil Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), yang dikatakan teks bahasa Min Southern yang paling awal. Universiti Xiamen juga telah membangunkan abjad berdasarkan Pinyin, yang telah diterbitkan dalam kamus yang disebut Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (\u95a9\u5357 \u65b9\u8a00 \u666e\u901a\u8a71 \u8a5e\u5178) dan buku pengajaran bahasa, yang digunakan untuk mengajar bahasa kepada orang asing dan orang bukan Cina pembesar suara. Ia dikenali sebagai Pumindian. <> Bilakah teks Min Nan boleh bertarikh semula? || abad ke-16 <> Apakah contoh teks Min Nan? || Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china <> Tahun apa doktrin Christiana en letra y lengua china ditulis? || selepas 1587 <> Siapa yang menulis Doktrin Christiana en letra y lengua china? || Bahasa Sepanyol Dominicans di Filipina <> Apakah nama teks bahasa Min Southern yang terawal? || Romance of the Lychee Mirror <> Siapa yang telah mengembangkan abjad berdasarkan Pumindian? || <> Di manakah abjad berdasarkan skrip Dinasti Ming telah diterbitkan? || <> Apa contoh teks Pumindian? || <> Selepas tahun 1587 yang menulis Pumindian? || <> Bilakah bermain Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian ditulis? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?", "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9072", "answers": [{"text": "the 16th century", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?", "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9073", "answers": [{"text": "Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?", "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9074", "answers": [{"text": "after 1587", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?", "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9075", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?", "id": "5726cb65dd62a815002e9076", "answers": [{"text": "Romance of the Lychee Mirror", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Xiamen University", "answer_start": 348}], "question": "Who has developed an alphabet based on Pumindian?", "id": "5a1e246f3de3f40018b264f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (\u95a9\u5357\u65b9\u8a00\u666e\u901a\u8a71\u8a5e\u5178)", "answer_start": 442}], "question": "Where has the alphabet based on the Ming Dynasty script been published?", "id": "5a1e246f3de3f40018b264f1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What is an example of the Pumindian texts?", "id": "5a1e246f3de3f40018b264f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "After 1587 who wrote the Pumindian?", "id": "5a1e246f3de3f40018b264f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1566", "answer_start": 287}], "question": "When was the play Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian written?", "id": "5a1e246f3de3f40018b264f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (\u95a9\u5357\u65b9\u8a00\u666e\u901a\u8a71\u8a5e\u5178) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian."}], ["Semua watak Latin yang dikehendaki oleh Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b boleh diwakili menggunakan Unicode (atau set aksara ISO / IEC 10646: Universal Character yang bersamaan), menggunakan watak-watak terdahulu atau menggabungkan (diakritik). Sebelum bulan Jun 2004, vokal yang serupa dengan tetapi lebih terbuka daripada o, ditulis dengan titik di atas betul, tidak dikodkan. Cara penyelesaian biasa ialah menggunakan aksara (bersendirian; jarak) Interpunct (U + 00B7, \u00b7) atau kurang sama dengan watak menggabungkan titik di atas (U + 0307). Oleh kerana ini jauh dari ideal, sejak tahun 1997 cadangan-cadangan telah dikemukakan kepada kumpulan kerja ISO / IEC yang bertanggungjawab terhadap ISO / IEC 10646 iaitu ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2-untuk menyandikan watak penggabungan baru di atas. Ini kini secara rasmi ditugaskan kepada U + 0358 (lihat dokumen N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, dan N2713). Sokongan fon dijangka mengikutinya. <> Apakah nama lain untuk unicode? || yang bersesuaian dengan ISO / IEC 10646: Set aksara sejagat <> Menggunakan aksara yang diisytiharkan atau menggabungkan disebut apa? || diacritics <> Semua aksara LAtin yang diperlukan oleh POJ boleh diwakili oleh apa? || Unicode <> Apa istilah lain untuk interpunct? || <> Apa yang tidak dikodkan sebelum tahun 1997? || <> Sebelum Jun 2004, cadangan apa yang telah dibuat kepada ISO / IEC? || <> Apa yang boleh diwajibkan oleh POJ diwakili oleh semua vokal? || <> Apa yang diharapkan untuk mengikuti menggunakan diacritics? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for unicode?", "id": "5726cc7d5951b619008f7e6d", "answers": [{"text": "the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?", "id": "5726cc7d5951b619008f7e6e", "answers": [{"text": "diacritics", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?", "id": "5726cc7d5951b619008f7e6f", "answers": [{"text": "Unicode", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set)", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What is another term for interpunct?", "id": "5a1e277e3de3f40018b264fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What was not encoded before 1997?", "id": "5a1e277e3de3f40018b264fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to encode a new combining character dot above right", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "Before June 2004, what proposal has been made to the ISO/IEC?", "id": "5a1e277e3de3f40018b264fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Unicode", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "What can all vowels required by POJ be represented by?", "id": "5a1e277e3de3f40018b264fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Font support", "answer_start": 763}], "question": "What is expected to follow using diacritics?", "id": "5a1e277e3de3f40018b264fe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All Latin characters required by Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, \u00b7) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646\u2014namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2\u2014to encode a new combining character dot above right. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow."}], ["Divergensi ketara antara sebutan sastera dan bahasa yang terdapat dalam dialek Hokkien dikaitkan dengan kehadiran beberapa strata dalam leksikon Min. Stratum awal yang paling awal dikesan kepada dinasti Han (206 BCE - 220 CE); satu lagi bahasa sehari dua berasal dari zaman Dinasti Selatan dan Utara (420 - 589 CE); Stratum ketiga sebutan (biasanya sastera) berasal dari Dinasti Tang (618-907 CE) dan didasarkan pada dialek prestij Chang'an (zaman moden Xi'an), modalnya. <> Kolaborasi stratum dapat dikesan dengan beberapa strata dalam leksikon? || Min <> Strata kolokal paling awal dapat dikesan dengan apa? || Dinasti Han <> Bilakah Dinasti Han? || 206 BCE - 220 CE <> Bilakah Dinasti Selatan dan Utara? || 420 - 589 CE <> Bilakah Dinasti Tang? || 618-907 CE <> Dalam era apakah penyimpangan terawal antara sebutan sastera bermula? || <> Bilakah dialek prestij kedua muncul? || <> Semasa Dinasti Tang, dalam tahun apa terdapat stratum terawal? || <> Apa leksikon yang boleh dialek prestij dilacak? || <> Tempoh apa yang berasal dari Min Lexicon terawal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?", "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d61", "answers": [{"text": "Min", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?", "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d62", "answers": [{"text": "Han dynasty", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Han Dynasty?", "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d63", "answers": [{"text": "206 BCE - 220 CE", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?", "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d64", "answers": [{"text": "420 - 589 CE", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Tang Dynasty?", "id": "5726c1a65951b619008f7d65", "answers": [{"text": "618\u2013907 CE", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "In what era did the earliest divergence between literary pronunciations begin?", "id": "5a1e14bf3de3f40018b264a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE)", "answer_start": 286}], "question": "When did the second prestige dialect appear?", "id": "5a1e14bf3de3f40018b264a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "618\u2013907 CE", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "During the Tang Dynasty, in what year did the earliest stratum appear?", "id": "5a1e14bf3de3f40018b264a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Min lexicon", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "What lexicon can the prestige dialect be traced to?", "id": "5a1e14bf3de3f40018b264a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE)", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "What period does the earliest Min Lexicon come from?", "id": "5a1e14bf3de3f40018b264a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital."}], ["Kewujudan pembacaan sastera dan bahasa sehari-hari (\u6587 \u767d \u7570 \u8b80), yang dipanggil tha\u030dk-im (\u8bfb\u97f3), merupakan ciri utama beberapa dialek Hokkien dan sememangnya terdapat dalam pelbagai jenis Sinitik di selatan. Sebilangan besar bacaan sastera (\u6587 \u8b80, b\u00fbn-tha\u030dk), berdasarkan pengucapan vernakular semasa Dinasti Tang, digunakan terutamanya dalam frasa formal dan bahasa tertulis (contohnya konsep falsafah, nama keluarga, dan beberapa nama tempat), sedangkan bahasa sehari-hari (atau bahasa vernakular) (\u767d \u8b80, pe\u030dh-tha\u030dk) pada dasarnya digunakan dalam bahasa lisan dan ungkapan kasar. Pembacaan kesusasteraan lebih mirip dengan sebutan mengenai standard Tang Cina Tengah daripada kesetaraan bahasa sehari-hari. <> Apakah bacaan sastera dan bahasa lazim dipanggil? || tha\u030dk-im <> Apakah nama lain untuk bahasa sehari-hari? || vernakular) <> Bacaan sastera biasanya digunakan di mana? || frasa formal dan bahasa bertulis <> lazimnya digunakan di mana? || bahasa lisan dan frasa kasar <> Apa istilah lain untuk konsep falsafah yang menonjol dalam dialek Hokkien serta varieti Sinit? || <> Apakah konsep Sinitik dan falsafah dipanggil? || <> Kepada standard apa yang dialek Hokken sama dengan? || <> Apakah ciri yang menonjol dari standard Tang dan juga dalam varieti Sinit? || <> Apakah sebahagian besar nama keluarga berdasarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are literary and colloquial readings called?", "id": "5726c099708984140094d085", "answers": [{"text": "tha\u030dk-im", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for colloquial?", "id": "5726c099708984140094d086", "answers": [{"text": "vernacular)", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Literary readings are usually used where?", "id": "5726c099708984140094d087", "answers": [{"text": "formal phrases and written language", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "colloquial reading are usually used where?", "id": "5726c099708984140094d088", "answers": [{"text": "spoken language and vulgar phrases", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tha\u030dk-im", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What is another term for philosophical concepts that are prominent in Hokkien dialects as well as Sinitic varieties? ", "id": "5a1e125f3de3f40018b26496", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tha\u030dk-im", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What are Sinitic and philosophical concepts called?", "id": "5a1e125f3de3f40018b26497", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Tang standard of Middle Chinese", "answer_start": 592}], "question": "To what standard are Hokken dialects similar to?", "id": "5a1e125f3de3f40018b26498", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The existence of literary and colloquial readings", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is a prominent feature of the Tang standard and also in Sinitic varieties?", "id": "5a1e125f3de3f40018b26499", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "What are the bulk of surnames based on?", "id": "5a1e125f3de3f40018b2649a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The existence of literary and colloquial readings (\u6587\u767d\u7570\u8b80), called tha\u030dk-im (\u8b80\u97f3), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (\u6587\u8b80, b\u00fbn-tha\u030dk), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (\u767d\u8b80, pe\u030dh-tha\u030dk) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents."}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an, ditandakan dengan liberalisasi pembangunan bahasa dan pergerakan bahasa ibu di Taiwan, Hokkien Taiwan telah mengalami perkembangan yang pantas dalam perkembangannya. Pada tahun 1993, Taiwan menjadi rantau pertama di dunia untuk melaksanakan pengajaran Hokkien Taiwan di sekolah-sekolah Taiwan. Pada tahun 2001, program bahasa Taiwan tempatan diperluaskan lagi ke semua sekolah di Taiwan, dan Taiwan Hokkien menjadi salah satu bahasa Taiwan wajib tempatan untuk dipelajari di sekolah-sekolah. Pergerakan bahasa ibu di Taiwan juga mempengaruhi Xiamen (Amoy) hingga pada tahun 2010, Xiamen juga mulai melaksanakan pengajaran dialek Hokkien di sekolahnya. Pada tahun 2007, Kementerian Pendidikan di Taiwan juga menyelesaikan standardisasi watak-watak Cina yang digunakan untuk menulis Hokkien dan membangunkan Tai-lo sebagai sebutan standard dan sebutan romanisasi Hokkien. Beberapa universiti di Taiwan juga menawarkan kursus sarjana Hokkien untuk melatih bakat Hokkien yang fasih bekerja untuk industri media dan pendidikan Hokkien. Taiwan juga mempunyai bulatan kesusasteraan dan budaya Hokkien sendiri di mana penyair dan penulis Hokkien menulis puisi atau kesusasteraan di Hokkien secara teratur. <> Bilakah Hokkien Taiwan mempunyai perubahan pantas dalam pembangunan? || Pada tahun 1990an <> Tahun berapa Taiwan mula mengajar Hokkien di sekolah? || 1993 <> Tahun berapa menjadi wajib untuk mengajar Hokkien di sekolah-sekolah Taiwan? || 2001 <> Apakah nama sebutan Hokkien standard dan panduan romanisasi? || Tai-lo <> Tahun berapakah Kementerian Pelajaran berkembang maju? || 2007 <> Bilakah Tai-lo berkembang dengan pantas? || <> Pada tahun apakah Taiwan mula mengajar puisi di sekolah-sekolah Taiwan? || <> Bilakah Xiamen menjadi wajib di sekolah? || <> Siapa yang menawarkan kursus puisi atau pustaka untuk melatih bakat Hokkien-fasih? || <> Di manakah Tai-lo diperpanjang pada tahun 2001? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?", "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb02", "answers": [{"text": "In the 1990s", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?", "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb03", "answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?", "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb04", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?", "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb05", "answers": [{"text": "Tai-lo", "answer_start": 801}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?", "id": "5726c709f1498d1400e8eb06", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 663}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In the 1990s", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "When did Tai-lo develop at a fast pace?", "id": "5a1e1aa53de3f40018b264c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1993", "answer_start": 172}], "question": "In what year did Taiwan begin teaching poetry in Taiwanese schools?", "id": "5a1e1aa53de3f40018b264c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "In 2001", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "When did Xiamen become compulsory in schools?", "id": "5a1e1aa53de3f40018b264ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A number of universities in Taiwan", "answer_start": 870}], "question": "Who offers poetry or literature courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents?", "id": "5a1e1aa53de3f40018b264cb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "all schools in Taiwan", "answer_start": 361}], "question": "Where was Tai-lo extended to in 2001?", "id": "5a1e1aa53de3f40018b264cc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools. The mother tongue movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools. In 2007, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide. A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Hokkien degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education. Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien on a regular basis."}], ["Walaupun kebanyakan morfem Hokkien mempunyai watak-watak yang ditetapkan standard, mereka tidak selalunya etimologi atau phono-semantik. Karakter yang sama-sama, sama-sama atau jarang berlaku biasanya dipinjam atau digantikan untuk mewakili morfem tertentu. Contohnya ialah \"indah\" (\u7f8e b\u00ed ialah bentuk sastera), yang morfem vernakular sui diwakili oleh watak-watak seperti \u5aa0 (watak usang), \u5a4e (bacaan vernacular watak ini) dan juga \u6c34 (transliterasi suara su\u00ed) atau \"tinggi\" (\u9ad8 is ialah bentuk sastera), yang morpheme k\u00f4an adalah \u61f8. Zarah tatabahasa biasa tidak dikecualikan; partikel penolakan mindi (tidak) adalah pelbagai diwakili oleh \u6bcb, \u5463 atau \u5514, antara lain. Dalam kes lain, watak dicipta untuk mewakili morfem tertentu (contoh biasa ialah watak \ud869\udf36 dalam, yang mewakili kata ganti peribadi \"mereka\"). Di samping itu, beberapa aksara mempunyai sebutan berganda dan tidak berkaitan, disesuaikan untuk mewakili perkataan Hokkien. Sebagai contoh, perkataan Hokkien bah (\"daging\") telah dikurangkan kepada watak \u8089, yang mempunyai pembacaan bahasa dan sastera yang tidak berkaitan secara etimologi (he\u030dk dan jio\u030dk). Kes lain ialah perkataan 'to eat,' chia\u030dh, yang sering ditranskripsikan dalam surat khabar Taiwan dan media sebagai \u5477 (transliterasi Mandarin, xi, untuk menghampiri istilah Hokkien), walaupun watak yang disyorkan dalam kamus adalah \u98df. <> Kebanyakan morfem Hokkein mempunyai jenis aksara apa? || standard ditetapkan <> Dalam beberapa kes, charcters dicipta untuk mewakili apa? || morfem tertentu <> morfem Hokkien tidak selalu apa? || etimologi atau phono-semantik <> Apa yang sering dipinjam untuk mewakili morfem tertentu? || Karakter yang sama-sama, sama-sama atau jarang berlaku <> Apa yang dipinjam di Taiwan untuk mewakili morfem tertentu? || <> Apakah bacaan sastera perlu mewakili perkataan Hokkien? || <> Jenis watak apa yang kebanyakan mempunyai tata cara kolokal? || <> Ciri-ciri apa kata ganti kata peribadi tidak selalu ada? || <> Apa yang dicipta untuk mewakili sebutan berganda dan tidak berkaitan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?", "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb30", "answers": [{"text": "standard designated", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?", "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb31", "answers": [{"text": "a particular morpheme", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hokkien morphemes are not always what?", "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb32", "answers": [{"text": "etymological or phono-semantic", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?", "id": "5726c95cf1498d1400e8eb33", "answers": [{"text": "Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What are borrowed in Taiwanese to represent a certain morpheme?", "id": "5a1e20f93de3f40018b264dc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multiple and unrelated pronunciations", "answer_start": 874}], "question": "What do some literary readings have to represent Hokkien words?", "id": "5a1e20f93de3f40018b264dd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "standard designated", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "What type of characters do most colloquial mophemes have?", "id": "5a1e20f93de3f40018b264de", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "they are not always etymological or phono-semantic.", "answer_start": 66}], "question": "What characteristic do personal pronouns not always have?", "id": "5a1e20f93de3f40018b264df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "characters", "answer_start": 693}], "question": "What are invented to represent a multiple and unrelated pronunciation?", "id": "5a1e20f93de3f40018b264e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include \"beautiful\" (\u7f8e b\u00ed is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme su\u00ed is represented by characters like \u5aa0 (an obsolete character), \u5a4e (a vernacular reading of this character) and even \u6c34 (transliteration of the sound su\u00ed), or \"tall\" (\u9ad8 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme k\u00f4an is \u61f8. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m\u0304 (not) is variously represented by \u6bcb, \u5463 or \u5514, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character \ud869\udf36 in, which represents the personal pronoun \"they\"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah (\"meat\") has been reduced to the character \u8089, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he\u030dk and jio\u030dk, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia\u030dh, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as \u5477 (a Mandarin transliteration, xi\u0101, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is \u98df."}], ["Pada tahun 2002, Kesatuan Solidariti Taiwan, sebuah parti dengan kira-kira 10% daripada kerusi Yuan Legislatif pada masa itu, mencadangkan menjadikan Taiwan sebagai bahasa rasmi kedua. Cadangan ini menemui pembangkang yang kuat bukan hanya dari kumpulan Mainlander tetapi juga dari kumpulan Hakka dan Taiwan asli yang merasakan bahawa mereka akan menjadi bahasa rumah mereka, serta yang lain termasuk Hoklo yang menolak cadangan mengenai alasan logistik dan dengan alasan ia akan meningkat ketegangan etnik. Kerana bantahan ini, sokongan untuk langkah ini adalah suam-suam kuku di kalangan penyokong kemerdekaan Taiwan yang sederhana, dan cadangan itu tidak lulus. <> Parti mana yang ingin menjadikan bahasa rasmi kedua bahasa Taiwan? || Kesatuan Solidariti Taiwan <> Tahun apakah yang dicadangkan untuk membuat bahasa rasmi kedua Taiwan? || 2002 <> Bagaimana proposal yang diambil dari tanah besar dan kumpulan orang asli? || Cadangan ini menemui pembangkang yang kuat <> Hoklo membantah cadangan itu kerana ia akan meningkatkan ketegangan apa? || etnik <> Apakah nasib cadangan untuk membuat Taiwan bahasa rasmi kedua? || proposal tidak lulus <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh kumpulan-kumpulan Mainlander pada tahun 2002? || <> Berapa banyak kerusi dalam badan perundangan yang ada pada kumpulan asli Taiwan pada tahun 2002? || <> Apakah kumpulan yang mencadangkan menjadikan bahasa Taiwan sebagai bahasa rasmi kedua? || <> Apa yang akan meningkat mengikut penyokong kemerdekaan Taiwan yang sangat menentang cadangan itu? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada cadangan mengenai kerusi Yuan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?", "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e89", "answers": [{"text": "Taiwan Solidarity Union", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?", "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8a", "answers": [{"text": "2002", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?", "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8b", "answers": [{"text": "This proposal encountered strong opposition", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?", "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8c", "answers": [{"text": "ethnic", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?", "id": "5726cdfc5951b619008f7e8d", "answers": [{"text": "the proposal did not pass", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "making Taiwanese a second official language", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What did Mainlander groups suggest in 2002?", "id": "5a1e29a63de3f40018b26504", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "about 10%", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "How many seats in the legislature did Taiwanese aboriginal groups have in 2002?", "id": "5a1e29a63de3f40018b26505", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups", "answer_start": 217}], "question": "What groups suggested making Taiwanese a second official language?", "id": "5a1e29a63de3f40018b26506", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increase ethnic tensions", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What would increase according to Taiwan independence supporters who strongly opposed the proposal?", "id": "5a1e29a63de3f40018b26507", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the proposal did not pass", "answer_start": 601}], "question": "What happened to the proposal about the Legislative Yuan seats?", "id": "5a1e29a63de3f40018b26508", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language. This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages, as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions. Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass."}]], [["Pada masa ini, syarikat gusti profesional terbesar di seluruh dunia adalah WWE yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat, yang membeli banyak syarikat serantau yang lebih kecil pada akhir abad ke-20, serta pesaing AS utama WCW dan Kejohanan Kejohanan Wrestling (ECW) pada awal tahun 2001. Lain-lain menonjol Syarikat-syarikat gusti profesional di seluruh dunia termasuk Wrestling Aksi Total Nonstop Wrestling (TNA) dan Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) dan Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) di Mexico, dan New Japanese Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), dan pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) liga. <> Apa syarikat wrestling terbesar? || WWE yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat <> Syarikat mana yang mana beberapa persaingan WWE? || WCW dan Kejohanan Wrestling Extreme (ECW) <> Apa beberapa syarikat gusti utama lain? || Jumlah Pertaruhan Tindakan Tanpa Beban (TNA) dan Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) dan Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) <> Apa nama syarikat gusti Jepun? || Jepun New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the biggest wrestling company?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac55e", "answers": [{"text": "the United States-based WWE", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which companies are some of WWE's competition?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac55f", "answers": [{"text": "WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some other major wrestling companies?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac560", "answers": [{"text": "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA)", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac561", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues."}], ["Dalam pertandingan dengan beberapa pesaing, sistem penghapusan boleh digunakan. Mana-mana ahli gusti yang menjatuhkan kejatuhan mereka dipaksa keluar dari perlawanan, dan perlawanan terus berlanjutan sehingga hanya satu yang tersisa. Walau bagaimanapun, ia adalah lebih biasa apabila lebih daripada dua orang gusti terlibat untuk hanya pergi satu kejatuhan, dengan yang menjaringkan kejatuhan, tanpa mengira siapa yang mereka menjaringkannya, sebagai pemenang. Dalam pertandingan kejuaraan, ini bermakna bahawa, tidak seperti perlawanan satu sama lain (di mana juara hanya boleh membatalkan diri mereka atau mendapatkan diri mereka dikira untuk mengekalkan gelaran melalui \"keuntungan juara\"), juara tidak perlu disematkan atau terlibat dalam keputusan kehilangan kejuaraan. Walau bagaimanapun, juara tumit sering mendapat kelebihan, bukan dengan kelebihan juara, tetapi dalam penggunaan senjata dan gangguan luar, kerana perlawanan poli-sisi ini cenderung tidak melibatkan peraturan yang melarang. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila ahli gusti jatuh ke atas mereka? || dipaksa keluar dari perlawanan <> Peraturan jenis apa yang biasanya ada padanan poli-sisi? || tidak memegang peraturan yang dihalang <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku apabila dua atau lebih ahli gusti terlibat? || untuk hanya pergi satu kejatuhan, dengan orang yang menjatuhkan kejatuhan, tanpa mengira siapa mereka menjaringkannya melawan, menjadi pemenang. <> Bagaimana seorang juara kalah dalam kejohanan? || tidak perlu disematkan atau terlibat dalam keputusan kehilangan kejuaraan.", {"qas": [{"question": "What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d787", "answers": [{"text": "is forced out of the match", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d788", "answers": [{"text": "no holds barred rules", "answer_start": 854}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d789", "answers": [{"text": "to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner.", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a champion lose a championship?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d78a", "answers": [{"text": "does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship.", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In matches with multiple competitors, an elimination system may be used. Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match, and the match continues until only one remains. However, it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner. In championship matches, this means that, unlike one-on-one matches (where the champion can simply disqualify themselves or get themselves counted out to retain the title via the \"champion's advantag\"), the champion does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship. However, heel champions often find advantages, not in champion's advantage, but in the use of weapons and outside interference, as these poly-sided matches tend to involve no holds barred rules."}], ["Wrestling profesional (kolar yang disingkat untuk gusti atau gusti) adalah bentuk sukan yang bersifat atletik berdasarkan gambaran sukan tempur. Mengambil bentuk acara langsung yang diadakan oleh promosi pelancongan, ia menggambarkan gaya pertempuran yang unik berdasarkan gabungan gaya pakai, termasuk gusti klasik, menangkap gusti dan pelbagai bentuk seni mempertahankan diri, serta gaya inovatif berdasarkan perebutan ( memegang / melemparkan), menarik, dan aerialisme. Pelbagai bentuk senjata kadang-kadang digunakan. <> Apakah gusti profesional disingkat sebagai? || gusti pro <> Apakah beberapa gaya pertempuran berdasarkan? || gusti klasik, menangkap gusti <> Siapa peristiwa hidup yang dipegang oleh? || promosi pelancongan <> Apakah gusti profesional? || bentuk hiburan sukan berdasarkan gambaran sukan tempur <> Gaya jenis apa yang menunjukkan gusti? || ia menggambarkan gaya pertempuran yang unik berdasarkan kombinasi gaya pakai, termasuk gusti klasik", {"qas": [{"question": "What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6ef", "answers": [{"text": "pro wrestling", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are a couple of styles of combat based on?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f0", "answers": [{"text": "classical wrestling, catch wrestling", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are live events held by?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f1", "answers": [{"text": "touring promotions", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is professional wrestling?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f2", "answers": [{"text": "an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of style does wrestling show?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f3", "answers": [{"text": "it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used."}], ["Oleh kerana kehadiran budaya yang berterusan dan kebaruannya dalam seni persembahan, gusti merupakan topik yang berulang dalam kedua-dua ahli akademik dan media. Beberapa dokumentari telah dihasilkan memaparkan gusti profesional, terutamanya, Beyond the Mat yang diarahkan oleh Barry W. Blaustein, dan Wrestling with Shadows yang menampilkan ahli gusti Bret Hart dan diarahkan oleh Paul Jay. Terdapat juga banyak gambaran fiksyen gusti; filem 2008 The Wrestler menerima beberapa pencalonan Oscar dan memulakan kebangkitan semula karir untuk bintang Mickey Rourke. <> Apa salah satu filem gusti terkenal? || 2008 filem The Wrestler <> Apa yang dianugerahkan oleh The Wrestler? || beberapa pencalonan Oscar <> Apakah nama-nama pasangan dokumentari gusti? || Di luar Mat yang diarahkan oleh Barry W. Blaustein, dan Wrestling with Shadows <> Di manakah wrestling terus muncul sebagai subjek? || di kedua-dua ahli akademik dan media", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one popular wrestling film?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac542", "answers": [{"text": "2008 film The Wrestler", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award was The Wrestler nominated for?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac543", "answers": [{"text": "several Oscar nominations", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac544", "answers": [{"text": "Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac545", "answers": [{"text": "in both academia and the media", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke."}], ["Bermula sebagai bentuk hiburan yang popular di Eropah abad ke-19 dan kemudiannya sebagai pameran tontonan di karnaval perjalanan Amerika Utara dan dewan vaudeville, gusti profesional berkembang menjadi genre hiburan yang berdiri sendiri dengan pelbagai variasi budaya di seluruh dunia, dan kini dianggap industri hiburan berjuta-juta dolar. Walaupun ia telah banyak merosot di Eropah, di Amerika Utara ia telah mengalami beberapa masa berlainan popularitas budaya yang terkenal selama abad dan setengah kewujudannya. Kemunculan televisyen memberi gusti profesional sebuah kedai baru, dan gusti (bersama-sama dengan tinju) memainkan peranan penting dalam membuat bayar-per-view kaedah penyampaian kandungan yang berdaya maju. <> Sebarang bahagian dunia dengan gusti menjadi kurang popular? || ia sangat merosot di Eropah <> Di mana asal gusti berasal? || Bermula sebagai bentuk hiburan yang popular di Eropah abad ke-19 <> Di manakah bergelut kemudian dipamerkan di Amerika Utara? || kemudian sebagai pameran tontonan di karnaval perjalanan Amerika Utara dan dewan vaudeville <> Apa yang sekarang dianggap sebagai gusti? || kini dianggap industri hiburan berjuta-juta dolar <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh televisyen untuk bergelut? || Kedatangan televisyen memberi gusti profesional sebuah kedai baru", {"qas": [{"question": "What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc7", "answers": [{"text": "it has greatly declined in Europe", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did wrestling originally come from?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc8", "answers": [{"text": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc9", "answers": [{"text": "later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is wrestling now thought to be?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbca", "answers": [{"text": "is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did television do for wrestling?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbcb", "answers": [{"text": "The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery."}], ["Pertunjukan gusti profesional boleh dianggap sebagai bentuk teater dalam pusingan, dengan cincin, kawasan ringside, dan pintu masuk yang merangkumi tahap teras. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat konsep yang lebih terhad pada dinding keempat daripada persembahan teater yang paling banyak. Para penonton diiktiraf dan diakui oleh para penonton sebagai penonton untuk acara sukan yang digambarkan, dan digalakkan untuk berinteraksi seperti itu. Ini membawa kepada penyertaan penonton yang tinggi; Malah, tindak balas mereka dapat menentukan bagaimana prestasi berlaku. Selalunya, pertandingan individu akan menjadi sebahagian daripada konflik cerita yang lebih panjang antara \"babyfaces\" (sering dipendekkan kepada hanya \"wajah\") dan \"tumit\". \"Faces\" (\"orang baik\") adalah orang-orang yang tindakannya bertujuan untuk menggalakkan penonton bersorak, sementara \"tumit\" (\"orang jahat\") bertindak untuk merangsang penonton. <> Bagaimana wrestlers merawat penonton? || Penonton diiktiraf dan diakui oleh para pelaku sebagai penonton <> Bagaimana audiens yang diakui oleh para pegulat memberi impak kepada persembahan? || Ini membawa kepada tahap penyertaan khalayak yang tinggi <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan penonton semasa pertunjukan? || reaksi mereka boleh menentukan bagaimana prestasi berlaku. <> Apa jenis konflik yang boleh timbul semasa pertunjukan? || Selalunya, pertandingan individu akan menjadi sebahagian daripada konflik cerita yang lebih panjang antara \"babyfaces\" (sering dipendekkan kepada hanya \"wajah\") dan \"tumit\". <> Antara wrestlers yang mana orang jahat? || \"tumit\" (\"orang jahat\")", {"qas": [{"question": "How do the wrestlers treat the audience?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc35", "answers": [{"text": "The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc36", "answers": [{"text": "This leads to a high level of audience participation", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the audience do during a show?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc37", "answers": [{"text": "their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds.", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of conflict can arise during a show?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc38", "answers": [{"text": "Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\".", "answer_start": 523}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc39", "answers": [{"text": "\"heels\" (the \"bad guys\")", "answer_start": 765}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\". \"Faces\" (the \"good guys\") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while \"heels\" (the \"bad guys\") act to draw the spectators' ire."}], ["Secara beransur-ansur, sifat yang telah ditetapkan oleh gusti profesional menjadi rahsia terbuka, sebagai tokoh penting dalam perniagaan gusti (termasuk pemilik WWE, Vince McMahon) mula mengakui secara terbuka bahawa gusti adalah hiburan, bukan persaingan. Pendedahan awam ini telah mendapat reaksi bercampur-campur dari komuniti gusti, kerana ada yang berpendapat pendedahan itu merosakkan pengalaman kepada penonton seperti pendedahan ilusi. Walaupun kemasukan orang ramai terhadap sifat teater bergulat profesional, banyak negeri A.S. masih mengawal gusti profesional kerana mereka melakukan sukan kompetitif yang profesional. Sebagai contoh, New York State masih mengawal \"gusti profesional\" melalui Suruhanjaya Atletik Negeri New York (SAC). <> Siapa yang mengaku bahawa gusti bukan persaingan? || tokoh-tokoh terkemuka dalam perniagaan gusti (termasuk pemilik WWE, Vince McMahon) <> Bagaimana orang bertindak balas kepada wahyu yang bergelut semata-mata hiburan? || Orang awam ini mendedahkan reaksi bercampur-campur dari masyarakat gusti <> Bagaimana banyak negara A.S. mengendalikan bergulat? || banyak negeri A.S. masih mengawal gusti profesional kerana mereka melakukan sukan kompetitif profesional yang lain", {"qas": [{"question": "Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?", "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2e9", "answers": [{"text": "prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?", "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2ea", "answers": [{"text": "This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?", "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2eb", "answers": [{"text": "many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates \"professional wrestling\" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC)."}], ["Kandungan termasuk hasil perlawanan dijodohkan dan tindak balas tindakan dan tindak balas dilakukan dengan cara khusus yang dirancang untuk melindungi dari, namun mensimulasikan, rasa sakit. Fakta-fakta ini pernah disimpan sangat rahsia, tetapi kini mereka secara terbuka diisytiharkan sebagai kebenaran. Secara semulajadi, sifat sebenar kandungannya tidak diendahkan oleh promosi yang dilakukan di media rasmi untuk mengekalkan dan menggalakkan penggantungan rasa tidak percaya kepada penonton dengan mengekalkan aura kebenaran. Komunikasi kipas oleh pegulat individu dan promosi melalui media luar (iaitu, wawancara) akan sering mengakui sifat fiksyen cermin. <> Bagaimana tindakan dilakukan? || Tindakan combative dan reaksi dilaksanakan dengan cara khusus yang dirancang untuk melindungi dari, namun mensimulasikan, rasa sakit <> Apa yang digalakkan peminat? || sanggup penggantungan ketidakpercayaan untuk penonton <> Bagaimana keputusan akhir perlawanan dirancang? || Hasil perlawanan dipadankan dengan koreografi <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh para wrestler tentang kesungguhan atau kegagalan pertandingan? || selalunya akan secara langsung mengakui sifat fiksyen cermin itu.", {"qas": [{"question": "How are the actions conducted?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fc", "answers": [{"text": "the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the fan encouraged to do?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fd", "answers": [{"text": "willing suspension of disbelief for the audience", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the end result of the match planned out?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fe", "answers": [{"text": "match outcomes is choreographed", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4ff", "answers": [{"text": "will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle."}], ["Kebanyakan pertandingan gusti bertahan untuk beberapa set jatuh, dengan pihak pertama untuk mencapai bilangan majoriti pinpoint, pengajuan, atau pengiraan sebagai pemenang. Secara sejarah, pertandingan bergelut dengan 3 jatuh (\"terbaik 2 daripada 3\") atau 5 jatuh (\"terbaik 3 daripada 5\"). Standard untuk pertandingan moden adalah satu kejatuhan. Bagaimanapun, walaupun sekarang standard, banyak penyiar akan menyatakan secara jelasnya (mis. \"Peraduan berikut ditetapkan untuk satu musim gugur dengan batas masa 20 minit\"). Perlawanan ini diberi had masa; jika tidak cukup jatuh dijaringkan oleh hujung had masa, perlawanan itu diisytiharkan seri. Pertandingan moden biasanya diberikan batasan masa 10 hingga 30 minit untuk perlawanan standard; Perlawanan tajuk boleh pergi sehingga satu jam. Pertandingan gusti British yang diadakan di bawah peraturan Admiral-Lord Mountevans adalah 2 daripada 3 jatuh. <> Siapa yang menang dalam pertandingan gusti? || sebelah pertama untuk mencapai bilangan majoriti pinpoint, penghujahan, atau pengiraan sebagai pemenang. <> Bagaimana mungkin seorang pegulat menang di masa lalu? || Secara sejarah, pertandingan bergelut dengan 3 jatuh (\"terbaik 2 daripada 3\") atau 5 jatuh (\"terbaik 3 daripada 5\"). <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti boleh menang di zaman moden? || Standard untuk pertandingan moden adalah satu kejatuhan. <> Dalam contoh apakah perlawanan akan diisytiharkan seri? || jika tidak cukup jatuh dijaringkan oleh hujung had masa, perlawanan itu diisytiharkan seri. <> Berapa lama boleh perlawanan tajuk? || Perlawanan tajuk boleh pergi sehingga satu jam", {"qas": [{"question": "Who wins in a wrestling match?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76d", "answers": [{"text": "the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner.", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How could a wrestler win in the past?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76e", "answers": [{"text": "Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\").", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a wrestler win in modern times?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76f", "answers": [{"text": "The standard for modern matches is one fall.", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what instance will a match be declared a draw?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d770", "answers": [{"text": "if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw.", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long can a title match be?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d771", "answers": [{"text": "title matches can go for up to one hour", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls, with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner. Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\"). The standard for modern matches is one fall. However, even though it is now standard, many announcers will explicitly state this (e.g. \"The following contest is set for one fall with a 20-minute time limit\"). These matches are given a time limit; if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw. Modern matches are generally given a 10- to 30-minute time limit for standard matches; title matches can go for up to one hour. British wrestling matches held under Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules are 2 out of 3 falls."}], ["Walaupun gusti profesional bermula sebagai tindakan kecil di sisi, sorong perjalanan dan karnival, hari ini ia adalah industri bernilai bilion dolar. Pendapatan diperoleh daripada jualan tiket acara secara langsung, siaran televisyen rangkaian, siaran bayar setiap tontonan, penampilan peribadi oleh penghibur, barangan berjenama dan video rumah. Terutama sejak tahun 1950-an, acara gusti pro sering bertanggungjawab untuk orang ramai di arena besar, termasuk Madison Square Garden, serta stadium bola sepak, dengan promosi termasuk WWE, sistem wilayah NWA, WCW, dan AWA. Gulat Pro juga berperanan dalam membuat bayar-per-view kaedah penghantaran kandungan yang berdaya maju. Pertunjukan tahunan seperti WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, dan sebelumnya Bash di Pantai, Halloween Havoc dan Starrcade adalah antara program bayar-bayar setiap kali jualan tertinggi setiap tahun. Di zaman moden, pengaturcaraan internet telah digunakan oleh beberapa syarikat untuk menunjukkan rancangan web, pandang bayar per a (iPPV) atau kandungan atas permintaan, membantu menjana pendapatan hasil berkaitan internet daripada World Wide Web yang berkembang. <> Di manakah wang yang dihasilkan dari gusti berasal? || jualan tiket acara secara langsung, siaran televisyen rangkaian, siaran bayar setiap tontonan, penampilan peribadi oleh artis, barangan berjenama dan video rumah <> Di mana tempat-tempat besar adalah sebahagian daripada pertunjukan gusti utama yang diadakan di? || Madison Square Garden, serta stadium bola sepak <> Apa yang digunakan oleh internet dalam gulat? || untuk menunjukkan web udara, bayar bayar per a (iPPV) internet atau kandungan atas permintaan <> apakah rancangan gusti berlaku setiap tahun? || WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, dan dahulunya Bash di Pantai, Havoc Halloween dan Starrcade <> Dalam sedekadnja bergelut mula menjadi sangat popular? || Terutama sejak tahun 1950-an, acara gusti pro sering bertanggungjawab terhadap orang ramai di arena besar", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the money made from wrestling come from?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac538", "answers": [{"text": "live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac539", "answers": [{"text": "Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53a", "answers": [{"text": "to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content", "answer_start": 940}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what wrestling shows occur yearly?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53b", "answers": [{"text": "WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53c", "answers": [{"text": "Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web."}], ["Seorang ahli gusti boleh secara sukarela mengemukakan secara lisan memaklumkan pengadil (biasanya digunakan dalam gerakan seperti Papan Basikal Mexico, di mana kesemua empat anggota badan tidak berupaya, menjadikannya tidak mungkin). Juga, sejak Ken Shamrock (pesaing UFC yang sah pada zaman awal) mempopularkannya pada tahun 1997, seorang ahli gusti dapat menunjukkan penyerahan sukarela dengan \"mengetuk\", iaitu, mengetuk tangan bebas terhadap tikar atau melawan lawan. Sekali-sekala, seorang ahli gusti akan menjangkau tali (lihat rentetan tali di bawah), hanya untuk meletakkan tangan mereka kembali di atas tikar supaya mereka dapat merangkak ke arah tali lagi; ini bukan penyerahan, dan pengadil memutuskan apa maksudnya. <> Bagaimana seorang gusti sanggup tunduk? || secara lisan memaklumkan pengadil <> Apakah langkah yang dipanggil di mana semua anggota badan tidak berupaya? || Mexican Surfboard <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan seorang gusti untuk menunjukkan penyerahan yang sanggup? || mengetuk keluar", {"qas": [{"question": "How can a wrestler willingly submit?", "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70f9", "answers": [{"text": "verbally informing the referee", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated? ", "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70fa", "answers": [{"text": "Mexican Surfboard", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?", "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70fb", "answers": [{"text": "tapping out", "answer_start": 338}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A wrestler may voluntarily submit by verbally informing the referee (usually used in moves such as the Mexican Surfboard, where all four limbs are incapacitated, making tapping impossible). Also, since Ken Shamrock (a legitimate UFC competitor in its early days) popularized it in 1997, a wrestler can indicate a voluntary submission by \"tapping out\", that is, tapping a free hand against the mat or against an opponent. Occasionally, a wrestler will reach for a rope (see rope breaks below), only to put their hand back on the mat so they can crawl towards the rope some more; this is not a submission, and the referee decides what their intent is."}], ["Dalam sesetengah pertandingan pasukan, hanya satu peserta dari setiap pasukan boleh ditetapkan sebagai ahli gusti \"sah\" atau \"aktif\" pada satu ketika. Dua wrestlers mesti membuat hubungan fizikal (biasanya kelapa sawit) untuk memindahkan status undang-undang ini. Ini dikenali sebagai \"tag\", dengan peserta \"menandai\" dan \"menandatangani\". Kebiasaannya ahli gusti yang menandatangani mempunyai kiraan 5 saat untuk meninggalkan cincin, manakala satu penandaan boleh memasuki cincin pada bila-bila masa, yang mengakibatkan tumit secara sah menggandakan muka. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"tag\"? || Dua wrestlers mesti membuat hubungan fizikal (biasanya kelapa sawit) untuk memindahkan status undang-undang ini. <> Apakah dua perkara yang boleh dilakukan dengan menandai? || \"penandaan\" dan \"penandaan\". <> Berapa lamakah pegulat harus meninggalkan cincin apabila mereka ditandai? || mempunyai kiraan 5 saat untuk meninggalkan cincin <> Berapa banyak masa yang dimiliki pegulat apabila mereka menandatangani? || satu penandaan masuk boleh memasuki cincin pada bila-bila masa, menyebabkan tumit secara sah menggandakan wajah.", {"qas": [{"question": "What does a \"tag\" entail?", "id": "572659c5708984140094c35d", "answers": [{"text": "Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status.", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are two things that can be done with tagging?", "id": "572659c5708984140094c35e", "answers": [{"text": "\"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\".", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?", "id": "572659c5708984140094c35f", "answers": [{"text": "has a 5-second count to leave the ring", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in? ", "id": "572659c5708984140094c360", "answers": [{"text": "the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In some team matches, only one entrant from each team may be designated as the \"legal\" or \"active\" wrestler at any given moment. Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status. This is known as a \"tag\", with the participants \"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\". Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring, whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face."}], ["Kadang-kadang, perlawanan poli-sisi yang mengepam setiap orang untuk diri mereka sendiri akan memasukkan peraturan penandaan. Di luar kayfabe, ini dilakukan untuk memberikan pegulat istirahat dari tindakan (kerana perlawanan ini cenderung berjalan untuk jangka masa yang lama), dan untuk membuat tindakan di cincin lebih mudah untuk choreograph. Salah satu contoh yang paling utama ialah pertandingan empat penjuru, jenis perlawanan yang paling biasa di WWE sebelum diganti dengan empat cara yang membawa maut; Empat wrestlers, masing-masing untuk diri sendiri, bertarung dalam perlawanan, tetapi hanya dua orang wrestlers yang boleh berada dalam perlawanan pada bila-bila masa. Dua lagi berada di sudut, dan tag boleh dibuat di antara dua orang pegulat. <> Mengapa peraturan penandaan dibuat? || ini dilakukan untuk memberi istirahat kepada gusti dari tindakan <> Apa yang berlaku dalam empat arah yang membawa maut? || Empat wrestlers, masing-masing untuk diri sendiri, bertarung dalam perlawanan, tetapi hanya dua orang wrestlers yang boleh berada dalam perlawanan pada bila-bila masa. <> Dalam empat cara maut, siapa yang boleh membuat tag? || tag boleh dibuat di antara mana-mana dua pegulat. <> Apakah jenis perlawanan yang paling biasa sebelum empat cara maut? || pertandingan empat penjuru", {"qas": [{"question": "Why are tagging rules made?", "id": "57265a655951b619008f7059", "answers": [{"text": "this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens in a fatal four-way?", "id": "57265a655951b619008f705a", "answers": [{"text": "four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time.", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?", "id": "57265a655951b619008f705b", "answers": [{"text": "tags can be made between any two wrestlers.", "answer_start": 623}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? ", "id": "57265a655951b619008f705c", "answers": [{"text": "four-corner match", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Sometimes, poly-sided matches that pit every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules. Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph. One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match, the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way; four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time. The other two are positioned in the corner, and tags can be made between any two wrestlers."}], ["Kiraan boleh dimulakan pada bila-bila masa bahu pegulat (kedua-dua bahu menyentuh tikar), belakang-pertama dan mana-mana bahagian badan lawan berbaring di atas pegulat. Ini sering menyebabkan pin yang mudah ditendang keluar, sekiranya ahli gusti pertahanan malah lebih sedar. Contohnya, ahli gusti yang menyerang yang separuh menyedari hanya dapat melukis lengan ke atas lawan, atau ahli gusti yang sombong boleh meletakkan kaki mereka dengan perlahan pada tubuh lawan, menyebabkan tiga pertuduhan dari pengadil. <> Pada apa titik boleh dikira bermula? || pada bila-bila masa bahu pegulat turun (kedua-dua bahu menyentuh tikar), belakang-pertama dan mana-mana bahagian badan lawan berbaring di atas pegulat. <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada ahli gusti yang sombong? || ahli gusti yang sombong boleh meletakkan kaki mereka perlahan-lahan pada badan lawan, menyebabkan tiga pengiraan dari pengadil. <> Apa yang mungkin dilakukan seorang ahli gusti yang sadar? || ahli gusti yang separuh sedar mungkin hanya mengikat lengan ke atas lawan", {"qas": [{"question": "At what point can a count be started? ", "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfc", "answers": [{"text": "any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler.", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? ", "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfd", "answers": [{"text": "a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What might a partially conscious wrestler do? ", "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfe", "answers": [{"text": "wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A count may be started at any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. This often results in pins that can easily be kicked out of, if the defensive wrestler is even slightly conscious. For example, an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent, or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee."}], ["Bagaimanapun, walaupun hampir semua senario di mana seorang ahli gusti merangkumi seorang lagi penderhaka, orang pertama yang boleh dianggap sebagai percubaan pin, terdapat satu pengecualian penting bagi peraturan itu: Percubaan pin yang dipecahkan oleh pegulat lain. Dalam pertandingan yang melibatkan pelbagai ahli gusti (seperti perlawanan ancaman triple atau perlawanan pasukan tag), para pegulat yang melihat percubaan pin yang, jika berjaya, akan menyebabkan mereka kehilangan perlawanan dijangka berjalan masuk dan memecahkan percubaan pin dengan melakukan beberapa jenis manuver ofensif pada wrestler yang mencuba pin. Serangan yang paling biasa untuk memecahkan pin adalah stomp ke belakang dan siku ke belakang kepala, kerana mereka mudah untuk menarik di merangsang saat ini. Walau bagaimanapun, langkah-langkah ini, mudah kerana mereka, masih meninggalkan ahli gusti pinning di atas ahli gusti yang disematkan. Walaupun ahli gusti pinning masih secara teknis berada di atas ahli gusti yang disematkan, pengadil akan tetap mempertimbangkan percubaan pin untuk dipecahkan. <> Apa yang berlaku semasa percubaan pin? || seorang ahli gusti yang melingkungi ahli gusti yang lebih rawan, pertama dapat dianggap sebagai percubaan pin <> Apakah tindakan yang menyinggung biasa untuk memecahkan serangan pin? || sebuah stomp ke bahagian belakang dan sebuah siku ke belakang kepala <> Apa yang boleh pengadil mempertimbangkan cubaan pin, walaupun penyerang masih berada di atas wrest yang disematkan? || pecah", {"qas": [{"question": "What happens during a pin attempt?", "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c1", "answers": [{"text": "one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?", "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c2", "answers": [{"text": "a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?", "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c3", "answers": [{"text": "broken", "answer_start": 948}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, although almost any scenario where one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt, there is one important exception to that rule: Pin attempts broken up by other wrestlers. In matches involving multiple wrestlers (such as triple threat matches or tag team matches), wrestlers who see a pin attempt that, if successful, would result in them losing the match are expected to run in and break the pin attempt by performing some sort of offensive maneuver on the wrestler attempting the pin. The most common attacks for breaking pins are a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head, as they are simple to pull off in the spur of the moment. However, these moves, simple as they are, still leave the pinning wrestler on top of the pinned wrestler. Despite the pinning wrestler still technically being on top of the pinned wrestler, the referee will still consider the pin attempt to be broken."}], ["Perlawanan dipegang dalam cincin bergelut, tikar kanvas persegi yang bertingkat dengan jawatan di setiap sudut. Apron kain tergantung di tepi cincin. Tiga tali mendatar atau kabel mengelilingi cincin, digantung dengan turnbuckles yang disambungkan ke jawatan. Untuk keselamatan, tali dipenuhi pada turnbuckles dan tikar kusyen mengelilingi lantai di luar cincin. Guardrails atau halangan yang sama menyertakan kawasan ini dari penonton. Wrestlers biasanya dijangka tinggal di dalam lingkungan cincin, walaupun perlawanan kadang-kadang berakhir di luar cincin, dan bahkan di khalayak, untuk menambah kegembiraan. <> Apa bahan dalam cincin gusti? || sebuah kanvas kanvas persegi tinggi dengan tiang di setiap sudut. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk perlindungan di gelanggang? || Untuk keselamatan, tali dipenuhi pada turnbuckles dan tikar kusyen mengelilingi lantai di luar cincin. <> Apa yang ada di sekeliling cincin itu? || Tiga tali mendatar atau kabel mengelilingi gelang,", {"qas": [{"question": "What material is within a wrestling ring?", "id": "572657a75951b619008f701f", "answers": [{"text": "an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used for protection in the ring?", "id": "572657a75951b619008f7020", "answers": [{"text": "For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is around the ring?", "id": "572657a75951b619008f7021", "answers": [{"text": "Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement."}], ["Kaedah penyemakan haram termasuk menggunakan tali untuk memanfaatkan dan mengaitkan pakaian lawan, yang oleh itu kaedah penipuan yang popular untuk tumit, kecuali hal-hal tertentu membuat kelebihan yang sah. Pin seperti ini jarang dilihat oleh pengadil (kerana mereka perlu melihat jika bahu mereka turun) dan kemudiannya sering digunakan oleh tumit dan kadang-kadang dengan menipu muka untuk memenangi perlawanan. Sekalipun dilihat, jarang berlaku untuk cubaan seperti ini untuk mengakibatkan kehilangan kelayakan (lihat di bawah), dan sebaliknya ia hanya mengakibatkan pembatalan percubaan pin, jadi pegulat tumit jarang sekali kehilangan apa-apa untuk mencubanya. <> Apakah kaedah pinning yang tidak dibenarkan? || menggunakan tali untuk memanfaatkan dan mengaitkan pakaian lawan, <> Berapa kerap kaedah pengikat haram yang dilihat oleh pengadil? || PIN seperti ini jarang dilihat oleh pengadil <> Apakah kaedah pinning haram yang dipanggil? || menipu <> Bolehkah kaedah pinning haram mengakibatkan hilang kelayakan? || adalah jarang berlaku untuk percubaan seperti itu untuk mengakibatkan kehilangan kelayakan <> Apa yang berlaku dengan langkah penyembelihan haram apabila dilihat oleh pengadil? || mengakibatkan pembatalan percubaan pin,", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd92", "answers": [{"text": "using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd93", "answers": [{"text": "Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the illegal pinning methods called?", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd94", "answers": [{"text": "cheating", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? ", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd95", "answers": [{"text": "it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? ", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd96", "answers": [{"text": "results in nullification of the pin attempt,", "answer_start": 524}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal. Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee (as they have to see if their shoulders are down) and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches. Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway."}], ["Pengadil tetamu khas boleh digunakan dari semasa ke semasa; berdasarkan status selebriti mereka, mereka sering dijadikan bahan untuk mengetengahkan neutraliti dan menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk mempengaruhi keputusan perlawanan secara dramatik untuk kesan yang dramatik. Wajah pengadil khas sering akan bertarung melawan musuh-musuh tumit yang bermusuhan, terutamanya jika pengadil khusus sama ada ahli gusti sendiri atau seorang artis bela diri yang terkenal (seperti Tito Ortiz dalam acara utama di TEA's Justice Justice pada tahun 2005). Mereka juga mempunyai kuasa untuk melepaskan diri dari ringide mana-mana rombongan pemanah / stabil, yang mungkin mengganggu pertandingan tersebut. <> Apakah pengadil macam mana kadangkala digunakan? || Pengadil tetamu khas boleh digunakan dari semasa ke semasa; <> Apakah pengadil terkenal yang diarahkan untuk dilakukan? || sering dituliskan untuk mengetengahkan penampilan neutral dan menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk tidak mempengaruhi keputusan perlawanan untuk kesan dramatik. F <> Apakah pengadil khas mempunyai keupayaan untuk melakukan? || Mereka juga mempunyai kuasa untuk melepaskan diri dari ringide mana-mana rombongan pemanah / stabil, yang mungkin mengganggu pertandingan tersebut.", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of referees are occasionally used?", "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ec", "answers": [{"text": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time;", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are famous referees directed to do?", "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ed", "answers": [{"text": "often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do special referees have the ability to do?", "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ee", "answers": [{"text": "They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time; by virtue of their celebrity status, they are often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. Face special referees will often fight back against hostile heel wrestlers, particularly if the special referee is either a wrestler themselves or a famous martial artist (such as Tito Ortiz in the main event at TNA's THard Justice in 2005). They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match."}], ["Kerana peranan sah yang pengadil bermain dalam gusti berkhidmat sebagai penghubung di antara pentadbir di belakang pentas dan para pegulat di cincin (peranan sebagai penimbang tara terakhir hanyalah kayfabe), pengadil hadir, walaupun dalam pertandingan yang tidak pada mulanya Sekilas kelihatan memerlukan pengadil (seperti perlawanan tangga, kerana ia tidak dipegang, dan kriteria untuk kemenangan dapat secara teoritis dinilai dari jauh). Walaupun tindakan mereka juga kerap ditulis untuk kesan dramatik, pengadil tertakluk kepada peraturan umum dan keperluan tertentu untuk mengekalkan penampilan teater dari pihak berkuasa yang tidak berat sebelah. Peraturan yang paling asas ialah tindakan harus dilihat oleh pengadil untuk diisytiharkan untuk jatuh atau hilang kelayakan. Ini membolehkan watak tumit untuk mendapatkan kelebihan skrip dengan mengalihkan perhatian atau melumpuhkan pengadil untuk melakukan beberapa tindakan yang tidak sah secara lali terhadap lawan mereka. Kebanyakan pengadil tidak dinamakan dan pada asasnya tanpa nama, walaupun WWE telah membiarkan pegawai mereka mendedahkan nama mereka. <> Apa yang menentukan bagaimana pengadil bertindak? || tindakan mereka juga sering dijadikan skrip untuk kesan dramatik <> Apa peraturan umum tentang pengadil? || Peraturan yang paling asas ialah tindakan harus dilihat oleh pengadil untuk diisytiharkan untuk jatuh atau hilang kelayakan. <> Apa yang dipanggil pengadil? || Kebanyakan pengadil tidak dinamakan dan pada asasnya tanpa nama, walaupun WWE telah membiarkan pegawai mereka mendedahkan nama mereka. <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti dapat memperoleh kelebihan dengan menggunakan pengadil? || mengganggu atau melumpuhkan pengadil untuk melakukan beberapa gerakan yang tidak sah secara lisan terhadap lawan mereka.", {"qas": [{"question": "What determines how the referee acts?", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d0", "answers": [{"text": "their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect", "answer_start": 428}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common rule about referees? ", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d1", "answers": [{"text": "The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification.", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are referees called?", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d2", "answers": [{"text": "Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.", "answer_start": 909}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? ", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d3", "answers": [{"text": "distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent.", "answer_start": 800}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Due to the legitimate role that referees play in wrestling of serving as liaison between the bookers backstage and the wrestlers in the ring (the role of being a final arbitrator is merely kayfabe), the referee is present, even in matches that do not at first glance appear to require a referee (such as a ladder match, as it is no holds barred, and the criteria for victory could theoretically be assessed from afar). Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect, referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority. The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification. This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent. Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names."}], ["Banyak pertandingan khusus moden telah dirancang, dengan keadaan pemenang yang unik. Yang paling umum ialah perlawanan tangga. Dalam perlawanan tangga asas, para pegulat atau pasukan wrestlers mesti memanjat tangga untuk mendapatkan hadiah yang diangkat di atas cincin. Kunci untuk memenangi perlawanan ini adalah bahawa pegulat atau pasukan gusti mesti cuba untuk mencabar satu sama lain cukup lama untuk satu ahli gusti untuk memanjat tangga dan menjamin hadiah itu untuk pasukan mereka. Hasilnya, tangga boleh digunakan sebagai senjata. Hadiah termasuk - tetapi tidak terhad kepada mana-mana tali pinggang kejohanan yang diberikan (hadiah tradisional), dokumen yang memberikan pemenang hak kepada pukulan tajuk masa depan, atau mana-mana dokumen yang penting kepada para gusti yang terlibat dalam perlawanan (seperti pemberian pemenang hadiah wang tunai). Satu lagi perlawanan khas yang biasa dikenali sebagai pertempuran perang. Dalam pertempuran perang, semua gusti memasuki cincin ke titik yang terdapat 20-30 wrestlers di gelanggang pada satu masa. Apabila perlawanan bermula, tujuan mudah adalah membuang lawan ke atas tali atas dan keluar dari cincin dengan kedua kaki di atas lantai untuk menghilangkan lawan tersebut. Kedudukan pegulat terakhir diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang. Variasi pada jenis perlawanan ini adalah Royal Rumble WWE di mana dua wrestlers memasuki cincin untuk memulakan perlawanan dan gusti lain mengikuti dalam 90 detik (sebelum 2 minit) hingga 30-40 wrestlers memasuki cincin itu. Semua peraturan lain tetap sama. Untuk lebih banyak jenis perlawanan, lihat jenis pertandingan gusti profesional. <> Apa yang paling biasa dalam perlawanan khas? || Yang paling umum adalah perlawanan tangga <> Apa yang harus dilakukan para pegulat dalam pertandingan tangga? || Dalam perlawanan tangga asas, para pegulat atau pasukan wrestlers mesti memanjat tangga untuk mendapatkan hadiah yang diangkat di atas cincin. <> Bagaimana seseorang memenangi perlawanan tangga? || ahli gusti atau pasukan gusti mesti berusaha untuk mencetuskan satu sama lain cukup lama untuk satu ahli gusti untuk memanjat tangga dan menjamin hadiah itu untuk pasukan mereka. <> Apakah hadiah bersama dalam perlawanan tangga? || tali pinggang kejohanan <> Berapa banyak wrestlers dalam pertandingan raja pertempuran standard? || 20-30 wrestlers", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most common of the special matches?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8174", "answers": [{"text": "The most common of these is the ladder match", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8175", "answers": [{"text": "In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring.", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does one win a ladder match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8176", "answers": [{"text": "the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team.", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common prize in a ladder match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8177", "answers": [{"text": "championship belt", "answer_start": 558}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8178", "answers": [{"text": "20-30 wrestlers", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many modern specialty matches have been devised, with unique winning conditions. The most common of these is the ladder match. In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring. The key to winning this match is that the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team. As a result, the ladder can be used as a weapon. The prizes include \u2013 but are not limited to any given championship belt (the traditional prize), a document granting the winner the right to a future title shot, or any document that matters to the wrestlers involved in the match (such as one granting the winner a cash prize). Another common specialty match is known as the battle royal. In a battle royal, all the wrestlers enter the ring to the point that there are 20-30 wrestlers in the ring at one time. When the match begins, the simple objective is to throw the opponent over the top rope and out of the ring with both feet on the floor in order to eliminate that opponent. The last wrestler standing is declared the winner. A variant on this type of match is the WWE's Royal Rumble where two wrestlers enter the ring to start the match and other wrestlers follow in 90 second intervals (previously 2 minutes) until 30-40 wrestlers have entered the ring. All other rules stay the same. For more match types, see Professional wrestling match types."}], ["Pertandingan gusti boleh diisytiharkan tidak ada pertandingan jika keadaan pemenang tidak dapat berlaku. Ini boleh disebabkan oleh gangguan berlebihan, kehilangan kawalan pengadil ke atas perlawanan, satu atau lebih peserta yang mengalami kecederaan melemahkan yang tidak disebabkan oleh lawan, atau ketidakupayaan perlawanan yang dijadualkan untuk bermula. Peraduan tidak adalah negeri yang berasingan dan berbeza daripada cabutan - cabutan menunjukkan keadaan memenangi dipenuhi. Walaupun istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan secara bergantian dalam amalan, penggunaan ini secara tekal tidak benar. <> Apakah jenis kecederaan yang boleh menyebabkan tidak ada pertandingan yang menentukan? || melemahkan <> Bagaimana tidak ada pertandingan yang berkaitan dengan cabutan, jika sama sekali? || negeri yang berasingan dan berbeza daripada cabutan <> Bagaimana tindakan pengadil itu tidak akan bertanding? || kehilangan kawalan pengadil atas perlawanan", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of injury can cause a no contest ruling?", "id": "572666475951b619008f71bb", "answers": [{"text": "debilitating", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is no contest related to a draw, if at all?", "id": "572666475951b619008f71bc", "answers": [{"text": "state separate and distinct from a draw", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a referee's action result in a no contest?", "id": "572666475951b619008f71bd", "answers": [{"text": "loss of referee's control over the match", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A wrestling match may be declared a no contest if the winning conditions are unable to occur. This can be due to excessive interference, loss of referee's control over the match, one or more participants sustaining debilitating injury not caused by the opponent, or the inability of a scheduled match to even begin. A no contest is a state separate and distinct from a draw \u2014 a draw indicates winning conditions were met. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in practice, this usage is technically incorrect."}], ["Penyerahan pada mulanya merupakan faktor yang besar dalam gusti profesional, tetapi berikutan kemerosotan gaya penangkapan yang boleh berorientasikan penyerahan diri dari gusti profesional arus perdana, penyerahan itu sebahagian besar pudar sehingga munculnya sukan sah seni mempertahankan diri yang sah. Walaupun begitu, ada beberapa wrestlers, seperti Chris Jericho, Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit dan Tazz. Seorang ahli gusti dengan teknik penyerahan tandatangan digambarkan sebagai lebih baik untuk memohon pegangan, menjadikannya lebih menyakitkan atau lebih sukar untuk keluar dari orang lain yang menggunakannya, atau boleh dikreditkan palsu sebagai mencipta pegangan (seperti ketika Tazz mempopularkan kata ha jime judo choke dalam gusti pro sebagai \"Tazzmission\"). <> Beberapa ahli gusti yang terkenal terkenal dengan kemenangan dengan langkah yang dipanggil apa? || penyerahan <> Apa langkah yang membuat Tazz popular? || Tazzmission <> Apa sukan yang sah yang berkaitan dengan gusti mula menjadi popular? || seni mempertahankan diri campuran", {"qas": [{"question": "Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?", "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8314", "answers": [{"text": "submission", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What move did Tazz make popular?", "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8315", "answers": [{"text": "Tazzmission", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?", "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8316", "answers": [{"text": "mixed martial arts", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling, but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling, the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts. Despite this, some wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, and Tazz, became famous for winning matches via submission. A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold, making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it, or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold (such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the \"Tazzmission\")."}], ["Walaupun setiap pertandingan gusti kononnya pertandingan olahraga dan strategi, matlamat setiap perlawanan dari sudut perniagaan adalah untuk merangsang dan menghiburkan penonton. Walaupun persaingan diadakan, penekanan dramatik dapat digunakan untuk mengeluarkan reaksi paling sengit dari penonton. Kadar minat meningkat dengan kadar kehadiran yang lebih tinggi, peningkatan jualan tiket, penarafan yang lebih tinggi pada siaran televisyen (yang mengakibatkan pendapatan iklan yang lebih besar), pembeli membayar bayar per tayangan yang lebih tinggi, dan penjualan barangan berjenama dan rakaman rakaman video. Semua ini menyumbang kepada keuntungan syarikat promosi. <> Apa gunanya perlawanan? || untuk merangsang dan menghiburkan penonton <> Kehadiran yang lebih tinggi dan lebih banyak jualan tiket boleh menjadi hasil dari apa? || Meningkatkan minat <> Walaupun pertandingan diadakan, apakah yang dapat menarik lebih banyak minat dari orang ramai? || penekanan dramatik", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the point of a match?", "id": "572666c9708984140094c4df", "answers": [{"text": "to excite and entertain the audience", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?", "id": "572666c9708984140094c4e0", "answers": [{"text": "Heightened interest", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd? ", "id": "572666c9708984140094c4e1", "answers": [{"text": "dramatic emphasis", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While each wrestling match is ostensibly a competition of athletics and strategy, the goal of each match from a business standpoint is to excite and entertain the audience. Although the competition is staged, dramatic emphasis can be utilized to draw out the most intense reaction from the audience. Heightened interest results in higher attendance rates, increased ticket sales, higher ratings on television broadcasts (which result in greater ad revenue), higher pay-per-view buyrates, and sales of branded merchandise and recorded video footage. All of these contribute to the profit of the promotion company."}], ["Pengiraan (secara alternatif \"dikira\" atau \"dikira\") berlaku apabila seorang ahli gusti berada di luar cincin yang cukup lama untuk pengadil mengira hingga sepuluh (dua puluh dalam beberapa promosi) dan dengan itu dibatalkan. Kiraan itu dipecahkan dan dimulakan semula apabila seorang pegulat dalam gelanggang keluar dari cincin. Bermain ke dalam ini, beberapa ahli gusti akan \"susu\" hitungan dengan gelongsor di gelanggang, dan segera meluncur kembali. Memandangkan mereka secara teknis berada di dalam gelanggang untuk perpecahan sebelum keluar lagi, cukup untuk memulakan semula kiraan. Ini sering dirujuk oleh pengulas sebagai \"memecahkan kiraan.\" Heels sering menggunakan taktik ini untuk membeli diri mereka lebih banyak masa untuk menangkap nafas mereka, atau cuba untuk melepaskan lawan mereka. <> Apakah beberapa cara lain untuk menulis kiraan? || \"mengira\" atau \"menghitung\" <> Apa yang berlaku semasa pengiraan? || apabila seorang ahli gusti keluar dari gelanggang cukup lama untuk pengadil untuk mengira kepada sepuluh <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh beberapa ahli gusti untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada pengiraan itu? || gelongsor di gelanggang, dan segera meluncur kembali <> Apa silap mata gelongsor masuk dan kemudian keluar dari cincin yang dipanggil? || memecahkan kiraan.", {"qas": [{"question": "What are a couple other ways to write countout?", "id": "57266386708984140094c487", "answers": [{"text": "\"count-out\" or \"count out\"", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens during a countout?", "id": "57266386708984140094c488", "answers": [{"text": "when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? ", "id": "57266386708984140094c489", "answers": [{"text": "sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?", "id": "57266386708984140094c48a", "answers": [{"text": "breaking the count.", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A countout (alternatively \"count-out\" or \"count out\") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will \"milk\" the count by sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out. As they were technically inside the ring for a split second before exiting again, it is sufficient to restart the count. This is often referred to by commentators as \"breaking the count.\" Heels often use this tactic in order to buy themselves more time to catch their breath, or to attempt to frustrate their babyface opponents."}], ["Disqualification (kadang-kadang disingkat sebagai \"DQ\") berlaku apabila seorang ahli gusti melanggar peraturan perlawanan, sehingga kehilangan secara automatik. Walaupun pengiraan secara teknikal boleh dianggap sebagai hilang kelayakan (kerana, untuk semua niat dan tujuan, kerugian automatik yang diderita sebagai akibat melanggar peraturan perlawanan), kedua-dua konsep ini sering berbeza dalam gusti. Perlawanan tidak dapat dikalahkan masih boleh diakhiri oleh kiraan (walaupun ini jarang berlaku); biasanya pertandingan mesti diisytiharkan sebagai perlawanan \"tiada pertaruhan yang dihalang\", \"pertarungan jalanan\" atau sebilangan istilah lain, agar kedua-dua kehilangan kelayakan dan pengembalian diketepikan. [rujukan?] Apa lagi yang disebut kelayakan? || DQ <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti boleh dibatalkan? || ahli gusti melanggar peraturan perlawanan, dengan itu kalah secara automatik <> Dalam kes apa yang boleh dikira dan hilang kelayakan dibatalkan sepenuhnya? || mesti diisytiharkan sebagai perlawanan \"tidak memegang dihalang\", \"pertarungan jalanan\" atau beberapa istilah lain", {"qas": [{"question": "What else is disqualification called?", "id": "572663f95951b619008f7151", "answers": [{"text": "DQ", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a wrestler be disqualified? ", "id": "572663f95951b619008f7152", "answers": [{"text": "wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? ", "id": "572663f95951b619008f7153", "answers": [{"text": "must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Disqualification (sometimes abbreviated as \"DQ\") occurs when a wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically. Although a countout can technically be considered a disqualification (as it is, for all intents and purposes, an automatic loss suffered as a result of violating a match rule), the two concepts are often distinct in wrestling. A no disqualification match can still end by countout (although this is rare); typically, a match must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term, in order for both disqualifications and countouts to be waived.[citation needed]"}], ["Perlawanan gusti profesional boleh berakhir dengan cabutan. Cabutan berlaku jika kedua-dua lawan secara serentak didiskualifikasi (seperti melalui kiraan atau jika pengadil kehilangan kawalan sepenuhnya terhadap perlawanan dan kedua-dua lawan menyerang satu sama lain dengan tidak mempedulikan perlawanan, seperti Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker di Unforgiven pada tahun 2002) lawan tidak dapat menjawab sepuluh kiraan, atau kedua-dua lawan secara serentak memenangi perlawanan. Yang terakhir ini boleh berlaku jika, sebagai contoh, bahu seorang lawan menyentuh tikar sambil mengekalkan memegang penyerahan terhadap lawan lain. Sekiranya lawan dalam pemegangan itu mula keluar pada masa yang sama, pengadil adalah kira-kira tiga orang untuk menyandarkan lawan yang menyerahkan pegangan itu, kedua-dua lawan secara sah telah mencapai syarat pemarkahan secara serentak. Secara tradisinya, kejuaraan tidak boleh berubah jika acara seri (walaupun ia mungkin menjadi kosong), walaupun beberapa promosi seperti TNA telah mengesahkan peraturan di mana juara itu mungkin kehilangan gelaran dengan kehilangan kelayakan. Satu varian cabutan adalah cabutan masa, di mana perlawanan tidak mempunyai pemenang mengikut tempoh masa yang ditentukan (cabutan selama satu jam, yang lazim sekali, diketahui dalam kalangan bergelut sebagai \"Broadway\"). <> Apa salah satu cara perlawanan boleh berakhir? || dalam cabutan <> Apa salah satu sebab cabutan boleh dihasilkan? || jika kedua-dua lawan secara serentak hilang kelayakan <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku mengenai kejohanan semasa cabutan? || tidak boleh menukar tangan sekiranya berlaku undian <> Apakah nama lain untuk lukisan satu jam? || \"Broadway\"", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one way a match can end?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bb", "answers": [{"text": "in a draw", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one reason a draw can result?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bc", "answers": [{"text": "if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bd", "answers": [{"text": "may not change hands in the event of a draw", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for a one hour draw?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4be", "answers": [{"text": "\"Broadway\"", "answer_start": 1162}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A professional wrestling match can end in a draw. A draw occurs if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified (as via countout or if the referee loses complete control of the match and both opponents attack each other with no regard to being in a match, like Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker at Unforgiven in 2002), neither opponent is able to answer a ten-count, or both opponents simultaneously win the match. The latter can occur if, for example, one opponent's shoulders touch the mat while maintaining a submission hold against another opponent. If the opponent in the hold begins to tap out at the same time a referee counts to three for pinning the opponent delivering the hold, both opponents have legally achieved scoring conditions simultaneously. Traditionally, a championship may not change hands in the event of a draw (though it may become vacant), though some promotions such as TNA have endorsed rules where the champion may lose a title by disqualification. A variant of the draw is the time-limit draw, where the match does not have a winner by a specified time period (a one-hour draw, which was once common, is known in wrestling circles as a \"Broadway\")."}], ["Pengadil boleh menghentikan perlawanan apabila mereka atau doktor cincin rasmi memutuskan bahawa seorang pegulat tidak dapat meneruskan perlawanan dengan selamat. Ini boleh diputuskan jika ahli gusti tidak dapat meneruskan perlawanan kerana kecederaan. Di Great American Bash pada 2008, Chris Jericho diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang pertandingan melawan Shawn Michaels ketika Michaels tidak dapat mempertahankan dirinya kerana kehilangan darah yang berlebihan dan penglihatan yang cacat. Pada NXT TakeOver: Saingan pada tahun 2015, pengadil berhenti perlawanan ketika Sami Zayn tidak dapat mempertahankan dirinya akibat kecederaan yang dialami Kevin Owens untuk Kejohanan NXT. <> Dalam apa kes boleh si pengadil memilih untuk mengakhiri perlawanan? || apabila mereka atau doktor cincin rasmi memutuskan bahawa ahli gusti tidak boleh meneruskan perlawanan dengan selamat <> Apa salah satu alasan bahawa seorang ahli gusti mungkin tidak dapat meneruskan? || kecederaan <> Mengapa tidak boleh Shawn Michaels mempertahankan dirinya? || kerana kehilangan darah yang berlebihan dan penglihatan yang cacat <> Di mana Chris Jericho menang pada tahun 2008? || Great American Bash", {"qas": [{"question": "In what case can a referee choose to end the match?", "id": "572662d9708984140094c475", "answers": [{"text": "when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?", "id": "572662d9708984140094c476", "answers": [{"text": "an injury", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? ", "id": "572662d9708984140094c477", "answers": [{"text": "due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?", "id": "572662d9708984140094c478", "answers": [{"text": "Great American Bash", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship."}], ["Seorang ahli gusti boleh menang dengan kalah mati (kadangkala dirujuk sebagai penghentikan pengadil) jika mereka tidak mengambil tindakan memegang, tetapi masih memukul lawan mereka sehingga mereka tidak sedarkan diri atau tidak dapat mempertahankan diri secara bijak. Untuk memeriksa kalah mati dengan cara ini, pengadil akan menggerakkan tangan mereka di hadapan wajah ahli gusti; jika ahli gusti tidak bertindak balas dalam apa jua cara, pengadil akan memberi kemenangan kepada ahli gusti lain. Sekiranya semua pegulat aktif dalam perlawanan berada di dalam cincin pada masa yang sama, pengadil akan memulakan kiraan (biasanya sepuluh saat, dua puluh di Jepun). Sekiranya tiada siapa yang bangkit pada akhir kiraannya, perlawanan itu akan diturunkan. Mana-mana peserta yang berdiri tepat pada waktunya akan mengakhiri penghitungan untuk orang lain. Dalam pertandingan Perlawanan Terakhir Manusia, form knockout ini adalah satu-satunya cara perlawanan dapat berakhir, sehingga pengadil akan menghitung ketika satu atau lebih wrestlers turun, dan satu wrestler berdiri sebelum 10-kiraan tidak menghentikan mengira ahli gusti lain yang masih ada. <> Bagaimanakah pengadil menyemak untuk kalah mati? || pengadil akan menggerakkan tangan mereka di hadapan wajah pegulat <> Apa yang berlaku jika semua ahli gusti turun? || Sekiranya tiada siapa yang bangkit pada akhir kiraannya, perlawanan itu akan diturunkan. <> Jika semua ahli gusti turun, berapa lama mereka perlu bangkit? || biasanya sepuluh saat, dua puluh di Jepang <> Apa jenis pertandingan yang harus berakhir dalam kalah mati? || Man Berdiri <> Apakah nama lain untuk kalah mati? || penghentikan pengadil", {"qas": [{"question": "How does a referee check for a knockout?", "id": "57266248708984140094c465", "answers": [{"text": "a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens if all wrestlers are down?", "id": "57266248708984140094c466", "answers": [{"text": "If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw.", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise? ", "id": "57266248708984140094c467", "answers": [{"text": "usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan", "answer_start": 562}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What kind of match has to end in a knockout?", "id": "57266248708984140094c468", "answers": [{"text": "Last Man Standing", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for a knockout?", "id": "57266248708984140094c469", "answers": [{"text": "referee stoppage", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A wrestler can win by knockout (sometimes referred to as a referee stoppage) if they do not resort to submission holds, but stills pummels their opponent to the point that they are unconscious or are unable to intelligently defend themselves. To check for a knockout in this manner, a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face; if the wrestler does not react in any way, the referee will award the victory to the other wrestler. If all the active wrestlers in a match are down inside the ring at the same time, the referee will begin a count (usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan). If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw. Any participant who stands up in time will end the count for everyone else. In a Last Man Standing match, this form of a knockout is the only way that the match can end, so the referee will count when one or more wrestlers are down, and one wrestler standing up before the 10-count doesn't stop the count for another wrestler who is still down."}], ["Kerana semua hubungan di antara para pegulat mesti terhenti jika mana-mana bahagian badan menyentuh, atau di bawahnya, tali, banyak pegulat akan cuba memecahkan memegang penyerahan dengan sengaja merebut tali bawah. Ini dipanggil \"rehat tali\", dan ia adalah salah satu cara yang paling biasa untuk memecahkan pegangan penyerahan. Kebanyakan yang memegang meninggalkan lengan atau kaki secara percuma, supaya orang itu dapat memanfaatkan jika mereka mahu. Sebaliknya, mereka menggunakan anggota bebas ini sama ada untuk merebut salah satu tali cincin (yang paling bawah adalah yang paling biasa, kerana yang paling hampir dengan wrestlers, walaupun tali lain kadang-kadang digunakan untuk pegangan seperti Chris Master Master Lock) atau drape kaki mereka, atau di bawah satu. Apabila ini telah dicapai, dan pencapaian itu disaksikan oleh pengadil, pengadil akan menuntut bahawa ahli gusti yang melanggar melanggar pegangan, dan mula menghitung kepada lima jika pegulat itu tidak. Jika pengadil mencapai kiraan lima, dan pegulat masih tidak memecahkan pegangan, mereka dibatalkan. <> Banyak memegang akan meninggalkan bahagian badan apa yang percuma? || lengan atau kaki <> Bilakah mesti menghubungi perhentian antara wrestlers? || jika mana-mana bahagian badan menyentuh, atau di bawah, tali, <> Bagaimana mungkin seorang wrestler cuba memecahkan pemasukan? || dengan sengaja merampas tali bawah <> Berapa lama pegulat harus membebaskan diri daripada pegangan? || kiraan lima <> Apa yang berlaku jika ahli gusti tidak memegang pegangan? || mereka didiskualifikasi", {"qas": [{"question": "Many holds will leave what body parts free?", "id": "57266174708984140094c429", "answers": [{"text": "an arm or leg", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When must contact stop between wrestlers?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42a", "answers": [{"text": "if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42b", "answers": [{"text": "by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42c", "answers": [{"text": "the count of five", "answer_start": 899}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens if the wrestler doesn't break a hold?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42d", "answers": [{"text": "they are disqualified", "answer_start": 966}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Since all contact between the wrestlers must cease if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes, many wrestlers will attempt to break submission holds by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes. This is called a \"rope break\", and it is one of the most common ways to break a submission hold. Most holds leave an arm or leg free, so that the person can tap out if they want. Instead, they use these free limbs to either grab one of the ring ropes (the bottom one is the most common, as it is nearest the wrestlers, though other ropes sometimes are used for standing holds such as Chris Masters' Master Lock) or drape their foot across, or underneath one. Once this has been accomplished, and the accomplishment is witnessed by the referee, the referee will demand that the offending wrestler break the hold, and start counting to five if the wrestler does not. If the referee reaches the count of five, and the wrestler still does not break the hold, they are disqualified."}], ["Dalam amalan, tidak semua pelanggaran peraturan akan mengakibatkan kehilangan kelayakan sebagai pengadil boleh menggunakan penghakiman mereka sendiri dan tidak diwajibkan untuk menghentikan perlawanan. Biasanya, satu-satunya kesalahan yang akan dilihat oleh pengadil dan dengan segera membatalkan penyertaan pada (yang bertentangan dengan melakukan pelbagai kesalahan) adalah pukulan rendah, penggunaan senjata, campurtangan, atau menyerang pengadil. Di WWE, pengadil mesti melihat pelanggaran dengan mata mereka sendiri untuk memerintah bahawa perlawanan berakhir dengan kehilangan kelayakan (hanya menonton pita video biasanya tidak cukup) dan keputusan pengadil hampir selalu muktamad, walaupun Dusty selesai (dinamakan selepas, dan yang terkenal dengan, Dusty Rhodes) akan sering menyebabkan keputusan pengadil terbalik. Ia bukan perkara biasa bagi pengadil itu sendiri untuk tersingkir semasa pertandingan, yang biasanya dirujuk oleh istilah \"ref bump\". Walaupun pengadil tetap \"tidak sedarkan diri\", para pegulat bebas melanggar peraturan sehingga pengadil dibangkitkan semula atau diganti. Dalam sesetengah kes, pengadil boleh membatalkan kelayakan seseorang di bawah anggapan bahawa itu adalah ahli gusti yang mengetuk mereka keluar; pengundi kebanyakan pengadil disusun untuk membolehkan ahli gusti, biasanya tumit, untuk mendapatkan kelebihan. Sebagai contoh, seorang ahli gusti boleh mendapatkan disebat pengadil pada kelajuan yang lebih perlahan, mengetuk ref pada masa yang singkat; semasa tempoh interim itu, seorang ahli gusti boleh mengetepikan lawan mereka untuk tiga pertaruhan dan akan memenangi perlawanan tetapi untuk pengadil sedang turun (kadang-kadang, pengadil lain akan memecut ke cincin dari belakang pentas untuk cuba membuat kiraan itu, tetapi pada masa itu , ahli gusti yang lain telah mempunyai masa yang mencukupi untuk membuat keputusan sendiri). <> Apakah sebab-sebab biasa untuk kehilangan kelayakan automatik? || pukulan rendah, penggunaan senjata, campur tangan, atau menyerang pengadil <> Apa yang harus dilakukan oleh pengadil untuk memerintah perlawanan pada akhir melalui kelayakan hilang? || mesti melihat pelanggaran dengan mata mereka sendiri <> Dalam apa kes boleh keputusan pengadil dibatalkan? || Dusty selesai <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila ref tersingkir? || ref bump <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh wrestlers apabila ref sedang keluar? || bebas untuk melanggar peraturan", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? ", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f7189", "answers": [{"text": "low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718a", "answers": [{"text": "must see the violation with their own eyes", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718b", "answers": [{"text": "Dusty finishes", "answer_start": 581}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when a ref is knocked out?", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718c", "answers": [{"text": "ref bump", "answer_start": 831}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? ", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718d", "answers": [{"text": "free to violate rules", "answer_start": 897}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term \"ref bump\". While the referee remains \"unconscious\", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord)."}], ["Biasanya, pertandingan diadakan di antara protagonis (sejarah kegemaran penonton, yang dikenali sebagai babyface, atau \"lelaki yang baik\") dan seorang antagonis (sejarah seorang penjahat dengan kesombongan, kecenderungan untuk melanggar aturan atau kualiti lain yang tidak dapat dipanggil dipanggil tumit ). Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, antiheroes juga menjadi terkenal dalam gusti profesional. Terdapat juga peranan yang kurang biasa iaitu \"tweener\", yang tidak mempunyai wajah sepenuhnya atau tidak sepenuhnya tetapi mampu memainkan peranan sama ada dengan berkesan (contohnya Samoa Joe semasa tarian pertamanya di TNA dari Jun 2005 hingga November 2006). <> Apakah nama-nama lain untuk protagonis? || babyface, atau \"lelaki yang baik\" <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh antagonis? || peraturan pecah <> Apakah ahli gusti yang mana seseorang berada di antara kedua-dua norma yang dipanggil? || tweener <> Siapa yang umumnya kegemaran penonton? || protagonis", {"qas": [{"question": "What are other names for a protagonist?", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decc", "answers": [{"text": "babyface, or \"the good guy\"", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What will an antagonist usually do?", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decd", "answers": [{"text": "break rules", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called?", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8dece", "answers": [{"text": "tweener", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is generally the audience favorite? ", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decf", "answers": [{"text": "protagonist", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Typically, matches are staged between a protagonist (historically an audience favorite, known as a babyface, or \"the good guy\") and an antagonist (historically a villain with arrogance, a tendency to break rules, or other unlikable qualities, called a heel). In recent years, however, antiheroes have also become prominent in professional wrestling. There is also a less common role of a \"tweener\", who is neither fully face nor fully heel yet able to play either role effectively (case in point, Samoa Joe during his first run in TNA from June 2005 to November 2006)."}], ["Walaupun perlawanan pameran benar tidak biasa, kebanyakan pertandingan menceritakan kisah yang serupa dengan adegan dalam drama atau filem, atau satu episod drama bersiri: Wajah kadang-kadang akan menang (kemenangan) atau kadang-kadang kalah (tragedi). Cerita cerita lebih lama boleh dihasilkan dari pelbagai perlawanan sepanjang masa. Memandangkan kebanyakan promosi mempunyai gelaran juara, persaingan untuk kejohanan adalah dorongan biasa untuk cerita. Juga, apa-apa dari rambut watak sendiri untuk pekerjaan mereka dengan promosi boleh dipertaruhkan dalam perlawanan. Jenis cerita yang baik berbanding jalan cerita yang jahat juga pernah popular di derby roller. <> Apa yang paling banyak perlawanan? || kisah yang sama dengan adegan dalam drama atau filem, atau episod drama bersiri: <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila protagonis kalah? || tragedi <> Apa yang mereka panggil ketika protagonis menang? || kemenangan <> Apa yang boleh dipungut dalam pertandingan? || dari rambut watak sendiri ke tugas mereka dengan promosi", {"qas": [{"question": "What do most matches have?", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df42", "answers": [{"text": "a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is it called when the protagonist loses?", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df43", "answers": [{"text": "tragedy", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do they call it when a protagonist wins? ", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df44", "answers": [{"text": "triumph", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be wagered in a match? ", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df45", "answers": [{"text": "from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a championship title, competition for the championship is a common impetus for stories. Also, anything from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match. The same type of good vs. evil storylines were also once popular in roller derby."}], ["Juga, apa-apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai elemen drama boleh wujud dalam cerita gusti profesional: hubungan romantis (termasuk cinta segitiga dan perkahwinan), rasisme, klasisme, nepotisme, pilih kasih, korupsi korporat, bon keluarga, sejarah peribadi, dendam, kecurian, penipuan, serangan, pengkhianatan, penyogokan, rayuan, penglihatan, keyakinan, pemerasan, pemerasan, penyalahgunaan bahan, keraguan diri, pengorbanan diri; walaupun penculikan, fetishisme seksual, necrophilia, kejam, rogol dan kematian telah digambarkan dalam bergelut. Beberapa promosi termasuk unsur-unsur ghaib seperti sihir, kutukan, gambar undead dan syaitan (terutamanya The Undertaker dan Kementrian Kegelapannya, sebuah kestabilan yang selalu melakukan ritual jahat dan pengorbanan manusia dalam ibadat setan seperti seorang kuasa yang tersembunyi). Selebriti juga akan terlibat dalam alur cerita. <> Apa benda ghaib telah digambarkan dalam perlawanan? || sihir, kutukan, imej undead dan syaitan <> Apa yang boleh digunakan dalam cerita gusti? || apa-apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai elemen drama <> Apa drama romantis yang boleh digunakan dalam cerita? || cinta segitiga dan perkahwinan", {"qas": [{"question": "What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?", "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847a", "answers": [{"text": "magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be used in a wrestling story? ", "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847b", "answers": [{"text": "anything that can be used as an element of drama", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What romantic drama might be used in a story? ", "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847c", "answers": [{"text": "love triangles and marriage", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Also, anything that can be used as an element of drama can exist in professional wrestling stories: romantic relationships (including love triangles and marriage), racism, classism, nepotism, favoritism, corporate corruption, family bonds, personal histories, grudges, theft, cheating, assault, betrayal, bribery, seduction, stalking, confidence tricks, extortion, blackmail, substance abuse, self-doubt, self-sacrifice; even kidnapping, sexual fetishism, necrophilia, misogyny, rape and death have been portrayed in wrestling. Some promotions have included supernatural elements such as magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery (most notably The Undertaker and his Ministry of Darkness, a stable that regularly performed evil rituals and human sacrifice in Satanic-like worship of a hidden power figure). Celebrities would also be involved in storylines."}], ["Di belakang tabir, para penerbit di sebuah syarikat akan meletakkan tajuk pada pelaku yang paling berjaya, atau mereka yang percaya bahawa akan menghasilkan minat peminat dari segi kehadiran acara dan penonton televisyen. Tajuk peringkat rendah juga boleh digunakan pada para pelaku yang menunjukkan potensi, sehingga membolehkan mereka lebih banyak pendedahan kepada penonton. Walau bagaimanapun, keadaan lain mungkin juga menentukan kegunaan kejohanan. Gabungan keturunan kejohanan, pelakon yang berkaliber sebagai juara, dan kekerapan dan cara perubahan tajuk, menentukan persepsi penonton mengenai kualiti, makna dan reputasi tajuk. <> Apa yang berlaku di sebalik tabir perlawanan? || booker dalam sebuah syarikat akan meletakkan tajuk pada pelaku yang paling berjaya, <> Siapa lagi yang buku-buku tumpuan? || mereka yang percaya bahawa buku itu akan menjana minat peminat <> Siapa yang mereka mungkin menggunakan gelaran peringkat rendah? || penghibur yang menunjukkan potensi", {"qas": [{"question": "What happens behind the scenes of a match?", "id": "57266d835951b619008f7273", "answers": [{"text": "bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who else do bookers focus on? ", "id": "57266d835951b619008f7274", "answers": [{"text": "those the bookers believe will generate fan interest", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who might they use a lower ranked title on?", "id": "57266d835951b619008f7275", "answers": [{"text": "performers who show potential", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Behind the scenes, the bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer, or those the bookers believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership. Lower ranked titles may also be used on the performers who show potential, thus allowing them greater exposure to the audience. However other circumstances may also determine the use of a championship. A combination of a championship's lineage, the caliber of performers as champion, and the frequency and manner of title changes, dictates the audience's perception of the title's quality, significance and reputation."}], ["Di Amerika Latin dan negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris, kebanyakan ahli gusti (dan pengatur peringkat lain) menggambarkan peranan watak, kadang-kadang dengan keperibadian yang berbeza dari mereka sendiri. Keperibadian ini adalah gimik yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepentingan ahli gusti tanpa mengambil kira keupayaan olahraga. Sesetengahnya boleh menjadi tidak realistik dan seperti kartun (seperti Doink the Clown), manakala yang lain membawa lebih banyak kepastian dan boleh dilihat sebagai versi yang berlebihan daripada personaliti kehidupan sebenar pelaku (seperti Chris Jericho, The Rock, John Cena, Stone Cold Steve Austin , dan CM Punk). Dalam lucha percuma, banyak watak memakai topeng, mengamalkan identiti rahsia serupa dengan seorang superhero, tradisi yang hampir suci. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan ahli gusti, sejauh mana mereka bertindak? || menggambarkan peranan watak <> Apakah nama seorang pegulat yang bertindak seperti watak kartunis? || Doink the Clown <> The person's Rock dilihat sebagai apa? || versi berlebihan keperibadian sebenar kehidupan pelaku <> Apa pakaian biasa di lucha percuma? || topeng", {"qas": [{"question": "What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83c8", "answers": [{"text": "portray character roles", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character? ", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83c9", "answers": [{"text": "Doink the Clown", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Rock's persona is seen as what? ", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83ca", "answers": [{"text": "exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is common apparel in lucha libre? ", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83cb", "answers": [{"text": "masks", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Latin America and English-speaking countries, most wrestlers (and other on-stage performers) portray character roles, sometimes with personalities wildly different from their own. These personalities are a gimmick intended to heighten interest in a wrestler without regard to athletic ability. Some can be unrealistic and cartoon-like (such as Doink the Clown), while others carry more verisimilitude and can be seen as exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality (such as Chris Jericho, The Rock, John Cena, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and CM Punk). In lucha libre, many characters wear masks, adopting a secret identity akin to a superhero, a near-sacred tradition."}], ["Kadangkala watak boleh \"menghidupkan\", mengubah penjajaran muka / tumit mereka. Ini mungkin peristiwa yang tiba-tiba, mengejutkan, atau ia perlahan-lahan akan membina dari masa ke masa. Ia hampir selalu dicapai dengan perubahan tingkah laku yang menonjol di bahagian watak. Beberapa giliran menjadi titik penentu dalam kerjaya seorang ahli gusti, seperti mana ketika Hulk Hogan berubah menjadi tumit setelah menjadi wajah teratas selama lebih satu dekad. Orang lain mungkin tidak mempunyai kesan ketara pada status watak. Sekiranya watak berulang bertukar antara menjadi muka dan tumit, ini mengurangkan kesan lilitan itu, dan boleh menyebabkan sikap tidak peduli daripada penonton. Vince McMahon adalah contoh yang baik untuk mempunyai lebih banyak tumit dan wajah bertukar daripada sesiapa sahaja dalam sejarah WWE. <> Apa yang mungkin berlaku kepada watak mereka? || berpaling <> Apa yang Hulk Hogan menjadi? || tumit <> Siapa yang paling berpaling pada WWE? || Vince McMahon", {"qas": [{"question": "What might a character do with their persona?", "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dede", "answers": [{"text": "turn", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Hulk Hogan become? ", "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dedf", "answers": [{"text": "heel", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has the most turns in the WWE?", "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dee0", "answers": [{"text": "Vince McMahon", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "At times a character may \"turn\", altering their face/heel alignment. This may be an abrupt, surprising event, or it may slowly build up over time. It almost always is accomplished with a markable change in behavior on the part of the character. Some turns become defining points in a wrestler's career, as was the case when Hulk Hogan turned heel after being a top face for over a decade. Others may have no noticeable effect on the character's status. If a character repeatedly switches between being a face and heel, this lessens the effect of such turns, and may result in apathy from the audience. Vince McMahon is a good example of having more heel and face turns than anyone in WWE history."}], ["Dalam sesetengah kes, seorang ahli gusti mungkin mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang mengagumkan, tetapi kebolehan berbahasa umum yang biasa (seperti Brock Lesnar), atau gimmik mereka mungkin \"liar liar\" yang memerlukan pengendali (seperti Kamala). Penghibur sedemikian mempunyai sejarah yang menggunakan seorang pengurus, yang bercakap bagi pihak mereka dan menambah prestasi. Pengurus kadang-kadang menjadi personaliti utama, termasuk Bobby Heenan, Paul Heyman, Ernie Roth, dan Pembawa Paul. Peranan pengurus juga boleh diisi oleh \"valet\", biasanya seorang wanita yang menarik yang boleh mengambil bahagian dalam jalan cerita segitiga cinta, situasi \"penderita dalam keadaan kesengsaraan\", dan pergaduhan skrip dengan pegulat wanita. Sebahagian daripada mereka juga telah menjadi bintang yang dikenali, seperti Tammy Lynn Sytch, Stacy Keibler, dan Miss Elizabeth. <> Siapa yang membantu ahli gusti dengan kebolehan berbicara yang kurang baik? || pengurus <> Apa yang kadang-kadang berlaku dengan pengurus? || menjadi personaliti utama <> Siapa lagi yang boleh melaksanakan peranan pengurus? || \"valet <> Siapa yang mungkin mengambil bahagian dalam cerita cinta segitiga? || wanita yang menarik", {"qas": [{"question": "Who helps out a wrestler with poor speaking abilities?", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8456", "answers": [{"text": "manager", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sometimes happens with managers?", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8457", "answers": [{"text": "become major personalities", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who else can perform the manager role?", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8458", "answers": [{"text": "\"valet", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who might participate in a love triangle story? ", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8459", "answers": [{"text": "an appealing female", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In some cases a wrestler may possess admirable physical traits but perceived mediocre public speaking abilities (such as Brock Lesnar), or their gimmick may be that of a \"wild savage\" needing a handler (such as Kamala). Such performers have historically employed a manager, who speaks on their behalf and adds to the performance. Managers have sometimes become major personalities, including Bobby Heenan, Paul Heyman, Ernie Roth, and Paul Bearer. A manager role may also be filled by a \"valet\", typically an appealing female who may participate in love triangle storylines, \"damsel in distress\" situations, and scripted fights with female wrestlers. Some of these have also gone on to become recognized stars, such as Tammy Lynn Sytch, Stacy Keibler, and Miss Elizabeth."}], ["Cerita-cerita lain hasil daripada persaingan semulajadi antara dua atau lebih aksara. Di luar prestasi, ini dirujuk sebagai persengketaan. Pertikaian boleh wujud di antara bilangan peserta dan dapat bertahan selama beberapa hari hingga beberapa dekad. Perselisihan antara Ric Flair dan Ricky Steamboat berlangsung dari akhir 1970-an hingga awal 1990-an dan didakwa merangkumi lebih dari dua ribu pertandingan (walaupun kebanyakan pertandingan itu hanya pertandingan gelap). Sejarah kerjaya antara tokoh-tokoh Mike Awesome dan Masato Tanaka adalah satu lagi contoh persengketaan yang lama, seperti kes Batu Cold Steve Austin vs. Encik McMahon, salah satu persengketaan yang paling menguntungkan dalam Persekutuan Gusti Dunia (WWF ) pada tahun 1998 dan 1999. <> Apa persaingan yang sering dipanggil? || persengketaan <> Berapa lamakah masa yang lama berlaku? || beberapa hari sehingga beberapa dekad <> Berapa lamakah persengketaan antara Ric Flair dan Ricky Steamboat terakhir? || akhir 1970-an ke awal 1990-an <> Apa contoh pertikaian popular? || Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon", {"qas": [{"question": "What are rivalries often called?", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58b", "answers": [{"text": "feuds", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long might a feud last?", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58c", "answers": [{"text": "a few days up to multiple decades", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last? ", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58d", "answers": [{"text": "late 1970s into the early 1990s", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of a popular feud?", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58e", "answers": [{"text": "Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other stories result from a natural rivalry between two or more characters. Outside of performance, these are referred to as feuds. A feud can exist between any number of participants and can last for a few days up to multiple decades. The feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat lasted from the late 1970s into the early 1990s and allegedly spanned over two thousand matches (although most of those matches were mere dark matches). The career-spanning history between characters Mike Awesome and Masato Tanaka is another example of a long-running feud, as is the case of Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon, one of the most lucrative feuds in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) during 1998 and 1999."}], ["Sama seperti personae secara umum, penjajaran muka atau tumit boleh berubah mengikut masa, atau tetap berterusan sepanjang hayatnya (contoh yang paling terkenal ialah Ricky Steamboat, WWE Hall of Famer yang kekal sebagai penyandang kerjaya sepanjang kariernya). Kadang-kadang giliran tumit watak akan menjadi begitu popular sehingga akhirnya tindak balas penonton akan mengubah kitaran muka tumit watak ke titik di mana personel tumit akan, dalam praktiknya, menjadi persona muka, dan yang sebelumnya adalah persona muka, akan berubah menjadi personel tumit, seperti ketika Dwayne Johnson pertama kali menggunakan persona \"The Rock\" sebagai watak tumit, bertentangan dengan personalisasi \"Baby Rocky Maivia\" yang asli. Satu lagi contoh legenda adalah Stone Cold Steve Austin, yang pada asalnya ditempah sebagai tumit, dengan sikap seperti meminumnya di atas kerjanya, menggunakan pelacuran, memecahkan harta syarikat, dan juga memecah masuk ke rumah peribadi rakyat. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak kejutan WWF, para peminat menikmati keraguan Austin sehingga dia menjadi salah satu antiheroes terbesar dalam sejarah perniagaan. Beliau, bersama-sama dengan stabil D-Generasi X, secara umumnya dikreditkan dengan mengetuai dalam Era Sikap pengaturcaraan WWF. <> Siapa ahli gusti yang tidak pernah berpaling? || Ricky Steamboat <> Apa Batu Steve Austin bermula? || tumit <> Apakah watak asal The Rock? || Rocky Maivia <> Apa yang dilakukan Steve Austin? || salah satu antiheroes terbesar", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is a wrestler who never turned? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f1", "answers": [{"text": "Ricky Steamboat", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f2", "answers": [{"text": "heel", "answer_start": 781}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was The Rock's original character? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f3", "answers": [{"text": "Rocky Maivia", "answer_start": 664}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Steve Austin become? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f4", "answers": [{"text": "one of the greatest antiheroes", "answer_start": 1012}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "As with personae in general, a character's face or heel alignment may change with time, or remain constant over its lifetime (the most famous example of the latter is Ricky Steamboat, a WWE Hall of Famer who remained a babyface throughout his entire career). Sometimes a character's heel turn will become so popular that eventually the audience response will alter the character's heel-face cycle to the point where the heel persona will, in practice, become a face persona, and what was previously the face persona, will turn into the heel persona, such as when Dwayne Johnson first began using \"The Rock\" persona as a heel character, as opposed to his original \"Rocky Maivia\" babyface persona. Another legendary example is Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was originally booked as a heel, with such mannerisms as drinking on the job, using profanity, breaking company property, and even breaking into people's private homes. However, much to WWF's surprise, the fans enjoyed Austin's antics so much that he became one of the greatest antiheroes in the history of the business. He, along with the stable of D-Generation X, is generally credited with ushering in the Attitude Era of WWF programming."}], ["Seorang ahli gusti kadang-kadang boleh menggunakan nama sebenar mereka, atau variasi kecil untuk kerjaya mereka, seperti Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, dan Randy Orton. Lain-lain boleh menyimpan satu nama cincin untuk keseluruhan kerjaya mereka (kes yang termasuk Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk dan Ricky Steamboat), atau mungkin berubah dari semasa ke semasa untuk lebih sesuai dengan tuntutan penonton atau syarikat. Kadang-kadang satu watak dimiliki dan ditandakan oleh syarikat, memaksa ahli gusti untuk mencari yang baru ketika mereka pergi (walaupun perubahan jenis yang ringkas, seperti menukar Rhyno kepada Rhino, biasanya boleh mendapatkan sekitar ini), dan kadang-kadang watak dimiliki oleh ahli gusti. Kadang-kadang, seorang ahli gusti boleh mengubah nama undang-undang mereka untuk mendapatkan pemilikan nama cincin mereka (contohnya ialah Andrew Martin dan Warrior). Ramai ahli gusti (seperti The Rock dan The Undertaker) sangat dikenal pasti dengan watak mereka, malah memberi respons kepada nama itu di kalangan orang ramai atau antara rakan-rakan. Ia benar-benar dianggap sebagai kebiasaan yang tepat bagi sesama gusti untuk merujuk kepada satu sama lain oleh nama / watak panggung mereka daripada nama kelahiran / undang-undang mereka, melainkan sebaliknya diperkenalkan. Populariti watak bergelut profesional boleh berkembang hingga ke tahap yang menunjukkan penampilan di media lain (lihat Hulk Hogan dan El Santo) atau bahkan memberikan penglihatan yang cukup untuk memasuki politik (Antonio Inoki dan Jesse Ventura, antara lain). <> Apakah cara popular bagi para pegulat untuk merujuk kepada satu sama lain? || oleh nama panggung / aksara mereka <> Selain daripada syarikat, siapa lagi yang boleh memiliki watak? || ahli gusti <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti dapat mengubah nama cincin mereka sepenuhnya? || ubah jenis <> Apa lagi yang boleh dilakukan seorang pegulat untuk mendapatkan nama cincin mereka? || menukar nama undang-undang mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c50f", "answers": [{"text": "by their stage names/characters", "answer_start": 1066}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than a company, who else can own a character?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c510", "answers": [{"text": "the wrestler", "answer_start": 667}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c511", "answers": [{"text": "typeset change", "answer_start": 550}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c512", "answers": [{"text": "change their legal name", "answer_start": 707}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "An individual wrestler may sometimes use their real name, or a minor variation of it, for much of their career, such as Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, and Randy Orton. Others can keep one ring name for their entire career (cases in point include Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk and Ricky Steamboat), or may change from time to time to better suit the demands of the audience or company. Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company, forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave (although a simple typeset change, such as changing Rhyno to Rhino, can usually get around this), and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler. Sometimes, a wrestler may change their legal name in order to obtain ownership of their ring name (examples include Andrew Martin and Warrior). Many wrestlers (such as The Rock and The Undertaker) are strongly identified with their character, even responding to the name in public or between friends. It's actually considered proper decorum for fellow wrestlers to refer to each other by their stage names/characters rather than their birth/legal names, unless otherwise introduced. A professional wrestling character's popularity can grow to the point that it makes appearances in other media (see Hulk Hogan and El Santo) or even give the performer enough visibility to enter politics (Antonio Inoki and Jesse Ventura, among others)."}], ["Di Jepun, gusti profesional yang dilakukan oleh pegulat wanita dipanggil joshi puroresu (\u5973\u5b50 \u30d7 \u30ed \u30ec \u30b9) atau joshi puro untuk jangka pendek. Gulat wanita biasanya dikendalikan oleh promosi yang mengkhususkan diri dalam joshi puroresu dan bukan divisi promosi yang didominasi lelaki, seperti halnya di Amerika Serikat. Walau bagaimanapun, promosi joshi puroresu biasanya mempunyai perjanjian dengan promosi lelaki puroresu supaya mereka mengiktiraf gelaran masing-masing sebagai sah, dan boleh berkongsi kad. Semua Pro-Wrestling Wanita Jepun adalah organisasi joshi yang dominan dari tahun 1970-an hingga 1990-an. <> Apakah gusti wanita profesional yang dipanggil di Jepun? || joshi puroresu <> Apa bentuk ringkas untuk joshi puroresu? || joshi puro <> Apa organisasi joshi utama selama dua dekad? || Pro-Wrestling Wanita Jepun", {"qas": [{"question": "What is professional female wrestling called in Japan?", "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8506", "answers": [{"text": "joshi puroresu", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the short form for joshi puroresu?", "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8507", "answers": [{"text": "joshi puro", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the major joshi organization for two decades?", "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8508", "answers": [{"text": "Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling", "answer_start": 474}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In Japan, professional wrestling done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu (\u5973\u5b50\u30d7\u30ed\u30ec\u30b9) or joshi puro for short. Female wrestling is usually handled by promotions that specialize in joshi puroresu rather than divisions of otherwise male-dominated promotions, as is the case in the United States. However, joshi puroresu promotions usually have agreements with male puroresu promotions such that they recognize each other's titles as legitimate, and may share cards. All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling was the dominant joshi organization from the 1970s to the 1990s."}], ["Pada tahun 1980-an, perlawanan pasukan tag campuran bermula berlaku, dengan lelaki dan perempuan pada setiap pasukan dan peraturan yang menyatakan bahawa setiap ahli gusti hanya boleh menyerang lawan dari jantina yang sama. Sekiranya satu tag telah dibuat, pasukan lain terpaksa menukar ahli undang-undang mereka secara automatik juga. Walaupun sekatan ini, banyak pertandingan tag bercampur melakukan beberapa interaksi fizikal antara peserta gender yang berbeza. Sebagai contoh, tumit boleh mengambil tembakan murah di pegulat wanita pasukan lawan untuk menarik reaksi negatif orang ramai. Dalam lucha percuma, tembakan murah dan serangan lelaki-perempuan tidak biasa. <> Apakah gabungan pasukan tag terdiri daripada? || seorang lelaki dan perempuan pada setiap pasukan <> Bilakah tim campuran campuran bermula? || 1980-an <> Apa yang berlaku ketika tag dibuat? || pasukan lain terpaksa secara automatik menukar ahli gusti undang-undang mereka <> Apa yang tidak biasa di lucha percuma? || tembakan murah dan serangan lelaki-perempuan", {"qas": [{"question": "What does a mixed tag team consist of?", "id": "572671c4708984140094c645", "answers": [{"text": "a male and female on each team", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did mixed tag teams start? ", "id": "572671c4708984140094c646", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened when a tag was made? ", "id": "572671c4708984140094c647", "answers": [{"text": "the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What isn't uncommon in lucha libre?", "id": "572671c4708984140094c648", "answers": [{"text": "cheap-shots and male-female attacks", "answer_start": 543}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the 1980s, mixed tag team matches began to take place, with a male and female on each team and a rule stating that each wrestler could only attack the opponent of the same gender. If a tag was made, the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well. Despite these restrictions, many mixed tag matches do feature some physical interaction between participants of different genders. For example, a heel may take a cheap shot at the female wrestler of the opposing team to draw a negative crowd reaction. In lucha libre, cheap-shots and male-female attacks are not uncommon."}], ["Semua ahli gusti yang terkenal kini memasuki cincin yang diiringi oleh muzik, dan secara rutin menambah unsur-unsur lain ke pintu masuk mereka. Muzik yang dimainkan semasa masuk cincin biasanya akan mencerminkan keperibadian pegulat. Ramai ahli gusti, terutamanya di Amerika, mempunyai muzik dan lirik yang ditulis khas untuk masuk cincin mereka. Semasa dicipta jauh sebelum ini, amalan termasuk muzik dengan pintu masuk mendapat populariti yang tinggi pada tahun 1980-an, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh kejayaan besar Hulk Hogan dan WWF, dan Rock 'n' Connest Wrestling. Apabila pertandingan dimenangi, muzik tema pemenang biasanya dimainkan dalam perayaan. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila seorang gusti memasuki cincin itu? || disertai dengan muzik <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh muzik? || keperibadian pegulat <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku ketika pertandingan dimenangkan? || Muzik tema pemenang biasanya juga dimainkan <> Apa yang berlaku dengan banyak wrestlers? || mempunyai muzik dan lirik yang ditulis khas untuk masuk cincin mereka", {"qas": [{"question": "What occurs when a wrestler enters the ring?", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e6", "answers": [{"text": "accompanied by music", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the music playing indicate? ", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e7", "answers": [{"text": "the wrestler's personality", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What typically happens when a match is won?", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e8", "answers": [{"text": "victor's theme music is usually also played", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens with many wrestlers?", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e9", "answers": [{"text": "have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "All notable wrestlers now enter the ring accompanied by music, and regularly add other elements to their entrance. The music played during the ring entrance will usually mirror the wrestler's personality. Many wrestlers, particularly in America, have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance. While invented long before, the practice of including music with the entrance gained rapid popularity during the 1980s, largely as a result of the huge success of Hulk Hogan and the WWF, and their Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection. When a match is won, the victor's theme music is usually also played in celebration."}], ["Sesetengah ahli gusti mungkin mempunyai \"mini saya\" khusus mereka, seperti Mascarita Sagrada, Alebrije mempunyai Quije, dan sebagainya. Terdapat juga kes-kes di mana pemain tengah boleh menjadi penembak untuk seorang ahli gusti, dan juga terlibat secara fizikal dalam perlawanan, seperti Alushe, yang sering mengiringi Tinieblas, atau KeMonito, yang digambarkan sebagai maskot Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre dan juga pelayan untuk Mistico. Dave Finlay sering dibantu dalam pertandingannya dengan gol yang dikenali sebagai Hornswoggle ketika berada di WWE, yang bersembunyi di bawah cincin itu dan memberi shillelagh kepada Finlay untuk digunakan pada lawannya. Finlay juga kadang-kadang melemparkannya ke lawannya. Hornswoggle juga telah dikendalikan dengan Kejohanan Cruiserweight dan bertarung dengan D-Generation X pada tahun 2009. <> Seorang ahli gusti mungkin mempunyai orang kecil yang dipanggil apa? || mini me <> Apa lagi yang boleh dilakukan oleh orang kecil dalam perlawanan? || menjadi valets <> Siapa yang Dave Finlay sering dibantu oleh? || Hornswoggle <> Apa lagi yang dilakukan Finlay dengan orang kecilnya? || kadang-kadang melemparkannya ke lawannya (s <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Hornswoggle? || diberikan lari dengan Kejohanan Cruiserweight", {"qas": [{"question": "A wrestler may have a small person called what?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72ef", "answers": [{"text": "mini me", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else can a little person do in the match?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f0", "answers": [{"text": "become valets", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Dave Finlay often helped by?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f1", "answers": [{"text": "Hornswoggle", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else did Finlay do with his little person?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f2", "answers": [{"text": "occasionally threw him at his opponent(s", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to Hornswoggle?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f3", "answers": [{"text": "given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship", "answer_start": 629}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some wrestlers may have their own specific \"mini me\", like Mascarita Sagrada, Alebrije has Quije, etc. There are also cases in which midgets can become valets for a wrestler, and even get physically involved in matches, like Alushe, who often accompanies Tinieblas, or KeMonito, who is portrayed as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's mascot and is also a valet for Mistico. Dave Finlay was often aided in his matches by a midget known mainly as Hornswoggle while in WWE, who hid under the ring and gave a shillelagh to Finlay to use on his opponent. Finlay also occasionally threw him at his opponent(s). Hornswoggle has also been given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship and feuded with D-Generation X in 2009."}], ["Pertempuran perseorangan antara pertama kali diperjuangkan di peringkat kebangsaan pada 1990-an. Ini bermula dengan Luna Vachon, yang menghadapi lelaki di ECW dan WWF. Kemudian, Chyna menjadi wanita pertama yang memegang tali pinggang yang tidak eksklusif kepada wanita apabila dia memenangi Kejohanan Intercontinental. Walaupun ia adalah satu prestasi yang jarang berlaku di WWE, di TNA, ODB menyertai pertandingan intergender tunggal. Selain itu, pasangan suami dan rakan sepasukan kayfabe ODB, Eric Young memegang Kejohanan Tag Team Knockouts untuk rekod 478 hari sebelum dilucutkan oleh Brooke Hogan kerana Young adalah seorang lelaki. <> Bilakah pertempuran perseorangan intergender bertempur pada skala nasional? || 1990-an <> Siapa wanita pertama yang memegang tali pinggang yang tidak eksklusif untuk wanita? || Chyna <> Apa rekod sebelum dilucutkan? || 478 hari <> Siapa yang melupuskan rekod sebelumnya? || Brooke Hogan", {"qas": [{"question": "When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale? ", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff6", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff7", "answers": [{"text": "Chyna", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the record before it was stripped? ", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff8", "answers": [{"text": "478 days", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who stripped the previous record? ", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff9", "answers": [{"text": "Brooke Hogan", "answer_start": 507}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s. This began with Luna Vachon, who faced men in ECW and WWF. Later, Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship. While it is a rare feat in WWE, in TNA, ODB participates in singles intergender matches. Also, ODB's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male."}], ["Bahagian wanita gusti profesional telah mengekalkan juara dunia yang diiktiraf sejak 1937, ketika Mildred Burke memenangi gelaran Dunia Wanita yang asal. Dia kemudiannya membentuk Persatuan Sejarah Dunia Wanita pada awal tahun 1950-an dan mengakui dirinya sebagai juara pertama, walaupun kejohanan itu akan dikosongkan semasa persaraannya pada tahun 1956. Walau bagaimanapun, NWA tidak lagi mengakui Burke sebagai juara Dunia Wanita mereka pada tahun 1954, dan sebaliknya mengakui Jun Byers sebagai juara selepas selesai kontroversial untuk pertandingan berprofil tinggi antara Burke dan Byers pada tahun itu. Selepas persaraan Byers pada tahun 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, yang memenangi versi kelas berat junior Kejohanan Wanita Dunia NWA (pendahulu ke Kejohanan Wanita WWE) pada kejohanan pada tahun 1958, diiktiraf oleh kebanyakan promoter NWA sebagai juara secara lalai. <> Siapa yang memenangi gelaran wanita pada tahun 1937? || Mildred Burke <> Apa bentuk Mildred Burke? || Persatuan gusti wanita <> tahun berapakah Jun Byers bersara? || 1964 <> Tahun berapakah Mildred Burke bersara? || 1956", {"qas": [{"question": "Who won the women's title in 1937?", "id": "572670f2708984140094c615", "answers": [{"text": "Mildred Burke", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Mildred Burke form?", "id": "572670f2708984140094c616", "answers": [{"text": "Women's Wrestling Association", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did June Byers retire? ", "id": "572670f2708984140094c617", "answers": [{"text": "1964", "answer_start": 601}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Mildred Burke retire? ", "id": "572670f2708984140094c618", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The women's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937, when Mildred Burke won the original World Women's title. She then formed the World Women's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion, although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956. The NWA, however, ceased to acknowledge Burke as their Women's World champion in 1954, and instead acknowledged June Byers as champion after a controversial finish to a high-profile match between Burke and Byers that year. Upon Byers' retirement in 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, who won a junior heavyweight version of the NWA World Women's Championship (the predecessor to the WWE's Women's Championship) in a tournament back in 1958, was recognized by most NWA promoters as champion by default."}], ["Pencapaian kejohanan para jurulatih boleh menjadi pusat kepada kerjaya mereka, menjadi ukuran keupayaan prestasi dan daya tarikan mereka. Secara umum, seorang ahli gusti yang mempunyai gelaran berganda atau pemerintahan gelaran yang diperluaskan adalah menunjukkan keupayaan para pegulat untuk mengekalkan minat penonton dan / atau keupayaan para pegulat untuk melakukan di gelanggang. Oleh itu, gusti yang paling berjaya atau dihiasi cenderung dihormati sebagai legenda walaupun sifat gelaran yang telah ditetapkan. Wrestler Amerika Ric Flair telah memenangi gelaran juara dunia kelas berat yang merangkumi lebih dari tiga dekad. Wrestler Jepun \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n pernah memegang dan mempertahankan rekod 10 tajuk serentak. <> Apa yang ditunjukkan apabila seorang ahli gusti mempunyai banyak tajuk? || keupayaan untuk mengekalkan minat penonton dan / atau keupayaan untuk bertanding di cincin <> Apa yang penting dalam kerjaya seorang pegulat? || pencapaian kejohanan <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh pencapaian tersebut? || keupayaan prestasi dan kekuatan lukisan <> Apa yang telah dicapai Ric Flair? || pelbagai kejohanan kelas berat dunia yang merangkumi lebih dari tiga dekad <> Siapa yang memegang 10 rekod sekaligus? || \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n", {"qas": [{"question": "What does it show when a wrestler has many titles?", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e8488", "answers": [{"text": "ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be important in a wrestler's career? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e8489", "answers": [{"text": "championship accomplishments", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do those accomplishments indicate? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848a", "answers": [{"text": "performance ability and drawing power", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has Ric Flair accomplished? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848b", "answers": [{"text": "multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who held 10 records at once? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848c", "answers": [{"text": "\u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A wrestler's championship accomplishments can be central to their career, becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power. In general, a wrestler with multiple title reigns or an extended title reign is indicative of a wrestler's ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring. As such, the most accomplished or decorated wrestlers tend to be revered as legends despite the predetermined nature of title reigns. American wrestler Ric Flair has had multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades. Japanese wrestler \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n once held and defended a record 10 titles simultaneously."}], ["Walaupun gusti profesional di Mexico (lucha percuma) juga mempunyai cerita dan watak, mereka kurang ditekankan. Wrestlers di Mexico secara tradisinya lebih tangkas dan melakukan lebih banyak gerakan udara daripada ahli gusti profesional di A.S. yang, lebih kerap, bergantung pada gerakan kuasa dan serangan untuk menundukkan lawan mereka. Perbezaan dalam gaya adalah disebabkan oleh evolusi bebas sukan di Mexico bermula pada tahun 1930-an dan fakta bahawa para pegulat di bahagian berat kapal pesi (peso semicomapos) sering menjadi pegulat paling popular di Mexico lucha percuma. Wrestlers sering melaksanakan ciri-ciri bergerak tinggi lucha percuma dengan menggunakan tali gelang gusti untuk melontarkan diri mereka ke arah lawan mereka, menggunakan kombinasi yang rumit dalam penggantian cepat-api, dan memohon memegang kompleks memegang. Lucha percuma juga dikenali untuk perlawanan gusti pasukan tagnya, di mana pasukan sering terdiri daripada tiga ahli, bukannya dua seperti biasa di A.S. <> Bagaimana karakter berbeza dalam gusti Mexico? || mereka kurang ditekankan <> Bagaimana pencabar Mexico berbeza? || lebih tangkas dan melakukan lebih banyak pergerakan udara <> Apa yang dikhaskan oleh gusti Amerika? || bergantung kepada gerakan dan serangan kuasa untuk menundukkan lawan mereka <> Apa lagi yang diketahui oleh lucha percuma? || pertandingan gusti pasukan tag <> Bagaimana perlawanan pasukan tag lucha percuma berbeza? || seringkali terdiri daripada tiga ahli, dan bukannya dua yang biasa di U.S", {"qas": [{"question": "How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling?", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8596", "answers": [{"text": "they are less emphasized", "answer_start": 89}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are Mexican wrestlers different? ", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8597", "answers": [{"text": "more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do American wrestlers depend on? ", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8598", "answers": [{"text": "rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What else is lucha libre known for?", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8599", "answers": [{"text": "tag team wrestling matches", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? ", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e859a", "answers": [{"text": "often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S", "answer_start": 899}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although professional wrestling in Mexico (lucha libre) also has stories and characters, they are less emphasized. Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who, more often, rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents. The difference in styles is due to the independent evolution of the sport in Mexico beginning in the 1930s and the fact that wrestlers in the cruiserweight division (peso semicompleto) are often the most popular wrestlers in Mexican lucha libre. Wrestlers often execute high flying moves characteristic of lucha libre by utilizing the wrestling ring's ropes to catapult themselves towards their opponents, using intricate combinations in rapid-fire succession, and applying complex submission holds. Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches, in which the teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S."}], ["Gulat profesional di A.S. cenderung mempunyai tumpuan berat terhadap bangunan cerita dan penubuhan watak-watak (dan personaliti mereka). Terdapat cerita untuk setiap pertandingan, dan juga cerita yang lebih panjang untuk perlawanan berturut-turut. Kisah-kisah ini biasanya mengandungi watak-watak seperti muka dan tumit, dan kurang antiheroe dan tweeners. Ia adalah \"kemenangan\" jika wajah menang, sedangkan ia adalah \"tragedi\" jika tumit menang. Watak-watak biasanya mempunyai personaliti yang kuat dan tajam, dengan contoh-contoh seperti Doink the Clown, yang keperibadiannya melodramatic, slapstick dan fantastical. Pembangkang antara muka dan tumit sangat sengit dalam cerita, dan tumit mungkin menyerang muka semasa wawancara TV. Hubungan antara watak-watak yang berlainan juga boleh menjadi sangat kompleks. <> Apakah setiap perlawanan? || kisah <> Siapa yang biasanya termasuk dalam cerita? || watak-watak seperti muka dan tumit <> Apakah kemungkinan hasil sesuatu cerita? || Ia adalah \"kemenangan\" jika wajah menang, sedangkan ia adalah \"tragedi\" jika tumit menang. <> Apa itu Doink the person's Clown? || melodramatic, slapstick dan fantastical <> Apa yang mungkin berlaku semasa wawancara? || tumit mungkin menyerang muka", {"qas": [{"question": "What does every match have?", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8584", "answers": [{"text": "a story", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is usually included in stories? ", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8585", "answers": [{"text": "characters like faces and heels", "answer_start": 253}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the possibly outcomes of a story? ", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8586", "answers": [{"text": "It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins.", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Doink the Clown's persona like?", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8587", "answers": [{"text": "melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What might happen during interviews?", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8588", "answers": [{"text": "heels may even attack the faces", "answer_start": 639}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Professional wrestling in the U.S. tends to have a heavy focus on story building and the establishment of characters (and their personalities). There is a story for each match, and even a longer story for successive matches. The stories usually contain characters like faces and heels, and less often antiheroes and tweeners. It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins. The characters usually have strong and sharp personalities, with examples like Doink the Clown, whose personality is melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical. The opposition between faces and heels is very intense in the story, and the heels may even attack the faces during TV interviews. The relationship between different characters can also be very complex."}], ["Walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai tahap pendedahan sebagai pegulat lain, beruang telah lama menjadi sebahagian daripada gusti profesional. Kebiasaannya dibatalkan dan dibongkar, mereka sering bergaduh menembak perlawanan terhadap ahli penonton, menawarkan ganjaran tunai jika mereka boleh mengetuk beruang itu. Mereka juga bergelut profesional dalam bekerja, sering bertarung diraja atau kecacatan, perlawanan (biasanya ditempah jadi beruang menang). Walaupun mereka telah bergelut di seluruh dunia dan terus berbuat demikian, bergelut memeluk menikmati populariti terbesar mereka di Amerika Selatan, semasa tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an. Amalan memegang gusti telah menemui pembangkang yang kuat dari aktivis hak asasi haiwan dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, yang menyumbang kepada kekurangan penerimaan arus perdana. Sehingga 2006, ia dilarang di 20 buah negeri A.S.. Mungkin beruang gusti yang paling terkenal adalah Halia, Victor, Hercules dan Terrible Ted. <> Siapa yang berawan gusti yang paling terkenal? || Halia, Victor, Hercules dan Terrible Terrible <> Apa haiwan telah menjadi sebahagian daripada gusti untuk masa yang lama? || beruang <> Keadaan apa yang biasanya dikenakan masuk? || menolak dan muzzled <> Siapa yang beruang berjuang? || ahli penonton <> Berapa banyak negara telah mengharamkan gusti pada 2006? || 20", {"qas": [{"question": "Who are the most well-known wrestling bears?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f7307", "answers": [{"text": "Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f7308", "answers": [{"text": "bears", "answer_start": 67}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What condition are bears usually brought in in?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f7309", "answers": [{"text": "declawed and muzzled", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who do the bears fight?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f730a", "answers": [{"text": "audience members", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f730b", "answers": [{"text": "20", "answer_start": 739}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Though they have not had the level of exposure as other wrestlers, bears have long been a part of professional wrestling. Usually declawed and muzzled, they often wrestled shoot matches against audience members, offered a cash reward if they could pin the bear. They also wrestled professionals in worked, often battle royal or handicap, matches (usually booked so the bear won). Though they have wrestled around the world and continue to do so, wrestling bears enjoyed their greatest popularity in the Southern United States, during the 1960s and 1970s. The practice of bear wrestling has met strong opposition from animal rights activists in recent decades, contributing to its lack of mainstream acceptance. As of 2006, it is banned in 20 U.S. states. Perhaps the most famous wrestling bears are Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted."}], ["Sesetengah peminat menikmati hobi mengumpulkan pita pertunjukan gusti dari syarikat tertentu, ahli gusti tertentu, atau genre tertentu. Internet telah memberi pendedahan peminat kepada pelbagai jenis gusti yang mereka tidak dapat melihat sebaliknya. Sejak tahun 1990-an, banyak syarikat telah ditubuhkan yang menangani terutamanya dalam rakaman gusti. Apabila WWF membeli kedua-dua WCW dan ECW pada tahun 2001, mereka juga memperoleh keseluruhan perpustakaan video masa lalu kedua-dua pengeluaran dan telah mengeluarkan banyak perlawanan masa lalu dalam talian dan video rumah. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh peminat? || mengumpul pita pertunjukan gusti <> Apa yang dilakukan internet untuk peminat gusti? || pendedahan kepada variasi gusti di seluruh dunia <> Banyak syarikat yang mengendalikan rekod gusti telah ditubuhkan sejak dekad apa? || 1990-an <> Apa syarikat yang membeli pembelian WWF pada tahun 2001? || WCW dan ECW", {"qas": [{"question": "What do some fans like to do?", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7375", "answers": [{"text": "collecting tapes of wrestling shows", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has the internet done for wrestling fans? ", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7376", "answers": [{"text": "exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7377", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? ", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7378", "answers": [{"text": "WCW and ECW", "answer_start": 369}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some fans enjoy a pastime of collecting tapes of wrestling shows from specific companies, of certain wrestlers, or of specific genres. The Internet has given fans exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling they would be unable to see otherwise. Since the 1990s, many companies have been founded which deal primarily in wrestling footage. When the WWF purchased both WCW and ECW in 2001, they also obtained the entire past video libraries of both productions and have released many past matches online and on home video."}], ["Peminat gusti profesional mempunyai subkultur sendiri, setanding dengan fiksyen sains, permainan video, atau buku komik (dalam sesetengah kes, \"fandoms\" bertindih, dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, beberapa ahli gusti profesional, terutama mereka yang memelihara pemberontakan anti-penubuhan persona, seperti CM Punk, telah membuat penampilan tetamu di konvensyen buku komik). Mereka yang berminat dengan kejadian di belakang pentas, jalan cerita masa depan, dan pemikiran di sebalik keputusan syarikat membaca surat berita yang ditulis oleh wartawan dengan ikatan dalam industri gusti. Ini \"kain\" atau \"lembaran kotoran\" telah berkembang ke Internet, di mana maklumat mereka boleh dibekalkan pada asas yang sangat pantas. Sesetengah telah berkembang menjadi rancangan radio. <> Apa yang ada pada peminat? || subkultur mereka sendiri <> Apa yang kadang-kadang berlaku dengan fandoms? || bertindih <> Dimana ada beberapa wrestlers muncul? || konvensyen buku komik", {"qas": [{"question": "What do the fans have?", "id": "57267676708984140094c701", "answers": [{"text": "their own subculture", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sometimes happens with fandoms? ", "id": "57267676708984140094c702", "answers": [{"text": "overlap", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where have some wrestlers appeared?", "id": "57267676708984140094c703", "answers": [{"text": "comic book conventions", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the \"fandoms\" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These \"rags\" or \"dirt sheets\" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows."}], ["Walaupun gusti pro sering digambarkan secara sederhana sebagai \"opera sabun untuk lelaki\", ia juga telah dinamakan sebagai mengisi peranan bentuk seni dan teater masa lalu; sintesis heroik klasik, komedia dell'arte, tragedi balas dendam, bermain moral, dan membosankan. Watak-watak dan alur cerita yang digambarkan oleh promosi yang berjaya dilihat untuk menggambarkan suasana hati, sikap, dan keprihatinan masyarakat promosi itu (dan boleh pula mempengaruhi perkara yang sama). Tahap keganasan dan kejantanan tinggi bergelut menjadikan ia sebagai alat ganti untuk pencerobohan semasa masa aman. <> Apa yang kadang-kadang dipanggil gusti? || \"opera sabun untuk lelaki\" <> Apa gulat kepada orang dalam masa yang damai? || Perwakilan untuk keganasan <> Peranan apa yang harus dipenuhi bergelut? || bentuk kesusasteraan dan teater lalu;", {"qas": [{"question": "What is wrestling sometimes called?", "id": "572679f3708984140094c75d", "answers": [{"text": "\"soap opera for males\"", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?", "id": "572679f3708984140094c75e", "answers": [{"text": "vicarious outlet for aggression", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What role does wrestling fill?", "id": "572679f3708984140094c75f", "answers": [{"text": "past forms of literature and theatre;", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a \"soap opera for males\", it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre; a synthesis of classical heroics, commedia dell'arte, revenge tragedies, morality plays, and burlesque. The characters and storylines portrayed by a successful promotion are seen to reflect the current mood, attitudes, and concerns of that promotion's society (and can, in turn, influence those same things). Wrestling's high levels of violence and masculinity make it a vicarious outlet for aggression during peacetime."}], ["Pembuat filem dokumentari telah mengkaji kehidupan para pegulat dan kesannya terhadap profesi mereka dan keluarga mereka. Dokumentari teater 1999 Beyond the Mat memberi tumpuan kepada Terry Funk, seorang ahli gusti yang hampir bersara; Mick Foley, seorang ahli gusti dalam perdana menteri; Jake Roberts, bekas bintang jatuh dari rahmat; dan sekolah pelajar gusti berusaha untuk memasuki perniagaan. Gincu dan Dynamite, Piss dan Cuka yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2005: Wanita Pertama Wrestling mencatat perkembangan gusti wanita sepanjang abad ke-20. Gulat Pro telah dipaparkan beberapa kali di Real Sports HBO dengan Bryant Gumbel. Siri dokumenter MTV's True Life memaparkan dua episod bertajuk \"I'm a Professional Wrestler\" dan \"I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler\". Dokumenter lain telah dihasilkan oleh The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Wrestling Profesional) dan A & E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Memoirs Bloodstained meneroka karier beberapa ahli gusti, termasuk Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam dan Roddy Piper. <> Siapa yang telah mempelajari kehidupan para pegulat? || Pembuat filem dokumentari <> Bilakah Beyond the Mat keluar? || 1999 <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Real? || Bryant Gumbel <> Siapa beberapa ahli gusti yang telah memoir tentang mereka? || Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam dan Roddy Piper", {"qas": [{"question": "Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c775", "answers": [{"text": "Documentary filmmakers", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Beyond the Mat come out? ", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c776", "answers": [{"text": "1999", "answer_start": 126}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who hosts Real Sports?", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c777", "answers": [{"text": "Bryant Gumbel", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c778", "answers": [{"text": "Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper", "answer_start": 1003}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Documentary filmmakers have studied the lives of wrestlers and the effects the profession has on them and their families. The 1999 theatrical documentary Beyond the Mat focused on Terry Funk, a wrestler nearing retirement; Mick Foley, a wrestler within his prime; Jake Roberts, a former star fallen from grace; and a school of wrestling student trying to break into the business. The 2005 release Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling chronicled the development of women's wrestling throughout the 20th century. Pro wrestling has been featured several times on HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. MTV's documentary series True Life featured two episodes titled \"I'm a Professional Wrestler\" and \"I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler\". Other documentaries have been produced by The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Professional Wrestling) and A&E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Bloodstained Memoirs explored the careers of several pro wrestlers, including Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper."}], ["Dari kejohanan dunia yang pertama kali ditubuhkan, ahli gusti profesional terkemuka telah mendapat kemasyhuran dalam masyarakat arus perdana. Setiap generasi berturut-turut telah menghasilkan sejumlah ahli gusti yang meluaskan kerjaya mereka ke alam muzik, akting, menulis, perniagaan, politik atau bercakap awam, dan diketahui oleh mereka yang tidak biasa dengan gusti secara umum. Sebaliknya, selebriti dari sukan lain atau budaya pop umum juga terlibat dengan gusti untuk jangka masa yang singkat. Satu contoh utama ini ialah Sambungan Wrestling The Rock 'n 1980, yang menggabungkan gusti dengan MTV. <> Jenis terkenal apa yang boleh dicapai oleh gusti? || kemasyhuran dalam masyarakat arus perdana <> Apa hubungan Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection lakukan? || bergumul gusti dengan MTV <> Apa beberapa ahli gusti lain yang memulakan kerjaya? || muzik, akting, menulis, perniagaan, politik atau bercakap awam", {"qas": [{"question": "What kind of notoriety have wrestlers achieved?", "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7387", "answers": [{"text": "fame within mainstream society", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?", "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7388", "answers": [{"text": "combined wrestling with MTV", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on?", "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7389", "answers": [{"text": "music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "From the first established world championship, the top professional wrestlers have garnered fame within mainstream society. Each successive generation has produced a number of wrestlers who extend their careers into the realms of music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking, and are known to those who are unfamiliar with wrestling in general. Conversely, celebrities from other sports or general pop culture also become involved with wrestling for brief periods of time. A prime example of this is The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection of the 1980s, which combined wrestling with MTV."}], ["Dengan populariti yang semakin meningkat, gusti profesional telah menarik perhatian sebagai subjek kajian akademik yang serius dan kritikan jurnalistik. Banyak kursus, tesis, esei, dan disertasi telah menganalisa konvensyen, kandungan, dan peranan gusti dalam masyarakat moden. Ia sering dimasukkan sebagai sebahagian daripada kajian teater, sosiologi, prestasi, dan media. Institut Teknologi Massachusetts telah membangun kursus pengajian mengenai kepentingan kebudayaan gusti profesional, dan antropolog Heather Levi telah menulis etnografi tentang budaya lucha percuma di Mexico. <> Apa bidang lain yang mempunyai gulat mendapat faedah dari? || kajian akademik dan kritikan kewartawanan <> Bidang pengajian apa yang sedang dibicarakan? || teater, sosiologi, persembahan, dan media <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Heather Levi? || sebuah etnografi tentang budaya lucha percuma <> Kolej apa yang mempunyai kursus mengenai kesan kebudayaan gusti? || Institut Teknologi Massachusetts", {"qas": [{"question": "What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0dc", "answers": [{"text": "academic study and journalistic criticism", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0dd", "answers": [{"text": "theatre, sociology, performance, and media", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Heather Levi write?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0de", "answers": [{"text": "an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0df", "answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "With its growing popularity, professional wrestling has attracted attention as a subject of serious academic study and journalistic criticism. Many courses, theses, essays, and dissertations have analyzed wrestling's conventions, content, and its role in modern society. It is often included as part of studies on theatre, sociology, performance, and media. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling, and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico."}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak selalu berlaku; pada awal abad ke-20, apabila ia menjadi jelas bahawa \"sukan\" itu telah dikerjakan, gusti pro dipandang rendah sebagai hiburan yang murah untuk kelas pekerja yang tidak berpendidikan - sikap yang masih wujud pada tahap yang berbeza hari ini. Ahli teori Perancis Roland Barthes adalah antara yang pertama mencadangkan bahawa gusti layak mendapat analisis yang lebih mendalam, dalam eseinya \"The World of Wrestling\" dari buku Mythologies, yang pertama diterbitkan pada tahun 1957. Barthes berhujah bahawa ia harus dilihat bukan sebagai penipuan orang yang jahil, tetapi sebagai cermin mata; satu cara persembahan teater untuk bersedia, jika penonton yang dahagakan darah. Wrestling digambarkan sebagai seni yang dipersembahkan yang menuntut pembacaan segera mengenai makna juxtaposed. Kesimpulan logik diberikan paling tidak penting ke atas para pengarang teater para pegulat dan pengadil. Menurut Barthes, fungsi seorang pegulat bukanlah untuk menang: ia adalah untuk pergi tepat melalui gerakan yang diharapkan dari mereka dan untuk memberikan penonton tontonan teater. Kerja-kerja ini dianggap asas bagi semua kajian yang akan datang. <> Apakah kesannya bahawa pembatalan gusti yang \"tetap\" ada? || memandang rendah sebagai hiburan murah untuk kelas pekerja yang tidak berpendidikan <> Bilakah buku Roland Barthes diterbitkan? || 1957 <> Apa yang Barthes percaya ahli gusti memberikan penonton? || tontonan teater <> Apakah nama esei Roland Barthes? || \"The World of Wrestling\"", {"qas": [{"question": "What impact did the revelation of wrestling being \"fixed\" have?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f6", "answers": [{"text": "looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Roland Barthes book published?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f7", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f8", "answers": [{"text": "a theatrical spectacle", "answer_start": 1012}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f9", "answers": [{"text": "\"The World of Wrestling\"", "answer_start": 393}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the \"sport\" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class \u2014 an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis, in his essay \"The World of Wrestling\" from his book Mythologies, first published in 1957. Barthes argued that it should be looked at not as a scamming of the ignorant, but as spectacle; a mode of theatric performance for a willing, if bloodthirsty, audience. Wrestling is described as performed art which demands an immediate reading of the juxtaposed meanings. The logical conclusion is given least importance over the theatrical performers of the wrestlers and the referee. According to Barthes, the function of a wrestler is not to win: it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle. This work is considered a foundation of all later study."}], ["Mereka yang terlibat dalam menghasilkan gusti profesional telah membentuk sejenis persaudaraan global, dengan bon keluarga, bahasa bersama dan tradisi lulus. Penghibur baru dijangka \"membayar denda mereka\" selama beberapa tahun dengan bekerja di promosi berprofil rendah dan bekerja sebagai kru cincin sebelum berjalan ke atas. Para pengurus kekal yang paling banyak memajukan susunan pentas di belakang pentas, dengan para veteran mengantarkan konflik dan mentoring para pegulat yang lebih muda. Selama beberapa dekad (dan masih kurang hari ini), penghibur dijangka menyimpan ilusi legitimasi gusti hidup walaupun tidak melakukan, pada asasnya bertindak dalam watak kapan saja di khalayak ramai. Sesetengah veteran bercakap tentang \"penyakit\" di kalangan pengarang gusti, satu tarikan yang tidak dapat diterangkan untuk terus aktif dalam dunia gusti walaupun kesan buruk yang boleh berlaku pada kehidupan dan kesihatan seseorang. <> Apa yang diharapkan daripada pendatang baru? || untuk \"membayar denda mereka\" selama beberapa tahun dengan bekerja dalam promosi berprofil rendah <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh wrestlers lakukan selama beberapa dekad? || teruskan ilusi legitimasi gusti hidup <> Bagaimana wrestlers perlu bertindak di khalayak ramai? || bertindak dalam watak <> Apa kesan yang boleh bergumul pada para pegulat? || kesan buruk yang boleh menjejaskan pekerjaan dan kehidupan seseorang", {"qas": [{"question": "What is expected of newcomers? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bc", "answers": [{"text": "to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions", "answer_start": 188}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bd", "answers": [{"text": "keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did wrestlers have to act in public? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85be", "answers": [{"text": "acting in character", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bf", "answers": [{"text": "devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health", "answer_start": 824}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Those involved in producing professional wrestling have developed a kind of global fraternity, with familial bonds, shared language and passed-down traditions. New performers are expected to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions and working as ring crew before working their way upward. The permanent rosters of most promotions develop a backstage pecking order, with veterans mediating conflicts and mentoring younger wrestlers. For many decades (and still to a lesser extent today), performers were expected to keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive even while not performing, essentially acting in character any time they were in public. Some veterans speak of a \"sickness\" among wrestling performers, an inexplicable pull to remain active in the wrestling world despite the devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health."}], ["Banyak rancangan televisyen dan filem telah dihasilkan yang menggambarkan ahli-ahli gusti profesional sebagai protagonis, seperti Ready to Rumble, \u00a1Mucha Lucha !, Nacho Libre, dan siri filem Santo. Dalam siri rocky Rocky yang terkenal tentang petinju fiksyen Rocky Balboa, Rocky III menyaksikan pahlawannya melawan pertandingan pameran \"petarung vs petarung\" melawan ahli gusti yang hebat dan jahat \"Thunderlips\", yang digambarkan oleh kehidupan sebenar akan segera menjadi ikon gusti Hulk Hogan. Sekurang-kurangnya dua pertunjukan panggung yang ditetapkan dalam dunia gusti pro telah dihasilkan: Baron adalah komedi yang mengulangi kehidupan aktor yang sebenarnya dikenali sebagai Baron von Raschke. Dari Bahagian Tidak Diketahui ... adalah drama Kanada yang dinamakan anugerah mengenai peningkatan dan kejatuhan seorang ahli fiksyen. Episod South Park 2009 \"W.T.F.\" dimainkan pada unsur-unsur pengangkut sabun gusti profesional. Salah satu watak utama di siri Disney Channel, Kim Possible adalah peminat besar gusti pro dan sebenarnya memaparkannya pada satu episod (dengan dua bekas ahli WWE menceritakan dua ahli gusti rekaan yang dipaparkan dalam episod). The 2008 Wrestler filem, tentang ahli gusti profesional yang dibasuh, mendapat beberapa pencalonan Oscar. <> Namakan siri filem tinju yang popular? || Siri Rocky <> Siapa filem The Baron tentang? || Baron von Raschke <> Apa episod South Park berurusan dengan gusti? || \"W.T.F.\" <> Apa filem gusti yang terkenal di dunia pada tahun 2008? || The Wrestler <> Banyak dari apa bentuk hiburan yang menggambarkan gusti? || rancangan televisyen dan filem", {"qas": [{"question": "Name a popular series of boxing films?", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a3", "answers": [{"text": "Rocky series", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is the movie The Baron about? ", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a4", "answers": [{"text": "Baron von Raschke", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a5", "answers": [{"text": "\"W.T.F.\"", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? ", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a6", "answers": [{"text": "The Wrestler", "answer_start": 1106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? ", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a7", "answers": [{"text": "television shows and films", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, \u00a1Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a \"boxer vs. wrestler\" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler \"Thunderlips\", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode \"W.T.F.\" played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations."}], ["Gaya gusti profesional Jepun (puroresu) sekali lagi berbeza. Dengan asal-usulnya dalam gaya gusti tradisional Amerika dan masih berada di bawah genre yang sama, ia menjadi entiti dengan sendirinya. Walaupun persamaan dengan rakan sejawatnya di Amerika Syarikat bahawa hasil perlawanan tetap ditentukan, fenomena ini berbeza dalam bentuk psikologi dan persembahan sukan; ia diperlakukan sebagai sukan tempur pertempuran penuh kerana ia mencampurkan serangan seni mempertahankan diri yang keras dengan memegang penyerahan gaya menembak, sementara di A.S. ia lebih dihormati sebagai pertunjukan hiburan. Wrestlers menggabungkan tendangan dan serangan dari disiplin seni mempertahankan diri, dan penekanan kuat diberikan pada gusti penyerahan, dan tidak seperti penggunaan jalan cerita yang terlibat di Amerika Syarikat, mereka tidak begitu rumit di Jepun, lebih banyak penekanan diletakkan pada konsep Fighting Spirit, bererti penampilan gusti stamina fizikal dan mental dinilai jauh lebih banyak daripada teater. Banyak ahli gusti Jepun termasuk bintang-bintang teratas seperti Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu dan Keiji Mutoh berasal dari latar belakang seni mempertahankan diri yang sah dan banyak ahli gusti Jepun pada tahun 1990-an mula mengejar kerjaya dalam organisasi seni mempertahankan diri campuran seperti Pancrase dan Shooto yang pada masa itu ditahan penampilan asal puroresu, tetapi sebenarnya pertandingan. <> Bagaimana gusti Jepun sama dengan Amerika? || hasil perlawanan tetap ditentukan <> Bagaimana cara bergelut Jepun? || bentuk psikologi dan persembahan sukan <> Apa ikatan gusti Jepun? || keras memukul seni mempertahankan diri menyerang dengan pemantauan gaya menembak memegang <> Apa penekanan yang diletakkan di dalam gusti Jepun? || Memperjuangkan Roh <> Apa latar belakang yang biasa untuk seorang pegulat Jepun? || seni mempertahankan diri yang sah", {"qas": [{"question": "How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e058", "answers": [{"text": "outcome of the matches remains predetermined", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Japanese wrestling differ? ", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e059", "answers": [{"text": "the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Japanese wrestling combine?", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05a", "answers": [{"text": "hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds", "answer_start": 464}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? ", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05b", "answers": [{"text": "Fighting Spirit", "answer_start": 865}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? ", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05c", "answers": [{"text": "legitimate martial arts", "answer_start": 1093}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The style of Japanese professional wrestling (puroresu) is again different. With its origins in traditional American style of wrestling and still being under the same genre, it has become an entity in itself. Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined, the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds, while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show. Wrestlers incorporate kicks and strikes from martial arts disciplines, and a strong emphasis is placed on submission wrestling, and unlike the use of involved storylines in the U.S., they are not as intricate in Japan, more emphasis is placed on the concept of Fighting Spirit, meaning the Wrestlers display of physical and mental stamina are valued a lot more than theatrics. Many of Japan's wrestlers including top stars such as Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu and Keiji Mutoh came from a legitimate martial arts background and many Japanese wrestlers in the 1990s began to pursue careers in mixed martial arts organizations such as Pancrase and Shooto which at the time retained the original look of puroresu, but were actual competitions."}], ["Walaupun gusti profesional bekerja, terdapat peluang yang tinggi untuk kecederaan, dan juga kematian. Pemogokan sering sengit, terutama di Jepun dan promosi gusti bebas seperti Combat Zone Combe (CZW) dan Ring of Honor (ROH). Cincin ini sering diperbuat daripada papan kayu sebanyak 2 hingga 8. Banyak kecederaan yang berlaku dalam gusti pro adalah bahu, lutut, belakang, leher, dan tulang rusuk. Kecacatan traumatik ensefalopati kronik dan kecederaan otak traumatik juga dikaitkan dengan gusti pro, termasuk dalam kes bunuh diri dua bunuh yang melibatkan Chris Benoit. Ahli gusti profesional Davey Richards berkata pada tahun 2015, \"Kami berlatih untuk merosakkan, kami tahu kami akan merosakkan dan kami menerimanya\". <> Apakah risiko gulat? || peluang kecederaan yang tinggi, dan juga kematian <> Apa cincin yang biasa dibuat? || 2 oleh 8 papan kayu <> Apakah kecederaan biasa dalam bergelut? || bahu, lutut, belakang, leher, dan tulang rusuk <> Apakah kecederaan lain yang berkaitan dengan gusti? || Encephalopathy traumatik traumatik dan kecederaan otak traumatik <> Chris Benoit terlibat dalam apa peristiwa tragis? || kes bunuh diri dua kali membunuh", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the risks of wrestling?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f740f", "answers": [{"text": "high chance of injury, and even death", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ring commonly made of?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7410", "answers": [{"text": "2 by 8 timber planks", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are common injuries in wrestling?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7411", "answers": [{"text": "shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7412", "answers": [{"text": "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? ", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7413", "answers": [{"text": "double-murder suicide case", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although professional wrestling is worked, there is a high chance of injury, and even death. Strikes are often stiff, especially in Japan and in independent wrestling promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Ring of Honor (ROH). The ring is often made out of 2 by 8 timber planks. Many of the injuries that occur in pro wrestling are shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries have also been linked to pro wrestling, including in the double-murder suicide case involving Chris Benoit. Professional wrestler Davey Richards said in 2015, \"We train to take damage, we know we are going to take damage and we accept that\"."}]], [["General Electric bertukar menggunakan skala ASA pada tahun 1946. Meter yang dikeluarkan sejak Februari 1946 dilengkapi dengan skala ASA (yang diberi label \"Indeks Paparan\"). Bagi sesetengah meter yang lebih tua dengan skala \"Speed Film\" atau \"Nilai Filem\" (misalnya model DW-48, DW-49 dan juga variasi awal DW-58 dan GW-68), tudung diganti dengan skala ASA Pengeluar. Syarikat terus menerbitkan nilai-nilai filem yang disyorkan selepas tarikh itu, namun, kini mereka selaras dengan skala ASA. <> Syarikat manakah yang menggunakan skala ASA pada tahun 1946? || General Electric <> Bermula tahun berapa kamera dibina dengan meter ASA? || 1946 <> Bagaimana model lama diubah menjadi skala ASA? || tudung diganti dengan skala ASA <> Bagaimana skala ASA ditunjukkan pada model yang dibina selepas tahun 1946? || dilabel \"Indeks Paparan\" <> Apa yang disyorkan untuk nilai filem berbaris selepas 1946? || mereka kini bersekutu dengan skala ASA <> Apa syarikat berhenti menggunakan ASA pada tahun 1946? || <> Bilakah model DW-48 dan DW-49 dibuat? || <> Apa model yang telah dilabelkan pada tahun 1946? || <> Siapa yang enggan membuat tudung diganti dengan skala ASA? || <> Apakah nilai filem yang disyorkan tidak lagi mengikut selepas tahun 1946? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbda", "answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdb", "answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did older models convert to ASA scale?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdc", "answers": [{"text": "replaceable hoods with ASA scales", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdd", "answers": [{"text": "labeled \"Exposure Index\"", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbde", "answers": [{"text": "they were now aligned to the ASA scale", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "General Electric", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What company stopped using ASA in 1946?", "id": "5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c37e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1946", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "When were the DW-48 and DW-49 models made?", "id": "5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c37f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Exposure Index", "answer_start": 139}], "question": "What were models pre-1946 labeled with?", "id": "5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c380", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the manufacturer", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "Who refused to create replaceable hoods with ASA scales?", "id": "5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c381", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ASA scale", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "What did the recommended film values no longer follow after 1946?", "id": "5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c382", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled \"Exposure Index\") already. For some of the older meters with scales in \"Film Speed\" or \"Film Value\" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale."}], ["Di peringkat antarabangsa, sistem DIN 4512 Jerman telah digantikan dengan berkesan pada tahun 1980-an oleh ISO 6: 1974, ISO 2240: 1982, dan ISO 5800: 1979 di mana kepekaan yang sama ditulis dalam bentuk linier dan logaritma sebagai \"ISO 100/21 \u00b0 \"(sekarang lagi dengan simbol darjah). Piawaian ISO ini kemudiannya diterima pakai oleh DIN juga. Akhir sekali, revisi DIN 4512 terkini digantikan oleh piawaian ISO yang sepadan, DIN 4512-1: 1993-05 oleh DIN ISO 6: 1996-02 pada bulan September 2000, DIN 4512-4: 1985-08 oleh DIN ISO 2240: 1998-06 dan DIN 4512-5: 1990-11 oleh DIN ISO 5800: 1998-06 kedua-duanya pada Julai 2002. <> Apa yang mengambil tempat sistem DIN 4512 Jerman? || ISO 6: 1974, ISO 2240: 1982, dan ISO 5800: 1979 <> Bagaimana sensitiviti ditunjukkan dalam sistem ISO? || dalam bentuk linear dan logaritma sebagai \"ISO 100/21 \u00b0\" <> Apakah piawaian yang DIN mula digunakan? || Piawaian ISO <> Bilakah piawaian ISO pertama diterima pakai? || pada 1980-an <> Bilakah piawaian ISO terakhir yang diterima pakai? || Julai 2002 <> Apa yang menggantikan Jerman DIN 4512? || <> Apa sistem Jerman menulis dalam bentuk linier dan logaritma? || <> Apakah piawaian yang DIN ditinggalkan? || <> Bilakah ISO mengamalkan piawaian DIN? || <> Bilakah DIN 4512-5: 1990-11 menggantikan DIN ISO 5800: 1998-06? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dace", "answers": [{"text": "ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dacf", "answers": [{"text": "in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\"", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What standards did the DIN begin to use?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad0", "answers": [{"text": "ISO standards", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the ISO standards first adopted?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad1", "answers": [{"text": "in the 1980s", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the last ISO standards adopted? ", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad2", "answers": [{"text": "July 2002", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979", "answer_start": 101}], "question": "What did the German DIN 4512 supersede?", "id": "5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DIN 4512", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What German system wrote in a linear and logarithmic form?", "id": "5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ISO", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "What standards did DIN abandon?", "id": "5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "When did the ISO adopt the DIN standards?", "id": "5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 2002", "answer_start": 568}], "question": "When did DIN 4512-5:1990-11 replace DIN ISO 5800:1998-06?", "id": "5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002."}], ["Sistem Scheinergrade (Sch.) Direka oleh ahli astronomi Jerman, Julius Scheiner (1858-1913) pada tahun 1894 sebagai kaedah membandingkan kelajuan plat yang digunakan untuk fotografi astronomi. Sistem Scheiner menilai kelajuan plat dengan pendedahan yang paling sedikit untuk menghasilkan kegelapan yang kelihatan selepas pembangunan. Kelajuan dinyatakan dalam skala Scheiner, asalnya dari 1 \u00b0 Sch. hingga 20 \u00b0 Sch., di mana kenaikan 19 \u00b0 Sch. sesuai dengan peningkatan kepekaan seratus kali ganda, yang bermakna peningkatan 3 \u00b0 Sch. mendekati kepekaan dua kali ganda. <> Siapa yang membuat sistem Scheinergrade? || ahli astronomi Jerman Julius Scheiner <> Apakah sistem Scheinergrade digunakan? || membandingkan kelajuan plat yang digunakan untuk fotografi astronomi <> Apa yang ditunjukkan Scheiner darjah? || kelajuan plat <> Apakah pelbagai kelajuan Scheiner? || dari 1 \u00b0 Sch. hingga 20 \u00b0 Sch <> Kira-kira berapa darjah menunjukkan kepekaan dua kali ganda? || kenaikan 3 \u00b0 Sch <> Apakah kegunaan kedua sistem Scheinergrade? || <> Apa kenaikan 1 darjah Sch. sepadan dengan? || <> Apa itu 20 darjah Sch. menunjukkan? || <> Apa yang mengukur kegelapan foto yang sedang berkembang? || <> Bilakah sistem Scheinergrade menjadi ketinggalan zaman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who created the Scheinergrade system? ", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b4", "answers": [{"text": "the German astronomer Julius Scheiner", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Scheinergrade system used for?", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b5", "answers": [{"text": "comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do degrees Scheiner indicate?", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b6", "answers": [{"text": "the speed of a plate", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range of Scheiner speeds?", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b7", "answers": [{"text": "from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? ", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b8", "answers": [{"text": "an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "astronomical photography", "answer_start": 171}], "question": "What was the second use of the Scheinergrade system?", "id": "5a678045f038b7001ab0c25c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a doubling of sensitivity", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "What did an increment of 1 degree Sch. correspond to?", "id": "5a678045f038b7001ab0c25d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a hundredfold increase in sensitivity", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What was 20 degrees Sch. indicative of?", "id": "5a678045f038b7001ab0c25e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What measured the visible darkening of a developing photograph?", "id": "5a678045f038b7001ab0c25f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1894", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "When did the Scheinergrade system become outdated?", "id": "5a678045f038b7001ab0c260", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858\u20131913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch., where an increment of 19\u00b0 Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity."}], ["Sensitometer Standard Warnerke terdiri daripada bingkai yang memegang skrin legap dengan pelbagai biasanya 25 bernombor, secara beransur-ansur berpigmen kotak dijadikan kenalan dengan plat fotografi semasa pendedahan ujian masa di bawah tablet phosphorescent yang teruja sebelum dengan cahaya reben Magnesium terbakar. Kelajuan emulsi kemudiannya dinyatakan dalam Warnerke 'darjah' (kadang-kadang dilihat sebagai Warn atau \u00b0 W.) Sepadan dengan nombor terakhir yang dilihat pada plat terdedah selepas pembangunan dan penetapan. Setiap nombor mewakili peningkatan 1/3 dalam kelajuan, kelajuan plat biasa adalah antara 10 \u00b0 dan 25 \u00b0 Warnerke pada masa itu. <> Apa yang mengandungi 25 petak berpigmen menyentuh pinggan di bawah tablet pendarfluor di bawah cahaya reben Magnesium? || Sensitometer Standard Warnerke <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh langkah Warnerke? || Kelajuan emulsi <> Berapakah kelajuan dikaitkan dengan setiap Warnerke darjah? || peningkatan 1/3 dalam kelajuan <> Apa yang biasa berlaku dalam kelajuan Warnerke? || antara 10 \u00b0 dan 25 \u00b0 Warnerke <> Apa nombor pendedahan yang terakhir pada plat yang mewakili? || 'darjah' Warnerke <> The Sensitometer Standard Warnerke mempunyai 25 legap apa? || <> Apakah yang mengukur bilangan dataran berpigmen pada plat fotografi? || <> Derajat Warneke mewakili yang pertama? || <> Apakah rangkaian bilangan kotak dalam Sensitometer? || <> Setiap nombor mewakili pengurangan apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b1", "answers": [{"text": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do degrees Warnerke measure?", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b2", "answers": [{"text": "The speed of the emulsion", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b3", "answers": [{"text": "an increase of 1/3 in speed", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? ", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b4", "answers": [{"text": "between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? ", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b5", "answers": [{"text": "'degrees' Warnerke", "answer_start": 364}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "screen", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer has 25 opaque what?", "id": "5a67758df038b7001ab0c24a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "'degrees' Warnerke", "answer_start": 364}], "question": "What measures the number of pigmented squares on the photographic plate?", "id": "5a67758df038b7001ab0c24b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "number visible on the exposed plate", "answer_start": 444}], "question": "Degrees Warneke represented the first what?", "id": "5a67758df038b7001ab0c24c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke", "answer_start": 591}], "question": "What was the range of the number of squares in a Sensitometer?", "id": "5a67758df038b7001ab0c24d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1/3 in speed", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "Each number represented a decrease of what?", "id": "5a67758df038b7001ab0c24e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or \u00b0W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke at the time."}], ["Seperti dalam sistem Scheiner, kelajuan dinyatakan dalam 'darjah'. Pada asalnya kepekaan ditulis sebagai pecahan dengan 'tenths' (contohnya \"18/10 \u00b0 DIN\"), di mana nilai yang dihasilkan 1.8 mewakili asas relatif 10 logaritma kelajuan. 'Kesepuluh' kemudian ditinggalkan dengan DIN 4512: 1957-11, dan contoh di atas akan ditulis sebagai \"18 \u00b0 DIN\". Simbol darjah akhirnya digugurkan dengan DIN 4512: 1961-10. Semakan ini juga menyaksikan perubahan ketara dalam definisi kelajuan filem untuk menampung perubahan terkini dalam standard ASA PH2.5-1960 Amerika, supaya filem negatif filem hitam dan putih berkesan akan menjadi dua kali ganda, iaitu , filem yang sebelum ini ditandakan sebagai \"18 \u00b0 DIN\" kini akan dilabel sebagai \"21 DIN\" tanpa perubahan emulsi. <> Unit apa yang digunakan dalam DIN untuk menyatakan kelajuan? || derajat <> Bagaimana sensitiviti yang dinyatakan pada mulanya dalam sistem DIN? || sebagai pecahan dengan 'tenths' (sebagai contoh \"18/10 \u00b0 DIN\") <> Bilakah simbol darjah tidak diguna pakai dalam sistem DIN? || dengan DIN 4512: 1961-10 <> Mengapa definisi kelajuan filem berubah dengan ketara? || untuk menampung perubahan baru-baru ini dalam ASA AS PH2.5-1960 standard <> Apa yang berlaku dengan filem kelajuan filem negatif hitam dan putih? || akan menjadi dua kali ganda <> Apa yang menggantikan piawaian ASA PH2.5-1960? || <> Sistem apa yang diperkenalkan semula simbol ijazah? || <> Apakah standard Amerika meninggalkan kaedah kesepuluh? || <> Dengan perubahan emulsi, apa yang menjadi 18 \u00b0 DIN menjadi? || <> Apa yang terjadi dengan kelajuan filem selepas pengenalan DIN 4512: 1957-11? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? ", "id": "572644315951261400b51960", "answers": [{"text": "degrees", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?", "id": "572644315951261400b51961", "answers": [{"text": "as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\")", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?", "id": "572644315951261400b51962", "answers": [{"text": "with DIN 4512:1961-10", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?", "id": "572644315951261400b51963", "answers": [{"text": "to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?", "id": "572644315951261400b51964", "answers": [{"text": "would become doubled", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DIN 4512:1961-10", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "What replaced the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard?", "id": "5a67883df038b7001ab0c28c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ASA PH2.5-1960", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "What system reintroduced the degree symbol?", "id": "5a67883df038b7001ab0c28d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DIN 4512:1957-11", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What American standard abandoned the tenths method?", "id": "5a67883df038b7001ab0c28e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "21 DIN", "answer_start": 732}], "question": "With emulsion changes, what did 18\u00b0 DIN become?", "id": "5a67883df038b7001ab0c28f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "would become doubled", "answer_start": 638}], "question": "What happened to film speeds after the introduction of the DIN 4512:1957-11?", "id": "5a67883df038b7001ab0c290", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as \"18\u00b0 DIN\". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as \"18\u00b0 DIN\" would now be labeled as \"21 DIN\" without emulsion changes."}], ["Sistem ini kemudiannya diperluaskan untuk meliputi julat yang lebih besar dan beberapa kekurangan praktikalnya ditangani oleh saintis Austria Josef Maria Eder (1855-1944) dan ahli botani kelahiran Flemish Walter Hecht (de) (1896-1960), (yang pada tahun 1919 / 1920, bersama mereka membangunkan sensitiviti baji neutral baji neutral Eder-Hecht yang mengukur kelajuan emulsi dalam gred Eder-Hecht). Walau bagaimanapun, ia tetap sukar untuk dihasilkan dengan pasti menentukan kelajuan filem, sering hanya dengan membandingkan produk yang bersaing, sehingga semakin banyak sistem berasaskan semi-Scheiner yang diubahsuai mulai menyebar, yang tidak lagi mengikut prosedur asal Scheiner dan dengan itu mengalahkan idea daripada perbandingan. <> Siapa yang membangunkan peranti yang diperbaiki atas kekurangan penciptaan Scheiner? || Saintis Austria Josef Maria Eder (1855-1944) dan ahli botani kelahiran Flemish Walter Hecht (de) <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh peranti Eder-Hecht? || kelajuan emulsi <> Cara apakah pengeluar menggunakan banyak masa untuk membandingkan kelajuan filem? || membandingkan dengan produk yang bersaing <> Apakah jenis kaedah pengukuran yang mula berkembang? || sistem berasaskan separa-Scheiner yang diubahsuai <> Apa yang boleh diasingkan dengan perbandingan? || sistem berasaskan separa Scheiner yang dimodifikasi <> Siapa yang menyebabkan kekurangan dalam ciptaan Scheiner? || <> Alat apa yang membolehkan pengeluar untuk menentukan kelajuan dengan pasti? || <> Apa yang telah disemak untuk mengukur jarak yang lebih ketat? || <> Apa yang membuat kesesuaian pilihan yang lebih umum? || <> Apa yang disyorkan ahli sains membandingkan sistem? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad383", "answers": [{"text": "Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad384", "answers": [{"text": "emulsion speeds", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad385", "answers": [{"text": "comparing with competing products", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad386", "answers": [{"text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What eliminated comparability?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad387", "answers": [{"text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "Who caused the shortcomings in the Scheiner invention?", "id": "5a67848df038b7001ab0c266", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eder\u2013Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer", "answer_start": 263}], "question": "What device allowed manufacturers to reliably determine speed?", "id": "5a67848df038b7001ab0c267", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The system", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was revised to a measure a tighter range?", "id": "5a67848df038b7001ab0c268", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What made comparability a more common option?", "id": "5a67848df038b7001ab0c269", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Josef Maria Eder", "answer_start": 133}], "question": "What scientist suggested comparing the systems?", "id": "5a67848df038b7001ab0c26a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896\u20131960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder\u2013Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder\u2013Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability."}], ["Sebelum kedatangan sistem ASA, sistem penilaian kelajuan filem Weston diperkenalkan oleh Edward Faraday Weston (1878-1971) dan bapanya, Dr. Edward Weston (1850-1936), seorang jurutera elektrik kelahiran British, perindustrian dan pendiri Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat, dengan model Weston 617, salah satu meter pendedahan foto elektrik pertama, pada bulan Ogos 1932. Sistem penarafan meter dan filem dicipta oleh William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., yang bekerja untuk mereka dan kemudian menerima Pingat Howard N. Potts atas sumbangan beliau dalam kejuruteraan. <> Sistem apa yang digunakan sebelum ini untuk sistem ASA? || sistem penilaian kelajuan filem Weston <> Siapa yang merancang rating kelajuan filem Weston? || Edward Faraday Weston (1878-1971) dan bapanya Dr. Edward Weston (1850-1936) <> Apa syarikat yang memulakan Dr Edward Weston? || Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation yang berpusat di AS <> Kapan model Weston 617 dibuat? || Ogos 1932 <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan mencipta sistem filem dan meter? || William Nelson Goodwin, Jr. <Siapa yang memperkenalkan sistem ASA? || <> Bilakah sistem ASA diperkenalkan? || <> Bilakah William Nelson Goodwin Jr lahir? || <> Apakah medali apakah Edward Faraday Weston menang? || <> Apa yang dibuat oleh Howard N. Potts pada tahun 1932? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What system was used previous to the ASA system?", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e8038", "answers": [{"text": "the system of Weston film speed ratings", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? ", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e8039", "answers": [{"text": "Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936)", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? ", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803a", "answers": [{"text": "the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Weston model 617 created?", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803b", "answers": [{"text": "August 1932", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803c", "answers": [{"text": "William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Edward Faraday Weston", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "Who introduced the ASA system?", "id": "5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "August 1932", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "When was the ASA system introduced?", "id": "5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "When was William Nelson Goodwin Jr. born?", "id": "5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard N. Potts Medal", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "What medal did Edward Faraday Weston win?", "id": "5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the system of Weston film speed ratings", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What did Howard N. Potts invent in 1932?", "id": "5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering."}], ["Filem sensitif yang kurang sensitif, dengan indeks kepantasan yang lebih rendah, memerlukan lebih banyak pendedahan kepada cahaya untuk menghasilkan ketumpatan imej yang sama sebagai filem yang lebih sensitif, dan dengan demikian lazimnya disebut filem perlahan. Filem yang sangat sensitif sepatutnya disebut filem pantas. Dalam kedua-dua fotografi digital dan filem, pengurangan pendedahan yang sepadan dengan penggunaan sensitiviti yang lebih tinggi umumnya membawa kepada kualiti imej yang berkurangan (melalui butiran filem kasar atau bunyi imej yang lebih tinggi daripada jenis lain). Ringkasnya, semakin tinggi kepekaan, imej yang lebih tebal akan menjadi lebih tinggi. Kepekaan akhirnya terhad oleh kecekapan kuantum filem atau sensor. <> Apakah had kecekapan kuantum filem? || kepekaan <> Apa kelajuan filem dihasilkan oleh filem tidak sensitif? || filem perlahan <> Apa yang membawa kepada imej berkualiti rendah? || pengurangan pendedahan <> Apakah jenis filem yang dianggap filem pantas? || Filem yang sangat sensitif <> Apa kesan filem yang sangat sensitif terhadap imej? || mengurangkan kualiti imej <> Apakah filem sensitif dengan keperluan indeks kelajuan yang lebih pantas? || <> Apa filem lebih sensitif? || <> Bagaimana fotografi digital berbeza daripada filem? || <> Kepekaan lebih tinggi membawa kepada apa yang lebih besar? || <> Apakah batas imej yang lebih tebal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? ", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33b", "answers": [{"text": "sensitivity", "answer_start": 560}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? ", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33c", "answers": [{"text": "slow film", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What leads to lower quality images?", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33d", "answers": [{"text": "reduction of exposure", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of film are considered fast films?", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33e", "answers": [{"text": "Highly sensitive films", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33f", "answers": [{"text": "reduced image quality", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more exposure to light", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "What does insensitive film with a faster speed index need?", "id": "5a677239f038b7001ab0c23a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "light", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "What does a sensitive film more of?", "id": "5a677239f038b7001ab0c23b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality", "answer_start": 308}], "question": "How is digital photography different from film?", "id": "5a677239f038b7001ab0c23c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "image quality", "answer_start": 402}], "question": "Higher sensitivity leads to greater what?", "id": "5a677239f038b7001ab0c23d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the quantum efficiency", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What does a grainier image limit?", "id": "5a677239f038b7001ab0c23e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types). In short, the higher the sensitivity, the grainier the image will be. Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or sensor."}], ["Sistem DIN, secara rasmi DIN standard 4512 oleh Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung (tetapi masih dinamakan Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df (DNA) pada masa ini), diterbitkan pada bulan Januari 1934. Ia berkembang daripada draf untuk kaedah sensitometri standard yang dikemukakan oleh Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik seperti yang dicadangkan oleh jawatankuasa sensitiviti Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr photographische Forschung sejak tahun 1930 dan dibentangkan oleh Robert Luther (de) (1868-1945) dan Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970) pada berpengaruh VIII. Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa (German: International Photographie) yang diadakan di Dresden dari 3 hingga 8 Ogos 1931. <> Bilakah sistem DIN ditubuhkan? || Januari 1934 <> Siapa yang membuat sistem DIN? || Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung <> Apa yang dicadangkan di Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa VIII? || kaedah penyesuaian sensitiviti <> yang menyampaikan idea yang berkembang menjadi DIN? || Robert Luther (de) (1868-1945) dan Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970) <> Di mana Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa VIII diadakan? || Dresden <> Bilakah draf oleh Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik dibuat? || <> Apakah singkatan bagi draf Phototechnik Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df? || <> Bilakah Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr fotoische Forschung diasaskan? || <> Di manakah Emanuel Goldberg dari? || <> Yang mengasaskan VIII. Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the DIN system established? ", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3af", "answers": [{"text": "January 1934", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created the DIN system?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b0", "answers": [{"text": "Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b1", "answers": [{"text": "a standardized method of sensitometry", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b2", "answers": [{"text": "Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970)", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b3", "answers": [{"text": "Dresden", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "January 1934", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "When were the drafts by Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik made?", "id": "5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c270", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "DIN standard 4512", "answer_start": 27}], "question": "What was the abbreviation for the Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik drafts?", "id": "5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c271", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1930", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "When was Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr photographische Forschung founded?", "id": "5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c272", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dresden", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "Where was Emanuel Goldberg from?", "id": "5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c273", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Luther (de)", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "Who founded the VIII. International Congress of Photography?", "id": "5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c274", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970) at the influential VIII. International Congress of Photography (German: Internationaler Kongre\u00df f\u00fcr wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie) held in Dresden from August 3 to 8, 1931."}], ["Cadangan Weston Cadet (model 852 yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1949), Bacaan Langsung (model 853 diperkenalkan 1954) dan Master III (model 737 dan S141.3 yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1956) adalah yang pertama dalam meter pendedahan mereka untuk menukar dan menggunakan ASA skala sebaliknya. Model-model lain menggunakan skala asal Weston sehingga ca. 1955. Syarikat itu terus menerbitkan rating filem Weston selepas 1955, tetapi ketika nilai-nilai disyorkan mereka sering berbeza sedikit dari kelajuan filem ASA yang terdapat pada kotak filem, nilai-nilai Weston yang lebih baru ini berdasarkan sistem ASA dan terpaksa ditukarkan untuk digunakan dengan lebih tua Weston meters dengan menolak 1/3 pendedahan berhenti mengikut cadangan Weston. Sebaliknya, penarafan kelajuan filem \"lama\" Weston boleh ditukar menjadi \"baru\" Westons dan skala ASA dengan menambahkan jumlah yang sama iaitu penarafan filem 100 Weston (sehingga tahun 1955) bersamaan dengan 125 ASA (seperti ASA PH2.5-1954 dan sebelum). Penukaran ini tidak diperlukan pada Weston meters manufactured dan penilaian filem Weston yang diterbitkan sejak tahun 1956 disebabkan penggunaan sistem ASA yang sedia ada; walau bagaimanapun perubahan revisi ASA PH2.5-1960 boleh diambil kira apabila dibandingkan dengan nilai-nilai ASA atau ISO baru. <> Kamera mana yang pertama jenis mereka untuk mengamalkan skala ASA? || Weston Cadet (model 852 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1949), Reading Direct (model 853 diperkenalkan 1954) dan Master III (model 737 dan S141.3 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1956) <> Apa yang telah dikemaskini oleh Weston berdasarkan? || sistem ASA <> Bagaimana nilai Weston berubah menjadi nilai ASA? || dengan menolak 1/3 pendedahan berhenti <> Bermula dengan tahun mana penukaran Weston ke ASA tidak diperlukan? || 1956 <> Hingga tahun berapa model lain menggunakan skala Weston asal? || 1955 <> Dua model yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1949? || <> Bilakah model bergerak kembali ke skala Weston? || <> Apa yang telah ditambahkan untuk menukar nilai Weston ke meter yang lebih lama? || <> Apa yang diperlukan pada meter yang dikeluarkan selepas tahun 1956? || <> Bilakah skala ASA ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f6f", "answers": [{"text": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were updated Weston values based on?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f70", "answers": [{"text": "the ASA system", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were Weston values changed to ASA values?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f71", "answers": [{"text": "by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f72", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 1018}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f73", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "737 and S141.3", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "Which two models were introduced in 1949?", "id": "5a67a089f038b7001ab0c36e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "When did models move back to the Weston scale?", "id": "5a67a089f038b7001ab0c36f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1/3 exposure stop", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "What was added to convert Weston values to the older meters?", "id": "5a67a089f038b7001ab0c370", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "conversion", "answer_start": 919}], "question": "What was necessary on meters manufactured after 1956?", "id": "5a67a089f038b7001ab0c371", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ca. 1955", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "When was the ASA scale established?", "id": "5a67a089f038b7001ab0c372", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca. 1955. The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955, but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes, these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston's recommendation. Vice versa, \"old\" Weston film speed ratings could be converted into \"new\" Westons and the ASA scale by adding the same amount, that is, a film rating of 100 Weston (up to 1955) corresponded with 125 ASA (as per ASA PH2.5-1954 and before). This conversion was not necessary on Weston meters manufactured and Weston film ratings published since 1956 due to their inherent use of the ASA system; however the changes of the ASA PH2.5-1960 revision may be taken into account when comparing with newer ASA or ISO values."}], ["Sesetengah filem hitam dan putih berkelajuan tinggi, seperti Ilford Delta 3200 dan Kodak T-MAX P3200, dipasarkan dengan kelajuan filem melebihi kelajuan ISO sebenar mereka yang ditentukan menggunakan kaedah ujian ISO. Sebagai contoh, produk Ilford sebenarnya adalah filem ISO 1000, mengikut lembaran datanya. Pengilang tidak menunjukkan bahawa nombor 3200 adalah penilaian ISO pada pembungkusan mereka. Kodak dan Fuji juga memasarkan filem E6 yang direka untuk menolak (dengan itu awalan \"P\"), seperti Ektachrome P800 / 1600 dan Fujichrome P1600, kedua-duanya dengan kelajuan asas ISO 400. <> Apakah dua contoh filem yang dipasarkan kelajuan di atas kelajuan ISO sebenar mereka? || Ilford Delta 3200 dan Kodak T-MAX P3200 <> Apa kelajuan filem adalah Ilford Delta 3200? || ISO 1000 <> Yang mana dua syarikat menghasilkan filem E6 dimaksudkan untuk \"menolak\"? || Kodak dan Fuji <> Apakah kelajuan asas Ektachrome P800 / 1600 dan Fujichrome P1600? || ISO 400 <> Apa jenis filem-filem Ilford Delta 3200 dan Kodak T-MAX P3200? || filem hitam-putih berkelajuan tinggi <> Apa kamera mempunyai kelajuan di atas apa yang mereka dipasarkan sebagai? || <> 3200 adalah ISO sebenar filem apa? || <> Apakah kelajuan sebenar Kodak T-MAX P3200 mengikut lembaran data? || <> Apa yang direka untuk Delta 3200? || <> Ilford Delta dan Fuji yang dipasarkan apa jenis filem? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c31d", "answers": [{"text": "Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c31e", "answers": [{"text": "ISO 1000", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two companies produced E6 films meant for \"pushing\"?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c31f", "answers": [{"text": "Kodak and Fuji", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c320", "answers": [{"text": "ISO 400", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c321", "answers": [{"text": "high-speed black-and-white films", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "What cameras have speeds above what they are marketed as?", "id": "5a67af54f038b7001ab0c426", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Ilford", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "3200 is the true ISO of what film?", "id": "5a67af54f038b7001ab0c427", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "3200", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What is the true speed of the Kodak T-MAX P3200 according to the data sheet?", "id": "5a67af54f038b7001ab0c428", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pushing", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What is the Delta 3200 designed for? ", "id": "5a67af54f038b7001ab0c429", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "E6", "answer_start": 408}], "question": "Ilford Delta and Fuji marketed what kind of film?", "id": "5a67af54f038b7001ab0c42a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the \"P\" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400."}], ["Teknik Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan (REI), yang baru dalam versi 2006, membenarkan pengeluar untuk menentukan pilihan EI model kamera sewenang-wenangnya. Pilihan berdasarkan semata-mata berdasarkan pendapat pengeluar tentang apa nilai EI menghasilkan imej sRGB yang terdedah dengan baik di pelbagai tetapan kepekaan sensor. Ini adalah satu-satunya teknik yang terdapat di bawah standard untuk format output yang tidak berada dalam ruang warna sRGB. Ini juga satu-satunya teknik yang terdapat di bawah piawai apabila pemetauan berbilang zon (juga dikenali sebagai pemeteran corak) digunakan. <> Apakah pilihan Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan untuk memberikan pengeluar? || untuk menentukan pilihan EI model kamera sewenang-wenangnya <> Apakah nama lain untuk pemeteran berbilang zon? || corak pemeterian <> Apakah perbezaan yang ada dalam Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan? || satu-satunya teknik yang terdapat di bawah standard untuk format output yang tidak berada dalam ruang warna sRGB <> Bilakah Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan diperkenalkan? || 2006 <> Apakah satu-satunya teknik yang boleh digunakan apabila pengukuran pelbagai zon digunakan? || Teknik Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan (REI) <> Apa pilihan EI yang standard? || <> Bilakah metering pelbagai zon diperkenalkan? || <> REI dan apakah teknik-teknik yang ada di bawah output standard? || <> Apa yang ditarik balik dalam piawaian 2006? || <> Siapa yang mencipta piawai 2006? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? ", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7147", "answers": [{"text": "to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another name for multi-zone metering?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7148", "answers": [{"text": "pattern metering", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7149", "answers": [{"text": "the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f714a", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f714b", "answers": [{"text": "Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 2006 version of the standard", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What standardized EI choices?", "id": "5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c462", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "When was multi-zone metering introduced?", "id": "5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c463", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "multi-zone metering", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "REI and what are the only techniques available under standard outputs?", "id": "5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c464", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was retracted in the 2006 standards?", "id": "5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the manufacturer", "answer_start": 197}], "question": "Who created the 2006 standard?", "id": "5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer\u2019s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used."}], ["Standard ASA menjalani semakan utama pada tahun 1960 dengan ASA PH2.5-1960, apabila kaedah untuk menentukan kelajuan filem telah diperhalusi dan sebelum ini digunakan faktor keselamatan terhadap pendedahan terdedah telah ditinggalkan, dengan berkesan menggandakan kelajuan nominal banyak hitam-putih filem negatif. Contohnya, Ilford HP3 yang diberi nilai pada 200 ASA sebelum 1960 dilabelkan 400 ASA selepas itu tanpa sebarang perubahan kepada emulsi. Perubahan serupa diterapkan pada sistem DIN dengan DIN 4512: 1961-10 dan sistem BS dengan BS 1380: 1963 pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. <> Pada tahun apakah perubahan besar yang dibuat kepada ANSI? || 1960 <> Apa perubahan 1960 ke langkah-langkah kelajuan filem membawa kepada? || berkesan menggandakan kelajuan nominal banyak filem negative hitam-putih-putih <> Sistem lain yang mana perubahan ini diterapkan? || sistem DIN <> Dalam tahun apakah sistem BS telah diubahsuai? || 1963 <> Apa faktor keselamatan yang telah dihapuskan dengan permulaan dengan pengubahsuaian kepada piawaian? || faktor keselamatan terhadap pendedahan yang kurang <> Bilakah faktor keselamatan baru diletakkan? || <> Kelajuan nominal filem apa yang dibahagi-bahagikan dengan meninggalkan faktor keselamatan? || <> A 400 ASA menjadi apa selepas tahun 1960? || <> Bilakah perubahan diterapkan pada sistem DIN? || <> Perubahan Ilford HP3 digunakan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?", "id": "57265236708984140094c249", "answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24a", "answers": [{"text": "effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which other system were these changes applied to?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24b", "answers": [{"text": "the DIN system", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the BS system modified?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24c", "answers": [{"text": "1963", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24d", "answers": [{"text": "safety factors against under-exposure", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1960", "answer_start": 47}], "question": "When were new safety factors put in place?", "id": "5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "black-and-white negative", "answer_start": 249}], "question": "The nominal speed of what films were halved by abandoning safety factors?", "id": "5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "200 ASA", "answer_start": 331}], "question": "A 400 ASA became what after 1960?", "id": "5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "before 1960", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "When were changes applied to the DIN system?", "id": "5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the DIN system", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "The Ilford HP3 changes were applied to what in the following years?", "id": "5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had been rated at 200 ASA before 1960 was labeled 400 ASA afterwards without any change to the emulsion. Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961-10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years."}], ["Kamera digital jauh melebihi filem dari segi kepekaan hingga cahaya, dengan kelajuan setara ISO sehingga 409,600, nombor yang tidak dapat diukur dalam bidang fotografi filem konvensional. Pemproses yang lebih cepat, serta kemajuan dalam teknik pengurangan hingar perisian membolehkan jenis pemprosesan ini dilaksanakan semasa foto ditangkap, membolehkan jurugambar menyimpan imej yang mempunyai tahap penambahbaikan yang lebih tinggi dan akan melarang memakan masa untuk memproses dengan lebih awal generasi perkakasan kamera digital. <> Apakah jenis kamera yang telah terbukti menjadi lebih sensitif terhadap cahaya daripada filem? || Kamera digital <> Apakah kelajuan setara ISO boleh mendapatkan kamera digital? || 409,600 <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kenaikan kelajuan ini? || Pemproses lebih cepat, serta kemajuan dalam teknik pengurangan bunyi perisian <> Apa salah satu perkara yang memperlahankan perkakasan digital yang lebih lama? || melarang memakan masa untuk memproses <> Apa kelajuan yang lebih tinggi lakukan untuk menghasilkan imej? || tahap penambahbaikan yang lebih tinggi <> Bagaimana filem melampaui kamera digital? || <> Apakah kelajuan ISO tertinggi yang boleh dicapai oleh kamera filem? || <> Apa, selain pemproses yang lebih cepat, menghalang pemprosesan daripada berlaku apabila foto diambil? || <> Apa yang boleh generasi generasi kedai kamera digital? || <> Generasi kamera mana yang mampu menyimpan imej yang lebih baik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a1", "answers": [{"text": "Digital cameras", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a2", "answers": [{"text": "409,600", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a3", "answers": [{"text": "Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a4", "answers": [{"text": "prohibitively time consuming to process", "answer_start": 451}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the higher speed do for the images produced?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a5", "answers": [{"text": "a higher level of refinement", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sensitivity to light", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "How has film surpassed digital cameras?", "id": "5a67c170f038b7001ab0c44e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "409,600", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "What is the highest ISO speed a film camera can reach?", "id": "5a67c170f038b7001ab0c44f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "advances in software noise reduction techniques", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "What, besides a faster processor, prevents processing from happening when a photo is taken?", "id": "5a67c170f038b7001ab0c450", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "images that have a higher level of refinement", "answer_start": 385}], "question": "What could earlier generations of digital cameras store?", "id": "5a67c170f038b7001ab0c451", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "earlier", "answer_start": 496}], "question": "Which generation of cameras are capable of storing higher refined images?", "id": "5a67c170f038b7001ab0c452", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured, allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware."}], ["Apabila terdedah, jumlah tenaga cahaya yang mencapai filem menentukan kesan ke atas emulsi. Jika kecerahan cahaya dikalikan dengan faktor dan pendedahan filem menurun dengan faktor yang sama dengan mengubah kelajuan pengatup kamera dan aperture, supaya tenaga yang diterima adalah sama, filem itu akan dikembangkan ke ketumpatan yang sama. Peraturan ini dipanggil timbal balik. Sistem untuk menentukan kepekaan untuk emulsi adalah mungkin kerana timbal balik memegang. Dalam praktiknya, timbal balik berfungsi dengan baik untuk filem-filem fotografi biasa untuk pelbagai pendedahan antara 1/1000 kedua hingga 1/2 saat. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan ini merosot di luar batas ini, satu fenomena yang dikenali sebagai kegagalan balas timbal balik. <> Apa yang menentukan kesan ke atas emulsi selepas pendedahan? || jumlah tenaga cahaya yang mencapai filem <> Dalam apa julat pendedahan yang biasanya berlaku? || antara 1/1000 kedua hingga 1/2 saat <> Bagaimana pendedahan filem berubah? || dengan mengubah kelajuan pengatup kamera dan aperture <> Bagaimana cara mencari kepekaan emulsi mungkin? || kerana timbal balik memegang <> Apa yang berlaku di luar julat pendedahan 1/1000 hingga 1 / kedua? || kegagalan timbal balik <> Apa yang menentukan jumlah tenaga cahaya yang mencapai filem? || <> Mengalikan kecerahan cahaya dengan faktor dan mengurangkan pendedahan dengan faktor yang sama menyebabkan apa yang perlu diubah? || <> Bagaimana kecerahan cahaya berubah? || <> Penanggulangan hanya berfungsi di luar jangkauan apa? || <> Penindasan memegang kerana sistem apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc72", "answers": [{"text": "the amount of light energy that reaches the film", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc73", "answers": [{"text": "between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the exposure of film changed?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc74", "answers": [{"text": "by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc75", "answers": [{"text": "because reciprocity holds", "answer_start": 467}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc76", "answers": [{"text": "reciprocity failure", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the emulsion", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What determines the amount of light energy that reaches the film?", "id": "5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "density", "answer_start": 352}], "question": "Multiplying the brightness of a light by a factor and decreasing the exposure by the same factor causes what to change?", "id": "5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture", "answer_start": 223}], "question": "How is the brightness of a light changed?", "id": "5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1/1000 second to 1/2 second", "answer_start": 606}], "question": "Reciprocity only works outside of what ranges?", "id": "5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "Reciprocity holds because of what system?", "id": "5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c420", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure."}], ["Berdasarkan karya penyelidikan awal oleh Loyd Ancile Jones (1884-1954) Kodak dan diilhamkan oleh sistem penilaian kelajuan filem Weston dan nilai-nilai filem General Electric, Persatuan Piawaian Amerika (sekarang bernama ANSI) menetapkan kaedah baru untuk menentukan dan menentukan filem kelajuan filem-filem negatif hitam-putih pada tahun 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 telah disemak semula pada tahun 1946 dan 1947 sebelum standard berkembang menjadi ASA PH2.5-1954. Asalnya, nilai ASA sering dirujuk sebagai nombor kelajuan standard Amerika atau nombor indeks pendedahan ASA. (Lihat juga: Indeks Pendedahan (EI).) <> Siapa yang mempelopori penyelidikan yang membawa kepada nilai ANSI baru? || Loyd Ancile Jones <> Apakah standard yang dibangunkan oleh ANSI? || Kedudukan kelajuan filem Weston dan nilai filem General Electric <> Apakah jenis filem yang dilakukan oleh ANSI? || filem negatif hitam-putih <> Bilakah ANSI mentakrifkan langkah barunya? || 1943 <> Apakah nilai-nilai ANSI yang sering dipanggil pada permulaan? || Nombor kelajuan standard Amerika atau nombor indeks pendedahan ASA <> Siapa yang melakukan penyelidikan untuk General Electric? || <> Apa Kodak dinamakan semula? || <> Apakah rating kelajuan Weston yang diilhamkan oleh? || <> Bilakah Jones menerbitkan penyelidikannya? || <> Bilakah ASA PH2.5-1954 dibebaskan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c219", "answers": [{"text": "Loyd Ancile Jones", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What standards were the ANSI developed from?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21a", "answers": [{"text": "Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of film did the ANSI measure?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21b", "answers": [{"text": "black-and-white negative films", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the ANSI define its new measure?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21c", "answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21d", "answers": [{"text": "American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Loyd Ancile Jones", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Who did research for General Electric?", "id": "5a67a29af038b7001ab0c398", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ANSI", "answer_start": 210}], "question": "What was Kodak renamed as?", "id": "5a67a29af038b7001ab0c399", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What were the Weston Film speed ratings inspired by?", "id": "5a67a29af038b7001ab0c39a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1943", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "When did Jones publish his research?", "id": "5a67a29af038b7001ab0c39b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1947", "answer_start": 358}], "question": "When was ASA PH2.5-1954 released?", "id": "5a67a29af038b7001ab0c39c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884\u20131954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)"}], ["Standard ISO ISO 12232: 2006 memberi pengeluar kamera tetap digital pilihan lima teknik yang berbeza untuk menentukan penarafan indeks pendedahan pada setiap tetapan sensitiviti yang disediakan oleh model kamera tertentu. Tiga teknik dalam ISO 12232: 2006 dijalankan dari versi 1998 standard, manakala dua teknik baru yang membolehkan pengukuran fail output JPEG diperkenalkan dari CIPA DC-004. Bergantung kepada teknik yang dipilih, penarafan indeks pendedahan boleh bergantung kepada kepekaan sensor, bunyi sensor, dan rupa imej yang dihasilkan. Standard menentukan pengukuran kepekaan cahaya keseluruhan sistem kamera digital dan bukan komponen individu seperti sensor digital, walaupun Kodak telah melaporkan menggunakan variasi untuk mencirikan kepekaan dua sensor mereka pada tahun 2001. <> Berapa banyak teknik yang tersedia kerana ISO 12232: 2006? || lima <> Apakah teknik yang disediakan CIPA DC-004? || dua teknik baru yang membolehkan pengukuran fail output JPEG <> Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi penilaian indeks pendedahan? || sensitiviti sensor, bunyi sensor, dan rupa imej yang dihasilkan <> Apakah standard ISO 12232: 2006 yang dinyatakan? || pengukuran kepekaan cahaya keseluruhan sistem kamera digital dan bukan komponen individu <> Dalam tahun apakah Kodak mula menggunakan cara yang berbeza untuk mencirikan dua sensor? || 2001 <> Bilakah ISO 12232: 2006 dipublikasikan? || <> Berapa banyak teknik JPEG diperkenalkan pada tahun 1998? || <> Apakah tiga teknik yang mempengaruhi ISO? || <> Berapa banyak teknik bergantung kepada kepekaan sensor? || <> Kapan Kodak berhenti menggunakan variasi kepekaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f710f", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7110", "answers": [{"text": "two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors affect the exposure index rating?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7111", "answers": [{"text": "the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7112", "answers": [{"text": "the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7113", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 843}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "When was ISO 12232:2006 made public?", "id": "5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c458", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Three", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "How many JPEG techniques were introduced in 1998?", "id": "5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c459", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "What are the three techniques that affect ISO?", "id": "5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c45a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "How many techniques depend on sensor sensitivity?", "id": "5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c45b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 843}], "question": "When did Kodak stop using variations of sensitivity?", "id": "5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c45c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, while two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files are introduced from CIPA DC-004. Depending on the technique selected, the exposure index rating can depend on the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image. The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors, although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001."}], ["Untuk kamera foto digital (\"kamera tetap digital\"), penarafan indeks pendedahan (EI) yang biasanya dipanggil tetapan ISO-ditentukan oleh pengeluar supaya fail imej sRGB yang dihasilkan oleh kamera akan mempunyai cahaya yang serupa dengan apa yang akan diperolehi dengan filem penarafan EI yang sama pada pendedahan yang sama. Reka bentuk yang biasa adalah bahawa parameter kamera untuk menafsirkan nilai-nilai data sensor ke dalam nilai sRGB adalah tetap, dan beberapa pilihan EI yang berbeza diakomodasi dengan mengubah keuntungan isyarat sensor dalam bidang analog, sebelum penukaran kepada digital. Sesetengah reka bentuk kamera menyediakan sekurang-kurangnya beberapa pilihan EI dengan menyesuaikan penambahan isyarat sensor dalam dunia digital. Reka bentuk kamera beberapa juga menyediakan pelarasan EI melalui pilihan parameter ringan untuk tafsiran nilai data sensor ke dalam sRGB; variasi ini membolehkan tradeoffs berbeza antara pelbagai sorotan yang boleh ditangkap dan jumlah bunyi yang diperkenalkan ke dalam kawasan bayangan foto. <> Apakah nama lain untuk penilaian indeks pendedahan? || Tetapan ISO <> Bagaimana sesetengah reka bentuk kamera memberikan beberapa pilihan EI? || dengan melaraskan keuntungan isyarat sensor dalam dunia digital <> Siapa yang memberi penarafan indeks pendedahan? || pengilang <> Apakah kamera foto digital juga dipanggil? || kamera tetap digital <> Apakah file imej sRGB yang biasa dipanggil? || <> Keserapan fail sRGB direka untuk menjadi berbeza daripada apa? || <> Apa yang diselaraskan sebelum penukaran kepada analog? || <> Apa pilihan yang membuat reka bentuk kamera tidak ditawarkan? || <> Apa pilihan parameter kecerahan yang menghalang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is another name for an exposure index rating?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7085", "answers": [{"text": "ISO setting", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do some camera designs give some EI choices?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7086", "answers": [{"text": "by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides the exposure index rating?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7087", "answers": [{"text": "the manufacturer", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are digital photo cameras also called?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7088", "answers": [{"text": "digital still cameras", "answer_start": 28}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exposure index (EI) rating", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What is an sRGB image file commonly called?", "id": "5a67b268f038b7001ab0c430", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "film of the same EI rating at the same exposure", "answer_start": 259}], "question": "The lightness of an sRGB file is designed to be different from what?", "id": "5a67b268f038b7001ab0c431", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sensor's signal gain", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "What is adjusted prior to conversion to analog?", "id": "5a67b268f038b7001ab0c432", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "EI adjustment", "answer_start": 715}], "question": "What do choices do camera designs not offer?", "id": "5a67b268f038b7001ab0c433", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced", "answer_start": 858}], "question": "What does the choice of lightness parameters prevent?", "id": "5a67b268f038b7001ab0c434", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For digital photo cameras (\"digital still cameras\"), an exposure index (EI) rating\u2014commonly called ISO setting\u2014is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual design is that the camera's parameters for interpreting the sensor data values into sRGB values are fixed, and a number of different EI choices are accommodated by varying the sensor's signal gain in the analog realm, prior to conversion to digital. Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm. A few camera designs also provide EI adjustment through a choice of lightness parameters for the interpretation of sensor data values into sRGB; this variation allows different tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced into the shadow areas of the photo."}], ["Kelajuan filem digunakan dalam persamaan pendedahan untuk mencari parameter pendedahan yang sesuai. Empat pembolehubah disediakan untuk jurugambar untuk mendapatkan kesan yang diingini: pencahayaan, kelajuan filem, f-nombor (saiz apertur), dan kelajuan pengatup (masa pendedahan). Persamaan boleh dinyatakan sebagai nisbah, atau, dengan mengambil logaritma (asas 2) kedua-dua pihak, dengan penambahan, dengan menggunakan sistem APEX, di mana setiap kenaikan 1 ialah pendedahan dua kali ganda; kenaikan ini biasanya dikenali sebagai \"berhenti\". Nombor f yang berkesan adalah berkadar dengan nisbah antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter apertur, diameternya sendiri berkadaran dengan punca kuasa kawasan apertur. Oleh itu, lensa yang ditetapkan ke f / 1.4 membolehkan dua kali lebih banyak cahaya untuk menyerang satah fokus sebagai lensa yang ditetapkan ke f / 2. Oleh itu, setiap faktor f-bilangan akar kuadrat dua (kira-kira 1.4) juga berhenti, jadi lensa biasanya ditandakan dalam perkembangan: f / 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22 , 32, dan lain-lain <> Berapakah f-nombor berkesan yang berkadar dengan? || nisbah antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter apertur <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengetahui parameter pendedahan yang betul? || Kelajuan filem <> Pemboleh ubah apa yang membantu jurugambar menghasilkan kesan yang diingini? || pencahayaan, kelajuan filem, nombor f (saiz apertur), dan kelajuan pengatup (masa pendedahan) <> Satu lensa dengan tetapan f / 1.4 membolehkan berapa banyak memukul pesawat fokus berbanding dengan tetapan f / 2? || dua kali lebih banyak <> Dalam sistem APEX, kenaikan yang menyebabkan pendedahan dipanggil apa? || \"berhenti\" <> Apakah parameter pendedahan yang sesuai digunakan untuk mencari? || <> Apakah nama lain untuk kelajuan filem? || <> Sistem apa yang menggunakan nisbah? || <> Nisbah antara diameter dan punca kuasa apertur dipanggil apa? || <> Berapakah cahaya yang dilakukan oleh f / 2 jika dibandingkan dengan f / 4? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the effective f-number proportional to?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdb", "answers": [{"text": "the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter", "answer_start": 526}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdc", "answers": [{"text": "Film speed", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdd", "answers": [{"text": "lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fde", "answers": [{"text": "twice as much", "answer_start": 702}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdf", "answers": [{"text": "\"stop\"", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Film speed", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are appropriate exposure parameters used to find?", "id": "5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c412", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stop", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "What is another name for film speed?", "id": "5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c413", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "APEX", "answer_start": 368}], "question": "What system uses ratios?", "id": "5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c414", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "effective f-number", "answer_start": 488}], "question": "The ratio between the diameter and square root of the aperture is called what?", "id": "5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c415", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "twice as much", "answer_start": 702}], "question": "How much does light does an f/2 let in as compared to an f/4?", "id": "5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c416", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, by addition, using the APEX system, in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure; this increment is commonly known as a \"stop\". The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter, the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area. Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2. Therefore, each f-number factor of the square root of two (approximately 1.4) is also a stop, so lenses are typically marked in that progression: f/1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc."}], ["Kelajuan filem ditemui dari satu plot kepadatan optik berbanding log pendedahan untuk filem, yang dikenali sebagai kurva D-log H atau Hurter-Driffield. Biasanya terdapat lima kawasan dalam lengkung: asas + kabut, kaki, rantau linear, bahu, dan rantau yang terlalu padat. Untuk filem negatif hitam dan putih, \"titik kelajuan\" m adalah titik pada lengkung di mana ketumpatan melebihi ketumpatan kabus + asas sebanyak 0.1 apabila negatif dibangunkan supaya titik n di mana log pendedahan adalah 1.3 unit lebih besar daripada pendedahan pada titik m mempunyai kepadatan 0.8 lebih besar daripada ketumpatan pada titik m. Pendedahan Hm, dalam lux-s, adalah untuk titik m apabila keadaan kontras yang dinyatakan berpuas hati. Kelajuan aritmetik ISO ditentukan dari: <> Apakah plot dari mana kelajuan filem diperolehi dipanggil? || kurva D-log H atau Hurter-Driffield curve <> Berapa rantau mempunyai keluk Hurter-Driffield? || lima <> Apa yang diplotkan dalam lengkung Hurter-Driffield? || satu plot kepadatan optik berbanding log pendedahan untuk filem <> Apa yang dinyatakan apabila keadaan kontras yang dinyatakan dipenuhi? || Pendedahan Hm, dalam lux-s <> Apakah lima kawasan lengkung Hurter-Driffield? || dasar + kabut, kaki, rantau linear, bahu, dan kawasan yang terlalu padat <> Apakah kelajuan filem yang digabungkan dengan untuk menghasilkan kepadatan optik? || <> Apa plot kelajuan filem berbanding log pendedahan dipanggil? || <> Berapa banyak titik kelajuan terdapat dalam filem hitam dan putih? || <> Apakah titik di mana ketumpatan 0.1 kurang daripada dasar + kabus? || <> Apakah kelajuan aritmetik ISO? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8190", "answers": [{"text": "the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve", "answer_start": 94}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8191", "answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8192", "answers": [{"text": "a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8193", "answers": [{"text": "The exposure Hm, in lux-s", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8194", "answers": [{"text": "the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "log of exposure", "answer_start": 55}], "question": "What is film speed combined with to produce optical density?", "id": "5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c408", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the D\u2013log H curve", "answer_start": 94}], "question": "What is a plot of film speed vs. log of exposure called?", "id": "5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c409", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "five", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "How many speed points are there in a black and white film?", "id": "5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c40a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the \u201cspeed point\u201d", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What is the point at which density is 0.1 less than the base + fog?", "id": "5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c40b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The exposure Hm, in lux-s", "answer_start": 585}], "question": "What is the ISO arithmetic speed?", "id": "5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c40c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the \u201cspeed point\u201d m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:"}], ["Standard CIPA DC-004 menghendaki pengeluar kamera digital digital menggunakan sama ada teknik REI atau SOS, dan DC-008 mengemas kini spesifikasi Exif untuk membezakan antara nilai-nilai ini. Akibatnya, tiga teknik EI yang dibawa dari ISO 12232: 1998 tidak banyak digunakan dalam model kamera terkini (sekitar 2007 dan kemudian). Oleh kerana teknik-teknik terdahulu tidak membenarkan pengukuran daripada imej yang dihasilkan dengan pemampatan lossy, mereka tidak boleh digunakan sama sekali pada kamera yang menghasilkan imej hanya dalam format JPEG. <> Kaedah mana yang diperlukan oleh CIPA DC-004? || Teknik REI atau SOS <> Pada tahun apakah tiga teknik EI dari ISO 12232: 1998 sebahagian besarnya berhenti digunakan? || kira-kira 2007 dan kemudian <> Dengan apa kamera teknik terdahulu tidak boleh digunakan? || kamera yang menghasilkan imej hanya dalam format JPEG <> Kamera negara mana yang dikenakan CIPA DC-004? || Jepun <> Apa perubahan DC-008? || spesifikasi Exif <> Berapa banyak teknik digunakan secara meluas dalam model kamera baru? || <> Bilakah standard CIPA DC-004 dikeluarkan? || <> Pengilang mana yang dikecualikan daripada CIPA DC-004? || <> Selepas 2007, model kamera yang lebih baru mula menggunakan teknik apa lagi? || <> Tiga teknik EI perlu digunakan pada kamera yang hanya menangkap dalam format apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cb", "answers": [{"text": "REI or SOS techniques", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cc", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 2007 and later", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cd", "answers": [{"text": "cameras that produce images only in JPEG format", "answer_start": 486}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4ce", "answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the DC-008 change?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cf", "answers": [{"text": "the Exif specification", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "How many techniques are widely used in new camera models?", "id": "5a67d407f038b7001ab0c476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 336}], "question": "When was the CIPA DC-004 standard released?", "id": "5a67d407f038b7001ab0c477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Japanese", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004?", "id": "5a67d407f038b7001ab0c478", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "After 2007, newer camera models started using what techniques again?", "id": "5a67d407f038b7001ab0c479", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "JPEG", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format?", "id": "5a67d407f038b7001ab0c47a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format."}], ["Walaupun definisi standard terperinci ini, kamera biasanya tidak menunjukkan dengan jelas sama ada tetapan \"ISO\" pengguna merujuk kepada kelajuan berasaskan bunyi, kelajuan berasaskan tepu, atau sensitiviti keluaran tertentu, atau beberapa nombor dibuat untuk tujuan pemasaran. Kerana versi ISO 12232 1998 tidak membenarkan pengukuran output kamera yang mempunyai mampatan lossy, tidak mungkin untuk menggunakan mana-mana pengukuran tersebut dengan kamera yang tidak menghasilkan fail sRGB dengan betul dalam format yang tidak dikompresi seperti TIFF. Berikutan penerbitan CIPA DC-004 pada tahun 2006, pengilang kamera digital digital diperlukan untuk menentukan sama ada penarafan kepekaan adalah REI atau SOS. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah langkah-langkah yang mungkin ditetapkan oleh pengguna \"ISO\"? || kelajuan berasaskan bunyi, kelajuan berasaskan tepu, atau kepekaan keluaran yang ditentukan, atau beberapa nombor yang dibuat untuk tujuan pemasaran <> Apakah versi ISO 12232 tidak dibenarkan? || pengukuran output kamera yang mempunyai mampatan lossy <> Apakah jenis penarafan kepekaan yang boleh ditentukan oleh kamera? || REI atau SOS <> Apakah standard yang telah diubah oleh pembuat kamera Jepun? || CIPA DC-004 <> Pada tahun apakah CIPA DC-004 diperkenalkan? || 2006 <> Kamera mesti menunjukkan apabila tetapan ISO merujuk kepada apa? || <> ISO 12232 1998 dibenarkan untuk jenis pemampatan apa? || <> Penerbitan apa yang menjejaskan kamera digital Jepun pada tahun 1998? || <> Bilakah fail TIFF dibuat? || <> ISO 12232 memerlukan pemproses untuk menyatakan apa mengenai penarafan kepekaan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What measures might the user \"ISO\" setting correspond to?", "id": "572676395951b619008f734f", "answers": [{"text": "the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7350", "answers": [{"text": "measurement of camera output that had lossy compression", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7351", "answers": [{"text": "REI or SOS", "answer_start": 676}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7352", "answers": [{"text": "CIPA DC-004", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7353", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the noise-based speed", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "Cameras must indicate when the ISO setting refers to what?", "id": "5a67db3d8476ee001a58a742", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "lossy", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "The 1998 ISO 12232 allowed for what type of compression?", "id": "5a67db3d8476ee001a58a743", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "CIPA DC-004", "answer_start": 551}], "question": "What publication affected Japanese digital still cameras in 1998?", "id": "5a67db3d8476ee001a58a744", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "When was the TIFF file created?", "id": "5a67db3d8476ee001a58a745", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS", "answer_start": 644}], "question": "The ISO 12232 requires manufacturures to specify what about a sensitivity rating?", "id": "5a67db3d8476ee001a58a746", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user \"ISO\" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]"}], ["Teknik Sensitiviti Keluaran Output (SOS), juga baru dalam versi 2006 standard, dengan jelas menyatakan bahawa paras purata dalam imej sRGB mestilah 18% kelabu ditambah atau tolak 1/3 berhenti apabila pendedahan dikawal oleh pendedahan automatik sistem kawalan yang dikalibrasi setiap ISO 2721 dan ditetapkan kepada EI tanpa pampasan pendedahan. Kerana tahap keluaran diukur dalam output sRGB dari kamera, ia hanya terpakai untuk imej sRGB-biasanya JPEG dan bukan untuk mengeluarkan fail dalam format imej mentah. Ia tidak boleh digunakan apabila meterai pelbagai zon digunakan. <> Tahun apakah teknik Sensitivitas Keluaran Standard yang diperkenalkan? || 2006 <> Apa gunanya teknik Sensitivity Output Standard? || sRGB images-typically JPEG <> Apakah tahap output diukur? || output sRGB dari kamera <> Dengan apa jenis pemeteran boleh Sensitivity Output Standard tidak boleh digunakan? || pemeteran pelbagai zon <> Dengan piawaian apakah sistem kawalan pendedahan automatik ditentukur? || ISO 2721 <> Teknik apa yang telah dikeluarkan dalam piawaian 2006? || <> Apabila pendedahan tidak dikawal secara automatik, apakah set kelabu pada? || <> Bagaimana fail dalam mentah diukur? || <> Metering pelbagai zon menggunakan penentukuran ISO? || <> Bilakah teknik SOS digunakan untuk imej mentah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7193", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 65}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7194", "answers": [{"text": "sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the output level measured in?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7195", "answers": [{"text": "the sRGB output from the camera", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7196", "answers": [{"text": "multi-zone metering", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7197", "answers": [{"text": "ISO 2721", "answer_start": 285}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS)", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What technique was removed in the 2006 standards?", "id": "5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18%", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "When exposure is not automatically controlled, what is the gray set at?", "id": "5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "How are files in raw measured?", "id": "5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2721", "answer_start": 289}], "question": "Multi-zone metering uses what ISO calibration?", "id": "5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "When was the SOS technique applied to raw images?", "id": "5a67d295f038b7001ab0c470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG\u2014and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used."}], ["di mana pendedahan maksimum yang tidak membawa kepada keluaran kamera yang dipotong atau dibekukan. Biasanya, had yang lebih rendah dalam kelajuan tepu ditentukan oleh sensor itu sendiri, tetapi dengan mendapat penguat di antara sensor dan penukar analog-ke-digital, kelajuan tepu dapat ditingkatkan. Faktor 78 dipilih supaya tetapan pendedahan berdasarkan meter cahaya standard dan permukaan reflektif 18 peratus akan menghasilkan imej dengan tahap kelabu 18% / \u221a2 = 12.7% tepu. Faktor \u221a2 menunjukkan bahawa terdapat separuh stop headroom untuk menangani pantulan spekular yang akan kelihatan lebih terang daripada 100% yang mencerminkan permukaan putih. <> Apakah sensor biasanya menentukan? || had bawah kelajuan tepu <> Bagaimana kelajuan tepu dapat ditingkatkan? || dengan mendapat penguat antara sensor dan penukar analog-ke-digital <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh faktor \u221a2? || terdapat separuh stop headroom untuk berurusan dengan pantulan spekular yang akan kelihatan lebih terang daripada 100% yang mencerminkan permukaan putih <> Apa yang dapat menyebabkan terlalu banyak pendedahan? || keluaran kamera yang dipotong atau dibekukan <> Had maksimum kelajuan tepu menyebabkan apa? || <> Apakah pencegah penguat daripada peningkatan? || <> Mengapa faktor 78 dielakkan? || <> Tahap kelabu 12.7 hasil dalam ketepuan apa? || <> Apakah batas tepu atas ditentukan oleh? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the sensor usually determine?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dfee", "answers": [{"text": "lower limit of the saturation speed", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can the saturation speed be increased?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dfef", "answers": [{"text": "with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is indicated by the factor \u221a2?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dff0", "answers": [{"text": "there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can too much exposure lead to?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dff1", "answers": [{"text": "clipped or bloomed camera output", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a clipped or bloomed camera output", "answer_start": 62}], "question": "The lower limit of saturation speed leads to what?", "id": "5a67d77bf038b7001ab0c480", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the saturation speed", "answer_start": 276}], "question": "What does the amplifier prevent from increasing?", "id": "5a67d77bf038b7001ab0c481", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/\u221a2 = 12.7% of saturation", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "Why is the factor of 78 avoided?", "id": "5a67d77bf038b7001ab0c482", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "18%", "answer_start": 481}], "question": "A grey level of 12.7 results in what saturation?", "id": "5a67d77bf038b7001ab0c483", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the sensor itself", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What is the upper limit of saturation determined by?", "id": "5a67d77bf038b7001ab0c484", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "where  is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/\u221a2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor \u221a2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface."}], ["Piawaian ini menentukan bagaimana rating kelajuan harus dilaporkan oleh kamera. Jika kelajuan berasaskan bunyi (40: 1) lebih tinggi daripada kelajuan berasaskan tepu, kelajuan berasaskan bunyi harus dilaporkan, dibulatkan ke bawah ke nilai standard (contohnya 200, 250, 320, atau 400). Rasional adalah pendedahan berdasarkan kelajuan berasaskan tepu yang rendah tidak akan menghasilkan imej yang lebih jelas. Di samping itu, latitud pendedahan boleh ditentukan, dari kelajuan berasaskan tepu ke kelajuan berasaskan bunyi 10: 1. Jika kelajuan berasaskan bunyi (40: 1) lebih rendah daripada kelajuan berasaskan tepu, atau tidak ditentukan kerana bunyi yang tinggi, kelajuan berasaskan tepu ditentukan, dibundarkan ke atas nilai standard, kerana menggunakan kelajuan berasaskan bunyi membawa kepada imej yang terlalu banyak. Kamera juga boleh melaporkan kelajuan berasaskan SOS (secara eksplisit sebagai kelajuan SOS), dibundarkan kepada penarafan kelajuan standard yang terdekat. <> Bilakah kelajuan berasaskan bunyi bising digunakan? || kelajuan berasaskan bunyi (40: 1) lebih tinggi daripada kelajuan berasaskan tepu <> Apakah julat untuk latitud pendedahan? || dari kelajuan berasaskan tepu ke kelajuan berasaskan bunyi 10: 1 <> Apakah kelajuan lain yang juga boleh dilaporkan oleh kamera? || Kelajuan berasaskan SOS <> Mengapakah kelajuan berasaskan bunyi dibundarkan ke standard yang lebih rendah? || pendedahan mengikut kelajuan berasaskan ketepuan yang lebih rendah tidak akan menghasilkan imej yang lebih jelas <> Apa standard menentukan? || bagaimana rating kelajuan harus dilaporkan oleh kamera <> Sebilangan kelajuan yang berasaskan tepu akan mencipta apa yang lebih baik? || <> Apakah nisbah untuk kelajuan berasaskan tepu? || <> Adakah SOS dibundarkan ke atas atau ke bawah? || <> Bagaimana imej yang tidak dapat dibaca? || <> Mengapa kelajuan berasaskan tepu dibundarkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When should the noise-based speed be used?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f7317", "answers": [{"text": "the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the range for exposure latitude?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f7318", "answers": [{"text": "from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f7319", "answers": [{"text": "SOS-based speed", "answer_start": 793}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f731a", "answers": [{"text": "exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the standard specify?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f731b", "answers": [{"text": "how speed ratings should be reported by the camera", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "image", "answer_start": 374}], "question": "A lower saturation-based speed would create a better what?", "id": "5a67da4df038b7001ab0c49e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "10:1", "answer_start": 480}], "question": "What is the ratio for the saturation-based speed?", "id": "5a67da4df038b7001ab0c49f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "upwards", "answer_start": 663}], "question": "Is the SOS rounded up or down?", "id": "5a67da4df038b7001ab0c4a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using the noise-based speed", "answer_start": 700}], "question": "How are underexposed images created?", "id": "5a67da4df038b7001ab0c4a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images", "answer_start": 700}], "question": "Why are saturation-based speeds rounded down?", "id": "5a67da4df038b7001ab0c4a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating."}], ["Kelajuan berasaskan bunyi yang ditakrifkan sebagai pendedahan yang akan membawa kepada nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi yang diberikan pada piksel individu. Dua nisbah digunakan, 40: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang sangat baik\") dan nisbah 10: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang boleh diterima\"). Rasio-rasio ini telah ditentukan secara subjektif berdasarkan resolusi 70 piksel per cm (178 DPI) apabila dilihat pada jarak 25 cm (9.8 inci). Nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi ditakrifkan sebagai sisihan piawai purata wajaran cahaya dan warna piksel individu. Kelajuan berasaskan bunyi adalah kebanyakannya ditentukan oleh sifat-sifat sensor dan agak terjejas oleh bunyi bising dalam alat elektronik dan penukar AD. <> Rasio mana yang digunakan untuk mengira kelajuan berasaskan bunyi? || 40: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang sangat baik\") dan nisbah 10: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang boleh diterima\") <> Apa kelajuan berasaskan bunyi? || pendedahan yang akan membawa kepada nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi yang diberikan pada piksel individu <> Bagaimana kedua-dua nisbah tersebut dijumpai? || secara subjektif ditentukan berdasarkan resolusi 70 piksel per cm (178 DPI) apabila dilihat pada jarak 25 cm (9.8 inci) <> Apakah definisi nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi? || sisihan piawai purata berwajaran cahaya dan warna piksel individu <> Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kelajuan berasaskan bunyi? || sifat-sifat sensor dan agak terjejas oleh hingar dalam keuntungan elektronik dan penukar AD <> Manakah nisbahnya ditentukan secara subjektif? || <> Apakah piksel individu ditakrifkan? || <> Apakah isyarat signal-to-noise? || <> Berapa piksel dalam imej nisbah 40: 1? || <> Rata-rata berwajaran pencahayaan dan kebisingan dalam keuntungan elektronik didefinisikan sebagai apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8dffe", "answers": [{"text": "the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the noise-based speed?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8dfff", "answers": [{"text": "the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the two ratios found?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e000", "answers": [{"text": "subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance", "answer_start": 249}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e001", "answers": [{"text": "the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors influence the noise-based speed?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e002", "answers": [{"text": "the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "40:1", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Which ratio was subjectively determined?", "id": "5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The noise-based speed", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What are the individual pixels defined by?", "id": "5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c495", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "What is the signal-to-noise ration?", "id": "5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c496", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "70", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "How many pixels are in a 40:1 ratio image?", "id": "5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c497", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The signal-to-noise ratio", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "The weighted average of the luminance and the noise in the electronic gain is defined as what?", "id": "5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c498", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter."}]], [["Semasa pertempuran ini, pada 13 September, Bahagian 4, di bawah John A. Quitman, mempelopori serangan terhadap Chapultepec dan membawa istana. Jeneral Konfederasi masa depan George E. Pickett dan James Longstreet mengambil bahagian dalam serangan itu. Berkhidmat dalam pertahanan Mexico adalah kadet yang kemudian diabadikan sebagai Los Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes (\"Pahlawan Anak\"). Pasukan Mexico jatuh dari Chapultepec dan berundur dalam bandar. Serangan terhadap Bel\u00e9n dan San Cosme Gates datang selepas itu. Perjanjian Guadalupe Hidalgo ditandatangani dalam apa yang kini jauh di utara bandar. <> Siapa yang mengetuai bahagian 4? || John A. Quitman <> Perjanjian apa yang ditandatangani? || Guadalupe Hidalgo <> Siapa jeneral yang akan datang? || George E. Pickett dan James Longstreet <> Siapa yang membawa istana? || Bahagian Keempat <> Bilakah istana jatuh? || pada 13 September", {"qas": [{"question": "Who led the 4th division?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ab", "answers": [{"text": "John A. Quitman", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What treaty was signed?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ac", "answers": [{"text": "Guadalupe Hidalgo", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who were the future confederate generals?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ad", "answers": [{"text": "George E. Pickett and James Longstreet", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who carried the castle?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ae", "answers": [{"text": "the 4th Division", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the castle fall?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3af", "answers": [{"text": "on September 13", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes (the \"Boy Heroes\"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Bel\u00e9n and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city."}], ["Semasa era pemerintahan Porfirian, bandar ini menjalani pemodenan yang luas. Banyak bangunan gaya Kolonial Sepanyol telah dimusnahkan, digantikan oleh institusi Porfirian yang jauh lebih besar dan banyak kawasan luar bandar yang terpencil telah berubah menjadi daerah bandar atau perindustrian dengan kebanyakannya mempunyai kemudahan elektrik, gas dan kumbahan menjelang tahun 1908. Walaupun tumpuan awalnya adalah untuk membangunkan hospital-hospital moden, sekolah-sekolah , kilang-kilang dan kerja-kerja awam besar-besaran, mungkin kesan-kesan yang paling berpanjangan dari pemodenan Porfirian adalah penciptaan kawasan Colonia Roma dan pembangunan Reforma Avenue. Banyak tarikan utama di Mexico City dan landmark telah dibina pada era ini dalam gaya ini. <> Bilakah kebanyakan pembandaran selesai? || oleh 1908 <> Pemodenan yang luas bermula dengan apa? || Banyak bangunan gaya Kolonial Sepanyol dimusnahkan <> Apa yang dibina semasa pemodenan? || hospital, sekolah, kilang dan kerja-kerja awam yang besar <> Jalan terkenal apa yang dibina semasa zaman pemodenan ini? || Reforma Avenue", {"qas": [{"question": "When was most of the urbanization completed? ", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd62", "answers": [{"text": "by 1908", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The extensive modernization started with what?", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd63", "answers": [{"text": "Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was built during the modernization?", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd64", "answers": [{"text": "hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works", "answer_start": 385}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous street was built during this period of modernization?", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd65", "answers": [{"text": "Reforma Avenue", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style."}], ["Bandar ini semakin meningkat apabila penduduknya naik ke perairan tasik. Ketika kedalaman air tasik berfluktuasi, Mexico City mengalami banjir berkala. Satu draf buruh utama, yang desag\u00fce, memaksa beribu-ribu orang India dalam tempoh penjajah untuk mengusahakan infrastruktur untuk mencegah banjir. Banjir bukan sahaja menyusahkan tetapi juga bahaya kesihatan, sejak semasa banjir berlaku sisa manusia mencemarkan jalan-jalan di bandar. Dengan mengalir kawasan itu, populasi nyamuk menurun seperti kekerapan penyakit yang disebarkannya. Walau bagaimanapun, penyaliran tanah lembap juga mengubah habitat untuk ikan dan burung dan kawasan yang boleh diakses penanaman India dekat dengan ibu kota. <> Apa draf buruh dipanggil? || yang desag\u00fce <> Siapa yang membantu membina infrastruktur di sekitar tasik? || India <> Apakah masalah utama dengan begitu dekat dengan tasik? || banjir <> Apa yang negatif mengawal ketinggian air tasik? || menukar habitat untuk ikan dan burung <> Berapa banyak orang India membantu membina infrastruktur? || beribu-ribu", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the labor draft called?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd02", "answers": [{"text": "the desag\u00fce", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd03", "answers": [{"text": "Indians", "answer_start": 220}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd04", "answers": [{"text": "flooding", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd05", "answers": [{"text": "changed the habitat for fish and birds", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? ", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd06", "answers": [{"text": "thousands", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desag\u00fce, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital."}], ["Ibukota Mexico adalah ibu kota tertua di Amerika dan salah satu daripada dua yang diasaskan oleh Amerindians (Orang asli Amerika), yang lain adalah Quito. Bandar ini pada asalnya dibina di atas sebuah pulau Lake Texcoco oleh Aztecs pada tahun 1325 sebagai Tenochtitlan, yang hampir hancur sepenuhnya pada pengepungan Tennojatlan 1521, dan kemudiannya direka semula dan dibina semula mengikut piawaian bandar Sepanyol. Pada tahun 1524, perbandaran Mexico City ditubuhkan, dikenali sebagai M\u00e9xico Tenochtitl\u00e1n, dan pada 1585 ia secara rasmi dikenali sebagai Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (Mexico City). Mexico City berkhidmat sebagai pusat politik, pentadbiran dan kewangan sebahagian utama empayar kolonial Sepanyol. Selepas kemerdekaan dari Sepanyol dicapai, Daerah Persekutuan dicipta pada tahun 1824. <> Apakah nama asal Mexico City? || Tenochtitlan <> Siapa yang mula membina Bandar Raya Mexico? || Aztecs <> Bilakah Daerah Persekutuan dibentuk? || 1824 <> Di manakah bandar pertama dibina? || di sebuah pulau Tasik Texcoco <> Ketika Mexico City secara rasminya diasaskan oleh orang Sepanyol? || 1585", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the original name of Mexico City?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dcff", "answers": [{"text": "Tenochtitlan", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who originally built Mexico City?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd00", "answers": [{"text": "the Aztecs", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Federal District formed?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd01", "answers": [{"text": "1824", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the city first built?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd02", "answers": [{"text": "on an island of Lake Texcoco", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd03", "answers": [{"text": "1585", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico\u2019s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as M\u00e9xico Tenochtitl\u00e1n, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824."}], ["Kota Raya Mexico mempunyai keluaran dalam negeri kasar (KDNK) US $ 411 bilion pada tahun 2011, menjadikan bandar raya Mexico City sebagai salah satu kawasan metropolitan terbesar di dunia. Bandar ini bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan 15.8% daripada Produk Domestik Kotor Mexico dan kawasan metropolitan menyumbang kira-kira 22% daripada jumlah KDNK negara. Sebagai sebuah negara yang berdiri sendiri, pada tahun 2013, Mexico City menjadi ekonomi kelima terbesar di Amerika Latin-lima kali lebih besar dari Costa Rica dan kira-kira sama dengan Peru. <> Berapa besar ialah GDP Mexico City? || US $ 411 bilion <> Berapa besarkah ialah GDP Mexico City daripada Costa Rica? || lima kali <> Sebanyak peratus daripada KDNK Mexico adalah kawasan metropolitan Mexico City yang bertanggungjawab? || 22% <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai KDNK saiz yang sama seperti bandar Mexico? || Peru", {"qas": [{"question": "How big is Mexico City's GDP?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dced", "answers": [{"text": "US$411 billion", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcee", "answers": [{"text": "five times", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcef", "answers": [{"text": "22%", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcf0", "answers": [{"text": "Peru", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America\u2014five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's."}], ["Mexico City, atau Mexico City (Bahasa Sepanyol: Ciudad de M\u00e9xico audio (bantuan \u00b7 maklumat) American Spanish: [sju\u00f0a (\u00f0) \u00cc m\u00e9xiko]; disingkat sebagai \"CDMX\"), ibu kota Mexico. Sebagai bandar global \"alpha\", Mexico City adalah salah satu pusat kewangan yang paling penting di Amerika. Ia terletak di Lembah Mexico (Valle de M\u00e9xico), sebuah lembah yang besar di dataran tinggi di pusat Mexico, di ketinggian 2,240 meter (7,350 kaki). Bandar ini terdiri daripada enam daerah perbandaran (sebelum ini disebut borough). <> Bagaimana kaki manusia di atas permukaan laut adalah Bandar Mexico || 7,350 <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran di Mexico City? || enam belas <> Apa yang mereka gunakan untuk memanggil majlis perbandaran di Bandar Raya Mexico? || borough <> Apakah perkataan Sepanyol untuk Mexico City? || Ciudad de M\u00e9xico <> Berapa meter di atas laut adalah Bandar Mexico? || 2,240", {"qas": [{"question": "How man feet above sea level is Mexico City", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5aa", "answers": [{"text": "7,350", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many municipalities are in Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ab", "answers": [{"text": "sixteen", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ac", "answers": [{"text": "boroughs", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ad", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad de M\u00e9xico", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many meters above sea is Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ae", "answers": [{"text": "2,240", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de M\u00e9xico  audio (help\u00b7info) American Spanish: [sju\u02c8\u00f0a(\u00f0) \u00f0e \u02c8m\u00e9xiko]; abbreviated as \"CDMX\"), is the capital of Mexico. As an \"alpha\" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de M\u00e9xico), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs)."}], ["Konsep bangsawan berkembang di New Spain dengan cara yang tidak dilihat di bahagian lain di Amerika. Orang Sepanyol menemui masyarakat di mana konsep bangsawan mencerminkan sendiri. Orang Sepanyol menghormati perintah kaum bangsawan dan menambahnya. Dalam abad yang akan datang, pemilikan gelaran yang mulia di Mexico tidak bermakna seseorang menjalankan kuasa politik yang hebat, kerana kuasa seseorang adalah terhad walaupun pengumpulan kekayaan tidak. Konsep bangsawan di Mexico bukanlah politik tetapi sebaliknya satu sosial sosial Spanyol yang konservatif, berdasarkan bukti kelayakan keluarga. Kebanyakan keluarga ini membuktikan kebolehan mereka dengan membuat nasib di New Spain di luar bandar itu sendiri, kemudian membelanjakan pendapatan di ibukota, membina gereja, menyokong amal dan membina rumah palatial yang mewah. Kegilaan untuk membina kediaman paling mewah mungkin mencapai kemuncaknya pada separuh terakhir abad ke-18. Kebanyakan istana ini masih boleh dilihat pada hari ini, yang membawa kepada nama samaran Mexico City sebagai \"Kota istana\" yang diberikan oleh Alexander Von Humboldt. <> Apakah nama samaran untuk Mexico City? || Kota-kota istana <> Bagaimana orang-orang bangsawan Mexico menghabiskan wang di Mexico City? || membina gereja-gereja, menyokong amal dan membina rumah-rumah palatial yang mewah <> Bilakah pembinaan rumah-rumah yang menggembirakan perlahan? || separuh terakhir abad ke-18", {"qas": [{"question": "What is a common nickname for Mexico City?", "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37d", "answers": [{"text": "The city of palaces", "answer_start": 1020}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?", "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37e", "answers": [{"text": "building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?", "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37f", "answers": [{"text": "the last half of the 18th century", "answer_start": 900}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt."}], ["Pertempuran untuk Mexico City adalah siri pertunangan dari 8 September hingga 15 September 1847, di sekitar Mexico City semasa Perang Mexico-Amerika. Termasuk tindakan utama pada pertempuran Molino del Rey dan Chapultepec, yang berpuncak dengan kejatuhan Mexico City. Tentera A.S. di bawah Winfield Scott menjaringkan kejayaan besar yang menamatkan perang. Pencerobohan Amerika ke Daerah Persekutuan pertama kali ditentang semasa Pertempuran Churubusco pada 8 Ogos di mana Batalion Saint Patrick, yang terdiri terutamanya daripada pendatang Katolik dan Jerman Katolik, tetapi juga Kanada, Inggeris, Perancis, Itali, Polandia, Skotlandia, Sepanyol , Switzerland, dan orang Mexico, berjuang untuk serangan Mexico yang menangkis serangan Amerika. Selepas mengalahkan Batalion Saint Patrick, Perang Mexico-Amerika hampir berakhir selepas Amerika Syarikat mengerahkan unit tempur jauh ke Mexico yang mengakibatkan penangkapan Mexico City dan Veracruz oleh Bahagian 1, 2, 3 dan 4 Angkatan Tentera A.S.. Pencerobohan ini memuncak dengan menyerang Istana Chapultepec di bandar itu sendiri. <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Tentera A.S. dalam pertempuran melawan Mexico City? || Winfield Scott <> Perang apa yang dilakukan Amerika dan Mexico? || Perang Mexico-Amerika <> Bilakah pertempuran untuk Mexico City berlaku || September 8 hingga 15 September 1847 <> Apakah bahagian Amerika masuk ke Mexico City? || Tentera A.S. 1, 2, 3 dan 4", {"qas": [{"question": "Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a1", "answers": [{"text": "Winfield Scott", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What war did America and Mexico fight in?", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a2", "answers": [{"text": "Mexican\u2013American War", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the battle for Mexico City take place", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a3", "answers": [{"text": "September 8 to September 15, 1847", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American divisions got into Mexico City?", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a4", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th", "answer_start": 955}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican\u2013American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican\u2013American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself."}], ["Selepas bertahun-tahun menuntut autonomi politik yang lebih besar, penduduk diberi hak untuk terus memilih Ketua Kerajaan dan wakil-wakil Dewan Undangan Perhimpunan Agung secara undi pada tahun 1997. Sejak itu, Parti Demokratik Revolusi Demokratik (PRD) mengawal keduanya. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, kerajaan tempatan telah meluluskan gelombang dasar liberal, seperti pengguguran atas permintaan, bentuk euthanasia terhad, perceraian tidak bersalah, dan perkahwinan sejenis. Pada 29 Januari 2016, ia tidak lagi dipanggil Daerah Persekutuan (Spanish: Distrito Federal atau D.F.) dan kini dalam peralihan untuk menjadi entiti persekutuan ke-32 negara, memberikannya tahap autonomi setanding dengan negara. Kerana satu klausa dalam Perlembagaan Mexico, bagaimanapun, sebagai tempat kuasa-kuasa Kesatuan, ia tidak boleh menjadi negara, supaya ibukota negara dipindahkan ke tempat lain. <> Mengapa Mexico City tidak boleh menjadi negeri? || Kerana klausa dalam Perlembagaan Mexico <> Kapan orang dapat mengundi untuk perwakilan? || 1997 <> Apa parti politik mengawal perundangan Mexico City? || Parti Revolusi Demokratik (PRD) <> Apakah hubungan Mexico City lama dengan negara Mexico? || Federal District <> Bagaimana pegawai dipilih ke badan perundangan? || undi popular", {"qas": [{"question": "Why can't Mexico City become a state?", "id": "57265a65708984140094c36d", "answers": [{"text": "Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did people become able to vote for representation?", "id": "57265a65708984140094c36e", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? ", "id": "57265a65708984140094c36f", "answers": [{"text": "Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)", "answer_start": 237}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?", "id": "57265a65708984140094c370", "answers": [{"text": "Federal District", "answer_start": 532}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are officials elected to the legislature? ", "id": "57265a65708984140094c371", "answers": [{"text": "popular vote", "answer_start": 189}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere."}], ["Grito de Dolores (\"Cry of Dolores\") juga dikenali sebagai El Grito de la Independencia (\"Cry of Independence\"), yang diucapkan dari pekan kecil Dolores dekat Guanajuato pada 16 September 1810, adalah peristiwa yang menandakan permulaan Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dan merupakan cuti kebangsaan yang paling penting yang diperhatikan di Mexico. \"Grito\" adalah pertempuran perang Kemerdekaan Mexico oleh Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, seorang imam Katolik Roma. Hidalgo dan beberapa orang criollos terlibat dalam pemberontakan yang dirancang terhadap kerajaan penjajah Sepanyol, dan para penipu dikhianati. Takut terhadap penangkapannya, Hidalgo memerintahkan saudaranya Mauricio serta Ignacio Allende dan Mariano Abasolo untuk pergi dengan sejumlah orang bersenjata lain untuk membuat sheriff membebaskan penghuni pro-kemerdekaan di sana pada malam 15 September. Mereka berjaya menetapkan kelapan puluh bebas . Sekitar pukul 6:00 pagi 16 September 1810, Hidalgo mengarahkan lonceng-lonceng gereja itu untuk dibundel dan mengumpulkan jemaahnya. Dikelilingi oleh Allende dan Juan Aldama, dia berbicara kepada orang-orang di hadapan gerejanya, menggalakkan mereka untuk memberontak. Pertempuran Guanajuato, penglibatan utama pertama pemberontakan, berlaku empat hari kemudian. Kemerdekaan Mexico dari Sepanyol secara efektif diisytiharkan dalam Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Empayar Mexico pada 27 September 1821, selepas satu dekad perang. Kerusuhan diikuti selama beberapa dekad yang akan datang, kerana puak-puak yang berbeza berjuang untuk menguasai Mexico. <> Bilakah Mexico mendapat kebebasan? || 27 September 1821 <> Berapa lama perang? || satu dekade <> Apakah pertempuran pertama perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dipanggil? || Pertempuran Guanajuato <> Apa perang menang perang? || Grito <> Kapan perang bermula? || 16 September 1810", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Mexico gain independence? ", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd3e", "answers": [{"text": "September 27, 1821", "answer_start": 1288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was the war?", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd3f", "answers": [{"text": "a decade", "answer_start": 1314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? ", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd40", "answers": [{"text": "The Battle of Guanajuato", "answer_start": 1072}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the battle cry of the war?", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd41", "answers": [{"text": "Grito", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the war begin?", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd42", "answers": [{"text": "September 16, 1810", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Grito de Dolores (\"Cry of Dolores\") also known as El Grito de la Independencia (\"Cry of Independence\"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The \"Grito\" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico."}], ["Menjelang tahun 1990-an Mexico City telah terkenal sebagai salah satu daripada bandar-bandar yang paling tercemar di dunia; Walau bagaimanapun, bandar telah menjadi model untuk menurunkan tahap pencemaran secara mendadak. Dengan pencemaran karbon monoksida tahun 2014 telah menurun secara dramatik, manakala tahap sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen dioksida hampir tiga kali lebih rendah berbanding pada tahun 1992. Tahap pencemaran tandatangan di Mexico City adalah serupa dengan Los Angeles. [Rujukan?] Walaupun pembersihan, kawasan metropolitan masih menjadi sebahagian yang paling tercemar ozon di negara ini, dengan paras ozon 2.5 kali melebihi had selamat WHO yang ditetapkan. <> Seberapa buruk ozon di Mexico City? || 2.5 kali melebihi had selamat yang ditentukan oleh WHO <> Tahap Karbon Monoksida adalah kira-kira 3 kali lebih rendah daripada tahun berapa? || 1992 <> Apa bandar yang serupa dengan Mexico City dari segi pencemaran? || Los Angeles <> Ketika Mexico salah satu daripada bandar terburuk dari segi pencemaran? || 1990-an <<Siapa yang menentukan tahap o-zon selamat di bandar? || WHO", {"qas": [{"question": "How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f737d", "answers": [{"text": "2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f737e", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f737f", "answers": [{"text": "Los Angeles", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? ", "id": "572676f15951b619008f7380", "answers": [{"text": "1990s", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f7381", "answers": [{"text": "WHO", "answer_start": 561}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits."}], ["Tentera Zapatist, yang berpusat di Morelos jiran mempunyai kekuatan di pinggir selatan Daerah Persekutuan, termasuk Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac dan Milpa Alta untuk memerangi rejim Victoriano Huerta dan Venustiano Carranza. Selepas pembunuhan Carranza dan mandat singkat oleh Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n mengambil kuasa. Selepas bersedia untuk dipilih semula, dia dibunuh oleh Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, seorang Katolik yang taat, di sebuah restoran berhampiran La Bombilla Park di San \u00c1ngel pada tahun 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles menggantikan Obreg\u00f3n dan memuncak Revolusi Mexico. <> Siapa pemimpin di akhir Revolusi Mexico? || Plutarco Elias Calles <> Di manakah Alvaro Obregon dibunuh? || di sebuah restoran berhampiran La Bombilla Park di San \u00c1ngel <> Bilakah Alvaro Obregon terbunuh? || 1928 <> Di manakah angkatan Zapatist? || Morelos <> Siapa yang ketiga kepada pemimpin terakhir sebelum akhir Revolusi Mexico? || Adolfo de la Huerta", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?", "id": "57267186708984140094c635", "answers": [{"text": "Plutarco Elias Calles", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? ", "id": "57267186708984140094c636", "answers": [{"text": "in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Alvaro Obregon killed? ", "id": "57267186708984140094c637", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were the Zapatist forces from?", "id": "57267186708984140094c638", "answers": [{"text": "Morelos", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?", "id": "57267186708984140094c639", "answers": [{"text": "Adolfo de la Huerta", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obreg\u00f3n and culminated the Mexican Revolution."}], ["Mexico City terletak di Lembah Mexico, kadang-kadang dipanggil Basin Mexico. Lembah ini terletak di Belt Volcanic Trans-Mexico di dataran tinggi Mexico tengah-selatan. Ia mempunyai ketinggian minimum 2,200 meter (7,200 kaki) di atas paras laut dan dikelilingi oleh gunung dan gunung berapi yang mencapai ketinggian lebih dari 5,000 meter (16,000 kaki). Lembah ini tidak mempunyai saliran saliran semula jadi untuk perairan yang mengalir dari pergunungan, menjadikan bandar terdedah kepada banjir. Parit telah direkayasa melalui penggunaan terusan dan terowong bermula pada abad ke-17. <> Apakah ketinggian minimum meter di kawasan Mexico City terletak? || 2,200 <> Di mana terletak Mexico City? || Lembah Mexico <> Berapa tinggi pergunungan di rantau Mexico City? || 5,000 meter (16,000 kaki) <> Mengapa Mexico City terdedah kepada banjir? || tiada saliran salur semula jadi untuk perairan yang mengalir dari pergunungan <> Bagaimana bandar menghalang banjir? || terusan dan terowong", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8566", "answers": [{"text": "2,200", "answer_start": 219}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Mexico City located?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8567", "answers": [{"text": "Valley of Mexico", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8568", "answers": [{"text": "5,000 metres (16,000 feet)", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8569", "answers": [{"text": "no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the city prevent flooding?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e856a", "answers": [{"text": "canals and tunnels", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico. It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres (16,000 feet). This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century."}], ["Pada hari Khamis, 19 September 1985, jam 7:19 pagi waktu tempatan, Mexico City dilanda gempa magnitud 8.1 pada skala Richter. Walaupun gempa bumi ini tidak mematikan atau merosakkan seperti banyak peristiwa serupa di Asia dan bahagian lain di Amerika Latin, ia terbukti menjadi bencana politik untuk kerajaan satu pihak. Kerajaan telah lumpuh oleh birokrasi dan rasuahnya sendiri, memaksa rakyat biasa mencipta dan mengarahkan usaha penyelamatan mereka sendiri dan untuk membina semula banyak perumahan yang hilang juga. <> Apa hari minggu melakukan mogok gempa utama di Mexico City? || Khamis <> Berapa kuatnya gempa bumi kuat yang melanda Mexico City pada tahun 1985? || 8.1 pada skala Richter <> Berapa bulankah 8.1 gempa bumi melanda Mexico City pada tahun 1985? || September <> Mengapa kerajaan satu pihak bergelut selepas gempa bumi besar pada tahun 1985? || lumpuh oleh birokrasi dan rasuahnya sendiri <> yang memimpin usaha penyelamatan selepas gempa bumi tahun 1985? || warganegara biasa", {"qas": [{"question": "What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c66d", "answers": [{"text": "Thursday", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c66e", "answers": [{"text": "8.1 on the Richter scale", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c66f", "answers": [{"text": "September", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c670", "answers": [{"text": "paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption", "answer_start": 346}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c671", "answers": [{"text": "ordinary citizens", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well."}], ["Pada mulanya banyak lembah diletakkan di bawah perairan Tasik Texcoco, sistem garam dan tasik air yang saling berkaitan. Aztecs dibina dikes untuk memisahkan air tawar yang digunakan untuk menaikkan tanaman di chinampas dan untuk mencegah banjir berulang. Duri ini telah dimusnahkan semasa pengepungan Tenochtitlan, dan semasa zaman kolonial, Sepanyol secara berkala mengeringkan tasik untuk mengelakkan banjir. Hanya seksyen kecil tasik asalnya, terletak di luar Daerah Persekutuan, di perbandaran Atenco, Negeri Mexico. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada duri yang dibina Aztec? || dimusnahkan semasa pengepungan Tenochtitlan <> Di manakah tasik masih kekal? || perbandaran Atenco, Negeri Mexico <> Yang pertama membina duri di Lake Texcoco? || The Aztecs <> Apa yang membentuk Lake Texcoco? || sistem garam dan tasik air yang saling berkaitan <> Di manakah tasik yang terdapat di Atenco? || Daerah Persekutuan", {"qas": [{"question": "What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6f7", "answers": [{"text": "destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the lake still remain?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6f8", "answers": [{"text": "municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6f9", "answers": [{"text": "The Aztecs", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made up Lake Texcoco?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6fa", "answers": [{"text": "a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the lake located in Atenco?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6fb", "answers": [{"text": "Federal District", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico."}], ["Bandar Mexico terutamanya terletak pada apa yang Lake Texcoco. Aktiviti seismik sering di sini. Danau Texcoco telah disaliran bermula dari abad ke-17. Walaupun tiada perairan tasik yang tinggal, bandar ini terletak di atas tanah liat yang sangat tepu. Pangkalan lembut ini runtuh akibat pengekstrakan air bawah tanah, yang disebut sebagai penenggelaman yang berkaitan dengan tanah air. Semenjak awal abad ke-20, bandar telah tenggelam sebanyak sembilan meter (30 kaki) di beberapa kawasan. Tenggelam ini menyebabkan masalah pengurusan air larian dan air kumbahan, yang membawa kepada masalah banjir, terutama semasa musim hujan. Keseluruhan katil tasik kini diaspal dan sebahagian besar kawasan hutan yang tinggal di bandar terletak di bahagian selatan Milpa Alta, Tlalpan dan Xochimilco. <> Bilakah bermula dari Lake Texcoco? || Abad ke-17 <> Berapa banyak air di sana, kira-kira, di tasik Mexico City berada? || tiada <> Berapakah bandar telah jatuh? || sejauh sembilan meter (30 kaki) <> Apa yang berlaku di Mexico City? || Lake Texcoco <> Di manakah pokok-pokok yang terdapat di Mexico City? || borough selatan", {"qas": [{"question": "When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e044", "answers": [{"text": "17th century", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e045", "answers": [{"text": "none", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much has the city fallen?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e046", "answers": [{"text": "as much as nine metres (30 feet)", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Mexico City rest on?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e047", "answers": [{"text": "Lake Texcoco", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e048", "answers": [{"text": "southern boroughs", "answer_start": 696}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco."}], ["Rancangan Diaz memanggil seluruh bandar untuk akhirnya dimodernisasi atau dibina semula dalam gaya Porfirian / Perancis Colonia Roma; tetapi Revolusi Mexico bermula tidak lama kemudian dan perancangan tidak pernah menjadi hasil, dengan banyak projek yang dibiarkan separuh selesai. Salah satu contoh terbaik adalah Monumen Revolusi Mexico. Asalnya monumen itu menjadi kubah utama dewan senat baru Diaz, tetapi ketika revolusi meletus hanya kubah dewan senat dan tiang-tiang pendukungnya selesai, ini kemudiannya dilihat sebagai simbol oleh banyak orang Mexico bahawa era Porfirian telah berakhir sekali dan untuk semua dan dengan itu, ia menjadi monumen untuk kemenangan atas Diaz. <> Apa yang menjadi monumen selepas perang? || kubah utama dewan senat baru Diaz <> Siapa lelaki di belakang pemodenan Mexico City? || Diaz <> Mengapa rancangan Diaz tidak selesai? || Revolusi Mexico <> Apakah rancangan reka bentuk keseluruhan Mexico City? || Porfirian / gaya Perancis <> Apakah projek pembinaan utama dalam gaya Profirian / Perancis? || Colonia Roma", {"qas": [{"question": "What was turned into a monument after the war? ", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3d9", "answers": [{"text": "the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3da", "answers": [{"text": "Diaz", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? ", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3db", "answers": [{"text": "the Mexican Revolution", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3dc", "answers": [{"text": "Porfirian/French style", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3dd", "answers": [{"text": "Colonia Roma", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz."}], ["Kawasan ini menerima kira-kira 820 milimeter (32.3 in) hujan tahunan, yang tertumpu dari bulan Jun hingga September / Oktober dengan sedikit atau tidak ada hujan sepanjang tahun. Kawasan ini mempunyai dua musim utama. Musim hujan berjalan dari bulan Jun hingga Oktober apabila angin membawa kelembapan tropika dari laut. Musim kering berjalan dari bulan November hingga Mei, apabila udara agak kering. Musim kering ini terbahagi kepada tempoh yang sejuk dan tempoh yang hangat. Tempoh sejuk berlanjutan dari November hingga Februari apabila massa udara kutub turun dari utara dan menjaga udara agak kering. Tempoh hangat bermula dari bulan Mac hingga Mei apabila angin tropika sekali lagi menguasai tetapi masih belum cukup kelembapan untuk hujan. <> Berapa banyak hujan jatuh di Bandar Raya Mexico? || 820 milimeter (32.3 in) <> Bilakah panas, namun tidak hujan? || Mac hingga Mei <> Bilakah majoriti hujan jatuh di Mexico City? || Jun hingga Oktober <> Bilakah ia paling sejuk di Mexico City? || November hingga Februari <> Apa yang mengawal hujan di Mexico City? || angin tropika", {"qas": [{"question": "How much rain falls on Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85a8", "answers": [{"text": "820 millimetres (32.3 in)", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is it warm, yet does not rain?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85a9", "answers": [{"text": "March to May", "answer_start": 607}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85aa", "answers": [{"text": "June to October", "answer_start": 245}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is it coldest in Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85ab", "answers": [{"text": "November to February", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85ac", "answers": [{"text": "tropical winds", "answer_start": 625}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain."}], ["Pada tahun 1980 separuh daripada semua pekerjaan perindustrian di Mexico terletak di Mexico City. Di bawah pertumbuhan tanpa henti, kerajaan Mexico City hampir tidak dapat bersaing dengan perkhidmatan. Penduduk kampung dari kawasan pedalaman yang terus mencurahkan ke bandar untuk melepaskan diri dari kemiskinan hanya menggabungkan masalah bandar. Dengan tidak ada perumahan yang ada, mereka mengambil alih kawasan sekitar bandar, mewujudkan bandar-bandar besar yang meluas untuk beberapa batu. Ini menyebabkan pencemaran udara yang serius di Mexico City dan masalah pencemaran air, serta penenggelaman disebabkan oleh penambahan air bawah tanah. Pencemaran udara dan air telah terkandung dan bertambah baik di beberapa kawasan disebabkan oleh program kerajaan, pengubahsuaian kenderaan dan pemodenan pengangkutan awam. <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan perindustrian di daerah itu berpangkalan di Mexico City pada akhir abad ke-20? || separuh <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pekerja desa untuk hidup? || shantytowns <> Apa yang dibuat oleh shantytown? || pencemaran udara yang serius", {"qas": [{"question": "How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?", "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e1", "answers": [{"text": "half", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the countryside workers make to live in? ", "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e2", "answers": [{"text": "shantytowns", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the shantytowns create?", "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e3", "answers": [{"text": "serious air pollution", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation."}], ["Untuk membersihkan pencemaran, kerajaan persekutuan dan tempatan melaksanakan pelbagai pelan termasuk pemantauan dan pelaporan keadaan persekitaran yang berterusan, seperti ozon dan oksida nitrogen. Apabila paras kedua-dua bahan pencemar ini mencapai tahap kritikal, tindakan luar jangka telah dilaksanakan termasuk kilang penutupan, menukar waktu sekolah, dan memperluaskan hari tanpa program kereta hingga dua hari dalam seminggu. Kerajaan juga memulakan penambahbaikan teknologi industri, pemeriksaan pelepasan kenderaan setiap dua tahun yang ketat dan pembaharuan bahan bakar petrol dan diesel. Pengenalan bas transit cepat Metrob\u00fas dan perkongsian basikal Ecobici adalah antara usaha untuk menggalakkan bentuk pengangkutan yang bersalut, lebih hijau. <> Apa sistem bas yang dipanggil di Mexico City? || Metrob\u00fas <> Apakah program perkongsian basikal di Mexico City? || Ecobici <> Berapa hari seminggu di bandar ini menggalakkan orang ramai pergi tanpa kereta? || dua hari <> Apa bahan pencemar yang memantau bandar dengan teliti? || ozon dan nitrogen oksida <> Berapa kerapkah rakyat perlu mendapatkan kereta mereka diperiksa? || setiap dua tahun", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the bus system called in Mexico City?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f2", "answers": [{"text": "Metrob\u00fas", "answer_start": 611}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f3", "answers": [{"text": "Ecobici", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f4", "answers": [{"text": "two days", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What pollutants does the city closely monitor?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f5", "answers": [{"text": "ozone and nitrogen oxides", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f6", "answers": [{"text": "biannual", "answer_start": 502}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrob\u00fas bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation."}], ["Walaupun kepekaan terhad kepada kerusi proporsional untuk menghalang sebahagian daripada menjadi terlalu banyak perwakilan, beberapa sekatan dikenakan dalam penyerahan kerusi; iaitu, tiada parti boleh mempunyai lebih daripada 63% daripada semua kerusi, kedua-dua uninominal dan plurinominal. Pada pemilihan PRD tahun 2006, majoriti mutlak dalam pemilihan tidak langsung secara langsung, memperoleh 34 daripada 40 kerusi FPP. Oleh itu, PRD tidak ditugaskan mana-mana kerusi plurinominal untuk mematuhi undang-undang yang menghalang perwakilan. Komposisi keseluruhan Dewan Undangan adalah: <> Apakah peratusan maksimal kerusi yang dapat dikendalikan oleh satu pihak? || 63 <> Berapa banyak kerusi pilihan raya tidak diambil PRD pada pilihan raya 2006? || 34 <> Mengapa kerajaan menghalang lebih daripada 63% parti untuk mengawal perundangan? || lebih-perwakilan", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?", "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b0", "answers": [{"text": "63", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?", "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b1", "answers": [{"text": "34", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? ", "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b2", "answers": [{"text": "over-representation", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:"}], ["Majelis Perundangan Daerah Persekutuan dibentuk, kerana ia berlaku di semua badan perundangan di Mexico, dengan kerusi satu tempat duduk dan proporsional, menjadikannya sistem pengundian selari. Daerah Persekutuan dibahagikan kepada 40 kawasan pemilih pilihan raya yang memilih satu wakil oleh pluraliti pertama (past-the-post-post-post) yang disebut \"timbalan uninominal\" di dalam negara. Daerah Persekutuan secara keseluruhannya membentuk satu kawasan pilihan raya untuk pemilihan selari dengan 26 wakil mengikut perkadaran (PR) dengan senarai pihak terbuka, yang dipanggil \"timbalan plurinominal\" dalam negara. <> Apakah kerajaan tempatan Mexico dipanggil? || Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Persekutuan <> Bagaimana kerajaan daerah Mexico City terbentuk? || pengundian selari <> Apakah pengundian proporsional yang dirujuk di Mexico City? || plurinominal deputies <> Berapa banyak wakil yang membentuk Daerah Persekutuan? || 26", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the local government of Mexico City called?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e19e", "answers": [{"text": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the local government of Mexico City formed?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e19f", "answers": [{"text": "parallel voting", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e1a0", "answers": [{"text": "plurinominal deputies", "answer_start": 565}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many representatives make up the Federal District?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e1a1", "answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called \"uninominal deputies\". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called \"plurinominal deputies\"."}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada tuntutan, pada 1987, Daerah Persekutuan menerima lebih banyak autonomi, dengan penghuraian Statuta Kerajaan pertama (Estatuto de Gobierno), dan penciptaan Dewan Perwakilan. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 1990-an, ini autonomi diperkembangkan lagi dan, bermula dari tahun 1997, penduduk boleh secara langsung memilih ketua kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan dan wakil-wakil Dewan Undangan unicameral (yang berjaya Perhimpunan sebelumnya) dengan undi popular. <> Bilakah Daerah Persekutuan menerima lebih kuasa? || 1987 <> Bilakah rakyat menerima hak untuk memilih ketua Daerah Persekutuan? || 1997 <> Bagaimana pemimpin Mexico City kini ditubuhkan? || undian popular <> Apa yang memberikan autonomi kepada Daerah Persekutuan? || Statut Kerajaan pertama", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Federal District receive more power? ", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c1", "answers": [{"text": "1987", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c2", "answers": [{"text": "1997", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the leader of Mexico City now established?", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c3", "answers": [{"text": "popular vote", "answer_start": 496}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What gave the Federal District more autonomy? ", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c4", "answers": [{"text": "first Statute of Government", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote."}], ["Yang pertama dipilih ketua kerajaan adalah Cuauht\u00e9moc C\u00e1rdenas. C\u00e1rdenas meletak jawatan pada tahun 1999 untuk berlari dalam pemilihan presiden 2000 dan ditunjuk Rosario Robles untuk menggantikannya, yang menjadi wanita pertama (dipilih atau sebaliknya) untuk mengawal Mexico City. Pada tahun 2000 Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador telah dipilih, dan meletak jawatan pada tahun 2005 untuk berlari dalam pilihan raya presiden 2006, Alejandro Encinas ditunjuk oleh Dewan Undangan untuk menyelesaikan penggal ini. Pada tahun 2006, Marcelo Ebrard dipilih untuk tempoh 2006-2012. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai ketua kerajaan pada tahun 2006? || Marcelo Ebrard <> Mengapa ketua kerajaan terpilih Mexico City meletak jawatan? || untuk berlari dalam pilihan raya presiden 2000 <> Siapa ketua kerajaan pilihan kedua? || Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador <> Siapa kepala pemerintahan setelah kepala pemerintahan pertama yang dipilih? || Rosario Robles <> Siapa wanita pertama yang menjalankan Mexico City? || Rosario Robles", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fc", "answers": [{"text": "Marcelo Ebrard", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fd", "answers": [{"text": "to run in the 2000 presidential elections", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the second head of government elected?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fe", "answers": [{"text": "Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86ff", "answers": [{"text": "Rosario Robles", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e8700", "answers": [{"text": "Rosario Robles", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The first elected head of government was Cuauht\u00e9moc C\u00e1rdenas. C\u00e1rdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006\u20132012 period."}], ["Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n pada 31 Januari 1824, dan Perlembagaan Persekutuan pada 4 Oktober 1824, menetapkan organisasi politik dan pentadbiran Amerika Serikat Amerika selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico. Di samping itu, Seksyen XXVIII Perkara 50 memberi Kongres baru hak untuk memilih di mana kerajaan persekutuan akan ditempatkan. Lokasi ini kemudiannya akan diperuntukkan sebagai tanah persekutuan, dengan kerajaan persekutuan bertindak sebagai pihak berkuasa tempatan. Kedua-dua calon utama untuk menjadi ibu kota ialah Mexico City dan Quer\u00e9taro. <> Apa bandar lain yang berlari untuk menjadi ibu kota Mexico? || Quer\u00e9taro <> Apa bahagian perlembagaan menubuhkan hak untuk mewujudkan ibu kota? || Seksyen XXVIII Perkara 50 <> Bilakah perlembagaan persekutuan ditandatangani? || 4 Oktober 1824 <> Apa jenis tanah Mexico City? || persekutuan <> Siapakah yang bertanggungjawab atas tanah Mexico City mengikut perlembagaan asal? || kerajaan Persekutuan", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?", "id": "57267841708984140094c731", "answers": [{"text": "Quer\u00e9taro", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?", "id": "57267841708984140094c732", "answers": [{"text": "Section XXVIII of Article 50", "answer_start": 242}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the federal constitution signed? ", "id": "57267841708984140094c733", "answers": [{"text": "October 4, 1824", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of land is Mexico City?", "id": "57267841708984140094c734", "answers": [{"text": "federal", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?", "id": "57267841708984140094c735", "answers": [{"text": "federal government", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Quer\u00e9taro."}], ["Bandar Raya Mexico, yang menjadi pusat kuasa Kesatuan, tidak termasuk di mana-mana negeri tertentu tetapi untuk semua. Oleh itu, ia adalah presiden, yang mewakili federasi, yang digunakan untuk menunjuk kepala pemerintah Daerah Persekutuan, kedudukan yang kadang-kadang dibentangkan di luar Mexico sebagai \"Mayor\" Mexico City. [1980] peningkatan dramatik penduduk pada dekad-dekad terdahulu, ketidakcokstensi politik yang wujud dalam sistem itu, serta ketidakpuasan terhadap tindak balas tidak memadai kerajaan persekutuan selepas gempa bumi tahun 1985, penduduk mula meminta autonomi politik dan pentadbiran untuk menguruskan hal ehwal tempatan mereka. [rujukan?] Sesetengah kumpulan politik juga mencadangkan bahawa Daerah Persekutuan ditukar kepada keadaan ke-32 persekutuan. <> Jika Mexico City diisytiharkan sebagai negara, berapa banyak negeri yang akan berada di persekutuan? || 32 <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan rakyat menimbang semula bagaimana kerajaan Mexico City ditubuhkan? || gempa tahun 1985 <> Apa yang orang panggil pemimpin Mexico City? || Datuk Bandar <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan \"Datuk Bandar\" Mexico City? || presiden <> Apa negeri Mexico milik Mexico? || semua", {"qas": [{"question": "If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7447", "answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 787}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7448", "answers": [{"text": "the 1985 earthquake", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do people call the leader of Mexico City?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7449", "answers": [{"text": "Mayor", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who declared the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f744a", "answers": [{"text": "the president", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What state does Mexico City belong to?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f744b", "answers": [{"text": "all", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation."}], ["Pada 1854 presiden, Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna membesarkan kawasan Daerah Persekutuan hampir lapan kali ganda dari asal 220 hingga 1,700 km2 (80 hingga 660 batu persegi), menggantikan kawasan pedalaman dan pergunungan untuk mendapatkan pas gunung yang strategik di selatan dan barat daya melindungi bandar dalam keadaan pencerobohan asing. (Perang Mexico-Amerika baru saja diperjuangkan.) Perubahan terakhir ke sempadan Daerah Persekutuan telah dibuat antara 1898 dan 1902, mengurangkan kawasan itu kepada 1,479 km2 (571 meter persegi) semasa dengan menyesuaikan sempadan selatan dengan negeri daripada Morelos. Pada masa itu, jumlah perbandaran di dalam Daerah Persekutuan adalah dua puluh dua. <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar kecil yang dibuat Mexico City pada ketinggiannya? || dua puluh dua <> Apakah kawasan Mexico City sekarang? || 1,479 km2 (571 meter persegi) <> Berapa besarnya Bandar Raya Mexico yang terbesar? || 1,700 km2 <> Bilakah sempadan kota yang terakhir diselaraskan? || 1902 <> Siapa yang meningkatkan saiz Mexico City untuk itu yang terbesar? || Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna", {"qas": [{"question": "How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73c9", "answers": [{"text": "twenty-two", "answer_start": 652}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the current area of Mexico City?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73ca", "answers": [{"text": "1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was Mexico City at its largest?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73cb", "answers": [{"text": "1,700 km2", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? ", "id": "572679945951b619008f73cc", "answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73cd", "answers": [{"text": "Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1854 president Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican\u2013American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two."}], ["Sementara Daerah Persekutuan diperintah oleh kerajaan persekutuan melalui gabenor yang dilantik, majlis perbandaran di dalamnya bersifat autonomi, dan keduanya kekuasaan ini mewujudkan ketegangan antara majlis perbandaran dan kerajaan persekutuan selama lebih dari satu abad. Pada tahun 1903, Porfirio D\u00edaz sebahagian besarnya mengurangkan kuasa majlis perbandaran di Daerah Persekutuan. Akhirnya, pada Disember 1928, kerajaan persekutuan memutuskan untuk memansuhkan semua majlis perbandaran Daerah Persekutuan. Di tempat majlis perbandaran, Daerah Persekutuan dibahagikan kepada satu \"Jabatan Utama\" dan 13 wilayah (pentadbiran) yang ditadbir secara langsung oleh kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan. Jabatan Pusat telah diintegrasikan oleh bekas bandar raya Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya dan Mixcoac. <> Bilakah kuasa majlis perbandaran Mexico City mula dikurangkan? || 1903 <> Bilakah otonomi majlis perbandaran dihapuskan? || 1928 <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar yang diperbuat daripada bandar ketika mereka pertama kali ditubuhkan? || 13 <> Yang pertama mengurangkan kuasa majlis perbandaran Mexico City? || Porfirio D\u00edaz <> Yang mengetuai Mexico City? || gabenor yang dilantik", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76b", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76c", "answers": [{"text": "1928", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? ", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76d", "answers": [{"text": "13", "answer_start": 582}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76e", "answers": [{"text": "Porfirio D\u00edaz", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led Mexico City?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76f", "answers": [{"text": "an appointed governor", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio D\u00edaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one \"Central Department\" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac."}], ["Pada tahun 1941, pangkalan Jeneral Anaya telah digabungkan ke Jabatan Pusat, yang kemudiannya dinamakan semula sebagai \"Mexico City\" (dengan itu menghidupkan semula nama itu, tetapi bukannya perbandaran autonomi). Dari tahun 1941 hingga 1970, Daerah Persekutuan terdiri daripada dua belas delegaciones dan Mexico City. Pada tahun 1970, Bandar Raya Mexico dibahagikan kepada empat pertimbangan yang berbeza: Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza dan Benito Ju\u00e1rez, yang meningkatkan jumlah penyisihan kepada enam belas. Sejak itu, dengan cara de facto, seluruh Daerah Persekutuan, yang mana delegaciones pada masa itu hampir membentuk satu kawasan bandar, mula dianggap sinonim Mexico City. <> Bilakah kolej General Anaya secara rasmi bergabung ke Bandar Raya Mexico? || 1941 <> Bagaimana penduduk bandar adalah kota Mexico yang berpecah pada tahun 1970? || empat <> Berapa banyak daerah yang mengawal kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1970? || enam belas <> Yang borough adalah bandar Mexico yang berpecah? || Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza dan Benito Ju\u00e1rez", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78b", "answers": [{"text": "1941", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78c", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78d", "answers": [{"text": "sixteen", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78e", "answers": [{"text": "Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed \"Mexico City\" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City."}], ["Oleh kerana sebahagian besarnya kepada persuasi wakil Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City dipilih kerana ia adalah pusat penduduk dan sejarah negara, walaupun Quer\u00e9taro lebih dekat dengan pusatnya secara geografi. Pilihannya adalah rasmi pada 18 November 1824, dan Kongres menggambarkan kawasan permukaan dua liga persegi (8.800 ekar) yang berpusat di Zocalo. Kawasan ini kemudiannya dipisahkan dari Negeri Mexico, memaksa kerajaan negeri itu berpindah dari Istana Inkuisisi (kini Muzium Perubatan Mexico) di bandar itu ke Texcoco. Kawasan ini tidak termasuk pusat-pusat penduduk di bandar-bandar Coyoac\u00e1n, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo dan Tlalpan, yang semuanya kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Negeri Mexico. <> Bilakah bandar Mexico mengisytiharkan modal? || 18 November 1824 <> Berapa luas kawasan yang akan diproklamasikan oleh kerajaan persekutuan menjadi modal? || dua liga persegi (8,800 ekar) <> Di manakah kerajaan negeri yang terletak ketika Mexico City diisytiharkan sebagai modal? || Istana Perikatan <> Apakah Istana Penyiasatan itu dikenali sekarang? || Muzium Perubatan Mexico <> Dimana kerajaan Mexico City berpindah ke ketika ia diisytiharkan sebagai ibu kota Mexico? || Texcoco", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Mexico City declared the capital?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73bf", "answers": [{"text": "November 18, 1824", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c0", "answers": [{"text": "two leagues square (8,800 acres)", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c1", "answers": [{"text": "Palace of the Inquisition", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c2", "answers": [{"text": "Museum of Mexican Medicine", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c3", "answers": [{"text": "Texcoco", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Quer\u00e9taro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoac\u00e1n, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico."}], ["Utara Pusat Bersejarah, Azcapotzalco dan Gustavo A. Madero mempunyai pusat perindustrian penting dan kejiranan yang terdiri daripada koloni kelas menengah yang ditubuhkan seperti Claveria dan Lindavista ke kawasan perumahan berpendapatan rendah yang berkongsi bukit-bukit dengan perbandaran bersebelahan di Negeri Mexico. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan, industri utara Mexico City telah berpindah ke majlis perbandaran berdekatan di Negeri Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City sendiri adalah Ciudad Sat\u00e9lite, kawasan perumahan dan perniagaan kelas pertengahan dan menengah yang luas. <> Di mana terdapat banyak industri sekarang? || berdekatan bandar di Negeri Mexico <> Apa itu Ciudad Satelite? || sebuah kawasan kediaman dan perniagaan kelas pertengahan dan kelas menengah yang luas. <> Di mana Gustavo A. Madero? || Utara Pusat Bersejarah", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is much of the industry now located?", "id": "572687585951b619008f75dd", "answers": [{"text": "nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is Ciudad Satelite?", "id": "572687585951b619008f75de", "answers": [{"text": "a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Gustavo A. Madero?", "id": "572687585951b619008f75df", "answers": [{"text": "North of the Historic Center", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. In recent years much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Sat\u00e9lite, a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area."}], ["Laporan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia pada tahun 2005 menunjukkan bahawa terdapat tiga borough dengan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang sangat tinggi, 12 dengan nilai HDI tinggi (9 di atas .85) dan satu dengan nilai HDI sederhana (hampir tinggi). Benteng Benito Ju\u00e1rez mempunyai HDI tertinggi di negara ini (.9510) diikuti oleh Miguel Hidalgo yang ke 4 negara dengan HDI (.9189) dan Coyoac\u00e1n (ke-5 negara) dengan nilai HDI (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauht\u00e9moc dan Azcapotzalco mempunyai nilai yang sangat tinggi; masing-masing .8994 (ke-15 negara), 8922 (ke-23) dan .8915 (ke-25). <> Berapa banyak borough mempunyai skor HDI yang tinggi pada tahun 2005? || tiga <> Berapa banyak borough mempunyai skor HDI yang tinggi (tidak terlalu tinggi)? || 12 <> Bidang manakah yang mempunyai skor HDI tertinggi? || Benito Ju\u00e1rez <> Apa jenis skor HDI tertinggi kedua? || Miguel Hidalgo <> Berapa tahun laporan yang mengatakan 3 borough mempunyai skor HDI yang sangat tinggi? || 2005", {"qas": [{"question": "How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f1", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f2", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 123}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which borough had the highest HDI score?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f3", "answers": [{"text": "Benito Ju\u00e1rez", "answer_start": 209}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough was the second highest HDI score?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f4", "answers": [{"text": "Miguel Hidalgo", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f5", "answers": [{"text": "2005", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). Benito Ju\u00e1rez borough had the highest HDI of the country (.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of (.9189) and Coyoac\u00e1n (5th nationally) with a HDI value of (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauht\u00e9moc and Azcapotzalco had very high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) and .8915 (25th)."}], ["West of the Historic Center (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) di sepanjang Paseo de la Reforma adalah banyak kejiranan tersohor di bandar seperti Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, dan (di Negeri Mexico) Interlomas, yang juga kawasan paling penting di bandar kelas A ruang pejabat, ibu pejabat korporat, pencakar langit dan pusat membeli-belah. Walau bagaimanapun, kawasan-kawasan pendapatan koloni yang rendah ada dalam beberapa kes di mana-mana jiran dengan kawasan kaya, terutamanya dalam kes Santa Fe. <> Di mana terdapat banyak kawasan kejiranan yang kaya? || West of the Historic Center <> Apa nama Mexico untuk pusat bersejarah? || Centro Hist\u00f3rico <> Yang kejiranan yang kaya mempunyai masalah yang kuat di kawasan-kawasan miskin di sekelilingnya? || Santa Fe <> Di mana terdapat banyak ibu pejabat korporat dan bangunan tinggi yang lain? || di sepanjang Paseo de la Reforma", {"qas": [{"question": "Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? ", "id": "572685955951b619008f756b", "answers": [{"text": "West of the Historic Center", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Mexican name for the historic center?", "id": "572685955951b619008f756c", "answers": [{"text": "Centro Hist\u00f3rico", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?", "id": "572685955951b619008f756d", "answers": [{"text": "Santa Fe", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?", "id": "572685955951b619008f756e", "answers": [{"text": "along Paseo de la Reforma", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "West of the Historic Center (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe."}], ["Di selatan bandar ini terdapat beberapa kawasan kejiranan yang berpendapatan tinggi seperti Colonia del Valle dan Jardines del Pedregal, dan bandar-bandar kolonial bekas Coyoac\u00e1n, San \u00c1ngel, dan San Jer\u00f3nimo. Bersama Avenida Insurgentes dari Paseo de la Reforma, berhampiran pusat, selatan lalu Pusat Perdagangan Dunia dan universiti UNAM ke arah jalan lingkaran Perif\u00e9rico, merupakan satu lagi koridor penting ruang pejabat korporat. Benteng Xochimilco dan Tl\u00e1huac di selatan selatan mempunyai penduduk pedalaman yang besar dengan Milpa Alta yang sepenuhnya pedalaman. <> Jenis penduduk apa yang tinggal di Tiahuac? || pedesaan <> Bagaimana Milpa Alta dibina? || seluruh kawasan luar bandar <> Di mana Pusat Perdagangan Dunia? || Bersama Avenida Insurgentes <> Apa nama salah satu kejiranan kaya di selatan bandar? || Colonia del Valle", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of population lives in Tiahuac?", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e881e", "answers": [{"text": "rural", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is Milpa Alta constructed? ", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e881f", "answers": [{"text": "entirely rural", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the World Trade Center?", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e8820", "answers": [{"text": "Along Avenida Insurgentes", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e8821", "answers": [{"text": "Colonia del Valle", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoac\u00e1n, San \u00c1ngel, and San Jer\u00f3nimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Perif\u00e9rico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tl\u00e1huac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural."}], ["Sebaliknya, daerah-daerah di Xochimilco (172th), Tl\u00e1huac (177th) dan Iztapalapa (183th) mempersembahkan nilai-nilai HDI terendah di Daerah Persekutuan dengan nilai-nilai .8481, .8473 dan .8464 masing-masing-nilai masih dalam HDI pelbagai. Satu-satunya perkara yang tidak menunjukkan HDI yang tinggi ialah Milpa Alta di luar bandar yang membentangkan HDI \"sederhana\" .7984, jauh di bawah semua daerah lain (627 di peringkat kebangsaan sementara selebihnya berada di bahagian atas 200). HDI Mexico City untuk laporan 2005 adalah .9012 (sangat tinggi), dan nilai 2010 sebesar .9225 (sangat tinggi) atau (dengan kaedah baru) .8307, dan tertinggi Mexico. <> Berapakah skor HDI yang paling rendah di daerah persekutuan? || Iztapalapa <> Bidang manakah yang mempunyai skor HDI terendah? || Milpa Alta <> Apa peringkatnya Milpa Alta secara nasional dari segi skor HDI? || 627 <Semua wilayah kecuali Milpa Alta berada dalam kedudukan ranking HDI? || atas 200 <> Skor apa Milpa Alta mendapat ujian HDI? || .7984", {"qas": [{"question": "What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7607", "answers": [{"text": "Iztapalapa", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which borough had the lowest HDI score?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7608", "answers": [{"text": "Milpa Alta", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7609", "answers": [{"text": "627th", "answer_start": 387}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f760a", "answers": [{"text": "top 200", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f760b", "answers": [{"text": ".7984", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172th), Tl\u00e1huac (177th) and Iztapalapa (183th) presented the lowest HDI values of the Federal District with values of .8481, .8473 and .8464 respectively\u2014values still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a \"medium\" HDI of .7984, far below all other boroughs (627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of .9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of .9225 (very high) or (by newer methodology) .8307, and Mexico's highest."}], ["Politik yang diketuai oleh pentadbiran ketua-ketua kerajaan di Mexico City sejak paruh kedua abad ke-20 biasanya lebih liberal daripada negara-negara lain, sama ada dengan sokongan pemerintah persekutuan-seperti halnya dengan kelulusan beberapa undang-undang alam sekitar yang komprehensif pada 1980-an-melalui undang-undang baru-baru ini diluluskan oleh Dewan Undangan. Pada bulan April tahun yang sama, Dewan Undangan memperluas peruntukan mengenai pengguguran, menjadi entiti persekutuan pertama untuk memperluaskan pengguguran di Mexico melampaui kes-kes rogol dan sebab-sebab ekonomi, untuk membenarkannya tanpa mengira alasan yang harus diminta oleh ibu itu sebelum minggu kedua belas kehamilan. Pada bulan Disember 2009, Daerah Persekutuan menjadi bandar pertama di Amerika Latin, dan salah satu yang sangat sedikit di dunia, untuk menghalalkan perkahwinan sejenis. <> Bilakah perkahwinan gay disahkan di Mexico City? || Disember 2009 <> Apa yang bersandar politik dilakukan oleh Mexico City? || lebih liberal berbanding dengan negara-negara lain <> Bilakah undang-undang ekonomi diluluskan di Mexico City? || 1980-an <> Berbanding dengan bandar-bandar lain di Amerika Latin, berapa awalkah Mexico City menghalalkan perkahwinan seks yang sama? || pertama", {"qas": [{"question": "When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1e8", "answers": [{"text": "December 2009", "answer_start": 699}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What political leaning does Mexico City take?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1e9", "answers": [{"text": "more liberal than those of the rest of the country", "answer_start": 142}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1ea", "answers": [{"text": "1980s", "answer_start": 330}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1eb", "answers": [{"text": "first", "answer_start": 746}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government\u2014as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s\u2014or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage."}], ["Mexico City adalah rumah kepada beberapa hospital swasta terbaik di negara ini; Hospital \u00c1ngeles, Hospital ABC dan M\u00e9dica Sur untuk menamakan beberapa. Institusi penjagaan kesihatan awam negara untuk pekerja sektor swasta, IMSS, mempunyai kemudahan terbesar di Mexico City-termasuk Pusat Perubatan Nasional dan Pusat Perubatan La Raza-dan mempunyai anggaran tahunan lebih dari 6 bilion peso. IMSS dan institusi kesihatan awam yang lain, termasuk ISSSTE (Institusi Keselamatan Sosial Pekerja Sektor Awam) dan Kementerian Kesihatan Negara (SSA) mengekalkan kemudahan khusus yang besar di bandar. Ini termasuk National Institutes of Cardiology, Pemakanan, Psikiatri, Onkologi, Pediatrik, Rehabilitasi, antara lain. <> Seberapa besar anggaran IMSS? || lebih daripada 6 bilion peso <> Apa nama salah satu hospital besar di Mexico City? || Hospital \u00c1ngeles <> Apakah organisasi yang mempunyai kehadiran yang besar di bandar? || Kementerian Kesihatan Negara (SSA) <> Apakah nama kemudahan besar yang dijalankan oleh IMSS di Mexico City? || Pusat Perubatan Nasional", {"qas": [{"question": "How large is the budget of the IMSS?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8882", "answers": [{"text": "over 6 billion pesos", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8883", "answers": [{"text": "Hospital \u00c1ngeles", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an organization that has a large presence in the city?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8884", "answers": [{"text": "National Health Ministry (SSA)", "answer_start": 504}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8885", "answers": [{"text": "National Medical Center", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; Hospital \u00c1ngeles, Hospital ABC and M\u00e9dica Sur to name a few. The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees, IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City\u2014including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center\u2014and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other public health institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others."}], ["Borough itu terdiri oleh ratusan koloni atau kawasan kejiranan, yang tidak mempunyai autonomi atau perwakilan bidang kuasa. Pusat Bersejarah adalah bahagian tertua bandar (bersama dengan beberapa bandar kolonial yang lain, seperti Coyoac\u00e1n dan San \u00c1ngel), beberapa bangunan sejak abad ke-16. Kejiranan pusat lain yang terkenal termasuk Condesa, yang terkenal dengan senibina Art Deco dan pemandangan restorannya; Colonia Roma, kejiranan seni beaux dan kawasan panas artistik dan masakan, Zona Rosa, yang merupakan pusat kehidupan malam dan restoran, kini dilahirkan semula sebagai pusat komuniti LGBT dan Korea-Mexico; dan Tepito dan La Lagunilla, yang terkenal dengan foklore kelas pekerja tempatan dan pasar lambak besar. Santa Mar\u00eda la Ribera dan San Rafael adalah kejiranan terkini seni bina Porfiriato yang mengagumkan melihat tanda-tanda awal gentrifikasi. <> Apakah bahagian paling tua di bandar ini? || Pusat Sejarah <> Berapa lama bangunan tertua di Mexico City? || Abad ke-16 <> Apa yang pernah menjadi daerah pesta utama Mexico City? || Zona Rosa <> Apakah pusat komuniti LGBT di Mexico City? || Seni Deco seni bina <> Daerah apa yang dikenali dengan Art Deco Seni Bina? || Condesa", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the oldest part of the city?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e270", "answers": [{"text": "The Historic Center", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e271", "answers": [{"text": "16th century", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e272", "answers": [{"text": "Zona Rosa", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e273", "answers": [{"text": "Art Deco architecture", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? ", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e274", "answers": [{"text": "Condesa", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoac\u00e1n and San \u00c1ngel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa Mar\u00eda la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification."}], ["Untuk tujuan pentadbiran, Daerah Persekutuan dibahagikan kepada 16 \"delegaciones\" atau borough. Walaupun tidak sepenuhnya bersamaan dengan perbandaran, 16 buah daerah telah mendapat autonomi yang ketara, dan sejak 2000 ketua-ketua kerajaan mereka dipilih secara langsung oleh pluraliti (sebelum ini dilantik oleh ketua pemerintah Daerah Persekutuan). Memandangkan Bandar Raya Mexico dianjurkan sepenuhnya sebagai Daerah Persekutuan, sebahagian besar perkhidmatan bandar disediakan atau dianjurkan oleh Kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan dan bukan oleh daerah sendiri, sementara di negeri-negeri konstituen, perkhidmatan ini akan disediakan oleh majlis perbandaran. 16 buah daerah Persekutuan dengan populasi 2010 mereka adalah: <> Berapa banyak bandar membentuk Mexico City? || 16 <> Bagaimana kepala daerah dipilih? || pluralidad <> Bagaimana ketua-ketua borough itu mula-mula ditubuhkan? || yang dilantik oleh ketua kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan <> Siapa yang menyediakan perkhidmatan bandar? || Kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan <> Bilakah pemilihan kepala daerah bermula? || 2000", {"qas": [{"question": "How many boroughs make up Mexico City?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74f9", "answers": [{"text": "16", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are the heads of the boroughs elected?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fa", "answers": [{"text": "plurality", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? ", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fb", "answers": [{"text": "appointed by the head of government of the Federal District", "answer_start": 290}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who provides the city services?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fc", "answers": [{"text": "Government of the Federal District", "answer_start": 479}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did election of borough heads begin?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fd", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 \"delegaciones\" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:"}], ["Bank Dunia telah menaja projek untuk membendung pencemaran udara melalui penambahbaikan pengangkutan awam dan kerajaan Mexico telah mula menutup kilang mencemarkan. Mereka telah menembusi bas diesel dan mengendalikan kawalan pelepasan baru ke atas kereta baru; sejak 1993 semua kereta baru mesti dipasang dengan penukar pemangkin, yang mengurangkan pelepasan yang dikeluarkan. Trak mesti menggunakan hanya gas petroleum cecair (LPG). Juga pembinaan sistem kereta bawah tanah bermula pada tahun 1968 untuk membantu membendung masalah pencemaran udara dan mengurangkan kesesakan lalu lintas. Hari ini ia mempunyai lebih daripada 201 km (125 mi) trek dan membawa lebih dari 5 juta orang setiap hari. Yuran tetap rendah untuk menggalakkan penggunaan sistem dan semasa waktu sibuk, sangat menghancurkan, pihak berkuasa telah menyimpan kereta khas khusus untuk wanita. Disebabkan oleh inisiatif dan lain-lain, kualiti udara di Mexico City telah mula bertambah baik, dengan udara semakin bersih sejak tahun 1991, apabila kualiti udara diisytiharkan sebagai risiko kesihatan awam untuk 355 hari dalam tahun. [Rujukan?] > Apa yang perlu ada kereta baru di Mexico? || penukar pemangkin <> Bilakah sistem rel bawah tanah memulakan pembinaan? || 1968 <> Berapa ramai orang menunggang sistem kereta bawah tanah di Mexico setiap hari? || 5 juta orang <> Berapa hari tahun pada tahun 1991 adalah pencemaran udara merupakan risiko kesihatan yang serius? || 355 <> Apa salahnya cara kerajaan membantu dengan \"Crush\" dari waktu yang sibuk dengan menaiki sistem kereta bawah tanah? || menyimpan sebuah kereta khas khusus untuk wanita", {"qas": [{"question": "What do new cars in Mexico need to have?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e328", "answers": [{"text": "catalytic converter", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the underground rail system begin construction?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e329", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32a", "answers": [{"text": "5 million people", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32b", "answers": [{"text": "355", "answer_start": 1010}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one way the government helps with the \"Crush\" of the rush hour riding of the subway system?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32c", "answers": [{"text": "reserved a special carriage specifically for women", "answer_start": 761}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter, which reduces the emissions released. Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion. Today it has over 201 km (125 mi) of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.[citation needed]"}], ["Di samping itu, bandar ini mempunyai kira-kira 160 buah muzium-kepekatan metropolitan tunggal terbesar di dunia - 100 galeri seni, dan kira-kira 30 dewan konsert, yang semuanya mengekalkan aktiviti kebudayaan yang berterusan sepanjang tahun. Ia mempunyai sama ada bilangan teater ketiga atau keempat tertinggi di dunia selepas New York, London dan mungkin Toronto. Banyak kawasan (contohnya Palacio Nacional dan Institut Kardiologi Kebangsaan) mempunyai lukisan yang dicat oleh Diego Rivera. Dia dan isterinya Frida Kahlo tinggal di Coyoac\u00e1n, di mana beberapa koleksi rumah, studio, dan koleksi mereka terbuka kepada orang ramai. Rumah di mana Leon Trotsky pada awalnya diberikan suaka dan akhirnya dibunuh pada tahun 1940 juga di Coyoac\u00e1n. <> Berapa banyak muzium di Mexico City? || kira-kira 160 <> Berapa banyak galeri seni di Mexico City? || lebih 100 <> Berapa banyak dewan konsert di Mexico City? || 30 <> Siapa yang telah melukis mural di seluruh bandar? || Diego Rivera <> Di mana rumah Leon Trotsky dibunuh? || Coyoac\u00e1n", {"qas": [{"question": "How many museums are in Mexico City?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f5", "answers": [{"text": "about 160", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many art galleries are in Mexico City?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f6", "answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many concert halls are in Mexico City?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f7", "answers": [{"text": "30", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has painted murals all over the city?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f8", "answers": [{"text": "Diego Rivera", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f9", "answers": [{"text": "Coyoac\u00e1n", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In addition, the city has about 160 museums\u2014the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration \u2014over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the National Institute of Cardiology) have murals painted by Diego Rivera. He and his wife Frida Kahlo lived in Coyoac\u00e1n, where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoac\u00e1n."}], ["Sehingga tahun 1990-an, Daerah Persekutuan adalah entiti persekutuan paling ramai di Mexico, tetapi sejak itu penduduknya kekal stabil sekitar 8.7 juta. Pertumbuhan kota telah melampaui batas Daerah Persekutuan untuk 59 kota di negara bagian Mexico dan 1 di Hidalgo. Dengan penduduk kira-kira 19.8 juta penduduk (2008), ia adalah salah satu konurbasi yang paling ramai penduduk di dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, kadar pertumbuhan tahunan Metropolitan Area Mexico City jauh lebih rendah berbanding dengan aglomerasi bandar besar lain di Mexico, fenomena yang paling mungkin dikaitkan dengan dasar desentralisasi alam sekitar. Kadar penghijrahan bersih Daerah Persekutuan dari tahun 1995 hingga 2000 adalah negatif. <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Daerah Persekutuan? || 8.7 juta <> Apakah keseluruhan penduduk Mexico City pada tahun 2008? || 19.8 juta <> Apakah kadar penghijrahan Mexico City dari 95-2000? || negatif <> Berbanding dengan bandar-bandar lain di Mexico, pertumbuhan Mexico City? || jauh lebih rendah", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people live in the Federal District? ", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8956", "answers": [{"text": "8.7 million", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8957", "answers": [{"text": "19.8 million", "answer_start": 347}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8958", "answers": [{"text": "negative", "answer_start": 744}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8959", "answers": [{"text": "much lower", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative."}], ["Chapultepec Park menempatkan Istana Chapultepec, kini sebuah muzium di bukit yang menghadap ke taman dan banyak muzium, monumen dan kebangsaan zoo serta Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan (yang menempatkan Batu Kalendar Aztec). Satu lagi seni bina adalah Istana Seni Halus, teater marmar putih / muzium yang beratnya sedemikian rupa sehingga secara beransur-ansur telah tenggelam ke dalam tanah lembut di bawah. Pembinaannya bermula semasa presiden Porfirio D\u00edaz dan berakhir pada tahun 1934, selepas diganggu oleh Revolusi Mexico pada tahun 1920an. Plaza of the Three Cultures di kejiranan Tlatelolco, dan kuil dan Basilicas Our Lady of Guadalupe juga merupakan tapak penting. Terdapat bas dua tingkat, yang dikenali sebagai \"Turibus\", yang melingkari sebahagian besar laman web ini, dan telah menetapkan masa audio menggambarkan laman web dalam berbilang bahasa semasa mereka diluluskan. <> Chapultepec Castle terletak di mana? || Chapultepec Park <> Di mana Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan terletak? || Chapultepec Park <> Bilakah pembinaan istana Fine Arts berakhir? || 1934 <> Apa nama bas pelancongan yang menunjukkan monumen Mexico City? || Turibus <> Mengapa pembinaan Istana Seni Halal mengambil masa yang lama? || terganggu oleh Revolusi Mexico", {"qas": [{"question": "Chapultepec Castle is located where?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca63", "answers": [{"text": "Chapultepec Park", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca64", "answers": [{"text": "Chapultepec Park", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca65", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca66", "answers": [{"text": "Turibus", "answer_start": 736}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca67", "answers": [{"text": "interrupted by the Mexican Revolution", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio D\u00edaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the \"Turibus\", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed."}], ["Pusat bersejarah Mexico City (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) dan \"taman terapung\" Xochimilco di borough selatan telah diisytiharkan Tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO. Mercu tanda terkenal di Pusat Bersejarah termasuk Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (Z\u00f3calo), dataran tengah utama dengan era katedral Metropolitan era Sepanyol yang berlainan zaman dan Istana Negara, kuil purba Aztec purba Templo Mayor (\"Kuil Besar\") dan struktur moden, semuanya dalam beberapa langkah satu sama lain. (Walikota Templo ditemui pada tahun 1978 sementara pekerja digali untuk meletakkan kabel elektrik bawah tanah). <> Siapa yang menunjuk taman-taman terapung sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia? || UNESCO <> Pusat Sejarah dan taman-taman terapung adalah kedua-dua contoh? || Tapak Warisan Dunia <> Bilakah Templo Datuk Bandar ditemui? || 1978 <> Bagaimana Kuil Templo ditemui? || pekerja menggali untuk meletakkan kabel elektrik bawah tanah", {"qas": [{"question": "Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?", "id": "57269001708984140094ca39", "answers": [{"text": "UNESCO", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?", "id": "57269001708984140094ca3a", "answers": [{"text": "World Heritage Sites", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Templo Mayor found?", "id": "57269001708984140094ca3b", "answers": [{"text": "1978", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was Templo Mayor discovered? ", "id": "57269001708984140094ca3c", "answers": [{"text": "workers were digging to place underground electric cables", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) and the \"floating gardens\" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (Z\u00f3calo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor (\"Major Temple\") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables)."}], ["Ikon yang paling dikenali di Mexico City adalah Malaikat Emas Kemerdekaan di jalan yang luas dan elegan, Paseo de la Reforma, dimodelkan oleh perintah Maharaja Maximilian dari Mexico selepas Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es di Paris. Laluan ini direka di atas jalan utama yang paling lama diketahui di Amerika pada abad ke-19 untuk menghubungkan Istana Negara (kerusi kerajaan) dengan Istana Chapultepec, kediaman imperial. Hari ini, jalan ini merupakan daerah kewangan penting di mana Bursa Saham Mexico dan beberapa ibu pejabat korporat terletak. Satu lagi jalan penting ialah Avenida de los Insurgentes, yang memanjangkan 28.8 km (17.9 mi) dan merupakan salah satu jalan terpanjang di dunia. <> Apakah ikon Mexico City yang paling popular? || Malaikat Kemerdekaan keemasan <> Siapa yang membuat Malaikat Kemerdekaan? || perintah Maharaja Maximilian <> Malaikat kemerdekaan di atas jalan yang menghubungkan apa? || Istana Negara (kerusi kerajaan) dengan Castle of Chapultepec <> Berapa lama lamanya jalan paling lama di Mexico City? || 28.8 km (17.9 mi) <> Apa nama laluan paling lama di Mexico City? || Avenida de los Insurgentes", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the most popular icon of Mexico City?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76cd", "answers": [{"text": "golden Angel of Independence", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who made the Angel of Independence?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76ce", "answers": [{"text": "the order of the Emperor Maximilian", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76cf", "answers": [{"text": "National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76d0", "answers": [{"text": "28.8 km (17.9 mi)", "answer_start": 630}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76d1", "answers": [{"text": "Avenida de los Insurgentes", "answer_start": 588}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec, the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the Mexican Stock Exchange and several corporate headquarters are located. Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes, which extends 28.8 km (17.9 mi) and is one of the longest single avenues in the world."}], ["Pembaharuan ekonomi Presiden Carlos Salinas de Gortari mempunyai kesan yang luar biasa di bandar ini, kerana sejumlah perniagaan, termasuk bank dan penerbangan, telah diswastakan. Beliau juga menandatangani Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara (NAFTA). Ini membawa kepada desentralisasi dan peralihan di pangkalan ekonomi Mexico City, dari pembuatan ke perkhidmatan, memandangkan kebanyakan kilang berpindah ke Negeri Mexico, atau lebih sering ke sempadan utara. Sebaliknya, bangunan pejabat korporat menetapkan pangkalan mereka di bandar. <> Siapa yang menswastakan syarikat penerbangan di Mexico? || Presiden Carlos Salinas de Gortari <> Siapa yang menandatangani NAFTA untuk Mexico? || Presiden Carlos Salinas de Gortari <> Apa yang dilakukan NAFTA terhadap perniagaan di Mexico City? || membawa kepada desentralisasi dan peralihan di pangkalan ekonomi Mexico City, dari pembuatan ke perkhidmatan <> Di manakah kilang-kilang Mexico City bergerak ke tahap yang paling biasa? || sempadan utara", {"qas": [{"question": "Who privatized the airlines of Mexico?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e8938", "answers": [{"text": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who signed NAFTA for Mexico?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e8939", "answers": [{"text": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e893a", "answers": [{"text": "led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e893b", "answers": [{"text": "northern border", "answer_start": 424}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city."}], ["Mexico City dihidangkan oleh Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, sebuah sistem metro 225.9 km (140 batu), yang merupakan yang terbesar di Amerika Latin. Bahagian pertama dibuka pada tahun 1969 dan telah berkembang menjadi 12 baris dengan 195 stesen. Metro adalah salah satu yang paling sibuk di dunia yang mengangkut kira-kira 4.5 juta orang setiap hari, melepasi hanya dengan kereta bawah tanah di Moscow (7.5 juta), Tokyo (5.9 juta), dan New York City (5.1 juta). Ia sangat disubsidi, dan mempunyai beberapa tambang terendah di dunia, setiap perjalanan berharga 5.00 peso dari 05:00 pagi hingga tengah malam. Beberapa stesen memaparkan artifak dan senibina pra-Columbian yang ditemui semasa pembinaan metro. [Rujukan?] Walau bagaimanapun, metro meliputi kurang daripada separuh daripada jumlah kawasan bandar. Stesen Metro juga dibezakan dengan penggunaan ikon dan glyphs yang dicadangkan untuk orang yang tidak dapat membaca. Ikon spesifik dibangunkan berdasarkan sejarah (watak, tapak, motif pra-Hispanik), linguistik, simbolik (glyphs) atau rujukan lokasi dan telah ditiru dalam alternatif pengangkutan di Bandar Raya dan di bandar-bandar Mexico yang lain. Mexico City adalah satu-satunya bandar di dunia untuk menggunakan rujukan ikon dan telah menjadi tanda kebudayaan budaya popular untuk bandar. <> Seberapa besar sistem metro Mexico City? || 225.9 km (140 mi) <> Bilakah sistem metro Mexico City dibuka pertama kali? || 1969 <> Berapa banyak garis dalam sistem metro? || 12 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menunggang sistem metro setiap hari? || 4.5 juta <> Berapa banyak stesen di sistem metro Mexico City? || 195", {"qas": [{"question": "How large is the metro system of Mexico City?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f772f", "answers": [{"text": "225.9 km (140 mi)", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7730", "answers": [{"text": "1969", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many lines are in the metro system?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7731", "answers": [{"text": "12", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people ride the metro system each day?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7732", "answers": [{"text": "4.5 million", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7733", "answers": [{"text": "195", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million). It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were proposed for people who could not read. The specific icons were developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or location references and has being emulated in further transportations alternatives in the City and in other Mexican cities. Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city."}], ["Sebaliknya, Mexico City juga merupakan rumah kepada komuniti besar ekspatriat dan pendatang, terutamanya dari seluruh Amerika Utara (AS dan Kanada), dari Amerika Selatan (terutamanya dari Argentina dan Colombia, tetapi juga dari Brazil, Chile, Uruguay dan Venezuela), dari Amerika Tengah dan Caribbean (terutamanya dari Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti dan Honduras); dari Eropah (terutamanya dari Sepanyol, Jerman dan Switzerland, tetapi juga dari Republik Czech, Hungary, Perancis, Itali, Ireland, Belanda, Poland dan Romania), dari Timur Tengah (terutama dari Mesir, Lubnan dan Syria); dan baru-baru ini dari Asia Pasifik (terutamanya dari China dan Korea Selatan). Dari segi sejarah sejak zaman New Spain, banyak orang Filipina yang menetap di bandar dan telah terintegrasi dalam masyarakat Mexico. Walaupun tiada angka rasmi telah dilaporkan, anggaran penduduk setiap komuniti ini agak ketara. <> Negara apa yang kebanyakan berasal dari imigran Amerika Selatan? || Argentina dan Colombia <> Di mana kebanyakan pendatang Asia berasal? || China dan Korea Selatan <> Bilakah Filipina mula berpindah ke Mexico City? || sejak era New Spain", {"qas": [{"question": "What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?", "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3cc", "answers": [{"text": "Argentina and Colombia", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?", "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3cd", "answers": [{"text": "China and South Korea", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?", "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3ce", "answers": [{"text": "since the era of New Spain", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea). Historically since the era of New Spain, many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant."}], ["Secara sejarah, dan sejak zaman pra-Hispanik, Lembah Anahuac telah menjadi salah satu kawasan yang paling padat penduduk di Mexico. Apabila Daerah Persekutuan diwujudkan pada tahun 1824, kawasan bandar Mexico City diperluaskan ke kawasan Cuauht\u00e9moc hari ini. Pada permulaan abad ke-20, golongan elit mula berpindah ke selatan dan barat dan tidak lama lagi bandar-bandar kecil Mixcoac dan San \u00c1ngel digabungkan dengan conurbation yang semakin meningkat. Menurut bancian tahun 1921, 54.78% daripada penduduk bandar ini dianggap Mestizo (Orang Asli bercampur dengan Eropah), 22.79% dianggap Eropah, dan 18.74% dianggap Orang Asli. Ini adalah Banci Mexico yang terakhir yang meminta orang untuk mengenal diri mereka sendiri dengan warisan selain Amerindian. Bagaimanapun, banci mempunyai kekhasan yang, tidak seperti banci kaum / etnik di negara lain, ia memberi tumpuan kepada persepsi warisan budaya dan bukannya dalam persepsi kaum, yang membawa kepada bilangan orang kulit putih yang baik untuk mengenal pasti dengan \"warisan campuran\" pengaruh kebudayaan. Pada tahun 1921, Mexico City mempunyai kurang daripada satu juta penduduk. <> pada tahun 1921, berapa peratus penduduk Mexico City Mestizo? || 54.78 <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Mexico City pada tahun 1921? || kurang daripada satu juta <> Berapa peratus penduduk Mexico City adalah asli pada tahun 1921? || 18.74", {"qas": [{"question": "in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?", "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c6", "answers": [{"text": "54.78", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?", "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c7", "answers": [{"text": "less than one million", "answer_start": 1063}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?", "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c8", "answers": [{"text": "18.74", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauht\u00e9moc borough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San \u00c1ngel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify themselves with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with \"Mixed heritage\" due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants."}], ["Mexico City adalah salah satu hab ekonomi paling penting di Amerika Latin. Bandaraya yang betul (Daerah Persekutuan) menghasilkan 15.8% daripada keluaran dalam negara kasar. Menurut satu kajian yang dijalankan oleh PwC, Mexico City mempunyai KDNK sebanyak $ 390 bilion, kedudukannya sebagai bandar terkaya kelapan di dunia selepas kawasan metropolitan Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London dan Osaka / Kobe (dan terkaya di seluruh Amerika Latin). Tidak termasuk ekonomi Mexico yang lain, Mexico City sahaja akan menjadi negara ke-30 terbesar di dunia. Mexico City adalah penyumbang utama kepada KDNK perindustrian negara (15.8%) dan juga penyumbang utama kepada KDNK negara dalam sektor perkhidmatan (25.3%). Oleh kerana ruang tidak bersempadan yang terhad di selatan-kebanyakannya dilindungi oleh undang-undang alam sekitar - sumbangan Daerah Persekutuan dalam bidang pertanian adalah yang terkecil daripada semua entiti persekutuan di negara ini. Mexico City mempunyai salah satu ekonomi yang paling cepat berkembang di dunia dan KDNKnya ditetapkan dua kali ganda pada tahun 2020. <Peratusan daripada KDNK Negara apakah yang dihasilkan oleh Daerah Persekutuan? || 15.8 <> Apakah KDNK Mexico City? || $ 390 bilion <> Kedudukan apa dari segi GDP adalah Mexico City secara global? || kelapan <> Berapa peratus daripada sektor perkhidmatan KDNK nasional yang dilakukan oleh Mexico City? || 25.3 <> Dengan tahun apakah GDP Mexico City akan berganda, menurut penyelidikan? || 2020", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88d8", "answers": [{"text": "15.8", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the GDP of Mexico City?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88d9", "answers": [{"text": "$390 billion", "answer_start": 228}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88da", "answers": [{"text": "eighth", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88db", "answers": [{"text": "25.3", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88dc", "answers": [{"text": "2020", "answer_start": 1046}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. The city proper (Federal District) produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and Osaka/Kobe (and the richest in the whole of Latin America). Excluding the rest of the Mexican economy, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world. Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south\u2014most of which is protected through environmental laws\u2014the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020."}], ["Dalam ucapannya yang bertajuk dua negara pada 2 September 2014, Presiden Mexico Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto melancarkan rancangan untuk lapangan terbang antarabangsa baru untuk memudahkan kesesakan lalu lintas udara yang terkenal di bandar itu, sementara menunggu untuk pembukaan 2018. Lapangan terbang baru, yang akan mempunyai enam landasan, akan menelan belanja $ 9.15 bilion dan akan dibina di atas tanah persekutuan yang kosong di timur Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City. Matlamat akhirnya akan mengendalikan 120 juta penumpang setahun, yang menjadikannya lapangan terbang paling sibuk di dunia. <> Bilakah rancangan baru lapangan terbang didedahkan? || 2 September 2014 <> Bilakah rancangan baru sepatutnya datang kepada lapangan terbang? || 2018 <> Berapa banyak landasan pacu akan berada di lapangan terbang baru? || enam <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang akan dapat mengendalikan lapangan terbang baru? || 120 juta <> Berapa kos lapangan terbang baru? || $ 9.15 bilion", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the new plans of the airport revealed?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dc", "answers": [{"text": "September 2, 2014", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dd", "answers": [{"text": "2018", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many runways will be in the new airport?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5de", "answers": [{"text": "six", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5df", "answers": [{"text": "120 million", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much does the new airport cost?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5e0", "answers": [{"text": "$9.15 billion", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, President of Mexico Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the busiest airport in the world."}], ["Setelah menjadi ibu kota kekaisaran pra-Hispanik yang luas, dan juga ibu kota kekuasaan paling kaya di dalam Empayar Sepanyol (yang memerintah wilayah yang luas di Amerika dan Hindia Barat Sepanyol), dan, akhirnya, ibukota Negara-negara Mexico, Mexico, Mexico Bandar mempunyai sejarah yang kaya dengan ekspresi artistik. Sejak zaman pra-Klasik mesoamerika penduduk penempatan di sekitar Lake Texcoco menghasilkan banyak karya seni dan ketukangan yang kompleks, beberapa di antaranya hari ini dipamerkan di Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan yang terkenal di dunia dan muzium Templo Mayor. Walaupun banyak potongan tembikar dan ukiran batu telah terselamat, majoriti ikonografi Amerindian telah dimusnahkan semasa Penaklukan Mexico. <> Bilakah Mexico City kehilangan sebahagian besar artifaknya? || Penaklukan Mexico <> Bilakah seni kompleks Mexico City bermula? || tempoh pra-Klasik <> Apa yang memegang kebanyakan seni lama di rantau Mexico Mexico? || Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan dan muzium Templo Mayor <> Apakah artefak utama yang terselamat? || tembikar dan ukiran batu", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts? ", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd1", "answers": [{"text": "Conquest of Mexico", "answer_start": 712}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd2", "answers": [{"text": "pre-Classical period", "answer_start": 327}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd3", "answers": [{"text": "National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the main artifacts that have survived? ", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd4", "answers": [{"text": "pottery and stone-engraving", "answer_start": 595}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico."}], ["Di lapangan terbang Mexico City, kerajaan terlibat dalam program penstrukturan semula yang luas termasuk penambahan terminal kedua baru, yang mula beroperasi pada tahun 2007, dan pembesaran empat lapangan terbang lain (di kota Toluca, Quer\u00e9taro, Puebla dan Cuernavaca ) yang, bersama-sama dengan lapangan terbang Bandar Raya Mexico, terdiri daripada Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de M\u00e9xico, mengedarkan trafik ke pelbagai wilayah di Mexico. Bandar Pachuca juga akan menyediakan pengembangan tambahan ke rangkaian lapangan terbang pusat Mexico. Lapangan Terbang Mexico City adalah hab utama bagi 11 daripada 21 syarikat penerbangan kebangsaan. <> Bilakah terminal kedua dibuka di Lapangan Terbang Mexico City? || 2007 <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan kebangsaan ada di Mexico? || 21 <> Berapa banyak syarikat utama Mexico yang berpusat di Mexico City? || 11 <> Apa bandar baru yang akan ditambah kepada kumpulan Lapangan Terbang Mexico di sekitar Mexico City? || Pachuca", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78bf", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many national airlines are there in Mexico?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c0", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c1", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c2", "answers": [{"text": "Pachuca", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Quer\u00e9taro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de M\u00e9xico, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies."}], ["Laluan transit cepat bas pertama di bandar ini, Metrob\u00fas, mula beroperasi pada bulan Jun 2005, bersama Avenida Insurgentes. Talian 2 dibuka pada Disember 2008, berkhidmat dengan Eje 4 Sur, baris 3 dibuka pada bulan Februari 2011, berkhidmat dengan Eje 1 Poniente, dan barisan 4 dibuka pada April 2012 menghubungkan lapangan terbang dengan San L\u00e1zaro dan Buenavista Station di Insurgentes. Oleh kerana mikrobus dikeluarkan dari laluannya, diharapkan Metrob\u00fas dapat mengurangkan pencemaran dan mengurangkan masa transit bagi penumpang. Pada bulan Jun 2013, Datuk Bandar Mexico mengumumkan dua lagi baris untuk datang: Talian 5 berkhidmat Eje 3 Oriente dan Talian 6 berkhidmat Eje 5 Norte. Sehingga Jun 2013, 367 bas Metrobus mengangkut 850,000 penumpang setiap hari. <> Berapa nama jalur bas bandar yang pantas? || Metrobus <> Bilakah Metrobus memulakan perkhidmatan? || Jun 2005 <> Bilakah barisan kedua Metrobus dibuka? || Disember 2008 <> Berapa ramai orang menunggang Metrobus setiap hari? || 850,000 <> April 2012 adalah tahun yang dibuka Metrobus? || baris 4", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the city's fast bus line?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7741", "answers": [{"text": "Metrob\u00fas", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Metrobus begin services?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7742", "answers": [{"text": "June 2005", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the second line of Metrobus open?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7743", "answers": [{"text": "December 2008", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people ride the Metrobus every day?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7744", "answers": [{"text": "850,000", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7745", "answers": [{"text": "line 4", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrob\u00fas, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. Line 2 opened in December 2008, serving Eje 4 Sur, line 3 opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente, and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San L\u00e1zaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes. As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrob\u00fas could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. In June 2013, Mexico City's mayor announced two more lines to come: Line 5 serving Eje 3 Oriente and Line 6 serving Eje 5 Norte. As of June 2013, 367 Metrob\u00fas buses transported 850,000 passengers daily."}], ["Kebanyakan seni penjajah awal berasal dari codices (Aztec yang digambarkan buku), bertujuan untuk memulihkan dan memelihara beberapa Aztec dan ikonografi Amerindian dan sejarah lain. Sejak itu, ungkapan seni di Mexico kebanyakannya tema agama. Katedral Metropolitan masih memaparkan kerja oleh Juan de Rojas, Juan Correa dan lukisan minyak yang pengarangnya telah dikaitkan dengan Murillo. Seni kerja sekular dalam tempoh ini termasuk patung ekuestrian Charles IV dari Sepanyol, yang dikenali sebagai El Caballito (\"Kuda kecil\"). Sekeping ini, dalam gangsa, adalah karya Manuel Tols\u00e1 dan ia telah diletakkan di Plaza Tols\u00e1, di hadapan Palacio de Miner\u00eda (Istana Pertambangan). Terus di hadapan bangunan ini adalah Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) yang indah (Muzium Seni Kebangsaan). <> Apa yang merangkumi sebahagian besar seni belia Mexico City? || codices <> Kebanyakan seni sejak Aztec mengambil gaya apa? || agama <> Seni mana yang dipaparkan di katedral besar di Mexico City? || Juan de Rojas <> \"The Little Horse\" juga dikenali sebagai apa? || arca ekuestrian Charles IV of Spain <> Yang menciptakan \"The Little Horse?\" || Manuel Tols\u00e1", {"qas": [{"question": "What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City?", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccd9", "answers": [{"text": "codices", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Most of the art since the Aztecs took what style? ", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccda", "answers": [{"text": "religious", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose art is displayed at the large cathedral in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdb", "answers": [{"text": "Juan de Rojas", "answer_start": 296}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "\"The Little Horse\" is also known as what?", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdc", "answers": [{"text": "equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain", "answer_start": 440}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who created \"The Little Horse?\"", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdd", "answers": [{"text": "Manuel Tols\u00e1", "answer_start": 576}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The Metropolitan Cathedral still displays works by Juan de Rojas, Juan Correa and an oil painting whose authorship has been attributed to Murillo. Secular works of art of this period include the equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain, locally known as El Caballito (\"The little horse\"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of Manuel Tols\u00e1 and it has been placed at the Plaza Tols\u00e1, in front of the Palacio de Miner\u00eda (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the beautiful Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) (the National Museum of Art)."}], ["Terdapat program alam sekitar, yang dipanggil Hoy No Circula (\"Hari Ini Tidak Berjalan\" atau \"Satu Hari Tanpa Kereta\"), di mana kenderaan yang belum melepasi ujian pelepasan adalah terhad daripada beredar pada hari-hari tertentu mengikut digit akhir mereka plat lesen; ini dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan pencemaran dan kesesakan lalu lintas. Walaupun pada tahun 2003, program ini masih menyekat 40% kenderaan di kawasan metropolitan, dengan penggunaan piawaian pelepasan ketat pada tahun 2001 dan 2006, dalam praktiknya, hari ini kebanyakan kenderaan dikecualikan daripada sekatan edaran selagi mereka lulus ujian pelepasan tetap . <> Bagaimana orang tahu hari mana yang tidak memandu kereta mereka? || mengakhiri angka plat lesen mereka <> Berapa banyak kereta yang masih terhad pada tahun 2003? || 40% <> Bilakah piawaian emisson baru digubal? || 2006 <> Bagaimana kereta boleh dikecualikan daripada sekatan? || lulus ujian pelepasan tetap", {"qas": [{"question": "How do people know which days to not drive their car?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e562", "answers": [{"text": "ending digit of their license plates", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cars were still restricted in 2003?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e563", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were new emisson standards enacted?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e564", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e565", "answers": [{"text": "pass regular emissions tests", "answer_start": 589}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula (\"Today Does Not Run\", or \"One Day without a Car\"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests."}], ["Kerajaan tempatan terus berusaha untuk mengurangkan kesesakan lalu lintas yang besar, dan telah meningkatkan insentif untuk membuat bandar mesra basikal. Ini termasuk sistem Amerika Utara kedua terbesar perkongsian basikal, EcoBici, yang dilancarkan pada tahun 2010, yang mencatatkan penduduk boleh mendapatkan basikal selama 45 minit dengan langganan prabayar 300 peso setahun. Terdapat, pada September 2013, 276 stesen dengan 4,000 basikal merentas kawasan dari pusat bersejarah ke Polanco. dalam jarak 300 meter (980 kaki) antara satu sama lain dan secara automatik menggunakan kad berasaskan transponder. pengguna basikal perkhidmatan mempunyai akses kepada beberapa Ciclov\u00edas (laluan basikal khusus / lorong / jalan-jalan) tetap, termasuk orang-orang yang bersama-sama Paseo de la Reforma dan Avenida Chapultepec serta satu berlari 59 kilometer (37 batu) dari Polanco untuk Fierro del Toro, yang terletak di selatan Taman Negara Cumbres del Ajusco, berhampiran dengan negeri Morelos. Inisiatif bandar ini diilhamkan oleh contoh-contoh pemikiran ke hadapan, seperti Copenhagenization Denmark. <> Apakah nama sistem perkongsian basikal di bandar ini? || EcoBici <> Bilakah sistem perkongsian basikal di bandar bermula? || 2010 <> Berapa banyak motosikal yang terlibat dalam sistem pengendalian basikal? || 4,000 <> Apa yang mereka panggil laluan basikal di Bandar Raya Mexico? || Ciclov\u00edas <> Negara apa yang menjadi inspirasi untuk program-program baru Mexico City? || Denmark", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9d", "answers": [{"text": "EcoBici", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9e", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9f", "answers": [{"text": "4,000", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cca0", "answers": [{"text": "Ciclov\u00edas", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cca1", "answers": [{"text": "Denmark", "answer_start": 1001}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclov\u00edas (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization."}], ["Pada akhir 1970-an banyak jalan arteri telah direka bentuk semula sebagai vesel ejes; jalan-jalan sehala tinggi yang menyeberang, secara teori, bandar Mexico tepat dari sisi ke sisi. Rangkaian eje vial adalah berdasarkan grid kuasi-Cartesian, dengan ejes sendiri dipanggil Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, dan Eje 1 Oriente, contohnya untuk jalan-jalan utara-selatan, dan Eje 2 Sur dan Eje 3 Norte, contohnya, untuk jalan raya timur-barat. Jalan cincin adalah Circuito Interior (cincin batin), Anillo Perif\u00e9rico; Circuito Exterior Mexiquense (\"luar negeri loop\") jalan tol di pinggir timur laut dan timur kawasan metropolitan, jalan tol Chamapa-La Venta melangkah tepi barat laut, dan Arco Norte sepenuhnya melepasi kawasan metropolitan dalam arka dari barat laut (Atlacomulco) ke utara (Tula, Hidalgo) ke timur (Puebla). Tahap kedua (di mana tol dikenakan bayaran) dari Perif\u00e9rico, yang biasa disebut segundo piso (\"tingkat kedua\"), dibuka secara rasmi pada tahun 2012, dengan bahagian yang masih lengkap. Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n melintasi bandar timur-barat dari Observatorio ke lapangan terbang. Pada tahun 2013, Superv\u00eda Poniente dibuka, jalan tol menghubungkan daerah perniagaan Santa Fe yang baru dengan ibu kota Mexico barat daya. <> Apakah jalan sehala di bandar Mexico dipanggil? || ejes viales <> Apa yang berbeza mengenai jalan raya kedua? || tol dikenakan bayaran <> Bilakah jalan-jalan peringkat kedua ini dibuka? || 2012 <> Jalan utama apa yang membawa ke lapangan terbang? || The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n <> Apa yang menghubungkan Santa Fe dan bahagian barat daya bandar? || Superv\u00eda Poniente", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e466", "answers": [{"text": "ejes viales", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is different about the second level roads?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e467", "answers": [{"text": "tolls are charged", "answer_start": 848}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were these second level roads opened?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e468", "answers": [{"text": "2012", "answer_start": 966}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What main road leads to the airport?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e469", "answers": [{"text": "The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n", "answer_start": 1009}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e46a", "answers": [{"text": "the Superv\u00eda Poniente", "answer_start": 1105}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Perif\u00e9rico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense (\"State of Mexico outer loop\") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Perif\u00e9rico, colloquially called the segundo piso (\"second floor\"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Superv\u00eda Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City."}], ["Tempat letak kereta di kawasan kejiranan bandar kebanyakannya dikendalikan oleh franeleros aka \"viene vienes\" (lit. \"datang, datang\"), yang meminta pemandu untuk bayaran untuk meletak kereta, secara teori untuk menjaga kereta, tetapi dengan ancaman tersirat yang franelero akan merosakkan kereta jika bayarannya tidak dibayar. Tempat letak kereta yang double adalah perkara biasa (dengan franeleros memindahkan kereta seperti yang diperlukan), menghalang lorong yang ada untuk trafik. Untuk mengurangkan masalah itu dan lain-lain dan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan, 721 meter letak kereta (sehingga Oktober 2013) telah dipasang di kawasan kejiranan barat daya Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco dan Anzures, beroperasi dari 8 pagi hingga 8 malam pada hari kerja dan mengenakan kadar 2 peso setiap 15 minit, dengan kereta pelanggar digerakkan, berharga kira-kira 500 peso untuk dikeluarkan. 30 peratus dari pendapatan bulanan 16 juta-peso (sehingga Oktober 2013) dari sistem parkir-meter (dinamakan \"ecoParq\") diperuntukkan bagi penambahbaikan kejiranan. Pemberian lesen untuk semua zon semata-mata kepada sebuah syarikat baru tanpa pengalaman dalam mengendalikan meter letak kereta, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, telah menghasilkan kontroversi. <> Apakah nama sistem meter parkir di Mexico City? || ecoParq <> Siapa yang mengendalikan meter letak kereta? || Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario <> Berapa banyak wang sebulan yang membawa masuk ke tempat letak kereta? || 16 juta peso <> Berapa jam meter letak kereta Mexico City? || 8 pagi hingga 8 malam <> Berapa banyak meter letak kereta dipasang pada Oktober 2013? || 721", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7875", "answers": [{"text": "ecoParq", "answer_start": 888}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who operates the parking meters?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7876", "answers": [{"text": "Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario", "answer_start": 1061}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7877", "answers": [{"text": "16 million-peso", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7878", "answers": [{"text": "8 AM to 8 PM", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7879", "answers": [{"text": "721", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. \"viene vienes\" (lit. \"come on, come on\"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named \"ecoParq\") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy."}], ["Mexico City dilayan oleh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City (Kod Lapangan Terbang IATA: MEX). Lapangan terbang ini merupakan tempat tersibuk kedua di Amerika Latin dan salah satu yang paling ramai dalam trafik, dengan penerbangan harian ke Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada, tanah besar Mexico, Amerika Tengah dan Caribbean, Amerika Selatan, Eropah dan Asia. Aerom\u00e9xico (Skyteam) berpusat di lapangan terbang ini, dan menyediakan perjanjian codeshare dengan syarikat penerbangan bukan Mexico yang merangkumi seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 2014, lapangan terbang mengendalikan lebih dari 34 juta penumpang, lebih daripada 2 juta lebih banyak berbanding tahun sebelumnya. Trafik ini melebihi kapasiti semasa lapangan terbang, yang secara historis memusatkan majoriti trafik udara di negara ini. Pilihan alternatif adalah Lic. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos (Kod Lapangan Terbang IATA: TLC) di Toluca, Negeri Mexico, walaupun disebabkan oleh beberapa keputusan syarikat penerbangan untuk menamatkan perkhidmatan ke TLC, lapangan terbang telah menyaksikan penurunan penumpang kepada lebih 700,000 penumpang pada tahun 2014 dari lebih dari 2.1 juta penumpang hanya empat tahun sebelum ini. <> Apa nama lapangan terbang utama di Bandar Raya Mexico? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City <> Apakah kod tangan pendek untuk lapangan terbang terbesar di Mexico City? || MEX <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang datang melalui Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City setiap tahun? || 34 juta <> Apakah nama lapangan terbang yang lebih kecil berhampiran Bandar Raya Mexico? || Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang datang melalui Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Adolfo Lopez Mateos? || 700,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccad", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico City International Airport", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the short hand code for Mexico City's largest airport?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccae", "answers": [{"text": "MEX", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccaf", "answers": [{"text": "34 million", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccb0", "answers": [{"text": "Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport", "answer_start": 708}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccb1", "answers": [{"text": "700,000", "answer_start": 934}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). This airport is Latin America's second busiest and one of the largests in traffic, with daily flights to United States and Canada, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aerom\u00e9xico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. In 2014, the airport handled well over 34 million passengers, just over 2 million more than the year before. This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior."}], ["Satu lagi penambahan utama ke adegan muzium di bandar ini ialah Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), yang dirasmikan pada awal 2011. Idea daripada dua wanita Mexico muda sebagai muzium Holocaust, idea itu menjadi muzium unik yang khusus untuk mempamerkan semua peristiwa sejarah utama diskriminasi dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Pameran tetap termasuk orang-orang di Holocaust dan kekejaman berskala besar lainnya. Ia juga menempatkan pameran sementara; satu di Tibet telah dirasmikan oleh Dalai Lama pada bulan September 2011. <> Bilakah Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi dibuka? || 2011 <> Apakah acara utama yang diilhamkan oleh Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi? || Holocaust <> Pameran yang dirasmikan oleh Dalai Lama dibuka ketika? || September 2011 <> Apakah subjek utama Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi? || diskriminasi dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c83", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c84", "answers": [{"text": "Holocaust", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c85", "answers": [{"text": "September 2011", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c86", "answers": [{"text": "discrimination and genocide", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on Tibet was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in September 2011."}], ["Bandar ini juga merupakan pusat budaya dan muzik yang popular. Terdapat banyak tempat yang menganjurkan penghibur bahasa Sepanyol dan asing. Ini termasuk Auditorium Nasional 10,000 tempat duduk yang kerap menjadualkan artis pop dan rock bahasa Sepanyol dan bahasa Inggeris, serta banyak persembahan seni persembahan terkemuka di dunia, auditorium itu juga menyiarkan persembahan Grand Opera dari Opera Metropolitan New York di atas gergasi, tinggi skrin definisi. Pada tahun 2007, National Auditorium dipilih sebagai tempat terbaik dunia oleh pelbagai media genre. <> Berapa ramai orang yang mengadakan Auditorium Negara? || 10,000 <> Apakah bahasa utama yang disokong oleh pameran di Auditorium Negara? || Bahasa Sepanyol dan Bahasa Inggeris <> Tahun apakah Auditorium Kebangsaan mengundi terbaik di dunia? || 2007 <> Bagaimana anda boleh melihat Grand Opera of New York di Mexico City? || gergasi, skrin definisi tinggi", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people does the National Auditorium hold?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef4", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What main languages are supported by shows at the National Auditorium?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef5", "answers": [{"text": "Spanish and English", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the National Auditorium voted best in the world?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef6", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can you see the Grand Opera of New York in Mexico City?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef7", "answers": [{"text": "giant, high definition screens", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is also a leading center of popular culture and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts Grand Opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media."}], ["Muzium kanak-kanak Papalote, yang menempatkan skrin kubah terbesar di dunia, terletak di taman kayu Chapultepec, berhampiran Museo Tecnol\u00f3gico, dan taman hiburan La Feria. Taman tema Six Flags M\u00e9xico (taman hiburan terbesar di Amerika Latin) terletak di kejiranan Ajusco, di daerah Tlalpan, selatan Mexico City. Semasa musim sejuk, alun-alun utama Z\u00f3calo berubah menjadi gelanggang luncur ais raksasa, yang dikatakan terbesar di dunia di belakang Red Square Moscow. <> Apa yang membuat muzium kanak-kanak Papalote begitu terkenal? || skrin kubah terbesar di dunia <> Di mana Muzium Kanak-kanak Papalote terletak? || taman berhutan di Chapultepec <> Apa taman hiburan terbesar di Amerika Latin? || Six Flags M\u00e9xico <> Apa borough adalah Six Flags Mexico terletak? || Tlalpan <> Apa bandar yang mempunyai gelanggang skating ais luar terbesar di dunia? || Moscow", {"qas": [{"question": "What makes the Papalote children's museum so famous?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d025", "answers": [{"text": "world's largest dome screen", "answer_start": 49}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Papalote Children's Museum located?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d026", "answers": [{"text": "wooded park of Chapultepec", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest amusement park in Latin America?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d027", "answers": [{"text": "Six Flags M\u00e9xico", "answer_start": 196}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What borough is Six Flags Mexico located?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d028", "answers": [{"text": "Tlalpan", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d029", "answers": [{"text": "Moscow", "answer_start": 498}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Papalote children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec, near the Museo Tecnol\u00f3gico, and La Feria amusement park. The theme park Six Flags M\u00e9xico (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the Ajusco neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the Z\u00f3calo is transformed into a gigantic ice skating rink, which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's Red Square."}], ["Pada abad ke-20, banyak artis yang berhijrah ke Mexico City dari pelbagai wilayah Mexico, seperti Leopoldo Mendez, pengukir dari Veracruz, yang menyokong penciptaan sosialis Taller de la Gr\u00e1fica Popular (Bengkel Graphics Popular) pekerja kolar mencari tempat untuk menyampaikan seni mereka. Pelukis lain datang dari luar negeri, seperti pelukis Catalan Remedios Varo dan orang buangan Sepanyol dan Yahudi yang lain. Pada separuh kedua abad ke-20, pergerakan artistik mula hanyut dari tema Revolusi. Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas memilih gaya modenis berbeza dengan pergerakan muralis yang berkaitan dengan politik sosial. <> Siapa penyokong besar dalam seni moden? || Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas <> Bilakah seniman mula berpindah ke Mexico City? || Abad ke-20 <Siapakah pemahat terkenal yang berpindah ke Mexico City? || Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez <> Apa misi bengkel grafik Popular? || membantu pekerja kolar biru mencari tempat untuk menyampaikan seni mereka <> Apa kewarganegaraan Remedios Varas? || Catalan", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e904", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e905", "answers": [{"text": "20th century", "answer_start": 11}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e906", "answers": [{"text": "Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e907", "answers": [{"text": "help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art", "answer_start": 264}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nationality was Remedios Varas?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e908", "answers": [{"text": "Catalan", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gr\u00e1fica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as Catalan painter Remedios Varo and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics."}], ["Tapak-tapak popular lain untuk persembahan pop-artis termasuk Teatro Metropolitan 3,000 tempat duduk, Palacio de los Deportes yang mempunyai 15,000 tempat duduk, dan Stadium Foro Sol 50,000 yang lebih besar, di mana artis-artis antarabangsa yang popular melakukan secara teratur. Cirque du Soleil telah mengadakan beberapa musim di Carpa Santa Fe, di daerah Santa Fe di bahagian barat bandar. Terdapat banyak tempat untuk pertunjukan muzik dan penari solo yang lebih kecil. Ini termasuk Hard Rock Live, Batacl\u00e1n, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador dan Voil\u00e1 Acoustique. Tambahan baru-baru ini termasuk Arena Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 20,000 tempat duduk, Pusat Dagangan Dunia Pepsi Pusat 3,000, dan 2,500 tempat duduk Auditorio Blackberry. <> Berapa banyak set di Teatro Metropolitan? || 3,000 <> The Foro Sol Stadium hols berapa orang? || 50,000 <> Di manakah Cirque du Soleil pergi di Mexico City? || Carpa Santa Fe <> Pusat Dagangan Dunia Pepsi Pusat memegang berapa ramai orang? || 3,000", {"qas": [{"question": "How many sets are in the Teatro Metropolitan?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cff9", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Foro Sol Stadium hols how many people?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffa", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 148}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Cirque du Soleil go in Mexico City?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffb", "answers": [{"text": "Carpa Santa Fe", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Pepsi Center World Trade Center holds how many people?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffc", "answers": [{"text": "3,000", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Other popular sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat Teatro Metropolitan, the 15,000-seat Palacio de los Deportes, and the larger 50,000-seat Foro Sol Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The Cirque du Soleil has held several seasons at the Carpa Santa Fe, in the Santa Fe district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the Hard Rock Live, Batacl\u00e1n, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voil\u00e1 Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat Arena Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry."}], ["Centro Nacional de las Artes (Pusat Kebangsaan Seni mempunyai beberapa tempat untuk muzik, teater, tarian. Kampus utama UNAM, juga di bahagian selatan bandar, adalah rumah Centro Cultural Universitario (Pusat Kebudayaan Universiti) (CCU CCU juga menempatkan Perpustakaan Negara, Universum interaktif, Museo de las Ciencias, dewan konsert Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, beberapa teater dan panggung wayang, dan Muzium Seni Kontemporari Universiti (MUAC) yang baru. Sebuah cawangan kebudayaan CCU Kebangsaan Universiti Pusat ini telah dirasmikan pada 2007 di kemudahan bekas Kementerian Luar Negeri, yang dikenali sebagai Tlatelolco, di utara-tengah Mexico City. <> Di mana Centro Cultural Universitario? || Kampus utama UNAM <> CCU memegang, sebagai tambahan kepada teater muzik, apa? || Perpustakaan Negara <> Bekas Kementerian Luar Negeri telah membuka pusat kebudayaan pada tahun apa? || 2007 <> Apa nama pusat CCU dibuka pada 2007? || Tlatelolco <> Di mana adalah Tlatelolco mencari d? || utara-tengah Mexico City", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Centro Cultural Universitario?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01b", "answers": [{"text": "UNAM's main campus", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The CCU holds, in addition to a music theater, what?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01c", "answers": [{"text": "National Library", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The former Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a cultural center opened in what year?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01d", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the CCU center opened in 2007?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01e", "answers": [{"text": "Tlatelolco", "answer_start": 622}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Tlatelolco located?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01f", "answers": [{"text": "north-central Mexico City", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Centro Nacional de las Artes (National Center for the Arts has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the University Culture Center) (CCU). The CCU also houses the National Library, the interactive Universum, Museo de las Ciencias, the Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC). A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City."}], ["Pada abad ke-19, pengeluar seni penting ialah Akademi Seni San Carlos (Akademi Seni San Carlos), yang ditubuhkan pada masa penjajahan dan kemudian menjadi Escuela Nacional de Artes Pl\u00e1sticas (Sekolah Kebangsaan Seni) termasuk lukisan, patung dan reka bentuk grafik, salah satu sekolah seni UNAM. Kebanyakan karya yang dihasilkan oleh pelajar dan fakulti pada masa itu kini dipaparkan di Museo Nacional de San Carlos (Muzium Negara San Carlos). Salah seorang pelajar, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco, dianggap sebagai pelukis landskap Mexico terbesar abad ke-19. Seni penganugerahan rejim Porfirio D\u00edaz, terutama yang mengikuti sekolah Perancis. Seni popular dalam bentuk kartun dan ilustrasi berkembang, mis. mereka dari Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada dan Manuel Manilla. Koleksi tetap Muzium San Carlos juga termasuk lukisan oleh tuan-tuan Eropah seperti Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, dan Rubens. <> Apakah sekolah seni besar di Mexico City? || Academia de San Carlos <> Di manakah kebanyakan karya seni yang dihasilkan sebagai Academia de San Carlos dapat dipaparkan? || Museo Nacional de San Carlos <> Siapa yang merupakan salah satu daripada orang paling terkenal yang menamatkan pengajian dari sekolah seni besar di Mexico City? || Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco <> Muzium San Carlos mempunyai seni dari siapa, antara lain? || Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, dan Rubens", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the large art school in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf7", "answers": [{"text": "Academia de San Carlos", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does most of the artwork produced as the Academia de San Carlos get featured? ", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf8", "answers": [{"text": "Museo Nacional de San Carlos", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City?", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf9", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The San Carlos Museum has art from who, among others?", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccfa", "answers": [{"text": "Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens", "answer_start": 904}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Pl\u00e1sticas (the National School of Arts) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's art schools. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos (National Museum of San Carlos). One of the students, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco, is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. Porfirio D\u00edaz's regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Manilla. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens."}], ["Mexico City adalah rumah kepada beberapa orkestra yang menawarkan program musim. Ini termasuk Philharmonic City Mexico, yang berlangsung di Sala Ollin Yoliztli; Orkestra Simfoni Kebangsaan, yang pangkalannya adalah Palacio de Bellas Artes (Istana Seni Halus), karya seni nouveau dan gaya seni deco; Orkestra Filharmonik Universiti Otonomi Kebangsaan Mexico (OFUNAM), dan Orkestra Simfoni Mineria, yang kedua-duanya bertanding di Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, yang merupakan dewan konsert balut pertama di Hemisfera Barat ketika diresmikan pada tahun 1976. Terdapat juga banyak persembahan yang lebih kecil yang memperkayakan pemandangan muzik di bandar ini termasuk Simfoni Pemuda Carlos Ch\u00e1vez, Orkestra Dunia Baru (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), Simfoni Politeknik Kebangsaan dan Orkestra Bellas Artes Chamber (Orquesta de C\u00e1mara de Bellas Artes). <> Di manakah melakukan Mexico Philharmonic City? || Sala Ollin Yoliztli <> Kapan dewan konsert balut pertama di belahan bumi Barat dibuka? || 1976 <> Apa nama salah satu orkestra utama Mexico City? || Orkestra Simfoni Kebangsaan <> Istana Seni Rupa menganjurkan apa yang utama dalam simfoni? || Orkestra Symphony Kebangsaan <> Apa yang diperbuat oleh OFUNAM? || Orkestra Filharmonik Universiti Autonomi Nasional Mexico", {"qas": [{"question": "Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc7", "answers": [{"text": "Sala Ollin Yoliztli", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc8", "answers": [{"text": "1976", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc9", "answers": [{"text": "National Symphony Orchestra", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony? ", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfca", "answers": [{"text": "National Symphony Orchestra", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does OFUNAM stand for?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfcb", "answers": [{"text": "Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the Mexico City Philharmonic, which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art dec\u00f3 styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM), and the Miner\u00eda Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the Carlos Ch\u00e1vez Youth Symphony, the New World Orchestra (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the National Polytechnical Symphony and the Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra (Orquesta de C\u00e1mara de Bellas Artes)."}], ["Mexico City mempunyai banyak muzium yang didedikasikan untuk seni, termasuk seni penjajah Mexico, moden dan kontemporari, dan seni antarabangsa. Museo Tamayo dibuka pada pertengahan 1980-an untuk menempatkan koleksi seni kontemporari antarabangsa yang disumbangkan oleh pelukis Rufino Tamayo yang terkenal dari Mexico (lahir di negeri Oaxaca). Koleksi ini termasuk kepingan Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol dan banyak lagi, walaupun kebanyakan koleksi disimpan semasa melawat pameran ditunjukkan. Museo de Arte Moderno (Muzium Seni Moden) adalah repositori artis-artis Mexico dari abad ke-20, termasuk Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, dan juga mengendalikan pameran sementara seni moden antarabangsa . Di selatan Mexico City, Museo Carrillo Gil (Muzium Carrillo Gil) mempamerkan artis-artis avant garde, seperti juga Muzium Universiti / Seni Kontemporari (Museo Universitario Arte Contempor\u00e1neo - atau MUAC), yang direka oleh arkitek terkenal Mexico, Teodoro Gonz\u00e1lez de Le\u00f3n, yang dirasmikan lewat tahun 2008. <> Bilakah Museo Tamayo dibuka? || pertengahan 1980-an <> Siapa koleksi seni adalah alasan yang dibuka oleh Museo Tamayo? || Rufino Tamayo <> Dimana lahir Rufino Tamayo? || Oaxaca <> Jenis seni apa yang ditunjukkan di The Museo Carrillo Gil? || avant-garde <> Apa bangunan seni yang terkenal dibuka pada akhir tahun 2008? || Muzium Universiti / Seni Kontemporari", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Museo Tamayo opened?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0d", "answers": [{"text": "mid-1980s", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0e", "answers": [{"text": "Rufino Tamayo", "answer_start": 297}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Rufino Tamayo born?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0f", "answers": [{"text": "Oaxaca", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c10", "answers": [{"text": "avant-garde", "answer_start": 817}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous art building was opened in late 2008?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c11", "answers": [{"text": "University Museum/Contemporary Art", "answer_start": 850}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contempor\u00e1neo \u2013 or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro Gonz\u00e1lez de Le\u00f3n, inaugurated in late 2008."}], ["Museo Soumaya, yang dinamakan sempena isteri tukang emas Mexico, Carlos Slim, mempunyai koleksi ukiran Rodin yang asli di luar Paris. Ia juga mempunyai koleksi besar ukiran Dal\u00ed, dan baru-baru ini mula menunjukkan kepingan dalam koleksi tuannya termasuk El Greco, Vel\u00e1zquez, Picasso dan Canaletto. Muzium ini merasmikan kemudahan reka bentuk futuristik baru pada 2011 di utara Polanco, sambil mengekalkan kemudahan yang lebih kecil di Plaza Loreto di selatan Mexico City. The Colecci\u00f3n J\u00famex adalah sebuah muzium seni kontemporari yang terletak di dasar jus syarikat jus Jumex di pinggir bandar perindustrian Ecatepec. Ia dikatakan mempunyai koleksi seni kontemporari swasta terbesar di Amerika Latin dan menjadi tuan rumah dari koleksi tetapnya serta pameran perjalanan dengan artis kontemporari terkemuka. Muzium Museo J\u00famex baru di Nuevo Polanco dijadualkan dibuka pada bulan November 2013. Museo de San Ildefonso, bertempat di Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso di daerah pusat bandar bersejarah Mexico City, adalah sebuah istana abad ke-17 yang menempatkan sebuah muzium seni yang sering menjadi tuan rumah dunia kelas ekshibit seni Mexico dan antarabangsa. Pameran baru-baru ini termasuk orang-orang di David LaChapelle, Antony Gormley dan Ron Mueck. Muzium Seni Kebangsaan (Museo Nacional de Arte) juga terletak di bekas istana di pusat bersejarah. Ia menempatkan koleksi besar-besaran oleh semua artis Mexico utama dalam 400 tahun yang lalu dan juga menjadi tuan rumah melawat pameran. <> Siapakah nama Museo Soumaya? || isteri tukang sihir Mexico Carlos Slim <> Apa bandar bandar yang satu-satunya koleksi ukiran Rodin yang lebih besar daripada yang di Mexico City? || Paris <> Apa arca terkenal yang lain telah menunjukkan seninya di Museo Soumaya? || Dal\u00ed <> Bilakah reka bentuk baru muzium dibuka? || 2011 <> Berapa tahun seni bernilai Museum di pusat bersejarah memegang? || 400", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is the Museo Soumaya named after?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e962", "answers": [{"text": "the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city houses the only collection of Rodin sculptures that is larger than the one in Mexico City?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e963", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e964", "answers": [{"text": "Dal\u00ed", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the new design of the museum open?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e965", "answers": [{"text": "2011", "answer_start": 375}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years worth of art does the Museum in the historic center hold?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e966", "answers": [{"text": "400", "answer_start": 1436}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Museo Soumaya, named after the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim, has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris. It also has a large collection of Dal\u00ed sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco, Vel\u00e1zquez, Picasso and Canaletto. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza Loreto in southern Mexico City. The Colecci\u00f3n J\u00famex is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the Jumex juice company in the northern industrial suburb of Ecatepec. It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in Latin America and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. The new Museo J\u00famex in Nuevo Polanco was slated to open in November 2013. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. Recent exhibits have included those on David LaChapelle, Antony Gormley and Ron Mueck. The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits."}], ["Mexico City adalah pusat utama Amerika Latin untuk industri televisyen, muzik dan filem. Ia juga merupakan yang paling penting bagi industri media cetak dan penerbitan buku Mexico. Puluhan akhbar harian diterbitkan, termasuk El Universal, Exc\u00e9lsior, Reforma dan La Jornada. Makalah utama lain termasuk Milenio, Cr\u00f3nica, El Economista dan El Financiero. Majalah-majlis utama termasuk Expansi\u00f3n, Proceso, Poder, serta beberapa penerbitan hiburan seperti Vanidades, Qui\u00e9n, Chilango, TV Notas, dan edisi tempatan Vogue, GQ, dan Architectural Digest. <> Berapa banyak surat khabar memanggil rumah Mexico City? || Puluhan <> Apa salah satu kertas utama di Mexico City? || El Universal <> Apa majalah Amerika mempunyai jejak di Mexico City? || Vogue, GQ, dan Architectural Digest <> Berapa banyak majalah hiburan diterbitkan di Mexico City? || berpuluh-puluh", {"qas": [{"question": "How many newspaper call Mexico City home?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b4", "answers": [{"text": "Dozens", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the main papers of Mexico City?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b5", "answers": [{"text": "El Universal", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American magazines have a footprint in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b6", "answers": [{"text": "Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many entertainment magazines are published in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b7", "answers": [{"text": "dozens", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and book publishing industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including El Universal, Exc\u00e9lsior, Reforma and La Jornada. Other major papers include Milenio, Cr\u00f3nica, El Economista and El Financiero. Leading magazines include Expansi\u00f3n, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades, Qui\u00e9n, Chilango, TV Notas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest."}], ["Kes yang istimewa ialah El Colegio Nacional, yang dicipta semasa tempoh pemerintahan daerah Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s, di Mexico, sebuah institusi yang sama dengan Kolej Perancis. Kumpulan-kumpulan saintis dan seniman Mexico yang terpilih dan ahli kepunyaan keahlian institusi ini adalah untuk kehidupan termasuk, di antara ramai, Mario Lavista, Ruy P\u00e9rez Tamayo, Jos\u00e9 Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Sober\u00f3n Acevedo. Ahli diwajibkan untuk mendedahkan secara terbuka karya mereka melalui persidangan dan acara awam seperti konsert dan recitals. <> Siapa yang membuat El Colegio Nacional? || Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s <> Di manakah para seniman dan saintis Mexico City mempunyai pilihan untuk hadir? || El Colegio Nacional <> Apa yang perlu ahli El Colegio Nacional lakukan? || awam mendedahkan karya mereka melalui persidangan dan acara awam <> Apakah model El Colegio Nacional selepas? || Kolej Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Who created El Colegio Nacional?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ac", "answers": [{"text": "Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s", "answer_start": 100}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ad", "answers": [{"text": "El Colegio Nacional", "answer_start": 26}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ae", "answers": [{"text": "publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90af", "answers": [{"text": "College of France", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution\u2014membership is for life\u2014include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy P\u00e9rez Tamayo, Jos\u00e9 Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Sober\u00f3n Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals."}], ["Mexico City merupakan satu-satunya bandar Amerika Latin untuk menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik, yang mengadakan Olimpik Musim Panas pada tahun 1968, memenangi bidaan melawan Buenos Aires, Lyon dan Detroit. (Ini juga akan berubah terima kasih kepada tuan rumah Rio, 2016 Summer host). Bandar ini menganjurkan 1955 dan 1975 Pan American Games, yang terakhir selepas Santiago dan S\u00e3o Paulo menarik diri. Kejuaraan Dunia Perlumbaan Flatwater ICF dianjurkan di sini pada tahun 1974 dan 1994. Lucha percuma adalah gaya gusti Mexico, dan merupakan salah satu sukan yang lebih popular di seluruh negara. Tempat-tempat utama di bandar adalah Arena M\u00e9xico dan Arena Coliseo. <> Berapa tahun yang menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik Mexico? || 1968 <> Di manakah kota Amerika Syarikat yang menewaskan Mexico City untuk menganjurkan Olimpik 1968? || Detroit <> Apa tahun pertama Mexico City menjadi tuan rumah permainan Pan Amerika? || 1955 <> Apa bentuk gusti yang terkenal berasal dari Mexico? || Lucha percuma <> Apa aren utama untuk Lucha Libre? || Arena M\u00e9xico dan Arena Coliseo", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Mexico City host the olympics?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb66", "answers": [{"text": "1968", "answer_start": 111}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which American city did Mexico City defeat to host the 1968 olympics?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb67", "answers": [{"text": "Detroit", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Mexico City first host the Pan America games?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb68", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous form of wrestling is native to Mexico?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb69", "answers": [{"text": "Lucha libre", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the main arenas for Lucha Libre?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb6a", "answers": [{"text": "Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City remains the only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the Summer Olympics in 1968, winning bids against Buenos Aires, Lyon and Detroit. (This too will change thanks to Rio, 2016 Summer Games host). The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 Pan American Games, the last after Santiago and S\u00e3o Paulo withdrew. The ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo."}], ["Bandar ini juga mempunyai beberapa cawangan restoran dan koki antarabangsa yang terkenal. Ini termasuk Paris 'Au Pied de Cochon dan Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (oleh Philippe Chow); Nobu, Morimoto; P\u00e1mpano, yang dimiliki oleh legenda opera yang dibesarkan oleh Mexico, Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. Terdapat cawangan restoran Jepun eksklusif Suntory, Alfredo terkenal Roma, serta stok rumah New York Morton dan The Palm, dan BeefBar Monte Carlo. Tiga restoran Peru Haute yang paling terkenal di Lima, La Mar, Segundo Muelle dan Astrid y Gast\u00f3n mempunyai lokasi di Mexico City. <> Apakah legenda opera juga mempunyai restoran terkenal di Mexico City? || Pl\u00e1cido Domingo <> Apa restoran Itali yang terkenal juga mempunyai cawangan di Mexico City? || Alfredo <> Apa salah satu restoran berasaskan Lima yang terkenal di Mexico City? || La Mar <> Restoran Jepun apa yang ada di Mexico City? || Suntory", {"qas": [{"question": "What opera legend also has a famous restaurant in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9050", "answers": [{"text": "Pl\u00e1cido Domingo", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous Italian Restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9051", "answers": [{"text": "Alfredo", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one of the famous Lima-based restaurants in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9052", "answers": [{"text": "La Mar", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Japanese restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9053", "answers": [{"text": "Suntory", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, Morimoto; P\u00e1mpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory, Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses Morton's and The Palm, and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of the most famous Lima-based Haute Peruvian restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gast\u00f3n have locations in Mexico City."}], ["Tidak seperti sekolah-sekolah negeri-negeri Mexico, kurikulum sekolah-sekolah di Mexico City dikendalikan oleh Setiausaha Persatuan Pendidikan Awam. Keseluruhan dana yang diperuntukkan oleh kerajaan Mexico City (dalam beberapa kes tertentu, seperti El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, pembiayaan berasal dari kerajaan kota dan entiti nasional dan antarabangsa awam dan swasta yang lain). [Rujukan?] Sistem sekolah adalah Institut Pendidikan Media Superior Wilayah Persekutuan (IEMS-DF). <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab dalam pendidikan di Mexico City? || Setiausaha Pendidikan Awam <> Apakah sistem sekolah menengah awam dipanggil di Mexico City? || Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal <> Siapa yang memperuntukkan pembiayaan sistem sekolah? || kerajaan Mexico City", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City?", "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb8e", "answers": [{"text": "Secretary of Public Education", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the public high school system called in Mexico City?", "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb8f", "answers": [{"text": "Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who allocates the funding of the school systems?", "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb90", "answers": [{"text": "government of Mexico City", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's public schools is managed by the federal Secretary of Public Education. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).[citation needed] The city's public high school system is the Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal (IEMS-DF)."}], ["Cineteca Nacional (Perpustakaan Filem Mexico), berhampiran dengan pinggir bandar Coyoac\u00e1n, menunjukkan pelbagai filem, dan banyak festival filem, termasuk Pameran Antarabangsa tahunan, dan banyak lagi yang lebih kecil dari pawagam Scandinavia dan Uruguay, kepada tema Yahudi dan LGBT filem. Cin\u00e9polis dan Cinemex, dua rangkaian perniagaan filem terbesar, juga mempunyai beberapa festival filem sepanjang tahun, dengan kedua-dua filem nasional dan antarabangsa. Mexico City mendahului dunia dalam jumlah teater IMAX, [rujukan?] Yang menyediakan penduduk dan pelawat akses kepada filem-filem yang terdiri daripada dokumentari untuk blockbusters popular di skrin-layar yang sangat besar dan dramatik ini. <> Di mana terdapat Perpustakaan Filem Mexico? || berhampiran pinggir bandar Coyoac\u00e1n <> Apa festival filem besar yang dihoskan di Perpustakaan Filem Mexico? || Pameran Antarabangsa <> Apa dua syarikat filem besar di Mexico? || Cin\u00e9polis dan Cinemex <> Jenis teater apa yang Mexico City mempunyai yang paling banyak dibandingkan dengan bandar-bandar lain? || IMAX", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Mexican Film Library located?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d07", "answers": [{"text": "near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What large movie festival is hosted at the Mexican Film Library?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d08", "answers": [{"text": "International Showcase", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are the two large movie companies in Mexico?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d09", "answers": [{"text": "Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of theaters does Mexico City have the most of compared to other cities?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d0a", "answers": [{"text": "IMAX", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Cineteca Nacional (the Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual International Showcase, and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex, the two biggest film business chains, also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City tops the world in number of IMAX theatres,[citation needed] providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to popular blockbusters on these especially large, dramatic screens."}], ["Mexico City menawarkan pelbagai masakan. Restoran yang mengkhususkan diri dalam masakan serantau dari 31 negeri di Mexico boleh didapati di bandar. Juga terdapat pelbagai masakan antarabangsa, termasuk Kanada, Perancis, Itali, Croatia, Sepanyol (termasuk banyak variasi serantau), Yahudi, Lubnan, Cina (sekali lagi dengan variasi serantau), India, Jepun, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam; dan tentu saja masakan Latin Amerika seperti Argentina, Brazil, dan Peru. Masakan Haute, gabungan, halal, vegetarian dan vegan juga tersedia, seperti restoran semata-mata berdasarkan konsep makanan tempatan dan makanan yang lambat. <> Berapa banyak negeri yang ada di Mexico? || 31 <> Apa sajian masakan antarabangsa yang ditawarkan di Mexico City? || Kanada, Perancis, Itali, <> Apa jenis makanan tertentu yang ditawarkan oleh bandar? || halal, vegetarian dan vegan", {"qas": [{"question": "How many states does Mexico have?", "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e05", "answers": [{"text": "31", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e06", "answers": [{"text": "Canadian, French, Italian,", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other specific types of food does the city offer?", "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e07", "answers": [{"text": "kosher, vegetarian and vegan", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are an array of international cuisines, including Canadian, French, Italian, Croatian, Spanish (including many regional variations), Jewish, Lebanese, Chinese (again with regional variations), Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese; and of course fellow Latin American cuisines such as Argentine, Brazilian, and Peruvian. Haute, fusion, kosher, vegetarian and vegan cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of local food and slow Food."}], ["Institusi pendidikan tinggi kedua terbesar adalah Institut Politeknik Nasional (IPN), yang termasuk di antara pusat-pusat lain yang berkaitan dengan Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), di mana penyelidikan saintifik dan teknologi peringkat tinggi telah dilakukan. Institusi pengajian tinggi utama lain di bandar termasuk Universiti Autonomi Metropolitan (UAM), Sekolah Antropologi dan Sejarah Nasional (ENAH), Institut Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM), Institut Teknologi dan Pengajian Tinggi Monterrey (3 kampus ), Universidad Panamericana (UP), Universidad La Salle, Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), Universidad An\u00e1huac, Universiti Simon Bolivar (USB), Alliant International University, Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico (Colmex ), Escuela Percuma de Derecho dan Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3mica, (CIDE). Di samping itu, Universiti California yang berprestij mengekalkan kampus yang dikenali sebagai \"Casa de California\" di bandar. Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9xico juga di Mexico City. <> Apakah pusat pendidikan kedua terbesar di Mexico City? || Institut Politeknik Kebangsaan <> Apa Universiti Amerika mempunyai kampus besar di Mexico City? || University of California <> Apakah Universiti California memanggil kampusnya di Mexico City? || Casa de California <> Di mana Universidad Tecnologica terletak? || Bandar Mexico", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the second biggest education center in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e65", "answers": [{"text": "National Polytechnic Institute", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What American University has a big campus in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e66", "answers": [{"text": "University of California", "answer_start": 946}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the University of California call its campus in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e67", "answers": [{"text": "Casa de California", "answer_start": 1000}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Universidad Tecnologica located? ", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e68", "answers": [{"text": "Mexico City", "answer_start": 1082}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), the National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), the Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (3 campuses), the Universidad Panamericana (UP), the Universidad La Salle, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), the Universidad An\u00e1huac, Simon Bolivar University (USB), the Alliant International University, the Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico (Colmex), Escuela Libre de Derecho and the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3mica, (CIDE). In addition, the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as \"Casa de California\" in the city. The Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9xico is also in Mexico City."}], ["Universiti Autonomi Nasional Mexico (UNAM), yang terletak di Mexico City, merupakan universiti terbesar di benua itu, dengan lebih daripada 300,000 pelajar dari semua latar belakang. Tiga pemenang Hadiah Nobel, beberapa usahawan Mexico dan sebahagian besar presiden moden Mexico adalah antara bekas pelajarnya. UNAM menjalankan 50% penyelidikan saintifik Mexico dan mempunyai kehadiran di seluruh negara dengan kampus satelit, pusat pemerhatian dan penyelidikan. UNAM menduduki tempat ke-74 dalam Ranking 200 World University Ranking yang diterbitkan oleh Times Higher Education (kemudian dipanggil Times Higher Education Supplement) pada tahun 2006, menjadikannya universiti berbahasa Sepanyol tertinggi di dunia. Kampus utama universiti, yang dikenali sebagai Ciudad Universitaria, dinamakan Tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO pada tahun 2007. <> Apa universiti terbesar di benua itu? || Universiti Autonomi Nasional Mexico <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang menghadiri UNAM? || 300,000 <> Sebanyak peratus kajian saintifik dilakukan di UNAM? || 50 <> Apakah ranking seluruh dunia yang dipegang oleh UNAM? || 74 <Apa kampus utama UNAM dipanggil? || Ciudad Universitaria", {"qas": [{"question": "What university is the largest of the continent?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4b", "answers": [{"text": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students attend UNAM?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4c", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percent of scientific research is done at UNAM?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4d", "answers": [{"text": "50", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What worldwide ranking does UNAM hold?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4e", "answers": [{"text": "74th", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the main campus of UNAM called?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4f", "answers": [{"text": "Ciudad Universitaria", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007."}], ["Persatuan bola sepak adalah sukan francais yang paling popular dan paling popular di negara ini. Tempat pentingnya di Mexico City termasuk Stadium Azteca, rumah pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Mexico dan gergasi Am\u00e9rica, yang boleh menduduki 91,653 peminat, menjadikannya stadium terbesar di Amerika Latin. Stadium Olimpik di Ciudad Universitaria adalah rumah kepada gergasi kelab bola sepak Universidad Nacional, dengan kapasiti tempat duduk lebih dari 52,000. Estadio Azul, yang mempunyai 33,042 peminat, terletak berhampiran Pusat Dagangan Dunia Mexico City di kejiranan Nochebuena, dan merupakan rumah kepada gergasi Cruz Azul. Tiga pasukan itu berpangkalan di Mexico City dan bermain di Bahagian Pertama; mereka juga sebahagian, dengan gergasi yang berpangkalan di Guadalajara Club Deportivo Guadalajara, \"Empat Besar\" tradisional Mexico (walaupun tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini cenderung mengikis status utama pasukan sekurang-kurangnya dalam kedudukan). Negara ini menganjurkan Piala Dunia FIFA pada tahun 1970 dan 1986, dan Stadium Azteca adalah stadium pertama dalam sejarah Piala Dunia untuk menjadi tuan rumah akhir dua kali. <> Apa stadium bola sepak terkenal di Mexico City? || Stadium Azteca <> Berapa ramai peminat memegang Stadium Azteca? || 91,653 <> Apa stadium terbesar di Amerika Latin? || Stadium Azteca <> Tahun apa Mexico pernah menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia? || 1986 <> Apakah pembahagian pasukan bola sepak Mexico City? || Pertama", {"qas": [{"question": "What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4a", "answers": [{"text": "Azteca Stadium", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4b", "answers": [{"text": "91,653", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest stadium in Latin America?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4c", "answers": [{"text": "Azteca Stadium", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4d", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 915}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4e", "answers": [{"text": "First", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants Am\u00e9rica, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the giants Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional \"Big Four\" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice."}], ["Penjual jalanan memainkan perdagangan mereka dari gerai-gerai di tianguis serta di kepekatan yang tidak secara rasmi dikawal di stesen metro dan hospital; di plaza comerciales, di mana vendor \"tema\" tertentu (misalnya alat tulis) ditempatkan; Pada asalnya ini dianjurkan untuk menampung vendor yang dahulu menjual di jalan; atau hanya dari gerai-gerai improvisasi di trotoar bandar. Di samping itu, makanan dan barang dijual dari orang yang berjalan dengan bakul, gerudi kereta, basikal atau belakang trak, atau hanya dari tarp atau kain yang diletakkan di atas tanah. <> Tianguis yang serupa mungkin menubuhkan kedai di mana? || plazas comerciales <> Apa cara paling asas penjual jalanan menjual barang-barang mereka? || tarp atau kain yang diletakkan di atas tanah <> Penjual jalan boleh menjual barangan mereka di tempat rasmi serta di mana? || kepekatan yang tidak secara rasmi dikawal di stesen metro dan hospital", {"qas": [{"question": "Similar tianguis might set up shop where?", "id": "5727420d5951b619008f877f", "answers": [{"text": "plazas comerciales", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?", "id": "5727420d5951b619008f8780", "answers": [{"text": "tarp or cloth laid on the ground", "answer_start": 521}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?", "id": "5727420d5951b619008f8781", "answers": [{"text": "non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain \"theme\" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk. In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground."}], ["Ruji untuk pengguna di bandar adalah \"mercado\" yang mana-mana. Setiap kejiranan utama di bandar mempunyai pasaran sendiri yang dikawal selia, selalunya lebih daripada satu. Ini adalah kemudahan besar yang menawarkan banyak produk asas, seperti produk segar dan daging / unggas, barang kering, tortilla, dan banyak perkhidmatan lain seperti tukang kunci, ubat herba, barang perkakasan, alat jahit; dan pelbagai berdiri yang menawarkan masakan dan minuman gaya yang baru dibuat dalam tradisi aguas frescas dan atole. <> Apa pasaran dipanggil yang terletak dan dijalankan oleh boroughs? || mercado <> Apa sajakah minuman tradisional Mexico City? || aguas frescas dan atole <> Apa gunanya pasaran Mexico City || mercado <> Penulis menggunakan kata sifat untuk menggambarkan mercados? || di mana-mana", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a2e", "answers": [{"text": "mercado", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a2f", "answers": [{"text": "aguas frescas and atole", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a30", "answers": [{"text": "mercado", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a31", "answers": [{"text": "omnipresent", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent \"mercado\". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortiller\u00edas, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole."}], ["Semasa pemerintahan Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador slogan politik diperkenalkan: la Ciudad de la Esperanza (\"Kota Harapan\"). Moto ini cepat-cepat diadopsi sebagai nama samaran bandar, tetapi telah memudar sejak moto baru Capital en Movimiento (\"Modal dalam Pergerakan\") telah diterima pakai oleh pentadbiran yang diketuai oleh Marcelo Ebrard, walaupun yang terakhir tidak diperlakukan sesetengah nama panggilan di media . Sejak tahun 2013, untuk merujuk kepada Bandaraya terutamanya berhubung dengan kempen kerajaan, singkatan CDMX telah digunakan (dari Ciudad de M\u00e9xico). <> Siapa yang menyebut slogan \"la Ciudad de la Esperanza?\" || Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador <> Apa nama panggilan kota yang sedang ditekan oleh pemerintah sekarang? || Capital en Movimiento <> Bagaimana bandar ini biasanya disingkat? || CDMX <> Bilakah singkatan CDMX dimulakan? || 2013 <> Siapa yang baru-baru ini cuba mengubah nama samaran Mexico? || Marcelo Ebrard", {"qas": [{"question": "Who termed the slogan \"la Ciudad de la Esperanza?\"", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878d", "answers": [{"text": "Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878e", "answers": [{"text": "Capital en Movimiento", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the city commonly abbreviated?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878f", "answers": [{"text": "CDMX", "answer_start": 485}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f8790", "answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f8791", "answers": [{"text": "Marcelo Ebrard", "answer_start": 303}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador's administration a political slogan was introduced: la Ciudad de la Esperanza (\"The City of Hope\"). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname, but has faded since the new motto Capital en Movimiento (\"Capital in Movement\") was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard, though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation CDMX has been used (from Ciudad de M\u00e9xico)."}], ["Mexico City menawarkan pasaran runcit pengguna yang sangat besar dan pelbagai, mulai dari makanan asas hingga barangan mewah ultra mewah. Pengguna boleh membeli di pasar tertutup tetap, tianguis, dari kedai-kedai di jalan, di kedai-kedai di jalan yang didedikasikan untuk jenis yang baik, di kedai serbaneka dan kedai kejiranan tradisional, di pasaraya moden, di gudang dan kedai keanggotaan pusat membeli-belah yang mereka anchor, di gedung-gedung serbaneka, kedai-kedai besar dan di pusat-pusat membeli-belah moden. <> Apakah pasaran mudah alih di Mexico City dipanggil? || tianguis <> Bagaimana pasaran runcit Mexico City? || besar dan bervariasi <> Apakah kedai cara yang biasa diedarkan di Bandar Raya Mexico? || di jalan yang didedikasikan untuk jenis tertentu <> Apa spektrum tuhan yang anda boleh dapatkan di Mexico City? || makanan asas kepada barangan mewah ultra mewah", {"qas": [{"question": "What are mobile markets in Mexico City called?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52c", "answers": [{"text": "tianguis", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is the retail market of Mexico City?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52d", "answers": [{"text": "immense and varied", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52e", "answers": [{"text": "in a street dedicated to a certain type of good", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52f", "answers": [{"text": "basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets, mobile markets (tianguis), from street vendors, from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, big-box stores and in modern shopping malls."}], ["Bandar ini dikenali sebagai Chilangolandia selepas chilangos nama samaran tempatan. Chilango digunakan pejoratively oleh orang yang tinggal di luar Mexico City untuk \"mengenakan orang yang kuat, sombong, tidak sopan, kasar\". Bagi sebahagian mereka yang tinggal di Mexico City menegaskan mereka yang hidup di tempat lain sebagai penduduk di la provincia (\"wilayah-wilayah\", pinggirnya) dan banyak bangga memeluk istilah chilango. Penduduk Mexico City baru-baru ini dinamakan sebagai the losos (yang berasal dari singkatan pos dari Federal District dalam bahasa Spanyol: D.F., yang dibaca \"De-Efe\"). Mereka secara rasmi dikenali sebagai capitalinos (merujuk kepada bandar yang menjadi ibu negara negara itu), tetapi \"[p] erhaps kerana capitalino adalah kata yang lebih sopan, khusus dan tepat, hampir tidak digunakan\". <> Apakah penduduk Mexico dipanggil? || chilangos <> Apa yang dipanggil Mexico City Mexico? || Chilangolandia <> Bagaimana orang Mexico dipanggil \"chilangos?\" || dengan bangga <> Apa nama panggilan penduduk Mexico diberikan yang lebih mencerminkan pengaruh Sepanyol di bandar ini? || </ b> </ b> </ b> Apa istilah \"rasmi\" untuk menandakan seorang warga kota Mexico? || modal", {"qas": [{"question": "What are locals of Mexico City called?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56a", "answers": [{"text": "chilangos", "answer_start": 76}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do Mexicans call Mexico City?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56b", "answers": [{"text": "Chilangolandia", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do Mexicans take being called \"chilangos?\"", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56c", "answers": [{"text": "proudly", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56d", "answers": [{"text": "defe\u00f1os", "answer_start": 458}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the \"official\" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56e", "answers": [{"text": "capitalinos", "answer_start": 597}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos. Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to \"connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person\". For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia (\"the provinces\", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango. Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defe\u00f1os (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read \"De-Efe\"). They are formally called capitalinos (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but \"[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized\"."}], ["Antara 2000 dan 2004 purata 478 jenayah dilaporkan setiap hari di Mexico City; Walau bagaimanapun, kadar jenayah sebenarnya dianggap lebih tinggi \"kerana kebanyakan orang enggan melaporkan jenayah\". Di bawah dasar yang digubal oleh Datuk Bandar Marcelo Ebrard antara 2009 dan 2011, Mexico City mengalami peningkatan keselamatan yang besar dengan kadar jenayah yang ganas dan kecil kedua-duanya jatuh dengan ketara meskipun peningkatan jenayah ganas di bahagian lain di negara ini. Beberapa dasar yang digubal termasuk pemasangan 11,000 kamera keselamatan di sekitar bandaraya dan pengembangan polis yang sangat besar. Mexico City mempunyai salah satu daripada nisbah pegawai polis kepada penduduk yang tertinggi di dunia, dengan seorang pegawai beruniform setiap 100 warganegara. <> Berapa banyak jenayah berlaku sekitar abad terakhir? || purata 478 jenayah dilaporkan setiap hari <> Mengapa mungkin lebih daripada 500 jenayah berlaku setiap hari pada pergantian abad bukannya nombor yang dilaporkan secara rasmi? || kebanyakan orang enggan melaporkan jenayah <> Apa yang majoritinya Mexico cuba merosakkan kejahatan? || Marcelo Ebrard <> Apa salah satu cara bandar cuba memerangi jenayah? || pemasangan 11,000 kamera keselamatan <> Apakah nisbah polis kepada rakyat di Mexico City? || seorang pegawai beruniform setiap 100 warganegara", {"qas": [{"question": "How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century? ", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f57e", "answers": [{"text": "average of 478 crimes were reported each day", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f57f", "answers": [{"text": "most people are reluctant to report crime", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely? ", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f580", "answers": [{"text": "Marcelo Ebrard", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one way the city tried to combat crime?", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f581", "answers": [{"text": "installation of 11,000 security cameras", "answer_start": 483}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City?", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f582", "answers": [{"text": "one uniformed officer per 100 citizens", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher \"since most people are reluctant to report crime\". Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens."}], ["Mexico City mempunyai tiga zoo. Zoo Chapultepec, Zoo San Juan de Aragon dan Zoo Los Coyotes. Chapultepec Zoo terletak di bahagian pertama Chapultepec Park di Miguel Hidalgo. Ia dibuka pada tahun 1924. Pengunjung boleh melihat kira-kira 243 spesimen spesies yang berbeza termasuk kangaroo, panda gergasi, gorila, karacal, hyena, kuda nil, jaguar, jerapah, lemur, singa, dan lain-lain. Zoo San Juan de Aragon terletak berhampiran dengan Taman San Juan de Aragon di Gustavo A. Madero. Di zoo ini, dibuka pada tahun 1964, terdapat spesies yang berada dalam bahaya kepupusan seperti jaguar dan serigala Mexico. Tetamu lain adalah helang emas, pronghorn, domba bighorn, caracara, zebra, gajah Afrika, macaw, kuda nil, dan lain-lain. Zoo Los Coyotes adalah zoo 27.68 ekar (11.2 hektar) yang terletak di selatan Mexico City di Coyoacan. Ia telah dirasmikan pada 2 Februari 1999. Ia mempunyai lebih daripada 301 spesimen 51 spesies liar asli atau endemik liar dari Mexico City. Anda boleh mengagumi helang, jagung, coyote, macaw, bobcats, serigala Mexico, raccoon, singa gunung, teporingos, rubah, rusa ekor putih. <> Di mana Zoo Chapultepec terletak? || Chapultepec Park di Miguel Hidalgo <> Bilakah Zoo Chapultepec dibuka? || 1924 <> Apa yang membezakan Zoo San Juan de Aragon daripada yang lain? || spesies yang berada dalam bahaya kepupusan <> Berapa besar adalah Zoo Los Coyotes? || 27.68 ekar (11.2 ha) <> Berapa banyak haiwan yang tinggal di Zoo Los Coyotes? || lebih daripada 301 spesimen", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the Chapultepec Zoo located?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db89", "answers": [{"text": "Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Chapultepec Zoo opened?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8a", "answers": [{"text": "1924", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8b", "answers": [{"text": "species that are in danger of extinction", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How big is the Zoo Los Coyotes?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8c", "answers": [{"text": "27.68-acre (11.2 ha)", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many animals inhabit Zoo Los Coyotes?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8d", "answers": [{"text": "more than 301 specimens", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Mexico City has three zoos. Chapultepec Zoo, the San Juan de Aragon Zoo and Los Coyotes Zoo. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924. Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others. Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964, there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others. Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on February 2, 1999. It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the Mexico City. You can admire eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer."}]], [["Sesetengah orang sezaman mendakwa bahawa Bonaparte ditahan di rumah di Nice kerana bersekutu dengan Robespierres selepas kejatuhan mereka dalam Reaksi Thermidorian pada bulan Julai 1794, tetapi setiausaha Napoleon Bourrienne membantah tuduhan itu dalam memoirnya. Menurut Bourrienne, cemburu bertanggungjawab, antara Angkatan Tentera Alpen dan Tentara Itali (dengan Napoleon dipertahankan pada waktu itu). Bonaparte menghantar pertahanan yang penuh semangat dalam surat kepada komisaris Salicetti, dan kemudiannya dibebaskan dari salah laku. <> Di manakah Napoleon dimasukkan ke dalam tahanan rumah? || Nice <> Apa peristiwa bersejarah yang membawa kejatuhan Robespierres? || Reaksi Thermidorian <> Bilakah Reaksi Thermidorian berlaku? || Julai 1794 <> Pada masa tahanan rumahnya, Napoleon telah berkhidmat dengan entiti ketenteraan mana? || Tentera Itali <> Selepas penangkapan rumahnya, siapakah komisaris yang Napoleon mengirim surat untuk membuktikan tidak bersalah? || Salicetti", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?", "id": "572658de708984140094c341", "answers": [{"text": "Nice", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?", "id": "572658de708984140094c342", "answers": [{"text": "the Thermidorian Reaction", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?", "id": "572658de708984140094c343", "answers": [{"text": "July 1794", "answer_start": 173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?", "id": "572658de708984140094c344", "answers": [{"text": "the Army of Italy", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?", "id": "572658de708984140094c345", "answers": [{"text": "Salicetti", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing."}], ["Napoleon dilahirkan pada 15 Ogos 1769, kepada Carlo Maria di Buonaparte dan Maria Letizia Ramolino, di rumah nenek moyangnya Casa Buonaparte di Ajaccio, ibukota pulau Corsica. Beliau adalah anak keempat dan anak ketiga mereka. Ini adalah satu tahun selepas pulau itu dipindahkan ke Perancis oleh Republik Genoa. Dia dibaptis Napoleone di Buonaparte, mungkin dinamai paman (kakak yang tidak bertahan hidup adalah anak pertama yang disebut Napoleone). Pada usia 20-an, dia mengadopsi lebih banyak orang Perancis yang berbunyi Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. [Note 2] <> Siapa bapa Napoleon? || Carlo Maria di Buonaparte <> Siapa ibu Napoleon? || Maria Letizia Ramolino <> Di mana pulau itu terdapat rumah nenek moyang Bonaparte? || Corsica <> Apa nama keluarga keluarga Napoleon? || Casa Buonaparte <> Napoleon kemungkinan besar diberi nama setelah hubungan keluarga? || pakcik", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Napoleon's father?", "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f3", "answers": [{"text": "Carlo Maria di Buonaparte", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Napoleon's mother?", "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f4", "answers": [{"text": "Maria Letizia Ramolino", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?", "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f5", "answers": [{"text": "Corsica", "answer_start": 182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Napoleon's family home?", "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f6", "answers": [{"text": "Casa Buonaparte", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?", "id": "57264eee708984140094c1f7", "answers": [{"text": "an uncle", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.[note 2]"}], ["Menjelang 1795, Bonaparte telah bertunang dengan D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary, anak perempuan Fran\u00e7ois Clary. Saudara perempuan D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, Julie Clary telah berkahwin dengan abangnya, Bonaparte. Pada bulan April 1795, beliau ditugaskan untuk Tentera Barat, yang terlibat dalam Perang di Vend\u00e9e-sebuah perang saudara dan revolusi diraja diraja di Vend\u00e9e, rantau di barat Perancis di Lautan Atlantik. Sebagai perintah infantri, ia adalah penurunan daripada artileri umum-yang mana tentera sudah mempunyai kuota penuh-dan dia mengaku kesihatan yang buruk untuk mengelakkan siaran. <> Siapa yang Napoleon bertunang pada tahun 1795? || D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary <> Pada April 1795, apa organisasi ketenteraan Napoleon ditugaskan? || Tentera Barat <> Pada masa tugas Napoleon, perjuangan tentera apa yang dilakukan oleh Tentara Barat? || Perang di Vend\u00e9e <> Yang mana lebih tua kakak Napoleon lakukan kakak D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary, Julie berkahwin? || Yusuf <> Apa alasan yang digunakan Napoleon untuk mengelakkan ditugaskan kepada perintah infantri? || kesihatan yang buruk", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?", "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2c", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?", "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2d", "answers": [{"text": "the Army of the West", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?", "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2e", "answers": [{"text": "the War in the Vend\u00e9e", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which older brother of Napoleon's did D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary's sister Julie marry?", "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd2f", "answers": [{"text": "Joseph", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?", "id": "57265bfff1498d1400e8dd30", "answers": [{"text": "poor health", "answer_start": 492}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary, daughter of Fran\u00e7ois Clary. D\u00e9sir\u00e9e's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vend\u00e9e\u2014a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vend\u00e9e, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general\u2014for which the army already had a full quota\u2014and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting."}], ["Latar belakang Napoleon yang mulia, sederhana yang memihak kepada beliau memberikan peluang lebih besar untuk belajar daripada yang tersedia untuk Korsika tipikal pada masa itu. Pada Januari 1779, beliau telah mendaftar di sebuah sekolah agama di Autun. Pada bulan Mei, dia dimasukkan ke akademi ketenteraan di Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau. Bahasa pertamanya adalah Korsika, dan dia selalu bercakap bahasa Perancis dengan aksen Korsika yang ditandai dan tidak pernah belajar mengeja bahasa Perancis dengan betul. Dia digoda oleh pelajar lain untuk aksennya dan menggunakan dirinya untuk membaca. Seorang pemeriksa mendapati Napoleon \"sentiasa dibezakan kerana permohonannya dalam bidang matematik. Dia cukup mengenali sejarah dan geografi ... Anak lelaki ini akan menjadi pelayar yang sangat baik.\" [Nota 3] <> Bilakah Napoleon memulakan persekolahan agama di Autun? || Januari 1779 <> Di mana akademi tentera pertama yang dihadiri oleh Napoleon? || Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau <> Apa bahasa pertama Napoleon? || Corsican <> Mengapa pelajar lain sering menggoda Napoleon? || aksennya <> Menurut pemeriksa sekolah, Napoleon adalah yang terbaik di mana subjek akademik? || matematik", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?", "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8146", "answers": [{"text": "January 1779", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?", "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8147", "answers": [{"text": "Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Napoleon's first language?", "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8148", "answers": [{"text": "Corsican", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why did other students often tease Napoleon?", "id": "57265007dd62a815002e8149", "answers": [{"text": "his accent", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?", "id": "57265007dd62a815002e814a", "answers": [{"text": "mathematics", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon \"has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor.\"[note 3]"}], ["Napoleon dilahirkan di Corsica kepada keluarga keturunan Tuscan yang agak sederhana. Napoleon menyokong Revolusi Perancis sejak awal tahun 1789 semasa berkhidmat di tentera Perancis, dan dia cuba menyebarkan cita-cita ke Corsica tetapi dibuang dari pulau itu pada tahun 1793. Dua tahun kemudian, dia menyelamatkan kerajaan Perancis daripada runtuh dengan menembak Perompak Paris dengan meriam. Direktori ini memberi ganjaran kepada Napoleon dengan memberinya arahan Tentera Itali pada usia 26 tahun, ketika dia memulakan kempen ketenteraan pertamanya terhadap Austria dan sekutu Itali mereka, menjaringkan beberapa kemenangan penting yang membuatnya terkenal di seluruh Eropah. Beliau mengikuti kekalahan sekutu di Eropah dengan memerintah ekspedisi ketenteraan ke Mesir pada tahun 1798, menyerang dan menduduki wilayah Uthmaniyyah setelah mengalahkan Mamelukes dan melancarkan Mesir moden melalui penemuan yang dibuat oleh tenteranya. <> Di manakah Napoleon dilahirkan? || Corsica <> Kapan Napoleon dibuang dari Corsica? || 1793 <> Pada usia berapa Napoleon menerima perintah Tentera Itali? || 26 <> Siapa Napoleon melawan kempen ketenteraan pertamanya? || Austria dan sekutu Itali mereka <> Bilakah Napoleon memerintahkan ekspedisi ketenteraannya ke Mesir? || 1798", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was Napoleon born?", "id": "572644761125e71900ae191e", "answers": [{"text": "Corsica", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?", "id": "572644761125e71900ae191f", "answers": [{"text": "1793", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?", "id": "572644761125e71900ae1920", "answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?", "id": "572644761125e71900ae1921", "answers": [{"text": "the Austrians and their Italian allies", "answer_start": 514}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?", "id": "572644761125e71900ae1922", "answers": [{"text": "1798", "answer_start": 728}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army."}], ["Selepas menamatkan pengajian pada bulan September 1785, Bonaparte telah ditugaskan sebagai letnan kedua dalam rejimen artileri La F\u00e8re. [Nota 4] Beliau berkhidmat di Valence dan Auxonne sehingga selepas pecahnya Revolusi pada tahun 1789, dan mengambil cuti hampir dua tahun di Corsica dan Paris semasa waktu ini. Pada masa ini, beliau adalah seorang nasionalis Corsican yang kuat, dan menulis kepada pemimpin Corsica Pasquale Paoli pada bulan Mei 1789, \"Ketika bangsa itu binasa saya dilahirkan. Tiga puluh ribu orang Perancis telah muntah ke pantai kami, yang menenggelamkan takhta kebebasan dalam gelombang Darah itu adalah pandangan yang menjijikkan yang merupakan yang pertama menyerang saya. \" <> Bilakah Napoleon lulus? || September 1785 <> Apa komisen yang diterima oleh Napoleon semasa tamat pengajiannya? || leftenan kedua <> Apa unit ketenteraan yang Napoleon mula berkhidmat selepas tamat pengajiannya? || Rejimen artileri La F\u00e8re <> Apa yang ditulis oleh pemimpin Corsican Napoleon pada tahun 1789 yang menyatakan sentimen nasionalisnya? || Pasquale Paoli <> Bilakah Revolusi bermula? || 1789", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Napoleon graduate?", "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b4", "answers": [{"text": "September 1785", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?", "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b5", "answers": [{"text": "second lieutenant", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?", "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b6", "answers": [{"text": "La F\u00e8re artillery regiment", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?", "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b7", "answers": [{"text": "Pasquale Paoli", "answer_start": 362}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Revolution begin?", "id": "5726544edd62a815002e81b8", "answers": [{"text": "1789", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La F\u00e8re artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, \"As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me.\""}], ["Berharap untuk memperluaskan Sistem Kontinental, Napoleon menyerang Iberia dan mengisytiharkan saudara lelakinya Joseph Raja Sepanyol pada tahun 1808. Orang Sepanyol dan Portugis memberontak dengan sokongan Inggeris. Perang Semenanjung berlangsung selama enam tahun, terkenal dengan peperangan gerila yang brutal, dan memuncak dalam kemenangan Allied. Pertempuran juga meletus di Eropah Tengah, ketika Austria melancarkan serangan lain terhadap Perancis pada 1809. Napoleon mengalahkan mereka di Pertempuran Wagram, membubarkan Koalisi Kelima yang dibentuk melawan Perancis. Pada tahun 1811, Napoleon memerintah lebih 70 juta orang di seluruh empayar yang mempunyai dominasi di Eropah, yang tidak menyaksikan tahap penyatuan politik sejak zaman Empayar Rom. Beliau mengekalkan status strategiknya melalui beberapa rangkaian pakatan dan pelantikan keluarga. Dia mencipta aristokrasi baru di Perancis sambil membenarkan kembalinya para bangsawan yang telah dipaksa ke pengasingan oleh Revolusi. <> Kawasan apa yang Napoleon menyerang dalam usaha untuk memperluaskan Sistem Kontinental? || Iberia <> Siapa yang Napoleon mengisytiharkan Raja Sepanyol pada tahun 1808? || saudaranya Yusuf <> Berapa lama peperangan Semenanjung? || enam tahun <> kemenangan Napoleon di mana pertempuran menyebabkan kemusnahan Koalisi Kelima? || Pertempuran Wagram <> Pada tahun 1811, apakah populasi Empayar Napoleon? || lebih 70 juta orang", {"qas": [{"question": "What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?", "id": "57264acb708984140094c1a9", "answers": [{"text": "Iberia", "answer_start": 58}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?", "id": "57264acb708984140094c1aa", "answers": [{"text": "his brother Joseph", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Peninsular War last?", "id": "57264acb708984140094c1ab", "answers": [{"text": "six years", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?", "id": "57264acb708984140094c1ac", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Wagram", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?", "id": "57264acb708984140094c1ad", "answers": [{"text": "over 70 million people", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupted in Central Europe, as the Austrians launched another attack against the French in 1809. Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France. By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire. He maintained his strategic status through a series of alliances and family appointments. He created a new aristocracy in France while allowing the return of nobles who had been forced into exile by the Revolution."}], ["Ketegangan terhadap nasionalisme Poland yang semakin meningkat dan kesan ekonomi dari Sistem Kontinental membawa kepada konfrontasi yang diperbaharui dengan Rusia. Untuk menguatkuasakan sekatannya, Napoleon melancarkan serangan ke Rusia pada musim panas tahun 1812. Kempen yang dihasilkan menyaksikan keruntuhan bencana Tentera Darat, memaksa Perancis berundur, serta membawa kepada kemusnahan tanah dan bandar Rusia. Pada tahun 1813, Prussia dan Austria menyertai pasukan Rusia dalam Koalisi Keenam melawan Perancis. Kempen tentera yang kacak di Eropah Tengah akhirnya memuncak dalam tentera bersekutu besar yang mengalahkan Napoleon di Pertempuran Leipzig pada bulan Oktober. Pada tahun berikutnya, pihak Allies menyerang Perancis dan menawan Paris, memaksa Napoleon membatalkannya pada April 1814. Dia dibuang ke pulau Elba. The Bourbons telah dipulihkan menjadi kuasa dan Perancis kehilangan sebagian besar wilayah yang mereka telah menaklukkan sejak Revolusi. Walau bagaimanapun, Napoleon melarikan diri dari Elba pada bulan Februari 1815 dan menguasai kerajaan sekali lagi. Sekutu bertindak balas dengan membentuk Koalisi Ketujuh, yang akhirnya mengalahkan Napoleon di Pertempuran Waterloo pada bulan Jun. Tentera Laut Diraja kemudian menggagalkan rancangannya untuk melepaskan diri ke Amerika Syarikat pada bulan Julai, jadi dia menyerah kepada British selepas kehabisan pilihan lain. British mengasingkannya ke pulau terpencil Saint Helena di Atlantik Selatan. Kematiannya pada tahun 1821 pada usia 51 telah diterima dengan kejutan dan kesedihan di seluruh Eropah. Pada tahun 1840, sejuta orang menyaksikan mayatnya kembali ke Paris, di mana mereka masih tinggal di Les Invalides. <> Negara apa Napoleon menyerang pada tahun 1812 untuk menguatkuasakan sekatannya? || Rusia <> Pencerobohan Rusia pada tahun 1812 mengakibatkan keruntuhan unit ketenteraan? || Tentara Besar <> Pada tahun apakah pembentukan Keenam Keenam itu? || 1813 <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Rusia, Koalisi Keenam terdiri daripada pasukan dari mana dua negara? || Prussia dan Austria <> Pada tahun berapa pihak Allies menawan Paris dan memaksa abdication Napoleon? || 1814", {"qas": [{"question": "What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?", "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1cd", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?", "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1ce", "answers": [{"text": "the Grand Army", "answer_start": 283}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?", "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1cf", "answers": [{"text": "1813", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?", "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1d0", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia and Austria", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?", "id": "57264d3a708984140094c1d1", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 742}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides."}], ["Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte (/ n\u0259po\u028ali\u0259n, -po\u028alj\u0259n /; Bahasa Perancis: [nap\u0254le\u0254 b\u0254napa\u0281t], dilahirkan di Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 Ogos 1769 - 5 Mei 1821) adalah seorang ketua Perancis dan ketua politik yang menonjol semasa Revolusi Perancis dan memimpin beberapa kempen yang berjaya semasa Perang Revolusi. Sebagai Napoleon I, beliau adalah Maharaja Perancis dari tahun 1804 hingga 1814, dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1815. Napoleon menguasai urusan Eropah dan global selama lebih dari satu dekad sambil mengetuai Perancis melawan beberapa gabungan dalam Perang Napoleon. Dia memenangi sebahagian besar peperangan ini dan sebahagian besar pertempurannya, membina sebuah empayar besar yang memerintah benua Eropah sebelum kejatuhan terakhirnya pada 1815. Sering dianggap salah satu komandan terbesar dalam sejarah, peperangan dan kempennya dipelajari di sekolah-sekolah tentera di seluruh dunia . Beliau juga kekal sebagai salah seorang tokoh politik paling terkenal dan kontroversi dalam sejarah Barat. Dalam hal ehwal awam, Napoleon mempunyai impak jangka panjang yang besar dengan membawa reformasi liberal ke wilayah-wilayah yang ditaklukinya, terutama Negara-negara Rendah, Switzerland, dan sebahagian besar dari Itali dan Jerman moden. Beliau melaksanakan dasar-dasar liberal yang asas di Perancis dan di seluruh Eropah Barat. [Note 1] Pencapaian undang-undangnya yang kekal, Kod Napoleon, telah diterapkan dalam pelbagai bentuk oleh seperempat sistem perundangan dunia, dari Jepun ke Quebec. <> Bilakah Napoleon Bonaparte dilahirkan? || 15 Ogos 1769 <> Apakah kewarganegaraan Napoleon Bonaparte? || Perancis <> Bilakah empayar Napoleon Bonaparte akhirnya runtuh? || 1815 <> Bilakah Napoleon Bonaparte mati? || 5 Mei 1821 <> Semasa peristiwa sejarah apa Napoleon bangkit menjadi terkenal? || Revolusi Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?", "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcb9", "answers": [{"text": "15 August 1769", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?", "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcbb", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?", "id": "57263f11ec44d21400f3dcbd", "answers": [{"text": "1815", "answer_start": 679}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?", "id": "572649185951b619008f6f0e", "answers": [{"text": "5 May 1821", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?", "id": "572649185951b619008f6f10", "answers": [{"text": "the French Revolution", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte (/n\u0259\u02c8po\u028ali\u0259n, -\u02c8po\u028alj\u0259n/; French: [nap\u0254le\u0254\u0303 b\u0254napa\u0281t], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 \u2013 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec."}], ["Setelah pulang dari Mesir, Napoleon telah merancang rampasan kuasa pada bulan November 1799 dan menjadi Konsul Pertama Republik. Satu lagi kemenangan ke atas Austria di Pertempuran Marengo pada tahun 1800 mendapat kekuatan politiknya. Dengan Concordat 1801, Napoleon memulihkan keistimewaan agama Gereja Katolik sambil menjaga tanah yang dirampas oleh Revolusi. Negara terus mencalonkan para uskup dan mengawal kewangan gereja. Beliau memperluas kawalan politiknya ke Perancis sehingga Senat mengisytiharkan beliau Maharaja Perancis pada tahun 1804, melancarkan Empayar Perancis. Perbezaan yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan dengan British bermakna bahawa Perancis menghadapi Gabungan Ketiga pada 1805. Napoleon menghancurkan gabungan ini dengan kemenangan tegas dalam Kempen Ulm dan kejayaan bersejarah di Pertempuran Austerlitz, yang membawa kepada penghapusan Empayar Rom Suci. Walau bagaimanapun pada Oktober 1805, sebuah armada Franco-Sepanyol telah dimusnahkan di Pertempuran Trafalgar, membolehkan Britain mengenakan sekatan laut di pantai Perancis. Sebagai membalas dendam, Napoleon mendirikan Sistem Kontinental pada tahun 1806 untuk memotong perdagangan kontinental dengan Britain. Koalisi Keempat mengambil senjata melawannya pada tahun yang sama kerana Prussia bimbang tentang pengaruh Perancis yang semakin meningkat di benua itu. Napoleon mengetuk Prussia di pertempuran Jena dan Auerstedt, kemudian mengalihkan perhatiannya kepada Rusia dan memusnahkan mereka pada bulan Jun 1807 di Friedland, yang memaksa orang Rusia menerima Perjanjian Tilsit. <> Kuasa politik Napoleon dijamin oleh kemenangannya di mana 1800 pertempuran? || Pertempuran Marengo <> Pada Concordat tahun 1801, Napoleon memulihkan keistimewaan agama apa entiti? || Gereja Katolik <> Bilakah Senat Perancis mengisytiharkan Maharaja Napoleon? || 1804 Kemenangan Napoleon di mana peperangan membawa kepada penghujung Empayar Rom Suci? || Pertempuran Austerlitz <> Keputusan peperangan yang membolehkan Inggeris melarang pantai Perancis? || Pertempuran Trafalgar", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?", "id": "5726486f708984140094c153", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Marengo", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity? ", "id": "5726486f708984140094c154", "answers": [{"text": "the Catholic Church", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?", "id": "5726486f708984140094c155", "answers": [{"text": "1804", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5726486f708984140094c156", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Austerlitz", "answer_start": 772}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?", "id": "5726486f708984140094c157", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Trafalgar", "answer_start": 919}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After returning from Egypt, Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power. With the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution. The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances. He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804, launching the French Empire. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire. In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts. In retaliation, Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806 to cut off continental trade with Britain. The Fourth Coalition took up arms against him the same year because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon knocked out Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then turned his attention towards the Russians and annihilated them in June 1807 at Friedland, which forced the Russians to accept the Treaties of Tilsit."}], ["Ketua Bonaparte dan ekspedisinya tidak dapat mengejar Tentera Laut Diraja dan mendarat di Alexandria pada 1 Julai. Dia berperang dengan Pertempuran Shubra Khit terhadap Mamluk, kasta tentera Mesir yang memerintah. Ini membantu Perancis mengamalkan taktik pertahanan mereka untuk Pertempuran Piramid, bertempur pada 21 Julai, kira-kira 24 km (15 batu) dari piramid. Tentera Bonaparte yang berjumlah 25,000 hampir sama dengan pasukan berkuda Mesir Mamluk. Dua puluh sembilan orang Perancis dan kira-kira 2,000 orang Mesir dibunuh. Kemenangan itu mendorong semangat tentera Perancis. <> Sebelum mendarat di Alexandria, Napoleon berjaya mengelakkan entiti ketenteraan? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Pada tarikh apa Napoleon mendarat di Alexandria? || 1 Julai <> Peperangan apa yang dilakukan Napoleon terhadap Mamluk? || Pertempuran Shubra Khit <> Apakah nama kelas ketenteraan Mesir yang dominan? || Mamluk <> Seberapa banyak orang Mesir kehilangan nyawa mereka dalam Pertempuran Piramid? || 2,000", {"qas": [{"question": "Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?", "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ab", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?", "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ac", "answers": [{"text": "1 July", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?", "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ad", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Shubra Khit", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?", "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5ae", "answers": [{"text": "the Mamluks", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?", "id": "57266e0b708984140094c5af", "answers": [{"text": "2,000", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army."}], ["Bonaparte bermula dengan tentera 13,000 orang; 1,500 dilaporkan hilang, 1,200 meninggal dunia dalam pertempuran, dan beribu-ribu tewas akibat penyakit-kebanyakannya wabak bubonic. Dia gagal mengurangkan benteng Acre, jadi ia pulang ke Mesir pada bulan Mei. Untuk mempercepat pengunduran, Bonaparte mengarahkan lelaki yang dilanda penyakit yang akan diracuni dengan opium; bilangan yang mati masih dipertikaikan, dari rendah 30 hingga tinggi 580. Dia juga mengeluarkan 1,000 orang yang cedera. Kembali ke Mesir pada 25 Julai, Bonaparte mengalahkan pencerobohan amfibia Uthmaniyyah di Abukir. <> Berapa ramai lelaki dalam tentera Napoleon ketika pertempuran bermula? || 13,000 <> Berapa banyak askar dalam tentera Napoleon mati dalam pertempuran? || 1,200 <> Berapa banyak askar dari tentera Napoleon dilaporkan hilang? || 1,500 <> Apa penyakit yang membawa korban paling berat kepada tentera Napoleon? || Wabak bubonic <> Untuk mempercepat pengundurannya ke Mesir, Napoleon memerintahkan keracunan orang sakit dengan apa bahannya? || candu", {"qas": [{"question": "How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?", "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd0", "answers": [{"text": "13,000", "answer_start": 32}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?", "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd1", "answers": [{"text": "1,200", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?", "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd2", "answers": [{"text": "1,500", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?", "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd3", "answers": [{"text": "bubonic plague", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?", "id": "5726715df1498d1400e8dfd4", "answers": [{"text": "opium", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease\u2014mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir."}], ["Bonaparte boleh memenangi pertempuran dengan menyembunyikan penyebaran pasukan dan kepekatan pasukannya pada 'engsel' depan yang lemah. Sekiranya dia tidak dapat menggunakan strategi menyelamat kegemarannya, dia akan mengambil kedudukan tengah dan menyerang dua pasukan bersama di engsel mereka, bulat bulat untuk melawan satu sehingga melarikan diri, kemudian berhadapan dengan yang lain. Dalam kempen Itali ini, tentera Bonaparte menangkap 150,000 tawanan, 540 meriam, dan 170 piawai. Tentera Perancis melancarkan 67 aksi dan memenangi 18 pertempuran yang ditembak menerusi teknologi artileri yang unggul dan taktik Bonaparte. <> Apakah strategi kegemaran Napoleon? || penutupan <> Berapa ramai tawanan menawan tentera Napoleon dalam kempen Itali? || 150,000 <> Berapa banyak meriam yang menangkap tentera Napoleon dalam kempen Itali? || 540 <> Di kawasan apa tentera Perancis mempamerkan teknologi unggul kepada lawan-lawannya? || artileri <> Berapa banyak piawai yang ditangkap tentera Napoleon dalam kempen Itali? || 170", {"qas": [{"question": "What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?", "id": "5726684d708984140094c505", "answers": [{"text": "envelopment", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?", "id": "5726684d708984140094c506", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?", "id": "5726684d708984140094c507", "answers": [{"text": "540", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?", "id": "5726684d708984140094c508", "answers": [{"text": "artillery", "answer_start": 536}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?", "id": "5726684d708984140094c509", "answers": [{"text": "170", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics."}], ["Dua hari selepas perkahwinan itu, Bonaparte meninggalkan Paris untuk memerintah Angkatan Tentera Itali. Dia segera menyerang, dengan harapan dapat mengalahkan pasukan Piedmont sebelum sekutu Austria mereka boleh campur tangan. Dalam satu siri kemenangan cepat semasa Kempen Montenotte, dia mengetuk Piedmont dari perang dalam masa dua minggu. Perancis kemudian memberi tumpuan kepada Austria untuk baki peperangan, yang mana menjadi perjuangan yang berlarutan untuk Mantua. Orang Austria melancarkan satu siri serangan terhadap Perancis untuk memecahkan pengepungan itu, tetapi Napoleon mengalahkan setiap usaha bantuan, menjaringkan kemenangan yang ketara di pertempuran Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, dan Rivoli. Kejayaan Perancis yang menentukan di Rivoli pada Januari 1797 menyebabkan kejatuhan kedudukan Austria di Itali. Di Rivoli, Austria kehilangan sehingga 14,000 orang manakala Perancis kehilangan kira-kira 5,000. <> Selepas pernikahannya, Napoleon meninggalkan Paris untuk memimpin pasukan apa? || Tentera Itali <> Di mana siri pertempuran Napoleon menghapuskan pasukan Piedmont dari perang? || Kempen Montenotte <> Bilakah kemenangan Perancis di Rivoli berlaku? || Januari 1797 <> Sehingga berapa tentera Austria mati di Rivoli? || 14,000 <> Sekitar berapa banyak mangsa yang menimpa Perancis di Rivoli? || 5,000", {"qas": [{"question": "After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?", "id": "5726625e5951b619008f7119", "answers": [{"text": "the Army of Italy", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?", "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711a", "answers": [{"text": "the Montenotte Campaign", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?", "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711b", "answers": [{"text": "January 1797", "answer_start": 716}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?", "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711c", "answers": [{"text": "14,000", "answer_start": 820}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?", "id": "5726625e5951b619008f711d", "answers": [{"text": "5,000", "answer_start": 859}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000."}], ["Fasa seterusnya kempen ini menampilkan pencerobohan Perancis terhadap jantung Habsburg. Tentera Perancis di Jerman Selatan telah dikalahkan oleh Archduke Charles pada tahun 1796, tetapi Archduke menarik pasukannya untuk melindungi Vienna selepas mempelajari tentang serangan Napoleon. Dalam pertemuan pertama yang ketara antara kedua-dua komandan itu, Napoleon menolak lawannya dan mendekati wilayah Austria setelah memenangi Pertempuran Tarvis pada bulan Mac 1797. Orang Austria terkejut oleh teras Perancis yang sampai ke Leoben, sekitar 100 km dari Vienna, dan akhirnya memutuskan untuk menuntut damai. Perjanjian Leoben, diikuti oleh Perjanjian yang lebih komprehensif Campo Formio, memberikan kawalan Perancis terhadap kebanyakan Itali utara dan Negara-negara Rendah, dan klausa rahasia menjanjikan Republik Venice ke Austria. Bonaparte berarak di Venice dan memaksa penyerahannya, menamatkan 1,100 tahun kemerdekaan. Dia juga memberi kuasa kepada Perancis untuk merampas khazanah seperti Kuda Saint Mark. <> Pada tahun apakah Perancis kalah di Jerman Selatan oleh Archduke Charles? || 1796 <Selepas serangan Napoleon, Archduke menarik balik pasukannya untuk mempertahankan bandar mana? || Vienna <> Apakah konfrontasi pertama yang perlu diberi perhatian antara Napoleon dan Archduke Charles? || Pertempuran Tarvis <> Bilakah Pertempuran Tarvis berlaku? || Mac 1797 <> Berapa lamakah penyerbuan Perancis ke Leoben datang ke Vienna? || 100 km", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?", "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de72", "answers": [{"text": "1796", "answer_start": 167}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?", "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de73", "answers": [{"text": "Vienna", "answer_start": 221}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?", "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de74", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Tarvis", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?", "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de75", "answers": [{"text": "March 1797", "answer_start": 445}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?", "id": "5726672df1498d1400e8de76", "answers": [{"text": "100 km", "answer_start": 547}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark."}], ["Pada 1 Ogos, armada British di bawah Horatio Nelson menangkap atau memusnahkan semua tetapi dua kapal Perancis di Pertempuran Sungai Nil, mengalahkan matlamat Bonaparte untuk memperkuat kedudukan Perancis di Mediterranean. Tenteranya telah berjaya meningkatkan kuasa Perancis sementara di Mesir, walaupun ia berhadapan dengan pemberontakan. Pada awal 1799, beliau menggerakkan tentera ke wilayah Uthmaniyyah Damsyik (Syria dan Galilea). Bonaparte mengetuai 13,000 tentera Perancis dalam penaklukan pekan pesisir Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, dan Haifa. Serangan ke atas Jaffa amat kejam. Bonaparte mendapati bahawa banyak pembela adalah bekas tahanan perang, seolah-olah bersyarat, jadi dia memerintahkan pasukan pengawal dan 1,400 tahanan untuk dilaksanakan oleh bayonet atau lemas untuk menyelamatkan peluru. Lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak dirompak dan dibunuh selama tiga hari. <> Dalam pertempuran apakah kapal British merampas atau memusnahkan sebahagian besar kapal Perancis di Mesir? || Pertempuran Sungai Nil <> Yang mengetuai British semasa Pertempuran Sungai Nil? || Horatio Nelson <> Pada tahun berapa Napoleon memimpin tenteranya ke Damsyik? || 1799 <> Berapa banyak tentera yang ada dalam tentera Napoleon yang membawa ke Damsyik? || 13,000 <> Semasa pertempuran di Damsyik, serangan di mana bandar itu tahu tentang kekejamannya? || Jaffa", {"qas": [{"question": "In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?", "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e3", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of the Nile", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?", "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e4", "answers": [{"text": "Horatio Nelson", "answer_start": 37}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?", "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e5", "answers": [{"text": "1799", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?", "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e6", "answers": [{"text": "13,000", "answer_start": 431}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?", "id": "57266f58708984140094c5e7", "answers": [{"text": "Jaffa", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days."}], ["Dia dipindahkan ke Biro Topografi Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Awam dan berusaha tidak berjaya dipindahkan ke Constantinople untuk menawarkan perkhidmatannya kepada Sultan. Dalam tempoh ini, beliau menulis novella romantis Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie, tentang seorang askar dan kekasihnya, sejajar dengan hubungan Bonaparte sendiri dengan D\u00e9sir\u00e9e. Pada 15 September, Bonaparte dikeluarkan dari senarai jeneral dalam perkhidmatan tetap kerana keengganannya untuk berkhidmat dalam kempen Vend\u00e9e. Dia menghadapi situasi kewangan yang sukar dan prospek kerjaya yang berkurangan. <> Selepas beliau berpindah ke Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Awam, di mana Napoleon tidak berjaya cuba dipindahkan ke? || Constantinople <> Diilhamkan oleh hubungannya sendiri, apa kisah romantis yang dilakukan oleh penulis Napoleon? || Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie <> Pada tarikh apa Napoleon telah melepaskan senarai jeneral dalam perkhidmatan kerana penolakannya untuk berkhidmat di Vend\u00e9e? || 15 September <> Di mana jabatan Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Awam telah berkhidmat di Napoleon? || Biro Topografi <> Novel Napoleon \"Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie\" didasarkan pada hubungannya dengan siapa? || D\u00e9sir\u00e9e", {"qas": [{"question": "After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?", "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e5", "answers": [{"text": "Constantinople", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?", "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e6", "answers": [{"text": "Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vend\u00e9e?", "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e7", "answers": [{"text": "15 September", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?", "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e8", "answers": [{"text": "the Bureau of Topography", "answer_start": 16}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's novella \"Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie\" was based on his relationship with whom?", "id": "57265f7e5951b619008f70e9", "answers": [{"text": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9e", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with D\u00e9sir\u00e9e. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vend\u00e9e campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects."}], ["Walaupun kegagalan di Mesir, Napoleon kembali kepada sambutan pahlawan. Beliau menjalin kerjasama dengan pengarah Emmanuel Joseph Siey\u00e8s, saudaranya Lucien, pembicara Majlis Lima Ratus Roger Ducos, pengarah Joseph Fouch\u00e9, dan Talleyrand, dan mereka menggulingkan Direktori oleh kudeta pada 9 November 1799 (\" Brumaire ke-18 \"mengikut kalendar revolusioner), menutup majlis lima ratus. Napoleon menjadi \"konsul pertama\" selama sepuluh tahun, dengan dua konsul yang dilantik olehnya yang mempunyai suara konsultasi sahaja. Kuasa beliau telah disahkan oleh \"Perlembagaan Tahun VIII\" baru, yang pada asalnya dicipta oleh Siey\u00e8s untuk memberi Napoleon sebagai peranan kecil, tetapi ditulis oleh Napoleon, dan diterima oleh undi popular langsung (3,000,000 yang memihak, 1,567 bertentangan). Perlembagaan mengekalkan kemunculan sebuah republik tetapi pada hakikatnya menubuhkan diktator. <> Sekutu Napoleon Roger Ducos adalah pembicara untuk organisasi apa? || Majlis Lima Ratus <> Pada tarikh apa persekutuan Napoleon menggulingkan Direktori? || 9 November 1799 <> Rampasan kuasa Napoleon terhadap direktori mengakibatkan penutupan organisasi apa? || majlis lima ratus <Selepas rampasan kuasa terhadap Direktori, apa pejabat politik yang dilakukan oleh Napoleon? || \"konsul pertama\" <> Apakah perhitungan undi popular yang memihak kepada \"Perlembagaan Tahun VIII\"? || 3,000,000", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?", "id": "57267326dd62a815002e853e", "answers": [{"text": "the Council of Five Hundred", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?", "id": "57267326dd62a815002e853f", "answers": [{"text": "9 November 1799", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?", "id": "57267326dd62a815002e8540", "answers": [{"text": "the council of five hundred", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?", "id": "57267326dd62a815002e8541", "answers": [{"text": "\"first consul\"", "answer_start": 439}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the \"Constitution of the Year VIII\"?", "id": "57267326dd62a815002e8542", "answers": [{"text": "3,000,000", "answer_start": 729}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Siey\u00e8s, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouch\u00e9, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'\u00e9tat on 9 November 1799 (\"the 18th Brumaire\" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became \"first consul\" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new \"Constitution of the Year VIII\", originally devised by Siey\u00e8s to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship."}], ["Semasa kempen, Bonaparte menjadi semakin berpengaruh dalam politik Perancis. Beliau mengasaskan dua surat khabar: satu untuk tentera di tenteranya dan satu lagi untuk edaran di Perancis. Para pengganas menyerang Bonaparte kerana menjarah Itali dan memberi amaran bahawa dia mungkin menjadi diktator. Semua mengatakan, pasukan Napoleon mengekstrak kira-kira $ 45 juta dalam dana dari Itali semasa kempen mereka di sana, $ 12 juta lain dalam logam berharga dan permata; di atasnya, tenteranya merampas lebih daripada tiga ratus lukisan dan patung yang tidak ternilai. Bonaparte menghantar Jeneral Pierre Augereau ke Paris untuk mengetuai rampasan kuasa dan membersihkan para diraja pada 4 September-Coup of 18 Fructidor. Ini meninggalkan Barras dan sekutu Republiknya yang dikendalikan sekali lagi tetapi bergantung kepada Bonaparte, yang meneruskan perundingan damai dengan Austria. Rundingan ini mengakibatkan Perjanjian Campo Formio, dan Bonaparte kembali ke Paris pada bulan Disember sebagai wira. Beliau bertemu dengan Talleyrand, Menteri Luar Negeri Perancis baru-baru ini yang kemudiannya berkhidmat dengan keupayaan yang sama untuk Maharaja Napoleon-dan mereka mula mempersiapkan serangan terhadap Britain. <> Untuk apa tindakan semasa kempen Itali adakah para penguasa mengutuk Bonaparte? || Penjarahan <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibawa oleh tentera Napoleon dari Itali semasa konflik di sana? || $ 45 juta <> Kira-kira berapa banyak lukisan dan patung yang berharga yang dilakukan pasukan Napoleon dari Itali semasa kempen di sana? || tiga ratus <> Apakah nama umum dihantar ke Paris oleh Napoleon untuk menganjurkan rampasan kuasa terhadap para diraja di sana? || Pierre Augereau <> Perundingan damai Napoleon dengan Austria membawa perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian Campo Formio", {"qas": [{"question": "For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?", "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df32", "answers": [{"text": "looting", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?", "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df33", "answers": [{"text": "$45 million", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?", "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df34", "answers": [{"text": "three-hundred", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?", "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df35", "answers": [{"text": "Pierre Augereau", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?", "id": "57266bb4f1498d1400e8df36", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Campo Formio", "answer_start": 832}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'\u00e9tat and purge the royalists on 4 September\u2014Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister\u2014who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon\u2014and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain."}], ["Napoleon menubuhkan sebuah sistem politik yang sejarawan Martyn Lyons menyebut \"pemerintahan diktator oleh plebisit.\" Ragu-ragu oleh pasukan demokratik yang dilancarkan oleh Revolusi, tetapi tidak mahu mengabaikannya sepenuhnya, Napoleon menggunakan konsultasi pilihan raya biasa dengan orang-orang Perancis di jalannya untuk kekuasaan imperialis. Dia merangka Perlembagaan Tahun VIII dan mendapat pilihan sendiri sebagai Konsul Pertama, yang tinggal di Tuileries. Perlembagaan diluluskan dalam plebisit yang dicetuskan pada Januari berikutnya, dengan 99.94 peratus secara rasmi disenaraikan sebagai pengundian \"ya.\" Saudara lelaki Napoleon, Lucien, telah memalsukan pulangan untuk menunjukkan bahawa 3 juta orang telah mengambil bahagian dalam plebisit itu; jumlah sebenar adalah 1.5 juta. Pemerhati politik pada masa itu mengandaikan masyarakat mengundi Perancis yang layak berjumlah kira-kira 5 juta orang, sehingga rejim secara artifisial menggandakan kadar penyertaan untuk menunjukkan semangat popular untuk Konsulat. Dalam beberapa bulan pertama Konsulat, dengan perang di Eropah masih mengamuk dan ketidakstabilan dalaman masih melanda negara, cengkaman Napoleon pada kekuasaan tetap sangat lemah. <> Apa istilah sejarawan Martin Lyons untuk sistem politik yang dicipta oleh Napoleon? || \"pemerintahan diktator oleh plebisit.\" <> Apakah nama perlembagaan yang digubal oleh Napoleon? || Perlembagaan Tahun VIII <> Selepas pemilihannya ke Konsul Pertama, di mana Napoleon mengambil tempat tinggal? || Tuileries. <> Berapa peratuskah undi direkodkan sebagai meluluskan perlembagaan Napoleon? || 99.94 <> Berapakah bilangan sebenar orang yang mengambil bahagian dalam plebisit yang meluluskan perlembagaan Napoleon? || 1.5 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?", "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8622", "answers": [{"text": "\"dictatorship by plebiscite.\"", "answer_start": 75}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?", "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8623", "answers": [{"text": "the Constitution of the Year VIII", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "  After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?", "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8624", "answers": [{"text": "the Tuileries.", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?", "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8625", "answers": [{"text": "99.94", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?", "id": "57267838dd62a815002e8626", "answers": [{"text": "1.5 million", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called \"dictatorship by plebiscite.\" Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting \"yes.\" Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous."}], ["Untuk mengembangkan kuasanya, Napoleon menggunakan plot pembunuhan ini untuk mewajarkan penciptaan sistem kekaisaran berdasarkan model Rom. Dia percaya bahawa pemulihan Bourbon akan menjadi lebih sukar jika penggantian keluarganya bertegas dalam perlembagaan. Melancarkan satu lagi referendum, Napoleon dipilih sebagai Maharaja Perancis dengan tally melebihi 99%. Sama seperti Konsul Kehidupan dua tahun yang lalu, referendum ini menghasilkan penyertaan yang berat, membawa hampir 3.6 juta pengundi ke pemilihan. <> Sistem kekaisaran Napoleon dibuat berdasarkan model apa? || Roman <> Apa yang digunakan Napoleon untuk mewajarkan penciptaannya terhadap sistem imperialis? || plot pembunuhan <> Napoleon menulis penggantian keluarganya ke dalam perlembagaan dalam usaha untuk mencegah pemulihan apa yang dahulu keluarga berkuasa? || Bourbon <> Napoleon dipilih Maharaja Perancis dengan lebih daripada apa peratusan pengundi? || 99% <> Berapa banyak pengundi mengambil bahagian dalam pilihan raya yang membuat Napoleon Maharaja Perancis? || 3.6 juta", {"qas": [{"question": "The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?", "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e284", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?", "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e285", "answers": [{"text": "assassination plots", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?", "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e286", "answers": [{"text": "Bourbon", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?", "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e287", "answers": [{"text": "99%", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?", "id": "57268554f1498d1400e8e288", "answers": [{"text": "3.6 million", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls."}], ["Semasa Konsulat, Napoleon menghadapi beberapa plot pemerasan diraja dan Jacobin, termasuk Konspirasi des poignards (plot Dagger) pada bulan Oktober 1800 dan Plot Rue Saint-Nicaise (juga dikenali sebagai Mesin Infernal) dua bulan kemudian. Pada Januari 1804, polisnya menemui sebuah rencana pembunuhan terhadapnya yang melibatkan Moreau dan yang ditaja oleh keluarga Bourbon, bekas raja-raja Perancis. Atas nasihat Talleyrand, Napoleon memerintahkan penculikan Duke of Enghien, melanggar kedaulatan Baden. Duke segera disempurnakan selepas perbicaraan ketenteraan rahsia, walaupun dia tidak terlibat dalam plot itu. Pelaksanaan Enghien menyerang mahkamah diraja di seluruh Eropah, menjadi salah satu faktor politik yang menyumbang untuk meletusnya Perang Napoleon. <> Apakah nama rencana pembunuhan terhadap Napoleon yang juga dikenali sebagai Mesin Infernal? || Plot Rue Saint-Nicaise <> Bilakah kejadian-kejadian yang berlaku pada Konspirasi? || Oktober 1800 <> Keluarga apa yang sepatutnya menyokong rencana pembunuhan 1804 Januari yang menyasarkan Napoleon? || keluarga Bourbon <> Apa nama lain untuk konspirasi des poignards? || Plot peluru <> Penculikan Duke of Enghien melanggar kedaulatan tempat asal? || Baden", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?", "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c6", "answers": [{"text": "the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?", "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c7", "answers": [{"text": "October 1800", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?", "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c8", "answers": [{"text": "the Bourbon family", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?", "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87c9", "answers": [{"text": "Dagger plot", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?", "id": "5726831edd62a815002e87ca", "answers": [{"text": "Baden", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars."}], ["Walaupun pengkritik telah menyalahkan Napoleon untuk beberapa kesilapan taktikal sebelum pertempuran, mereka juga memuji keberaniannya untuk memilih strategi kempen yang berisiko, memilih untuk menyerang semenanjung Itali dari utara apabila majoriti penyerbuan Perancis datang dari barat, dekat atau sepanjang garis pantai. Seperti yang ditunjukkan Chandler, Napoleon menghabiskan hampir satu tahun untuk mendapatkan Austria daripada Itali dalam kempen pertamanya; pada tahun 1800, ia mengambil masa hanya sebulan untuk mencapai matlamat yang sama. Ahli strategi dan medan lapangan Jerman, Alfred von Schlieffen menyimpulkan bahawa \"Bonaparte tidak memusnahkan musuhnya tetapi menghapuskannya dan menjadikannya tidak berbahaya\" ketika \"mencapai tujuan kempen: penaklukan Itali Utara.\" <> Dari arah mana Napoleon memilih untuk menyerang Itali? || utara <> Arah apakah pencerobohan Perancis dari Itali biasanya berasal? || barat <> Sekitar berapa lama ia mengambil Napoleon untuk mendorong Austria keluar dari Itali dalam pengalaman pertamanya di sana? || setahun <> Berapa lama Napoleon memaksa Austria dari Itali pada tahun 1800? || sebulan <> Menurut Alfred von Shlieffen, apa tujuan 1800 kampanye Napoleon di Italia? || penaklukan Itali Utara", {"qas": [{"question": "From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?", "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86b8", "answers": [{"text": "the north", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?", "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86b9", "answers": [{"text": "the west", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?", "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86ba", "answers": [{"text": "a year", "answer_start": 361}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?", "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86bb", "answers": [{"text": "a month", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?", "id": "57267bd6dd62a815002e86bc", "answers": [{"text": "the conquest of North Italy", "answer_start": 692}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that \"Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless\" while \"[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy.\""}], ["Pengukuhan Napoleon berlaku pada 2 Disember 1804. Dua mahkota yang berasingan telah dibawa untuk upacara: emas bunga laurel emas yang mengingatkan Empayar Rom dan replika mahkota Charlemagne. Napoleon memasuki upacara memakai laurel wreath dan menyimpannya di kepalanya sepanjang prosesnya. Untuk penobatan rasmi, dia mengangkat mahkota Charlemagne ke atas kepalanya sendiri dalam isyarat simbolik, tetapi tidak pernah meletakkannya di atas kerana dia sudah memakai karangan bunga emas. Sebaliknya dia meletakkan mahkota pada kepala Josephine, acara yang diperingati dalam lukisan yang disahkan secara rasmi oleh Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon juga dinobatkan sebagai Raja Itali, dengan Mahkota Besi Lombardy, di Katedral Milan pada 26 Mei 1805. Dia menciptakan lapan belas Marshal Empayar dari kalangan jenderalnya untuk memastikan kesetiaan tentera. <> Pada tarikh apakah penobatan Napoleon berlaku? || 2 Disember 1804 <> Berapa banyak mahkota yang digunakan dalam upacara penobatan Napoleon? || Dua <> Selain Perancis, apa negara Napoleon yang dinobatkan sebagai raja? || Itali <> Kapan Napoleon dimahkotai Raja Itali? || 26 Mei 1805 <> Di manakah Napoleon dimahkotai Raja Itali? || di Katedral Milan", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?", "id": "572686845951b619008f7599", "answers": [{"text": "December 2, 1804", "answer_start": 36}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?", "id": "572686845951b619008f759a", "answers": [{"text": "Two", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?", "id": "572686845951b619008f759b", "answers": [{"text": "Italy", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?", "id": "572686845951b619008f759c", "answers": [{"text": "May 26, 1805", "answer_start": 717}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?", "id": "572686845951b619008f759d", "answers": [{"text": "at the Cathedral of Milan", "answer_start": 688}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army."}], ["Kemenangan Napoleon di Marengo mendapat kuasa politiknya dan meningkatkan popularitinya ke rumah, namun ia tidak membawa kepada keamanan segera. Saudara lelaki Bonaparte, Joseph, mengetuai rundingan kompleks di Lun\u00e9ville dan melaporkan bahawa Austria, yang diperkuat oleh sokongan British, tidak akan mengakui wilayah baru yang diperoleh Perancis. Ketika rundingan menjadi semakin rapuh, Bonaparte memberi arahan kepada jenderalnya Moreau untuk menyerang Austria sekali lagi. Moreau dan Perancis menyapu Bavaria dan menjaringkan kemenangan besar di Hohenlinden pada Disember 1800. Akibatnya, Austria mencabut dan menandatangani Perjanjian Lun\u00e9ville pada bulan Februari 1801. Perjanjian itu mengesahkan semula dan memperluas keuntungan Prancis sebelum ini di Campo Formio. Britain kini menjadi satu-satunya negara yang masih berperang dengan Perancis. <> Di manakah kemenangan Napoleon yang menguatkan kuasa politiknya dan meningkatkan popularitasnya di Perancis? || Marengo <> Di mana rundingan dengan Austria yang diketuai oleh abang Napoleon berlaku? || Lun\u00e9ville <> Apakah nama umum yang diperintahkan oleh Napoleon untuk melancarkan serangan lain terhadap Austria? || Moreau <> Apa nama perjanjian yang ditandatangani oleh Austria akibat kekalahan mereka di Hohenlinden? || Perjanjian Lun\u00e9ville <> Di manakah Moreau mencapai kemenangan besarnya terhadap Austria pada Disember 1800? || Hohenlinden", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?", "id": "57267da5708984140094c7e9", "answers": [{"text": "Marengo", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?", "id": "57267da5708984140094c7ea", "answers": [{"text": "Lun\u00e9ville", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?", "id": "57267da5708984140094c7eb", "answers": [{"text": "Moreau", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?", "id": "57267da5708984140094c7ec", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?", "id": "57267da5708984140094c7ed", "answers": [{"text": "Hohenlinden", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lun\u00e9ville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France."}], ["Napoleon tahu bahawa armada Perancis tidak dapat mengalahkan Tentera Laut Diraja dalam pertempuran kepala-kepala, jadi dia merancang untuk menariknya dari Saluran Bahasa Inggeris melalui taktik penyelewengan. Idea utama utama melibatkan Angkatan Laut Perancis melarikan diri dari blokade Britania Toulon dan Brest dan mengancam untuk menyerang Hindia Barat. Dalam menghadapi serangan ini, diharapkan, British akan melemahkan pertahanan mereka dari Pendekatan Barat dengan menghantar kapal ke Caribbean, membolehkan gabungan gabungan Franco-Spanish untuk menguasai saluran itu cukup lama untuk pasukan Perancis untuk menyeberang dan menyerang . Walau bagaimanapun, rancangan itu telah dibongkar selepas kemenangan British di Pertempuran Cape Finisterre pada bulan Julai 1805. Laksamana Perancis Villeneuve kemudian berundur ke C\u00e1diz daripada menghubungkan pasukan tentera laut Perancis di Brest untuk serangan ke atas Saluran Inggeris. <> Napoleon mengakui bahwa armada Perancis tidak cocok dengan armada apa yang saingan dalam pertempuran langsung? || Tentera Laut Diraja <> Perancangan Napoleon untuk mengalihkan British terlibat serangan Tentera Laut Perancis ke pulau apa? || Hindia Barat. <> Napoleon berharap serangan terhadap Hindia Barat akan menyebabkan pihak British mengurangi pertahanan mereka di mana? || Pendekatan Barat <> Napoleon's naval plan datang terpisah selepas kejayaan British di mana Pertempuran? || Pertempuran Cape Finisterre <> Bilakah Pertempuran Cape Finisterre berlaku? || Julai 1805", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?", "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1b", "answers": [{"text": "the Royal Navy", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?", "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1c", "answers": [{"text": "the West Indies.", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?", "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1d", "answers": [{"text": "the Western Approaches", "answer_start": 411}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?", "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1e", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Cape Finisterre", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?", "id": "57268f1b708984140094ca1f", "answers": [{"text": "July 1805", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to C\u00e1diz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel."}], ["Sebelum pembentukan Gabungan Ketiga, Napoleon telah mengumpulkan satu pasukan penyerang, Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre, sekitar enam kubu di Boulogne, Perancis Utara. Dia berhasrat menggunakan kuasa pencerobohan ini untuk menyerang di England. Mereka tidak pernah menyerang, tetapi pasukan Napoleon menerima latihan berhati-hati dan tidak ternilai untuk operasi tentera masa depan. Orang-orang di Boulogne membentuk inti untuk apa Napoleon kemudian menamakan La Grande Arm\u00e9e. Pada awalnya, tentera Perancis ini mempunyai kira-kira 200,000 lelaki yang diorganisir menjadi tujuh korps, yang merupakan unit medan besar yang mengandungi 36 hingga 40 meriam masing-masing dan mampu bertindak bebas sehingga korps lain boleh datang untuk menyelamatkan. Satu korps yang terletak betul-betul terletak dalam kedudukan bertahan yang kuat dapat bertahan sekurang-kurangnya sehari tanpa sokongan, memberikan Grande Arm\u00e9e banyak pilihan strategik dan taktikal pada setiap kempen. Di atas kuasa-kuasa ini, Napoleon mencipta rizab kavaleri 22.000 yang diorganisir menjadi dua bahagian cuirassier, empat bahagian dragoon dipasang, satu bahagian dragoons yang disalurkan, dan salah satu pasukan berkuda ringan, semuanya disokong oleh 24 kepingan artileri. Menjelang 1805, Grande Arm\u00e9e telah berkembang menjadi seramai 350,000 orang, yang dilengkapi dengan baik, terlatih, dan dipimpin oleh pegawai yang berwibawa. <> Apakah nama pasukan penyerbuan memaksa Napoleon dipasang sebelum penciptaan Gabungan Ketiga? || Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre <> Di mana di Perancis Utara terdapat kem-kem di Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre? || Boulogne <> Negara mana yang dimaksudkan oleh Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre? || England <> Apakah nama organisasi ketenteraan yang kemudian bahawa Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre membentuk asas? || La Grande Arm\u00e9e. <> Berapa ramai lelaki di Grande Arm\u00e9e pada 1805? || 350,000", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?", "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e388", "answers": [{"text": "the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Northern France were the camps of the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre located?", "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e389", "answers": [{"text": "Boulogne", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What country was the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre intended to strike at?", "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e38a", "answers": [{"text": "England", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the later military organization that the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?", "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e38b", "answers": [{"text": "La Grande Arm\u00e9e.", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many men were in the Grande Arm\u00e9e by 1805?", "id": "57268d2df1498d1400e8e38c", "answers": [{"text": "350,000", "answer_start": 1137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Arm\u00e9e. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Arm\u00e9e countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Arm\u00e9e had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers."}], ["Selepas satu dekad peperangan yang berterusan, Perancis dan Britain menandatangani Perjanjian Amien pada bulan Mac 1802, sehingga Perang Revolusi berakhir. Amiens menyeru penarikan tentera British dari wilayah kolonial baru-baru ini dan juga jaminan untuk mengurangkan tujuan pengembangan Republik Perancis. Dengan Eropah pada kedamaian dan ekonomi pulih, popularitas Napoleon melonjak ke peringkat tertinggi di bawah Konsulat, baik di dalam dan di luar negara. Dalam plebisit baru pada musim bunga 1802, orang awam Perancis keluar dalam jumlah besar untuk meluluskan perlembagaan yang membuat Konsulat tetap, pada dasarnya mengangkat Napoleon kepada diktator untuk hidup. Manakala plebisit dua tahun lebih awal telah mengeluarkan 1.5 juta orang ke pemilihan, referendum baru menarik 3.6 juta untuk pergi dan mengundi (72% daripada semua pengundi yang layak). Tiada pengundian rahsia pada 1802 dan beberapa orang mahu secara terbuka menentang rejim itu; perlembagaan mendapat kelulusan dengan lebih daripada 99% undi. Kuasa luasnya dinyatakan dalam perlembagaan baru: Perkara 1. Nama orang Perancis, dan Senat mengisytiharkan Konsul Pertama Napoleon-Bonaparte untuk Kehidupan. Selepas 1802, dia secara umumnya dirujuk sebagai Napoleon dan bukannya Bonaparte. <> Apa perjanjian 1802 antara Britain dan Perancis mengakhiri Perang Revolusi? || Perjanjian Amiens <> Tahun apakah Perjanjian Amiens ditandatangani? || 1802 <> Pada tahun apakah pengundi Perancis meluluskan perlembagaan membuat konsulat kekal? || 1802 <> Berapa peratuskah undi Perancis yang meluluskan perlembagaan baru Napoleon? || Lebih 99% <> Posisi apa yang Napoleon diberikan dalam Artikel 1 Perlembagaan Perancis baru? || Konsul Pertama untuk Kehidupan", {"qas": [{"question": "What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?", "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b6", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Amiens", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?", "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b7", "answers": [{"text": "1802", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?", "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b8", "answers": [{"text": "1802", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?", "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1b9", "answers": [{"text": "over 99%", "answer_start": 972}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?", "id": "57267f2af1498d1400e8e1ba", "answers": [{"text": "First Consul for Life", "answer_start": 1132}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the Consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72% of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime; the constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life. After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte."}], ["Ketenangan ringkas di Eropah membolehkan Napoleon memberi tumpuan kepada koloni Perancis di luar negara. Saint-Domingue berjaya memperoleh tahap autonomi politik yang tinggi semasa Perang Revolusi, dengan Toussaint Louverture memasang dirinya sebagai diktator de facto menjelang 1801. Napoleon melihat peluangnya untuk memulihkan tanah jajahan yang kaya dahulu ketika ia menandatangani Perjanjian Amien. Semasa Revolusi, Konvensyen Nasional mengundi untuk menghapuskan perbudakan pada bulan Februari 1794. Di bawah syarat-syarat Amiens, bagaimanapun, Napoleon bersetuju untuk menenangkan tuntutan British dengan tidak menghapuskan perhambaan di mana-mana jajahan di mana keputusan 1794 tidak pernah dilaksanakan. Undang-undang yang berlaku pada 20 Mei tidak pernah digunakan untuk jajahan seperti Guadeloupe atau Guyane, walaupun jenderal jahat dan pegawai lain menggunakan dalih keamanan sebagai peluang untuk mengembalikan perhambaan di beberapa tempat ini. Undang-undang 20 Mei secara rasmi memulihkan perdagangan hamba ke koloni Caribbean, bukan perhambaan itu sendiri. Napoleon menghantar ekspedisi di bawah General Leclerc yang direka untuk menegaskan kawalan terhadap Sainte-Domingue. Walaupun Perancis berjaya menawan Toussaint Louverture, ekspedisi tersebut gagal apabila kadar penyakit yang tinggi melumpuhkan tentera Perancis. Pada bulan Mei 1803, 8000 pasukan Perancis yang terakhir meninggalkan pulau itu dan budak-budak itu mengisytiharkan sebuah republik bebas yang mereka panggil Haiti pada tahun 1804. Melihat kegagalan usaha kolonialnya, Napoleon memutuskan pada 1803 untuk menjual Wilayah Louisiana ke Amerika Syarikat, dengan segera menggandakan ukuran AS Harga jual dalam Pembelian Louisiana adalah kurang dari tiga sen per ekar, sejumlah $ 15 juta. <> Semasa perdamaian singkat di Eropah, di mana Napoleon mengubah fokusnya? || koloni Perancis di luar negara <> Semasa Perang Revolusi, koloni Perancis telah bergerak ke arah kemerdekaan politik? || Saint-Domingue <> Siapa de facto penguasa Saint-Domingue pada tahun 1801? || Toussaint Louverture <> Pada bulan Februari berapa tahun apakah undian Konvensi Kebangsaan untuk menghilangkan perhambaan? || 1794 <> Apakah nama jeneral Perancis yang memimpin pasukan yang cuba menguasai semula Sainte-Domingue? || Leclerc", {"qas": [{"question": "During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?", "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20c", "answers": [{"text": "the French colonies abroad", "answer_start": 55}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?", "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20d", "answers": [{"text": "Saint-Domingue", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?", "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20e", "answers": [{"text": "Toussaint Louverture", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?", "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e20f", "answers": [{"text": "1794", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?", "id": "57268141f1498d1400e8e210", "answers": [{"text": "Leclerc", "answer_start": 987}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Ha\u00efti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million."}], ["Pada musim bunga 1800, Napoleon dan pasukannya menyeberangi Alpen Switzerland ke Itali, yang bertujuan untuk mengejutkan tentera Austria yang telah memasuki Semenanjung apabila Napoleon masih di Mesir. [Nota 5] Selepas persilangan sukar di atas Alps, tentera Perancis memasuki dataran di utara Itali hampir tidak terpadam. Ketika satu tentera Perancis mendekati dari utara, Austria sibuk dengan yang lain ditempatkan di Genoa, yang dikepung oleh kekuatan yang besar. Rintangan sengit dari tentera Perancis ini, di bawah Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na, memberi masa yang sangat berharga untuk menjalankan operasi mereka dengan sedikit gangguan. Selepas menghabiskan beberapa hari mencari satu sama lain, kedua-dua tentera akhirnya bertembung di Pertempuran Marengo pada 14 Jun. Ketua Melas mempunyai kelebihan berangka, membajak kira-kira 30,000 tentera Austria sementara Napoleon memerintahkan 24,000 tentera Perancis. Pertempuran itu bermula dengan baik untuk orang Austria sebagai serangan awal mereka mengejutkan Perancis dan secara beransur-ansur mendorong mereka kembali. Melas menyimpulkan bahawa dia telah memenangi pertempuran dan bersara ke markasnya pada pukul 3 petang, meninggalkan bawahannya yang bertanggungjawab mengejar Perancis. Walau bagaimanapun, garisan Perancis tidak pernah pecah ketika berundur taktikal mereka; Napoleon sentiasa berkibar di kalangan tentera yang mendesak mereka untuk berdiri dan berjuang. Pagi pada waktu petang, satu bahagian penuh di bawah Desaix tiba di lapangan dan secara dramatik membalikkan gelombang pertempuran. Satu siri baril artileri dan dakwaan pasukan berkuda berjaya memusnahkan tentera Austria, yang melarikan diri dari Sungai Bormida ke Alessandria, meninggalkan 14,000 orang. Pada keesokan harinya, tentera Austria bersetuju untuk meninggalkan Itali Utara sekali lagi dengan Konvensyen Alessandria, yang memberi mereka laluan selamat ke tanah yang mesra dengan pertukaran untuk benteng-benteng mereka di seluruh rantau ini. <> Pada tahun apa Napoleon dan pasukannya menyeberangi Alps Switzerland dan masuk ke Itali? || 1800 <> Yang mengetuai tentera Perancis mempertahankan Genoa terhadap pengepungan Austria? || Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na <> Apakah tarikh Pertempuran Marengo? || 14 Jun <> Yang mengetuai pasukan Austria di Pertempuran Marengo? || General Melas <> Berapa banyak pasukan melakukan medan Napoleon di Pertempuran Marengo? || 24,000", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?", "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8666", "answers": [{"text": "1800", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?", "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8667", "answers": [{"text": "Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?", "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8668", "answers": [{"text": "June 14", "answer_start": 741}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?", "id": "572679afdd62a815002e8669", "answers": [{"text": "General Melas", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?", "id": "572679afdd62a815002e866a", "answers": [{"text": "24,000", "answer_start": 856}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region."}], ["Pemukiman di Tilsit memberi masa Napoleon untuk mengatur kerajaannya. Salah satu tujuan utamanya adalah menguatkuasakan Sistem Kontinental terhadap British. Dia memutuskan untuk menumpukan perhatiannya pada Kerajaan Portugal, yang secara konsisten melanggar larangan perdagangannya. Selepas kekalahan dalam Perang Orang Jerangkap pada tahun 1801, Portugal mengguna pakai dasar dua belah pihak. Pada mulanya, John VI bersetuju untuk menutup pelabuhannya ke perdagangan British. Keadaan ini berubah secara mendadak selepas kekalahan Franco-Sepanyol di Trafalgar; John semakin berani dan secara rasmi menyambung semula hubungan diplomatik dan perdagangan dengan Britain. <> Di mana perjanjian yang memberi waktu Napoleon untuk menstrukturkan empayarnya? || Tilsit <> Salah satu matlamat utama Napoleon adalah untuk menguatkuasakan Sistem Kontinental terhadap siapa? || Napoleon British memilih untuk menumpukan perhatiannya kepada negara mana yang melarang larangan perdagangannya? || Kerajaan Portugal <> Dalam tahun apakah Portugal mengalami kekalahan dalam Perang Orang Jeruk? || 1801 Selepas kehilangan Perancis-Sepanyol di Trafalgar, John VI meneruskan hubungan dengan negara mana? || Britain", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?", "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc09", "answers": [{"text": "Tilsit", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?", "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0a", "answers": [{"text": "the British", "answer_start": 145}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?", "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0b", "answers": [{"text": "the Kingdom of Portugal", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?", "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0c", "answers": [{"text": "1801", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?", "id": "57269fa7708984140094cc0d", "answers": [{"text": "Britain", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. At first, John VI agreed to close his ports to British trade. The situation changed dramatically after the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar; John grew bolder and officially resumed diplomatic and trade relations with Britain."}], ["Napoleon terus melayan skema besar untuk menubuhkan kehadiran Perancis di Timur Tengah untuk memberi tekanan kepada Britain dan Rusia, dan mungkin membentuk satu pakatan dengan Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Pada bulan Februari 1806, Maharaja Uthmaniyyah Selim III akhirnya mengakui Napoleon sebagai Maharaja. Beliau juga memilih untuk bersekutu dengan Perancis, memanggil Perancis \"sekutu kita yang ikhlas dan semulajadi.\" Keputusan itu membawa Empayar Uthmaniyyah menjadi perang yang kalah melawan Rusia dan Britain. Persekutuan Franco-Persia juga dibentuk antara Napoleon dan Empayar Parsi Fat'h-Ali Shah Qajar. Ia runtuh pada tahun 1807, ketika Perancis dan Rusia membentuk persekutuan yang tak terduga. Pada akhirnya, Napoleon tidak membuat pakatan yang berkesan di Timur Tengah. <> Pelan induk Napoleon adalah untuk mewujudkan kehadiran Perancis di bagian dunia? || Timur Tengah <> Pada tahun 1806, penguasa Uthmaniyyah mengiktiraf Napoleon sebagai Maharaja? || Selim III <> Dalam tahun apakah Kaisar Ottoman Selim III mengiktiraf Napoleon sebagai Maharaja? || 1806 <> Napoleon membentuk sebuah perikatan dengan kerajaan mana penguasa Persia? || Fat'h-Ali Shah Qajar <> Pada tahun apakah perikatan Franco-Persia Napoleon berakhir? || 1807", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?", "id": "572697b35951b619008f7775", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle East", "answer_start": 81}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?", "id": "572697b35951b619008f7776", "answers": [{"text": "Selim III", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?", "id": "572697b35951b619008f7777", "answers": [{"text": "1806", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?", "id": "572697b35951b619008f7778", "answers": [{"text": "Fat\u2032h-Ali Shah Qajar", "answer_start": 545}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?", "id": "572697b35951b619008f7779", "answers": [{"text": "1807", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France \"our sincere and natural ally.\" That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat\u2032h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East."}], ["Selepas Austerlitz, Napoleon membentuk Konfederasi Rhine pada 1806. Satu koleksi negara-negara Jerman yang bertujuan untuk berfungsi sebagai zon penampungan antara Perancis dan Eropah Tengah, penciptaan Konfederasi itu mengakhiri Empayar Rom Suci dan sangat mengkhawatirkan orang Prusia. Penyusunan semula wilayah Jerman yang kasar oleh Perancis berisiko mengancam pengaruh Prusia di rantau ini, jika tidak menghapusnya secara terang-terangan. Demam perang di Berlin meningkat dengan mantap sepanjang musim panas tahun 1806. Atas desakan mahkamahnya, terutama isterinya, Queen Louise, Frederick William III memutuskan untuk mencabar penguasaan Perancis di Eropah Tengah dengan berperang. <> Apakah nama badan politik yang terdiri daripada negeri-negeri Jerman yang ditubuhkan oleh Napoleon pada tahun 1806? || Konfederasi Rhine <> Bilakah Konfederasi Rhein dibentuk? || 1806 <> Kewujudan Konfederasi Rhine yang membawa kuasa akhir yang mana kuasa? || Empayar Rom Suci <> Yang pemerintah Prusia memilih untuk berperang dengan Perancis untuk mengawal Eropah Tengah? || Frederick William III <> Apa lagi tokoh kerajaan yang sangat mempengaruhi keputusan Frederick William III untuk berperang dengan Perancis? || Queen Louise", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?", "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac6", "answers": [{"text": "the Confederation of the Rhine", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?", "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac7", "answers": [{"text": "1806", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?", "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac8", "answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?", "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8ac9", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick William III", "answer_start": 571}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?", "id": "57269a18dd62a815002e8aca", "answers": [{"text": "Queen Louise", "answer_start": 557}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war."}], ["Alexander menghadapi tekanan dari saudaranya, Duke Constantine, untuk berdamai dengan Napoleon. Memandangkan kemenangan yang baru saja dia capai, maharaja Perancis menawarkan Rusia dengan istilah yang agak berat-menuntut bahawa Rusia menyertai Sistem Kontinental, menarik pasukannya dari Wallachia dan Moldavia, dan menyerahkan Kepulauan Ionia ke Perancis. Sebaliknya, Napoleon menetapkan istilah perdamaian yang sangat keras untuk Prussia, walaupun penantian Ratu Louise yang tak henti-hentinya. Menyingkirkan setengah dari wilayah Prusia dari peta, Napoleon mencipta kerajaan baru 1,100 batu persegi yang dipanggil Westphalia. Dia kemudian melantik adiknya J\u00e9r\u00f4me sebagai raja baru kerajaan ini. Rawatan Prussia yang memalukan di Tilsit menyebabkan antagonisme yang mendalam dan pahit yang memuncak ketika era Napoleonus berkembang. Lebih-lebih lagi, pretensi Alexander pada persahabatan dengan Napoleon memimpin mereka untuk secara serius menyalahkan niat sebenar rakan sejawatannya di Rusia, yang akan melanggar beberapa peruntukan perjanjian dalam beberapa tahun akan datang. Walaupun masalah ini, Perjanjian Tilsit pada akhirnya memberi Napoleon satu perlawanan dari perang dan membenarkan dia kembali ke Perancis, yang tidak pernah dilihatnya dalam lebih dari 300 hari. <> Apa nama Duke yang menekan Alexander untuk membuat perdamaian dengan Napoleon? || Constantine <> Yang mana wilayah laut yang dikehendaki oleh Napoleon Rusia menyerah kepada Perancis sebagai sebahagian daripada istilah untuk keamanan? || Kepulauan Ionian <> Apakah nama kerajaan baru Napoleon dibuat dari wilayah Prusia? || Westphalia <> Apa nama adik lelaki yang Napoleon dilantik sebagai penguasa Westphalia? || J\u00e9r\u00f4me <> Apakah nama siri perjanjian yang mengakhiri peperangan untuk suatu masa dan membenarkan Napoleon kembali ke Perancis? || Perjanjian Tilsit", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?", "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe1", "answers": [{"text": "Constantine", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?", "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe2", "answers": [{"text": "the Ionian Islands", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?", "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe3", "answers": [{"text": "Westphalia", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?", "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe4", "answers": [{"text": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?", "id": "57269e6b708984140094cbe5", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaties of Tilsit", "answer_start": 1036}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms\u2013demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of 1,100 square miles called Westphalia. He then appointed his young brother J\u00e9r\u00f4me as the new monarch of this kingdom. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism which festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days."}], ["Berikutan kejayaannya, Napoleon mengenakan unsur pertama Sistem Kontinental menerusi Dekri Berlin yang dikeluarkan pada bulan November 1806. Sistem Continental, yang melarang negara-negara Eropah dari perdagangan dengan Britain, dilanggar secara meluas sepanjang pemerintahannya. Dalam beberapa bulan akan datang, Napoleon berarak melawan tentera Rusia yang maju melalui Poland dan terlibat dalam kebuntuan berdarah di Pertempuran Eylau pada bulan Februari 1807. Selepas tempoh rehat dan penyatuan di kedua-dua belah pihak, perang itu bermula semula pada bulan Jun dengan awal Perjuangan di Heilsberg yang membuktikan tidak ragu-ragu. Namun, pada 14 Jun, Napoleon akhirnya mendapat kemenangan luar biasa terhadap Rusia di Pertempuran Friedland, menghapuskan majoriti tentera Rusia dalam perjuangan yang sangat berdarah. Skala kekalahan mereka meyakinkan orang Rusia untuk berdamai dengan Perancis. Pada 19 Jun, Czar Alexander menghantar utusan untuk mendapatkan gencatan senjata dengan Napoleon. Yang terakhir memberi jaminan kepada utusan bahawa Sungai Vistula mewakili sempadan alam antara pengaruh Perancis dan Rusia di Eropa. Atas dasar itu, kedua-dua kaisar memulakan perundingan damai di bandar Tilsit selepas mengadakan pertemuan dengan rakit ikonik di Sungai Niemen. Perkara pertama yang dikatakan Alexander kepada Napoleon mungkin ditentukur dengan baik: \"Saya benci bahasa Inggeris seperti yang kamu lakukan.\" <> Dalam apa pengumuman 1806 Napoleon mula mengenakan Sistem Kontinental? || Deklarasi Berlin <> Apa sistem Napoleon yang dikenakan walaupun Keputusan Berlin? || Sistem Kontinental <> Bilakah Dekri Berlin dikeluarkan? || November 1806 <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Eylau? || 1807 <> Bagaimana konflik 14 Jun Napoleon memenangi kemenangan tegas terhadap orang Rusia? || Pertempuran Friedland", {"qas": [{"question": "In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?", "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4de", "answers": [{"text": "the Berlin Decree", "answer_start": 93}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?", "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4df", "answers": [{"text": "The Continental System", "answer_start": 136}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Berlin Decree issued?", "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4e0", "answers": [{"text": "November 1806", "answer_start": 121}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Battle of Eylau?", "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4e1", "answers": [{"text": "1807", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?", "id": "57269cdaf1498d1400e8e4e2", "answers": [{"text": "the Battle of Friedland", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June, however, Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-calibrated: \"I hate the English as much as you do.\""}], ["Bencana Sekutu di Austerlitz ketara menjejaskan iman Kaisar Francis dalam usaha perang yang diketuai oleh British. Perancis dan Austria bersetuju dengan gencatan senjata dengan segera dan Perjanjian di Pressburg diikuti sejurus selepas 26 Disember. Pressburg mengambil Austria dari kedua-dua perang dan Gabungan sambil menguatkan perjanjian sebelumnya Campo Formio dan Lun\u00e9ville antara kedua-dua kuasa. Perjanjian itu mengesahkan kehilangan tanah Austria ke Perancis di Itali dan Bavaria, dan mendarat di Jerman untuk sekutu Jerman Napoleon. Ia juga mengenakan ganti rugi sebanyak 40 juta franc pada Habsburgs yang dikalahkan dan membenarkan pasukan Rusia melarikan diri dari kawasan musuh dan kembali ke tanah air mereka. Napoleon terus berkata, \"Pertempuran Austerlitz adalah yang terbaik dari semua yang saya perjuangkan.\" Frank McLynn mencadangkan Napoleon begitu berjaya di Austerlitz bahawa dia kehilangan sentuhan dengan realiti, dan apa yang dulu menjadi dasar luar Perancis menjadi \"Napoleonic peribadi\". Vincent Cronin tidak bersetuju, menyatakan bahawa Napoleon tidak terlalu bercita-cita tinggi untuk dirinya sendiri, \"dia menerangkan cita-cita tiga puluh juta orang Perancis\". <> The Allied kekalahan di lokasi apa yang menyebabkan Kaisar Francis meragukan peluang usaha perang? || Austerlitz <> Apakah nama perjanjian yang ditandatangani oleh Perancis dan Austria pada 26 Disember? || Treaty of Pressburg <> Pada tarikh apa Perjanjian ditandatangani? || 26 Disember <> Perjanjian Pressburg menghasilkan negara mana yang meninggalkan perang? || Austria <> Berapa banyak yang perlu dibayar oleh Habsburg akibat dari Perjanjian Pressburg? || 40 juta franc", {"qas": [{"question": "The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?", "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a62", "answers": [{"text": "Austerlitz", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?", "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a63", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Pressburg", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?", "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a64", "answers": [{"text": "26 December", "answer_start": 222}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?", "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a65", "answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 250}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?", "id": "572695e8dd62a815002e8a66", "answers": [{"text": "40 million francs", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lun\u00e9ville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, \"The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought.\" Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, \"he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen\"."}], ["Tidak berpuas hati dengan perubahan dasar ini oleh kerajaan Portugis, Napoleon menghantar tentera untuk menyerang Portugal. Pada 17 Oktober 1807, 24,000 tentera Perancis di bawah jeneral Junot menyeberangi Pyrenees dengan kerjasama Sepanyol dan menuju ke Portugal untuk menguatkuasakan perintah Napoleon. Serangan ini adalah langkah pertama dalam apa yang akhirnya menjadi Perang Semenanjung, perjuangan enam tahun yang ketara menghalang kekuatan Perancis. Sepanjang musim sejuk tahun 1808, ejen-ejen Perancis semakin terlibat dalam hal ehwal dalaman Sepanyol, yang cuba menghasut perpecahan antara anggota keluarga diraja Sepanyol. Pada 16 Februari 1808, komplikasi Perancis rahsia akhirnya berlaku ketika Napoleon mengumumkan bahawa dia akan campurtangan untuk menengah antara puak-puak politik saingan di negara ini. Marshal Murat mengetuai 120,000 tentera ke Sepanyol dan Perancis tiba di Madrid pada 24 Mac, di mana rusuhan liar terhadap pendudukan meletus hanya beberapa minggu kemudian. Napoleon melantik saudara lelakinya, Joseph Bonaparte, sebagai raja baru Sepanyol pada musim panas tahun 1808. Pelantikan itu menyerang penduduk Sepanyol yang sangat religius dan konservatif. Rintangan terhadap pencerobohan Perancis tidak lama lagi tersebar di seluruh negara. Kekalahan Perancis yang mengejutkan di Pertempuran Bailen pada bulan Julai memberi harapan kepada musuh Napoleon dan sebahagiannya memujuk kaisar Perancis untuk campur tangan secara peribadi. <> Bilakah pencerobohan Napoleon ke Portugal bermula? || 17 Oktober 1807 <> Berapa banyak pasukan menghantar Napoleon untuk memulakan serangan ke Portugal? || 24,000 <> Siapa yang memilih Napoleon untuk memimpin tentera yang dihantar untuk menyerang Portugal? || General Junot <> Penyerangan terhadap Portugal adalah permulaan dari apa konflik enam tahun? || Perang Semenanjung <> Berapa ramai askar Marshal Murat memimpin ke Sepanyol? || 120,000", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?", "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f782f", "answers": [{"text": "17 October 1807", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?", "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7830", "answers": [{"text": "24,000", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?", "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7831", "answers": [{"text": "General Junot", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?", "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7832", "answers": [{"text": "the Peninsular War", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?", "id": "5726a0d85951b619008f7833", "answers": [{"text": "120,000", "answer_start": 794}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French machinations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain and the French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout the country. The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bail\u00e9n in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person."}], ["Berikutan Kempen Ulm, pasukan Perancis berjaya menawan Vienna pada bulan November. Kejatuhan Vienna memberikan karunia besar Perancis ketika mereka menangkap 100.000 muskets, 500 meriam, dan jambatan utuh melintasi Danube. Pada masa yang kritikal ini, kedua-dua Tsar Alexander I dan Kaisar Romawi Suci Francis II memutuskan untuk melibatkan Napoleon dalam peperangan, walaupun terdapat dari beberapa orang bawahannya. Napoleon menghantar tenteranya ke utara untuk mengejar pihak Sekutu, tetapi kemudian memerintahkan pasukannya untuk berundur supaya dia dapat merasakan kelemahan yang serius. Desakan untuk memikat sekutu dalam peperangan, Napoleon memberikan setiap petunjuk pada hari-hari sebelum pertunangan bahawa tentera Perancis berada dalam keadaan yang menyedihkan, bahkan meninggalkan Pratzen Heights yang dominan berhampiran kampung Austerlitz. Pada Pertempuran Austerlitz, di Moravia pada 2 Disember, beliau mengerahkan tentera Perancis di bawah Pratzen Heights dan dengan sengaja melemahkan sayap kanannya, menarik Sekutu untuk melancarkan serangan besar di sana dengan harapan melancarkan garis Perancis keseluruhannya. Satu paksaan terpaksa dari Vienna oleh Marshal Davout dan Corps IIInya memasuki jurang yang ditinggalkan oleh Napoleon pada waktunya. Sementara itu, penyebaran Allied yang berat terhadap hak Perancis melemahkan pusat mereka di Pratzen Heights, yang dilancarkan secara ganas oleh Kor IV Marshal Soult. Dengan pusat Allied dirobohkan, Perancis melanda kedua-dua musuh dan menghantar Allies melarikan diri secara chaotic, menangkap ribuan tahanan dalam proses itu. Pertempuran itu sering dilihat sebagai karya taktikal kerana pelaksanaan yang hampir sempurna dari pelan yang dikalibrasi tetapi berbahaya - yang sama dengan Cannae, kemenangan yang diraih oleh Hannibal kira-kira 2000 tahun sebelum ini. <> Pada bulan November, selepas Kempen Ulm, kota mana yang ditangkap oleh pasukan Perancis? || Vienna <> Berapa banyak muskets yang menangkap Perancis pada musim gugur Vienna? || 100,000 <> Berapa banyak meriam yang ditangkap Perancis ketika Vienna jatuh? || 500 <> Bilakah pertempuran Austerlitz bertempur? || 2 Disember <> Di negara apakah Pertempuran Austerlitz bertempur? || Moravia", {"qas": [{"question": "In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?", "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42c", "answers": [{"text": "Vienna", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?", "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42d", "answers": [{"text": "100,000", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?", "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42e", "answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 168}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?", "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e42f", "answers": [{"text": "2 December", "answer_start": 808}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?", "id": "572692aef1498d1400e8e430", "answers": [{"text": "Moravia", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan \u2014 of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before."}], ["Manuver tentera awal bermula pada bulan September 1806. Dalam surat yang ketara kepada Marshal Soult yang merinci rancangan untuk kempen, Napoleon menggambarkan ciri-ciri penting peperangan Napoleon dan memperkenalkan frasa le bataillon-carr\u00e9 ('batalion persegi'). Dalam sistem bataillon-carr\u00e9, pelbagai korps dari Grande Arm\u00e9e akan bergerak secara seragam bersama dalam jarak dekat. Jika mana-mana kor tunggal diserang, yang lain dengan cepat dapat bertindak dan tiba-tiba membantu. Napoleon menyerbu Prussia dengan 180,000 tentera, dengan cepat berarak di tebing kanan River Saale. Seperti dalam kempen sebelumnya, objektif utamanya adalah untuk memusnahkan seorang lawan sebelum bala bantuan dari pihak lain dapat mengimbangi keseimbangan perang. Setelah mempelajari keberadaan tentera Prussia, orang Perancis mengayun ke arah barat dan melintasi Saale dengan kekuatan yang sangat besar. Pada pertempuran kembar Jena dan Auerstedt, bertempur pada 14 Oktober, Perancis meyakinkan mengalahkan orang Prussia dan menimbulkan kecederaan berat. Dengan beberapa komandan utama yang mati atau tidak mampu, raja Prusia tidak dapat menguasai tentera dengan berkesan, yang mula cepat hancur. Dalam usaha mengejar yang melambangkan \"puncak peperangan Napoleon,\" menurut sejarawan Richard Brooks, Perancis berjaya menguasai 140,000 tentera, lebih daripada 2,000 meriam dan beratus-ratus gerabak amunisi, semuanya dalam satu bulan. Ahli sejarah David Chandler menulis tentang pasukan Prusia: \"Tidak pernah semangat tentera mana-mana tentera telah hancur sepenuhnya.\" Walaupun kekalahan besar mereka, Prussians enggan berunding dengan Perancis sehingga Rusia mempunyai peluang untuk memasuki pertarungan. <> Berapa ramai askar yang menggunakan Napoleon untuk pencerobohan Prusia? || 180,000 <> Apakah sungai yang menyerang Perancis untuk melibatkan tentera Prusia? || Saale <> Kepada siapa Napoleon menghantar surat yang merinci rancangannya untuk kempen dengan Prussia? || Marshal Soult <> Pada tarikh apakah pertarungan pertempuran Jena dan Auerstedt? || 14 Oktober <> Berapa banyak askar Prusia ditawan di pertempuran Jena dan Auerstedt? || 140,000", {"qas": [{"question": "How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?", "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8afe", "answers": [{"text": "180,000", "answer_start": 519}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?", "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8aff", "answers": [{"text": "the Saale", "answer_start": 830}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?", "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8b00", "answers": [{"text": "Marshal Soult", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?", "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8b01", "answers": [{"text": "14 October", "answer_start": 918}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?", "id": "57269bdadd62a815002e8b02", "answers": [{"text": "140,000", "answer_start": 1310}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carr\u00e9 ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carr\u00e9 system, the various corps of the Grande Arm\u00e9e would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the \"peak of Napoleonic warfare,\" according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: \"Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered.\" Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight."}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 1805, Napoleon menyedari bahawa keadaan strategik telah berubah secara mendasar. Menghadapi pencerobohan yang berpotensi dari musuh kontinentalnya, dia memutuskan untuk menyerang pertama dan mengalihkan pandangan tenteranya dari Saluran Bahasa Inggeris ke Rhine. Objektif asasnya adalah untuk menghancurkan tentera Austria yang terpencil di Jerman Selatan sebelum sekutu Rusia mereka boleh tiba. Pada 25 September, selepas kerahsiaan yang besar dan marching demam, 200,000 tentera Perancis mula menyeberangi Rhine di depan 260 km (160 mi). Panglima Austria Karl Mack telah mengumpulkan sebahagian besar tentera Austria di kubu Ulm di Swabia. Napoleon menggerakkan tenteranya ke tenggara dan Grande Arm\u00e9e melakukan gerakan penggiliran yang menggambarkan kedudukan Austria. Ulm Maneuver benar-benar terkejut dengan General Mack, yang belatedly memahami bahawa tenteranya telah terputus. Selepas beberapa pertunangan kecil yang memuncak dalam Pertempuran Ulm, Mack akhirnya menyerah setelah menyedari bahawa tidak ada jalan keluar dari pengepungan Perancis. Untuk hanya 2000 rakyat Perancis, Napoleon berjaya menangkap sejumlah 60,000 askar Austria melalui pergerakan tenteranya yang cepat. Kempen Ulm pada umumnya dianggap sebagai karya strategik dan berpengaruh dalam pembangunan Rancangan Schlieffen pada akhir abad ke-19. Bagi orang Perancis, kemenangan hebat di atas tanah itu telah memburuk dengan kemenangan yang menentukan bahawa Tentera Laut Diraja mencapai Pertempuran Trafalgar pada 21 Oktober. Selepas Trafalgar, Britain mempunyai dominasi lautan bagi tempoh Perang Napoleon. <> Pada bulan Ogos 1805, Napoleon menukar sasaran utama usaha tenteranya dari Saluran Bahasa Inggeris ke kawasan apa? || the Rhine <> Pada tarikh berapa tentera Perancis mula menyeberangi Rhine? || 25 September <> Berapa banyak tentera Perancis yang terlibat dalam persimpangan Rhine? || 200,000 <> Siapa komander Austria yang mengetuai tentera di kubu Ulm? || Karl Mack <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang menimpa Perancis di Pertempuran Ulm? || 2000", {"qas": [{"question": "By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?", "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76af", "answers": [{"text": "the Rhine", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?", "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b0", "answers": [{"text": "25 September", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?", "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b1", "answers": [{"text": "200,000", "answer_start": 433}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?", "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b2", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Mack", "answer_start": 530}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?", "id": "5726903d5951b619008f76b3", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 1059}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Arm\u00e9e performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars."}], ["Napoleon memusatkan perhatiannya kepada urusan domestik selepas perang. Empress Jos\u00e9phine masih belum melahirkan seorang anak dari Napoleon, yang menjadi bimbang tentang masa depan empayarnya selepas kematiannya. Desah untuk pewaris sah, Napoleon bercerai Jos\u00e9phine pada Januari 1810 dan mula mencari isteri baru. Berharap untuk menyatukan persekutuan baru-baru ini dengan Austria melalui sambungan keluarga, Napoleon berkahwin dengan Archuuchess Marie Louise, yang berumur 18 tahun pada masa itu. Pada 20 Mac 1811, Marie Louise melahirkan seorang bayi lelaki, yang Napoleon menjadi waris dan memberikan gelaran Raja Rom. Anaknya tidak pernah memerintah empayar itu, tetapi ahli sejarah masih merujuk kepadanya sebagai Napoleon II. <> Selepas perang, apa yang difokuskan oleh Napoleon? || urusan domestik <> Bilakah perceraian Napoleon Josephine? || Januari 1810 <> Selepas perceraiannya daripada Josephine, yang telah berkahwin dengan Napoleon? || Archduchess Marie Louise <> Berapa lama Archduchess Marie Louise ketika dia berkahwin dengan Napoleon? || 18 <> Bilakah Marie Louise melahirkan? || 20 Mac 1811", {"qas": [{"question": "After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?", "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf3", "answers": [{"text": "domestic affairs", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?", "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf4", "answers": [{"text": "January 1810", "answer_start": 266}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?", "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf5", "answers": [{"text": "Archduchess Marie Louise", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?", "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf6", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When did Marie Louise give birth?", "id": "5726b0ca708984140094cdf7", "answers": [{"text": "20 March 1811", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Jos\u00e9phine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Jos\u00e9phine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II."}], ["Di dalam Kerajaan Belanda, British melancarkan Kempen Walcheren untuk membuka front yang kedua dalam peperangan dan untuk melegakan tekanan terhadap Austria. Tentera British hanya mendarat di Walcheren pada 30 Julai, di mana titik Austria telah dikalahkan. Kempen Walcheren dicirikan oleh pertempuran kecil tetapi korban berat berkat popularnya \"Walcheren Fever.\" Lebih 4000 tentera British telah hilang dalam kempen terkejut, dan yang lain menarik diri pada bulan Disember 1809. Hasil strategik utama dari kempen menjadi penyelesaian politik yang tertunda antara Perancis dan Austria. Maharaja Francis mahu menunggu dan melihat bagaimana orang-orang British melakukan teater mereka sebelum memasuki rundingan dengan Napoleon. Apabila ia menjadi jelas bahawa British tidak pergi ke mana-mana, Austria bersetuju untuk perundingan perdamaian. <> Apakah nama kempen oleh Inggeris di Belanda yang mencipta front kedua dalam perang? || Kempen Walcheren <> Kempen Walcheren bertujuan untuk melepaskan tekanan tentera terhadap siapa? || The Austrians <> Pada tarikh apa tentera British tiba di Walcheren? || 30 Julai <> Apakah nama popular penyakit yang menyebabkan banyak mangsa semasa Kempen Walcheren? || \"Walcheren Fever.\" <> Bilakah British menarik diri dari Walcheren? || Disember 1809", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?", "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79c7", "answers": [{"text": "the Walcheren Campaign", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?", "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79c8", "answers": [{"text": "the Austrians", "answer_start": 139}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?", "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79c9", "answers": [{"text": "30 July", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?", "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79ca", "answers": [{"text": "\"Walcheren Fever.\"", "answer_start": 376}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?", "id": "5726acfa5951b619008f79cb", "answers": [{"text": "December 1809", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed \"Walcheren Fever.\" Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks."}], ["Pada 1808, Napoleon dan Czar Alexander bertemu di Kongres Erfurt untuk memelihara perikatan Russo-Perancis. Para pemimpin mempunyai hubungan persahabatan yang mesra selepas pertemuan pertama mereka di Tilsit pada tahun 1807. Namun pada tahun 1811, ketegangan telah meningkat dan Alexander berada di bawah tekanan dari bangsawan Rusia untuk memecahkan persekutuan itu. Ketegangan utama hubungan antara kedua-dua negara menjadi pelanggaran biasa Sistem Kontinental oleh Rusia, yang menyebabkan Napoleon mengancam Alexander dengan akibat yang serius jika ia membentuk satu persekutuan dengan Britain. <> Apakah pertemuan Napoleon dan Czar Alexander menyertai pada tahun 1808? || Kongres Erfurt <> Pada tahun berapakah Kongres Erfurt berlaku? || 1808 <> Di mana Napoleon dan Czar Alexander bertemu dahulu? || Tilsit <> Dalam tahun apakah Napoleon dan Czar Alexander bertemu dahulu? || 1807 <> Pelanggaran apa dasar Napoleonik oleh Rusia menyebabkan ketegangan antara Rusia dan Perancis? || Sistem Kontinental", {"qas": [{"question": "What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?", "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7da", "answers": [{"text": "the Congress of Erfurt", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?", "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7db", "answers": [{"text": "1808", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?", "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7dc", "answers": [{"text": "Tilsit", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?", "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7dd", "answers": [{"text": "1807", "answer_start": 194}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?", "id": "5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7de", "answers": [{"text": "the Continental System", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain."}], ["Perjanjian yang terhasil daripada Sch\u00f6nbrunn pada bulan Oktober 1809 adalah yang paling keras yang telah dikenakan oleh Perancis di Austria dalam ingatan baru-baru ini. Metternich dan Archduke Charles memelihara Empayar Habsburg sebagai matlamat asas mereka, dan akhirnya mereka berjaya dengan membuat Napoleon mencari gol yang lebih sederhana sebagai balasan untuk janji persahabatan antara kedua-dua kuasa. Walau bagaimanapun, sementara sebahagian besar tanah keturunan kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada alam Habsburg, Perancis menerima Carinthia, Carniola, dan pelabuhan Adriatik, sementara Galicia diberikan kepada Poles dan kawasan Salzburg dari Tyrol pergi ke Bavarians. Austria kehilangan lebih dari tiga juta mata pelajaran, kira-kira seperlima daripada jumlah penduduknya, akibat perubahan wilayah ini. Walaupun pertempuran di Iberia berterusan, Perang Gabungan Kelima akan menjadi konflik utama terakhir di benua Eropah untuk tiga tahun akan datang. <> Bilakah Perjanjian Sch\u00f6nbrunn ditandatangani? || Oktober 1809 <> Matlamat Metternich dan Archduke Charles mengenai Perjanjian Sch\u00f6nbrunn adalah untuk mencuba pemeliharaan apa? || Empayar Habsburg <> Dalam Perjanjian Sch\u00f6nbrunn, apa wilayah yang diberikan kepada Poland? || Galicia <> Dalam Perjanjian Sch\u00f6nbrunn, yang menerima kawasan Salzburg di Tyrol? || The Bavarians <> Kira-kira berapa banyak subjek yang Austria kehilangan akibat perubahan yang dibawa oleh Perjanjian Sch\u00f6nbrunn? || tiga juta", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn signed?", "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdbd", "answers": [{"text": "October 1809", "answer_start": 38}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?", "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdbe", "answers": [{"text": "the Habsburg Empire", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, what territory was given to the Poles?", "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdbf", "answers": [{"text": "Galicia", "answer_start": 513}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol?", "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdc0", "answers": [{"text": "the Bavarians", "answer_start": 587}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn?", "id": "5726ae81708984140094cdc1", "answers": [{"text": "three million", "answer_start": 620}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. Nevertheless, while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes. Although fighting in Iberia continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition would be the last major conflict on the European continent for the next three years."}], ["Menjelang 17 Mei, tentera Austria utama di bawah Charles tiba di Marchfeld. Charles menyimpan sebahagian besar pasukannya beberapa kilometer jauhnya dari tebing sungai dengan harapan dapat menumpukan perhatian mereka pada titik di mana Napoleon memutuskan untuk menyeberang. Pada 21 Mei, Perancis membuat usaha besar pertama mereka untuk menyeberangi Danube, meretas Pertempuran Aspern-Essling. Orang Austria menikmati keunggulan berangka selesa terhadap Perancis sepanjang pertempuran; pada hari pertama, Charles melupuskan 110,000 askar melawan hanya 31,000 yang diperintahkan oleh Napoleon. Pada hari kedua, bala bantuan telah meningkatkan bilangan Perancis sehingga 70,000. Pertempuran itu dicirikan oleh perjuangan yang ganas untuk kedua-dua kampung Aspern dan Essling, titik tumpuan jambatan Perancis. Menjelang akhir pertempuran, orang Perancis telah kehilangan Aspern tetapi masih menguasai Essling. Pengeboman artileri Austria yang berterusan akhirnya meyakinkan Napoleon untuk menarik balik tenteranya kembali ke Pulau Lobau. Kedua-dua belah pihak membabitkan kira-kira 23,000 korban dalam satu sama lain. Ia adalah kekalahan pertama Napoleon yang mengalami pertempuran besar-besaran, dan ia menyebabkan kegembiraan di banyak bahagian Eropah kerana ia membuktikan bahawa dia boleh dipukul di medan perang. <> Pada tarikh apakah tentera Austria utama tiba di Marchfield? || 17 Mei <> Siapa yang mengetuai tentera Austria utama? || Charles <> Pada apa tarikh tentera Perancis membuat percubaan penting pertama mereka melintasi Danube? || 21 Mei <> Berapa banyak tentera yang Charles mula-mula memimpin menentang Perancis di Pertempuran Aspern-Essling? || 110,000 <> Sekitar berapa banyak mangsa mengalami pengalaman Perancis di Pertempuran Aspern-Essling? || 23,000", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?", "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2b", "answers": [{"text": "17 May", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Who led the main Austrian army?", "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2c", "answers": [{"text": "Charles", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?", "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2d", "answers": [{"text": "21 May", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?", "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2e", "answers": [{"text": "110,000", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?", "id": "5726a94b708984140094cd2f", "answers": [{"text": "23,000", "answer_start": 1002}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield."}], ["Selepas empat tahun di luar, Austria mencari satu lagi peperangan dengan Perancis untuk membalas dendam yang baru-baru ini. Austria tidak boleh bergantung kepada sokongan Rusia kerana mereka berperang dengan Britain, Sweden dan Empayar Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1809. Frederick William of Prussia pada mulanya berjanji untuk membantu Austria, tetapi ditolak sebelum konflik bermula. Laporan dari menteri kewangan Austria mencadangkan bahawa perbendaharaan akan kehabisan wang pada pertengahan tahun 1809 jika tentera yang besar yang telah ditubuhkan oleh Austria sejak Koalisi Ketiga tetap digerakkan. Walaupun Archduke Charles memberi amaran bahawa Austria tidak bersedia untuk pertarungan lain dengan Napoleon, pendirian yang mendarat di dalam apa yang dipanggil \"parti keamanan,\" dia tidak mahu melihat tentera demobilized sama ada. Pada 8 Februari 1809, para pendukung perang akhirnya berjaya apabila Kerajaan Imperial secara diam-diam memutuskan satu lagi konfrontasi terhadap Perancis. <> Siapa penguasa Prusia yang pada mulanya mendakwa ia akan membantu Austria dalam pertempuran dengan Perancis, tetapi kemudian enggan? || Frederick William <> Menteri menteri kewangan Austria meramalkan bahawa jika negara itu memelihara tenteranya yang besar, perbendaharaan negara akan bangkrut pada pertengahan tahun apa? || 1809 <> Yang Archduke memberi amaran bahawa Austria tidak bersedia untuk konflik tambahan dengan Napoleon? || Charles <> Pada tarikh apa kerajaan Austria diam-diam memutuskan untuk berperang dengan Perancis? || 8 Februari 1809", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?", "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d5", "answers": [{"text": "Frederick William", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?", "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d6", "answers": [{"text": "1809", "answer_start": 449}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?", "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d7", "answers": [{"text": "Charles", "answer_start": 566}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?", "id": "5726a5335951b619008f78d8", "answers": [{"text": "8 February 1809", "answer_start": 763}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called \"peace party,\" he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French."}], ["Sebelum pergi ke Iberia, Napoleon memutuskan untuk menangani beberapa masalah yang berlarutan dengan Rusia. Di Kongres Erfurt pada bulan Oktober 1808, Napoleon berharap untuk mengekalkan Rusia di sisinya dalam perjuangan yang akan datang di Sepanyol dan semasa ada kemungkinan konflik terhadap Austria. Kedua belah pihak mencapai persetujuan, Konvensyen Erfurt, yang menyeru Britain untuk menghentikan perangnya melawan Perancis, yang mengakui penaklukan Rusia Finland dari Sweden, dan menegaskan sokongan Rusia terhadap Perancis dalam kemungkinan perang melawan Austria \"yang terbaik keupayaannya. \" Napoleon kemudian kembali ke Perancis dan bersedia untuk berperang. The Grande Arm\u00e9e, di bawah perintah peribadi Maharaja, dengan cepat menyeberangi Sungai Ebro pada bulan November 1808 dan menimbulkan beberapa kekalahan yang menghancurkan terhadap pasukan Sepanyol. Selepas membersihkan pasukan Sepanyol yang terakhir menjaga ibukota di Somosierra, Napoleon memasuki Madrid pada 4 Disember dengan 80,000 tentera. Dia kemudian melepaskan tenteranya melawan Moore dan pasukan British. British telah didorong dengan cepat ke pantai, dan mereka menarik diri dari Sepanyol sepenuhnya selepas pendirian terakhir di Pertempuran Corunna pada Januari 1809. <> Di mana 1808 pertemuan melakukan percubaan Napoleon untuk menjaga Rusia di sisinya untuk konflik di masa depan? || Kongres Erfurt <> Pada tahun apakah Kongres Erfurt diadakan? || 1808 <> Konvensyen Erfurt menegaskan bahawa Britain menghentikan perang terhadap negara mana? || Perancis <> Konvensyen Erfurt mengiktiraf pengambilalihan Rusia yang sebelum ini memiliki Sweden? || Finland <> Kapan pertempuran Peperangan Corunna? || Januari 1809", {"qas": [{"question": "At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?", "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc6f", "answers": [{"text": "the Congress of Erfurt", "answer_start": 99}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?", "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc70", "answers": [{"text": "1808", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?", "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc71", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?", "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc72", "answers": [{"text": "Finland", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Corunna fought?", "id": "5726a23c708984140094cc73", "answers": [{"text": "January 1809", "answer_start": 1119}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria \"to the best of its ability.\" Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Arm\u00e9e, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809."}], ["Selepas kemunduran di Aspern-Essling, Napoleon mengambil masa lebih daripada enam minggu dalam perancangan dan persediaan untuk kontinjensi sebelum dia membuat percubaan lain untuk menyeberangi Danube. Dari 30 Jun hingga hari-hari awal bulan Julai, Perancis mengulangi Danube dalam kekuatan, dengan lebih daripada 180,000 tentera bergerak melintasi Macfeld ke arah Austria. Charles menerima Perancis dengan 150,000 orangnya sendiri. Dalam Battle of Wagram yang juga berlangsung selama dua hari, Napoleon memerintahkan tenteranya dalam apa yang menjadi pertarungan terbesar kerjayanya hingga saat itu. Sama ada pihak membuat banyak kemajuan pada 5 Julai, tetapi keenam menghasilkan hasil yang pasti. Kedua-dua pihak melancarkan serangan besar ke atas mereka. Serangan Austria terhadap sayap kiri Perancis kelihatan berbahaya pada mulanya, tetapi semuanya dipukul. Sementara itu, serangan Perancis yang mantap terhadap sayap kiri Austria akhirnya menjejaskan kedudukan keseluruhan Charles. Napoleon menamatkan pertempuran dengan tujahan sentral yang menumpukan lubang di tentera Austria dan memaksa Charles untuk berundur. Kerugian Austria sangat berat, menjangkau lebih daripada 40,000 mangsa. Orang Perancis terlalu letih untuk mengejar Austria dengan segera, tetapi akhirnya Napoleon terperangkap dengan Charles di Znaim dan yang terakhir menandatangani gencatan senjata pada 12 Julai. <> Berapa lamakah Napoleon mengambil untuk menyediakan persimpangan lain Danube setelah kekalahannya di Aspern-Essling? || enam minggu <> Pada tarikh berapa orang Perancis mula menyeberangi Danube? || 30 Jun <> Kira-kira berapa banyak tentera Perancis bertemu Charles di Pertempuran Wagram? || 180,000 <> Berapa ramai askar Austria yang mengetuai Charles pada Pertempuran Wagram? || 150,000 <> Berapa lama pertempuran Wagram terakhir? || dua hari", {"qas": [{"question": "Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?", "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c70", "answers": [{"text": "six weeks", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?", "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c71", "answers": [{"text": "30 June", "answer_start": 175}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?", "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c72", "answers": [{"text": "180,000", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?", "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c73", "answers": [{"text": "150,000", "answer_start": 371}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Battle of Wagram last?", "id": "5726ab93dd62a815002e8c74", "answers": [{"text": "two days", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July."}], ["Napoleon akan meninggalkan Iberia untuk berurusan dengan Austria di Eropah Tengah, tetapi Perang Semenanjung berterusan lama selepas ketiadaannya. Dia tidak pernah kembali ke Sepanyol selepas kempen 1808. Beberapa bulan selepas Corunna, British menghantar satu lagi tentera ke semenanjung di bawah Duke of Wellington yang akan datang. Perang kemudian diselesaikan menjadi kebuntuan strategik yang kompleks dan tidak simetris di mana semua pihak berjuang untuk mendapatkan bahagian atas. Kemuncak konflik itu menjadi peperangan gerila yang brutal yang menelan banyak kawasan pedalaman Sepanyol. Kedua belah pihak melakukan kekejaman yang paling buruk dalam Perang Napoleon semasa fasa konflik ini. Pertempuran gerila ganas di Sepanyol, yang sebahagian besarnya tidak hadir dalam kempen Perancis di Eropah Tengah, sangat mengganggu bekalan dan komunikasi Perancis. Walaupun Perancis mengekalkan kira-kira 300,000 tentera di Iberia semasa Perang Semenanjung, sebahagian besarnya terikat kepada tugas garnison dan operasi perisikan. Orang Perancis tidak pernah dapat menumpukan perhatian semua pasukan mereka dengan berkesan, memanjangkan perang sehingga peristiwa di tempat lain di Eropah akhirnya menjadikan pasang surut memihak kepada Sekutu. Selepas pencerobohan Rusia pada tahun 1812, jumlah tentera Perancis di Sepanyol sangat merosot kerana Napoleon memerlukan bala bantuan untuk memelihara kedudukan strategiknya di Eropah. Menjelang 1814, selepas banyak pertempuran dan pengepungan di seluruh Iberia, Sekutu telah berjaya menolak keluar Perancis dari semenanjung. <> Napoleon meninggalkan Iberia untuk Eropah Tengah untuk berurusan dengan siapa? || Orang Austria <> Berapa banyak tentera Perancis yang disimpan di Iberia semasa Perang Semenanjung? || 300,000 <> Semasa Perang Semenanjung, di mana negara melakukan peperangan gerila kerap berlaku? || Sepanyol <> Berapa tahunkah pasukan Sekutu memaksa Perancis keluar dari semenanjung Iberia? || 1814 <> Pada tahun apa pencerobohan Rusia berlaku? || 1812", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?", "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f7899", "answers": [{"text": "the Austrians", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?", "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789a", "answers": [{"text": "300,000", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?", "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789b", "answers": [{"text": "Spain", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?", "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789c", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 1335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?", "id": "5726a39d5951b619008f789d", "answers": [{"text": "1812", "answer_start": 1193}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula."}], ["Pada awal 10 April, elemen utama tentera Austria menyeberangi Sungai Inn dan menyerbu Bavaria. Serangan awal Austria mengejutkan Perancis; Napoleon sendiri masih berada di Paris ketika mendengar tentang serangan itu. Dia tiba di Donauw\u00f6rth pada ke-17 untuk mencari Grande Arm\u00e9e dalam kedudukan yang berbahaya, dengan dua sayapnya dipisahkan sebanyak 75 batu (121 km) dan disatukan oleh tentera yang tipis pasukan Bavaria. Charles menekan sayap kiri tentera Perancis dan melemparkan orang-orangnya ke arah III Corps Marshal Mars. Sebagai tindak balas, Napoleon datang dengan rancangan untuk memecat Austria di Landshut Maneuver yang terkenal. Dia menyusun semula paksi tenteranya dan mengarahkan tenteranya ke arah bandar Eckm\u00fchl. Perancis menjaringkan kemenangan yang meyakinkan dalam Pertempuran Eckmuhl, yang memaksa Charles untuk menarik pasukannya ke Danube dan ke Bohemia. Pada 13 Mei, Vienna jatuh untuk kali kedua dalam empat tahun, walaupun perang berterusan kerana kebanyakan tentera Austria telah selamat dari pertunangan awal di Jerman Selatan. <> Pada tarikh apakah tentera Austria pertama menyeberangi Sungai Inn? || 10 April <> Di manakah Napoleon ketika dia menerima berita pencerobohan Austria? || Paris <> Ketika Napoleon mencapai Donauw\u00f6rth, berapa jarak sayap Grande Arm\u00e9e dipisahkan? || 75 batu (121 km) <> Apakah nama rancangan Napoleon yang dirancang untuk memusnahkan Austria semasa pertempuran? || Landshut Maneuver <> Apakah nama konflik di mana pasukan Perancis mengalahkan pasukan Austria dan memaksa mereka berundur ke Bohemia? || Pertempuran Eckm\u00fchl", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?", "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c00", "answers": [{"text": "10 April", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?", "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c01", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When Napoleon reached Donauw\u00f6rth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Arm\u00e9e separated by?", "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c02", "answers": [{"text": "75 miles (121 km)", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?", "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c03", "answers": [{"text": "Landshut Maneuver", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?", "id": "5726a6bedd62a815002e8c04", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Eckm\u00fchl", "answer_start": 780}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauw\u00f6rth on the 17th to find the Grande Arm\u00e9e in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver. He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckm\u00fchl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckm\u00fchl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany."}], ["Napoleon kembali ke Paris dan mendapati bahawa kedua-dua badan perundangan dan orang-orang telah berbalik menentangnya. Menyedari kedudukannya tidak dapat dipertahankan, dia diturunkan pada 22 Jun memihak kepada anaknya. Beliau meninggalkan Paris tiga hari kemudian dan menetap di istana Josephine di Malmaison (di tebing barat Seine kira-kira 17 kilometer (11 mi) barat Paris). Walaupun Napoleon mengembara ke Paris, pasukan Gabungan melintasi perbatasan yang melanda Perancis (tiba di sekitar Paris pada 29 Jun), dengan tujuan yang dinyatakan untuk memulihkan Louis XVIII ke takhta Perancis. <> Di mana Napoleon kembali dan mendapati penduduk dan kerajaan telah menentangnya? || Paris <> Pada tarikh apa Napoleon abdicate? || 22 Jun <> Berapa hari selepas abdicationnya Napoleon meninggalkan Paris? || tiga hari <> Pada tarikh apa pasukan Gabungan tiba di Paris? || 29 Jun <> Ketika Napoleon meninggalkan Paris, ia pergi ke istana dahulu? || Josephine", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?", "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b5", "answers": [{"text": "Paris", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " On what date did Napoleon abdicate?", "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b6", "answers": [{"text": "22 June", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?", "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b7", "answers": [{"text": "three days", "answer_start": 200}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?", "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b8", "answers": [{"text": "29 June", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?", "id": "5726c242708984140094d0b9", "answers": [{"text": "Josephine", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne."}], ["Rusia menghindari maksud Napoleon tentang pertunangan yang tegas dan sebaliknya mundur lebih jauh ke Rusia. Percubaan ringkas terhadap rintangan dibuat di Smolensk pada bulan Ogos; Rusia dikalahkan dalam satu siri pertempuran, dan Napoleon meneruskan kemajuannya. Orang Rusia sekali lagi menghindari pertempuran, walaupun dalam beberapa kes ini hanya dicapai kerana Napoleon tidak teragak-agak untuk menyerang ketika peluang itu muncul. Oleh kerana taktik bumi hangus tentera Rusia, Perancis mendapati ia semakin sukar untuk memakan makanan untuk diri mereka dan kuda mereka. <> Untuk mengelakkan pertarungan langsung dengan Napoleon, orang Rusia berundur ke negara mana? || Rusia <> Dimana Rusia cuba menahan Napoleon dan kalah? || Smolensk <> Pada bulan berapa orang Rusia kalah di Smolensk? || Ogos <> Apa kaedah yang digunakan oleh tentera Rusia membuat sukar bagi Perancis untuk mencari makanan? || taktik bumi hangus", {"qas": [{"question": "To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?", "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e884", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?", "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e885", "answers": [{"text": "Smolensk", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?", "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e886", "answers": [{"text": "August", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?", "id": "5726b6b4f1498d1400e8e887", "answers": [{"text": "scorched earth tactics", "answer_start": 452}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses."}], ["Sekutu menawarkan syarat perdamaian dalam cadangan Frankfurt pada November 1813. Napoleon akan tetap sebagai Kaisar Perancis, tetapi ia akan dikurangkan kepada \"sempadan semula jadi\". Ini bermakna Perancis boleh mengekalkan kawalan ke atas Belgium, Savoy dan Rhineland (tebing barat Sungai Rhine), sementara mengabaikan semua yang lain, termasuk semua Sepanyol dan Belanda, dan kebanyakan Itali dan Jerman. Metternich memberitahu Napoleon ini adalah istilah terbaik yang mungkin ditawarkan oleh Sekutu; selepas kemenangan lebih lanjut, istilah-istilah itu akan menjadi lebih keras dan lebih keras. Motivasi Metternich adalah untuk mengekalkan Perancis sebagai keseimbangan terhadap ancaman Rusia, sambil mengakhiri siri perang yang sangat tidak stabil. <> The Allies mencadangkan istilah perdamaian di mana satu set cadangan? || cadangan Frankfurt <> Bilakah cadangan Frankfurt dibuat? || November 1813 <> Cadangan Frankfurt membenarkan Napoleon untuk mengekalkan kedudukannya di Perancis? || Maharaja <> Cadangan Frankfurt berusaha mengurangkan Perancis ke apa? || \"sempadan semulajadi\". <> Siapa yang memberitahu Napoleon bahawa cadangan Frankfurt mungkin merupakan istilah terbaik yang akan ditawarkan oleh Sekutu? || Metternich", {"qas": [{"question": "The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?", "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c45", "answers": [{"text": "the Frankfurt proposals", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the Frankfurt proposals made?", "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c46", "answers": [{"text": "November 1813", "answer_start": 61}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?", "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c47", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?", "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c48", "answers": [{"text": "its \"natural frontiers.\"", "answer_start": 147}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?", "id": "5726bb775951b619008f7c49", "answers": [{"text": "Metternich", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its \"natural frontiers.\" That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars."}], ["Tentera Rusia menarik balik dan melarikan diri dari Moscow. Napoleon memasuki bandar, dengan asumsi kejatuhannya akan menamatkan perang dan Alexander akan berunding dengan keamanan. Walau bagaimanapun, atas perintah gabenor bandar Feodor Rostopchin, daripada pencabutan, Moscow dibakar. Selepas lima minggu, Napoleon dan tenteranya pergi. Pada awal bulan November Napoleon bimbang kehilangan kawalan di Perancis selepas rampasan Malet tahun 1812. Tenteranya berjalan melalui salju hingga lutut mereka dan hampir 10,000 lelaki dan kuda membeku hingga mati pada malam 8/9 November sahaja. Selepas Pertempuran Berezina Napoleon berjaya melarikan diri tetapi terpaksa meninggalkan sebahagian besar senjakala dan kereta api bagasi yang tersisa. Pada 5 Disember, sejurus sebelum tiba di Vilnius, Napoleon meninggalkan tentera dalam luncur. <> Ketika Napoleon memasuki Moskow, ia mengharapkan tawaran damai dari siapa? || Alexander <> Apakah nama gabenor yang memerintahkan pembakaran Moscow? || Feodor Rostopchin <> Berapa lama Napoleon tinggal di Moscow sebelum pergi? || lima minggu <> Apa peristiwa 1812 telah memulihkan perhatian Napoleon ke Perancis? || rampasan Malet <> Berapa banyak lelaki dan kuda Perancis membeku sehingga mati pada malam 8/9 November? || 10,000", {"qas": [{"question": "When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?", "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd3", "answers": [{"text": "Alexander", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?", "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd4", "answers": [{"text": "Feodor Rostopchin", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?", "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd5", "answers": [{"text": "five weeks", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?", "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd6", "answers": [{"text": "the Malet coup", "answer_start": 389}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?", "id": "5726b9575951b619008f7bd7", "answers": [{"text": "10,000", "answer_start": 471}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After Battle of Berezina Napoleon succeeded to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge."}], ["Dalam Perjanjian Fontainebleau, Allies mengasingkannya ke Elba, sebuah pulau 12,000 penduduk di Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) dari pantai Tuscan. Mereka memberinya kedaulatan ke atas pulau itu dan membenarkan dia mengekalkan gelaran Maharaja. Napoleon cuba membunuh diri dengan pil yang dia bawa selepas hampir ditawan oleh Rusia semasa berundur dari Moscow. Bagaimanapun, potensinya melemahkan usia, dan dia selamat dibuang masa sementara istrinya dan anaknya berlindung di Austria. Dalam beberapa bulan pertama di Elba, dia mencipta tentera laut dan tentera kecil, mengembangkan lombong-lombong besi, dan mengeluarkan dekrit mengenai kaedah pertanian moden. <> Di mana perjanjian itu Napoleon diasingkan? || Perjanjian Fontainebleau <> Apa nama pulau Napoleon itu dibuang? || Elba <> Dalam apa lautan Elba terletak? || The Mediterranean <> Sekutu membenarkan Napoleon untuk mempertahankan gelaran apa? || Kaisar <> Ketika Napoleon diasingkan, di manakah istrinya dan anaknya pergi berlindung? || Austria", {"qas": [{"question": "In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?", "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea18", "answers": [{"text": "the Treaty of Fontainebleau", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?", "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea19", "answers": [{"text": "Elba", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what sea is Elba located?", "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1a", "answers": [{"text": "the Mediterranean", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?", "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1b", "answers": [{"text": "Emperor", "answer_start": 234}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?", "id": "5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1c", "answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods."}], ["Napoleon, mengharapkan untuk memenangi perang, terlalu lama tertunda dan kehilangan peluang ini; menjelang Disember, Sekutu telah menarik balik tawaran itu. Apabila punggungnya berada di dinding pada tahun 1814, dia cuba membuka semula rundingan damai atas dasar menerima cadangan Frankfurt. Sekutu kini mempunyai istilah yang lebih baru, termasuk pengunduran Perancis ke sempadan 1791, yang bermaksud kehilangan Belgium. Napoleon akan tetap menjadi Maharaja, namun dia menolak istilah itu. Orang Inggeris mahu Napoleon dikeluarkan secara kekal; mereka menang. Napoleon enggan menolak. <> The Allies kembali tawaran mereka kepada Napoleon dalam bulan berapa? || Disember <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan Napoleon untuk meneruskan perundingan damai? || 1814 <> Yang inisiatif perdamaian yang dilakukan oleh Napoleon merujuk pada ketika dia cuba membuat perdamaian pada tahun 1814? || cadangan Frankfurt <> Permintaan Sekutu yang baru untuk kedamaian menegaskan Perancis kembali ke sempadannya tahun berapa? || 1791 <> Dalam cadangan perdamaian Sekutu yang baru, apa wilayah Perancis yang terpaksa menyerah? || Belgium", {"qas": [{"question": "The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?", "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e992", "answers": [{"text": "December", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?", "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e993", "answers": [{"text": "1814", "answer_start": 161}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?", "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e994", "answers": [{"text": "the Frankfurt proposals", "answer_start": 230}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?", "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e995", "answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?", "id": "5726bcacf1498d1400e8e996", "answers": [{"text": "Belgium", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused."}], ["Rusia akhirnya menawarkan pertempuran di luar Moscow pada 7 September: Pertempuran Borodino mengakibatkan kira-kira 44,000 orang Rusia dan 35,000 orang Perancis mati, cedera atau ditangkap, dan mungkin hari pertempuran paling dahsyat dalam sejarah hingga ke tahap itu. Walaupun Perancis telah menang, tentera Rusia telah menerima, dan bertahan, pertempuran besar Napoleon berharap akan menentukan. Akaun Napoleon sendiri adalah: \"Yang paling mengerikan dari semua pertempuran saya adalah sebelum Moscow. Perancis menunjukkan diri mereka layak untuk menang, tetapi Rusia menunjukkan diri mereka layak untuk menjadi tidak terkalahkan.\" <> Di luar kota apakah yang dilakukan Pertempuran Borodino? || Moscow <> Pada tarikh apakah Pertempuran Borodino berlaku? || 7 September <Kira-kira berapa orang Rusia terluka, terbunuh, atau ditangkap dalam Pertempuran Borodino? || 44,000 <> Sekitar berapa orang Perancis terbunuh, cedera, atau ditahan di Battle of Borodino? || 35,000 <> Yang memenangi Pertempuran Borodino? || Perancis", {"qas": [{"question": "Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?", "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df2", "answers": [{"text": "Moscow", "answer_start": 47}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?", "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df3", "answers": [{"text": "7 September", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?", "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df4", "answers": [{"text": "44,000", "answer_start": 119}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?", "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df5", "answers": [{"text": "35,000", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the Battle of Borodino?", "id": "5726b7c9dd62a815002e8df6", "answers": [{"text": "the French", "answer_start": 271}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: \"The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible.\""}], ["Dalam usaha untuk mendapatkan sokongan yang lebih tinggi daripada nasionalis Poland dan patriot, Napoleon menyebut perang Perang Kedua Poland-Perang Poland Pertama telah menjadi kebangkitan Bar Confederation oleh bangsawan Poland melawan Rusia pada tahun 1768. Patriot Poland menginginkan bahagian Rusia Poland menjadi bergabung dengan Duchy of Warsaw dan Poland yang bebas. Ini ditolak oleh Napoleon, yang menyatakan dia telah menjanjikan sekutunya Austria ini tidak akan berlaku. Napoleon enggan memusnahkan tentera Rusia kerana kebimbangan ini mungkin menimbulkan reaksi di belakang tenteranya. Para serfin kemudian melakukan kekejaman terhadap tentera Perancis ketika berundur di Perancis. <> Apa Napoleon menamakan perang dengan Rusia dalam usaha mendapatkan sokongan dari Poland? || Perang Poland Kedua <> Apakah nama perang 1768 yang melibatkan pemberontakan Bar Confederation terhadap Rusia? || Perang Poland Pertama <> nasionalis Poland mahu wilayah Rusia di Poland untuk bergabung dengan entiti nasional mana? || Duchy of Warsaw <> Napoleon menolak permintaan Poland untuk negara merdeka kerana janji-janji sebelumnya yang bersekutu? || Austria <> Semasa berundur di Perancis, kekejaman dilakukan terhadap tentera Perancis yang mana subjek Rusia? || serfs", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?", "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e832", "answers": [{"text": "the Second Polish War", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?", "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e833", "answers": [{"text": "the First Polish War", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?", "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e834", "answers": [{"text": "the Duchy of Warsaw", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?", "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e835", "answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 417}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?", "id": "5726b4e0f1498d1400e8e836", "answers": [{"text": "serfs", "answer_start": 568}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War\u2014the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat."}], ["Rejimen ke-5 telah dihantar untuk memintasnya dan membuat hubungan di selatan Grenoble pada 7 Mac 1815. Napoleon mendekati rejimen itu sendiri, menurunkan kudanya dan, ketika ia berada dalam jarak tembakan, menjerit kepada para prajurit, \"Di sini saya membunuh Maharaja anda, jika anda mahu. \" Para askar dengan cepat menjawab, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, yang telah membanggakan kepada raja Bourbon, Louis XVIII, bahawa dia akan membawa Napoleon ke Paris dalam sangkar besi, dengan kasih sayang mencium bekas empayarnya dan melupakan sumpah setia kepada raja Bourbon. Kedua-duanya kemudian berarak bersama-sama ke arah Paris dengan tentera yang semakin meningkat. Louis XVIII yang tidak popular melarikan diri ke Belgium setelah menyedari beliau tidak mempunyai sokongan politik. Pada 13 Mac, kuasa di Kongres Vienna mengisytiharkan Napoleon sebagai penghukum. Empat hari kemudian, Britain, Rusia, Austria, dan Prusia masing-masing berjanji untuk meletakkan 150,000 orang ke lapangan untuk menamatkan pemerintahannya. <> Apa unit tentera yang dituduh memecah Napoleon? || Rejimen ke-5 <> Pada tarikh apa Napoleon dihubungi oleh Rejimen ke-5? || 7 Mac 1815 <> Apabila Napoleon mencadangkan kepada Rejimen ke-5 bahawa mereka membunuhnya, bagaimana mereka menjawab? || \"Vive L'Empereur!\" <> Ney memberitahu Louis XVIII bahawa dia akan membawa Napoleon ke Paris dalam jenis kontainer? || sangkar besi <> Selepas melarikan diri dari Perancis, ke mana Louis XVIII pergi? || Belgium", {"qas": [{"question": "What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?", "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3a", "answers": [{"text": "The 5th Regiment", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?", "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3b", "answers": [{"text": "March 7, 1815", "answer_start": 86}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?", "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3c", "answers": [{"text": "\"Vive L'Empereur!\"", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?", "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3d", "answers": [{"text": "an iron cage", "answer_start": 432}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?", "id": "5726c0d2f1498d1400e8ea3e", "answers": [{"text": "Belgium", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, \"Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish.\" The soldiers quickly responded with, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule."}], ["Pada 1 April, Alexander memberi perhatian kepada konservatif S\u00e9nat. Lama jengkel kepada Napoleon, di bawah pimpinan Talleyrand ia telah menolaknya. Alexander memberitahu S\u00e9nat bahawa Sekutu berperang melawan Napoleon, bukan Perancis, dan mereka bersedia untuk menawarkan syarat damai jika Napoleon dikeluarkan dari kuasa. Keesokan harinya, S\u00e9nat meluluskan Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur (\"Akta Demise Kaisar\"), yang mengisytiharkan Napoleon dibatalkan. Napoleon telah maju sejauh Fontainebleau apabila dia mengetahui bahawa Paris telah hilang. Apabila Napoleon mencadangkan perarakan tentera di ibukota, para pegawai kanan dan marshalnya meretas. Pada 4 April, yang diketuai oleh Ney, mereka berhadapan dengan Napoleon. Napoleon menegaskan tentera akan mengikutinya, dan Ney menjawab tentera akan mengikuti jeneral-jeneralnya. Walaupun askar biasa dan pegawai-pegawai rejim ingin berjuang, tanpa ada pegawai kanan atau marshal mana-mana serangan ke Paris yang mungkin tidak mustahil. Bawa kepada yang tidak dapat dielakkan, pada 4 April Napoleon menyerahkan anaknya, dengan Marie-Louise sebagai bupati. Walau bagaimanapun, pihak Sekutu enggan menerima ini di bawah penindasan dari Alexander, yang takut bahawa Napoleon mungkin mencari alasan untuk merebut kembali takhta. Napoleon kemudiannya terpaksa mengumumkan pengunduran tanpa syaratnya hanya dua hari kemudian. <> Pada apa tarikh Alexander bercakap dengan konservatif S\u00e9nat? || 1 April <> Konservatif Senen menjadi bermusuhan dengan Napoleon kerana usahanya? || </ P> <p> Apa perbuatan yang diluluskan oleh konservatif S\u00e9nat yang mengusir Napoleon? || Acte de d\u00e9c\u00e9ance de l'Empereur <> Di manakah Napoleon maju ketika dia menerima berita bahawa Paris telah hilang? || Fontainebleau <> Apa yang dilakukan pegawai kanan dan marshals Napoleon ketika dia mencadangkan mereka berarak ke Paris? || mutinied", {"qas": [{"question": "On what date did Alexander speak to the S\u00e9nat conservateur?", "id": "5726be2b708984140094d007", "answers": [{"text": "1 April", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " The S\u00e9nat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?", "id": "5726be2b708984140094d008", "answers": [{"text": "Talleyrand's", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the act passed by the S\u00e9nat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?", "id": "5726be2b708984140094d009", "answers": [{"text": "the Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?", "id": "5726be2b708984140094d00a", "answers": [{"text": "Fontainebleau", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?", "id": "5726be2b708984140094d00b", "answers": [{"text": "mutinied", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "On 1 April, Alexander addressed the S\u00e9nat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the S\u00e9nat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honorable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the S\u00e9nat passed the Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur (\"Emperor's Demise Act\"), which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, without any senior officers or marshals any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later."}], ["Mencari rekonsiliasi nasional antara revolusioner dan Katolik, Concordat 1801 ditandatangani pada 15 Juli 1801 antara Napoleon dan Paus Pius VII. Ia memantapkan Gereja Roman Katolik sebagai gereja mayoritas di Perancis dan mengembalikan kebanyakan status sivilnya. Permusuhan umat Katolik yang melawan negara kini telah diselesaikan. Ia tidak memulihkan tanah gereja yang luas dan endowmen yang telah dirampas semasa revolusi dan dijual. Sebagai sebahagian daripada Concordat, beliau membentangkan satu lagi set undang-undang yang dinamakan Artikel Organik. <> Apakah nama 1801 dokumen yang bertujuan untuk penyelarasan antara revolusioner dan Katolik? || Concordat 1801 <> Bersama dengan Napoleon, yang menandatangani Concordat 1801? || Paus Pius VII <> The Concordat dari 1801 memperkuat kedudukan gereja mana sebagai gereja mayoritas Perancis? || Gereja Katolik Roma <> Apakah tarikh tepat yang ditandatangani oleh Concordat 1801? || 15 Julai 1801 <> Apakah Artikel Organik sebahagian daripada? || Concordat", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?", "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8011", "answers": [{"text": "the Concordat of 1801", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?", "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8012", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius VII", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?", "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8013", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman Catholic Church", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?", "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8014", "answers": [{"text": "15 July 1801", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the Organic Articles a part of?", "id": "5726db0d5951b619008f8015", "answers": [{"text": "the Concordat", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles."}], ["Mereka berpendapat bahawa kalium tartrate yang digunakan dalam rawatannya menghalang perutnya daripada mengusir sebatian ini dan bahawa kehausannya adalah gejala racun. Hipotesisnya ialah bahawa calomel yang diberikan kepada Napoleon menjadi berlebihan, yang membunuh dia dan meninggalkan kerosakan tisu yang luas di belakangnya. Menurut artikel tahun 2007, jenis arsenik yang terdapat dalam batang rambut Napoleon adalah mineral, yang paling toksik, dan menurut ahli toksikologi Patrick Kintz, ini menyokong kesimpulan bahawa dia dibunuh. <> Apakah bahan yang digunakan dalam rawatan Napoleon yang dicadangkan untuk menghalang perutnya daripada mengeluarkan sebatian arsenik? || kalium tartrate <> Apa yang orang yang berfikir Napoleon diracun memetik sebagai gejala yang akan mencadangkan ini? || beliau dahaga <> Menurut Patrick Knize, apakah kesimpulannya apakah jenis arsenik yang terdapat pada poros rambut Napoleon? || bahawa dia telah dibunuh <> Dalam tahun apa artikel itu menggambarkan jenis arsenik yang terdapat dalam rambut Napoleon yang diterbitkan? || 2007", {"qas": [{"question": "What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?", "id": "5726d110708984140094d21d", "answers": [{"text": "potassium tartrate", "answer_start": 25}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?", "id": "5726d110708984140094d21e", "answers": [{"text": "his thirst", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?", "id": "5726d110708984140094d21f", "answers": [{"text": "that he was murdered", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?", "id": "5726d110708984140094d220", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered."}], ["Pada tahun 1840, Louis Philippe I mendapat kebenaran daripada British untuk mengembalikan jenazah Napoleon ke Perancis. Pada 15 Disember 1840, pengebumian negara diadakan. Kereta api itu bermula dari Arc de Triomphe ke Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, melintasi Place de la Concorde ke Esplanade des Invalides dan kemudian ke kubah di St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel, di mana ia kekal sehingga makam yang direka oleh Louis Visconti selesai. Pada tahun 1861, jenazah Napoleon dimasukkan ke dalam sarkofagus porphyry di crypt di bawah kubah di Les Invalides. <> Dalam tahun apakah Louis Philippe saya mendapat kebenaran untuk mengembalikan jenazah Napoleon ke Perancis? || 1840 <> Pada tarikh apakah pengebumian negara diadakan untuk Napoleon? || 15 Disember 1840 <> Di manakah lokasi jenazah yang membawa jenazah Napoleon memulakan perarakannya? || Arc de Triomphe <> Di dalam bangunan apakah cupola di mana jenazah Napoleon mula diletakkan? || St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel <> Pada tahun apakah kuburan terakhir Napoleon selesai? || 1861", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?", "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eaf8", "answers": [{"text": "1840", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?", "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eaf9", "answers": [{"text": "15 December 1840", "answer_start": 106}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?", "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eafa", "answers": [{"text": "the Arc de Triomphe", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?", "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eafb", "answers": [{"text": "St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel", "answer_start": 310}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?", "id": "5726c6b4f1498d1400e8eafc", "answers": [{"text": "1861", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides."}], ["Ahli sejarah bersetuju bahawa kepribadian Napoleon yang luar biasa adalah satu kunci kepada pengaruhnya. Mereka menekankan kekuatan cita-citanya yang membawanya dari sebuah kampung yang tidak jelas untuk memerintah sebahagian besar Eropah. George F. E. Rud\u00e9 menekankan \"kombinasi yang jarang berlaku untuk keinginan, intelek dan kekuatan fizikal.\" Pada 5 kaki 6 inci (168 cm), dia tidak memaksimumkan fizikal tetapi dalam satu-satu keadaan dia biasanya mempunyai kesan hipnosis pada orang dan seolah-olah membungkuk pemimpin terkuat kepada kehendaknya. Beliau memahami teknologi ketenteraan, tetapi bukan seorang inovator dalam hal itu. Beliau adalah seorang inovator dalam menggunakan sumber kewangan, birokrasi, dan diplomatik Perancis. Dia dapat dengan cepat menetapkan satu siri perintah yang kompleks kepada bawahannya, dengan mengingat di mana unit-unit utama dijangka berada pada setiap titik masa depan, dan seperti tuan catur, \"melihat\" drama terbaik bergerak ke hadapan. <> Berapa tinggi Napoleon, kaki dan inci? || 5 kaki 6 inci <> Berapa tinggi Napoleon dalam sentimeter? || 168 cm <> Bagaimana ahli sejarah menggambarkan Napoleon dalam penggunaan sistem kewangan, birokrasi, dan diplomatik Perancis? || seorang inovator <> Apa nama ahli sejarah yang menekankan \"kombinasi yang jarang berlaku antara keinginan, intelek, dan semangat fizikal Napoleon?\" || George F. E. Rud\u00e9 <> Bagaimana ahli sejarah menggambarkan kesan Napoleon pada orang dalam satu-satu pertemuan? || hipnosis", {"qas": [{"question": "How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?", "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee16", "answers": [{"text": "5 ft 6 in", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?", "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee17", "answers": [{"text": "168 cm", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?", "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee18", "answers": [{"text": "an innovator", "answer_start": 553}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's \"rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?\"", "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee19", "answers": [{"text": "George F. E. Rud\u00e9", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?", "id": "5726dea3f1498d1400e8ee1a", "answers": [{"text": "hypnotic", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rud\u00e9 stresses his \"rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour.\" At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, \"seeing\" the best plays moves ahead."}], ["Pada tahun 1955, buku harian buku harian Napoleon, Louis Marchand, diterbitkan. Deskripsinya tentang Napoleon pada bulan-bulan sebelum kematiannya menyebabkan Sten Forshufvud dalam kertas 1961 di Alam untuk mengemukakan sebab-sebab lain untuk kematiannya, termasuk keracunan arsenik yang sengaja. Arsenik digunakan sebagai racun semasa era kerana ia tidak dapat dikesan apabila ditadbir dalam tempoh yang lama. Forshufvud, dalam sebuah buku pada 1978 dengan Ben Weider, menyatakan bahawa tubuh Napoleon didapati sangat terpelihara ketika dipindahkan pada tahun 1840. Arsenik adalah pengawet yang kuat, dan oleh itu ini menyokong hipotesis keracunan. Forshufvud dan Weider mendapati Napoleon telah cuba menghilangkan dahaga yang tidak normal dengan meminum sejumlah besar sirap orgeat yang mengandungi sebatian sianida dalam badam yang digunakan untuk perasa. <> Bilakah buku harian buku harian Napoleon diterbitkan? || 1955 <> Apa nama pelayan Napoleon? || Louis Marchand <> Apakah kemungkinan penyebab kematian Napoleon yang dicadangkan dalam kertas Nature 1961? || Keracunan arsenik <> Pada tahun 1961, yang mencadangkan kemungkinan Napoleon mati akibat pengambilan arsenik? || Sten Forshufvud <> Apakah keadaan Napoleon dalam badan ketika ia dipindahkan pada tahun 1840? || selamat dipelihara", {"qas": [{"question": "When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?", "id": "5726c96f708984140094d165", "answers": [{"text": "1955", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of Napoleon's valet?", "id": "5726c96f708984140094d166", "answers": [{"text": "Louis Marchand", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?", "id": "5726c96f708984140094d167", "answers": [{"text": "arsenic poisoning", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?", "id": "5726c96f708984140094d168", "answers": [{"text": "Sten Forshufvud", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?", "id": "5726c96f708984140094d169", "answers": [{"text": "well preserved", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring."}], ["Napoleon telah dinobatkan Maharaja Napoleon I pada 2 Disember 1804 di Notre Dame de Paris oleh Paus Pius VII. Pada 1 April 1810, Napoleon berkahwin dengan isteri Austria Marie Louise. Semasa pemerintahan saudaranya di Sepanyol, dia menghapuskan Inquisition Sepanyol pada tahun 1813. Dalam perbincangan peribadi dengan Gourgaud umum semasa pengasingannya di Saint Helena, Napoleon menyatakan pandangan materialistik tentang asal usul manusia, [9] dan meragukan ketuhanan Yesus, menyatakan bahawa tidak masuk akal untuk mempercayai bahawa Socrates, Plato, Muslim, dan Anglikan harus dikutuk kerana tidak menjadi Katolik Rom [Catatan 10] Dia juga berkata kepada Gourgaud pada tahun 1817 \"Saya suka agama Mohammed yang terbaik. di dalamnya daripada kita. \" dan bahawa \"agama Mohammed adalah yang terbaik dari semua.\" Walau bagaimanapun, Napoleon diurapi oleh seorang imam sebelum kematiannya. <> Bilakah Napoleon dimahkotai Maharaja? || 2 Disember 1804 <> Di manakah Napoleon dinobatkan Maharaja? || Notre Dame de Paris <> Siapa yang memahkotai Maharaja Napoleon? || Paus Pius VII <> Kapan Napoleon menikahi Marie Louise? || 1 April 1810 <> Apa Napoleon dihapuskan di Sepanyol pada tahun 1813, semasa pemerintahan saudaranya di sana? || Pasitan Sepanyol", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?", "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d37f", "answers": [{"text": "2 December 1804", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?", "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d380", "answers": [{"text": "Notre Dame de Paris", "answer_start": 62}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?", "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d381", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius VII", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?", "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d382", "answers": [{"text": "1 April 1810", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?", "id": "5726d9d5708984140094d383", "answers": [{"text": "the Spanish Inquisition", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 \"I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours.\" and that \"the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all.\" However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death."}], ["Walaupun Concordat memulihkan banyak kuasa kepada kepausan, keseimbangan hubungan negara-gereja telah mengecil dengan kuat dalam usaha Napoleon. Dia memilih para uskup dan kewangan gereja yang diawasi. Napoleon dan paus kedua-duanya mendapati Concordat berguna. Pengaturan serupa dibuat dengan Gereja di wilayah yang dikuasai oleh Napoleon, terutama Italia dan Jerman. Sekarang, Napoleon dapat memihak kepada orang-orang Katolik sambil mengawal Rom dalam pengertian politik. Napoleon berkata pada April 1801, \"Penakluk yang berpengalaman tidak terikat dengan para imam, mereka boleh memasukkannya dan menggunakannya.\" Kanak-kanak Perancis telah mengeluarkan katekismus yang mengajar mereka untuk mengasihi dan menghormati Napoleon. <> The Concodat memulihkan kuasa yang ketara kepada kedudukan apa? || kepausan <> Walaupun Concordat, keseimbangan hubungan antara gereja dan negara telah berayun untuk kepentingannya? || Napoleon's <> Selain daripada Napoleon, siapa lagi yang menjumpai Concordat untuk digunakan? || Paus <> Anak-anak Perancis diberikan katekisme yang mengajar mereka untuk mencintai dan menghormati siapa? || Napoleon <> Pada tahun berapa Napoleon mengatakan bahawa penguasa mahir dapat mengawal dan menggunakan imam? || 1801", {"qas": [{"question": "The Concodat restored significant power to what position?", "id": "5726dccf708984140094d405", "answers": [{"text": "the papacy", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?", "id": "5726dccf708984140094d406", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon's", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?", "id": "5726dccf708984140094d407", "answers": [{"text": "the pope", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?", "id": "5726dccf708984140094d408", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?", "id": "5726dccf708984140094d409", "answers": [{"text": "1801", "answer_start": 482}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, \"Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them.\" French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon."}], ["Napoleon mengekalkan tabiat kerja yang ketat, cekap, mengutamakan apa yang perlu dilakukan. Dia menipu pada kad, tetapi membalas kerugiannya; dia terpaksa menang di segala yang dia cuba. Beliau menyambungkan kakitangan dan setiausaha di tempat kerja. Tidak seperti kebanyakan jeneral, Napoleon tidak mengkaji sejarah untuk bertanya apa yang dilakukan Hannibal atau Alexander atau orang lain dalam keadaan yang sama. Pengkritik berkata dia memenangi banyak pertempuran semata-mata kerana nasib; Napoleon menjawab, \"Beri saya jeneral bertuah,\" sedar bahawa \"nasib\" datang kepada pemimpin yang mengenali peluang, dan merebutnya. Dwyer berhujah bahawa kemenangan Napoleon di Austerlitz dan Jena pada 1805-06 meningkatkan rasa semangatnya sendiri, menjadikannya lebih pasti tentang nasibnya dan tidak dapat dikalahkan. Namun, oleh kempen Rusia pada tahun 1812, Napoleon nampaknya telah kehilangan kesunyiannya. Dengan krisis selepas krisis, beliau jarang sekali bangkit. Sesetengah ahli sejarah telah mencadangkan kemerosotan fizikal, tetapi yang lain mencatat bahawa Napoleon yang tergugat masih jeneral yang cemerlang. <> Menurut pengkritik, apa sebabnya Napoleon memenangi banyak pertempuran? || nasib <> Bilakah Napoleon memenangi kemenangan di Austerlitz dan Jena? || 1805-06 <> Dalam tahun apakah kempen Rusia berlaku? || 1812 <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa kejayaan Napoleon di Austerlitz dan Jena meningkatkan kecerdasan dirinya? || Dwyer <> Apa yang dilakukan Napoleon pada kad, walaupun dia membalas kerugian? || ditipu", {"qas": [{"question": "According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?", "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d487", "answers": [{"text": "luck", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?", "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d488", "answers": [{"text": "1805-06", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " In what year did the Russian campaign take place?", "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d489", "answers": [{"text": "1812", "answer_start": 740}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?", "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d48a", "answers": [{"text": "Dwyer", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?", "id": "5726e0f7708984140094d48b", "answers": [{"text": "cheated", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, \"Give me lucky generals,\" aware that \"luck\" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general."}], ["Terdapat kajian moden yang telah menyokong hasil carian autopsi yang asal. Dalam kajian tahun 2008, para penyelidik menganalisis sampel rambut Napoleon dari sepanjang hidupnya, serta sampel dari keluarganya dan sezaman lain. Semua sampel mempunyai arsenik yang tinggi, kira-kira 100 kali lebih tinggi daripada purata semasa. Menurut penyelidik-penyelidik, mayat Napoleon sudah terkontaminasi dengan arsenik sebagai seorang lelaki, dan kepekatan arsenik yang tinggi di rambutnya tidak disebabkan oleh keracunan yang disengajakan; Orang ramai sentiasa terdedah kepada arsenik daripada gam dan pewarna sepanjang hidup mereka. [Nota 7] Kajian yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2007 dan 2008 menolak bukti keracunan arsenik, dan mengesahkan bukti ulser peptik dan kanser gastrik sebagai punca kematian. <> Penerbitan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2007 dan 2008 menolak kemungkinan penyebab kematian Napoleon? || Keracunan arsenik <> Kajian yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2007 dan 2008 menyokong apa pun kemungkinan kematian Napoleon? || ulser peptik dan kanser gastrik <> Satu kajian 2008 yang menyokong penemuan autopsi yang asal berkaitan dengan kematian sampel Napoleon yang dianalisis sampel bahan apa yang diambil dari Napoleon dan keluarganya? || rambut <> Kajian tahun 2008 yang berkaitan dengan kematian Napoleon mendapati bahawa rambut yang dikumpulkan dari rambut Napoleon serta keluarga dan sezamannya, mempunyai tahap arsenik kira-kira berapa kali lebih tinggi daripada purata semasa? || 100 kali", {"qas": [{"question": "Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?", "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e920e", "answers": [{"text": "arsenic poisoning", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?", "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e920f", "answers": [{"text": "peptic ulcer and gastric cancer", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?", "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e9210", "answers": [{"text": "hair", "answer_start": 141}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?", "id": "5726d752dd62a815002e9211", "answers": [{"text": "100 times", "answer_start": 287}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death."}], ["Napoleon mempunyai perkahwinan sivil dengan Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, tanpa upacara keagamaan. Semasa kempen di Mesir, Napoleon memperlihatkan toleransi terhadap agama untuk jeneral revolusioner, mengadakan perbincangan dengan ulama-ulama Islam dan memerintahkan perayaan keagamaan, tetapi Jeneral Dupuy, yang mengiringi Napoleon, mendedahkan, sejurus selepas kematian Paus Pius VI, alasan politik untuk tingkah laku tersebut : \"Kami menipu orang Mesir dengan kepentingan kita yang bersifat pura-pura terhadap agama mereka, dan bukan Bonaparte atau kami percaya pada agama ini lebih daripada yang kami lakukan di Pius the Defunct.\" [Nota 8] Dalam memoirnya, Setiausaha Bonaparte Bourienne menulis mengenai kepentingan agama Napoleon dalam urat yang sama. Oportunisme keagamaannya dicontohi dalam petikannya yang terkenal: \"Dengan membuat saya Katolik bahawa saya membawa damai kepada Brittany dan Vend\u00e9e, dengan membuat diri saya Itali yang saya memenangi minda di Itali, dengan membuat diri saya seorang muslim yang saya menubuhkan saya di Mesir, jika saya memerintah bangsa Yahudi, saya harus mendirikan kembali Bait Suci Salomo. \" Walau bagaimanapun, menurut Juan Cole, \"Kekaguman Bonaparte terhadap Nabi Muhammad, sebaliknya, adalah tulen\" dan semasa penangkapannya di St Helena dia mempertahankannya melawan Mahomet bermain kritikal Voltaire. <> Apa jenis perkahwinan yang dilakukan Napoleon dengan Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais? || sivil <> Apa yang dipamerkan oleh Napoleon terhadap toleransi yang berkaitan dengan masa semasa di Mesir? || agama <> Jeneral Dupuy mendedahkan motif untuk toleransi keagamaan Napoleon setelah kematian tokoh keagamaannya? || Pope Pius VI <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa kekaguman Bonaparte terhadap Muhammad adalah ikhlas? || Juan Cole <> Pernikahan Napoleon terhadap Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais tidak memiliki upacara apa? || agama", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?", "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d36f", "answers": [{"text": "civil", "answer_start": 15}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?", "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d370", "answers": [{"text": "religion", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?", "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d371", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Pius VI", "answer_start": 343}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?", "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d372", "answers": [{"text": "Juan Cole", "answer_start": 1057}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's marriage to Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?", "id": "5726d8f6708984140094d373", "answers": [{"text": "religious", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon had a civil marriage with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: \"We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one\".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: \"It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vend\u00e9e. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon.\" However, according to Juan Cole, \"Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine\" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet."}], ["Dalam bidang politik, para ahli sejarah membahaskan sama ada Napoleon adalah \"penghinaan yang tercerahkan yang meletakkan asas-asas Eropah moden atau, sebaliknya, seorang megalomaniac yang membuat kesengsaraan yang lebih besar daripada mana-mana lelaki sebelum kedatangan Hitler.\" Ramai ahli sejarah telah membuat kesimpulan bahawa beliau mempunyai cita-cita dasar luar yang luar biasa. Kuasa Benua pada lewat 1808 sanggup memberinya hampir semua keuntungan dan gelarannya yang luar biasa, tetapi sesetengah sarjana mengekalkan beliau terlalu agresif dan menolak terlalu banyak, sehingga empayarnya runtuh. <> Bagaimana ramai ahli sejarah menggambarkan cita-cita dasar luar Napoleon? || Besarnya <> Sepanjang tahun apakah kuasa-kuasa Benua sanggup memberi Napoleon paling banyak keuntungan dan gelaran yang diperolehnya? || 1808 <> Siapa yang terus membahaskan sama ada Napoleon adalah seorang pengkhianat yang tercerahkan, atau seorang megalomaniac? || ahli sejarah <> Sebilangan sarjana mengekalkan pencerobohan berlebihan Napoleon dan menolak menyebabkan apa yang runtuh? || kerajaannya", {"qas": [{"question": "How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?", "id": "5726ed89708984140094d64d", "answers": [{"text": "grandiose", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?", "id": "5726ed89708984140094d64e", "answers": [{"text": "1808", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?", "id": "5726ed89708984140094d64f", "answers": [{"text": "historians", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?", "id": "5726ed89708984140094d650", "answers": [{"text": "his empire", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was \"an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler.\" Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed."}], ["Napoleon mengakhiri kekacauan dan kekacauan di Perancis pasca Revolusi. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau dianggap sebagai tiran dan perampas oleh lawannya. Pengkritiknya mengaku bahawa dia tidak begitu bermasalah apabila berhadapan dengan prospek peperangan dan kematian beribu-ribu orang, menjadikannya mencari peraturan yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan menjadi satu siri konflik di seluruh Eropah dan mengabaikan perjanjian dan konvensyen. Peranannya dalam Revolusi Haiti dan keputusan untuk mengembalikan perhambaan di jajahan di luar negeri Perancis adalah kontroversi dan mempunyai kesan terhadap reputasinya. <> Siapa yang berhenti daripada kekurangan undang-undang dan kehadiran gangguan dalam pasca Revolusi Perancis? || Keputusan Napoleon untuk mengembalikan semula praktik di koloni Perancis di luar negeri telah menyebabkan kontroversi mengenai reputasinya? || perhambaan <> Siapa yang menganggap Napoleon menjadi tiran dan penindas? || lawannya <> Peranan Napoleon di mana revolusi telah menyebabkan kontroversi mengenai reputasinya? || Revolusi Haiti <> Yang menuduh Napoleon tidak terganggu oleh prospek perang dan kematian beribu-ribu? || Pengkritiknya", {"qas": [{"question": "Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?", "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9594", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?", "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9595", "answers": [{"text": "slavery", "answer_start": 444}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?", "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9596", "answers": [{"text": "his opponents", "answer_start": 122}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?", "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9597", "answers": [{"text": "the Haitian Revolution", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?", "id": "5726eeeddd62a815002e9598", "answers": [{"text": "His critics", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation."}], ["Pengenalan rasmi sistem metrik pada September 1799 tidak popular di bahagian besar masyarakat Perancis. Peraturan Napoleon sangat membantu penggunaan standard baru ini bukan sahaja di seluruh Perancis tetapi juga di seluruh pengaruh Perancis. Napoleon akhirnya mengambil langkah mundur pada tahun 1812 apabila dia meluluskan undang-undang untuk memperkenalkan unit-unit usang (unit pengukuran tradisional) untuk perdagangan runcit-suatu sistem ukuran yang menyerupai unit pra-revolusioner tetapi berdasarkan kilogram dan meter; contohnya metreque livre (metrik pound) adalah 500 g bukan 489.5 g-nilai livre du roi (pound raja). Unit-unit ukuran lain dibundarkan dengan cara yang sama. Walau bagaimanapun, ini meletakkan dasar bagi pengenalan muktamad sistem metrik di seluruh Eropah pada pertengahan abad ke-19. <> Bilakah sistem metrik diperkenalkan secara rasmi? || September 1799 <> Sistem apa yang diperkenalkan pada September 1799, tidak popular di kalangan masyarakat Perancis? || sistem metrik <> Berapa tahun Napoleon meluluskan perundangan yang memperkenalkan unit pengukuran tradisional untuk perdagangan runcit? || 1812 <> Berapa banyak gram dalam metrique livre? || 500 <> Berapa banyak gram di dalam livre du roi? || 489.5", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the metric system officially introduced?", "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efba", "answers": [{"text": "September 1799", "answer_start": 50}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?", "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbb", "answers": [{"text": "the metric system", "answer_start": 29}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?", "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbc", "answers": [{"text": "1812", "answer_start": 292}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " How many grams were in the livre metrique?", "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbd", "answers": [{"text": "500", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many grams were in the livre du roi?", "id": "5726ea11f1498d1400e8efbe", "answers": [{"text": "489.5", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade\u2014a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g\u2014the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century."}], ["Apabila dia menjadi Konsul Pertama dan kemudian Maharaja, Napoleon menghindari pakaian seragamnya dan biasanya memakai seragam kolonel hijau sederhana (bukan Hussar) seorang kolonel Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval dari Penjaga Emas, rejimen yang sering berkhidmat sebagai pengiring peribadinya, dengan bicorne besar. Dia juga biasa memakai (biasanya pada hari Ahad) pakaian seragam berwarna biru seorang Kolonel Penjaga Kaki Grenadiers (berwarna biru dengan pewarna putih dan paha merah). Dia juga memakai bintang L\u00e9gion d'honneur, pingat dan pita, dan hiasan Crown of Iron Besi, culottes gaya putih putih dan stoking putih. Ini berbeza dengan pakaian seragam cantik dan kompleks dengan banyak hiasan marsalnya dan orang-orang di sekelilingnya. <> Selepas menjadi Konsul Pertama, Napoleon biasanya memakai seragam pangkatnya, bukannya umum? || kolonel <> Apa nama rejimen yang sering berkhidmat sebagai pengiring Napoleon? || Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Guard Guard <> Apa warna pakaian seragam yang Napoleon biasanya memakai pada hari Ahad? || biru <> Apa stoking warna yang biasa dipakai Napoleon? || putih <> Apa culottes warna yang biasanya memakai Napoleon? || putih", {"qas": [{"question": "After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?", "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0a", "answers": [{"text": "colonel", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?", "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0b", "answers": [{"text": "the Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Imperial Guard", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?", "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0c", "answers": [{"text": "blue", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?", "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0d", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?", "id": "5726e4c8f1498d1400e8ef0e", "answers": [{"text": "white", "answer_start": 548}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his L\u00e9gion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him."}], ["Undang-undang sivil Napoleon, Kod Awam-kini sering dikenali sebagai Kod Napoleon-telah disediakan oleh jawatankuasa pakar undang-undang di bawah pengawasan Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s, Konsul Kedua. Napoleon berpartisipasi secara aktif dalam sesi Majlis Negara yang menyemak semula draf. Pengembangan kod itu merupakan perubahan asas dalam sifat sistem perundangan undang-undang sivil dengan tegasannya pada undang-undang tertulis dan boleh diakses dengan jelas. Kod-kod lain (\"Les cinq codes\") telah ditugaskan oleh Napoleon untuk mengkodifikasikan undang-undang jenayah dan perdagangan; satu Kod Arahan Jenayah telah diterbitkan, yang mensyaratkan peraturan proses yang wajar. <> Apakah istilah kontemporari untuk undang-undang sivil yang dibuat oleh Napoleon? || Kod Sivil <> Apakah Kod Sivil sering dirujuk sebagai sekarang? || Kod Napoleon <> Apakah nama orang yang menyelia penyediaan Kod Awam? || Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s <> Apa kod yang diterbitkan di bawah Napoleon yang membuat peraturan yang berkaitan dengan proses yang sewajarnya? || Kod Arahan Jenayah", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?", "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7c", "answers": [{"text": "the Code Civil", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?", "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7d", "answers": [{"text": "the Napoleonic Code", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?", "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7e", "answers": [{"text": "Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?", "id": "5726e7bff1498d1400e8ef7f", "answers": [{"text": "Code of Criminal Instruction", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil\u2014now often known as the Napoleonic Code\u2014was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes (\"Les cinq codes\") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process."}], ["Dari segi kesan terhadap peristiwa, itu lebih daripada keperibadian Napoleon yang berlaku. Dia menyusun semula Perancis sendiri untuk membekalkan lelaki dan wang yang diperlukan untuk perang besar. Di atas semua dia diilhamkan lelaki-Wellington berkata kehadirannya di medan perang itu bernilai 40,000 askar, kerana dia mengilhami keyakinan dari orang pribumi ke bidang marshals. Dia juga mengalahkan musuh. Pada Pertempuran Auerstadt pada tahun 1806, Raja Frederick William III dari Prusia mengalahkan Perancis sebanyak 63,000 hingga 27,000; Walau bagaimanapun, apabila dia tersilap diberitahu bahawa Napoleon berada di dalam perintah, dia mengarahkan berundur yang terburu-buru yang berubah menjadi rusuhan. Kekuatan kepribadiannya menetralisir kesulitan materi ketika para prajuritnya berjuang dengan keyakinan bahwa dengan Napoleon yang bertanggung jawab mereka pasti akan menang. <> Apa yang disusun semula oleh Napoleon untuk membekalkan tenaga dan wang yang diperlukan untuk memerangi perang besar? || Perancis <> Berapa banyak tentera yang menyedari Wellington percaya kehadiran Napoleon di lapangan itu bernilai? || 40,000 <> Yang mengatakan bahawa kehadiran Napoleon di medan perang itu bernilai 40.000 tentara? || Wellington <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Auerstadt berlaku? || 1806 <> Yang mengetuai pasukan Prussia yang mengalahkan Napoleon di Pertempuran Auerstadt? || Raja Frederick William III", {"qas": [{"question": "What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?", "id": "5726e200708984140094d4a9", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?", "id": "5726e200708984140094d4aa", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?", "id": "5726e200708984140094d4ab", "answers": [{"text": "Wellington", "answer_start": 198}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?", "id": "5726e200708984140094d4ac", "answers": [{"text": "1806", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?", "id": "5726e200708984140094d4ad", "answers": [{"text": "King Frederick William III", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men\u2014Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win."}], ["Semasa Perang Napoleon, dia dianggap serius oleh akhbar Inggeris sebagai pengkrim berbahaya, yang bersedia untuk menyerang. Dia sering dirujuk oleh British sebagai Boney. Rhyme nurseri memberi amaran kepada anak-anak bahawa Bonaparte ravenously orang nakal; yang \"bogeyman\". Akhbar British Tory kadang-kadang menggambarkan Napoleon lebih kecil daripada ketinggian purata, dan imej ini berterusan. Kebingungan mengenai ketinggiannya juga berpunca daripada perbezaan antara pouce Perancis dan British inci-2.71 cm dan 2.54 cm, masing-masing. Mitos \"Kompleks Napoleon\" - dinamakan sempena dia untuk menggambarkan lelaki yang mempunyai kompleks rendah diri - berpunca terutamanya dari fakta bahawa dia disenaraikan, dengan tidak betul, sebagai 5 kaki 2 inci (dalam unit Perancis) pada masa kematiannya. Sebenarnya, dia adalah tinggi 1,8 meter (5 kaki 6 inci), ketinggian rata-rata untuk seorang lelaki dalam tempoh itu. [Note 11] <> Perkhidmatan berita asing mana yang dilihat Napoleon sebagai tiran yang berbahaya? Istilah singkatan yang sering digunakan oleh British untuk merujuk kepada Napoleon? || Boney <> Segmen mana yang diterbitkan oleh British sering menunjukkan Napoleon sebagai lebih pendek daripada rata-rata? || Tory <> Ketinggian apa yang Napoleon salah disenaraikan pada masa kematiannya ? | 5 kaki 2 inci <> Apa ketinggian sebenar Napoleon, kaki dan inci? || 5 kaki 6 inci", {"qas": [{"question": "Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?", "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818b", "answers": [{"text": "the British press", "answer_start": 53}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?", "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818c", "answers": [{"text": "Boney", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?", "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818d", "answers": [{"text": "Tory", "answer_start": 268}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?", "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818e", "answers": [{"text": "5 feet 2 inches", "answer_start": 675}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?", "id": "5726e3795951b619008f818f", "answers": [{"text": "5 ft 6 in", "answer_start": 764}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the \"bogeyman\". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch\u20142.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the \"Napoleon Complex\u201d \u2014 named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex \u2014 stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]"}], ["Napoleon telah menubuhkan reformasi yang berpanjangan, termasuk pendidikan tinggi, kod cukai, sistem jalan dan pembetungan, dan menubuhkan Banque de France, bank pusat pertama dalam sejarah Perancis. Beliau merundingkan Concordat 1801 dengan Gereja Katolik, yang berusaha untuk mendamaikan penduduk Katolik kebanyakannya kepada rejimnya. Ia dibentangkan bersama dengan Artikel Organik, yang mengawal penyembahan awam di Perancis. Pembubaran Empayar Rom Suci membuka jalan menuju Penggabungan Jerman pada abad ke-19. Penjualan Wilayah Louisiana ke Amerika Syarikat menggandakan saiz negara dan menjadi peristiwa penting dalam sejarah Amerika. <> Apa nama bank pusat pertama di Perancis, yang Napoleon ditubuhkan? || The Banque de France <> Apa nama perjanjian yang Napoleon tiba di dengan Gereja Katolik? || Concordat of 1801 <> Apa dokumen lain yang disampaikan bersama dengan Concordat 1801? || Artikel Organik <> Apa Artikel Organik yang mengawal selia di Perancis? || penyembahan awam <> Apa nama empayar Napoleon dibubarkan yang kemudiannya menyebabkan penyatuan di Jerman? || Empayar Rom Suci", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?", "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef44", "answers": [{"text": "the Banque de France", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?", "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef45", "answers": [{"text": "the Concordat of 1801", "answer_start": 195}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?", "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef46", "answers": [{"text": "the Organic Articles", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?", "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef47", "answers": [{"text": "public worship", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?", "id": "5726e5cff1498d1400e8ef48", "answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history."}], ["Lawan-lawannya belajar dari inovasi Napoleon. Peningkatan penting artileri selepas 1807 berpunca daripada penciptaan pasukan artileri yang sangat mudah alih, pertumbuhan angka artileri, dan perubahan dalam amalan artileri. Sebagai akibat daripada faktor-faktor ini, Napoleon, dan bukannya bergantung kepada infantri untuk memusnahkan pertahanan musuh, kini dapat menggunakan artileri beramai-ramai sebagai ujung tombak untuk memecahkan garis lawan musuh yang kemudian dieksploitasi dengan menyokong infanteri dan pasukan berkuda. McConachy menolak teori alternatif yang bergantung kepada artileri oleh tentera Perancis yang bermula pada tahun 1807 adalah peningkatan kualiti infantri Perancis yang menurun dan, kemudiannya, rendah diri Perancis dalam nombor berkuda. Senjata dan lain-lain jenis teknologi ketenteraan masih banyak statik melalui zaman Revolusi dan Napoleon, tetapi mobiliti operasi abad ke-18 mengalami perubahan ketara. <> Siapa yang belajar dari inovasi Napoleon? || Lawan-lawannya <> Napoleon menggunakan artileri menyebabkan kepentingannya semakin meningkat selepas tahun berapa? || 1807 Apa yang digunakan Napoleon sebagai cara awal untuk memecahkan pertahanan musuh, bukannya pergantungan tradisional terhadap infantri? || artileri <> Yang menolak teori bahawa peningkatan penggunaan artileri oleh Perancis disebabkan penurunan kualiti infantri dan bilangan kavaleri? || McConachy", {"qas": [{"question": "Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?", "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94be", "answers": [{"text": "His opponents", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?", "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94bf", "answers": [{"text": "1807", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?", "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94c0", "answers": [{"text": "artillery", "answer_start": 359}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?", "id": "5726e8e5dd62a815002e94c1", "answers": [{"text": "McConachy", "answer_start": 481}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change."}], ["Pembaharuan pendidikan Napoleon meletakkan asas sistem pendidikan moden di Perancis dan di seluruh Eropah. Napoleon mensintesis elemen-elemen akademik terbaik dari Ancien R\u00e9gime, The Enlightenment, dan Revolusi, dengan tujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang stabil, berpendidikan dan sejahtera. Dia menjadikan Perancis satu-satunya bahasa rasmi. Beliau meninggalkan pendidikan rendah di tangan perintah agama, tetapi dia menawarkan sokongan masyarakat kepada pendidikan menengah. Napoleon mengasaskan beberapa sekolah menengah negeri (lyc\u00e9es) yang direka untuk menghasilkan pendidikan seragam yang seragam di seluruh Perancis. Semua pelajar diajar sains dengan bahasa moden dan klasik. Tidak seperti sistem semasa Ancien R\u00e9gime, topik agama tidak menguasai kurikulum, walaupun mereka hadir sebagai tambahan kepada para guru dari paderi. Napoleon hanya berharap menggunakan agama untuk menghasilkan kestabilan sosial. Beliau memberikan perhatian khusus kepada pusat-pusat maju, terutamanya \u00c9cole Polytechnique, yang menyediakan kedua-dua kepakaran tentera dan penyelidikan terkini dalam sains. Napoleon membuat beberapa usaha utama yang pertama dalam mewujudkan sistem pendidikan sekular dan awam. Sistem ini memaparkan biasiswa dan disiplin yang ketat, dengan hasilnya menjadi sistem pendidikan Perancis yang mengatasi rakan sejawatannya di Eropah, yang kebanyakannya dipinjam dari sistem Perancis. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Napoleon meletakkan asas untuk Pendidikan moden di Perancis dan banyak di Eropah? || Pembaharuan pendidikan Napoleon <> Bahasa apa Napoleon menjadikan satu-satunya rasmi? || Perancis <> Apa yang Napoleon tawarkan untuk pendidikan menengah? || sokongan awam <> Apakah nama sekolah menengah negeri yang dimulakan oleh Napoleon yang bertujuan untuk menyeragamkan pendidikan di seluruh Perancis? || lyc\u00e9es <> Bersama dengan bahasa moden dan klasik, apa semua pelajar dalam lyc\u00e9es diajar? || sains", {"qas": [{"question": "What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?", "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d605", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon's educational reforms", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did Napoleon make the only official one?", "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d606", "answers": [{"text": "French", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?", "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d607", "answers": [{"text": "public support", "answer_start": 435}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?", "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d608", "answers": [{"text": "lyc\u00e9es", "answer_start": 528}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lyc\u00e9es taught?", "id": "5726ebd5708984140094d609", "answers": [{"text": "the sciences", "answer_start": 638}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien R\u00e9gime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lyc\u00e9es) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien R\u00e9gime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system."}], ["Selepas kejatuhan Napoleon, bukan sahaja Kod Napoleon dipertahankan oleh negara-negara yang ditaklukkan termasuk Belanda, Belgium, beberapa bahagian Itali dan Jerman, tetapi telah digunakan sebagai dasar dari beberapa bahagian undang-undang di luar Eropa termasuk Republik Dominika, negara AS Louisiana dan wilayah Quebec di Kanada. Ingatan Napoleon di Poland sangat menguntungkan, atas sokongannya terhadap kemerdekaan dan pembangkang ke Rusia, kod hukumnya, pemansuhan penghambaan, dan pengenalan birokrasi kelas menengah yang moden. <> Selepas kejatuhan Napoleon, banyak negara mengekalkan sistem hukum apa? || Kod Napoleon <> Di luar Eropah, Kod Napoleon telah digunakan sebagai asas untuk bahagian-bahagian tertentu dari apa? || undang-undang <> Bagaimana ingatan Napoleon di Poland dicirikan sebagai? || menguntungkan <> Poland memandang Napoleon dalam cahaya positif sebahagiannya berdasarkan penentangannya terhadap negara apa? || Rusia <> Satu sebab Poland memandang Napoleon dengan baik adalah kerana pemansuhannya apa bentuk penghambaan yang tidak dipertanggungjawabkan? || serfdom", {"qas": [{"question": "After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?", "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96ac", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleonic Code", "answer_start": 41}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?", "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96ad", "answers": [{"text": "law", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?", "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96ae", "answers": [{"text": "favorable", "answer_start": 356}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?", "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96af", "answers": [{"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 418}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?", "id": "5726fa4bdd62a815002e96b0", "answers": [{"text": "serfdom", "answer_start": 459}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies."}], ["Napoleon boleh dianggap sebagai salah seorang pengasas Jerman moden. Setelah membubarkan Empayar Rom Suci, beliau mengurangkan bilangan negara Jerman dari 300 hingga kurang daripada 50, membuka jalan ke Penggabungan Jerman. Satu hasil kerja pendudukan Perancis adalah perkembangan yang kuat dalam kebangsaan Jerman. Napoleon juga membantu Amerika Syarikat apabila dia bersetuju untuk menjual wilayah Louisiana selama 15 juta dolar semasa presiden Thomas Jefferson. Wilayah itu hampir dua kali ganda saiz Amerika Syarikat, menambah kesamaan 13 negeri kepada Kesatuan. <> Napoleon dilihat oleh beberapa orang sebagai pengasas negara moden apa? || Jerman <> Apa nama empayar Napoleon dibubarkan? || Empayar Rom Suci <> Berapa banyak negara Jerman yang ada sebelum Napoleon mula menurunkan angka mereka? || 300 <> Berapa banyak negeri Jerman kekal selepas Napoleon mengurangkan bilangan mereka? || kurang daripada 50 <> Berapakah Napoleon menjual Wilayah Louisiana ke Amerika Syarikat? || 15 juta dolar", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?", "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a1", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 59}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?", "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a2", "answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?", "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a3", "answers": [{"text": "300", "answer_start": 152}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?", "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a4", "answers": [{"text": "less than 50", "answer_start": 159}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?", "id": "5726fb7b708984140094d7a5", "answers": [{"text": "15 million dollars", "answer_start": 402}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union."}], ["Desas-desus yang meluas tentang kembalinya Napoleon dari St Helena dan Napoleon sebagai inspirasi untuk patriotisme, kebebasan individu dan kolektif, dan penggerak politik menampakkan diri mereka dalam bahan-bahan menghasut, memaparkan tricolor dan roset. Terdapat juga aktiviti subversif yang meraikan ulang tahun kehidupan Napoleon dan memerintah dan mengganggu perayaan diraja-mereka menunjukkan matlamat yang lazim dan berjaya penyokong Napoleon yang bervariasi untuk menstabilkan rejim Bourbon secara berterusan. <> Rumor tentang kepulangan Napoleon dari lokasi apa yang sering digunakan sebagai inspirasi untuk pengikutnya? || St Helena <> Ulang tahun kehidupan Napoleon dan pemerintahan kadang-kadang dirayakan dalam usaha mengganggu apa? || perayaan kerajaan <> Penghancuran rejim apa yang menjadi matlamat utama para pengikut Napoleon? || rejim Bourbon <> Bahan yang menyedihkan yang diedarkan oleh pengikut Napoleon sering memaparkan tricolor, dan reka bentuk apa yang lain? || roset", {"qas": [{"question": "Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?", "id": "5726f6845951b619008f837d", "answers": [{"text": "St. Helena", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?", "id": "5726f6845951b619008f837e", "answers": [{"text": "royal celebrations", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?", "id": "5726f6845951b619008f837f", "answers": [{"text": "the Bourbon regime", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?", "id": "5726f6845951b619008f8380", "answers": [{"text": "rosettes", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations\u2014they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime."}], ["Napoleon mengakui seorang anak tidak sah: Charles L\u00e9on (1806-1881) oleh El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810-1868), anak perempuannya, Maria Walewska, walaupun diakui oleh suami Walewska, juga dikenali sebagai anaknya, dan DNA keturunan lelaki langsungnya telah digunakan untuk membantu mengesahkan Napoleon's Y- haplotype kromosom. Dia mungkin mempunyai anak tidak sah lagi yang tidak diketahui, seperti Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld oleh Emilie Victoria Kraus dan H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Napoleone Bonaparte (1816-1907) oleh Albine de Montholon. <> Apa nama anak haram yang diakui oleh Napoleon? || Charles L\u00e9on <> Siapakah ibu Charles L\u00e9on? || El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne <> Siapa anak haram Napoleon oleh perempuan simpanannya, Maria Walewska? || Alexandre Colonna-Walewski <> DNA dari keturunan Alexandre Colonna-Walewski telah digunakan untuk mengesahkan apa sifat Napoleon? || <Haplotip Y-kromosom Napoleon <> Siapa anak Emilie Victoria Kraus yang mungkin lain anak-anak yang tidak sah di Napoleon? || Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?", "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7ed", "answers": [{"text": "Charles L\u00e9on", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Charles L\u00e9on?", "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7ee", "answers": [{"text": "El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne", "answer_start": 72}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?", "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7ef", "answers": [{"text": "Alexandre Colonna-Walewski", "answer_start": 105}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": " DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?", "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7f0", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?", "id": "5726fe60708984140094d7f1", "answers": [{"text": "Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles L\u00e9on (1806\u20131881) by El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810\u20131868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Napoleone Bonaparte (1816\u20131907) by Albine de Montholon."}], ["Datta (2005) memperlihatkan bahawa, selepas kejatuhan Boulangisme militari pada akhir 1880-an, legenda Napoleon telah diceraikan dari politik parti dan dihidupkan kembali dalam budaya popular. Berkonsentrasi pada dua buah drama dan dua novel dari Madonna Sans-G\u00eane (1893) Victorien Sardou, Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s Maurice Barr\u00e8s (1897), L'Aiglon (1900) Edmond Rostand, dan Andr\u00e9 de Lorde dan Napol\u00e9onette Gyp (1913) bagaimana penulis dan pengkritik Belle \u00c9poque mengeksploitasi legenda Napoleon untuk berakhirnya politik dan kebudayaan. <> Bilakah penggulingan militeristik Boulangism runtuh? || tahun 1880-an lewat <> Apa tahun yang ditulis Victorien Sardou Madame Sans-G\u00eane? || 1893 <> Tahun apa ditulis oleh Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s Maurice Barr\u00e8s? || 1897 <> Pada tahun apakah tulisan L'Aiglon ditulis oleh Edmond Rostand? || 1900 <> Pada tahun apakah Andr\u00e9 de Lorde dan Napol\u00e9onette Gyp ditulis? || 1913", {"qas": [{"question": "When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?", "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83c7", "answers": [{"text": "the late 1880s", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-G\u00eane written?", "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83c8", "answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was Maurice Barr\u00e8s's Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s written?", "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83c9", "answers": [{"text": "1897", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?", "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83ca", "answers": [{"text": "1900", "answer_start": 349}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Andr\u00e9 de Lorde and Gyp's Napol\u00e9onette written?", "id": "5726f90b5951b619008f83cb", "answers": [{"text": "1913", "answer_start": 399}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period\u2014Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-G\u00eane (1893), Maurice Barr\u00e8s's Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and Andr\u00e9 de Lorde and Gyp's Napol\u00e9onette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle \u00c9poque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends."}], ["Napoleon berkahwin dengan Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais pada tahun 1796, ketika dia berusia 26 tahun; dia adalah seorang janda berusia 32 tahun yang suami pertamanya telah dibunuh semasa Revolusi. Sehingga dia bertemu dengan Bonaparte, dia dikenali sebagai \"Rose\", nama yang dia tidak suka. Dia memanggilnya \"Jos\u00e9phine\" sebaliknya, dan dia pergi dengan nama ini dari sini lagi. Bonaparte sering menghantar surat cintanya pada kempennya. Dia secara rasmi menerima anaknya Eug\u00e8ne dan sepupu St\u00e9phanie dan mengatur perkahwinan dinasti untuk mereka. Jos\u00e9phine mempunyai anak perempuannya Hortense berkahwin dengan abang Napoleon Louis. <> Siapa yang Napoleon berkahwin pada tahun 1796? || Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais <> Pada tahun berapa Napoleon menikahi Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais? || 1796 <> Berapa lama Napoleon ketika dia berkahwin dengan Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais? || 26 <> Berapa lama Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais ketika dia telah berkahwin dengan Napoleon? || 32 <> Apa nama yang tidak disukai Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais dikenali sebelum dia bertemu dengan Napoleon? || Rose", {"qas": [{"question": "Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?", "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f840f", "answers": [{"text": "Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon marry Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?", "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8410", "answers": [{"text": "1796", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Napoleon when he married Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?", "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8411", "answers": [{"text": "26", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?", "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8412", "answers": [{"text": "32", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the disliked name Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?", "id": "5726fc5d5951b619008f8413", "answers": [{"text": "Rose", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon married Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as \"Rose\", a name which he disliked. He called her \"Jos\u00e9phine\" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eug\u00e8ne and cousin St\u00e9phanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Jos\u00e9phine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis."}], ["Penggunaan propaganda Napoleon menyumbang kepada peningkatannya, mengesahkan rezimnya, dan menubuhkan imejnya untuk keturunan. Penapisan yang ketat, mengawal aspek akhbar, buku, teater, dan seni, adalah sebahagian daripada skema propagandanya, yang bertujuan menggambarkan beliau sebagai membawa keamanan dan kestabilan ke Perancis. Retorik propaganda telah berubah berkaitan dengan peristiwa dan suasana pemerintahan Napoleon, yang pertama memfokuskan pada peranannya sebagai jeneral dalam tentera dan pengenalan sebagai askar, dan berpindah kepada peranannya sebagai maharaja dan pemimpin sivil. Khususnya mensasarkan penontonnya, Napoleon memupuk hubungan yang penting, walaupun tidak selesa, dengan komuniti seni kontemporari, mengambil peranan aktif dalam melakukan pentauliahan dan mengawal bentuk pengeluaran seni yang berbeza untuk memenuhi matlamat propagandanya. <> Pekerjaan yang berpengalaman di Napoleon tentang teknik apa yang membantunya meningkatkan kekuasaannya, mengesahkan pemerintahannya, dan memperbaik reputasinya yang menjadi tahta? || propaganda <> Napoleon menggunakan amalan apa yang mengawal aspek media, buku, dan seni? || penapisan <> rancangan propaganda Napoleon ditujukan untuk memperlihatkannya sebagai cuba membawa keamanan dan kestabilan ke negara apa? || Perancis <> Napoleon mencipta hubungan dengan komuniti seni untuk tugas komisen yang khusus mensasarkan segmen penontonnya? || awam", {"qas": [{"question": "Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?", "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0ee", "answers": [{"text": "propaganda", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?", "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0ef", "answers": [{"text": "censorship", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?", "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0f0", "answers": [{"text": "France", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?", "id": "5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0f1", "answers": [{"text": "civilian", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his r\u00e9gime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals."}], ["Napoleon melancarkan rampasan wilayah-wilayah yang ditakluki: muzium Perancis mengandungi seni yang dicuri oleh pasukan Napoleon dari seluruh Eropah. Artefak dibawa ke Mus\u00e9e du Louvre untuk muzium utama; contohnya kemudiannya menjadi inspirasi untuk peniru yang lebih terkenal. Beliau dibandingkan dengan Adolf Hitler yang paling terkenal oleh ahli sejarah Pieter Geyl pada tahun 1947 dan Claude Ribbe pada tahun 2005. David G. Chandler, seorang ahli sejarah terkemuka peperangan Napoleon, menulis pada tahun 1973 bahawa, \"Tidak ada yang lebih menjejaskan bekas [Napoleon] Napoleon telah diilhami oleh mimpi yang mulia, yang sama sekali berbeza daripada Hitler ... Napoleon meninggalkan kesaksian yang besar dan tahan lama kepada kod hukum genius dan identiti kebangsaannya yang bertahan hingga ke hari ini. Adolf Hitler meninggalkan apa-apa tetapi kemusnahan. \" <> Apakah amalan di wilayah yang dikalahkan menjadi dilembagakan di bawah Napoleon? || rampasan <> Di mana di Perancis terdapat artifak yang dijarah dibawa ke dalam usaha untuk mencipta muzium pusat yang hebat? || Mus\u00e9e du Louvre <> Yang membandingkan Napoleon dengan Hitler pada tahun 1947? || Pieter Geyl <> Yang membandingkan Napoleon dengan Hitler pada tahun 2005? || Claude Ribbe <> Pada tahun 1973, ahli sejarah yang membantah perbandingan antara Napoleon dan Hitler? || David G. Chandler", {"qas": [{"question": "What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?", "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82ed", "answers": [{"text": "plunder", "answer_start": 27}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?", "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82ee", "answers": [{"text": "the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?", "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82ef", "answers": [{"text": "Pieter Geyl", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?", "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82f0", "answers": [{"text": "Claude Ribbe", "answer_start": 372}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?", "id": "5726f0a95951b619008f82f1", "answers": [{"text": "David G. Chandler", "answer_start": 394}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, \"Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius\u2014in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction.\""}], ["Pengkritik berpendapat bahawa warisan sebenar Napoleon mestilah mencerminkan kehilangan status untuk Perancis dan kematian yang tidak perlu yang dibawa oleh pemerintahannya: sejarawan Victor Davis Hanson menulis, \"Lagipun, rekod ketenteraan tidak dapat dipertikaikan-17 tahun peperangan, mungkin enam juta orang Eropah mati, Perancis bangkrut , koloni di luar negaranya hilang. \" McLynn menyatakan bahawa, \"Dia boleh dilihat sebagai lelaki yang menyusun kehidupan ekonomi Eropah untuk generasi dengan kesan dislokasi peperangannya.\" Walau bagaimanapun, Vincent Cronin menjawab bahawa kritikan tersebut bergantung pada premis yang cacat bahawa Napoleon bertanggungjawab terhadap peperangan yang menanggung namanya, padahal sebenarnya Perancis adalah mangsa beberapa siri gabungan yang bertujuan memusnahkan cita-cita Revolusi. <> Ahli sejarah mana yang menggambarkan warisan Napoleon dari segi tahun yang dibelanjakan untuk perang, jumlah orang Eropah yang mati, dan kebangkrutan Perancis dan kehilangan tanah jajahan? || Victor Davis Hanson <> Ahli sejarah mana yang melihat legasi Napoleon sebagai salah satu yang telah menetapkan ekonomi Eropah untuk generasi melalui peperangan? || McLynn <> Ahli sejarah yang mengkritik Napoleon dengan mengatakan bahawa peperangan yang dia lawan adalah tanggungjawab musuh-musuh Revolusi, bukannya Napoleon? || Vincent Cronin <> Berapa tahun perang apakah tuntutan Victor Davis Hanson adalah sebahagian daripada rekod ketenteraan Napoleon? || 17 <> Kira-kira berapa ramai orang Eropah mati yang menegaskan Victor Davis Hanson adalah sebahagian daripada rekod ketenteraan Napoleon? || enam juta", {"qas": [{"question": "Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?", "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b2", "answers": [{"text": "Victor Davis Hanson", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?", "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b3", "answers": [{"text": "McLynn", "answer_start": 307}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?", "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b4", "answers": [{"text": "Vincent Cronin", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?", "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b5", "answers": [{"text": "17", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?", "id": "5726f25ff1498d1400e8f0b6", "answers": [{"text": "six million", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}], "context": "Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, \"After all, the military record is unquestioned\u201417 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost.\" McLynn notes that, \"He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars.\" However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution."}]], [["Menjelang Abad Pertengahan, sejumlah besar orang Yahudi tinggal di Empayar Rom Suci dan telah mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman, termasuk banyak orang Yahudi yang sebelum ini telah mengasimilasi budaya Perancis dan telah bercakap bahasa campuran Judeo-Perancis. Selepas mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman, orang Yahudi Jerman menggabungkan sebahagian besar bahasa Jerman dan unsur-unsur bahasa Eropah lain menjadi bahasa campuran yang dikenali sebagai Yiddish. Walau bagaimanapun toleransi dan asimilasi orang Yahudi dalam masyarakat Jerman tiba-tiba berakhir semasa Perang Salib dengan banyak orang Yahudi yang dipaksa paksa dari Jerman dan Barat Yiddish hilang sebagai bahasa di Jerman selama berabad-abad, dengan orang Yahudi Jerman sepenuhnya mengadopsi bahasa Jerman. <> Dengan apa tempoh masa yang telah banyak penduduk Yahudi menyertai Empayar Rom Suci? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Penduduk Yahudi apabila berpindah ke masyarakat Jerman bercampur bahasa untuk membentuk bahasa baru apa? || Bahasa Yiddish <> Apa yang menyebabkan toleransi dan pencampuran ke dalam Persatuan Jerman berakhir untuk orang Yahudi? || Perang Salib <> Bahasa apa yang banyak digunakan oleh orang Yahudi selepas perang salib? || Bahasa Jerman <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan orang Yahudi sebelum mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman? || Judeo-French <> Selepas mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman, bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Yahudi? || Yiddish. <> Bilakah asimilasi Yahudi berakhir? || semasa Perang Salib <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang-orang Yahudi semasa perang salib? || dengan paksa dikeluarkan dari Jerman <> Kumpulan apa yang diasimilasikan ke dalam budaya Jerman berikutan Zaman Pertengahan? || <> Apa yang menyedarkan asimilasi Yahudi ke dalam masyarakat Jerman? || <> Siapa yang berhijrah ke Jerman semasa Perang Salib? || <> Di mana orang Yiddish bercakap selepas Perang Salib? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87be", "answers": [{"text": "Middle Ages", "answer_start": 7}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? ", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87bf", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddish", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87c0", "answers": [{"text": "Crusades", "answer_start": 512}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? ", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87c1", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 697}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791af", "answers": [{"text": "Judeo-French", "answer_start": 208}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791b0", "answers": [{"text": "Yiddish.", "answer_start": 416}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Jewish assimilation end?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791b1", "answers": [{"text": "during the Crusades", "answer_start": 501}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the Jews during the crusades?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791b2", "answers": [{"text": "forcefully expelled from Germany", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 37}], "question": "What group assimilated into German culture following the Middle Ages?", "id": "5a63bb9c7f3c80001a150b23", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Crusades", "answer_start": 512}], "question": "What sped up Jewish assimilation into German society?", "id": "5a63bb9c7f3c80001a150b24", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jews", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "Who migrated to Germany during the Crusades?", "id": "5a63bb9c7f3c80001a150b25", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "Where was Yiddish spoken after the Crusades?", "id": "5a63bb9c7f3c80001a150b26", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language."}], ["Pada tahun 1866, perseteruan antara Austria dan Prusia akhirnya menjadi kepalanya. Terdapat beberapa sebab di sebalik perang ini. Sebagai nasionalisme Jerman berkembang dengan kuat di dalam Konfederasi Jerman dan tidak dapat memutuskan bagaimana Jerman akan bersatu menjadi sebuah negara bangsa. Austria menyukai penyatuan Jerman Besar tetapi tidak sanggup melepaskan mana-mana tanah yang tidak berbahasa Jerman di dalam Empayar Austria dan mengambil tempat kedua ke Prusia. Akan tetapi, Prussians ingin menyatukan Jerman sebagai Jerman Kecil terutama oleh Kerajaan Prusia, sementara tidak termasuk Austria. Dalam peperangan terakhir peperangan Jerman (Pertempuran K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) orang Prussian berjaya mengalahkan Austria dan berjaya mewujudkan Konfederasi Jerman Utara. <> Bilakah pergaduhan antara Austria dan Prussia meletus? || 1866 <> Apa percanggahan perang Jerman apakah Prussians berjaya mencipta Konfederasi Jerman Utara? || (Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz <> Apa yang Jerman akan dipanggil jika Prussian menang? || Little Germany <> Apa yang Austria tidak sanggup menyerah untuk menyelesaikan konflik? || tanah yang tidak berbahasa Jerman di dalam Empayar Austria < > Bilakah Austria dan Prussia pergi berperang? || 1866 <> Siapa yang memenangi pertempuran Koniggratz? || Prussia <> Apa yang kaum Prussians mahu Jerman disatukan di bawah? || Little Germany <> Apa yang dicipta ketika orang Prussia mengalahkan Austria? || Konfederasi Jerman Utara <> Siapa yang Austria pergi berperang pada akhir abad ke-18? || <> Siapa yang ditewaskan oleh Austria pada Pertempuran Koniggratz? || <> Tanah apa yang Prussia tidak mahu menyerah ? || <> Siapa yang Austria mahu menyatukan sebagai Jerman sedikit? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e3", "answers": [{"text": "1866", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e4", "answers": [{"text": "(Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e5", "answers": [{"text": "Little Germany", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e6", "answers": [{"text": "non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire", "answer_start": 365}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Austria and Prussia go to war?", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa277", "answers": [{"text": "1866", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the battle of Koniggratz?", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa278", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 646}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa279", "answers": [{"text": "Little Germany", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa27a", "answers": [{"text": "North German Confederation", "answer_start": 722}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussia", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "Who did Austria go to war with in the late 18th century?", "id": "5a63cbff7f3c80001a150b35", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussians", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "Who did the Austrians defeat at the Battle of Koniggratz?", "id": "5a63cbff7f3c80001a150b36", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "non-German-speaking", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "What land was Prussia unwilling to give up?", "id": "5a63cbff7f3c80001a150b37", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 492}], "question": "Who did Austria want ti unify as little Germany?", "id": "5a63cbff7f3c80001a150b38", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation."}], ["Etnik Jerman muncul dalam perjalanan Zaman Pertengahan, akhirnya sebagai hasil pembentukan kerajaan Jerman di dalam Francia Timur dan kemudian Empayar Rom Suci, bermula pada abad ke-9. Proses itu beransur-ansur dan tidak mempunyai definisi yang jelas, dan penggunaan istilah-istilah yang \"Jerman\" berkembang hanya pada Zaman Pertengahan yang Tinggi. Gelaran rex teutonicum \"Raja Jerman\" mula-mula digunakan pada abad ke-11, oleh chancery Paus Gregorius VII, untuk menggambarkan masa depan Maharaja Suci Romawi dari Negara Jerman Henry IV. Secara beransur-ansur, istilah ein diutscher (\"seorang Jerman\") digunakan untuk orang-orang Jerman dari abad ke-12. <> Apa tempoh dalam sejarah kita melihat kemunculan budaya Jerman? || Pertengahan Abad Pertengahan <> Kerajaan Jerman dibentuk di dalam apa yang diletakkan di luar empayar? || Timur Francia <> Bilakah Raja Tajuk pertama Jerman digunakan? || akhir abad ke-11 <> Siapa yang mencipta ungkapan \"raja Jerman\" || chancery daripada Paus Gregory VII, <> Siapa yang diberikan prilavage dipanggil Raja pertama Jerman? || Henry IV <> Bilakah etnik Jerman muncul? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Bilakah gelaran rex teutonicum digunakan dahulu? || akhir abad ke-11 <> Siapa yang mula-mula menggunakan rex teutonicum? || Paus Gregory VII <> Bilakah ein diutscher digunakan dahulu? || Abad ke-12 <> Apa maksud ein diutscher? || Jerman <> Apa kaum etnik muncul selepas Abad Pertengahan? || <> Kerajaan apa yang dibentuk pada tahun 900? || <> Apa dua empayar membentuk kerajaan Jerman? || <> Gelaran apa yang pertama kali digunakan dalam 1100? || <> Apa istilah telah digunakan untuk merujuk kepada orang-orang di rantau ini sejak 1200? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c195", "answers": [{"text": "High Middle Ages", "answer_start": 341}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c196", "answers": [{"text": "East Francia", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Title King of the Germans first used?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c197", "answers": [{"text": "late 11th century", "answer_start": 430}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who coined the phrase \"king of the Germans\"", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c198", "answers": [{"text": "chancery of Pope Gregory VII,", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c199", "answers": [{"text": "Henry IV", "answer_start": 549}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did a German ethnicity emerge?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b80", "answers": [{"text": "the Middle Ages", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b81", "answers": [{"text": "the late 11th century", "answer_start": 426}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who first used rex teutonicum?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b82", "answers": [{"text": "Pope Gregory VII", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is ein diutscher first used?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b83", "answers": [{"text": "12th century", "answer_start": 648}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ein diutscher mean?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b84", "answers": [{"text": "a German", "answer_start": 594}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A German ethnicity", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What ethnicity emerged following the Middle Ages?", "id": "5a63b1657f3c80001a150b09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "kingdom of Germany", "answer_start": 108}], "question": "What kingdom was formed in the 900's?", "id": "5a63b1657f3c80001a150b0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What two empires formed the kingdom of Germany?", "id": "5a63b1657f3c80001a150b0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "rex teutonicum \"King of the Germans\" is", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What title is first used in the 1100's?", "id": "5a63b1657f3c80001a150b0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a German\"", "answer_start": 594}], "question": "What term has been used to refer to the people of the region since the 1200's?", "id": "5a63b1657f3c80001a150b0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating \"the Germans\" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum \"King of the Germans\" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher (\"a German\") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century."}], ["Orang-orang zaman penghijrahan yang kemudiannya bersatu dengan etnik \"Jerman\" adalah puak-puak Jerman Saxon, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni dan Bavarii. Lima suku ini, kadang-kadang dengan memasukkan orang Frisia, dianggap sebagai kumpulan utama untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pembentukan orang-orang Jerman. Jenis bahasa Jerman masih dibahagikan kepada kumpulan-kumpulan ini. Ahli bahasa membezakan jenis Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian dan Alemannic rendah dalam bahasa Jerman moden. Menjelang abad ke-9, suku besar yang hidup di wilayah Jerman moden telah bersatu di bawah pemerintahan raja Frank, Charlemagne, yang dikenali dalam bahasa Jerman sebagai Karl der Gro\u00dfe. Kebanyakan apa yang kini Jerman Timur menjadi bahasa Slavik (Sorbs dan Veleti), selepas kawasan-kawasan ini dikosongkan oleh puak-puak Jerman (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians dan Suebi antara lain) yang telah berhijrah ke kawasan bekas Empayar Rom. <> Berapa banyak suku dikreditkan dengan penciptaan zaman moden di Jerman? || lima suku <> Pada zaman moden apa yang masih dipengaruhi oleh lima suku bangsa? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apa raja menyatukan suku-suku pada abad ke-9? || Charlemagne <> Apa bahagian Jerman menjadi kebanyakannya berbahasa Slavik kerana migrasi? || Timur Jerman <> Suku-suku yang berpindah dari timur Jerman mengambil tempat untuk mendiami tanah empayar yang jatuh? || Empayar Rom <> Apa lima suku yang dikaitkan dengan berkumpul menjadi etnik Jerman? || Saxon, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni dan Bavarii <> Apa suku ke-6 kadang-kadang termasuk dengan 5 suku asli Jerman? || Frisians <> Yang menyatukan 5 suku? || raja Charlemagne <> Berapa abad yang memerintah Raja Charlemagne? || 9 <> Apa kumpulan etnik moden yang dibentuk oleh 6 puak yang berhijrah? || <> Siapa yang bersatu dalam 900? || <> Siapa yang memerintah wilayah Jerman moden pada tahun 900? || <> Di manakah Slavonic cuba berpindah dari Jerman Timur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db24", "answers": [{"text": "five tribes", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db25", "answers": [{"text": "German language", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What king united the tribes in the 9th century? ", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db26", "answers": [{"text": "Charlemagne", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?  ", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db27", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Germany", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db28", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Empire", "answer_start": 904}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?", "id": "5729371d1d0469140077917f", "answers": [{"text": "Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii", "answer_start": 107}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?", "id": "5729371d1d04691400779180", "answers": [{"text": "Frisians", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who united the 5 tribes?", "id": "5729371d1d04691400779181", "answers": [{"text": "king Charlemagne", "answer_start": 614}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What century did King Charlemagne reign? ", "id": "5729371d1d04691400779182", "answers": [{"text": "9th", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"German\"", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What modern ethnic group was formed by 6 migrating tribes?", "id": "5a63abd47f3c80001a150b01", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany", "answer_start": 503}], "question": "Who was united in the 900's?", "id": "5a63abd47f3c80001a150b02", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "king Charlemagne,", "answer_start": 614}], "question": "Who ruled the territory of modern Germany in the 900's?", "id": "5a63abd47f3c80001a150b03", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "former areas of the Roman Empire", "answer_start": 884}], "question": "Where did Slavonic tries migrate to from Eastern Germany?", "id": "5a63abd47f3c80001a150b04", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a \"German\" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Gro\u00dfe. Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire."}], ["Daripada kira-kira 100 juta penceramah asli Jerman di dunia, kira-kira 80 juta menganggap diri mereka sebagai orang Jerman. Terdapat tambahan 80 juta orang keturunan Jerman terutamanya di Amerika Syarikat, Brazil (terutamanya di Wilayah Selatan negara) , Argentina, Kanada, Afrika Selatan, negara pasca Soviet (terutamanya di Rusia dan Kazakhstan), dan Perancis, masing-masing menyumbang sekurang-kurangnya 1 juta. [Nota 2] Oleh itu, jumlah Jerman terletak di antara 100 dan lebih daripada 150 juta, bergantung pada kriteria yang digunakan (penceramah asli, nenek moyang tunggal etnik Jerman, keturunan Jerman keturunan, dll.). <> Lebih kurang berapa ramai penduduk dunia berbahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa ibunda? || 100 juta <> Dari penduduk yang bercakap Jerman sebagai bahasa ibunda berapa banyak dari mereka menganggap diri mereka Jerman? || 80 juta <> Berapa ramai penduduk dunia mendakwa nenek moyang Jerman? || 80 juta <> berapa jumlah Jerman yang bercakap dan keturunan asli di dunia? || antara 100 dan lebih daripada 150 juta <> Di mana di Brazil kebanyakan keturunan Jerman terletak? || terutamanya di Wilayah Selatan negara <> Berapa banyak penutur asli Jerman di dunia yang ada? || 100 juta <> Berapa banyak penutur asli Jerman menganggap diri mereka Jerman? || 80 juta <> Berapa ramai orang di dunia yang mendakwa berasal dari keturunan Jerman? || 100 dan lebih dari 150 juta <> Di mana tambahan 80 juta penduduk asli Jerman hidup? || <> Berapa ramai orang Jerman tunggal yang ada di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? ", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e4", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e5", "answers": [{"text": "80 million", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e6", "answers": [{"text": "80 million", "answer_start": 158}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e7", "answers": [{"text": "between 100 and more than 150 million", "answer_start": 476}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e8", "answers": [{"text": "mainly in the South Region of the country", "answer_start": 232}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many native German speakers in the world are there?", "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780a9", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many native German speakers consider themselves German?", "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780aa", "answers": [{"text": "80 million", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?", "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780ab", "answers": [{"text": "100 and more than 150 million", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet", "answer_start": 195}], "question": "Where do an additional 80 million German natives live?", "id": "5a638a9e68151a001a922355", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "150 million", "answer_start": 502}], "question": "How many people single ethnic Germans are there in the world?", "id": "5a638a9e68151a001a922356", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.)."}], ["Pada masa yang sama, inovasi laut membawa kepada penguasaan perdagangan Jerman di Laut Baltik dan sebahagian dari Eropah Timur melalui Liga Hanseatic. Sepanjang laluan perdagangan, stesen perdagangan Hanseatic menjadi pusat budaya Jerman. Undang-undang bandar Jerman (Stadtrecht) dipromosikan oleh kehadiran penduduk Jerman yang besar, kaya dan berpengaruh, pengaruh mereka dan kuasa politik. Oleh itu, orang-orang yang akan dianggap \"orang Jerman\", dengan budaya, bahasa, dan pandangan umum yang berbeza dari orang-orang luar bandar di sekitarnya, bandar-bandar perdagangan yang dijajah sehinggalah ke utara Jerman sekarang seperti Bergen (di Norway), Stockholm (Sweden ), dan Vyborg (sekarang di Rusia). Liga Hanseatic bukan semata-mata bahasa Jerman dalam akal etnik: banyak bandar yang bergabung dengan liga berada di luar Empayar Rom Suci dan beberapa dari mereka mungkin hanya dicirikan sebagai Jerman. Empayar itu sendiri tidak sama sekali Jerman. Ia mempunyai struktur pelbagai etnik dan multi-bahasa, sesetengah etnik dan bahasa yang digunakan pada masa yang berlainan adalah Belanda, Itali, Perancis, Czech dan Poland. <> Penguasaan perdagangan Jerman di Eropah Timur dikreditkan ke apa? || inovasi angkatan laut <> Oleh sebab perdagangan yang semakin meningkat apa tempat-tempat menjadi hub budaya Jerman? || Stesen perdagangan Hanseatic <> Apa yang dipromosikan kerana kekayaan dan kuasa keluarga Jerman? || Stadtrecht <> kekaisaran Romawi Suci kerana banyak penaklukan yang berbeza dilihat sebagai jenis masyarakat? || pelbagai etnik dan pelbagai bahasa <> Apa yang membantu Jerman menguasai perdagangan? || inovasi laut <> Apa kerja Jerman untuk undang-undang bandar Jerman? || Stadtrecht <> Adakah pasukan Hanseatic eksklusif Jerman? || Liga Hanseatic tidak semata-mata Jerman <> Apa etnik lain, selain Jerman adalah sebahagian daripada The Empire? || Belanda, Itali, Perancis, Czech dan Poland <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekalahan Liga Hanseatic? || <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang ditentang oleh orang Jerman yang kaya? || <> Apakah kekaisaran apa ahli-ahli dari Liga Hanseatic? || <> Apa Empayar Jerman etnik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8342", "answers": [{"text": "naval innovations", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8343", "answers": [{"text": "Hanseatic trade stations", "answer_start": 172}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8344", "answers": [{"text": "Stadtrecht", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8345", "answers": [{"text": "multi-ethnic and multi-lingual", "answer_start": 923}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What helped the Germans dominate trade?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779193", "answers": [{"text": "naval innovations", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the German work for German town law?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779194", "answers": [{"text": "Stadtrecht", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779195", "answers": [{"text": "The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German", "answer_start": 661}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779196", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish", "answer_start": 1040}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "naval innovations", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What lead to the defeat of the Hanseatic League?", "id": "5a63b9e87f3c80001a150b1b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German town law", "answer_start": 235}], "question": "What type of law was opposed by wealthy Germans?", "id": "5a63b9e87f3c80001a150b1c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 776}], "question": "What empire did members of the Hanseatic League come from?", "id": "5a63b9e87f3c80001a150b1d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 776}], "question": "What Empire was ethnically German?", "id": "5a63b9e87f3c80001a150b1e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "At the same time, naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along the trade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) was promoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthy German populations, their influence and political power. Thus people who would be considered \"Germans\", with a common culture, language, and worldview different from that of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized trading towns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (in Norway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now in Russia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German. The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish."}], ["Konflik antara puak-puak Jerman dan pasukan Rom di bawah Julio Caesar memaksa puak-puak Jerman utama untuk berundur ke tebing timur Rhine. Maharaja Romus Augustus pada 12 SM mengarahkan penaklukan Jerman, tetapi kekalahan Roman bencana di Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg mengakibatkan Empayar Rom meninggalkan rancangannya untuk menakluki Jerman. Orang-orang Jerman di wilayah Rom telah dikuasai oleh budaya, dan walaupun kebanyakan dari Jerman tetap bebas dari pemerintahan Rom secara langsung, Rom sangat memengaruhi perkembangan masyarakat Jerman, terutama penggunaan kekristenan oleh orang-orang Jerman yang memperolehnya dari orang-orang Rom. Di wilayah-wilayah Rom yang dipegang oleh penduduk Jerman, orang Jerman dan Rom berkahwin, dan tradisi Rom, Jerman, dan Kristian bercantum. Penerapan agama Kristiani akan menjadi pengaruh utama dalam pembangunan identiti Jerman yang sama. <> Apa kaisar yang memaksa puak Jerman ke sebelah timur Rhine? || Julius Caesar <> Dalam apa yang Kaisar Augustus memerintahkan penaklukan orang-orang Jerman? || 12 SM <> Roma mengalami kekalahan yang mengerikan di sana penaklukan Jerman dalam pertempuran apa? || Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg <> Roman mengamalkan agama apa yang akan mempengaruhi masyarakat Jerman? || Kristian <> Melalui perbuatan apa yang akan menjadi adat istiadat Rom dan Jerman? || Orang Jerman dan Romawi berkahwin <> Yang mana raja Romawi mengarahkan penaklukan orang Jerman? || Augustus <> Apa agama yang diterima oleh orang Jerman? || Kristian <> Peperangan apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Jerman mengalahkan orang Rom? || Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg r <> Siapa yang memerintahkan penaklukan orang Jerman pada tahun 1200 SM || <> Siapa yang mengalahkan orang Roma memakan Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg? || <> Apa yang diperoleh oleh orang Roma dari Jerman? || <> Apakah identiti yang membentuk bentuk budaya Rom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c3", "answers": [{"text": "Julius Caesar", "answer_start": 66}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c4", "answers": [{"text": "12 BC", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c5", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c6", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 586}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c7", "answers": [{"text": "Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?", "id": "57292b563f37b319004780af", "answers": [{"text": "Augustus", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion did Germans adopt?", "id": "57292b563f37b319004780b0", "answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 821}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?", "id": "57292b563f37b319004780b1", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r", "answer_start": 261}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman emperor Augustus", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "Who ordered the conquest of the Germans in the 1200's BC", "id": "5a63983668151a001a9223be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germans", "answer_start": 211}], "question": "Who did the Romans defeat ate the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest?", "id": "5a63983668151a001a9223bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christianity", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What did the Romans get from the Germans?", "id": "5a63983668151a001a9223c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a common German identity", "answer_start": 893}], "question": "What identity did Roman culture form?", "id": "5a63983668151a001a9223c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity."}], ["Orang-orang Jerman semasa Tempoh Migrasi bersentuhan dengan orang lain; dalam kes penduduk yang menetap di wilayah Jerman moden, mereka menemui Celts di selatan, dan Balts dan Slavs ke arah timur. The Limes Germanicus telah dilanggar pada tahun 260 AD. Memindahkan puak-puak Jerman berkumpul dengan penduduk Gallo-Roman setempat dalam apa yang sekarang Swabia dan Bavaria. Kedatangan orang-orang Hun di Eropah mengakibatkan penaklukan Hun di bahagian-bahagian besar Eropah Timur, orang Hun pada awalnya adalah sekutu Empayar Rom yang bertempur melawan suku-suku Jerman, tetapi kemudian orang-orang Hun bekerja sama dengan suku Jerman Ostrogoths, dan sejumlah besar Jerman tinggal di tanah-tanah Empayar Hunian Attila. Attila mempunyai keluarga Hunik dan Jermanik dan ketua-ketua Jerman terkemuka di kalangan rombongannya yang rapat di Eropah. Hun yang tinggal di wilayah Jerman di Eropah Timur mengadopsi bahasa Jerman Timur sebagai bahasa lingua franca mereka. Sebahagian besar tentera Attila adalah orang Jerman, semasa kempen Huns menentang Empayar Rom. Selepas kematian Attila yang tidak dijangka, Empayar Hunik runtuh dengan kaum Hun menghilang sebagai orang di Eropah - yang sama ada melarikan diri ke Asia, atau sebaliknya dicampur di kalangan orang Eropah. <> Semasa tempoh Migrasi Jerman akan menemui kumpulan apa di timur? || Balt dan Slavs <> Semasa tempoh Migrasi Jerman akan menemui kumpulan apa di selatan? || Celts <> The Limes Germanicus telah dilanggar dalam tahun berapa? || AD 260 <> Siapa yang bersekutu dengan orang-orang Jerman sebelum melawan mereka di samping Rom? || Bangsa <> Pemimpin apa yang mempunyai keluarga Jerman dan Hun yang terkenal di rombongannya di seluruh Eropah? || Attila <> Bilakah Limes Germanicus melanggar? || AD 260 <> Siapa orang Jerman datang ke selatan? || Celtic <> Suku Jerman mana kaum bekerjasama? || Ostrogoths <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Hun? || Jermanik Timur <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang Hun selepas kematian Attila? || sama ada melarikan diri ke Asia, atau sebaliknya dicampur di kalangan orang Eropah <> Dalam apa tempoh orang Jermanik tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan orang lain? || <> Apa yang dilanggar pada abad ke-2 AD? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang Hun selepas Empayar Rom runtuh? || <> apa bahagian Eropah yang ditakluk oleh orang Hun untuk Rom? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dad8", "answers": [{"text": "Balts and Slavs", "answer_start": 205}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dad9", "answers": [{"text": "Celts", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dada", "answers": [{"text": "AD 260", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dadb", "answers": [{"text": "the Huns", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe? ", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dadc", "answers": [{"text": "Attila", "answer_start": 732}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Limes Germanicus breached?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810b", "answers": [{"text": "AD 260", "answer_start": 276}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810c", "answers": [{"text": "Celts", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810d", "answers": [{"text": "Ostrogoths", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What language did the Huns adopt?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810e", "answers": [{"text": "East Germanic", "answer_start": 915}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810f", "answers": [{"text": "either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans", "answer_start": 1173}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Migrations Period", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "During what period did the Germanic people have little contact with other people?", "id": "5a63a4b47f3c80001a150af9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Limes Germanicus", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What was breached in the 2nd century AD?", "id": "5a63a4b47f3c80001a150afa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Huns disappearing as a people in Europe", "answer_start": 1127}], "question": "What happened to the Huns after the Roman Empire collapsed?", "id": "5a63a4b47f3c80001a150afb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Europe", "answer_start": 889}], "question": "what part of Europe did the Huns conquer for Rome?", "id": "5a63a4b47f3c80001a150afc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila. Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca. A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire. After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe \u2013 who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans."}], ["Selepas Kristianisasi, Gereja Roman Katolik dan penguasa tempatan memimpin pengembangan dan penyelesaian Jerman di kawasan yang didiami oleh Slavs dan Balts, yang dikenali sebagai Ostsiedlung. Semasa perang yang dilancarkan di Baltik oleh Katolik Jerman Ksatria Ksatria; tanah yang didiami oleh kumpulan etnik Orang Prussia Lama (rujukan semasa kepada orang yang dikenali kemudian hanya sebagai \"orang Prussia\"), telah ditawan oleh orang Jerman. Orang Prusia Lama adalah kumpulan etnik yang berkaitan dengan bangsa Baltik Latvia dan Lithuania. Bekas negara Prusia dari Jerman mengambil namanya dari Prusia Baltik, walaupun dipimpin oleh orang Jerman yang telah mengasimilasi Prusia Lama; bahasa Prusia lama telah pupus oleh abad ke-17 atau awal abad ke-18. Orang-orang Slavik dari Baltik yang dikuasai Teutonik diasimilasikan ke dalam budaya Jerman dan akhirnya terdapat banyak perkahwinan keluarga Slavia dan Jerman, termasuk kalangan bangsawan Prusia yang dikenal sebagai Junkers. Strategi ketenteraan Prusia Karl von Clausewitz adalah seorang Jerman terkenal yang namanya berasal dari Slavia. Penyelesaian Jerman secara besar-besaran membawa kepada asimilasi penduduk Baltik (Orang Prusia) dan Slavic (Wends), yang habis dengan peperangan sebelumnya. <> Pembesaran Jerman oleh Gereja Katolik ke kawasan-kawasan Slavs dan balts adalah seperti apa? || Ostsiedlung <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang berperang di Baltik? || Jerman Katolik Teutonik Ksatria <> Siapakah kumpulan etnik Lama Prusia yang berkaitan? || Orang-orang Baltik Latvia dan Lithuania <> Walaupun menakluk bahasa Parsi terus hidup? || 17 atau awal abad ke-18 <> Siapakah nama Jerman yang terkenal itu mempunyai asal-usul Slavia? || Karl von Clausewitz <> Bilakah bahasa Prusia telah pupus? || 17 atau awal abad ke-18 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang-orang Slavik Baltik? || telah diasimilasikan ke dalam budaya Jerman <> Yang mengetuai pengembangan Jerman? || Gereja Roman Katolik dan penguasa tempatan <> Apa strategi ahli tentera Jerman yang terkenal dengan nama Slavia? || Karl von Clausewitz <> Apa yang dibolehkan untuk asimilasi populasi Baltik dan Slavik? || Penyelesaian Jerman yang besar <> Bahasa apa pun telah pupus pada tahun 1700 atau awal 1800an || <> Siapa yang menakluki Ksatria Teutonik Katolik Jerman? || <> Siapa yang memegang pengembangan Jerman? || <> Apa aristokrasi Jerman yang dikenali sebagai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80da", "answers": [{"text": "Ostsiedlung", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80db", "answers": [{"text": "Catholic German Teutonic Knights", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80dc", "answers": [{"text": "Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples", "answer_start": 463}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80dd", "answers": [{"text": "17th or early 18th century", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80de", "answers": [{"text": "Karl von Clausewitz", "answer_start": 982}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Prussian language extinct?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154b9e", "answers": [{"text": "17th or early 18th century", "answer_start": 693}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154b9f", "answers": [{"text": "were assimilated into German culture", "answer_start": 773}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the German expansion?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba0", "answers": [{"text": "the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers", "answer_start": 24}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba1", "answers": [{"text": "Karl von Clausewitz", "answer_start": 982}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba2", "answers": [{"text": "Massive German settlement", "answer_start": 1056}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussian", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "What language was extinct by the 1700 or early 1800's", "id": "5a63b39e7f3c80001a150b13", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Prussians", "answer_start": 365}], "question": "Who conquered the Catholic German Teutonic Knights?", "id": "5a63b39e7f3c80001a150b14", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Catholic Church and local rulers", "answer_start": 34}], "question": "Who held back the German expansion?", "id": "5a63b39e7f3c80001a150b15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Junkers", "answer_start": 944}], "question": "What was the German aristocracy known as?", "id": "5a63b39e7f3c80001a150b16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the \"Prussians\"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare."}], ["Perang Napoleon adalah punca pembubaran terakhir Empayar Rom Suci, dan akhirnya menjadi sebab untuk usaha negara Jerman pada abad ke-19 nasionalisme Jerman. Selepas Kongres Vienna, Austria dan Prussia muncul sebagai dua pesaing. Austria, berusaha untuk terus menjadi kuasa dominan di Eropah Tengah, memimpin jalan dari segi Kongres Vienna. Kongres Vienna pada dasarnya konservatif, menjamin bahawa sedikit akan berubah di Eropah dan menghalang Jerman dari menyatukan. Istilah ini tiba-tiba terhenti selepas Revolusi 1848 dan Perang Krimea pada tahun 1856, membuka jalan untuk penyatuan Jerman pada tahun 1860-an. Menjelang tahun 1820, ramai wanita Yahudi Jerman telah berkahwin dengan lelaki Kristian Jerman dan telah memeluk agama Kristian. Yahudi Jerman Eduard Lasker adalah seorang tokoh nasionalis Jerman yang mempromosikan penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan abad ke-19. <> Apakah salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan pembubaran Empayar Rom Suci? || Peperangan Napoleon <> Apa jaminan bahawa Eropah akan tetap sama menghalang Jerman dari menjadi satu negara? || Kongres Vienna <> Kapan Perang Krimea? || 1856 <> Bilakah penyatuan Jerman? || 1860s <> Apa kaum Yahudi Jerman yang menonjol mencari penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan abad ke-19? || Eduard Lasker <> Apakah punca pembubaran terakhir Empayar Rom Suci? || Perang Napoleon <> Apa dua negara muncul sebagai pesaing selepas Kongres Vienna? || Austria dan Prussia <> Yang memimpin jalan untuk Kongres Vienna? || Austria <> Dalam sedekad apa penyatuan Jerman? || 1860s <> Siapa Eduard Lasker? || tokoh nasionalis Jerman yang mempromosikan penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan abad ke-19 <> perang apa yang membawa kepada perkembangan Empayar Rom Suci? || <> Apa yang merosot selepas kejatuhan Empayar Rom Suci? || <> Apa usaha bermula pada tahun 1900-an? || <> Di manakah Prussia cuba untuk terus menguasai kuasa? || <> yang mempromosikan penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan tahun 1900-an? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2a8", "answers": [{"text": "Napoleonic Wars", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2a9", "answers": [{"text": "Congress of Vienna", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Crimean War?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2aa", "answers": [{"text": "1856", "answer_start": 606}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Germany's unification? ", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2ab", "answers": [{"text": "1860s", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2ac", "answers": [{"text": "Eduard Lasker", "answer_start": 807}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa251", "answers": [{"text": "The Napoleonic Wars", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa252", "answers": [{"text": "Austria and Prussia", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa253", "answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what decade was German unification?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa254", "answers": [{"text": "1860s", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Eduard Lasker?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa255", "answers": [{"text": "a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century", "answer_start": 825}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Napoleonic Wars", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "what wars lead to the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5a63c03f7f3c80001a150b2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German nationalism", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What declined after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5a63c03f7f3c80001a150b2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the quest for a German nation state", "answer_start": 115}], "question": "What quest began in the 1900's?", "id": "5a63c03f7f3c80001a150b2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Central Europe", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "Where was Prussia trying to remain the dominate power?", "id": "5a63c03f7f3c80001a150b2e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eduard Lasker", "answer_start": 807}], "question": "who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid 1900's?", "id": "5a63c03f7f3c80001a150b2f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting. These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for German unification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers of Jewish German women had intermarried with Christian German men and had converted to Christianity. Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century."}], ["Orang asal Jerman terdapat di pelbagai tempat di seluruh dunia. Amerika Syarikat adalah rumah kepada kira-kira 50 juta orang Amerika Jerman atau satu pertiga daripada diaspora Jerman, menjadikannya pusat terbesar orang Jerman yang turun di luar Jerman. Brazil adalah yang kedua terbesar dengan 5 juta orang mendakwa keturunan Jerman. Pusat-pusat penting lain adalah Kanada, Argentina, Afrika Selatan dan Perancis masing-masing menyumbang sekurang-kurangnya 1 juta. Walaupun bilangan sebenar orang Jerman turun adalah sukar untuk dikira, data yang ada menjadikannya selamat untuk menuntut jumlah itu melebihi 100 juta orang. <> Berapa ramai orang Jerman Jerman ada di sana? || 50 juta <> Berapa banyak penduduk Jerman tinggal di Brazil? || 5 juta <> Berapa ramai orang di dunia mempunyai warisan Jerman? || 100 juta <> Amerika adalah rumah kepada berapa peratusan orang-orang Jerman yang meninggal dunia? || satu pertiga <> Berapa banyak orang Jerman yang layak hidup di Amerika? || <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Jerman tinggal di Brazil? || <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Jerman yang tinggal di seluruh dunia? || <> Negara apa yang menuntut 1 juta orang keturunan Jerman di antara mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many German Americans are there?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a3", "answers": [{"text": "50 million", "answer_start": 109}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Germans live in Brazil?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a4", "answers": [{"text": "5 million", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people in the world have German heritage?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a5", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a6", "answers": [{"text": "one third", "answer_start": 140}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "50 million", "answer_start": 109}], "question": "How many people of German  decent live in the Americas?", "id": "5a63db877f3c80001a150b67", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "5 million", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "How many German speaking people live in Brazil?", "id": "5a63db877f3c80001a150b68", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "How many German speaking people live around the world?", "id": "5a63db877f3c80001a150b69", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Canada, Argentina, South Africa and France", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What countries claim 1 million people of German descent between them?", "id": "5a63db877f3c80001a150b6a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "People of German origin are found in various places around the globe. United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry. Other significant centres are Canada, Argentina, South Africa and France each accounting for at least 1 million. While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people."}], ["Dalam bidang muzik, Jerman mendakwa beberapa komposer klasik terkenal di dunia termasuk Bach, Mozart dan Beethoven, yang menandakan peralihan antara era klasik dan romantis dalam muzik klasik Barat. Komposer lain tradisi Austro-Jerman yang mencapai kemasyhuran antarabangsa termasuk Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, H\u00e4ndel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff dan yang paling baru-baru ini. , Henze, Lachenmann, dan Stockhausen. <> Dari negara manakah Bach, Mozart dan Beethoven dari? || Jerman <> Dalam apa tradisi muzik Brahms Wagner dan Hadyn mencapai kemasyhuran? || Austro-Jerman <> Yang menandakan suis dari klasik ke zaman romantis dalam muzik klasik? || Beethoven <> Apa penyusun yang menandakan peralihan dari Romantik hingga era Klasik? || <> Siapa adalah beberapa komposer Austria yang terkenal ||", {"qas": [{"question": "From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?", "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f1", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 23}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?", "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f2", "answers": [{"text": "Austro-German", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?", "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f3", "answers": [{"text": "Beethoven", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bach, Mozart and Beethoven", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What composers marked the transition from the Romantic to the Classical eras?", "id": "5a63e4737f3c80001a150b81", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, H\u00e4ndel, Schumann", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Who are some famous Austrian composers", "id": "5a63e4737f3c80001a150b82", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, H\u00e4ndel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen."}], ["Bahasa asli Jerman adalah bahasa Jerman, bahasa Jermanik Barat, berkaitan dengan dan diklasifikasikan bersama bahasa Inggeris dan Belanda, dan berkongsi banyak persamaan dengan bahasa Jermanik Utara dan Scandinavia. Diucapkan oleh kira-kira 100 juta penutur asli, bahasa Jerman adalah salah satu bahasa utama di dunia dan bahasa pertama yang paling banyak digunakan di Kesatuan Eropah. Bahasa Jerman telah digantikan oleh bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa dominan penutur Nobel yang berkaitan dengan sains pada separuh kedua abad ke-20. Ia adalah lingua franca dalam Empayar Rom Suci. <> Apakah bahasa asli Jerman? || Bahasa Jerman <> Bahasa apa yang berkaitan dengan Jerman? || Bahasa Inggeris dan Belanda <> Berapa banyak orang asli berbahasa Jerman? || 100 juta <> Apa bahasa yang paling biasa digunakan dalam Kesatuan Eropah? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apakah bahasa sains dominan? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Jerman di seluruh dunia? || <> Apakah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia? || <> Di manakah bahasa Jerman menggantikan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa dominan? || <> Apakah bahasa Inggeris bahasa dominan sebelum abad ke-20? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the native language of Germans?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce2", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 34}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What languages is German related to?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce3", "answers": [{"text": "English and Dutch", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many natives speak German?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce4", "answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 229}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce5", "answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the dominant language of science?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce6", "answers": [{"text": "English", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100 million", "answer_start": 229}], "question": "How many people speak German around the world?", "id": "5a63d9c07f3c80001a150b5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What is the most widely spoken language around the world?", "id": "5a63d9c07f3c80001a150b60", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates", "answer_start": 404}], "question": "Where has German replaced English as the dominant language?", "id": "5a63d9c07f3c80001a150b61", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "science-related Nobel Prize laureates", "answer_start": 432}], "question": "What was English the dominant language of before the 20th century?", "id": "5a63d9c07f3c80001a150b62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire."}], ["Kerja David Hilbert dan Max Planck adalah penting untuk asas fizik moden, yang dikembangkan oleh Werner Heisenberg dan Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger. Mereka didahului oleh ahli fizik utama seperti Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, dan Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, antara lain. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen menemui X-ray, pencapaian yang membuatnya menjadi pemenang pertama Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada tahun 1901. Kuil Walhalla untuk \"Jerman yang dipuji dan dibezakan\", mempunyai beberapa saintis, dan terletak di timur Regensburg, dalam Bavaria. <> Siapa yang menemui X-Rays? || Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen <> Siapa yang memenangi Hadiah Nobel pertama dalam Fizik? || Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen <> Pada tahun berapa, apakah Hadiah Nobel pertama dalam Fizik dimenangi? || 1901 <> Di manakah candi Walhalla terletak? || Bavaria <> Apa dua orang penting dalam penciptaan fizik moden? || David Hilbert dan Max Planck <> Apa yang dilakukan Werner Heisenberg meletakkan asas? || <> Siapa yang terus mengembangkan karya Heisenberg? || <> Hadiah apa yang pertama kali diberikan pada abad ke-19? || <> Siapa yang mendapat Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada abad ke-19 untuk menemui sinar X? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who discovered X-Rays?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cfc", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cfd", "answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen", "answer_start": 291}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cfe", "answers": [{"text": "1901", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the Walhalla temple located?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cff", "answers": [{"text": "Bavaria", "answer_start": 554}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?", "id": "572954806aef051400154d00", "answers": [{"text": "David Hilbert and Max Planck", "answer_start": 12}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "modern physics", "answer_start": 74}], "question": "What did Werner Heisenberg lay the foundation for?", "id": "5a63e3c77f3c80001a150b79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "Who further developed Heisenberg's work?", "id": "5a63e3c77f3c80001a150b7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "answer_start": 389}], "question": "What prize was first given in the 19th century?", "id": "5a63e3c77f3c80001a150b7b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen", "answer_start": 291}], "question": "Who got a Nobel Prize in Physics in the 19th century for discovering the X-ray?", "id": "5a63e3c77f3c80001a150b7c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for \"laudable and distinguished Germans\", features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria."}], ["Acara Reformasi Protestan dan politik yang berlaku telah disebut sebagai asal-usul identiti Jerman yang timbul sebagai tindak balas terhadap penyebaran bahasa dan kesusasteraan Jerman yang sama. Budaya kebangsaan Jerman awal dibangunkan melalui tokoh-tokoh sastera dan agama termasuk Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dan Friedrich Schiller. Konsep sebuah negara Jerman telah dibangunkan oleh ahli falsafah Jerman, Johann Gottfried Herder. Populariti identiti Jerman timbul selepas Revolusi Perancis. <> Apa yang dikreditkan dengan asal-usul identiti Jerman? || Reformasi Protestan <> Bagaimana budaya Jerman awal berkembang? || tokoh sastera dan agama <> Manusia apa yang dikreditkan dengan kemunculan bangsa Jerman? || Johann Gottfried Herder <> Kapan populariti bangsa Jerman meningkat? || selepas Revolusi Perancis <> Apa yang dikreditkan dengan mencipta Asal-usul identiti Jerman? || Reformasi Protestan <> Siapa yang membangunkan konsep Negara Jerman? || Johann Gottfried Herder <> Bilakah populariti identiti Jerman muncul? || selepas Revolusi Perancis <> Siapa Johann Herder? || Ahli falsafah Jerman <> Pergerakan apa yang memperlambat penyebaran identiti Jerman? || <> Konsep apa yang dibangunkan oleh Martin Luther? || <> Apa angka literay dan agama membantu menyebarkan budaya Jerman di Eropah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is credited with the origins of the German identity?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd87", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant Reformation", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was early German culture developed?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd88", "answers": [{"text": "literary and religious figures", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd89", "answers": [{"text": "Johann Gottfried Herder", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the popularity of the German nation increase?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd8a", "answers": [{"text": "aftermath of the French Revolution", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?", "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823d", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant Reformation", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the concept of a German Nation?", "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823e", "answers": [{"text": "Johann Gottfried Herder", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the popularity of a German identity arise?", "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823f", "answers": [{"text": "in the aftermath of the French Revolution", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Johann Herder?", "id": "572951c03f37b31900478240", "answers": [{"text": "German philosopher", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Protestant Reformation", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "What movement slowed the spread of a German identity?", "id": "5a63d1c47f3c80001a150b51", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "concept of a German nation", "answer_start": 362}], "question": "What concept was developed by Martin Luther?", "id": "5a63d1c47f3c80001a150b52", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller", "answer_start": 292}], "question": "What literay and religious figures helped spread German culture in europe?", "id": "5a63d1c47f3c80001a150b53", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution."}], ["Pada tahun 1870, selepas Perancis menyerang Prusia, Prussia dan sekutunya yang baru di Jerman Selatan (di antara mereka Bavaria) telah menang dalam Perang Franco-Prusia. Ia mewujudkan Empayar Jerman pada tahun 1871 sebagai negara bangsa Jerman, dengan berkesan tidak termasuk monarki Habsburg Austria dan Liechtenstein yang pelbagai etnik. Mengintegrasikan bangsa Austria tetap menjadi keinginan yang kuat bagi banyak orang di Jerman dan Austria, terutama di kalangan liberal, demokrat sosial dan juga umat Katolik yang minoriti dalam Protestan Jerman. <> Bilakah Perancis menyerang Prussia? || 1870 <> Siapa yang memenangi Perang Franco-Prusia? || Prussia dan sekutunya yang baru di Jerman Selatan <> Bilakah Empayar Jerman ditubuhkan? || 1871 <> Kawasan apa yang dikecualikan daripada Empayar Jerman? || berkesan tidak termasuk kerajaan multi-etnik Austria Habsburg <> Apa agama utama Jerman? || Protestan <> Bilakah empayar Jerman dicipta? || 1871 <> Siapakah yang dikeluarkan daripada Negara Jerman? || Austrian Habsburg monarchy dan Liechtenstein <> Agama apa yang majoriti di Jerman? || Protestan <> Apa yang orang ramai mahu lakukan di Jerman? || Mengintegrasikan Austria <> Bilakah Prussia menyerang Perancis? || <> Perang apa yang bermula pada akhir abad ke-18? || <> Apa kerajaan dibentuk pada akhir abad ke-18? || <> Siapa yang Katolik mahu mengecualikan daripada Empayar Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did France attack Prussia? ", "id": "572691045951b619008f76d7", "answers": [{"text": "1870", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who won the Franco-Prussian War?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76d8", "answers": [{"text": "Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the German Empire founded?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76d9", "answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What regions was excluded from the German Empire?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76da", "answers": [{"text": "effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy", "answer_start": 215}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the primary religion of Germany?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76db", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the German empire created?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478225", "answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 184}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was excluded from the German Nation State?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478226", "answers": [{"text": "Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion was a majority in Germany?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478227", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did many people in Germany still want to do?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478228", "answers": [{"text": "Integrating the Austrians", "answer_start": 300}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1870,", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "When did Prussia attack France?", "id": "5a63ccca7f3c80001a150b3d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franco-Prussian War.", "answer_start": 131}], "question": "What war started in the late 18th century?", "id": "5a63ccca7f3c80001a150b3e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German Empire", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What empire was formed in the late 18th century?", "id": "5a63ccca7f3c80001a150b3f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austria", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "Who did the Catholics want to exclude from the German Empire?", "id": "5a63ccca7f3c80001a150b40", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany."}], ["Nazi, yang diketuai oleh Adolf Hitler, berusaha untuk menyatukan semua orang yang mereka nyatakan sebagai \"Jerman\" (Volksdeutsche) menjadi satu alam, termasuk Jerman etnik di Eropah Timur, kebanyakannya telah berhijrah lebih dari seratus lima puluh tahun sebelum dan membangun budaya yang terpisah di tanah baru mereka. Idea ini pada mulanya disambut oleh banyak etnik Jerman di Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig dan barat Lithuania, terutama orang Jerman dari Klaipeda (Memel). Swiss menolak idea itu. Mereka telah melihat diri mereka sebagai sebuah negara yang tersendiri sejak Peace of Westphalia tahun 1648. <> Apa pemimpin cuba menyatukan semua orang menganggap diri mereka sebagai \"Jerman\" || Adolf Hitler <> Yang menentang penyatuan orang di bawah Hitler? || Swiss <> Swiss telah melihat diri mereka sendiri sebagai negara mereka sejak tahun berapa? || 1648 <> Siapa yang mengalu-alukan idea di kawasan seperti Sudetenland dan Poland? || etnik Jerman <> Siapa yang mengetuai Nazi? || Adolf Hitler <> Siapa yang menolak idea Nazi untuk menyatukan semua orang Jerman dari perjalanan? || The Swiss <> Sejak ketika orang Swiss melihat diri mereka sebagai bangsa yang berbeda? || 1648 <> Bilakah Damai Westphalia? || 1648 <> Siapa mahu menyatukan semua orang Jerman di seluruh kawasan itu? || The Nazis <> Di manakah Jerman etnik berpindah ke bawah Adolf Hitler? || <> Siapa yang menganggap diri mereka sebagai negara yang terpisah sejak abad ke-16 || <> Apa yang ditentang oleh orang Jerman di Sudetenland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves \"German\"", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e458", "answers": [{"text": "Adolf Hitler", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e459", "answers": [{"text": "The Swiss", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e45a", "answers": [{"text": "1648", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e45b", "answers": [{"text": "ethnic Germans", "answer_start": 331}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who headed the Nazis?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478233", "answers": [{"text": "Adolf Hitler", "answer_start": 18}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478234", "answers": [{"text": "The Swiss", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478235", "answers": [{"text": "1648", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Peace of Westphalia?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478236", "answers": [{"text": "1648", "answer_start": 578}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478237", "answers": [{"text": "The Nazis", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eastern Europe", "answer_start": 154}], "question": "Where did ethnic Germans emigrate to under Adolf Hitler?", "id": "5a63cfb27f3c80001a150b45", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Swiss", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "Who considered themselves a separate nation since the 16th century", "id": "5a63cfb27f3c80001a150b46", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "unite all the people they claimed were \"Germans\"", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What did Germans in Sudetenland resist?", "id": "5a63cfb27f3c80001a150b47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were \"Germans\" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly the Germans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted the idea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648."}], ["Ahli falsafah Jerman telah membantu membentuk falsafah barat sejak awal Abad Pertengahan (Albertus Magnus). Kemudian, Leibniz (abad ke-17) dan yang paling penting, Kant memainkan peranan utama dalam sejarah falsafah. Kantianisme mengilhami kerja Schopenhauer dan Nietzsche serta idealisme Jerman yang dipertahankan oleh Fichte dan Hegel. Engels membantu mengembangkan teori komunis pada separuh kedua abad ke-19 sementara Heidegger dan Gadamer meneruskan tradisi falsafah Jerman pada abad ke-20. Sejumlah cendekiawan Jerman juga berpengaruh dalam sosiologi, terutamanya Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, dan Weber. Universiti Berlin yang diasaskan pada tahun 1810 oleh ahli bahasa dan ahli falsafah Wilhelm von Humboldt berkhidmat sebagai model berpengaruh untuk beberapa universiti barat moden. <> Siapa ahli falsafah Jerman dari zaman pertengahan? || Albertus Magnus <> Bilakah Leibniz seorang ahli falsafah aktif? || Abad ke-17 <> Apa falsafah Jerman mengilhamkan Schopenhauer dan Nietzsche? || Kant <> Pada akhir abad ke-19, yang ahli falsafah Jerman membantu mengembangkan idea komunisme? || Engels <> Bilakah Universiti Berlin ditubuhkan? || 1810 <> Apa falsafah Jerman berasal dari 1700? || <> Apa bentuk filosof Jerman Kant dalam Zaman Pertengahan? || <> Apa Engels berkembang pada tahun 1900? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Heideggar pada tahun 2000? || <> Apa universiti ditubuhkan pada abad ke-18? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792a9", "answers": [{"text": "Albertus Magnus", "answer_start": 91}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Leibniz an active philosopher?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792aa", "answers": [{"text": "17th century", "answer_start": 125}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ab", "answers": [{"text": "Kant", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ac", "answers": [{"text": "Engels", "answer_start": 332}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the University of Berlin founded?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ad", "answers": [{"text": "1810", "answer_start": 687}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Leibniz", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "What German philosopher is from the 1700's?", "id": "5a63e2947f3c80001a150b6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "western philosophy", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What did the German philosopher Kant shape in the Middle Ages?", "id": "5a63e2947f3c80001a150b70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "communist theory", "answer_start": 354}], "question": "What did Engels develop in the 1900's?", "id": "5a63e2947f3c80001a150b71", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pursued the tradition of German philosophy", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "What did Heideggar do in the 2000's?", "id": "5a63e2947f3c80001a150b72", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The University of Berlin", "answer_start": 651}], "question": "What university was founded in the 18th century?", "id": "5a63e2947f3c80001a150b73", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities."}], ["Orang yang berbahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa pertama mereka, melihat Jerman dan keluarga mereka tinggal di Jerman selama beberapa generasi dianggap \"paling Jerman\", diikuti dengan kategori berkurang Germanness seperti Aussiedler (orang-orang keturunan Jerman yang keluarga mereka tinggal di Eropah Timur tetapi yang telah kembali ke Jerman), Restdeutsche (orang yang tinggal di tanah yang mempunyai sejarahnya milik Jerman tetapi yang kini berada di luar Jerman), Auswanderer (orang yang keluarganya telah berhijrah dari Jerman dan masih berbahasa Jerman), penutur Jerman di negara-negara berbahasa Jerman seperti Austria, dan akhirnya orang-orang latar belakang emigran Jerman yang tidak lagi berbahasa Jerman. <> Kediaman yang berbahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa ibunda dan keluarga mereka telah disediakan untuk generasi yang sering dipertimbangkan? || paling Jerman <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada orang Jerman yang tinggal keluarga tetapi kembali ke tanah? || Aussiedler <> Apa nama anak kepada penduduk yang tinggal di luar sempadan Jerman semasa tetapi masih dalam Jerman bersejarah? || Restdeutsche <> Apa pelarian dari Jerman yang masih bercakap Jerman? || Auswanderer <> Orang yang mempunyai generasi keluarga di Jerman, dan melihat dan bercakap bahasa Jerman diklasifikasikan sebagai apa? || kebanyakan orang Jerman <> Siapakah orang keturunan Jerman tetapi tinggal di bahagian lain di Eropah, kemudian kembali ke Jerman? || Aussiedler <> Apakah orang yang mempunyai akar leluhur di Jerman, tetapi sekarang tinggal di luar Jerman? || Restdeutsche <> Apa yang dipanggil orang yang telah meninggalkan Jerman tetapi masih berbahasa Jerman? || Auswanderer <> Siapakah orang keturunan Jerman yang tinggal di Eropah barat? || <> Apakah istilah untuk orang-orang yang keluarganya berhijrah dari Jerman dan mungkin atau mungkin masih tidak bercakap bahasa Jerman? || <> Restdeutsche tinggal di tanah yang mana tidak pernah menjadi sebahagian dari apa? || <> Apa semua orang yang bahasa pertama dipanggil Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6ee", "answers": [{"text": "most German", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6ef", "answers": [{"text": "Aussiedler", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6f0", "answers": [{"text": "Restdeutsche", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6f1", "answers": [{"text": "Auswanderer", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478245", "answers": [{"text": "most German", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478246", "answers": [{"text": "Aussiedler", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478247", "answers": [{"text": "Restdeutsche", "answer_start": 323}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478248", "answers": [{"text": "Auswanderer", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aussiedler", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "Who are people of German ancestry living in western Europe?", "id": "5a63d64f7f3c80001a150b57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Auswanderer", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What is the term for people who's families emigrated from Germany and may or may not still speak German?", "id": "5a63d64f7f3c80001a150b58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 395}], "question": " Restdeutsche live in lands that where never part of what?", "id": "5a63d64f7f3c80001a150b59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"most German\"", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What are all people who's first language is German called?", "id": "5a63d64f7f3c80001a150b5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered \"most German\", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German."}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II, negara-negara Eropah Timur seperti Kesatuan Soviet, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania dan Yugoslavia mengusir Jerman dari wilayah mereka. Kebanyakan mereka telah mendiami tanah-tanah ini selama berabad-abad, membangun budaya yang unik. Jerman juga terpaksa meninggalkan bekas wilayah timur Jerman, yang dilampirkan oleh Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, bahagian Brandenburg dan bahagian selatan Prusia Timur) dan Kesatuan Soviet (bahagian utara Prussia Timur). Antara 12 dan 16,5 juta etnis Jerman dan warga Jerman diusir ke barat ke Jerman yang bersekutu. <> Dengan kesimpulan Perang Dunia 2, apa yang dilakukan kebanyakan negara Eropah Timur dengan warga Jerman mereka? || mengusir orang Jerman <> Berapa lama ramai orang Jerman tinggal di negara Eropah timur sebelum diusir? || selama berabad-abad <> Berapa banyaknya Jerman yang diusir dari rumah mereka selepas perang dunia II? || 12 dan 16,5 juta etnis Jerman dan warga Jerman <> Selepas Perang Dunia II di mana Jerman terpaksa berpindah ke? || ke barat ke Jerman yang bersekutu Jerman <> Berapa banyak orang Jerman yang diusir setelah WWII? || Antara 12 dan 16,5 juta <> Selepas apa peperangan Jerman dipecat dari wilayah mereka? || Perang Dunia II <> Dimana Jerman yang mendiami tanah lain yang diusir? || Jerman yang menduduki sekutunya <> Di mana di Eropah Timur Jerman menetap selepas Perang Dunia II? || <> Berapa banyak etnik Jerman meninggalkan sekutu Jerman selepas Perang Dunia II? || <> Siapa yang diusir dari Eropah Timur selepas Perang Dunia II? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens?", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb07", "answers": [{"text": "expelled the Germans", "answer_start": 129}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled? ", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb08", "answers": [{"text": "for centuries", "answer_start": 214}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II?", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb09", "answers": [{"text": "12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens", "answer_start": 503}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to?", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb0a", "answers": [{"text": "westwards to allied-occupied Germany", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Germans were expelled after WWII?", "id": "572951466aef051400154cc2", "answers": [{"text": "Between 12 and 16,5 million", "answer_start": 495}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "After what war were Germans expelled from their territories? ", "id": "572951466aef051400154cc3", "answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 6}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to?", "id": "572951466aef051400154cc4", "answers": [{"text": "allied-occupied Germany", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "Where in eastern Europe did Germans settle after World War II?", "id": "5a63d0c27f3c80001a150b4b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Between 12 and 16,5 million", "answer_start": 495}], "question": "How many ethnic Germans left allied Germany following World War II?", "id": "5a63d0c27f3c80001a150b4c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germans", "answer_start": 142}], "question": "Who was expelled from eastern Europe after World War II?", "id": "5a63d0c27f3c80001a150b4d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part of East Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of East Prussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany."}], ["Sukan merupakan sebahagian daripada kehidupan Jerman, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh fakta bahawa 27 juta orang Jerman adalah ahli kelab sukan dan tambahan dua belas juta orang mengejar kegiatan tersebut secara individu. Bola sepak adalah sukan yang paling popular, dan Persekutuan Bola Sepak Jerman (Deutscher Fu\u00dfballbund) dengan lebih daripada 6.3 juta ahli adalah organisasi olahraga terbesar di negara ini. Ia juga menarik penonton yang hebat, dengan beratus-ratus ribu penonton menghadiri perlawanan Bundesliga dan berjuta-juta lagi menonton di televisyen. <> Berapa ramai orang Jerman adalah ahli kelab sukan? || 27 juta <> Apa olahraga paling popular di Jerman? || Bola sepak <> Apakah organisasi olahraga terbesar di negara ini? || Persekutuan Bola Sepak Jerman <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Persekutuan Bola Sepak Jerman? || 6.3 juta <> Apa jenis kelab yang ada 12 juta orang Jerman? || <> Apa Persekutuan mempunyai 6.3 ribu ahli? || <> Apa yang mempunyai ribuan penonton televisyen? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many Germans are members of sports clubs?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779333", "answers": [{"text": "27 million", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the most popular sport in Germany?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779334", "answers": [{"text": "Football", "answer_start": 197}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779335", "answers": [{"text": "German Football Federation", "answer_start": 248}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many members are in the German Football Federation?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779336", "answers": [{"text": "6.3 million", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sports club", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "What kind of clubs do 12 million Germans belong to?", "id": "5a63f0d37f3c80001a150ba7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German Football Federation (", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What Federation has 6.3 thousand members?", "id": "5a63f0d37f3c80001a150ba8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German Football Federation", "answer_start": 248}], "question": "What has thousands of television spectators?", "id": "5a63f0d37f3c80001a150ba9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fu\u00dfballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television."}], ["Baru-baru ini, filem-filem seperti Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Ketua-atas) (2004) dan Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) telah menikmati kejayaan antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2002, Anugerah Akademi Filem Bahasa Asing Terbaik pergi ke Caroline Link di Afrika, pada tahun 2007 kepada Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck The Lives of Others. Festival Filem Antarabangsa Berlin, yang diadakan setiap tahun sejak 1951, merupakan salah satu festival filem dan pawagam terkemuka di dunia. <> Dalam tahun berapa kisah yang tidak pernah berakhir? || 1984 <> Anugerah apa yang tidak dimenangi Afrika pada tahun 2002? || Anugerah Akademi untuk Filem Bahasa Asing Terbaik <> Dalam tahun apakah yang Kehidupan Orang Lain memenangi Anugerah Akademi Bahasa Asing Terbaik? || 2007 <> Berapa kerapkah Festival Filem Antarabangsa Berlin diadakan? || tahunan <> Apa tahun pertama Festival Filem Antarabangsa Berlin? || 1951 <> Apa hubungan Carolina mendapatkan Anugerah Acadamy pada abad ke-20? || <> Apakah festival filem diadakan setiap tahun sehingga tahun 1951? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was the never ending story made?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d70", "answers": [{"text": "1984", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d71", "answers": [{"text": "Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d72", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 351}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d73", "answers": [{"text": "yearly", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d74", "answers": [{"text": "1951", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nowhere in Africa,", "answer_start": 329}], "question": "What did Carolina Link get an Acadamy award for in the 20th century?", "id": "5a63e8b87f3c80001a150b95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Berlin International Film Festival,", "answer_start": 415}], "question": "What film festival was held yearly until 1951?", "id": "5a63e8b87f3c80001a150b96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others. The Berlin International Film Festival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film and cinema festivals."}], ["Mengikut banci terkini di seluruh negara, Roman Katolik membentuk 30.8% daripada jumlah penduduk Jerman, diikuti oleh Protestan Evangelis pada 30.3%. Agama-agama lain, ateis atau yang tidak ditentukan merangkumi 38.8% penduduk pada masa itu. Antara \"orang lain\" adalah Protestan yang tidak termasuk dalam Gereja Evangelis Jerman, dan Kristian lain seperti Gereja Pemulihan Baru Apostolik. Protestantisme adalah lebih biasa di kalangan rakyat Jerman. Jerman Utara dan Timur kebanyakannya Protestan, Selatan dan Barat agak Katolik. Pada masa kini terdapat majoriti bukan agama di Hamburg dan negara-negara Jerman Timur. <> Berapa peratus daripada Jerman adalah Katolik Roman? || 30.8 <> Berapa peratus daripada Jerman adalah Protestan Evangelikal? || 30.3 <> Apa agama adalah bahagian utara dan timur Jerman? || Protestan <> Di manakah majoriti bukan agama? || Hamburg dan negara-negara Jerman Timur <> Agama apa yang membentuk 30.8% penduduk Eropah? || <> Di mana 38.8% daripada ateis penduduk? || <> Apa bandar Jerman yang majoriti Katolik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b3", "answers": [{"text": "30.8", "answer_start": 71}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b4", "answers": [{"text": "30.3", "answer_start": 156}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What religion is the North and East part of Germany?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b5", "answers": [{"text": "Protestant", "answer_start": 508}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is there a non-religious majority?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b6", "answers": [{"text": "Hamburg and the East German states", "answer_start": 602}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholics", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What religion makes up 30.8% of Europe's population?", "id": "5a63f0067f3c80001a150ba1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Where is 38.8% of the population atheists?", "id": "5a63f0067f3c80001a150ba2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hamburg", "answer_start": 602}], "question": "What German city is predominately Catholic?", "id": "5a63f0067f3c80001a150ba3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among \"others\" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states."}], ["Berikutan kekalahan dalam Perang Dunia I, pengaruh golongan elit yang berbahasa Jerman di Eropah Tengah dan Timur sangat terhad. Pada perjanjian Versailles Jerman telah dikurangkan secara besar-besaran. Austria-Hungary berpecah. Rump-Austria, yang pada tahap tertentu sepadan dengan kawasan Austria-Hungary yang bercakap bahasa Jerman (perpecahan lengkap ke dalam kumpulan bahasa adalah mustahil disebabkan oleh pelbagai bahasa dan bahasa-bahasa) menggunakan nama \"Jerman-Austria\" (Jerman : Deutsch\u00f6sterreich). Nama Jerman-Austria dilarang oleh kuasa-kuasa menang Perang Dunia I. Jerman Volga yang tinggal di Kesatuan Soviet dibenamkan di gambut atau secara paksa dipindahkan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. <> Apa yang sangat mengurangkan saiz Jerman selepas WWI? || perjanjian Versailles <> Siapakah yang dipindahkan semasa perang dunia kedua dari Soviet Union? || Volga Jerman <> Apa nama yang digunakan oleh Rump-Austria? || Jerman-Austria <> Apakah terjemahan Jerman untuk Jerman-Austria? || Deutsch\u00f6sterreich <> Siapa pengaruh yang meningkat selepas Perang Dunia I? || <> Perjanjian apa yang meningkatkan saiz Germanium? || <> Semasa peperangan apakah Jerman berpindah ke Uni Soviet? || <> Negara apa yang dipisahkan antara kumpulan bahasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782d9", "answers": [{"text": "treaty of Versailles", "answer_start": 133}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782da", "answers": [{"text": "Volga Germans", "answer_start": 574}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did Rump-Austria adopt?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782db", "answers": [{"text": "German-Austria", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the German translation for German-Austria?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782dc", "answers": [{"text": "Deutsch\u00f6sterreich", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German-speaking elites", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Who's influence increased after World War I?", "id": "5a63f4d77f3c80001a150bc5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the treaty of Versailles", "answer_start": 129}], "question": "What treaty increased Germanium size?", "id": "5a63f4d77f3c80001a150bc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Second World War.", "answer_start": 672}], "question": "During what war did Germans relocate to the Soviet Union?", "id": "5a63f4d77f3c80001a150bc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austria-Hungary", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "What country was split among language groups?", "id": "5a63f4d77f3c80001a150bc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. Rump-Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name \"German-Austria\" (German: Deutsch\u00f6sterreich). The name German-Austria was forbidden by the victorious powers of World War I. Volga Germans living in the Soviet Union were interned in gulags or forcibly relocated during the Second World War."}], ["Pawagam Jerman bermula pada tahun-tahun awal media dengan karya Max Skladanowsky. Ia sangat berpengaruh pada tahun-tahun Republik Weimar dengan ekspresionis Jerman seperti Robert Wiene dan Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Era Nazi menghasilkan kebanyakan filem propaganda walaupun karya Leni Riefenstahl masih memperkenalkan estetika baru dalam filem. Dari tahun 1960-an, pengarah New German Cinema seperti Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder meletakkan pawagam Barat-Jerman kembali ke pentas antarabangsa dengan filem-filem yang sering mereka provokatif, sementara Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft menguasai pengeluaran filem di GDR . <> Siapakah sinematik asal Jerman? || Max Skladanowsky <> Apa jenis filem yang dihasilkan di era Nazi? || propaganda <> Siapa mengawal pengeluaran filem di GDR? || Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft <> Bilakah pawagam Jerman kembali ke peringkat antarabangsa? || 1960-an <> Apakah Max Skladanowsky aktif semasa Republik Weimar? || <> Apa yang dihasilkan oleh Murnau semasa zaman Nazi? || <> Apa yang dilakukan Leni Riefenstahl pada tahun 1960-an? || <> Siapa yang mengawal pengeluaran filem di Barat-Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was the original German cinematic?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d4e", "answers": [{"text": "Max Skladanowsky", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d4f", "answers": [{"text": "propaganda", "answer_start": 277}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who controls film production in the GDR?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d50", "answers": [{"text": "Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft", "answer_start": 604}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did German cinema come back internationally?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d51", "answers": [{"text": "1960s", "answer_start": 382}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German cinema", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was Max Skladanowsky active in during the Weimar Republic?", "id": "5a63e8297f3c80001a150b8d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "propaganda films", "answer_start": 277}], "question": "What did Murnau produce during the Nazi era?", "id": "5a63e8297f3c80001a150b8e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage", "answer_start": 498}], "question": "What did Leni Riefenstahl do in the 1960's?", "id": "5a63e8297f3c80001a150b8f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft", "answer_start": 604}], "question": "Who controlled film production in West-Germany?", "id": "5a63e8297f3c80001a150b90", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film. From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films, while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR."}], ["Sejak Piala Dunia FIFA 2006, penilaian dalaman dan luaran imej negara Jerman telah berubah. Dalam tinjauan global Indeks Jenama Negara tahunan, Jerman menjadi ketara dan berulang kali lebih tinggi kedudukan selepas kejohanan itu. Orang-orang di 20 negeri yang berbeza menilai reputasi negara dari segi budaya, politik, eksport, rakyatnya dan tarikannya kepada pelancong, pendatang dan pelaburan. Jerman telah dinamakan sebagai negara paling bernilai kedua di kalangan 50 negara pada 2010. Satu lagi tinjauan pendapat global, untuk BBC, mendedahkan bahawa Jerman diiktiraf sebagai pengaruh yang paling positif di dunia pada tahun 2010. Majoriti 59% mempunyai pandangan positif negara ini, manakala 14% mempunyai pandangan negatif. <> Tahun berapa adalah titik perubahan bagi Jerman dalam Indeks Jenama Negara? || 2006 <> Tahun apa BBC mendedahkan bahawa Jerman adalah pengaruh yang paling positif di dunia? || 2010 <> berapa peratusan mempunyai pandangan negatif terhadap Jerman? || 14% <> Apakah peratusan orang mempunyai pandangan positif terhadap Jerman? || 59 <> Indeks apa yang menduduki ranking Jerman tinggi sebelum Piala Dunia FIFA 2006? || <> Pada tahun apakah Jerman menduduki negara yang paling berharga? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Jerman diiktiraf sebagai negara paling berpengaruh di dunia? || <> Siapa pendapat pendapat global menunjukkan 14% orang yang mempunyai pendapat positif terhadap Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa329", "answers": [{"text": "2006", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32a", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 637}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "what percentage have a negative view of Germany?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32b", "answers": [{"text": "14%", "answer_start": 704}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32c", "answers": [{"text": "59", "answer_start": 657}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "l Nation Brands Index global survey,", "answer_start": 121}], "question": "What index ranked Germany high before the 2006 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "5a63f2107f3c80001a150bad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 505}], "question": "In what year was Germany ranked the most valued nation?", "id": "5a63f2107f3c80001a150bae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 637}], "question": "In what year ws Germany recognized as the most influential country in the world?", "id": "5a63f2107f3c80001a150baf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BBC", "answer_start": 548}], "question": "Who's global opinion poll showed 14% of people having a positive opinion of Germany?", "id": "5a63f2107f3c80001a150bb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view."}], ["Asal-usul Pan-Germanism bermula pada awal abad ke-19 berikutan Perang Napoleon. Peperangan melancarkan pergerakan baru yang dilahirkan di Perancis sendiri semasa Revolusi Perancis. Nasionalisme semasa abad ke-19 mengancam rezim bangsawan lama. Banyak kumpulan etnik Tengah dan Eropah Timur telah dibahagikan selama berabad-abad, yang dikuasai oleh Monarki lama Romanovs dan Habsburgs. Jerman, sebahagian besarnya, telah menjadi orang yang longgar dan terpecah sejak Reformasi apabila Empayar Rom Suci telah hancur menjadi sebuah negeri yang bersambung. Ahli-ahli kebangsaan Jerman yang baru, kebanyakan pembaharuan muda seperti Johann Tillmann dari Prusia Timur, berusaha untuk menyatukan semua orang berbahasa Jerman dan etnik-Jerman (Volksdeutsche). <> Dalam abad apa asal usul Pan-Germanisme? || 19 <Pergerakan apa yang keluar dari Revolusi Perancis? || Nasionalisme <> Yang telah diancam oleh Nasionalisme? || rejim bangsawan <> Yang memerintah Eropah Tengah dan Timur semasa abad ke-19? || Romanovs dan Habsburgs <> Di mana Johann Tillmann dari? || Prussia Timur <> Perang apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1900-an? || <> Pergerakan apa yang bermula di Jerman pada tahun 1900-an? || <> Apa orang telah bersatu sejak Reformasi? || <> Apakah Jerman ingin menyatukan semua orang etnik-Jerman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da6", "answers": [{"text": "19th", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movement came out of the French Revolution?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da7", "answers": [{"text": "Nationalism", "answer_start": 181}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was threatened by Nationalism?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da8", "answers": [{"text": "aristocratic regimes", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da9", "answers": [{"text": "Romanovs and the Habsburgs", "answer_start": 379}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Johann Tillmann from?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154daa", "answers": [{"text": "East Prussia", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Napoleonic Wars", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "What wars took place in the 1900's?", "id": "5a63f3017f3c80001a150bb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nationalism", "answer_start": 181}], "question": "What movement began in Germany in the 1900's?", "id": "5a63f3017f3c80001a150bb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germans", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "What people had been united since the Reformation?", "id": "5a63f3017f3c80001a150bb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johann Tillmann", "answer_start": 624}], "question": "What German wanted to unite all the ethnic-German people?", "id": "5a63f3017f3c80001a150bb8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people."}], ["Katolik Roman adalah satu-satunya agama yang ditubuhkan di Empayar Rom Suci sehinggalah Reformasi berubah secara drastik. Pada 1517, Martin Luther mencabar Gereja Katolik kerana dia melihatnya sebagai rasuah kepercayaan Kristian. Melalui ini, dia mengubah sejarah Eropah dan dunia dan menubuhkan Protestanisme. Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun (1618-1648) merupakan salah satu konflik yang paling merosakkan dalam sejarah Eropah. Peperangan ini telah berjuang terutama di Jerman sekarang, dan pada pelbagai perkara yang melibatkan kebanyakan negara Eropah. Peperangan ini sebahagian besarnya berperang sebagai konflik agama antara Protestan dan Katolik di Empayar Rom Suci. <> Dalam tahun berapa Martin Luther mencabar Gereja Katolik? || 1517 <> Selama bertahun-tahun perang tiga puluh tahun? || 1618-1648 <> Sehingga Reformasi, apakah agama yang ditegakkan di Jerman? || Katolik Roma <> Di manakah perang selama tiga puluh tahun terutamanya berperang? || Jerman <> Siapa perang tiga puluh tahun antara? || Protestan dan Katolik <> Apa agama tunggal di Eropah sehingga pembaharuan? || <> Siapa yang mencabar Gereja Katolik pada abad ke-15? || <> Siapa yang menubuhkan Protestantisme pada abad ke-15? || <> Apa perang agama yang diperjuangkan pada abad ke-16? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?", "id": "57295cd51d0469140077931f", "answers": [{"text": "1517", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "During what years was the thirty year war?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779320", "answers": [{"text": "1618\u20131648", "answer_start": 348}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779321", "answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholicism", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779322", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 466}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the thirty year war between?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779323", "answers": [{"text": "Protestants and Catholics", "answer_start": 598}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholicism", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What was the sole religion in Europe until the reformation?", "id": "5a63e9847f3c80001a150b99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Who challenged the Catholic Church in the 15th century?", "id": "5a63e9847f3c80001a150b9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Martin Luther", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "Who established Protestantism in the 15th century?", "id": "5a63e9847f3c80001a150b9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Thirty Years' War", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "What religious war was fought in the 16th century?", "id": "5a63e9847f3c80001a150b9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire."}], ["Pada tahun 1860-an Kerajaan Prusia dan Empayar Austria adalah dua negara yang paling berkuasa dikuasai oleh golongan elit yang berbahasa Jerman. Kedua-duanya berusaha mengembangkan pengaruh dan wilayah mereka. Empayar Austria - seperti Empayar Rom Suci - adalah sebuah negara berbilang etnik, tetapi orang berbahasa Jerman di sana tidak mempunyai majoriti angka mutlak; penciptaan Empayar Austro-Hungaria adalah satu hasil dari kebangsaan yang semakin meningkat dari etnik-etnis yang lain terutama kaum Hungaria. Prusia di bawah Otto von Bismarck akan menunggang kepalanya nasionalisme untuk menyatukan semua Jerman moden. Empayar Jerman (\"Reich Kedua\") telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1871 berikutan pengisytiharan Wilhelm I sebagai ketua kesatuan negara berbahasa Jerman, sambil mengabaikan berjuta-juta subjek non-Jerman yang menginginkan penentuan diri dari pemerintahan Jerman. <> Siapa dua negara yang paling berkuasa pada tahun 1860? || Kerajaan Prusia dan Empayar Austria <> Bilakah Empayar Jerman dicipta? || 1871 <> Siapa Wilhelm I? || ketua kesatuan negara berbahasa Jerman <> Apa itu Prussia dan Austria yang ingin berkembang? || pengaruh dan wilayah <> Empayar mana yang merupakan negara pelbagai etnik? || Empayar Austria <> Apa negara kuat yang dikuasai oleh orang-orang elit Jerman pada abad ke-18? || <> Apa Empayar lain selain Prusia adalah negara berbilang etnik? || <> Apa Empire adalah hasil dari nasionalisme Jerman yang semakin berkembang? || <> Apa empayar dicipta pada akhir abad ke-18? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db0", "answers": [{"text": "Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the German Empire created?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db1", "answers": [{"text": "1871", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Wilhelm I?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db2", "answers": [{"text": "head of a union of German-speaking states", "answer_start": 684}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db3", "answers": [{"text": "influence and territory", "answer_start": 160}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which empire was a multi ethnic state?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db4", "answers": [{"text": "The Austrian Empire", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire", "answer_start": 13}], "question": "What powerful nations were dominated by elite Germans in the 18th century?", "id": "5a63f3ff7f3c80001a150bbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Holy Roman Empire", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "What other Empire besides Prussia was a multi-ethnic state?", "id": "5a63f3ff7f3c80001a150bbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austro-Hungarian Empire", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What Empire was the result of a growing German nationalism?", "id": "5a63f3ff7f3c80001a150bbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The German Empire", "answer_start": 586}], "question": "What empire was created in the late 18th century?", "id": "5a63f3ff7f3c80001a150bc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire \u2013 like the Holy Roman Empire \u2013 was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The German Empire (\"Second Reich\") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule."}], ["Sehingga tahun 2008 [update], Jerman adalah pasaran muzik keempat terbesar di dunia dan telah memberikan pengaruh kuat pada muzik Tarian dan Rock, dan mempelopori muzik berkhayal. Artis seperti Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel dan Talking Moden telah menikmati kemasyhuran antarabangsa. Pemuzik Jerman dan, terutamanya, kumpulan perintis Tangerine Dream dan Kraftwerk juga menyumbang kepada perkembangan muzik elektronik. Jerman menganjurkan banyak festival musik rock besar setiap tahun. Perayaan Rock am Ring adalah festival muzik terbesar di Jerman, dan antara yang terbesar di dunia. Artis Jerman juga membentuk peratusan besar aksi muzik Perindustrian, yang dipanggil Neue Deutsche H\u00e4rte. Jerman menganjurkan beberapa adegan dan festival Goth terbesar di seluruh dunia, dengan acara-acara seperti Festival Wave-Gothic-Treffen dan Muna Luna dengan mudah menarik sehingga 30,000 orang. Antara artis terkenal di Jerman terdapat pelbagai penghibur Belanda, seperti Johannes Heesters. <> Pada tahun 2008, di mana kedudukan Jerman sebagai pasaran muzik dunia? || keempat terbesar <> Apa jenis muzik yang dipelopori di Jerman? || trance <> Apa jenis muzik yang dibuat oleh Kraftwerk? || elektronik <> Apa festival muzik terbesar di Jerman? || Rock am Ring <> Berapa banyak orang yang mengadakan Festival M'era Luna? || sehingga 30,000 <> Apa pasaran muzik keempat terbesar di Eropah? || <> Jenis tarian yang dipelopori di Jerman? || <> Apa festival muzik terbesar di Eropah? || <> Siapa yang mempelopori aksi muzik Perindustrian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In 2008,, where was Germany ranked as a world music market?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa307", "answers": [{"text": "fourth largest", "answer_start": 35}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of music was pioneered in Germany?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa308", "answers": [{"text": "trance", "answer_start": 150}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of music does Kraftwerk make?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa309", "answers": [{"text": "electronic", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the largest music festival in Germany?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa30a", "answers": [{"text": "Rock am Ring", "answer_start": 516}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa30b", "answers": [{"text": "up to 30,000", "answer_start": 886}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 20}], "question": "What is the fourth largest music market in Europe?", "id": "5a63e5537f3c80001a150b85", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trance", "answer_start": 150}], "question": "What type of dance was pioneered in Germany?", "id": "5a63e5537f3c80001a150b86", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rock am Ring festival", "answer_start": 516}], "question": "What is the largest music festival in Europe?", "id": "5a63e5537f3c80001a150b87", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "German artists", "answer_start": 616}], "question": "Who pioneered Industrial music acts?", "id": "5a63e5537f3c80001a150b88", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "As of 2008[update], Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musicians and, particularly, the pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk have also contributed to the development of electronic music. Germany hosts many large rock music festivals annually. The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany, and among the largest in the world. German artists also make up a large percentage of Industrial music acts, which is called Neue Deutsche H\u00e4rte. Germany hosts some of the largest Goth scenes and festivals in the entire world, with events like Wave-Gothic-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to 30,000 people. Amongst Germany's famous artists there are various Dutch entertainers, such as Johannes Heesters."}], ["Selama beberapa dekad selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, mana-mana simbol atau ekspresi nasional adalah pantang larang. Bagaimanapun, Jerman semakin patriotik. Semasa kajian pada tahun 2009, di mana kira-kira 2,000 warga Jerman berumur 14 tahun ke atas mengisi kuesioner, hampir 60% daripada mereka yang disurvei bersetuju dengan sentimen \"Saya bangga menjadi orang Jerman.\" Dan 78%, jika bebas untuk memilih negara mereka, akan memilih kewarganegaraan Jerman dengan \"kepastian dekat atau mutlak\". Satu lagi kajian pada tahun 2009, yang dijalankan oleh Yayasan Identiti di D\u00fcsseldorf, menunjukkan bahawa 73% daripada Jerman bangga dengan negara mereka, dua kali lebih daripada 8 tahun lebih awal. Menurut Eugen Buss, seorang profesor sosiologi di Universiti Hohenheim, terdapat normalisasi yang berterusan dan semakin banyak orang Jerman menjadi bangga dengan negara mereka. <> Berapa peratus daripada 14 tahun berumur mereka berkata mereka bangga menjadi orang Jerman pada tahun 2009? || 60 <> Berapa peratus daripada 14 tahun pada tahun 2009 berkata mereka akan memilih bahasa Jerman untuk kewarganegaraan mereka jika mereka terpaksa memilih? || 78 <> Di manakah kerja Eugen Buss? || Universiti Hohenheim <> Perang apa yang diikuti dengan peningkatan simbol kebangsaan? || <> Antara yang patriotisme merosot? || <> Apa sentimen yang dilakukan oleh 78% daripada Jerman bersetuju? || <> Siapa kata orang Jerman masih takut untuk bangga secara terbuka di negaranya? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?", "id": "572961806aef051400154dc4", "answers": [{"text": "60", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?", "id": "572961806aef051400154dc5", "answers": [{"text": "78", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does Eugen Buss work?", "id": "572961806aef051400154dc6", "answers": [{"text": "University of Hohenheim", "answer_start": 666}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Second World War,", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What war was followed by an increase in national symbols?", "id": "5a63f5b87f3c80001a150bcd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Germans", "answer_start": 100}], "question": "Among who is patriotism declining?", "id": "5a63f5b87f3c80001a150bce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"I'm proud to be German.\"", "answer_start": 307}], "question": "What sentiment do 78% of Germans agree with?", "id": "5a63f5b87f3c80001a150bcf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eugen Buss,", "answer_start": 625}], "question": "Who says Germans are still afraid to be openly proud of their country?", "id": "5a63f5b87f3c80001a150bd0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment \"I'm proud to be German.\" And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with \"near or absolute certainty\". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in D\u00fcsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country."}], ["Di tengah-tengah krisis hutang kerajaan Eropah, Radek Sikorski, Menteri Luar Negeri Poland, menyatakan pada November 2011, \"Saya mungkin akan menjadi Menteri Luar Poland pertama dalam sejarah untuk mengatakan demikian, tetapi di sini adalah: Saya takut kuasa Jerman kurang daripada Saya mula takut ketidakaktifan di Jerman. Anda telah menjadi negara yang sangat diperlukan di Eropah. \" Menurut Jacob Heilbrunn, editor kanan di The National Interest, pernyataan sedemikian tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini ketika mempertimbangkan sejarah Jerman. \"Ini adalah pernyataan luar biasa dari seorang pegawai tertinggi sebuah negara yang telah diancam oleh Jerman semasa Perang Dunia II dan ia mencerminkan perubahan besar yang berlaku di seluruh Jerman dan Eropah mengenai kedudukan Berlin di pusat Benua.\" Heilbrunn percaya bahawa pepatah, \"apa yang baik untuk Jerman adalah buruk untuk Kesatuan Eropah\" telah digantikan oleh mentaliti baru-apa yang kepentingan Jerman juga kepentingan negara-negara tetangganya. Evolusi dalam identiti kebangsaan Jerman berpunca daripada memusatkan perhatiannya pada masa lalu Nazi dan lebih banyak lagi mengenai sejarah Prusia, yang banyak orang Jerman percaya telah dikhianati-dan tidak diwakili oleh Nazisme. Evolusi terus dicetuskan oleh kedudukan Jerman yang mencolok sebagai ekonomi terkuat di Eropah. Sesungguhnya pengaruh Jerman ini telah dialu-alukan oleh negara-negara yang sempadannya, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh menteri luar Poland, Radek Sikorski pujian untuk jiran baratnya negaranya. Peralihan ini dipertingkatkan oleh generasi baru Jerman yang melihat Perang Dunia II sebagai ingatan yang jauh. <> Siapa Menteri Luar Poland pada 2011? || Radek Sikorski <> Apa yang cuba dicuba oleh orang Jerman? || Nazi lalu <> Apa yang Jerman cuba fokus? || Sejarah Prusia <> Siapa ekonomi terkuat di Eropah? || Jerman <> Apa menteri luar Poland mengatakan dia takut kuasa Jerman? || <> Apa yang Jerman cuba ingat? || <> Perang apa yang masih banyak diingat oleh orang Jerman? || <> Siapa kata Apa yang baik untuk Jerman adalah buruk bagi EU? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?", "id": "572962431d04691400779363", "answers": [{"text": "Radek Sikorski", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Germans trying to forget?", "id": "572962431d04691400779364", "answers": [{"text": "Nazi past", "answer_start": 1026}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What are Germans trying to focus on?", "id": "572962431d04691400779365", "answers": [{"text": "Prussian history", "answer_start": 1052}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is Europe's strongest economy?", "id": "572962431d04691400779366", "answers": [{"text": "Germany", "answer_start": 1182}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Radek Sikors", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What Polish foreign minister said he feared German power?", "id": "5a63f6947f3c80001a150bd5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nazism", "answer_start": 1133}], "question": "What is Germany trying to remember?", "id": "5a63f6947f3c80001a150bd6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "World War II", "answer_start": 1522}], "question": "What war do many Germans still remember?", "id": "5a63f6947f3c80001a150bd7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Heilbrunn", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "Who says What is good for Germany is bad for the EU?", "id": "5a63f6947f3c80001a150bd8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, \"I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensable nation.\" According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at The National Interest, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany's history. \"This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin's position at the center of the Continent.\" Heilbrunn believes that the adage, \"what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union\" has been supplanted by a new mentality\u2014what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed\u2014and not represented\u2014by Nazism. The evolution is further precipitated by Germany's conspicuous position as Europe's strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski's effusive praise for his country's western neighbor. This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory."}]], [["Indonesia adalah negara terbesar di Asia Tenggara dan ia juga merupakan kepulauan terbesar di dunia mengikut saiz (menurut CIA World Factbook). Secara geologi, Nusantara Indonesia adalah salah satu kawasan aktif yang paling bergiat di dunia. Peningkatan geologi di rantau ini juga menghasilkan gunung-gunung yang mengagumkan, berpuncak di Puncak Jaya di Papua, Indonesia pada 5,030 meter (16,500 kaki), di pulau New Guinea; ia adalah satu-satunya tempat di mana glasier ais boleh ditemui di Asia Tenggara. Puncak tertinggi kedua adalah Gunung Kinabalu di Sabah, Malaysia di pulau Borneo dengan ketinggian 4,095 meter (13,435 kaki). Gunung tertinggi di Asia Tenggara ialah Hkakabo Razi pada 5,967 meter dan boleh ditemui di utara Burma yang berkongsi puncak puncak ibubapa yang sama, Gunung Everest. <> Namakan negara terbesar di Asia Tenggara. || Indonesia <> Geologi apa yang paling aktif di rantau Indonesia? || aktif secara melancarkan <> Apa negara terbesar di Asia? || <> Apakah kepulauan terkecil di dunia? || <> Negara apakah yang mempunyai aktiviti gunung berapi di Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa satu-satunya gunung tanpa glasier di Souteast Asia? || <> Apakah puncak kedua terbesar di Asia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.", "id": "572654d6dd62a815002e81be", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?", "id": "572654d6dd62a815002e81bf", "answers": [{"text": "volcanically active", "answer_start": 207}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the largest country in Asia?", "id": "5a51b1a6b308da001a5a2337", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the smallest archipelago in the world?", "id": "5a51b1a6b308da001a5a2338", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What country has the least volcanic activity in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51b1a6b308da001a5a2339", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Puncak Jaya", "answer_start": 343}], "question": "What is the only mountain without glaciers in Souteast Asia?", "id": "5a51b1a6b308da001a5a233a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mount Kinabalu", "answer_start": 534}], "question": "What  is the second largest peak in Asia?", "id": "5a51b1a6b308da001a5a233b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest."}], ["Kepulauan Andaman dan Nicobar India secara geografi dianggap sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara. Bangladesh Timur dan Tujuh Sister Negeri India adalah budaya dari Asia Tenggara dan kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara. Negara Tujuh Sister India juga secara geografi sebahagian dari Asia Tenggara. [Selanjutnya] Selebihnya pulau New Guinea yang bukan sebahagian dari Indonesia, iaitu Papua New Guinea, terkadang termasuk Palau, Guam, dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Hindia-Belanda. [Rujukan?] <> Pulau manakah yang secara geografi dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara? || Kepulauan Andaman dan Nicobar <> Negara manakah budaya dari Asia Tenggara? || Timur Bangladesh dan Tujuh Negara Sister India <> Pulau-pulau mana yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Hindia Timur Sepanyol? || Papua New Guinea, kadang-kadang termasuk begitu juga Palau, Guam, dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara <> Pulau-pulau apa yang tidak secara geografinya adalah sebahagian dari Asia Tenggara || <> Pulau-pulau mana yang tidak budaya atau geografi sebahagian dari Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa bahagian New Guinea bukan sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e8028", "answers": [{"text": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e8029", "answers": [{"text": "Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?", "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e802a", "answers": [{"text": "Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What islands are not geographically part of Southeast Asia", "id": "5a518f14b308da001a5a22fb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What islands are not culturally or geographically part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a518f14b308da001a5a22fc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Papua New Guinea", "answer_start": 427}], "question": "What part of New Guinea is not part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a518f14b308da001a5a22fd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]"}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, Imperial Jepun menyerang sebahagian besar bekas jajahan barat. Rezim pendudukan Sh\u014dwa melakukan tindakan ganas terhadap orang awam seperti pembantaian Manila dan pelaksanaan sistem buruh paksa, seperti yang melibatkan 4 hingga 10 juta romusha di Indonesia. Laporan PBB yang kemudian menyatakan bahawa empat juta orang mati di Indonesia akibat bencana kelaparan dan paksa semasa pendudukan Jepun. Kuasa Sekutu yang mengalahkan Jepun di teater Asia Tenggara di Perang Dunia II kemudian bertanding dengan kaum nasionalis yang mana pihak berkuasa pendudukan telah memberikan kemerdekaan. <> Koloni barat telah diserang oleh siapa semasa Perang Dunia II? || Imperial Jepang <> Menurut laporan PBB, apakah jumlah penduduk yang mati akibat kebuluran? || 4 hingga 10 juta <> Apa perbuatan ganas melakukan rejim Showa? || Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Manila dan pelaksanaan sistem kerja paksa <> Yang mengalahkan Jepun semasa Perang Dunia II? || Kuasa Sekutu <> Apakah koloni yang diserang semasa WW I? || <> Siapa yang menyerang koloni barat semasa WW I? || <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa 4000 orang meninggal dunia akibat kelaparan dan buruh paksa? || <> Siapa yang kalah Jepun di teater Asia Tenggara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c293", "answers": [{"text": "Imperial Japan", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c294", "answers": [{"text": "4 to 10 million", "answer_start": 260}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c295", "answers": [{"text": "Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who defeated Japan during the World War II?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c296", "answers": [{"text": "The Allied powers", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "western colonies", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What colonies were attacked during WW I?", "id": "5a51a822b308da001a5a232f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Imperial Japan", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "Who invaded the western colonies during WW I?", "id": "5a51a822b308da001a5a2330", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UN", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "Who reported that 4  thousand people died do to famine and forced labour?", "id": "5a51a822b308da001a5a2331", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Allied powers", "answer_start": 438}], "question": "Who did Japan defeat in the South-East Asian theater?", "id": "5a51a822b308da001a5a2332", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Sh\u014dwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence."}], ["Empayar Majapahit adalah kerajaan India yang berpusat di Jawa timur dari tahun 1293 hingga sekitar 1500. Penguasa terbesarnya adalah Hayam Wuruk, yang memerintah 1350-1889 menandai puncak kerajaan ketika mendominasi kerajaan-kerajaan lain di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Borneo, Sumatra, dan Bali. Pelbagai sumber seperti Nagarakertagama juga menyebutkan pengaruhnya merentasi bahagian-bahagian Sulawesi, Maluku, dan beberapa kawasan di barat New Guinea dan Filipina, menjadikannya empayar terbesar yang pernah wujud dalam sejarah Asia Tenggara. <> Kerajaan manakah yang berasaskan jawa timur? || Kerajaan Majapahit <> Penguasa mana yang memerintah antara 1350 hingga 1389? || Hayam Wuruk <> Berapa lama Empayar Majapahit berlangsung? || 1293 hingga kira-kira 1500 <> Berapa jauh pengaruh Empayar Majapahit? || bahagian Sulawesi, Maluku, dan beberapa kawasan di barat New Guinea dan Filipina <> Apa kerajaan didirikan pada tahun 1500? || <> Di manakah Empayar Majapahit yang berpangkalan di 1293 SM? || <> Penguasa apa yang berkuasa pada tahun 1389? || <> Ketika Kerajaan Majapahit didominasi oleh kerajaan-kerajaan lain? || <> Apakah kekaisaran terbesar dalam sejarah Asia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db84", "answers": [{"text": "The Majapahit Empire", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db85", "answers": [{"text": "Hayam Wuruk", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the Majapahit Empire last?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db86", "answers": [{"text": "1293 to around 1500", "answer_start": 74}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db87", "answers": [{"text": "parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines", "answer_start": 368}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Majapahit Empire", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What kingdom was established in 1500?", "id": "5a5196a9b308da001a5a2313", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "eastern Java", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "Where was the Majapahit Empire based in 1293 BC?", "id": "5a5196a9b308da001a5a2314", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hayam Wuruk", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What ruler came to power in 1389?", "id": "5a5196a9b308da001a5a2315", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1350 to 1389", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "When wa the Majapahit Empire dominated by other kingdoms?", "id": "5a5196a9b308da001a5a2316", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "he Majapahit Empire", "answer_start": 1}], "question": "What was the largest empire in Asian history?", "id": "5a5196a9b308da001a5a2317", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history."}], ["Homo sapiens mencapai wilayah ini kira-kira 45,000 tahun yang lalu, setelah berpindah ke timur dari benua India. Homo floresiensis juga tinggal di kawasan itu sehingga 12,000 tahun lalu, ketika mereka menjadi pupus. Rakyat Austronesia, yang membentuk majoriti penduduk moden di Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Timor Timur, dan Filipina, mungkin telah berhijrah ke Asia Tenggara dari Taiwan. Mereka tiba di Indonesia kira-kira 2000 SM, dan ketika mereka menyeberang ke nusantara, mereka sering menetap di kawasan pesisir dan penduduk pribumi yang terbatas seperti Negritos Filipina atau Papua New Guinea ke kawasan pedalaman. <> Bilakah orang Austronesia tiba di indonesia? || 2000 SM <> Dimana penduduk Austronesia menetap di Indonesia? || kawasan pesisir <> Manakah yang telah pupus selepas Homosapiens tiba? || Homo floresiensis <> Berapa lama dahulu Homo floresiensis hidup sebelum mereka menjadi pupus? || 12,000 tahun yang lalu <> Apa yang telah sampai ke rantau ini kira-kira 4500 tahun yang lalu? || <> Siapa yang datang dari easr rantau ini? || <> Siapa yang pindah ke kawasan tersebut 12,000 tahun yang lalu? || <> Di mana \"Austrnesian membentuk sebahagian kecil daripada penduduk moden? || <> Siapa yang tiba di Indikia sekitar abad ke-2 SM? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804c", "answers": [{"text": "2000 BC", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804d", "answers": [{"text": "coastal areas", "answer_start": 499}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804e", "answers": [{"text": "Homo floresiensis", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804f", "answers": [{"text": "12,000 years ago", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Homo sapiens", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What reached the region arounf 4500 years ago?", "id": "5a5191fcb308da001a5a2301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Homo sapiens", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who came from easr of the region?", "id": "5a5191fcb308da001a5a2302", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Homo floresiensis", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "Who moved into the area 12,000 years ago?", "id": "5a5191fcb308da001a5a2303", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "Where do \"Austrnesian make up a small fraction of the modern population?", "id": "5a5191fcb308da001a5a2304", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Austronesian", "answer_start": 207}], "question": "Who arrived in Indinesia around the 2nd century BC?", "id": "5a5191fcb308da001a5a2305", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions."}], ["Kerajaan Hindu Jawa Dwipa di Jawa dan Sumatra ada sekitar 200 SM. Sejarah dunia berbahasa Melayu bermula dengan munculnya pengaruh India, yang bermula pada sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-3 BCE. Peniaga India datang ke kepulauan untuk mendapatkan hasil hutan dan maritimnya yang berlimpah dan berdagang dengan peniaga dari China, yang juga menemui dunia Melayu pada awal zaman. Kedua-dua agama Hindu dan Budha didirikan di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada awal abad ke-1 CE, dan dari sana tersebar di seluruh kepulauan. <> Kerajaan mana kerajaan Hindu yang wujud sekitar 200 BCE? || Jawa Dwipa <> Peniaga-peniaga mana yang datang ke nusantara untuk perdagangan? || Pedagang India <> Kerajaan Dwipa Jawa terkenal dengan apa? || produk hutan dan maritim yang berlimpah <> Agama-agama manakah yang mantap di semenanjung Melayu pada permulaan abad ke-1 CE? || Hindu dan Buddhisme <> Selain pedagang India, siapa lagi yang menemui Semenanjung Melayu untuk perdagangan? || peniaga dari China <> Apa jenisnya wujud pada abad kedua SM? || <> Siapa yang mula mempengaruhi dunia yang bercakap di dunia pada tahun 300 SM? || <> Siapa yang datang ke Nusantara ke Nusantara untuk berdagang? || <> Apa yang telah ditubuhkan oleh abad ke-1 SM? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6ef9", "answers": [{"text": "Jawa Dwipa", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efa", "answers": [{"text": "Indian traders", "answer_start": 206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efb", "answers": [{"text": "abundant forest and maritime products", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efc", "answers": [{"text": "Hinduism and Buddhism", "answer_start": 395}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efd", "answers": [{"text": "merchants from China", "answer_start": 314}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What kindom existed in the second century BCE?", "id": "5a5193acb308da001a5a230b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "Who started influencing the Maylay-speaking world in the 300's BCE?", "id": "5a5193acb308da001a5a230c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indian traders", "answer_start": 206}], "question": "Who did the Chine's come to the archipelago to trade with?", "id": "5a5193acb308da001a5a230d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hinduism and Buddhism", "answer_start": 395}], "question": "What was well established by the 1st century BC?", "id": "5a5193acb308da001a5a230e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago."}], ["Takrif \"Asia Tenggara\" berbeza-beza, tetapi kebanyakan definisi termasuk kawasan yang diwakili oleh negara-negara (negara berdaulat dan wilayah yang bergantung) yang disenaraikan di bawah. Semua negeri kecuali Timor Timur adalah anggota Persatuan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN). Kawasan ini, bersama-sama dengan sebahagian Asia Selatan, dikenali secara luas sebagai Hindia Timur atau hanya Hindia hingga abad ke-20. Pulau Krismas dan Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling) dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara walaupun mereka dikuasai oleh Australia. Isu kedaulatan wujud di beberapa wilayah di Laut China Selatan. Papua New Guinea telah menyatakan bahawa ia mungkin menyertai ASEAN, dan kini pemerhati. <> Negara mana yang menyatakan bahawa ia mungkin menyertai ASEAN? || Papua New Guinea <> Apakah maksud ASEAN? || Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara <> Yang mana dua pulau yang dikuasai oleh Australia dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada ASEAN? || Pulau Krismas dan Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling) <> Negara mana yang bukan ahli ASEAN? || Timor Timur <> Apa persatuan adalah Timo Timur seorang ahli? || <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa yang dipanggil Hindia sejak abad ke 20 || <> Pulau apa yang tidak dianggap sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa pulau-pulau yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Australia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce5", "answers": [{"text": "Papua New Guinea", "answer_start": 627}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does ASEAN mean?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce6", "answers": [{"text": "Association of Southeast Asian Nations", "answer_start": 223}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce7", "answers": [{"text": "Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "answer_start": 396}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which state is not a member of ASEAN?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce8", "answers": [{"text": "East Timor", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Association of Southeast Asian Nations", "answer_start": 219}], "question": "What association is East  Timo a member of?", "id": "5a5171ecce860b001aa3fdb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Indies", "answer_start": 339}], "question": "What was Southeast Asia also known as?", "id": "5a5171ecce860b001aa3fdb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "What has been called the Indies since the 20th Century", "id": "5a5171ecce860b001aa3fdb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christmas Island and the Cocos", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What islands are not considered part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a5171ecce860b001aa3fdb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Christmas Island and the Cocos", "answer_start": 396}], "question": "What islands are part of Australia?", "id": "5a5171ecce860b001aa3fdb7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Definitions of \"Southeast Asia\" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer."}], ["Terdapat beberapa teori mengenai proses Islamisasi di Asia Tenggara. Teori lain adalah perdagangan. Perkembangan perdagangan antara Asia Barat, India dan Asia Tenggara membantu penyebaran agama sebagai pedagang Muslim dari Selatan Yemen (Hadramout) membawa Islam ke rantau ini dengan jumlah perdagangan yang besar. Ramai yang menetap di Indonesia, Singapura, dan Malaysia. Ini terbukti dalam populasi Arab-Indonesia, Arab-Singapura, dan Arab-Melayu yang pada satu masa sangat menonjol di setiap negara mereka. Teori kedua adalah peranan misionaris atau Sufi. [Rujukan?] Para misionaris Sufi memainkan peranan penting dalam menyebarkan iman dengan memperkenalkan ide-ide Islam ke rantau ini. Akhirnya, kelas pemerintah memeluk agama Islam dan seterusnya membanteras penyebaran agama di seluruh rantau ini. Penguasa pelabuhan yang paling penting di rantau ini, Kesultanan Melaka, memeluk agama Islam pada abad ke-15, yang memperlihatkan tempoh penukaran Islam yang dipercepat di seluruh rantau ini memandangkan Islam memberikan kekuatan positif di kalangan kelas pemerintah dan perdagangan. <> Pada abad ke-15, penguasa di mana pelabuhan memeluk Islam? || Kesultanan Melaka <> Di mana peniaga-peniaga dari Yaman menetap? || Indonesia, Singapura, dan Malaysia <> Yang mubaligh membantu menyebarkan Islam? || Para mubaligh Sufi <> Agama mana yang membuktikan kekuatan positif antara kelas pemerintah dan perdagangan? || Islam <> Penguasa apa yang mentadbir Islam pada abad ke-15? || <> Di mana pedagang Yemen datang? || <> Apakah kelas yang dipengaruhi oleh Islam? || <> Apa mubaligh dia pedas menyebarkan Islam di luar Asia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e8188", "answers": [{"text": "Malacca Sultanate", "answer_start": 866}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the traders from Yemen settle?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e8189", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which missionary helped to spread Islam?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e818a", "answers": [{"text": "The Sufi missionaries", "answer_start": 584}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e818b", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 1000}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malacca Sultanate", "answer_start": 866}], "question": "What ruler regected Islam in the 15th century?", "id": "5a519ec0b308da001a5a2327", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "Where did Yemen traders come from?", "id": "5a519ec0b308da001a5a2328", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the ruling and trading classes", "answer_start": 1038}], "question": "What classes wher negatively affected by Islam?", "id": "5a519ec0b308da001a5a2329", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Sufi", "answer_start": 584}], "question": "What missionaries he;ped spread Islam beyond Asia?", "id": "5a519ec0b308da001a5a232a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes."}], ["Iklim di Asia Tenggara terutamanya tropika-panas dan lembap sepanjang tahun dengan hujan banyak. Vietnam Utara dan Himalaya Myanmar adalah satu-satunya kawasan di Asia Tenggara yang mempunyai iklim subtropika, yang mempunyai musim sejuk yang sejuk dengan salji. Sebahagian besar Asia Tenggara mempunyai musim basah dan kering yang disebabkan oleh peralihan musiman dalam angin atau angin musim. Sabuk hujan tropika menyebabkan hujan tambahan semasa musim tengkujuh. Hutan hujan adalah yang kedua terbesar di bumi (dengan Amazon yang terbesar). Pengecualian terhadap jenis iklim dan tumbuh-tumbuhan ini adalah kawasan gunung di rantau utara, di mana ketinggian tinggi membawa kepada suhu yang lebih ringan dan landskap kering. Bahagian lain jatuh dari iklim ini kerana mereka seperti padang pasir. <> Apakah iklim seperti di Asia Tenggara? || tropika-panas dan lembap <> Kawasan mana yang mempunyai hutan hujan ke-2 terbesar di dunia? || Asia Tenggara <> Kawasan mana di Asia Tenggara lihat musim sejuk dengan salji? || Vietnam Utara dan Himalaya Myanmar <> Apa yang menyebabkan hujan lebat semasa monsun? || Tali hujan tropika <> Apa yang menyebabkan kawasan Asia Tenggara mengalami musim basah & kering? || peralihan bermusim dalam angin atau monsun <> Apa bahagian Asia kebanyakannya subtropika? || <> Vietnam Utara dan apa rantau lain yang mempunyai iklim atropik? || <> Kawasan apa yang mempunyai hutan hujan terbesar di dunia? || <> Apakah iklim seperti di rantau gunung selatan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57265794708984140094c309", "answers": [{"text": "tropical\u2013hot and humid", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30a", "answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30b", "answers": [{"text": "Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas", "answer_start": 103}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30c", "answers": [{"text": "The tropical rain belt", "answer_start": 358}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30d", "answers": [{"text": "seasonal shift in winds or monsoon", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What part of Asia is mostly subtropical?", "id": "5a51b3e5b308da001a5a2341", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Myanmar Himalayas", "answer_start": 128}], "question": "North Vietnam and what other region have atropical climate?", "id": "5a51b3e5b308da001a5a2342", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 15}], "question": "What region has the largest rain forest in the world?", "id": "5a51b3e5b308da001a5a2343", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "milder temperatures and drier landscape", "answer_start": 646}], "question": "What is the climate like in the souther mountain region?", "id": "5a51b3e5b308da001a5a2344", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical\u2013hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like."}], ["Pada abad ke-11, tempoh bergelora berlaku dalam sejarah Maritim Asia Tenggara. Tentara Chola India menyeberangi lautan dan menyerang kerajaan Sriwijaya Sangrama Vijayatungavarman di Kadaram (Kedah), ibukota kerajaan maritim yang kuat dipecat dan raja ditawan. Bersama dengan Kadaram, Pannai di Sumatera dan Malaiyur sekarang dan semenanjung Tanah Melayu juga diserang. Tidak lama selepas itu, raja Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa menjadi penguasa pertama untuk meninggalkan agama Hindu tradisional, dan memeluk agama Islam dengan Kesultanan Kedah yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1136. Samudera Pasai memeluk agama Islam pada tahun 1267, Raja Melaka Parameswara berkahwin dengan puteri Pasai, dan anaknya menjadi sultan pertama Melaka. Tidak lama kemudian, Melaka menjadi pusat kajian Islam dan perdagangan maritim, dan penguasa lain mengikutinya. Pemimpin agama dan ulama Islam Indonesia Hamka (1908-1981) menulis pada tahun 1961: \"Pengembangan Islam di Indonesia dan Malaya sangat berkait dengan seorang Muslim Cina, Laksamana Zheng He.\" <> Kerajaan manakah yang menyerang tentera laut Chola pada abad ke-11? || Kerajaan Srivijaya <> Apakah ibukota kerajaan Sriwijaya? || Sangrama Vijayatungavarman <> Yang mana raja Kedah menukar agama Islam pada tahun 1267? || Phra Ong Mahawangsa <> Nama seorang cendekiawan Islam Indonesia yang hidup dari 1908-1981? || Hamka <> Yang admiral Cina berkaitan dengan perkembangan Islam di Indonesia & Tanah Melayu? || Laksamana Zheng He <> Apa yang terjadi pada tahun 1100? || <> Siapa yang menyerang kerajaan Srivijaya? || <> Apa yang berlaku kepada raja Chola? || <> Apa kig ditukar daripada Islam pada tahun 1267? || <> Apa cendekiawan Islam meninggal pada tahun 1908? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8150", "answers": [{"text": "Srivijaya kingdom", "answer_start": 149}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8151", "answers": [{"text": "Sangrama Vijayatungavarman", "answer_start": 170}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8152", "answers": [{"text": "Phra Ong Mahawangsa", "answer_start": 448}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8153", "answers": [{"text": "Hamka", "answer_start": 920}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8154", "answers": [{"text": "Admiral Zheng He", "answer_start": 1046}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What happened in the 1100's?", "id": "5a519a6bb308da001a5a231d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chola", "answer_start": 103}], "question": "Who did the Srivijaya kingdom attack?", "id": "5a519a6bb308da001a5a231e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "taken captive", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "What happened to the king of Chola?", "id": "5a519a6bb308da001a5a231f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Phra Ong Mahawangsa", "answer_start": 448}], "question": "What kig converted from Islam in 1267?", "id": "5a519a6bb308da001a5a2320", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Hamka", "answer_start": 920}], "question": "What Islamic scholar died in 1908?", "id": "5a519a6bb308da001a5a2321", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908\u20131981) wrote in 1961: \"The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He.\""}], ["Islam adalah agama yang paling banyak diamalkan di Asia Tenggara, yang berjumlah kira-kira 240 juta penganut yang menerjemahkan kepada kira-kira 40% daripada seluruh penduduk, dengan majoriti di Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia dan Filipina Selatan dengan Indonesia sebagai negara Islam yang terbesar dan paling ramai penduduk sekitar dunia. Negara-negara di Asia Tenggara mengamalkan banyak agama yang berbeza. Buddhisme adalah dominan di Thailand, Kemboja, Laos, Burma, Vietnam dan Singapura. Ibadat tauhid dan Konfusianisme juga diamalkan secara meluas di Vietnam dan Singapura. Kekristianan dominan di Filipina, Indonesia timur, Malaysia Timur dan Timor Timur. Filipina mempunyai penduduk Katolik terbesar di Asia. Timor Timur juga kebanyakannya Katolik Roma disebabkan oleh sejarah pemerintahan Portugis. <> Agama mana yang diamalkan secara meluas di Asia Tenggara? || Islam <> Berapa peratus penduduk di Asia Tenggara mengamalkan Islam? || 40% <> Antara negara-negara Asia Tenggara, negara manakah yang mempunyai penduduk Islam yang paling ramai di kalangan mereka? || Indonesia <> Penduduk Roman Katolik dominan di mana negara Asia? || Filipina <> Timor Timur kebanyakannya katolik kerana sejarah pemerintahan Eropah? || Bahasa Portugis <> Apakah agama paling kurang diamalkan di Asia Tenggara? || <> Agama apakah yang mempunyai 2.4 juta penganut? || <> WWhat negara Asia Tenggara mempunyai penduduk muslim terkecil? || <> Agama apa lagi yang tidak lagi berlaku di Timor Timur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fc", "answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fd", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fe", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85ff", "answers": [{"text": "Philippines", "answer_start": 654}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e8600", "answers": [{"text": "Portuguese", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the least practiced religion in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51c727b308da001a5a2395", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Islam", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What religion has 2.4 million adherents?", "id": "5a51c727b308da001a5a2396", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "WWhat Southeast Asian country has the smallest muslim population?", "id": "5a51c727b308da001a5a2397", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Roman Catholic", "answer_start": 750}], "question": "What religion is no longer predominant in East Timor?", "id": "5a51c727b308da001a5a2398", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule."}], ["Masyarakat Cina di luar negara telah memainkan peranan besar dalam pembangunan ekonomi di rantau ini. Komuniti perniagaan ini dihubungkan melalui rangkaian buluh, rangkaian perniagaan Cina di luar negara yang beroperasi di pasaran Asia Tenggara yang berkongsi hubungan keluarga dan budaya bersama. Asal-usul pengaruh China dapat dikesan pada abad ke-16, ketika para pendatang Cina dari selatan China menetap di Indonesia, Thailand, dan negara-negara Asia Tenggara lainnya. Penduduk Cina di rantau ini mengalami peningkatan pesat berikutan Revolusi Komunis pada tahun 1949, yang memaksa ramai pelarian untuk berpindah ke luar China. <> Asal komuniti mana yang dapat dikesan pada abad ke-16? || Cina <> Kebangkitan penduduk China menyaksikan peningkatan pesat di mana revolusi? || Revolusi Komunis <> Bilakah revolusi Cina bermula di Asia Tenggara? || 1949 <> Apakah nama rangkaian di mana masyarakat Cina dihubungkan dengannya? || rangkaian buluh <> Apa yang membantu masyarakat Jepun membantu? || <> siapa pengaruh yang bermula pada tahun 1600? || <> Apa populasi menurun selepas Revolusi Komunis? || <> Di manakah migran dari China Selatan berhijrah ke? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c0", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c1", "answers": [{"text": "Communist Revolution", "answer_start": 551}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c2", "answers": [{"text": "1949", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c3", "answers": [{"text": "the bamboo network", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the economies in the region", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What has the Japanese community helped develope?", "id": "5a51c016b308da001a5a236b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "China", "answer_start": 407}], "question": "who's influence started in the 1600's?", "id": "5a51c016b308da001a5a236c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese populations", "answer_start": 482}], "question": "What population decreased following the Communist Revolution?", "id": "5a51c016b308da001a5a236d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "Where did migrants from South China migrate to?", "id": "5a51c016b308da001a5a236e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China."}], ["Pelancongan menjadi faktor utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi bagi banyak negara Asia Tenggara, terutamanya Kemboja. Menurut UNESCO, \"pelancongan, jika dikandung dengan betul, dapat menjadi alat pembangunan yang luar biasa dan cara yang efektif untuk memelihara kepelbagaian budaya planet kita.\" Sejak awal 1990-an, \"bahkan negara-negara bukan ASEAN seperti Kemboja, Laos, Vietnam dan Burma, di mana pendapatan yang diperoleh dari pelancongan rendah, cuba mengembangkan industri pelancongan mereka sendiri.\" Pada tahun 1995, Singapura merupakan pemimpin serantau dalam penerimaan pelancongan berbanding dengan KDNK di lebih dari 8%. Menjelang tahun 1998, penerimaan tersebut telah menurun kepada kurang daripada 6% daripada KDNK manakala Thailand dan Lao PDR meningkat sebanyak 7%. Sejak tahun 2000, Kemboja telah melampaui semua negara ASEAN yang lain dan menjana hampir 15% daripada KDNKnya daripada pelancongan pada tahun 2006. <Dari negara-negara Asia Tenggara, yang mana pembangunan ekonomi pentingnya didasarkan pada Pelancongan? || Kemboja Menurut entiti mana boleh pelancongan menjadi alat pembangunan yang luar biasa & cara untuk memelihara kepelbagaian budaya planet ini? || UNESCO <> Siapa pemimpin serantau dalam pelancongan pada tahun 1995? || Singapura <> Sejak tahun 2000, Kemboja telah melampaui negara-negara ASEAN yang lain dalam menjana KDNK di sektor mana? || pelancongan <> Yang tidak menggalakkan pelancongan dalam memelihara kepelbagaian budaya? || <> Industri apa yang kukuh di Kemboja? || <> Bilakah Singapura merupakan pemimpin dunia dalam pelancongan? || <> Apa yang Kemboja jatuh di belakang negara-negara ASEAN? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72e7", "answers": [{"text": "Cambodia", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72e8", "answers": [{"text": "UNESCO", "answer_start": 124}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72e9", "answers": [{"text": "Singapore", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72ea", "answers": [{"text": "tourism", "answer_start": 785}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UNESCO", "answer_start": 124}], "question": "Who discourages tourism in ordr to preserve cultural diversity?", "id": "5a51c265b308da001a5a237b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tourism", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What industry is strong in Cambodia?", "id": "5a51c265b308da001a5a237c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1995", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "When was Singapore the world leader in tourism?", "id": "5a51c265b308da001a5a237d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GDP from tourism", "answer_start": 776}], "question": "What has Cambodia fallen behind othe ASEAN countries for?", "id": "5a51c265b308da001a5a237e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, \"tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet.\" Since the early 1990s, \"even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries.\" In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006."}], ["Walaupun Asia Tenggara kaya dengan flora dan fauna, Asia Tenggara menghadapi penebangan hutan yang teruk yang menyebabkan kehilangan habitat bagi pelbagai spesies terancam seperti orangutan dan harimau Sumatera. Ramalan telah dibuat bahawa lebih daripada 40% spesies haiwan dan tumbuhan di Asia Tenggara dapat dihapuskan pada abad ke-21. Pada masa yang sama, jerebu telah berlaku biasa. Kedua-dua bahaya serantau yang paling teruk adalah pada tahun 1997 dan 2006 di mana pelbagai negara diliputi jerebu tebal, kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh aktiviti \"slash and burn\" di Sumatera dan Borneo. Sebagai tindak balas, beberapa negara di Asia Tenggara menandatangani Perjanjian ASEAN mengenai Pencemaran Jerebu Merentas sempadan untuk memerangi pencemaran jerebu. <> Berapa peratus kepupusan tumbuhan dan haiwan ditakrifkan pada abad ke-21? || 40% <> Di manakah jerebu telah menjadi dominan? || Sumatra dan Borneo <> Bagaimana jerebu terbentuk? || yang disebabkan oleh \"mengurangkan dan membakar\" aktiviti <> Perjanjian apa yang telah ditandatangani negara-negara Asia Tenggara untuk memerangi pencemaran jerebu? || Pencemaran Jerebu Merentasi Sempadan <> Bilakah 2 pencemaran jerebu terburuk berlaku di Asia Tenggara? || 1997 dan 2006 <> Kawasan apa yang kaya dengan pokok dan Fauna lain? || <> Apa harimau yang makmur walaupun defisistasi? || <> Di manakah 40% spesies haiwan dan tumbuhan dimusnahkan? || <> Apa yang menyebabkan bahaya reginal abad ke-19? || <> Siapa yang menandatangani ASEAN pada tahun 1997? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c527", "answers": [{"text": "40%", "answer_start": 236}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where has haze been predominant?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c528", "answers": [{"text": "Sumatra and Borneo", "answer_start": 541}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is a haze formed?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c529", "answers": [{"text": "caused by \"slash and burn\" activities", "answer_start": 500}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c52a", "answers": [{"text": "Transboundary Haze Pollution", "answer_start": 640}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c52b", "answers": [{"text": "1997 and 2006", "answer_start": 421}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "What area is rich in trees and other Fauna?", "id": "5a51b915b308da001a5a2359", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sumatran tiger", "answer_start": 178}], "question": "What tiger is prospering despite deforistation?", "id": "5a51b915b308da001a5a235a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 6}], "question": "Where were 40% of the animal and plant species destroyed already?", "id": "5a51b915b308da001a5a235b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"slash and burn\" activities in Sumatra and Borneo", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "What caused the 19th century reginal hazes?", "id": "5a51b915b308da001a5a235c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "several countries in Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 574}], "question": "Who signed the ASEAN in 1997?", "id": "5a51b915b308da001a5a235d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century. At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by \"slash and burn\" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution."}], ["Pada zaman moden, orang Jawa adalah kumpulan etnik terbesar di Asia Tenggara, dengan lebih dari 100 juta orang, kebanyakannya tertumpu di Jawa, Indonesia. Di Burma, Burma mempunyai lebih daripada dua pertiga daripada stok etnik di negara ini, manakala etnik Thailand dan Vietnam menyumbang kira-kira empat perlima daripada populasi negara masing-masing. Indonesia jelas dikuasai oleh kumpulan etnik Jawa dan Sunda, manakala Malaysia dipisahkan antara separuh Melayu dan suku Cina. Di Filipina, kumpulan Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, dan Hiligaynon adalah penting. <> nama kumpulan etnik terbesar di Asia Tenggara. || bangsa Jawa <> kumpulan etnik mana yang menguasai di Indonesia? || Bahasa Jawa dan Sunda <> Kumpulan Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano & Hiligaynon adalah penting di mana negara di Asia Tenggara? || Filipina <> Kumpulan etnik Melayu & Cina yang utama di negara mana? || Malaysia <> Apakah kumpulan etnik terkecil di Asia Tenggara? || <> Kumpulan apa yang membentuk dua pertiga daripada penduduk Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa dua kumpulan membentuk empat perlima daripada penduduk Asia Tenggara? || <> Di mana orang Melayu dan Cina minoriti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c4", "answers": [{"text": "the Javanese", "answer_start": 17}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c5", "answers": [{"text": "Javanese and Sundanese", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c6", "answers": [{"text": "Philippines", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c7", "answers": [{"text": "Malaysia", "answer_start": 441}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Javanese", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What is currently the smallest ethnic group in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51c529b308da001a5a238d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Burmese", "answer_start": 167}], "question": "What group makes up two-thirds of the population of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51c529b308da001a5a238e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thais and Vietnamese", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What two groups make up four-fifths of the population of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51c529b308da001a5a238f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Malaysia", "answer_start": 441}], "question": "Where are the Malays and Chinese a minority?", "id": "5a51c529b308da001a5a2390", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon groups are significant."}], ["Ekonomi rantau ini sangat bergantung kepada pertanian; beras dan getah telah lama menjadi eksport yang terkenal. Pembuatan dan perkhidmatan semakin penting. Pasar baru muncul, Indonesia adalah ekonomi terbesar di rantau ini. Negara-negara baru perindustrian termasuk Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Filipina, manakala Singapura dan Brunei adalah negara maju yang kaya. Selebihnya Asia Tenggara masih sangat bergantung pada pertanian, tetapi Vietnam juga membuat kemajuan yang mantap dalam mengembangkan sektor perindustriannya. Wilayah ini terutamanya mengeluarkan tekstil, barang elektronik berteknologi tinggi seperti mikropemproses dan produk perindustrian berat seperti automobil. Rizab minyak di Asia Tenggara adalah banyak. <> Apa rizab yang berlimpah di Asia Tenggara? || Rizab minyak <> Sektor mana yang sangat bergantung kepada Asia Tenggara? || pertanian <> Di negara-negara Asia Tenggara, negara mana yang mempunyai ekonomi terbesar? || Indonesia <> Kawasan manakah yang mengeluarkan tekstil, produk perindustrian berat & barangan elektronik berteknologi tinggi? || Vietnam <> Apa yang paling bergantung kepada pengilangan? || <> Sebagai pasaran baru muncul Indonesia mempunyai yang paling kecil? || <> Apa negara sedang membangunkan lebih banyak pertanian? || <> Kawasan apa rizab minyak terhad? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57267141708984140094c625", "answers": [{"text": "Oil reserves", "answer_start": 678}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?", "id": "57267141708984140094c626", "answers": [{"text": "agriculture", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?", "id": "57267141708984140094c627", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 179}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?", "id": "57267141708984140094c628", "answers": [{"text": "Vietnam", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The region's economy", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is largely dependent on manufactoring?", "id": "5a51c12fb308da001a5a2373", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "economy", "answer_start": 204}], "question": "As an emerging market Indonesia has the smallest what?", "id": "5a51c12fb308da001a5a2374", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vietnam", "answer_start": 454}], "question": "What country is developing more agriculture?", "id": "5a51c12fb308da001a5a2375", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "What region has limited oil reserves?", "id": "5a51c12fb308da001a5a2376", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful."}], ["Asia Tenggara mempunyai keluasan kira-kira 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 juta batu persegi). Sehingga 2013, Sekitar 625 juta orang tinggal di rantau ini, lebih daripada satu perlima daripada mereka (143 juta) di pulau Jawa Indonesia, pulau besar yang padat penduduknya di dunia. Indonesia adalah negara paling ramai penduduk dengan 255 juta orang pada tahun 2015, dan juga negara paling ramai ke-4 di dunia. Pengagihan agama dan masyarakat adalah berbeza di Asia Tenggara dan berbeza mengikut negara. Sekitar 30 juta orang Cina di luar negara juga tinggal di Asia Tenggara, yang paling menonjol di Pulau Krismas, Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, dan Thailand, dan juga sebagai Hoa di Vietnam. <> Apakah kawasan perkiraan Asia Tenggara? || 4,000,000 km2 <> Antara negara-negara Asia Tenggara, yang mana penduduknya padat? || Indonesia <> Pulau mana di Asia Tenggara padat penduduknya? || Java <> Kawasan apa yang mempunyai luas 4,000,000 batu persegi? || <> Bilakah 143 juta orang tinggal di Asia Tenggara? || <> Di mana di Indonesia adalah penduduk 625 juta? || <> Apa yang paling kurang padat penduduk Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa kewarganegaraan ada 3 juta orang yang tinggal di Asia Tenggara? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?", "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e02e", "answers": [{"text": "4,000,000 km2", "answer_start": 44}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?", "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e02f", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 273}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?", "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e030", "answers": [{"text": "Java", "answer_start": 213}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What region has an area of 4,000,000 square miles?", "id": "5a51c418b308da001a5a2383", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2013", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "When did 143 million people live in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51c418b308da001a5a2384", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Java", "answer_start": 213}], "question": "Where in Indonesia is the population 625 million?", "id": "5a51c418b308da001a5a2385", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What is the least densly populated country of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51c418b308da001a5a2386", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 523}], "question": "What nationality are 3 million people living in Southeast Asia come from?", "id": "5a51c418b308da001a5a2387", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2013, Around 625 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 255 million people as of 2015, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also, as the Hoa, in Vietnam."}], ["Perairan cetek terumbu karang Asia Tenggara mempunyai paras tertinggi biodiversiti untuk ekosistem laut dunia, di mana karang, ikan dan moluska berlimpah. Menurut Conservation International, kaji selidik marin menunjukkan bahawa kepelbagaian kehidupan marin di Raja Ampat (Indonesia) adalah rekod tertinggi di Bumi. Kepelbagaian adalah lebih besar daripada mana-mana kawasan lain yang dicontohi di Segitiga Karang yang terdiri dari Indonesia, Filipina, dan Papua New Guinea. Segitiga Karang adalah pusat dari kepelbagaian terumbu karang dunia, Verde Passage digelar oleh Conservation International sebagai \"pusat pusat biodiversiti laut laut\" di dunia. Ikan yu paus, spesies ikan terbesar di dunia dan 6 spesies penyu laut juga boleh didapati di Laut China Selatan dan wilayah-wilayah Lautan Pasifik Filipina. <> Di mana di Bumi adalah aktiviti marin tertinggi yang direkodkan? || Raja Ampat <> Kawasan manakah yang terdiri daripada Segi Tiga Karang? || Indonesia, Filipina, dan Papua New Guinea. <> Kawasan manakah yang dipanggil hati biodiversiti terumbu karang di dunia? || Segitiga Karang <> Namakan spesies ikan terbesar di dunia. || Ikan hiu <> Apa yang terdapat dalam perairan dalam Asia Tenggara? || <> Apakah ekosistem mempunyai biodiversiti yang paling rendah di Asia? || <> Di manakah Konservasi International mengatakan biodiversiti terendah? || <> Di mana spesies penyu laut di dunia hanya terdapat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?", "id": "5726609b708984140094c413", "answers": [{"text": "Raja Ampat", "answer_start": 270}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?", "id": "5726609b708984140094c414", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.", "answer_start": 423}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?", "id": "5726609b708984140094c415", "answers": [{"text": "The Coral Triangle", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name the largest species of fish in the world.", "id": "5726609b708984140094c416", "answers": [{"text": "The whale shark", "answer_start": 671}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "coral reefs", "answer_start": 42}], "question": "What are found in Southeast Asia's deep waters?", "id": "5a51b7a5b308da001a5a2351", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asian coral reefs", "answer_start": 26}], "question": "What ecosystem has the lowest biodiversity in Asia?", "id": "5a51b7a5b308da001a5a2352", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Raja Ampat", "answer_start": 270}], "question": "Where did Conservation International say the lowest biodiversity is?", "id": "5a51b7a5b308da001a5a2353", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "Where is the world's only species of sea turtle found?", "id": "5a51b7a5b308da001a5a2354", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's \"center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity\". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines."}], ["Malah sebelum penembusan kepentingan Eropah, Asia Tenggara merupakan bahagian kritikal sistem perdagangan dunia. Pelbagai komoditi yang berasal dari rantau ini, tetapi yang penting adalah rempah seperti lada, halia, ulas, dan pala. Perdagangan rempah pada mulanya dibangunkan oleh pedagang India dan Arab, tetapi juga membawa orang Eropah ke rantau ini. Orang Sepanyol pertama (galleon Manila) dan Portugis, kemudian Belanda, dan akhirnya British dan Perancis terlibat dalam perusahaan ini di berbagai negara. Penembusan kepentingan komersial Eropah secara beransur-ansur berkembang menjadi penggabungan wilayah, sebagai pedagang melobi untuk lanjutan kawalan untuk melindungi dan mengembangkan kegiatan mereka. Akibatnya, Belanda berpindah ke Indonesia, British ke Tanah Melayu dan sebahagian Borneo, Perancis ke Indocina, dan Sepanyol dan AS ke Filipina. <> Namakan beberapa komoditi penting yang berasal dari rantau Asia Tenggara? || lada, halia, ulas, dan buah pala <> Siapa yang memulakan perdagangan rempah pada mulanya? || Pedagang India dan Arab <> Yang mana pedagang Eropah berpindah ke Indonesia? || Belanda <> Siapa yang menjadi bahagian penting sistem perdagangan dunia selepas penembusan kepentingan Eropah? || <> Apa komoditi yang membawa orang Eropah ke rantau ini? || <> Perdagangan apa yang mula-mula dibangunkan oleh orang Eropah? || <> Apakah pedagang menentang untuk melindungi kepentingan mereka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?", "id": "57266c13708984140094c57b", "answers": [{"text": "pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg", "answer_start": 216}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who developed the spice trade initially?", "id": "57266c13708984140094c57c", "answers": [{"text": "Indian and Arab merchants", "answer_start": 295}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which European traders moved into Indonesia?", "id": "57266c13708984140094c57d", "answers": [{"text": "Dutch", "answer_start": 727}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 53}], "question": "Who became an important part of the world trading system after the penetration of European interests?", "id": "5a51ba38b308da001a5a2363", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg.", "answer_start": 216}], "question": "What commodities did Europeans bring the region?", "id": "5a51ba38b308da001a5a2364", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The spice trade", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "What trade was initially developed by Europeans?", "id": "5a51ba38b308da001a5a2365", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "annexation of territories", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "What did traders oppose to protect their interests?", "id": "5a51ba38b308da001a5a2366", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines."}], ["Kepulauan Indonesia dipecah oleh Wallace Line. Barisan ini berjalan di sepanjang apa yang sekarang dikenali sebagai sempadan plat tektonik, dan memisahkan spesies Asia (Barat) dari spesies Australasian (Timur). Pulau-pulau di antara Jawa / Borneo dan Papua membentuk zon campuran, di mana kedua-dua jenis ini terjadi, yang dikenal sebagai Wallacea. Apabila kadar pertumbuhan mempercepatkan dan penduduk terus berkembang di Asia Tenggara, kebimbangan telah meningkat mengenai kesan aktiviti manusia di persekitaran rantau ini. Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar Asia Tenggara tidak banyak berubah dan kekal sebagai rumah yang tidak berubah untuk hidupan liar. Negara-negara di rantau ini, dengan hanya beberapa pengecualian, telah menyedari keperluan untuk memelihara perlindungan hutan bukan sahaja untuk mencegah hakisan tanah tetapi untuk memelihara kepelbagaian flora dan fauna. Sebagai contoh, Indonesia telah mewujudkan sistem taman negara yang luas dan diperhatikan untuk tujuan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, spesies seperti badak Jawa muka dengan kepupusan, dengan hanya segelintir haiwan yang tinggal di Jawa barat. <> Namakan garis yang membelah Nusantara Indonesia? || Wallace Line <> Kawasan apa yang terdiri daripada Wallacea? || Pulau-pulau di antara Jawa / Borneo dan Papua <> Negara manakah yang telah mewujudkan sistem taman nasional & perlindungan? || Indonesia <> Spesies manakah di Jawa menghadapi kepupusan? || Badak Jawa <> Apakah kebimbangan di rantau Asia Tenggara akibat pembangunan & pengembangan penduduk? || kesan aktiviti manusia di persekitaran rantau ini. <> Apa yang memisahkan spesies Asia dan Australia? || <> Pulau-pulau apa yang tidak mempunyai spesies Asia atau Ausralasia? || <> Apa yang memberi kesan kepada kawasan Asia Tenggara? || <> Perlindungan jenis apa yang menggalakkan erosian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e6", "answers": [{"text": "Wallace Line", "answer_start": 43}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What region comprises of the Wallacea?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e7", "answers": [{"text": "The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e8", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 799}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which species in Java face extinction?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e9", "answers": [{"text": "Javan rhinoceros", "answer_start": 934}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82ea", "answers": [{"text": "impact of human activity on the region's environment.", "answer_start": 437}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wallace Line", "answer_start": 43}], "question": "What seperates Asian andAustralian species?", "id": "5a51b646b308da001a5a2349", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Java/Borneo and Papua", "answer_start": 224}], "question": "What islands don't have either Asian or Ausralasian species?", "id": "5a51b646b308da001a5a234a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "human activity", "answer_start": 447}], "question": "What has impacted large regions of Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51b646b308da001a5a234b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "forest cover", "answer_start": 703}], "question": "What kind of coverage encourages erosian?", "id": "5a51b646b308da001a5a234c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java."}], ["Kesenian Asia Tenggara mempunyai hubungan seni dengan bidang lain. Menari di banyak Asia Tenggara termasuk pergerakan tangan dan kaki, untuk mengekspresikan emosi tarian dan makna kisah yang pemain ballerina akan memberitahu penonton. Kebanyakan Asia Tenggara memperkenalkan tarian ke mahkamah mereka; khususnya, balet diraja Kamboja mewakili mereka pada awal abad ke-7 sebelum Empayar Khmer, yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh Hindu India. Tarian Apsara, yang terkenal dengan pergerakan tangan dan kaki yang kuat, merupakan contoh besar tarian simbol Hindu. <> Di mana orang Asia Tenggara memperkenalkan tarian mereka? || ke dalam istana mereka <> Tarian mana yang terkenal dengan kaki yang kuat & pergerakan tangan? || Tarian Apsara <> Empayar Khmer dipengaruhi oleh apa? || India Hindu <> Di mana tarian tidak popular di Asia Tenggara? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai balet diraja pada tahun 700? || <> Tarian apa yang dikenali untuk pergerakan tangan kecil? || <> Apa kerajaan mempengaruhi ndian Hindu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?", "id": "5726812e708984140094c84d", "answers": [{"text": "into their court", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?", "id": "5726812e708984140094c84e", "answers": [{"text": "Apsara Dance", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?", "id": "5726812e708984140094c84f", "answers": [{"text": "Indian Hinduism", "answer_start": 455}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "court", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "Where was dance not popular in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51cb85b308da001a5a23ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cambodian", "answer_start": 334}], "question": "Who had a royal ballet in the 700's?", "id": "5a51cb85b308da001a5a23ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Apsara Dance", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What dance is known for little hand movement?", "id": "5a51cb85b308da001a5a23af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Khmer Empire,", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What empire influenced ndian Hinduism?", "id": "5a51cb85b308da001a5a23b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance."}], ["Ia telah menunjukkan bahawa Khmer dan seni klasik Indonesia bimbang dengan menggambarkan kehidupan tuhan-tuhan, tetapi kepada pemikiran Asia Tenggara hidup tuhan-tuhan itu adalah kehidupan rakyat sendiri-gembira, bersahaja, namun ilahi. Tai, yang datang ke Asia Tenggara, membawa mereka beberapa tradisi seni Cina, tetapi mereka segera melepaskan mereka memihak kepada tradisi Khmer dan Mon, dan satu-satunya petunjuk hubungan mereka dengan seni Cina adalah gaya kuil mereka, terutamanya bumbung tirus, dan dalam pernis mereka. <> Apakah seni klasik Khmer & Indonesia menggambarkan? || kehidupan para tuhan <> Kumpulan mana yang membawa mereka tradisi seni Cina ke negara Asia Tenggara? || Tai <> Menurut orang-orang Asia Tenggara, kehidupan para Dewa adalah setanding dengan apa? || kehidupan orang-orang sendiri <> Seni klasik apa yang menggambarkan kehidupan orang biasa? || <> Siapa yang membawa tarian Cina ke Asia Tenggara? || <> Apa yang Tai menyerah kepada tradisi Cina? || <> Siapa candi dipengaruhi oleh tradisi Khmer dan Mon? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?", "id": "572687f6708984140094c903", "answers": [{"text": "the life of the gods", "answer_start": 95}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?", "id": "572687f6708984140094c904", "answers": [{"text": "Tai", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?", "id": "572687f6708984140094c905", "answers": [{"text": "life of the peoples themselves", "answer_start": 178}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Khmer and Indonesian", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What classical arts depicted the lives of regular people?", "id": "5a51cd71b308da001a5a23bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Tai,", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Who brought Chinese dance to Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51cd71b308da001a5a23be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Khmer and Mon traditions", "answer_start": 372}], "question": "What did the Tai give up in favor of Chinese traditions?", "id": "5a51cd71b308da001a5a23bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Tai,", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Who's temples are influenced by Khmer and Mon traditions?", "id": "5a51cd71b308da001a5a23c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves\u2014joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware."}], ["Keaslian bentuk tulisan ini meluas sebelum penciptaan kertas sekitar tahun 100 di China. Perhatikan setiap bahagian daun sawit hanya beberapa baris, ditulis secara longitudinal melintasi daun, dan terikat dengan membelit ke bahagian lain. Bahagian luar dihiasi. Huruf-huruf di Asia Tenggara cenderung menjadi abugida, sehingga ketibaan orang Eropah, yang menggunakan kata-kata yang juga berakhir dengan konsonan, bukan hanya vokal. Bentuk lain dokumen rasmi, yang tidak menggunakan kertas, termasuk skrol tembaga Jawa. Bahan ini lebih tahan lama daripada kertas di iklim tropika Asia Tenggara. <> Mana bentuk penulisan yang dilanjutkan sebelum penciptaan kertas? || daun palma <> Apakah abjad Asia Tenggara? || abugidas <> Apa bentuk bahan penulisan lain yang digunakan dalam tempoh ini? || skrol tembaga tembaga <> Di manakah tulisan-tulisan pada daun sawit? || longitudinal <> Bahagian daun kelapa terikat dengan bahan apa? || twine <> Siapa yang menulis tarikh penciptaan kertas? || <> Apabila dicipta pada abad ke-1? || <> Huruf abjad mana yang berlaku selepas kedatangan orang Eropah? || <> Siapa yang hanya menggunakan kata-kata yang berakhir dengan pemutus? || <> Apakah arahan yang ditulis pada skrol tembaga? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93b", "answers": [{"text": "palm leaf", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93c", "answers": [{"text": "abugidas", "answer_start": 318}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93d", "answers": [{"text": "copperplate scrolls", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93e", "answers": [{"text": "longitudinally", "answer_start": 166}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93f", "answers": [{"text": "twine", "answer_start": 211}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southeast Asia", "answer_start": 290}], "question": "Whose writing dates to the invention of paper?", "id": "5a51ced4b308da001a5a23c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "paper", "answer_start": 70}], "question": "When was invented in the 1st century?", "id": "5a51ced4b308da001a5a23c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "abugidas", "answer_start": 318}], "question": "What alphabets where domenent after the arrival of Europeans?", "id": "5a51ced4b308da001a5a23c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Europeans", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "Who only used words that ended in consenants?", "id": "5a51ced4b308da001a5a23c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "longitudinally", "answer_start": 166}], "question": "What direction was the writing on copper scrolls?", "id": "5a51ced4b308da001a5a23c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia."}], ["Boneka dan bayangan juga merupakan bentuk hiburan yang digemari dalam abad yang lalu, yang terkenal sebagai Wayang dari Indonesia. Kesenian dan kesusasteraan di Asia Tenggara agak dipengaruhi oleh Hinduisme, yang dibawa kepada mereka berabad-abad yang lalu. Indonesia, walaupun penukaran kepada Islam yang menentang bentuk seni tertentu, telah mengekalkan banyak bentuk amalan, budaya, seni dan kesusasteraan yang dipengaruhi oleh Hindu. Contohnya ialah Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) dan kesusasteraan seperti Ramayana. Pertunjukan wayang kulit telah diiktiraf oleh UNESCO pada 7 November 2003, sebagai Karya Warisan Warisan Lisan dan Tidak Berwujud Kemanusiaan. <> Apa bentuk hiburan hiburan di Asia Tenggara? || Puppetry and shadow plays <> Seni & literatur di Asia Tenggara dipengaruhi oleh agama mana? || Hinduisme <> UNESCO telah mengiktiraf yang menunjukkan sebagai Karya Warisan Lisan & Tidak Tepat Kemanusiaan || The wayang kulit <> Negara mana yang walaupun memeluk agama Islam telah mengekalkan banyak bentuk amalan Hindu, budaya, seni dan kesusasteraan? || Indonesia <> Apa yang sedang menjadi kegemaran hiburan? || <> Apa permainan bayangan terkenal dari India? || <> Islam telah mempengaruhi apa yang berlaku di Asia Tenggara? || <> Apakah UNESCO mengiktiraf wayang Wayang 2003? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883a", "answers": [{"text": "Puppetry and shadow plays", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion?", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883b", "answers": [{"text": "Hinduism", "answer_start": 203}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883c", "answers": [{"text": "The wayang kulit", "answer_start": 494}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883d", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Puppetry and shadow plays", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is currently a favorite form of entertainment?", "id": "5a51cc8fb308da001a5a23b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wayang", "answer_start": 107}], "question": "What is a famous shadow play from India?", "id": "5a51cc8fb308da001a5a23b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The arts and literature", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Islam has influenced what in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5a51cc8fb308da001a5a23b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity", "answer_start": 570}], "question": "What did UNESCO regognize the 2003 play Wayang as?", "id": "5a51cc8fb308da001a5a23b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity."}], ["Kebudayaan di Asia Tenggara sangat pelbagai: di tanah besar Asia Tenggara, budaya adalah campuran Indochinese (Burma, Kamboja, Laos dan Thailand) dan Cina (Singapura dan Vietnam). Sedangkan di Indonesia, Filipina dan Malaysia budaya adalah campuran budaya Austronesia, India, Islam, Barat, dan Cina pribumi. Juga Brunei menunjukkan pengaruh yang kuat dari Arab. Singapura dan Vietnam menunjukkan lebih banyak pengaruh China di Singapura, walaupun secara geografi sebagai negara Asia Tenggara, adalah rumah kepada majoriti Cina yang besar dan Vietnam berada dalam pengaruh China untuk kebanyakan sejarahnya. Pengaruh India di Singapura hanya dapat dilihat melalui pendatang Tamil, yang mempengaruhi, sedikit sebanyak, masakan Singapura. Sepanjang sejarah Vietnam, ia tidak mempunyai pengaruh langsung dari India - hanya melalui hubungan dengan rakyat Thai, Khmer dan Cham. <> Arab mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat di mana negara Asia Tenggara? || Pertunjukan Brunei & Singapura yang mempengaruhi yang utama? || Cina <> Pengaruh India jelas di mana negara melalui pendatang Tamil? || Singapura <> Di mana di Asia Tenggara adalah budaya tidak sangat penyelam? || <> Di manakah budaya orang Cina? || <> Di mana budaya asli Australia? || <> Negara apakah yang mempengaruhi budaya Vietnam secara langsung? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?", "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874a", "answers": [{"text": "Brunei", "answer_start": 336}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?", "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874b", "answers": [{"text": "Chinese", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?", "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874c", "answers": [{"text": "Singapore", "answer_start": 634}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mainland", "answer_start": 50}], "question": "Where in Southeast Asia is the culture not very divers?", "id": "5a51ca4ab308da001a5a23a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Singapore and Vietnam", "answer_start": 161}], "question": "Where is the culture predominatly Chinese?", "id": "5a51ca4ab308da001a5a23a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Philippines and Malaysia", "answer_start": 209}], "question": "Where is the indigenous culture Australian?", "id": "5a51ca4ab308da001a5a23a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "India", "answer_start": 814}], "question": "What country has directly influenced the culture of Vietnam?", "id": "5a51ca4ab308da001a5a23a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants, which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples."}], ["Agama dan masyarakat adalah berbeza di Asia Tenggara dan tidak satu negara adalah homogen. Di negara Islam paling ramai di dunia, Indonesia, Hindu, dominan di pulau-pulau seperti Bali. Kekristianan juga mendominasi di seluruh Filipina, New Guinea dan Timor. Poket penduduk Hindu juga boleh ditemui di Asia Tenggara di Singapura, Malaysia dan lain-lain. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garu\u1e0da), phoenix yang merupakan vahanam dari Wisnu, adalah simbol kebangsaan di Thailand dan Indonesia; di Filipina, imej emas Garuda telah dijumpai di Palawan; imej emas para tuhan Hindu dan dewi Hindu juga telah ditemui di Mindanao. Hindu Hindu adalah agak berbeza daripada Hindu yang diamalkan di tempat lain, kerana Animism dan budaya tempatan dimasukkan ke dalamnya. Kristian juga boleh ditemui di seluruh Asia Tenggara; mereka adalah majoriti di Timor Timur dan Filipina, negara Kristian terbesar di Asia. Di samping itu, terdapat juga amalan keagamaan puak yang lebih tua di kawasan pedalaman Sarawak di Malaysia Timur, Highland Filipina dan Papua di bahagian timur Indonesia. Di Burma, Sakka (Indra) dihormati sebagai nat. Di Vietnam, Buddhisme Mahayana diamalkan, yang dipengaruhi oleh animisme asli tetapi dengan penekanan kuat pada Ibadat Penyembahan. <> Yang manakah negara Kristian terbesar di Asia? || Filipina <> Garuda adalah simbol kebangsaan yang mana 2 negara? || Thailand dan Indonesia <> Agama mana yang dominan di Pulau Bali? || Hindu <> Nama rantau yang paling ramai penduduk Islam di Asia? || Indonesia <> Apa yang diamalkan di Vietnam? || Vietnam <> Apakah negara Hindu yang paling penduduk di dunia? || <> Di manakah penyembahan nenek moyang? || <> Di mana Kristian minoriti? || <> Di mana agama suku mana yang kadang-kadang diamalkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which is Asia's largest christian nation?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f7429", "answers": [{"text": "Philippines", "answer_start": 894}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742a", "answers": [{"text": "Thailand and Indonesia", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742b", "answers": [{"text": "Hinduism", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742c", "answers": [{"text": "Indonesia", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is practiced in Vietnam?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742d", "answers": [{"text": "Vietnam", "answer_start": 1146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bali", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What is the worlds most populated Hindu nation?", "id": "5a51c8ecb308da001a5a239d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Vietnam", "answer_start": 1146}], "question": "Where is ancestor whorship predominant?", "id": "5a51c8ecb308da001a5a239e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "East Timor and the Philippines", "answer_start": 875}], "question": "Where are Christians the minority?", "id": "5a51c8ecb308da001a5a239f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "remote areas", "answer_start": 1004}], "question": "Where are tribal religions still occasionally practiced?", "id": "5a51c8ecb308da001a5a23a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Religions and peoples are diverse in Southeast Asia and not one country is homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garu\u1e0da), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia,Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on Ancestor Worship."}]], [["BYU menerima 49 peratus daripada 11,423 orang yang memohon kemasukan pada musim panas dan jatuh semester 2013. Rata-rata IPK untuk pelajar yang diakuinya ialah 3.82. Berita A.S. dan World Report menerangkan pemilihan BYU sebagai \"lebih selektif\" dan membandingkannya dengan universiti seperti Universiti Texas di Austin dan The Ohio State University. Di samping itu, BYU menduduki tempat ke-26 di kolej-kolega yang paling ramai pelajar Merit Scholars, dengan 88 pada tahun 2006. BYU mempunyai salah satu peratusan tertinggi pemohon yang diterima masuk (78 peratus pada tahun 2010). <> Berapa peratus daripada pemohon yang BYU terima kerana ia musim panas dan jatuh semester pada tahun 2013? || 49 <> Apakah purata IPK bagi pelajar yang diterima pada tahun 2013? || 3.82 <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar BYU yang diterima untuk mendaftar pada tahun 2010? || 78 <> Apakah ranking BYU di kolej-kolej yang paling ramai pelajar baru Merit Scholars? || 26th <> Berapa ramai pelajar baru di BYU adalah Scholars Merit pada tahun 2006? || 88 <> Sekolah apa yang diterima 49% daripada 11,324 orang yang memohon pada tahun 2013? || <> Apakah 3.28 pada 2013? || <> Apakah BYU berada dalam kedudukan ke-88? || <> Apa yang BYU mempunyai 28 pada tahun 2006? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b4", "answers": [{"text": "49", "answer_start": 13}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b5", "answers": [{"text": "3.82", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b6", "answers": [{"text": "78", "answer_start": 542}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b7", "answers": [{"text": "26th", "answer_start": 386}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b8", "answers": [{"text": "88", "answer_start": 447}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What school accepted 49% of the 11,324 people who applied in 2013?", "id": "5ace9ee632bba1001ae4ad6b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The average GPA for these admitted", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "What was 3.28 in 2013?", "id": "5ace9ee632bba1001ae4ad6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars", "answer_start": 394}], "question": "What is BYU ranked 88th in?", "id": "5ace9ee632bba1001ae4ad6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "freshman Merit Scholars", "answer_start": 417}], "question": "What did BYU have 28 of in 2006?", "id": "5ace9ee632bba1001ae4ad6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being \"more selective\" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010)."}], ["Pelajar yang menghadiri BYU dikehendaki mengikuti kod kehormatan, yang memerintahkan tingkah laku selaras dengan ajaran LDS seperti kejujuran akademik, pematuhan kepada standard pakaian dan dandanan, dan pantang larang dari seks luar nikah dan dari penggunaan dadah dan alkohol. Ramai pelajar (88 peratus lelaki, 33 peratus wanita) sama ada melewatkan pendaftaran atau mengambil hos dari pelajaran mereka untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh Mormon. (Lelaki biasanya berkhidmat selama dua tahun, manakala wanita berkhidmat selama 18 bulan.) Pendidikan di BYU juga lebih murah daripada di universiti swasta yang sama, kerana \"sebahagian besar\" kos operasi universiti disubsidi oleh persepuluhan gereja dana. <> Atas sebab mengapa ramai pelajar menangguhkan pendaftaran mereka ke BYU? || untuk berkhidmat sebagai mublis Mormon <> Apa sumber pendanaan BYU? || dana persepuluhan gereja <> Berapa banyak wanita di BYU melakukan kerja mubaligh? || 33 peratus <> Berapakah jumlah purata masa lelaki melayani sebagai mubaligh? || dua tahun <> Apakah asas kod tingkah laku di BYU? || Ajaran LDS <> Apakah sebahagian besar daripada kos operasi BYU yang disubsidi oleh? || dana persepuluhan gereja <> Berapa peratuskah lelaki yang menangguhkan pendaftaran BYU mereka untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh Mormon? || 88 <> Berapa peratus wanita melambatkan pendaftaran BYU mereka untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh Mormon? || 33 <> Bagaimana kos menghadiri BYU berbanding dengan kos universiti yang sama? || kurang mahal <> Apa yang semua pelajar di BYU bersetuju untuk menahan diri daripada memakan? || dadah dan alkohol <> Apakah 33% pelajar lelaki lakukan? || <> Apa 88% pelajar perempuan lakukan? || <> Apa yang biasanya dilakukan oleh lelaki selama 18 bulan? || <> Apa yang wanita biasanya menghabiskan 24 bulan? || <> Apakah dana yang disubsidi untuk kos pendidikan di BYU? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8096", "answers": [{"text": "to serve as Mormon missionaries", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the source of much of BYU's funding?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8097", "answers": [{"text": "the church's tithing funds", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many women at BYU do missionary work?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8098", "answers": [{"text": "33 percent", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8099", "answers": [{"text": "two-years", "answer_start": 438}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e809a", "answers": [{"text": "LDS teachings", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df0", "answers": [{"text": "the church's tithing funds", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df1", "answers": [{"text": "88", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df2", "answers": [{"text": "33", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df3", "answers": [{"text": "less expensive", "answer_start": 511}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df4", "answers": [{"text": "drugs and alcohol", "answer_start": 246}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries.", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What do 33% of male students do?", "id": "5ace938b32bba1001ae4aaa3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries", "answer_start": 320}], "question": "What do 88% of female students do?", "id": "5ace938b32bba1001ae4aaa4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "serve as Mormon missionaries", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "What do men typically spend 18 months doing?", "id": "5ace938b32bba1001ae4aaa5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "serve as Mormon missionaries", "answer_start": 383}], "question": "What do women typically spend 24 months doing?", "id": "5ace938b32bba1001ae4aaa6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "less expensive than at similar private universities", "answer_start": 511}], "question": "What do subsidized funds do to the cost of an education at BYU?", "id": "5ace938b32bba1001ae4aaa7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since \"a significant portion\" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds."}], ["Bateman bertanggungjawab membina 36 bangunan baru untuk universiti baik di dalam dan di luar kampus, termasuk pengembangan Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee. Beliau juga merupakan salah satu daripada beberapa pemimpin utama yang membawa kepada penciptaan Persidangan Gunung Barat, yang program olahraga BYU - BYU sebelum ini mengambil bahagian dalam Persidangan Athletic Barat. Rangkaian TV satelit BYU juga dibuka pada tahun 2000 di bawah kepimpinannya. Bateman juga menjadi presiden semasa serangan ke-11 pada tahun 2001. Pesawat-pesawat itu jatuh pada hari Selasa, jam sebelum kebaktian mingguan yang biasanya diadakan di BYU. Pelan sebelumnya untuk kebaktian telah diubah, kerana Bateman memimpin badan pelajar dalam doa untuk damai. Bateman diikuti oleh Cecil O. Samuelson pada tahun 2003. Samuelson digantikan oleh Kevin J Worthen pada tahun 2014. <> Apa peristiwa yang terkenal berlaku semasa masa Bateman sebagai presiden? || serangan 11 September <> Apa nama acara sukan yang terlibat sebelum persidangan Mountain West? || Persidangan Athletic Barat <> Pada tahun apakah sekolah memulakan rangkaian televisyen BYU? || 2000 <> Siapa yang menggantikan pengganti Bateman? || Kevin J Worthen <> Apa jenis rangkaian BYU TV dibuka pada tahun 2000 di bawah Pres. Merrill J. Bateman? || satelit <> Apa yang dilakukan Pres. Bateman menggantikan penyembahan berjadual yang dijadualkan selepas serangan 11 September, 2001? || memimpin badan pelajar dalam doa untuk perdamaian <> Perpustakaan apa yang ada di Pres. Bateman bertanggungjawab untuk berkembang? || Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee Apa program olahraga BYU menyertai di bawah Pres. Bateman? || Persidangan Gunung Barat <> Yang mana program athletik BYU dimiliki sebelum menyertai Persidangan Gunung Barat? || Persidangan Athletic Barat <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab membina 63 bangunan baru untuk universiti? || <> Siapa yang menjadi pemimpin yang membawa kepada penciptaan Persidangan Gunung Barat? || <> Apa program menyertai Persidangan Gunung Barat? || <> Jenis rangkaian TV apa yang dibuka pada tahun 2001? || <> Siapa yang mengikuti Bateman pada tahun 2014? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What infamous event occurred during Bateman's term as president?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e5", "answers": [{"text": "the September 11th attacks", "answer_start": 475}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e6", "answers": [{"text": "the Western Athletic Conference", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the school begin a BYU television network?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e7", "answers": [{"text": "2000", "answer_start": 414}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who replaced Bateman's successor?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e8", "answers": [{"text": "Kevin J Worthen", "answer_start": 783}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfa9f", "answers": [{"text": "satellite", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa0", "answers": [{"text": "led the student body in a prayer for peace", "answer_start": 660}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa1", "answers": [{"text": "Harold B. Lee Library", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did BYU's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa2", "answers": [{"text": "the Mountain West Conference", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which did BYU's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa3", "answers": [{"text": "the Western Athletic Conference", "answer_start": 339}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bateman", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was responsible for building 63 new buildings for the university?", "id": "5ace9d8732bba1001ae4ad07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bateman", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was one of the leaders who brought about the creation of the West Mountain Conference?", "id": "5ace9d8732bba1001ae4ad08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU's athletics program", "answer_start": 275}], "question": "What program joined the West Mountain Conference?", "id": "5ace9d8732bba1001ae4ad09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellite", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What type of TV network opened in 2001?", "id": "5ace9d8732bba1001ae4ad0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cecil O. Samuelson", "answer_start": 728}], "question": "Who immediately followed Bateman in 2014?", "id": "5ace9d8732bba1001ae4ad0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the university both on and off campus, including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined \u2014 BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference. A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000 under his leadership. Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001. The planes crashed on a Tuesday, hours before the weekly devotional normally held at BYU. Previous plans for the devotional were altered, as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace. Bateman was followed by Cecil O. Samuelson in 2003. Samuelson was succeeded by Kevin J Worthen in 2014."}], ["Universiti Brigham Young (sering disebut BYU atau, secara kolektif, The Y) adalah sebuah universiti penyelidikan swasta yang terletak di Provo, Utah, Amerika Syarikat. Ia dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir (Gereja LDS), dan, tidak termasuk pelajar dalam talian, adalah yang terbesar di mana-mana universiti agama dan universiti swasta ketiga terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 29,672 di kampus pelajar. Kira-kira 99 peratus pelajar adalah ahli Gereja LDS, dan satu pertiga daripada pelajar AS dari Utah. <> Berapa ramai pelajar menghadiri BYU di kampus? || 29,672 <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang juga ahli-ahli Gereja Orang Suci Latter Hari? || 99 peratus <> Apa bahagian pelajar pelajar penduduk asli Utah? || satu pertiga <> Di mana Brigham Young University? || Provo, Utah <> Berapa ramai pelajar kini menghadiri BYU di kampus? || 29,672 <> Di mana kampus utama BYU? || Provo, Utah <> Apakah ranking BYU di kalangan universiti swasta? || ketiga <> Berapa ramai pelajar BYU yang tinggal di Utah? || satu pertiga <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar BYU berasal dari Utah? || satu per tiga <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar BYU adalah anggota Gereja LDS? || Kira-kira 99 peratus <> Bagaimana ukuran BYU disenaraikan antara universiti swasta di A.S.? || yang ketiga terbesar <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh LDS? || Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir <> Siapa yang memiliki dan mengendalikan Brigham University? || Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir <> Universiti apa yang dikenali sebagai BELI? || <> Apa gereja disingkat LSD? || <> Apa yang BYU mempunyai 29,762? || <> Apa universiti swasta terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || <> Apa universiti keagamaan ketiga terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many students attend BYU on campus?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1914", "answers": [{"text": "29,672", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1915", "answers": [{"text": "99 percent", "answer_start": 422}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What portion of students are native Utah residents?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1916", "answers": [{"text": "one-third", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Brigham Young University?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1917", "answers": [{"text": "Provo, Utah", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many students currently attend BYU on-campus?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73ad", "answers": [{"text": "29,672", "answer_start": 381}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is BYU's main campus?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73ae", "answers": [{"text": "Provo, Utah", "answer_start": 120}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is BYU's ranking among private universities?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73af", "answers": [{"text": "third", "answer_start": 321}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many of BYU's students are native Utah residents?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b0", "answers": [{"text": "one-third", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of BYU students are from Utah?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df573", "answers": [{"text": "one-third", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df574", "answers": [{"text": "Approximately 99 percent", "answer_start": 408}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is BYU's size ranked among all private university's in the U.S.?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df575", "answers": [{"text": "the third largest", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does LDS stand for?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df576", "answers": [{"text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who owns and operates Brigham University?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df577", "answers": [{"text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "answer_start": 176}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young University", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What university is known as BUY?", "id": "5ace925632bba1001ae4aa75", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What church is abbreviated LSD?", "id": "5ace925632bba1001ae4aa76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on-campus students", "answer_start": 388}], "question": "What does BYU have 29,762 of?", "id": "5ace925632bba1001ae4aa77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young University", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the largest private university in the United States?", "id": "5ace925632bba1001ae4aa78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young University", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the third largest religious university in the United States?", "id": "5ace925632bba1001ae4aa79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States, with 29,672 on-campus students. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, and one-third of its US students are from Utah."}], ["BYU menawarkan program dalam seni liberal, kejuruteraan, pertanian, pengurusan, sains fizikal dan matematik, kejururawatan dan undang-undang. Universiti ini diagihkan secara meluas ke 11 kolej atau sekolah di kampus Provo utama, dengan beberapa kolej dan bahagian tertentu menentukan standard kemasukan mereka sendiri. Universiti juga mengendalikan dua kampus satelit, satu di Jerusalem dan satu di Salt Lake City, sementara organisasi induknya, Sistem Pendidikan Gereja (CES), menaja sekolah-sekolah saudara di Hawaii dan Idaho. Fokus utama universiti adalah pendidikan sarjana, tetapi ia juga mempunyai 68 program sarjana dan 25 kedoktoran. <> Apakah tumpuan utama BYU? || pendidikan sarjana <> Apa bandar asing memegang kampus cawangan BYU? || Yerusalem <> Institusi apa yang mengawal BYU? || Sistem Pendidikan Gereja <> Di mana adik-beradik sekolah BYU ada? || Hawaii dan Idaho <> Berapa banyak program tuan punya BYU? || 68 <> Berapa banyak kolej membuat BYU di kampus utamanya? || 11 <> Berapa banyak kampus satelit yang dikendalikan oleh BYU? || dua <> Apakah organisasi ibu bapa BYU? || Sistem Pendidikan Gereja (CES) <> Di manakah CES menaja sekolah kakak BYU? || Hawaii dan Idaho <> Apakah kampus-kampus Yerusalem dan Provo yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Apakah sekolah-sekolah di Hawaii dan Salt Lake City dikenali sebagai? || <> Yang menaja sekolah di Hawaii dan Salt Lake City? || <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh CSE? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is BYU's main focal point?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd3", "answers": [{"text": "undergraduate education", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd4", "answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 357}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What institution controls BYU?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd5", "answers": [{"text": "Church Educational System", "answer_start": 429}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are BYU's sibling schools located?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd6", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaii and Idaho", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many master's programs does BYU have?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef4", "answers": [{"text": "68", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef5", "answers": [{"text": "11", "answer_start": 169}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef6", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is BYU's parent organization?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef7", "answers": [{"text": "the Church Educational System (CES)", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef8", "answers": [{"text": "Hawaii and Idaho", "answer_start": 489}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellite campuses", "answer_start": 330}], "question": "What are the Jerusalem and Provo campuses known as?", "id": "5ace948332bba1001ae4aad3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "sister schools", "answer_start": 471}], "question": "What are the schools in Hawaii and Salt Lake City known as?", "id": "5ace948332bba1001ae4aad4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Church Educational System", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "Who sponsors the schools in Hawaii and Salt Lake City?", "id": "5ace948332bba1001ae4aad5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Church Educational System", "answer_start": 429}], "question": "What does CSE stand for?", "id": "5ace948332bba1001ae4aad6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing and law. The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards. The university also administers two satellite campuses, one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City, while its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68 master's and 25 doctoral degree programs."}], ["Asal mula Brigham Young University dapat dikesan kembali pada tahun 1862 ketika seorang lelaki bernama Warren Dusenberry memulai sekolah Provo di gedung adobe yang terkenal bernama Cluff Hall, yang terletak di sudut timur laut 200 Timur dan 200 Utara. Pada 16 Oktober 1875, Brigham Young, presiden Gereja LDS, secara peribadi membeli Bangunan Lewis selepas membayangkan bahawa sebuah sekolah akan dibina di Draper, Utah pada tahun 1867. Oleh itu, pada 16 Oktober 1875 biasanya diadakan sebagai tarikh penubuhan BYU . Said Young mengenai visinya: \"Saya berharap dapat melihat Akademi yang ditubuhkan di Provo ... di mana anak-anak Orang Suci Zaman Akhir dapat menerima pendidikan yang baik tanpa pengaruh ateis yang merosakkan yang terdapat di begitu banyak sekolah tinggi negara ini. \" <> Bilakah harta pertama untuk apa yang akan diperoleh BYU? || 16 Oktober 1875 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab mendapatkan bangunan pertama BYU? || Brigham Young <> Di mana sekolah Brigham Young awalnya dipercayai terletak? || Draper, Utah <> Siapa yang memulakan sekolah yang sebelum ini wujud di tapak di mana BYU kini terletak? || Warren Dusenberry <> Berapa tahun boleh asal BYU dikesan dengan sebuah bangunan bernama Cluff Hall? || 1862 <> Yang presiden gereja LDS membeli Bangunan Lewis selepas mengisyaratkan pembinaan sebuah sekolah? || Brigham Young <> Apakah jenis pengaruh yang dilakukan oleh Brigham Young untuk menghindari BYU? || atheistic <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh BYU tahun penubuhan yang biasa? || 1867 <> Siapa yang berharap Brigham Young mendidik melalui BYU? || anak-anak Orang Suci Zaman Akhir <> Apa yang dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tahun 1826? || <> Apa bangunan Dusenberry Warren memulakan sekolah? || <> Siapa presiden Gereja LSD? || <> Apakah 16 Oktober 1857 yang dikenali sebagai? || <> Apakah pembelian Brigham Young pada 16 Oktober 1857? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first property for what would become BYU acquired?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f2", "answers": [{"text": "October 16, 1875", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for acquiring BYU's first building?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f3", "answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Brigham  Young's school originally believed to be located?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f4", "answers": [{"text": "Draper, Utah", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who began the school that previously existed at the site where BYU is now located?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f5", "answers": [{"text": "Warren Dusenberry", "answer_start": 78}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year can BYU's origin be traced to with a building called Cluff Hall?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f40", "answers": [{"text": "1862", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president of the LDS church purchased the Lewis Building after hinting at the building of a school?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f41", "answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young", "answer_start": 258}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f42", "answers": [{"text": "atheistic", "answer_start": 674}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the commonly held founding year of BYU?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f43", "answers": [{"text": "1867", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f44", "answers": [{"text": "children of the Latter-day Saints", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young University's origin", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What can be traced back to 1826?", "id": "5ace95ac32bba1001ae4ab09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cluff Hall", "answer_start": 156}], "question": "What building did Dusenberry Warren start a school in?", "id": "5ace95ac32bba1001ae4ab0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "Who was the president of the LSD Church?", "id": "5ace95ac32bba1001ae4ab0b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU's founding date", "answer_start": 470}], "question": "What is October 16, 1857 known as?", "id": "5ace95ac32bba1001ae4ab0c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Lewis Building", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What did Brigham Young purchase on October 16, 1857?", "id": "5ace95ac32bba1001ae4ab0d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah in 1867. Hence, October 16, 1875 is commonly held as BYU's founding date. Said Young about his vision: \"I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country.\""}], ["Dallin H. Oaks menggantikan Wilkinson sebagai presiden pada tahun 1971. Oaks meneruskan pengembangan pendahulunya, menambah sekolah undang-undang dan mencadangkan rancangan untuk Sekolah Pengurusan baru. Semasa pentadbirannya, sebuah perpustakaan baru juga ditambah, menggandakan ruang perpustakaan di kampus. Jeffrey R. Holland diikuti sebagai presiden pada tahun 1980, menggalakkan gabungan kecemerlangan pendidikan dan kepercayaan agama di universiti. Beliau percaya bahawa salah satu kekuatan terbesar sekolah itu adalah sifat keagamaannya dan ini harus dimanfaatkan bukannya tersembunyi. Semasa pentadbirannya, universiti itu menambah sebuah kampus di Yerusalem, yang kini dikenali sebagai BYU Jerusalem Centre. Pada tahun 1989, Holland digantikan oleh Rex E. Lee. Lee bertanggungjawab terhadap Benson Science Building dan Muzium Seni di kampus. Seorang mangsa kanser, Lee diperingati setiap tahun di BYU semasa penggalangan dana kanser yang dipanggil Rex Lee Run. Tidak lama sebelum kematiannya, Lee digantikan pada tahun 1995 oleh Merrill J. Bateman. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk kampus pertama BYU di luar A.S.? || Jeffrey R. Holland <> Yang presiden BYU mengalami penyakit terminal? || Rex E. Lee <> Siapa berjaya Rex E. Lee? || Merrill J. Bateman <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pengembangan universiti ke sekolah undang-undang dan pengurusan? || Dallin H. Oaks <> Apa yang Jeffrey R. Holland percaya sebagai aset terkuat BYU? || sifat keagamaannya <> Sekolah BYU yang baru telah ditambah di bawah Pres. Dallin H. Oaks pada tahun 1971? || undang-undang <> Di mana negara asing telah Jeffrey R. Holland membuka kampus BYU semasa jawatan presidennya? || Yerusalem <> Apa acara tahunan di BYU dilakukan dalam ingatan kepada bekas presiden Rex E. Lee, yang membina Muzium Seni di kampus? || pengumpulan dana kanser yang dipanggil Rex Lee Run <> Apa yang dipercayai sebagai salah satu sekolah kekuatan terbesar oleh Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland? || sifat keagamaannya <> Apa nama kampus BYU di Jerusulem? || BYU Pusat Jerusalem <> Yang menggantikan Wilkinson sebagai presiden pada tahun 1980? || <> Siapa yang mengikuti Dallin H. Oaks sebagai presiden pada tahun 1971? || <> Di mana BUY Jerusalem Centre terletak? || <> Siapa yang menggantikan Belanda pada tahun 1995? || <> Siapa yang menggantikan Lee pada tahun 1989? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfbe", "answers": [{"text": "Jeffrey R. Holland", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfbf", "answers": [{"text": "Rex E. Lee", "answer_start": 698}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc0", "answers": [{"text": "Merrill J. Bateman", "answer_start": 953}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc1", "answers": [{"text": "Dallin H. Oaks", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc2", "answers": [{"text": "its religious nature", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2aa", "answers": [{"text": "law", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ab", "answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 617}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ac", "answers": [{"text": "cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run", "answer_start": 857}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ad", "answers": [{"text": "its religious nature", "answer_start": 473}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ae", "answers": [{"text": "BYU Jerusalem Center", "answer_start": 643}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dallin H. Oaks", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who replaced Wilkinson as president in 1980?", "id": "5ace9afb32bba1001ae4ac99", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jeffrey R. Holland", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Who followed Dallin H. Oaks as president in 1971?", "id": "5ace9afb32bba1001ae4ac9a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jerusalem", "answer_start": 617}], "question": "Where is the BUY Jerusalem Center located?", "id": "5ace9afb32bba1001ae4ac9b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Rex E. Lee", "answer_start": 698}], "question": "Who replaced Holland in 1995?", "id": "5ace9afb32bba1001ae4ac9c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Merrill J. Bateman", "answer_start": 953}], "question": "Who replaced Lee in 1989?", "id": "5ace9afb32bba1001ae4ac9d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman."}], ["Sekolah ini bermula dari Universiti Deseret dan menjadi Akademi Brigham Young, dengan kelas bermula pada 3 Januari 1876. Warren Dusenberry berkhidmat sebagai pengetua sementara sekolah selama beberapa bulan sehingga April 1876 ketika pilihan Brigham Young untuk kepala sekolah tiba-orang pendatang Jerman bernama Karl Maeser. Di bawah arahan Maeser, sekolah menuntut banyak pencerahan termasuk masa depan Hakim Mahkamah Agung A.S. George Sutherland dan Senator Reed Smoot di masa depan. Sekolah itu, bagaimanapun, tidak menjadi universiti sehinggalah berakhirnya istilah Benjamin Cluff, Jr pada ketua institusi. Pada masa itu, sekolah itu juga masih disokong secara persendirian oleh ahli-ahli masyarakat dan tidak diserap dan ditaja secara rasmi oleh Gereja LDS sehingga 18 Julai 1896. Satu siri keputusan pengurusan yang ganjil oleh Cluff membawa kepada penurunannya; Walau bagaimanapun, dalam akta rasmi terakhirnya, beliau mencadangkan kepada Lembaga bahawa Akademi dinamakan \"Brigham Young University\". Cadangan itu menerima banyak pembangkang, dengan banyak ahli Lembaga menyatakan bahawa sekolah itu tidak cukup besar untuk menjadi sebuah universiti, tetapi keputusan itu akhirnya diluluskan. Seorang lawan kepada keputusan itu, Anthon H. Lund, kemudian berkata, \"Saya harap kepala mereka akan tumbuh cukup besar untuk topi mereka.\" <> Kolej apa yang BYU terpisah daripada menjadi entiti sendiri? || University of Deseret <> Bilakah pertama kali membuka pintu kepada pelajar? || 3 Januari 1876 <> Siapa ketua sekolah untuk beberapa bulan pertama? || Warren Dusenberry <> Bilakah Gereja Latter Day Saint mengakui dan mula menyokong BYU? || 18 Julai 1896 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab mencadangkan nama semasa BYU? || Benjamin Cluff, Jr <> Sekolah mana yang Brigham Young Acadamy, sekarang BYU, berpisah dari tahun 1876? || University of Deseret <> Siapa yang pertama Brigham Young Acadamy, sekarang BYU, prinsipal yang dipilih oleh Brigham Young? || Karl Maeser <> Apa yang dilakukan Brigham Young Acadamy pada akhir istilah Benjamin Cluff Jr? || sebuah universiti <> Siapa yang BYU disokong oleh sebelum ditaja oleh Gereja LDS? || anggota komuniti <> Apa pendapat pihak lawan dari pihak Anthon H. Lund selepas Brigham memilih untuk menukar nama mereka ke Universiti? || \"Saya harap kepala mereka akan tumbuh cukup besar untuk topi mereka.\" <> Apa yang berlaku pada 3 Januari 1867? || <> Siapa yang berkhidmat sebagai prinsipal sementara sehingga Januari 1876? || <> Siapa Maeser Karl? || <> Bilakah sekolah menjadi tajaan secara rasmi oleh Gereja DLS? || <> Siapa yang menentang \"Kolej Brigham Young?\" ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity?", "id": "57265810708984140094c32d", "answers": [{"text": "University of Deseret", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did BYU first open its doors to students?", "id": "57265810708984140094c32e", "answers": [{"text": "January 3, 1876", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the head of the school for its first few months?", "id": "57265810708984140094c32f", "answers": [{"text": "Warren Dusenberry", "answer_start": 130}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU?", "id": "57265810708984140094c330", "answers": [{"text": "July 18, 1896", "answer_start": 768}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?", "id": "57265810708984140094c331", "answers": [{"text": "Benjamin Cluff, Jr", "answer_start": 552}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  break off from in 1876?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5b", "answers": [{"text": "University of Deseret", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  principal chosen by Brigham Young?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5c", "answers": [{"text": "Karl Maeser", "answer_start": 301}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr's term at the helm?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5d", "answers": [{"text": "a university", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5e", "answers": [{"text": "members of the community", "answer_start": 673}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5f", "answers": [{"text": "\"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\"", "answer_start": 1206}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "classes commencing", "answer_start": 91}], "question": "What happened on January 3, 1867?", "id": "5ace973832bba1001ae4ab5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Warren Dusenberry", "answer_start": 130}], "question": "Who served as interim principal until January 1876?", "id": "5ace973832bba1001ae4ab5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "Who was Maeser Karl?", "id": "5ace973832bba1001ae4ab5d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "July 18, 1896", "answer_start": 768}], "question": "When did the school become officially sponsored by the DLS Church?", "id": "5ace973832bba1001ae4ab5e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Anthon H. Lund", "answer_start": 1178}], "question": "Who opposed the named \"Brigham Young College?\"", "id": "5ace973832bba1001ae4ab5f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, with classes commencing on January 3, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived\u2014a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maeser's direction the school educated many luminaries including future U.S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland and future U.S. Senator Reed Smoot among others. The school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff, Jr's term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion; however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named \"Brigham Young University\". The suggestion received a large amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasn't large enough to be a university, but the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, \"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\""}], ["Pada tahun 1903, Brigham Young Academy dibubarkan, dan telah digantikan oleh dua institusi: Brigham Young High School, dan Brigham Young University. (Kelas OLEH Sekolah Tinggi pada tahun 1907 akhirnya bertanggungjawab terhadap gergasi terkenal \"Y\" yang hingga kini tertanam di sebuah gunung berhampiran kampus.) Lembaga memilih George H. Brimhall sebagai Presiden baru BYU. Dia tidak menerima pendidikan sekolah menengah sehingga dia berumur empat puluh tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau adalah seorang penganjur dan penganjur yang cemerlang. Di bawah jawatannya pada tahun 1904, Universiti Brigham Young baru membeli 17 ekar tanah (69,000 m2) dari Provo yang dipanggil \"Temple Hill\". Selepas beberapa kontroversi di kalangan penduduk tempatan atas pembelian hartanah BYU, pembinaan bermula pada tahun 1909 di bangunan pertama di kampus semasa, Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall juga mempengerusikan Universiti semasa krisis ringkas yang melibatkan teori evolusi. Sifat keagamaan sekolah seolah-olah pada masa itu bertabrakan dengan teori saintifik ini. Joseph F. Smith, presiden Gereja LDS, menyelesaikan persoalan ini dengan meminta evolusi tidak diajar di sekolah. Beberapa orang telah menggambarkan sekolah pada masa ini sebagai tidak lebih daripada \"seminari agama\". Walau bagaimanapun, banyak graduan pada masa ini akan terus berjaya dan menjadi terkenal di bidang mereka. <> Pada tahun apakah Brigham Young Academy dipecah menjadi dua sekolah yang berasingan? || 1903 <> Apa nama tanah yang dibeli oleh BYU pada tahun 1904? || Temple Hill <> Berapa lama George H. Brimhall ketika dia menamatkan Sekolah Tinggi? || empat puluh <> Topik mana yang dikecualikan daripada diajar di BYU? || evolusi <> Siapa yang dipilih untuk mengetuai BYU? || George H. Brimhall <> Pada tahun 1903, yang mana dua lembaga itu adalah Brigham Young Univesity digantikan dengan? || Brigham Young High School, dan Brigham Young University <> Siapa yang kita bertanggungjawab untuk \"Y\" raksasa yang tertanam di atas gunung di dekat kampus? || OLEH kelas sekolah tinggi tahun 1907 <> Pada umur berapa presiden yang dipilih oleh BYU pada tahun 1904, George H. Brimhall, menerima pendidikan sekolah menengahnya? || Empat Puluh <> Apa krisis ringkas yang muncul di sekolah pada masa presiden Brimhall yang menyebabkan teori krisis tidak diajar selama beberapa waktu? || teori evolusi <> Apa harta George Brimhall bertanggungjawab untuk membeli kampus? || Temple Hill <> Apa yang dibubarkan pada tahun 1907? || <> Apakah George B. Hrimhall dipilih sebagai? || <> Apa 96,000m2 tanah yang dibeli oleh BYU dipanggil? || <> Bagaimana Joseph F. Maeser menyelesaikan teori krisis evolusi? || <> Siapa yang empat puluh ketika dia menyelesaikan universiti? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df66", "answers": [{"text": "1903", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df67", "answers": [{"text": "Temple Hill", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df68", "answers": [{"text": "forty", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df69", "answers": [{"text": "evolution", "answer_start": 1052}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was chosen to head BYU?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df6a", "answers": [{"text": "George H. Brimhall", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 1903, which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa65", "answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who we responsible for the giant \"Y\" that is embedded on a mountain near the campus?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa66", "answers": [{"text": "BY High School class of 1907", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age did BYU's elected president in 1904, George H. Brimhall, receive his high school education?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa67", "answers": [{"text": "forty", "answer_start": 407}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall's presidency that caused the crises' theory to not be taught for a time?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa68", "answers": [{"text": "the theory of evolution", "answer_start": 847}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa69", "answers": [{"text": "Temple Hill", "answer_start": 583}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young Academy", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "What was dissolved in 1907?", "id": "5ace993a32bba1001ae4ac15", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "new President of BYU", "answer_start": 328}], "question": "What was George B. Hrimhall elected as?", "id": "5ace993a32bba1001ae4ac16", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Temple Hill\".", "answer_start": 582}], "question": "What were the 96,000m2 of land purchased by BYU called?", "id": "5ace993a32bba1001ae4ac17", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by asking that evolution not be taught at the school.", "answer_start": 1037}], "question": "How did Joseph F. Maeser solve the theory of evolution crisis?", "id": "5ace993a32bba1001ae4ac18", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George H. Brimhall", "answer_start": 302}], "question": "Who was forty when he completed university?", "id": "5ace993a32bba1001ae4ac19", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant \"Y\" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer. Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land from Provo called \"Temple Hill\". After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, LDS Church president, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a \"religious seminary\". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and become well renowned in their fields."}], ["Franklin S. Harris dilantik sebagai presiden universiti pada tahun 1921. Beliau adalah presiden BYU pertama yang mempunyai ijazah kedoktoran. Harris membuat beberapa perubahan penting ke sekolah, menyusun semulanya ke sebuah universiti sejati, sedangkan sebelum ini organisasinya mempunyai sisa-sisa masa Akademi. Pada permulaan tempohnya, sekolah itu tidak diiktiraf secara rasmi sebagai universiti oleh mana-mana organisasi akreditasi. Menjelang akhir penggalinya, sekolah itu diakreditasi di bawah semua organisasi akreditasi utama pada masa itu. Dia akhirnya digantikan oleh Howard S. McDonald, yang menerima gelar doktor dari University of California. Apabila dia mula-mula menerima kedudukan itu, Perang Dunia Kedua baru saja berakhir, dan beribu-ribu pelajar membanjiri BYU. Menjelang akhir masa tinggalnya, sekolah itu telah berkembang hampir lima kali kepada pendaftaran 5,440 pelajar. Universiti tidak mempunyai kemudahan untuk mengendalikan kemasukan yang begitu besar, jadi dia membeli sebahagian daripada Pangkalan Angkatan Udara di Ogden, Utah dan membina semula itu untuk menempatkan beberapa pelajar. Presiden yang akan datang, Ernest L. Wilkinson, juga mengawasi masa pertumbuhan yang sengit, ketika sekolah mengadopsi program bangunan dipercepat. Wilkinson bertanggungjawab membina lebih daripada lapan puluh struktur di kampus, yang kebanyakannya masih berdiri. Semasa masa jabatannya, badan pelajar meningkat enam kali, menjadikan BYU sebagai sekolah swasta terbesar pada masa itu. Kualiti pelajar juga meningkat, membawa kepada tahap pendidikan yang lebih tinggi di sekolah. Akhirnya, Wilkinson menyusun semula unit Gereja LDS di kampus, dengan sepuluh kepentingan dan lebih daripada 100 wad yang ditambah semasa pentadbirannya. <> Kepercayaan apa jenis Franklin S. Harris? || doktor falsafah <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mendapatkan BYU diiktiraf sebagai universiti rasmi? || Franklin S. Harris <> Apa yang dibeli untuk menampung lebih ramai pelajar? || Pangkalan Tentera Udara <> Yang mana presiden bertanggungjawab terhadap jumlah pertumbuhan yang paling besar di kampus? || Ernest L. Wilkinson <> Berapa badan pelajar berkembang di bawah Howard S. McDonald? || hampir lima kali <> Apa jenis ijazah yang dilantik presiden BYU pada tahun 1921, Franklin S. Harris tidak pernah ada bekas presiden BYU? || doktor yang <> Yang presiden BYU bertanggungjawab untuk BYU menjadi terakreditasi sepenuhnya di bawah semua organisasi utama? || Franklin S. Harris <> Apa peristiwa yang mendorong BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald membeli sebahagian daripada Pangkalan Angkatan Udara untuk menempatkan kemasukan pelajar tiba-tiba? || Perang Dunia Kedua baru saja berakhir <> Berapa badan studen BYU meningkat di bawah tempoh Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson menjadi sekolah swasta terbesar pada masa itu? || enam kali <> Berapa banyak bar Gereja LDS yang baru ditambah semasa presiden Wilkinson? || Lebih dari 100 <> Siapa yang dilantik presiden pada tahun 1912? || <> Siapa yang melihat pendaftaran 4540 pelajar pada akhir masa tinggalnya? || <> Siapa yang mengikuti Howard S. Harris sebagai presiden? || <> Siapa yang menyusun semula unit Gereja LSD di kampus? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5d9", "answers": [{"text": "doctoral degree", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5da", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin S. Harris", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was purchased to accommodate more students?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5db", "answers": [{"text": "an Air Force Base", "answer_start": 946}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5dc", "answers": [{"text": "Ernest L. Wilkinson", "answer_start": 1045}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5dd", "answers": [{"text": "nearly five times", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a64", "answers": [{"text": "doctoral", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a65", "answers": [{"text": "Franklin S. Harris", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a66", "answers": [{"text": "the Second World War had just ended", "answer_start": 665}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a67", "answers": [{"text": "six times", "answer_start": 1319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a68", "answers": [{"text": "over 100", "answer_start": 1563}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Franklin S. Harris", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was appointed president in 1912?", "id": "5ace9a4432bba1001ae4ac57", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Howard S. McDonald", "answer_start": 546}], "question": "Who saw enrollment of 4540 students at the end of his stay?", "id": "5ace9a4432bba1001ae4ac58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ernest L. Wilkinson", "answer_start": 1045}], "question": "Who followed Howard S. Harris as president?", "id": "5ace9a4432bba1001ae4ac59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Wilkinson", "answer_start": 1489}], "question": "Who reorganized the LSD Church units on campus?", "id": "5ace9a4432bba1001ae4ac5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration."}], ["Brigham Young University adalah sebahagian daripada Sistem Pendidikan Gereja Gereja LDS. Ia dianjurkan di bawah Lembaga Pemegang Amanah, dengan Presiden Gereja (sekarang Thomas S. Monson) sebagai pengerusi. Lembaga ini terdiri daripada orang yang sama dengan Lembaga Pendidikan Gereja, corak yang telah ada sejak 1939. Sebelum 1939, BYU mempunyai lembaga pemegang amanah yang berasingan yang bawahan kepada Lembaga Pendidikan Gereja. Presiden BYU, saat ini Kevin J Worthen, melaporkan kepada Dewan melalui Pesuruhjaya Pendidikan. <> Sistem manakah bahagian BYU? || Sistem Pendidikan Gereja Gereja LDS <> Yang bertindak sebagai pengerusi BYU? || Presiden Jemaat (sekarang Thomas S. Monson) <> Lembaga apa ahli-ahli Lembaga Pemegang Amanah BYU juga? || Lembaga Pendidikan Gereja <> Bilakah BYU mempunyai lembaga pemegang amanah yang berasingan? || Sebelum 1939 <> Bagaimana laporan Presiden BYU kepada Lembaga? || melalui Pesuruhjaya Pendidikan <> Apa bahagian dari Gereja LSD? || <> Siapa yang sekarang menjadi pengerusi gereja? || <> Apa yang Brigham Young mempunyai yang berasingan selepas 1939? || <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang oleh Keven J Monson? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which system is BYU part of?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da326", "answers": [{"text": "Church Educational System of LDS Church", "answer_start": 42}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who acts as chairman of BYU?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da327", "answers": [{"text": "President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson)", "answer_start": 135}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What board do the members of the BYU Board of Trustees also belong to?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da328", "answers": [{"text": "Church Board of Education", "answer_start": 247}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did BYU have a separate board of trustees?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da329", "answers": [{"text": "Prior to 1939", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does the President of BYU report to the Board?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da32a", "answers": [{"text": "through the Commissioner of Education", "answer_start": 497}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Brigham Young University", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is part of the LSD Church?", "id": "5aceb10a32bba1001ae4b077", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Thomas S. Monson", "answer_start": 170}], "question": "Who is currently the chairman of the church?", "id": "5aceb10a32bba1001ae4b078", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "board of trustees", "answer_start": 353}], "question": "What did Brigham Young have a separate one of after 1939?", "id": "5aceb10a32bba1001ae4b079", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "President of BYU", "answer_start": 430}], "question": "What position does Keven J Monson hold?", "id": "5aceb10a32bba1001ae4b07a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education."}], ["Selain itu, BYU juga menjalankan program pengajian luar negara yang sangat besar, dengan pusat-pusat satelit di London, Yerusalem, dan Paris, serta lebih dari 20 tapak lain. Hampir 2,000 pelajar memanfaatkan program ini setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2001, Institut Pendidikan Antarabangsa menduduki BYU sebagai universiti nombor satu di A.S. untuk menawarkan pelajar belajar peluang di luar negara. BYU Jerusalem Jerusalem, yang ditutup pada tahun 2000 disebabkan oleh masalah keselamatan pelajar yang berkaitan dengan Intifada Kedua dan, baru-baru ini, konflik Israel-Lebanon tahun 2006, dibuka semula kepada pelajar pada semester Musim Musim Sejuk 2007. <> Bagaimana pelajar-pelajar lelaki memanfaatkan program pengajian luar negara BYU? || Hampir 2,000 <> Bagaimana Institut Pendidikan Antarabangsa menilai BYU pada tahun 2009 berbanding universiti A.S. yang menawarkan peluang belajar di luar negara? || nombor satu <> yang mana kampus BYU asing ditutup pada tahun 2000 disebabkan masalah keselamatan? || BYU Pusat Baitulmuqaddis <> Bilakah BYU Pusat Baitulmuqaddiah dibuka semula untuk pelajar-pelajar setelah penutupannya pada tahun 2000? || Musim sejuk 2007 semester <> Apakah konflik terkini yang menjejaskan penutupan BYU Jerusalem Centre dari tahun 2000-2007? || 2006 konflik Israel-Lebanon <> Apa yang BELI ada di London, Jerusalem, dan Paris? || <> Siapa yang menduduki nombor satu BYU untuk belajar di luar negara pada tahun 2000? || <> Apa yang ditutup pada tahun 2006 kerana Intifada Kedua? || <> Apa yang ditutup pada tahun 2007 kerana konflik Israel-Lebanon? || <> Di mana semester 2006 melakukan BYU Yerusalem dibuka semula kepada pelajar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How manys students take advantage of BYU's study abroad programs?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb33", "answers": [{"text": "Nearly 2,000", "answer_start": 155}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb34", "answers": [{"text": "number one", "answer_start": 286}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb35", "answers": [{"text": "BYU Jerusalem Center", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it's closure in 2000?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb36", "answers": [{"text": "Winter 2007 semester", "answer_start": 567}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb37", "answers": [{"text": "2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict", "answer_start": 505}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "satellite centers", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What does BUY have in London, Jerusalem, and Paris?", "id": "5acea84f32bba1001ae4af29", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Institute of International Education", "answer_start": 231}], "question": "Who ranked BYU number one in study abroad opportunities in 2000?", "id": "5acea84f32bba1001ae4af2a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU Jerusalem Center,", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What was closed in 2006 because of the Second Intifada? ", "id": "5acea84f32bba1001ae4af2b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The BYU Jerusalem Center", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "What was closed in 2007 because of the Israel-Lebanon conflict?", "id": "5acea84f32bba1001ae4af2c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Winter", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "In which 2006 semester did BYU Jerusalem reopen to students?", "id": "5acea84f32bba1001ae4af2d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester."}], ["Beberapa tambahan khas meningkatkan pengalaman pembelajaran bahasa. Sebagai contoh, Pawagam Antarabangsa BYU, yang memaparkan filem dalam beberapa bahasa, adalah program filem luar negara yang paling banyak dan paling lama berjalan di negara ini. Seperti yang telah disebutkan, BYU juga menawarkan pengalaman hidup bahasa asing yang intensif, Kediaman Pelajar Bahasa Asing. Ini adalah kompleks pangsapuri di kampus di mana para pelajar komited untuk bercakap hanya bahasa asing yang mereka pilih semasa berada di pangsapuri mereka. Setiap apartmen mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya seorang penutur asli untuk memastikan penggunaan bahasa yang betul. <> Apa program filem luar negara yang paling banyak dan paling lama dijalankan di A.S.? || Pawagam Antarabangsa BYU <> Apakah nama pengalaman hidup bahasa asing BYU? || Kediaman Pelajar Bahasa Asing <> Sebagai sebahagian daripada Program Kediaman Pelajar Luar Negara, apa yang pelajar komited untuk bercakap semasa di pangsapuri mereka? || hanya bahasa asing yang mereka pilih <> Berapa banyak penutur asli di setiap bangunan pangsapuri di program Kediaman Pelajar Bahasa Asing? || sekurang-kurangnya satu <> Yang BYU membina ciri-ciri filem dalam beberapa bahasa? || Cinema Antarabangsa <> Apa yang BELI ada yang paling lama di negara ini? || <> Jenis kediaman yang ditawarkan di BELI? || <> Apakah nama kemudahan program filem BELI? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a0", "answers": [{"text": "BYU's International Cinema", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a1", "answers": [{"text": "Foreign Language Student Residence", "answer_start": 319}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a2", "answers": [{"text": "only their chosen foreign language", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a3", "answers": [{"text": "at least one", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU building features films in several languages?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a4", "answers": [{"text": "International Cinema", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "university-run foreign film program", "answer_start": 180}], "question": "What does BUY have that is the longest in the country?", "id": "5acea8f832bba1001ae4af47", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Foreign Language Student Residence", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "What type of residence is offered at BUY?", "id": "5acea8f832bba1001ae4af48", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "International Cinema", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "What is the name of BUY's film program facility?", "id": "5acea8f832bba1001ae4af49", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence. This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage."}], ["Lebih tiga perempat daripada badan pelajar mempunyai kemahiran dalam bahasa kedua (berjumlah 107 bahasa secara total). Ini sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa 45 peratus daripada badan pelajar di BYU telah menjadi mubaligh untuk Gereja LDS, dan kebanyakan mereka belajar bahasa asing sebagai sebahagian daripada tugas misi mereka. Semasa mana-mana semester yang diberikan, kira-kira satu pertiga daripada badan pelajar didaftarkan dalam kelas bahasa asing, kadar hampir empat kali purata kebangsaan. BYU menawarkan kursus di lebih 60 bahasa yang berbeza, banyak dengan kursus lanjutan yang jarang ditawarkan di tempat lain. Beberapa program bahasanya adalah yang terbesar dalam bahasa mereka, program Rusia menjadi satu contoh. Universiti ini dipilih oleh Jabatan Pendidikan Amerika Syarikat sebagai lokasi Pusat Sumber Bahasa Pusat Kebangsaan negara itu, menjadikan sekolah sebagai hub untuk pakar di rantau itu. Ia juga dipilih sebagai Pusat Penyelidikan Pendidikan Perniagaan Antarabangsa, sebuah fungsi yang melatih pekerja perniagaan dalam bahasa dan hubungan antarabangsa. <> Berapa peratus daripada badan pelajar BYU mempunyai kemahiran dalam bahasa kedua? || Lebih tiga perempat <> Apa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan peratusan pelajar BYU yang tinggi dalam bahasa kedua? || 45 peratus daripada badan pelajar di BYU telah menjadi mubaligh untuk Gereja LDS <> Berapa banyak bahasa ditawarkan sebagai kursus di BYU? || lebih dari 60 <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh program bahasa Rusia BYU? || yang terbesar di negara mereka <> Yang memilih BYU sebagai lokasi pusat Sumber Bahasa Kebangsaan Timur Tengah? || Jabatan Pendidikan Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah 60% daripada badan pelajar yang dilakukan untuk Gereja LDS? || <> Lebih satu pertiga daripada badan pelajar mempunyai kemahiran dalam apa? || <> Apakah tiga suku pelajar yang mendaftar dalam mana-mana semester yang diberikan? || <> Apa yang ditawarkan oleh BYU 45? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da46e", "answers": [{"text": "Over three quarters", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What can be attributed to BYU's high percentage of second language proficient students?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da46f", "answers": [{"text": "45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church", "answer_start": 157}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many languages are offered as courses at BYU?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da470", "answers": [{"text": "over 60", "answer_start": 487}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da471", "answers": [{"text": "largest of their kind in the nation", "answer_start": 619}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da472", "answers": [{"text": "United States Department of Education", "answer_start": 730}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "been missionaries", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What have 60% of the student body done for the LDS Church?", "id": "5acea68932bba1001ae4aeef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a second language", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Over one-third of the student body has some proficiency in what?", "id": "5acea68932bba1001ae4aef0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foreign language classes", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What are three quarters of students enrolled in during any given semester?", "id": "5acea68932bba1001ae4aef1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "foreign language classes", "answer_start": 392}], "question": "What does BYU offer 45 of?", "id": "5acea68932bba1001ae4aef2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Over three quarters of the student body has some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total). This is partially due to the fact that 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment. During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average. BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages, many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region. It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations."}], ["Universiti ini beroperasi di bawah 11 kolej atau sekolah, yang secara kolektif menawarkan 194 program sarjana muda, 68 program ijazah sarjana, 25 program PhD, dan program Doktor Juris. BYU juga mengendalikan beberapa kursus dan jurusan melalui Pusat Pengajian Antarabangsa David M. Kennedy dan pelbagai jurusan kuliah, termasuk Pendidikan Sarjana Muda, Pengajian Siswazah, Kajian Bebas, Pendidikan Berterusan, dan Program Kepujian. Semester Winter BYU berakhir lebih awal daripada kebanyakan universiti pada bulan April kerana tidak ada rehat Spring, sehingga membolehkan para pelajar untuk mengejar latihan magang dan aktiviti musim panas yang lain lebih awal. Tahun akademik yang tipikal dipecahkan kepada dua semester: Kejatuhan (September-Disember) dan Musim Sejuk (Januari-April), serta dua istilah pendek pada musim panas: Spring (Mei-Jun) dan Summer (Julai-Ogos). <> Mengapa semester Winter BYU berakhir lebih awal daripada kebanyakan kolej? || tidak ada rehat Spring <> Berapa banyak semester adalah tahun BYU yang biasa dipecah? || dua <> Berapa banyak istilah yang lebih singkat yang pernah dilakukan oleh BYU semasa musim panas? || dua <> Jenis Program Doktor yang ditawarkan di BYU? || Juris <> Apa yang membolehkan pelajar BYU meneruskan latihan magang musim panas lebih awal daripada kebanyakan pelajar kolej? || Semester musim sejuk lebih awal daripada kebanyakan universiti <> Berapa banyak sekolah secara kolektif menawarkan 68 program PhD? || <> Bilakah cuti musim bunga untuk Universiti Brigham Young? || <> Apa empat semester adalah tahun akademik yang dipecah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33a", "answers": [{"text": "there is no Spring break", "answer_start": 520}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33b", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33c", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33d", "answers": [{"text": "Juris", "answer_start": 163}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33e", "answers": [{"text": "Winter semester ends earlier than most universities", "answer_start": 453}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "11 colleges or schools", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "How many schools collectively offer 68 PhD programs?", "id": "5aceb25132bba1001ae4b093", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "April", "answer_start": 508}], "question": "When is spring break for Brigham Young University?", "id": "5aceb25132bba1001ae4b094", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Fall (September\u2013December) and Winter (January\u2013April), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May\u2013June) and Summer (July\u2013August)", "answer_start": 685}], "question": "What four semesters is the academic year broken up into?", "id": "5aceb25132bba1001ae4b095", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The university operates under 11 colleges or schools, which collectively offer 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 PhD programs, and a Juris Doctor program. BYU also manages some courses and majors through the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and \"miscellaneous\" college departments, including Undergraduate Education, Graduate Studies, Independent Study, Continuing Education, and the Honors Program. BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier. A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters: Fall (September\u2013December) and Winter (January\u2013April), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May\u2013June) and Summer (July\u2013August)."}], ["Pada tahun 1992, universiti telah mencipta Kenyataan Kebebasan Akademik yang baru, menyatakan bahawa batasan boleh diletakkan pada \"ungkapan dengan pelajar atau orang ramai bahawa: (1) bercanggah atau menentang, bukannya menganalisis atau membincangkan, doktrin atau dasar Gereja yang asas; ) dengan sengaja menyerang atau membantah Gereja atau pemimpin umumnya; atau (3) melanggar Kod Kehormatan kerana ungkapan itu tidak jujur, haram, tidak bersalah, tidak senonoh, atau terlalu tidak menghormati orang lain. \" Sekatan-sekatan ini telah menyebabkan beberapa kontroversi kerana beberapa profesor telah disiplin mengikut peraturan baru. Persatuan Universiti Amerika Profesor telah mendakwa bahawa \"pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan akademik sungguh menyedihkan dan iklim untuk kebebasan akademik sangat buruk.\" Peraturan baru itu tidak menjejaskan akreditasi BYU, kerana badan akreditasi yang dipilih oleh universiti itu membenarkan \"kolej dan universiti agama untuk meletakkan keterbatasan kebebasan akademik selagi mereka menerbitkan batasan-batasan itu secara terang-terangan\", menurut naib presiden akademik yang bersekutu, Jim Gordon. Kebimbangan AAUP itu bukan sekatan terhadap ekspresi keagamaan ahli fakulti tetapi dengan kegagalan, seperti yang didakwa oleh anggota fakulti dan AAUP, bahawa sekatan-sekatan itu belum cukup ditentukan sebelumnya oleh BYU: \"The AAUP mengharuskan apa-apa batasan doktrin mengenai akademik kebebasan dikemukakan dengan jelas secara bertulis. Kami [AAUP] menyimpulkan bahawa BYU telah gagal melakukannya dengan secukupnya. \" <> Pada tahun apakah BYU merangka Kenyataan Kebebasan Akademik baru? || 1992 <> Kenyataan Kebebasan Akademik baru membolehkan pelajar menganalisis dan membincangkan doktrin Gereja tetapi tidak membenarkan ekspresi pelajar melakukan apa? || bertentangan atau menentang <> Apa yang tidak boleh dilanggar kerana ungkapan itu tidak jujur menurut Pernyataan Kebebasan Akademik yang baru? || Kod Kehormat <> Berapa ramai profesor telah disiplin mengikut Pernyataan Kebebasan Akademik yang baru? || Beberapa <> yang mendakwa bahawa pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan akademik saling menyedihkan dan iklim untuk kebebasan akademik sangat mengganggu? || Persatuan Universiti Amerika Profesor <> Apa rancangan universiti pada tahun 1929? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Persatuan Universiti Profesor Amerika? || <> Apakah peraturan baru mempunyai kesan? || <> Apakah organisasi itu adalah presiden Jim Gordon? || <> Apakah yang dimaksud AUAP? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did BYU draft a new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4aa", "answers": [{"text": "1992", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The new Statement on Academic Freedom allows students to analyze and discuss Church doctrine but does not allow student expressions that do what?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ab", "answers": [{"text": "contradicts or opposes", "answer_start": 165}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cannot be violated because the expression is dishonest according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ac", "answers": [{"text": "Honor Code", "answer_start": 354}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many professors have been disciplined according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ad", "answers": [{"text": "several", "answer_start": 517}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who claimed that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly por?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ae", "answers": [{"text": "The American Association of University Professors", "answer_start": 585}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a new Statement on Academic Freedom,", "answer_start": 32}], "question": "What did the university draft in 1929?", "id": "5aceaf7932bba1001ae4b04f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor.\"", "answer_start": 652}], "question": "What did the Association of American University Professors claim?", "id": "5aceaf7932bba1001ae4b050", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU's accreditation", "answer_start": 810}], "question": "What did the new rules have an effect on?", "id": "5aceaf7932bba1001ae4b051", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "AAUP", "answer_start": 1076}], "question": "What organization was Jim Gordon the president of?", "id": "5aceaf7932bba1001ae4b052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "American Association of University Professors", "answer_start": 589}], "question": "What does AUAP stand for?", "id": "5aceaf7932bba1001ae4b053", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon \"expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.\" These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that \"infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor.\" The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows \"religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly\", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: \"The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately.\""}], ["Pada tahun 2009, Marriott School of Management menerima kedudukan No. 5 oleh BusinessWeek untuk program siswazahnya, dan program MBAnya disenaraikan oleh beberapa sumber: No. 22 ranking oleh BusinessWeek, No. 16 oleh Forbes, dan No. 29 oleh Laporan Berita & Dunia AS. Di antara sekolah-sekolah serantau program MBA berada di kedudukan ke-1 oleh Kedudukan Terkini Wall Street Journal (2007), dan ia menduduki tempat No. 92 di kalangan sekolah perniagaan di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2009 oleh Financial Times. Untuk tahun 2009, Sekolah Perakaunan universiti, yang ditempatkan di Sekolah Marriott, menerima dua ranking No 3 untuk program sarjana-nya oleh Laporan Perakaunan Awam dan yang lain oleh A.S. News & World Report. Dua agensi pelapor yang sama juga menduduki program MAcc sekolah No. 3 dan No. 8 di negara masing-masing. Pada tahun 2010, satu artikel di dalam senarai Wall Street Journal yang graduannya paling tinggi oleh para perekrut menduduki ranking BYU No. 11. Menggunakan data tahun fiskal 2010, Persatuan Pengurus Teknologi Universiti menguasai BYU No. 3 dalam penilaian mewujudkan universiti syarikat permulaan yang paling melalui penyelidikan kampus. <> Siapakah yang menduduki peringkat UPM Marriott sebagai No. 5 untuk program sarjana muda pada tahun 2009? || BusinessWeek <> Yang menduduki program MBA BYU di kalangan sekolah serantau pada tahun 2007? || The Wall Street Journal <> Menggunakan data 2010, bagaimanakah kedudukan BYU sebagai universiti mencipta syarikat permulaan yang paling melalui penyelidikan kampus? || No. 3 <> Siapa yang menduduki BYU sebagai No. 11 institusi yang grednya paling tinggi oleh perekrut dalam artikel 2010? || Wall Street Journal <> Bagaimana Financial Times berpangkat BYU di kalangan sekolah perniagaan di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2009? || No. 92 <> Kedudukan apa yang diterima oleh Marriott School of Management pada tahun 2010 oleh BusinessWeek? || <> Di mana Persatuan Pengurus Teknologi Universiti menilai BYU pada tahun 2010? || <> Siapakah yang menyenaraikan program MAcc No. 8 dan No. 3 di sekolah? || <> Kedudukan apa untuk tahun 2010 yang diterima oleh Sekolah Perakaunan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who ranked BYU's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it's undergrad programs in 2009?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8c", "answers": [{"text": "BusinessWeek", "answer_start": 84}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8d", "answers": [{"text": "The Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 329}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Using 2010 data, how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8e", "answers": [{"text": "No. 3", "answer_start": 1037}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8f", "answers": [{"text": "Wall Street Journal", "answer_start": 838}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a90", "answers": [{"text": "No. 92", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No. 5", "answer_start": 67}], "question": "What ranking did the Marriott School of Management receive in 2010 by BusinessWeek?", "id": "5acea1d532bba1001ae4ae07", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No. 3", "answer_start": 1037}], "question": "Where did the Association of University Technology Managers rank BYU in 2010?", "id": "5acea1d532bba1001ae4ae08", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report", "answer_start": 628}], "question": "Who ranked the school's MAcc program No. 8 and No. 3 respectively?", "id": "5acea1d532bba1001ae4ae09", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two No. 3 rankings", "answer_start": 572}], "question": "What rankings for 2010 did the School of Accountancy receive?", "id": "5acea1d532bba1001ae4ae0a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program\u2014one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research."}], ["Para saintis yang dikaitkan dengan BYU telah mencipta beberapa ciptaan yang ketara. Philo T. Farnsworth, pencipta televisyen elektronik, menerima pendidikannya di BYU, dan kemudian kembali melakukan penyelidikan gabungan, menerima ijazah kehormat dari universiti. Harvey Fletcher, juga seorang alumni BYU, pencipta suara stereophonic, telah menjalankan eksperimen drop minyak yang terkenal dengan Robert Millikan, dan kemudiannya Dekan Pengasas BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, pencipta berlian buatan manusia, meninggalkan General Electric pada tahun 1955 dan menjadi profesor kimia penuh dan Pengarah Penyelidikan di BYU. Semasa di sana, dia mencipta akhbar berlian baru, akhbar tetrahedral. Dalam pencapaian pelajar, pasukan BYU Ad Lab memenangi kedua-dua Kompetitif Brandstorm National L'Or\u00e9al 2007 dan 2008, dan pelajar membangunkan algoritma Magnetic Lasso yang terdapat dalam Adobe Photoshop. Dalam biasiswa berprestij, BYU telah menghasilkan 10 Ulama Rhodes, empat Ulama Gates dalam enam tahun terakhir, dan dalam dekad yang lalu telah mendakwa 41 sarjana Fulbright dan 3 sarjana Jack Kent Cooke. <> Kolej BYU mana yang diasaskan oleh bekas alumnus Harvey Fletcher? || Kolej Kejuruteraan <> Apa alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth mencipta sebelum menerima gelar kehormatannya dari kolej? || televisyen elektronik <> Yang terkenal bekas pelajar BYU mencipta berlian buatan manusia? || Tracy Hall <> Apakah bekas pelajar Tracy Hall mencipta sebagai profesor kimia BYU dan Pengarah Penyelidikan? || jenis baru berlian tekan, tekan tetrahedral <> Yang pelajar BYU yang menghasilkan algoritma yang terdapat dalam Adobe Photoshop? || Magnetic Lasso <> Apa yang dilakukan Philo T. Fletcher? || <> Apa yang Harvey Farnsworth mencipta? || <> Siapa yang Harvey Farnsworth menjalankan percubaan minyak dengan? || <> Apa yang dicipta oleh Tracy H. Hall? || <> Apa jenis akhbar yang dibuat oleh Tracy H. Hall? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae3", "answers": [{"text": "College of Engineering", "answer_start": 442}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae4", "answers": [{"text": "the electronic television", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae5", "answers": [{"text": "Tracy Hall", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae6", "answers": [{"text": "a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press", "answer_start": 644}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae7", "answers": [{"text": "Magnetic Lasso", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "electronic television", "answer_start": 106}], "question": "What did Philo T. Fletcher invent?", "id": "5acea46832bba1001ae4aead", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stereophonic sound", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What did Harvey Farnsworth invent?", "id": "5acea46832bba1001ae4aeae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Robert Millikan", "answer_start": 386}], "question": "Who did Harvey Farnsworth carry out the oil-drop experiment with?", "id": "5acea46832bba1001ae4aeaf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the man-made diamond", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What did Tracy H. Hall invent?", "id": "5acea46832bba1001ae4aeb0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the tetrahedral press", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "What type of press did Tracy H. Hall invent?", "id": "5acea46832bba1001ae4aeb1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars."}], ["Untuk 2016, A.S. News & World Report menduduki BYU terikat untuk ke-66 untuk universiti negara di Amerika Syarikat. Kajian Jurnal Ekonomi Suku tahun 2013 di mana pelajar sekolah menengah atas negara memilih untuk mendaftarkan BYU No. 21 dalam kajian peer reviewednya. Kajian Princeton telah menduduki ranking BYU sebagai nilai terbaik untuk kolej pada tahun 2007, dan perpustakaannya secara konsisten berada di peringkat teratas sepuluh negara nombor 1 di tahun 2004 dan No. 4 pada tahun 2007. BYU juga menduduki tempat ke-19 di Berita AS dan Barisan \"Sekolah Besar, Harga Besar\" Laporan Dunia dan Nombor 12 di hutang pelajar yang terendah. Disebabkan sebahagian daripada penekanan sekolah terhadap penyelidikan sarjana, dalam kedudukan untuk 2008-2009, BYU berada di kedudukan nombor 10 di peringkat kebangsaan untuk bilangan pelajar yang pergi mendapatkan PhD, No. 1 secara nasional untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah pergigian, No. 6 secara nasional untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah undang-undang, dan No. 10 secara nasional untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah perubatan. BYU ditunjuk sebagai universiti penyelidikan dengan aktiviti penyelidikan yang tinggi oleh Yayasan Carnegie untuk Peningkatan Pengajaran.]] Majalah Forbes menduduki peringkat ini sebagai No. 1 \"Universiti Terunggul untuk Kerja Untuk Tahun 2014\" dan sebagai universiti terbaik di Utah. <> Yang menduduki BYU sebagai kolej terbaik di Utah? || Majalah Forbes <> Yang ditugaskan oleh BYU sebagai mempunyai aktiviti penyelidikan yang tinggi? || Yayasan Carnegie untuk Kemajuan Pengajaran <> Yang menduduki BYU nilai jubah untuk kolej pada tahun 2007? || The Princeton Review <> Di mana BYU menduduki tempat ke-12 di sekolah-sekolah dengan hutang pelajar yang terendah? || Lineup A.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\"> Pada tahun 2008-2009, bagaimanakah BYU berada di peringkat nasional untuk bilangan pelajar yang terus memperoleh PhD? || No. 10 <> Di mana kedudukan BYU pada tahun 2013 dalam kedudukan A.S. News & World Report? || <> Di mana kedudukan BYU pada 2016 dalam kajian Sastera Ekonomi Quarterly? || <> Di mana penilaian Princeton pangkat BYU pada tahun 2004 untuk nilai terbaik untuk kolej? || <> Di mana BYU disenaraikan pada tahun 2014 untuk bilangan pelajar yang pergi ke mendapatkan PhD? || <> Di mana BYU disenaraikan pada tahun 2014 untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah pergigian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who ranked BYU as the best college in Utah?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab3", "answers": [{"text": "Forbes Magazine", "answer_start": 1064}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who designated BYU as having high research activity?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab4", "answers": [{"text": "Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching", "answer_start": 1009}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU the vest value for college in 2007?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab5", "answers": [{"text": "The Princeton Review", "answer_start": 265}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was BYU  ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab6", "answers": [{"text": "U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup", "answer_start": 468}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In 2008-2009, how was BYU ranked nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab7", "answers": [{"text": "No. 10", "answer_start": 685}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "66th", "answer_start": 58}], "question": "Where did BYU rank in 2013 in the U.S. News & World Report rankings?", "id": "5ace9fdd32bba1001ae4ada3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No. 21", "answer_start": 230}], "question": "Where did BYU rank in 2016 in the Quarterly Journal of Economics study?", "id": "5ace9fdd32bba1001ae4ada4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the best", "answer_start": 301}], "question": "Where did Princeton Review rank BYU in 2004 for best value for college?", "id": "5ace9fdd32bba1001ae4ada5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No. 10", "answer_start": 685}], "question": "Where was BYU ranked in 2014 for number of students who go on to earn PhDs?", "id": "5ace9fdd32bba1001ae4ada6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "No. 1 nationally", "answer_start": 754}], "question": "Where was BYU ranked in 2014 for students who go on to dental school?", "id": "5ace9fdd32bba1001ae4ada7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah."}], ["Kampus utama di Provo, Utah, Amerika Syarikat terletak kira-kira 560 ekar (2.3 km2) terletak di dasar Pergunungan Wasatch dan termasuk 295 bangunan. Bangunan ini mempunyai pelbagai gaya seni bina, setiap bangunan dibina mengikut gaya masa. Rumput, pokok, dan katil bunga di kampus BYU dikekalkan tanpa cela. Selain itu, pemandangan Pergunungan Wasatch, (termasuk Gunung Timpanogos) dapat dilihat dari kampus. Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee dari BYU yang juga dikenali sebagai \"HBLL\", yang mana The Princeton Review menduduki tempat sebagai \"Perpustakaan Kolej Besar\" pada tahun 2004, mempunyai kira-kira 8\u00bd juta item dalam koleksinya, mengandungi 98 batu (158 km) rak, dan boleh memuatkan 4,600 orang. Menara Spencer W. Kimball, dipinggirkan ke SWKT dan dikatakan Swicket oleh ramai pelajar, adalah rumah kepada beberapa jabatan dan program universiti dan merupakan bangunan tertinggi di Provo, Utah. Di samping itu, BYU's Marriott Centre, yang digunakan sebagai arena bola keranjang, boleh menempatkan lebih 22,000 orang dan merupakan salah satu arena di kampus terbesar di negara ini. Menariknya tidak ada di kampus universiti yang dimiliki gereja ini adalah sebuah gereja kampus. Walau bagaimanapun, setiap perkhidmatan Gereja LDS Ahad untuk pelajar dijalankan di kampus, tetapi kerana banyak pelajar yang menghadiri perkhidmatan ini, hampir semua bangunan dan ruang pertemuan yang mungkin di kampus digunakan (di samping itu, banyak pelajar menghadiri perkhidmatan di luar kampus Kapel LDS di sekitar masyarakat). <> Berapa banyak bangunan di kampus utama BYU? || 295 <> Berapa banyak ekar yang dimasukkan ke dalam kampus utama BYU? || kira-kira 560 <> Di manakah kampus utama BYU terletak? || Provo, Utah <> Berapa batu dari rak di Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee BYU? || 98 <> Bangunan BYU mana yang tertinggi di Provost, Utah? || Menara Spencer W. Kimball <> Apa yang terletak di 295 ekar di Provo, Utah? || <> Apa yang terletak di dasar Gunung Timpanogos? || <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai HLLB? || <> Apa yang dimaksud SKWT? || <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di Utah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many buildings are on BYU's main campus?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb61", "answers": [{"text": "295", "answer_start": 146}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many acres are included in BYU's main campus?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb62", "answers": [{"text": "approximately 560", "answer_start": 54}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is BYU's main campus located?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb63", "answers": [{"text": "Provo, Utah", "answer_start": 19}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many miles of shelving are in BYU's Harold B. Lee Library?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb64", "answers": [{"text": "98", "answer_start": 651}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU building is the tallest in Provost, Utah?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb65", "answers": [{"text": "Spencer W. Kimball Tower", "answer_start": 713}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The main campus", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What sits on 295 acres in Provo, Utah?", "id": "5aceb36332bba1001ae4b0c5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The main campus in Provo, Utah", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is nestled at the base of the Timpanogos Mountains?", "id": "5aceb36332bba1001ae4b0c6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harold B. Lee Library", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "What is known as the HLLB?", "id": "5aceb36332bba1001ae4b0c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spencer W. Kimball Tower", "answer_start": 713}], "question": "What does SKWT stand for?", "id": "5aceb36332bba1001ae4b0c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Spencer W. Kimball Tower", "answer_start": 713}], "question": "What is the tallest building in Utah?", "id": "5aceb36332bba1001ae4b0c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The main campus in Provo, Utah, United States sits on approximately 560 acres (2.3 km2) nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings. The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time. The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained. Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus. BYU's Harold B. Lee Library (also known as \"HBLL\"), which The Princeton Review ranked as the No. 1 \"Great College Library\" in 2004, has approximately 8\u00bd million items in its collections, contains 98 miles (158 km) of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people. The Spencer W. Kimball Tower, shortened to SWKT and pronounced Swicket by many students, is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah. Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation. Interestingly absent on the campus of this church owned university is a campus chapel. Notwithstanding, each Sunday LDS Church services for students are conducted on campus, but due to the large number of students attending these services, nearly all of the buildings and possible meeting spaces on campus are utilized (in addition, many students attend services off campus in LDS chapels in the surrounding communities)."}], ["BYU mandat bahawa para pelajarnya yang menjadi anggota Gereja LDS aktif secara religius. Kedua-dua pelajar LDS dan Bukan LDS dikehendaki memberi sokongan daripada pemimpin gereja dengan permohonan mereka untuk masuk. Lebih 900 bilik di kampus BYU digunakan untuk tujuan jemaat Gereja LDS. Lebih dari 150 jemaah bertemu di kampus BYU setiap hari Ahad. \"Kampus BYU menjadi salah satu pusat ibadat tersibuk dan terbesar di dunia\" dengan kira-kira 24,000 orang menghadiri khidmat gereja di kampus. <> Apakah mandat BYU daripada ahli-ahli pelajar Gereja LDS itu? || aktif agama <> Siapakah pelajar LDS dan bukan LDS yang dikehendaki untuk memberikan sokongan daripada setelah mengemukakan permohonan mereka? || seorang pemimpin eklesius <> Berapa banyak bilik kampus BYU digunakan untuk tujuan jemaat Gereja LDS? || Lebih dari 900 <> Berapa banyak jemaah bertemu di kampus BYU setiap hari Ahad? || Lebih daripada 150 <> Lebih kurang berapa orang yang menghadiri khidmat gereja di kampus BYU? || 24,000 <> Apa mandat BYU untuk ahli-ahli Gereja LSD? || <> Apakah 150 buah bilik di kampus yang digunakan? || <> Pada hari apa yang dilakukan lebih daripada 900 jemaah bertemu? || <> Apa yang menjadi pusat kapal perang terbesar di dunia? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da39e", "answers": [{"text": "religiously active", "answer_start": 68}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da39f", "answers": [{"text": "an ecclesiastic leader", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a0", "answers": [{"text": "Over 900", "answer_start": 224}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a1", "answers": [{"text": "More than 150", "answer_start": 308}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a2", "answers": [{"text": "24,000", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "be religiously active", "answer_start": 65}], "question": "What does BYU mandate for members of the LSD Church?", "id": "5acebfb832bba1001ae4b2a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the purposes of LDS Church congregations", "answer_start": 266}], "question": "What are 150 rooms on campus used for?", "id": "5acebfb832bba1001ae4b2a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sunday", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "On what day do more than 900 congregations meet?", "id": "5acebfb832bba1001ae4b2a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU's campus", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "What becomes the largest center of warship in the world?", "id": "5acebfb832bba1001ae4b2a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. \"BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world\" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus."}], ["Misi dinyatakan BYU \"adalah untuk membantu individu dalam usaha mereka untuk kesempurnaan dan kehidupan kekal.\" Oleh itu, BYU dianggap oleh para pemimpinnya untuk menjadi sebuah institusi keagamaan, di mana, secara ideal, pendidikan agama dan sekular dipersatukan dengan cara yang menggalakkan piawaian tertinggi dalam kedua-dua bidang. Ini menenun aspek sekular dan agama dari sebuah universiti agama kembali sejauh Brigham Young sendiri, yang memberitahu Karl G. Maeser ketika Gereja membeli sekolah: \"Saya ingin kamu ingat bahawa kamu tidak sepatutnya mengajar walaupun abjad atau jadual pendaraban tanpa Roh Tuhan. \" <> Apakah misi BYU yang dinyatakan? || \"adalah untuk membantu individu dalam usaha mereka untuk kesempurnaan dan kehidupan kekal.\" <> Apakah Brigham Young mengarahkan Karl G. Maeser untuk tidak mengajar walaupun abjad tanpa? || Roh Tuhan <> Institusi macam apa yang dilakukan para pemimpin BYU menganggapnya berada di hati? || agama <> Apa dua jenis pendidikan yang BYU berusaha untuk unggul dalam menggabungkan? || agama dan sekular <> Apakah misi yang dinyatakan BELI? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Karl G. Maeser kepada Brigham Young? || <> BELI dianggap oleh para pemimpinnya untuk menjadi apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the stated mission of BYU?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da504", "answers": [{"text": "\"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\"", "answer_start": 21}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da505", "answers": [{"text": "the Spirit of God", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da506", "answers": [{"text": "religious", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da507", "answers": [{"text": "religious and secular", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\"", "answer_start": 21}], "question": "What is BUY's stated mission?", "id": "5acebc9e32bba1001ae4b259", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God.\"", "answer_start": 486}], "question": "What did Karl G. Maeser tell Brigham Young?", "id": "5acebc9e32bba1001ae4b25a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a religious institution", "answer_start": 149}], "question": "BUY is considered by its leaders to be what?", "id": "5acebc9e32bba1001ae4b25b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU's stated mission \"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\" BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas. This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university goes back as far as Brigham Young himself, who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school: \"I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God.\""}], ["Kampus ini juga menempatkan beberapa kemudahan seni persembahan. Dewan Konsert de Jong duduk 1282 orang dan dinamakan untuk Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre dinamakan untuk T. Earl dan Kathryn Pardoe. Pelajar menggunakan peringkatnya dalam pelbagai eksperimen teater, serta untuk persembahan Pardoe Series. Ia mempunyai 500 orang, dan mempunyai tahap yang besar dengan pembukaan proscenium sebanyak 19 kaki 55 kaki (17 m). Teater Margetts dinamakan untuk Philip N. Margetts, tokoh teater Utah yang terkenal. Teater kotak hitam yang lebih kecil, ia membolehkan pelbagai format tempat duduk dan pementasan. Ia berkedudukan 125, dan berukuran 30 hingga 50 kaki (15 m). Teater Nelke, yang dinamakan salah satu guru drama BYU, digunakan terutamanya untuk arahan di teater eksperimen. Ia duduk 280. <> Berapa ramai orang yang duduk Dewan Konsert de Jong? || 1282 <> Bangunan apa yang dinamakan selepas Earl dan Kathryn Pardoe? || The Pardoe Theatre <> Apa bangunan itu dinamakan selepas tokoh teater Utah yang terkenal Philip N. Margetts? || The Margetts Theatre <> Who was the Nelke Theater? || salah satu guru drama BYU yang pertama <?> Teater jenis apa yang digunakan oleh Teater Nelke? || eksperimen <> Apa yang dinamakan selepas T. Earl dan Gerrit de Jong Jr? || <> Teater apa yang mempunyai pembukaan proscenium 19m? || <> Teater apa yang dinamakan untuk Kathryn N. Margetts? || <> Apa yang dinamakan selepas Kathryn de Jong Jr? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d2", "answers": [{"text": "1282", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d3", "answers": [{"text": "The Pardoe Theatre", "answer_start": 138}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d4", "answers": [{"text": "The Margetts Theatre", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d5", "answers": [{"text": "one of BYU's first drama teachers", "answer_start": 649}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d6", "answers": [{"text": "experimental", "answer_start": 719}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Pardoe Theatre", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What is named after T. Earl and Gerrit de Jong Jr.?", "id": "5aceb7d232bba1001ae4b15f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Pardoe Theatre", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What theater has a proscenium opening of 19m?", "id": "5aceb7d232bba1001ae4b160", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Margetts Theatre", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What theater was named for Kathryn N. Margetts?", "id": "5aceb7d232bba1001ae4b161", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The de Jong Concert Hall", "answer_start": 59}], "question": "What is named after Kathryn de Jong Jr.?", "id": "5aceb7d232bba1001ae4b162", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280."}], ["Sebanyak 97 peratus daripada graduan BYU lelaki dan 32 peratus daripada siswazah wanita mengambil satu hos dari kajian sarjana mereka pada satu masa untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh LDS. Pada bulan Oktober 2012, Jemaat LDS mengumumkan pada persidangan umum bahawa lelaki muda boleh melayani misi selepas mereka berumur 18 tahun dan lulus dari sekolah menengah, dan bukan selepas umur 19 tahun di bawah polisi lama. Ramai lelaki muda sering menghadiri semester atau dua pendidikan tinggi sebelum memulakan perkhidmatan mubaligh. Perubahan dasar ini mungkin memberi impak kepada apa yang telah menjadi kelas pendatang tradisional yang masuk di BYU. Pelajar wanita kini boleh memulakan perkhidmatan mubaligh mereka pada bila-bila masa selepas bertukar menjadi 19, dan bukannya berumur 21 tahun di bawah dasar sebelumnya. Bagi lelaki, misi sepenuh masa adalah dua tahun panjang, dan bagi perempuan ia berlangsung selama 18 bulan. <> Pada umur berapa, sejak 2012, lelaki dibenarkan untuk berkhidmat dalam misi selepas tamat pengajian sekolah tinggi? || 18 <> Pada usia berapa, sejak 2012, wanita dibenarkan untuk berkhidmat dalam misi selepas tamat pengajian sekolah tinggi? || 19 <> Berapa lama misi sepenuh masa untuk lelaki? || dua tahun <> Berapa lama misi sepenuh masa untuk wanita? || 18 bulan <> Berapa peratus daripada graduan telah mengambil pengajian dari pengajian BYU untuk menjadi mubaligh LDS? || 97 <> Apa 97% wanita lulusan BYU lakukan? || <> Apakah 32% daripada graduan BYU lelaki lakukan? || <> Apa yang diumumkan oleh Gereja LSD pada Oktober 2012? || <> Bilakah pelajar wanita boleh memulakan perkhidmatan mubaligh mereka sekarang bukannya 18? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b7e", "answers": [{"text": "18", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b7f", "answers": [{"text": "19", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is a full-time mission for males?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b80", "answers": [{"text": "two years", "answer_start": 743}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long is a full-time mission for females?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b81", "answers": [{"text": "18 months", "answer_start": 789}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b82", "answers": [{"text": "97", "answer_start": 5}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What did 97% of female BYU graduates do?", "id": "5acec18532bba1001ae4b2d3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "What did 32% of male BYU graduates do?", "id": "5acec18532bba1001ae4b2d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school, rather than after age 19 under the old policy", "answer_start": 236}], "question": "What did the LSD Church announce in October 2012?", "id": "5acec18532bba1001ae4b2d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "anytime after turning 19", "answer_start": 637}], "question": "When can female students begin their missionary service now instead of 18?", "id": "5acec18532bba1001ae4b2d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some 97 percent of male BYU graduates and 32 percent of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries. In October 2012, the LDS Church announced at its general conference that young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school, rather than after age 19 under the old policy. Many young men would often attend a semester or two of higher education prior to beginning missionary service. This policy change will likely impact what has been the traditional incoming freshman class at BYU. Female students may now begin their missionary service anytime after turning 19, rather than age 21 under the previous policy. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months."}], ["BYU telah menetapkan pemuliharaan tenaga, produk dan bahan, kitar semula, perancangan tapak dan reka bentuk bangunan, penglibatan pelajar, pengangkutan, pemuliharaan air, dan sifar acara sebagai kategori keutamaan di mana untuk melanjutkan usahanya menjadi kampus yang mapan di alam sekitar. Universiti menyatakan bahawa \"kita mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk menjadi pelayan yang bijak di bumi dan sumber dayanya.\" BYU sedang berusaha untuk meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga bangunannya dengan memasang pelbagai pemacu laju pada semua pam dan peminat, menggantikan lampu pijar dengan pencahayaan pendarfluor, bangunan kampus yang dipasang dengan kaca reflektif rendah E, dan menaikkan penebat bumbung untuk mengelakkan kehilangan haba. Kumpulan pelajar BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, dan BYU Earth mendidik pelajar, fakulti, staf, dan pentadbir tentang bagaimana kampus dapat mengurangkan kesan alam sekitar. BYU Recycles mempelopori kempen baru-baru ini untuk memulakan plastik kitar semula, yang dilakukan oleh universiti selepas setahun berkempen pelajar. <> Apa yang BYU berfungsi untuk meningkatkan dengan memasang pelbagai pemacu kelajuan pada semua pam dan peminat? || kecekapan tenaga bangunannya <> Siapa yang mempelopori kempen baru-baru ini BYU untuk memulakan plastik kitar semula? || BYU Recycles <> Berapa lama selepas kempen pelajar lakukan BYU memulakan plastik kitar semula? || setahun <> Apa jenis peristiwa sisa yang menjadi keutamaan di BYU untuk menjadi alam sekitar yang mampan? || sifar <> Apakah BYU menggantikan lampu pijar itu dengan? || fluorescent <> Apa yang BELI menyatakan tentang menjadi kampus yang mampan? || <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh BYU dengan memasang pemacu kelajuan pada lampu neon? || <> Apakah kumpulan pelajar BELI lakukan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4dc", "answers": [{"text": "energy efficiency of its buildings", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4dd", "answers": [{"text": "BYU Recycles", "answer_start": 870}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4de", "answers": [{"text": "a year", "answer_start": 975}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4df", "answers": [{"text": "zero", "answer_start": 171}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4e0", "answers": [{"text": "fluorescent", "answer_start": 564}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources.\"", "answer_start": 324}], "question": "What does BUY state about being a sustainable campus?", "id": "5aceb8cb32bba1001ae4b19f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What is BYU working on by installing speed drives on fluorescent lighting?", "id": "5aceb8cb32bba1001ae4b1a0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact.", "answer_start": 757}], "question": "What do the BUY student groups do?", "id": "5aceb8cb32bba1001ae4b1a1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that \"we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources.\" BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning."}], ["BYU telah dipertimbangkan oleh beberapa Orang Suci Zaman Akhir, serta beberapa pemimpin universiti dan gereja, menjadi \"universiti Tuhan\". Frasa ini digunakan merujuk kepada misi sekolah sebagai \"duta\" kepada dunia untuk Gereja LDS dan dengan demikian, untuk Yesus Kristus. Pada masa lalu, sesetengah pelajar dan fakulti telah menyatakan rasa tidak puas hati dengan nama samaran ini, yang menyatakan bahawa ia memberi para pelajar idea bahawa pihak berkuasa universiti sentiasa diilhamkan secara ilahi dan tidak pernah bercanggah. Pemimpin sekolah, bagaimanapun, mengakui bahawa julukan mewakili lebih banyak matlamat yang dituntut oleh universiti dan bukannya keadaan semasa. Pemimpin menggalakkan pelajar dan fakulti untuk membantu memenuhi matlamat dengan mengikuti ajaran agama mereka, mematuhi kod kehormatan sekolah, dan melayani orang lain dengan pengetahuan yang mereka peroleh semasa menghadiri. <> Frasa apa yang telah digunakan oleh beberapa Orang Suci Zaman Akhir dalam merujuk kepada misi BYU sebagai duta ke dunia untuk Gereja LDS? || \"Universiti universiti\" <> Siapa yang telah menyatakan ketidakpuasan dengan nama samaran \"The Lord's University\" pada masa lalu? || sesetengah pelajar dan fakulti <> Persepsi apa yang ada yang merasakan bahawa nama samaran \"Universiti Tuhan\" memberi mengenai pegawai universiti? || sentiasa diilhamkan secara ilahi dan tidak pernah bercanggah <> Apa yang dikatakan para pemimpin BYU mengatakan \"Universiti Tuhan\" mewakili bukannya merujuk kepada keadaan semasanya? || lebih matlamat <> Apakah BELI dianggap oleh beberapa? || <> Apakah sekolah ke dunia untuk Gereja LSD? || <> Mengapa beberapa pemimpin sekolah menentang nama samaran itu? || <> Bagaimana pelajar menggalakkan pemimpin sekolah dan fakulti untuk membantu memenuhi matlamat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38c", "answers": [{"text": "\"The Lord's university\"", "answer_start": 104}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname \"The Lord's University\" in the past?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38d", "answers": [{"text": "some students and faculty", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What perception do some feel that the nickname \"The Lord's University\" gives about university officials?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38e", "answers": [{"text": "always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted", "answer_start": 427}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do the leaders of BYU say \"The Lord's University\" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38f", "answers": [{"text": "more a goal", "answer_start": 555}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"The Lord's university\".", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "What is BUY considered to be by some?", "id": "5acebe0f32bba1001ae4b287", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ambassador", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What is the school to the world for the LSD Church?", "id": "5acebe0f32bba1001ae4b288", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted.", "answer_start": 355}], "question": "Why do some leaders of the school oppose the nickname?", "id": "5acebe0f32bba1001ae4b289", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending.", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "How do students encourage leaders of the school and faculty to help fulfill the goal?", "id": "5acebe0f32bba1001ae4b28a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and church leaders, to be \"The Lord's university\". This phrase is used in reference to the school's mission as an \"ambassador\" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ. In the past, some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname, stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted. Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being. Leaders encourage students and faculty to help fulfill the goal by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending."}], ["Tarian Ballroom BYU dikenali sebagai salah satu pasukan tarian ballroom pembentukan terbaik di dunia, setelah memenangi Kejohanan Tarian Pembentukan Negara AS setiap tahun sejak 1982. Pasukan tarian Ballroom BYU telah memenangi tempat pertama dalam bahasa Latin atau Standard (atau kedua) banyak kali ketika mereka bertanding di Festival Dance Blackpool, dan mereka adalah pasukan AS pertama yang memenangi kejohanan pembentukan di Kejohanan British yang terkenal di Blackpool, England pada tahun 1972. Kejohanan Nasional DanceSport NDCA telah diadakan di BYU selama beberapa tahun, dan BYU memegang puluhan kelas tarian tarian setiap semester dan seterusnya program tarian tarian universiti terbesar di dunia. Di samping itu, BYU mempunyai beberapa pasukan tarian dan program lain yang terkenal. Pasukan-pasukan ini termasuk Balet Panggung, Teater Tarian Kontemporari, Legenda Hidup, dan Ensemble Tarian Rakyat Antarabangsa. Living Legends melakukan tarian Latin, Native American, dan Polynesian. BYU mempunyai salah satu jabatan tarian terbesar di negara ini. Ramai pelajar dari semua jurusan yang berbeza di seluruh kampus mengambil bahagian dalam pelbagai kelas tarian setiap semester. <> Apa kumpulan BYU yang dikenali sebagai salah satu pasukan tarian ballroom pembentukan terbaik di dunia? || Ballroom Dance Company <> Apa kejohanan tarian yang diadakan di BYU selama beberapa tahun? || NDCA National DanceSport <> Bagaimana program tarian tarian kolej BYU dinilai di seluruh dunia? || yang terbesar <> Apa jenis tarian yang dilakukan oleh The Living Legends BYU? || Latin, Orang Asli Amerika dan Polinesia <> Siapa yang telah memenangi Kejohanan Tarian Pembentukan Negara A.S. setiap tahun sejak tahun 1972? || <> Siapa pasukan pertama yang memenangi kejohanan pembentukan pada tahun 1982? || <> Siapa yang mempunyai jabatan tarian terbesar di negara ini? || <> Di mana kejohanan NCDA National DanceSport diadakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da356", "answers": [{"text": "Ballroom Dance Company", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What dance championships have been held at BYU for several years?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da357", "answers": [{"text": "NDCA National DanceSport", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is BYU's collegiate ballroom dance program rated worldwide?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da358", "answers": [{"text": "the largest", "answer_start": 631}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of dancing are performed by BYU's The Living Legends?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da359", "answers": [{"text": "Latin, Native American, and Polynesian", "answer_start": 914}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The BYU Ballroom Dance Company", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who has won the U.S. National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1972?", "id": "5aceba9432bba1001ae4b1f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The BYU Ballroom Dance Company", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who was the first team to win the formation championships in 1982?", "id": "5aceba9432bba1001ae4b1f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU", "answer_start": 962}], "question": "Who has the largest dance department in the nation?", "id": "5aceba9432bba1001ae4b1f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU", "answer_start": 527}], "question": "Where has the NCDA National DanceSport championships been held?", "id": "5aceba9432bba1001ae4b1f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world, having won the U.S. National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1982. BYU's Ballroom dance team has won first place in Latin or Standard (or both) many times when they have competed at the Blackpool Dance Festival, and they were the first U.S. team to win the formation championships at the famed British Championships in Blackpool, England in 1972 . The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester and is consequently the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the world. In addition, BYU has a number of other notable dance teams and programs. These teams include the Theatre Ballet, Contemporary Dance Theatre, Living Legends, and International Folk Dance Ensemble. The Living Legends perform Latin, Native American, and Polynesian dancing. BYU boasts one of the largest dance departments in the nation. Many students from all different majors across campus participate in various dance classes each semester."}], ["Semua pelajar dan fakulti, tanpa mengira agama, dikehendaki bersetuju untuk mematuhi kod kehormatan. Bentuk-bentuk awal Kod Kehormatan Sistem Pendidikan Gereja didapati sejak zaman Akademi Brigham Young dan sekolah rendah Presiden Karl G. Maeser. Maeser mencipta \"Organisasi Domestik\", yang merupakan sekumpulan guru yang akan melawat pelajar di rumah mereka untuk melihat bahawa mereka mengikuti peraturan moral sekolah yang melarang kelakuan seksual, kejam, merokok, dan alkohol. Kod Kehormat itu sendiri tidak dicipta sehingga sekitar tahun 1940, dan digunakan terutamanya untuk kes-kes penipuan dan ketidakjujuran akademik. Presiden Wilkinson memperluas Kod Kehormat pada tahun 1957 untuk memasukkan piawaian sekolah yang lain. Ini membawa kepada apa yang diwakili oleh Kod Kehormat hari ini: peraturan mengenai kesucian, pakaian, dandanan, dadah, dan alkohol. Komitmen yang ditandatangani untuk mematuhi kod kehormatan adalah sebahagian daripada proses permohonan, dan mesti dipatuhi oleh semua pelajar, fakulti, dan kakitangan. Pelajar dan fakulti yang didapati melanggar piawaian sama ada diberi amaran atau dipanggil untuk bertemu dengan wakil-wakil Majlis Kehormatan. Dalam kes tertentu, pelajar dan fakulti boleh diusir dari sekolah atau kehilangan tempoh. Kedua-dua pelajar LDS dan bukan LDS dikehendaki bertemu setiap tahun dengan pemimpin Gereja untuk menerima sokongan gereja untuk penerimaan dan penerusan. Pelbagai kumpulan advokasi LGBT telah memprotes kod kehormatan dan mengkritiknya sebagai anti-gay, dan The Princeton Review menduduki BYU sebagai sekolah ke-3 paling tidak ramah LGBT di Amerika Syarikat. <> Kumpulan apa yang telah dibuat oleh Presiden Maeser yang menghantar guru ke rumah pelajar untuk mengesahkan mereka mengikuti peraturan moral sekolah? || Organisasi Domestik <> Bilakah kod Honor BYU dibuat? || kira-kira 1940 <> Apakah Kod Honor BYU yang digunakan terutamanya untuk penciptaannya? || kes-kes penipuan dan ketidakjujuran akademik <> Dalam tahun berapa adalah Kod Kehormat memperluas untuk memasukkan piawaian sekolah lain, seperti peraturan mengenai penggunaan dadah? || 1957 <> Siapa yang mesti menandatangani komitmen untuk hidup dengan kod kehormatan sebagai sebahagian daripada proses permohonan? || semua pelajar, fakulti, dan kakitangan <> Organisasi apa yang dibuat oleh Brigham Young? || <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Organisasi Domestik Muda? || <> Apa yang mula-mula diwujudkan pada tahun 1957? || <> Apa yang telah berkembang pada tahun 1940? || <> Apakah pangkat Princeton Review BELI untuk keramahan LGBT? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student's homes to verify they were following the school's moral rules?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc03", "answers": [{"text": "Domestic Organization", "answer_start": 282}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the BYU Honor Code actually created?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc04", "answers": [{"text": "about 1940", "answer_start": 544}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was BYU's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc05", "answers": [{"text": "cases of cheating and academic dishonesty", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards, such as rules regarding drug use?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc06", "answers": [{"text": "1957", "answer_start": 670}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc07", "answers": [{"text": "all students, faculty, and staff", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Domestic Organization", "answer_start": 282}], "question": "What organization did Brigham Young create?", "id": "5acec3f332bba1001ae4b339", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption", "answer_start": 346}], "question": "What did Young's Domestic Organization do?", "id": "5acec3f332bba1001ae4b33a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Honor Code", "answer_start": 500}], "question": "What was first created in 1957?", "id": "5acec3f332bba1001ae4b33b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Honor Code", "answer_start": 656}], "question": "What was expanded in 1940?", "id": "5acec3f332bba1001ae4b33c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States.", "answer_start": 1472}], "question": "What did the Princeton Review rank BUY for LGBT-friendliness? ", "id": "5acec3f332bba1001ae4b33d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the Church Educational System Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the \"Domestic Organization\", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. This led to what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In certain cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. Both LDS and non-LDS students are required to meet annually with a Church leader to receive an ecclesiastical endorsement for both acceptance and continuance. Various LGBT advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay, and The Princeton Review ranked BYU as the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States."}], ["Kampus ini adalah rumah kepada beberapa muzium yang mengandungi pameran dari pelbagai bidang pengajian. Muzium Seni BYU, contohnya, adalah salah satu muzium seni terbesar dan paling banyak di Mountain West. Muzium ini membantu dalam kegiatan akademik pelajar di BYU melalui penyelidikan dan kajian karya seni dalam koleksinya. Muzium ini juga terbuka kepada orang awam dan menyediakan pengaturcaraan pendidikan. Muzium Rakyat dan Budaya adalah muzium arkeologi dan etnologi. Ia memberi tumpuan kepada budaya asli dan artifak Lembah Besar, Barat Daya Amerika, Mesoamerika, Peru, dan Polynesia. Berada di lebih dari 40,000 artifak dan 50,000 gambar, ia memperlihatkan penyelidikan arkeologi BYU. Muzium Paleontologi BYU dibina pada tahun 1976 untuk memaparkan banyak fosil yang terdapat oleh Dr. James A. Jensen dari BYU. Ia memegang banyak artifak dari Period Jurassic (210-140 juta tahun yang lalu), dan merupakan salah satu daripada lima koleksi teratas dalam dunia fosil dari masa itu. Ia telah dipaparkan dalam majalah, akhbar, dan televisyen di peringkat antarabangsa. Muzium ini menerima kira-kira 25,000 pengunjung setiap tahun. Muzium Sains Kehidupan Monte L. Bean dibentuk pada tahun 1978. Ia mempunyai beberapa bentuk tumbuhan dan kehidupan haiwan yang dipamerkan dan tersedia untuk penyelidikan oleh pelajar dan sarjana. <> Yang BYU bangunan adalah salah satu museus seni yang paling banyak di Mountain West? || Muzium Seni <> Berapa banyak gambar di Muzium Rakyat dan Budaya BYU? || 50,000 <> Yang menemui banyak fosil yang dipaparkan di Muzium Paleontologi BYU? || BYU Dr. James A. Jensen <> Dari mana tempoh BYU Museum of Paleontology memegang banyak artifak dari? || Jurassic Period (210-140 juta tahun yang lalu) <> Berapa banyak pengunjung yang menerima BYU Museum of Paleontology setiap tahun? || kira-kira 25,000 <> Apa yang menjadi rumah kepada lebih daripada 50,000 artifak? || <> Apa yang menjadi rumah kepada 40,000 gambar? || <> Apa yang dibina pada tahun 1967? || <> Apa yang dibentuk pada tahun 1987? || <> Apakah Dr James A. Bean mendapati banyak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which BYU building is one of the most attended art museus in the Mountain West?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4c8", "answers": [{"text": "Museum of Art", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many photographs are in BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4c9", "answers": [{"text": "50,000", "answer_start": 636}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who found many of the fossils displayed in BYU's Museum of Paleontology?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4ca", "answers": [{"text": "BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen", "answer_start": 786}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "From which period does BYU Museum of Paleontology hold many artifacts from?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4cb", "answers": [{"text": "Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago)", "answer_start": 846}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many visitors does BYU Museum of Paleontology receive each year?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4cc", "answers": [{"text": "about 25,000", "answer_start": 1079}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU's Museum of Art", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What is home to more than 50,000 artifacts?", "id": "5aceb65032bba1001ae4b121", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU's Museum of Art", "answer_start": 95}], "question": "What is home to 40,000 photographs?", "id": "5aceb65032bba1001ae4b122", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU Museum of Paleontology", "answer_start": 704}], "question": "What was built in 1967?", "id": "5aceb65032bba1001ae4b123", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum", "answer_start": 1117}], "question": "What was formed in 1987?", "id": "5aceb65032bba1001ae4b124", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fossils", "answer_start": 946}], "question": "What did Dr. James A. Bean find many of?", "id": "5aceb65032bba1001ae4b125", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The campus is home to several museums containing exhibits from many different fields of study. BYU's Museum of Art, for example, is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West. This Museum aids in academic pursuits of students at BYU via research and study of the artworks in its collection. The Museum is also open to the general public and provides educational programming. The Museum of Peoples and Cultures is a museum of archaeology and ethnology. It focuses on native cultures and artifacts of the Great Basin, American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Peru, and Polynesia. Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs, it documents BYU's archaeological research. The BYU Museum of Paleontology was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen. It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago), and is one of the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period. It has been featured in magazines, newspapers, and on television internationally. The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year. The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum was formed in 1978. It features several forms of plant and animal life on display and available for research by students and scholars."}], ["BYU mempunyai 21 pasukan universiti NCAA. Sembilan belas dari tim ini dimainkan terutama di Persidangan Gunung Barat sejak didirikan pada tahun 1999 hingga sekolah meninggalkan persidangan itu pada tahun 2011. Sebelum itu, tim BYU bersaing dalam Konferensi Athletic Barat. Semua pasukan dinamakan \"Cougars\", dan Cosmo Cougar telah menjadi maskot sekolah sejak tahun 1953. Lagu perjuangan sekolah adalah Cougar Fight Song. Kerana ramai pemainnya berkhidmat dalam misi sepenuh masa selama dua tahun (lelaki ketika mereka berumur 18 tahun, wanita ketika 19 tahun), atlet BYU sering lebih tua daripada pemain sekolah lain-lain. NCAA membenarkan para pelajar untuk melayani misi selama dua tahun tanpa mengurangkan masa dari tempoh kelayakan mereka. Ini telah menyebabkan kontroversi kecil, tetapi sebahagian besarnya diiktiraf kerana tidak memberi pinjaman kepada sekolah apa-apa kelebihan yang ketara, kerana pemain tidak menerima latihan fizikal yang ringan dan ringan semasa misi mereka. BYU juga mendapat perhatian dari rangkaian sukan kerana keengganan untuk bermain pada hari Ahad, serta pemain yang mengusir kerana melanggar kehormatan kod. Bermula pada musim 2011, bola sepak BYU bersaing dalam bola sepak kolej sebagai seorang yang bebas. Di samping itu, kebanyakan sukan lain kini bersaing di Persidangan Pantai Barat. Pasukan berenang dan menyelam dan trek dan padang dalaman untuk lelaki dan wanita menyertai program bola tampar lelaki di Persekutuan Sukan Gunung Pasifik. Untuk trek dan padang luar, Cougars menjadi Bebas. Softball kembali ke Persidangan Athletic Barat, tetapi hanya menghabiskan satu musim di WAC; pasukan itu berpindah ke Persidangan Bola Sepak Pantai Pasifik selepas musim 2012. Program bola tampar boleh bergerak lagi selepas musim 2013; pemulangan Pasifik Julai 2013 ke WCC akan membolehkan persidangan itu untuk menambah bola sepak sebagai sukan rasmi. <> Berapa ramai pasukan universiti NCAA yang tidak mempunyai BYU? || 21 <> Apa nama lagu berperang BYU? || Cougar Fight Song <> Mengapa ramai atlet BYU lebih tua daripada pemain sekolah lain? || ramai pemainnya berkhidmat dalam misi sepenuh masa selama dua tahun <> Bilakah BYU enggan memainkan permainan sukan yang mendapat perhatian rangkaian sukan? || Ahad <> Apa pelanggaran yang boleh membawa kepada pemain yang diusir dari pasukan sukan? || kod kehormatan <> Apakah BYU mempunyai 19? || <> Apa 21 pasukan bermain? || <> Apa yang telah menjadi maskot BYU sejak tahun 1935? || <> Apa yang wanita lakukan pada usia 18 tahun? || <> Apa yang lelaki lakukan pada usia 19 tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da368", "answers": [{"text": "21", "answer_start": 8}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the name of BYU's fight song?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da369", "answers": [{"text": "Cougar Fight Song", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36a", "answers": [{"text": "many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years", "answer_start": 404}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36b", "answers": [{"text": "Sunday", "answer_start": 973}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36c", "answers": [{"text": "honor code", "answer_start": 1017}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "NCAA varsity teams", "answer_start": 11}], "question": "What does BYU have 19 of?", "id": "5acebb8e32bba1001ae4b22b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mountain West Conference", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What do 21 teams play in?", "id": "5acebb8e32bba1001ae4b22c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"Cougars\"", "answer_start": 273}], "question": "What has been the mascot of BYU since 1935?", "id": "5acebb8e32bba1001ae4b22d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "serve on full-time missions for two years", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What do women do at age 18?", "id": "5acebb8e32bba1001ae4b22e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "serve on full-time missions for two years", "answer_start": 424}], "question": "What do men do at age 19?", "id": "5acebb8e32bba1001ae4b22f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU has 21 NCAA varsity teams. Nineteen of these teams played mainly in the Mountain West Conference from its inception in 1999 until the school left that conference in 2011. Prior to that time BYU teams competed in the Western Athletic Conference. All teams are named the \"Cougars\", and Cosmo the Cougar has been the school's mascot since 1953. The school's fight song is the Cougar Fight Song. Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years (men when they're 18, women when 19), BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools' players. The NCAA allows students to serve missions for two years without subtracting that time from their eligibility period. This has caused minor controversy, but is largely recognized as not lending the school any significant advantage, since players receive no athletic and little physical training during their missions. BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday, as well as expelling players due to honor code violations. Beginning in the 2011 season, BYU football competes in college football as an independent. In addition, most other sports now compete in the West Coast Conference. Teams in swimming and diving and indoor track and field for both men and women joined the men's volleyball program in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. For outdoor track and field, the Cougars became an Independent. Softball returned to the Western Athletic Conference, but spent only one season in the WAC; the team moved to the Pacific Coast Softball Conference after the 2012 season. The softball program may move again after the 2013 season; the July 2013 return of Pacific to the WCC will enable that conference to add softball as an official sport."}], ["Suasana sosial dan budaya BYU adalah unik. Kadar pendaftaran tinggi di universiti oleh ahli-ahli Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir (lebih daripada 98 peratus) menghasilkan penguatan norma budaya LDS; BYU disenaraikan oleh The Princeton Review pada tahun 2008 sebagai ke-14 di negara ini kerana mempunyai pelajar yang paling bahagia dan kualiti kehidupan yang paling tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, kebencian dan kadang-kadang budaya \"terlalu bagus\" sering dijadikan sebagai contoh, dari segi berkahwin awal dan sangat konservatif. <> Bagaimana BYU disenaraikan oleh The Princeton Review kerana mempunyai pelajar yang paling bahagia dan kualiti kehidupan yang paling tinggi pada tahun 2008? || Ke-14 di negara <> Apa bahagian-bahagian yang kadang-kadang \"terlalu bagus\" kebudayaan BYU sering karikatur? || berkahwin awal dan sangat konservatif <> Apakah kadar pendaftaran BYU yang tinggi oleh ahli LDS menghasilkan norma budaya LDS? || penguatan <> Sebanyak peratus pelajar tergolong dalam LSD? || <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Princeton Review LDS pada tahun 2014? || <> Apakah kajian Princeton menunjukkan tentang budaya \"terlalu bagus\"? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?", "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba4", "answers": [{"text": "14th in the nation", "answer_start": 280}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What parts of the sometimes \"too nice\" BYU culture is often caricatured?", "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba5", "answers": [{"text": "marrying early and being very conservative", "answer_start": 465}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?", "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba6", "answers": [{"text": "amplification of", "answer_start": 193}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "more than 98 percent", "answer_start": 157}], "question": "What percentage of students belong to the LSD?", "id": "5acec4d332bba1001ae4b353", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life", "answer_start": 280}], "question": "What did the Princeton Review rank LDS in 2014?", "id": "5acec4d332bba1001ae4b354", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative", "answer_start": 418}], "question": "What did the Princeton Review point out about the \"too nice\" culture?", "id": "5acec4d332bba1001ae4b355", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more than 98 percent) results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life. However, the quirkiness and sometimes \"too nice\" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative."}], ["Salah satu ciri BYU yang sering disebutkan ialah reputasi untuk menekankan \"budaya perkahwinan\". Ahli-ahli Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir sangat menghargai perkahwinan dan keluarga, terutama perkawinan dalam iman. Kira-kira 51 peratus daripada graduan di kelas BYU 2005 telah berkahwin. Ini dibandingkan dengan purata perkahwinan nasional di kalangan siswazah kolej sebanyak 11 peratus. Pelajar BYU secara purata berkahwin pada usia 22 tahun, menurut kajian tahun 2005, manakala usia purata nasional adalah 25 tahun untuk lelaki dan 27 tahun untuk wanita. <> Apakah ciri-ciri BYU yang paling sering ditunjukkan melalui reputasi? || menekankan \"budaya perkahwinan\" <> Berapa peratuskah kelas kelas BYU 2005 telah berkahwin? || Kira-kira 51 <> Berapa purata perkahwinan nasional di kalangan graduan kolej? || 11 peratus <> Berapa umur purata pelajar BYU berkahwin mengikut kajian tahun 2005? || 22 <> Apa jenis perkahwinan yang sangat dihargai oleh ahli LDS? || perkahwinan dalam iman <> Apa BELI mempunyai reputasi? || <> Berapa peratus daripada kelas BYU 2015 yang sudah berkahwin? || <> Lelaki melakukan apa yang pada usia purata 27? || <> Wanita melakukan apa yang pada usia rata-rata 25? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one of BYU's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da556", "answers": [{"text": "emphasizing a \"marriage culture\"", "answer_start": 79}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What percentage of BYU's class of 2005 were married?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da557", "answers": [{"text": "Approximately 51", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the national marriage average among college graduates?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da558", "answers": [{"text": "11 percent", "answer_start": 398}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da559", "answers": [{"text": "22", "answer_start": 454}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da55a", "answers": [{"text": "marriage within the faith", "answer_start": 217}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "emphasizing a \"marriage culture\"", "answer_start": 79}], "question": "What does BUY have a reputation for?", "id": "5acec6c732bba1001ae4b39b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "51 percent", "answer_start": 258}], "question": "What percentage of BYU's class of 2015 are married?", "id": "5acec6c732bba1001ae4b39c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marry", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Men do what at the average age of 27?", "id": "5acec6c732bba1001ae4b39d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marry", "answer_start": 434}], "question": "Women do what at the average age of 25?", "id": "5acec6c732bba1001ae4b39e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "One of the characteristics of BYU most often pointed out is its reputation for emphasizing a \"marriage culture\". Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints highly value marriage and family, especially marriage within the faith. Approximately 51 percent of the graduates in BYU's class of 2005 were married. This is compared to a national marriage average among college graduates of 11 percent. BYU students on average marry at the age of 22, according to a 2005 study, while the national average age is 25 years for men and 27 years for women."}], ["Pusat Operasi Teknikal Broadcasting BYU adalah kemudahan pengeluaran dan pengedaran HD yang merupakan rumah kepada pengedar PBS tempatan KBYU-TV, stesen muzik klasik tempatan KBYU-FM Classical 89, BYU Radio, BYU Radio Instrumental, BYU Radio International, BYUtv dan BYU Television International dengan kandungan dalam bahasa Sepanyol dan Portugis (kedua-duanya tersedia melalui isyarat darat, satelit, dan internet). BYUtv juga boleh didapati melalui kabel di beberapa kawasan di Amerika Syarikat. Pusat Operasi Teknikal Broadcasting BYU adalah rumah kepada tiga studio pengeluaran televisyen, dua bilik kawalan televisyen, studio radio, ruang prestasi radio, dan operasi kawalan induk. <> Berapa banyak studio pengeluaran televisyen adalah BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Centre ke? || tiga <> Berapa banyak bilik kawalan televisyen adalah BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Centre ke? || dua <> Berapa studio radio adalah BYU BYU Penyiaran Pusat Operasi Teknikal ke rumah? || dua <> Stesen BYU mana yang menawarkan kandungan dalam bahasa Sepanyol dan Portugis? || BYU Television International <> Stesen BYU yang mana boleh didapati melalui kabel di beberapa kawasan di A.S.? || BYUtv <> Apakah Pusat Teknikal Operasi BYU? || <> Bagaimana BUYtv tersedia? || <> Berapa banyak studio produksi adalah BELI Pusat Penyiaran Teknikal di rumah? || <> Apakah Pusat Operasi Penyiaran Teknikal BUY ke? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf0", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 535}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf1", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf2", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 572}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf3", "answers": [{"text": "BYU Television International", "answer_start": 262}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S.?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf4", "answers": [{"text": "BYUtv", "answer_start": 397}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an HD production and distribution facility", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "What is the BYU Operations Technical Center?", "id": "5acec9b232bba1001ae4b40d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "via cable", "answer_start": 421}], "question": "How is BUYtv available?", "id": "5acec9b232bba1001ae4b40e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "How many production studios is the BUY Technical Broadcasting Operations Center home to?", "id": "5acec9b232bba1001ae4b40f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "three television production studios, two television control rooms, radio studios, radio performance space, and master control operations.", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "What is the BUY Technical Broadcasting Operations Center home to?", "id": "5acec9b232bba1001ae4b410", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is an HD production and distribution facility that is home to local PBS affiliate KBYU-TV, local classical music station KBYU-FM Classical 89, BYU Radio, BYU Radio Instrumental, BYU Radio International, BYUtv and BYU Television International with content in Spanish and Portuguese (both available via terrestrial, satellite, and internet signals). BYUtv is also available via cable throughout some areas of the United States. The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios, two television control rooms, radio studios, radio performance space, and master control operations."}], ["Sejumlah alumni BYU telah berjaya dalam sukan profesional, mewakili Universiti dalam 7 Siri Dunia MLB, 5 Final NBA dan 25 NFL Super Bowls. Dalam besbol, alumni BYU termasuk All-Stars Rick Aguilera '83, Wally Joyner '84, dan Jack Morris '76. Pemain bola keranjang profesional termasuk juara NBA tiga kali, Danny Ainge '81, 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year dan NBA All-Star Melanie All-Star, 49 tahun, [rujukan?] Tiga pingat olimpiade Olimpik dan Hall of Famer Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 '73 , dan konsensus 2011 pemain kebangsaan negara Jimmer Fredette '11, kini dengan organisasi New York Knicks. BYU juga mendakwa pemain bola sepak profesional yang terkenal termasuk dua kali NFL MVP dan Super Bowl MVP dan pemain bola sepak Pro Football Hall of Fame Steve Young '84 & JD '96, pemenang Piala Heisman Ty Detmer '90, dan pemenang Super Bowl dua kali, Jim McMahon . Dalam golf, alumni BYU termasuk dua pemenang kejohanan utama: Johnny Miller ('69) pada Terbuka A.S. 1973 dan Terbuka British 1976 dan Mike Weir ('92) pada 2003 Masters. <> Yang pingat Olimpik tiga kali dan Hall of Famer lulus dari BYU? || Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 <> Pemenang Piala Heisman mana yang lulus dari BYU? || Ty Detmer <> Yang mana pemenang Super Bowl dua kali lulus dari BYU? || Jim McMahon <> Yang mana pemenang Golf Master 2003 lulus dari BYU? || Mike Weir <> Yang lulusan BYU telah memenangi kedua-dua Terbuka British 1976 dan Terbuka A.S. 1973? || Johnny Miller <> Siapa yang telah mewakili dalam 5 Siri Dunia MLB? || <> Berapa tahun tajaan Ty Detmer BELI? || <> Siapa memenangi Terbuka A.S. pada tahun 1976? || <> Siapa memenangi Masters 1973? || <> Apa BULAN alumni memenangi Piala Heisman? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c12", "answers": [{"text": "Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107", "answer_start": 469}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c13", "answers": [{"text": "Ty Detmer", "answer_start": 806}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c14", "answers": [{"text": "Jim McMahon", "answer_start": 852}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c15", "answers": [{"text": "Mike Weir", "answer_start": 993}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c16", "answers": [{"text": "Johnny Miller", "answer_start": 925}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "BYU alumni", "answer_start": 12}], "question": "Who has represented in 5 MLB World Series?", "id": "5acecd1d32bba1001ae4b487", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "'90", "answer_start": 816}], "question": "What year did Ty Detmer graduate BUY?", "id": "5acecd1d32bba1001ae4b488", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Johnny Miller", "answer_start": 925}], "question": "Who won the U.S. Open in 1976?", "id": "5acecd1d32bba1001ae4b489", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mike Weir", "answer_start": 993}], "question": "Who won the 1973 Masters?", "id": "5acecd1d32bba1001ae4b48a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ty Detmer", "answer_start": 806}], "question": "What BUY alumni won the Heisman Trophy?", "id": "5acecd1d32bba1001ae4b48b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A number of BYU alumni have found success in professional sports, representing the University in 7 MLB World Series, 5 NBA Finals, and 25 NFL Super Bowls. In baseball, BYU alumni include All-Stars Rick Aguilera '83, Wally Joyner '84, and Jack Morris '76. Professional basketball players include three-time NBA champion Danny Ainge '81, 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year and 4-time NBA All-Star Mel Hutchins '51,[citation needed] three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 '73, and consensus 2011 national college player of the year Jimmer Fredette '11, currently with the New York Knicks organization. BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young '84 & J.D. '96, Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer '90, and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon. In golf, BYU alumni include two major championship winners: Johnny Miller ('69) at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir ('92) at the 2003 Masters."}], ["Alumni BYU di akademik termasuk bekas Dekan Sekolah Perniagaan Harvard Kim B. Clark, dua pemikir perniagaan paling berpengaruh di dunia, Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young, 73, presiden semasa University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, semasa Presiden University of Utah Valley, Stan L. Albrecht, presiden semasa Universiti Negeri Utah, Teppo Felin, Profesor di University of Oxford, dan Stephen D. Nadauld, presiden sebelumnya di Dixie State University. Universiti juga menamatkan pemenang Hadiah Nobel Paul D. Boyer, serta Philo Farnsworth (pencipta televisyen elektronik) dan Harvey Fletcher (pencipta alat bantu pendengaran). Empat daripada tiga presiden BYU adalah alumni Universiti. Selain itu, alumni BYU yang pernah berkhidmat sebagai pemimpin perniagaan termasuk Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, bekas CEO Dell Kevin Rollins '84, CEO Deseret Book Sheri L. Dew, dan Matthew K. McCauley, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif anak syarikat Gymboree. <> Apakah bekas alumnus Paul D. Boyer diketahui? || Pemenang Hadiah Nobel <> Apakah bekas lulusan BYU Harvey Fletcher mencipta? || alat bantu dengar <> Syarikat pakaian terkenal mana yang BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif? || Gymboree <> Apakah lulusan BYU Clayton M. Christensen dikenali sebagai? || dua pemikir perniagaan paling berpengaruh dunia <> Yang mana pemenang Hadiah Nobel lulus dari BYU? || Paul D. Boyer <> Apakah tajuk yang dibuat oleh Kim B. Christensen? || <> Gelaran apa yang dimiliki oleh Michael K. Clark? || <> Siapakah Matthew S. Young? || <> Siapa Stan L. Holland? || <> Siapa Teppo Albrecht? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da440", "answers": [{"text": "Nobel Prize winner", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da441", "answers": [{"text": "the hearing aid", "answer_start": 650}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da442", "answers": [{"text": "Gymboree", "answer_start": 966}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da443", "answers": [{"text": "two time world's most influential business thinker", "answer_start": 88}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da444", "answers": [{"text": "Paul D. Boyer", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dean of the Harvard Business School", "answer_start": 38}], "question": "What title did Kim B. Christensen have?", "id": "5acecbc932bba1001ae4b455", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "president of the University of Washington", "answer_start": 193}], "question": "What title does Michael K. Clark currently have?", "id": "5acecbc932bba1001ae4b456", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current president of Utah Valley University", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "Who is Matthew S. Young?", "id": "5acecbc932bba1001ae4b457", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "current president of Utah State University", "answer_start": 319}], "question": "Who is Stan L. Holland?", "id": "5acecbc932bba1001ae4b458", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Professor at the University of Oxford", "answer_start": 376}], "question": "Who is Teppo Albrecht?", "id": "5acecbc932bba1001ae4b459", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree."}], ["Dalam kesusasteraan dan kewartawanan, BYU telah menghasilkan beberapa penulis paling laris, termasuk Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, dan Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU juga lulus aktivis dan penyumbang aktivis Amerika Syarikat untuk ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Kepelbagaian media lain termasuk bekas wartawan CBS News Art Rascon, jurulatih ESPN yang memenangi anugerah dan bekas Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 dan bekas tuan rumah bersama The Early Show CBS Jane Clayson Johnson '90. Dalam hiburan dan televisyen, BYU diwakili oleh Jon Heder '02 (terkenal kerana peranannya sebagai Napoleon Dynamite), pengarang penulis Daryn Tufts '98, Golden Globe yang dicalonkan Aaron Eckhart '94, animator dan pembikin filem Don Bluth '54, Jeopardy ! juara sepanjang zaman Ken Jennings '00, dan Richard Dutcher, \"Bapa Mormon Cinema.\" Dalam industri muzik, BYU diwakili oleh penyanyi utama pemenang Grammy Award, Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds, pelukis multi-platinum, Elaine Bradley dari band Neon Trees, crossover dubstep biola Lindsey Stirling, bekas peserta American Idol, Carmen Rasmusen, Mormon Tabernacle Choir pengarah Mack Wilberg dan pianis Massimiliano Frani. <> Di manakah lulusan terbaik penulis Stephenie Meyer dari tahun 1995? || BYU <> Yang bekas Miss America lulus dari BYU? || Sharlene Wells Hawkes <> Yang pertama bersama-host CBS The Early Show lulus dari BYU? || Jane Clayson Johnson <> Pemenang anugerah pemenang ESPN yang menamatkan pengajian BYU? || Sharlene Wells Hawkes <> Yang mana bekas koresponden CBS News lulus dari BYU? || Art Rascon <> Apa penulis terbaik menjual lulusan BYU pada tahun 1957? || <> Apa penulis terbaik menjual lulusan BYU pada tahun 1989? || <> Apa penulis terbaik menjual lulusan BYU pada tahun 1959? || <> Bilakah Miss America Sharlene Johnson lulus? || <> Apakah Ken Dutcher dianggap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbd", "answers": [{"text": "BYU", "answer_start": 30}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbe", "answers": [{"text": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbf", "answers": [{"text": "Jane Clayson Johnson", "answer_start": 472}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcc0", "answers": [{"text": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcc1", "answers": [{"text": "Art Rascon", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Orson Scott Card", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1957?", "id": "5acecc8432bba1001ae4b473", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ben English", "answer_start": 138}], "question": "What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1989?", "id": "5acecc8432bba1001ae4b474", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stephenie Meyer", "answer_start": 159}], "question": "What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1959?", "id": "5acecc8432bba1001ae4b475", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "'86", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "When did Miss America Sharlene Johnson graduate?", "id": "5acecc8432bba1001ae4b476", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Father of Mormon Cinema.", "answer_start": 800}], "question": "What is Ken Dutcher considered to be?", "id": "5acecc8432bba1001ae4b477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In literature and journalism, BYU has produced several best-selling authors, including Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, and Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU also graduated American activist and contributor for ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon, award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson '90. In entertainment and television, BYU is represented by Jon Heder '02 (best known for his role as Napoleon Dynamite), writer-director Daryn Tufts '98, Golden Globe-nominated Aaron Eckhart '94, animator and filmmaker Don Bluth '54, Jeopardy! all-time champion Ken Jennings '00, and Richard Dutcher, the \"Father of Mormon Cinema.\" In the music industry BYU is represented by lead singer of the Grammy Award winning band Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds, multi-platinum selling drummer Elaine Bradley from the band Neon Trees, crossover dubstep violinist Lindsey Stirling, former American Idol contestant Carmen Rasmusen, Mormon Tabernacle Choir director Mack Wilberg and pianist Massimiliano Frani."}], ["Ramai pelawat ke BYU, dan Utah Valley secara keseluruhan, laporan yang terkejut dengan persekitaran budaya yang konservatif. Kod Honours Brigham Young University, yang semua pelajar BYU bersetuju untuk mengikuti sebagai syarat belajar di BYU, melarang pengambilan minuman keras, tembakau, dan sebagainya. Seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya, The Princeton Review telah menilai BYU yang \"# 1 batu sejuk mabuk sekolah \"di negara selama bertahun-tahun berlalu, penghormatan yang diumumkan oleh presiden Gereja LDS Gordon B. Hinckley dengan bangga. Peringkat BYU yang 2014 \"# 1 batu sejuk\" penarafan sedap yang menandakan tahun ke 17 berturut-turut sekolah itu telah mendapat penarafan itu. BYU telah menggunakan ini dan penghormatan lain yang diberikan kepada sekolah untuk mengiklankan diri kepada calon pelajar, menunjukkan bahawa BYU bangga dengan penarafan itu. Menurut Laporan Jenayah Seragam, insiden jenayah di Provo lebih rendah daripada purata kebangsaan. Pembunuhan jarang, dan rompakan adalah kira-kira 1/10 purata kebangsaan. Business Insider menilai BYU sebagai kampus kampus paling tinggi # 1 di negara ini. <> Yang menilai BYU sebagai sekolah # 1 batu sejuk dalam negara selama beberapa tahun? || The Princeton Review <> Bagaimana perasaan BYU tentang dinilai sekolah # 1 batu yang sejuk? || bangga <> Bagaimana rompakan di Provo BYU berbanding dengan purata kebangsaan? || kira-kira 1/10 <> Yang menilai BYU sebagai kampus kampus paling tinggi # 1 di negara ini? || Perniagaan Insider <> Apa persekitaran BYU nampaknya mengejutkan banyak pelawat ke BYU dan ke Lembah Utah? || budaya konservatif <> Apa yang pengunjung ke Utah terkejut? || <> Apakah nilai Kajian Princeton BELI # 1 dalam? || <> Apakah kadar Perniagaan Insider BELI? || <> Pembunuhan adalah pecahan purata kebangsaan di Provo? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc61", "answers": [{"text": "The Princeton Review", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc62", "answers": [{"text": "proud", "answer_start": 750}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc63", "answers": [{"text": "about 1/10", "answer_start": 910}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc64", "answers": [{"text": "Business Insider", "answer_start": 943}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc65", "answers": [{"text": "culturally conservative", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the culturally conservative environment", "answer_start": 76}], "question": "What are visitors to Utah surprised by?", "id": "5acec8be32bba1001ae4b3e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "stone cold sober school", "answer_start": 359}], "question": "What did the Princeton Review rate BUY #1 in?", "id": "5acec8be32bba1001ae4b3e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "#1 safest college campus in the nation.", "answer_start": 977}], "question": "What did Business Insider rate BUY as?", "id": "5acec8be32bba1001ae4b3e7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1/10", "answer_start": 916}], "question": "Murders are what fraction of the national average in Provo?", "id": "5acec8be32bba1001ae4b3e8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the \"#1 stone cold sober school\" in the nation for several years running, an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride. BYU's 2014 \"#1 stone cold\" sober rating marked the 17th year in a row that the school had earned that rating. BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10 the national average. Business Insider rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation."}]], [["Pada tahun 1877, John Wanamaker membuka kedai serbaneka yang pertama di United State di sebuah bekas pengangkutan barang Pennsylvania Railroad di Philadelphia. Wanamakers adalah kedai serbaneka yang pertama untuk menawarkan harga tetap yang ditandakan pada setiap artikel dan juga memperkenalkan pencahayaan elektrik (1878), telefon (1879), dan penggunaan tiub pneumatik untuk mengangkut wang tunai dan dokumen (1880) ke perniagaan kedai jabatan. Kedai serbaneka yang diasaskan di Philadelphia termasuk Strawbridge dan Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, dan Snellenbergs. <> Siapa yang membuka kedai serbaneka yang \"moden\" di Amerika? || John Wanamaker <> Ciri apa yang membuatkan Wanamakers berbeza dari kedai lain pada masa itu? || harga tetap yang ditanda pada setiap artikel <> Bagaimana dokumen penting dan wang yang dibawa di seluruh kedai? || tiub pneumatik <> Bilakah lampu elektrik dipasang pertama dan digunakan di kedai? || 1878 <> Dalam keadaan apa yang ditubuhkan Wanamakers? || Pennsylvania <> Siapa yang membuka kedai serbaguna \"moden\" di Amerika? || <> Ciri apa yang membuatkan Wanamakers sama seperti kedai lain pada masa itu? || <> Bagaimana dokumen dan wang yang tidak penting diangkut ke seluruh kedai? || <> Bilakah lampu elektrik dipasang dan digunakan di kedai? || <> Dalam apa keadaan tidak Wanamakers ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who opened the original \"modern\" department store in America?", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc16", "answers": [{"text": "John Wanamaker", "answer_start": 9}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc17", "answers": [{"text": "fixed prices marked on every article", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc18", "answers": [{"text": "pneumatic tubes", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc19", "answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what state was Wanamakers established? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc1a", "answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Wanamaker", "answer_start": 9}], "question": "Who opened the last \"modern\" department store in America?", "id": "5ad0a8c9645df0001a2cffda", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fixed prices marked on every article", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "What feature made Wanamakers the same as other stores at the time?", "id": "5ad0a8c9645df0001a2cffdb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "pneumatic tubes", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "How were unimportant documents and money transported throughout the store? ", "id": "5ad0a8c9645df0001a2cffdc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1878", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "When was electric lighting last installed and used in the store? ", "id": "5ad0a8c9645df0001a2cffdd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pennsylvania", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "In what state wasn't Wanamakers established? ", "id": "5ad0a8c9645df0001a2cffde", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs."}], ["Kedai jabatan Paris mempunyai akarnya dalam majalah nouveaut\u00e9s, atau kedai baru; yang pertama, Tapis Rouge, dicipta pada tahun 1784. Mereka berkembang pada awal abad ke-19, dengan La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), dan Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac menggambarkan fungsi mereka dalam novelnya C\u00e9sar Birotteau. Pada tahun 1840-an, dengan kedatangan kereta api di Paris dan peningkatan bilangan pembeli yang mereka bawa, mereka bertambah besar, dan mula mempunyai tingkap paparan kaca besar, harga tetap dan tag harga, dan iklan di akhbar. <> Apakah asal-usul kedai jabatan Paris? || magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s <> Tahun berapa kedai di Paris yang pertama? || 1784 <> Buku apa yang menggambarkan fungsi dan operasi sebuah jabatan Paris / kedai novelty kontemporari? || C\u00e9sar Birotteau <> Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kenaikan kedai-kedai di Paris? || ketibaan keretapi di Paris dan peningkatan jumlah pembeli yang mereka bawa <> Di manakah kedai serbaneka mula mengiklankan selepas kemasukan besar pembeli baru? || akhbar <> Apa yang bukan asal dari gedung membeli-belah Paris? || <> Tahun apakah kedai di Paris yang terakhir? || <> Tahun apakah kedai serbaneka Paris yang pertama ditutup? || <> Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengurangan kedai-kedai di Paris? || <> Dimana kedai serbaneka mula mengiklankan selepas kemasukan besar pembeli lama? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were the origins of the Paris department store? ", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f53", "answers": [{"text": "magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first Paris department store founded? ", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f54", "answers": [{"text": "1784", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f55", "answers": [{"text": "C\u00e9sar Birotteau", "answer_start": 324}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris? ", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f56", "answers": [{"text": "the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought", "answer_start": 360}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f57", "answers": [{"text": "newspapers", "answer_start": 569}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What weren't the origins of the Paris department store?", "id": "5ad0a670645df0001a2cff94", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1784", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What year was the last Paris department store founded? ", "id": "5ad0a670645df0001a2cff95", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1784", "answer_start": 132}], "question": "What year was the first Paris department store closed? ", "id": "5ad0a670645df0001a2cff96", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What factors influenced the decrease of department stores in Paris? ", "id": "5ad0a670645df0001a2cff97", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "newspapers", "answer_start": 569}], "question": "Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of old shoppers?", "id": "5ad0a670645df0001a2cff98", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century, with La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), and Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac described their functioning in his novel C\u00e9sar Birotteau. In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers."}], ["Arnold, Constable adalah kedai serbaneka Amerika pertama. Ia ditubuhkan pada tahun 1825 oleh Aaron Arnold (1794 -1876), seorang pendatang dari Great Britain, sebagai kedai barang-barang kering kecil di Pine Street di New York City. Pada tahun 1857, kedai itu berpindah ke istana barang marmar putih lima tingkat yang dikenali sebagai Marble House. Semasa Perang Saudara Arnold, Constable adalah salah satu kedai pertama yang mengeluarkan tagihan kredit kepada pelanggannya setiap bulan dan bukannya secara bi-tahunan. Diiktiraf sebagai emporium untuk fesyen yang berkualiti tinggi, gedung itu tidak lama lagi mengalahkan Marble House dan mendirikan bangunan besi tuang di Broadway dan Nineteenth Street pada tahun 1869; \"Istana Perdagangan\" ini berkembang selama bertahun-tahun sehingga perlu bergerak ke ruang yang lebih besar pada tahun 1914. Pada tahun 1925, Arnold, Constable bergabung dengan Stewart & Company dan berkembang menjadi pinggiran kota, pertama dengan kedai 1937 di New Rochelle, New York dan kemudiannya di Hempstead dan Manhasset di Long Island, dan di New Jersey. Masalah kewangan menyebabkan kebankrapan pada tahun 1975. <> Apa yang diiktiraf sebagai pusat membeli-belah \"pertama\" di Amerika? || Arnold, Constable <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Arnold, Constable? || Aaron Arnold <> Di manakah kedai itu bergerak pada tahun 1857? || sebuah istana barang marmar putih lima tingkat yang dikenali sebagai Marble House. <> Apa yang membuat Arnold, Constable menonjol dari kedai-kedai lain semasa perang saudara? || adalah salah satu kedai pertama yang mengeluarkan tagihan kredit kepada pelanggannya setiap bulan dan bukan pada setiap dua tahun <> Bilakah \"Istana Perdagangan\" dibina? || 1869 <> Apa yang diiktiraf sebagai gedung \"terakhir\" di Amerika? || <> Siapa yang menolak Arnold, Constable? || <> Di manakah kedai bergerak pada tahun 1875? || <> Apa yang membuat Arnold, Constable menonjol dari kedai-kedai lain semasa perang revolusioner? || <> Bilakah \"Istana Perdagangan\" dimusnahkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is recognized as the \"first\" department store in America?", "id": "57264f37708984140094c1fd", "answers": [{"text": "Arnold, Constable", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded Arnold, Constable? ", "id": "57264f37708984140094c1fe", "answers": [{"text": "Aaron Arnold", "answer_start": 85}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the store moved in 1857?", "id": "57264f37708984140094c1ff", "answers": [{"text": "a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.", "answer_start": 233}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war? ", "id": "57264f37708984140094c200", "answers": [{"text": "was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis", "answer_start": 342}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the \"Palace of Trade\" built? ", "id": "57264f37708984140094c201", "answers": [{"text": "1869", "answer_start": 626}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Arnold, Constable", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is recognized as the \"last\" department store in America?", "id": "5ad0a806645df0001a2cffbc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aaron Arnold", "answer_start": 85}], "question": "Who rejected Arnold, Constable? ", "id": "5ad0a806645df0001a2cffbd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "Where was the store moved in 1875?", "id": "5ad0a806645df0001a2cffbe", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis", "answer_start": 342}], "question": "What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the revolutionary war? ", "id": "5ad0a806645df0001a2cffbf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1869", "answer_start": 626}], "question": "When was the \"Palace of Trade\" destroyed?", "id": "5ad0a806645df0001a2cffc0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Arnold, Constable was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 by Aaron Arnold (1794?-1876), an emigrant from Great Britain, as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War Arnold, Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis. Recognized as an emporium for high-quality fashions, the store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this \u201cPalace of Trade\u201d expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. In 1925, Arnold, Constable merged with Stewart & Company and expanded into the suburbs, first with a 1937 store in New Rochelle, New York and later in Hempstead and Manhasset on Long Island, and in New Jersey. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975."}], ["Asal-usul kedai jabatan terletak pada pertumbuhan masyarakat pengguna yang mudah dilihat pada pergantian abad ke-19. Apabila Revolusi Perindustrian mempercepatkan pengembangan ekonomi, golongan kelas menengah yang bertambah berkembang dalam saiz dan kekayaan. Kumpulan sosial bandar ini, berkongsi budaya penggunaan dan perubahan fesyen, merupakan pemangkin kepada revolusi runcit. Kerana kemakmuran yang semakin meningkat dan mobiliti sosial meningkatkan bilangan orang, terutama wanita (yang mendapati mereka boleh berbelanja tanpa bersamanya di gedung-gedung serbaneka tanpa merosakkan reputasi mereka), dengan pendapatan boleh guna pada zaman akhir Georgia, membeli-belah tetingkap berubah menjadi aktiviti rekreasi dan usahawan, seperti tukang potter Josiah Wedgwood, mempelopori penggunaan teknik pemasaran untuk mempengaruhi cita rasa dan keinginan masyarakat yang lazim. <> Bilakah idea tentang \"masyarakat pengguna\" bermula? || pada pergantian abad ke-19. <> Apa kumpulan sosial berkembang akibat revolusi perindustrian? || kelas pertengahan yang mewah> Yang mana Josiah Wedgewood? || usahawan <> Apakah satu penjelasan mengenai peningkatan kedai-kedai runcit dalam sejarah terdahulu? || kumpulan sosial bandar <> Apa kumpulan orang tiba-tiba bebas untuk pergi membeli-belah tanpa rasa takut dihakimi atau ditegur? || wanita <> Bila tidak idea \"masyarakat pengguna\" bermula? || <> Apa kumpulan sosial menyusut sebagai hasil daripada revolusi perindustrian? || <> Siapa Josh Wedgewood? || <> Apakah satu penjelasan untuk kejatuhan kedai runcit dalam sejarah terdahulu? || <> Apa kumpulan orang tiba-tiba tidak lagi bebas untuk pergi membeli-belah dengan ketakutan dihakimi atau ditegur? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did the idea of a \"consumer society\" begin? ", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db56", "answers": [{"text": "at the turn of the 19th century.", "answer_start": 90}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? ", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db57", "answers": [{"text": "the affluent middle-class", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who was Josiah Wedgewood?", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db58", "answers": [{"text": "entrepreneurs", "answer_start": 662}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db59", "answers": [{"text": "urbanized social group", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? ", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db5a", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 446}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the turn of the 19th century", "answer_start": 90}], "question": "When didn't the idea of a \"consumer society\" begin? ", "id": "5ad09dd1645df0001a2cff62", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the affluent middle-class", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What social group shrank as a result of the industrial revolution? ", "id": "5ad09dd1645df0001a2cff63", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "entrepreneurs", "answer_start": 662}], "question": "Who was Josh Wedgewood?", "id": "5ad09dd1645df0001a2cff64", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "urbanized social group", "answer_start": 239}], "question": "What is one explanation for the fall of retail stores in earlier history?", "id": "5ad09dd1645df0001a2cff65", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 446}], "question": "What group of people were suddenly no longer free to go shopping with fears of being judged or reprimanded? ", "id": "5ad09dd1645df0001a2cff66", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society."}], ["Selfridges ditubuhkan pada tahun 1909 oleh kelahiran Amerika Syarikat, Harry Gordon Selfridge di Oxford Street. Pemasaran inovatif syarikat itu mempromosikan idea radikal untuk membeli-belah untuk keseronokan dan bukannya keperluan dan tekniknya telah digunakan oleh kedai-kedai serba moden di seluruh dunia. Kedai itu telah dipromosikan secara meluas melalui iklan berbayar. Lantai kedai disusun supaya barang-barang dapat dijadikan lebih mudah bagi pelanggan. Terdapat restoran yang elegan dengan harga yang sederhana, perpustakaan, bilik membaca dan menulis, bilik resepsi istimewa untuk pelanggan Perancis, Jerman, Amerika dan \"Kolonial\", Bilik Pertolongan Pertama dan Bilik Silence, dengan lampu lembut, kerusi yang mendalam, dan double -Laporan, semuanya bertujuan untuk menyimpan pelanggan di kedai selama mungkin. Ahli-ahli kakitangan diarahkan untuk membantu para pelanggan, tetapi tidak terlalu agresif, dan menjual barang dagangan. Selfridge menarik pembeli dengan pameran pendidikan dan saintifik; - pada tahun 1909, monoplane Louis Bl\u00e9riot dipamerkan di Selfridges (Bl\u00e9riot adalah yang pertama terbang di Selat Inggeris), dan demonstrasi televisyen pertama oleh John Logie Baird berlaku di gedung membeli-belah pada tahun 1925. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Selfridges dalam 1909? || Harry Gordon Selfridge <> Apa yang membuat Selfridges berbeza dari banyak gedung serba guna pada masa itu? || idea radikal membeli-belah untuk keseronokan dan bukannya keperluan <> Bagaimana kedai yang paling sering disampaikan kepada orang ramai? || pengiklanan dibayar <> Apa jenis pelanggan yang Selfridges paling kerap memenuhi? || pembeli dengan pameran pendidikan dan saintifik <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Selfridges pada tahun 1990? || <> Siapa yang menutup Selfridges pada tahun 1909? || <> Apa yang membuat Selfridges sama dengan banyak kedai serbaneka pada masa itu? || <> Bagaimana bukan kedai yang paling kerap disampaikan kepada orang ramai? || <> Apa jenis pelanggan yang membuat Selfridges paling kerap? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who founded Selfridges in 1909?", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f41", "answers": [{"text": "Harry Gordon Selfridge", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time? ", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f42", "answers": [{"text": "the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity", "answer_start": 137}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How was the store most often presented to the public? ", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f43", "answers": [{"text": "paid advertising", "answer_start": 322}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f44", "answers": [{"text": "shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits", "answer_start": 888}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harry Gordon Selfridge", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Who founded Selfridges in 1990?", "id": "5ad09ee7645df0001a2cff76", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harry Gordon Selfridge", "answer_start": 52}], "question": "Who closed Selfridges in 1909?", "id": "5ad09ee7645df0001a2cff77", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity", "answer_start": 137}], "question": "What made Selfridges the same as many department stores at the time?", "id": "5ad09ee7645df0001a2cff78", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "paid advertising", "answer_start": 322}], "question": "How wasn't the store most often presented to the public? ", "id": "5ad09ee7645df0001a2cff79", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits", "answer_start": 888}], "question": "What sort of customers did Selfridges least often cater to?", "id": "5ad09ee7645df0001a2cff7a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and \"Colonial\" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; \u2013 in 1909, Louis Bl\u00e9riot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Bl\u00e9riot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925."}], ["Kesemua bandar raya utama di Britain mempunyai kedai serbaneka yang berkembang pada pertengahan atau akhir abad kesembilan belas. Semakin ramai, wanita menjadi pembeli utama dan rumah tangga kelas menengah. Kendals (sebelum ini Kendal Milne & Faulkner) di Manchester menyatakan bahawa ia adalah salah satu kedai serbaneka yang pertama dan masih banyak diketahui oleh pelanggannya sebagai Kendal, walaupun namanya berubah tahun ke House of Fraser. Institusi Manchester bermula pada tahun 1836 tetapi telah diperdagangkan sebagai Watts Bazaar sejak tahun 1796. Pada puncaknya gedung itu memiliki bangunan di kedua sisi Deansgate yang dihubungkan oleh laluan bawah tanah \"Kendals Arcade\" dan dewan makanan nouveau berjubin. Kedai ini amat terkenal kerana penekanannya pada kualiti dan gaya harga rendah yang memberikan nama panggilan \"Harrods of the North\", walaupun ini sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh Harrods membeli kedai pada tahun 1919. Lain-lain kedai Manchester yang besar termasuk Paulden (kini Debenhams ) dan Lewis (sekarang Primark). <> Siapa yang menjadi pembeli utama bagi isi rumah individu pada abad kesembilan belas? || wanita <> Apa perniagaan di Manchester mendakwa sebagai kedai serbaneka yang pertama? || Kendals (dahulunya Kendal Milne & Faulkner) <> Apakah Kendals menukar namanya pada tahun 2005? || House of Fraser <> Tahun apakah institusi Manchester bermula? || 1836 <> Siapa yang membeli kedai Manchester pada tahun 1919? || Harrods <> Siapa yang menjadi pembeli utama bagi isi rumah individu pada abad ke-18? || <> Apa perniagaan di Manchester mendakwa sebagai kedai serbaneka yang terakhir? || <> Apakah Kendals menukar namanya pada tahun 2015? || <> Tahun apakah institusi Manchester berakhir? || <> Siapa yang membeli kedai Manchester pada tahun 1991? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b2", "answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b3", "answers": [{"text": "Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)", "answer_start": 177}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b4", "answers": [{"text": "House of Fraser", "answer_start": 378}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the Manchester institution begin?", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b5", "answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 436}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b6", "answers": [{"text": "Harrods", "answer_start": 810}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "women", "answer_start": 116}], "question": "Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the 18th century? ", "id": "5ad09e5a645df0001a2cff6c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)", "answer_start": 177}], "question": "What business in Manchester claims to be the last department store? ", "id": "5ad09e5a645df0001a2cff6d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "House of Fraser", "answer_start": 378}], "question": "What did Kendals change it's name to in 2015? ", "id": "5ad09e5a645df0001a2cff6e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1836", "answer_start": 436}], "question": "What year did the Manchester institution end?", "id": "5ad09e5a645df0001a2cff6f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harrods", "answer_start": 810}], "question": "Who acquired the Manchester store in 1991? ", "id": "5ad09e5a645df0001a2cff70", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households. Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796. At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage \"Kendals Arcade\" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname \"the Harrods of the North\", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. Other large Manchester stores included Paulden's (currently Debenhams) and Lewis's (now a Primark)."}], ["The Grands Magasins Dufayel adalah sebuah gedung besar dengan harga murah yang dibina pada tahun 1890 di bahagian utara Paris, di mana ia mencapai pangkalan pelanggan baru yang sangat besar di kelas pekerja. Di kawasan kejiranan dengan beberapa ruang awam, ia menyediakan versi pengguna dataran awam. Ia mendidik para pekerja untuk mendekati belanja sebagai aktiviti sosial yang menarik bukan hanya satu latihan rutin untuk mendapatkan keperluan, sama seperti borjuasi dilakukan di pusat-pusat jabatan terkenal di pusat bandar. Seperti kedai-kedai borjuasi, ia membantu mengubah penggunaan dari transaksi perniagaan menjadi hubungan langsung antara pengguna dan barangan yang dicari. Iklan-iklannya menjanjikan peluang untuk berpartisipasi dalam konsumerisme terbaru dan paling modis dengan harga yang berpatutan. Teknologi terkini dipaparkan, seperti panggung wayang dan pameran ciptaan seperti mesin sinar-X (yang boleh digunakan untuk menyesuaikan kasut) dan gramophone. <> Di manakah The Grands Magasins Dufayel dibina? || bahagian utara Paris <> Apa yang diajar oleh pekerja yang membuat pengalaman membeli-belah berbeza? || aktiviti sosial yang menarik bukan sekadar latihan rutin untuk mendapatkan keperluan <> Apa jenis kedai yang Grands Magasins Dufayel berbanding dengan? || kedai borjuasi <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai ini berbeza daripada kebanyakan pada masa itu? || mengubah penggunaan dari transaksi perniagaan menjadi hubungan langsung antara pengguna dan barangan yang dicari <> Di manakah The Grands Magasins Dufayel dibina? || <> Apa yang tidak diajar oleh pekerja yang membuat pengalaman membeli-belah berbeza? || <> Apa yang diajar oleh pekerja yang membuat pengalaman membeli-belah sama? || <> Apa jenis kedai yang The Grands Magasins Dufayel tidak dibandingkan dengan? || <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai ini sama seperti kebanyakan ketika itu? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? ", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f79", "answers": [{"text": "the northern part of Paris", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different? ", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7a", "answers": [{"text": "exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to? ", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7b", "answers": [{"text": "bourgeois stores", "answer_start": 506}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How were these stores different than most during that time?", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7c", "answers": [{"text": "transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods", "answer_start": 534}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the northern part of Paris", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Where weren't The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? ", "id": "5ad0a760645df0001a2cffb2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What weren't employees taught that made a shopping experience different?", "id": "5ad0a760645df0001a2cffb3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "What were employees taught that made a shopping experience the same?", "id": "5ad0a760645df0001a2cffb4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bourgeois stores", "answer_start": 506}], "question": "What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel not compared to? ", "id": "5ad0a760645df0001a2cffb5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods", "answer_start": 534}], "question": "How were these stores the same as most during that time?", "id": "5ad0a760645df0001a2cffb6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The Grands Magasins Dufayel was a huge department store with inexpensive prices built in 1890 in the northern part of Paris, where it reached a very large new customer base in the working class. In a neighborhood with few public spaces, it provided a consumer version of the public square. It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. Its advertisements promised the opportunity to participate in the newest, most fashionable consumerism at reasonable cost. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions like X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone."}], ["Sebuah kedai kebaruan bernama Au Bon March\u00e9 telah diasaskan di Paris pada tahun 1838 untuk menjual renda, reben, helai, tilam, butang, payung dan barang-barang lain yang pelbagai. Ia pada mulanya mempunyai empat jabatan, dua belas pekerja, dan satu ruang lantai tiga ratus meter. Usahawan Aristide Boucicaut menjadi rakan kongsi pada tahun 1852, dan menukar rancangan pemasaran, melaksanakan harga tetap dan jaminan yang membolehkan pertukaran dan pengembalian dana, pengiklanan, dan pelbagai barangan yang lebih luas. Pendapatan tahunan kedai meningkat dari 500,000 franc pada tahun 1852 hingga lima juta pada tahun 1860. Pada tahun 1869 ia membina bangunan yang lebih besar di 24 rue de S\u00e8vres di Left Bank, dan membesarkan lagi kedai pada tahun 1872, dengan bantuan dari firma kejuruteraan Gustave Eiffel, pencipta Menara Eiffel. Pendapatan itu meningkat daripada dua puluh juta franc pada tahun 1870 hingga 72 juta pada saat kematian Boucicaut pada tahun 1877. Ruang lantai telah meningkat dari tiga ratus meter persegi pada tahun 1838 menjadi lima puluh ribu, dan jumlah pekerja telah meningkat dari dua belas tahun pada tahun 1838 1788 pada tahun 1879. Boucicaut terkenal dengan inovasi pemasarannya; bilik bacaan untuk suami sementara isteri mereka berbelanja; pengiklanan akhbar yang luas; hiburan untuk kanak-kanak; dan enam juta katalog dihantar kepada pelanggan. Menjelang tahun 1880 setengah pekerja adalah wanita; pekerja perempuan yang belum berkahwin tinggal di asrama di tingkat atas. <> Kedai apa yang diasaskan di Paris, pada tahun 1838, yang menjual pelbagai jenis produk? || Au Bon March\u00e9 <> Siapa yang menjadi rakan kongsi di kedai ini pada tahun 1852 dan operasi secara drastik berubah? || Aristide Boucicaut <> Apakah perubahan keuntungan kepada Au Bon Marche selepas perubahan ini? || meningkat dari 500,000 franc pada tahun 1852 hingga lima juta pada tahun 1860 <> Apa syarikat kejuruteraan membantu kedai berkembang pada 1872 || Gustave Eiffel <> Apa itu Boucicaut yang paling terkenal? || inovasi pemasaran <> Kedai apa yang diasaskan di Paris, pada tahun 1883, yang menjual pelbagai produk? || <> Siapa yang menjadi rakan kongsi ke kedai ini pada 1825 dan operasi secara drastik berubah? || <> Apakah perubahan keuntungan kepada Au Bon Marche sebelum perubahan ini? || <> Syarikat kejuruteraan apa yang membantu kedai berkembang pada tahun 1782 || <> Apa itu Boucicaut yang paling tidak diketahui? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products? ", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8106", "answers": [{"text": "Au Bon March\u00e9", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8107", "answers": [{"text": "Aristide Boucicaut", "answer_start": 272}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes? ", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8108", "answers": [{"text": "increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860", "answer_start": 510}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8109", "answers": [{"text": "Gustave Eiffel", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Boucicaut most widely known for? ", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e810a", "answers": [{"text": "marketing innovations", "answer_start": 1080}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Au Bon March\u00e9", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What store was founded in Paris, in 1883, which sold a wide variety of products? ", "id": "5ad0a6d1645df0001a2cff9e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Aristide Boucicaut", "answer_start": 272}], "question": "Who became a partner to this store in 1825 and drastically changed operations?", "id": "5ad0a6d1645df0001a2cff9f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860", "answer_start": 510}], "question": "What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche before these changes? ", "id": "5ad0a6d1645df0001a2cffa0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Gustave Eiffel", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "What engineering company helped the store expand in 1782", "id": "5ad0a6d1645df0001a2cffa1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "marketing innovations", "answer_start": 1080}], "question": "What was Boucicaut most widely unknown for? ", "id": "5ad0a6d1645df0001a2cffa2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A novelty shop called Au Bon March\u00e9 had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, umbrellas and other assorted goods. It originally had four departments, twelve employees, and a floor space of three hundred meters. The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852, and changed the marketing plan, instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds, advertising, and a much wider variety of merchandise. The annual income of the store increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860. In 1869 he built much larger building at 24 rue de S\u00e8vres on the Left Bank, and enlarged the store again in 1872, with help from the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel, creator of the Eiffel Tower. The income rose from twenty million francs in 1870 to 72 million at the time of the Boucicaut's death in 1877. The floor space had increased from three hundred square meters in 1838 to fifty thousand, and the number of employees had increased from twelve in 1838 to 1788 in 1879. Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors."}], ["Pusat membeli-belah hari ini mempunyai bahagian-bahagian yang menjual barang-barang berikut: pakaian, perabot, peralatan rumah, mainan, kosmetik, berkebun, peralatan mandi, barangan sukan, lakukan sendiri, cat, dan perkakasan serta memilih produk lain seperti makanan, buku, , elektronik, alat tulis, peralatan fotografi, produk bayi, dan produk untuk haiwan kesayangan. Pelanggan menyemak di hadapan kedai atau, secara alternatif, di kaunter jualan dalam setiap jabatan. Sesetengahnya adalah sebahagian daripada rantaian runcit banyak kedai, sementara yang lain mungkin peruncit bebas. Pada tahun 1970-an, mereka mengalami tekanan yang berat dari diskaun. Sejak 2010, mereka telah mengalami tekanan yang lebih berat dari kedai dalam talian seperti Amazon. <> Apa jenis jabatan yang mungkin dapat dilihat di sebuah gedung utama? || pakaian, perabot, peralatan rumah, mainan, kosmetik, berkebun, peralatan mandi, barangan sukan <> Siapa yang mula mempengaruhi gedung-gedung serbaneka pada tahun 1970-an? || diskaun <> Apa yang telah mula menekankan gedung-gedung jabatan pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini? || kedai dalam talian seperti Amazon. <> Selain daripada di lorong keluar di hadapan kedai, di mana pelanggan boleh menyemak? || di kaunter jualan dalam setiap jabatan. <> Apa jenis jabatan yang mungkin dapat dilihat di sebuah kedai kecil? || <> Siapa mula mempengaruhi gedung-gedung serbaneka pada tahun 1990-an? || <> Siapa yang berhenti mempengaruhi gedung-gedung serbaneka pada tahun 1970-an? || <> Apa yang telah berhenti mendesak kedai-kedai jabatan pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan? || <> Selain daripada di lorong keluar di hadapan kedai, di mana pelanggan tidak boleh menyemak? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?", "id": "5726494f708984140094c16f", "answers": [{"text": "clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods", "answer_start": 63}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's? ", "id": "5726494f708984140094c170", "answers": [{"text": "discounters", "answer_start": 608}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?", "id": "5726494f708984140094c171", "answers": [{"text": "online stores such as Amazon.", "answer_start": 681}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?", "id": "5726494f708984140094c172", "answers": [{"text": "at sales counters within each department.", "answer_start": 425}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods", "answer_start": 63}], "question": "What sorts of departments might one see in a minor department store?", "id": "5ad09d41645df0001a2cff58", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discounters", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "Who started influencing department stores in the 1990's?", "id": "5ad09d41645df0001a2cff59", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "discounters", "answer_start": 608}], "question": "Who stopped influencing department stores in the 1970's?", "id": "5ad09d41645df0001a2cff5a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "online stores such as Amazon", "answer_start": 681}], "question": "What has stopped pressuring department stores in more recent years?", "id": "5ad09d41645df0001a2cff5b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at sales counters within each department", "answer_start": 425}], "question": "Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where can't customers check out?", "id": "5ad09d41645df0001a2cff5c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets. Customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon."}], ["Di New York City pada tahun 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart mendirikan \"Istana Marmer\" di Broadway, antara jalan-jalan Chambers dan Reade. Beliau menawarkan barangan runcit Eropah pada harga tetap pada pelbagai barangan kering, dan mengiklankan dasar untuk menyediakan \"pintu masuk percuma\" kepada semua bakal pelanggan. Walaupun ia berpakaian marmar putih untuk kelihatan seperti palazzo Renaissance, pembinaan besi tuang bangunan membenarkan tingkap kaca plat besar yang membenarkan memaparkan bermusim utama, terutamanya dalam musim belanja Krismas. Pada tahun 1862, Stewart membina sebuah kedai baru di blok bandar penuh dengan lapan tingkat dan sembilan belas jabatan barangan pakaian dan bahan-bahan perabotan, permaidani, kaca dan china, mainan dan peralatan sukan, yang terletak di sekitar sebuah gelanggang kaca yang tertutup kaca. Inovasinya termasuk membeli dari pengilang untuk wang tunai dan dalam kuantiti yang besar, mengekalkan markupnya yang kecil dan harga yang rendah, pembentangan barangan yang benar, dasar satu harga (jadi tidak ada tawar-menawar), pulangan barangan mudah dan dasar pembayaran balik tunai, menjual dengan tunai dan bukan kredit, pembeli yang mencari di seluruh dunia untuk barangan yang berkualiti, penyatuan, integrasi menegak dan mendatar, jualan volum, dan perkhidmatan percuma untuk pelanggan seperti bilik tunggu dan penghantaran percuma. Inovasinya telah disalin dengan cepat oleh kedai serbaneka yang lain. <> Dimana \"Istana Marmar\" dibina pada tahun 1846? || di Broadway, di antara jalan-jalan Chambers dan Reade <> Dasar apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Marble Palace? || \"masuk percuma\" kepada semua bakal pelanggan. <> Berapa banyak jabatan yang ada kedai baru, dibina pada tahun 1862? || sembilan belas <> Apa kaedah jualan yang digunakan oleh Istana Marmer? || tunai dan tidak kredit <> Perkhidmatan pelanggan apa yang ditawarkan oleh Marble Palace? || bilik tunggu dan penghantaran percuma pembelian <> Di mana \"Marble Palace\" dibina pada tahun 1864? || <> Dasar apa yang tidak diperkenalkan oleh Marble Palace? || <> Berapa banyak jabatan yang ada kedai baru, dibina pada tahun 1962? || <> Apakah kaedah membeli apakah menggunakan Marble Palace? || <> Perkhidmatan pelanggan apa yang tidak ditawarkan oleh Marble Palace? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where was the \"Marble Palace\" built in 1846?", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc02", "answers": [{"text": "on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What policy did the Marble Palace introduce? ", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc03", "answers": [{"text": "\"free entrance\" to all potential customers.", "answer_start": 251}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc04", "answers": [{"text": "nineteen", "answer_start": 603}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc05", "answers": [{"text": "cash and not credit", "answer_start": 1039}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What customer services did the Marble Palace offer? ", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc06", "answers": [{"text": "waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases", "answer_start": 1227}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Where was the \"Marble Palace\" built in 1864?", "id": "5ad0a85e645df0001a2cffc6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "\"free entrance\" to all potential customers", "answer_start": 251}], "question": "What policy didn't the Marble Palace introduce? ", "id": "5ad0a85e645df0001a2cffc7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "nineteen", "answer_start": 603}], "question": "How many departments did the new store have, built in 1962?", "id": "5ad0a85e645df0001a2cffc8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "cash and not credit", "answer_start": 1039}], "question": "What buying methods did the Marble Palace use?", "id": "5ad0a85e645df0001a2cffc9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases", "answer_start": 1227}], "question": "What customer services didn't the Marble Palace offer? ", "id": "5ad0a85e645df0001a2cffca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the \"Marble Palace\" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing \"free entrance\" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores."}], ["Jambatan pertama menyimpan Lane Crawford dibuka pada tahun 1850 oleh Scots Thomas Ash Lane dan Ninian Crawford di Des Voeux Road, Pulau Hong Kong. Pada mulanya, kedai itu terutama memenuhi krew kapal berkunjung serta kakitangan Tentera Laut British dan keluarga mereka. Pada tahun 1900, Sincere Department Store milik etnik Cina yang pertama dibuka oleh Ma Ying Piu, yang kembali dari Australia dan diilhami oleh David Jones. Pada tahun 1907, bekas pegawai Hong Kong di Australia, keluarga Kwok, kembali ke Hong Kong dan mengasaskan Wing On. <> Tahun berapa Lane Crawford dibuka? || 1850 <> Siapa yang menubuhkan Lane Crawford? || Scots Thomas Ash Lane dan Ninian Crawford <> Apakah asas pelanggan sasaran kedai? || krew kapal berkunjung serta kakitangan Tentera Laut British dan keluarga mereka <> Yang membuka kedai jabatan milik orang Cina pertama? || Ma Ying Piu <> Tahun berapa Lane Crawford dekat? || <> Siapa yang menutup Lane Crawford? || <> Apa yang bukan asas pelanggan sasaran kedai? || <> Siapa yang menutup kedai serbaneka yang pertama di China? || <> Siapa yang membuka kedai perkakasan milik pertama China? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What year did Lane Crawford open? ", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddea", "answers": [{"text": "1850", "answer_start": 56}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who established Lane Crawford? ", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddeb", "answers": [{"text": "Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford", "answer_start": 64}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the store's original target customer base?", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddec", "answers": [{"text": "visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? ", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8dded", "answers": [{"text": "Ma Ying Piu", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1850", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What year did Lane Crawford close? ", "id": "5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0052", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford", "answer_start": 64}], "question": "Who closed Lane Crawford?", "id": "5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0053", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What wasn't the store's original target customer base?", "id": "5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0054", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ma Ying Piu", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store? ", "id": "5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0055", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ma Ying Piu", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store? ", "id": "5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0056", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On."}], ["Reka bentuk dan fungsi kedai serbaneka di Jerman mengikuti peneraju London, Paris dan New York. Jerman pernah mempunyai beberapa gedung serbaneka; pada masa kini hanya segelintir sahaja yang tinggal. Di samping beberapa kedai serbaneka yang lebih kecil, Karstadt (pada 2010 diambil alih oleh Nicolas Berggruen, juga mengendalikan KaDeWe di Berlin, Alsterhaus di Hamburg dan Oberpollinger di Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (sebahagian daripada Metro AG). Lain-lain seperti Hertie, Wertheim dan Horten AG telah diambil alih oleh orang lain dan sama ada bersepadu sepenuhnya atau kemudiannya ditutup. <> Apa bandar-bandar yang mempengaruhi bagaimana kedai-kedai di Jerman beroperasi? || London, Paris dan New York. <> Apa kedai jabatan diambil alih oleh Nicolas Berggruen pada tahun 2010? || Karstadt <> Apa jabatan utama utama beroperasi di Berlin? || KaDeWe <> Apa kedai adalah sebahagian daripada Metro AG? || GALERIA Kaufhof <> Apa bandar-bandar yang mempengaruhi bagaimana kedai serbaneka di Austria beroperasi? || <> Apa jabatan kedai diambil alih oleh Nicolas Berggruen pada tahun 2011? || <> Apa jabatan kedai tidak diambil alih oleh Nicolas Berggruen pada tahun 2010? || <> Apa jabatan utama utama tidak lagi beroperasi di Berlin? || <> Kedai apa yang bukan sebahagian daripada Metro AG? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? ", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e5", "answers": [{"text": "London, Paris and New York.", "answer_start": 77}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e6", "answers": [{"text": "Karstadt", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What major department store operates in Berlin? ", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e7", "answers": [{"text": "KaDeWe", "answer_start": 325}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store is a part of the Metro AG?", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e8", "answers": [{"text": "GALERIA Kaufhof", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London, Paris and New York", "answer_start": 77}], "question": "What cities influenced how department stores in Austria operated? ", "id": "5ad0b1c4645df0001a2d007a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Karstadt", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2011?", "id": "5ad0b1c4645df0001a2d007b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Karstadt", "answer_start": 255}], "question": "What department store wasn't taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?", "id": "5ad0b1c4645df0001a2d007c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "KaDeWe", "answer_start": 325}], "question": "What major department store no longer operates in Berlin? ", "id": "5ad0b1c4645df0001a2d007d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "GALERIA Kaufhof", "answer_start": 403}], "question": "What store isn't a part of the Metro AG?", "id": "5ad0b1c4645df0001a2d007e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed."}], ["Kedai-kedai utama mewah di Perancis adalah Galeries Lafayette dan Le Printemps, yang kedua-duanya mempunyai kedai-kedai utama di Boulevard Haussmann di Paris dan cawangan di seluruh negara. Kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Perancis, Le Bon March\u00e9 di Paris, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1852 dan kini dimiliki oleh barang-barang mewah LVMH konglomerat. La Samaritaine, sebuah lagi gedung membeli-belah kelas atas yang juga dimiliki oleh LVMH, ditutup pada tahun 2005. Rangkaian kedai jajaran jarak jauh juga wujud di Perancis seperti BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), sebahagian daripada kumpulan yang sama dengan Galeries Lafayette. <> Apakah dua kedai utama di Perancis? || Galeries Lafayette dan Le Printemps <> Tahun berapa kedai jabatan pertama dibuka di Perancis? || 1852 <> Siapa yang kini memiliki Le Bon Marche? || LVMH <> Apa kedai pangsapuri di Paris ditutup pada tahun 2005? || La Samaritaine <> Apa department store Perancis adalah bagian dari kelompok yang sama dengan Galeries Lafayette? || BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville) <> Apa tiga kedai serbaneka utama di Perancis? || <> Tahun apakah kedai serbaneka yang pertama ditutup di Perancis? || <> Tahun apa bukan kedai serbaneka yang pertama dibuka di Perancis? || <> Siapa yang kini menyewa Le Bon Marche? || <> Apa kedai pangsapuri di Paris ditutup pada tahun 2015? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are two main department stores in France?", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7175", "answers": [{"text": "Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year was the first department store open in France? ", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7176", "answers": [{"text": "1852", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7177", "answers": [{"text": "LVMH", "answer_start": 311}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? ", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7178", "answers": [{"text": "La Samaritaine", "answer_start": 317}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7179", "answers": [{"text": "BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)", "answer_start": 470}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What are three main department stores in France?", "id": "5ad0b160645df0001a2d0070", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1852", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What year was the first department store closed in France? ", "id": "5ad0b160645df0001a2d0071", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1852", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "What year wasn't the first department store open in France? ", "id": "5ad0b160645df0001a2d0072", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "LVMH", "answer_start": 311}], "question": "Who currently rents Le Bon Marche?", "id": "5ad0b160645df0001a2d0073", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "La Samaritaine", "answer_start": 317}], "question": "What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2015? ", "id": "5ad0b160645df0001a2d0074", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "France's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. The first department store in France, Le Bon March\u00e9 in Paris, was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH. La Samaritaine, another upscale department store also owned by LVMH, closed in 2005. Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette."}], ["Di Denmark, anda dapati tiga rantaian kedai serbaneka: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin adalah yang terbesar dengan 6 kedai di seluruh negara, dengan kedai utama yang Magasin du Nord di Kongens Nytorv di Copenhagen. Illum kedai hanya di Amagertorv di Copenhagen mempunyai kemunculan kedai serbaneka dengan 20% yang dikendalikan oleh Magasin, tetapi mempunyai pemilik kedai individu yang menjadikannya sebuah pusat membeli-belah. Tetapi dalam fikiran rakyat, ia tetap menjadi sebuah gedung. Salling mempunyai dua kedai di Jutland dengan salah satu daripada ini adalah sebab penutupan kedai magasin kerana persaingan. <> Apakah 3 syarikat pusat jabatan utama di Denmark? || Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). <> Pada masa ini, apakah rantaian gedung terbesar di Denmark? || Magasin <> Di mana kedai \"perdana\" Magasin terletak? || Kongens Nytorv di Copenhagen <> Berapa banyak kedai yang ada di Salling di Jutland? || dua <> Apakah 4 syarikat pusat jabatan utama di Denmark? || <> Pada masa ini, apa yang bukan rangkaian rantaian terbesar di Denmark? || <> Pada masa ini, apakah rantaian kedai jual kecil di Denmark? || <> Di mana bukan kedai \"perdana\" Magasin terletak? || <> Berapa banyak kedai Salling ada di Justinland? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de06", "answers": [{"text": "Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906).", "answer_start": 51}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de07", "answers": [{"text": "Magasin", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is Magasin's \"flagship\" store located? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de08", "answers": [{"text": "Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen", "answer_start": 212}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de09", "answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 478}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906)", "answer_start": 51}], "question": "What are the 4 main department store companies in Denmark? ", "id": "5ad0b111645df0001a2d0066", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magasin", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Currently, what isn't the largest department store chain in Denmark?", "id": "5ad0b111645df0001a2d0067", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Magasin", "answer_start": 97}], "question": "Currently, what is the smallest department store chain in Denmark?", "id": "5ad0b111645df0001a2d0068", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen", "answer_start": 212}], "question": "Where isn't Magasin's \"flagship\" store located? ", "id": "5ad0b111645df0001a2d0069", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "two", "answer_start": 478}], "question": "How many stores does Salling have in Justinland? ", "id": "5ad0b111645df0001a2d006a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a department store with 20% run by Magasin, but has individual shop owners making it a shopping centre. But in people's mind it remains a department store. Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition."}], ["David Jones dimulakan oleh David Jones, seorang saudagar Welsh yang bertemu dengan pengusaha Hobart Charles Appleton di London. Appleton mendirikan kedai di Sydney pada tahun 1825 dan kemudian Jones menubuhkan perkongsian dengan Appleton, berpindah ke Australia pada tahun 1835, dan kedai Sydney dikenali sebagai Appleton & Jones. Apabila perkongsian itu dibubarkan pada tahun 1838, Jones memindahkan perniagaannya ke premis di sudut George Street dan Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones mendakwa sebagai kedai serbaneka tertua di dunia yang masih berdagang di bawah nama asalnya. <> Apa pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh David Jones? || saudagar <> Di mana David Jones dan Charles Appleton bertemu? || di London <> Dimana Appleton memulakan sebuah kedai pada tahun 1825? || Sydney <> Apa kedai di Sydney dipanggil selepas Jones berpindah ke Australia? || Appleton & Jones <> Bilakah perkongsian antara Jones dan Appleton berakhir? || 1838 <> Apa pekerjaan yang tidak ada David Jones? || <> Di mana David Jones dan Charles Appleton tidak bertemu? || <> Di mana Appleton memulakan kedai pada tahun 1852? || <> Apakah kedai di Sydney dipanggil selepas Jones berpindah ke Austria? || <> Bilakah perkongsian antara Jones dan Appleton bermula? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What occupation did David Jones have?", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e3", "answers": [{"text": "merchant", "answer_start": 48}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? ", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e4", "answers": [{"text": "in London", "answer_start": 101}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e5", "answers": [{"text": "Sydney", "answer_start": 144}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia? ", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e6", "answers": [{"text": "Appleton & Jones", "answer_start": 288}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e7", "answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 344}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "merchant", "answer_start": 48}], "question": "What occupation didn't David Jones have?", "id": "5ad0a984645df0001a2cffee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "London", "answer_start": 104}], "question": "Where didn't David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? ", "id": "5ad0a984645df0001a2cffef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sydney", "answer_start": 144}], "question": "Where did Appleton begin a store in 1852?", "id": "5ad0a984645df0001a2cfff0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Appleton & Jones", "answer_start": 288}], "question": "What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Austria? ", "id": "5ad0a984645df0001a2cfff1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1838", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton start?", "id": "5ad0a984645df0001a2cfff2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London. Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton, moved to Australia in 1835, and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones. When the partnership was dissolved in 1838, Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones claims to be the oldest department store in the world still trading under its original name."}], ["Sejak dasar pembukaan pada tahun 1979, kedai-kedai jabatan Cina juga berkembang pesat bersama-sama dengan ekonomi yang pesat berkembang. Terdapat kumpulan kedai serbaneka yang menguasai kawasan yang berbeza. Contohnya, kedai jabatan INTIME mempunyai kehadiran pasaran terbesar di wilayah Zhejiang, manakala jabatan-jabatan Jinying menguasai Wilayah Jiangsu. Selain itu, terdapat banyak lagi kumpulan kedai jabatan lain, seperti Pasifik, Parkson, Wangfujing, Dunia Baru, dan sebagainya, ramai di antaranya berkembang pesat dengan penyenaraian di pasaran kewangan. <> Apa yang memulakan kemasukan kedai serbaneka Cina? || dasar pembukaan pada tahun 1979 <> Kawasan apa yang ada di gedung-gedung gedung INTIME mempunyai pengaruh yang paling dalam? || Wilayah Zhejiang <> Apa jabatan kedai paling berjaya di Wilayah Jiangsu? || Jinying <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai jabatan asing ini berkembang begitu cepat? || dengan penyenaraian di pasaran kewangan. <> Apa yang menamatkan kemasukan kedai serbaneka Cina? || <> Apa yang memulakan kemasukan kedai jabatan Jepun? || <> Kawasan apa yang ada di gedung-gedung universiti INTIME mempunyai pengaruh yang paling sedikit? || <> Apa jabatan kedai mempunyai kejayaan paling sedikit di Wilayah Jiangsu? || <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai jabatan domestik ini berkembang begitu cepat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What began the influx of Chinese department stores?", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7123", "answers": [{"text": "opening policy in 1979", "answer_start": 10}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7124", "answers": [{"text": "Zhejiang province", "answer_start": 269}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7125", "answers": [{"text": "Jinying", "answer_start": 294}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? ", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7126", "answers": [{"text": "by listing in the financial market.", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opening policy in 1979", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What ended the influx of Chinese department stores?", "id": "5ad0ab34645df0001a2d0020", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "opening policy in 1979", "answer_start": 10}], "question": "What began the influx of Japanese department stores?", "id": "5ad0ab34645df0001a2d0021", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zhejiang province", "answer_start": 269}], "question": "What area does INTIME department stores have the least influence in?", "id": "5ad0ab34645df0001a2d0022", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Jinying", "answer_start": 294}], "question": "What department store has the least success in Jiangsu Province?", "id": "5ad0ab34645df0001a2d0023", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "by listing in the financial market", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "How are these domestic department stores expanding so quickly?", "id": "5ad0ab34645df0001a2d0024", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province. Besides, there are many other department store groups, such as Pacific, Parkson, Wangfujing\uff0cNew World\uff0cetc., many of them are expanding quickly by listing in the financial market."}], ["Sebelum tahun 1950-an, kedai jabatan mengadakan tempat yang unggul di kedua-dua Kanada dan Australia, semasa kedua-dua Great Depression dan Perang Dunia II. Sejak itu, mereka telah mengalami persaingan yang kuat dari kedai pakar. Baru-baru ini persaingan semakin meningkat dengan kedatangan superstores skala besar (Jones et al 1994, Merrilees dan Miller 1997). Persaingan bukanlah satu-satunya alasan untuk kelemahan kekuatan kedai-kedai; struktur berubah di bandar-bandar turut mempengaruhi mereka. Bandar yang padat dan berpusat di abad ke-19 dengan garis transit massa yang menumpu di pusat bandar adalah persekitaran yang sempurna untuk pertumbuhan kedai jabatan. Tetapi apabila penduduk berpindah dari kawasan pusat bandar ke pinggir bandar, pusat membeli-belah besar di pusat bandar menjadi tidak menyenangkan dan kehilangan perniagaan ke pusat membeli-belah pinggir bandar yang lebih baru. Pada tahun 2003, penjualan gedung jabatan A.S. telah dilangkau oleh jualan gedung besar untuk pertama kalinya (walaupun beberapa kedai boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai \"kotak besar\" oleh susun atur fizikal dan \"gedung gedung\" oleh barangan). <> Apakah satu jenis kedai jabatan pertandingan yang dihadapi? || kedai pakar <> Apakah jenis kedai yang telah mencipta lebih banyak persaingan? || superstores <> Apakah faktor yang menyebabkan penurunan dalam pembeli kedai jabatan? || penduduk berpindah dari kawasan pusat bandar ke pinggir bandar <> Dalam tahun apakah jualan jabatan dipukul oleh kedai-kedai yang lebih besar? || 2003 <> Apakah satu jenis kedai jabatan persaingan yang tidak pernah dihadapi? || <> Apakah jenis kedai yang membuat persaingan yang kurang? || <> Apakah jenis kedai yang tidak mencipta lebih banyak persaingan? || <> Faktor apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan pembeli kedai jabatan? || <> Pada tahun apakah tidak jualan jabatan dipukul oleh kedai-kedai yang lebih besar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is one type of competition department stores face? ", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8352", "answers": [{"text": "specialist stores", "answer_start": 202}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What types of stores have created even more competition? ", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8353", "answers": [{"text": "superstores", "answer_start": 299}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8354", "answers": [{"text": "residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs", "answer_start": 658}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8355", "answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 833}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specialist stores", "answer_start": 202}], "question": "What is one type of competition department stores never face? ", "id": "5ad0aadb645df0001a2d0016", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "superstores", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What types of stores have created even less competition? ", "id": "5ad0aadb645df0001a2d0017", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "superstores", "answer_start": 299}], "question": "What types of stores haven't created even more competition? ", "id": "5ad0aadb645df0001a2d0018", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What factor lead to a increase in department store shoppers?", "id": "5ad0aadb645df0001a2d0019", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2003", "answer_start": 833}], "question": "In what year weren't department store sales beaten by larger stores?", "id": "5ad0aadb645df0001a2d001a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as \"big box\" by physical layout and \"department store\" by merchandise)."}], ["Dari asal-usulnya dalam perdagangan bulu, Syarikat Hudson Bay adalah syarikat tertua di Amerika Utara dan merupakan pengendali gedung terbesar di Kanada sehingga pertengahan 1980-an, dengan lokasi di seluruh negara. Ia juga sebelum ini memiliki Zellers, satu lagi gedung besar Kanada yang tidak lagi wujud pada bulan Mac 2013 selepas menjual pegangan pajakannya ke Target Canada. Kedai-kedai lain di Kanada ialah: Tayar Kanada, Sears Kanada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco dan Holt Renfrew. Superstore grocery runcit membawa banyak barangan bukan runcit sama seperti sebuah gedung membeli-belah. Woolco mempunyai 160 kedai di Kanada apabila operasi berhenti (Walmart membeli Woolco pada tahun 1994). Walmart harga rendah hari ini adalah peruncit kedai jabatan yang paling dominan di Kanada dengan cawangan di seluruh negara. Secara sejarah, kedai-kedai adalah komponen penting dalam kehidupan ekonomi Kanada, dan kedai rantaian seperti Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman, Spencer, Simpsons, Morgan's, dan Woodward adalah staples dalam komuniti masing-masing. Kedai-kedai di Kanada adalah serupa dengan reka bentuk dan gaya ke kedai serbaneka di Amerika Syarikat. <> Perniagaan apa perniagaan Hudson's Bay pada awalnya terlibat? || perdagangan bulu <> Apakah rantaian kedai serbaneka yang dilakukan oleh Syarikat Hudson Bay sehingga ia dibubarkan pada tahun 2013? || Zellers <> Berapa banyak kedai yang beroperasi di Woolco sebelum menjual saham mereka ke Walmart? || 160 <> Pada masa ini, kedai serbaneka yang paling popular di Kanada? || Walmart <> Perniagaan apa perniagaan Hudson Bay pada asalnya tidak terlibat? || <> Apakah rantaian kedai serbaneka melakukan Hudson's Bay Company sehingga ia dibubarkan pada tahun 2003? || <> Berapa kedai yang dimiliki Woolco beroperasi sebelum membeli Walmart? || <> Pada masa ini, kedai serbaneka yang paling tidak popular di Kanada? || <> Sekarang, kedai serbaneka yang paling tidak popular di Kanada? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in? ", "id": "57265901708984140094c34b", "answers": [{"text": "the fur trade", "answer_start": 20}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?", "id": "57265901708984140094c34c", "answers": [{"text": "Zellers", "answer_start": 240}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart? ", "id": "57265901708984140094c34d", "answers": [{"text": "160", "answer_start": 613}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada? ", "id": "57265901708984140094c34e", "answers": [{"text": "Walmart", "answer_start": 710}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "fur trade", "answer_start": 24}], "question": "What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally not involved in? ", "id": "5ad0aa81645df0001a2d000c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Zellers", "answer_start": 240}], "question": "What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2003?", "id": "5ad0aa81645df0001a2d000d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "160", "answer_start": 613}], "question": "How many stores did Woolco operate before buying Walmart? ", "id": "5ad0aa81645df0001a2d000e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Walmart", "answer_start": 710}], "question": "Currently, what department store is least popular in Canada? ", "id": "5ad0aa81645df0001a2d000f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Walmart", "answer_start": 710}], "question": "Currently, what department store is most unpopular in Canada? ", "id": "5ad0aa81645df0001a2d0010", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "From its origins in the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in North America and was the largest department store operator in Canada until the mid-1980s, with locations across the country. It also previously owned Zellers, another major Canadian department store which ceased to exist in March 2013 after selling its lease holdings to Target Canada. Other department stores in Canada are: Canadian Tire, Sears Canada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco and Holt Renfrew. Grocery giant Superstores carry many non-grocery items akin to a department store. Woolco had 160 stores in Canada when operations ceased (Walmart bought out Woolco in 1994). Today low-price Walmart is by far the most dominant department store retailer in Canada with outlets throughout the country. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman's, Spencer's, Simpsons, Morgan's, and Woodward's were staples in their respective communities. Department stores in Canada are similar in design and style to department stores in the United States."}], ["Walaupun terdapat beberapa gedung serbaneka di Australia untuk kebanyakan Abad ke-20, termasuk rantai seperti Grace Bros dan Waltons, banyak yang hilang pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an. Hari ini, Myer dan David Jones, yang terletak di seluruh negara, praktikalnya adalah kedai duopoli kebangsaan di Australia. Apabila migran kelahiran Rusia, Sidney Myer, datang ke Australia pada tahun 1899, dia membentuk kumpulan runcit Myer dengan abangnya, Elcon Myer. Pada tahun 1900, mereka membuka kedai Myer yang pertama, di Bendigo, Victoria. Sejak itu, kumpulan runcit Myer telah berkembang menjadi peruncit terbesar di Australia. Kedua-duanya, Myer dan David Jones, adalah rantaian di pasaran, menawarkan pelbagai produk dari nama-nama mid-range hingga jenama mewah. Kedai-kedai runcit lain seperti Target (yang tidak berkaitan dengan rantaian Amerika dengan nama yang sama), Venture (kini tidak berfungsi), Kmart dan Big W, juga terletak di peringkat nasional, dianggap sebagai pusat membeli-belah diskaun Australia. Harris Scarfe, walaupun hanya beroperasi di empat negeri dan satu wilayah, adalah sebuah gedung membeli-belah yang menggunakan format kedai serbaneka besar dan kecil. Kebanyakan kedai serbaneka di Australia mempunyai syarikat kad kredit masing-masing, masing-masing mempunyai faedah sendiri sementara kedai-kedai jabatan diskaun tidak mempunyai hak kad kredit mereka sendiri. <> Apakah beberapa kedai serbaneka asal Australia? || Grace Bros dan Waltons <> Bilakah Sydney Myer datang ke Australia? || 1899 <> Di manakah Myer Retail Group membuka kedai pertama? || Bendigo, Victoria <> Apa jenis kedai serbaneka Myer dan David Jones? || rantai up-market <> Apakah jenama kedai serbaneka sekarang yang keluar dari perniagaan di Australia? || Venture <> Apakah beberapa kedai serbaneka Australia yang tidak asli? || <> Bilakah Sydney Myer datang ke Austria? || <> Di manakah Myer Retail Group membuka kedai terakhirnya? || <> Apa jenis kedai perkakasan Myer dan David Jones? || <> Apakah jenama kedai serbaneka sekarang telah keluar dari perniagaan di Austria? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What were some of the original Australian department stores? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc86", "answers": [{"text": "Grace Bros. and Waltons", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc87", "answers": [{"text": "1899", "answer_start": 366}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc88", "answers": [{"text": "Bendigo, Victoria", "answer_start": 490}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc89", "answers": [{"text": "up-market chains", "answer_start": 621}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc8a", "answers": [{"text": "Venture", "answer_start": 807}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grace Bros. and Waltons", "answer_start": 118}], "question": "What were some of the unoriginal Australian department stores? ", "id": "5ad0a9f5645df0001a2d0002", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1899", "answer_start": 366}], "question": "When did Sydney Myer come to Austria? ", "id": "5ad0a9f5645df0001a2d0003", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bendigo, Victoria", "answer_start": 490}], "question": "Where did the Myer Retail Group open its last store? ", "id": "5ad0a9f5645df0001a2d0004", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "up-market chains", "answer_start": 621}], "question": "What type of hardware stores are Myer and David Jones?", "id": "5ad0a9f5645df0001a2d0005", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Venture", "answer_start": 807}], "question": "What department store brand is now out of business in Austria? ", "id": "5ad0a9f5645df0001a2d0006", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights."}], ["Marshall Field & Company berasal pada 1852. Ia adalah gedung utama utama di jalan membeli-belah utama di Midwest, State Street di Chicago. Pembeli kelas atas datang dengan kereta api dari seluruh rantau ini, menawan hotel berhampiran. Ia berkembang menjadi rantai utama sebelum ditukar kepada papan nama Macy pada 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served sebagai model untuk kedai-kedai lain yang mempunyai perkhidmatan pelanggan yang luar biasa. Bidang juga membawa jenama penjernih Frango yang terkenal kini yang sangat dikenal pasti dengan Marshall Field dan Chicago dari kedai Frederick & Nelson Department yang tidak berfungsi. Marshall Field juga mempunyai yang pertama, di antara banyak inovasi oleh Marshall Field's. Field mempunyai pejabat membeli Eropah yang pertama, yang terletak di Manchester, England, dan pendaftaran pengantin pertama. Syarikat itu adalah yang pertama memperkenalkan konsep pembeli peribadi, dan perkhidmatan itu disediakan tanpa caj di setiap kedai Field, sehingga hari terakhir rantai di bawah nama Marshall Field. Ia adalah kedai pertama yang menawarkan kredit pusingan dan kedai serbaneka yang pertama menggunakan eskalator. Jabatan buku Marshall Field di kedai Street State adalah legenda; ia mempelopori konsep \"penandatanganan buku.\" Selain itu, setiap tahun pada Krismas, tingkap kedai di pusat bandar Marshall Field dipenuhi dengan paparan animasi sebagai sebahagian daripada paparan pusat membeli-belah di pusat bandar; memaparkan tingkap \"tema\" menjadi terkenal dengan kepintaran dan kecantikan mereka, dan melawat tingkap Marshall Field pada Krismas menjadi tradisi untuk Chicago dan pelawat, sama seperti amalan tempatan sebagai melawat Bilik Walnut dengan pokok Krismas yang sama terkenalnya atau pertemuan \" di bawah jam \"di State Street. <> Pada tahun apakah Marshall Field dan syarikat ditubuhkan? || 1852 <> Bilakah Marshall menukar ke nama Macy? || 9 September 2006 <> Apa yang menjadikan contoh Marshall sebagai contoh yang baik untuk kedai-kedai lain? || perkhidmatan pelanggan yang luar biasa <> Di mana pejabat pembelian Marshall di Eropah terletak? || Manchester, England <> Perkhidmatan percuma apa yang Marshall memberikan pelanggan sehingga menukar nama mereka ke Macy? || pembeli peribadi <> Pada tahun apakah Marshall Field dan syarikat ditutup? || <> Bilakah Marshall tidak menukar nama Macy? || <> Apa yang membuatkan contoh Marshall seperti itu buruk untuk kedai-kedai lain? || <> Di mana pejabat jualan Marshall di Eropah terletak? || <> Perkhidmatan apa yang dikenakan oleh Marshall yang menyediakan pelanggan sehingga menukar nama mereka kepada Macy? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year was Marshall Field and company established? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3c", "answers": [{"text": "1852", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3d", "answers": [{"text": "9 September 2006", "answer_start": 313}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3e", "answers": [{"text": "exceptional customer service", "answer_start": 410}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was Marshall's European buying office located? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3f", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester, England", "answer_start": 778}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc40", "answers": [{"text": "personal shopper", "answer_start": 888}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1852", "answer_start": 39}], "question": "In what year was Marshall Field and company closed? ", "id": "5ad0a935645df0001a2cffe4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "9 September 2006", "answer_start": 313}], "question": "When didn't Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? ", "id": "5ad0a935645df0001a2cffe5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "exceptional customer service", "answer_start": 410}], "question": "What made Marshall's such a bad example for other stores?", "id": "5ad0a935645df0001a2cffe6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester, England", "answer_start": 778}], "question": "Where was Marshall's European selling office located? ", "id": "5ad0a935645df0001a2cffe7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "personal shopper", "answer_start": 888}], "question": "What charged service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? ", "id": "5ad0a935645df0001a2cffe8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the \"theme\" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting \"under the clock\" on State Street."}], ["Ireland membangunkan kelas menengah yang kuat, terutama di bandar-bandar utama, pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas. Mereka adalah pelanggan kedai serbaneka aktif. New Mart Delany dibuka pada tahun 1853 di Dublin, Ireland. Tidak seperti yang lain, Delany tidak berevolusi secara beransur-ansur dari sebuah kedai kecil di lokasi. Oleh itu ia boleh mendakwa sebagai Store Department yang pertama dibina di dunia. Perkataan department store tidak dicipta pada masa itu dan oleh itu ia dipanggil \"Monster House\". Kedai itu telah dimusnahkan sepenuhnya pada tahun 1916 Rising Easter, tetapi dibuka semula pada tahun 1922. <> Bilakah Ireland mulai melihat pertumbuhan di kelas menengahnya? || pertengahan abad kesembilan belas. <> Apa kedai serbaneka ditubuhkan pada tahun 1853? || Delany's New Mart <> Di mana bandar Delany's New Mart dibuka? || Dublin <> Apa yang asalnya dipanggil Delany? || Monster House <> Dalam tahun berapa kedai dimusnahkan? || 1916 <> Bilakah Ireland mula melihat pertumbuhan di kelas atasnya? || <> Apa kedai jabatan ditubuhkan pada tahun 1835? || <> Di mana bandar Delany New Mart ditutup? || <> Apa yang asalnya tidak dipanggil Delany? || <> Dalam tahun apakah tidak kedai dimusnahkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c5", "answers": [{"text": "mid-nineteenth century.", "answer_start": 80}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store was founded in 1853?", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c6", "answers": [{"text": "Delany's New Mart", "answer_start": 151}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? ", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c7", "answers": [{"text": "Dublin", "answer_start": 191}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Delany's originally called? ", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c8", "answers": [{"text": "Monster House", "answer_start": 457}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was the store destroyed? ", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c9", "answers": [{"text": "1916", "answer_start": 515}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "mid-nineteenth century", "answer_start": 80}], "question": "When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its upper class?", "id": "5ad0b2f8645df0001a2d00b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Delany's New Mart", "answer_start": 151}], "question": "What department store was founded in 1835?", "id": "5ad0b2f8645df0001a2d00b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dublin", "answer_start": 191}], "question": "In what city was Delany's New Mart closed? ", "id": "5ad0b2f8645df0001a2d00b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Monster House", "answer_start": 457}], "question": "What wasn't Delany's originally called? ", "id": "5ad0b2f8645df0001a2d00b9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1916", "answer_start": 515}], "question": "In what year wasn't the store destroyed? ", "id": "5ad0b2f8645df0001a2d00ba", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the \"Monster House\". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922."}], ["Kedai-kedai utama Panama seperti Bazaar Franc\u00e9s, La Dalia dan La Villa de Paris bermula sebagai peruncit tekstil pada akhir abad kesembilan belas. Kemudian pada abad ke-20 ini akhirnya memberi laluan kepada kedai-kedai seperti Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panam\u00e1, Figali, Dant\u00e9, Sears, Gran Morrison dan yang lebih kecil seperti Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo dan Clubman. Dari ini hanya Felix B. Maduro (biasanya dirujuk sebagai Felix oleh penduduk tempatan) dan Dant\u00e9 tetap kuat. Semua yang lain telah dilipat atau diturunkan walaupun Cocos telah berjaya mendapatkan kedudukan yang baik di pasaran. <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai jabatan Panama bermula? || sebagai peruncit tekstil <> Bilakah kedai Panama bermula dahulu? || pada pergantian abad kesembilan belas <> Apa kedai jabatan yang sering dipanggil \"Felix\" oleh penduduk setempat? || Felix B. Maduro <> Apa kedai yang telah berjaya bertahan walaupun banyak persaingan di bawah? || Cocos <> Bagaimana kedai jabatan Panama pada asalnya berakhir? || <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai jabatan Panama tidak bermula? || <> Bilakah Jabatan Panama menyimpan hujung pertama? || <> Apa jabatan kedai tidak pernah disebut \"Felix\" oleh penduduk setempat? || <> Kedai apa yang telah berjaya ditutup walaupun banyak pertandingan berkembang? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How did Panama's department stores originally begin? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c681", "answers": [{"text": "as textile retailers", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Panama's Department stores first start? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c682", "answers": [{"text": "at the turn of the nineteenth century", "answer_start": 117}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store is often called \"Felix\" by the local population? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c683", "answers": [{"text": "Felix B. Maduro", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c684", "answers": [{"text": "Cocos", "answer_start": 538}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as textile retailers", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "How did Panama's department stores originally end? ", "id": "5ad0b45d645df0001a2d00f2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "as textile retailers", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "How didn't Panama's department stores originally begin? ", "id": "5ad0b45d645df0001a2d00f3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "at the turn of the nineteenth century", "answer_start": 117}], "question": "When did Panama's Department stores first end? ", "id": "5ad0b45d645df0001a2d00f4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Felix B. Maduro", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What department store is never called \"Felix\" by the local population? ", "id": "5ad0b45d645df0001a2d00f5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Cocos", "answer_start": 538}], "question": "What store has managed to close despite much it's competition thriving?", "id": "5ad0b45d645df0001a2d00f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Franc\u00e9s, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panam\u00e1, Figali, Dant\u00e9, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Dant\u00e9 remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market."}], ["Parkson memasuki dengan membeli jenama tempatan Centro Department Store pada tahun 2011. Centro masih beroperasi untuk pasaran pertengahan manakala jenama 'Parkson' itu sendiri, diposisikan untuk segmen menengah, memasuki tahun 2014 dengan membuka kedai pertamanya di Medan, diikuti dengan kedai kedua di Jakarta. Sementara itu, Lotte memasuki pasaran dengan kerjasama dengan Ciputra Group, mewujudkan apa yang disebutnya 'Lotte Shopping Avenue' di dalam kompleks Ciputra World Jakarta, serta memperoleh Makro dan menjenamakan semula ke Lotte Mart. <> Kedai apa yang Parkson membeli pada tahun 2011? || Centro Department Store <> Di mana Centro membuka kedai pertama pada 2014? || Medan <> Siapa yang pernah bersama Lotte? || Ciputra Group <> Di mana \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" terletak? || Ciputra World Jakarta kompleks <> Apakah Makro dilabel sebagai setelah pembelian? || Lotte Mart <> Kedai apa yang Parkson menjual pada tahun 2011? || <> Di mana Centro membukanya kedai pertama tahun 2004? || <> Siapa yang tidak mempunyai pasangan Lotte? || <> Di mana bukan \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" terletak? || <> Apakah Makro dilabel semula seperti sebelum ia dibeli? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What store did Parkson buy in 2011? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722d", "answers": [{"text": "Centro Department Store", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722e", "answers": [{"text": "Medan", "answer_start": 226}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who did Lotte partner with? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722f", "answers": [{"text": "Ciputra Group", "answer_start": 337}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" located? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f7230", "answers": [{"text": "Ciputra World Jakarta complex", "answer_start": 412}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f7231", "answers": [{"text": "Lotte Mart", "answer_start": 493}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centro Department Store", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What store did Parkson sell in 2011? ", "id": "5ad0b298645df0001a2d00a2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Medan", "answer_start": 226}], "question": "Where did Centro open it's first store of 2004?", "id": "5ad0b298645df0001a2d00a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ciputra Group", "answer_start": 337}], "question": "Who didn't Lotte partner with?", "id": "5ad0b298645df0001a2d00a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Ciputra World Jakarta complex", "answer_start": 412}], "question": "Where isn't the \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" located? ", "id": "5ad0b298645df0001a2d00a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lotte Mart", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What was Makro re-labeled as before it's purchase? ", "id": "5ad0b298645df0001a2d00a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Parkson enters by acquiring local brand Centro Department Store in 2011. Centro still operates for middle market while the 'Parkson' brand itself, positioned for middle-up segment, enters in 2014 by opening its first store in Medan, followed by its second store in Jakarta. Lotte, meanwhile, enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group, creating what its called 'Lotte Shopping Avenue' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex, as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart."}], ["Mexico mempunyai sebilangan besar kedai serbaneka yang berpangkalan di Mexico, yang mana yang paling tradisional ialah El Palacio de Hierro (barang mewah dan mewah) dan Liverpool (pendapatan menengah atas), dengan kedai saudara tengahnya Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns mempunyai lebih daripada 100 kedai tahap pendapatan sederhana di seluruh negara. Grupo Carso mengendalikan Sears Mexico dan dua kedai Saks 5th Avenue mewah. Rantai besar lain adalah Coppel dan Elektra, yang menawarkan item untuk pencari harga murah. Wal-Mart mengendalikan Suburbia untuk pembeli pendapatan rendah, bersama-sama dengan kedai di bawah jenama Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, dan Superama. <> Apa kedai jabatan Mexico biasanya memenuhi barangan mewah? || El Palacio de Hierro <> Syarikat apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk lebih dari 100 kedai di negara ini? || Sanborns <> Syarikat apa yang beroperasi Sears Mexico? || Grupo Carso <> Rantai apa yang lazimnya digunakan untuk tawar-menawar pembeli? || Coppel dan Elektra <> Apa kedai jabatan Mexico biasanya memenuhi barangan rendah? || <> Apa syarikat bertanggungjawab untuk lebih daripada 200 kedai di negara ini? || <> Apa syarikat tidak bertanggungjawab untuk lebih dari 100 kedai di negara ini? || <> Apa syarikat menolak Sears Mexico? || <> Rantai biasanya tidak memenuhi keperluan pembeli tawar-menawar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b0", "answers": [{"text": "El Palacio de Hierro", "answer_start": 98}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? ", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b1", "answers": [{"text": "Sanborns", "answer_start": 241}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company operates Sears Mexico? ", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b2", "answers": [{"text": "Grupo Carso", "answer_start": 315}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? ", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b3", "answers": [{"text": "Coppel and Elektra", "answer_start": 413}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "El Palacio de Hierro", "answer_start": 98}], "question": "What Mexican department store typically caters to low-end goods?", "id": "5ad0b344645df0001a2d00c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanborns", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What company is responsible for over 200 stores in the country? ", "id": "5ad0b344645df0001a2d00c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sanborns", "answer_start": 241}], "question": "What company isn't responsible for over 100 stores in the country? ", "id": "5ad0b344645df0001a2d00c2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Grupo Carso", "answer_start": 315}], "question": "What company rejects Sears Mexico? ", "id": "5ad0b344645df0001a2d00c3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Coppel and Elektra", "answer_start": 413}], "question": "What chains typically don't cater to bargain shoppers? ", "id": "5ad0b344645df0001a2d00c4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico, of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro (High end and luxury goods) and Liverpool (Upper-middle income), with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country. Grupo Carso operates Sears Mexico and two high-end Saks 5th Avenue stores. Other large chains are Coppel and Elektra, which offer items for the bargain price seeker. Wal-Mart operates Suburbia for lower income shoppers, along with stores under the brand names of Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, and Superama."}], ["Kedai-kedai runcit ikonik di tiga pusat utama New Zealand adalah Smith & Caughey (diasaskan 1880), di bandar paling ramai penduduk New Zealand, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (ditubuhkan 1863) di ibu negara, Wellington; dan Ballantynes (ditubuhkan 1854) di bandar terbesar kedua di New Zealand, Christchurch. Ini menawarkan barangan mewah dan mewah. Di samping itu, Arthur Barnett (1903) beroperasi di Dunedin. H & J Smith adalah sebuah rangkaian kecil yang beroperasi di seluruh Southland dengan sebuah kedai utama besar di Invercargill. Petani adalah rangkaian pertengahan rangkaian kedai (pada asalnya sebuah firma pesanan surat yang dikenali sebagai Laidlaw Leeds yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1909). Kedai serbaneka sejarah termasuk DIC. Rantai diskaun termasuk The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, dan DEKA sekarang yang tidak berfungsi. <> Apa jenis barang yang menyimpan kedai serbaneka yang paling popular di tawaran New Zealand? || barangan mewah dan mewah <> Bandar apakah Arthur Barnett? || Dunedin <> Di mana kedai utama H & J Smith? || Invercargill <> Di mana kedai-kedai H & J Smith biasanya terletak? || Southland <> Bilakah Laidlaw Leeds pertama ditubuhkan? || 1909 <> Apa jenis barangan yang membuat kedai serbaneka paling popular di tawaran New Zealand? || <> Apa bandar yang bukan Arthur Barnett di? || <> Di mana bukan kedai utama H & J Smith? || <> Di mana H & J Smith menyimpan lokasi secara simpan? || <> Bilakah Laidlaw Leeds ditubuhkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72c7", "answers": [{"text": "high-end and luxury items", "answer_start": 309}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What city is Arthur Barnett in? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72c8", "answers": [{"text": "Dunedin", "answer_start": 384}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?", "id": "572671565951b619008f72c9", "answers": [{"text": "Invercargill", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72ca", "answers": [{"text": "Southland", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72cb", "answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 610}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "high-end and luxury items", "answer_start": 309}], "question": "What sorts of goods do the least popular department stores in New Zealand offer? ", "id": "5ad0b3fb645df0001a2d00d4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dunedin", "answer_start": 384}], "question": "What city isn't Arthur Barnett in? ", "id": "5ad0b3fb645df0001a2d00d5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Invercargill", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "Where isn't H & J Smith's flagship store?", "id": "5ad0b3fb645df0001a2d00d6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Southland", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "Where are H & J Smith stores atypically located? ", "id": "5ad0b3fb645df0001a2d00d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1909", "answer_start": 610}], "question": "When was Laidlaw Leeds last established? ", "id": "5ad0b3fb645df0001a2d00d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA."}], ["Di Puerto Rico, pelbagai gedung jabatan telah dikendalikan, seperti Sears, JC Penney, Macy, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Kilang Burlington Coat, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Kelab Sam dan lain-lain. La New York adalah kedai jabatan Puerto Rico. Topeka, Capri dan Pitusa adalah pesaing di pasaran Puerto Riko yang juga mempunyai pasar raya besar yang beroperasi di bawah nama mereka. Peruncit-peruncit Nordstrom dan Saks Fifth Avenue juga mempunyai rancangan untuk datang ke Mall of San Juan, sebuah projek runcit mewah baru dengan lebih 100 penyewa. Pusat membeli-belah ini akan dibuka pada Mac 2015. <> Apa kedai serbaneka di Puerto Rico dinamakan sempena bandar Amerika? || La New York <> Bilakah Mall of San Juan dijangka dibuka? || Mac 2015 <> Berapa banyak penyewa dijangka menubuhkan kedai di Mall of San Juan? || 100 penyewa <> Apa dua peruncit utama mempunyai rancangan untuk menjalankan perniagaan di pusat membeli-belah sebaik sahaja ia dibuka? || Nordstrom dan Saks Fifth Avenue <> Apa jabatan kedai di Puerto Rico tidak dinamakan sempena bandar Amerika? || <> Bilakah Mall of San Juan dijangka ditutup? || <> Bilakah tidak Mall of San Juan dijangka dibuka? || <> Berapa banyak penyewa yang tidak dijangka akan mendirikan kedai di Mall of San Juan? || <> Apa dua peruncit kecil mempunyai rancangan untuk menjalankan perniagaan di pusat membeli-belah sebaik sahaja ia dibuka? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b7", "answers": [{"text": "La New York", "answer_start": 186}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? ", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b8", "answers": [{"text": "March 2015", "answer_start": 531}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b9", "answers": [{"text": "100 tenants", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? ", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6ba", "answers": [{"text": "Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "La New York", "answer_start": 186}], "question": "What department store in Puerto Rico isn't named after an American city?", "id": "5ad0c404645df0001a2d024e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2015", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "When is the Mall of San Juan expected to close? ", "id": "5ad0c404645df0001a2d024f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "March 2015", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "When isn't the Mall of San Juan expected to open? ", "id": "5ad0c404645df0001a2d0250", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "100 tenants.", "answer_start": 491}], "question": "How many tenants aren't expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?", "id": "5ad0c404645df0001a2d0251", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue", "answer_start": 370}], "question": "What two minor retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens?", "id": "5ad0c404645df0001a2d0252", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015."}], ["Segmen pertengahan adalah terutamanya diduduki oleh Metro Department Store yang berasal dari Singapura dan Sogo dari Jepun. 2007 menyaksikan pembukaan semula Seibu di Jakarta, yang merupakan kedai serbaneka terbesar dan kedua di Indonesia selepas Harvey Nichols, yang ditutup pada 2010 dan merancang untuk kembali. Kedai serbaneka antarabangsa lain termasuk Debenhams dan Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette juga menyertai pasaran Indonesia pada tahun 2013 di dalam Pacific Place Mall. Kedai runcit ini mensasarkan pasaran menengah dengan pelbagai harga dari harga berpatutan hingga mewah, dijangka menjadi gedung membeli-belah kelas atas terbesar. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu dan Sogo semuanya dikendalikan oleh PT. Mitra Adiperkasa. <> Dimana kedai di Metro Department bermula? || Singapura dan Sogo dari Jepun <> Bilakah Seibu, yang terletak di Jakarta, dibuka semula? || 2007 <> Di mana Galeries Lafayette dibuka pada tahun 2013, di dalam Indonesia? || Pacific Place Mall <> Siapa yang mengendalikan pelbagai kedai serbaneka di kawasan ini? || PT. Mitra Adiperkasa. <> Kedai apa yang memimpin pasaran Indonesia sehingga 2010 apabila ia ditutup? || Harvey Nichols <> Di mana kedai di Metro Department asalnya berakhir? || <> Bilakah Seibu, yang terletak di Jakarta, ditutup semula? || <> Di mana Galeries Lafayette dibuka pada tahun 2003, di dalam Indonesia || <> Siapa yang mengendalikan pelbagai kedai serbaneka di kawasan lain? || <> Apa kedai yang memimpin pasaran Indonesia sehingga tahun 2000 apabila ia ditutup? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df1e", "answers": [{"text": "Singapore and Sogo from Japan", "answer_start": 83}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open? ", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df1f", "answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 114}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia? ", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df20", "answers": [{"text": "Pacific Place Mall", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df21", "answers": [{"text": "PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? ", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df22", "answers": [{"text": "Harvey Nichols", "answer_start": 243}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Singapore and Sogo from Japan", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "Where did the Metro Department store originally end?", "id": "5ad0b214645df0001a2d008e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2007", "answer_start": 114}], "question": "When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-close? ", "id": "5ad0b214645df0001a2d008f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pacific Place Mall", "answer_start": 460}], "question": "Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2003, inside Indonesia", "id": "5ad0b214645df0001a2d0090", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "PT. Mitra Adiperkasa", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "Who operates the wide range of department stores in other areas?", "id": "5ad0b214645df0001a2d0091", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Harvey Nichols", "answer_start": 658}], "question": "What store led the Indonesian markets until 2000 when it closed? ", "id": "5ad0b214645df0001a2d0092", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa."}], ["Situs di mana rentetan Saint Petersburg Passage telah dikhaskan untuk diperdagangkan sejak asas bandar ini pada awal abad ke-18. Ia telah diduduki oleh pelbagai kedai dan gudang (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) sehingga 1846, ketika Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor memperoleh alasan untuk membina sebuah pusat membeli-belah elit untuk bangsawan Rusia dan borjuasi kaya. Stenbock-Fermor mengandung Passage sebagai lebih daripada sebuah pusat membeli-belah semata-mata, tetapi juga sebagai pusat kebudayaan dan sosial untuk rakyat St Petersburg. Bangunan itu mengandungi rumah-rumah kopi, kedai-kedai confectioneries, pemasangan panorama, muzium anatomi, muzium lilin, dan juga sebuah kebun kecil yang digambarkan oleh Dostoyevsky dalam \"Buaya, atau Passage melalui Passage\". Dewan konsert terkenal sebagai tempat untuk bacaan sastera yang disertai oleh orang-orang seperti Dostoevsky dan Turgenev. Secara bersendirian, premis Passage telah lama dikaitkan dengan industri hiburan dan masih kekal di rumah Teater Komissarzhevskaya. <> Bilakah Saint Petersburg ditubuhkan? || awal abad ke-18 <> Siapakah yang mendirikan pusat membeli-belah yang dikhaskan untuk golongan paling elit masyarakat? || Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor <> Apa pengarang terkenal menggambarkan bahagian-bahagian pusat membeli-belah dalam bukunya? || Dostoyevsky <> Apakah tapak bersejarah yang masih beroperasi dalam pusat membeli-belah? || Teater Komissarzhevskaya <> Bilakah Saint Petersburg dirobohkan? || <> Siapa yang mengasaskan sebuah pusat membeli-belah yang terpelihara untuk masyarakat termiskin? || <> Apa pengarang yang tidak dikenali menggambarkan bahagian-bahagian pusat membeli-belah dalam bukunya? || <> Apakah tapak bersejarah yang tidak lagi beroperasi di pusat membeli-belah? || <> Apakah tapak bersejarah yang masih beroperasi di luar pusat membeli-belah? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was Saint Petersburg established? ", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732b", "answers": [{"text": "early 18th century", "answer_start": 113}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? ", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732c", "answers": [{"text": "Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor", "answer_start": 252}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732d", "answers": [{"text": "Dostoyevsky", "answer_start": 682}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historical site still operates within the mall? ", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732e", "answers": [{"text": "Komissarzhevskaya Theatre", "answer_start": 1003}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "early 18th century", "answer_start": 113}], "question": "When was Saint Petersburg demolished? ", "id": "5ad0c4c2645df0001a2d0280", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor", "answer_start": 252}], "question": "Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the poorest of society?", "id": "5ad0c4c2645df0001a2d0281", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Dostoyevsky", "answer_start": 682}], "question": "What unknown author described parts of the mall in his books?", "id": "5ad0c4c2645df0001a2d0282", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Komissarzhevskaya Theatre", "answer_start": 1003}], "question": "What historical site no longer operates within the mall? ", "id": "5ad0c4c2645df0001a2d0283", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Komissarzhevskaya Theatre", "answer_start": 1003}], "question": "What historical site still operates outside of the mall? ", "id": "5ad0c4c2645df0001a2d0284", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza \"Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage\". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre."}], ["Sosialisme berhadapan dengan konsumerisme di rantai Gedung Jabatan Negara (GUM), yang ditubuhkan oleh Lenin pada tahun 1921 sebagai sebuah perusahaan runcit model. Ia mengendalikan kedai-kedai di seluruh Rusia dan mensasarkan pengguna di seluruh kelas, jantina, dan garis etnik. GUM direka untuk memajukan matlamat Bolsheviks untuk menghapuskan perusahaan swasta dan membina semula kepenggunaan bersama-sama garis sosialis, serta demokrasi penggunaan untuk pekerja dan petani di seluruh negara. GUM menjadi penyedia propaganda utama, dengan kempen pengiklanan dan promosi yang mengajar orang Rusia matlamat rejim dan berusaha untuk menanamkan sikap dan tingkah laku baru. Dalam usaha untuk mencipta budaya pengguna sosialis dari awal, GUM mengulangi fungsi dan makna membeli dan menjual, menjadikannya sebagai tindakan politik yang boleh menyumbang atau menangguhkan perarakan ke arah komunisme utopia. Menjelang akhir 1920-an, matlamat Gandhiose telah membuktikan pengguna yang tidak realistik dan sebahagian besarnya terasing, yang sebaliknya mempelajari kebudayaan aduan dan hak. Fungsi utama GUM menjadi salah satu pengedaran apa sahaja yang dihantar oleh kilang mereka, tanpa mengira permintaan atau kualiti pengguna. <> Kumpulan apa yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1921 sebagai tindak balas kepada pertembungan antara sosialisme dan konsumerisme? || Kedai Gedung Negeri (GUM) <> Bilakah GUM mula merosot dan kehilangan kuasa? || lewat 1920-an <> Siapa yang membentuk Kedai Jabatan Negeri, AKA GUM? || Lenin <> Bilakah mereka pertama kali mendirikan organisasi? || 1921 <> Kumpulan apa yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1912 sebagai tindak balas terhadap pertembungan antara sosialisme dan konsumerisme? || <> Kumpulan apa yang ditubuhkan pada 1921 sebagai tindak balas terhadap pertembungan antara komunisme dan kepenggunaan? || <> Bilakah GUM berhenti merosot dan mendapat kuasa? || <> Siapa yang tidak pernah membentuk Kedai Jabatan Negeri, AKA GUM? || <> Bilakah mereka terakhir menubuhkan organisasi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? ", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e062", "answers": [{"text": "State Department Stores (GUM)", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? ", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e063", "answers": [{"text": "late 1920s", "answer_start": 873}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? ", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e064", "answers": [{"text": "Lenin", "answer_start": 87}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did they first establish the organization?", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e065", "answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 96}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "State Department Stores (GUM)", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What group was established in 1912 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? ", "id": "5ad0c52b645df0001a2d02a8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "State Department Stores (GUM)", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between communism and consumerism? ", "id": "5ad0c52b645df0001a2d02a9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "late 1920s", "answer_start": 873}], "question": "When did GUM stop declining and gained power? ", "id": "5ad0c52b645df0001a2d02aa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lenin", "answer_start": 87}], "question": "Who never formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? ", "id": "5ad0c52b645df0001a2d02ab", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1921", "answer_start": 96}], "question": "When did they last establish the organization?", "id": "5ad0c52b645df0001a2d02ac", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality."}], ["Kedai jabatan pertama di Filipina ialah Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1877 di Iloilo oleh Inggeris Henry Hoskyn, anak saudara Nicholas Loney, naib konsul British pertama di Iloilo. Beberapa kedai serbaneka yang paling awal di Filipina terletak di Manila seawal tahun 1898 dengan pembukaan Bazar Amerika, yang kemudiannya dinamakan Beck. Sepanjang pendudukan Amerika di Filipina, banyak gedung serbaneka dibina di seluruh kota, kebanyakannya terletak di Escolta. Heacock, kedai jabatan mewah, dianggap sebagai gedung serba terbaik di Timur. Kedai serbaneka yang lain termasuk Aguinaldo, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, dan Crystal Arcade, yang semuanya telah musnah semasa Pertempuran Manila pada tahun 1945. Selepas perang, kedai-kedai sekali lagi hidup dengan penubuhan Shoemart (sekarang SM), dan Rustan's. Sejak asas syarikat-syarikat ini pada tahun 1950-an, kini terdapat lebih dari seratus jabatan kedai sehingga kini. Pada masa ini, kerana kejayaan besar pusat membeli-belah, gedung-gedung di Filipina biasanya merupakan penyewa utama dalam pusat membeli-belah. SM Supermalls dan Robinsons Malls adalah dua rantai mall yang paling menonjol di negara ini, yang semuanya mempunyai bahagian-bahagian Gedung. <> Bilakah kedai serbaneka pertama di Filipina dibuka? || 1877 <> Siapa yang membuka beberapa kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Filipina? || Henry Hoskyn <> Di manakah terdapat beberapa kedai asal Filipina? || Manila <> Apa peristiwa sejarah yang membawa kepada banyak gedung-gedung serbaneka di kawasan yang dimusnahkan? || Pertempuran Manila pada tahun 1945 <> Bilakah syarikat-syarikat Shoemart dan Rustan ditubuhkan? || 1950-an <> Bilakah kedai serbaneka pertama di Filipina ditutup? || <> Bilakah kedai serbaneka terakhir di Filipina dibuka? || <> Siapa yang menutup beberapa kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Filipina? || <> Di mana terdapat beberapa kedai Filipina yang terbaru? || <> Apakah peristiwa bersejarah yang membawa kepada banyak gedung di kawasan yang disimpan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855c", "answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 110}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855d", "answers": [{"text": "Henry Hoskyn", "answer_start": 143}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855e", "answers": [{"text": "Manila", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855f", "answers": [{"text": "Battle of Manila in 1945", "answer_start": 797}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e8560", "answers": [{"text": "1950s", "answer_start": 984}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "When was the first department store in the Philippines closed?", "id": "5ad0c224645df0001a2d01f6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1877", "answer_start": 110}], "question": "When was the last department store in the Philippines opened?", "id": "5ad0c224645df0001a2d01f7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Henry Hoskyn", "answer_start": 143}], "question": "Who closed some of the first department stores in the Philippines? ", "id": "5ad0c224645df0001a2d01f8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manila", "answer_start": 298}], "question": "Where were some of the newest Philippines stores located? ", "id": "5ad0c224645df0001a2d01f9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Battle of Manila in 1945", "answer_start": 797}], "question": "What historical event led to many department stores in the area being saved? ", "id": "5ad0c224645df0001a2d01fa", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections."}], ["Semua bandar utama mempunyai kedai serbaneka yang tersendiri, yang berlabuh di pusat membeli-belah di pusat bandar sehingga kedatangan pusat membeli-belah pada tahun 1960-an. Sebagai contoh, selepas tahun 1887, Woodward & Lothrop dan Garfinckel bermula pada tahun 1905. Garfield telah muflis pada tahun 1990, seperti juga Woodward & Lothrop pada tahun 1994. Baltimore mempunyai empat gedung utama: Hutzler adalah pemimpin prestij, diikuti oleh Hecht, Hochschild dan Stewart's. Mereka semua mengendalikan cawangan di pinggir bandar, tetapi semuanya ditutup pada akhir abad kedua puluh. Menjelang 2015, kebanyakan gedung membeli-belah milik tempatan di seluruh negara telah disatukan menjadi rantai yang lebih besar, atau telah ditutup sepenuhnya. <> Bilakah Garfinckel mula beroperasi di Washington? || 1905 <> Pada tahun apakah Garfield telah bangkrut? || 1990 <> Berapa banyak kedai serbaneka yang ada di Baltimore pada masa itu? || empat <> Oleh tahun apa kedai kedai paling banyak telah diasimilasikan ke dalam operasi rantaian yang lebih besar? || 2015 <> Bilakah akhir Garfinckel beroperasi di Washington? || <> Dalam tahun berapa tidak Garfield bankrap? || <> Berapa banyak kedai serbaneka kecil yang pernah ada di Baltimore pada masa itu? || <> Berapa banyak kedai serbaneka yang tidak mempunyai Baltimore pada masa itu? || <> Dengan apa tahun yang tidak mempunyai kedai-kedai tempatan yang paling telah diasimilasikan ke dalam operasi rantaian yang lebih besar? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? ", "id": "57267a20708984140094c763", "answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 244}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?", "id": "57267a20708984140094c764", "answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? ", "id": "57267a20708984140094c765", "answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 333}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? ", "id": "57267a20708984140094c766", "answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 539}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1905", "answer_start": 244}], "question": "When did Garfinckel's end operating in Washington? ", "id": "5ad0c7df645df0001a2d0300", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1990", "answer_start": 278}], "question": "In what year didn't Garfield's go bankrupt?", "id": "5ad0c7df645df0001a2d0301", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "How many minor department stores did Baltimore have at the time? ", "id": "5ad0c7df645df0001a2d0302", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "four", "answer_start": 333}], "question": "How many major department stores didn't Baltimore have at the time? ", "id": "5ad0c7df645df0001a2d0303", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2015", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "By what year hadn't most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? ", "id": "5ad0c7df645df0001a2d0304", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely."}], ["Juga, Kendals di Manchester boleh mendakwa menjadi salah satu kedai serbaneka tertua di UK. Bermula sebagai sebuah kedai kecil yang dimiliki oleh S. dan J. Watts pada tahun 1796, ia menjual pelbagai barangan. Kendal Milne dan Faulkner membeli perniagaan itu pada tahun 1835. Memperluas ruang, dan bukannya menggunakannya sebagai gudang tipikal hanya untuk mempamerkan tekstil, ia menjadi bazaar yang luas. Melayani pelanggan kelas atas Manchester selama lebih 200 tahun, ia telah diambil alih oleh House of Fraser dan baru-baru ini dijenamakan semula sebagai House of Fraser Manchester - walaupun kebanyakan orang Mancunian masih merujuknya sebagai Kendal. Papan tanda Kendal Milne masih kekal di pintu utama bangunan seni deco di Deansgate. <> Siapa yang membeli sebuah kedai kecil pada tahun 1835, yang akhirnya akan menjadi Kendals? || Kendal Milne dan Faulkner <> Dimana kedai itu terletak? || Manchester <> Berapa lama kedai beroperasi? || lebih 200 tahun <> Yang akhirnya membeli dan menganggap operasi kedai? || Rumah Fraser <> Siapa yang membeli sebuah kedai kecil pada tahun 1853, yang akhirnya akan menjadi Kendals? || <> Siapa yang membeli sebuah kedai besar pada tahun 1835, yang akhirnya akan menjadi Kendals? || <> Di mana kedai tidak terletak? || <> Berapa lama kedai tidak beroperasi? || <> Siapa yang akhirnya menjual dan menghentikan operasi kedai? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d3", "answers": [{"text": "Kendal Milne and Faulkner", "answer_start": 187}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where was the store located? ", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d4", "answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 370}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long did the store operate for? ", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d5", "answers": [{"text": "over 200 years", "answer_start": 406}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? ", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d6", "answers": [{"text": "House of Fraser", "answer_start": 443}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kendal Milne and Faulkner", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "Who purchased a small shop in 1853, which would eventually become Kendals?", "id": "5ad0c764645df0001a2d02ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Kendal Milne and Faulkner", "answer_start": 187}], "question": "Who purchased a large shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?", "id": "5ad0c764645df0001a2d02ed", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Manchester", "answer_start": 17}], "question": "Where wasn't the store located? ", "id": "5ad0c764645df0001a2d02ee", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "over 200 years", "answer_start": 406}], "question": "How long didn't the store operate for? ", "id": "5ad0c764645df0001a2d02ef", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "House of Fraser", "answer_start": 443}], "question": "Who eventually sold and ceased operation of the store? ", "id": "5ad0c764645df0001a2d02f0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate."}], ["George Dayton telah menubuhkan kedai Barang Kering Daytonnya di Minneapolis pada tahun 1902 dan koperasi AMC pada tahun 1912. Keturunannya membina Southdale Center pada tahun 1956, membuka rantaian kedai diskaun Sasaran pada tahun 1962 dan rantaian B. Dalton Bookseller pada tahun 1966. Dayton berkembang menjadi 19 kedai di bawah nama Dayton ditambah lima nama serantau lain yang diperoleh oleh Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation menutup perdana J. L. Hudson Department Store di pusat bandar Detroit pada tahun 1983, tetapi mengembangkan operasi runcitnya yang lain. Ia memperoleh Mervyn pada tahun 1978, Marshall Field pada tahun 1990, dan dinamakan semula sebagai Target Corporation pada tahun 2000. Pada tahun 2002, Dayton dan Hudson disatukan ke nama Marshall Field. Pada tahun 2005, May Department Stores memperoleh semua kedai Marshall Field dan tidak lama kemudian, Macy memperoleh Mei. <> Siapa yang membuka Barang Kering Dayton? || George Dayton <> Pada tahun apakah Dayton's Dry Goods ditubuhkan? || 1902 <> Bilakah Pusat Southdale dibuka? || 1956 <> Kedai apa yang membeli pembelian Dayton-Hudson Corporation pada tahun 1978? || Mervyn's <> Siapa yang menutup barang-barang kering Dayton? || <> Dalam tahun apakah tidak barang-barang kering Dayton ditubuhkan? || <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Barang Kering Dayton ditutup? || <> Bilakah Pusat Southdale ditutup? || <> Kedai apa yang membeli pembelian Dayton-Hudson Corporation pada tahun 1987? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e1", "answers": [{"text": "George Dayton", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? ", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e2", "answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Southdale Center opened? ", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e3", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 153}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e4", "answers": [{"text": "Mervyn's", "answer_start": 522}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "George Dayton", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who closed Dayton's Dry Goods?", "id": "5ad0c8d3645df0001a2d0328", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "In what year wasn't Dayton's Dry Goods established? ", "id": "5ad0c8d3645df0001a2d0329", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1902", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods closed? ", "id": "5ad0c8d3645df0001a2d032a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 153}], "question": "When was the Southdale Center closed? ", "id": "5ad0c8d3645df0001a2d032b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Mervyn's", "answer_start": 522}], "question": "What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1987?", "id": "5ad0c8d3645df0001a2d032c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May."}], ["Kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Sepanyol ialah Almacenes el Siglo yang dibuka pada bulan Oktober 1881 di Barcelona. Berikutan penutupan tahun 2002 oleh kumpulan Partridges kumpulan Australia dari rangkaian kedai serbaneka SEPU mereka (Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Precios Unicos), yang merupakan salah satu daripada Sepanyol yang tertua, pasaran kini dikuasai oleh El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1934 sebagai sebuah kedai pakaian. Kedai-kedai El Corte Ingl\u00e9s cenderung menjadi bangunan yang luas, menjual produk yang sangat luas dan kumpulan itu juga mengawal beberapa format runcit lain termasuk rangkaian 'Supercor' dan hypercarket chain 'Hipercor'. Peserta lain seperti 'Simago' dan 'Galer\u00edas Preciados' ditutup pada tahun 1990-an, namun El Corte Ingl\u00e9s menghadapi persaingan utama dari operator diskaun Perancis seperti Carrefour dan Auchan. <> Apakah nama kedai jabatan Sepanyol yang pertama? || Almacenes el Siglo <> Bilakah kedai jabatan Sepanyol pertama dibuka? || Oktober 1881 <> Apa jenama jabatan kedai sekarang memiliki sebahagian besar pasaran di Sepanyol? || El Corte Ingl\u00e9s <> Bilakah El Corte Ingles ditubuhkan? || 1934 <> Apa yang bukan nama kedai jabatan Sepanyol yang pertama? || <> Apakah nama kedai jabatan Sepanyol yang terakhir? || <> Bilakah kedai jabatan Sepanyol pertama ditutup? || <> Bilakah El Corte Inggeris dirobohkan? || <> Apa jenama jabatan kedai sekarang menyewa kebanyakan pasaran di Sepanyol? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What was the name of the first Spanish department store?", "id": "572678385951b619008f739b", "answers": [{"text": "Almacenes el Siglo", "answer_start": 40}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the first Spanish department store opened? ", "id": "572678385951b619008f739c", "answers": [{"text": "October 1881", "answer_start": 69}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? ", "id": "572678385951b619008f739d", "answers": [{"text": "El Corte Ingl\u00e9s", "answer_start": 298}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was El Corte Ingles established? ", "id": "572678385951b619008f739e", "answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 326}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Almacenes el Siglo", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What wasn't the name of the first Spanish department store?", "id": "5ad0c6bb645df0001a2d02ce", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Almacenes el Siglo", "answer_start": 40}], "question": "What was the name of the last Spanish department store?", "id": "5ad0c6bb645df0001a2d02cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "October 1881", "answer_start": 69}], "question": "When was the first Spanish department store closed? ", "id": "5ad0c6bb645df0001a2d02d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1934", "answer_start": 326}], "question": "When was El Corte Ingles demolished? ", "id": "5ad0c6bb645df0001a2d02d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "El Corte Ingl\u00e9s", "answer_start": 351}], "question": "What department store brand now rents most of the market in Spain? ", "id": "5ad0c6bb645df0001a2d02d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Ingl\u00e9s stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galer\u00edas Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan."}], ["John Lewis Newcastle (dahulunya Bainbridge) di Newcastle upon Tyne, adalah gedung paling lama di dunia. Ia masih diketahui oleh ramai pelanggannya sebagai Bainbridge, walaupun namanya berubah menjadi 'John Lewis'. Institusi Newcastle bermula pada tahun 1838 ketika Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, berusia 21 tahun, bergabung dengan William Alder Dunn dan membuka draper dan fesyen di Market Street, Newcastle. Dari segi sejarah peruncitan, salah satu fakta yang paling penting mengenai kedai Newcastle Bainbridge, adalah seawal tahun 1849 penarikan mingguan dicatatkan oleh jabatan, menjadikannya paling awal semua gedung serbaneka. Lejar ini bertahan dan disimpan dalam arkib John Lewis. John Lewis membeli kedai Bainbridge pada tahun 1952. <> Apa nama bekas John Lewis Newcastle? || Bainbridge <> Apakah department store tertua di dunia? || John Lewis Newcastle <> Yang bermitra dengan William Alder Dunn untuk membuka kedai pertama? || Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge <> Apakah lokasi kedai pertama? || Market Street, Newcastle <> Bilakah John Lewis membeli dan mengambil alih kedai Bainbridge? || 1952 <> Apakah nama semasa John Lewis Newcastle? || <> Apakah department store terbaru di dunia? || <> Siapa yang bekerjasama dengan William Alder Dunn untuk membuka kedai terakhir? || <> Apakah lokasi penyimpanan terakhir? || <> Bilakah John Lewis menjual dan mengambil alih kedai Bainbridge? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b5", "answers": [{"text": "Bainbridge", "answer_start": 31}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the world's oldest department store? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b6", "answers": [{"text": "John Lewis Newcastle", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b7", "answers": [{"text": "Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge", "answer_start": 256}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the location of the first store? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b8", "answers": [{"text": "Market Street, Newcastle", "answer_start": 377}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b9", "answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 726}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Bainbridge", "answer_start": 31}], "question": "What is the current name of John Lewis Newcastle? ", "id": "5ad0c710645df0001a2d02e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "John Lewis Newcastle", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is the world's newest department store?", "id": "5ad0c710645df0001a2d02e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge", "answer_start": 256}], "question": "Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the last store? ", "id": "5ad0c710645df0001a2d02e4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Market Street, Newcastle", "answer_start": 377}], "question": "What was the location of the last store? ", "id": "5ad0c710645df0001a2d02e5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1952", "answer_start": 726}], "question": "When did John Lewis sell and take over the Bainbridge store?", "id": "5ad0c710645df0001a2d02e6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952."}], ["Pada abad ke-21 kedai serbaneka yang paling terkenal di Rusia adalah GUM di Moscow, diikuti oleh TsUM dan Petrovsky Passage. Kedai-kedai terkenal lain adalah Mega (pusat membeli-belah), Stockmann, dan Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, dan White Wind (Veteran Beliy) menjual sejumlah besar peranti elektronik. Di St. Petersburg The Passage telah popular sejak tahun 1840-an. 1956 filem Soviet Behind Window Store (di sini) di YouTube menggambarkan operasi sebuah gedung membeli-belah Moscow pada tahun 1950-an. <> Di mana terdapat kedai serbaneka yang paling terkenal di Rusia? || Moscow <> Dalam apa bandar yang terletak di Passage? || St Petersburg <> Filem apa yang menunjukkan operasi kedai serbaneka di bekas Kesatuan Soviet? || Behind Window Store <> Kapan filem yang menggambarkan kedai serbaneka soviet difilmkan? || 1956 <> Di mana terdapat kedai serbaneka yang paling penting di Rusia? || <> Di mana kedai jabatan Rusia yang paling ketara tidak terletak? || <> Dalam apa bandar yang bukan terletak di Passage? || <> Filem apa yang menunjukkan operasi kedai-kedai di Uni Soviet sekarang? || <> Bilakah tidak filem yang menggambarkan kedai serbaneka soviet difilemkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Where is the most notable Russian department store located?", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7363", "answers": [{"text": "Moscow", "answer_start": 73}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city is the Passage located?", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7364", "answers": [{"text": "St. Petersburg", "answer_start": 312}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7365", "answers": [{"text": "Behind Store Window", "answer_start": 390}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? ", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7366", "answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 373}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Moscow", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Where is the least notable Russian department store located?", "id": "5ad0c5ea645df0001a2d02b2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Moscow", "answer_start": 73}], "question": "Where is the most notable Russian department store not located?", "id": "5ad0c5ea645df0001a2d02b3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "St. Petersburg", "answer_start": 312}], "question": "In what city isn't the Passage located?", "id": "5ad0c5ea645df0001a2d02b4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Behind Store Window", "answer_start": 390}], "question": "What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the current Soviet Union?", "id": "5ad0c5ea645df0001a2d02b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1956", "answer_start": 373}], "question": "When wasn't the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? ", "id": "5ad0c5ea645df0001a2d02b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (\u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's."}], ["Pada tahun 1849, Horne memulakan operasi dan tidak lama lagi menjadi sebuah gedung utama di Pittsburgh. Pada tahun 1879, ia membuka mercu tanda tujuh tingkat yang merupakan pusat membeli-belah pertama di pusat bandaraya. Pada tahun 1972, Barangan Kering Berkaitan telah memperoleh Horne, dan ADG memperluaskan operasi Horne ke beberapa kedai di pusat bandar pinggiran di seluruh kawasan Pittsburgh serta di Erie, Pennsylvania dan Ohio Timur Laut. Pada bulan Disember 1986, Horne dibeli oleh kumpulan pelabur tempatan berikutan pengambilalihan ADG oleh May Department Stores. Menjelang tahun 1994, Kedai Jabatan Bersekutu memperoleh baki sepuluh kedai Horne dan menggabungkan mereka dengan bahagian Lazarus, sepenuhnya menghentikan semua operasi mana-mana kedai di bawah nama Horne. <> Dalam tahun apakah Horne memulakan perniagaan? || 1849 <> Di mana bandar Horne memulakan operasi mereka? || Pittsburgh <> Apa syarikat membeli Horne pada tahun 1972? || Barang-barang Kering yang Berkaitan <> Berapa banyak kedai Horne membeli kedai-kedai Jabatan Bersekutu pada tahun 1994? || sepuluh <> Dalam tahun apa tidak Horne mulai menjalankan perniagaan? || <> Dalam tahun apakah Horne berhenti menjalankan perniagaan? || <> Di mana bandar Horne menghentikan operasi mereka? || <> Apa syarikat membeli Horne pada tahun 1927? || <> Berapa banyak kedai Horne membeli kedai Jabatan Bersekutu pada tahun 1949? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Horne began doing business?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7493", "answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 3}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what city did Horne begin their operations?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7494", "answers": [{"text": "Pittsburgh", "answer_start": 60}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company purchased Horne's in 1972?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7495", "answers": [{"text": "Associated Dry Goods", "answer_start": 201}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7496", "answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 580}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year didn't Horne begin doing business?", "id": "5ad0c922645df0001a2d0346", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1849", "answer_start": 3}], "question": "In what year did Horne stop doing business?", "id": "5ad0c922645df0001a2d0347", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Pittsburgh", "answer_start": 60}], "question": "In what city did Horne cease their operations?", "id": "5ad0c922645df0001a2d0348", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Associated Dry Goods", "answer_start": 201}], "question": "What company purchased Horne's in 1927?", "id": "5ad0c922645df0001a2d0349", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "ten", "answer_start": 580}], "question": "How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1949?", "id": "5ad0c922645df0001a2d034a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name."}], ["Lima rangkaian yang paling lazim adalah Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store adalah yang terbesar, beroperasi lebih daripada 40 kedai (termasuk kedai, plaza muda, cawangan asing). Hyundai Department Store mempunyai kira-kira 14 kedai (13dept, 1outlet), dan terdapat 10 kedai di Shinsegae. Shinsegae mempunyai 3 kedai outlet dengan Simon. Galleria mempunyai 5, AK mempunyai 5 kedai. Galleriaeast dan barat terkenal dengan barangan mewah. Lima kedai serbaneka ini dikenali sebagai orang sebagai syarikat korporat dalam bidang penyesuaian di Korea Selatan. Dari barangan fesyen untuk peralatan elektrik, orang boleh membeli pelbagai jenis produk. Setiap hujung minggu, orang ramai suka pergi ke kedai-kedai serbaneka ini, kerana lokasinya biasanya mudah dikunjungi. Sehingga tahun 2010, kedai jabatan Shinsegae di Centum City, Busan, adalah gedung gedung terbesar di dunia. <> Apakah rangkaian kedai serbaneka beroperasi di kebanyakan kedai? || Lotte Department Store <> Di manakah \"bidang pengedaran\" yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan? || Korea Selatan <> Kedai apakah kedai terbesar di dunia pada 2010? || Kedai jabatan Shinsegae <> Di mana kedai jabatan terbesar di dunia terletak? || Centum City, Busan <> Apakah rangkaian kedai runcit beroperasi sekurang-kurangnya kedai? || <> Rangkaian restoran apa yang beroperasi di kebanyakan kedai? || <> Di manakah \"medan pengedaran\" paling kerap dikaitkan dengan? || <> Di manakah kedai jabatan terkecil di dunia yang terletak? || <> Kedai apa kedai jabatan terkecil di dunia pada tahun 2010? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What department store chain operates the most stores? ", "id": "57267762708984140094c71b", "answers": [{"text": "Lotte Department Store", "answer_start": 82}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the \"field of distribution\" most often associated with?", "id": "57267762708984140094c71c", "answers": [{"text": "South Korea", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?", "id": "57267762708984140094c71d", "answers": [{"text": "Shinsegae department store", "answer_start": 774}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is the largest department store in the world located?", "id": "57267762708984140094c71e", "answers": [{"text": "Centum City, Busan", "answer_start": 804}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lotte Department Store", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What department store chain operates the least stores? ", "id": "5ad0c65e645df0001a2d02bc", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lotte Department Store", "answer_start": 82}], "question": "What department restaurant chain operates the most stores? ", "id": "5ad0c65e645df0001a2d02bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "South Korea", "answer_start": 540}], "question": "Where is the \"field of distribution\" least often associated with?", "id": "5ad0c65e645df0001a2d02be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Centum City, Busan", "answer_start": 804}], "question": "Where is the smallest department store in the world located?", "id": "5ad0c65e645df0001a2d02bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Shinsegae department store", "answer_start": 774}], "question": "What store was the smallest department store in the world in 2010?", "id": "5ad0c65e645df0001a2d02c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world."}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II Hudson menyedari bahawa ruang letak kereta yang terhad di pencakar langit pusat bandarnya akan semakin menjadi masalah bagi para pelanggannya. Penyelesaiannya pada tahun 1954 adalah untuk membuka Pusat Northland di Southfield berhampiran, di luar batas bandar. Ia adalah pusat membeli-belah pinggir bandar terbesar di dunia, dan dengan cepat menjadi destinasi membeli-belah utama untuk utara dan barat Detroit, dan untuk kebanyakan kawasan pinggir bandar. Menjelang tahun 1961 pencakar langit di pusat bandar menyumbang hanya separuh jualan Hudson; ia ditutup pada tahun 1986. Northland Center Hudson, yang dijenamakan semula Macy pada tahun 2006 berikutan pengambilalihan oleh Jabatan Pertanian Bersekutu, ditutup bersama-sama dengan baki kedai di pusat pada bulan Mac 2015 disebabkan kekosongan gedung mall yang tinggi, kerosakan infrastruktur, dan ketidakpatuhan kewangan. <> Dalam tahun berapakah Hudson menangani isu tempat letak kereta di bandar? || 1954 <> Apa kedai yang dipanggil di Southfield? || Northland Center <> Pada tahun apakah bangunan pencakar langit Hudson? || 1986 <> Apa syarikat membeli Pusat Northland pada tahun 2006? || Kedai Pusat Bersekutu <> Apakah Northfield Centre dinamakan semula selepas ia dibeli oleh syarikat lain? || Macy's <> Dalam tahun apakah tidak alamat Hudson mengenai masalah letak kereta di bandar? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah Hudson menangani isu letak kereta di luar bandar? || <> Apa kedai yang dipanggil di Northfield? || <> Dalam tahun berapakah pencakar langit Hudson dibuka? || <> Apa syarikat membeli Pusat Northland pada tahun 2016? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79b", "answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 162}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the store called in Southfield? ", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79c", "answers": [{"text": "Northland Center", "answer_start": 183}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? ", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79d", "answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 509}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79e", "answers": [{"text": "Federated Department Stores", "answer_start": 596}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79f", "answers": [{"text": "Macy's", "answer_start": 556}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "In what year didn't Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?", "id": "5ad0c883645df0001a2d0314", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1954", "answer_start": 162}], "question": "In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking outside of cities?", "id": "5ad0c883645df0001a2d0315", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Northland Center", "answer_start": 183}], "question": "What was the store called in Northfield? ", "id": "5ad0c883645df0001a2d0316", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1986", "answer_start": 509}], "question": "In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper open? ", "id": "5ad0c883645df0001a2d0317", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Federated Department Stores", "answer_start": 596}], "question": "What company purchased the Northland Center in 2016?", "id": "5ad0c883645df0001a2d0318", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement."}], ["Kedai rantaian rantaian berkembang pesat selepas tahun 1920, dan menyediakan persaingan untuk pusat membeli-belah mewah di pusat bandar, serta gedung-gedung serbaneka tempatan di bandar-bandar kecil. JC Penney mempunyai empat kedai pada tahun 1908, 312 pada tahun 1920, dan 1452 pada tahun 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, sebuah gedung pesanan raksasa, membuka lapan kedai runcit pertamanya pada tahun 1925, dan mengendalikan 338 pada tahun 1930, dan pada tahun 595 pada tahun 1940. Rantaian itu mencapai penonton kelas menengah, yang lebih berminat dalam nilai berbanding dengan fesyen kelas atas. Sears adalah perintis dalam mewujudkan kedai-kedai serbaneka yang memenuhi keperluan lelaki dan wanita, terutamanya dengan barisan perkakasan dan bahan binaan. Ia menonjolkan fesyen terbaru yang memihak kepada kepraktisan dan ketahanan, dan membolehkan para pelanggan memilih barangan tanpa bantuan seorang kerani. Kedai-kedainya berorientasikan kepada pemandu - diasingkan dari daerah perniagaan sedia ada di tengah-tengah kawasan kediaman yang diduduki oleh penonton sasaran mereka; mempunyai tempat letak kereta yang luas, percuma, di luar jalan; dan menyampaikan identiti korporat yang jelas. Pada tahun 1930-an, syarikat itu direka sepenuhnya berhawa dingin, kedai-kedai \"tanpa jendela\" yang susun aturnya didorong sepenuhnya oleh kebimbangan merchandising. <> Berapa kedai adalah J. C. Penny yang beroperasi pada tahun 1930? || 1452 <> Apakah demografi yang paling banyak menyimpan tumpuan? || penonton kelas menengah <> Kedai apakah yang merupakan salah satu yang pertama menawarkan pilihan membeli-belah untuk kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita pada masa yang sama? || Sears <> Berapa banyak kedai Sears beroperasi pada tahun 1940? || 595 <> Berapa kedai adalah J. C. Penny beroperasi pada tahun 1903? || <> Berapa banyak kedai bukan J. C. Penny yang beroperasi pada tahun 1930? || <> Apa demografi yang tidak menyimpan paling fokus? || <> Apa kedai adalah salah satu yang terakhir untuk menawarkan pilihan membeli-belah untuk kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita pada masa yang sama? || <> Berapa banyak kedai Sears beroperasi pada tahun 1904? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c793", "answers": [{"text": "1452", "answer_start": 225}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What demographic were most stores focusing on?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c794", "answers": [{"text": "middle-class audience", "answer_start": 401}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c795", "answers": [{"text": "Sears", "answer_start": 484}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c796", "answers": [{"text": "595", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1452", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1903?", "id": "5ad0c831645df0001a2d030a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1452", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "How many stores wasn't J. C. Penny operating in 1930?", "id": "5ad0c831645df0001a2d030b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "middle-class audience", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What demographic weren't most stores focusing on?", "id": "5ad0c831645df0001a2d030c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sears", "answer_start": 484}], "question": "What store was one of the last to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?", "id": "5ad0c831645df0001a2d030d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "595", "answer_start": 367}], "question": "How many stores was Sears operating in 1904?", "id": "5ad0c831645df0001a2d030e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists \u2013 set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, \"windowless\" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns."}]], [["Pelanggaran merek dagang berlaku apabila satu pihak menggunakan tanda dagangan yang serupa atau mengelirukan sama dengan tanda dagangan yang dimiliki oleh pihak lain, berkaitan dengan produk atau perkhidmatan yang sama atau mirip dengan produk atau perkhidmatan pihak lain. Di banyak negara, tanda dagangan menerima perlindungan tanpa pendaftaran, tetapi mendaftarkan tanda dagangan memberikan kelebihan undang-undang untuk penguatkuasaan. Pelanggaran boleh ditangani oleh litigasi sivil dan, dalam beberapa bidang kuasa, di bawah undang-undang jenayah. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila seseorang menggunakan tanda dagangan yang serupa atau mengelirukan mirip dengan tanda dagangan yang dimiliki oleh orang lain? || Pelanggaran cap dagangan <> Apa yang mendaftar untuk memberikan cap dagangan? || kelebihan undang-undang untuk penguatkuasaan <> Di mana tanda dagangan dilindungi tanpa pendaftaran? || Di banyak negara <> Bagaimana pelanggaran tanda dagangan yang ditangani dalam kebanyakan bidang kuasa? || litigasi sivil <> Bagaimana pelanggaran cap dagang ditangani dalam beberapa bidang kuasa? || Undang-undang jenayah <> Apa yang berlaku apabila seseorang menggunakan tanda dagangan yang sama tetapi tidak apabila menggunakan tanda dagangan yang sama || <> Apakah perlindungan cap dagangan ini memerlukan dalam kebanyakan bidang kuasa? || <> Tanda dagangan tanpa apa yang menerima kelebihan undang-undang yang sama sebagai cap dagang berdaftar? || <> Apa yang ditangani oleh undang-undang jenayah di semua bidang kuasa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0c", "answers": [{"text": "Trademark infringement", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does registering a trademark provide?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0d", "answers": [{"text": "legal advantages for enforcement", "answer_start": 367}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where is a trademark protected without registration?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0e", "answers": [{"text": "In many countries", "answer_start": 257}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0f", "answers": [{"text": "civil litigation", "answer_start": 434}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc10", "answers": [{"text": "criminal law", "answer_start": 488}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trademark infringement", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What occurs when someone uses an identical trademark but not when the use a similar trademark", "id": "5a1582bba54d420018529481", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "registration", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "What this trademark protection require in most jurisdictions?", "id": "5a1582bba54d420018529482", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "registration", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "A trademark without what receives the same legal advantages as a registered trademark?", "id": "5a1582bba54d420018529483", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Infringement", "answer_start": 401}], "question": "What is addressed by criminal law in all jurisdictions?", "id": "5a1582bba54d420018529484", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law."}], ["Asal-usul konsep ini berpotensi dikesan semula. Undang-undang Yahudi termasuk beberapa pertimbangan yang kesannya serupa dengan undang-undang harta intelek moden, walaupun tanggapan kreasi intelektual sebagai harta sepertinya tidak wujud - terutamanya prinsip Hasagat Ge'vul (pencerobohan tidak adil) digunakan untuk membenarkan jangka masa terhad penerbit (tetapi tidak penulis) hak cipta pada abad ke-16. Pada 500 BCE, kerajaan negeri Sybaris dari Yunani menawarkan paten setahun \"kepada semua orang yang patut menemui apa-apa penghalusan baru dalam kemewahan\". <> Undang-undang Yahudi termasuk prinsip yang digunakan untuk membenarkan hak cipta? || Hasagat Ge'vul (pencerobohan yang tidak adil) <> Bilakah undang-undang Yahudi mengiktiraf hak cipta? || pada abad ke-16 <> Bilakah Sybaris menawarkan paten? || 500 BCE <> Berapa lama paten yang sah di Sybaris? || satu tahun <> Apa prinsip Yahudi yang membenarkan hak cipta pada 500 BCE? || <> Berapa lamakah paten yang ditawarkan oleh undang-undang Yahudi? || <> Apakah negeri Yunani menawarkan hak cipta? || <> Undang-undang Yahudi menganggap kreasi intelektual untuk menjadi apa? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc2", "answers": [{"text": "Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)", "answer_start": 284}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Jewish law recognize copyright?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc3", "answers": [{"text": "in the 16th century", "answer_start": 391}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did Sybaris offer patents?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc4", "answers": [{"text": "500 BCE", "answer_start": 415}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc5", "answers": [{"text": "one year", "answer_start": 477}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What Jewish principle justified copyright in 500 BCE?", "id": "5a157a3ca54d420018529449", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "one year", "answer_start": 477}], "question": "How long was the patent offered by Jewish law?", "id": "5a157a3ca54d42001852944a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Sybaris", "answer_start": 461}], "question": "What Greek state offered copyrights? ", "id": "5a157a3ca54d42001852944b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "property", "answer_start": 225}], "question": "A Jewish law considered intellectual creations to be what?", "id": "5a157a3ca54d42001852944c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist \u2013 notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent \"to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury\"."}], ["Pada tahun 2013, Pejabat Paten & Tanda Perdagangan Amerika Syarikat menganggarkan nilai harta intelek kepada ekonomi A.S. melebihi US $ 5 trilion dan mewujudkan pekerjaan untuk anggaran 18 juta orang Amerika. Nilai harta intelek dianggap sama tinggi di negara maju lain, seperti di Kesatuan Eropah. Di UK, IP telah menjadi kelas aset yang diiktiraf untuk digunakan dalam pendanaan yang dipimpin oleh pencen dan lain-lain jenis kewangan perniagaan. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2013, Pejabat Harta Intelek UK menyatakan: \"Terdapat berjuta-juta aset perniagaan tidak ketara yang nilai sama ada tidak dimanfaatkan sama sekali, atau hanya dimanfaatkan secara tidak sengaja\". <> Berapa nilai harta intelektual kepada ekonomi A.S. pada tahun 2013? || Lebih daripada AS $ 5 trilion <> Berapa ramai rakyat Amerika yang membuat harta intelek mencipta pekerjaan pada tahun 2013? || 18 juta <> Di manakah IP menjadi kelas aset yang diiktiraf? || UK <> Berapa banyak aset tidak ketara tidak dimanfaatkan di UK? || berjuta-juta <> Apa yang dianggarkan bernilai $ 18 juta untuk ekonomi AS? || <> Apa harta intelektual mencipta untuk 5 trilion orang? || <> Apa yang tidak bernilai tinggi di negara maju lain? || <> Apa yang telah menjadi kelas aset yang diiktiraf di Kesatuan Eropah? || <> Negara apa yang mempunyai berjuta-juta aset ketara tidak dimanfaatkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb7", "answers": [{"text": "more than US$5 trillion", "answer_start": 128}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb8", "answers": [{"text": "18 million", "answer_start": 192}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where has IP become a recognised asset class?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb9", "answers": [{"text": "the UK", "answer_start": 352}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fba", "answers": [{"text": "millions", "answer_start": 540}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 83}], "question": "What was estimated to be worth $18 million to the US economy?", "id": "5a157e32a54d420018529465", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "employment", "answer_start": 164}], "question": "What does intellectual property create for 5 trillion people?", "id": "5a157e32a54d420018529466", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The value of intellectual property", "answer_start": 220}], "question": "What is not valued as highly in other developed countries?", "id": "5a157e32a54d420018529467", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "IP", "answer_start": 360}], "question": "What has become a recognized asset class in the European Union?", "id": "5a157e32a54d420018529468", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "UK", "answer_start": 489}], "question": "What country has millions of tangible assets not being leveraged?", "id": "5a157e32a54d420018529469", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people. The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union. In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance. However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: \"There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently\"."}], ["Pelanggaran paten biasanya disebabkan oleh penggunaan atau penjualan ciptaan yang dipatenkan tanpa izin dari pemegang paten. Skop ciptaan yang dipatenkan atau tahap perlindungan ditakrifkan dalam tuntutan paten yang diberikan. Terdapat pelabuhan yang selamat di banyak bidang kuasa untuk menggunakan ciptaan yang dipatenkan untuk penyelidikan. Pelabuhan yang selamat ini tidak wujud di Amerika Syarikat melainkan penyelidikan dilakukan untuk tujuan murni falsafah, atau untuk mengumpulkan data untuk menyediakan suatu permohonan untuk kelulusan pengawalseliaan suatu ubat. Secara umumnya, kes pelanggaran paten ditangani di bawah undang-undang sivil (mis., Di Amerika Syarikat) tetapi beberapa bidang kuasa menggabungkan pelanggaran undang-undang jenayah juga (contohnya, Argentina, China, Perancis, Jepun, Rusia, Korea Selatan). <> Apakah yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan atau penjualan ciptaan yang dipaten tanpa kebenaran? || Pelanggaran paten <> Di manakah pelabuhan yang selamat menggunakan ciptaan paten untuk penyelidikan secara amnya tidak wujud? || di AS <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang menangani kes pelanggaran hak paten di AS? || sivil <> Apakah jenis undang-undang yang menangani kes pelanggaran hak paten di China? || jenayah <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang menangani kes pelanggaran hak paten di Rusia? || jenayah <> Apakah yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan atau penjualan ciptaan yang dipatenkan? || <> Apakah AS mempunyai pelabuhan yang selamat untuk? || <> Apakah jenis kes di Amerika Syarikat yang dikendalikan oleh undang-undang jenayah? || <> Apakah jenis kes di Rusia dan China yang dikendalikan oleh undang-undang sivil? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?", "id": "57265190708984140094c22d", "answers": [{"text": "Patent infringement", "answer_start": 0}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?", "id": "57265190708984140094c22e", "answers": [{"text": "in the US", "answer_start": 353}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?", "id": "57265190708984140094c22f", "answers": [{"text": "civil", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?", "id": "57265190708984140094c230", "answers": [{"text": "criminal", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?", "id": "57265190708984140094c231", "answers": [{"text": "criminal", "answer_start": 672}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Patent infringement", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is caused by using or selling a patented invention?", "id": "5a157f43a54d42001852946f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "to use a patented invention for research", "answer_start": 279}], "question": "What does the US have a safe harbor for?", "id": "5a157f43a54d420018529470", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patent infringement", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "What type of cases in the US are handled by criminal law?", "id": "5a157f43a54d420018529471", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "patent infringement", "answer_start": 535}], "question": "What types of cases in Russia and China are handled by civil law?", "id": "5a157f43a54d420018529472", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea)."}], ["Setaraf Jerman digunakan dengan penubuhan Konfederasi Jerman Utara yang perlembagaannya memberikan kuasa perundangan ke atas perlindungan harta intelek (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) kepada konfederasi. Apabila sekretariat pentadbiran yang ditubuhkan oleh Konvensyen Paris (1883) dan Konvensyen Berne (1886) digabungkan pada tahun 1893, mereka terletak di Berne, dan juga mengguna pakai istilah harta intelektual dalam gelaran gabungan mereka, United International Bureaux untuk Perlindungan Intelektual Harta. <> Perlembagaan mana yang memberikan kuasa perundangan untuk melindungi harta intelektual? || Konfederasi Jerman Utara <> Kapan Konvensyen Paris? || 1883 <> Bilakah Konvensyen Berne? || 1886 <> Bilakah gabungan sekretariat pentadbiran Paris dan Berne? || 1893 <> Apa nama yang digunakan oleh sekretariat yang digabungkan? || Bureaux Antarabangsa United untuk Perlindungan Harta Intelek <> Apakah perlembagaan yang dilindungi oleh harta intelek yang dilindungi? || <> Kedudukan apa yang telah ditetapkan oleh konvensyen Paris pada 1886 dan Konvensyen Berne 1883? || <> Sekretariat dari konvensyen apa yang digabungkan dengan sekretariat Konvensyen Paris pada tahun 1886? || <> Siapa yang terletak di Paris selepas menggabungkan pada tahun 1893? || <> Nama apa yang diterima oleh rahsia pentadbiran dari Konvensyen Berne? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8c", "answers": [{"text": "the North German Confederation", "answer_start": 52}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Paris Convention?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8d", "answers": [{"text": "1883", "answer_start": 302}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Berne Convention?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8e", "answers": [{"text": "1886", "answer_start": 334}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8f", "answers": [{"text": "1893", "answer_start": 350}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What name did the merged secretariats adopt?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db90", "answers": [{"text": "United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property", "answer_start": 460}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "North German Confederation", "answer_start": 56}], "question": "What constitution epressly protected intellectual propert?", "id": "5a157229a54d420018529435", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the administrative secretariats", "answer_start": 233}], "question": "What position was established by the Paris convention in 1886 and the Berne Convention 1883?", "id": "5a157229a54d420018529436", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Berne Convention", "answer_start": 316}], "question": "Secretaties from what convention merged with the secrataries of the Paris Convention  in 1886?", "id": "5a157229a54d420018529437", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "administrative secretariats", "answer_start": 237}], "question": "Who located in Paris after merging in 1893?", "id": "5a157229a54d420018529438", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "What name was adopted by the administrative secretatioes from the Berne Convention?", "id": "5a157229a54d420018529439", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property."}], ["Paten adalah bentuk hak yang diberikan oleh kerajaan kepada pencipta, memberi hak kepada pemiliknya untuk mengecualikan orang lain daripada membuat, menggunakan, menjual, menawarkan untuk menjual, dan mengimport ciptaan untuk tempoh masa yang terbatas, sebagai pertukaran kepada orang awam pendedahan ciptaan. Ciptaan adalah penyelesaian kepada masalah teknologi tertentu, yang mungkin merupakan suatu produk atau suatu proses dan secara amnya harus memenuhi tiga keperluan utama: ia harus menjadi baru, tidak jelas dan perlu ada keberlanjutan industri. 17 <> Siapa memberikan paten? || kerajaan <> Siapa paten yang diberikan? || seorang pencipta <> Berapa banyak keperluan yang diperlukan untuk memenuhi paten? || tiga <> Satu ciptaan adalah satu penyelesaian kepada jenis masalah apa? || teknologi <> Apakah paten yang ditawarkan sebagai pertukaran? || pendedahan awam mengenai ciptaan <> Apa yang tidak termasuk penemu daripada membuat menggunakan menjual atau menawarkan untuk menjual ciptaan? || <> Apa yang disimpan dari pendedahan awam sebagai pertukaran untuk paten? || <> Apakah penyelesaian kepada masalah intelektual? || <> Apa pencipta cucu yang menggunakan ciptaan untuk masa yang terhad? || <> Apa yang perlu jelas baru dan mempunyai aplikasi perindustrian? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who grants a patent?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c20f", "answers": [{"text": "the government", "answer_start": 39}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who is a patent granted to?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c210", "answers": [{"text": "an inventor", "answer_start": 57}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c211", "answers": [{"text": "three", "answer_start": 403}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "An invention is a solution to what type of problem?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c212", "answers": [{"text": "technological", "answer_start": 316}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is a patent offered in exchange for?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c213", "answers": [{"text": "public disclosure of the invention", "answer_start": 239}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A patent", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What excludes the inventor from making using selling or offering to sell an invention?", "id": "5a157b6da54d420018529451", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the invention", "answer_start": 260}], "question": "What is kept from public disclosure in exchange for a patent?", "id": "5a157b6da54d420018529452", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an invention", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What is a solution to an intellectual problem?", "id": "5a157b6da54d420018529453", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A patent", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What grandson inventor exclusive use of an invention for a limited amount of time?", "id": "5a157b6da54d420018529454", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "an invention", "answer_start": 176}], "question": "What needs to be new obvious and have an industrial application?", "id": "5a157b6da54d420018529455", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17"}], ["Penyelewengan rahsia perdagangan berbeza daripada pelanggaran undang-undang harta intelek lain, oleh kerana definisi rahsia perdagangan rahsia, sementara hak paten dan hak cipta dan cap dagang berdaftar tersedia untuk umum. Di Amerika Syarikat, rahsia perdagangan dilindungi di bawah undang-undang negara, dan negara-negara telah hampir mengguna pakai Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Seragam. Amerika Syarikat juga mempunyai undang-undang persekutuan dalam bentuk Akta Ketegangan Ekonomi 1996 (18 A.S.C \u00a7\u00a7 1831-1839), yang membuat pencurian atau penyalahgunaan rahasia perdagangan suatu jenayah persekutuan. Undang-undang ini mengandungi dua ketentuan yang menjejaskan dua jenis kegiatan. Yang pertama, 18 A.S.C. \u00a7 1831 (a), menjejaskan kecurian rahsia perdagangan untuk memberi manfaat kepada kuasa asing. Kedua, 18 A.S.C. \u00a7 1832, menjejaskan kecurian mereka untuk tujuan komersil atau ekonomi. (Penalti berkanun adalah berbeza bagi kedua-dua kesalahan.) Dalam bidang kuasa Commonwealth common jurisdiksi, kerahsiaan dan rahsia perdagangan dianggap sebagai hak yang adil dan adil hak harta tetapi penalti untuk pencurian adalah sama seperti Amerika Syarikat. [Rujukan?] <> Jenis harta intelektual apa yang rahsia? || rahsia perdagangan <> Undang-undang apa yang kebanyakan negara-negara AS menggunakan untuk melindungi rahsia perdagangan? || Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Seragam <> Apakah undang-undang persekutuan AS melindungi rahsia perdagangan? || Undang-undang Ketegangan Ekonomi <> Commonwealth common law menganggap rahsia perdagangan sebagai jenis apa yang benar? || undang yang saksama <> Amerika Syarikat menganggap rahsia perdagangan sebagai jenis apa yang betul? || hak harta <> Apakah rahsia undang-undang persekutuan ini melindungi? || <> Apa yang kebanyakan negara-negara AS menggunakan Akta Perisikan Ekonomi untuk melindungi? || <> Apa undang-undang persekutuan melindungi menggunakan Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Seragam? || <> Apakah Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Unified membuat jenayah persekutuan? || <> Apa yang dikritik oleh Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Amerika apabila untuk kepentingan kuasa asing? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which type of intellectual property is secret?", "id": "57265386708984140094c27f", "answers": [{"text": "trade secrets", "answer_start": 116}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?", "id": "57265386708984140094c280", "answers": [{"text": "Uniform Trade Secrets Act", "answer_start": 335}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What US federal law protects trade secrets?", "id": "57265386708984140094c281", "answers": [{"text": "Economic Espionage Act", "answer_start": 420}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?", "id": "57265386708984140094c282", "answers": [{"text": "an equitable right", "answer_start": 969}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?", "id": "57265386708984140094c283", "answers": [{"text": "a property right", "answer_start": 1000}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Trade secret", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What secrets this federal law protect?", "id": "5a15a927a54d420018529489", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trade secrets", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What do most US states use the Economic Espionage Act to protect?", "id": "5a15a927a54d42001852948a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trade secret", "answer_start": 524}], "question": "What does federal law protect using the Uniform Trade Secrets Act?", "id": "5a15a927a54d42001852948b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theft or misappropriation of a trade secret", "answer_start": 493}], "question": "What does the Unified Trade Secrets Act make a federal crime?", "id": "5a15a927a54d42001852948c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "theft of trade secrets", "answer_start": 673}], "question": "What is criminalized by the United Trade Secrets Act when for the benefit of a foreign power?", "id": "5a15a927a54d42001852948d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws, since by definition trade secrets are secret, while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available. In the United States, trade secrets are protected under state law, and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1831\u20131839), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime. This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity. The first, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1831(a), criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers. The second, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1832, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes. (The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses.) In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States.[citation needed]"}], ["Pelanggaran hak cipta mereproduksi, mengedar, memaparkan atau melaksanakan kerja, atau membuat karya terbitan, tanpa izin dari pemegang hak cipta, yang biasanya merupakan penerbit atau perniagaan lain yang mewakili atau ditugaskan oleh pencipta kerja. Ia sering dipanggil \"cetak rompak\". Walaupun hak cipta dicipta misalnya kerja tetap, umumnya pemegang hak cipta hanya boleh mendapatkan ganti rugi wang jika pemilik mencatat hak cipta. [Rujukan?] Penguatkuasaan hak cipta biasanya merupakan tanggungjawab pemegang hak cipta. Perjanjian perdagangan ACTA, yang ditandatangani pada Mei 2011 oleh Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, Switzerland, dan EU, dan yang tidak berlaku, mengharuskan pihaknya menambah hukuman jenayah, termasuk penangkapan dan denda, untuk pelanggaran hak cipta dan merek dagang, dan mewajibkan pihak-pihak kepada polis aktif untuk pelanggaran. Terdapat batasan dan pengecualian kepada hak cipta, yang membenarkan penggunaan karya berhak cipta terhad, yang bukan merupakan pelanggaran. Contoh-contoh doktrin seperti itu adalah penggunaan adil dan doktrin yang adil. <> Bilakah perjanjian perdagangan ACTA ditandatangani? || Mei 2011 <> Negara mana yang menandatangani ACTA? || Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, Switzerland, dan EU <> Doktrin mana yang membolehkan penggunaan terhad karya berhak cipta? || penggunaan adil dan berurusan adil <> Apakah istilah umum untuk pelanggaran hak cipta? || pembajakan <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila anda membiak semula mengedarkan karya paparan dari hak cipta dengan tanpa izin? || <> Apa yang tidak dicipta sehingga pemilik hak cipta mendaftarkan hak cipta? || <> Dokumen mana yang membolehkan penggunaan tanpa hak cipta yang tidak terhad? || <> Negara apa yang enggan menerima ACTA || <> Apakah kerajaan bertanggungjawab untuk menguatkuasakan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c241", "answers": [{"text": "May 2011", "answer_start": 575}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which countries signed ACTA?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c242", "answers": [{"text": "United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU", "answer_start": 591}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c243", "answers": [{"text": "fair use and fair dealing", "answer_start": 1033}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is the common term for copyright infringement?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c244", "answers": [{"text": "piracy", "answer_start": 278}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Copyright infringement", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "What is it called when you reproduce distribute display works from copyright with their without permission?", "id": "5a15814ca54d420018529477", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 293}], "question": "What is not created until the copyright owner registers the copyright?", "id": "5a15814ca54d420018529478", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the fair use and fair dealing doctrine", "answer_start": 1029}], "question": "Which document allows unlimited use of copyrighted works?", "id": "5a15814ca54d420018529479", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU", "answer_start": 587}], "question": "What countries refused to accept ACTA", "id": "5a15814ca54d42001852947a", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 472}], "question": "What is the government responsible for enforcing?", "id": "5a15814ca54d42001852947b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called \"piracy\". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine."}], ["Istilah ini boleh dijumpai digunakan dalam keputusan Massachusetts Circuit Court pada tahun 1845 dalam kes paten Davoll et al. v. Brown., di mana Hakim Charles L. Woodbury menulis bahawa \"hanya dengan cara ini kita dapat melindungi harta intelektual, tenaga kerja fikiran, produksi dan kepentingan adalah seperti seorang lelaki sendiri ... sebagai gandum yang ditanamnya, atau kawanan-kawanan yang dikandungnya. \" Kenyataan bahawa \"penemuan adalah ... harta benda\" kembali semula sebelum ini. Seksyen 1 undang-undang Perancis pada 1791 menyatakan, \"Semua penemuan baru adalah harta pengarang, untuk memastikan pencipta harta benda dan kesenangan sementara penemuannya, maka akan diserahkan kepadanya paten selama lima, sepuluh atau lima belas tahun. \" Di Eropah, penulis Perancis A. Nion menyebutkan kecerdasan intelijen dalam karya-karyanya yang disiarkan oleh artis, artis dan penyiar, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1846. <> Bilakah kes paten Davoll et al. v. Brown memerintah? || Oktober 1845 <> Mahkamah mana yang memutuskan pada kes paten Davoll et al. v. Brown? || Massachusetts Circuit Court <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa \"hanya dengan cara ini kita boleh melindungi harta intelektual\"? || Keadilan Charles L. Woodbury <> Tahun apa konsep \"penemuan adalah harta\" muncul dalam undang-undang Perancis? || 1791 <> Bilakah penulis Perancis A. Nion menyebutkan harta intelektual? || 1846 <> Apakah penulis Perancis menyebutkan harta intelek pada tahun 1845? || <> Siapa yang memerintah pada kes paten 1846? || <> Keadilan apa yang ditulis \"Semua penemuan baru adalah milik penulis\" || <> Pada tahun apakah undang-undang Perancis menyatakan bahawa \"kerja-kerja minda, produksi dan kepentingan adalah seperti manusia sendiri ... sebagai gandum yang ditanamnya\"? || <> Apa yang dihantar kepada nventor untuk mana-mana dari 1-15 tahun? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8122", "answers": [{"text": "October 1845", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8123", "answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts Circuit Court", "answer_start": 46}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property\"?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8124", "answers": [{"text": "Justice Charles L. Woodbury", "answer_start": 134}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What year did the \"discoveries are property\" concept appear in French law?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8125", "answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 456}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8126", "answers": [{"text": "1846", "answer_start": 813}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "A. Nion", "answer_start": 699}], "question": "What French author mentioned intellectual property in 1845?", "id": "5a15745fa54d42001852943f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Massachusetts Circuit Court", "answer_start": 46}], "question": "Who ruled on the 1846 patent case?", "id": "5a15745fa54d420018529440", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Justice Charles L. Woodbury", "answer_start": 134}], "question": "What justice wrote \"All new discoveries are the property of the author\"", "id": "5a15745fa54d420018529441", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "1791", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "In what year did French law state that \" the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates\"?", "id": "5a15745fa54d420018529442", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "a patent", "answer_start": 632}], "question": "What is delivered to the nventor for anywhere from 1-15 years?", "id": "5a15745fa54d420018529443", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears.\" The statement that \"discoveries are...property\" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, \"All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years.\" In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846."}], ["Objektif menyatakan kebanyakan undang-undang harta intelek (dengan pengecualian cap dagang) adalah untuk \"Mempromosikan kemajuan.\" Dengan bertukar hak eksklusif terhad untuk pendedahan ciptaan dan karya kreatif, masyarakat dan pemilik hak paten / hak cipta saling manfaat, dan insentif dicipta untuk pencipta dan penulis untuk mencipta dan mendedahkan kerja mereka. Beberapa pengulas telah menyatakan bahawa objektif pembuat undang-undang harta intelek dan mereka yang menyokong pelaksanaannya nampaknya \"perlindungan mutlak\". \"Sekiranya sesetengah harta intelek adalah wajar kerana ia menggalakkan inovasi, mereka menjadi lebih baik. Pemikirannya adalah bahawa pencipta tidak akan mempunyai insentif yang mencukupi untuk mencipta melainkan mereka berhak secara sah untuk menangkap nilai sosial penuh dari ciptaan mereka\". Perlindungan mutlak atau pandangan penuh ini melayan harta intelek sebagai satu lagi jenis \"harta\" sebenar, biasanya mengamalkan undang-undang dan retoriknya. Perkembangan baru-baru ini dalam undang-undang harta intelek, seperti Invents America Act, menekan harmonisasi antarabangsa. Baru-baru ini terdapat banyak perdebatan tentang keinginan menggunakan hak harta intelektual untuk melindungi warisan budaya, termasuk yang tidak ketara, serta risiko risiko komodifikasi yang diperoleh dari kemungkinan ini. Isu ini masih terbuka dalam biasiswa undang-undang. <> Apakah objektif undang-undang harta intelek yang dinyatakan? || Menggalakkan kemajuan. <> Apakah paten membuat insentif untuk pencipta? || mencipta dan mendedahkan kerja mereka <> Paparan mana yang merawat harta intelek sebagai satu lagi jenis harta \"nyata\"? || perlindungan mutlak atau nilai penuh <> Undang-undang baru-baru ini yang menekankan keharmonian antarabangsa? || Amerika Invents Act <> Apa yang telah dinyatakan tujuan untuk melindungi pencipta? || <> Siapa yang paten menyimpan daripada mendedahkan kerja mereka? || <> Apa yang baru merawat harta intelek yang berbeza daripada hartanah? || <> Apa kerugian terbaru yang menekankan keharmonian negara? || <> Mengapa kurang harta intelektual lebih diingini? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6faf", "answers": [{"text": "Promote progress.", "answer_start": 97}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb0", "answers": [{"text": "create and disclose their work", "answer_start": 320}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb1", "answers": [{"text": "absolute protection or full value", "answer_start": 790}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which recent law stresses international harmonization?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb2", "answers": [{"text": "America Invents Act", "answer_start": 1003}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property law", "answer_start": 29}], "question": "What has the stated objective of protecting the inventor?", "id": "5a157d21a54d42001852945b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "inventors", "answer_start": 295}], "question": "Who do patents keep from disclosing their work?", "id": "5a157d21a54d42001852945c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "This absolute protection or full value view", "answer_start": 785}], "question": "What new treats intellectual property different than real property?", "id": "5a157d21a54d42001852945d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "America Invents Act", "answer_start": 1003}], "question": "What recent loss stresses national harmonization?", "id": "5a157d21a54d42001852945e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "it encourages innovation", "answer_start": 567}], "question": "Why is less intellectual property more desirable?", "id": "5a157d21a54d42001852945f", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to \"Promote progress.\" By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be \"absolute protection\". \"If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions\". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship."}], ["Beberapa pengkritik harta intelek, seperti pergerakan kebudayaan yang bebas, menunjuk pada monopoli intelektual sebagai membahayakan kesihatan (dalam hal paten farmaseutikal), mencegah kemajuan, dan memberi manfaat kepada kepentingan pekat untuk menjejaskan massa, dan berhujah bahawa orang awam kepentingan disalahgunakan oleh monopoli yang sentiasa luas dalam bentuk pelanjutan hak cipta, paten perisian, dan paten kaedah perniagaan. Baru-baru ini saintis dan jurutera menyatakan keprihatinan bahawa bungkus paten merosakkan pembangunan teknologi walaupun dalam bidang berteknologi tinggi seperti nanoteknologi. <> Apa yang boleh dicederakan oleh paten farmaseutikal? || kesihatan <> manfaat IP tertumpu kepada kepentingan yang menjejaskannya? || rakyat jelata <> Kepentingan siapa yang dirugikan dengan memperluas IP? || orang awam <> Perkembangan nanoteknologi sedang dilemahkan oleh jenis IP apa? || paten <> Apakah jenis monopoli yang dibuat oleh IP? || intelektual <> Apa yang disokong oleh paten farmaseutikal? || <> apa yang penting untuk faedah orang ramai? || <> Apakah jenis monopoli IP yang dipecah? || <> Kepentingan siapa yang dibantu dengan memperluas IP ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700b", "answers": [{"text": "health", "answer_start": 127}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700c", "answers": [{"text": "the masses", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700d", "answers": [{"text": "the public", "answer_start": 281}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700e", "answers": [{"text": "patent", "answer_start": 491}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of monopolies does IP create?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700f", "answers": [{"text": "intellectual", "answer_start": 92}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "health", "answer_start": 127}], "question": "What is suppoerted by pharmaceutical patents?", "id": "5a15b3f4a54d4200185294b5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 16}], "question": "what concentrated intersts for tha benefit of the masses?", "id": "5a15b3f4a54d4200185294b6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual", "answer_start": 92}], "question": "What kind of monopolies does IP break up?", "id": "5a15b3f4a54d4200185294b7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the public", "answer_start": 281}], "question": "Whose interests are helped by expanding IP", "id": "5a15b3f4a54d4200185294b8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology."}], ["Satu lagi batasan undang-undang Harta Intelek semasa A.S. adalah tumpuannya kepada kerja individu dan bersama; Oleh itu, perlindungan hak cipta hanya boleh diperolehi dalam karya 'asal' pengarang. Takrif ini tidak termasuk apa-apa karya yang merupakan hasil kreativiti masyarakat, contohnya lagu-lagu dan cerita-cerita asli Amerika; undang-undang semasa tidak mengiktiraf keunikan budaya \"harta\" asli dan sifatnya yang sentiasa berubah. Hanya meminta budaya asli untuk 'menulis' artefak budaya mereka pada medium ketara mengabaikan keterlibatan mereka yang diperlukan dan menguatkan kecenderungan Barat bentuk bertulis sebagai lebih berwibawa. <> Apakah jenis kreativiti yang dikecualikan daripada definisi IP AS? || kreativiti komuniti <> Apa yang tidak undang-undang IP Amerika semasa mengiktiraf keunikan? || \"harta\" budaya asli <> Memerlukan rekod bertulis menguatkuasakan jenis kecenderungan? || Barat <> Bias Barat ialah bentuk apa yang lebih berwibawa? || ditulis <> Siapa yang termasuk kreativiti yang sama dalam definisi mereka mengenai harta intelektual? || <> Apakah undang-undang IP AS semasa mengiktiraf keunikan? || <> Bias apa yang dihapuskan dengan meminta budaya asli untuk menulis artifak budaya mereka? || <> Apa definisi yang merangkumi apa-apa karya yang hasil kreativiti masyarakat? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8242", "answers": [{"text": "community creativity", "answer_start": 254}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8243", "answers": [{"text": "indigenous cultural \"property\"", "answer_start": 380}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8244", "answers": [{"text": "Western", "answer_start": 579}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8245", "answers": [{"text": "written", "answer_start": 599}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "U.S.", "answer_start": 30}], "question": "Who includes common creativity in their definition of intellectual property?", "id": "5a15c0eea54d4200185294cf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "indigenous cultural \"property\"", "answer_start": 380}], "question": "What does current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?", "id": "5a15c0eea54d4200185294d0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Western", "answer_start": 579}], "question": "What bias is eliminated by asking native cultures to write down their cultural artifacts?", "id": "5a15c0eea54d4200185294d1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Intellectual Property", "answer_start": 35}], "question": "What definition includes any works that are result of community creativity?", "id": "5a15c0eea54d4200185294d2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural \"property\" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative."}], ["Selanjutnya, masalah etika yang dibangkitkan oleh hak IP adalah yang paling penting apabila barangan berharga secara sosial seperti ubat menyelamatkan nyawa diberikan perlindungan IP. Walaupun penggunaan hak IP boleh membenarkan syarikat mengecaj lebih tinggi daripada kos pengeluaran yang kecil untuk mendapatkan kembali kos penyelidikan dan pembangunan, harga boleh dikecualikan daripada sesiapa sahaja yang tidak mampu membayar kos produk, dalam hal ini ubat penjimatan nyawa. Oleh itu, rejim yang didorong oleh IPR adalah bukan rejim yang konduktif terhadap pelaburan R & D produk yang berharga secara sosial kepada penduduk miskin yang berpengaruh. \": 1108-9 <> Untuk jenis barangan apakah masalah etika IP yang paling penting? || sosial yang berharga <> Apa contoh barang berharga secara sosial? || ubat-ubatan yang menyelamatkan nyawa <> Berapa kos IP yang membolehkan syarikat mengenakan bayaran yang lebih tinggi daripada? || kos pengeluaran kecil <> Siapa mungkin harga yang lebih tinggi tidak termasuk dari pasaran? || sesiapa yang tidak mampu membayar kos produk <> Apa hak IP menyimpan syarikat daripada mengecas? || <> Apa rejim yang didorong IRP menggalakkan pengeluaran empat populasi miskin? || <> Jenis barang apa yang dikecualikan daripada masalah etika yang dibawa oleh hak IP? || <> Apa hak IP menyimpan syarikat daripada mendapat balik? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e8228", "answers": [{"text": "socially valuable", "answer_start": 102}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is an example of socially valuable goods?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e8229", "answers": [{"text": "life-saving medicines", "answer_start": 131}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e822a", "answers": [{"text": "the marginal cost of production", "answer_start": 255}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who might a higher price exclude from the market?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e822b", "answers": [{"text": "anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product", "answer_start": 383}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "higher than the marginal cost of production", "answer_start": 243}], "question": "What do IP rights keep companies from charging?", "id": "5a15bd36a54d4200185294c7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "products that are socially valuable", "answer_start": 561}], "question": "What does an IRP driven regime encourage production of four poor populations?", "id": "5a15bd36a54d4200185294c8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "socially valuable goods", "answer_start": 102}], "question": "What type of goods are exempt from the ethical problems brought on by IP rights?", "id": "5a15bd36a54d4200185294c9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the costs of research and development", "answer_start": 306}], "question": "What do IP rights keep companies from recouping?", "id": "5a15bd36a54d4200185294ca", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. \"An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations\".:1108\u20139"}], ["Juga berkenaan dengan hak cipta, industri filem Amerika membantu mengubah pembinaan sosial harta intelek melalui organisasi perdagangannya, Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika. Dalam dakwat amicus dalam kes-kes penting, dalam melobi sebelum Kongres, dan dalam pernyataannya kepada orang ramai, MPAA telah menganjurkan perlindungan hak intelektual yang kuat. Dalam merangka persembahannya, persatuan itu mendakwa bahawa orang berhak kepada harta benda yang dihasilkan oleh buruh mereka. Selain itu, kesedaran Kongres terhadap kedudukan Amerika Syarikat sebagai pengeluar filem terbesar di dunia menjadikannya mudah untuk mengembangkan konsepsi harta intelektual. Pembaharuan doktrin ini terus memperkuat industri ini, yang memberi lebih kuasa dan kuasa kepada MPAA. <> Apakah organisasi perdagangan industri filem Amerika? || Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika <> Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika adalah organisasi perdagangan industri? || filem <> Negara mana yang merupakan pengeluar filem terbesar di dunia? || Amerika Syarikat <> MPAA telah menganjurkan perlindungan yang kuat terhadap jenis hak apa? || Kongres intelektual <> Kongres telah menganjurkan perlindungan yang kuat terhadap hak-hak apa? || <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Kongres bahawa orang berhak? || <> Apakah jenis pembaharuan yang telah melemahkan MPAA? || <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Kongres yang menjadikannya sukar untuk mengembangkan konsepsi harta intelektual? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What is the American film industry's trade organization?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f702f", "answers": [{"text": "Motion Picture Association of America", "answer_start": 154}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f7030", "answers": [{"text": "film", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which country is the world's largest producer of films?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f7031", "answers": [{"text": "United States", "answer_start": 559}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f7032", "answers": [{"text": "intellectual-property", "answer_start": 340}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual-property rights", "answer_start": 340}], "question": "Congress has advocated a strong protection of what kind of rights?", "id": "5a15c4a4a54d4200185294d7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the property that is produced by their labor", "answer_start": 456}], "question": "What has Congress argued that people are entitled to?", "id": "5a15c4a4a54d4200185294d8", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "doctrinal", "answer_start": 694}], "question": "What type of reforms have weakened the MPAA?", "id": "5a15c4a4a54d4200185294d9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films", "answer_start": 539}], "question": "What is Congress aware of that makes it difficult to expand the conception of intellectual property?", "id": "5a15c4a4a54d4200185294da", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority."}], ["Kritikan istilah istilah intelektual berkisar dari membincangkan kesunyian dan kelebihan abstrak untuk mengarahkan perbalahan kepada kesahihan semantik menggunakan perkataan seperti harta dan hak dalam fesyen yang bertentangan dengan amalan dan undang-undang. Ramai pengkritik berpendapat bahawa istilah ini khusus memberi agenda doktrin pihak-pihak menentang pembaharuan demi kepentingan umum atau menyalahgunakan undang-undang yang berkaitan; dan tidak melampaui perbincangan cerdas tentang aspek hak cipta, paten, tanda dagangan, dan sebagainya yang tidak berkaitan. <> Istilah mana yang dikritik sebagai samar-samar? || harta intelektual <> Apa istilah 'harta intelektual' tidak membenarkan perbincangan cerdas? || ciri-ciri hak cipta, paten, tanda niaga dan lain-lain yang tidak berkaitan dan sebagainya. <> Pengkritik mengkritik jenis kesahihan istilah 'harta intelektual'? || semantik <> Istilah mana yang dikritik kerana mempunyai jangkaan abstrak? || harta intelektual <> Istilah apa yang dikritik terlalu spesifik? || <> Apakah istilah istilah intelektual membenarkan perbincangan cerdas? || <> Istilah mana yang dikritik sebagai terlalu konkrit dalam sempit? || <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh para penyokong istilah harta intelektual? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Which term is criticized as vague?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc20", "answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc21", "answers": [{"text": "specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.", "answer_start": 450}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc22", "answers": [{"text": "semantic", "answer_start": 132}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc23", "answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 22}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "What term is criticized is too specific?", "id": "5a15abdda54d420018529493", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.", "answer_start": 450}], "question": "What does the term intellectual property allow intelligent discussion about?", "id": "5a15abdda54d420018529494", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 22}], "question": "Which term is criticized as being too concrete in narrow?", "id": "5a15abdda54d420018529495", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest", "answer_start": 285}], "question": "What do supporters say the term intelectual propertyspecially serves?", "id": "5a15abdda54d420018529496", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc."}], ["Profesor Law, penulis dan aktivis politik Lawrence Lessig, bersama-sama dengan banyak copyleft dan aktivis perisian percuma, telah mengkritik analogi tersirat dengan harta fizikal (seperti tanah atau kereta). Mereka berpendapat bahawa analogi itu gagal kerana harta fizikalnya secara amnya menonjol manakala karya intelektual adalah tidak khairat (iaitu, jika seseorang membuat salinan karya, keseronokan salinan itu tidak menghalang kesenangan asal). Hujah-hujah lain di sepanjang baris ini mendakwa bahawa tidak seperti keadaan dengan harta yang nyata, tidak ada kekurangan semulajadi dari suatu idea atau maklumat tertentu: apabila ia wujud sama sekali, ia boleh digunakan semula dan diduplikasi selama-lamanya tanpa menggunakan semula sedemikian mengurangkan asal. Stephan Kinsella telah membantah harta intelektual dengan alasan bahawa perkataan \"harta benda\" menyiratkan kekurangan, yang mungkin tidak terpakai kepada idea. <> Siapa yang seorang penyokong copyleft? || Lawrence Lessig <> Siapa yang telah membantah idea IP kerana \"harta\" membayangkan kekurangan? || Stephan Kinsella <> Tidak mempunyai kekurangan semulajadi menjadikan IP berbeza dari jenis harta benda apa? || ketara <> Berapakah IP dapat diduplikasi tanpa mengurangi asal? || selama-lamanya <> Apa undang-undang proffessor menyokong hak cipta? || <> Siapa kata harta tidak menyiratkan kekurangan? || <> IP seperti apa jenis harta lain? || <> Apa yang tidak boleh diduplikasi tanpa mengurangkan asal? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who is one advocate of copyleft?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d1", "answers": [{"text": "Lawrence Lessig", "answer_start": 45}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who has objected to the idea of IP because \"property\" implies scarcity?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d2", "answers": [{"text": "Stephan Kinsella", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d3", "answers": [{"text": "tangible", "answer_start": 518}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d4", "answers": [{"text": "indefinitely", "answer_start": 659}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Lawrence Lessig", "answer_start": 45}], "question": "What Law proffessor suppoert copyright?", "id": "5a15b101a54d4200185294ad", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Stephan Kinsella", "answer_start": 718}], "question": "Who says property does not imply scarcity?", "id": "5a15b101a54d4200185294ae", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "tangible property", "answer_start": 518}], "question": "IP is like what other kind of property?", "id": "5a15b101a54d4200185294af", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 751}], "question": "What can not be duplicated without diminishing the original?", "id": "5a15b101a54d4200185294b0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word \"property\" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas."}], ["Pengasas Yayasan Perisian Bebas Richard Stallman berhujah bahawa, walaupun istilah harta intelektual digunakan secara meluas, ia harus ditolak sama sekali, kerana ia \"mengganggu secara sistematik dan membingungkan isu-isu ini, dan kegunaannya dan dipromosikan oleh mereka yang mendapat kekeliruan ini\" . Dia mendakwa bahawa istilah \"beroperasi sebagai penangkapan-semua untuk mengumpulkan bersama undang-undang yang berlainan [yang] berasal secara berasingan, berkembang dengan berbeza, meliputi aktiviti yang berlainan, mempunyai peraturan yang berbeza, dan menimbulkan isu-isu dasar awam yang berbeza\" dan ia menciptakan \"bias\" membingungkan monopoli ini dengan pemilikan benda fizikal yang terhad, menyamakan mereka dengan \"hak harta\". Penyokong Stallman merujuk kepada hak cipta, paten dan tanda niaga dalam bentuk tunggal dan memberi amaran terhadap undang-undang yang berbeza-beza yang menggangu menjadi istilah kolektif. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Yayasan Perisian Bebas? || Richard Stallman <> Siapa kata istilah 'harta intelektual' harus ditolak sama sekali? || Richard Stallman <> Siapa kata istilah 'harta intelektual' \"beroperasi sebagai penangkap\"? || Richard Stallman <> Bagaimana penyokong Stallman merujuk kepada hak cipta, paten, dan tanda niaga? || dalam singular <> Apa istilah yang menyokong Richard Stallman menggunakan? || <> Siapa kata istilah harta intelektual memudahkan dan menjelaskan isu-isu ini? || <> Apakah penyokong Stallman merujuk kepada secara plural? || <> Apa kata Stallman dibuat oleh pemilikan yang membingungkan dengan monopoli? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who founded the Free Software Foundation?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2af", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Stallman", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b0", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Stallman", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' \"operates as a catch-all\"?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b1", "answers": [{"text": "Richard Stallman", "answer_start": 33}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b2", "answers": [{"text": "in the singular", "answer_start": 718}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 81}], "question": "What term does Richard Stallman support using?", "id": "5a15ae7da54d42001852949b", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "Richard Stallman", "answer_start": 33}], "question": "Who said the term intellectual property simplifies and clarifies these issues?", "id": "5a15ae7da54d42001852949c", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyrights, patents and trademarks", "answer_start": 683}], "question": "What does Stallman advocate refering to in the plurally?", "id": "5a15ae7da54d42001852949d", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "bias", "answer_start": 536}], "question": "What does Stallman say is created by confusing ownership with monopolies?", "id": "5a15ae7da54d42001852949e", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it \"systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion\". He claims that the term \"operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues\" and that it creates a \"bias\" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to \"property rights\". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term."}], ["Atas anggapan bahawa hak harta intelek adalah hak sebenar Stallman berhujah bahawa tuntutan ini tidak mengikut niat sejarah di belakang undang-undang ini, yang dalam hal hak cipta berkhidmat sebagai sistem penapisan, dan kemudiannya, satu model pengawalseliaan untuk akhbar percetakan yang mungkin telah menguntungkan penulis secara kebetulan, tetapi tidak pernah mengganggu kebebasan rata-rata pembaca. Masih merujuk kepada hak cipta, dia menyebut kesusasteraan undang-undang seperti Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat dan undang-undang kes untuk menunjukkan bahawa ia dimaksudkan untuk menjadi pilihan dan percubaan tawar-menawar yang sementara hak harta perdagangan dan percakapan bebas untuk awam, bukan swasta, mendapat manfaat dalam bentuk peningkatan artistik dan pengetahuan. Beliau menyebut bahawa \"jika hak cipta adalah hak semulajadi, tidak ada alasan yang dapat mengesahkan hak ini selepas tempoh tertentu\". <> Stallman menganggap jenis IP yang sejarah berfungsi sebagai sistem penapisan? || Hakcipta <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Stallman sebagai hak cipta sebagai model kawal selia? || akhbar percetakan <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Stallman untuk menjadi pilihan dan eksperimen? || hak cipta <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Stallman hak cipta untuk sementara waktu untuk mendapat faedah awam? || hak harta dan ucapan bebas <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa \"jika hak cipta adalah hak semulajadi, tidak boleh membenarkan hak mengakhiri hak ini selepas tempoh tertentu\"? || Stallman <> Apa yang dikatakan Stallman bahawa penapisan adalah satu bentuk? || <> Apakah penapisan model kawal selia? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Stallman untuk menjadi mandatori? || <> Apa yang membataskan Ucapan percuma? || <> Apa yang dikatakan Stallman adalah hak semulajadi? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc4e", "answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc4f", "answers": [{"text": "the printing press", "answer_start": 263}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc50", "answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 405}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc51", "answers": [{"text": "property rights and free speech", "answer_start": 593}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who pointed out that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\"?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc52", "answers": [{"text": "Stallman", "answer_start": 70}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 23}], "question": "What does Stallman say that censorship is a form of?", "id": "5a15b05aa54d4200185294a3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "printing press", "answer_start": 267}], "question": "What was censorship a regulatory model for?", "id": "5a15b05aa54d4200185294a4", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 405}], "question": "What does Stallman say is meant to be mandatory?", "id": "5a15b05aa54d4200185294a5", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 185}], "question": "What restricts free Speech?", "id": "5a15b05aa54d4200185294a6", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "copyright", "answer_start": 739}], "question": "What does Stallman say is a natural right?", "id": "5a15b05aa54d4200185294a7", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\"."}], ["Pertumbuhan Internet, dan khususnya enjin pencarian seperti Kazaa dan Gnutella, telah mewakili cabaran untuk dasar hak cipta. Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika, khususnya, telah berada di barisan depan perjuangan menentang pelanggaran hak cipta, yang disebut industri \"cetak rompak\". Industri ini mempunyai kemenangan terhadap beberapa perkhidmatan, termasuk kes yang sangat dipublikasikan terhadap syarikat perkongsian fail Napster, dan beberapa orang telah didakwa kerana berkongsi fail yang melanggar hak cipta. Umur elektronik telah menyaksikan peningkatan dalam percubaan menggunakan alat pengurusan hak digital berasaskan perisian untuk menyekat penyalinan dan penggunaan karya berasaskan digital. Undang-undang seperti Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital telah digubal, yang menggunakan undang-undang jenayah untuk mengelakkan sebarang pemantauan perisian yang digunakan untuk menguatkuasakan sistem pengurusan hak digital. Ketentuan yang bersamaan, untuk mencegah pencabutan perlindungan hak cipta telah ada di EU untuk beberapa waktu, dan diperluas, misalnya, Pasal 6 dan 7 Arahan Hak Cipta. Contoh lain adalah Perkara 7 Arahan Perisian 1991 (91/250 / EEC), dan Arahan Akses Bersyarat pada tahun 1998 (98/84 / EEC). Ini boleh menghalang penggunaan undang-undang, yang mempengaruhi kerja domain awam, batasan dan pengecualian kepada hak cipta, atau penggunaan yang dibenarkan oleh pemegang hak cipta. Sesetengah lesen copyleft, seperti GNU GPL 3, direka untuk menentangnya. Undang-undang boleh membenarkan pemintasan di bawah keadaan tertentu seperti apabila perlu untuk mencapai keselarasan dengan program pemintas, atau untuk sebab-sebab kebolehcapaian; Walau bagaimanapun, pengedaran alat atau arahan pengintipan mungkin menyalahi undang-undang. <> Apa industri perekraman memanggil pembajakan? || Pelanggaran hak cipta <> Apa jenis syarikat Napster? || perkongsian fail <> Apa undang-undang menguatkuasakan sistem pengurusan hak digital? || Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital <> Artikel manakah alamat arahan Hak Cipta EU yang menghalang perlindungan hak cipta? || Perkara 6 dan 7 <> Bilakah Arahan Akses Bersyarat yang diluluskan di EU? || 1998 <> Pertumbuhan apa yang telah memperkuatkan dasar hak cipta? || <> Industri apa yang tidak berjaya terhadap syarikat perkongsian fail Napster? || <> Apa yang telah menyaksikan pengurangan penggunaan alat pengurusan hak digital? || <> Apa contoh undang-undang sivil untuk menghalang mengelakkan perisian yang digunakan untuk menguatkuasakan hak digital || <> Apa yang boleh menghalang copyleft? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "What does the recording industry call piracy?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8266", "answers": [{"text": "copyright infringement", "answer_start": 259}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of company was Napster?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8267", "answers": [{"text": "file-sharing", "answer_start": 419}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What law enforces digital rights management systems?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8268", "answers": [{"text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act", "answer_start": 715}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8269", "answers": [{"text": "Article 6 and 7", "answer_start": 1027}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e826a", "answers": [{"text": "1998", "answer_start": 1185}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Internet", "answer_start": 14}], "question": "The growth of what has strengthened copyright policy?", "id": "5a15c5e1a54d4200185294df", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The Recording Industry Association of America", "answer_start": 148}], "question": "What industry did not have success against the file sharing company Napster?", "id": "5a15c5e1a54d4200185294e0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The electronic age", "answer_start": 531}], "question": "What has seen a decrease in the use of digital rights management tools?", "id": "5a15c5e1a54d4200185294e1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the Digital Millennium Copyright Act", "answer_start": 711}], "question": "What is an example of a civil law to prevent circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights", "id": "5a15c5e1a54d4200185294e2", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "legal uses,", "answer_start": 1219}], "question": "What can copyleft license hinder?", "id": "5a15c5e1a54d4200185294e3", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls \"piracy\". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal."}], ["Pertubuhan Harta Intelek Dunia (WIPO) mengakui bahawa konflik mungkin wujud antara penghormatan dan pelaksanaan sistem harta intelek semasa dan hak asasi manusia yang lain. Pada tahun 2001, Jawatankuasa Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan PBB mengeluarkan dokumen yang dikenali sebagai \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\" yang berpendapat bahawa harta intelek cenderung ditadbir oleh matlamat ekonomi apabila ia dilihat sebagai produk sosial; untuk berkhidmat kepada kesejahteraan manusia, sistem harta intelek mesti menghormati dan mematuhi undang-undang hak asasi manusia. Menurut Jawatankuasa, apabila sistem gagal berbuat demikian mereka berisiko melanggar hak asasi manusia terhadap makanan dan kesihatan, dan penyertaan budaya dan faedah saintifik. Pada tahun 2004, Perhimpunan Agung WIPO mengadopsi Deklarasi Geneva mengenai Masa Depan Organisasi Harta Intelek Dunia yang menyatakan bahawa WIPO harus \"lebih fokus pada keperluan negara-negara sedang membangun, dan melihat IP sebagai salah satu daripada banyak alat untuk pembangunan-bukan sebagai berakhir dengan sendirinya \". <> Siapa yang mengakui bahawa konflik mungkin wujud antara IP dan hak asasi manusia yang lain? || Organisasi Harta Intelek Dunia <> Bilakah dokumen yang dipanggil \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\" dikeluarkan? || 2001 <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan dokumen yang dipanggil \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\"? || Jawatankuasa PBB mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya <> Siapa kata kegagalan IP boleh melanggar hak asasi manusia terhadap makanan dan kesihatan? || Jawatankuasa PBB mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya <> Bilakah WIPO mengadaptasi 'Deklarasi Geneva mengenai Masa Depan Organisasi Harta Intelek Dunia'? || 2004 <> Siapa mengatakan bahawa IP selaras dengan hak asasi manusia yang lain? || <> Bilakah WIPO mengeluarkan \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\" || <> Apa yang dikatakan WIPO mengatakan kegagalan IP dilanggar? || <> Bilakah Jawatankuasa PBB mengamalkan 'Deklarasi Geneva mengenai Masa Depan Pertubuhan Harta Sekte Dunia'? || <> Apa yang cenderung ditadbir oleh matlamat sosial? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2f7", "answers": [{"text": "World Intellectual Property Organization", "answer_start": 4}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When was a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" issued?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2f8", "answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 199}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\"?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2f9", "answers": [{"text": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2fa", "answers": [{"text": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", "answer_start": 204}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2fb", "answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 749}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "The World Intellectual Property Organization", "answer_start": 0}], "question": "Who says that IP is in harmony with other human rights?", "id": "5a15b6a5a54d4200185294bd", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2001", "answer_start": 199}], "question": "When did the WIPO issue the \"Human rights and intellectual property\"", "id": "5a15b6a5a54d4200185294be", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "the human right to food and health", "answer_start": 655}], "question": "What did the WIPO say IP failures infringed on?", "id": "5a15b6a5a54d4200185294bf", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "2004", "answer_start": 749}], "question": "When did the UN Committee adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Inellectual Property Organization'?", "id": "5a15b6a5a54d4200185294c0", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "intellectual property", "answer_start": 344}], "question": "What tends to be governed by social goals?", "id": "5a15b6a5a54d4200185294c1", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should \"focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development\u2014not as an end in itself\"."}], ["Dalam konteks cap dagang, pengembangan ini telah dipacu oleh usaha antarabangsa untuk menyelaraskan definisi \"cap dagang\", seperti yang dicontohkan oleh Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Hak Haku Intelektual yang disahkan pada tahun 1994, yang merumuskan peraturan untuk hak-hak IP yang telah ditangani oleh undang-undang biasa, atau tidak sama sekali, di negara anggota. Menurut TRIPs, apa-apa tanda yang \"mampu membezakan\" produk atau perkhidmatan satu perniagaan dari produk atau perkhidmatan perniagaan lain mampu membentuk tanda niaga. <> Bilakah Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Hak Berkaitan Harta Intelek yang disahkan? || 1994 <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang dikendalikan hak IP sebelum 1994 dalam penandatangan TRIP? || undang-undang umum <> Jenis IP apa perjanjian TRIP menyelaraskan definisi? || tanda dagangan <> Apakah tanda apa yang mampu membezakan satu produk perniagaan dari perniagaan lain? || tanda dagangan <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang dikendalikan hak IP selepas tahun 1994? || <> Jenis IP apa perjanjian TRIP membatalkan takrifan? || <> Apakah tanda yang sering dikongsi antara satu perniagaan dengan yang lain? || <> Sebelum TRIP bagaimana tanda niaga ditetapkan? ||", {"qas": [{"question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c365", "answers": [{"text": "1994", "answer_start": 231}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c366", "answers": [{"text": "common law", "answer_start": 305}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c367", "answers": [{"text": "trademark", "answer_start": 118}], "is_impossible": false}, {"question": "What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c368", "answers": [{"text": "a trademark", "answer_start": 533}], "is_impossible": false}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "common law", "answer_start": 305}], "question": "What type of law handled IP rights after 1994?", "id": "5a15c6faa54d4200185294e9", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trademarks", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What type of IP did the TRIP agreement muddied the definition of?", "id": "5a15c6faa54d4200185294ea", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "trademarks", "answer_start": 18}], "question": "What is a sign that is often shared between one business and another?", "id": "5a15c6faa54d4200185294eb", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}, {"plausible_answers": [{"text": "any sign which is \"capable of distinguishing\" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business", "answer_start": 369}], "question": "Before TRIP how was a trademark defined?", "id": "5a15c6faa54d4200185294ec", "answers": [], "is_impossible": true}], "context": "In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of \"trademark\", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is \"capable of distinguishing\" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark."}]]]